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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. errata ito B pelure, ion d U 32X If . t 3 4 5 t 6 ^/^^Cd^cj^-^ ■-'Hf'T^'w^^'il^-iv'm^^ftiF^ t» ■pwi*irw«*»*flfwiq^w ■• THE SHOT HEARD ROUND THE WORLD FROM LEXINGTON TO YORKTOWN A FlCTORtAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION WITH A SKETCH OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE COUNTRY THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND A CyRONOLOGICAL INDEX (j^ ' , \'. a'.*iiq^««ffi^as>jiij;(-&-.7i^r5.'j,!^^.'> PRfiFACfi. NO portion of the wo.ld's history can be more interesting io the present generation, than UiM Jo'd^d n this volume ; and although of comparatively recent occurrence, it has acqu^ed b, regTc much of the fre hues, and fascination of novelty. The American Revolution s ^ ! t a" latcd .0 exercise a great influence on the present and ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ To write an authentic " History of the American Revolution," is no 1 ght, '""P°'*'^'« task We have endeavored to be impartial, and to be careful that no fact shoiJd be distorted, o, r eiveT aS c loring. Where, as is frequently the case, a considerable difference exists be- we various authorifies, we have endeavored to exercise -unbiased judgment and o^ad^^^^^ that statement which appeared on the whole, most consistent with Truth, lie great P""^ Pl« of iJi aTd religious freedom, the contest for which, in America, aroused the slumbering nation, of Eur pe, can not fail engagi'ng our ardent admiration , and every Friend of Human High s at the present day, can have no hesitation in adopting the words of the immortal Chatham, "J «j<»c. Thlt they Jve ruisted." At this moment, the whole English nation, which then, with a few hon- orable exceptions, was willing to aid her rulers in trampling on the necks of her transatlantic son., U now sealhig he; approval ,' the principles which actuated American Patriots, byher own effort. to establish the truth, that " Taxation, without representation, is tyranny. In the preparation of a volume like the present, however, it is impossible to give universal satis- faction. Is it not enough that our fathers suffered, without the strife being ^'^'l^^h'^d, as a. heirloom, to their children? Wisdom suffers antipathies to die with '^e generation which has fo^^ tered them ; and we believe that, were it not for the noxious influence of a portion o the pe"0^. 0.1 press, bmh in America and England, the only rivalry between the '^^ .6'^'^^' ^;2;rand the face of the globe would be. in the knowledge and practice of those principles of moral and »litical science! which are adapted to promote the happiness and welfare rf mankind a la^e HISTORY requires a distant eminence, from which to take an impartial view .f the character and transactions of the recording pen : but little more than half a century has now elapsed since the Slonistsfiist asserted their independence, and the generation whose arduous ^""^f- ^^ 7/, «, imrortant a result, has passed away to the silent tomb. To give ajust and >"'P«"'»J J'^^ »' the rise, progress, and establishment of the American Republic, has been the design of the work The editorls aimed to do justice without asperity ; to applaud patriotism, but not toju tify U, excesses ; to condemn tyranny, but not to overlook the virtues of many of its instruments ai>. to exhibit the kindly prospect of the future, more strongly than the irritating aspect °f the pa.t The study of History can not be appreciated too highly ; it tells to the youth of our country ...cry full of wisdom, and replete with many a moral-it shows the influence an., success o. honor and viriue-that vice and dishonor go hand in hand together ; and it excite- r- «^ .o aoble deeds ot patriotism , and calls upon them to do all, and suffer all, for their country. To the Youth of Amkrica, especially, the present Narrative is mvaluable. It telh the price .t which all their present rights were purchased-it teaches them their '"'"'"P^f'^f _«,'»' J thus renders those in whose hands the destinies o/ America are hereafter to be i:-.rusted, alive to every encroachment upon them. It relates to a country of greater extent, resources, and beauty, than is possessed by any other single nation under heaven ; and to « p'-J-w of recent "ngin in- deed, but developing immense powers, and making gigantic progress ; to a people ab.ve "'l "the" Interesting to the nations of Europe-presenting a refuge for their distressed children-exhibiting a noble example for their imitation ; and as exercising no feeble influence on their destiny. It is not, however, for Yputh, alone, that this volume has been prepB> .d. It has been written for AiL-for every age. i„ mankind at large the subject can not fail to b« mteresting ; and if the preparation of these pages has been executed with a competent measure of industry, candor tad careflilness, they can scarcely fail of being valuable. These the editor has endeavored to ex ■fcUe, and k ? hope, not altogether without success. CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. II 12 13 14 14 IS 19 SO se S6 SB 28 IS99. IMS. 1584. INTRODUCTION. «*»-T RI9TORT OF IH« ANIRIOAN OOLOIIIBi. A.D. p^gj •98-1019. DIscoverlei by the Ancient Northmen- Blame Hlerulf8on'i Voyage In 986 . Discoveries of Leif Ericson In 1000 Thorwald'd Expedition, and Battle with the Skrelijngs (Esquimaux) Settlement in Vineland, by Thorflnn Karl- ietne Voyage of Freydisa, Helge, and FInnebaye . i..oo*!?.kS".* "k*'"=J, discovered In New England I49S. Christopher Colnmbus sails In Search of a New World Mutiny on board his Vessel.'and first Dlacov- ery of Land . 149S. Columbus' second Voyage " ' • • 1498. Columbus' third Voyage ISOfl. Death of Columbus, May 15th . ' WM IJ?5' ^^''^g" "f Sebastian Cabot iJSc?1J' )^°y»Ke'"fAmericusVespucclu» . ISSS-1542. Career of Hernando de Soto in Amer- ica Discoveries of Giovanni Ve'razzano Voyage of /ot Hibault Sir Wa.!ter R, -igh sends two Ships to America r »» .....''"'Jf'r *'**■•"""'■« ;h the Natives ' . " . 1885. Raleigh sends i , ..her Fleet to America i... 5^P," ''"r^ appointed Governor of Virginia . I2?2" E"'?."/,^/*'];',"? ■"•' returns to England ;••»■ Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded . :SxS' £°'''"y »«"' '" America by James I. 1007. Settlement of Jamestown . Difficulties with the Natives . ' . ' Life of John Smith saved by Pocah'ontag . ■««. irT*' °^ Ne/^Port with a fresh Colony I8S3. Colony of Maryland settled by Lord Baltl- more IMO. First tuccessful EfTort to colonize New England ,mmJ'^,' "^ '•'* Pilgrims at Plymouth ' . " !S« El!""' established near Cape Anne . IBSO. Fifteen Hundred Settlers sail from Bng^ Hostilities commence with the Natives ..»»°f/*"* ■"•* °««"> of King Philip 1609. Voyages of Henry Hudson . . 1019. Settlement of Delaware IM«. Peter Stuyvesant appointed Governor "of New Netheriands ... IBM. Dutch Possessions surrendered to theEnc- Hsh .... I«80. William Penn obtains a Grant of Landi'in America . ISS:i???"m"??i '''[^*'y «""•' ^he Indlani . 122i"V}^ H'» Difficulties with the Settlers . ••"'• il^'of^'Cnla" ^•■""" "• »' ■'""«»'' !mS: aSn\'^'nS?r^°'^"°""''^°™»^ .703. Attack on St. Augustine . m War with the Indians as Intemal Conmotjoni . ■".*.' 99 S9 35 38 42 43 45 48 47 51 52 54 56 58 61 65 68 69 79 74 75 77 78 81 89 84 86 87 89 93 94 96 96 A.D. 106 1789. Colony reverts to the Crown iTM tP^T""" "J '!?'"■"' '""^ South Carol'»i lou 1732. Settlement of Georgia . . ini 1738. Spanish War breaks out . . ' . ' m 1,52. Georgia becomes a royal Colony . lOS i,.,„'''J;'^''°''''*'"'Ko Washington . ' 109 753. His Mission to the Western Territory . . 106 li.V {,'""" ^'"' * ^"^°" of the Coloniei . . |06 Ul2' f^Pedition and Defeat of Gen. Braddock . 109 m, ?,"<=ces« of the French under Montcalm . Ill \IkI' )'8orous Measures of William Pitt . .119 1758. Cession of Canada by France . . HI 1763. Progress of the Colonies in Population. Commerce, Ac ; m HISTORY OF THE REVOLOTION. CHAPTER I. Introductory Remarks . 1765. Stamp Act passed. 1766. Meeting of the first Congress . ' ' * Tumults In the Colonies . . Repeal of the Stamp Act ... 1767. New Taxes Imposed . . ' . * Fresh Troubles in consequence . J 'Jo- Non Importation Agreement IJSn '"temperance of Uie British Parliament . ' 1770_(2ado(April) Duties repealed: (SthMwh) Boston Massacre .... Captain Preston tried and acquitted 177S. (Bthof June). The Caspar Schooner burned (January). Assembly at Boston j Indiscretion of the Governor CHAPTER II. 1772. (I6th jf December). Destruction of Tea In Boston Harbor . 1774. The Boston Port Bill . . ' . ' Arrival of Troops at Boston . ' ' ' (25th of August) Writs issued for an Assem- bly at Salem ; {9th of September) coun- termanded, but meets and resolvoi Itself into a Provincial Congreaa General Gage fortifies Boston Neck ' in Sufl'olk Resolutions . {» Proceedings of Congress . ' ' im They publish a Declaration of Rljhti. " . " JS Petition from Congress to the Sing im (26th of October). Dissolution of Conness ' IM Meeting of the Provincial Congresi at Con- cord ; they adjourn to Cambridge . m Engage Minute Men ... iS A Committee of Safety and Supplies ' ' iir Hostile Resolution of the Provincial Congreii IM Eiportation of the Military Stores from^" ain prohibited ; Cannon removed by the People of Rhode Island . ' , ...Military Stores taken in New Ham'pshlra 1775. General Agitation . ■npsrare IIS 117 117 119 190 191 129 193 121 194 194 19.ependence and Constitution evac- uated 264 The Br'iS' advance to Esopus, wliich tb*' 'educe ,c Ashes ... ' 344 AD. ««. 1777. (16th ofOctobeo. Geneal Burgoyne evlt«- lates i Results of the Capitulation • tM Consequences of the Convention of •■!«• toK> Ml Treaty with France 361 (30th of November). British Parliament meets 9n« Commissioners appointed to treat with the Colonies; they sail for America 3M 1778. (Bth of February). Treaty with Franca signed at Paris 887 News of that Treaty reaches Ef\gland 847 Lord North's Conciliatory Bill reaches Amer- ica before the News of the French Treaty 367 British Army in Philadelphia . . tU American Army at Valley Forge ; Want of Provisions 869 Colonel Mawbood's Incursion into Jersey . 370 (4th of May). General Lacy escapes from Crooked Billet 370 (7th of May) American Galleys In the Dela- ware destroyed 370 La Fayette escapes from Baron Hill . 371 (14th of April). Sir William Howe resigns the Command 371 Sir Henry Clinton appointed Commander-in- Chief of the British Army .378 (leth of June). Evacuation of Philadelphia . 373 The Americans enter that city . . .378 (38th of Juno). Battle of Freeiiold Courthouse 374 General Lee tried by « Court-Martial, and suspended .... . . 87J His Character 375 His Death (October, 1783) .376 The British Army arrivea at New York 876 Oen. Washington marches to the North River 378 (5th of July). Count d'Estaing arrives on the Coask of America 374 (3Sdof July). Sails for Rhode Island; Lord Howe follows him 378 Both Fleets put to Sea ; separated by a vio- lent Storm 377 Which overtakes Sullivan's Army . 380 Americans march against tiie British Lines . 380 (19th of August). D'Estaing comes to Rhode Island, but sails for Boston 360 CHAPTER IX. 1778. (28lh ot August). General Sullivan escapes 380 (37lh of September). Colonel Baylor aur- prised ; Wounded and made Prisoner . . 363 Captain Donnp defeated .... 383 Little Egg Harbor attacked . . 383 Pulaski's Legion defeated .... 384 (9th of June). Admiral Byron sails from Eng- land ; overtaken by a Storm ; his Fleet dis- persed ; (September) arrives at New York ; sails for Boston ; a Second Time overta- ken by a Storm .384 (3d of November). D'Estaing sails for the West Indies 384 Indian War ' . 38$ Wyoming destroyed and the People murdered 387 Fort Kingston Invested; and the Inhabitants perish in one general Conflagration 387 Destruction of Wilkesbure .887 Cherry Valley attacked .... 888 Mrs. Merrill's Defeat of the Indians , 368 Col. George Rogers Clarke takes Kaskaaias 390 1779. (February). Surprises St. Vincent, and com- pels Governor Hamilton to surrender 390 Irregular Hostilities in Georgia .391 Colonel Campbell invades that State . 30: Battle of Savannah . .... 393 Defeat of the American General Howe 393 Arrival of General Prevost .... 394 Surrender of Sunbury 894 General Lincoln appointed to command the Southern Army 894 Savannah River .... .395 Boyd's Loyalists defeated . . ,895 Colonel Campbell abandons Augusta, and re- turns to Savannah agg Ashe defeated at Brier Creek . . , 8g8 (33d of April). Lincoln marches up the Sa- vannah 381 I CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. iir(ojnaeVlt«- iilstion • tM mtlon of •■!»• . . . . *M . SM irliamant meet! 9n4 treat with the irlcB SM ' with Franca . 907 Ei\elanil 367 rpachea Amar- French Treaty J67 . . . «a >rge ; Want of . MO into Jersey . 370 escapes from 370 ys in the Dela- . 370 >n Hill . 371 )we resigns the . 37» Jommander-in- 378 Philadelphia . 373 r . . 37J Did Courthouse 374 rt-Martial, and . 87J 374 . 97« lew York S78 he North River 370 arrives on the . 370 > Island ; Lord . 370 rated by a vio- . 377 rmy . 380 British Lines . 380 anies to Rhode . 360 illivan escapes 380 !l Daylor iur- Prisoner. . 363 383 . 283 . 38« ■ails from Eng- i his Fleet dis- 1 at New York ; Time overta- . . . 2W ; sails for the 384 . 365 tople murdered 387 he Inhabitants gration 387 lians , 368 es Kaskasias 390 cent, and com- urrender 390 I . .391 State . 39: . 39S al ilowe 393 command the . 394 39S . S9S igusta, and re- . 390 ■ , 390 es up the Sa- 391 4.O. Paom. Vm. (tSthof Aprt; (hm. Prevost enters South Carolina 398 Marches to ChaAeston 396 (10th of May). Arrives at Ashley Ferry . 399 (13th of May). Summons Charleston to sur- render 399 The British Army retires, and recrossas Ash- ley Ferry 299 General I'ravost retreats to John's Island, and is fdlowed by General Lincoln . . . 299 (SUtli of June). Engagement al Stony Ferry 300 Slaves revolt 301 (6th of May). Incursion int'i Virginia . 3U1 Stony Point ami Verplank's taken . .304 Sir Henry Clinton returns to New York 304 Coast of Connecticut ravaged . .304 (ISthof July). Stony Point retaken . 3li6 Evacuated 307 Sir Henry Clinton takes Posssssion of it . 3I>7 Penobscot attacked 307 Admiral Arbuthnot supersedes Sir George Collier 308 (20th of August). Major Lee attacks Powle's Hook ; he retreats 308 War on the Six Nations, and the Southern Indians 309 (33d of August). Sullivan attacks the Indian tribes 310 He resigns his Commission . . .310 (23d of December). D'Estaing and tlie Ameri- cans besiege Savannah . . .310 They attempt to storm the Town .312 Are repulsed 313 Effects of the Repulse : Ingenious Enterprise 01 Colonel White during the Siege of Sa- vannah 313 Weakness of the Southern States . . 31S (26th of December). Sir Henry Clinton sails from New York 3IS ITWi (Uth of February). Lands on John's Island 317 (9th of April). Siege of Charleston 319 (13th of May). It surrenders .332 Proceedings of Sir Henry Clinton 322 Colonel Buford surprised and defeated . . 333 (Sd of June). Sir Henry Clinton's Proclama- tion .333 (9th of June). He returns to New York, leav- Lord Cornwallis to command in tlie South 334 Board of Police established in Charleston . 333 Rigorous Measures ; Baron de Kalb proceeds Southward 337 Colonel Sumpter makes an Irruption Into South CaroUna 327 General Gates appointed tu command the Southern Army 336 (13th of August). Arrives at Rugely'a Mills . 338 Lord Cornwallis repairs to Camden . . 339 Defeat of the Americaits near Camden, and Death of Baron de Kalb .330 Colonel SuDipter surprised and defeated near CaUwba Ford 331 CHAPTER X. IT79. Naval Operations of John Paul Jones . . 331 Capture ol the Serapis 330 IjOSS of the Bon Homme Richard . .336 Capture of the Countess of Scarborough . 336 EOects of there Naval Victories .339 CHAPTER XI. 339 780. Difficulties of General Washington Intense Frost in New York . (14th of January). Attack on Siaten Island ; tne Americans repulsed Embarrassments of Congress Mutinous State ot the American Army . General Knyphausen Invades Jersey . Destruction of Connecticut Farms Murder of Mrs. Caldwell (16th of June). Sir Henry Clinton returns to New York 343 (23d) Skirmish at Springfield ... 343 Evacuation of the Jerseys .... 343 Ofnerai Wayne attacks Bergen Point 343 340 340 341 341 341 343 AD. Paei 1780. General La Fayette lands al Boiton ; his Reception 341 Patriotic Exertions in Philadelphia . 344 (10th of July). French Fleet, with Troops, arrives In America 344 Sir Henry Clinton proceeds against Rhoi'a Island .344 Recalled by the Advance of General Wash- ington against Ne< Y"-* . . 344 Discontent of the Amei i-.in Troops . 344 1779. Treason of Arnold . . 349 Major Andre's Case . . ... 347 (23d of September). His Capture 348 Hii Trial and Execution 349 (31stof November). Major Talmadge'sdeuul- tory Warfare 330 Cartel 350 1T80. Proceedings of Lord Cornwallis after the B»ttlo uf Camden . . . . 3S1 He takes Possession of Charleston . 3S1 Colonel Clarke attaclts the British at Augusta 3S3 Besieges Colonel Brown at Garden Hill 333 Colonel Clarke retreats 393 Depredations committed by Col. Ferguson 393 Retreats toward Charleston, and is pursued by the Americans 393 (7th of October). He is defeated and killed on King's Mountain 394 Earl Cornwallis retreats toward South Car olina : (2yth October) reaches Wynnesbo- rough 399 Americans assemble at Charlotte . 399 General Gates retreats to Salisbury and Hills- borough 390 Returns to Charlotte .... 390 Superseded in the Command of the South- ern Army by General Greene . . 390 General Greene takes a British Post at Cler- mont 390 His embarrassing Situation .... 397 Correspondence with Earl Cornwallis . 397 (27th of December). Col. Washington surpri- ses a Body ul Loyalists at Ninety Six . 398 (12th of November). Sumpter attacked at liroad Kiver by Major Wemvss, whom he takes Prisoner 398 (20th of November). Attacked by Tarleton at Black Stocks and wounded ... 398 General Marion 398 1781. I I4th of January). General Tarleton tver- takes Morgan .... . 399 (17th of January). Battle of Cowpens 360 Tarleton routed 3A0 Loss of the British . "... 301 Earl Cornwallis forms a Junction with Colo- nel Leslie 361 (19ih of January). Begins his remarkable Pur- suit of Morgan 361 (2eth). Morgan etcape s 361 Americans pursued 363 Their Two Divisions form a Junction . . 361 (14th of Februar>). They cross the Dan 364 Earl Cornwallis marches back to Hillsbo- rough 364 (32d of February). The Americans reCK.'s the Dan 369 (3Sth of Feb.). Pyle's Loyalists defeated . 369 (27th of Feb.). Retreat of Earl Cornwallis, and Advance of General Greene 39t Rencontre between Lee and Tarleton . 361 Battle of Guilford Courthouse . . .367 Conseiiuences of the Victory .... 368 CHAPTER XII. 1781. (17th of April). Eari Cornwallis retires to Wilmington 370 General Greene pursues Earl Cornwallis . 370 Proceeds to South Carolina .370 Generals Lee and Marion attack Fort Watson 379 The Garrison capitulates . . .373 Situation of Cimden tit Battleof Hobkeik's Hill 373 (7th of May). Colonel Watson reaches Cam den, which Is evacuated .374 (10th of May). Bri'.ish Post taken 174 *': .-.^';':'.: .^'^1 >i"'-V-;"4^N5^ iT*-SS;t^.,->P^"V^V»! t-^'ti^m-''^- ' CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX. A.D PiOE. 1781. Lord Rawdon retires to Monk's Corner . 374 (5th of June;. Augusta taki^n .375 (22d of May). Ninety Six besieged. . . 376 Siege rais-jd 378 Greene retreats, and is pursi ed by Lord Raw- don 178 Ninety Six evacuated 178 Both Armies return to Con^ar e . . . 378 Gen. Greene joined by Manc:i and Sumpter 378 Marches to tlie hiih Hills of Santen . . 379 Lord Kawdon embarks for Europe, leaving the Command with Lieutenant-Colonel Stu- art 379 (22d of August). General Greene leaves the high Hills of Santee ... 379 (gth of September). Battle of Eutaw Springs 380 Great Loss on both Sides .... 380 Tc-les and Whigs 381 (Cth of August). Execution of Col. Haynes . 381 General Pickens's Expedition against the Cherokees 383 CHAPTER XHL PSI. Review of the general Condition of Amer ica at the beginning of the Year 17SI . Mutiny of the Pennsylvania and *?rsey Troops Sir Henry Clinton endeavors to take Advan. tage of it Relative Positions of the hostile Armies on the Hudson. British and French Fleets meet off the Ches ape»ke Chesapeake Bay General Leslie invades Virginia . Gen. Arnold lands at Wcstover ; enters Rich mond, where he coiiJinits great Destruction 387 Returns to Westover 367 Gen. Philips takes the Command in Virginia . 388 Baron Steuben, unable to resist the Invaders, retreats toward Richmond . . . 388 (30th of April). Generals Phihps and Arnold reunite their Forces, and march against Manchester 388 De la Fayette takes the Command In Virginia 389 Death of General I'hilips .... 3Stt (20th of May). Comwallis enters Virginia . 38i> Pursues La Fayette 3U0 Sends Taileton against Charlotteville . . 3U0 And SImcoe against Steuben . 3U1 (7th of June). La Fayette joined by General Wayne at Rackoon, and returns South- ward 391 Save the Stores of Albemarle Courthouse 391 Comwallis returns down the River . 391 Adventure of Charles Morgan . 393 (•th of July). Skirmish at James River 394 Earl Comwa'dii evacuates Portsmouth 394 383 384 389 38S 386 A.D. Paoi 1781. Occupies Yorxtowr and Gloucester Point 394 French Donation 394 Interview between Generals Washington and Rochambeau 394 The French and American Armies . . S'M They advance to Kingsbridge, and retire . 396 Count de Grasse encounters Samuel Hood In the Straits of St. Lucie . .396 Resolutions to attack Comwallis 396 Otin. Heath Defends the Posts on the Hudson 397 (30th of August). The combined American and French Armies enter Philadelphia . 397 Count de Grasse arrives at Chesapeake Bay 397 Admiral Graves pursues De Grasse . . 398 (6th of September). Arnold attacks New Lon- don ... . ... 398 (3Sth of September.) A let Armiei land at WiUiamsburgh 399 (38th of Sept.). They march toward Torktown 399 (6th of October). Siege of Yorktown . . 401 (19th of October). Earl Comwallis capitu- lates ; Terms of Capitulation . . . 403 Examination of his Conduct . . . 40T CHAPTER XIV. 1781. Count de Grasse sails for the West Indies . 407 (S7th of November). General Washington at Philadelphia 409 Marquis de la Fayette returns to Europe . 40^ General Ross makes an Incursion into the Country on the Mohawk .... 409 An Engagement take.s place at Johnstown between him and Colonel Willet . . 409 The British retreat, pursued by Willet 409 Consequences of the Surrerider of Yorktown and Capture of Comwallis and his Army . 409 (37th of November). The British Parliament meets j its Proceedings .... 410 1783. (34th of Muich). Case of Capt Haddy . . 410 SirGuy Carleton succeeds Sir Henry Clinton 411 Pacihc Communications . . .411 Proceedings in the Southern States . .411 (12th of April). Count de Grasse defeated and taken Prisoner . .... 411 1783. (19th of April). Peace resi,ared . .419 American Independence acknowledged by Great Britain 414 (26th of November). Evacuation of New York by the British 414 State of the American Army . 414 Address to the OfRcers of the Army . .,.'414 General Washington's Speech at the Meeting of Officers «17 (4th of December). He takes Leave of the Army previous to his Resignation . . 40 (S3d of December). Resigns his CommiMlon, and retires tc Mount Vernen . 433 Character of Waahtiifton «tt Qlouceiter Point 394 .li Washington and Annies . jge, and retire rs Samuel Hood In 394 394 39« 398 nwatlis 396 Dsts on tlie Hudson 397 )mbined American r Pliiladelphia . 397 t Chesapeake Bay 397 le Grasse . . 398 I attacks New Lon- . 398 e< Armiei land at . 390 1 toward Torktown 399 Yorktown . 401 Comwallis capltu- ation . . 40} ict . . . 40T XIV. r the West Indies . 407 ral Washington at 40t 40» 409 409 409 409 410 Capt Haddy . . 410 Sir Henry Clinton 411 . 411 rn States . .411 irasse defeated and irna to Europe Incursion into the ace at Johnstown el Willet ed by Willet ender of Yorktown lis and his Army . British Parliament isiored . acknowledged by lationofNew York ny . . . the Army .,. lech at the Meeting ikes Leave of the esiination IS his Commlaalon, man . 411 4IS 414 414 414 ■*i* «17 49* 4«9 «tt LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. ria ^^'"■ 3. Skeleton and Arrow-Heads found at FalJRiver 15 4. Runic Inscription on Dighton Rock. 16 6. Old Stone Tower at Newport, R. I. 16 6. Christopher Columbus 17 7. Mutiny on board the Santa Maria. . 20 8. View of Lisbon 22 9. Columbus and the Egg 24 10. Tomb of Columbus, Seville Cathe- dral 24 Portrait of Sebastion Cabot 27 iz Portrait of AraericusVespuccius... 28 13. Pizarro 29 14. Battle between Pizarro and Almagro 31 15. Portrait of Hernando de Soto. 32 View of Maiden's Rock, on the Mis- 17. 18. 19 sissipp) 36 Portrait of Verazzano 37 Birthplace of Sir Walter Raleigh ... 40 Portrait of Sir Walter Raleigh. . . . 41 20. Landing of the English at Roanoke 43 21. Sir Walter Raleigh taking Leave of his Family 50 Portrait of Capt. John Smith 63 An Indian Warrior 66 Frontlet of the Queen of Pamunkey 57 Portrait of Pocahontas ........... 68 Pocahontas saving the Life of Cap- tain John Smith 69 Ruins of Jamestown 62 Portrait of Cecil Calvert, Lord Bal- timore 66 Tattooed Indian 70 Portrait of Charles 1 73 _ .. Portrait of Governor Winthrop. ... 76 32. King Philip, the Last of the Wam- panoags 78 The Palisades, on the Hud?on River 80 Portrait of Peter Stuyvesant 83 Portrait of Oliver Cromwell ...... 84 Portrait of William Prnn 86 Signing ine Treaty of Penn with thelndiaoi 88 Fio. ?*•■• 38. Monument of Penn's Treaty 91 39. Squatter* 93 40. View of the Public Square in St. Augustine, Florida 97 41. Male and Female ludian 98 42. Portrait of Gen. Oglethorpe 101 43. Washington, from an early Print, by Trumbull 106 44. Portrait of Benjamin Franklin.... 107 45. Defeat of Gen. Braddock, 9th July, 1755 108 46. Western Hunter, in proper Costume 110 HISTORY OF THE REVOLUTION. 47. Portrait of Col Barr6..... 117 48. Portrait of Patrick Henr/ 118 49. Portrait of Gen. Conway 119 50. Portrait of John Hancock 1 23 61. Boston Massacre 126 62. Portrait of Samuel Adams 126 63. Residence of the Adams Family, Quincy, Mass 127 64. Destruction of the Tea in Boston Harbo; 131 66. American Militia and Minute Men at Lexington 141 66. Putman and the Wolf 144 57. View of Yorktown 147 68. Statue of the Earl of Chatham 151 69. Throwing up Entrenchments on Bunker'sHiU 154 60. Encampment on Breed's Hill 155 61. Plan of the Battle of Banker's Hill. 156 62. Portrait of Gen. Clinton 157 63. Monument on Bunker's Hill 158 64. Washington's Headquarters, Cam- bridge 160 66. Yankne Privateersman 162 66. View of St. John, on the Sorel. . .. 163 67. Arnold crossing the River Sorel. ... 166 68. View ot Quebec 168 69. British Soldiers firing at a Flag of Truce 123 10 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Fio. Paoe. 70. ViewofSt. Paul's Church, N.York 168 71. Montgomery leading on his Men... 169 72. Portrait of Gen. Carleton 170 73. Engagement on Lake Champlain.. 172 74. St. Anthony's Nose, View on the Hudson River 175 75. View of Boston from Dorchester Heights 177 76. View of Boston, taken on the road to Dorcliester 179 77. Medal tu commemorate the Evacua- tion of Boston by tlie British 181 78. Portrait of William Moultrie, Maj. Gen.U.S.A 182 79. Sir Peter Parker 184 80. Capture of the Acteon 185 81. Carpenter's Hal], Philadelphia 187 82. Portrait of John Adams 188 83. Monticello, Residence of Thomas Jefferson 189 84. Liberty and Independence 191 85. View of New York from Long Island 193 86. Plan of the Battle of Long Island. . 195 87. East River from Long Island in 1834 200 88. Fort Washington 202 89. Portrait of Charles Carroll of Car- roUton 206 90. Portrait of Edmund Burke 208 ■ 91. Portrait of General Putnam 209 92. Washington approaching the Dela- ware , 210 93. Portrait of Col. Knox 210 94. Portrait of Lord Cornwallis 212 95. Birthplace of President Monroe.... 214 96. Washington's Headquarters, Morris- town, N. J 218 97. Tie old Jail in New York 220 98. Grt-tt Seal of the United States 222 99. Contii^ental Money 223 100. Portrait of General Lincoln 226 101. Retreat of General Tryon 226 102. Map of Operations in New Jersey, Pennsylvnnia, Delaware 229 103. Portrait of Pulaski 230 104. Portrait of De Kalb 230 105. Departure of Lafayette 233 106. Portrait of General Wayne 234 107. The old Fort at Ticonderoga, N. Y . 239 108. Burgoyne's Attack on the American Bateaux 242 109. Map of Burgoyne's Route previoui to his Surrender at Saratoga 244 1 10. View of Lake Saratogo. 248 111. An American Backwoodsman 247 112. Lake George 248 113. Murder of Miss Jane M'Crea 253 114. Burgoyne'rf Retreat 287 Fio. 115. 116. 117. 118. 119. 120. 121. 122. 123. 124. 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. 139. 140. 141. 142. 143. M4. 146. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. 151. 162. 153. 154, 166. 167. 158. 169. 160. 161. 162. W ashmgton's Heodquarterfc at New- burg 259 Burgoyne's Encampment on North River 260 Field of Saratoga 261 Attack on Fort Montgomerj- 263 Portrait of Silas Deane 268 Philadelphia in 1778 268 Village of Log Huts 269 Newport in 1777 277 Rhode Island Statehouse, Newport. . 279 Chart of the Harbor of Newport. . . 281 Vale of Wyoming 286 Mrs. Merrill killing the Indian 289 Map of the Seat of War in the South- ern States 29£ City Hall, Augusta, Georgia 297 Hired Hessians 301 Southern States 302 Washington at Stony Point 305 A War Party of Indians 309 Portrait of Brandt 311 Admiral d'Estaing 314 Savannah, 1778 316 British Fleet off Charleston 318 Charleston, South Carolina, 1835.. 320 A French Fusileer 324 Relieving the Prisoners 326 John Paul Jones 332 Serapis and Bon Homme Richard.. . 334 Capture of the Countess of Scarbo- rough 334 Medal presented to La Fayette.... 337 Count de Rochambeau 346 View of West Pomt 346 Major Andre 347 Benedict Arnold 349 Flying from British Oppression.... 353 Death of Ferguson 355 Lord Rawdon 371 Baron Steuben 387 Yorktown, Virginia 400 Monument of Hamilton 401 155. Marquis de La Fayette and hit Soldiers 402 Plan of the Investment of York, Vir- ginia 404 Moore's House at Yorktown 406 Acknowledgment of American Inde- pendence by France 413 Statue of Hamilton destroyed at the great Fire in New York, Dec. 16th 1836 418 Portrait of General Washington ... 4 19 Washington's Residence, Mount V«r non 42] Franklin Medal 423 Pa9B en at New- , 259 I on North 260 261 erj- 263 , 268 268 269 277 Newport.. 279 lewport... 281 286 ndianB.... 289 1 theSouth- 29£ -gia 297 301 302 nt 305 309 311 314 316 on 318 ti%, 1835.. 320 324 326 332 Richard... 334 ofScarbo- 334 ayette.... 337 346 346 347 349 esiion.... 353 365 371 ■■(••••■a OoT 400 401 tte and hia 402 York,Vir- 404 iwn 406 rican Inde- 413 >yed at thr Dec. 16th 415 ington... 419 tfonntVnr 421 423 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY CF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. INTRODUCTION. We propose to give a brief history of the war of the American Revolution, a contest waged by the American colonies, then in their infancy, but relying on the justice of their cause, against the fleets and armies of a mighty kingdom, un- equalled for its giant strength and resources. That important event has brought a powerful nation into active life ; it laid the foundation of the American republic, the pattern model of a democratic form of government, which proves to every candid inquirer that man is capable of governing himself, and which shines brightly, as the beacon-fire of liberty, to the whole world. Before proceeding directly to the war, it will be useful to glance at the earlier history and discov- erers of America. I. Eric the Red, with his household, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, where they formed « settlement. Among those who accompanied him was Heriulf Bardson, whose son Biarne happened at this time to be on a trading voyage to Norway. Eric established himself at Brattalid in Ericsfiod, and Heriulf Bardson settled at Heriulfsnes. When Biarne returned to Eyrar in Iceland, and found that his father had de- parted, he determined upon spending the following winter with him, as he had done the preceding ones, although he and all his people were entirely ignorant of the navigation of the Greenland sea. To this determination the original dis- covery of America appears to be owing. They commenced their voyage ; fogs and northerly winds arose, and for many days they were driven they knew not whither. At length they descried a land without mountains, overgrown with wood, and presenting many gentle elevations ; but as it did not correspond with the deocriptions which they had received of Greenland, they left it to the larboard, and pursued their course for two days, when they came to another land, which was flat and overgrown with wood. They again stood out to sea, and, after three days' sailing with a southwest wind, per- ceived a third land, which Biarne discovered to be an island ; but as it did not present an inviting aspect, being mountainous and covered with glaciers, he did not go on shore, but bore away with the same wind, and, after fbur days' sailing, arrived at Heriulfsnes in Greenland. This was in the summer of 986. Alout eight years after this Biarne went on a visit to Eric, Earl of Norway and related to him his voyage, with an account of the strange lands he had dis- covered. Biarne's description of the coasts was very accurate, but he was much blamed for not having made himself better acquainted with the country. In (ireenUnJ his voyage had excited much interest, and, on his return, a voy* tge of discovery was projected. 13 THE PICTORIAL HISTOKY Among thoae whose curiosity had been excited by the discovery of the un icnown lands, was Leif, one of the sons of Eric the Red. 'I'his enterprising navigator purchased Biarne's ship, and, having manned it with a crew of thirty- five men, set sail in quest of strange lands, in the year 1000. The first land ihey made was that which Biarne had seen last. Here they went on shore ; not a blade of grass was to be seen, but everywhere mountains of ice, and be- tween these and the shore one barren plain of slate (hella). This country not appearing to possess any good qualities, they called it Helluland, and put to sea again. This was the land which Biarne had discovered to be an island, and was doubtless Newfoundland, which in modern descriptions is said partly to con- sist of naked rocky flats where not even a shrub can grow, and therefore called Barrens ; thus corresponding to the island of Helluland first discovered by Biarne. The next land they came to, and where they went on shore, was level, covered with woods, and characterized by clifls of white sand and a low coast ; they called it Markland (Woodland). This countrj', southwest of Helluland, and dis- tant from it about three days' sail, is Nova Scotia, of which the descriptions given by later writers answers completely to that given by the ancient Northmen of Markland. Leif left this country, and, after two days' sailing with a northeast wind, came to an island eastward of the mainland. They sailed westward, and went on shore at a place where a river issued from a lake and flowed into the sea. Here they first raised some log-huts, but when they had determined upon passing the winter there, they built commodious houses, which were afterward called Leifsbudir (Leifs booths). Leif then divided his people into two com- panies, which were alternately to be employed in guarding the houses and in ma- king short excursions. He gave them special instructions not to go farther than would admit of their return on the same evening. It happened one day that one of his followers, a German named Tyrker, was missing. Leif, with a small party, went out to seek him, but they soon met him returning. He infornied them that he had not been far, but had discovered vines and grapes, with which he was well acquainted, having been born in a country where vines grew. They had now two employments — hewing of timber for loading the ship, and collecting grapes, with which they filled the long boat. Leif named the country Vinland (Vineland), and in the spring departed thence for Greenland. The country thus named Vineland, and which is proved to be identical with Massachusetts and Rhode Island, naturally became the theme of much conver- sation in Greenland ; and Leifs brother, Thorwald, thinking it had not been sufficiently explored, was desirous of making a voyage thither, with a view to more extensive researches. In pursuance of this object he borrowed Leifs ship, and having received his instructions and advice, set sail in the year 1002. They reached Vineland at Leifsbooths, and spent the winter there. In the spring of 1003 Thorwald equipped the ship's long-boat with a party of his followers for the purpose of making a voyage of discovery southward. They found the coim- trv extremely beautiful, but without any appearance of men having been there before them, except on an island to the westward, where they discovered a wooden shed. They did not return to their companions at Leifsbooths until autumn. In the summer of 1004 Thorwald left a party at Leifsbooths, and steermg hi» course first eastward and then northward, passed a remarkable headland enclosing a bay. They called it Kialarnes (Keelcape), from its resemblance to the keel of their ship. This promontory, which modern geographers have sometimes likened to a horn and sometimes to a sickle, is Cape Cod. They sailed along the eastern coast into one of the nearest firths, until they arrived at a promontory entirely overgrown with wood, where thoy all landed. Thorwald was so much pleased with this spot., that he exclaimed to his companions, " Here it is beau OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 13 ry of the un enterprising }w of thirty- le first land t on shore; ice, and be- J country not ad put to sea I island, and partly to con- refore called 3d by BJarne. 8vel, covered coast; they and, and dis- descriptions int Northmen h a northeast estward, and ved into the trmined upon re afterward to two com- es and in ma- } farther than day that one vith a small He informed , with which frew. They ind collecting intry Vinland dentical with nuch conver- ad not been th a view to id LeiTs ship, 1002. They the spring of followers for ind the coun« g been there discovered a sbooths until 1 steering hin and enclosing :e to the keel re sometimes sailed along a promontory was so much 9re it is beau tiful, and here I should like well to fix my dwelling." He little bought that, instead of being his dweUing, it was so soon to be his burial-place. As they were preparinij; to go on board, they descried on the sandy beach three hillocks, which, on a near approach, were found to be three canoes, and under each three Skrellings (Esquimaux). A fight ensued : eight of the Skrellings were killed; the ninth escaped with his canoe. Afterward a numerous party rushed upon them from the interior of the bay, and discharged arrows at them. Thorwald and his party endeavored to shield themselves by raising little screens on the ship's side, and the Skrellings at length retired, but not till Thorwald had re ceived a wound under the arm from an arrow. Finding the wound to be mortal, he said to his followers, " I now advise you to prepare for your departure as soon as possible, but me ye shall bring to the promontory where I thought it good to dwell ; it may be that it was a prophetic word which fell from my mouth about my abiding there for a season ; there shall ye bury me, and plant a cross at my head and also at my feet, and call the place Krossaiies (Crossness) in all time coming." He died, and they buried him as he had directed. (Krossanes is, in all probability, Gurnet Point.) After this they rejoined their companions at Leifsbooths, where they spent the winter ; but in the spring of 1005 set sail for Greenland to communicate to Leif the fate of his brother. When the circumstance of the death and burial of Thorwald was made known in Greenland, Thorstein, Eric's third son, determined on making a voyage to Vineland to fetch his brother's body. He equipped the same ship, and was ac- companied by his wife Gudrida : but his design was frus trated ; for, after having been tossed about and driven they knew not whither during the whole summer, they la:.ded in the western settlements of Greenland, where Thorstein shortly after died. In the spring Gudrida returned to Ericsford This unsuccessful expedition was soon after followed by another, on a larger scale than any of the preceding ones ; for it happened that, in the summer of 1006, two ships arrived from Iceland, the one commanded by Thorfinn Kailsefne, a wealthy and powerful man, of illustrious birth ; the other by Biarne Grimolfson. Thorfinn was accompanied by Snorre Thorbradson, and Biarne by Thorhall Gamlason. At this time a festival was held at Brattalid, on which occasion the Vineland voyage was the leading topic of conversation, and Thorfinn, being cap- tivated by Gudrida, asked and obtained the consent of her brother-in-law, Leif, to their union, which took place in the course of the winter. On the celebration of these nuptials the Vineland voyage was again the subject of discussion, and Karlsefne was prevailed on, by his wife Gudrida and others, to prosecute a voy- age thither and plant a colony. Accordingly three ships were fitted out, and all kinds of live stock taken on board. The first ship was commanded by Thorfinn Karlsefne and Snorre Thorbradson, the second by Biarne Grimolfson and Thor- hall Gamlason, and the third by Thorward, who had married Frcydisa, the nat- ural daughter of Eric the Red. They mustered one hundred and sixty men, and, being furnished with what was necessary for the occasion, departed in the spring of 1007. After touching at Helluland and Markland, they en me to Kial- arnes (the Nauiet of the Indians), where the trackless deserts, long beaches, and sands, so much e.xcited their wonder, that they called them Furdustrandir (Wonder strands). They passed these, and came to a firth which ran far into the country, and wnich they called Straumficirdr (Stream firth). On the shore of this firth they landed : the country was beautiful, and they made preparations for a winter residence ; but Thorhall wished to go in quest of Vineland in a north direction. Karlsefne, however, decided on going to the southwest. Thor hall, therefore, with eight men, quitted them, and was driven by westerly gales to the coast of Ireland, where, according to some accounts, they were taken and made slaves. Karlsefne and those that remained with him, in all one hundred ..♦ll;.;. _>i;>,*vJI I 14 THE PICTOKIAL HISTOKY and fifiy-oue men, sailed in a southerly direction till they entered a rivrr wtiicn fell into the sea from a lake. They steered into this lake, and called the placp Hop, which, in Icelandic, signifies a bay, or the land bordering on such a bay Here they landed, and found wheat growing wild on the low grounds, and on the rising lands grape-vines. To this place Mount Hope's bay corresponds ; and it was at this Hop that Leifsbooths were situated. Above this, and most probably on the beautifully-situated elevation afterward called by the Indians Mont Haup, Karlsefne and his companions erected their dwellings and passed the winter. They had no snow, and the cattle fed in the open fields. One morr.ing, in the beginning of 1008, they perceived a number of canoes coming from the southwest past the cape. Karlsefne exhibited friendly signals by hold- ing up a wnite shield, and the natives, a sallow-colored and ill-looking race, drew nigh, and commenced bartering furs and squirrel-skins for pieces of red cloth, and afterward for milk-soup. While this traffic was proceeding, a bull, which Thorfinn had brought with him, came out of the wood and bellowed loudly. This terrified the Skrellings ; they rushed to their canoes, and rowed away. About this time Gudrida gave birth to a son, who received the name of Snorre. At the commencement of the following winter the Skrellings appeared again in much greater numbers, and menaced hostility by loud yellings. They advanced — a battle look place ; the Skrellings had war-slings, and a galling discharge of missiles fell upon the land ; one, enormously large, fell with a crash that filled the Northmen with dismay, and they fled into the woods. Freydisa, the wife of Thorward, a bold and art- t>i. "voman, upon perceiving the retreat of her countrymen, called to them, and rep. On •.">'' them with their cowardice, saying, if she had a weapon she would defend net.- "" ''«»tter than any of them. She followed them into the wood, where she saw .ik '"ad body of Snorre Thorbradson ; a flat stone was sticking in his head, and his uiawn sword was lying by his side. This she seized, and by her frantic gestures so terrified the Skrellings, that they in turn fled to their canoes and rowed away. Thorfinn and his people now rallied ; they came up to her and praised her courage ; but they became convinced that they could not continue in the country without being in constant alarm from the powerful hos- tility of the natives, and therefore determined upon returning to their own coun- try. They freighted their ships, sailed eastward, and came to Straumfiord, where they passed the third winter ; Karlsefne's son Snorre being then three years old. At Markland they met with five Skrellings, two of which (boys) they caught and carried away with them. These children, after they had been taught the Norse language, informed them that the Skrellings were ruled by chieftains (kings), that there were no houses in the country, but that the people dwelled in holes and caves. Karlsefne, after having gone in quest of Thorhall, pursued his voyage to Greenland, and arrived at Ericsfiord in 1011. The next voyage was undertaken at the instigation of Freydisa, who prevailed on two brothers, commanders of a ship from Iceland, to make a voyage to Vine- land, and share equally with her in all the profits. To this the brothers, Helge and Finnboge, assented, and a mutual agreement was entered into that each party should have thirty-five able-bodied men on board their ship ; but Freydisa concealed five additional men, whom she took with her. They reached Leifs- booths in 1012, where they remained during the winter. But the deceitful con- duct of Freydisa caused an estrangement between the parties, and she at length succeeded, by subtlety and artifice, in persuading her husband to effect the mur- der of the two brothers and their followers. After this atrocious act they return- ed to Greenland in the spring of 1013. At this time Thorfinn Karlsefne was waiting for a fair wind to sail for Nor- way. His ship was laden with a more valuable cargo than was ever befort I;'' ! ;- "V. to-siV-o^,:"' .'■,-._* -y»-~T^>*v.y!-..' sail for Nor- s ev«r befort gnown to leave Greenland. When the wind was favorable, lie sailed to x^or- way, and sold his goods. The next year he proceeded to Iceland, and in the yeur following, 1015, purchased the Glaumboe estate, where he resided during the remainder of his life. Snorre, his American-born son, also dwelled and ended his days there. Among the numerous and illustrious descendants of Karlsefiie was tiie learned bishop Thorlak Runolfson, born in 1085, of Snorre's daughter Halfrida, who was probably the original compiler of the account of the foregoing voyages. After these, many voyages were undertaken, and the last piece of information preserv ed in the ancient MSS. relates to a voyage, in the year 1347, from Greenland to Markland, undertaken for the purpose of bringing home limber and other sup- plies. Ori her voyage homeward the ship was driven out of her course, and arrived, with loss of anchors, at Straumfiord, in the west of Iceland. From the accounts of this voyage, written by a contemporary nine years after the event, it appears that the intercourse between Greenland and America Proper had been maintained to so late a date as 1347 ; for it is e.xpressly stated that the ship went to Markland, which must have been thus mentioned as a country still known and visited in those days. Thus it appears that, during the tenth and eleventh centuries, the ancient Northmen discovered a great extent of the eastern coasts of North America, and made frequent visits to Massachusetts and Rhode Island ; and that, during the centuries immediately following, the intercourse was never entirely broken ofl". As confirmatory of these statements. Dr. J V. C. Smith, of Boston, has writ- ten an account of a remarkable rough stone cemetery, discovered about fifty years ago in Rainsford island, in the bay of Boston, whicli contained a sktaeton and a sword-hilt of iron. Dr. Smith argues that, as the body could not have been that of a native Indian nor of a settler po.sterior to the re-discovery, it was most probably that of one of the early Scandinavians. Dr. Webb, of Providence, has also furnished an account of a skeleton found at Fall river Massachusetts, on jr near which were a bronze breast-plate, bronze tubes belonging to a belt, &c., none of which appear to be of Indian or of a comparatively modern European manufacture. fM. S.— Skeleton and Arrow-heada found at Fall River \ Runic inscription is also still to be seen on Dighion rock, on the east mde I Taunton river, which is exposed and covered at every ebb and flow of the tide- At Newport, Rhode Island there is a stone tow«r '^iU of rough pieces of THE PICTOIU.M, HISTORY Fig. 4.— Runic Inscription on Dighton Rock. Fio. 5.— Old Stone Tower, At Newport, H. I. ._J » .^jJ^-^M^V'-l^-l-^-A'PT iruT'^i'Ai*i»^'t^i:^ui't^*iti^-t^iri-ff»=nU^r<'^£^ ■i^^i^lS'*^^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. n greywacke stone, laid in courses, strongly cenu'iitcil by a mortar of sand and gravel of excellent quality, which nearly e(|uala the stone itself in hardness. It appears to have been at some former period covered with a stucco of sitnilai character to the cement with which the stone is held to:arly twenty-fi» e feet in height ; its diameter outs de is twenty-three feet, and inside eighteen feet nine inches. It is circular, am! is supported upon eight arches resting on thick columns about ten feet high ; the height of the centres of the arches from the ground is twelve feet six inches. The foundation extends to the depth of four or live feet. The columns are peculiar, having only half capitals, which sceni « .ave been simply rounded slabs of stone, of which the part projecting on the inside had bfen cut away. According to Professor lidi'u, the architecture of this building is in the ante-Gothic style, which was couuuon in the north and west of Europe Vom the eighth to the twelfth centuries. 'I'lie circular form, the low colimins, their thickness in proportion to their distance from each other, and the entire want of ornament, all point out this e[)och. He imagines it was used for a bap- tistery, and accounts for the absence of buildings of a similar character by the abundance of wood in America. II. From the time of the Northtuen nothin<; seems to have keen known of th* weitern continent till the birth of (JhrisUtphtr Columbus. Fis, 6. — Christopher Columbus. Tne tenitory ot Genoa had the honor of giving birth to him, and the trave'.le* .n Italy is still gratified by beholding at the little village of Cocoletto, the humble tnanfion, where, in a narrow room in the rear, looking out upon the deep blue Mediterranean, and over which the troubled sea often throws its spray, Chrisio pher Columbus, called by the Spaniards Colon, first saw the light. He appears (? have had an early attachm<)nt S) sea atlairs ; he studied navigation mth the ne^fiiiSia^^mfSg^.... 18 THE HCTORIAL HISTORY utmost iii.luMiry, and supported himself by making charts for the 8..u-»'«xviLe Ho h.iJ the universal cliaracter of a soher, temperate, and devout man ; he wa« a good mathematician, and had, in other respects, a tolerable share of leariiins; The fame of the PortUi;uese in naval aflairs having drawn him to Lisbon, he there settled, carried on a trade to the coast of Guinea, and at lengfli married a woman of considerable fortime. The reasons whieh, probably, determined Columbus to attempt the discovery of America, were the following : he had observed, when at the Cape de Verd slands, that at a partieidar season, the wind always blew from the west, which he thought was occasioned by a large tract of land lying that way ; aiul he thought that the spherical figure of the earth demanded, that the land on the one side shoulil be balanced by an eipial quantity on the other. He flattered himself that by sailing west, he "should find a nearer passage to the Indies, than that which the Portuguese hoped to discover, by sailing round the coast of Africa, of a great part of which they had already made themselves masters. When he was fully convinced of the possibility of carrying his scheme into execution, he proposed it to the state of Genoa as early as the year 1484 ; out they having rejected it, he applied in the year 1485 to John the Second king of Portugal, in whose dominions he had now resided some years, and com missioners were appointed to treat with him ; who, having arifidly drawn his secret from him, advised the king to fit out a ship to try the practicability of the plan, and to rob Cohunbus of the honor and advantage of it; but the design fail ed ; and when the king would have treated with Columbus a second time, his indignation at the treatment he had received, determined him to apply elsewhere , and that very year he sent his brother Bartholomew with proposals to Henry VH., king of England, while he himself proceeded to Spain, to offer his servi- ces to Ferdinand and Isabella. Bartholomew had the misfortune to fall into the hands of pirates, who, strip- ping him of all he had, he arrived in England in a very miserable condition where he was taken ill of a fever, and reduced to great distress. On his recov- eiy, he applied himself with great industry to the making and selling of map* and charts, by which he at length, in the year 1488, put himself into a propei equipage •? appear belore the king (Henry VII ), with whom he entered into ah agreement, in the name and on the behalf of his brother. When Christopher Columbus arrived in Spain, he communicated his plan to Martin Alonzo Pinzon, a celebrated pilot, who saw the force of his arguments, and readily agreed to go with him, if his application at court should be success- ful ; but so much difficulty attended the prosecution of his suit, and he met with so many delays and insults, that he was actually on the point of leaving Spain for England, to see what success his brother had met with, and in case his ap- plications had been equally fruitless, to offer his proposals to the court of France At this interval Que°n Isal)ella was prevailed upon to encourage his plan ; and articles of agreement were signed at Santa Fe, in the kingdom of Grenada, on the seventeenth of April, 1492. By this agreement, Columbus was to be admiral of the seas, and viceroy of all the countries he should discover : he was to have a tenth part of the profits redounding to their majesties from his labors ; and an eighth of what he should bring home in his ships ; himself furnishing one eighth of the expense of the equipment. When (his agreement was concluded, he was allowed three vessels ; the Galega, which he named the Santa Maria, a carrac, or ship with a deck, com- manded by himself ; the Pinta, of which Martin Alonzo Pinzon was captain ; and the Nina, under the command of Vincent Yanez Pinzon, brother to Martin Alonzo. who furnished half of Columbus's share of the expense. These two ■.-^-i,'=. , -*riP.iiAii&ire wcdA',£*t«Oo» .iJir3i\«s;&)4S(gacit!"'': OF THE AMERICAN REVOLU'IION. lb I man ; Im waj re of leariiiiii; n to Lisbon, h« ngfti married a t the (li8co\ ery Cape de Verd lie west, which way ; ami he e land on the irer passage to \f sailing round ide themselves ring his scheme he year 1 484 ; n the Second y^ears, and com dly drawn his ticability of the the design fail scond time, his ply elsewhere , )sals to Henry offer his servi- tes, who, strip- 'able condition On his recov- selling of map» f into a propei entered into ah Ued his plan to his arguments, uld be success- nd he met with ' leaving Spain in case his ap- :ourt of France rage his plan ; )m of Grenada, and viceroy of Tt of the proiitfl what he should expense of the !e vessels ; the h a deck, com- 1 was captain ; other to Martin «. These two resbels were called caravels, that is, ships without decks ; and the whole Heot, which carried l)ut one hundred and twenty men, pu« to sea from Palos. on Fri- day the third day of August, 1492. On the next morning the rudder of the Pinta breaking loose, they made it fast in the best manner they were able with cords, till they had an qpportunity efTec- tually to repair it. Several of the seamen began to consider this as an ill omen ; but the admiral told them that " no omen could be evil to those whose designs were good." They arrived at the Canaries on the eleventh of August, where they remained, refreshing themselves, till the sixth of September ; when they weighed anchor, and proceeded on their voyage, for fear of the Portuguese, who had fitted out three caravels to attack them. On the seventh tl: 3y lost sight of land, and with it all their courage, bitterly bemoaning their fate, as that of wretches destined to certain dc.truction. Colum bus comforted these cowards in the best manner he was able ; setting before them the certain prospect of wealth and happiness, as the reward of their labors ; and that they might not think themselves so far from home, as they really were, he resol"ed, during the whole voyage, to deceive them in the reckoning ; and having this day sailed eighteen leagues, he pretended they had made no moro than fifteen. On the fourteenth of September, they took notice of the variation of the com- pass, and the people on board the Nina saw a heron, and some tropic birds, and the next day the sea was covered with yellow and green weeds, among whicik they saw a live lobster ,- and as they advanced they found the sea-water less salt, from which circumstances they imagined they were near land. Alonzo Pinzon, who had been ahead, lay by for the captain on the eighteenth, acquainting him that he had seen a large number of birds flying westward, and imagined he saw land fifteen leagues to the north ; but Columbus, having no doubt but he was mistaken, would not alter his course, though most earnestly solicited *- to do by the sailors. On the I meteenth, the sight of a great number of sea-gulls, which it was im- agined could not fly far, began to give the admiral himself some hopes of seeing land speedily ; but on sounding with a line of two hundred fathoms, no bottom could be found. They now saw abundance of weeds, and three days afterward took a bird like a heron, web-footed, of a dark color, with a white tuft on the head ; and in the evening, saw three small singing-birds, which flew away at break of day. They now encountered such a quantity of weeds, that they were apprehensive the ships would not long be able to make their way. Till this time the wind had been always right astern ; but now shifting to the southwest, gave the ad- mir ' an opportunity of exposing the groundless fears of the sailors, who had imagined they should never have a fair wind to carry them back ; but notwith- standing all he could say to them, they loudly complained of the danger they were in of perishing at sea. and a mutiny would, in all probability, have been the consequence of their clamors, but for a strong gale, which sprung up at west- northwest, and convinced ihem that there was no danger of their having no op« portunity to return. Several flights of small birds, which they observed coming from the west and a pigeon, which flew over the ship, gave them fresh hopes of making ^and ; but when they found themselves disappointed, their mortification was the greater, snd their complaints increased. They censured the admiral as a person, who, from an idle ambition of agqrau lizing himself, and his own family, had led them into dangers and diflicUtie^ in search of a country which now here existed ; tt^ey said they had given kuffi THE PICTORIAL HISTORy ••''<»■ 7.— Mutiny on board the Santa Maria. cient proofs of their courage, by venturing so far from home, and began to *t«- tertaiii serious thoughts of compelling Columbus to return. In a word, so great were their fears, that some of them were for throwing the admiral overboard, and asserting, on their return to Spain, that he fell into the sea, as he was gasinjj at the stars. Columbus was not insensible of the spirit of mutiny, by which they were ac- tuated, and exerted himself, partly by representing their duty to the king, partly by threats of punishment in case of disobt ilience, and partly by promises of the reward of their perseverance ; so that the enterprise received no detriment from their ill-grounded fears and apprehensions. The men were, however, extremely anxious and disconsolate, till on the twenty-fifth of September, about sunselting, while Columbus was talking to Vin- cent Yanez Pinzon, he cried, '• Land ! Land ! Let me not lose the reward fot this good news !" and immediately pointed toward the southwest, where there was something which looked like an island, at the distance of twenty-five leagut-s This, which was afterward looked on as a contrivance between Columbus and Pinzon, so animated the men, that they returned thanks to God with the utmimi fervency, and the admiral, at the earnest entreaty of the crew, steered toward the supposed island most part of the night ; but in the mominj' ■}<} isla-id Y.aa «• be seen, and the men were as loud in t) lir complaints as ever. Columbus continued on his course with the utmost resoh' ,c'\ , in i o^ tor twenty-ninth they saw many fl)ring fishes, some of which . . ; (j the sh i They also saw a gull, several wagtails, and other birds, and were encompass. .. •rith so great a quantity of weeds, that the men thought they were near lami *n'' in uvn^er of running aground. h' ■.■*3.'^7-:..;:?^',>i3„1S^ ':. • .'Jlfciid^^AstftKiSH^i ; ,-i*t?«*lg*fet^44Tifcilfe»^* •-':.f^^tyi^:f^»itt^»^^i*m^^nv^.^issi0^'^ Wctti»^««r.- , 1 began to m- word, 80 great liral overboard, ) he was gasing they were ac- he king, partly ironiises of the detriment from ite, till on the talking to Vin- the reward for t, where th«re ty-five leagut-s Columbus Eiiii ^ith the utmost iteerad toward ) isla-^d ^'48 '<• •111 1 ;; u> the . tor sh i s encompasa*-*: 3re near laiul >«:^,-.. OF the; AMhRlC.W REVOLUTION. 9i On the ihtrtipih tlicy also saw many wagtails, and observed that the weed* lay in a line from wnk i o notice ot tbr ■ rror, bp"ause he would not discourage the sailors. On the second they killed a tunny tish, and so 'o birds; >i»i seeing no birds on the tliird day, they feared they hii ' missed some islands, :»nd the men begged the admiral to steer either to the right or left ; but regardless ,/ their entreaties, he resolved to keep right on his course, that the credit of his und( • •'^ing might not suffer by an idle compliance with their demands. Hereupon the men began to mutiny, and would probabi- '>ave taken some des- perate measures, had not the Hight of upward of forty span i, and oi (>r birds, from the vest, again given them hopes that they were near md. Sonie signs of 1 in ' ai>peared to the westward on the seventh of October, I ' the weather be- iTip I izy, "^ one would venture to cry land. An ...I Illy often thousand marvadies, or thirty crowns, for ufe, had been ol fered by t)/>ir catholic majesties to the person who should first discover land; !)i : 'f any one cried out land, and it did not prove to be so, he was I < be exeiu- de 1 from the reward, even though he should afterward discover ii But the people of the Nina, which was generally ahead, fired a gun, and hois od colors, concluding it was certainly land ; but as they sailed farther they were soon un- ueceived. Next day they saw many birds, both large and small, among which w«^r land-fowl, flying from the west to the southwest, and Columbus, thinkin ould not fly far, imitated the Portuguese, who, by following such flig fds, had discovered several islands ; he therefore changed his courst and stood for the west ; and having already sailed seven hundred and twer ♦y lea lies to the westward of the Canaries, imagined he should soon find land ; and he md jften told the sailors to expect it at that distance. They saw twelve singing-birds, and many ducks, gulls, and jays, on theeig. h of October; and on the eleventh, when all the admiral's skill and address wol d have been insufficient to withstand much longer the mutinous disposition of th-^ crew, he was comforted with indubitable proofs of their being near land ; for oi ; this day they saw a green rush, and a large rock-fish swim near the admiral's ship ; and those on board the Pinta took up a staff most curiously wrought, and saw a cane floating, and a number of weeds fresh torn from the shore. On the evening of this day the admiral represented to his men, how merciful God had been to them, in conducting them safe so long a voyage ; and said, that since the tokens he now saw were proofs they were near land, he would have them watch all night, and they would most likely discover it before the morning ; and he promised to give a velvet doublet, as an addition to their majesties' re- ward, to the person who should make the discovery. Two hours before midnight, Columbus standing on the poop, saw a light on phore, and called (luitierres, groom of the privy chamber to the king, who also saw it. It appeared like a candle, or other light carried in a person's hand from .>ne house to anf :her. About two o'clock in the morning land was discovered, at the distance of tw leagues, by Roderic de Trians, on board the Pinta, which was considerabl- ahead ; but the reward was afterward paid to Columbus, by order of their catholi' majesties, for having first discovered the light. The shin-' now lay too, and the people waited with the utmost anxiety for ngbt ol tha. Uad oi which thev had been so long in search ; and at the break some thev of tiMSMil^"' »2 THE PICTOKIAL HI3T0RY xi^iiiMieum OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2i a I 3d 01 (lay chey had the pleasure to behold an island about fifteen leagues in length of a flat surface, well covered with wood and watered, with a large lake in the middle of it. It appeared to be full of inhabitants, who wailed on the shore astonished at the siijht of the ships, which they took for prodigious sea monsters The uailors were extremely eager to be on shore ; and as soon as the vessels were brought to an anchor, the admiral went on shore, with the royal colors fly- ing, as did the captains, carrying the colors of their enterprise, being a green •iross with crowns, and the names of their catholic majesties. They were no sooner on shore, than they fell on their knees, and kissing the ground, with tears of joy, gave thanks to God for his goodness, when the admi- ral stood up, and gave the island the name of St. Salvador, which the natives called Guanihani ; but it is now known by the name of Cat-island. Columbus having taken possession of the island, for the king and queen of Spain, tlie sailors acknowledged his authority, begged pardon for their former b-^havior, and promised the utmost obedience for the future. On his return, when near the coast of Portugal, a terrible storm arose, and he found it expedient to anchor off" Lisbon, where he was warmly solicited by the king of Portugal to re-enter his service, but this was declined. Columbus again made sail, and in a few days came to anchor in the port of Palos. Columbus gave their majesties an account of his voyages and discoveries, showed the Indians as they appeared in their own country, and exhibited all the curiosities he had brought. When he had concluded his account, their majes- ties knelt down, and with tears in their eyes, returned thanks to God, and im- mediately the choristers of the chapel sung Te Deum. The articles heretofore concluded wi.ii the admiral were only in form of a contract ; but as he had performed what he engaged to do, their majesties now passed grants, making good what they had before promised him. When his majesty rode through Barcelona, he would make the admiral ride by his side, an honor, till then, peculiar to the princes of the blood. The im- portance of his discoveries induced their majesticT to despatch an ambassador to Pope Alexander VI., requesting his authority I'cx- an exclusive title to the countries which had been, or might be discovered ; this the pope readily com- plied with, drawing a line from pole to pole, one hundred leagues westward from the Capo de Verd islands, granting to their majesties all the dominions beyond that part of the globe. The son of the poor wool-comber of Genoa was Ij-'^jn vith every honor that power could bestow. His patroness, Isabella, received him with open arms, the very courts that had denied him aid now solicited his presence, and at the tables of the noblest he became an honored guest. Among many others of the grandees of Spain, Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza, the grand cardinal of Spain, invited Columbus to a banquet. He gave him the most honorable place at table, and, notwithstanding etiquette to its fullest extent was at that time punctiliously observed, he served him with ceremonies which wesa observed toward sovereigns. It was at that banquet that the anecdote of the egg is said to have occurred, which scene is graphically delineated in our engraving. A courtier who was present, possessing more impudence than wit, and jealous of Columbus oecause he was a foreigner, and so highly honored by ^is master, abruptly asked him whether he thought that in case he had not dis- covered the Indies, there were not other men who would have been capable of the enterprise? Columbus, looking with proper contempt upon the fellow, deigned no reply, but taking an egg, invited the company to make it stand upon one end. All attempted it, but in vain, whereupon he struck it upon the tablp •0 as to break the end, and left it standing upon the broken part. This, in the most simple manner, illustrated the fact, that when he had once shown the wa) .^>■>:l^^'iM^V0i^^^' .-'..'s.:>.c».*,f.iSiiSJ,',©!e^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 25 r^-m^di^lt^m- . to the new world, it was a very easy tiling to follow. Tiio rebuke was felt, and the courtier held hia peace. " This anecdote," says Irving, '• rests on the au- thority of the Italian historian Herizoni. It has been condemned as trivial, but the simplicity of the reproof constituted its severity, and was characteristic of the practical sagacity of Columbus. The universal popularity of the anecdote is a proof of Its merit." On the twenty-fifth of September, 1193, Columbus sailed on his second voy. age. m which he discovered more of the West India islands. 0.1 the thirteenth of May, 1498, Columbus commenced his third voyage, from the bay of St. Lucas, and after seeing some new islands, on the first of August he discovered the continent, but imagining it to be an island, he termed it Isla Santa. From this cruise Columbus was brought back ii. chains to Cadiz in con- sequence of false charges made against him by interested individuals ; but he was soon restored to the favor of his king and master. A new voyage was now projected, which was commenced on the fourth of May, 1502. In this he was very successful as a discoverer, but on his return home his health failed, and he died xMay 15, 1506. His body was taken to the Carthusian convent, and thence to St. Domingo. His bones, however, were afterward removed to Cuba, and are still preserved in the cathedral at Havana In the cathedral of Seville, fig. 8, there is a flat stone with an inscription, rhich, when translated, states, To Castile and Leon Columbus gave a new world. Such was the end of this great man, to whom the Spaniards are indebted (bi all their American possessions, and who, from the boldness of his undertakings, and the greatness of his achievements, may, in a great degree, be considered as the Father of Navigation. Columbus was in stature tall, his face long, his aspect majestic, his nose aqui- line, his eyes gray, his complexion ruddy and clear; his beard and hair wore fair in his youth, but the many hardships he suflered soon turned them array. He was a man of wit and pleasantry, yet modestly grave, and eloquem •• Jis- .•ourse. He was afl^able to strangers, and kind to his .>wn family H- tmd an air of authority and grandeur that commanded resr^ict , he was temperate in eating and drinking, and modest in his dress H-* was strict in religion, accord- ing to the mode of his country, and obliged those undet him lo pay, at least, a decent regard to it. He much desired the ton version of the Indians, and did what he could to allure them, by obliging the Spaniards to lead a life, in some measure agreeable to the faith they professed He was a man of undaunted courage, and fond of great enterprises ; lie remained unmoved amidst the many troubles and adversities that attended him, ever relying on the Divine Providence. This is the account given of the famous Columbus, by a Spanish writer o/ knowledge and fidelity, who adds, tha' " His name will be renowned as long as the world endures." in. Sebastian Cabot, who claims -vith Columbus to have been the first dis- coverer of the continent of America, was the son of John (Jabot, a Venetian, fie was born at Bristol in 1477 . and vas taught by his father arithmetic, ge- ometry, and cosmography. Before in- -vas twenty years of age he made several voyages. The first of any consequencti seems to have been made with his father, who had a commission from Henry VII. for the discovery of a northwest passage to India. They sailed iii 'he spring of 1497; and proceeding to the northwest, they discovered land which for that reason they called Primavista, PI Newfoundland. Another smaller island they called St. John, from its being liBcovered on the feast of Si lohn Baptist ; after which, they saile 1 ale af th« i I Via 10.— Tomb of Columbus.— Seville Callindral. • aateJ,-a*,jU».-ia' ^UW ) afe .> Vw - . &/^ii^saBBfei^fr'^^^ -aiMfti-JiiBaitn^Asfetew^^ii^aiggs; " OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIOiN. Vt no. 11. — FortraU of Sebastian Cabot. csaat of America ac Car as> Cape Florida, and then returned to England with h good cargo, an.l three Indians aboard. 6towe and Speed ascribe these discov< eries who.'Iy to Sebastian, without mentioning his father. It is probable thai Sebastian, after hif> father's death, made several voyages to these parts, as a map of his dJsco»eric!'., drawn by himself, was hune up in tho privy garden at White- hall. However, history gives but little account of his life for near twenty years, when he wont to Spain, where he was made pilot-major, and intrusted with re- viewing all projects for discoveries, which were then very numerous. His great capacity ind approved integrity induced many eminent merchants to treat with him about a voyago by tho new-found straits of Magellan to the Mciuccas. He diersfore sailed in 152.'), first to the Canaries, then to the Cape Verd islands, thence to St. Augustine and the island of Patos ; when some of his people be- ^a'^ing to be mutinous, and refusing to pass through the straits, he laid aside the design of s?.ilirg to the Moluccas, left some of the principal mutineers up(m a desert island, and, saihng up th" rivers of Plate and Paraguay, discovered and buUt forts in a large tract of fine country, that produced gold, silver, and other rich cnnmodities. H.d thence deipatched messengers to Spain for a supply of pirviHions, ammunition, goods ibr trade, and a recruit of men ; but his request not being readily complied with, after staying five years in America, he returned home, where he met with a cold reception, the merchants being displeased at his not having pursued his voyage to the Moluccas, while his treciment of the mutineers had given umbrage at court. Hence he returned to England ; and being introduced to the Duke of Somerset, then lord protector, a new office was erected for him ; he was made governor of the mystery and company of the merchant Adventurers for the discovery of regions, dominions, islands, and place* 38 THE P"' \ua:. histvjry unknown . ? pwrbion was granted him, by letters patent, of jClfio 13,v. 4d. pe. annum, and hf > h^ consulted in all aff.iirs relative to trade. In 1522, by hih interest, the our. .lur-d out some ships for the discovery of the northern parts of the world Thi'* produced the first voyage the English made to Russia, and '.he beginning of that commerce which has ever since been carried on between ihe two nations. The Russia company was now founded by a charter graned by [*hilip and Mary ; and of this company Sebastian was appointed governor for life He is said to be the first who look notice of the variation of the needle, and who published a map of the world. The exact time of his death is not known, but he lived to be above seventy years of age. r fio, IS.— Portrait of Americus Vespuciu*. V. Although America was discovered by the Northmen, Columbus, art tn« Cabots, yet it was reserved for Amerigo Vespucci to give a name to the soil ; that name Amkrica, which is already synonymous with liberty and independence throughout the whole world ; where the genius of freedom finds her deareFi lace of abiding while living, and which, if she be ever conquered by the stroiur •■: l>:tJ.i«iiii3S*l»k'i4c4»<»slBSft,;,4d6i«'sii4tSi?(fe'Mfi-j^!4te.*^^^^^^ lificent lep enline gen- vvhu was an \ 1*m1 him to le Hcience* became de- 1492. He hips, etiuip- jeda. The ;eded to the nd returned mugal, who ingdom, and every. He ca as far as zil in South igonia. He d again the n six ships, It was his passed the ng provision bad weather [ to Portugal, considerable 3ceived with our voyages. the title of robably pub- I Seville, and chief pilot, irs, or agree- irst book and onward with le of no more do de Soto, but poor, and !. With this elf so much he followed ace befT-'u distin^u Dharles V. in lany of whom Dut thirty-six ressive coun- succeeded, in nerit, Isabella About this THE PICTORIAL HISTOKV Fio. 15.— Portrait of Hernando de Soto. dme tne fate of Pamphilo de Narvaez and his followers, who had gone on an expedition to Florida, reached Spain. The imagination of De Soto became ex- cited by the narrative of this expedition ; his ambition was roused by the desire of rivalling the fame of Cortez and Pizarro, and his reputation, wealth, past ser- vices, and marriage connexions, all gave him the means of attaining his wishes He therefore asked permission of the emperor to undertake the conquest of Florida at his own expense and risk. His prayer was granted ; numerous privileges wern conferred upon him, and he was created captain-general for life, of Florida as well as of Cuba ; the control of the latter island being important to him in fitting out his armament for the conquest of Florida. The news of this expedition was soon promulgated throughout Spain, and in a little more than a year from the time that this enterprise was first proclaimed, nine hundred and fifty Spaniards of all degrees had assembled in the port of San Lucar de Barrame- da, to embark in the expedition. Never had a more gallant and brilliant body of men offered themselves for conquest in the new world. All were younj; and ■xt.rti'.ii^jei'ie^^mf&iit^ytkvii^'imi^ffi^!^ »^'eii>«N£f ^i'fii^'tiifiittiiitiiKiStiiat&^^i THE PICTOHIAI. MISlUKY m had gone on an Soto becHme ex- sed by the desire wealth, past ser* iiiing his wishes the conquest of anted ; numerous n-general for life, i being important I. The news of 1 a little more than nine hundred and jucar de Barrame- 1 brilliant body of were young and nsorous, and fitted for the toils, hurdsliips, and d.iniiers, of so iulveiiturous ait uiidertaking. De Soto was magiiiticent in his ollVrtt til pecuniary a.ssistaiice, to aid the cavaliers in lilting themselves out according to tlieir rank and station. Many were compelled, through necessity, to accept of these oilers ; others, who liad means, g-'iierously declined them, deeming it more proper that tliey should assist than accept aid from him. .Many came splenditlly equipped with rich armor, cottly dresses, and a train of domestics. Indeed, .some young men of quality had spent a groat part of their property in this manner. This brilliant armament embarked at San Lucar de iJarrameda, on the si.xth of .April, 1538, in seven large and three small vessels. The governor, his wile, Hignher with all his family and retinue, embarked in the largest vessel, called the .S;in Chrisioval, of eight hundred tons burden. They (piitteil the Spanish shore in comiiany with a fleet of twenty-six sail bound to .Mexico, amid the braying of trumpets and the liiunder of artillery. The armament of De Soto was .so hounlifully supplied with naval stores, that each man was alloweil double rations. This led to useless waste, but the governor was of a munificent spirit, and so elated at findnig in tiis train such noble and gallant spirits, that he (bought he could not do enough to honor and gratify them. The armament arrived at Cuba about the last of May. Here the fleet remained for a long period ; during which De Soto despatched a vessel to St. Augustine to se lect asafe harbor. This having been accomplished, he sailed from Havana on the twelfth of May, 1539. and on the twenty-fifth of the same month arrived at Es- piiitu Santo, and took formal possession of the country in the name of Charles V The troops disembarked, and not a single Indian was to be seen ; the soldicii^ remained all night on shore in careless security, when in the morning they were suddenly attacked by a large body of Indians ; several of the Spaniards were wounded by arrows, but reinforcements arriving from the ships, the savages were repulsed and the army took up their residence in the deserted village, the houses of which were larjSfe, built of wood, and thatched with palm-leaves Leaving a garrison in this village of Herrihigua, De Soto proceeded for several leagues into the interior, although constantly harassed by the Indians. The fertile province in which the army was now encamped lay twenty leagues to the north of that governed by Urrbarracaxi, and was governed by a cacique named Acuera, who, on the approach of the Spaniards, had fled with his people to the woods. Hernando de Soto sent Indian interpreters to this chief, repre senting the power of the Spaniards to do injury in war, and confer benefits in peace ; declaring his disposition to befriend the natives ; his only object being, by amicable means to bring the people of this great country into obedience to his sovereign, the powerful emperor and king of Castile. He invited the cacique, therefore, to a friendly interview, in order to arrange a peaceful intercourse. The cacique returned a haughty reply : " Others of your accursed race," said he, " have, in years past, disturbed our peaceful shores. They have taught me what you are. What is your employment ? To wander about like vagabonds from land to land ; to rob the poor ; to betray the confiding ; to murder the do- fenceless in cold blood. No ! with such a people I want neither peace nor friendship. War — never-ending, exterminating war — is all I ask. You Iwast yourselves to be valiant — and so you may be ; but my faithful warriors are not less brave ; and of this you shall one day have proof, for I have sworn to main- tain an unsparing conflict while one white man remains in my borders ; not openly in the battle-field, though even thus we fear not to meet you, but by stratagem, ambush, and midnight surprisal." In reply to the demand that he should yield obedience to the emperor, the chief replied : " I am king in my own land, and will never become the vassal of a mortal like myself. Vile and ousillanimous is he who submits to the yoke of another when he may be free . 34 OF THE AMEKICAN REVOLUTION. As for me aiid my people, we prefer death to the loss of liberty, and the subju- gation of our country !" The governor, filled with admiration at the spirit of tiiis savage rhieftain, was more pressing than ever to gain his friendship , but to all his overtures the cacique's answer was, that he had already made the only reply he had to offer The army remained in this province twenty days, recruitina from the fatigues and privations of their past journey. During this time, the governor sent persons in every direction to explore the country ; and they re- lumed with favorable reports. During this time Mte Indians v ere not idle. T<> justify the bravadoes of their c;n i jiic, they lurked in r.mbush about the camp, so that a Spaniard could not stray a hundred steps fro.n it without being shot and instantly beheaded ; if his companions hastened to his rescue, they found iioth ing but a headless trunk. The Christians buried the bodies of their unfortu- nate comrades wherever they found them ; but the savages invariably returned the following night, disinterred them, cut them up, and hanged them upon trees. The heads tliey carried as trophies to their cacique, according to his orders. Thus fourteen Spaniards perished, and a great number were wounded. Ii. these skirmishes the Indians ran compiiratively little risk, as the Spanish eii- campment was skirted by a thicket, whither, after making an assault, the assail- ants could easily escape. In this manner the Spaniards saw effectually verified the threats of their ferocious foes, who had hung upon thtir rear during the march. *' Keep on, robbers and traitors !" they cried, " in Aucera and Apalachee we will treat you as you deserve. We will quarter and hang up every captive on the highest trees along the road." Notwithstanding their great vigilance, the Spaniards did not kill more than fifty Indians, for the latter were extremely wary in their ambuscades. The foregoing will enable out readers to judge of the ditficulties encountered by De Soto. He however continued his route through the province of Osachile, and the army passed the winter of 1539 in the province of Apalachee. In the apring of 1540, De Soto continued his route ; and in the province of Cosachriqui, which is thought to be near the seacoast of Georgia and South Carolina, he ob- ainod, it is said, fourteen bushels of pearls. At length he came to the dominions jf the cacique Tuscaloosa, which must have comprised a great part of Alai)ama ind Mississippi. Here a disastrous battle ensued on the site as it is thought oi Mobile ; a battle in which forty-two Spaniards were killed, and many thousand Indians perished. After this battle the situation of the Spaniards was most de- plorable. Thi army had been much reduced by the inarch into the interior ; mo5t of the soldiers were severely wounded, all were exhausted by fatigue and hunger. The village around them was reduced to ashes, and ail the baggage with the supplies of food and medicine had been consumed in the house. At this time, too, the spirit and ardor of De Soto were damped by the dissatisfaction among his troops : on the sixteenth of November, he therefore broke up his en- campment and turned his face to the northward ; after a march of five days he entered the province of Chioazo, where he remained through the winter. Early in 1541, the army i( De Soto was attacked in the encampment, and although the Indians were driven off and defeated, yet it was with the loss of forty Spaniards with their horses. Three days after this battle the army moved to a more ad- vantageous position, about a league distant, called Chicacilla ; here they spent the rest of the winter, in great suffering from the cold, having lost all their cloth- ing in the late battle. They now erected a forge, and busied themselves in rewly tempering their swords, and in making saddles, shields, and lances, to replace those which they had lost. On the first of April, the army again moved forward till they came in sight of the Mississippi, which they crossed (probably at the lowest Chickasaw bluff), and came to the village called Casquin or Casqui f Kaakaskias), situated in the province of the same name. The same fonunv c-^»K^«^^iif»«:;S««^«^!Mitft^g(ffi£^*^^^ OF THE AMEiUCAN REVOHflON. 35 nd the subjii- ) spirit of tliis ip , but to all he only reply ys, recruitini; his time, thit and they rc- [lot idle. 'I'o the camp, so iiig shot and t found iioth their unfortu- ibly returned n upon trees. ) his orders, rounded. Ii. Spanish eii- dt, the assail- ually verified ir during the id Apalachee every captive jat vigilance, sre extremely I encountered 5 of Osachile, ihee. In the Cosachriqui, rolina, he ob- he dominions •t of Alai)ama is thought of any thousand was most de- the interior ; y fatigue and the baggage 3 house. At lissatisfaction ke up his en- five days he inter. Early although the rty Spaniards to a more ad- re they spent ill their cloth- lemselves in nd lances, to again moved sed (probably lin or Casqui same fonunv ■ttU awaited the Spaniards: the Indians were constantly attackini; th./^ j,,i;:v^l,jKii.'..i:t..ii;-i.. i^i.»««««'i!i-'iw*»«*r^lb*(» OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION ^ I a, a. Kio. 17. — Portrait of Vcrazzano. in boats, and held some friendly intercourse with the natives. He next f ro« ceeded in an eastern direction along a low coast, where even a boat could not touch ; but a sailor swam ashore, and though alarmed by some strange gestures, found the natives kind. A change of course to the northward marks the round- ing of Cape Hatteras ; and a run of fifty leagues brought him to a fertile region, covered with rich verdure and luxuriant forests. This was Virginia, near the mouth of the Chesapeake, though no mention is made of that great inlet. A sail of one hundred leagues in the same direction led to a spacious bay receiving a noble river, evidently the Hudson. They ascended it a short way in boats, and were delighted with its banks. The coast then tended eastward; and after following it fifty leagues, they reached an island of pleasing aspect, which, be- ing of a triangular form, and about the size of Rhodes, clearly appears to be that named Martha's Vineyard. The weather prevented his landing ; and, fifteen leagues farther, he found a very convenient port, where he had again much sat- isfaction in communicating with the people. Though the latitude of forty-one degrees forty minutes be about half a degree too low. it seems impossible not to recognise Boston. He then made a course of 1 50 leagues along a country of similar character, but somewhat more elevated, without landing at any point. Another stretch of fifty leagues, first west and then north, brought him to a bolder territory (Nova Scotia), covered with dense forests of fir, pine, and other trees of a northern climate. The inhabitants were fiercer, and carried on trade only under jealous precautions. In a subsequent run of the same extent, he dis- covered thirty small islands, with narrow channels running between them, being such as are known to stud the northern coast of that country and the adjacent one of Cape Breton. Lastly, by sailing 150 leagues farther, he reached in fifty degrees the land discovered by the Britons (Newfoundland or Labrador). Hi's ttock of victuals being spent, he here took in water, and returned to France. Verazzano, on the eighth of July, 1584, wrote to the king from Dieppe a nar rative of this voyage. Ramusio heard from different quarters that he had sub- mitted to that monarch the plan of a colony ; and the general belief is, that ht was again employed by him. Mr. Biddlc, indeed, urges the improbability that amid the disasters caused by the battle of Pavia ir February, 1525, Francis .^*a.w*|iSteiiit-.- THE PICTORIAL HISTORY could engage in any such undertaking. Down, however, to that fatal day, his career was triumphant ; and there was amplo time to have authorized anoiiie? expedition, though there is a total absence of any positive notice on the subject Ramusio, without mentioning either place or date, states that in his last voyage having landed with some companions, he was killed by the savages in presence of his crew still on shipboard. In a modern narrative, which, from its full gene- alogical details, appears to have been furnished by his relatives, Coronelli, an eminent Venetian hydrographer, is quoted, expressing his belief that the catas- trophe took place off Cape Breton, in 1525. In the portrait from which our sketch is taken, the inscription positively bears " Dead in 1525." It was en- graved in 1767 after a picture ny Zocchi, in the possession of the family, whose opinion is thus decidedly expressed. Yet Tiraboschi has drawn attention to a letter of Annibal Caro, apparently directed to him when living at Florence in 1537. There seems a mystery round his fate, which can not be unravelled. Claims so extensive and so feebly supported as those of Spain to North America, were not likely to remain long undisputed. Other European nations were then rapidly advancing in maritime skill and enterprise, among whom for some time France took the lead. The defeat and captivity of the king, followed by an humiliating peace, naturally diverted his mind from distant enterprises, es- pecially such as would have been considered hostile by his rival, Charles. The troubles which agitated the country after his death were also unfavorable to such undertakings ; nevertheless, the spirit of adventure was cherished among th" people, especially the Huguenots, an industrious class, who almost alone raised her commerce and manufactures to a flourishing condition. Admiral Coligni, one of the leaders in that eventful time, lormed the scheme of a transatlantic ♦ettlement, which might at once extend the resources of his country, and afford an asylum to his Protestant brethren. While the civil war was yet only impend- ing, he enjoyed intervals of favor at court, which enabled him to obtain permis- iirst to establish one in Brazil ; and when that proved unfortunate, to plant sion, another in Florida. Ho fitted out two vessels in 1562, and placed them under John Rioault of Dieppe, a seaman of experience. The object was to reach the mouth of the river called by Ayllon the Jordan, now Combahee, in South Caro- lina ; but, steering in too low a latitude, the discoverers reached the St. John, near St Augustine. On reaching Port Royal, they wore so pleased with its noble harbor, the magnificent trees, and beautiful shrubs, that they determined to choose it for the site of their colony. Having seen a fort erected, and the settlement in a promising state, Ribault left twenty-six men, and returned to France for reinforcements and supplies. This seems an imprudent step. The establish- ment, in its unsettled state, stood in peculiar need of being well governed ; whereas it fell into the hands of Albert, a rash and tyrannical officer, who, find- ing it difficult to maintain authority, where all thought themselves nearly equal, enforced it in the most violent manner. He addressed them in opprobrious lan- guage ; hanged one of them with his own hands, and threatened others with the same fate. At length they rose in mutiny, put him to death, and appointed a new commander, Nicholas Barre, who restored tranquillity. Ribault, meantime, in consequence of the breaking out of the great civil war, was unable to make good his expectations and promises. After long waiting for him, the colonists were seized with an extreme desire to return to their na- tive country ; and, having no ship, they resolved to build one, and constructed Ak brigantine fit for the passage ; hut they laid in a slender stock of provisions, which, during the delay of a tedious calm, was entirely consumed. The last jxtremilies of famine », ere suffered ; and one had been actually sacriticed to preserve the rest, when an English vessel appeared, and received them on board. This project was still cherished by Coligni ; and in 1564, he fitted out L;>v.,w.,-^i-^;i .' Jti? -^A^,^'fi?.$i^*4*^^*!fc»f.'**«w. A^f-v fh U'f.i^r^i^ '^-■..t«i^ OF THE AMERIt VN REVOLUTION. as 1 day, his I aiioihet J subject t voyage presence full gene- onelli, an he catas- rhich OUT was on- ly, tvhosM ntion to a Drence in veiled, to North ,n nations whom for ;, followed prises, es- les. The lie to such imong th<» one raised ,1 Coligni, ansatlantic and afford ly iinpend- lin permis- te, to plant lein under reach the outh Caro- St. John, its noble to choose settlemant ranee for establish- Toverned ; who, find- iirly equal, tbrious Ian- rs with the ppointed a civil war, ig waiting o their na- nstructed ik [)rovisions, The last icriliced to m on board, fitted oHi hiflB vessels, abundantly supplied, and gave the command to Remt^ Laudonniere an able officer who had accompanied Ribault. Taking a circuitous course by the Canaries and the West Indies, he made for Florida, which he chose to term New France ; and at Ribault's first station on the river St. John (ritmed May from the mouth of its discovery), the party resolved to stop and settle. The fori of La Carolina was erected, and expeditions sent up the river, where small quantities of gold and silver were seen ; reports being also received as to the mountainous country in the interior, where these metals abounded. The hopes thus kindled were quite illusory, and di"erted attention from the solid labors of agriculture. Alarming symptoms of insubordination appeared ; many oi the party, notwithstanding their religious profession, were of a reckless chai icter, and had gone out with the most chimerical hopes of suddenly realizing a large fortune. Seeing no such prospect, they formed the criminal resolution of seek- ing it by piracy. They confined their commander, and extorted from him, by threats of immediate death, a commission to follow this unlawful vocation ; while, by rifling his stores, they obtained materials for its prosecution. After various fortune, they were successful in capturing a vessel, richly laden, and having the governor of Jamaica on board. Hoping for a large ransom, they sailed to the island, and unguardedly allowed him to send messeiigers to his wife ; through whom he conveyed a secret intimation, in cons (juence of which an armed force surrounded the pirates, captured the larger of their vessels, while the other escaped by cutting her cables. Those on board the latter being reduced to extremity from want of food, wore obliged to return to the settlement where Laudonniere condemned four of the ringleaders to be executed. That chief meantime continued to make incursions to the interior, and entered into various transactions with the natives in the vain hope of arriving at some region rich in gold and silver. Neglecting to establish themselves on the solid basis of agriculture, the settlers depended for food on the Indians, whose own stock was scanty. They were therefore obliged to undertake long journeys, without obtaining a full supply ; and the natives, seeing them thus straitened, raised the price, disdainfully telling them to eat their goods, if they did not choose to give them for grain and fish. Amid these sufferings, and no prospect of realizing their fond dreams of wealth, they were seized, as was usual, with the ardent desire of returning home, and shrunk not from the laborious task of constructing vessels for that purpose. Amid their painful labor, they were cheered by a visit from Sir John Hawkins, who gave them a liberal supply of provisions. They did not, however, intermit their task, and on the twenty-eighth of August, 1565, were on the point of sailing, when several ships were descried approaching ; which proved to be a new expedition, under Ribault, sent to su- persede Laudonniere, of whose severity complaints had been made. He brought a reinforcement, with ample supplies, which induced the colonists to remain. VII. The name of Sir Walter Raleigh is dear to Americans, for to him is due the honor of projecting and of keeping up, by his persevering efforts and expen- sive expeditions, the idea of permanent British settlements in America. His name is thus associated with the origin of the independent states of North America, and must be reverenced by all who, from liberal curiosity or pious af- fection, study the early history of their country. Walter Raleigh was born at Hayes, on the coast of Devonshire : when youn^, he was sent to Oriel college, Oxford, where he exhibited a restless ambition, which prompted him to seek distinction rather in the stirring scenes of the world, than the cloistered solitude uf i\ college ; and this natural inclination to adven- ture was fostered by the study of books relating to the conquests of the Spaniards in the new world, a species of reading which was the delight of his oarlV > ears Ind undouljtedly gave a color t(< the whole tenor of his life. OF 'I'lIK AMKINCW I{K VOf.UTION. 41 V -a b5 i [n Fio. 19.— Portrait of Sir Walter Raluigh. His Stay at Oxford, therefore, was short ; and in 1559 he seized the opportu iiity of the civil wars in France, between the Huguenots and Catholics, to visit that kingdom and commence his military education ; but although engaged in war, he found leisure to study the histories of the discoveries of Columbus, the conquests of Cortes, and the sanguinary triumphs of Pizarro, which books were his especial favorites. By the study of the Spanish voyages, and his conversa- tions with some skilful mariners of that nation, whom he met in Holland and Flanders, he had learned that the Spanish ships always went into the gulf of Mexico by St. Domingo and Hispaniola, and directed their homeward coui e by the Havana and the gulf of Florida, where they found a continued coast on the west side, tending away north, which, however, they soon lost sight of by stand- ing to the east, to make the coast of Spain. Upon these grounds, and for reasons deduced from analogy and a knowledge of the sphere, he concluded there must be a vast extent of land north of the gulf of Florida, of which he resolved to at- tempt the discovery. Probably, also, during his residenoe in France ho might have become ac- quainted with the particulars of the voyage of Verazzano, or have seen the charts constructed by that navigator, who had explored the same coast nearly as 'ar south as the latitude of Virgmia. Having f.iUy weighed this project, he laiJ a memoir before the queen and council, who approved of the undertaking ; and in the beginning of 1584 her majesty granted, by letters patent, all such coun- tries as he should discover in property to himdelf and his heirs, reserving to the crown the fifth part of the gold or silver ore which might be found The patenf Ai THE PICTORIAL HISTORY contained ample authority for the dolence of the new countries, the transpor of spttlerB, and the exportation of provisions and commodities for their use. Sir Wa'it'^r selected for the command of his projected voyage two experienced officers — Captain Philip Amadas and Arthur Harlow — to whom he gave minutfi written inf.tructions, and who sailed with two ships, well manned and provisioned on the tvventy-seventli of April, 1584. On the tenth of May they arrived at the Canaries ; after which, keeping a southwesterly course, they made the West Indies ; and, departing thence on the tenth of .Fuly, found themselves in shoal water, discerning their approach to the lands by the delicious fragrance with which the air was loaded — " as if," to use the words of their letter to Raleigh, " we had been in the midst of some delicate garden, abounding with all kinds of odoriferous flowers." Arrived u])on the coast, and sailing along upward of one hundred and tv eniy miles, they at length found a haven, and disembarked. Their first step was to take possession of the country in the name of the queen ; after which ihey as- cended a neighboring eminence, and discovered to their surprise that they had not landed on the continent, but on the island of Okakoke, which they found running parallel to nearly the whole coast of North Carolina. The valleys were finely wooded with cedars, around whose trunks wild vines hungin rich festoons ; and the grape seemed so native to the soil, that the clusters covered the ground, and dij)ped into the sea. For two days no inhabitants were seen ; but on the third a canoe with three men approached. One of them was easily prevailed on to come aboard, when the present of a shirt and some trinkets gained his confif^.ence. On returning to his boat he began to fish, and having loaded it heavily, paddled back to the English, and, dividing his cargo into two parts, in- timr>ted that one was for the ship, and the other for the pinnace. Next day they received a visit from some canoes, in which were forty or fifty •«en, among whom was Granganimeo, the king's brother. Having first rowed within a short distance, they landed on the beach ; and the chief, attended by his suite, who were handsome and athletic persons, fearlessly approached op- lositc the ship. A long mat was spread for him, on which he sat down; and "bur men of his followers, apparently men of rank, squatted themselves on the corner. Signs were made for the English to come forward ; and on doing so, Granganimeo desired them to sit down beside him, showing every token of joy and welcome, first striking his own head and breast, and afterward those of the strangers, as if to express that they were all brethren. Presents were exchanged ; and such was the reverence with which these people treated their prince, that while he made a long harangue, they remained perfectly still, standing at a dis- tance ; even the four chiefs only venturing to communicate their feelings to each other in a low whisper. The gifts were received with delight ; but on some trinkets being oflJered to the chiefs, Granganimeo quietly rose up, and, taking them away, put them into his own basket, intimating by signs that every- thing ought to be given to bim, these men being no more than his servants — a proce«;ding to which they submitted without a murmur. A trade was soon opened, in which the strangers made good profit, by exchanging beads and other trifleF for rich furs and skins. On exhibiting their wares, Granganimeo's eye fixed with delight upon a pewter dish, for which he conceived the strongest de- sire It became his at the price of twenty skins; and, having pierced a liole in the rim, he hung it round his neck, making signs that it would serve as a breastplate to protect him against the arrows of his enemies. It was now found that these people were engaged in hostilities with a neigh- boring nation, and that the absence of the king was occasioned by severe wounds lately received in battle, of which he lay sick at the chief town, six miles oiT. His brother, after a few days, again visited the English, attended by bis wife and V^^^'■*^^.K;!^^liJ^iiM'^J!Sfe';l•%*.i'&.*l as a 44 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY children, coming aboard and partaking of a collation, which they seeined to en toy. Their manners were remarkable for ease and civility. The lady was a landsoine little woman, extremely Ijashful. She wore a leathern mantle, with the fur next her skin, and her hair, which was long and black, was confined in a band of white coral ; strings of pearls, as large as peas, hnng from her ears, reaching to her middle. Her children had ear-rings of the samo precious mate- rial, while those of her attendants were of copper. Granganimeo was dressed much in the same fashion as his wife. On his head he wore a i)roiid plate of metal ; but, not being permitted to examine it, they were uncertain whether it was copper or gold. A brisk trade now began with the natives ; but no one was allowed to engage in it when the king's brother was present, except such chiefs as were distin- guished by having plates of copper upon their heads. When this prince intended to visit the ship, he invariably intimated the number of boats which were to ac- company him, by lighting on the shore an equal number of beacons. The navi- gators learned that about twenty years before their arrival, a vessel belonging to a Christian country had been wrecked on the coast, all hands on board per- ishing ; out of the planks cast ashore, the people had drawn the nails and bolts, with which they had formed some edgetools, not having possessed any previous to this accident ; but these were very rude, and their common instruments con- sisted of shells and sharp flints. Considering such imperfect means, their canoes were admirably made, and large enough to hold twenty men. When thoy wii^hed to construct one, they either burned down a large tree, or selected such as had been blown down by the wind, and laying a coat of gum and resin on one side, set fire to it, by which it was hollowed out ; after which they scraped and pol- ished it with their shells ; and if found too shallow, laid on more resin, and burnt it down to the required depth. The soil of the country was rich, the air mild and salubrious, and they counted fourteen kinds of sweet-smelling trees, besides an uilderwood of laurel and box, with oaks whose girth was greater than those of England. The fruits were melons, walnuts, cucumbers, gourds, and esculent roots ; and the woods were plentifully stocked with bucks, rabbits, and hares. After a short while, the ad- venturers, by invitation of the natives, explored the river, on whose banks was their principal town ; but the distance to be travelled being twenty miles, they did not see the city. They reached, however, an island called Aonoak, where they found a village of nine houses, built of cedar, the residence of their friend Granganimeo, who was then absent. His wife, with whom they were already acquain'jd, rscived them with distinguished hospitality, running out to meet them, giving directions to her servants to pull their boats on shore, and to cany the white strangers on their backs to her own house, where she feasted them with fish and venison, and afterward set before them a desert of various kinds. These people were gentle and faithful, void of all deceit, and seemed to live after the manner of the golden age. As the surf beat high on the landing they got wet, notwithstanding their mode of transport ; but this inconvenience ^v\d soon remedied ; a great liire be- ing kindled, and their clothes washed and dried by the princess' women, while their feet were bathed in warm water. The natives expressed astonishment at the whiteness of their skins, and kindly patted them as they looked wonderingly at each other. During tlie feast, two men, armed with bows and arrows, sud- lenly entered the gate, when the visiters, in some alarm, took hold of their ewords, which lay beside them, to the great annoyance of their hostess, who at once detected tuoir mistrust. She despatchec' some of her attendants to drive the poor fellows out of the gate, and who, s izing their bows and arrows, broke them in an instant. These arrows were made of small canes, pointed with shell -''<^ '.-i^: .V"ieft>;*i\--j'. t>itrt^s^«4^^sK,cX,ii*^j!?»?iiii>^ UF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. seined to en lady was a mantle, with s confined in om her ears, ecious mate- was dressed 3iid plate of I whether it ed to engage were distin- nce intended were to ac- The r.avi- el belonging 1 board per- ils and bolts, my previous uments coa- iheir canoes thoy wiijhed such as had on one side, led and pol- e resin, and ^hey co\tiited irel and box. fruits were woods were hile, the ad- 3 banks was miles, they noak, where their friend irere already out to meet and to cany easted them irious kinds, med to live mding theii rreat fire be- omen, while )nishment at wonderingly arrows, sud- lold of their tess, who at nts to drive rrows, broke id with shell «5 or the sharp to.jlh of a fish. The swords, breastplates, anil war-clubs, used bv the natives, were formed of hardened wood ; to the eiul of this last weapon, they fastened the horns of a stag or some other beast, and their wars were carried on with much cruelty and loss of life. The name of the country where the English landed was called Wingandacoa , and ol the sovereign Wingiria ; but his kingdom was of moderate extent, and surrounded by states uikI.t independent rinces, some of them in alliance and and others at war with him. Having . ^..nined as much of the interior as theii lime would permit, they sailed homeward, accompanied by two of the natives, named Wanchcse and .\Ianteo, and arrived in England in the middle of Sep- tember. '^ Raleigh was highly delighted with this new discovery, establishing, in so satislactory a manner, the results of his previous reasoning, and undertaken at his sole suggestion and expense. His royal mistress, too, was scarcely less gratified ; she gave her countenance and support to the schemes for colonization which ho begun to urge at court, and issued her command, that the new country, 80 full of amenity and beauty, should, in allusion to her state of life, be called Virginia. Not long after this, Raleigh received the honor of knighthood, a dignity be- stowed by Elizabeth with singular frugality and discrimination, and, about the same period, the grant of a patent to license the vending of wines throughout the kingdom ; a monopoly extremely lucrative in its returns, and which was probably bestowed by Elizabeth to enable him to carry on his great schemes for the im- provement of navigation, and the settlement of a colony in Virginia. Sir Walter now fitted out a new fleet for America, the command of which he gave to Sir Richard Grenville ; the fleet consisted of seven vessels ; part of these were fitted out at Sir Walter's expense, the remainder by his companions in the adventure ; one of whom was Thomas Candish or Cavendish, afterward so eminent as a navigator, who now served under Grenville. On the nineteenth of April the mariners reached the Canaries, from which they steered to Dominica in the West Indies, and landed at Puerto Rico, where they constructed a temporary fort. On the twenty-sixth of June, after some de- lays at Hispaniola and Florida, they proceeded to Wohoken in Virginia ; and having sent notice of their arrival by Manteo, one of the two natives who had visited England, they were soon welcomed by their old friend Granganimeo, who displayed much satisfaction at their return. Mr. Ralph Lane, who had been invested with the dignity of chief-governor, now disembarked with one hundred and eight men, having as his deputy Philip Amadas, one of the original discoverers. Grenville does not appear to have been sufficiently impressed with the difficulties attending an infant colony in a new country ; and, accordingly after a short stay, during which was collected a valuable cargo of skin.? furs' and pearls, he returned to England, carrying into Plymouth a Spanish prize' which he had captured on the homeward voyage, of three hundred tons burden' and richly laden. Tl first survey of their new country delighted the English ; and the gover- nor, in a letter to Hakluyt, who appears to have been his intimate friend, informs him that " they had discovered the mainland to be the goodliest soil under the cope of heaven ; abounding with sweet tre-^s, that bring sundry rich and pleas- ant guu.s ; • • and, moreover, of huge and unknown greatness : well peopled and towned, though savagely, and the climate co wholesome, that they had not one person sick since their arrival .'" Lane fixed his abode on the island of Roanoke, and thence extended his re- searches eighty miles southward to the city of Secotan. He also pushed one hundred and thirty miles north, to the country of the Chspepians, a temperate feji^^i^^S 46 THE FICIOIUAI. msroKY and fertile lej^ion ; and northwest to Chawanook, a larne provinee, tinder a mon arch niiined Menatonon. These proceedinifs, however, were soon interrupted liy the ihreaieninij uspect of affairs at headijuarttirs. Evt-n hufore the departure i>r (Jrenville for England, an aecident oecirred, in which the conduct of the set- tlers appeared rash and impolitic. A silver cup had been stolen, and a boat was despatciied to Aquascogok to reclaim it. Alarmed at this visit, the savages (led nito the woods, and the enraged crew demtdished the city and destroyed the corntields. A revenge so deep for so slight an injury incensud the natives ; and althougli tliey artfully concealed their resentment, from that moment all cordiality between them and the strangers was at an end. Not long after, .Menatonon and his son Skyco were seized and put in irons; but the monarch was .soon liberated, while the youth was retained as a hostage foi his iideliiy. To all appearance, this precaution had the desired elfect. Uut lie king, although an untaught savage, proved himself an adept in dissimulation. Working upon the avarice and credulity of the English, he enticed them into the int>>rior of the country by a flattering report of its extraordinary richness and amenity. He asserted that they would arrive at a region where the robes of the sovereign and his courtiers were embroidered with pearl, and the beds and houses studded with the same precious material. Menatonon described also a remarkably rich mine, called by the natives chaumis temoatan, which was situ- ated in the country of the Mangaoaks, and produced a mineral similar to copper, although softer and paler. B these artful representations, Lane was persuaded to undertake an expedi- tion by water, with two wherries and forty men. Instead, however, of the ^iromised relays of provisions, they found the towns deserted, and the whole country laid waste. Their boats glided along silent and solitary banks ; and after three days, during which they had not seen a human being, their last mor sel of food was exhausted, and the governor, now aware of the treachery of Menatonon, proposed to return. His men, however, entreated him to proceed, still haunted by dreams of the inexhaustible riches of the Mangaoaks' country, ^iid declaring they could not starve as long as they had two mastitis, which they might kill, aiid make into soup. Overcome by such arguments. Lane continued the voyage ; but for two days longer no living thing appeared. At night, inde'ed, lights were st en moving on the banks, demon&trating that their progress wa» not unknown, though the observers were invisible. At last, on the third day, a loud voice from the woods suddenly called out the name of Manteo, who was now with the expedition. As the voice was followed by a song. Lane imagined it a pacitic salutation ; but the Indian seized his gun, and had scarcely time to warn them that they were aboL to be attacked, when a volley of arrows was discharged into the boats. The travellers now landed and assaulted the sava ges, who fell back into the depths of the wood, and escaped with little injury ; upon which it was resolved to return to the settlement. On their homeward bound voyage, which, owing to their descending with the current was performed with great rapidity, they had recourse to the mastiff broth, or, as the governor terms it, " dog's porridge," and arrived at Roanoke in time to defeat a formidabl* conspiracy. The author of the plot was Wingina, who, since the death of hia :,roth«« Granganimeo, had taken the name of Pemisapan. His associates were Skyca and Menatonon ; and these two chiefs, pretending friendship, but concealing under its mask the most deadly 6nmity, had organized the plan of a general massacre of the colony. The design, however, was betrayed to Lane by Skyco, who had become attached to the English ; and, aware of the necessity of takini; immediate measures before Pemisapan could muster his forces, the governot ({ave instructions to seize any canoes which might offer to depart from the island. K^ii»i#Sbsv-: ,' '■■- ■:. '/djSS^i^isisis^^i&aSSfeii^r-'*.!^^ OF THK AMKKICAN liKVOl.lI'l'lO.N. 47 iler a inon iitcrruptcd (te|>arlure of the set- ;i boat was ivages lied Lriiyoil the .livi's ; anil 1 curiiiahty in irons; ; a hostage iruct. but simulation, em into the hness and B robes of 3 bed4 and ibed also a [i was situ- r to copper, an expen- • erview, winch proved fatal to him. The \ imiiiian tnoiiarch was st-ated m ■lite, snrrouiuleil by seven or eijjht of his principal weroances. or hH;b or chief men of Secota, and Pomeiock, de- termined not to delay his res en** Giaide Remember your poor child for his father's sake, who chose you and lov'd you m his happiest time. Get those letters, if it be possible, which I writ ^i. li^ lords, wherein I sued for my life. God is my wit- ness it V as for you mmI yu«..'s that I desired life. I3ut it is true that I disdain ruyself for begging ii . for know it, dear wife, that your son in the son of a true man, and one whit, m his own respect, despiscth death in all iiis misshapen and ugly forms. I cait not write much. God he knosvetii now hardly 1 steal this ime while others sleep ; and it is also high time that I should separate my thoughts from ibe world. Beg my dead body, which, livihg, was denied thee, and either leave u at Sherborne, if the land continue, or in Exeter churcb, by my father anu mother. I can say no more, time and death call me away. "The everlasting, powerful, infinite, ar.il omnipotent God, wiio is goodness it- self, the true life and true light, keep thee and thine, have mercy on ine, and leach me to forgi\ e my persecutors and accusers, and send us to meet in his glorious kuigdom. .Nly dear wife, farewell ! Bless my [toot boy ; pray for me and let my good God hold you both in his arms I Written with tlie dying hand of some time thy husband, but now, alas I overthrown. Vours that was, bu now not my own, " Raleioh " I I •£:.. # j„v .•/':h.3i^„ i'fi-^. ia«X.Sd&^;v*.i;,{#jii^w^j.i^v5J^6^ia&^ ' § •M ^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 51 Sir Walter, however, was reprieved at this time, but was confined in the tower for many years after, during which his History of the World was composed Oc regaiuing his hberty, in 1615, a new expedition to Guiana was projected of which Raleigh tooii command, but it was unsuccesslul ; and on his return to England, he was again arrested, imprisoned, and executed. His conduct while on the scaflbld, was extremely Hrm. The morning being sharp, the sheriff of- fered to bring him down off the scaffold to warm himself by the fi.e before he should say his pra.^ ers ; " No, good Mr. Sheriff," said he, •' let us despatch for within this quarter ol an hour my ague will come upon me, and if I be not dead before that, mine enemies will say I quake for fear." He then, to use the words ot a contemporary and eyewitness, made a mosf divine and admirable prayer • alter which, rising up, and clasping his hands together, he exclaimed " Now I am going to God !" The scaffold was soon cleared ; and having thrown off his gown and doublet, he bid the executioner show him the axe, which not being done immediately, he was urgent in his request. " I prithee," said he "let me see It Dost thou think I am afraid of it ?" Taking it in his hand, he kissed the blade and passing his finger slightly along the edge, observed to the sheriff " Tis a sharp medicine, but a sound cure for all diseases." He then walked to the corner of the scaffold, and kneeling down, requested the people to pray for him, and for a considerable time remained on his knees engaged in silent devotion ; after which he rose, and carefully examined the block, laying him- eelf down to lit it to his neck, and to choose the easiest and most decent attitude In all this he would receive no assistance ; and having satisfied himself, he rose and declared he was ready. The executioner now came forward, and kneeling asked his forgiveness, upon which Raleigh laid his hand smilingly on his shoul' der, and bade him be satisfied, for he most cheerfully forgave him, only entreat- ing him not to strike till he himself gave the signal, and then to fear nothing and strike home. Saying this, he lay down on the block, and on being directed to place himself so that his face should look to the east, he answered, " It mat- tered little how the head lay, provided the heart was right." After a little while during which it was observed, by the motion of his lips and hands, that he was occupied in prayer, he gave the signal ; but whether from awkwardness or agi- tation, the executioner delayed ; upon which, after waiting for a short time he partially raised his head, and said aloud, " What dost thou fear ? strike, man '" 1 he axe then descended, and at two strokes the head was severed from the lody, which never shrunk or altered its position, while the extraordinary effusion oi blood evinced an unusual strength and vigor of constitution, though when he suffered. Sir Walter was in his sixty-sixth year. The head, after being, as usual, held up to the view of the people on either side of the scaffold, was 'pu into a red bag, over which his velvet night-gown was thrown, and the whole immediately carritd to a mourning-coach which was waiting, and conveyed to Lady Ralaigh. This faithful and affectionate woman, whenever married again '.hough she survived him twenty-nine years, had it embalmed and preserved in a case, which she kept with pious solicitude tili her death. The body was buried privately near the \iigh altar of St. Margaret's church in Westminster, but no stone marks the spcl. ^ VIII. The series of voyages to which allusion has been made, conveyed to England a much higher idea than had yet been entertained of her transaUaniic dominion. It was found to include a range of territory stretching over eleven degrees of latitude, all in the temperate climates, diversified with noble rivers and harbors, and, wherever visited, displaying a luxuriant fertility. This pros- pect rekindled all the enthusiasm of enterprise and hopes of wealth. An asso- ciation was formed by Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Summers, Wingfield, Pop- bam. with other men of rank, and eminent merchants, for the purpose of co'a- 52 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY nizinjf this /asi region, 'amea I., who was fond of such undertakings, and had employed them successfully for the improvement of some rudt- r parts of Scotland and Ireland, was ready to give every encouraj^roment. The adsenturers were divided into two companies ; the one from London for the southern, the other from Bristol and the west for the northern parts of Virginia. The former were allowed to choose any spot between the thirty-fourth and forty-first dtjgrens of latitude ; the latter between the thirty-eighth and forty-fifth. Thre(! degrees were thus common between both ; but collision was prevented by enacting that wherever one had fixed its seat, the others should choose theirs at least 100 miles distant. From th;)t first station each company was to possess fifty miles of coast on each side; their territory was thence to stretch the same distance inland, and the same out to sea, including all islands within the range. The coast was not divided between the companies, nor had either an exclusive right to their own portions beyond the space of 100 miles square, which they were allowed to choose. This may serve to acquit successive princes of the repeated infractions of the charter with which they have been charged. Within this range the r><^sociations obtained full property in all the lands, natural resources and objects of every kind, with oidy the usual exception of a fifth of the gold and V fifteenth of the copper. The revenue produced by fines and light import- duties was to be enjoyed by them for twenty-one years, after which it was to be paid into the royal treasury. They were not, however, invested with those kingly attributes which had been lavished on Raleigh. James lodged the gov- ernment in two councils, one resident in England, the other in the colony, and claimed the right of appointing both ; but, having exercised it in regard to the first, he allowed them to nominate the Virginian members. He busied himself moreover in preparing a code of " orders and instructions," a proceeding, as Mr. Chalmers observes, decidedly unconstitutional, but controverted by no one. The colonists and their posterity were declared English subjects, yet were invested with no political rights, not even trial by jury, unless in capital charges ; minor oflfences were punished arbitrarily by the council. The English church was exclusively established. Strict and laudable injunctions were given for the mild and equitable treatment of the natives. The year 1606 was spent in collecting funds and adventurers, which last amounted then to one hundred and five, including persons of distinction, particu- larly George Percy, brother to the Earl of Northumberland. There were also Gosnold and Mr. Hunt a clergyman, while Captain Newport, an officer of skill and experience, undertook the naval command. But the individual destined to 3xercise the happiest influence on the new colony was Captain John Smith, who already, in the Turkish war, had displayed a firmness and intrepidity pecu- liarly fitting him for this arduous appointment. The fleet of three vessels, none exceeding one hundred tons, sailed from London on the nineteenth of December, taking again the circuitous route of the West Indies, rendered necessary perhaps through the lateness of the season. The arrangements, however, had been in- judicious. James, by a ridiculous caprice, had caused the names and instruc- tions of the council to be enclosed in a box, not to bo opened till after the arrival in Virginia ; and thus the crew, in going out, knew not whom to obey. The energy of Smith, with his frank and manly bearing, soon led them to recognise him as their leader. This was envied by others higher in rank, who charged him with a design to set aside the council, to usurp the government, and to be- come king. On these unsupported charges he was arrested, and confined during the voyage, and for some time longer ; so that his services, when most wanted, were lost to the colony. The expedition did not reach the coast of America till April, 1607, and in making for Roanoke, a violent tempest drove them quite out of their reckoning. .^&?:iS; ''■M':.%^''!"A^'M!.&iS^^s^i'\l^!jh'->^'^ii^S^^;i i.rf-J;-',^vl,.>.iJVi,-- i^^^^ 54 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Heing tossed about sjevoral ilays without sight of land, the became de»ponden , and some even urged to return 'o England. Suddenly they came in viow of an unknown pronujntory, which marked the entriMice into a spacious gUif. This was the magnificent opening of the Chesapeake, the opposite cape? of which were named after the young princes, Henry and Charles. The view of this coast at once dispelled their gloom, and made them rejoice in their ei.forced change of direction. " They were almost ravished with the sight thereof. It seemed to them to claim the prerogative over the m.st pleasant places in the world. Heaven and earth seem never to have agreed better to frame a place for man's commodious and delightful habitatioa." They soon reached a noble river, which tl • named James, and after ascending and examining its shores during sevent- a days, they chose for their colony a spot fifty miles up, and called it Jamestown. The difficulties of treating with the natives soon began. The very first night " came the savages creeping upon all-fours from the hills, like bears, with their bows in their mouths." These they discharged against the strangers and woimded two ; but as soon as " they had felt the sharpness of our shot" they retreated with loud cries into the woods. Afterward five, who were met near Cape Henry, though showing some signs of fear, were reassured by seeing " the captain lay his hand on his hea- ," and invite them across the river to the town. Their welcome was signally expressed "by a doleful noise, laying their faces to the ground, and scratching the earth with their nails." Mats were then spread on the ground, and covered with maize-bread, while to- bacco was presented, with long ornamented pipes. They then danced for the amusement of their guests, shouting, howling, and stamping, " with many antic tricks and laces, making noise like so many wolves or devils." The English received a pressing invitation from a great indian chief, the weroanee of Rappahana, whom they found rich in rude ornament, his person painted red and blue, with various embellishments, seemingly of pearl and silver, and a metal which was either copper or gold. " He entertained us in so modest a proud fashion, as though he had been a prince of civil goveriimeni " His palace, on a hill watered by fine springs, was surrounded by as rich corn-fields as they had ever seen. As soon as the party had landed, the box of instructions was opened, and the names of the council weie found, including Smith ; who, though he was kepi out by the jealousy of his rivals,, nevertheless accompanied Newport up the river, as high as the great .''alls, where they visited Powhatan, a sort of petty emperoi over all the surrounding tribes. Smith reckons them at 7,000, of whom neany 2,000 were warriors ; but he never saw more than 700 together. Powhatan received them well ; and when some of his people murmured at the land being tlius occupied by a party of strangers, he replied, it was only waste ground, and, 80 long as they injured no one, they .vere welcome. On their return to Jamestown affairs were found in evil plight. The colonists, not we fear without blame, had incurred the hostility of the savages, while they neglected to fortify their position. A general attack, which was made, was re- pulsed with great difficulty, seventeen being wounded, and one boy killed. By great exertion, about the middle of June, a palisaded fort was erected, secure against those rude assailants, who, however, continued to hover round, cutting oir stragglers, and obliging the settlers to keep constant watch. The charges against Smith were still pressed, and a party wished to send him to England . but he, loudly demanding a trial on the spot, was supported by a majority of the colonists. He was triumphantly acquitted, and Wingfield, his accuser, i on demn< J to pay him a fine o'' t"200, which he generously threw into the common Btock. Mr. Hunt, the cleif,vman, succeeded in producingatleastanappearar.ee of harmony, cemented by partaking together the Christian commcaion. iS^^^Mm OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 39 c>n tl.e 15th June, Newport with the vessels sailed for England, leaving the »e tiers in he midst c,l that vast wiLh-m.-ss which they had undertaken to ^ulti- TIJa ''I'A "'."■'" rV'' ^'■f'l" " ^'"P*' ^'""^ ^'-"^ '"'^'1 them thither quickly vanished The iru. fulness of the soil indeed fully equalled expectation ; but a'l ; ITiM InT^' ^^ T 1"^ -r^" '^ ^/ ""^'^" '"P''^^^ '''■ producing individua wealth «a8stiltobecrrated. I he and required not only a laborious culture, for which they were little prepared ; but a still harder task remained, that of hew n.g down he lorcst which covere>'. the whole of it. By an unhappy arranVe- mcnt al the produce for the first five years wa^ .0 be il co^STZ dSL- ird by the council according to their respective, warns. But, as Chalmers «l|rewd ly observes, " when men are not to profit, they will labor little : and •irr-' r'^ a common granary, few will concern themselves how it is lilled. Raising scarcely any crop th. first year, they were dependant on the M'ppaes from home which had been much diminish.,! during thS long voyage ol'irnnS ,'° T ^u r '-^'"""y "'■ '"'■•^'""^ ^"^'"y- ^ slender Allowance' IrT^ ""^h°'*'«°'"'^. f°«'l' baJ river-water, and exposure to a new climate, soon spread disease so widely, that there were often not ten men fit for seVvice here were never," says Percy, " Englishmen left in a foreign country in Mr.h misery as we were." Before autumn, fifty died, nearly half^heirnu^ber ra Ij arose ; Wingfield, the president, was accused of living in plenty while others were perishing and even of meditating a .ieparture. On these 'charges ner r.ft*^r°' H 1""^ ^'" P'"'" '"''P'''''^ '^^ ^^''^'^'' ^h°' ^^ing of an easy tern- per left the whole management to .Smith, which was what the colonists desired. .Jr!!h f 1-Tu J"'^^ <=«"S'Jered sustenance the most important object, in hrl^^'l • P™^^'^^.'! ^"h ^ P='"y down the river. The native, treated them with derision, " as famished m..., and h„lding out morsels of bread, asked yio. 23.— Indimi Wurrin . fur thein swords, muskets, and other valuables." lJnal>l,' t.i succeed by laii nicans, ho discharged a volley, which caused them inmiediaiely to seek tu« shelter of the woods. Landing at a village, he found food in abundance ; bw \:^'^- 96 THE PICTORIAI. HISTORY forbade his people to eucuniber themselves with it, foreseeing the iminediite re- turn of the Indians. Accordingly there soon issued forth, amid hideous noises, sixty or seventy painted savages' bearing in front their okee, an image of skins stuffed with moss, and hung with copper chains. They advanced upon the English, but met so kindly a reception, that " down fell their god,' divers of his worshippers lay sprawling, and the rest disappeared. Their spirit being now humbled, they sent presently a venerable character, a qniyoughcasuck, to treat for peace, and for the restoration of their idol. Smith answered, that if they would load his boat, they should be welcome not only to their okee, but to a stock of beads, hatchets, and other valuables. They cheerfully assented, and amidst singing and dancing brought not only the stipulated grain, but presents of turkey, ve"i&. nd wild fowl. Smith return-- .st in time to prevent VVingfield and another from seizing a vessel and saili. ^ to England. His supplies, with the flocks of water-fowl which came at the approach of winter, relieved their wants ; and having in his rambles discovered the 'great river Chickahominy, he determined to explore it to its source, not, it is said, without a hope of thereby reaching the South sea, viewed then as the grand source of wealth. He was impelled, it was imagined, by the taunts of some of his enemies in the colony, but we rather think only by his own adventurous spirit. He ascended first in his barge, then in a canoe, and twenty miles on foot attended only by his Indian guides. But three hundred natives, who had traced his steps, surprised and dispersed his party, and then came sud- denly upon himself. He made astonishing efforts for safety, and fastening with his garters a native lly to his person, presented him to the enemy as a buckler , then he ran to the canoe, which he would have reached, had he not suddenly sunk in a deep morass, where he was overtaken, and, to escape from perishing with cold, obliged to surrender. • i u i He had now reason to consider his last hour approaching, and a circle haU in fact been formed to shoot him. With characteristic presence of mmd he asked for the chief, showed his compass-dial, pointed out its singular movements, and endeavored to explain the corresponding phenomena of the earth and sky. Whether they understood these indications or not, they were awed with aston ishment as if admitted to contemplate a supernatural object. On a signa 'rom their leader, they laid down their bows and arrows, and led him imde. strict guard to their capital. He was there exhibited to the women and children ; and a wild war-dance was performed round him, in fantastic measures, and with frightful yells and contortions. He was then shut up in a long house, and sup- plied at every meal with as much bread and venison as would have dined twenty men ; but, receiving no other sign of kindness, he began to dread that they were fattening in order to eat him. Even without such a precise purpose, this festive entertainment is known among savages to be no uncommon prelude to torture and death. They asked his aid in reducing Jamestown, while he sought an op- portunity of making his way thither In the course of this manoeuvring, a nies- sage sent to that place gave him an opportunity to display the powers of writing, which was considered by them as a species of magical sp^ll. At length, after being paraded and exhibited in various villages, he was led to Pamunkey, the residence of Powhatan. It was here his doom was sealed. The chief received him in pomp, wr pt in a spacious robe of rackoon skins, with all the tails hanging down. Behind appeared two long lines of men and women, with faces painted red, lieads decked with white down, and necks quite encircled by chains of beads. A lady of rank presented water to wash his hands, another a bunch of feathers to dry them. A long deliberation was then held, and the result proved fatal. Two large stones were placed before Powhatan, and by the united ef forts of the attendants Smith was dragged to the spot, his head laid on one of ninediite re« cous noises, age of skins Bii upon the divers of liia t being now suck, to treat , that if they ee, but to a issented, and but presents om seizhig a ;r-fowl which n his rambles ore it to its li sea, viewed gined, by the ly by his own e, and twenty dred natives, len came sud- astening with as a buckler , not suddenly rom perishing a circle had e of mind he ir movements, larth and sky. id with aston a signa' »"rom 1 undck strict children ; and ires, and with 3use, and sup- 3 dined twenty that they were se, this festive iide to torture ! sought an op- uvring, a mes- rers of writing, .t length, after Pamunkey, the chief received B tails hanging I faces painted by chains of ler a bunch of e result proved the united ef [aid on one of :^«r^J:a^^Bi,^ry.^6»itt*i*SSkWiii&i^^ THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fio. 26 —Portrait of PochahontM them, and the mighty club was raised, a few blows of which were to terminate his life In this last extremity, when every hope seemed past, a very unex- pected interposition took place. Pocahontas, the youthful and favorite datightei of this savage chief, was seized with those tender emotions which form the or- nament of her sex. Advancing to her father, she in the most earnest terms supplicated mercy for the stranger: and though ail her entreaties were lost on that saiage heart, her zeal only redoubled. She ran to Smith, took his head in her arms, laid her own upon it, and declared that the first death-blow must fail upon her. The barbarian's breast was at length softened, and the life of the Englishman was spared. Our adventurer, being naturally expected to render some services in return for so great a boon, employed himself in making hatchets, beads, and other orna- ments for the father and daughter. At the end of two days he was conducted into a large house, where, amid hideous and doleful noises, Powhatan rushefl in with two hundred attendants, strangely disguised and their faces blackened e to termi/iate a very unex* orite daughtei h form the or- earnest terms were lost on )k his head in ilow must fall he life of the ices m return ind other orna- vas conducted vhatan rushed ;cs blackened SI f«HS^*to*-= b^lS*^" !i*«igfe»K-*o^«S5*(3«^s^»^lKS»iii3li^^ 69 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Smith again ilioujiht his last hour had come, but the chief announced these ai signs of peace and friendship ; and he was forthwith sent to Jumestown on the sole condiiion of transmitting thence two culverins and a millstone, a promise faithfully fulfilled. He agaiv arrived at a critical moment. A majority of the colonists, impatient of continued hard.ship and privation, had determined to prepare a pinnace, and set sail for 'heir native country. He look the most energetic steps to arrest this course, having, with the aid of some faithful adherents, pointed a gun at the ves- sel, and declared she must either stop or sink. A conspiracy was then formed against him ; but by his vigdance f >> detected it, and sent the ringleaders to England. The fair Pocahontas continued her generous kindness, and came every four or five days with provisions, which relieved their wants and revived their spirits. They were soon still farther cheered by the arrival of Captain Newport, with one hundred and twenty emigrants and liberal supplies. The company, however, now impatiently endured their heavy expenses, and the ab- sence of all prospect of marketable returns. Gold was still viewed as the main source of wealth, and many of the new-comers had been selected on account of their supposed skill in its discovery. Naturally desiring to satisfy their em- ployers, they thought they perceived in a certain yellow glittering earth this precious ore. Thenceforth all sober industry was thrown aside : " Dig gold, wash gold, refine gold," was the universal cry. Smith lamented to see the whole attention of the settlers attracted by this " gilded dirt," but could not pre- vent them from putting a large portion on board, and some time elapsed before they were apprized tliat a skilful examination had proved it utterly worthless. Fortunately perhaps, no rumor seems ever to have reached them of the real gold in the mountainous country, whence they were indeed more distant than the first colonists Newport, on learning the friendly intercourse with Powhatan, sent liberal presents, and was invited to visit that savage potentate. He found the monarch surrounded by twenty-two fair ladies, lavishly painted and decked with beads. A courteous traffic was opened, in which Smith considered the captain as over- reached, particularly in afterward acceding to a request for twenty swords, dan- gerous weapons to put into such hands. The latter, after remaining fourteen weeks, departed without being able to collect any other cargo besides cedar wood, and the yellow earth of which such illusory hopes were entertained. Smith now undertook the important task of exploring the Chesapeake to its head, not only with the view of tracing the limits of the colony, but still more from the hope of an inlet opening into the South sea, and aflbrding a passage tc India. In a small barge of only two tons, he steered across to Cape Charles, and be^an to survey the eastern shore. Here, and at other places, he had sharp conflicts with the natives ; and, we suspect, did not altogether follow that con- ciliatory course ascribed to him by his panegyrists. On meeting any new tribe, his first step is stated to have been to demand their arms and one of their chil- dren ; and, on refusal, they were treated as enemies. It can not surely appear surprising that there should have been some hesitation in complying with such requisitions. In general the people received the English with much surprise, asking " what they were, and what they would." Finding the eastern coast obstructed by rocks and other diflliculties, he crossed to the western and pro- ceedefl upward. The men, however, tired with twelve days' rowing, and find- ing their bread wet and spoiled, became extremely discontented. He endeav- ored to rouse them to an emulation of Lane's crew and their canine diet, but was soon obliged to yield and return. Proceeding along an unexplored part of the western coast, they came unexpectedly i^non the magnificent estuary of the Potomac, seven miles broad ; and this giand )bject reviving their spirits and OF THE AMERICAN KEVOMiriON. di 'i\ these ai own on the , a promise ,s, impatient iniiace, and ,0 arrnst this I at the ves- then formed igleaders to I, and came and revived of Captain plies. The and the ab- as the main I account of Y their em- ; earth this "Dig gold, to see the luld not pre- ipsed before y worthless, the real gold than the first , sent liberal die monarch with beads, tain as over- swords, dan- ling fourteen isides cedar ;rtained. ipeake to its lut still more a passage tc ape Charles, he had sharp ow that con- my new tribe, of their chil- surely appear ng with such iuch surprise, eastern coast em and pro- ving, and find- He endeav- nine diet, but plored part of estuary of the ir spirits and energiej, they cheerfully undertook to ••xplori' it. Tlioy ascended as high as the barge could carry thoni, and then inadt' a journey l)y land. Mr. Bancroft lais traced them beyond the future site of Washington U> the falls above Heorge- town. Thev wore led to a mine of a substance like antimony, which, though black, glittered like silver, and was believed by some to contain a large portion of that metal ; biu, on being examined, it proved of no value whatever. After escaping several ambuscades laid by the natives, they made a short survey of ihe Kappaliiinnock, and then returned to Jamestown. Smith, having been prevented from reaching the head of this great inlet, set out afresh in a few days for that desiination. He accordingly made his way iliither, and ascended the Susquehanna, till stopped by the cataracts. Having lt;arned that two days' journey higher there was a powerful people named the Sasqnesahanocks, he sent a message requesting a visit. After an interval of nearly a week there appeared sixty, a giant-like race, with presents of arms, venison, and tobacco-pipes nearly three feet long ; and their deportment was quite peaceable and courteous. He then returned to Jamestown, examining in his way the river Patuxent. This voyage of about three thousand miles, per- formed by twelve men in a small open barge, " with such watery diet, in those great waters and barbarous countries," was extremely creditable to the parties. Although unproductive as to the South sea or to gold, it made an important ad- dition to the knowledge of this part of America. On his arrival, Smith was installed as president, and began, with character- istic activity, to improve the buildings, strengthen the forts, and train the men to military exercises ; but he was interrupted by the arrival of Newport with a fresh colony of about seventy, including two females. The company having spent at least jC2,000 in the equipment, » xpressed an earnest desire and expect- ation of being somewhat reimbursed. They pointed out particularly, as objects '.0 be attained, a lump of gold, the discovery of the South sea, or a member of Raleigh's lost company. The second being seemingly the main object, a bark was sent in frame to ascend one of the great rivers, to be thence carried over the mountains, and launched on a stream flowing into the Pacific. In estimating the want of geographical knowledge which this scheme displayed, we must al- low for their imperfect resources. The discoveries of Drake and Cavendish could not yet be connected with the eastern side of America. The impression probably was, that the moderate breadth of the continent in Mexico would be prolonged northward ; while in point of fact the idea of wealth attached to the South sea was founded on vague and illusory associations. Its shores in Mexico and Peru were indeed rich in the precious metals ; but this afforded no presump- tion as to what might be the productions of a more northern latitude. As, in furtherance of this object, Powhatan's favor was to be courted, there had been sent handsome presents, with materials to crown him with splendor in the Euro- pean style. Smith viewed the Pacific and the coronation of Powhatan as alike absurd ; but was obliged to yield to Newport, who came with instructions direct from the company. With only four companions he courageously repaired to the residence of the monarch, inviting him to come and be crowned at James- 'own. The party were extremely well received, though once they heard in the djoining wood outcries so hideous as made them flee to their arms ; but Poca- hontas assured them they had nothing to fear. Accordingly, there issued thence thirty damsels of such strange aspect that he uncourteously terms them fiends. They were covered only wi h green leaves bedaubed with shining colors, the leader wearing on her forehead a pair of stag's horns. For an hour they danced round the fire, with wild shouts and strange contortions. They then retired ; and the table was spread with an abundance of savag dainties, when the ladies with whom he hoped to have done, rushed in, and, crowding round him. lavished i^«!i»£«^.-jsai M'MM^^»i»W OF THK AMKIUCAN UKVDMITION. 6S xm i^H '■/ be settled on tliis plantation, or any part of that country ; but if once perceived, such a one, weed him out ; for they will ever be plotting and conspiring to root you out if they can. If you will live and pros- per, harbor not this viperous brood in your bosom." The exertions of the patentees, and the general enthusiasm kindled throughout the nation, enai)led the company to equip an expedition of nine vessels and five hundred emigrants. Lord Delaware, distinguished by his talents and virtues, was named governor for life ; and as he could not depart immediately. Sir Thomas Gates and Sir Ceorge Summers were to rule in the meantime. The vessels set sail on the 15th May, 1609, and seven arrived on the 11th Au- gust at Jamestown ; but unfortunately they had encountered a violent storm, in which two, having on board Gates and Summers, were separated and thrown upon the Bermudas. In their absence. Smith justly claimed the rule ; but many of the new-comers, being bankrupts, spendthrifts, or others sent for doing no good at home, were indisposed to obey him. For some time total anarchy reigned ; but its evils at length became so great, that he was entreated to resume the government. He exerted hin.self to locate advantageously the emigrants, of whom two parties, one hundred and twenty each, were settled at Nansemond, and at the Falls of James river. Both, however, mismanaged their affairs, quarrelled with tlio Indians, and lost a number of their men ; while they reject- ed all his efl'orts to remedy these disorders. In reluming from the latter place, a bag of gunpowder burst and severely mangled his person, so that he reached home in extreme torture. Here he was toM that plots were forming against his life. Unable in his debilitated state to struggle against so many difHculties, he returned to England, quitting for ever the colony which had been so much in- debted to him. He received at home neither honors nor rewards. The com- pany, prepossessed by his numerous enemies, complained that he had brought no wealth into their cofTers, and had acted severely toward the Indians. Pos- terity has done him justice, perhaps somewhat beyond his merits. His bold and active spirit, with sound practical judgment, eminently qualified him for the station ; though, being soiiiewhat hot and uncompromising in his temper, he ex- cited bitter enmities. A conciliatory dispo jition and persuasive powers were, in such a situation, almost indispensable to render his exertions efTective. His conduct toward the Indians was in general culpable, and by the hostility which it created, neutralized in a great measure his eminent services. His (udogium, however, was found in the state of the colony after his depar- ture. Oidy about thirty or forty acres were cultivated ; the ships had brought grain in limited quantity, and nnich spoiled during the unfortunate voyage. The Indm'ic, no longer overawed by the late president, not only refused victuals, but killed many settl"rs. Thus there ensued a dreadful famine, long fearfully re- membered under the name of the " Starving Time." Many were impelled to the horrid resource of devouring the bodies of the dead ; nay there are dark im- putations of murder committed under this fearful impulse. Vessels sent along I larger scale he former one each side ot James, yield- iced to waivft e allowed the to nominate a d all emigrants iar anxiety to pamphlet ad- seasoned with ny part of that they will ever II live and pros- Ued throughout essels and live ts and virtues, nmediately, Sir the meantime, m the 11th Au- iolent storm, in ;d and thrown rule ; but many it for doing no ) total anarchy eated to resume the emigrants, 1 at Nansemond, id their affairs, liile they reject- the latter place, that he reached ming against his y difficulties, he ;n so much in- rds. The corn- he had brought Indians. Pos- Brits. His bold ified him for the IS temper, he ex- 6 powers were, i effective. His B hostility whicl; : after his depar- lips had brought ,te voyage. The ased victuals, but ong fearfully re- vere impelled to here are dark ini- •sse.ls sent along OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. oA thi) rive..'8 were either simk, or the crews beaten by the savages. Virginia seemed a devoted soil. Of the flourishing colony of five hundred persons, tiiere remained only sixty " most miserable and poor creatures." After a lari,re ex- penditure, and successive arrivals of emigrants, it had returned almost into its original insignificance. IX. The Virginian company, by their second charter, had assigned to them a region of vast extent, including, doubtless, the heads of the great bays of Dela- ware and Chesapeake. This grant, we have seen, was forfeited ; yet the colo- nists continued anxiously to claim and consider the whole as Virginia, though their title could not stand against the regal power influenced by the solicitations of a favorite. Sir George Calvert had been secretary of state under James I., but having become a convert to the Romish religion, he was excluded from the direction of the government. He now turned his attention to America, and ob- tfiined from the king a large grant of land, which was termed Maryland, in honor of the queen Henrietta Maria, who had warmly seconded his views. The influence and favor enjoyed by Calvert, now created Lord Baltimore, are •strikingly proved by the terms of the grant. Charles, notwithstanding his des- potic feelings, reserved neither the right of taxation nor of giving laws ; these were to be exercised by the proprietor, with the assent of the freemen or their deputies, whose assembly was to be made " in such sort and form as to him should seem best." Moreover, in emergencies, when there was not time to call them together, he might of himself make " fit and wholesome ordinances," not stated as temporary, but " to be inviolably observed." By a very singular clause, meant, it should seem, to blind the public at home, he was empowered to found churches and chapels, " according to the ecclesiastical law of England." He might also train, muster, and call out troops, exercise all the functions of captain- general, and, in case of rebellion or sedition, proclaim martial law. He had likewise the nomination of the judges and all other ofllcers. Nothing being left to the crown but the usual empty claim of the royal mines, Maryland b«n«me, what indeed the proprietor terms it, a separate monarchy. Pie. Sa— Portrait of Cecil Calvert, Lord Baltimoic. U«urgB, the first Lord Baltimore, died before the completion of the charier rhich was therefore granted to his son Cecil, on whom devolved the et'iablifihp 5 ;,§«A>Si«®fSNi©*iiffl5^*#i^^ 66 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY moiit of tie colony. He appears to have applied liimself to the task with actjv- ity and judgment ; and states that he spent upon it above jCaO.OOO from his own funds and an equal sum raised among his friends. Warned by Virginian dis- asters, he avoided from the first all chimerical projects, and placed his establish- ment entirely on an agricultural basis. Every one who carried out five persons male or female, paying their expenses, estimated at £20 each, was to receive 1,000 acres. Those defraying their own charges got 100 for themselves, and the same for each adult member of their family ; for children under six years, 50 acres. The rent was two shillings for each 100 acres. Lord Baltimore did not rule in person, nor, so far as we can trace, even visit the colony, at leas' till after the restoration. Two of his brothers, however, acted successively as governors, and died there. In November, 1633, Leonard Calvert set sail with the first emigrants, con- sisting of about two hundred persons, including a son of Sir Thomas Gerard, one of Sir Thomas Wiseman, and two of Lady Wintour. In February he touched at Point Comfort in Virginia, where his arrival was by no means ac- ceptable ; nevertheless, Sir John Harvey, in obedience to the express orders ot Charles, gave him a courteous reception. Early in March he entered the Poto- mac, to the people on the shores of which the sight of so large a vessel was quite new, and caused the utmost astonishment. The report was, that a canoe was approaching as big as an island, with men standing in it as thick as trees in a forest ; and they thought with amazement how enormous must have been the trunk out of which it had been hollowed. A piece of ordnance, resounding 5or the first time on the shores of this mighty river, cauaed the whole country to tremble. The intercourse, however, appears to have been judiciously conducted, and was, on the whole, very amicable. Calvert sailed up to Piscataqua, an In- dian settlement nearly opposite the present site of Mount Vernon, where the chief received him with kindness, saying, " he would not bid him go, neither would he bid him stay ; he might use his own discretion." On reflection, he considered the place too far up the river, and therefore the vessel was moved down to a tributary named then St. George's, and now St. Mary's. Ascending it four leagues, he came to a considerable Indian town, named Yoacomoco ; and being hospitably received, as well as pleased with the situation, he determined to fix his colony there. The weroanee accepted an invitation on board, and Sir John Harvey having just arrived from Virginia, the chief was led down to the cabin, and seated at dinner between the two governors. An alarm having spread among the people on shore tiiat he was detained as a prisoner, they made the banks echo with shouts of alarm ; the Indian attendants durst not go to them, but when he himself appeared on deck, they were satisfied. He became so much attached to the English as to declare, that if they should kill hini he would not wish his death avenged, being sure that he must have deserved his fate Amid these dispositions, it was not difficult to negotiate the formation oi a settlement. For hatchets, hoes, knives, cloth, and other articles of probably Tery small original cost, the stra.igers not only obtained a large tract of and, but were allowed by the inhabitants to occupy immediately half of tneir village, with the corn growing adjacent to it, and, at the end of harvest, were to receive the whole. Thus tl English were at once comfortably established, without those severe hardships which usually attend an infant settlement. This good understanding was prolonged for a number of years ; but at lengtli, in 1042, the emigrants had the usual misfortune of being involved m a war with the natives. For two years thev suffered all its distressing and harassing ac- companiments, which, in 1664, were happily terminated by a treaty, the condi- vions of which, and some acts of assembly immediately following.seeni to prove that the evil had arisen entirely from the interested proceedings of individuals ■fS< with act:v. 3m his own ■ginian (lis- is estal'lisli- ive persons to receive iselvers, and six years, altimore did ny, at leas' lessively as grants, con- las Gerard, ebruary he means ac- ss orders ot ed the Poto- vessel was hat a canoe ok as trees t have been , resounding le country to y conducted, aqua, an In- I, where the I go, neither reflection, he was moved Ascending ;omoco ; and 5 determined oard, and Sir down to the laving spread ey made the go to them, } became so kill him he deserved his ! formation oi s of probably tract of land, tiieir village, 3re to receive shed, without but at length, in a war with harassing ac- ity, the condi- seem to prove )f individuals OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. «? The prohibition of kidnapping the Indians, and of selling arms to them, show the existence of these culpable practices. This peace was of long duration, and the Maryland government seem, on the whole, to have acted more laudably toward this race than any other, that of Penn excepted. X. All the efforts both of government and of powerful companies to people the district of New England had proved nearly abortive, when, from an unex- pected quarter, a tide of population poured into it, which rendered it the most prosperous of all the colonies on the American continent. The Reformation, though it doubtless involved an extensive exercise of pri- vate judgment, was not accompanied by any express recognition of that right, or of any general principle of toleration. These', which, us Mr. Bancroft ob- serves, were its tardy fruits, were long wanting in England, where the change was introduced, not by the people, though conformable to their wishes, but by the most arbitrary of their monarchs, consulting chiefly his own passion and ca- price. Substituting himself for the head of the Catholic church, Henry VIII. exacted the same implicit submission. Elizabeth trode in his steps, equally despotic, and attached, if not to popery, as has sometimes been suspected, at least to a pompous ritual and powerful hierarchy. But the nation in general considering the Romish religion as contrary to Scripture, and shocked by the bloody persecutions of Mary, and other sovereigns on the continent, were dis posed to go into the opposite extreme. From Geneva they imbibed the Calvin istic doctrine and discipline, with the strict manners usually imbibed with them The queen, whose views were irreconcilably opposed to these innovations, claimed the right of putting them down by main force. The most severe laws were enacted umloi .he sanction of Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, a prelate sincerely but bigotedly attached to the English church. The wisdom of Cecil viewed with much dissatisfaction the discontents thus engendered, and, on read- ing twenty-four queries drawn up by the primate, told him, " he thought the In quisition of Spain used not so many questions to comprehend and to trap their preys." He was seconded by the lords of the council, and the queen was not insensible to his remonstrances ; but whenever she showed a disposition to re- lent, Whitgift threw himself on his knees, and prevailed upon her not to sacri- fice her own power and the unity of the church. The high court of commission was established ; several nonconformists were fined or imprisoned, and a few suffered death. But under all these persecutions, the party continually increased, and even assumed a bolder character. The Puritans, while they sought to reform the church, had no wish to withdraw from her bosom ; but there sprang up a new sect named Brownists, who, denying the authority of her doctrine and discipline, sought for the first time to found an independent communion. Upon them all the vials of persecution were poured forth. Brown himself could boast that he had been shut up in thirty-two prisons, and several of his followers were put to death ; but his own firmness at length failed, and he accepted a living in that churcn which he had so strenuously opposed. Although much condemned by his more zealous adherents, his desertion broke for some time the union of the party. Toward the end of Elizabeth's reign, however, there was formed in a northern county a congregation of separatists, under two res-pectable clergymen, Robinson and Brewster. During a certain interval they escaped notice ; but James, who soon began to follow his predecessor's steps, took such measures 4S convinced them that it would be vain to attempt the exercise of their profes- sion at home. In looking for an asylum, they fixed upon Holland, the firs country where toleration was publicly sanctioned by law ; and thither they made their escape amid much difficulty and hardship, their families being for some luuu lioiaintKi Deuind them. Having reached that toreiKn land, thev found the '''^iffii^^fe^^w^ife*****''**''^*^ 11 fT.' KfJa FQjJd.v.'i^-^- [' ._.V.*- .-e-v^' 68 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY protection denied at liome, and remained eleven years unmolested, and even re spected. But they never became fully naturalized ; their original occupation o! agriculture was more congenial to their taste than the mechanical arts, by which alone they could earn a subsistence among the Dutch. They turned their eye*. therefore,' to a transatlantic region, where they would not merely enjoy toleration, but might form a society foundei' on their favorite plan of church-government. Animated by these views, the exiles applied to the Virginian company, then under the management of Sandys, Southampton, and other liberal members, who zealously espousing their cause, obtained, though not without difficulty, from King James a promise to wink at their heresy, provided they remained otherwise tranquil. Smith, dei;.:y interested in this transaction, tendered and •ven pressed his services ; which would doubtless have bean extreniely valu- able. His religious views, ho vever. were materially different, and instead of the subordination which he reouirt i, he found in them a rooted determination " to be lords and kings of theuiselves." It was necessary, therefore, that they should " make trial of their own follies ;" for which, he mentions with a niixture of regret and triumph, that " they paid soundly, and were beaten whh their own rod." They also wanted capital adequate to the founding of a plantation. Sev- eral London merchants agreed to advance the necessary sums, to be repaid out of the proceeds of their industry ; but the terms were very high, and till the liquidation of the debt the produce of their labor was to be thrown into a com- mon stock for the benefit of the creditors ; hence their exertions were not stimu- lated by the salutary impulse of personal interest. With the moans thus procured, the emigrants purchased one vessel of sixty, and hired another of 180 tons ; the former of which sailed to Delfthaven to take on board the brethren. The two joined at Southampton, and thence proceeded on their western voyage ; but before they reached the Land's End, the master of the smaller one, declaring her to be too leaky to cross the Atlantic, put back to Dartmouth for repairs. After another trial, the capuin again pronounced her unfit for the voyage, and made sail for Plymouth. These disasters and alarms though involving the loss of much precious time, " winnowed their number of the cowardly and the lukewarm ;" and they finally set sail in one vessel on the 6th September, 1620, being in all one hundred and two persons, with the firm determination of braving every hardship. They had a tempestuous voyage, and though their destination was the mouth of the Hudson, they arrived on the 9th November in view of a great promontory, which proved to be Cape Cod. The capt;iin, it has been alleged, had received a bribe from the Dutch to avoid a place where they h»d projected a settlement. Of this, however, the adventurers being ignorant, were comforted by the view of a goodly land wooded to the wa- ter's edge. Whales so abounded, that had the crew possessed means and in- struments, which, to their great regret, were wanting, they might have procured je4,000 worth of oil. They sailed on toward their destination, but being driven back by contrary winds, determined to go ashore. Previously, however, they nought to obviate the danger of discord by a mutual agreement, in the name of God, to combine into a body politic ; framing and duly observing laws for the general good. They landed on the 11th, but being informed that more commodious spots might be f^und to the northwest, in the interior of the great bay of Massachu- ■ette, they determined that a select party should proceed in the shallop in search ot them. The boat, however, was in such disrepair that it could not sail till the end of two or three weeks : sixteen of them, therefore, resolved to make an ex- cursion into the interior. They met no natives, but found on a hill, half buried m the ground, several baskets filled with ears of corn, part of which they carried fcwiy, meaning to satisfy the owners on the first opportunity, which unluckilj 1 eveu re upation ot by which heir eye». toleration, rnment. jany, then membera, difficulty, remained [lered and nely valu- instead uf ermination , that they a mixture their own ion. Sev- repaid out nd till the to a com- I not stimu- si of sixty, ven to take proceeded the master a, put back Dunced her ind alarms number of 3sel on th« ,h the firm foyage, and on the 9 th Cod. The to avoid a idventurers to the wa- ins and in- ^e procured eing driven ivever, they le name of ,ws for tho dious spots Massachu- )p in search ; sail till the nake an ex- half buried they carried h unluckilj OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 never occnrred. They saw many geese and ducks, but were unable to reach them ; and being exposed to severe cold, hastily returned. Soon after they Htarted for the same spot, named Cornhil!, in the neighborhcod of which they collected ten bushels of grain, esteemed a providential supply. They lighted upon a village without inhabitants ; but the houses were neatly constructed of young saplings bent at top, as in an arbor, and covered without and within with fine mats. Eagles' claws, deers' feet, and harts' horns, were stuck into them as charms and ornaments. They then regained their boat and sailed round to the ship. Some of their number urged that they should remain at least during the winter in this creek, where corn and fish could be procured, while many were disabled by sickness for further removal. The majority, however, observed that water was scarce, and the anchorage for ships too distant ; that they had every chance of finding a better situation, and to fix here and then remove would 1 e doubling their labor. On the 6th December, therefore, the shallop being at .ength ready, a chosen party set sail. After proceeding six or seven leagues, they reached a bay forming a good harbor but without a stream falling into it. Seeing some Indian wigwams, they followed, but could not reach the people, and found only a large burial-place. They returned to sleep at the landing- place, but at midnight were wakened by " a great and hideous cry," which they flattered themselves proceeded only from wolves or foxes. Next morning, just after prayers, the sound was heard with redoubled violence, and was most dread- ful. A straggler rushed in, crying, " They are men — Indians." Though the party ran to their arms, beibre they could be mustered the arrows were flying thick among them. A brisk fire checked the assailants ; but the chief, shooting from a tree, stood three discharges, till at tho fourth he screamed out and ran, follow- ed by his men. They were reckoned at thirty or forty, and numerous arrows were picked up ; but providentially not one Englishman was hurt. They sailed fifteen leagues farther, and on the 9th reached a harbor that had been strongly recommended. The weather was dark and stormy, and the en- trarice encumbered with rocks ; yet they fortunately run in on a fine sandy beach. This being Saturday, they did not lanu till Monday the 11th, when they were highly pleased, finding a commodious harbor,, a land well wooded, vines, /hemes, and berries, lately planted, and a hill cleared for corn. There vaa no navigable stream, but several brooks of fresh water fell into the sea. They ad- vanced seven or eight miles into the country without seeing any Indians. They now finally fixed upon this spot, to which, on the 19th, the vessel was brought round ; and they named it New Plymouth, to commemorate hospitalities received at honie. Tho erection of houses, however, was a hard task, amid severe weather, short days, and vovy frequent storms. By distributing the un- married among the several families, they reduced the buildings wanted to nine teen, and by the 10th January had completed one, twenty feet square, for public meetings. The exposure, however, and wading through the water in such j.i- clement weather, brought on severe illnesses, to which Carver, a governor highly esteemed, and many others, fell victims. But on the 3d March a south wind sprung up ; the weather became mild ; the birds sung in the woods most pleas- antly J the invalids quickly recovered ; and many of them lived to a good old age. In the autumn of 1621, the merchants sent out another vessel with thirty-five f disturhed. In fact, they took with them a silenced miiiisti^r, atid on their arrival immediately began to exercise uncontnilied liberty, without drawing upon themselves any penal proceedings. We have seen, on every occasion, the vast sacrifices which princes were willing to make, in order to people their distant p ssessions ; and thi' backwardness hitherto visible as lo New England rendered the necessity of encouragement more urgent. It was probably also imagined, that :<. few of the most discontented spirits being thus removed, the nation in general might become more peaceable. On the 1st May, 1629, six vessels, having on board about two hundred pas- '•engers, including four .'lergymen, sailed from the isle of Wight. Smith would evidently have been glad to co-operate ; but difTerence of religious views aeems dirain to have prevented negotiation. He describes them " an absolute crew, ordv of the elect, hotdini^ all but such as themselves as reprobate ;" and before sailing, all those persons were dismissed whor>e character was thought to make tliem unsuitable companions. The seamen were surprised and edified by the new scene which their ships presented — prayer and exposition of the Word two or three times a day ; the sabbath entirely spent in preaching and catechising , repeated and solemn fasts for the succeaa of the voyage. They arrived on the 24th June, and found only eight or ten hovels, w^hich, with others scattered along the coast, contained about one hundred settlers. A site, already marked out, had its name changed from Nahumkeik to Salem ; while a large party removed to Mishauin, which they called Charlestown. The colonists suRered severely during the winter under the usual evils of a new settlement, especially in so rigorous a climate. No fewer than eighty died ; yet the spirits of the rest continued unbroken, and they transmitted by no means unfavorable reports to England. Mr. Higgeson, the principal clergyman, was one of the victims ; yet he had previously prepared a narrative, which painted the country under the mosi flattering colors, as " a wonderment, outstripping the increase of Egypt — yielding from thirty to sixty fold ; the ears of corn nowhere so great and nientifiil." He adds, " Shall such a man as I lie? It becoineth not u preacher of the truth to be a writer of falsehood in any degree." Yet the picture was much too highly colored, though we hope not intentionally. At home it was extensively read, and produced a strong impression. An extraor- dinary movement had iii fact taken place among those to whom their religious welfare was ;:n object of paramount interest ; and their promptitude to remove was greatly increas d by an arrangement, according to which the meetings of the company might be held in New^ England. The colonists thus carried the charter along with them, and were entirely released from all dependance upon Great Britain. A body of emigrants was formed, much superior to their prede- cessors in numbers, wealth, education, and intelligence. The principal lay members were Winthrop, Dudley, and Johnston ; the two first of whom were successively governors, while the other was accompanied by his wife, Lady Arabella, a daughter of the house of Lincoln. The party thus assembled from various quarters was reac/y to sail early in the spring of 1630. The expedition consisted of seventeen vessels, and nearly fif- teen hundred settlers, who were respectable as well for their intelligence as for their rank in society. They published an account of their motives for removal, taking an affectionate leave of their friends in England, in which they said, " Our eyes shall be fountains of tears for your everlasting welfare, while we are in our poor cottages in the wilderness." They went, however, with little ex perience in the mysteries of settlement, and without any suspicion of their own Ignorance. Smith intimates that he saw clearly the errors which they, were Wi 86 an ea mi hi lei ih Pr th a be as es th. an ag th< Pr thi Ci tei so foi ab Tl pit anS: OF THE AMKKICAN UKVOLUTlUN. crew, Ffo. 31.— Portrait of Governor Winthrop. eemmitting, but no regard was paid to his warning voice. They had received a false impression, for whicli Mr. Higgeson must be partly blamed, that they were going to a land already in the enjoyment of plenty ; whereas the existing settlers were looking anxiously to them for supplies. Want of food und shelter, and a change in the habits of life, which with many of them had been those of ease and comfort, produced the usual distressing consequences ; and in the first month from eighty to one hundred died, among whom Lady Arabella and her husband were particularly lamented. The hopes of religion, the firmness of the leaders, and the high motives by which they were inspired, carried them through this period of heavy trial. They spread themselves over the coast — a large proportion going to Charleston. Part of these were attracted by a situation ai the very head of the bay, named by the Indians Shawmut, where they founded a town called first Trimountain, and afterward Boston, under which name it has become a populous and flourishing city. The relations of the colonists with the Indian tribes were not so satisfactory as the character of the settlers might have led us to hope. Almost from the first establishment of Connecticut, mutual wrongs had created an animosity between the settlers and the Pequods, the most powerful of all the tribes, who sought, by an alliance with their enemies, the Narragansets, to form a general league against them. Thit scheme had nearly succeeded, when it was frustrated by the generous exertions of Williams. The English at first were taken by sur- prise, had several small detachments cut ofl', and were so closely hemmed in that they could not go to their work or even to church without a strong escort. Captains Mason and Underhill, however, having come up with seves.iv- men, de- termined to attack their main fort, surrounded by a palisade of strong tic b^., but so loosely put together that musketry could penetrate it. The assedfirl^i having forced an entrance, set fire to the camp, which was soon reduced • tohes, and above three himdred Indians, men, women, and children, perished in the ruins. The English, whose loss was trifling, pursued the remnant of the tribe from place to place, till the whole were either killed or taken prisoners. Forty who -;S^CfeSK5%^sai«jffia'ie«Ea;-i« and conUiiU-.-J ^1 .'isrioiiR answers, the true Enslisli- their wor- ld so little vear false- , lying, or if them, as lisposition e of King chiefs, he natives ious birth- le Indians, ance with cording to s. There immencing in against murderers n revenge, war broke itest. Du- erior arms They had he English " were the shing from began with ss. Beers, his foUow- inded with ^ssex, who, iing grapes ere cut off, lid misery." and every ly fortified fate, in cir- iace with a 1, according once with step was to hey deridef After kill- [h the honor uelty. Foi s time were OF Till-: .WIKKIC.W UKVOLUTIJN 77 t'^uep'., an when found unequal to the effort, were killed at once by blows on vhe hoad. The colonijts were doul)iy perplexed and dismayed by these disasters. Im^ Vued with a belief, beyond vvhat the usual course of Providence justifies, that «very calamity was a judgment for some great iniquity, they anxiously sought nrhy " the Lord no longer went forth with their armies." Mather quotes a letter rom a leading man in the camp, imputing it to the luxury which wealth had woduced among the citizens of Bobion — " their intolerable pride in clothes md hair," and the multiplication of taverns. The neglect of religion and of its ninisters was of course blamed ; unfortunately, too, the increase of schism and .ven the slender toleration which had begun to be granted. Days of fajting vere appointed ; but they were astounded when one of the most solemn was oUowed by the catastrophe of Lothrop, from which they drew the salutary inference that " praying without reforming would not do." These views did not prevent them from using regular means of warfare, of which the attack of ihe fortified villages was found the most effective. In the midst of winter, one thousand men marched against the mainhold of the Narragansets. They rushed to the onset ; and after a dreadful conflict it was carried, and reduced to ashes — the Indians perishing in vast numbers. But the colonists, appalled by their own loss of three hundred killed and wounded, including their six bravest leaders, retreated in great confusion : the enemy, however, were overwhelmed by their disaster, which they never fully recovered. In spring, indeed, they re- sumed their wonted warfare, but with diminished means and spirit ; and in May, another of their principal settlements was destroyed. Driven from their cultivated spots, anr' finding shelter only in woods and marshes, they suffered increasing hardship' > and privations. Discontent and disunion were the conse- quence ; several of the tribes began to make their submission, when pardon was granted. Two hundred laid down their arms at Plymouth ; and Sagamore John came in with one hundred and eighty, bringing also Matoonas, accused as the author of this dreadful war. In the course of it had been formed skilful oflicers, particularly Captain Church, who displayed singular talents in this desultory contest. In August he came up with Philip himself, who was completely routed, and fled almost alone. Hunted from j-iace to place, he was traced to the centre of a morass, where he was betrayed and shot by one of his own people. The spirit of the Indians then entirely sunk ; and all who survived either emigrated to a distance, or submitted without reserve to the English power. XI. Notwithstanding the paramount importance to which New York has at- tained, its early settlement was not accompanied by such striking circumstances as marked those of some other colonies. About the year 1600, the attention of the English and Dutch had been direct- ed to the discovery of a northern passage to India, which they hoped might at once be shorter, and enable them to escape the still formidable hostility of Spain. After this object had been vainly pursued by Frobisher, Davis, Barentz, and other navigators, it was resumed by Henry Hudson. Though a native of Hol- land, he was first employed by a company of English merchants, when he made the daring effort to cross the pole itself, and penetrated farther in that direction than any of his predecessors ; but the icy barriers compelled him to return. He next attempted an eastern passage, between Nova Zembia and Spitzbergen, but again failed. His jiatrons in London then lost courage ; but he, animated by the same ardor, solicited and obtained from the Dutch East India Company a small vessel named the Crescent, to renew his researches. After another abortive en- deavor at an eastern passage, he appears to have finally renounced that object ; and steering toward the west, began to explore the American coast, from New foundland southward. It had, indeed, been to a great extent both discovered 'M% :;<»!^'ySs^^W(iei^@s^@^&liifi£s%«^«^^^%^M;.4^vi^s^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 iv- and settled, yet not in such continuity as to preclude the hope of finding a deep bay leading to the Pacific, and through it to the East Indies. In the beginning o/ July, he reached the Great bank, and continued his course cautiously along the shores of Acadia. In forty-four degrees he touched at the mouth of a spacious river, which appears to have been the Penobscot, where the French were found carrying on a very active trade. In passing Cape Cod, his people landed at several points, and held intercourse with the natives. They then pursued rheir course through the open sea, till, on the IVth of August, they came in sight of a low land, and soon afterward found themselves off the bar of James river, where they understood that the English had formed a settlement. No opening having yet occurred, it seemed expedient to return northward, keeping closer to the coast. They found it running northwest, and entered a great bay with rivers evidently that of Delaware. The water was so shoally, however, as to prevent its exploration, unless in pinnaces drawing only four or five feet. They pro- ceeded therefore to the coast now called New Jersey, and were involved in the range of islands running parallel to it. The navigation was very difficult on ac- count of storms and frequent shallows. At length Hudson came to a continuous land, good and pleasant, rising boldly from the sea, and bounded by high hills. He appeared to discover the mouths of three great rivers, which, however, could only be different channels, separated by islands, of the great stream now bearing his name. Boats were sent to sound the most northern of them, which was found to afford a good depth of water. They entered it, and were soon visited by large parties of natives in canoes, when a friendly exchange took place, of tobacco and maize for knives and beads. Unfortunately, a boat being sent to examine one of the other channels, was assailed by twenty of the savages in two skiffs, one of the seamen killed, and two wounded. This unhappy event poisoned the future intercourse with the Indians, whose friendly professions were henceforth considered as made only with a view to betray them. At one place, twenty-eight canoes, full of men, women, and children, approached and made overtures for trade ; but their intentions being considered evil, they were not allowed to come on board. In ascending, the Hudson was found to be a noble stream, a mile broad, and bordered by lofty mountains. Seventeen days after entering it, the vessel, being embarrassed by shoals, stopped at a point where a small city has since been built, bearing the name of the discoverer. A boat sailed eight or nine leagues higher, somewhat above the site of Albany, where it was clear that the ship could not proceed farther. In this upper tract, the in- tercourse with the natives was very friendly, and even the suspicions of the crew were lulled. One party came on board, who, being freely treated with wine ard aquavitsB, became all merry, and one completely tipsy, the efl'ects of whicli caused to his companions the greatest surprise. On the way down, they were repeatedly attacked by the large body which in ascending had excited their jealousy. On each occasion, a discharge of musketry, killing two or three, caused all the rest to take flight. On leaving the river, Hudson made directly for Europe, and arrived at Dartmouth on the 7th Noveuiber, 1609. He transmitted to the Dutch company a flattering report of the country which he had discovered, strongly recommending a settlement. It has even been said, that he sold his rights to them, which seems quite erroneous, as in fact he could not be said to possess any. He was not even allowed to i'ollow up this impor- tatii discovery, but was obliged again to seek employment from the English mer- chants. By them, in 1610, he was sent out on that remarkable voyage, during which he explored the great bay to which his name is attached, but unhappily fell a sacrifice to the mutiny of a turbulent crew. Ths Dutch, however, in virtue of this discovery, claimed the country, and in 1610 a few individuals fitted out a vessel for traffic Several stations wera &X4^i3i:isi*iiS*ss**'-**w**«Maj«i*iiis;f«^^ OF THE AMEIUCAN KE VOLUTION. fh Inrmc'l on 'ho islaiul of MaiihatTan (the name thcMi {riven to New York), hut no attempt was niadtMo colonize. In 161'?, ihey 'veru visited hy Argall, the ad venturous English captain, who compelled them to own tiie dominion of his countrv ; hut as no steps were taken to follow up this advant:i ni, in the new continent, an asylum similar to that of their pilgrim ancestors. By founding there a state open to the votaries of every faith, he might, he hoped, fu..''.i his benevolent purpose, and at lh«; same time secure for himself a degree of importance and wealth. He possessed, in virtue of his father's services, a claim on government, estimated atjE16,000; but after a long delay, amid the exigencies of the court, he could not withoui difficulty have rendered it effective in any shape, except for one favorable cir- cumstance. He enjoyed the favor both of Charles II. and James II., and was always a welcome /'uest at Whitehall. This intercourse with princes whose character was so unlike his own, excited in that age a feeling of surprise which we can scarcely avoid sharing. The most injurious surmises arose — he was represented as a papist, and even a Jesuit. He seems, however, to have clearly proved, that he never concurred in any of the illegal measures of those rulers, but employed his influence almost solely with the view of obtaining protection for those numerous sufferers in whom he took so deep an interest. Had his object bee:i money, he must have encountered many obstacles in obtaining it from the dilapidated treasury of Charles. It was much easier to get the royal assent respecting a desert region beyond the Atlantic, whence no immediate ben- efit was to be derived. His petition, being presented in June, 1680, was referred to the agents of the Duke of York and Lord Baltimore, who declared it to be un- objectionable, provided the rights of these individuals were preserved inviolate. Penn, therefore, submitted the draft of a charter, which, after being revi.sed by Chief Justice North and the Bishop of London, wa « oassed under the seal-royal. It granted to him the tract in America extending mrrlhward from the 40th to the 43d degree of latitude, and five degrees of longitude westward, from a boundarj' line drawn twelve miles from Newcastle on tho Delaware. Nearly the same privileges were conceded as were formerly granted to Lord Baltimore. The prop 'ietor was empowered to dispose of the lands in fee-simple, to levy taxes with consent of the freemen or their delegates, to erect courts of justice, and (what one might scarcely have expected) to raise forces for the defence of the province by sea and land. There was reserved, however, the sovereignty of the crown, and its claim to allegiance, also an appeal from the courts to the king in council, and the right of parliament to levy ctistom-duties. The acts passed by the assembly and the owner were to be transmitted within five years to his majesty, and if considered unconstitutional, might be disallowed. The Bishop of London stipulated for the reception of a preacher, as soon as one should bo requested by twenty of the settlers. Invested with these ample powers, Penn proceeded to give to the colony a constitution, on a very liberal tuoting. A council of seventy-two, elected by the body of the people, and having a third of their number renewed every year, car- ried on the executive goven'meni, in conjunction with the proprietor, who was allowed three votes. This body was divided into four committees, of plantation, trade, justice, and education. They prepared the bills and propositions .>vhich were submitted to the general assembly, also elected by the people. They were to sit nine days oidy, during eight of which they were to consider tne [iro- posals made by the council, and on the ninth to pronounce their deciMon. This system, said to have been copied chiefly from the Oceana of Harrington, wai not very well fitted for practical purposes, and had not a long duration. Penn now circulated widely his proposals through Britain., France, and Ger- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 87 wai many , .he opprps.sed nnJ iiiipoverisliod of every class being invited to this land of promise He recommended it not only to those who sulTered under religious pfrsecution, hut " to industrious laborers and handicraftsmen — ingenious spirits inv in the world — younger brothers of small inheritances, instead of haging on as retainers on their elder brothers' table and charity — lastly, to men of an uni- versal spirit, who have an eye to the good of posterity." The necessary ex- pense of conveyance was stated to be — for an adult jC5, a child under twelve £2, 10a., goods £2 per ton. Those who could not afford even this moderate amount, were informed that, on engaging with emigrants ot [wn body, succeeded in maintaining good terms with the natives ; and for nearly a century, the Indian tomailiawk was never lifted against a people who would have considered it unlawful to return the blow. His next object was to found a capital for his new seitlement. He chose a site upon a neck of laiul between the Schuylkill and Delav.are, in a situation which appeared at once agreeable and healthy, aMunding in water, and with -^Z^'^t^^i]^^^^^^^^^^^^'^^^^^"^'^'^^^'^**^^^ i.^6>;rT'^' .a *1 >'^TiT .r.;gU»^— - sXf^J- --'^^.^r! f, ' I.". OF TFIE AMEIUCAN REVOLUTION. f>y |i, »- convenioiil river coiniiuinications. lie tjave to it the name <>( Philadelphia (brotii- erly love), under which it has become one of the most flourishing cities in the new world. Coiiibiiiiiifr the taste lor neatness and regularity characteri.- u' of his people, with a love of rural nature, he planned a town composed of pariillei streets, each a hundred feet broad, (tiossed by others also spacious, and somi; iii- die'iting by their vi-ry names, Viur, .Vlulberry, Chestnut, th.it the verdure of the country was still to enliven them. The purchasers of 5,000 acres were to have a house in one of the two principal sirects, with a ganb n and orchard ; those of 1,000 in the three next ; such as were under 1,000 acr. > in the cross streets. In 1(584, fifty villages, arranged in regular squares, had sjirung up, on a similar pi ui, though on a smaller scale. In December, 1682, Penn proceeded to Maryland, to adjust with Lord Baltimore the boundaries of their respective provinces. His lordship received him, as he liad befoie received his agent Markham, with the utmost politeness ; yet the arrange- ment was found very difllicult and vexatious. The specified limit of the 40th de- gree had, in the maps of that age, been made to run across the Bay of Ches- apeake, about the latitude of Pool's Island. Thus the head of that great inlet was left within the bounds assigned to Pennsylv;' and aflTorded an advanta- geous outlet for her commerce. Lord Baltimnri> ' inused a new and more scientific survey to be made, showing that lay considerably to the north of any part of the bay, from which e was thus wholly excluded. This circumstance bore heavily uji uropist, whose col- ony was thus deprived of all direct maritime i earnestly urged, that the space in question was a hundred limes more valuable to him than to the other party, of whose territory this was only an outer tract, scarcely at all known or settled ; that the proprietor of Maryland must probably have gained by the error in settling his own boundaries with Virginia ; and that the understanding upon which the grant had been made ought to be taken into consideration. Their interests came into collision on another point. Penn had obtained a grant from the Duke of York of the whole coast of the river and bay of Delaware, southward from Newcastle to Cape Henlopen, which would in some degree have supplied his want of a seacoast. iiut the other party claimed all the shores of this bay also, as included within the 40th degree. Both parties, during their personal intercourse, maintained their claims with extreme pertinacity, yi t with politeness ; but the corr« ^pondence which afterward ensued is tinctured with considerable bitterness, each accusing the other of forwarding his views in an unfair manner. Historians are even still much divided. Mr. Chalmers derides the claim of Penn, whom, in truth, he always mentions in the most depreciating terms ; indeed, to have been engaged in any dispute with a Baltimore, was enough in his eyes to efface the brightest qualities tha' could adorn a human being. Mr. Bancroft, on the contrary, has in this particular forsaken his first love, and admits nothing to interfere with the absolute perfection of the Pennsyl- vania legislator. It became necessary to refer the question to the committee of plantation, who, in November, 1685, came to the decision that the 40th degree, in its real direction, must be the boundary, thus excluding the quaker from the Chesapeake. Hut while they allowed that the Maryland patent had extended indeed to the Delaware, they considered that it had been granted only in respect to such countries as were not occupied by any Christian people, while that re gion had been already colonized in considerable numbers by the Dutch and Swedes. Hence it was determined that the eastf a part belonged of right tp the crown, including Penn's domain, which was thereby rendered valid, and gavr* him the command of that fine estuary, thus in a great measure compensating his loss on another side. In 1684, Penn was induced by this and other affairs to return to England •i-T®2S!*K-4k''i'Vi>«tVs»A-i>**rflMS-i!»i,«V5«*Bf ■ - ■ -w'-V'^i.-/ *0 THE PICTORIAI- HISTOUY leaving the arlministration in the hands of commissioni rs ; a body who diJ no by any means work harnionionsly. Mooro, a leading proprietary otllce^r, wai ttctiised by the assembly of corruption and other liijjh misdemeanors ; which charije bein>( strenuously resisted by the executive, a violent collision ensued. Tlie proprietor, while he felt disposed to grant a liberal government to his set- tlers, was probably little prepared to make over to them the whole political pow- er, which yet they seem to have been determined to grasp. In 1086, he sent instructions to his ofUcers to dissolve the constitution, which he had so studious- ly ciuistructed. The assembly, however, foreseeing that the change was pro- posed with a view to the abridgment of tlieir privileges, resolutely opposed his vie we. He ihei; determined to supersede the commission, and appoint a deputy governor, as more likely to support his authority. The person selected was HIackwcll, who is admitted to have been no quaker, and indeed to have had nothing akin to the character. The apology mad'' seems singular, namely, that no one of that profession could i)e found fit for the office, and willing to undertake it. We may rather suspect that, being a dexterous pol- itician and high advocate for power, he was expected to beat down the dem- ocratic opposition. His efforts for this purpose were carried to an extreme. White, who, as former speaker, had been active in the persecution of Moore, h;r ing been re-elected as delegate, was thrown into prison, and his claim under till habeas corpus act evaded. The most embittered messages passed between the governor and assembly. He contrived, however, to gain over a part of the members, and thus to carry on the government. On these proceedings being represented to him, Penn was not disposed to support them ; and he now threw almost everything into the hands of the coun- cil, on whom he conferred the power of choosing the executive officers and deputy governor : they elected Thomas Lloyd, a quaker preacher of great merit. But neither did this arrangement work well. Schisms arose among the too numerous body; and violent protests were made. The chief conflicts, which were between the old territory of Pennsylvania and the new counties on the Delaware, rose to such a height, that the proprietor was obliged reluctantly to separate the two territories ; appointing Markham governor of the latter, which ultimately formed a small state, bearing the name of that great bay. Peace did not reign among the quakers themselves. George Keith, one of the most em- inent among them as a preacher and writer, disappointed perhaps at not himself obtaining a lead in the government, proclaimed that no one of his sect could lawfully act as an executive officer or magistrate, and if he did, had no claim to any obedience. These d( ines, enforced not in the mildest terms, brought him under the cognizance of the authorities. His adherents allege that their proceedings were violent and irregular ; that without hearing or inquiry he was proclaimed in the market-place a seditious person, and an enemy to the king and queen ; and that the ministers, with as little ceremony, denounced him as not having the fear of God before his eyes. The actual penalty was only a mod- erate fine, and not even enforced ; but the finding himself proscribed among his brethren, both in the colony and at home, seemu to have exasperated him ; he became an enemy to the quakers, abandoned their communion, and finally ac- cepted an episcopal benefice. He was lamented by them as a mighty man fallen from the high places of Israel ; and the noise made by these feuds seriously in- jured the colony in the crisis which now arose. The Pennsylvanians, who had owed everything to James H., did not share the general joy at his abdication in 1688. The news was unwillingly believed ; and the government, till September, 1789, was still administered in his name. This was carefully reported in New York ; while in England, chargep were \ i '■''«mm^m''-s->^i^i^^ ' P ': 'fti:'i ^ "n:^\ ^>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 // {./ //ii /.. 1.0 I.I ^■2.8 12.5 US U£ 1^ |2.2 us Li 1.8 L25 IIIIIU IIIIIL6 — 6" i-'i v 71 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. I45»0 (716)872-4903 '4^ ''4S^^4i^ Si BHH MM W CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIViH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microraproductions historiquas J, THE PICTORIAL HISTORY rou.e then, by a lalse alarm of a J -^f n?^ ^"^^ absurdities." Tney tinued. rhe war w tn ^^^^a^ and 150 men It was privately intimated that of demanding a supply of ;e4 000 andj^50 m«n- ^' ^^P^ J^^^ ^^^^ .^ ^^^ the -«"«y -°f ,\"f;hi;e oTers to do s7; however, they offered the queen a science either fight or hire o^^^^^^ ^^ the amount ; but on this roir^leldlnTpovJr!;^;^^^^^ firm. An e, .al sum was afterward, in a "'r.! mo'S-^'CTnt/rhX age of sixty-six, sent out a solemn remon- 1710 Pen having re b ^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^ had been to him ajourc« «f f^^^^^' "^^^^^^ , J.her he had given any "' 'ir"fortS^^ Suttl-lSne^^^^^ the unhappiness they were bringing . rmselves as well as the scandal they were causing in the eyes of Europe jmseives, as wcu ao a„nL, was not unsuccessful ; and in the by such incessant t^'" T-„,„re Seffiv to hL was elected. It is doubtful, next year an assembly much ^"'^^/"f "'^'^^^ V'™ ^d with embarrassments ^nd tt u^ies." and dTsabfed lum from completing the bargain, so that the property re- mained in his family. _ extended to Gookin, whom the assembly lalion. In 171b, he was ^ucceeueu ujr „nvernor enjoyed a much OF THE AMERICAN RKVOLU'llON. 93 iiiilv ;ili;icl.eil of his piiletit ; iiifd authority ess ti) ohoy, (1 on letters- e chaiigi! liail Ills majesty's ei>n. it was ;h a willing- the trials he considerable . Hamilton, These were a character yoimg, lively, tterly opposed lositions. lie lilt in vain to three of tboir lities." Tney 3W frame their it was not till by Gookui, an ents still con- ngracious task T intimated that uld not in con d the queen a t ; but on this afterward, in a solemn remon- long indulf^ed , their disputes ;apitulating the had given any were bringing eyes of Europe, 'ul ; and in the It is doubtful, rrassments Rnd :reaty wit) gov- accept fo» iht,m rived him of his the property re- im the assembly art of the popu ), during the ill- njoyed a much B is accused of le assembly, and ch, at least, wa* Uie opinion of the proprietaries, who considered him also as neglecting their in terest, and at the end of nine years removed him. Ho then attempted to raise d factious opposition, but was obliged to leave the colony. After a peaceable administration of several years by Major Gordon, Thomas, and afterward John i'enii, sonf< of the late owner, went out in 1732 and 1731. They were received with the most cord'al welcome, though the former did not altogether preserve his popularity. XI H. While emigration proceeded so actively in various parts of North .\nierica, the regions south of Virginia, though of vast extent, and presenting many natural advantages, had attracted little attention. The Spaniards, as long IS they could, jealously guarded this coast; and the bloody catastrophe of the first French settlement was long remembered with terror. Kaleigh's original establishment had been formed within this range ; and its tragical results, though not connected with the situation, threw a gloom over all the recollections as- sociated with it. Yet flattering rumors were still spread ; and as the older set- tlements became crowded, detachments began to overflow into this unoccupied tract. The river Nansemond, on the immediate border of Virginia, had been very early settled ; and colonists thence found their way to the banks of the Chowan and the shores of Albemarle Sound. Much farther to the south, a body of enterprising New Englanders had purchased from the Indians a district around Cape Fear. Sir Robert Heath, in 1630, obtained a patent ; but having been unable to fulfil the conditions, it was declared forfeited. The reign of Charles II. was a period of large grants ; for, having many claims upon him while he had little to give, he was ready to bestow colonial rights. On the 24th March, 1663, the whole coast, from the 36th degree of lat itude to the river San Matheo, was granted under the name of Carolina to a body of highly distinguished personages, among whom were Monk, duke of Albe- marle, Lord Clarendon, Lord Ashley Cooper afterward Earl of Shaftesbury, Lord Berkeley, and his brother Sir William, governor of Virginia. Their priv- ileges were as usual extensive, and seem to have been in a great measure copied from those granted in the case of Maryland. The present occupants could only be considered as squatters ; yet as men were much wanted, the utmost en- Fia. 39/— Squatters. eouragcment was given to them to remain, while o hers wer«> invited. Political and personal immunities, more ample than were possessed by the neighboring colonies, or were satisfactory to the views of some of the proprietors, were not withheld Berkeley, who brought additional emigrants from Virginia to Alba- 94 TlIF, PICTOIUAL MISTOllY ma.le Sound, plnccd tliem iiiidcr Drwrnmond, a pnulfiit and pop.i'.ar eovemci A party of planters Iroin Harhailocs, induced to remove to this conijenial climate were settled on Cape Fear river, near the New Kn^landers, and ruled hy Sii John Yeamans, one of their own luimber. A few shipbuilders were also obtained from the Bermudas. In 1()65, the proprietors, still in hifjli favor with Cltwrles, obtained a new pat- ent with much larger privileijes. Their territory was now, without regard to Spanish claims, extended to the Pacific, while they were empowered to creatn titles and orders of nobility. This appears to have been preparatory to the I'oi- ination of wliat was intended to he a monument of human wisdom — a constitution for the new colony. It was undertaken by Shaftesbury, the ablest statesman of the ago, who employed upon it Locke, the illustrious philosopher ; and its ob- ject was to transport into the New World the varied ranks and aristocratic es- tablishments of Europe. Two orders of nobility were to be instituted, the higher of landgraves or earls, the lower of caciques or barons. The territory was to be divided into counties, each containing 480,000 acres, with one landgrave and two caci(pies, a number never to be increased nor diminished. There was also to be lords of manors, entitled, like the nobles, to hold courts, and exercise ju- dicial functions. 'I'hose possessing 50 acres were to be freeholders ; but the tenants held no political franchise, and could never attain any higher rank. All the estates were to sit in one chamber. The proprietary were always to con- tinue eight in number, to possess the whole judicial power, and have the su- preme direction of all the tribunals. One was to take cognizance of csremonies and pedigrees, of fashions and sports. But it is needless to enter into further details of a constitution which never did nor could have any practical existence. It must remain a striking proof how unfit the ablest men are to legislate foi a society with whose condition and circumstances they are not intimately ac- quainted. Nothing could exceed the surprise of the colonists when this elaborate sys- em was transmitted to them, with an urgent call for its immediate adoption. Albemarle, the chief settlement, could scarcely number 1,400 working hands ; now then was it to furnish its landgraves, its caciques, its barons ? The pro- prietors, on a representation of this state of affairs, were obliged to own that their magnificent system could not yet be carried into full execution ; but they required its introduction so far as circumstances allowed, and its completion to be kept constantly in view. Meanwhile, a series of temporary laws were es- tablished, until the inhabitants should be ripe for the fundamental constitutions. They had formed, however, a simple code adapted to their circumstances, which they preferred to one by which the popular privileges were materially abridged ; and its abrogation for a merely provisional system would have taken away every- thing stable and permanent in their political position. As Miller, who acted as administrator and collector of the rev'enue, had not given them satisfac- tion, they rose in a body, imprisoned him and most of the council, seized the public funds, appointed magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and in short took into their hands all the functions of government. Culpepper, the ringleader, came to England to plead their cause, a step which certainly does not seem to indicate consciousness of guilt ; but he was arrested and brought to trial for high treason. Shaftesbury, by his eloquence and popular influence, procured his acquittal, pleading that there had been no regular government in Albemarle, 80 that these disorders could only be considered as feuds among the severa' planters. The proprietors found themselves in an embarrassing situation, unwilling lu yield to the colonists and renounce their darling constitutions, yet neither de- ■irous nor verv able to reduce them by force. They rcaolved, *Uereforo, t* OF THE AMERICAN UEVOMITION. 96 govemoi il climate ied l)y Sit > obtained I new pat- , regard to I !() create o tlui ll)l- Dnstitution tesmaii of 111 its oli- jcratic es- the higher )ry was to Igrave and B was also tercise ju- s ; but the rank. All lys to con- ive the su- 33remonies iito further existence, igislate foi imately ac- borate sys- ; adoption. ling hands ; The pro- own that 1 ; but they nipletion to 8 were es- (nstitutions. ices, which y abridged ; iway every- , who acted m satisfac- seized the ind in short ringleader, not seem to rial for high rocured his 1 Albemarle, ; the severa unwilling tu neither de- 'Uereforo, t* •leiid out as governor Setl\ Sotlitl, one of their own lioily, who had previously purchased Eorl Cliiroiuloii's share, and wlmse t.'rritorial ri^'hts would, ihey hoped, command respect. According to Chalmers, the annals of delegated rui- .hority include no name so infamous as that of this new administrator ; a remark which is probably too strong, for he had to deal with persons mU easily pleased. It would appear,'however, that his sole object was to advance Ids (brUme, at the expense both of the colonists and of his fellow-proprietors. The former s ion practised the lesson which they had alreaily learned. They deposed him, sciisti his person, and were about to send him to England to answer to the owners for the charges brought against him. Sothel prelerred to ab Je the judgmejit of the assembly themselves ; a circmnstance which, joined to the sentence, seems to indicate that his conduct was not extremely atrocious. After finding all the ac- cusations proven, they merely banished him from the colony for a single yeir, and declared hiiu incapable of ever again holding the office of governor. The proprietors, though troubled at these stretches of power, yet owning the com- plaints to be just, and having been themselves wronged, sanctioned the proceed- ings, and nominated Philip Ludwell as their representative. .Mean'ime they were bestowing a more special attention to the southern col- ony. In 1670, they sent out a considerable number of settlers under William Sayle, who was named governor. 11. > died soon after, and his place vas sup- plied by Sir John Yeamans, once a Barbadoes planter, who had acquired a ^'ood reputation in his command at Cape Fear. He was speedily accused, however, of sordid proceedings, in carrying on all the little trade of the colony for his own advantage. Aflairs were in many respects unsatisfactory. The proprie- tors, like other similar bodies, already discovered that the colony, instead of a mine of wealth, was a constant drain ; they had expended upon it upward of jGI 8,000, without any return, but, on the contrary, had to encounter new de- mands. They were therefore not unwilling to remove Yeamans in order to make room for West, a favorite of the settlers. During his residence of eight years, he enjoyed a popularity rare among transatlantic rulers. The colony flourished ; for beside emigrants sent over by the proprietors, a considerable tide flowed in from various quarters. The poor cavaliers, considering it to have been founded upon their own principles, sought it as a place where they might retrieve their fortunes. A number of Dutch in New York, dissatisfied with theii transference to British rule, thought, it scarcely appears for what reason, thai they would be more at ease in this new settlement ; and some of their country- men from Europe were induced to follow. The revocation of liie edict of Nantz, and the persecution of the protestants by Louis XIV. during his bigoted dotage, drove out a large body of most respectable emigrants. A small party proceeded from Ireland, and another from Scotland under Lord Cardross ; bul the latter was unfortunate, being nearly all destroyed by the Indians. This in- flux was considered to afford an inducement for the erection of a city. One wa» early founded on a high groimd, above Ashley River, named Charleston ; but hftei-ward another spot, called Oyster Point, at the junction of that stream with the Cooper, was considered so much more eligible, that the site was changed. The choice was happy ; and it has since become the chief emporium cf the southern states. West was succeeded, in 1682, by Moreton, and the latter, in 1686, by Colle- toi., a brother of one of the proprietors, and endowed with the rank of landgrave. I hider these governors, the spirit of faction, which had in some degree slumber- ed, broke forth with extreme violence. An obstinate dispute was waged between the three counties of Berkeley, Craven, and Colleton, respecting the number of members that should be sent from each t& the assembly : that body also proposed two acts which «an not be applauded, with a view to relieve the scarcity of JsHii THE IMCTOmAL HISTORY 9ti ,• 1 . > r.,iv.> tlip viiliii" of the coil, ami of tlie „u,noy. It was the I'-l--' '';;-- '\-^. ^^Z^, ... carried, wh-nc other to suspoiMl thf pay men » ,'''^^ - ' ' ' ' .^. ,,,^i,,, Hf,crwar.l hcraine ex- ,rose the ae^n.-tat.... ul '';;;,-;^^^; J ^i; ^ /..probation. Tht. was ren.e. The otlu. was re.)- -J') - l-;i ^ ^^ ^.„,,,,, ,L legaUty of the Inn- nut well brooked by the a>^.Mnt)l>, wno n . , ^.,,.^r,cr. Discontents ran dan.ental eonsti.nt.ons. ^"4 to detnan 1 ^''^^ '^,;;;;;' ,^ . .I;' sslv to resist what- 80 lash, that the people, in 1087. elected »" • -J''^; ,'', ,d an act banishing ever U.e governor sho.dd propose^ and m '^^^J^-M-- ^^^,^^ ^,^^ ;, hin, Iron, the prov.nee. At. id ^^^^ ^'^ "^ ' ^ „,- ,y^ that he fom.d no dif- M- North Carolina ; and snch was the '"' r."'*^,^.^ ..^^.j; and in calling a par- heulty tn ..ct.py.ng tjte P''- ;>\ ^ -j;^!^ "''^^i: ;n;;;etors were'be;o.>d hatnenl, winch s-anct,oned all is F^^^^^^ 'J , [ \,,,, then, as a leader measure astonished to hear o such a F^^J"' '';;\" ^^..^rders Cor his immediate supported l)y the people. '1 hey sem ^^J^', '^ ,l,Uo„3, however, to ex- recall, appointing m as ,^ace ^ 1 ^ | ^* 'V^,;^ ,,,ief complaint was found to amine and report as to an> real gric antes, i ju^.^e appeared no serious be against •' the tu.i.htmental ^°"«'r "^ '**, ' ^'^Je U was' J 1693, finally ah prospect of carrying uito execution hat iato^^ away, and the labors rogaled. Caci(,ues, landgraves, and '^'^^^'^/^^^jj^'^t .^^y be observed that of Shaftesbury and Locke were given to ^^e "^ ' ^ ■ 1' '" / i„,t James 11.. on his usual despotic l'^''^'*^; ^'f ''^ ^s ^u?^^ on condition ::rr:;Sn; S tK;S;i;:"S;^2tL a«..r tm that monarch be. dissension wis aflorded by the ""•"^""^^''fL^'to the c^u^'^^ °'' ^"S^""*^' Most of the original settlers, zealously "^'^^^^^^^^^^ viewed with aversion both their religious ^"'^ ^ «"^^//J^';^ they were justly to admit them to the rights « citizensh,, ^ "^^ ^^^li outgone of\hei indignant ; and disputes rose so J^f • ^^\."\' P ^P, ,„ investigate and redress own body, John Archda e a juake with iuU Power^^^^ ,„d^hough he could grievances. He conducted »';"'«f ^'''J f ^""^j privileges, succeeded in greatly not procure for the new comers all the desirea r. . g successor Jo allaying their discontent. After remaining a >«;^ ' ^%'"'^J^^^J j^ ^ few years sepfi Bike, who -^^^^i^,::r.S^^^^^^o^ '^^eu^^ sought to distinguish himself by the capture of the ^ ^f ^g^i„,„„,i OaSiel, t,„e' He '-"-I'v "''''"inTn "na;cCby -/ Tl- latter arrived first, with a party of militia and ^"'1'''"^' "^"^ ^J'.^Venemv to retreat into the castle ; and took possession of the town, "^lg'"g^^'^^''!"^^[o render it necessary to send but the governor -ustdered that post so strong a to re^^^^ ^^ two'spanish to Jamaica for more '^'^.^^^'l^y:^ .^\Z,dT be groundless, and precipitately sh.,.s, he was seized with a panic -iHeg^^ ^« ,j,f ^^ ^^^ ^as not only very raising the siege, returned by land to ^--^r-Jima. i .^^ ^^^^^ mortiiying, but entailed on the colony a heavy debt, w^^^ ^^^^.^ ^^^^^^^ In 1700, the Spaniards endeavored ^« J'^^'^l'^^j^^l^'i^it^, J Feboure. with allies, equipped a considerable -'^''•^']'''\.^^^^^^^^ ave ships-o.-war. f-f '^^J^ -— ; /^^^^^^^^ prepared for iel Johnson, who had, with great «P'"!' """= j„ ,,,^e main land force had defence, sent an indignant dehance. I he nvader ^^-^y^ ^^^ j,,,. not yet arrived, imprudently sent -^ '"^ /^;;' ^^teh courage, that Cae- £^S2t:S;ttlr.tel^s:^i::^^"stlhe enemy, who siruck with iiiul of the J, wllfUl-f ipcaiiu' fX- 'I'liis wiis of ilio fun- onteiits mil esist wliat- t banishing le rt'jt'Cled unil no dif- Uing a par- ore beyond as a leader inunediate ever, to ex- ras found to no serious , linally ab tlio labors )served that anto against an condition monarch bO' w source of int refugees, of England, and refused T were justly one of their and redress ugh he could ed in greatly juecessor Jo a few years ts of citizens. years after, of St. Augus- jlonel Daniel, arrived first, the castle ; issary to send two Spanish precipitately not only very 1 ill bear, their French Feboure, with ir, Sir Nathan- , prepared for and force had 'hich was im- age, that Cap- f> struck with M THE I'lCI'OKlAL HISTORY aliinn immediatelv retired. Soon after, an ad.litional armaim nt appearcL, ai.d f 3;-Ttroo.,s were lat.d..,! ; 1m.. tl.e Kn,M.sh, Ih.sl.e.l with v.eiury afackeU ihe.n'with sueU re.oh.t.on. il.at boti, tl.ey at.,l their sh.ps were captured. After »o,ne years «f r.iKJse, the colony was involved u. all he l'orr*rs of Ir. .tan war liie ori.^n of winch is ditlieult to trace, th.n.nh the settlers throw the whol« bla.n'e t.po,. the natives, It is manifest that they wajred it with deep treachery and ferocity, and vet there seen.s r..on, to snspect that they had heavy wrot.gs to avcnL'e The first burst was Iron, the Tus.aroras. on the Irontier ol North (;ar.dina, whose attack a-r-inst the settlen.enls on the Uoanoke was made with the nsual s.-creov an.l rapidity, and above a hnndred perished he ore measure. de nee could" be adopted," This was all that con 1 be -Lme till aid was pro- cured from South Carolina, whence Captain Harnwell with t.OO mditta and JbO Indians nenetrat.'d the interveniu!,' wilderness, deleated the enemy, and pms.unf. them to'lh.'ir main fortress, obliued them to surrender. They soon alter imc^ra- ted northward, and formed a union with the Five Nations. \ more formidable strusigle awaited South Carolina. The Indian* on iti. Fig. 41.— Male ami Kcmale Jiidian. border had long been united with the c.donists in alliance and common hostility to the Spaniards. When the treaty of Utrecht had terminated the European wai with the latter people, the natives soon announced that they had dined with the governor of Florida, and washed his face— a sure pledge of alliance ! he colonists, who did not suspect that the enmity was to be transferred lo tr.em, allecre that it was fomented by their old enemies ; but the charge seems scarcely Bupported by any overt act. Certain it is, that the Yemassees, Creeks, Chero kees, and all the tribes trom Cape Fear to the shores of the gulf, ainounting to 6 000 men, became united in one grand confederacy to exterminate the bngUsn name Theii preparations were enveloped as usual in profound secrecy ; and, even on the previous evening, when some suspicious circumstances were no"ced, thev tjave the most friendly explanation. In the morning the work ol blood coiiimenced in the vicinity of Port Royal, where about ninety of the planters perished ; but the people of the place, happily finding a vesse. in the harbor OF TIIR AMERICAN REVOLUTION jy areil, ai.il atiackeil a. of Ii..'.ian th(^ wIioIh treachery : wrongs of North naile witli iiu-aHurcn was prti- aiiil 360 |iiirsiiin^ iniirra- ii' ini» on itn on hostility iropean wai ed with the ince Tht d 10 them, ins scarcely 3ks, Chero nounting to he English irecy ; and, ere noticed, rk of blood [\e planters the harbor cn)wdftd on board, and were conveyed to Charleii^on. Thr .ii)d other laws, which the colonists were eytreine"v desirous to obtain, and sunt orders to the governor lo sanction none which had not been previously S'ibmitled to themselves. They reposed their entire '.onfidence in Trott, the etuuf-jufltice, who was even accused of malversa- :ion in nis office ; but the comitlaints against him from the people, and even the govenetr, were disdainfully njecied This discontent, long fomenting, broke out openly on a report of ir.^tsion from the Havana. In this emergency the as- sembly refused to vote arv -tupplies , a bond of union was drawn up, and signed Oy almost all the inhabit .tnut They transmitted a proposal to Johnson that he should contiue to hold 'ii» ofRce m the name of the king ; but as he declined the offer, Colonel ]Vfo«)ru was elected. The other made some attempts to compel submission, but found ms force inadequate. The issue of the whole transaction, however, dependwl iw the view which might be taken by the crown, always disposed to favor *ay arrangement that might extend its prerogative. The king, oeing absent ir Hiunover. had left the government in the hands of a regency, ivho, on examining the case, decided that the proprietors had forfeited their '-barter, and irdnred proceedings to be instituted for its dissolution. Acting certainly wmIi great promptitude, as if this were already effected, they named Sir Franei.H Nicholson governor, under a commission from his majesty. That person iMtinguished in other stations for his active talents, had been accused of arb" rary maxims , but in Carolina he seems to have laid these aside, and rend'Tud himself extremely acceptable. He made great exertions to provide for re(i»;-jMs instruction, and the diffusion of education. Through an alliance with t>i Creeks and Cherokees, he secured the frontier, which had been considerably .'inXHssttd by Indian incursions. We may here pause to mention, that a. »he end of the seventeenth and the ooginning of the eighteenth century, the American coast, and particularly Caro- una, was dreadfully infested by piracy. The long war between France and Spain, aided by the vicinity of the West Indies, afforded large scope for priva- teers After the peace, they were unwilling to relinquish so lucrative an occu- patiiin i and, exercising it equally on friends and foes, spread desolation overall those shores. The governors, it is said, instead of striving to suppress the dis- order, often secretly favored it, and shared in the profits. James II., in 1687, equipped a small fleet under Sir Robert Holmes, who considerably checked the evil • but it again broke out with augmented violence, especially after the treaty of Utrecht. John Theach, called Blackbeard, equally frightful in his aspect ami character, became a sort of pirate-king — the idol of his followers, and the terroi X'^rs^* :tittt^ rou TIIR FMCTOIUAL HISTORY of all ppai'onhli' inorfhants. In 1718, CcdrcR I. ilrspati-lied a sqtiailron uiuIm WooiU's kocrors, who took the isiaiid of N.'W I'rovideiice in the Haliainas. long a kind ol ouMawfil capital. Tlif pirates atK'mpled to lorni anotluT stronghold at the inonih of Cape Fear river, hut were driven Iroin it by tht' governor ot Carolina. Rollers was empowered, in case oC submission, to offer pardon lo those wlio should surrender, of which most availed themselves ; though some afterward resumed their vocation, and among them Theach himself, who was soon, however, defeated and killed. In the course of the five subsequent years, twenty-six suflered death for this ofl'ence. In 1721), the transactions of the proprietors were finally closed by a deed sur- rendering all their rights into the hands of the crown. 'I'hey received in return jCI7 500, with je5,000 for arrears of rent amounting to £9,000 ; but Lord Car- teret, while resigning all political power, preferred to retain his claim to property in the soil, of which an ample portion was assigned to him. The colonists were gratified by the entire remission of their quit-rents. In 1694, the captain of a vessel from Madagascar, having touched at Carolina, had presented the governor with a bag of rice, which, l)eing distributed among several farmers, throve so remarkably, that it had already become a staple of the settlement ; and the priv- ilege was now granted of exporting this article direct to any part of Europe southward of Cape Finisterre. North and South Carolina, too, which in poin. of fact had always been distinct, and their occupied parts even distant from each other, were now finally declared to be two colonies, each to have its separate governor* From this era their affairs held a pretty uniform course, diversified only as the character of the successive governors was popular or otherwise. They continued to draw numerous bodies of emigrants ; and their career, both of agriculture and commerce, was extremely prosperous. This, it is painful to ad.l, was in a great measure effected by large importations of negro slaves, which enal'ed the wealthy to cultivate plantations on an extensive scale, and without personal labor. It appears also that reproach was incurred by the harshness with which these cap- tives were treated ; and serious alarms of insurrection were entertained. To guard against this danger, they petitioned, in 1742, to be allowed to raise and maintain three independent companies ; a boon which, though refused at first, was finally granted. These colonies derived a considerable accession from the rebellion of 1745, at the close of v.nich many adherents of the vanquished cause were allowed to seek shelter in the western plantations, and induced by various circumstances to prefer the Carolinas. The discovery of indigo, as a native production, afforded, in addition to rice, another article for which a sure demand would be found in Europe. About the middle of the eighteenth century, too, when the other colonies began to have at least their best lands appropriated, this, which was still comparatively unoccupied, drew settlers from them, es- pecially from Pennsylvania. Although estates along the coast were become scarce, valuable tracu remained in the interior, to which these American emi- grants were pleased to resort. After all that had been done before 1732 for the peopling of Carolina, there remained a large district between the Savannah and the Alatamaha, claimed by Britain, yet completely uninhabited. This disadvantage was more felt from its being bordered, not only by powerful Indian tribes, but by the Spaniards m Florida and the French in Louisiana ; both having claims which, if circumstan- ces favored, they could plausibly advance. The planters were particularly anxious to have a settlement formed, that might stand like a wall between thorn %nd these troublesome neighbors, but were much at a loss for persons who would /oluntarily station themselves in a situation so unplea»ant. Circumstance* aros» DK THE AMERICAN UEVOT-l'TION. lot Iron undfii ;iin;tM, lung stroiiKliol'' Dvernor o\ pardon to u)rli some , who was lent years, i deed 8ur- d in return Lord Car- lo property mists were aptain of a le governor , throve so id the priv- of Europe ch in poini t from each ts separate only as the V continued culture and s in a great the wealthy 1 labor. It 1 these cap- ained. To ) raise and led at first, on from the ished cause [ by various is a native lure demand sentury, too, ppropriated, n them, es- ere become erican emi- rolina, there , claimed by felt from its Spaniards in circuinstan- particularly jtween thorn 8 who would itanceA aros* in England which a(r..rd.'d a prosprrt ..f supplying this want. A body of dii tinguished individuals, undor th.- in.pnis.- ol liuinanity, " Reilroisivp searched Into the horrors of the gliioiny jail." General Ogleih..rpe, a soiili.r, hrav. liMiioral)!.', and humane, moved an in quirr, in 1728, inl . the treatm.nt and c.imlition of persons confined m the prt» Fio. 42.— Portrait of General Oglethorpe. ons of England, and in the following year presented a report upon this subject It was found that, under the extremely bad management then prevaien;, many persons imprisoned for debt or minor oflTences were treated most tyrannically, deprived of common comforts, and their morals farther injured by the associates with whom they were compelled to mingle. Many of them, even it liberated, could not have returned to the world with any prospect of comfort or advantage ; and hence it occurred that to them a residence in the new continent might torm an extremely desirable change. They could not be fastidious as to the situation, and might there be formed into military colonies, as a barrier to the other states. The. conversion and improvement of the Indians entered into this generous plan. It was enlnisted to a body of eminent persons, who undertook to act as trustees, not enterin^ 102 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY eracy to meet him at Savannah, acconipaiiiciil by fifty other petty chiefs, called kings. This aged person, expressing his ideas as usual by outward syinliols, presented to the governor the skin of a l)ulTalo, on the inside of which the head and feathers of an eagle were painted. This indica.?d the swiftness and power :)f the English, and also, by its softness and warmth, the love and protection which the Indians expected from them. This chief was even induced to visi* Britain, where he met witii many attentions, and had an audience of George Tl., whom he presented with a buncli of eagles' feathers, saying, " These are a sign of peace in our land, and have been carried from town to town there. We have brought them over to leave them with you, O great king, as a token of everlast- ing peace. O great king, whatever words you shall say unto me, I will faith- fully tell them to all the kings of the Creek nations." In 1734, the town of Augusta was founded on the Upper S^vaimah, with a view to local trade During the same year, two successive parties went out, amounting to 500 or 600, of whom 100 defrayed their own expenses. About 150 Highlanders were induced to join the colony, being well fitted for its military objects. A party of Moravians also arrived, whose industrious habits were likely to be of great ad- vantage ; and by a report of the trustees in 1740, it appeared that 2,500 emigrants had been sent out, at an expense of dE80,000. .lolm and Charles VVesley, then only known as zealous clergymen, were prevailed upon to accept livings in the colony. Notwithstanding these promising appearances, and this most zealous support, Georgia did not prosper. The proprietors began with a series of regulations, well meant indeed, biit carried to an extreme, and with little attention to existing circumstances. A complete prohibition was imposed on the introduction of rum, and even on all commercial intercourse with the West Indies. The importa- tion of negroes was forbidden ; a laudable measure, but indignantly endured by the colonists, who saw nmch wealth accruing to Carolina from their employment. The lands were most injudiciously granted in small lots of twenty-five acres, on condition of military service, and with that view descending only to heirs male. The settlers soon began to display those faults which, from their previous con- dition, might have been anticipated. Complaints were made against the Wes- leys for their extreme rigidness, their peculiar forms of worship, and for giving their confidence to un.*'orthy persons, who made false pretences of piety. Feuds rose so high that both left the colony. Whitefield, founder of the rival sect of Methodists, went out in 1740, with a particular view to establish an orphan asylum, which did not succeed ; but hi.: zealous and eloquent, though somewhat rude address, produced a strong impression, and were supposed to effect consid- erable good. Affairs were rendered still further critical by the Spanish war, which, after long irritation and petty aggression, broke out in 1738. Oglethorpe detenained to attack St. Augustine, the capital of Florida. Great preparations were made for this enterprise ; Virginia and the Carolinas furnished a regiment, as well as jE 120,000 currency; and an Indian force undertook to assist. The governor, who waner, and without nvi^nlar sanction from citlu-r powt.-r. Hut after tlie rev-.'' of J688, open hostilities ensued between the two nations, and Britain agait .iv'termined to strike a blow against the cneniy's power Iieyond the Atlantic. Acadia was suhdued with little resistance, and Sir William Phipps, with thirty-four vessels and a large body of troops, reached Quebec. He did not, however, display the requisite promptitude ; an(l through the able defence made by Count Frontenac, was obliged to re-embark without efl'ecting his object. An attempt against Mon- treal was also defeated by the aiiility of Des Callierds. The contest was sus- pended by the peace of 1697, when, to the great discontent of the inhabitantg, .\cadia was restored to France. During the war of the Spanish succession, two expeditions, the one in 1704, and the other in 1707, failed in achieving the conquest of that province ; but General Nicholson, in September, 1710, finally annexed it, under the title of Nova Scotia, to the British crown. He proceeded afterward to make a grand effort against the Canadian capital, which was frus- trated by the shipwreck of his squadron near the Seven Islands. Still the force of England was considered so superior, that she must ultimately have triumphed, had not the contest been terminated in 1713 by the peace of Utrecht. France retained Canada, but was obliged to cede Acadia and Newfoundland ; also to make over to Britain her claims to the sovereignty of the Five Nations. A long peace now followed, and though jealousies continued, no open hostili- ties ensutd till 1744, when the war which Britain had for several years waged with Spain was extended to France. The latter power, though deprived of Nova Scotia by the treaty of Utrecht, had retained Cape Breton, and erected upon it Louisburg, which, by an expenditure of jCl, 200,000, was supposed to have been rendered one of the strongest of modem fortresses. The New Eng- land colonies, however, having, with characteristic ardor, determined to attack it, raised 4,000 men, and placed them under the command of Colonel Pepperel, who, on the 30th April, 1745, took the enemy somewhat by surprise. Being seconded by the fleet under Admiral Warren, he in seven w«eks reduced thia grand bulwark of their power in America ; and though they made several vigor- ous efforts, they did not succeed in retrieving this disaster. Nevertheless, at the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, the colonists had the mortification to see the fruits of their valor snatched from them. Cape Breton being restored in ex- change for some continental advantages, which were more highly prized by the British king and ministry. They expressed the deepest discontent, and hssi- tated not even to charge the government at home with a desire to maintain the power of Louis, in order to check the spirit of internal independence. The French, meantime, had become inspired with an eager desire to extend their North American possessions. Having at various points been brought into contact wi.h the back settlements of their rival, they had been generally success- ful in gaining tiie alliance of the Indians, from whose warlike character impor- tant aid was expected. They made the most active movements in New Bruns- wick, hoping thence to penetrate into Nova Scotia, where they would find a population originally French, and still strongly attached to the country of their fathers. But the enterprises which caused the greatest inquietude took place along the Ohio and the Mississippi. The colonists had already, at different points, penetrated the barrier of the Alleghany, and began to discover the value of the country extending to those mighty streams. The enemy, on the other hand, in virtue of certain voyages made in the preceding century by Marquette and La Salle, claimed the whole range of the Mississippi, by attaining which, their settlements in Canada and New Orleans would be formed into one continu- ous territory. This pretension, if referred to that peculiar law according to which Laropeans have divided America among themselvea, seems not wholl> OF 'IllH AMKUiC.AN REVOLUTION. IDS nner, and , of 1688, iiwfermined icadia waR oiir vessels display the Frontenac, gainst Mon- St was 8U8- inhahitantg, succession, hieving the 710, finally 5 proceeded I was frus- ill the force I triumphed, »t. France id ; also to ins. ipen hostili- ears waged leprived of md erected lupposed to New Eng- to attack it, il Pepperel, ise. Being sduced this iveral vigor- srtheless, at ition to bee ;ared in ex- rized by the t, and hesi- laintain the e to extend brought into illy succcss- icter impor- Mew Bruns- ould find a itry of their took place at diflferent er the value n the other r Marquette ning which, one coutinu- .ccording to not wholly unfounded, 'lliov had iid.lfd, lu.vvcv.r, a more exorbiti.nl tiam. of all the streams 'alliiur into th.- great river, wliirh would have carried tliem to the vry sumnnt of the Alletihanv, and have henmuMl in the IJritish colonists ,„ a manner to which they wcr'o i)V no means disposed to submit. 1 l>e banks of tlie Oliio be- came the debateablc ground on whidi this collisioi, mainly took place. The British were so contideni in their rij-ht, that in 1749, an association was formed of merchants in London, combined with Virfrinian planters, called the Ohio Company, who received from the crown a grant ot 600,000 acres on that r-ver Similar donations were made to otlier parties, who could not with anj dejrreeof safety turn them to account, in tlie face of such pretensions as the French advanced and showed a determination to support. These assumed so menacing a character, that Mr. Dinwiddie, -overnor of Virginia, under instruc tions from home, judged it necessary to send a commissioner to examine the state of affairs on that frontier, to confer with the French commander and urge him to desist from farther encroachment. This little expedition is memorable from the command being intrusted to Major George Washington. tio. 43.— Washington. From an early Print by Trumbull. Georoe Washington, whose name will descend to the latest posterity as the Father of his CouNTav, as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen, was born near the banks of the Potomac, in West- moreland county, in Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732. He wao great- grandson to John Washington, a gentleman of a respectable family, who had emigrnted from the north of England about the middle of the preceding century, and had settled on the place where George Washington was born. George was the third son of his father, Augustine Washington, who died when he was very young. After receiving a very plain education, he learned something of the business of land surveying, and was in his eighteenth year appointed surveyor of the wes'ern part of the territory called the Northern Neck of Virginia, by Lord Fairfax, the proprietor of that country, whose niece had been married to George Washington's eldest brother. Two years later, and through the same inlluence, when the provincial militia was to be trained for actual servica. he was appointed one of the adjutant generals of the Virginia militia, with the rvtl- ;0B THE I'ICTORIAL HISTORY ol TiHjor. Two years after this, in 1753, when the designs of the French ii anada bei;an to create ahirni in all. our colonics, he was despatched on a half diplomatic mission to the French commandant on the Ohio, and acquitted him- self with great judgment and ability, f'iling, indeed, in his remonstrances with M. Le (iardeur de St. Pierre, but informing himself fully of the condition of the Frencli force, surveying with a careftd eye the vast tract of country — then almost an unexplored wilderni'ss — he had to pass through, and winning over the wild Indian tribes to the interests of the ccdonies. On his return to Virginia \Vash- iiigton be -ame, in a small and very modest way, an author ; for ne published the journal of his very interesting expedition. In the course of 1754, when it wa.s tietermined to dislodge the French, without declaration of war by England, from some forts they were building on the Ohio and at the confluence of the Monongahela and Alleghany rivers, he was appointed lieutenant colonel of a l)rovineia! regiment, and sent with Colonel Fry toA^ard the scene of action, which he had carefully examined on his former journey. Fry died in the wilds, and then Washington took the sole command. He was joined by some of the Indian tribes, wtiose friendship he had captivated, and was further reinforced 'oy two indeptMident companies of regulars ; but, instead of taking the French and their forts by surprise, he was taken by surprise himself, and was compelled to retreat to a stockade or fort at the Great Meadows, now termed Fort Necessity, where he was soon surrounded by the French, and, after a gallar resistance, compelled to capitulate. It is (juite clear that he had been rash and over-haz- ardous — an inherent defect in his military conduct which he was quick in cor- recting. Being allowed the honors of war, and suffered to march without molestation into the inhabited parts of Virginia, he returned home with his little detachment considerably reduced. The legislature of Virginia, in admiration of ..>« courage displayed, passed a vote of thanks to him and the officers under his coiamand. By this time the colonists begaB seriously to feel the absence of some general co-operation against thi;* formidable enemy. Those who stood most immediately exposed to attack, compLined that upon them alone was thrown the whole burden of repelling it ; and the government at home were at length induced to recom- mend a convention of delegates being held at Albany, to concert with each other, and with the chiefs of the Six Nations, a plan of united defence. The New England states, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York, complied with the advice, and appointed deputies, who assembled in June, 1754 ; when the lead was taken by Benjamin Franklin, who ranked already as one of the most intelligent and distinguished citizens of America. Rising from a humble sta- tion, he had acquired a paramount influence in his own state of Pennsylvania, and been appointed postmaster general for the colonies. He soon submitted to his colleagues a very bold and important project. A general government, con- sisting of a president appointed by the crown, and of a council of representatives from the respective colonies, were to be invested with the general direction of war, peace, treaties, and transactions with the Indians. They were to have the power of imposing such taxes as might be deemed necessary for these purposes ; and their acts, if not disallowed by the king within three years, were to acquire the force of law. They might also levy troops, the commanding officers being appointed by the president, subject to the approbation of the council. For this scheme Franklin gained the approbation of all the delegates, except those from Connecticut ; bu' when submitted to the respective governments, it met a very different fate. They all considered these powers, especially that of taxation, a.i far too great to be placed in the hands of a body over whom each had so little control. Its reception was equally unfavorable in the British cabinet, who viewed it, not without reason, «8 an arrangement rendering America almodt en- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Mr» French ii on a half iiitted him- miccs with ition of the hen almost ■r the wild inia Wash- I published )4, when it y England, mce of till- oionel of a B of action, 1 the wilds, (ome of the in forced by French and ompelled to , Necessity, resistance, i ovor-haz- uick in cor- rch without ith his little admiration ficers under nme general immediately hole burden id to recom- . with each ence. The mplied with ; when the of the most humble sta- ennsylvania, submitted to rnment, con- )resentatives direction of B to have the se purposes ; re to acquire iflicers being il. For this )t those from it met a very f taxation, an had so little cabinet, who :a almodt en- tirely independent. Thus the plan, recommended as it was by such high au> thority, proved wholly abortive ; though perhaps it had some small influence in paving the way for a similar union, which future emergencies induced the col- onies to form. The British ministry were, however, determined to supp^ rt their cause with the utmost vigor. Warm remonstrances were made to the court of France, which lavished in return pacific professions and even promises ; but they were directly contradicted by actions, which left no doubt of a firm determination to maintain her lofty pretensions. It was resolved, therefore, to employ force in driving the French from their present advanced position ; and in the beginning of 1755, General Braddock, with two regiments, was despatched from Ireland to co-operate with the Virginia forces in obtaining the command of the Ohio. His arrival excited enthusiastic hopes, and at Alexandria he met the governors of five colonies, assembled to concert the general plan of a campaign. Wash- iiierton had quitted the army on account of a regulation by which the colonial iithcers were made to rank under those of the regular army ; but, at the solicita- tion of Braddock, he consented to act as his aid-de-cump, in the character of a "«*» ^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLrTION. 105> ^ ] V ■3 ^^v eolunteer. \ et their movements were almost arrested l)y the failure of the Vu' ginian contractors to furnish the wagons necessary for transporting the baggage and artillery. In this emergency, Franklin, by great exertions, and by influence with the farmers of Pennsylvania, succeeded in procuring these supplies ; but before they could be transported across the rugged Allegany, a long tiuie would necessarily elapse, during which* the enemy might strengthen Duquesne and reinforce the garrison. At the earnest entreaty of Washington, it was therefore determined to press forward with 1 ,200 well-appointed men, and that Colonel Dunbar, with the heavy artillery and baggage, should remain behind. Washing- ion, however, was dismayed to find thai Braddock, though a I rave and experi- enced officer, was wetMed to the forms of regular European warfare. Instead of causing his troops to push briskly across the intervening obstacles, he em- ployed them in levelling every hillock, and throwing bridges over every brook. Again, though advised to accept the offered aid of some Indians, at least for scouring the woods and guarding against surprise, he despised such auxiliaries, and treated them so coldly that they quickly dropped ofT. Washington being unfortunately seized with a violent illness, was unable by his utmost efforts 'o keep up with the army, but rejoined it on the evening of the 8th July, within fifteen miles of Fort Duquesne, against which this laborious movement was di- rected. The garrison was understood to be small, and quite inadequate to re sist the great force now brought to bear upon it ; exulting hope filled every heart ; and no one doubted to see the British flag waving next day over the bat tlements, and the enemy rooted out from all Western America. The march next morning is described as a splendid spectacle ; being made in full military array, with a majestic river on one hand, and deep woods on the other. Not an enemy appeared, and the most profound silence reigned over this wild territo- ry. They proceeded, forded the stream, and were passing a rough tract cov- ered with wood, which led direct to the fort, when suddenly a destructive fire was poured in upon the front, while another rapidly followed on the right flank. The assault was contim'.jd by an enemy who remained invisible, closely hidden behind trees and ravines. The vanguard fell back in a confusion which soon became general. Their only hope would now have been to quit their ranks, rush behind the bushes, and fight man to man with their assailants ; but Brad- dock insi: ^ed on forming them into platoons and columns, in order to make regular discharges, which stmck only the trees. After some time spent in these fruitless eifotts, with the hidden fire still unabated, a general fight ensued, that of the regulars being the most precipitate and shameful, while the only stand waa made by the Virginian hunters. The officers in general remained on the field while there s-iemed any hope of rallying their troops, and, consequently, out of eighty-six engaged, sixty-three were killed or wounded ; the commander himself mortally. Of the privates, 714 fell ; the rout was complete, and the more dis- graceful, in that it was before an inferior enemy, whose number did not exceed 850, of whom only 250 were Europeans. During this disastrous day, Wash- ington displayed an admirable courage and coolness. After the fall of so many officers, he alone remained to convey orders, and was seen galloping in every direction across the field, amid the thickest fire ; yet, by a dispensation which seemed providential, though four balls passed through his clothes, and two horse.^ were killed under him, he escaped unhurt ; and very contrary to his wish, this melancholy disaster greatly elevated his reputation. The remnant of the army retreated precipitately into the low country, whither the French considered themselves too weak to pursue them. Meantime, a militia force of about 5,000 men waa assembled at Albany, fdt nn expedition against the important fortress of C'rown roint, on the borders of Canada. The commander was William Johnson, an Irishman, who had risen .,---; .-fc^tad-w ^-!3J)** --**i...*.» «*-»*•■«•)» k><—*-J.= i».4«>**4»JvMl?'ffGii3W>- OF THE AMERICAN UEV(M,UTI()N. Ilk from the ranks, and whose unconunon luidily strength, witli ;i rude rncrtjy of I'liariicfer, had onaldt'd liiin to acquire a jircater inlhience over the Inchan trilies than any other British oHieer. Havin<; readied tlie soutliern extremity of [-ai,e George, and h-arned that the enemy were «'r, lioili to him and his nlliccrij, and then; wnt acconhiiijlv kimUi'il ihrt)iii;liiint the cKhinics a df('|i thirst lor vcnucancp. Hitherto tliis war had hcfii an almost coiitinucd serifs of disaster and dis- ({race , ami in Kiirope similar results were seen to I'ollow the I'eelile measures of the eal>iiiet. Hut the spirit ol" the nati'in, heing now aroused, forced into power William Pitt, perlia|)s the most enerijetie war minister who has ever swayed the Hriiish counciis. Adverse to military operations in Germany, lie turned his main aiiention to the North Ameriean colonies, and by vigorously an- noiineniir his rescdution, ilrew forth from themselves strenuous exertions. Lord Loiidon was superseded hy Amh(?rst, a more al)le eommander ; while the most active |)art was assigned to Wolfe, a young ollicer, in whom the discerning eye of I'm discovered u rising military genius. It being determined to strike the rirst blow against Louisburg, considered the centre, of French power in that quarter, an expedition sailetl against it in May, 1757, and by the end of July cliiedy through his exertions, it was compelled to surrender. This success was followed u|) next year by a more formidable attempt, under the same commander, against Ijuebec, capital of New F^rance. On the 13th September, 1759, a splen- did victory, dearly purchased indeed by the death of that gallant olficer, placed the city in the undisputed possession of Britain. Alter this trium|)h, France could with difficulty maintain her jwsts in the in- terior. In 1758, General Abercromby, with 16,000 regulars and provincials, marched against Grown Point and Ticonderoga. The first skirmish was marked by the fall of Lord Howe, a young officer of high promise, and much beloved in America. The commander, having soon after made a premature assault on the last-mentioned fort, was repulsed with considerable loss, when he raised the siege and precipitately retreated. Colonel Bradstreet, however, at the head of a detachment, captured Fort Frontignac, a post of some consequence on Lake Ontario. -Meantime the Virginians, notwithstanding their most earnest wishes, had in vain attempted to renew the expedition against Fort Duquesne ; having placed under the command of Washington >» lorce barely sufficient to check the incur- sions of the French and Indians. In 1758, however, under the auspices of Pitt, General Forbes arrived with a body of troops, which the provincials soon raised to 6,000 ; but, lontrary to the urgent advice of the American, instead of pushing on by a track already formed, he undertook to cut a new one through forests almost impracticable. He accordingly failed to reach the scene of action till November, when the season was too late for active operations, and the provis- ions were nearly exhausted. A party under Major Grant, having rashly ad- vanced, were defeated with great loss. The situation of the army appeared very serious, when news arrived that the "arrison, reduced to 500, and dis- couraged probably by the fall of Louisburg and the dangers menacing Canada, had set tire to the fort, and retreated in boats down the river. The Indians, who had already abandoned their cause, readily entered into terms with the British, and tranquillity was established along the whole line of the back settlements. By ilip peace of Paris, France ceded it and all the adjacent countries. Spain was also obliged to yield Florida ; and Britain acquired a vast, compact, and flourishing empire, reaching from the arctic zone to the Gulf of Mexico. It would have been satisfactory could we have added a particular view of the progress made during this period by the colonies, in population, industry, and wealth. Their advance was certainly most rapid ; yet the details are scanty and in many cases doubtful. They were favored by a combination of circum- stances almost unprecedented. An industrious race, skilled in agriculture, were transported to a country where land to any extent could be easily obtained « >iir»'' .It*,, ,M^3iWtk/M)|Xf.':f^5-r^4^^ OF THK A.MEKICAN KKVOLHTION. !1J )CC!IS10I1 , lltTl! Wil« iiiid (lis- iii'iisureM ci'il iiitu tiiaiiy, lie roiisly ail- l.oni the iiiu!>t riling eye strike the ill tlial of July cccss was iiiiiiaiider, 1», a splen- <;r, placed I'hf abundance of the neceesaries of life llius produced, removed all check to marriage and the rearing of children : wiiiie the same circumstances invited a conlinual iullux of emigrants from i'',urope. Hence arose a rapid increase of population, of which the modern world at least had never seen any example , doiihling, it was supposed, in twenty-live or even twenty years. The commercial progress of the colonies was e(]ually rapid, and excited a still greater interest. Their exports consisteil almost exclusively of the rude productions of land ; a circumstance most grateful to the Knglish people, since it naturally led to the desire to take their commodities in exchangt . Their prog- ress in agriculture, by absorbing at once their capital and their labor, prevented them from making any attempt to manufaciure goods for themselves ; while, by increasing their wealth, it induced them to prefer the fabrics of hritain lo the rude home-made stuffs with which they had been at first conlenied. There was, however, a difficulty in finding articles, such as the rich prodiuis of the West indies, which would obtain a place in the market of Europe. Silk and wine, the early objects of hope and pride, never succeeded ; and though, in 1731, there were exported from Virginia three hundred weight of the former, llieir expectations from this source proved ultimately fallacious. What they vainly sought, however, came upon them from unexpected quarters ; and we have seen how tobacco forced itself into the place of a leading exjiort. During the present period, Virginia and Maryland became the chief sour<'es whence all Europe was supplied. In 1744 and the two succeeding years, Ilritain imported 40,000,000 pounds, whereof 30,000 were re-exported. Rice also was accident- ally introduced in the manner already mentioned ; and so congenial was the swampy soil of Carolina to its culture, that nearly the whole quantity consumed in Europe was raised in that plantation. The productions of the northern col- onies being nearly the same with those of Britain, met with no demand from our merchants ; but the surplus of grain found a market in Spain and I'orttigal ; provisions and timber were sent to the West Indies ; and thence they obtained the mean« to pay for foreign manufactures. To New England again, the fish- eries and shipbuilding were a continual source of ever-increasing wealth. The following exhibits a view of the progressive increase of imports and eX| irts from 1700 to 1763:— New England... New York Pennsylvania.... Virginia, and Maryland .... Carolina Georgia 1701 1730 1750 1763 1 British Imports. Exports. £ 86,322 31,910 12,003 199,683 13,908 3l3"ii26 Imports. Exports. £ 208,196 64,356 48,592 150,931 64,785 536,860 Imports. £ 48,455 35,634 28,191 1 508,939 191.607 1 1,942 |814,768 Exports. Imports. Exports. £ 32,656 18,547 5,220 233,738 16,973 309,134 £ 54,701 8,740 10,582 346,823 151,739 .572,585 £ 343,659 267,130 217,713 349,419 133,037 2,125 1,313,083 £ 74,815 53,988 38,228 642,294 282,366 14,469 £ 258,854 2;J8,560 284,152 5,'>5,391 250,132 44,908 1,106,160 1,631,997 In 1769, a merchant, under the title of The American Traveller (4to, London, 1769), published a very detailed statement of the commerce of the colonics, on an average of the preceding three years ; and as this does not seem to be gen- erally known, we here present a summary, which may interest some clh^sea of readers : — 8 14 PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOIA : lON. I Maana* Hxntnl Ntiw IVniisyi- Virf'a A Nurth South .1. . i rlllUfirj N K. _\jwk_ varii:>. MarylM. Ciirnlina Carolina Oeorfia. Total. £ £ £ £ £ r £ £ £ Dry Cod . . . lOIMHMI _ — — . ^ l(K?,i""l Pt ;kled Fiih . . M.INHI :,iHH) — — _ _ «_ ■ .■i.!)! ' Timber .... 4S,IHHI 30,0 H) JS.nou 35,000 55.000 15.000 10,000 11,000 33M.IHXI Shir. .... Itf.lMNI — H,t)UO IT.Sirn 30,000 _ 6,000 ... II «,.'>(») WhHie and Cod Oil, *c. . . . lU.WM) OT.5.10 — — _ .« _ ' «iiKI I.lve Slock . . l-.UOO SS.IHK) 17,0(10 SO.OUU .. 13,000 _ ^^ iVMi Saltnd n«ar and 1 Pi'.k .... IS.W) •J.lMH) 36.000 ss.uuo 15,000 « 33,000 . MU.MO I'Mluh . . au.wH. ':,ulK) M,IH)0 — _ ... — . ^ fi.imo Uneswax, Ac. . D.'XHi — l,5(K) 1,000 — . _ — . — II.VHJ FIdur and biicutt — — siii.uoo 350,000 -. .. idKi.uod (•Min .... — — . IKMHKI iiajKJo 70,000 .» ia,ooo 304, IK HI Skins .... — _ 3S,IKI0 50,000 35,(HX) ^ 45,000 17,000 i:3,IHW Ciinper and Iron Tobacco . . . — — SII.OOU 35,000 35,(K)0 _ *. — Wl.UOd — — — — 768.000 M.OOO _ — 783.1100 Rica -.. — — — . — — 190,000 M.OOO as«,noo Indiiio .... — — — — i* _ 50,000 1,700 i»,70"' Tar — ^ — -. _ I7»fl00 8.iM)0 — . 30,400 Hninp .... — ^ — — . aj.ooo ^ ^ .^ 11,1100 Flniiieed . . . — — 14,000 S0,000 N.rKH) — — — S8,ono Samafras . . . .— — — ^ 7.'»*0 .» «. » 7,(H)0 Silk — — — — . _ — . l,S0O 150U Sundrias . . , — — — — 11,500 — 6,000 17,500 Xijmnn . . ro,soo 114,900 4afl,son 7ti ',.•''■) 1,: .i>.n.. IW,300 39}.600 74,300 3,305.100 '«poiU . . l»»,C80 11,000 S3I U'-i tli,MA> St^.O"! 18,000 tA>,OUO 49,000 LMIiOt'l >Ll : lON. eorfia. Tot»l. * r £ .- \liii 1' '1 ..^ l.'t.ii' 11,000 {1}M.(H><> — llti.Mxl — « Slid M_ MU.MU — )'i,im(i — 11, v«) — rt(KI,U(i;' — :i(>4,(Nii> 17,000 ITS.IHW — WI.UIHI — 78«,I10«I 10.000 'iM.im 1,700 51, TO"- — J0,4U« — 11,(101) — ss.nno ... 7,(I(M) s.soo ».5U)| «,0(I0 __rj50()l T4,S00 3,395.100! 4I>,U00 »,IM»,0|. own an extreme anxiety to man; way ; and during heir silent growth, when commui frequent, they gem rally attained this object. Occasi' seized with jealous feelings, and sent out strict ai the planters, by del y, coupled with firm and respc contrived to evade t leir execution. The discouragen though unfair, was c >■ little consequence, when such i at all events have bt-en premature. The monopoly ol i a more serious evil, was so accordant with the contractf they never thought oi disputing the right, or expecting it at sacrifices, in the ar- owerful rival ; and th« the mutual ties. The < and nothing indicated iiie .mpire asunder, and to Worlds. reth tending toward this « i zealous allegiance to the ' latest period they did not rliament : yet they had at their affairs in their own Ui was tedious and nn- laiiy the monarchs were mperious mandates ; but ! remonstrance, usually t to their manufactures, r. (iches of industry would heir commerce, though iews of the age, that , t to be enforced. It was, bosides, execute 1 with so much laxness, that the most lucrative deaimgs were carried on clandestinely with very little interruption. On this point Brit- ish jealousy was at length roused ; customhouses were erected, and cruisers stationed along the coast. , , , . • j In Gre»t Britain, meanwhile, the light under which the colonies were viewed underwent a material alteration. Free nations, it has been often observed, are peculiarly apt to domineer over subject states. The people regarded with the highest complacency their sway over a vast transatlantic empire : according to U)rd Chatham, even the chimney-sweepers on the streets talked boastinglv of =-^^-9aKH^*ge%^^"J= - 116 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY their subjects in America. The ■ itire subservience of the settlers, the powei of parliament to impose upon them both laws and taxes, had always at home boon held undisputed. In their infant state, hov.ever, when struggling with poverty and danger, there had been neither motive nor disposition to enforce these claims ; and the occasional attempts to subvert their privileges, having b6en made in a violent manner by arbitrary and unpopular monarchs, had ex- cited sympathy among the great body of the nation. The case was altered, when they had attained a degree of prosperity which enabled them undoubtedly to make a certain contribution toward the general interests of the empire ; and some benefit mi]^it reasonably be expected from the vast exertions mrde in order to promote their security. The effect of these, indeed appeared in a serious derangement of the national finances. The budget of 1764 exhibited an expen- diture hitherto unprecedented, leaving a deficiency of about three millions, which was with difficulty supplied by temporary resources and by encroachment on the sinking fund. Successive changes in the ministry had raised to its head George Grenville, an honest statesman, of great political knowledge and indefatigable application ; but his mind, according to the able view of his character drawn by Burke, could not extend beyond the circle of official routine, and was unable to estimate the result of untried measures. He saw only the emptiness of the British exchequer, the capability of the Americans to pay a certain revenue, and the supposed unquestionable right to levy it. Under these views, the minister, on the 10th March, 1764, introduced a se- ries of resolutions, asserting the right and expediency of requiring America to contribute to the general exigencies of the empire, and specifying a stamp-duty as an eligible mode. These formidable propositions, which were to shake Europe and America to their foundations, were passed by parliament in the inost thoughtless and careless manner. There is no record of speech or vote against them in either house. Mr. Grenville proceeded, on the 5th May, with as little opposition as before, to bring in an act imposing the Intended duty. He showed considerable indulgence toward the colonies, having, on the first moving of the resolutions, sent for their agents, and stated his intention not to push the measure through that session, but to give them an opportunity of passing it themselves, or of raising in any other manner the required sum of jClOO,000. These resolutions, being transmitted to America, excited the strongest and most hostile feeling ; and the colonial assemblies almost unanimously advanced the claim of having the sole right of imposing taxes on their fellow-citizens. They maintained that recent duties on imported goods had materially encroached on this right, which the proposed act would entirely extinguish, and thus reduce them completely to the condition of slaves. The assembly of Massachusetts, however, after passing resolutions to the full extent of this principle, were induced by Mr. Hutchinson so to modify them as to rest their opposition solely on the ground of expediency. The other states, particularly Virginia and New York, took also a decided part, and petitions of the same tenor were for- warded from many of them to Great Britian. Dr. Franklin, already a highly distinguished person, appeared in London as agent for Pennsylvania. He and th() others endeavored to impress strongly upon the minister the hopelessness of the Americans ever submitting to this arbitrary 'node of taxation. Mr. Grenville, early in February, 1765, brought his Stamp Act again before parliament. Voices, few indeed, but loud, were now raised against it. General Conway and Alderman Beckford denied the right of taxing America : Colonel Barre, with others, condemned it only as highly inexpedient, and even unjust, while the monopoly of her trade was retained. The latter gentleman began a course of most energetic and persevering opposition to the measure. He re- pelled the alleged obligations of the colonies to tha vaathei country, describing :;*>;.,- OF THE AMERICAN RKVOIATION he i>owei i at home ling with o enforce ;s, having , had cx- s altered, doubtedly pire ; and e in order a serious an expen- ins, which ent on the id George lefatigable drawn by unable to i8S of the renue, and uced a se- Lmerica to itamp-duty to shake n the mo&t )te against th as little le showed ing of the le measure [lemselves, )ngest and r advanced w-citizens. mcroached bus reduce sachusetts, iple, were opposition irginia and r were for* ly a highly He and tpelessness gain before . General a : Colonel ven unjust, man began e. He re- describing \ Fig. 47. — Portrait of Colonel Barre. them as driven from her bosom by persecution, and raised up by their own en" ergies amid many oppressions ; as a people at once noble and truly loyal, bm jealous of their liberties, which they wt^re determined to vindicate. The act, nowever, passed in the Commons by a majority of 250 to 50, and in the Lords with scarcely any opposition. The petitions had been generally rejected, on account of their denying the parliamentary right of taxation ; that of New York was so intemperate, that no one dared to present it. The act received the royal assent on the 22d March, though it was not to take effect till November fol- lowing. J 1 Virginia had always been an aristocratic colony, and hitherto considered peculiarly loyal ; but her opulent planters now appeared animated by a most daring spirit of independence. The assembly being then in session, Patrick Fenry, at that time one of the most eloquent "men in America, brought forward a series of resolutions against the proposed measure, supported by a speech, in which he said, " Caesar had his Brutus, Charles I. his Cromwell, and George in. — " being interrupted by loud cries of treason, he added, " may profit by theii example." The resolutions were modified, and different versions are given of those finally adopted ; but they certainly denied, in the most unqualified terms, the right of taxation claimed. Similar sentiments flew like lightning through the other states, which had at first displayed some degree of apathy. The most momentous step was taken by the assembly of Massachusetts, which, on the 6th June, 1766, circulated among the others the proposition for a general congress to meet at New "York, and arrange in concert the means of avertinjj the threat- ened evil. Nine colonies responded to this call, the others being prevented chiefly by the difliculty of convoking their assemblies. The deputies from Bos- ton, on their arrival, waited upon the goveri\or, and, representing their meeting as regular, informed him of its object and nature. He warned them against it as quite unconstitutional, and which could in no shape be sanctioned ; yet with- out attempting to obstruct the proceedings. In a series of fourteen resolutions •hey denounced the injustice and ruinous consequences of their being taxed withou: being represented ; a privilege which, from their distance, they declared :ikt,i-:. ■ ;18 THE PICTORIAL HISTORV F». 48.— Portrait of Patrick Henry. It impossible for them to er.joy. They (li.l not intimate any willingness to raise a revenue themselves, but maintained that the great advantages derived by Britain from the monopoly of American commerce formed an ample contribution. In an address to the throne, and petitions to both houses of parliament, these sentiments were forcibly expressed ; vet they decbired that their connexion wut the empire formed their greatest happiness and security, aiul that its harmonious maintenance was the object of their most ardent desire. These documents were si«med by only six commissioners ; while others had authority only to report to their state assemblies. All those bodies, however, iilliinately approved the pro- ceedings ; and this first united act of the colonies ag.uiist the mother country bore certainly a most portentous aspect. But the dreaded crisis arose when the first cargo of stamped paper was land- ed upon the American shores. Boston was the centre of tumult. On the 15th ol August, the multitude hung on a tree the effigy of Mr. Oliver, the stamp-master ; and the sheriff, when ordered to take it down, declared it was impossible, with- out hazarding the lives of those employed. At dusk, the people carried the figure to the town-house, where the council were assembled, and raised three loud huzzas in token of defiance. They then took it to the front of his house, where they cut off the head, after which, notwithstanding the defence made by his friends, they burst open the door, proclaiming their intention to seize him ; but he had escaped. The council, having sent orders to a colonel of militia to beat an alarm, was told that it would signify nothing, for the drummer would be knocked down, and that probably every one belonging to the regiment was among the mob. Next morning, Mr. Oliver, to save his life, resigned his office, and whenever any one was heard of who defended or was likely to succeed him, a day was fixed formobbinghis house ; a measure which was preceded by a bon- fire in front of the dwelling, and cries of " liberty and property. 1 he mob, meeting ho resistance, proceeded to still greater extremities. On the 2bth they demolished the residences of the registrar-deputy and comptroller of the customs ; after which they hastened to that of the governor, who not having the slightest apprehension, was with difficulty persuaded iiy his lamily .o quit it. 1 he peo OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 11» igness to raisa Bs derived by le contribution, rliament, these ;onnexion with its harmonious ocuments were nly to report to )roved the pro- nother country aper was land- On the 15th ol stamp-master ; ipossible, with- le carried the (1 raised three t of his house, fence made by to seize him ; el of militia to nmer would be lent was among his office, and succeed him, a eded by a bon- yr." The mob, 11 the 26th they of the customs ; ng the slightest t it. The peo pie rushed in, r.nd immediati'ly bi-gan its total destruction, involving that of a fine library, together with important manuscripts illustrative of the history of the Slate from its earliest seillement. Next morning, the street was found strewed with plate, rings, money, and other valuable a. tides. Boston being now threatened with entire destruction, the principal inhabitants repaired to the gov ernor, and oflVred to restore the dominion of law, on condition that no penal pro- ceedings should be held on account of the first commotion, directed solely againa tlie stamps ; and it was only by this compact that order was restored. In New York the people advanced in arms to attack the fort in which the obnoxious ar- :icle had been lodged, and this post not being deemed tenable, the commander thought it necessary to deposite the object of their resentment in the hands of the magistrates. Movements somewhat similar were organized at every place of landing ; at the same time, combinations were proposed for discontinuing the use of all British manufactures. In England, meanwhile, affairs took a favorable turn for the colonists, througli circumstances wholly independent of the merits of the question. From ceruin causes, an account of which falls not within our range of inquiry, ministerial at fairs were in a very unsettled slate. A turn of the political wheel brought into power the Marquis of Rockingham, a nobleman professing principles decidedly liberal. The colonial department was entrusted to General Conway, who had Fio. 49.— Portrait of Cit-neral Conway. atood forward as the zealous advocate of the Americans. His views were seconded by petitions from Jjondon, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, New- castle, Glasgow, and other great commercial towns, deprecating the loss of their lucrative commerce. Yet ministers were beset with considerable difficulties, having to maintain the honor of the British government, which would be serious- ly compromised and its authority weakened, by yielding to a resistance thus violently urged. In the debate on the address, Mr. Grenville maintained that if Great Britain yielded, America was lost ; what was now almost rebellion would become revolution. " The seditious spirit in the colonies owed its birth, he said, to '.actions in the house. Wo were bid to expect disobedience ; what I'iO THE PICTORIAL HISTORY was this but telling tlie Aiiiericaiis to resist— to encourage their obstinacy with the expectation of support ^" This argument, however, seems untenable, when we consider the apathy shown in parliament till the disturbances had actually arisen Mr. Nugent, "afterward Lord Clare, insisted that the colonies should at least be obliged to own the right of taxation, and to solicit the repeal of the late act as a favor. The opposite cause was most strenuously advocated by Mr. Pitt, who, after a long illness, reappeared on the scene. On the proposal to tax America, so great he said had been his agitation for the consequences, that if he could have been carried in his bed, and placed on the floor of the house, he would come to bear testimony against it. He maintained the supremacy of Great Britain in all matters of government and legislation ; the greater must rule the less ; but taxes were a gift or grant from the people ; and how could any assembly give or grant what was not their own. " I rejoice, ' said he, ' thai America has resisted. Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings ot liberty as voluntarily to submit to be slaves, would have been fit instruments to make slaves of the rest."—" In a good cause, on a sound bottom, the force of this country can crush America to atoms. But on this ground your success would be hazardous. America, if she fell, would fall like the strong man ; she would embrace the pillars of the state, and pull down the constitution along with The ministers, after a good deal of consideration, determined to bring in a bill for the repeal of the Stamp Act, combined with a declaration of the power of Britain to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever. This pointed expression, meant to soothe the opposite party, appeared to imply the power of taxation, and was indeed so explained by Conway, though as one only to be exercised in ex- treme cases. Yet very great difficulty was found in carrying it through the houses. In the Commons the minority was 167 to 275 ; in the Lords, 71 to 105. Thirty-thr^e of the latter joined in a protest, stating, that after the decla- ration already made, " such a submission of King, Lords, and Commons, in so strange and unheard-of a contest," would amount to an entire surrender of Brit- ish supremacy. . , The news of this repeal was received in the colonies with gratitude and sat- isfaction ; and they passed over the declaratory portion of the act, as merely in- tended to save the honor of the British legislature. The assembly of Massachu- setts passed a vote of thanks to the king, to whom the house of burgesses in Vir^rinia voted the erection of a statue. The greatest difficulty respe ^teu com- pel sation to the sufTerers by the disturbances, which was demanded in mild but urgent terms by General Conway. Though not absolutely repelled, great back- wardness was shown in fulfilling it, especially in Massachusetts, where com- plaints were made that Governor Bernard made the requisition m a more per- emptory manner than his dispatches had authorized. After long delay the measure was agreed to, but combined with a general pardon to all concerned in the riots, a proceeding considered by the government as wholly irrelevant and beyond their jurisdiction. Notwithstanding these obstacles, the compensation was at length everywhere adjusted. A new clause in the Mutiny Act, however, by which it was required that the troops sent out should be furnished not only wi^h quarters but with beer, salt, and vinegar, was represented as only a dis- guised form of taxation. In New York, where it came first into operation, the assembly refused to issue orders for its enforcement. The colonies had thus shown a disposition to remain attached on certain terms to the mother country, yet combined with an extreme and determined jealousy of any encroachment. In such circumstances, prudence evidently enjoined the strictest caution and a study to maintain things as they were, rather than at- temp' novel and dovbtful measures. Unhappily, though there was no want of OF THE AMEHICAN UEVOLUTION 1U\ stiiiacy with iiiililc, when had actually ies should at al of the late by Mr. Pitt, posal to tax OS, that if he he house, he iprcinacy of ter must rule w could any lid he, " thai e feelings of struments to the force of ,'our success ig man ; she m along with )ring in a bill the power of 1 expression, taxation, and srcised in ex- . through the Lords, 71 to ler the decla- inmons, in so snder of Brit- itude and sat- as merely in- of Massachu- burgesses in jspe ;ted com- sd in mild but d, great back- , where com- ri a more por- ing delay the concerned in irrelevant and compensation Act, however, ished not only as only a dis- operation, the n certain terms lined jealousy ontly enjoined rather than at- ras no want of talent among the statesmen of the day, ministerial arr!iiiL'<'m<'iitsc(iiitiiiiit'dvery fluctuating and unsettled. An «Mitiiely now cabinet came into iiower, at the head of winch indeed was nominally .\lr. i'itt, tlie friend of America ; but his hcaltli was bo broken, tliat he took no share whatever in public measures, and not be- ing expected to recover, had lost Ills wonted influence. The lead was takeTi l)y Charles Townshend, a man of the most brilliant wit and eloquence, and whose power over the House of Commons was almost unl)ouniled ; yet destitute «i solid and statesman-like views, and, according to Burke, impelled by an inordi- nate vanity to the hopeless attempt of pleasing the most opposite parties. He soon found that concession to America was in bad odor among the majority of the house, and was slung, it is said, by taunts from his old colleague, Mr. Gren- ville, who reproached him with cowardice in not daring to act on his own prin- ciples. Under these impul.ies, he determined to undertake this perilous measure in a diflerent sluipe, which might, it was hoped, be less oflensive and more ef- flcacious. In May, 17f)7, he introduced a bill imposing a duty on tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, exported from England to America. As the colonists could receive these articles only from Britain, a tax was thus inevitably entailed, to which, after what had passed, their submission could never be expected. Yet we have again to wonder at the supine apathy of parliament, and particularly of those members who afterward impugned the measure with the greatest ve- hemence. The bill passed rapidly through both houses, and on the 29th June received the royal assent. By another act, resident commissioners of customs were established in the colonies, and other regulations made for the more stric collection of the revenue. The principle of these arrangements could not be objected to ; yet, as in fact a very extensive contraband trade had long entercL into the traffic of the Americans, they p.essed upon them with a new severity, which they could scarcely brook. On intelligence of these acts being received among them, all the elements of opposition were again in movement. A number of publications, particularly Mr. Dickinson's " Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer," ta\ight the people to regard them as a decided attack on their liberties. The general assembly of Massachu- setts, having met in January, 1768, drew up a petition to the king, asserting in decided though not violent terms the right of not being taxed without their own consent. They took the more obnoxious measure of sending a circular, em- bodying the same sentimenU, to the asstmblies of the other colonies, inviting their co-operation. This last step excited the utmost jealousy in the British ministers, who instructed Governor Bernard to call upon them to rescind their resolt'i;r>n, and, in case of non-compliance, to dissolve them. The house, how- ever, in June, 1768, by a vote of 92 to 17, adhered in the most positive manner to these proceedings ; when their immediate dissolution followed. The govern- ment sent a counter circular to the other assemblies, warning them to beware of the dangerous and factious conduct of Massachusetts. It failed, however, to prevent a cordial concurrence of all the leading bodies, several of whom repelled with vehemence the attempt to dictate to them, or to control their proceedings. At Boston, meantime, fresh grounds of irritation continually arose. The com- missioners of customs arrived, and one of their officers was placed on board the sloop LiBKRTV, belonging to John Hancock, a zealous patriot, laden with wines from Madeira. The functionary, on attempting to exercise his duties, was con- lined in the cabin, and the whole cargo was landed during the night. The ves- sel was in consequence condemned and seized ; upon which the people rose in tumult, burned a custom House boat, and compelled the commissioners to flee for safety on board the Roinney ship of war. The assemblies strongly condemned these proceedings, inviting even the government to prosecute ; but there appeared 132 I'HE PICTORIAL HISTORY Kio. 00.— Portrait of John Hancock. 8u little prospect of obtaining cither witnesses or juries who would convict, tnti no such attempt was made. , . , . The aaitation excited bv this event was beijrhtened by another, which was in a great deKree its consequence. Two regitnents were ordered from I^^w YorK to be quartered at Bo-to... The lirst rtnnor of this measure raised an extraor.l nary ferment ; a town meeting was held, at.d a committee appointed, ^ho ^^^^ on the governor to ascertait. the tn.ih of the report, and solicit him to convene the assetnbly. He did not deny the fact, but declared that he was unable to comply with the request without instructions from home. The people th«" P «' ceeded to the very serious measure of finding a substitute for the assembly, by inviting the other towns to nominate deputies, and thus form a ;'«"^f""°"_JJ^- tending, too, the dread of a war with France, they issued orders that every in- habitant, according to an allege.l law of the state, should provide l"">f « J^'f * musket and the reauisite ammunition. All the towns except one ««n\^eputies who assembled in ihe beginning of September Th«y immediately despatched three members to the governor, with a petition, disclaiming any "l^f.^^f^f "T^^ an authoritative character, but professing merely to have met m thw ^arK and distressing time to consult and advise as to the best mcaiis of preserving peace and good order;" and concluded with a request ^« . "^^» '^^ ^^'^i He refused to receive the message, or in any shape recognize the meeting anU next day wrote a leitev, admonishin-,' them to separate without 'le'ay. 1 hey ma not immediately comply; yet not being actuated by the violent te^pe which prevailed among the citizens, they merely prepared a petition «^^e king ex founding their grievances, but professing the most decided loyaUy and a desire lo cultivate harmony with Great Britain. In a report addressed to the people, ,*hile setting forth the alarming state of the country, ^^^y ^.''V'^'^iVnTmmiu submission to legal authority, and abstinence from all acts °f ^'°^«"^« *"fJ7 "^ They then separated after a session of five days. The troops now a"'ved, and as the council and inhabitants refused to take any steps for ^l^^V'Tr^ «om« the governor was obliged to encamp part on the common, and assign to some quarter, in the market-hall and state-house ; positions that greatly aggiavated »he odium with which they were regarded. -,.4&v,->..:. ' i- ^'S':^S^.i^." ^i>;Kk:**- OF THE A.MKIUL-aN in:V()IJ"ll()N. u , convict, tn« which was in itn New York an extraordi d, who waited iin to convene vas unable to ople then p -o- assembly, by ention. Pre- that every in- limse " with a sent deputies, ily despatched la of assuming 'in this dark of preserving the assembly, e meeting, and ay. They did temper which the king, ex- , and a desire to the people, !8tly inculcated ice and tumult, iw ariived, and iccommodation, assign to some atly aggiavated Another imporlaiii step to wliidi tlx^ Aim'ricaiis were now impelli*d was an agrfemenl for the noii-iniportatioii of British <;(i(i(l«. This, Innvcvor, wus ac- compllsVieil with great diiriciilty, the people beiiii; tlierehy (le|)rive{l ol' nearly all (lie eonvenieiiees am! luxuries of life ; wliili" the nierch-iiits, the most active op- poiientft of the mother country, were tlireateiieil witli ruin. 'I'he proposition, iil'ier being suggested, hiy some time dormant, nor, till August, 1 7f)8, was it fully lieiermined upon, even in .Ma-ssatlniselts. Virgiiii i next followed the example which Lord Mottttourt, the governor, vainly emit'avored to prevent by dissolving .he assemljly. In this measure Washington took an active part, and his con llilential letters intimate that he already contemplated a resort to arms as in evitable. Other colonies were iiKhieed U> join. In the beginning of I7(i9, these proct^edings being brought under the view of the Uriiish parliament, excited in a great majority the most decided reprobation Uoih houses passed a series of resolutions declaring the pretension of not being hoiinil by the acts of the legislature " illegal, unconstitutional, and deroga- tory »>!' the rights of the crown and parliament of Great Britain." The circular letter of the Massachusetts assembly, the assemblage and proceedings of the Boston convention, were characterized as daring insults on his majesty's anthor- iiy. and audacious usurpations of the powers of goveriinumt. In an address to the king, the lords assured him of support in maintaining the laws in Massachu- setts Bay, and prayed information respecting all persoM accused of treason in the said colony, that they mijrht be dealt with according to the act 35 Henry VI 11., which directs such to be brought to England, and tried under a special commission. The resolution and address, when brought down to the Commons, encountered a warm opposition. Governor Pownall, intimately acquainted with the colonies, and actuated seemingly by patriotic motives, strongly advised min- isters to pause, and do nothing to inflame the Americans, whom he described as sincerely attached to the mother country; yet jealous in the extreme of those liberties for which their iincestors had made such sacrifices. Yet ihe resolutior was passed by IGl to 65. At this time, however, another entire change took place m official arrange- ments, when Lord North began his long and eventful career. He possessed ex- tensive and varied knowledge, considerable eloquence, with peculiar rkill in de- bate, and address in managing the house. Yet he wanted the decisive charac- ter of mind which would have fitted him for that formidable crisis he could not avoid. He was incapable of originating or of acting upon any comprehensive plan, while, on the other hand, he was easily hurried into hasty and incon- siderate measures, from the effects of which he had not skill to extricate himself. Almost every new minister had opened his career by concession to the pro- I'incials ; and one of Lord North's temper was not likely to form an exception. The merchants, too, who were beginning to suffer severely by the non-importation proceedings, petitioned earnestly in favor of the colonies. The exports, which ill 1768 had amounted to £2,378,000, of which £132,000 wa« in tea, had fallen in 1769 to £1,634,000, the tea being only £44,000. On the 5th March, 1770, his lordship proposed to withdraw the duties recently imposed, as contrary to sound commercial principles, and tending to discourage their own manufactures. He retained only that on tea as an assertion of the Biltish right of taxation. Even George Grenville condemned this plan as inconsistent and imperfect, urging that one system or other ought to be thoroughly adopted ; while several members reprobated all concession, and insisted that the acts should be enforced with the united powers of '.he nation. An amendment by Governor Pownall that the tea duty also shoulc be repealed, was negatived by 204 to 142, and the Qriginal motion carried. 184 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY This measure in a gn-iii dejjree tr.iiKiuilizcd Aincrioa ; though iMnsidcrutjie materials of irritation were lel't. 'i he more zt^'ilous patriots contended, that as their objection had I ten to the principle, not the ainoiint of the taxes, the reten- tion of any one was ecjuivajent to a (-ontinuuncc of the whole. The resolution, also, respecting the conveyance of odenders to England for trial, though nevei in fact intended to he acted upon, excited rinnors and alarms. The Massachu- setts assembly advanced new and bolder claims, altogether denjing the powci of parliament even to legislate ; they complained also of the laws restraiiiiii;^ their manufactures, which wore doubtless impolitir-, but had hitherto been quietly submitted to, and in their actual state were of very small practical injur)'. .\ new arrangement, making the salaries of the governor and judges independent of the assembly, gave rise to strong remonstrances. They declared that no ar- rangement would satisfy them except the restoration of everything to the same footing as at the close of the late war. The removal of their body to Cambridge, and its long prorogations, heightened the discontent; while the p'-^-'^nce of the military was a continued source of complaint and irritation. During these parliamentary transactions, an occurrence happened in Bostor, the source and centre of opposition to British authority, which greatly exaspera- ted the Americans and removed the hopes of reconciliation to a greater distance than ever. Frequent quarrels had arisen between the inhabitants and the sol- diers, who had been stationed there in the autumn of 1 768 ; but the public peace was preserved till the evening of the 5th of March, 1770, when a scuffle ensued, near the barracks, between a few soldiers and some young men of the town : the soldiers pursued the young men through the streets ; the townsmen took the alarm ; the bells of the churches were rung ; the multitude assembled at the customhouse, and insulted and threatened the sentinel stationed there. Captain Preston, the officer on duty at the time, hastened with a party to support the sentinel : he endeavored to persuade the people to disperse ; but his efforts were unavailing. The mob became more riotous than before, throwing stones and other missiles at the military. At length a soldier who had been struck tired on the multitude ; some of his comrades soon followed his example : four persons were killed, and several wounded. The crowd fled, but soon collected in another street. The drums beat to arms ; the troops were diawn out ; and the itmost agitation and confusion prevailed in the town. A meeting of the inhabitants was held, and a deputation sent to the governor, t jquesting him to remove the troops. He assembled the council, who were of opinion that the removal of the troops would be for the good of his majesty's service. The troops were accordingly removed to Castle William. Captain Preston surrendered himself for trial ; an(. the soldiers who had been tinder hia command at the customhouse were taken into custody. Some days afterward, the bodies of those who had been killed in the riot, ac- companied by a great concourse of people, displaying emblematical devices cal- culated to inflame the popular mind, were carried in funeral procession through the town to the place of sepulture. The colonial newspapers gave an inflamma- tory accour.i of the transaption, representing it as an atrocious massacre oC 'he peaceabL inhabitants. The trial of Captain Preston and his party was delayed till the month of October, and Samuel Adams was assigned to him by the court IB his defender. Before that time the irritation of the public mind had son..<«- what abated ; and Captain Preston and six of his men, were acquitted by a Boston jury. Two of the party were found guilty of manslaughter. The news of the discontinuance of the American duties reached Boston while the minds of the people were much irritated by the death of their townsmen ; but in the inflamed state of the public mind the intelligence had little effect in «o«ithing their angry passions, or cherishing a spirit of conciliation. The ex- cv.»nsidcratj»e -iided, thai a) les. ihe retell- he resolution, though nevei he Massachu- iig the powci va restraiiii.ii; () been quid ly cal injur)'. A IS indepenchMil •ed that no ar- r to the same to Cambridge, roar nee of tho lied in Bostor, latly exaspera- reater distance s and the sol- le public peace scuffle ensued, I of the town : ismen took the senibled at the here. CapUin to support the his efforts were ing stones and I struck fired on } : four persona )n collected in rn out ; and the to the governor, il, who were of •f his majesty's lliam. Capuin I been under hia 1 in the riot, ac- ical devices cal- icession through ive an inflainma- massacre of 'he irty was delayed lim by the court mind had son.?- 1 acquitted by a Iter. ed Boston while their townsmen i lad little effect in iation. The ex- TUF. PlfTOHlAI, HISTORY Fio. 62.— Portrait of Samuel Adams. asperation and firm resolution to resist all parliamentary taxation, which prevaiieo in Massachusetts, did not exist, in the same degree, in the other colonies; and, therefore, in thsm the repeal of the duties had considerable influence on the public mind. In all the provinces much inconvenience had been felt in con- Bcquence of the non importation associations, and many of the people were glad to be released from them. Accordingly, they now held those associations no longer binding, except in regard to tea : some, indeed, wished to interpret them more rigorously, and to consider them obligatory till the tax on every article waa abrogated. But the general sense of the colonists was that they ceased in re- gard to every article from which the tax was removed, and that now they op- erated against tea only. Hence, during the remainder of this year and the whole of the next, the commerce of Britain with America was in a flourishing condition. , , , , • i In the southern and middle colonies, although the people were not entiiely satisfied with parliament, yet, for the sake of peace, they were generally in- clined to acquiesce in what it had done. The same spirit did not prevaU in tli» t^' IT Ich prevaiiea ler coloniea; influence on n felt in con- le were glad lOciations no iterpret them y article waa ceased in re- low they op- ear and the a flourishing I not entiiely generally in- prevail in th* U8 TiiF i^wrcmn.i msToRY north ; lor llu'r*- thf rolonists wrte indi^nniit at iJic rfstrirlioiis Iiiiil on th<'it coiniiurco h\ tin* »'st;il)li^liiMiut of an Aniericati board ol udmirally. and the nowvrB j^raiitcd to \\\v otliccrs of the navy, in ordrr to fid'orci' thi' ri-vciiu*' laws. l']u- zi'al (d thi'sf |)<'tiy "liiciTs w.ih (dtcii miirh urcait-r 'h(ii> ilh-ir priuU'ru-p . and llii-y lii;,ddy |iroM)krd ilic pcoitli- hy iln' vi'Xatious ai-li\ii\ and ui.solciicf witli whiili iln-y cxi'cnli'd ih'Mr connnisMidn. l,i''Uti'nant l)iidint;i*. |{y tills foiuhict, and liy coniiu'llinjj the packets tit lower their folors in passim; him, he liad heiiime llii' oltject oi' mmli ill will. On the ev iin<; of tin- 9lli cd' .Innc. 177'J, the Pruvidfiuf pacixei, with passeiiiiers on liitaril, came np with coliirH flynif;. and reliisiny to lower tlifjM. the lieiifenant lircdasli.it at ht-r ; winch Inin},' disrcjfarded. he nave chase. It was near liill tide, and the packet stood clostdy in to the land, lor the purpose ol' drawim; the (lasjier into shallow water : the design succeeded, and the schooner jfot last a>;ronnil about seven miles he- low Providence. The packet proceeded to llie town, where tln^ resolntion was Hoon lormed of atiackim; and destroviii}; the (ias|)er. Accordiiii;ly, alioiii two in the niorninij, a hody of armed men, in several whale-boats, hoarded the (Jasper, which was still ayroimd, forced the lieutenant, who was wounded in the scnllle, with ids crew, aslioie. and burned the schooner and her stores. 'l"hc Mriiish minihiry were incapable ot' derivinj^ wisdom from experience , for, after all the misthief which had resulted from their American acts, they still indtili^'ed the passion for colon al le>;islation. Hitherto the assembly of .Mas- sachusetts Hay had voted a .••canty allowance to the judges and to law oUicers of the crown ; Init about the bejiinning (d' 177v?, in oriler to render the judges more independent, the crown granted them liberal salaries out of the American reve- nue. The measure was unseasonable ; for every act of government was looked on with distrust and jealousy by the colonists ; and in the irritable state of the public mind at that time, the ijrant of salaries to the judges, being viewed as the wages of sul)serviency, created much alarm and agitation. The inhal)ilants of Hoston met on the 25th of October. Mr. Hutchinson wan then governor, having siiccofded Sir Francis Bernard in 1770: to him theypre- 8ente(l a petition, setting forth the evil tendency of the new regulation respecting the judges, and the alarm which it hail occasioned, and praying him to call an assembly. He refused : the people, therefore, appointed a committee to con- sider what was to be done in that season of danger, and to report to a subsequent meeting. The committee prepared a report more extensive than any that had hitherto been framed, comorehending the rights of the colonists as men, as cit- izens, and as Christians The inhabitants of boston met to receive the report, which was read and agreed to. It was ordered to be printed and circulated in the province, accom- panied by an exhortation to the people no h pger to doze or sit in supine in- difference, while the hand of oppression wa i tearing the choicest fruits from the tree of liberty. When the assembly met in January, 1773, the governor imprudently expatiated on the supreme legislative authority of the king and parliament. This fanned the dying embers ; and the assembly, instead of qualifying the claims contained in the resolutions of the people of Boston, avowed them in all their extent. In their address they openly denied the right of parliament to tax or to legislate for them in any respect whatsoever ; and added that, if in any late instances there had been a submission to acts of parliament, it had arisen rather from want «»f consideration, and a reluctance to contend with the parent state, than from a .ionviction of the supreme legislative authority of parliament. 'I '111 then l\ . ami tlu' ciiut' laws. pniiU'rice ; ilciri-t^ with *tV THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. :illt)lit'il "tlf ;i)iii|s. Hy i^Miiii; 'liin, )lll (if .lllllC, Willi folors rr ; wliii'li vcl wlooil iiw w.'itcr : mill's he- ()iiiti(>i\ was ilioiit iwi) ill thf (ias[M»r, llif siuffle, xpt'rience , ts. tlicy still biy of Mas- V orticers of judges more cricaii rove- was looked state of the ewed as the chinson wa« im they pre- in respecting m to call an ttoe to con- 1 subsequent my tliat had men, as cit- is read and ince, accom- I supine in- Liits from the ly expatiated This fanned ns contained extent. In legislate for tances there r from want than from a CHAPTER II. The independent spirit which had so ofteix manifpsted itself in the assembly •f/d colony of Massachusetts Hay, had been jiradualiy working its way into the other provinces. Since the time of the first congress, a mutual correspondence dad been ni.iintained between the leading men of the several colonies. The measures of tlie Urilish ministry had tended to promote atnoiig thorn an approxi- mation of political sentiment, and to make them feel the importance of union and ro-oporation in giving consistency and vigor to their measures. Hut although he colonies were determined to resist taxation by a Uritish parliament, yet there was not at this time among the great body of the people, nor even among their 'eaders, unless with perhaps a very few exceptions, the remotest iniontioii of a separation from Great Britain. But an act of parliament was passed this ses- sion, wnich brought matters to a crisis, and severed the American colonies for ever Irom the liritish empire. The East India Company enjoyed a monopo , ■ ng allowed their dflairs 10 fall into disorder, they applied to parlia n« r omplaining that their embarrast lents were partly owing to the . .. rbances, which had ifluened the demand for their tea, and left nearly 1 ,,c>.k),000 ibs. lying in their warehouses for want of a market; but unhappily the ministry resolved to relieve them. Kor this purpose parliament empowered the company to export fhoir tea to the colonies tree from all duties payable in Britain. The minisiry seem to have imagined that the company, by exporting the tea tc America in their own ships, would be enabled to relieve their overstocked warehouses ; that the colonial non-impurtation associations would be rendered iueffectiial ; and that the tax of three pence on the pound would necessarily be paid in America. But the quarrel had already proceeded too far to admit of the success of such a scheme. The Americans easily foresaw, that if the tea were landed in the provinces it would be impossible to check the sale and consumption of it , they, therefore took measures to prevent the discharging of their cargoes. In November news reached Boston that three sliips, loaded with tea, on ac- count of the East India Company, were on their way to that port. The inlbrma- tion threw the people into great commotion ; the consignees were tlrreaiened, and fled for safety to Castle William. On the arrival of the tea, a meeting of the inhabitants of Boston and of the neighboring towns was held, at which it was resolved to send back the ships without permitting them to discharge their cargoes. Notice of this resolution was given to the consignees and others inter- ested in the ships ; and the meeting adjourned to aflbrd them time to return their inswer. The captains wished to put to sea. without running the risk of losing their cargoes. But the governor, who had always recommended coercive meas- ".ires, found it easy to throw difTiculties in the way of an amicable arrangement. The clearance from the customhouse, which was necessary to authorize the sailing of the ship?, could not be obtained; besides, the vessels could not be al- lowed to pass Castle William without the governor's [lerniissioii, which he re f.i-sed to grant. The people, however, were too resolutely bent on their purpose 'o be diverted from it by such management. On the Itiili of December the ad- ^^'A »*■,., 130 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY jounied town meeting, after haviiiir heard an acconnt of al tlie proceedings la vlie aflfair, dissolved itself an. id cries of •' A mob, a mob 1'" and in the evening u anmber of armed men, disgnised like Mohawk Indians, boarded the three lea ships, and in al)oiit the space of two hours, broke open 312 chests of tea, valned al 18,000/. sterling, and discharged the contents into the sea Tlie work was delif)erately performed, and no property but the tea injured. The determined spirit of resistance to the introduction of this arti.le was not confined to Boston, but manifested itself in other places also, although it was noi attended with similar violence. In most instances the ships were obliged to rt-- turn without having discharged their cartroi^s. In Charlestown, after much op- position, the lea was permitted to bt^ laiidel, but was immediately lodged in damp cellars, where it long rem lined, and w;is finally s|)oiled. Information of the destructive proceedings at Boston reached Britain while parliament was sitting, ami w is cominunicated to both houses by messages from the crown. The people of ili it town had on so many occasicms shown an inde- pendent spirit, and had resisted oppression so often, that it was determined to make them feel the weight of parliamentary vengeance. For that |)urpose a bill was introduced on the 1 Uh of March, 1771, and received the royal assent on the 31st of the same montii, prohibiiing tlie lading or uniadintt of any goods or merchan- dise, e.vcepiiiig stores for his ni;ijesty"s service, and provisions and fuel for the use of the inhabitants, at any place within the port of Boston, after the Isl day ot June, until the king was satislieil that good order and obedience to the laws were restored, and until the East India Company tuiil others should be indemni- tied for the loss they had sustained. Then, and not till then, might the king by proclamation open the harbor of Boston. In order to enforce obedience to the enactments of this bill, lour ships-of-war were ordered to sail for the prosciiiiei'. town. General Gage, commander-in-chief in America, was appointed governoi of Massachusetts Bay, in the room of Mr. Hutchinson ; and he was authorized to grant pardons for treasons and all other crimes, and to remit forfeitures to all juch offenders as he should tliink (it objects of royal clemency. But tlie British ministry were not satistied with shutting up the harbor of Bos- ioa ; they resolved not only to punish the people for past oHenccs, but also to prevent future misconduct. For these purposes, they determined to annul the charter of the colony, and give it a new consiitiition. They accordingly pro- cured an act of parliament which dejirived the h)wer house of assembly in Mas- sachusetts Bay of the power of electing the council, and vested that p ivile^ • in the crown, authorizing the king, or the governor acting in his name, vO appoi. judges, magistrates, and sheriffs. The act also empowered the sheriff to summon and return juries, and prohibited town meetings, unless with the consent of the governor. The charter was considered by the colonists as the compact between them and the king, and as the only bond of union between them. They admitted that if they had violated tiie charter they were justly liable to pimishmeni ; but thought neither king nor iiarliameiit had any right to annul the charter. The attempt to do so, in their opinion, broke the bond of union, and set the people free from their allegiance. From that moment the parties became independent of each other, and the king could reign over the colony only as a conquered province, reduced to unconditional submission. But with these two acts the ministry were not satistied. For the consumma- tion of their plan, they added a third, empowering the governor, with the advice of the council, when any person in the discharge of his duty as an officer ol revenue, or as a inagisirale in the suppression of riots, or in the support of the laws of revenue, or when any person acting under the authority of a magistrate for any of those purposes, should be charged with the crime of murdei it with anv other capital offence while so acting, to send the person so charged to anv F .% iI^ ^ 'V.v'f .■^■: >,-,'.v'>^ ; '""j»''-^!*fl' f ! V .■-■'j..-4'^>^,^,i'V.ivVA^i't^'' eediiigs in eveiiiiiif a three loa tea, valued I work was le was mil 1 it was iioi ligod to re- r mucli oji- red ill damp itaiii while isages front VII an iiide- led to make a bill was on the 3 1 St ir merchun- uel for the the 1st day the laws be indemni- the king by ence to the 1 j)rosciibe(". Bii governoi mlhorized litures to all rbor of 13os- bul also to I) annul the •dingly pro- ibly in Mas- p ivile^ ' in , vO appoi. T to summon iisent of the )act between ley admitted jhment ; but arter. The the people independent I conquered ! consumma- h the advice ,n officer of ipport of the a magistrate rdei )T with arged to aiiv lV l-ns^^j^-^A ^L.. ,i-!.i.i-^ ■ 132 THE PICTORIAL HISTO.iY other colony, or to Britain, to he trieil, if it shouhl apjjcar to the governor and h"» council that an impartial trial could not be had in the province. Those acts did not pass without oppoHition. There were persons in parliament who had iliscernment enough to perceive the pernicious tendency of such measures ; hut ihe plan of the ministry was supported by docile majorities in both houses. On the lOih of May intelligence of the port bill reached the town. Such a rigorous measure was wholly unexpected, and excited the liveliest indignation against its authors. The act was immediately printed on paper with a black border, and hawked about the streets as a bloody, cruel, and inhuman murder. The inhabitants of Boston were not long left in uncertainty and suspense with respect to the sentiments and conduct of the other provinces concerning the port bill. The rest of the colonies had opposed the introduction of the tea as firmly as they, although, from peculiar circumstances, the proceedings had not been equally vigorous at any other port. They were considered as suffering in the common cause ; and the other colonies gave them prompt assurances of co-op- eration and support. The people of the other sea-pori towns of Massachusetts Bay, instead of taking advantage of the calamity of their neighbors in Boston to increase their own commerce, generously offered them the use of their wharves and warehouses for carrying on their trade. Before the 7th of June the people of Boston had received assurances of the lively sympathy of the other colonies, and of their active co-operation in the cause of American freedom. Emboldened by such support, they determined to act with unabated vigor. The assembly met at Salem on the 7th of June ; resolved on a general congress, to meet at Philadelphia on the 1st of September ; nominated five of their members to attend it ; voted the sum of 500/. for defraying their ex- penses ; and recommended to the several towns and districts of the province to raise this sum, according to their proportion of the last provincial tax, which was readily complied with. On being informed of these proceedings the governor dissolved the assembly. An active correspondence was now carried on between the leading men of the several provinces ; and corresponding committees were everywhere es- tablished. The cause of the inhabitants of Boston daily became more popular ; and the sentiments of the people of New England rapidly gained ground through- out the continent. There were a few persons not unfriendly to the clain,^ of the British government ; but at town meetings their efforts were vain, as they were opposed by overwhelming majorities. Throughout the country the press was chiefly in the hands of persons friendly to the people ; and that powerful engine was actively employed in supporting the cause of the colonies, and contributed not a little to fan the growing flame. The sufferings occasioned by the port bill, in Boston and its vicinity, exasperated the people without either intimidating or subduing them ; they saw that it was intended either to terrify or compel them to unconditional submission ; and they determined to repel force by force. They seized every opportunity of providing themselves with muskets, and other military accoutrements. Many of them, in- deed, in conformity to the militia laws, were already in possession of firearms, and all were desirous of improving themselves in the use of them. W-th the musket they were familiarly acquainted from their earliest years ; and having been much exercised in hunting, were dexterous marksmen. Many imagined that this, combined with patriotic ardor, would supply the defects of military discipline and want of military habits. A warlike spirit pervaded the provinces, and the note of preparation for battle was everywhere heard. The parties had ill calculated each other's strength; the colonists had but a very tnipeifect knowledge of the '.''rmidable power of Britain, and the British government had OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 133 ovcrnor and Those acts lit who had lasures ; hut louses. 'i\. Such a indignation ith a black in murder, ispense with ling the port ;ea r\s firmly id not been ;ring in the es of co-op- assachusetts ill Boston to leir wharves ances of the in the cause d to act with esolved on a ; nominated iiig their ex- 1 province to ;, which was he governor eading men rywhere es- 3re popular ; und through- ;lainf,3 of the iS they were ions friendly 1 supporting wing flame, exasperated V that it was n ; and they of providing of them, in- of firearms, W-th the and having ny imagined J of military le provinces, parties had ■y impel feet ernment had formed no just estimate of the unanimity and vigor of the colonists ; else both parties would have been much more cautious. While the people were so active in their preparations, General Gage was not -in inattentive or idle spectator of their proceedinijs. Apprehensii e of resistance to his authority, he had soon alter entering on his government ordered two regi- ments of infantry and a detachment of anillery to Boston. This body of troops was gradually increased by reinforcements from Ireland, New York, Halifax, and Quebec, and was encamped on the common and narrow neck which con- nected Boston with the main land. 'I'he presence of these troops alarmed the townsmen, and greatly increased the jealousy of the country people. The Bos ton committee did everything in their power to render tiu? situation of the mil itary disagreeable ; and privately counteracted every measure tending to pro- mote their comfort. They dissuaded the farmers and others from selling them straw, timber, boards, and every other article, except the provisions necessary for their subsistence. If jmrchases were made by the agents of government, care was taken that the articles did not reach the camp in safety : the straw was burned ; vessels with bricks were sunk ; carts with wood were overturned ; and, in one way or other, purchases were either prevented, or the commodities destroyed before they reached the camp. A guard was stationed on Boston Neck, ostensibly with a view to prevent the dest'rtion of the soldiers ; but it was considered by the Americans as intended to cut off the communication between the town and country, and to compel the inhabitants of Boston to submit unconditionally to the acts of the British par- liament. Inflamed by rumors of this kind, the inhabitants of Worcester county assembled, and despatched messengers to Boston, to ascertain what degree of credit was due to these reports. Those messengers assured the people of the town that, if any attempt should be made to compel them to surrender their rights, several thousands of armed men were ready to march to their assistance ; and that if they should yield up their liberties, the people in the country would not consider themselves parties in their submission, nor bound by their deed. The events of almost every day tended not only to keep alive but to increase the mutual irritation. The inhabitants of Salem were invited by a hand-bill to meet on the 25th of August, in order to concert measures for opposing the late acts of parliament. On the 24th, the governor issued a proclamation prohibiting the meeting. But the proclamation was disregarded : the people assembled Troops were sent to disperse them ; but before the arrival of the troops the business was finished, and the assembly dissolved. Everything wore a portentous aspect. The people were highly exasperated j the governor was irritated and alarmed. Perhaps no human prudence could have long delayed hostilities without abandoning the British claim" ; but the conduct of the governor hastened matters to a crisis. He fortified Boston Neck ; and before daybreak, on the lat of September, sent a party of soldiers across the river Charles, and removed a quantity of provincial powder which had been 'odged in the arsenal at Charlestown, a small town opposite Boston. The news 3f this transaction spread rapidly through the country ; and several thousands of the inhabitants of the neighboring towns, mostly armed, soon assembled at Cam- bridge. They proceeded to the houses of several gentlemen who had been named counsellors under the late act ; and those gentlemen found i» expedient to resign their ap|)ointments, and to declare that they would not fib uiiy ofIic« under the obnoxious bills. It was with difficulty that this multitude was dis- suaded from marching to Boston, to demand the restoration of the powder, and to attack the troops in case of refusal. This tumultuary meeting gave rise to a nnnor, which circulated throughout New En^lard with amaziut rapidity, that the troops were firing on the town jf _U-. 1 34 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Boston ; UHa ^ .tss than twenty-four hours, between thirty and forty thousand men were in amis, some of whom marched upward of twenty miles on their waj toward Doston before they v/ere satisfied that the rumor was false. This cir- cumstance gnatly encouraged the most daring of the popular leaders, who re- solved to keep up and cherish the public agitation by holding an assembly oJ delegates from the several towns and districts of the county of Suffolk, of which Boston is the capital, to consider what course was to be pursued in the present posture of affairs. This assembly met on the 9th of September ; and after a spirited preamble, daringly resolved, " That no obedience is due from this prov- ince to the late acts, but that they be rejected as the attempts of a wicked ad- miuiatration to enslave America ; that so long as the justices are appoii.'.ed or liold their places by a>iy other tenure than that which the charter and the laws of the province direct, they must be considered as unconstitutional officers; and, as such, no regard ought to be i)aid to them l)y the people of this country ; that il be recommended to the collectors of taxes, and all other officers who have public monev in their hands, to r.'tain the sanu-, and not to make any payment thereof to the provincial countv treasurer, until the civil government of the province be placed upon a constitutional foundation, or it shall be otherwise or- dered by the propos -1 provincial congress: that the persons who have accepted seals at the council-board, bv virtue of a manon him, his language was firm and temperate. The people of New England, who had impatiently waited for the opinion of toiigress on the Suflolk resolutions, were much elated with the approbation of that body ; and, considering its resolutions as a pledge of support from the othef colonies, they proceeded with increased courage in the bold career on which they had entered. (Jeorgia had not yet joined the confederation ; but twelve colonies had sent delegates to the general congress, which consisted of lifty-two members, be- side the president. All these delegates had received instruciions from their respective constituents ; and some of the instructions were more moderate than others : but all of them authorized the delegates to concur in any measures which the majority thought it expedient to adopt. In the congress each col- ony had oidy one vote, although it had several delegates present. The congress chose Peyton Randolph as their president, and Charles Thom- son secretary. The resolution in approbation of the Suffolk meeting was the first business in which they engaged. In a subsequent resolution, passed on the 8th of October, they declared, " That ii' the late acts of parliament shall be attempted to be carried into execution by force, in such case all America ough* to support the inhai)itants of Massachusetts Bay in their opposition : that if it be found absolutely necessary to remove the people of Boston into the country, all America ought to contribute toward recompensing them for the injury they may thereby sustain ; and that every person whf^ shall accept, or act under any commission or authority derived from the act of parliament, changing the form of government and violating the charter, ought to be held in detestation." The congress deliberated with shut doors, and consequently none of its pro- ceedings were known, except such as it thought proper to publish ; but the pa- pers which it communicated to the world were important, and had a powerful influence on subsequent events. They published a declaration of rights to which the colonists of North America were entitled by the innnutable laws of nature, the principles of the British constitution, and their several charters or compacts. As the first of these rights, they mentioned life, liberty, and property ; the power to dispose of any of which, without their consent, they had never ceded to any sovereign power whatever. Their ancestors, they said, at the time of their em- igration, were entitled to all the rights, liberties, and immunities of free and n?t- ural-born subji ts of the realm of England : that by heir emigration they had not forfeited, surrendered, or lost any of those righ's ; but that they and their descendants were entitled to all of them which their circumstances enabled them to exercise. They stated, that the foundation of English liberty, and of all free government, is a right in the people to participate i>i their legislative council ; that as the cohxiists are not, and from various causes can not be represented in the British parliament, they are entitled to a free and exclusive power of legisla- tion in their several provincial legislatures, w here only their right of representation can be preserved, in all cases of taxation and internal policy, subject only to the negative of their sovereign, in such manner as had heretofore been used. They asserted their right to trial by their peers of the vicinage ; pronounced a standing army, kept up in time of peace in any colony, without the consent of the legislature of that colony, illegal ; and maintained that a legislative coun- cil appointed during pleasure by the crown, was unconstitutional : they also en tered into a non-importaion agreement. 'j^t^s^-^wv'i*^' .36 THK JMCTORIAI, HISTORY. At the same time tliey prepared an address to the people of Britain, mi which tliey warned them that, if they snpported Miinistersin aticmptinsj to subdue and I'lislave tiie American colonies, they would forge chains for themselves " Take care," said they, " that you do not fall into the pit preparing for us." . . . "But if you," they afterward add, " are determined that your ministers shall wantonly sport with the rights of mankind ; if neither the voice of justice, the dictates of the law, the principles of the constitution, nor the suggestions of humanity, can restrain your hands from shedding human blood in such an impious cause, we must then tell you that we will never submit to be hewers of wood and drawers of water for any ministry or nation in the world. Place us in the same situation that we were in at the close of the last war, and our former harmony will be re- stored." Congress addressed a memorial to their constituents, replete with serious and temperate argument. In this paper, they detailed the causes which had led to the unhappy differences, and labored to convince the colonists that their lib- erty would he destroyed, and the security of their persons and property annihi- lated, by submissicm to the claims of Great Britain. They addressed a letter to the inhabitants of Canada also, and endeavored to interest them in their cause. That they might in no respect be wanting to themselves, congress prepared a petition to the ki'ig, in which they gave a succinct statement of their grievances, implored his clemency for protection against them, and imputed all their distresses, dangers, and fears, to the destructive system of colonial administration which had been adopted since the conclusion of the last war. They expressed their belief that, as his majesty enjoyed the singular distinction of reigning over freemen, the language of freemen could not be displeasing to him " Your royal indignation," say they, " we hope will rather fall on those designing and dangerous men who daringly interpose themselves between your royal person and your faithful sub- jects, and, by abusing your majesty's authority, misrepresenting your American subjects, and prosecuting the most desperate and irritating projects of oppression, have at length compelled us, by the force of accumulated injuries, too severe to be any longer tolerated, to disturb your majesty's '■epose by our complaints." The addressee of congress were written with much ability, and its recora wndations were revered and obeyed as sacred laws throughout the colonies. The congress having finished their labors, and recommended the appointment yf a similar assembly, to meet on the 10th of May next, unless a redress of ^ievances had before that time been obtained, dissolved themselves on the 26th day of October. Originally formed of heterogeneous materials, differing in manners, religious sentiments, and civil constitutions, the colonies, for a long time, had no common feelings and interests. They had even been alienated from each other by local prejudices and provincial jealousies ; but the dread of a common danger had gradually overcome all those principles of repulsion, and I'ited the twelve prov- inces, fiom New Hampshire to South Carolina, in one compact body. They were embarked in a common cause, and relied on each other for mutual support. By meeting in congress, the leading men in the several provinces had become personally acquainted ; and their sentiments of reciprocal respect and friendship strengthened the bonds of political union. It was not, therefore, to bo expected that they would recede from their claims without a violent struggle. The province of Massachusetts Bay was the mon; immediate seat of the quar rcl ; and the popular leaders in that colony, assured of the co-operation and sup port of thj other provinces, were not intimidated by the menacing attitude of the gu.crnor, but persevered steadily in th» execution of their purposes. The violence of the people against all whom they considered unfriendly to American freedom was so great, that the commissioners of the customs, and all ,>!=•-. n, 'ii whicb subdue and !s " Take . . "But ill wantunljr I dictates of inianity, can cause, we aud drawers mc situation T will be re- serious and had led to it their lib- lerty annihi- d a letter to heir cause. prepared a grievances, ir distresses, m which had their belief freemen, the indignation," )us men who faithful 8ub- ur American if oppression, loo severe to nplaints." d its recom e colonies, appointment a redress of s on the 26th lers. religious d no common ither by local I danger had ! twelve prov- body. They utual support, s had become ind friendship ) be expected It of the quar ation and sup attitude of the s. unlriendly tn stoms. and aU nK THK AMFHICAN RF-VOLITION. 137 lie .iftlrors of goviTiiin.nl. ilfrnit-.l il .■xpeilieiii to (iiiit Salem, aiid to repair m Boston for safety ; so that all tin- apparatus of a -•ustoinlioiisf was tran.il.Tr.'d M a port whirh an act of parliainfiil hail pronouiir.'.l it unlawful for any vcss.-l Havinu fonned a conniil tiiuler the new act for the government of Massacliii- s.tts Mav, Cencral (Jaiie, l)V its advici-, issued writs for holding an assembly in Salem, on the fjth of ()etoi)er ; hut was iiidiieed hy suhse(|uent t vents to eoun lermand the elections bv a second preclamalioii, and to suspend the meeting ol the members already r.-inrned. The colonists, considering the sec(.nd procla- mation illegal, utterly disregarded it, and chose their representatives in obedi ence to the first. . The assemi.lv, to the number of ninety, met at the time and place appointed Thev waited a day for the governor to open the session ; but finding he did not appe'ar, they, on the third dav, resolved themselves into a provincial congress, and adjourned to Concord, a town about twenty miles distant from Hoston. Thev chos.! John Hancock president ; and appointed a committee to wait on the gov- .■rnor with a remonstrance, in which they apoh.gized for their meeting by rep- resenting thtf distressed state of the colonv ; mentioned the grievous apprehen- sions of the people ; asserted that the rigor of the Hoston port bill was increased bv the manner of its execution ; complained of the late laws, and ot the hostile preparations on Boston Neck ; and adjured him to desist immediately irom the construction of a fortress there. The governor was at a loss how to act. He could not recognise the meeting at Concord as a legal assembly, and was sensible of the imprudence of increas- ing the public irritation by declining to take nofict; of their remonstrance. He was constrained by the pressure of circumstances to return an answer : and, in that answer he expressed his indignation at the suspicion that the lives, liberty, oi property of any but avowed enemies, were in danger from English troops ; and ob- served," that notwithstanding the hostile dispositions manifested toward them, by withholding almost every necessary accommodation, they had not discovered that resentment which such unfriendly conduct was calculated to provoke. He told them that, while they complained of alterations in their charter by act of parlia- ment, they were themselves, by their present assembling, subverting that char- ter and acting in direct violation of their own constitution : he therefore warned them of their danger, and called on them to desist from such unconstitutional proceedings. • • i But the warnings of the governor made no impression on the provincial con- gress On the 17th of October, that assembly adjourned to Cambridge, a town about four miles from Boston. They resolved to purchase military stores ; and to enlitu a number of minute men, so named from their engaging to fake the field in arms on a minute's warning. But the greater part of the members, although sufRciently zealous in the cause, had no conception of the expense attending such proceedings ; and were alarmed at the mention of the most trivial sums. They were in easy circumstances, but had little money ; living on the produce of their farms, their expenditure was trifling, and they were utter strangers to large accounts. They v. ere prevailed Dn, however, at first to vote £750 ster- ling, and afterward to add i:i,500 more, for purchasing warlike stores. By cau- tion* management, their leaders ultimately induced them to grant ^16,000 ster- ling for the purpose of maintaining their liberties. Such was the sum with which they were to resist the power of the British empire ! , ,• • Thev appointed a committee of safety, with authority to call out the militia when thought necessary for the defence of the inhabitants of the province ; and a committee of suppUes, to purchase ammunition, ordnance, and other military •tores. They electoi Jedidiah Pribble, Artemas Ward, and CoUmei Pomeroy ' 4. .38 TMK IMCTOHIAl, HISTORY who had seen sonie tcrvicf in tlic l.iit! war, goneral KfficiTH, uiiil ii|)|)<>iiii»'(l tin in to thu ctiii-r rr.!iiiii;iiiil of tlio iiiiiiiiti'-iiit'ii iiiiil iiiilitiR, if lliry .slioiilil Ik- callccl iiiln actual .•scrvirr. On tlic 'JTtli of Oi'lohiT, the con^rcMs ailjoiinn'cl to 'lit; "JIM ,)1 NovciiilxT. On till' approach of winl'T, the "jovcriior onlt^rtMl le!ii|)orary barracks for the troops to l)e erected : hut lit; found iiiucli ditlkidly iii tht; execution of his pur pose ; as. through the iiilhieiice of the s< <'t-iiieii and coniniittt'eH, tlie niech'in- ics Were iinwillmi,' or al'raid to enyairf' in the w'>rk, •iiid llic •iierchant.s declined to exi'CUle liis orders. I'lie inutiial suspicions of the governor and peo|)le of Massachusetts Huy were now so stroii;; lliat every petty incidenl increased the irritation. Ivich party made loud professions of the hest intentions; and each waiclieil the other with a jealous eye. In a proclaination, the ifovernor forhade the people to pay any regard to the recpiisitioiis, directions, or resolutions of the provincial con^^ress, and ilenoiinced that hoily as an ille(l tli< I!) lilil lie ciillnl ■il to tilt; -JJil •iicks lor llif II ol Ills |)iir lllt> lllri'l|-ili- iiits ileclliii'd ■Us Muv Wire Ivich p:irty le otlipr with le U) p.iy iiiiy iiil con^ri'ss, .tioii WHS ilis- iiiJ promptly li'. proviiiciii' iniiiu-iit, pro B of lilt- ir lit the late ucts I iu't on uiiy lutc-incii, ami gents to N'cw vith the Uiiiil- untiiigents for lU'tion, tiiid til ut o( lioston, the iniiii.st.t;r» I co-opt;r!ilion Giierals whom congress (lis "ehriiary. ry had issued Uritain. On jinoved above 3 avowed pur- iroctps, and of their liberties, tioiis for pur- efiilly training ;e, surprised a it contained. England : all he resolutions joined in the its opposition where roused, ition ; forming sures for car- choosii.g coin- lie resolutions tices of 'hosp •elfish individuals who, I'or iiittresied purport s, might wi.sh to elude them la the midst of all this liiistle, the militia were everywhere carefully trained. Meanwhile, the privations ainl siilleriiiLrs of ijie inhabitants of Hosicn were gri< \ous, and their passions were highly exeitr-d ; i>i:t their reseiiiful spirit was kept ill chei'k by tiie presence of the troops. Sii|)plies of provisions were sent lliem from tlie other coloiiieN : these, however, fiirmed but a partial and precari- ous resource ; l)\it the people were eiicourat;ed by the sympathy of their breth- ren, and bv the thought that they were considered martyrs in the common causi; Notwithstanding the portentous asp<>ct of affairs, iiiaiiv of thi; colonists still h.iieved that there would be no ap|)eal to arms. Formerly their iion-iini)orta lion associations hail jiroduced the desired efl'eirt ; and ihey llattered themsj-lvcs that similar measures would ag.ain be followed with similar results ; that the Mritisli ministry would never come to an o|)eii rupture with the best customers of their merchants and manufacturers, but would recede from their pretensions when ( onviiiced of the determined opposition of the .\mericaiis. On the other hand, the iJritish ministry expected the colonists would yield ; and thus both p.iiiies [lersisted in their claims till neither could easily give way ; and in the debates on American affairs, in parliament, the partisans of the ministry spake i)f the colonists in the most contemptuous manner ; affirmed that they were un- disciplined, and incapable of discipline, and that their numbers would only in- crease their confusion and facilitate their defeat. .Meanwhile the colonists were not idle. On the 1st of February, the provin- cial congress of Massachusetts Bay met at Cambridge, and, apprehensive of be- ing too much within the reach of Oeneral Gage, toward the middle of the month they again adjourned to Concord. They thus took decisive measures for resist- ing the obnoxious acts of parliament. They earnestly exhorted the militia in general, and the minute-meii in particular, to be indefatigable in improving them- selves in military discipline ; they recommended the making of lirearins and bayonets ; and they dissuaded the people from supplying the troops in Boston with anything necessary for military service. The committee of safety resolved to purchase powder, artillery, provisions, and other military stores, and to de- posite them partly at Worcester and partly at Concord. In this agitated posture of public afTairs, General Gage conceived it to be his duty to seize the warlike stores of the colonists wherever he could find them. With this view he ordered a small detachment, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Leslie, on Sunday the 2()th of February, to bring off some field-pieces which he understood the provincial congress had at Salem. The party landed at Marblehead, and marched to Salem, but found no cannon there. Believing they had been removed only a short time before, the commanding officer deter- mined on pursuit. He reached a small river, on the way to Oanvers, over which was a draw-bridge ; but, on his approach, some people on the other side drew it up, and alleged that, as both the bridge and road were private property, the soldiers had no right to pass that way. The party were about to use some boats, but the owners instantly scuttled them. The bridge was at length let down ; but the day was so far spent, that Colonel Leslie, deeming it inexpedient to proceed much farther, returned to Boston. This inefTectual attempt showed the designs of the governor, and gave fresh activity to the vigilance of the people The colonies were now all in commotion ; and preparations were everywhere making for the general congress, which was to assemble in the month of May. New York was the only place which discovered much backwardness in the matter ; and perhaps the timid and selfish policy of that province contributed nt less to the war, than the audacious turbulence of the people of MassachusettF Bay ; for the British ministry were encouraged by the irresolution of-the people of New York to persist in their plan of coercion, from which they had been al- -*" iJ^ V^';^ ^•■'- 140 TIIR I'IC'IOUIAL IIISTOKY inosi ilctcrrtMl liv hf firm fUiiiiulf iiiul iiiiit.'il (•(•iinsflu of the otlirr cK.onie* liui lio|)iiiu', liv ill.' compliiuiri' of New York with lliiir dcsiiiiis, lo sfptinilc the middle mill soutlitTii from the iiortluTii proviiioi's, iind so viindy sul)jui.'.ite lliein all. ihfv di'lirmincd to pprscvire in strong infJisuri's. The artive exertions, however, of llie adhereiil.s of the British ministry were defeated, even in New York, liy the resolute eoiidiict of their opponents ; and that province sent depu- ties to tile general congress. Although some of the persons most obnoxious lo the British government had withdrawn from Boston, yet many zealous Americans still retnaiiied in the town, observed every motion of (Jeneral (iage with a vigilant eye, and transmitted to tlieir friends iii the country notices of his proceedings ami prol)able intentions. The American stores at (':oncoril had attracted the general's attention, and he determined to seize them. But, although he had been careful to conceal his in- tention, yet some intimations of it reached the ears of the colonists, who took their measures accordingly. At eleven o'clock at night, on the 1 8th of April, General Gage embarked 800 grenadiers and light infantry, the flower of his army, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Smith ami Major Pitcairn, on Charles river, at Boston Neck. They sailed up the river, landed at Phipp's farm, and advanced toward Con- cord. Of this movement some of the friends of the American cause got notice, just before the embarcation of the troops ; and they instantly despatched messen- gers by ditVerent routes, with the information The troops soon perceived, by the ringing of bells and firing of musketry, that notwithstanding the secrecy with which they had quitted Boston, they had been discovered, and that the alarm was fast spreading throughout the country. Between four and five o'clock, on .he morning of the 1 9th of April, the detachment reached Lexington, thirteen miles from Boston. Here about seventy of the militia were assembled, and were Btanding near the road ; but their number being so small they had no intention of making any resistance to the military. Major Pii p« luds of balls into the river and wells and broke in pieces about sixty to«r-Wrrels. These were all the stores they found. While the main body of the troops was engaged in th«?»e operations, the light infantry kept possession of the bridge, the Americans biavmg retired to wait for leinforcements. Reinforcements arrived ; and Mr. iohm Butterworth, of Concord, who commanded the Americans, ordered his men to aulvance ; but ignorant of what had happened at Lexington, enjoined them not m fire, unless the troops fired first. The matter did not long remain in suspense. The Americans ad- vanced ; the troops fired on them ; the Americans returned the fire ; a smart skirmish ensued, and a number of men fell on each side. The troops, hanng accomplished the object of their expedition, began to re- treat. But ^^lood had been shed, and the aggressors werr not to be allowed to ■r ro.onien (fpiiriiic the lUjiiite lliein } exertions, en in New sent depu- >rnint'ni had in the town, msmittetl to intentions, ion, and he iceal his in- s, who took iiharked 800 command of Boston Neck, oward Con- e got notice, bed messen- erceived, by the secrecy lat the alarm ! o'clock, on [ton, thirteen ed, and were no intention d been sent )isperse, you not instantly nd flourished lericans fell ; jserving this, ,ns remained I, under Lieu- ncr proreed- i;i drawn The main cannon with ■ lids of balls rels. These ons, the light ed to wait for 1, of Concord, u ignorant of ss the troops Lmericans ad- fire ; a smart began to re- le allowed to ,43 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Mcano with inipiinitv. The counlry was aliirine.l ; anne.l men crowded in fron. every qunl!-; 'and 'ho re.roa.ing troop, wore as.aUed wUh an unceasing bn, irrntriilar dischartrt! of nuisketrv. , . ... ,i Gene a Gaoeliad early u.lortnation thai the conntry was rtsing in ar.ns ; a. about ei-vht in The niurnin.^, he despatched QUO men, under the co.umand of Lar P nV, tf upport his tirst party. According to Gordon, this « etachmen le • \ioJm wi.h'their n.nsic playing Yankee Doodle, a tune -^'■7"-; ;>' t^^"' „t the inhabitants of the northern provinces ; an act which had no tendency to sub due hW whicli was weil calculated to irritate the coloniUs Ead Pe cy met Colonel Smith's vetroating party -tLe'^^ngton much exhaust ed and bei> - provided with two pieces of artdlery, he was able to keep the Imed -a, s i.M heck. The whole party rested on their arms till they took some fershru of'which they stoo.l LJ in need, 13ut there was no time or e- lav as the militia and minute-men were hastening in from all quarters to tne ?e'ne of action. When the troops resumed their march, the ^^^^^ J^ ^^^^^f ed ; anro declined the hazardous service. Then it was, that their master, angry at the disapjwintment, and declaring that he was ashamed to have a coward in his fatnily, resolved himself to destroy the fero- rious beast, lest she shouhl escape through some unknown fissure of the rock. His neighbors strongly rentonstrated against the perilous enerprise : but he Knowing that wild animals were intimidated by fire, and having provided several strips of birch bark, the only combustible material which he could obtain, that would afford light in this deep and tlarksome cave, prepared for his descent. Having, accordingly, divested himself of his coat and waistcoat, and having a long rctpe fastened round his legs, by which he might be pulled back, at a con- certed signal, he entered head foremost, with the blazing torch in his hand. The aperture of the den, on the east side of a very high ledge of rocks, is nlioiit two feet square ; thence it descends obliquely fifteen fe-t, tht^i rinming horizimtally about ten more, it ascends gradually sixteen feet toward its termina- tion. The sides of this subterraneous cavity are composed of sniootli and solid ■fc iSv^:-*4^^'*,vij>^;i!^i,i. - . L-irc^.fwii^vrt.. KWw^£jrtof^T*>J™^.^W ■i>.x*i'7£'^«'*iWi'«- -^V. ..-' ^- v ■ covered with ice, is exceedinsily slippery. It is in no place high eniniiih for a man to raise himself upright ; nor in any part more than three feet in width Having groped his passage to the horizontal part of the den, the most terrifv- ing darkness appeared in front of the dim circle of I'ght afTorded by his torcli It was silent as the house of death. None but m.insters of the d(!sert had ever lioforo e.xplored this solitary mansion of horror. He, cautiously proceeding on- ward, came to the ascent, which he slowly mounted on his hands and knees, until he discovered the glaring eyeballs of the wolf, who was silting at the ex- tremity of the cavern. Startled at tlie sight of fire, she gnashed her teeth and gave a .sullen growl. As soon as he had made the necessary discovery, he kicked the rope as a signal for drawing him out. The people at tlie mouth of tlie den, who had listened with painful anxiety, hearing the growling o'" the wolf, and supposing their friend to be in the most imminent danger, drew him forth with such celerity, that his shirt was stripped over his head and his skin severely lacerated. .Vfter he had arljiisted his clothes and loaded his gun with nine buckshot, holding a torch in one hand and the musket in the other, he de- scended the second time. When he drew nearer than before, the wolf, assu- ming a still more fierce and terrible appearance, howling, rolling her eyes, snap- ping lier teeth, and dropping her head between her legs, was evidently in the attitude and on the point of springing at liim. At this critical instant, he levelled and fired at her head. Stunned with the shock, and suffocated with the .smoke, ne immediately found himself drawn out of the cave. But having refreshed himself, and permitted the smoke to dissipate, he went down the third time Once more he came within sight of the wolf, who appearing very passive, he applied the torch to her nose ; and perceiving her dead, he took hold of her ears, and then kicking the rope (still tied round his legs), the people above, with no small exultation, drasrgei. them both out together. In the winter of 1757, when Col. Haviland was commandant of Fort Edward, the barracks aieces of artillerj f.nd a few mortars, with some balls anJ •hells ; but had oid'y forty-one barrels, of gunpowder in the public store. The battle of Lexington operated like an electrical shock throughout the provinces. On heariisg of that event, even in New York, where the friends of the ministry were more numerous thi .1 in any other place, the people espoused the cause of their countrymen. Thej .'hut up the customhouse, and stopped all vessels preparing to sail to Quebec, Newfoundland, Georgia, or Boston. The coloniste of New Jersey took possession of the treasury of the province, containing about £20,000, to employ it in their own defence. The inhabitants of Philadelphia followed the example of New York, and prevented the sailing of vessels to any port 0.1 the continent that acknowledged the authority or was subject to the power of Britain. In six days intelligence of the action of the 19th of April reached Baltimore, in Maryland. The people instantly seized the provincial magazine, containing about 1,500 stand of arms, and stopped all exports to the fishing islands, to such of the colonies as had declined to join the confederacy, and to the British army and navy at Boston. In Virginia a provincial congress had met in the month of March, which took measures for training the militia, and vecommended to each county to raise a volunteer company for the better defence of the country. At Williamsburgh, the capital of the colony, there was a small provincial magazine, containing upward of 1,000 pounds of gunpowder. On the night of the 20th of April, Lord Dun- more, the governor, employed the captain of an armed vessel to convey the greater part of that powder on board his ship. Havirjg got notice of the transac- tion, the citizens took the alarm, and the mayor ana corporation addressed his lordship on the subject. He answered that he hf\d removed the powder to a place of security ; and assured them that if it should be needed in order to sup- press an insurrection, he would restore it in half an hour. When news of this aflair reached Hanover county, captain Patrick Henry, at the head of more than 1 50 volunteers, marched toward Williamsburgh, to demand restitution of the powder, and to protect the public treasury against a similar depredation. When within about fifteen miles of the capital, he was assured that the receiver-general would pay for the powder, -,nd that the citizens would STiard the public treasury and magazine. The party then dispersed. Lord Dunmore, greatly alarmed by Henry's march, converted his palace into A garrison, and issued a proclamation charging the people with the design of ahering the established constitution. This was a new cause of exasperation ; and the people, in their county meetings, not only approved of Mr. Henry's pro- ceedings, but retorted upon the governor, attributing all the disturbances to his misconduct, and declaring that they only vindicated their rights, and opposed in novation. While the public mind was in this feverish auite, intolligeuce of th» THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. J 47 1 extreme 1 witii the (1 the dan- th that ter- tered ; and Is and fin- iiiiiundunt, .otions of the niaga ley were in Tliey had biiyonets. balls and re. ughout the ! friends of e espoused stopped all on. le province, inhabitants e sailing of )rity or was battle of Lexington arrivocl in Virginia. It greatly increused the apprehensions and irritiitioii ol tiio people, and made tlieni far more active in arming and train- ing the militia and voiuntt'cr companieis liian they had formerly been. In Vir- ginia, as well as in the oilier lolonies, many were much alarmed ; hut the ap- prehensions of impending danger were overfiowered by feelings of indignation. In this critical posture of allairs, Lord Dunmore convened the house of bur- gesses. His intention was to procure their approbation of Lord North's concil- iatory plan ; and in his speech at the opening of the session, he employed all his address to gain his end. Mul, instead of complying with his recommenda- tions, the house immediately appointed a committee to imjuire into the causes of the late disturbances, and to examine the state, of the public magazine. For the defence of the magazine Lord Dunmore had ordered sjiring guns to be pLoed in it, without giving any public warning of the measure. .Some inconsiderate young men, unapprized of their danger, attempted V) lurnish themselves with arms out of it ; and one of tnein was woumled. This circumstance occasioned a violent ferment. A multitude of people assembled, broke into the magazine, and took out many of the arms ; but some members of the house of burgesses, hav ing repaired to the spot, by their remonstrances prevailed on the people to re store them. On the 7th of June, a report was spread about VVilliamsburgh, that Captain Collins, of 'he British vessel Magdalen, was coming up the river, with about lOO men in several boats, to take possession of the town. A number of armed persons instantly assembled to defend the place and its inhabitants ; but on leani- ng that there was no occasion for their services, they quietly dispersed. The I Baltimore, containing nds, to such British army which took / to raise a nsburgh, the ling upward Lord Dun- convey the the transac- dressed his lowder to a rdei to sujK k Henry, at 1, to demand It a similar vas assured izens would palace into e design of asperation ; ienry's pro- uices to his op|)08ed in ;euce of th* Fio. 51— View of Yorktown. ircumstance, however, made such an impression on the governor's mind, that. A ith his lady and family, he quitted Williamsburgh, proceeded to Yorktown. and w -nt on board the Fowev man of war .48 THH PICTORIAL HISTORY A to.ipspon'lcnce mov 'ook place l)etweeii his lordship and the council and hiirgcases. Ho accusf d : llioy rt'fritniiiated. They rejected Lord North's con oiliatory plan ; hut passed the necessary bills, and entreated the govern(jr's at- leiidanct to jjive his assent to ihein, and to close the session. His lordship de- clined niei'liiiii,' them in the ca|)ital, and they did not choose to wait upon him or hoard a man r)t' war. The correspondence terminated about the middle of Jul) when the Ijurgesses were ol)li!,'ed to separate, in order to attend to their private atVairs ; but they appointed a convfiiition of delegates to meet and supply their place. In August this convention met, and showed itself animated by the com- mon spirit of the country ; and before dissolving issued a declaration, setting forth the reasons of its meeting, and showing the necessity of immediately put- ting the country in a posture of defence. Having been joined by a number of loyal colonists and fugitive slaves, Lon; Dnimiore very imprndently l)egan a system of predatory warfare. By mutual insults and injuries, the nuiids of i)oth parties became much exasperated. At length the governor altcMupied to iiurn tln^ town of Hampton ; but on the morn- ing of the 27th of October, just as he began a furious cannonade upon it, a body of"ritlemen from Williamsburgh, wli. had marched all night, entered the place, and iieing joined by soTue of tiieir couiUrymen, took such an advantageous posi- tion, that, with their small arms, they compelled his lordship to retreat, with the loss of sonu! of his men and one of his vessels. Lord Duinnore now issued a proclamation declaring the province under mar- tial law ; requiring all persons cpaide of bearing arms to repair to the royal standard, imder the penalty of being considered traitors if they disobeyed, and promising freedom to all' indented servants, negroes, and others belonging to rebels, on their joining his majesty's troops. In consecpience of this proclamation, his lordship soon foiuul himself at the head of some hundreds of fugitive negroes and others at Norfolk ; but the procla- mation highly incensed the great body of the Virginians, and alienated the minds of numy who had hifiert- been friendly to the British claims. Being informed that a number of armed colonists were rapidly advancing against him, Lord Dun- nu)re took possession of the great bridge near Norfolk ; a post of much impor- tance for protecting his friends, and frustrating the designs of his enemies. On arriving nea j bridge, the Virginians, commanded by Colonel Woodford, in stead of attempting to force a passage, fortified themselves at a short distance on the other side of Elizalieth river ; and in this position the two parlies faced each other for several days. The i npatient impetuosity of Lord Dunmore's temper could ill brook to be thus braved by the colonists, and he determined to dislodge them. Accordingly, early in the morning of the 8th o'' December, Captain Fordyce of the 14th regi- ment, at the head of a rovalist detachment, left Norfolk, and reached the bridge before daybreak. He silently replaced the ^danks of the bridge which had been removed. The road iietween the bridge and the American breastwork, which was on the south of the river, was a narrow causeway, through swampy ground ; and on the right, within musket-shot of the causeway, was a thicket, where the Americans had posted a small party. At daybreak. Captain Fordyce, at the head of his detachment, with fixed bayonets, passed the bridge, and proceeded rapidly toward the enemy. But the Americans were not unprepared : they however allowed the troops to advance a good way without molestation ; and when near the works poured upon them a destructive discharge of musketry, both from the entrenchment and thicket at the same time. Undismayed by this warm reception, Cajitain Fordyce steadily advanced : but on the second fire, he "ell dead within a few yards of the American works. His party instantly re OF THE AMERICAN HEVOLUTION. 14» rouiicil and North's con fvenior's at- lordsliip de- fpoii liini or die of Jul} Iheir i)rivate Jiupply their }y the coin- Ition, setting pdiately j)ut- laves, Lorj By mutual orated. At n the morii- >n it, a body d the place, geous posi- !at, with the under mar- to the royal oheyed, and iclonging to imself at the It the procla- Jd the minds iiig informed 11, Lord Dun- nuch impor- lemies. On l^oodford, in t distance on 8 faced each brook to be \ccordingly, le 1 4th regi- d the bridge ch had been ivork, which npy ground ; I, where the lyce, at the d proceeded Mred : they nation ; and f mvmketrv, lyed l)y this ond fire, lie nstantly r«» treated, sixty-two of their party being either killed or wounded, while llie Amer- icans liad only one man sli it.habitanis of Kiist Klori.la l.u.l luvor joined in the oppositiou to nritish polity, an.l lhvrvi\,u- that i-roviiuf still .'..joyed an unfettered commerce with ihi- mother lom.lry. , . , i . . • . . u.. .v,« •ihe committee of safetv at Charleston, which had been appointed hj the ,,rovi.,c.al congress, anthorized twelve persons to sail to the coast of Floridu wher.- thev surprised a s!;ip with twelve British soldiers on board ; took out 15,000 pom.ds of gunpowder, for which they gave the captain a bill of exchange ; ind although pursued, escaped safely to Charleston with ihe.r prize. In that luitaled state of the public mind, and while the provuicial congress was sitting I^.rd William Campbell, governor of the province, arrived, and was received wuV the usual demonstrations of joy. The congress waited upon him wih an a.l.bess, in which they represented the cause of ^^'''V P'^"';^^"^'"«Vi Sn ih a 'ove of innovatio.. had no influence on their councils ; that they had been forced CO associate and take up arms, with no other view than that ot 'lefendmg their lives, liberties, and properties ; and they entreated his excellency to assure his majesty of their loyal attachment. His lordship returned a prudent and con- "'Thrpeopre'''of Georgia, who had hitherto declined a participation in the colonial policy, about this time abandoned their cautious neutraity; espoused !he causi of their countrymen; and appointed delegates to attend the continen- tal congress. Thus the whole of the thirteen provinces were arrayed m opposi- 'ion to Britain. CHAPTER HI. The British house ol commons had been dissolved in Sepleniber, 1774 ; ana a new parliaiucnt met on the 30th of November following. On opening the session the kings speech related chiefly to the insubordination m the province of Mas;achusetts Bay, and the refractory spirit manifested in the other colonies ; and it co..cluded by expressing his majesty's determination to maintain the au ihoritv of the legislature over every part of the British empire. oUl 1st of^February, the Ear'l of Chatham made another aftempt oward reconciliation ; and brought in the outlines of " a provisional act (or settling the roubles m America ; and for asserting the supreme legislative authority and su- perintending power of Great Britain over the colonies." But, after a keen dis cussio.., the bill was rejected, without being allowed to lie upon the table The house of commons refused to receive any petition from congress ; and the mm. strv, encouraged chiefly, it has been said, by the ■f^P'^"'''''"''^"""^ ° .=!^, ; ""' J, inson, late governor of Massachusetts Bay, resolved to enforce obedience to the """"nSTrans'of the cabinet, being now lully formed, soon developed themselves. Lord North, who had the management of the house of commons, mo^ed an ad dress to the king, and a conference with the lords upon it, m order that it might be the jo nt addf^ss of both houses. The address thanked the king for the com- mu icaSnof the American papers; declared that, from those papers, parlia- ne Ibund that a rebellion actually existed within the province of Massachusetts Bay that the parties concerned in it had been countenanced and encjuraged by unlawful coinbinations and engage.nents entered into m several of the other colonies; that parliament could never relinquish any part ol ^J « s«;"«'g" ^"• U^^ir ty o er all the dominions by law vested in his majesty and the two house* OF TiiK AMi'.incw i{i:voi-i:'rioN. i»i I tc Britisli nerce with Ued by the of Fh»ri(Ui, ; look ttui exchange ; !. In that w.is sitting, s received liin with an 1 ; del hired y had been f defending cy to assure int and con- tion in the ; espoused le continen- d in opposi- , 1774 ; ana jpening the the province ,er colonies ; itain the au ■mpt toward : settling the arity and su- r a keen dis table. The ,nd the min' fMr. Hutch lience to the i themselves, noved an ad that it might ; for the com- ipers, parlia- [assachuselts [ encouraged of the other sovereign au- B two housec Via. ■>8.— Stalue of llie Karl of Chatham. 3t narhament that they ever have oeiM. hu.I always will be ready to pay atten- ^l^and e'a d to any 'real grievances of his n.ajesty's sub ects wh.ch sha 1 tn a dutiful and constitutional manner be laid belore ihem ; but at the same time they beseech his majesty to take the most ellectual measures to enforce due obedience o the authority of the supreme le,n«lature ; and in the most solemn manner they assured hin. that, at the hazard of the.r lives and fortunes they would stand by him against all rebellious attempts, m the maintenance of the just rights of his majesty and of the two houses of parliament. ^ The address wore such a portentous aspect, that it roused all the energies of the members in opposition, and appalled some even of the staunch adherents of the ministry; but it was carried by large majorities, and, on being presented. met with a gracious reception. . , Every motion in parliament tending toward conciliation was rejected ; and every petition against the coercive acts was disregarded lo one from the c ty of London, presented to tho king on the 10th of April, his majesty rephed." It is with the mmost astonishment that 1 find any of my subjects capable of encour- aging the rebellious disposition which unhappily exists in my colonies in North America Having entire confidence in the wisdom of my parliament, the great council of the nation. I will steadily pursue the measures which they have rec- ommended for the support of the constitutional rights of Great Britain, and Uie roSr of the commercial rights of my kingdom." A few petitions in avor Sf the ministerial policy were presented; but as it was easy to procure them from dependants and expectants, at any time, and in any cause, they made no iZessfon on the public mind, and afforded but a feeble support to the measures "'^The'^adlnrnistration having exhausted their legislative sagacity on America, be onil of May the session ol parliament was closed ; and on tlie even- ing of tlif V.'tst|i of tiiiit niontli, I'aptain Derliv, wlio had been despateheil by tliu colony ol Massaclniselis Hay with an a^'couiit of the tivenis of iho I'Jtli of April, to their ai;ent in IiOnr April, winch hf, it.'iiii Brown ilt's]);iicln'8 • was liilly lis the pub- ; iiiid con- at surprine. Ills of inran- iiiil almost ('1(1 together »■ provinces iipreme au- 18 own inas- lieiit for the lan Allen, a itioii against ; and the re- ly porceived Ions from any |aJ of a 1)1 dy as joined by ricoiideroga, hat remiss in the lOlh of ;ir followers, lOut any loss, i reijuired to lovah, and of f the matter ; The same southern ex- Lake (Jeorge. essel belong- lold took up- ; and gained from twelve The congress red to return e chair. On 1 Arnold, the id Albany to I the south ot might he re- 1 the colonies. o that of lh« i put in a pos ;iire of dffencf. Tlifv iicomniiMuUMi to the coloni.sts to collcci saV.,ielrf 411(1 iul|)liiir, and to maiml'aclure uuiipowdfr for tlie iisf of the united provinces Thi-y rcsitlvcd to raise Iroops, ;iii(l made every preparation for ni.iiiitaiiiiiig their privili'ueN by force, if liiimbli! represeiitaiions and petitions should prove uiisiie- cessrill Hill, amiil all these warlike preparations, the greater number of the dtpnties had no intention of separating from Mritain, or of aspiring to indepeiulence. They were res(dutely determined to defend ibeir privileges, but aimed at iititliing more ; altlioiiub, even at this early period, a few were fully eonvinceil that the coiiiesi must teriniiiati! either in al'sobite siil)missiiin or complete independence. Th"' congress addre-.^.' I a letter to thi- (ippnssrd inhabitants of (Janaila, styling In inselves their f'rn mi.t and r.niinlryini'n. Its obvimis design was to inspire the Canadians with jealousy or hatred of the Hritish government, and to gain their good will and co-operation in the measures which they were then pursuing. ( )n the 15tli of June congress proceeded to choose, by ballot, a cornmander-in- chief of the provincial or continental forces, and unanimously elected (Jeorge Washington to that arduous oHice. We have already alluded briefly to his eariy history, and to his early military services. These had established his char- acter as a sagacitnis warrior, a man of sound understanding, undaunted courage, and inlle.xible inte<;riiy. In addition, he enjoyed, in a high degree, the court deuce of his countrymen, and had been chostiii one of the deputies to congress for his native province of Virginia. He had used neither solicitation nor influ- ence of any kind to |)rocure the appointment ; and when the president informed him of his eh'ction, and of the reiiuest of congress that he would accept the of- fice, he stood up in his place, and addressed the president in the following terms : ■' Though I am truly sensible of the high honor done me by this appointment, yet I feel great distress from a consciousness that my abilities and military ex perience are not equal to the arduous trust, lint, as the congress desire it, I will enter on the momentous duty, and exert every power I possess in their ser- vice, and for the support of the glorious cause. I beg they will accept my cor- dial thanks for this high testimony of their approbation." He besought congress to remember th.at he thought himself unequal to the command with which they had honored him ; that he expected no emolument from it, but that he would keep an exact account of his expenses, and hoped they would reimburse him. The congress afterward chose Artemas Ward, Charles Lee, Philip Schuyler, and Israel Putnam, major-generals, and Horatio Gates adjutant-general. On the 22d of June the)* appointed Seth Pomeroy, Richard Montgomery, David Wooster, William Heath, Joseph Spencer, John Thomas, John Sullivan, and Nathaniel Greene, brigadiei -generals. While the continental congress was busily employed in taking such measures as they deemed best for the general safety, the provincial congress of Massachu- setts Bay, and the colonial troops encamped before Boston, were not without their cares and 'oils The American army being entirely unaccustomed to mili- tary subordination, many of the militia came to amp, stayed a few days, and then returned home. The army, which at first amounted to 20,000 men, dwin« died down to less than a third of that number, and gave no flattering prospect of success in a protracted contest with regular troops. But some skirmishes hap- pened, on occasion of bringing oflf cattle from the islands in the vicinity of Bos- ton, in which the Americans were successful; and this encouraged them. In the end of May and beginning of June, Generals Howe, Burgoyne, and Clinton, with reinforcements from Britain, arrived at Boston. The British gen- eral, in common v/ith his trt>op8, indignant at being cooped up by a force which all despised, resolved on active operation^ ; but every movement which tney made was watched with an attentive eye bv zealotis Americans in Boston whc »fefe: "^i^^^ 9i TWE PICTOKIAI, HlsroKY found means to pt'nctratc into tvcry « thf river ( harles, on tho north side of Hoston, and take posstsdon of IJrecd's or Hunker's Hill, in the peninsula of ('h.'irli'stown. Thai poiiinsuia has tiie river Mystic, or Mi'dford, on tile iu)rtli. and the river ('harles on the south, separ:>iinu it from tho nenitisula of Uosion. It is level toward the sea ; hut, nearly opposite lioston, a ronsiderahiu eminenee rims across the peninsula, lietween the rivers Medford and Charh^s, at the bottom of which, on the banks of the last-named river, stood (.'harlestown, o,., «,site Boston. On the niuht of tlie Ifith of June, upward of 1,000 Americans, under Colonel William I'rescott, were ordered to proceed to this etninence. and entrench them- selves upon it. The movement was not without diHiiulty and danger; for British vessels of war were lyinij both in the Medford and Charles, on each side of the narrow peninsula. Hut the provincials marched to the place in profound silence ; and about midnight l)egan their operations. 'I'hey labored with such assiduity, that before the dawn of day they had thrown up a breastwork nearly acro.HR the peninsula, and constructed a small redoubt on their right Fib. 69.— Throwing up Entrenchmpnts on Hunker's Hill. About four in the morning of the I7th of June, the .American works were OD- served by the captain of the Lively sloop of war, lying in the river Charles, who instantly began a heavy fire upon them, and was soon joined by the other ships, and by the battery on Copp's Hill at Boston. The Americans steadily continued their labors under a furious cannonade and an incessant shower of balls and bombs ; but so harmless w^as this fearful noise that they lost only one man in ihe course of the morning. As in this post the Americans overlooked Boston, it was thought necessary to dislodge them ; and for this purpose, soon after mid- day a detachment of British troops, under the command of Generals Howe and Figot, crossed the river in boats, and landed near the point of the peninsula; but on observing the formidable position of the Americans, they waited for a reinforcement, which soon arived. Meanwhile the steeples and the roofs of the houses in Boston, the eminences in the adjacent country, and the ships in the rivers were crowded with anxious spectators, agitated by different hopes and fears, according to their different attachments and interests. The main body of the American army encamped beyond Charlestown Neck, were looking on ; and Geiierals Clinton and Burgoyne, and other British officers of high rank, took thei/ «tation ir the battery on Copp's Hill to view the approaching conflict. Of lUK A.MEKICVN KKVOLI.TION. 199 lo fxrculioii Aliout till' 1)8!* ih»' rivir s or Hunkcr'a r Mystii', or [T it I'roiii tlie lite lioHton, u ftH Mtiillord i river, stood iiider Colonel itrench thom- . danger ; lor on each side e in profound id with such stwork nearly • .-* ^orks were oD- r Charles, who the other ships, ladily continued rer of balls and nly one man in rlooked Boston, soon after niid- srals Howe and the peninsula; ley waited for a the roofs of the the ships in the rent hopes and te main body of looking on ; and 1 rank, took theil nflict. ?io. 60.— Encampment on Breed's Hill. While General How waited for his reinforctMnent, the Americans received an accession of strr, n ;, under Generals vVarrcii and Pomeroy, who crossed Charlestown Neck u. d.'c a brisk cannonade from the shipping in the r'vers, to join their c > i 'trymen and take p '. in the battle. By their arrival the provin- cial force '.vus i icreased to l,50u at least. The Americans also took advantage of Genera Howe's halt to strengthen part of their position, by pulling down some rail-fences, forming the stakes into two parallel lines at a small distance from each other, and filling the interval with hay. The British detachment, consisting of upward of 2,000 men, advanced toward the American line. The light infantry commanded by General Howe, was on the right ; the grenadiers, under General Pigot, on the left. They began the attack by i, brisk cannonade from som* field-pieces and howitzers, the troops proceeding slowly, and sometimes halting, to give time to the artillery to produce some effect. On advancing, the left set fire to Charlestown, a thriving town, containing about 300 wooden houses, besides other buildings, and entirely con- sumed it. The rising flames added not a little to the grandeur and solemnity of the scene. ^ Secure behind their entrenchments, the Americans reserved their fire, and silently waited the approach of the British, till the whites of their eyes could he discerned, when they poured upon them an incessant and well-directed dis- charge of musketry. The British returned the fire for some time, without at- tempting to advance : but the discharge from the American line was so close and so destructive, that the troops at length gave way, and fell back toward the landing-place. By the vigorous exertions of their officers, however, they were again brought to the charge : and the Americans, again reserving their fir^ 'i'l the troops were very near, directed it against them with the same deadly f im as before Many fell ; at one time General Howe for a few seconds was left :?^^^ii&«!#ft*2^ UF THE AMERICAN RK VOLUTION. 157 ' ? -SJi* ilone, every officer and soldier near him having been killed or wounded. Th« roops gave wav a second time ; but at that critical moment Sir Henry Clio b Fio. 62. — Portrait of General Clinton, from a picture by J. Smart. aiTived from Boston, and was very active in leading ihem back to a third and more successful attack, in which they entered the American lines with fixed bayonets. The colonists had nearly exhausted their powder, and hence their lire had slackened. Being mostly armed with old rusty muskets, and ill-provided with bayonets, they were unprepared for a close encounter, but they met the British with clubbed muskets, until overcome by numbers and destitute of am- munition, they were compelled to retreat. In passing Charlestown Neck, they were exposed to the fire of the Glasgow sloop of war, and two floating batteries, from which they sustained their greatest loss. The British troops had suffered so severely in the engagement, that no pursuit was ordered ; and indeed a pursuit could have served no good purpose, as the main body of the American army was at a small distance beyond the Neck, and tlie royal troops were in no condition to encounter it. They were protected merely by the ships of war and floating batteries in the rivers Charles and Med- ford. ' The battle lasted about an hour, during the greater part of which time there was an incessant blaze of musketry from the American line. This was a severe battle ; and considering the numbers engaged, extremely destructive to the British ; for nearly one half of the detachment fell. Accord- ing to the return made by General Gage, they lost 1,054 men ; 226 of whom were slain on the field, and 828 wounded. Nineteen commissioned oflicers were killed, and seventy wounded ; among the former was Major Pitcairn. whose inconsiderate conduct at Lexington had occasioned the first shedding of bljod. The Americans had 139 killed, 278 wounded, and thirty-six missing ; in all 1.53. Among the killed were several provincial offic^jrs ; but the death of Gen- eral Warren was particularly regretted by his countrymen. He was seen by a British oflicer, a personal acquaintance, io rally the Americans in their retreat : the officer borrowed a musket, took deliberate aim, and Warren fell. In this en- eajjement the Americans discovered far more courage and steadiness than couW ■ \-^l^"^AtiidiM-vi\4i'^'^'?^'^-^'Vf y^'^J'^- 158 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 15S J hive been exnected from an ill-disciplined nulitia, few of whom had before seen flie face of aSenemy ; but theu hearts were nerved by he consc.m.sness of rllg in tlie Hght, a.^ their arms were strengthened by .ne desire of ob.a.mng ''Sy5?e'eng!;gi;rthe British entrenched themselves on Bur.ker's IHll, the scene oactionf and the Americans on Prospect Hill, at a sn.al distance m nmt of them The colonists had been driven from their entrenchments ; the S troops had suffered severely in the battle, and neither party was forward ,0 renew fhe conflict. Each fortified his post, and stood on the defensive. On the 2d of July, General Washington, accompanied by General Lee and scve^a other officers of rank, arrived at Cambridge, the headquarters ol the prov ncial army. On his journey he had everywhere been received with much n'specl and rjcorted by companies of gentlemen, who volunteered their ser..- " Genet Washington found between fourteen and fifteen thousand men en- can.pd before Ro'ston ; and he and the other generals -''";-^^^; ;--'-« i„ establishintr more exact discipline than had been observed before^ Vn- ler S care^l c\.loni in amis soon acquired somewhat of the n.echanism a'ul movements, as well as the name of an army ; but still they were ill-disc ^'"ThVAmJn'rsTtho had been made prisoners at Bunker's Hill, were in- discrTminately thrown into jail at Boston, and treated with l""^^!"''"^;/^^/^" ihP 1 1th of AuEust General Washington addressed a letter to General Gage on t J,ct ad informed him that hfs treatment of British P"--rs shouU be regulated by that which the Americans experienced. General Gage replied hat he prisoners had been treated with care ..a 'ulness but -d.scnm.na ely because he acknowledged no rank that was n.t ' < ved from the k ng a^.d a tli« same time retorted on the Americans the en. ". ot cruelty. Genera Wash- I ^ton eS "I have taken time, sir, to make . strict inquiry, and hud the m- eCnc?you hJe received has net the least foundation in truth. Not only ^^f officers and soldiers have been treated with the tenderness due to fellow- cozens and brethren ; but even those execrable parricides, whose council and ad have deluged this country with blood, have been protected from the tury of a ustSenragfd people. Yoil affect, sir, to despise all rank not derived from the s-ime source with yLur own; I can not conceive one more honorable than tha wMch flows from L uncorrupted choice of a brave and free people, the purest 'l^:1^^^:^rmL suspend military operations: some skirm;shiTi>ok 'place between the advanced P-»«-f ^Jf.^-.^J'^r.hi'l"; t h Americans fortified themselves on an eminence within half a mile ol the Hritisn nos^ on Bu. ke" s Hill There was a good deal of firing on the occasion with- ^ut much Sslo either side; but it in some measure accustomed the colonists to the use of arms, the noise of artillery, and the operauons of war. tL Tmerica army was extremely deficient in gunpowder ; but m the begin- „i„g ,^ sTpt mber it deceived a supply of 7,000 pounds from R»'ode Ishuid pro- cured it is said, from the British forts on the coast ol Af"^^- .f'f r^":^ ^''^ olect^d in all the colonies; powder-mills were «-<^^«d at Philade^.h.a^^^^^^^^ New York; and upward of 100 barrels of powder were obtained bv American airents from the magazine at Bermuda. ,.^ , • r i • . .;^.. ii« General Washington soon began to feel the difficulties of his situation. He perce led that he expense of maintaining the army far exceeded any esumat. 5f congress, and was very uneasy on the subject. The ""- - ^^'^^f J J' ; tinental soldiers were engaged to serve was drawing to '^^^--l^^^,' '""' J,*^. '"J^^^ of verv short enlistments was felt. A council ol war, therelore. unanimousl, t^»l^i!)...-«- &i . OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. IGl ill ' agreed that tlie iiiPii about to be levied should be engaged till tin- 1st of Uecem- bcr, 1776. This was a very iiiiulequate remedy lor the evil, which was soverelv felt in the course of the war; but some hopes of a reconciliation between Mrit- ain and the colonies were still entertained. On the 10th of October, General Gage sailed for Britain, and the commaiid of the British army devolved on General (afterward viscount) Howe, who issued a proclamation comlemning to military execution such of the inhabitants of Boston as should be caueht attempting to leave the town without a written permission. About that time the royal cruisers on the coasts of New England began a sys- tem of piratical and predatory warfare against the inhabitants, which considera- bly injured, but neither intimidated nor subdued tliem. Captain Wallace, of the Rose man of war, with two tenders, pursued a' vessel which took refuge in the port of Stonington, in Connecticut; and on the morning of the 1st of Septem- ber, he began to fire on the town, .nd continued his hostilities, with little inter- mission, throughout the day. He killed two iren, damaged the housed, and car- ried off some vessels. At Rhode Island some firing took place between the miiiute-men and the ships, on occasion of carrying off some cattle. Captain Wallace afterward sailed to Bristol, and demanded 300 sheep, which not being complied with, he began a heavy cannonade on this unprotected place, and con- tinued it till some persons went on board and purchased the peace of the town with forty sheep. On the I8ih of October Captain Mowat, with a few armed vessels, in a cow- ardly manner, burnt the town of F'almouth, in the northern part of .Massachusetts Bay, and declared that his orders were to set on fire all the seaport towns be- tween Boston and Halifax. The destruction of unprotected towns alarmed and exasperated, but did not intimidate the colonists. Meanwhile the troops in Boston were reduced to a very uncomfortable con- dition : they could not procure provisions and other necessaries from the coun- try, and their maritime supplies were much interrupted ; for, on the 9th of Octo- ber, the assembly of .Massachusetts Bay resolved to fit out armed vessels for the defence of the American coast ; and afterward appointed courts of admiralty, to condemn such captured vessels as should be proved to belong to persons hostile to the united American colonies. Privateers were soon at sea, and in a few days took an ordnance ship from Woolwich, and several store-ships, j.-ith valu- able cargoei , which afforded a seasonable supply to the Arnerican camp, while the loss was s-^verely felt by the Br'tish army in Boston. A military transport, having been becalmed off Cohassett, was gallantly captured by Isaiah Doi le, at the head of twenty men ; who boarded her at night, attacking in two A'hale boats with mufHed oars. She was carried into Cohassett and her stores were found to be very useful to the American army. Congress also soon resolved to fit out and commission ships of war. But although the British army in Boston was in very disagreeable circum- stances, and success attended the naval operations of the Americans, yet the af- fairs of the provinces wore no flattering aspect. The term for which many of the men had enlisted was about to expire. Irritation of spirit had made them fly to arms ; and, in the fervor of their zeal, they would at first have readily engaged to serve during the war : but the opportunity was lost, and congress severely felt the error in the course of the struggle. At the same time the colonial treasury was hut ill-replenished, and the provincial paper-meney soon became deprecia ted. In these circumstances congress, wishing by a bold movement to put an f nd to the war, or at least by the splendor of a successful operation to reani- mate the zeal of the people, was desirous that an attack should be made on Bos' ton ; but a council of war deemed the measure inexpedient. ■ '■.-ic.'»isv.*i^/;:;I(fii^t> OF' THE AMERICAN REVOI.UTION. 163 Congress early turned its attention toward Canada, and endeavored to fjain the co-operation, or at least to senire the neutrality of the inhabitants, in its dispute with Britain. The conj^ress of tiie preceding year, aithouifh prolcssing allegiance to the British crown, had circulated an address to the Canadians, evi- dently intended to render theni disafft'cted to the British administration, end to make them enter into the sentiments ajul measures of the other provinces. Al- though that address did not make on the minds of the Canadians all that impres- sion which was intended and desired, yet it was not altogether without effect ; for the great body of the people wished to remain neutral in the contest. Congress mistook the reluctance of the (Canadians to engage in active opera- tions against them for a decided partiality to their cause, and resolved to antici pate the British, by striking a decisive blow in that quarter In this purposa they were encouraged by the easy success of the enterprise against the forts on the lakes, and by the small number of troops then in Canada. Tliey appointed General Schuyler communder of the expedition, with General Montgomery un- der him. Early in Septeml)er, those officers, with about 1,000 men, made a feeble attempt on Fort St. John, situated on the river Sorel, which flows from Lake Champlain and joins the St. J.,awrence, but found it expedient to retire to If"le aux Noix, at the entrance of the lake, about twelve miles above the fort, and wait for reinforcementc. Fio. 66. — St. John, on the Sorel. Meanwhile General Schuyler was tak«"n ill, and returned to Albany, leaving the command in the hands of General Montgomery, with instructions to prose- cute the enterprise, on receiving the expected reinforcements. The reinforce ments arrived : the attack on Fort St. John was renewed ; and after a vigoroufc defence, it surrendered about the middle of November. In it the Americans found n considerable number of brass and iron cannon, howitzers, and mortars » *"-**i>i -t*'-'^-"^ - ■fiN v.".'.-. :=•__"- 161 THE PICTOKIAL HISTORY quantity of shot and small shells, ultout 800 stand of small-arms, and some nk iy stores ; l)Ut the powder and provisions were nearly exhausted. During the siege of Fort St. John, Fort Ch.unblne had been taken, which fur- nished General Montgomery with a ()leniiful supply of provisions, of which he stood greatly in need. General Carleton, who was on his way from Montreal to r(;lieve the garrison, had been defeated ; and (Colonel Allen, who had made an attack on Montreal, was overcome and taken prisoner. On the fall of Fort St. John, General Montgomery advanced against Montreal, which was in no condition to resist liim. Governor Carleton, sensible of his inability to defend the town, quitted it, and next day General Montgomery en- tered the place. A body of provincials, under (^olr)nel Katon, took p)st at the mouth of the Sorel, ami l)y means of an armed vessel and floating batterie*, roinmande(l the navigation of the St. Lawrence. The British force, which had retreated down the river from Montreal, consisting only of about 120 soldieis witli several officers, under General Prescott, and accompanied by Governor Carleton, in eleven vessels, seeing it impracticable to force thi? passage, surren dered by capitulation. 'I'he vessels contained a consideralilc quantity of provis ions, arms, and ammunition, which furnished a seasonable supply to the Ameri- cans. About midnight of the day before the ca[)itulation. Governor Carle- ton escaped down the river in a boat with inufHed oars, and safely reached Quebec. It was now the 19th of November, and the severe weather which had set in was very unfavorable to military operations. General Montgomery, a young man of superior talents and high spirit, found himself in extremely unpleasant circuinslan('es. He was at the head of a bodj* of armed men, v. ny of whonr were not deficient in personal courage, but all of them were strangers to militar) subordination. The term of service for which numbers of them were engagei? was near an end ; and alreaily weary of the hardshi|>s of war, they clamorously demanded a discharge. Nothing but devotion to his country could have made him continue in the irksome command. Hitherto his career had been success- ful, and he was ambitious of closing the campaign by some brilliant achieve- ment which might at once elevate the spirits of the Americans and humble the pride of the Ikitish ministry. With these views, even at that rigorous season of tlie year, he hastened toward Quebec, although he found it necessary to weaken his little army, which had never exceeded 2,000 men, by discharging such of his followers as had become weary of the service. About the middle of September a detachment of 1,100 men, under Colonel Arnold, was sent from the camp in the vicinity of Boston, with orders to pro- ceed across the country against Quebec, by a route which had not been ex- plored, and was little known. The party embarked at Newbury, steered for the Kennebec, a^!'' ascended that river. But their progress was impeded by rapids, by ar almost iirpassable wilderness, by bad weather, and by want of provisions. They separated into several divisions. After encountering many difficulties, the last division, under Colonel Enos, was unable to proceed, and returned to the camp in the vicinity of Boston. But the other divisions, under Arnold, pressed forward AiTiid incredible hardships and privations, and triumphed over obstacles nearly in- superable. For a month they toiled throug'. a rough, barren, and uninhabited wil- derness, without seeing a human habitation, or the face of an imlividual, except those of their own party, and with very scanty provisions. At length, on the 9th of November, Arnold, with his force much diminished, arrived at Point Levi opposite Quebec. His appearance was not unexpected ; for the lieutenant governor had been for some time apprized of his march. In the early part of his progres?^., Arnold had met an Indian, to whom, althoug*' 3 stranger, he had imprudently entrusted Isome nk i.\ which Cur- [{ which he Montreal to made an t Montreal, ible of hiit goinory en- post at the g batteries, which hail :0 soidins Governor ago, surren ty of provis the Ameri- rnor Carle- ely reached h had set in ry, a young y unpleasani ny of whorr :s to niilitarj 'ere eiigagei] clamorously d have made ieen success- iant achieve- 1 humble the orous season necessary to Y discharging inder Colonel jrders to pro- not been ex- teered for the lod by rapids, of provisions, ifficulties, the ;d to the camp ?ssed forward des nearly in- inhabited wil- I'idiial, except ength, on the It Point Levi lor had been igres',, Arniilc? ntly entrusted OF THE AMKUICAN UKVdI.I TI("»\. lb» ■ letter to (HMicral Schuyler, under cover to a friend in Quebec. The Indian, instead of faithfully ilelivering the letter according to the directions which he had received, carried it to the liciiienant uovenior, who, in order to prevent the Americans IrDiii jias.siiig the river, iiinuediately reiiioved all the ''anoe") from Point F^f'vi, and began to put the liiy in a posture of deft'iice, which before might ea-.iJy liave been surprised. On discovering the arrival of Arnold at Point Levi, the IJniish conuuander stationed two vessels of war in the river to guard the p;issai;e ; -.ind, at that interestitig crisis, Coimiel M'liCan, who had re- treated bel'ore .Moniyomery, arrived from the Siiril, wiili al)out 170 newly-raised troops, to assist in tlie del'inee of llif place. y^^^ Fio. 67. — Arnold crossing the River. Notwithstanding all the vigilance of the British, on the night of the 14th of November Arnold crossed the river with 500 men, in thirty-five canoes, and landed unperceived near the place where the brave and enterprising Wolfe had landed about sixteen years before, thence named Wolfe's Cove. He had provi ded scaling ladders, but was unable to carry them over the river with hit troops, and consequently was not in a condition to make an immediate attempt on the town. Instead, however, of concealing himself till he could bring forward his BcaliiiT ladders, and then make a sudden and unexpected attack by night, he marched part of his troops in military parade in sight of the garrison, and so put the British fully on thtir guard. He wished to summon them to surrender, but they fired on his flag of truce, and refused to hold any intercourse wi>s*»^;^>.S?^*'- OF TiiK ami:ki<:an kkvoi.ution. tuy ,..«n for. 0, appear...! l...fore Qu.-l-.c on -h.- o.h ..f I)ece.nlu|r. 1 . >.-rnson wa. h"n nor.;nl.m. r..ns ,l.au .)..■ ar,n> wl..l. .-an... ... take ... p a.j^ ^f^Z was the A.nerican lorce re.luc.l. .ha. .. scan-ly '^'''•'""''■'';" . ,f,^. ;;;r; „„! ''^i;ira;~K..,u.rv s.... a :1a, ..f truce ... Mnnn...,, .h.- .arrt.on to surrender ; but^comrary to u'.age LuM.g civ^hz..! na...,n., u wa. f.re.l upo.., as that ol At- Fio. 69 —British Soldiers firing at the Flag of Truce. nold had b.!en. He therefore, in ih. depth of a Canadian wi.Aer, and m tn« m..st intense cokl, erected batteries ; but his artiUery was too hght to make a..y inu.r.ss.o., ..n the fortifications. He therefore determined to storm the town : an-l the assault was made on the morning of the 31st ot December. About four o'clock in the morning, in the midst of a violent storin of snow, two feints and two real attacks were simultaneously made. Ihe real attacks were conducted by M.H.tgomery and Arnold. Mon^omery, advancing at the head of about 200 men, fell by the first discharge of ,. ape-shot from the works Sev- eral of his best officers being killed, his division retreated. Arnold at the head of about 300 men, in a .lifferent .luarler, maintained a fierce and "bstu.ate co.i rtict for some time ; but was at last wounded and repulsed. The death of Mont- .romery was the subject of much regret, as he had been universally loved and es- teemed On assembling after the assault, the provincials could not muster many more than 400 effective men, who chose Arnold their commander ; and, in the hope of receiving reinforcements, resolved to remain in the vicinity of Quebec. Thus perished this gallant Irishman, a martyr to his love for liberty, hghting bravelv in defence of his adopted country. c v u In fro..t of the church of St. Paul's, in Broadway, at the oorner of Fulton street, New York, may be seen a very plain monument with the loUowing in- **^" Thrs^iionument is erected by order of congress, 25th January, 1776, to transmit to posterity a grateful remembrance of the ;>a«n«««*ffi, con(Z«c<, enterprise, an' ner^eveLce of Major-General Richard Montgomery who, after a series of bmcr.,-ies, amid the most discouraging difficulties, fell mlhe attacK on Quebec. 3l3t iiecmber, 1775, aged 37 years. , ,, ■ r- i p; »,o„» " '^h.- State of New York caused the remains of Major-General KicharU Montgomery to be conveyed from Quebec and deposited beneath this monument. ihe 8th day of July, 1818." v u- u u . . Sir Guv Carleton acquired much honor by ^he humanity witV which he trea» .-;--wl'.v-';*ivii*;^'^-- ^"'"Civ OF TlIK AMEItlC.W UKVOLUIION 1 60 itgomnrv. Fio. 71. — Montgomery Leading on his Men. ea all his prisoners. He fought as a sohUor, ami felt as a man. The Aniencanti were not ignorant of their own great inferiority in point of numbers to the gar- rison, and were not without apprehensions of being attacked ; but, although the garrison was three times more numerous than the blockading army, yet it was of such a mixed and precarious nature, that Sir Guy Carleton did not deem it prudent to march out against the enemy. A dmall reinforcement from Massachusetts reached the American camp, and all the troops that could be spared from Montreal marched to join their country- men before Quebec ; but the month of February was far advanced before the army amounted to 960 men. Arnold, however, resumed the siege ; but his ar- tillery was inadequate to the undertaking, and made no impression or. the works. Although unsuccessful against the town, he defeated a body of Canadians who advanced to relieve it. While the American army lay before Quebec, the troops caught the small-pox from a woman who had been a nurse in an hospital of the city ; and the loath- some disease spread rapidly among them. In order to mitigate the ravages ef this destructive malady, many of the men inoculated themselves, regardless of orders to the contrary. The reinforcements, which were daily arriving, had re- course to the same practice ; and so general was the infection, that, on the first of May, although the army amounted to 2,000 men, yet not more than 900 were fit for duty. In this diseased state of the troops, medichies and everything necessary for the sick were wanting. The men were also scattered for want of barracks. Major-General Thomas, who had been appointed to the command of the American army in Canada, arrived in camp on the Ist of May. He found the troops enfeebled by disease, ill-supplied with provisions, and with only a small quantity of ammunition. The river was opening below ; and he was well aware that as soon as ships could force their way through the ice, the garrison ^ ^«;33s^i^,^%tT^'^J.^^<>• 170 THE PICTOUIAI. HISTORY would be reinforced. On the 5th of May. therefore, he resolved to retreat tow- Trd Montreal ; and on the evening of the same day, he -ceived certam mforma- rion that a British fleet was in the river. Next morning some of the ships by great exertion and with much danger, pressed through the ice into the harbor, ^"UfAfjrrns'wTe preparing to retire: General Carleton marched out to Fio. 72 —Portrait of General Carleton. attack them ; and as there was no hope of successfully ^-^^^^^ Jj^j;^ ^^g™^^^^^ superior, they made a precipitate retreat leaving behind 'l^^';" J^^'/^'i^^^^^^^^^ artillery and military stores. Many of those who were ill "^ ^^^^^^^ P^^" caped from the hospitals and concealed themselves in the ^"""^'^y' J/^f !■ ff ^ were kind™y entertaine.l by the Canadians till they recovered, and were able to follow Su countrymen. General Carleton could not overtake the American army ; but he took about 100 sick prisoners. . Th^ Americans retreated about forty-five nn es, and then l^^Ued afew days but afterward proceeded to Sorel, in a deplorable condiUon, and enc^^^^^^^ In this interval some reinforcements arrived ; but General f ^omas was seizea with the small-pox, and died. He was succeeded in command by General bul ''The British had several military posts in Upper Canada ; and the Americans established one at the Cedars, a point of land which projects into the St. Law rence, about forty miles above Montreal. Captain ^orster who had marcnea from bswyatchie, appeared before this post with a ^"'"P*"^ ^J J"„^;"%^„en- con^iderable numbe? of Indians ; and the American <=7™^"^Kf,^^ dered the place after a short resistance. An Anierican party °f ^°°';Y"" ^^^^^ under MaiSr Sherburne, left Montreal to assist their countrymen at the Cedars ,.,,er.l. l^i who ihon oon.n....ded a. Monlrea! wa. donrous ot rMO.enng U., OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 171 retreat tow- tain informa- he ships, by the harbor, rched out to force so muco sick, baggage, 1 small-pox es- y, where they d were able to the American )d a few days ; ncamped there, as was seized y General Sul- the Americans the St. Law- 1 had marched regulars and a : officoi surreu- ibout 100 men, ai the Cedars ; r, and ignorant a body of In- , the Americans of the Indians nk of brigadier- recovering \ht Cedars, and of relieving the prisoners there ; and for these purposes marched loward that place, at the head of about 800 men. But on his approach Captain For.sier gave him notice, that unless he agreed to a cartel, which had already been signed by Major Sherburne and some other officers, the Indians svould put all the prisoners to death. In these circumstances, Arnold reluctantly signed tho cartel, and retired. Before the end of May, the British force in Canada was greatly increased ; and, including the German mercenaries, was estimated at 13,000 men. That force was -.videly dispersed ; but Three Rivers, about ninety miles above Quebec and as much below Montreal, was the general point of rendezvous. A consid erable detachment, under General Frazer, had already arrived there. That de- iachment General Sullivan wished to surprise ; and appointed General Thomp- son to command the troops in the expedition sent out for that purpose. The enterprise failed ; Thompson was made prisoner, and his detachment dispersed, but without any great loss. The royal military and naval forces having been collected at Three Rivers, a long village so named from its contiguity to a river which empties itself into the St. Lawrence by three mouths, advanced by land and water toward the Sorel. General Sullivan had retreated up that river ; and General Burgoyne was or- dered cautiously to pursue him. On the 15th of June, General Arnold quitted Montreal, crossed the river at Longueille, marched on Chamblee, and con- ducted the army to Crown Point, with little loss in the retreat. Thus terminated .he invasion of Canada, in which the American army endured great hardships, and sustained considerable loss, without any advantage to the cause in which it was engaged. Historical annals rarely furnish so striking and interesting occurrences oh might be recorded, were the detail fully given of the memorable march of the Americans in order to penetrate Quebec. Honorably as it has been commem- orated, its difficulties, dangers, an^ privations, can never be sufficiently appreci- ated. We read of the passage of the Alps with a just sentiment of admiration ; yet it is not certain but that the privations and difficulties of those enterprises were surpassed in the expedition of Arnold. Their batteaux had to be dragged by the soldiers over water-falls, portages, and rapid streams, and such parts of the march as was not made by rivers, was performed for a distance of three hundred miles through thick woods, over lofty mountains, and deep morasses. A part of the detachment actual 'y abandoned the undertaking and returned to Cam- bridge to avoid starvation. Those who persevered were actually compelled, in order to appease the torments of hunger, to devour dogs, reptiles, and their very cartridge-boxes. Among the patriots of this tried corps of invincibles were the late Col. Burr and Col. Samuel Ward, recently deceased in the city of New York. Although the Americans had failed in their attempt on Canada, they still oc- cupied Crown Point and Ticonderoga. General Carleton resolved to drive them from those posts ; but that was an arduous task, for the British had not a ship on Lake Champlain to oppose the American navy ; and it was deemed unadvi- sable to advance, without first gaining the command of the lakes. The great aim was to obtain possession of the upper parts of the Hudson, to march to Al- bany, make themselves masters of the country in General Washington's rear, and open a communication between the British army in Canada and that at New York. The task was arduous ; and General Carleton labored with unwearied assiduity in providing the means of gaining a superiority on the lakes. In about three months, his efforts were ciowued with success. Early, in October, he had a formidable fleet, which rose, as if by magic, upon Lake Champlain It con- Misted of the Inflexible, carrying eighteen 12-pouuder8, one schooner, mounting P?2 THE PICTORIAL UlsTOKV fourteen r2-[p(ms and )f the lua- iraggeii up amen, and superiority pose ; but, I been suc- vo schoon- he largest f desperate gry respect, lin Pringle, lin in quest many trans- ippearance. defend the . warm en- ships being ;e an efficieu. ferioriiy of his .ching, Captain 3, little distance onl\ . with a view to prevent the escape of the Americans. In this cnga^einon* Arnold's large.st schooner was burnt, and a gondola sunk. Arnold, feeling his inability to renew the conflict next day, made his escape during tii' nigiit, in the hope of reaching Ticonderoga, and fniding shelter under ihe guns ot the (ort. The wind was favorable, and next morning he was out of sight of the Uritish fleet. Captain Pringle ordered an immediate pursuit, over- look the Americans, and brought them to action before they reached Crown Point. Arnold fought wuh his usual resolution for about two hours; during which time, such of his fleet as were most ahead fled under a press of sail, and escaped to Ticonderoga. Two galleys and five gondolas, which remained with hini, made a desperate defence. At length one of them was compelled to slrikf her colors. Arnold was unable any longer to maintain the unecjual conflict but, disdaining to surrender, he ran his ships ashore, landed his men, and set his vessels on fire and blew them up. In the face of the nifwi active and vigor- ous opposition, he preserved his crews, and prevented his shipx from fallins into the hands of the British. (ieneral Carleton advanced with the fleet, and appeared off ' >own Point on the 15th of October. On his approach, a small American delacfcuuent, stationed there as an advanced post, set fire to the houses, and retired lo Ticonderoga, which Generals Schuyler and Gates had determined to defend to thf last es- treinity. General Carleton took possession of Crown Point, sent Rs»» of the operation of which we complain, on the one part ; and the disbanding of (tm army and a dissolution of our commercial associations on the other." A' th« same time, they hinted at the danger to which British fret doMi would be exposed, if ilie spirit of liberty were crushed in America. Ttwy also wrote a letter of thanks to the lord mayor, aldermen, and livery of 'he city of London, for their \irtuous and spirited opposition to the oppressive and ruinous system of colonial administration adopted by the British cabinet These several papers were transmuted to Richard Penn, whom congress i» 174 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY qiiesii'J to prospiil ir petition to the kmg. Mr. Pcim sailed for England with- out dcliiy. ('ongre.-is appointed coiiimissioners to sii])erintpnd Indian affairs, to prepare proper talks for the tribes, and to watch over the int(!rests of the colonies in re- lation to thetn. While congress was attentive to [jiiard against Indian hostility, and to gain Indian friendship, they exerted theinsidves to put the provinces in a posture of defence, and recoinniended to all al)le-hodied men in the colonies, be- IwetMi sixteen and liftv years of age, immediately to I'orm themselves into regu- lar companies of militia, to acquire a knowledge of military exercise, and to select a fourth part of the militia in every colony as minute-men, ready to march, on a minute's iu)tice, wherever their assistance might be required. They also recotrnnended to each colony to appoint a committee of safety to watch over the pul)lic welfare, during the recess of their respective assemblies and conventions, and to nKik(! all the provision in their power for the protection of their harbors and coasts. Amid the noise of arms and the contrivances of policy, the ceremonials of re- ligion were not forgotten. The 20th of July was appointed as a general fast, and, on that day, the members of congress, in a body, attended public worship, both forenoon and afternoon. The day was observed in Philadelphia as the most solemn fast that had ever been held in .hat city ; anul liie ,\mericans ac- complisiied their purpose, without htsing a man. The firing, during the silence of tlie night, greatly alarmed the inhabitants of the adjacent towns. The congress was fully aware of the iitiportance of preserving the conmiand of the Hudson, or North River; and, for that purpose, gave directions to erect batteries and place garrisons in the highlands ; and they used all the means in their power to keep the royal party in .New York in check, by stationing troops, on whiim they could depend, in the vicinity of that city. The convention of New Hampshire applied to congress for directions how to carry on the administration of the colony, in the circumstances in which they were placed. Congress recommended to them to call a full and free represen- tation of the people, to establish such a form of government as they deemed most conducive to the good order, peace, and happiness of the province ; thus setting an example of popular and independent government for the imitation of the coio- tii<'S. Congress recommended that Charleston, in South Carolina, be defended against all the enemies of America ; that the army before Boston consist of 20,000 iiu'n .; and that particidar colonies raise battalions at the expense of the continent , that four armed vessels be (itted out for the purpose of intercepting trans[)orts la.len with warlike stores and other supjjlies to the enemy, and for tlie protection and defence of the united colonies. Congress deliberated with shut doors, and agreed, " 'I'hal every member consider himself und< :lie ties of vir- tue, honor, and love of his country, not to divulge, directly or indirectly, any nialter or thing agitated or debated in congress iiefcre the same shall have oeen determined, without the leave of cnnuress ; or any matter or thing determined in congress, which the majority of congress shall order to be kept secret; and tliat, if any member shall violate this agreement, he shall be expelled this congress, and be deemed an enemy to the lilierties of America, and liable to be treated as Buch ; and that evjry meml)er signify Ins assent to this agreement by signing he same." In this way. 'lie proi<'c'dings of congress remained entirely unknown, e: ept in so far as that body clic to publish them. 'Ongress appointed a committee to correspond with their friends in Ikituin and Ireland ; and reconnnended that no colonv should separately petition the king : they resolved to secure and bring away a iinantily of powder in tlie island of Providence ; to retaliate, on such Hritish soldiers as fell into their hands, ai. sufTerings (hat miglit be inliicied on .-Vnn-rican prisoners ; and to provide thirteen armed ships, (Carrying from thirty-two to twenty-lour guns each, of wliuli Eze- kiel Hopkins was appointed commander. Thus, before the enil of the year 1775, although congress siill made professions of loyalty to the king, yet everything throughout the colonies was in a state of the most active preparation for war. At Boston the lutsi-le armies remained ijuiel during the severity of winter ; but early in the morning of the 1 ttii of February, 1776, General Howe sent a detachment over the ice to Dorchester Neck, and burnt a few houses. 'I'iiis expedition merelv served to make the Americans more sensible of the impor- tance of estalilisiiing ihemselvi.'s on Dorchester heights. Ceneral Washington was inclined to make an attack on Boston : to that, however, a couiuil of war did not agree, hut proposed to take |K)ssession of Dorchester heights, which are on the south of Boston, as Bunker's Hill is on the north, find so render the Brit- lliilifax novc the i^culo llie iiiroriii'Ml his work iciiiis iif- le silence coniniaiiil 8 to (-rec't means in ng troops, as how to hich they represen- LMued most lus setting )f the coh>- (lefended consist of nse of the ntercepting and for the I with shut lies of vir- ireclly, any have oeen termined in I ; and tliat, iS congress, e treated as by signing ly unknown, i in Ikitiiin petition the in the island r hands, ai. viile thirteen whiih Eze- le year 1775, t everything II for war. y of winter ; Howe sent a )uses. This f the iiiipor- Wasbington nnuil of war ts, which are ider the Brit- 178 THE PICTOHIAI, msTnlJv ifli ()u.si ill niistoii uiiteiiiible. The meas\ire wna resolved on, iiiid prt'iiariilion luadt' for earrviiiLf it into excciuijii. ^•^ccordiiii'lv, on the fvcninu of tlio llh ol March, a strong detachment sihintly crossed iJorchis'er Neck, arrived at then places of destination, and labored ii;''essiint!y in raisini;; fortirications. In orJei to conceal this movement, the Americans had, for some days iief'ore, kept np a heavy tire on Boston, with little eH'cct ; and it had been as ineffectually reluiiic'J by the British. The noiso of artillery prevented the pick-axes and other implements of the Americans from beins; heard, althouijh the L'ronnd was hard frozen, and could not easily be penetrated. So incessantly did they labor, that during the niifjit they raised two forts, with other defenct^s, which in the morning presented to the British a very formidable appearance. On viewing these work*, General Howe remarked, that tlie Americans had done more in one nijjht than his whole army would have done in a month. Ho determined to dislodge them, and made ihe necessa "• preparations for attacking them next day. But in the night a vi- olent storm aroi^i, which drove some of his vessels ashore on (.iovernor'.s Island • and in the morning it rained so heavily that the attack oould not be made General Howe called a council of war, which was of opinion that the towii of Boston ought to he evacuated as soon as possible, sji\ce the Americans had got time to strengthen their works, so as to render an attack on them very haz- ardous. For their own defence, the provincials had provided a immber of bar- rels fined with stones and sand, ready to be rolled down on the assailants as they ascended the hill ; a device which would have broken the line of the most steady and intrepid troops, and thrown them into confusion. That the heights of Dorchester had been so long neglected may appear surprising ; but during winter the American army was both weak and ill provide i, and General Howe had no troops to spare. In Boston all was bustle and confusion ; the troops and the friends of the British government preparing to quit the town. General Howe was desirous of removing all his stores of every kind ; and his adherents wished to carry off all their effects. In the view of abandoning the town, the soldiery were guilty of the most shameful excesses, plundering the shops and houses, and destr ying what they could not take away. About four o'clock in the morning of Sunday the 17th of March, the troops, about 7,000 in number, and some hundreds of loyal inhabitants, began to embark ; and they were all on board and under sail before ten. The evacuation of the place was so sudden that an adequate num- ber of transports had not been prepared, and much confusion and inconvenience were experienced on board. The fleet, however, remained several days in Nantucket roads, and burnt the block-house on Castle Island, and demolished the fortifications. A considerable quantity of stores was left behind ivi Bot''"" As the last of the British party were marching out of Boston, General Wash- ington entered it, ainid the triumphant gratulations of the citizens, whose joy on their deliverance from the degrading oppression of a British army was enthusi- astic. At first it was not knowi to what quarter General Howe would direct bis course ; but, apprehensive ol an immediate attack on New Yokk, General Washington, on the day after the evacuation, despatched five regiments, under General Heath, tov/ard that city, and soon followed with the main body of his army. In a few days it waa ascertained that General Howe, instead of sailing to the •outliuard, had steered to Halifax. But he left some cruisers to watch the en- trance into Boston, and to give notice of tlie evacuation to such British "esscls B8 were destined for that port. Notwithstanding that precaution, however, sev- eral ships and transports, ignorant of what had happened, sailed into the harbor, uid beoirae prizes to the Americans, who, by thi 'r naval captures, procured a ■[luriitioi « ho Jill ol I at ihcii In ortki kept up s \; reluiiie.'l Ills of tho and could the iiiiilit jseiiteil to I, Generitl his wholo and made liglii a vi- r's Island • lade the town •leans had I very haz- bcr of bar- sailants as of the most the heights but during leral Howe nds of the desirous of iarry oft" all re guilty of 1 destroying r of Sunday lundreds of d under sail equate num- convenience iral days in inolished the Uoc'-' iieral Wash- k^hose joy on vas enthusi- .vould direct Oik, General ments, under s body of his sailing to the vatch the e!A- ritjsh "esscia lowever, sev- to the harbor, IS, procured • 130 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY .a„st seasoihible supply of arms au-l ammunition. In this way Lieutenant Co,«» nTca-nphell, with'n/arly 300 H.ghlanders, after a brave resistance, was taKen '^n:;;::;^' HiiienJm;;::^ •rcnnsulerable time at HaliH^x, to refresh his n.op, ..xiru"t,.;i bv the fa,>Kues ..,.! privations of the blockad. ; and General Wu.h- •T'cS;S.le "^in. Xsed befl.re .he armies under General Howe and Wasb""o ag in .^..Von.ell each other; but while there was a pause in m.h- t.ir..rmonsiu the north, events of importance happened in the so"t»'- !>' S^ - ■• idl" tlie trieuds l.f congress w-re decidedly -"^^"T^'^^^ "'^^ lu . .f .1,0 Hrliish ininistrv were i ither ew nor inactive, ine suppor : 'S.: ml^^s h"wr?:r,h.d the. system far better organized^ t^r conmn;;;ic=mo..s more regular, their union more complete, and their zeal was '" 'n,r;!^;iS;^1;iovinci.lists. wlsheu to f;.rce all to join the non-importation as- sochSois S ' fte wanl to enrol ^n the militia. Many refused, and quarrels aroir Can P was pitched .u unst camp ; but, after some negotiation a trea y ^?Z^"t^^>^'Xit^^.,>J:>l<'> p,..v,„ci,l leader,, U„ .ending ,,..•- d^rlo liriniitmrM , .in,e' when .h. colontas could no. procure ih.. ,m,.o,..m ""Si„r sr.;;u'' trScd .gam,. ...umugh-n. .n,. «, „a,,y ..,..».. „bi.,d .o rrtrea. before .heir superior lorce, and a la,l lo. md ,t ne> . ,s.rj .o «ke rcfu™ in a Mockade for., whor,. Cunningha.i; bes.oged him. U"' "f^" a 'ew dav, a o„ of iruce was emcred i.uo, ar,d both par.,es d>-|»r.ed, A. tha. "' S^li^m Smpbell, governor ofthe province, had "ni^ly r^— ml- ed to the royalists to remain quiet till the arrival ol a British force His ad ice was not followed ; and the friends of congress were eager to crush all inter al was, not louo ve j , forpi^n troops. They, therefore, despatched a "cS:;:i.;rbl trvlr^atlme^Js of thJroyaUsts'; some of whom fled be- ;S the mountains or into Florida, and they who remained were completely ^'"Melimhile the province formed for itself a temporary constitution of govern- ninierabllLed boards and courts for conducting public business, and provided a,s well as it could against the impending storm from Britain. Chariest m the capital of South Carolina, stands .m a point of land which li^fiewerile rivers Cooper and Ashley, which fall into a bay of the Atlan- ta 'nd In the bay th.re are several islands. The people resolved to .or il> the'cS •< f the province; and for that purpose erected a fort on Sullivan's Isl- .rXch.es in he by about sir. mile, below the town, and near he chan- nef lelS . g o i The In was con.struc^ d with the wood of the palmetto ; a !nant Coit>- was takt'U his iriiops, eral Wash- Howe and use in mill- south. In us ; l)ut ihp 'he support - .nizetl, their ir zeal was ^ortation as- mil quarrels ion, a treaty ilists should Mr. Robert persisted in not consider )opular lead- tecution, ap- 1, armed his ?A ; lull they [1 which was iiul pru|)aga- iending pow- lat iin[)ortant rty, hut net I ssary to But after sed. At that 'or a forniida- in front, with the adherents ' recommend- His advice h all internal despatched a vhom fled he- re completely on of govern- , and provided jf land which f of the Atlan- )lved to fortify Sidlivan's Isl- lear the chan- e palmetto ; a i Av )iS*St«'f''>- 182 THE I'ICIOKIAL IlIbTOUY tree peculnr to the snuthLTii stati-s, whicti jjrnws from twenty to furty fuct hign without branches, and ti'rrninite.s in a lop re.-; tho head )!' a cal)bage The wood of tliu tree Ih reiiiarkahly M|>oM|;y ; and a bali entering it niaken nc extended fracture, but buries itself in the wood, witliout injuring the adjacent parts. Tho fort waa mounted with about thirty cannon ; 32, 18, and pounders. In the latter part of 1773 and beginning of 177*), great exertions had been made in ilritain to send an overwhelming force into America ; and on the 2d of June the alarm guns were lired in the vicinity of Charleston, and expresses seni to tho militia ofTicer.s to hasten to the defence of the capital with the forces un der their command. The order was |)roinptly obeyed ; and some continental regiments from the neigliboring states also arrived. The whole was under the direction of General Lee, who had been a[)pointed commander of all the forces in the southern states, and had under him tho continental generals, Armstrong and IF" we. The utmost activity prevailed in Charleston. The citizens, abandoning their usual avocations, emph)yed themselves entirely in putting the town in a respecta- ble state of defence. They pulled down the valuable storehouses on the wharfs, barricaded the streets, and constructed lines of defence along the shore. UeliiKiuishing the pursuits of j)eaceful industry and conunercial gain, they en- gaged in incessant labor, and prepared for bloody conflicts. The troops, amounting to between five and six thousand men, were stationed in the most ad- vantageous positions. The second and third regular regiments of South Caro- lina, under Colonels Moultrie and Tliom.>4on, were posted on Sullivan's Islaad Fio. 78. — William Moultrie, Major (1 A jegiment commanded by Colonel Gadsden was stationed at Fort Jonnsta, about three miles below Charleston, on the most northerly point of James's Isluiid, and within point blank shot of tho channel. Tho rest of the troops were posted Bl Haddrel's Point, along the bay near the town, and at such other places as were thought most proper. Amid all this bustle and preparation, lead for bullets, was extremely scarce, and the windows of Charleston were stripped of theii weights, in order to procure a small supply of that iiecessary article. While the Americans were thus busily emplo) .,d, the British exerted them- . IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^ . 1.0 I.I 1.25 1 L^IIB 12.5 ^ ^ 12.2 U 11.6 — i„ — 1 ^ ' — PhotDgraphic Sciences Corporation ^^^ 23 WfST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)E72-4S03 CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques !^ iV - ^mw ^ n sTfW^ iiv*SSJii.. OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 183 selves with activity. About the middle of February, an armament sailed from be Cove of Cork, under tiie command of Sir Peter Pariver and Earl Cornwal- IS to encourage and support the loyalists in the soulhc rn provinces. \ft,.r a tedious voyage, the greater part of the fleet reached Cape Fear, in Ncirtli Carolina, on the 3d of May. General Clinton, who haa left Poston m December took the command of the land forces, and issued a jmclamation promising pardon to all the inhabitants who laid down their arms ; but that proo- lamation produced no efTect. Early in June, the armament, consisting of be- tween forty and fifty vessels, appeared ofT Charleston bay, and thirty-six o the transports passed the bar, and anchored about three miles from Sullivan's Island. Some hundreds of the troops landed on Long Island, which lies on the west of Sullivan's Island, and which is separated froin it by a narrow channel, o ten fordable On the 10th of the month the Bristol, a fifty-gun ship, having taken out h.T guns, got safely over the bar ; and on the 25th, the Experiment, a ship of ediial force, arrived,' and next day passed in the same way On the part ot the British everything was now ready for action. Sir Henry Clinton had nearly ■S 000 men under his command. The naval force, under Sir Peter Parker, con- sisted of the Bristol and Experiment, of fifty guns each; the Active Acteon, Solehay, and Syren frigates, of twenty-eight guns each ; the Friendship ot twenty-two, and the Sphinx, of twenty guns ; the Ranger sloop, and Fhunder- honib, of eight guns each. • . .u r . „ On the forenoon of the 28th of June, this fleet advanced against the fort on Sullivan's Island, which was defended by Colonel Moultrie, with 344 regular troops, and some militia who volunteered their services on the occasion. Ihe Thunder-bomb began the battle. The Active, Bristol, Experiment, and Solebay, followed boldly to the attack, and a terrible cannonade ensued. The 'ort re- turned the fire of the ships slowly, but with deliberate and deadly aim. Ihe contest was carried on during the whole day with unabatmg fury. All the for- ces collected at Charleston stood prepared for battle ; and both the troops and •he numerous spectators beheld the conflict with alternations of hope and fear, which appeared in their countenances and gestures. They ktiew not how soon the fort might be silenced or passed by, and the attack immediately made upon themselves ; but they were resolved to meet the invaders at the waters edge, to dispute every inch of ground, and to prefer death to what they considered to be ' ThJsphinx, Acteon, and Syren, were ordered to attack the western extremity of the fort, which was in a very unfinished state ; l>"ta8they proceeded for that purpose, they got entangled with a shoal, called the Middle Ground Two of Ihem ran foul of each other: the Acteon stuck fast; the Sphmx and Syren go off-, the former with the loss of her bowsprit, the latter with little injury ; but that part of the attack completely failed. , ,. , ,. c- u , ri;„.«n It had been concerted, that during the attack by the ships, Sir Henry Clinton, with the troops, should pass the narrow channel which separates Long Island from Sullivan's Island, and assail the fort by land: but this the general found impracticable, for the channel, though commonly fordable was at that time by a long prevalence of easterly winds, deeper than usual. The seamen who found themselves engaged in such a severe conflict, often cast a wistful look toward Long Island, in the hope of seein? Sir Henry Clinton and the troops advancing against the fort ; but their hope was disappointed and the ships »"? J^f fort were left to themselves to decide the combat. Although the channel had been fordable, the British troops would have found the passage an arduous enterprise; for Colonel Thomson, with a strong detachment of riflemen, regulars, and mili- tia, was posted on the east end of Sullivan's Island to oppose any attack mad. in that quarter. ^v;j3fe4'i..i:^ 84 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY I„ the course of the day the fire of the fort ceased for a ^^^l^^^l^^l^;^ Br lish nattered themselves that the gu.is were abandoned ; but ihei at.se «af «j;asioned solely by the want of powder, and whe.i a supply was obtained the cumonade re ommenced as steadily as before. The engagement which began a out eleven o'clock in the forenoon, continued with unabated fury "11 «e^^" tlie evenYne when the fire slackened, and about nine entirely ceased on both s des Dur'ing the night all the ships, except the Acteon, whu:h was aground removed abom two miles from the island. Next morning the fort fired a fe^^ iZ't the Acteon aTd she at first returned them ; but in a short time her crew erL^on fire nd abandoned her. A party of Americans boarded the bur„,„g essel seized her colors, fired some of her i-'^,f C-"'-tllew up ^ ,^ three boats with her sails and stores, and then quitted her. bhe blew up shortly afterward. Fio. 79.— Sir Peter Parker. In this obstinate engagement the Americans fought with great gallantry. Th loss of he British waf 64 killed and 161 wounded. The garrison lost ten men k led and twenty-two wounded. Although the Americans were raw troops yet they behaved with the steady intrepidity of veterans. In the course of the en- ga Jement the flag-staff of the fort was shot away ; but the brave Serjeant Jasper feaped down upon the beach, snatched up the flag, fastened it to a sponge staff and while the ships were incessantly directing their broadsides upon the fort, he mounTed the merloa and deliberately replaced the flag, ^^^t day Pres den, Rutledge presented him with a sword, as a testimony of respect for his distin- Sed valor. Colonel Moultrie, and the ofllcers and troops on Sullivan s sl- Sd received the thanks of their country for their bravery ; and in honor of the gali'ant commander, the fort was named Fort Moultrie. The failure of the attack on Charleston was of great importance to the Ameri- can cause, and contributed much to the establishment of the popular government Tl^fr en Is of congress triumphed ; and numbers of them fondly imagined tha ieir fre^lom was achieved. The diftident became bold : the advocates o the irresistibility of British fleets and armies were mortified and '"l«n<=«'i. •„ ^"J '^JJ who from interested motives had hitherto been loud in their prolessions ot loy OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 18: line, aiiL tlic le jiause Kaf <)l)taiiii'J thf which began lill seven in ased on l)utli .vas ai^rounJ, irt fired a few ime her crew the burning Parker, filled ew up shortly gallantry. Th on lost ten men raw troops, yet urse of the en- Serjeant Jasper > a sponge statf, ipon the fort, he ;t day President L for his distin- n Sullivan's isl- in honor of the ;e to the Ameri- )Iar government. [y imagined that advocates of the need ; and they tfessions ot loy 186 THE PICTORIAL HISTOKV ally, begin to alter tlioir tone. The brave defence of Fort Mouitrie saved lie soiillu'rn slates (roin the horrors of war for several yi-ars. The jrovernineiit of ISoiitli CaroUna wisely took advantaue of the moment of success to conciliate the good-will of their oijponents in the province. Cmniing. Iiam and other adherents of royal power, who for a considerable lime had been closely imprisoned, on promising fidelity to their country, were set at freedom and restored to all the privileges of citizens. 'I'he repulse of the Hrilish fleet at Fort Moultrie left the Americans at liberty to turn their undivided force again.s: the Indians, who hud attacked the western frontier of the southern states with all till! fury and carnage of savage warfare. In 1775, when the breach between Great Britain and her colonies was daily becoming wider, one Stuart, the agent employed in conducting the intercourse between the British authorities and the Cherokees and Creeks, used all his in- fluence to attach the savages to the royal cause, and to inspire them with jeal- ousy and hatred of the Americans. He found little difficulty in persuading them that the Americans, without provocation, had taken up arms against Britain, and were the means of preventing them from receiving their yearly supplies of arms, ammunition, and clothing from the British govermnent. Moses Kirkland, an inhabitant of South Carolina, whose vanity and ambition had not been sufficiently gratified by his countrymen, was employed by Stuart and other royalists to concert measures with General Gage for a joint attack, by sea and land, on the southern states, while the savages should fall upon their rear. Kirkland was taksn on his voyage to Boston, his papers were seized, and the plot was fully discovered. The Americans endeavored to conciliate the good-will of the Indians, but their scanty presents were unsatisfactory, and the savages resolved to take up the hatchet. Accordingly, when the British fleet under Sir Peter Parker appeared in Charleston Bay, the Cherokees invaded the western frontier of the province, marking their course, as usual, with murder and devastation. The speedy retreat of the British fleet left the savages ex- posed to the vengeance of the Americans, who, in separate divisions, entered their country at difTerent points, from Virginia and Georgia, defeated their war- riors, burned their villages, laid waste their corn-fields, and rendered the Chero- kees incapable, for the meantime, of giving the settlers further annoyance. Thus, in the south, the Americans at this time triumphed over the arms both of the British and of the Indians. Intelligence of the rejection of their second petition, and of the cold indiffer- ence observed toward Mr. Penn by the British government, reached congress in November, and awakened a strong sensation throughout the provinces. It con- vinced the colonists in what light their conduct was viewed by the British cab- inet, and what they had to expect from the parent state. It appeared obvious that there was no medium between unconditional submission and absolute inde- pendence. The colonists saw that they must either abandon everything for which they had hitherto been contending, or assert their ireedom by force of arms ; and many of them were struck with the incongruity of professing alle- giance to a power which their marshalled battalions were opposing with all their might. That men who had been accustomed to no rigorous subordination, and to few restraints, and many of whom entertained enlarged notions of the extent of their rights and privileges, should, without a struggle, submit to descend from the proud rank of freemen to what they considered the degradation of slavery — that (hey should abandon everything which they held dear, and become the crouch- ing subjects of a suspected, despised, and oppressed dependancy of the British empire — was scarcely to be expected. The colonists spurned the thought of such degradation. Entirely emancipated from the antiquated notions of prerog rie saved ll.« de moment of •e. Cimning- iine had been i!t at freedom British fleet at 1 ff)rce against ■n states with lies was daily tie intercourse ised all his in- hem with jeal- jrsuading them ist Britain, and ipplies of arms, y and ambition lyed by Stuart a joint attack, i fall upon their fete seized, and conciliate the factory, and the le British fleet ■rokees invaded aal, with murder he savages ex- ivisions, entered eated their war- lered the Chero- iher annoyance. ,he arms both of the cold indiffer- ched congress in )vince8. It con- the British cab- ippeared obvious nd absolute inde- n everything for lorn by force of professing alle- jing with all their latiou, and to few he extent of their iescend from the 1 of slavery — thai come the crouch- iicy of the British 3d the thought of notions of prerog *«»». ^ TllH PICIOKIM' HISTdllY aa- nu... pn.iui,. u,.! -.ru-.-Mous m. i - ';''';„' ..;,• ,l,i„... l,ul..pon.U.noo. whicl., in the earlier SII1.4.-S ol "':",^ :„,„„„; At f.rst ii alunne.! U.ni.l an.l ,,i,„,.l, was „ow ,ua.e a .op., oi P".>;';. ,';,,„„, ,,,,„„, which such a course ,„.„,„,„e ,„en. who ha,l a ^^ '';'!;,■■; /;jt,''n,M..pc.,.h.nce were hohl uud .n woui.l open helore .hetn H..t '''', ^-^^ ^l '.i.'ri..-' .he subject .t.ore la.». tar to .lela,.«al.Ie ; they lalu.re, >";'-^^"' > ''' ' .i" ^u^rents daily iucrease.l ; and a,, liular ear au.l .nind .he -;- - / hi.herto been hostile to a su.dl was the posture ..I- alhurs. '".'>;; ,^, ,„,,,„re. or ceased to oppose ,. separation iro.n Hr.ta..., b'Hanie i.e.u .o th^^ ^^^^,^j ,,^^ ^3 ,„„,..re.l Thev lhou«hl circumstancei- so de>perate 'l ■" " i!;;i by the atten,pt. and success '"-^f ^ ;-'2^ j^ ,„ived in An.erica (Von. At .ha. .imc Thomas I'a.nc ^^^^ ''^' ; ^^^^^ Sense, which had a England, published a pa.t.l.hle. tn>d 1 . tU k ^^ ^^ j^^,^, ;, ^^s widely c.r- ,rofi.^ious miluence tu l-'-jl'-f^;' ^^ut a.ld popular manner of writ.ng, the culated and eagerly read 1 o •> ^ ^« 'J .y^[ ,'„i,„i .^^ay be traced, extraordinary eireci of this pun,plleAouihe^pun^^ ^^^ U.e different provmces , The subject was discussed in a ^-'^'^'^ ..nnosilion, and the members ot con- i, several i( them it met -''V""^;; »,;;'„ Ct h'^i^espective constituents oress havinir received instructions on t le poi m in m r declara- ^^I'Xtu^y taken under -"-'--"l-l^^n^," , S's HaU, Philadelphia tion of independence was "j;'^""" ^ > ^jr ',0 ,priss to Uaft this celebrated i„r:.eSridr:r:n:rj:£.t.N"^ ^ohen H. Uving.ton. were u «o JoV.n Adams. From an Anonymous American Porima and safely of the people. This ^j'^^ «"°" JJ "J^ f?ee and independent. Afte. of Virginia, declaring that the ;=« »" J °j;\i° 'farther consideration was post- ^llSbr;^;" S>:;llt l/:S^^assed.and a co-tee .« cho- loailers took ! to till- pnt)- i(lfpf'ii(lfni'('. 111(1 olili(Hipty (mI timid and iiich II coiirsi' ))old and in e familiar to [•reaseil ; and lioslile to a 1 to oppose it he ri'-ndcrt' America from which had a as widely cir- )f writing, tin- aced. nt provinces , inbers of con- re constituents, and a declara- , Philadelphia, tiiis celebrated vingslon, were trail offered a prelim I recommendation on the happinesi lution of Mr. Lee dependent. Aflei leration was post- •mmittee was cho- ,,a&^sii*tei*ii*sf«i^®^^^ ■ i»iiriJ(ii4<£i.lf." I*- i/«atese="^-" |«IU •rm-: i'Ictokial iiistokv b",, . .e ithi.r of the .lrau«ht. JHlVr.ou alw:,vs «hvc A.bn.s rn.\n " •-.;^' al,l..H. *,:eSX:;™!:;d some time at Halilax ; but after ^be recovery of hi, troons from the fatigue and sickness occasioned by the blockade of Boston, he eZ ked a led, o t'he southward, and on the 2d of July anded, without oppo- Bhi n on Sm en Island, which lies on the cast of New Jersey, and is separa- tid f mm Long Island by a channel called the Narrows. His army amounted to qIoO me an I his brmher, Lord Howe, commau.ler of the British fleet, who had touch 1 at Halifax expecting to find Inm there, arrived soon afterward wuh a reinforcement of about 20,000 men from Britain. Thus General Howe had S/ec— d of nearly 30,000 troops, for the purpose of subjugating the Amen- ct -Zie Va more-form'idable folce than had ever before visited those shores^ General Was'hingum was ill prepared to n.eet such a power M '^'"y- « «.f J^J consisted of about 9.000 men. many ol whom were ill-armed and about 2,000 more without any arms at all ; but new levies were daily coming m. OnTis arrival! Lord Howe, by a rtag, sent ashore to Amboy a circular letter .0 Several" the bte royal gmernors.'and a declaration mentioning the powe with whi h he and his brother the general were invested, and desiring their nublic^don These papers General Washington transmitted to congress who £re^ t em to be pill.l'ished in the newspapers that the V^^^g^;^ might be apprized of the nature and extent ot the powers of these commission fernon to liav« It of l)i'iii;j tilt) III iiicinlxr (I l.iviiiy.stoii," tlif rt'cliiiy* Ijaiiiiii Fnink- lisecralt'd as- ss, ami by ii J for over trom Jit people, le :i clear and lies. We no [ir liaiids, and t a people as- adiiiii foe iiigton on his 1 that city iht » freedoin had r numbers and On his arri- postiire of de- md of tlie \va- orth rivers, by New York and ing the British ecovery of \u» of Boston, lie , without oppo- and is separa- ly amounted to tish fleet, who ifterward, with eral Howe )iad ing the Ameri- d those shores, ny. His force d about 2,000 in. circular letter ing the powers desiring their congress, who IS they alleged, )e commission- ~- jj!^-&^if^^^&iM!''t.ii'^'y&^iSiilsili'i ,5a THE PICTORIAL HISTORY „,, wUh -.Le expect.,io„ of whom i. had been »'«"f '"^ '? ~7vJ,th™ Iheni General Howe wished to open a correspo.iilence with «="«"' ™.'». S: but without aeknowleJgiHB his official 'hatacte, .3 c— ,„le,^m^ch,e, of the Amelican armies 1 and for this purpose he ""' " 'f " "^ !*!" „,"' ,;, ,„ essed "George Washingto., Esquire." That letter the g™«» "'' l"^ '° receive, because it was no. addressed .0 htn, m h.s ofe|.l character^ ^. A sec il^^ral'rc■liS^:^c*;t^a:tern^&^^^^^^ !riMrwtiEr;,:::e?iii="rd =.t:^^^^^ 3erlrrdeSr;mSi.i'a:r^^^^^ by jealousies, prejudices, and animosities. This raw and ill-armed multitude was opposed to ^OjO^J "j,'"??!^^ '"^^ ^..^^ them veterans, all of them excellently equipped and provided with ^ fine ^J^^ of aniUerv The Americans soon found that all their endeavors to obstruct the ISiE of the'rivers were ineffectual ; for several Bm.sh ships « J-r P- d up the North river, without receiving any considerable damage from a heavy ^The"tmS^rrwaf plX-^^^^^^^^ ^ork, and partly on Long Isllnd. ^GerraJoreeL comLnded'in the latter place ^but that o^^^^^^^^ tnkpn ill General Sullivan was appointed m his room. General wowe, navu g coUected Srtroops on Staten Island, and finding himself sufficiently strong to commence active'operations. on the 22d of August <=--«V tw nHTrech a^^^^^ opposition, and landed on Long Island, between two small towns, Utrecht ""The American division on the island, about 1 ^0^0 strong occupied a fon^^^^^ camo at Brooklyn, on a peninsula, opposite New York. Their right Aank ./as cre^red by a m«8h, which extended^io the East river near M.U Creek ; their leftby an eCw of the river named Wallabout Bay Across the peninsula, frnm Mill creek to Wallabout Bay, the Americans had thrown up entrench- mel luSd by'^arauis o^ felleJtrees with their tops t-ned ou^ard and flanked by strong redoubts. In their rear was the East river, about 1 300 yards wide, separating them from New York. In front of the fof ^^d ^amp S; at some distance from it. a woody ridge obhquely intersected the i^nd and f rough that ridge there are passages by three different defi es . »"« at he southern Ixtremity near the Narrows; another -^«"» ^ Son the Bedford bush road ; and a third nenr the northeast extremity of the hills «" J^e Bed^ra road Those defiles General Greene had carefully exammed; and as it was evident IvU the British army must debark on the farther side of the ridge, he Je^Sd to dispute the passage of the defiles. General Sullivan, who succeeded o tt colanS on the^llnesl of General Gree.e, was ijot equal^^ sensib of .he importance of those passes. On the landmg of the British however, he «ont strone detachments to guard the passes near the Narrows, and on the Hat- bu I r3 but the more diLnt pass 'he did not duly attend to. merely sendmg an officer with a party to observe it, and give notice if the enemy should appear 1 and disarm al Washing- r-in-chiet' of w York, ad' I reO'sed to ter. A sec- &c." Thai inner toward iroved of the none of their ss addressed ut a point of tive warfare, ily, indeed, it sn expected ; ed in camp, ng than their d to that sub- iciency of an ere distracted 3ps, many of ti a fine tram obstruct the of war passed from a heavy irtly on Long officer being Howe, having jntly strong to rrows without I, Utrecht and pied a fortified ight flank ./as Creek; their the peninsula, up entrench- [ outward, and r, about 1,300 fortified camp, ted the island ; BS : one at the Ic, on the Flat- on the Bedford and as it was f the ridge, he who succeeded Ily sensible of ih, however, he nd on the Flat- merely sending f should appear Jfsi;;.:;'-iaf:£ii»«aU'!t*5.'-- 19^ THE PICTORIAL HIS in there That was no aaequate precaution for the securiiy of le pass ; and the officer appointed to watch it discharged his duty in the n;ost slovenly manner. GenS Howe soon learned tha^ there would be little difficulty m .narchms hv the most distant defile, and turning the left of the Americans. ^It hal past two o'clock, passing clouds obscured the harvest-moon; the „i.t waxed gloomy, and the air chill. Suddenly, a sharp report of musketry. thedSion of Yellow Hook, alarmed the American camp. It was a start- ni sou d in"he stillness of the morning, and the troops sprang to their arms, die r i /e si noned each man to his duty. Many a brave lad awoke from Irci^^s of peaceful home, of the father-house, and its loved inmates, where, in res^nce of the gkd cro^s, the warlike sounds that lulled him to sleep seemed but as dri-notL, and he danger he anticipated one that was passed He ^ad ob yerthe wa'tchward of lil?erty, which called him to the hardships ol war ; but his heart told him life was sweet, and his cottage home a paradise. he llrL ratUed in his ear, and aroused him to the stern reality he r.red not, '" E^f thTalarm ceased beating, the men had seized their mu.skets. Word had been passed fmm the remote pickets on the coast, that the enemy were ap- orchTcr I o7 Stirling was instantly directed by General Putnam to march wUhth^'two nearest reii.nents to their nncounter. These proved to be the PennsvlvanTa and Maryland troops, under Colonels Haslet and Smallwood ; w^whom proceed ,.g over the uneven ground in the direction of the attack, he f^; .7hir;ff on the r'oad to the Narrows, toward 'jaybrcak and soon me Cob^ nel Altee with his Delaware regiment, retiring before the »""«^»; J'^ 'Jj mckets to whose aid they had advanced. Stationing this officer on the left of The ro^d by which the en'emy were approaching. Lord Surhng formed Ins two regiments along an advantageous ridge, ascending fro.n the road to a pie^e ot wSon the top of a hill. The British were received with two or three warm Zds by the Delaware^, who, as their ground became m.tenable, withdrew to a wood on Lord Stirling's left, where they formed. , . , • . The assailants, now in sight, proved to be two brigades, of four regim^^^^^^ each, under the command of General Grant They proceeded to occupy the elevation opposite Lord Stirling, at a distance of throe hundred yards. Their l.pht ro^ps caml^'one hundred and fifty yards nearer, with a view o gam possess on of a superior eminence on his left. As they marched up this lull Jey were met by the deadly fire of Kichline's rifle corps, who had just reached the ^ound r im^e to protect this important point, and who mowed them down as fast a, they appeared. The Americans brought up two field-pieces to oppose the ten of Lfr^.pponent8. A sharp cannonade ensued and was vigorously sustamed on both sides, to a late hour ; until when let us shift the scene. While the Americans were occupied, as we have seen, on .^^e previous even- xng, there was, about dusk, an unusual stir among the troops in the B"»«h ngh wfng. The regiments already at Flatlands, under Earl Percy, ^ere joined arf nightfall by those under Lord Cornwallis and Genera Clinton, who left the He. ans masters at Flatbush. The dark forms of the tall soldiery, the play of their muskets in the moonlight, the whispered order and firm tread •'< d.sciphne. all announced some sudden or adventurous movement. One by »"« J^^ comp.. nies filed off in the direction of New Lots, and before night was far advanced Flatlands was deserted. As they moved farther and f'^'-^^^^ "HfriSsh ..om American lines, the furrows became relaxed on the brows of «he » J>«1; •"^ manders, and toward daybreak, half a triumph already gleamed m the eye of ^'kTortW afterdavlight"the Hessians at Flatbush opened a moderate c anno... tde upor' General Sullivan, wh^ with a etrong detachment, had advanced on thj «i«n . II Re # ; and thn manner, marching loon ; the musketry, IS a start- heir arms, wolie from where, in ep seemed ssed. He ps of war ; lise. '"^he '■ired not, Word had f <• (i.-ii. Clint.MV , 6 Col. Ilaiiils rcg'l v.ciiini,'. F (Jen. De Ilpiaier, iiM>rnln« «>»< C (it'll fJi^int. mill riinir ■.Till. O CJnn Sullivan, dii /> l/inl Hurling, ilii //CJpii. Clinton, tin at 8 o'clock. d Col Aili'c, ilo /Ofii Piillivansiirrenilfirfd, lo. atuo'clce* dd Klrhlinn'9 rifle corns. K Ixjril Cornwallia, I „<,on Wth. E Brilisli, evening of *ih. L Lord Stirling, i ,*s:^'i*T''^'.)«*-fi*i^s^^^f?'*"''** 196 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY direct road from Brooklyn thither, and now occupied the breastworks thrown up by General Greene, for the defence of this impe'tant pass Colonels Mdea and Williams were strongly posted on the Bedford road At ha f past eight. Count Donop was detached to attack the hill, by General De Heister. who soon fol- lowed with the centre of the army. , . • .„„j «,« With levelled pieces and eyes fixed on the enemy, the Americans stood firm on their vantage ground, nerved foi the assault, and prepared to enact a socond drama of Bunker's Hill. From behind breastwork and tree, soldier and rifle- man looked down upon the ascending foe with a feeling of conscious security, when lo ! a report of artillery, in the rea of their left, flew with Us own velocity alo.iK the line A second volley revealed to them, with fearful truth, that the enemy had turned their left flank, and placeJ them between two fires. Horror. dismay, confusion, ensued ! The advancing Hessians were no longer faced by the whole band stationed to oppose them ; and vain the efl-orts ol Gen- eral Sullivan to rally the dispersing continentals, who hastened to regain the camp, while there yet was time. It was. alas, too late ! As regiment after regiment emerged from the wood, they encountered the bayonets ot the British, and all retreat was cut off. Driven back into the forest, after des- perate eflbrts to cleave their way through the close ranks of the enemy hey were met by the Hessians, a part of whom were at the same time detached tow- ard Bedford, in which quarter the cannon of Clinton announced that he also was attacking the American rear. The British pushed their line beyond the F at- bush road, and when our brave troops found their only outlet was through the 3nemv skirmish after skirmish ensued in which they displayed signal bravery. Manv forced their way through the camp, some escaped into the woods, and many were slain. Colonel Parry was shot through the head while encouraging 'cTn"the reader imagine the disastrous consequences of this surprise to the Americans, when, hemmed in by the surpassing numbers and co-operating win^s of the British, they saw inevitable death or capture on every side! Here, stri- king again through the wood, and lured by an enticing path which promised safety they rushed from its shelter upon the drawn sabres of the enemy ; there, Siring to Us recesses before a superior force, they fell upon the levelled mus- kets of the Hessians ; bullets and balls sought victims in every direction ; and many a brave soldier sank to die beneath the tall forest tree offering up with his parting breath, a prayer for his country consecrated by his life-blood. Against the hottest of the enemy's fire. General Sullivan, on the heights above Flatbush. made a brave resistance for three hours. Here the slaughter was ♦hickest on the side of the assailants. Fairly covered by the imperfect en- trenchment. the Americans poured many a deadly volley upon the approaching "having Generals Clinton and Percy to intercept the Americans in this qiiar- ter Lord Cornwallis proceeded toward the scene of General Grants engage- ment with Lord Stirling. We left this gallant officer bravely opposing a supe- rior force. He continued the resistance until eleven o'clock, when, hearing a «lwrn firin.r in the direction of Brooklyn, it flashed upon him thai the British were%e"t"ng between him and the American lines. Discovering tne position ol Lord Cornwallis. ho instantly saw that unless they forded the "eek near he Yellow Mills, the troops under him must all become prisoners. I he reader will see that he had some distance to gain before this could be effected Hasten- ing back, he found the enemy much stronger than he anticipated J /"^ "^^^ main body might escape, he determined in person to attack Lord Cornwallis, who was^p™sted at a house near the upper mill. This movement he performed with the utmost gallantry, leading half of Smallwood's regiment five or six sev. OF TIIK AMKKICAN HKVOLHTION. 197 irowii up lilea and lit, Coiml soon fol- tood firm a second and rifle- security, 1 velocity , that the Horror, ^er faced of Cen- to regain regiment oneta of ifter des- einy, they ched tow- i also was the Flat- irough the ,1 bravery, ^oods, and icouraging rise to the ting wings Here, stri- promised ny ; there, slled mus- ction ; and rig up with )od. ights above Lighter was perfect en- pproaching I this quar- t's engage- ing a supe- , hearing a the British position oi k near the rhe reader . Hasten- nd, that his Cornwallis, I performed or six sev- en! times to the charge, and nearly dislo.lsring the Urilisli commander, who, but for the arrival of large n'ii.forcemenis, would have been driven Irom his station. This b;in.l of four iiim.lred, coin;>os.>d, say the British accounts ol y.mtliN the flower of ;he best families in Maryland, sustained severe loss Hut the object was attained, and the regiments, whose retreat it was .lesigned to favor, eflected their escape over marsh and creek, with tiie loss of a single man drowned. In his official report, Lord Howe sneaks of numbers who perished m crossing the inlet. But this is incorrect. The self-devoted heroes, of this exploit were sur- rounded, and made prisoners of war. , . , , • , u We may readily conceive with what feelings their brethren in the camp he held the undeserved ill fortune of the troops engaged in the action. General Putnam, a warrior of the true stamp, constrained to remain within the fortihca- tions, and so little prepared for the events of the day, as to be only able where the enemv appeared, to detach troops to meet them, saw with dismay tlie ma- n.euv^e J\nc\\ ma.le them masters of the lield. His efi-or-s had all along been directed to General Grant's motions. For the defence m Iront, he relied on General Sullivan to provide, and great was his surprise, on seeing the enemy turn that officer's flat.k. As the engagement between Lord Stir ing and General (irant grew warmer, his attention was attracted by the broadside which the British frigate lloebuck opened upon the Hedhook battery in his rear. I oo late aware of his mistake, he was compelled to await the issue. At this juncture. General Washington reached the lines, and beheld, with in- finite grief, the discomfiture of his beloved troops. Wringing his hands, he is said when he saw no aid could reach them, to have given vent to the keenest anuuish. From the height he stood upon, the movements ot both parties were reveale.l to him. Here, was seen Lord Stirling, gallantly attacking Cornwalhs; there, a troop of Americans, escaping with thinned numbers through the British ranks, were pursued to the very entrenchments. By the creek, soldiers plunging into the unknown depths of its waters, or struggling through the miry bog, were fired upon by the foe ; toward Flatbush, the Hessians and British were com- binincT to enfold, in a still narrower circle, the few and undaunted contmentals_ Lest the foregoing imperfect description should have left obscure some of the details of this aff-air, let us briefly recapitulate its successive disasters. We have supposed the reader to be, where all would have chosen to stand on tha occasion, on the American side. A glance at the motions of the British, will show how admirably their manoeuvres were planned anu executed. 1 he success of the concerted movement was insured by the unforeseen malady of General Greene All the passes to Brooklyn were defended, save one ; and it was by this that the troops, which decided the fortunes of the day, and were the same ve left filing off" from Flatland to New-Lots, on the previous night, turned the American flank. The road from Jamaica to Bedford was left unprotected ; the «nemy early ascertained this fact; and, to enable thein to profit by our neglect General Grant's advance, which was a diversion, had been devised The fleet ind General de Heister co-operated with him in this manffiuvre. General fut- .lam, taking this feint for a bonafide attack, was deceived ; and the Americans were entrapped by forces superior in discipline, in tactics, in numbers in good fortune, but not in courage ; for though eleven hundred were either killed or ta- ken, near ftnir thousand fought their way back to the camp. To tlie absence of General Greene, who had studied, and would doubtless nave guarded, all the approaches to the camp, and to the want of a general com- manding officer throughout the day, may this disaster be attributed. Genera. Putnam could not leave his lines, and the double care of New York and Long Island devolved upon the commander-in-chief. General WoodhuU, who nad been otdeied to gucr* the road from Bedford to Jamaica, with the Long Isln^J ,,,i^sl^ii*fea*?®s£i^sJ; 19» THE PI'JTORIAJ- HISTORY mililia, remained at Jamaica. The ncgU-cl which lost us the Jay, -Josl him h.8 life. Riding home, after iUsliamhiisi ilie volunteers under his comn.and. he wa« captured by the British, and iiiicdialoly cut to pieces, on his refusing to say ' God save the king." Impartiality must award high praise, on this occasion, to the bravery of the enemy's troops, who followed so hotly in pursuit, thai they were with difficulty withheld from attacking tlio American trenches. At night, the patriots within them told their missing brethren ; and when their loss became known, and uiv .^ertainty veiled the fate of the absent ones, gloom and despondency pervaded he camp. The victorious Hritish, on the contrary, hastened to secure the /round they had gained, and Hushed with victory, passed the night in exultation. On the twenty-eighth, a violent rain kept the two armies in their respective mcampments. That night the enemy broke ground within about six hundred v-ards of Fort Greene, and on the following day were busily engaged in throwing up entrenchments. Their main force was advancing, by slow but sure approach- es, to besiege the American fortifications, and their superior artillery would doubtless soon silence our batteries. The advanced sentinel of the British army was surprised, on the morning of the thirtieth, by the unwonted stillness within the American lines. Calling a comrade or two around him, they proceeded to reconnoitre. Emboldened by the silence, they crept near the embankment, and cautiously peeping into our camp, perceived not a vestige of the army to whose challenges they had listened the night before. The alarm was given, and the party who first rushed in, to take possession of the works, saw in the midstream, out of gun-shot, and filled with well-pleased Americans, the last of the barges which had borne their comrades across the waters that night. Beyond it, iii a small boat, there sat an American officer, of calm and dignified mien. On his pale countenance the anxious muscles were relaxing into a heavenly smde. This bark bore Cesar and his fortunes ; and a prayer seemed to escape the lips of Washington, as a glance at the distant shore told him the American army was beyond the reach of danger. Nine thousand men with all their stores and ammunitions, crossed the hast river during the night, unperceived by the enemy. For four-and-twenty hours previous, the commander-in-chief had not left the saddle. The immediate em- barcation of the troops was under the direction of General McDougall, to whose vigilant activity high praise is due. The raw troops of the Americans were easily affected by a check ; and then spirits were much depressed by the defeat on Long Island ; which disappointed their hopes, and sunk them almost into a state of despondency. Indeed, at that time, the army was in an alarming condition. In ite zeal for liberty, the assem- bly of Massachusetts Bay had granted the soldiers the choice of their own offi- cers ; and the consequence was, that those troops were disorderly. The militia had no conception of military subordination, were often very inefficient in the field, and frequently withdrew from the service at a most critical moment. Be- sides, the army was agitated by provincial jealousies and quarrels. The errors in the constitution of the American military force were now evident to every man cf observation ; but it was more easy to perceive than to rectify them. After the battle of Brooklyn, General Sullivan was despatched, at his own re juest, to Philadelphia, with a verbal communication from Lord Howe to congiesi., expressing a wish to hold a conference with some of the members, as private genUeinen of influence in the country. General Sullivan was instructed to in- form Lord Howe thai congress, being the representatives of the free and inde- nendent states of America, could not, with propriety, send any of their members to confer with him in their private characters ; but that, ever desirous of estab- lishing pflace upon reasonable terms, they would send a committee of their body f i UF THE AMt:iUC\N REVOMJTION. 199 |t him h.i he wat |g to say .0 learn the authority with which he was invested, to hear what propositions he i'O'.i to make, ami to report. On the tjth ot' Se[)tenil)er, they chose, as trteir com- mittee, Benjamin Fryiiklin, John Adams, and Eilward llutledge. Tliis commit- tee met Lord Howe on Stateii Island, opposite Ainboy, on the 1 lih of the same month. He receive8 .and iire-en^'ines wertt in bad ordtr, and a brisk south win.l I'ainu'd the 'lanie. Two refjiments of soldiers and many Mien from the fleet were eniploj-fd to arrest tlie proij;ress of ihe di-vour'ng element, and at icnirtli succeeded in extinguishing tlie fire, but not till .'thad con- sumed about 1,000 bouses. Probably the fire was occasioned l)y the inconsiderate revelry of the British Bailors, who had been permitted to regale themselves on shore The Americans were strongly posted toward the northern extremity of the island of New Vork. To attack them in front was imadvisable, but General Howe resolved to make an attempt on their rear, or to lu^ii tiiem in on the island without the possibility of escape. For tliis purpose, leaving three brigades of Brilisli and one of Hessian troops to guard New York, early in the morning of the 12tli of October he embarked the ri'st of the army in tlat-bottomed boats, and, in the course of thj same morning, landed at Thog's Neck, in the county of West {"liester. But finding that place unsuitable to his purpose, he again embarked, proceeded to the ironth of Hutchinson's river, and landed there ; when the troops iiad a skirmish with an American party, and succeeded in dislodging them from a narrow j)ass of which they had taken possession. On the '21st of October, the main body of the British army inarched to New Roclielle, lying on the sound which separates Long Island from Connecticut There the second division of foreign troops, consisting of upward of 5,000 Hes- sians and Waldeckers, under General Knyphausen, with about '2.000 baggage- horses, which had arrived in a fleet of seventy-two sail, joined General Howe. General Washington's first intention was to maintain his position on the island of New York ; but General Lee, in whose military talents and experience the army had great confidence, on joining the army after the successful defence of Charleston, strongly remonstrated against that resolution, asserting that the Brit- ish, by a chain of works, would completely hem in the Americans, and compel ihem to surrender, even without a battle. His representations induced General Washington, with the consent of a council of war, to alter his plan, and move his army from Kingsbridge to White Plains, on the left of his present position, maintaining a line parallel to that in which the British army was marching, and separated from it by the river Bronx. On the 26th of October, the main body of the American army, consisting of about 17,000 ill-disciplined men, took pos- session of a slightly fortified camp on the cast side of the Bronx, which an ad- vanced detachment had been employed in preparing. A bend in the river cov- ered their right Hank, and General Washington posted a body of about 1,600 men, ur.der General McDougall, on a hill in a line with his right wing, but sep- arated from it by the Bronx. The British general having collected his troops, brought forward his artillery with considerable difficulty ; and having got everything ready for active opera- tions, advanced in two columns toward the American camp. He accompanied the left column in person ; General Clinton led the right. A distant cannonade began, with little effect on either side. The detachment on the hill, under Mc Dougall, attracted the notice of General Howe, and he resolved to dislodge it. He ordered General Leslie, with the second brigade of British troops, and Col onel Donop, with the Hessian grenadiers, on that service. On their advance, the American militia fled with precipitation ; but about 600 regulars, who were under McDougall, vigorously defended themselves for some time. They were compelled, however, to retreat, and the British took poR-^ession of the hill ; but they were at too great a distance to be able to annoy any part of the Ameucar line. Three days afterward, General Howe, having received reinforcements from New York and other quarters, resolved to attack the American camp. Vi>» ■ !-yf^.v>-il^ ■ 'i(» riii; I'tcTouiAi. iiisroKY heavy rain ilutin^' iho wliolf iiii.'lit mnlpreil t'lf urouriil so slippery, that in tti« iniiriiiriL; it wouM have Ikmmi 'cry liilDcult to asiTinl ilic aculivitv of iho liills on vvliicli llic AiMrricans were poxtfd , and ilicrflori' it was (Iccincil uiiaiivi.saljle to make tlie attempt. (leiicral WashiiiKlon, apprehensive of an attack, and doubtful of the igsiie on the Kfoimd whitli lie then occupied, early in the morning of the 1st of Novem- her left his camp, retired toward North (Jastlc, and took a stron); position behind the river Croton. General Howe, perceivinjf that it was the purpose of his ad- versary to avoid a general engagement, and timling it out of his power to force a battle, in sucn a counir)', uidess in very disa(haiit;ii;('ous circnnntances, ceased to pursue the Americr.n army. He well knew that soon it would be almost dis- solved, on the expiration of the term for which many ol' the men had engaged to serve ; and therefore he turned his attention to tlu' reduction of Forts Washing- ton and Lee ; the first on the island of New York, not far from Kings!)ridge and the other on the Jersey side of the North river, nearly opposite the former. The Americans had thittered themselves, that by means of these two forts they would be able to command the navigation of the North river ; but thai had proved an illusiim, as several British vessels had passed the forts without sus- taining any injury from their fire. It had been debated in an American council of war, whether, in the present posture of their afl'airs, those two places ought tc be retained. General Lee was decidedly of opinion that they ought to be aban- doned ; but General Greene urged the propriety of defending them, and his opin- ion prevailed. Fic. 88.— Fort Wacbington. Fort Washington was garrisoned by about 3,000 men, under the command ol Colonel Magaw, who thought he could defend the place till about the end of December. On the 15th of November, General Sir William Howe summoned the garrison to surrender, on pain of being put to the sword ; but received for answer, that they would defend themselves to the last extremity. Early next morning, a vigorous attack was begun by the British and Hessian troops, in four divisions ; and, after a severe engagement, in which the assailants lost about 1,000 men in killed and wounded. Colonel Magaw was compelled to surrender as prisoners-of-war, himself and his garrison, amounting to two thousand six hundred men, inclusive of the country militia. The fall of Fort Washington was a heavy blow to the infant republic, and greatly discouraged its raw and disorderly army. Fort Lee, on the Jersey side of the river, nearly opposite to Fort Washington. OF T!U, AMF.IMCAN RKVOI.UTION. '20^ hilt in the lut liilN on lvisal)le 10 le issne on if N'ovoin- :ioii behind of his ad- r to force a les, ceased ahnosi di»« cnira^od to Washing- ingshriilge tlie former. ) forts they t thai had ithout BUS- can council C8 ought tc to be aban- id his ipin- :ommand ol the end of e summoned received for Early next roops, in four s lost about to surrender thousand six Washington its raw and Washington. .iPXt ("Hi; iifi'il tlu' aiteiiiiiiM of ilic hriii^h ^nirriil. Thai fori siiiod on :i (ihp of land, alioiii ten inih's Ihiiit, Ivint; hftwrcii the Hudson ami the tlackeiiMacli, unit Kiiuli-*!! Nei^'hlxnlioKii. ilariv mi the mnriiiiiL' <>f the ISih of Noveinhc r, Karl CiiriiwaMis, with a Hiroiiu' ileiacliiiieiii. in llat-l)olionied hoais, passed through the roiiiiniiiiiciiiioii heivveeii the Kasi and Noriii rivers, hy Kiniisliridae, with the in- teiilioii of ciitling (itr the retreat of tlu' tro<>i>s in Fort Lee. Ceiieral (ireene, however, who coinmaiuied in tliose parts, being ap|)rized of his iiioveiiieiit, hy a rapid nuircli escapeii with ilie main body of the garrison, but left beliind some •traggb'rs, and alwo liis heavy ariiiU-ry and baagage, wliuh fell into the hands of the Uritisli. Tlius tiie Americans were ilriviMi, with cmisiderable loss, from the island of New York, and from the Jersey, bank of the .North river. On llie I'itli of November, (Jeneral Washington had crossed the .North river with part of his army, and taken a position not far from Fort Lee, having lef: upward of 7,000 men at North ('astle, under the command of (ieneral Lee. At that time, the .American army was in a critical and alarming .stale. It was com- posed chielly of militia and of men engaged for a short time only. The term ol service of imny of them was about to expire ; and the repiil)lican military force was on the point of dissolution, in the presence of a well-disciplmed, well-ap- pointed, and victorious enemy. In thai threatening posture of pu!)lic aflairs, General Washington applied to the state of Massachusetts for 4,000 new militia; atid General Lee besought the miliiia under his command to remain for a few days after their term of service was expired. But the application of the commander-in-chief was not prom|)tly answered ; and the earnest entreaties of General Lee were almost utterly disre- garded. On the fall of Forts Washington and Lee, General Washington, with his little army, of about 3,000 effective men, ill-armed, worse clad, and almost without tents, blankets, or utensils for cooking their provisions, took a position behind the Hackensack. His army consisted chiefly of the garrison of Fort Lee, which had been obliged to evacuate that place with so much precipitation as to leave behind them the t*its and most of the articles of comfort and accominodation in (heir possession. But although General Washington made a show of resistance bv occupying the line of the Hackensack, yet he was sensible of his inability to dispute the passage of that river ; he therefore retreated to Newark. There he remained some days, making the most earnest applications in every ipiarter for reiiiforcemtnts, and pressing General Lee to hasten his march to the south- ward and join him. On the advance of Earl Cornwallis, General Washington abandoned Newark, ind retreated to New Brunswick, a small village on the Karitan. VVhile there, the term of service of a number of his troops expired, and he had the mortitica- tion to see them nbandon him. From New Brunswick the .\mericans retreated lo Trenton. There General Washington received a reinforcement of about 2,000 men from Pennsylvania. He had taken the precaution of collecting and guard- ing all the boats on the Delaware from Philadelphia for seventy miles higher up the river. He sent his sick to Philadelphia, and his heavy artillery and baggage across the Delaware. Having taken these precautionary measures, and being somewhat encouraged by the reinforcements which he had received, he halted some time at Trenton, and even began to advance toward Princeton ; but be- ing informed that Earl Cornwallis, strongly reinforced, was marching against him, he was obliged to seek refuge behind the great river Delaware. On the Sih of December he accomplished the passage at Trenton Ferry, the van of the British army making its appearance just as his rear-guard nad crossed. CtMieral Washington was careful to secure all the boats on the south side of the river, and to guard all those places where it was probable that the British .^iy?*%'.i^iw** .jt.i^i'fo.jssisSi'^'i'e^ it04 TIIR PirTORIAL HISTORY army niiglii .ittt>in|it to pass ; - ' tliui his iVtlilf nriiiy w:is seciireil (Vom \\\e da*, t;iT of ;in .iiiiiiriliatf 'ittiick. it! liritisli triii>|is iii.iili' ilcinnnstratioi)!* ol >ii ii\ friiiiMi to crns' lilt' rncr, ami •(otiii'limfiits wcrt' >i.itioncil to c)(>nos'" them , Imii lliH .'ittiMiipt t'.iis no* seriously inaiii'. In this Niiirition tlic Aint-ncan < <>ininandcr anxi Iim iiwn |)ersona! liherty, and excited a lively sensation throiiirhout .\mc i i t|i '-v carelessly withont a ^iiard, and at soi!ie distance I'rom his troi is, at liaskci; lOge, in .Morris county, where, on the lUih ot" IJeceinher, Colonel llaremirl, wim, with a small detachment of light horse, had heen sent to ohserve l.n iiioveinents ot' that division of the .Xinerican army, hv a ual'i lilt ar' ■>■ lartisaii wirlart^, made him prisoner, and conveyed him rap- idly to \ev.' ', ,, , For some time he was closely conlined, nnil cimsidered not tis I (irisotier-dl-war, hm as a deserter from the Ihitish army. The capture of General l,ee was rey'ardeii as a j^reat misfortune hy the Americans ; lor at that liine he rnjoyed, in a hijih decree, the esteem and conlidencc of the frienils ot :c)iiirress ; on the other h:uid, the Uritish e.xulted in his captivity, as ecpiiil to a ligtial victfiry, declariii!; that " they had taken the .American palladium." (uMieral Sullivan, « ho on thi|iial to a ium." fj;»'il for (Jen i^ral McDon ted it across eneral Gates r the junction Washington's army, yet not ter part were ;d and disci- te side of the adelphia, and 5 winter was IV as the mosi hopeless con- mericans, anJ 1 two brigades jen-of-war im- nerican force, id on General ssed tlie Dela- same time the mber of priva- tion took pos- militia of that phed over pa- ersonal safety dencc seemed (a»i s»' tinff, f.f-ril llnwc and the m ncrul i>iMuril ii pnulamiitiiiii, priinil>ini.' ();iri!i»n to thofte who slioiilil ri'liirn to their alle^jiaiico, and muIimtiIio a siiilaiili' oliliy.iiioii Many took advantane of tne prncianiatioii, and siiluiiitttd to the Hriiish (.'ovcrii iiu-nl ; and amoiiir tlnse were all the richer inhabiiaiits of tin provirne, with a lew CXI • '"ioiia. It was the middle i lass chielly that remained wieadl'i-^t in the day of II i and ;idversity. The conseijueiuo of tins apatliy, Tear, and di li'ition, was the ri 'r^at of General VVashinifton across the Delaware, at the head of only '2,000 men id in a day or two afterward even that small number was consid- erably dimih. led. On the I'Jtl. 'f December, congress quitted Philadelphia and retired to Haiti- more, :n Maryland. Rut under all the re\ers'es which their cause had suflTered, iiiid in il'e most unprou ^ini; si.i'" of their atrairs, lliey manifested an unshaken tirmness. 'I'heir ener>;y did not i rsake them ; there was no humiliation in their itiitude, ?o despondency . i their l,>iiijua(i;e, and no inactivity in their operations. Their fortitude wa> well s.pported '>y thi'-> brave, sagacious, and persevering CI iimander-in-chiel \t first, the Amer ans Con ly hop. ' that the war would not be of long dura- tiitii , and, inlhieneeil partly b that di eitful expectation, and more perhaps by ■.i wish not to discour; i,'e their idhereni congress had enlisted tlieii .^^.idiers for a year only. That error in thi ' 'niliia system, which gave them much unea- siness, and exposed ihem to no ^ttliil da ;er in the course of the war, now be- s;an to be severely i It, by the iinaw>^ tot dissolution of their army, in the pres- ence i)f a victorious enemy. In on resolved that their soldiers shoulc * 'ho continuance of the war; and, this principle, they ordered a new army of h snie furnishing its due proportion. Vir- o raise fifteen battalinns ; Pennsylvania, arolina, six ; Connecticut and .Maryland, are and Georgia, one each ; New Hamp- vs, being partly in possession of the ene- ai The appointment of officers in the s, except in the case of general officers, iiients. riotisin had evaporated ; and, while all make as few sacrifices as possible in ings congress were fully sensible, and leral reb.ictance to the service, by pres- ds. To induce men to enlist and till - I remedy that defect in future, congress iwuiid to serve for three years, or during ighty-eight battalions to )e raisei. f. ma and Massachusetts were e&' I live ; North Carolina, nine ; So Vi ht each; Rhode Island, two; Di sh re, three ; New York and the Jer in\ were rated at only four battalion, bat ilions, and the filling up of vacait was left to tlie several |)rovincial go\ h It the first ebullition of popular clan ored about freedom, each wished orde to obtain it. Of this state of therefore endeavored to overcome the gmt^ ent bounties and the prospect of future re up iht battalicms that had been ordered, i. ,igress promised a bounty of twenty dollar^ to each soldier, and an allotment of land, at the end of the war, to all who survived, and to the families of such as had fallen in the service. The al- lotmonis were proportioned to the rank of the individuals : a common soldier was to have 100 acres; an ensign, 150, a lieutenant, 200 ; a major, 400 ; a lieutenant-colonel, 450 ; and a colonel, 500. They who enlisted for three years only were not entitled to an allotment. No person was permitted to purchase another's allotment, which was to remain secure to him as a means of decent subsistence, when the public should no longer need his professional services. Congress also offered a bounty to such foreign troops in British pay as should desert, and enlist under the republican banners : to a colonel, 1000 acres of land ; to a lieu'enant-colonel, 800 ; to a major, 600 ; to a captain, 400 ; to a lieuten- ant. 300 ; to an ensign, 200 ; and lo every non-commissioned soldier, 100. This measure was intended as a counterpoise to the promise of large grants of vacaii? 'and, at the close of the troubles, made by the British government to the high- Jand emigrants, and other new troops raised in America, as a reward for tbeii - IvMs ',4^^.li^tof«c-sgBJ«* -iJS&A*^ AVJ;»»-*iJ^rfl-;f -vl >, ,(,5 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY jealousy of the power «'" .gl^^^/*^ J^, '"'\\\Sl conm appear to the erul of beplembtr, congress ^"= ^.,„--', ,,(• France with powers to e iter Arthur Lee, their co.nnnssioners to the -^J/^^^^^'.'^.^^^^^Jafterwarcl. At into a treaty wuh the Irench .ing . tl^y ^'^''r^ '^^^J j ^j^^ inhabitants of E ;;r.l'^:Tr'rT;LT:i:arcL;^fo:;u ».. . o„. or ..... bui returned without success. Fia. 89.-Charles CarroU,of Ciirrollton. .„a co,nple,e power, » »'»7;,\^°t° S^si >S,T.3o«, o'. in; b««lio,« of i„la,u,, ; •"';''-• ».'«5,.';'^, Tj'u, SlW. .heir p^y : » .pply rr,r rT ^.le o,\2'»?i '.'f'^sSi. a. he — i"a« u^rpS:;;" OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 20'? ide for th» of dollars, pal ami in- toward the ; yet, from luse of tho s appear to and, toward Deane, and era to e iter rward. At labitanls of ne of them orely (elt tbo ngress having December, re- ilh full, ample, sedy and eflec- ittalions of in- rs for the said 86, three regi- pay ; to apply necessary ; to I think proper general, and to till up all vaca-.cies in t.viry other department in the American army | /« take, wherever he may be, whatever he may want lor the use of the army, if the in- habitants will not sell it, allowing a reasonable price for the same ; to =*"««; a"d oonfine persons who refuse to take the continental currency; and that these powers be vested in General Washington for the period of six months im ess sooner determined by congress. At the same time, congress '"'"f /« f ""«" toward the Canadian fronlier, and ordered works to be constructed for the secu- rilv of the lakes George and Champlain. . , , r While active in using all means for internal security and defence, congress were not careless of foreign relations. They resolved, without del^Y- « «/"J commissioners to the courts of Vienna, Spain, Prussia, and the grand duke of I^^scany, to assure those powers that the United States were determined to maintain their independence ; to solicit the friendly aid ol those courts or the.r good offices in preventing any more foreigners in the pay of Great Britain from bSus sent against the states, and in procuring the recall of those that had been ^'Tichard s\o';kton, a member of congress, had been made prisoner by the British, and thrown into a common jail. Congress was indignant at the treatment he re- ceived, and ordered General Washington to open a correspondence on the sub- ject with General Howe, that it might be ascertained in what manner pnsonerP were to be treated, as the Americans were determined to retaliate on British prisoners any ill-usage which their adherents who fell into the hands of the British might meet with. , „ .u • „„„ „f ,v,„ Congress also made a solemn and animated appeal to all the provinces of he union. They reminded the people of their grounds of complaint against the British government, and of the treatment which they had received from it. I hej assured them that nothing less than absolute submission would satisfy their ene- mies ; and emphatically asked them whether they chose resistance or slavery. The appeal produced the desired effect, and the people prepared to continue the stnittule with renewed vigor. _, i i u . The British parliament met on the 26th of October, 775, and was opened by * speech from the throne, in which the king set forth that he had it m contern- plalion to engage some foreign troops which had been offered him to serve in America : that it was necessary to compel the colonists to submission, but that he would be ready to receive them with tenderness and mercy, on their becom- ing sensible of their error. Ministry moved an address in full accordance with the speech, which was strenuously resisted by the opponents of the administra- tion in both houses of parliament, and keen debates ensued ; but ministry car- ried their point by large majorities, and the far greater number of the people fully concurred in the war. . i . The employment of foreign mercenaries against the colonists was strong y opposed in parliament ; but the measure was adopted, which awakened a lively sensation in the provinces, where it was considered as an avowal that the mother country had entirely shaken off the re.n.^mbrance of their propinquity, and indulged a spirit of rancorous hostility against them. Hence, numbers who had hitherto been moderate in their political sentiments, became steady adho- rents of the republican cause ; while they who had formerly been refractory, became more determ ned in their opposition to the measures of the British gov- ""rhTsecond petition of congress, tc which no answer had been returned, was brought under the notice of parliament, and Mr. Penn, formerly governor of Pennsylvania, was examined at the bar of the house of lords ; but his examina- tion was followed by no conciliatory results. About that time Mr. Edmund Burke, an eloquent member if parliament under the banners of the oppositioa -«s(St>»-'.>'fe' f ;«i^'i'^«,» 1.mmo of commons his conciliatory bill, which pr3posed to ntroduced into the house ot <'?"""°" ,"'",• ^whout entering on the con- renounce the exercise of taxation in ^^^l^^;"^"'^^;™^^^^ Britain, the sideration of the q"««"°^ f "S^^ ^"^"ISedrSLrpurposes which the power of levying 2™^^ oX:e%Lu dTu'd^e^™^^^^^^^^^^ and beneficial. and the passing an immediate act of amnesty. But tbi.. line riliatory proposition, was unsuccessful. Fl«. 90.— Edmund Burke The rejection of Mr. Burke's bill was followed by '^^^^'^^f'^^J,^"!^ ministry, irohibiting all intercourse with the colomes which, »[«*' » J«J" "PP"" SSHasS both houses of parliament, and received the royal sanction CHAPTER VI. OF THE AMERICVN REVOLUTION. 209 raposeil to li the coii- Jritain, the which the beneficial. B colonists othflT cor on of one by a keen oppo- iction kst setting in , rations during whom he had to annihilate, iption of their As he enter- ntion to the ar- tle stationed a ille, and about the rest of his the Delaware, on; Washing It 2,000 men, mmand. The at, had throw» taal citv into much contusion. Tli-.r presence had overawed the disaffected and 2n a ned the tran,u,ll.ty of .In- i.l:.... ; l.ut, on their removal, the "end« of T Eh claims, to wl o,n ifelm,....! th. .r.-at body of the quakers a t.mid .eel ^,t..rt^hesir Themselves ; and ( ieneral I'ui nam, who commanded there, needed Fio. 91 — Portriiit of General Putnam. a considerable force to preserve the peace of the city. The country was de- TeS tie Wends of cSngress were filled with the most gloomy apprehenstons i ind m;ny of the inhabitams repaired to the Brit sh P«f^%« Jf^jfj^^ ^c^'^! giance to the British crown, and claimed protection; so that in those circum stances General Howe seemed perfectly secure. maintained an But in that alarming state of affairs the American l«'\'l«"/"\! ™Ti7„f j^" „rflPt nocture and their brave and persevering commander-in-chief did not ae ;: .Ton^ess acthW employed all the m'eans in their power f- -ppomng E indepeSence, and General Washington applied in every quarter for rein- forTements He perceived the security of the British commander-in-chief, and he aTvanfages w£ch the scattered cantonment of h.> ^3/-; ^U dt American arms. " Now," exclaimed he, on being informed of the widely ms p seTstate of the British troops, " is the time to dip their wings when they Lre so spread ;" and, accordingly, resolved to make a bold effort to check tfte nrorass of the enemy. For thkt purpose he planned an attack on the Hessians rfrerton Gene af Putnam, who was stationed in Philadelphia might have bee^uSl in creating a diversion on that side ; but in that cjty ^he friends^of Britain were 80 strong, that it was deemed inexpedient to withdraw, even lor a C SrThrtrrpsVed there. But a small party of militia, under Colonel GriffinTassed the Delaware near Philadelphia, and advanced t* Mount Holly. Sum Donop marched against them, but. on' their retreat, he returned to Borden- ■"^General Washington formed his troops into three divisions which were al- mo« jiaSiSfto pass the Delawrre, at three different places on he ej.n inir of the 25th of December, hoping to surprise the enemy after the lesiiviiies Kristmas Sne division,'under General Cadwallader. was to pas. the river 14 U.ST-.Si'.t'* «»!.'" »*«»«-t'«""*^»--"-'- tic THE PICTOKlAL HISTORY Kio. 92— VVashington approaching ihe Dcluwiir.! in me vic'nity of Bristol, but faile.l through i,wiitfnlio., to the state of the tide anHf the me? as they could m.t lan.l .m uccount of the heaps of ice accumu- Tated on the Jersey bank. The second division, under General Irving, was to nass at Tren o, r/erry, but was unable to n,ako its way through the ice. The E and main dfvisic^, nnder the conun.nd of Genera Washington mpers^^^^ URia».ed bv Generals Sullivan and Gree,... and Colonel Knox of the artillerv. Fio. 93.— Porlrail of Colonel Knoi. .ccomplished the passage, with great ditlicnlty, at ^^f*'-^'f'\^'Zl\^^Z''ieT. miles Lbove Trenton. The general had ex,u.cted to have his troops on the Jer •ey side about midnight, and to reach Trenton about hve in the m«^n;ng;^ ""^ the difficulties arising from the accumulation ol ice in the river, were so great, that it was three o'clock in the mort.ing before the troops got across, and nearly four before they began to move forward. They wore f J^ mj^ JJ divisions, one of which proceeded toward Trenton by the lower or r»er road and the other by the upper or Penninirton rood OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 211 of the tide ce accumu- ing, was to ice. The n in person, le artillery, ry, about nine )s en the Jer- torning. Bui iver, were so ot across, and ned into wo »r riiier road rolr .el lUuiUo had rccoive.1 some inti.natiou thai an attack "" ^\?„ P°«» _*^^' ard Uordeiilown and- made their escape. Americans lost only .p^'3in.e, ye,, b„lie.,ng .h,. «-'«';"»;"*- 7|oo"'i,™, 1 ' «« W «*r;S 1 P.nns;U^^ l.. P-e.d„d u, B"'l.,,g«n .nd nex, d., t;-^^.-_:^5=?:i*t^^.^-.*r'v-iJ^ri^-i y^^:,;i^-.i-,-jiS-:r^-^'i^^::&iS<-^i^'-X^'^-^^ ■• 212 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Auef who again crossed the Delaware and marched to Trenton, where, aV the £m n^r o'Suary, he found himself at the head of 5,000 men. The arann was now spread throughout the British army. A strong detacj- nJ u>'irGrnerarGrant marched'to Princeton ; and Earl ^-"'W^l^»; ^Jj wa^ on the potnt of sailing for England, w^^ ordered to leave New York, and eaume hia command in the Jerseys. Fio. 94.— Portrait of Lord Cornwallii. n ,oi Praiit I (ird Cornwaliis immediately marched againa. Un joming General Grant, Lord !^«^'' ' ^ J^-^^^^^ ^^med lb. OF THE AMKIUCAN KEVOLUTION. 2i;» ere, at the ng detach- ivallis, who York, and ched again*, t named tb« in his front, muary, 1777, His intending , Washington id, and small irough Allen ■ favored his gy, and great lould be found celerity ; but [es of weather i to the north- ior operations d to struggle 'he American ,iven in their ree regiments, idvance on the een Princeton daybreak and ^honlv l.eioro -hat time Colonel Mawho...rs .letachment had l.f>o|m to advance wa 1 M u cMhead, by a road a. a Ihtl. distance fro.n that on wlue). the Amer.- c-l ^ve^e n.vr.lung. 'rhe two ar.nie.s unexpectedly me,, and a --" -''J'lj;;- ment mstantlv ensued. At llrs, the .\merieans were thrown into some . outu- 8io but (le-neral Washington, l.v «reat personal exertions restored order, and en ;ed the battle. CoU.nel .Mawhood. with a part of his f..rce, broke through he \merican army, and continued his rout.- to Maidenhead ; the remainde, of Ills deJadmiem, being unahle to advance, retreated by ditferent roads to New ''"rtlnfrencounter a consider.Me number of men fell on each side The Americans lost General .VIercer, whose deatU was inucn ^•^"^^••''^'^^'^y ^^^^ 7"" trvmen Captain Leslie, sou of the Earl of Leven, was among the slain on the 7de of the Hnti.h ; and he was burie.l with military honors by the Amcr.caus in testimony of respect not to himself merely, but to his f^'"/ { /'^"•^,./". "' battle Colonel .Monroe, who was afterward elected president of the United iMates, "^1; wa^ wlunSely after the sharp con.lict at the fence between the a,b^.c.e guard of the An.erican army, led by General Mercer, and the British ««ve"tee.uh regiment, and the retreat of the Americans through the orchard near to Clark s house and barn, that General Mercer, while exert.ng himse f to ^al'y/''^ 'y^"^!" troops, was brought to the ground by a blow from the butt of a niusket. He was on fLt at this time-the gray horse he rode at the beginning ol 'he actio lav- ing been disabled by a ball in the fore leg. The British Bo^'e" J/^ ' "^ ^ firSt aware of the general's rank, f..r the morning being cold, he wore a « over his uniform. So soon as they discovered that he was a f «' «"' "'S^^^' they shouted that they had got the rebel general, and cried. Call for q^uu t.rs voii d-d rebel !" Mercer to the most undaunted courage united a q"^l^ ^n-; •ardent temperament: he replied with indignation to his «"«"";;.' ^^^'^/.^ bayonets were at his bosom, that he deserved not the name ol rebe , and de^ termining to die as he had lived, a true and honored soldier of I'berty, lounged with his sword at the nearest man. They then bayoneted him, and left h.m lor "^'llpon the retreat of the enemy, the wounded general was «=«"^«y^^^^. J^^^;';''' house, immediately adjoining the field of battle. '1 he "^f"-^-"^""" ^f J^^.^^;";",, mander-in-chief first received of the fall of li.s old companion in arms « ^e ^va of 1775, and beloved officer, was that he had ^^'^P'^.^'^/I^'^" IjV ^T wounds audit was not until the American army was in full >n"^!»/« .^^""^'^^ town that the chief was undeceived, and learned, to his S-'^ig-"^'^^""";^^ Mercer, though fearfully wounded, was yet alive Upon the first haU at Some- set courthouse. Washington despatched the late Major George I^w is h.s nephew, and captain of the Horse Guards, with a flag and a letter to Lord Corn Slis, eqiestin^g tha" every possible attention might be shown to J^te wounded general, alul permission that young Lewis should [«'"=^\" ^^'^^m a^d o iereS his wants. To both requests his lordship yielded a willing assent, "^nJ J^^^e J^ his stair-surgeon to attend upon General Mercer. Upon an examination of the wounds, the^British surgeon remarked that, although they were '"-"y -''d;;^, he was disposed to behlve that they woukl not prove dangerous. Me cer, bred to the profession of an army surgeon in Europe, said to young Lewis, Kaise mv r ght arm, George, and this ientleman will there discover ^^e smallest of my w'ou. Is, bnt ;hich will prove the most fatal Yes, sir. that is ^ fejbj jhat wjl very somi do my business." He languished till the twelfth, and exp red m he arm^s of Lewis, admired and lamented by the .hole army. Du"ng the pe nod that he languished on the couch of suffering, he exonerated ^ ^eriemies fro m the foul accusation which thev bore not only m 1777, but for half a centurv C.=.,...;-^.-W.:-^^fe-*' ;i^;i#-v^-=:$HH^^SSfe'i1rit4:!%i^iv:-"ii*4'^^ ■■ ;.^= !it-'A^'-^.i''-''-! OK 'I Hi: A.MKIUCAN KEVonmox. 3i5 smew viz : of iluir liaviim bavDnotfid a general ofllcj-r iil'ier he li:i / "'. 'E .Iclpl.ia eleven hun.lre.l sir..n« whuh, in the June pn-ce.hnu. •^^^'^^l;' ;;,:'' 'xy nu-n. an-l conuuande.l l.v was, on the .h.nl of January, ^'^V;,'^ f^^ ^ j^^J, ^ V.he ^r.uA army. eonsU.ea a ca,.,.un. In faut. the hulk ol '^^^^^^^'^L-n .ohliers who ha.l left ll.ur of tile Pennsylvania uuht.a ^;"; ,. "^ " J^^^^^^^^^ were en.luru.g the n«ors ot . comfortahle hon.e.s at the eall ot ' '^ ^ .'' ^";>;^,,,. „,• Princeto,., they had heen win,.,.r eanM.ai,n. <>.. the "'''['! «'^., /'J/ ',.« n.«hfs n,arch. Was U .hen :;t':;:;n:;::::v;S^.i'r;/inlM r:'«;^en .■:y ..^.o. ti. vete.. hayonets of their fresh an.l w.-U-ai.iMint.j.l toe ? ^,^^ exigencies of this The her..ic .levotn.n ol ^V asl....« > .^ J ^J ^^ ^^.,,„„ ,Ue pledj^e metnorahlo day He --/j;; *; . j Vwl.en trst he took up ar.ns in her cau»e he had laid on the altar «'. ^''''/ 7' "> . ^,,; ' „,feat at Princeton would have ,. win her liberties or pensh >»;1'« f", '^ " yj^,\ , f^r, independent ol the .mounted to the annihdat.on "' r^'''^ ^^^^^J'J .^^ of the Hritish army eight nnernv'>* forces in front, Cornwallis, «"'» ^"'^ "T-J ,^^,. n was, indeed, the .hous'and strong, was already I'-^-^^^^J ^^^ X> "« -cuts of little more ...y crisis of the struggle. In the »'""'f J ^ '^^ ' ,„;. What, then, is due ,U one short week, ''''-^y -: ;'i^t5^,fJ;, 'who 'witf. the master of liherty to the fame and memories o ^^'''^f'^^V^-ui' crisis of their country's destiny ? at their head, breasted the storm Its [^^^^ f i^rxu,e^on is matter of history. The heroic devotion of Washington on « t'*; ^J'\ j ever-memorable event We have often enjoyed a ^--^^^^^'^!^^'^ t chief, and who never re- column, when the ''-'Vl'l Idflt — ^^^^ -^ "° !r"5" ing to the spot where he had k t ^^^ ~ j i,i,n endeavoring to rally tl e there, and, upor- looking aromid, the aid J'*^"^^^'^^ „f ^^e foe. Wash- U„e ^hich h!.d been thrown ";^;:,J'-;^:',JjJet 'fortunes of the fight, is seen ington, after several meflectua elForts to r^«i«re " ^^ ^^^^^^ lo^em' up his horse, with his hea. to th ^fe^; ^^ re.med'to say. ".Will you immoveable. It was a last appeal to lis «»'"' ' .^^je in vain. 1 1 e ,.ve up your general to the foe? ^." Lrand'^fo m iuto line ; the enemy halt, discomfited Americans rally °".*'^Vrhi«fL between the adverse posts, as though and dre«s their line ; the Amencar^^^chief is »>etw^«' ^ ^^^^ lines are levelled he had been placed there, a target tor hoth^ J^Jf ho„or-struck at the danger ol Can escape from death be possible ? j ^"f^Jf,; "i^^e's neck, and drew las his beloved commander i< >l the gri .t«gt rxritement, aflV'Ctionalely grasped iht^ liaiiil cii' Ins I iind frit'ii md ilien ordered, " .-Vway, my dear Colo- nel, and hriiii; up the '■ the il i\ »ur own!" Karly in the iiinrmii ri '"oriiwiilis discovered that General Wasliini^ton hail dt'caiiipfd, and soon .iltiTward i .r rr'port ut the artillery in the iMii;ai,'i!Mii-iit wiili (.'oloiifl Mawhood near Princeton, com iiu cd him of the flireciuni wliicli the Ameriiaii army had taken. Alarmed lor the salety of the Hriii^h stores at .\ew Uriiiiswick, lie advanced rapidly toward I'rincetoii. In the Aiiiericau army it had indeed been jiroposed to make a forced march to 'Jew Urimswick, wliire all the baggage of the Mritish army was deposited ; but thi; complete ex- haustion of the men, who had been without rest, a>id almost without food for two days anil nights, prevented the adoption of tlie measure. (>eneral VVashington proceeded toward Morristown, and Ijord Cornwallis pressed on his rear ; but the Americans, on crossing Millstone river, broke down the bridge at Kingston, to impede the progress of their enemies j and there the pursuit ended. IJoth ar- mies were completely worn out, the one being as unable to pursue as the otli(;r was to retreat. (General Washington took a position at .Vlorristown, and Lord (Jornwallis reached New Brunswick, where no small alarm had been excited by the advance of the Americans, and where every exertion had been made for the removal of the liaggage, and for defending the place. General Washington fixed his headquarters at Morristown, situated among hills of ditVicult access, where he had a fine country in his rear, from which he ccmld easily draw supplies, and was able to retreat across the Delaware, if need- ful. Giving his troops little repose, he overran both East and West Jersey, spread his army over the Uaritan, and penetrated into the county of Essex, where he made himself master of the coast opposite Staten Island. With a greatly inferior army, by judicious movements, he wrested from '.he British al- most all their conquests in the Jerseys. New Brunswick and Amboy were the only posts which remained in their hands, and even in these they were not a little harassed and straitened. The American detachments were in a state of unwearied activity, frequently surprising and cutting ofT the British advanced guards, keeping them in perpetual alarm, and melting down their numbers by a desultory and indecisive warfare. General Howe had issued a proclamation, calling on the colonists to support his majesty's government, and promising them protection both in their persons and property. General Washington accompanied hia successful operations with a counter-proclamation, absolving the inhabitants from their engagements to Britain, and promising them protection on their submission to congress. This was a seasonable proclamation, and produced much effect. Intimidated by the desperate aspect of American affairs when General Washington retreated into Pennsylvania, many of the inhabitants of the Jerseys had taken advantage of General Howe's proclamation, and submitted to the British authority; but with respect to the promised protection, they had been entirely disappointed. Instead of protection and conciliation, they had been insulted by the rude insolence of a licentious soldiery, and plundered with indiscriminate and unsparing rapacity. Their passions were exasperated ; they thirsted for vengeance, and were pre- pared for the most vindictive hostility against the British troops. Hunce the soldiers could not venture out to forage, except in large parties; and thev f '.lom returned without loss. Their licentious insolence and merciless rapacity lost more than their bravery gained, and inspired the people with a deadly enmity against the British govern- •Tient. In Ancient warfare the vanquished who were unable to make their ef^ape were not unfrequentlv put to death on the field of battle ; at times thoir live* /J^SE'- VJ OK rHK WIKIUC.W kkvoi.i; TIDN. 31* 1/^1 were sparcil. wlnn it»iy witc sulil ;im slaves, or e'liervvUe inateil with iii(li)iiiily ami i-riicitv ; ''lit ilie inilil ijt'iiniN of CliriNtiiiiiiiy liii.s eiiiniiiiiiiK'utud its ;>etitle uiiil hffrfvoleiit spifii to ull ilie rdiitioiis of lil'e, Ims sol'ieiied even llic liorrul A' itures ol .viir, and iiiriisi'il seiitiiiieiiis iiinl I'l'diii^s of kiniliiess aiiini ilie iliii ol anils. AiiiDiit; ilic civilized nations ol' niotive soldiers ol' indepiiideiii natii>n!4. They seem to have thon^dit tliat the Ainerieaiis would never he aide, or would never dare to retaliate. Hence, at first, their jirisoners were, in some instances, fiarshly treated. To this the .\inericans coulil not suhinit, hut reinonstrated , and, on finding their rcMiionstrances disref^anled, tjiey aiio|iie(l a system of retali- ation, which occasioned much unmerited sutlerili"^^ "« ;'' "J recommendations Hitherto the colonies had been united by no bond but ha. r.he" ommon danger and common love of liberty. Congress resolved to render the terms of their union more definite, to ascertain the r.gh s and duties "he sev^ a llonies, and their mutual obligations toward each other A co.n- itte e was appointed to sketch the principles of the union or confederation. '" This commfttee presented a report in thirteen ArUrles of f-M.^ ^^ .-^ ,„-r„etnal Union between the states, and proposed, that, instead of cal ing ibtm- Gv. the United Coloniks, as they had hitherto done, they shun d assu.ne 'he narne of the United States ok America ; that each state should retain Is oveergnty freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, at.d r.gh vhiJh is not by the confederation expressly delegated to the United States cone ess assembled ; that they enter into a firm league for mutual deie.ice : th.i r^erinTabUaits of any of the states shall be entitled to the privileges and ImiUies o?Vree citizen's m any other state ^jhat any traitor or ^--^I'j^-l-^' fleeing from one state and found in another, shall be delivered u . to 'he sta e av 5 jurisdiction of his offence ; that full faith and credit shall be given in : h^/rstttestothe records,' acts, and judicial P-ceedings of ever^ other state- that deletiates shall be annually chosen, in such manneras the legislature n:;hlte1a direct, to meet in Congress on the "-^^ -^^-t'!:! ' at^^a.^vtm; with power to each state to recall its delegates, or a"y of them at a.iy t.n^ within the year, and to send others in their stead ; that no state shall be repre Ten^d Kiigr'ess by less than two or more than seven niembers an no ,.rson shall be a delegate for more than three out of six years, nor shall any delegate Sa place oVemolumet.t under the United States ; tj--ch state shal mam- tain its own delegates ; that in congress each state shall ^aveoidy one vote that freedom of speech shall be enjoyed by ^^e "u^mbers ; and .hat W ^^H be frp^ from arrest except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace , that no state, t t;iutreTot:nT:Fcongress, shall rieive -y;-^--'XeTn"n;"ortl7e treatv with any foreign power ; that no person holding any office in any o lie UnUed States 'sha I riceive an^ presem, office, or title, from any foreign sUi e and Siat neither congress nor any of the states shall grant any titles of nobility ; i t tro or morel^^^^^^^^^ into any confederation whatever whhouttriTent of congress; that no state shall ""P;- ^J^ ^v^S may interfere with treaties made by congress ; tha in '"^^ «^ P^^^^^i^'^^XIiy of war or military force shall be kept up in any of the stales but ^y the auinoriiy of congresT but every state shall have a well-regulated and disc.plmed m.li u ttTstat;, unless fnvaded, shall engage in war without 'fe -.-;• o «.- jrn^s nor shall thev grant letters of marque or reprisal till alter a declardtion o. wrbyTongres;^^^^^^^ '- ^fT" llxlt ^t slature of each statf for its own troops ; that the expenses ot war shall be KTd out of a comino,. treasury, sup.-iied by the --Ta states according to the value of the land in each ; that taxes shall be imposed and »«y'«^ °y ™^^^^ of the states ; that congress have the sole and exclusive right and power ri.gu -..- — .rf!T?;i«!i£«»«i*''S' THE PICTOKIAL HISTORY service of the XhuU-A Stafs, '■>''«1'\ ^f "' '.^„ ..UateVer in the service ol tl.e :„ the naval force, and -'"'"-r"^.; , t nd regnhu.on of the sanl u.ul „nite,.l States. ^^^'^'^ ''^'''■^''' hfZ^^s , that congress have aulhonty to a„.l naval forces, and *1'^^;'^ '"^^'^''^ ," "rerss, o be denominated a Com.n.n. appoint a comnuttee to sit 'l^^'^ ^ f J^'^^ t^,,, each state ; that congress shall }\he Srat.s, and t.. consist ol ""^ ^ J^ J ^J'^*^. „,„.,v to be raised for the ser- ine power to ascertain the "j^--. > /J ,,:' „..i ,pply the same, to borrow vice of the United States, an.l o ,M F"f J\^ ^uild and eqmp a nas > . money or emit bills on the credit ot the ''^ f i,,„„, f,^„, each state lor us to lix the number oi land f^''^^'«^'';;;' y*^^,^^;, inhSbilants in such state ; that the ^uota. in proporti.m to 'l''',"'""'''^ ,J ',, « ^a, y great public measure ol commou consent of nine states ^^'f ' '^,, 'f lowe to adjourn to any time within the year, interest; that cmi^ress shall i-cpowr l« J j.^^,^,„„^„t „„i to exceeu and to any place within the l^" .^'^^^^^i-j^j ' !i, proceedings monthly, exceptim s,x months ; and that the>; «''^ ' J ^^'^J ^' ,/ „ iUtLy operations, as in their jiidg- such parts relating to treaties ^l'^^''^*^^' \''„ , „,\he delegates ol each state .„ent require secrecy ; that the V- ^ f^,;Xd extracts granted ; that the Cm- ,.all. tf requi,.d,_be --^d on 1. journal. ^^^^^^ inem ici)""-' "• — -j • . , nnnial. anu exiriii;ia ui ".•"■"" ■> shall, if required, be entered «' j'"^ J^ f '^jt,,,, during the recess of congress. „„tlee of the Htutes, or any """^ "' '^Vv^si the m with ; that Canada, if willing, exercise such powers as conges sluUle^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^1 ,,,, ,haU he admitted to all the ad vant.igesoI uie , ^.^^^^ . ^j^.^^ i, '^'admitted, unless such adnussio;, ^^ta^l b ^^^^^^^J^^^^ ,y eongress betore bills of credit emitted. •''*'"''y,';.,''"""^,f ^j," United States ; that every state shall this confederation, shall be ^^ .^'^f;^, ^ ^'^^ .n questions submitted to them by abide by the determinations ''» ^ ""'-'^ .^j.*';;,„ ^\ inviolably observed by every this confederation ; that tl. ar icles "^ ^j^.^^n ,,, „„de. unless agreed t^X:^, :;frZr.:2:lJ by t,. legisla.m. of every state. 9 Ureal Seal . the United fitiUes Bion, at thirtv-nine sitti.ms. the articles «^^^^« J». , j approbation, were ratified ; the several state ''•^it'T;:h':f n'^o el^ 7^7 Congress rnait.tained an „V all the delegates on the 5th ° Novembe 17^ s ^^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 223 • thai of ih« ulatiiij: lli< rces ill "iw the olfiieris srvicc lit" thf le said land authority to I Cotniniltif ingress shall lor the st-r- i, to borrow jquip a navy, I state lor its Lie ; thai the 3 of coninu'U hin the year, jt to exceed ily, exceptino in iheir juds?- if each state that the Cum- ! of congress, ida, if willina. colony shall ales ; that all jugress before cry state shall d to them by rved by every unless agreed v stale. er much discu? rress, transmitted lion, were ralifieJ }s maintained an aspect. It wa» cward carried on and, considered as a first essay of legislative wisdom, it discovers a f^j^nnier •tandintr and an extensive knowledge of the structure of society. Had peace S oncluded before the settlement of this confederation, the staes would pXbly have broken down into so many independent governments, and tho strength of the union been lost in a number of petty sovereignties CHAPTER VII. Let us now attend to the proceedings of congress. The colomes had been drawn into the war bv a train of unforeseen events, and had made no preparation for a great and protracted struggle. Their finances soon failed ; and they severely felt the want of arms and military stores. About the middle of January congress entered on the cm.sideration of the state of the treasury, and resolved to provide funds for maintaining the war, by issuing bills, under their authority, which were to pass . nrrent, at their nominal value, m all payments and dealings throughout the states. In the difficult and embarrassing circumstances m which they were placed, it perhaps would not have been easy to have devised any better scheme for supporting the cause of the Union ; but a compulsory paper currency was certainly a pernicious expedient, destined to prove most ruinous to those who had most confidence in it, and who were most devoted to the sup- port of their country. The paper-currency of congress soon becam depreciated No. t^r^/ Six ^Ol£mi8> THIS Bill rutttU:thi „ flewfi* to ttctWe SIX SPAKloH MILLED DOLLAR'S, ur -the •Valutthfr,„f inGOISt oi'.SILVER,.n«im(li* f 'iHfsiilutioii of CON= CRESS riUiiUat Phv (J JicMMii fio. 99.— Continental Money. This led from one mistake into another, and induced them to attempt to fix the prices of commodities ; a measure which must always prove abortive, and which introduced incalculable confusion and misery into America, involving many lam- ilies in ruin. , ^ , ,,, . r w , Conirress decreed a monumem to the memory ot (.eneral Warren, who lell ai Bunker's Hill; and one to the memory of General Mercer, who was nmrially wounded in the rencounter with Colonel Mawhood near Princeton. 1 hey w.r- much alarmed by the langour and supineness which everywhere prevailed .-.; ■iiajw-i^'*"*-'''-' THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Duriu, those conv..lsions in tl- J-;^;^!:^ S^ul.^^:t.^r;o' S accuston\e,l to colonuil '^""M'.l;""'^ /^"^ Jl^J^j^^^^^^^^ „g,ess of the contest, or to own unme.liate interests, paul no J -Jg^ o giiate.l. Large maj<.rmes m tho importance of the principles n. ;jhicn ii > ^.^^^^^^^ proceedings ; both houses of parliament ^"PP''';^; ..'^^^ J"',' 'S nen of distinguished talents, and ahhough a small "\""'"^ ^ .\" j 'S.^Vf t Le court should succeed in es.al,- zeal additional energy. warlike operations, the difficulties of the But, amid all the pop«la" Y of '\7^;„™ J^ of hostilities with the Amen- ministry soon began to multiijy. J"^°"?^£^, experienced a scarcity of the can provinces, the British West ^"^^JJ^ ^^'^V,,? Indian fleet was about to necessaries of life. About the ^'-"/jXySje it was discovered that the ne- set sail, under convoy, on 1« ^'""^^,;^^^^^^^^^^ of the draughts to com- sjroes of Jamaica meditated an »n^""«^"?^^^ -J.^^^ inland had been weakened ; plete the army in A™e"ca, the .mluarj force m v . ^^^ „, ,. By knd the ships-of-war were detained to *^«;^; J" • P^'.^eir privateers. After the this delay, the Americans g^'"f ""^^/"^Xr^cnd many of the ships, richly fleet sailed, it was dispersed by J^f ^f^JJ;,, „ho were permitted to sell laden, fell into the hands of the A-mer can cruise ^^^^ ^^^^^^ Er 'pri-« in the ports ^^J^"' .^^^T so^o^^ "™^^^^^ This unfriendly '^""duct of France was spy ^^^^ ^^^ British cabinet longer be winked at, and It drew forth a rejnstr .^^ ^^.^.^^ ^,,3 Thl remonstrance was <=^^^"y ^Xfn tt^rendi ports in Europe ; but it was carried on somewhat more coverU^ m the ^^^^^ J^^ ^^^^^ preparation for war. evident that both France and SP«'" ^'^J* ^^^^ ' eyes against the gathering storm, The British ministry could "« »?"g«'^ «^^"3^^ ^ October, 1776, they put six- and began to prepare for it. About the miome ^^^.^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^ leen additional ships into ^^r'^'^rlntmr and during its session some other On the 3l8t of October the parliament met. ^mlj^ri g ^^^ .^^^^^^^^ ^ j^^ attempts were made fo'J^S'tLrwte ^ crpS^^ defeated, and the plans ministry was so powerful that they w^'^e aii ^ • f parliament. ™f administration received the -PP™J;"°";;/ ^e^L^^^^^^ ^^ ^ew Bruns- During the winter, which was ve severe the considerable pnva- wick and Amboy were kept on constant du^y.^^^^ ^^.^.^^ ,ould tions. lue Americans were y^S^^^"' iVfiXing But although in the course seldom procure P'<>r^°"^°' ^"'^SeTSs ha^^^^^^ ^° ^«" "^ ""^^^ P'^'TJ of the winter the afTairs of the TTnited htates "^a 8 provinces. By 1 aspect, yet 0.ere was still "-/. /"J^t^E ha^^ heir open attachment to the British nterest, numbers n j ^^ g^^^^^„ selves to the vengeance of the «P"W^-"J j-^ t„S^^^^^^ or distrust of the American cause gjeheu co^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ „,en joined the Howe. Early in the season a <=«"«"^«;f '^j^^Ton of the commander-in-chie. general of the loyal P'o^^^'^^^^^^lf . , ^ bv rapid predatory incursions and bold OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 22a iritain, long ly to theii unlest, or lo lajorities in roceediugs ; litid talents, ed in estiib- suies of ad- il in favor of 76, gave that lulties of the ti the Ameri- arciiy of the ivas about to that the ne- ights to cnn\- in weakened ; legroes. By •s. After the ! ships, richly mitted to sell it Indies, lat it could no ritish cabinet ih prizes was e ; but it was iration for war. athering storm, , they put six- ) man them, ion some other nfluence of the , and the plans ent. at New Bruns- jiderable priva- sh army could igh in the course a more promis- provinces. By y exposed them- ection to Britain id to Sir William men joined the imander-in-chief, an allotment of d been extremely 3 rank of major- ursions and bold fifty miles above t the winter, they luipage.loBupply U,e stations in 'he vicinity as o.casuu. ..uiit.t r.^iuire^ Gcjenil ^^ ' -» "f^ "^ ,H,siUon was naturally strong, and dur.ntr ,1h- win.or he a.ided n..n> .i h ul lortiticatious. The nmt mountumous pari ..t the d.slnct, named '..e .Manor uf Cortland, wa. formed into a kind of citad..!. replen.shed wit.t stores, an. l t-^^k- skill served as a port to it. On the 23d ol .March, as soon as tl.e riser was clear of ice, General Howe, who thoufiht I'eekskill ol more importance than U really was, detached Colonel Hir.l. with about 500 men, under convoy ot a Ingate LdLme armed vessels, against that post. General -^I-jDo^ga ' v;"^,;^"^ manded there, had then only about 250 men ni the place. He had tiielv notice "colonel Bird's approacli , and, sensible that h.s post was untenal, e, he ex- erted himself to remove the stores to the sirt>ng :rrounds about two miles an. a half in his rear; but before he had made much progress in the work tlie british appeared, when he set tire to the stores and buddings, an.l retreate.l. Colonel Bud landed, and completed the destruction of the stores winch he was unable to remove. On the same .lay he reimbarked, an.l ref.r.ied to New \ ork On the 13th of April, Lord Cornwall.s and General Grant w.lh about 2 000 men attempted to surprise and cut off General Lincoln, who, with 500 men. Fio. 100. — Portrait of General Lincoln. was posted at Bound Brook, seven miles from New Brunswick, and nearly suc- ceeded in their enterprise. But, by a bold and rapid movement, Lincoln, when almost surroundad, forced his way between the British columns and escaped, with the loss of sixty men, his papers, three field-pieces, and some baggage. At that early period of the campaign. Sir William Howe attempted no grand novemem against the American commander-in-chief; hut he made several effort* « interrupt his communications, destroy his stores, and impede his operations He had received information that the Americans had collected a large quantity itf stores in the town of Danbury, and in other places on the borders of Connec- licut. These he resolved to destroy ; and appointed Major-General Tryou of the prov'ncials, who panted for glory in his newly-acquired character, to com- mand an expedition for that purpose ; but prudently directed Generals Agnew ind Sir Willid..' Erskine to accompany him. On the 25th of Ap.il, the detachment, consisting of 2,000 men, under a propel 16 .— .-*«..; li-'ir^f^ •-•«•< THE PICTORHI. HISTORY "K'e*^ a„d Arnol.1, were »7\« "' " ,j,,„ |„i.,ny, »"J a"«ke.l *»" '?";^, ,,„„ by .n irregular «""f";f ' ,re»sioi. ot a briJge <>™' 'M, ^^^""f S guide „„a, *„„ g _^^ co„*,a.e,«i. JiJ .-;X^ The inj'J'y.''™' Sh .«..ai"«'l >" *« "1""'"' t',,V t.H" .h. American, ,l,e loss "'''">; *V;„„Je,l, or laker, pri.one". "re '"'J n, Oon..ecUcu' much spirit. The peopb^ of New s ,„, e,„e.u to the ^-^^ -"f "^J^^ j. and »n rcpeUing ^f V'"*^"'^^?";'. ^f/l" of General Wooster wa. much lament if those hostile visits. 1 h- ^t*'''^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTlOiN. W7 irfieltl and :hree miles make any I the town. U of flour ; 1,700 tents, iricans. At 8 destroyed Fry on began with no re- livan, "Wooster, rooster, with a rear ; but this 1, in the seven posted himself A smart en- and the British eld. t were assaileu nd from behind atuck, by which but their guide ericans, deeming opposition ; but sh regained their (1 not compensate ally 400 of their tf the Americans f the Connecticut ijected themselves ;outest discovered ourage and energy fre'..en». repetition luch lamented, and congtess decreed a inoimnieul to his memory. General Arnold's activity and finirago mpt with tlio approDation of his superiors. The British troops wer« not penuitied to carry on their sudden incursions and predatory attacks witlu.ut retaliation. On the 8tl» of May, General Stevens. ml\i a consiclcr.ible tbrce, attucke.l the British post at Piscataway, where the Wd regiment was stationed ; but, after a furious engagement, he was repulsed. A considtriihle quantity of grain, forage, and otlu-r necessaries, for the use ol the royal armv, was collected al Sag Harbor in Long Island ; where they were but slightly guarded, as the nuiuber ol British cruisers in the sound seemed to .secure them Iroiu all danger. Of these circumstances the American Genera Parsons gained inforniaiion ; and, on the 23d of May, he detached Colonel Meigs, with a party of 170 men, who h^ft Guildford in Connecticut, at one o'clock in the aflern'oon, crossed the sound in thirteen whale-boats, attended by three sloops : landed on the north part of the island near Southhold, at six o'clock in the evening ; carried his boats over a neck of land ; reimbarked, and cnjssed the bav between the lu.rth and south parts of the island, and, at twelve o'clock at night, landed within four miles of Sag llarbor. Leaving his boats under the protection of a slender guard, he advanced silently toward the place of destination, and, about two o'clock in the morning, began the attack with hxed bavonots. The alarm soon became genen-l, and a discharge of musketry on both sides ensue.l ; but the Americans succeeded in burning the stores and twelve vessels. They also killed six men, took ninety prisoners, and only six of the party who guarded the place escaped. Colonel Meigs, without having a man either killed or wounded, relurne.l with his prisoners to Guildtord, where he arrived at two o'clock on the 24th ; having, in the space of twenty-five hours, traversed by sea and land no less than ninety miles. When mentioning these achievements of desultory warfare, we may "ere re- late another enterprise of the same kind, although it did not happen till the 10th of July— the capture of General Prescott. That officer was commander ot Rhode Island, and had his headquarters on the west side of the island, near Narraganset bay, about a .piarter of a mile from the shore, and at some distance from any body of troops. lie was but slii'hlly guarde.l, trusting chiefly for se- curity to the numerous cruisers, and to a guard-ship, which lay in the bay oppo- site to his quarters. , , Colonel Barton, at the head of forty men, officers and volunteers passed by night from Warwick Neck to Rhode island ; and although they had a passage often miles by water, yet, by keeping near the land, they eluded the vigihnce of the British ships-of-war and guard-boats which surrounded the island. Ihey conducted their enterprise with such silence and address, that, about midnight, they reached the general's quarters undiscovered, secured the sentinel, surprised the general in bed, and, without giving him tirie to put on his clothes, hurried him on board, with one of his aides-de-camp, and conveyed him safely to Provi- dence. This event was very mortifying to General Prescott, and to the royal army ; but occasioned much exultation among the Americans. Hitherto Gen- era. Howe had absolutely refused to release General Lee, but he soon agreed to exchange him for General Prescott ; and General Lee again joined the American army. . , ,, » , ,u„ Having taken notice of these desultory enterprises, we shall now turn c the two main armies, under their respective commanders-in-chief. In the beginning of June, Gensral Sir William Howe, having r reived from Ensiland his expected reinforcements and camp equipage, lell iNew York a.i^i passed into the Jerseys, with the intention of immediately opening the campai jn. He had under his command 30,000 men, well equipped and provided ; aiid, o resist thin formidable army, General Washington, on the 9ih of Jui- co.ild ___J(i»f'\-i>t£3lIt!rise him, and successfully executed the enterprise ; killing or w»»unding, chiefiv TT . liiu! of hattia \i\\\ iiitri'piiliiy, ! tiriiiK in il':i« (J.iit'ral Sulli )Ut, on rrachins; il and flf'-iiiu in iiH iiii advaiilu- of the pursuing Cornwallis's iV apposed to liiii, •treat. Ocntr.* u»'p to^other, r. I'd, within eigh to Philadelphia ■ricans from pur- two days, collect- , and inakin),' ar- the engagement Iweet's Ford, and jonsiderable lo9- prisoners. They the Hrilish was led. In the battle ;an army : among ,nly aboi twenty )ve of liberty, had Its of polished so- tost gloomy period otit a vessel to con- it g a prohibition of It" to throw off the rican cause, and in Some other French Pulaski, a Polish ;ome other French was mounted on a 1 for ferrying across • the boat into the lisengaged himself (Tort being made t» irty to Wilmington, )elaware, and took a ,ne of the inhabitants, duable and important ken post in the woods jing it on its march as despatched to sur- , or w»unding, chien> OF THK A.MEKICAN liKVOLUTlO.N. 339 f*^ iM THE PICTOHIAI. IIISTOKY F,o lOe.-Portmit of r.enerul Wayne. , • „ u.^ 1 1 nn nrUnners and making mm ..olf master of all their baggage. Fla.l.;„l and G»"'<;^J°;tn X from PhiUJelph a ; aad. on .he i6* w,m Mid 1 000 Virginian militia, marcneu W*' and making him captain and three the second lime On the afternoor Howe, contrary to the Schuylkill at sncamped at Ger- , on the 26th, with he city, where he )uring these move- ry rains. undei his brother lid steered for the 1 as General Howe the course of tho ^ -nation of the Del- aux-de-frise, formed ng iron pikes, across [8 into the Delaware. « on the banks and course of the river .ington, who lay en [kill, about seventeeri ermanlown consisted encampment bisected 1 by the Schuylkill, oops from PeekskilU k on the evening of OF THE AMERICAN R EVOLUTION. 23.°i he X\ (if Octohrr, ;iil.l ;i! iliiwi VtTcr ;i smart Cduliu-t \h: drmt- llic Iic.i'l (iftlic \ill,i kei-p five coiiipanit's of the rrunnu'iii to>rether. threw himself into a hirgo stone house ill the vilhiire, u hicli stood in front of the main column of the Americans, and there almost a half of (Jeiieral Washimrton's army was detained for a considerable time. Instead of maskin<> tlij house with a sufliciont force, and advancin;^ rapidly with their main hofU" the Americans attacked the house, which was ohstinately defended. This saved the British rrniy ; for the critical moment 'was lost in fruitless attempts on the house ; the royal troops had time to get under arms, and be in readiness to resist or attack as circumstances required. General Grey came to the assistance of Colonel Musgrave ; the engagement for some time was general and warm ; at length the Americans began to give way, and effected a retreat with all their artillery. The morning was very foggy, a circumstance which had prevented the Americans from combining and conducting their operations as they other- wise might have done, but which now favored their retreat by concealing their movements. In this engagement the British had 600 men killed or wounded ; among the slain were Brigadier-General Agnew and Colonel Bird, officers of distinguished reputation. The Americans lost an equal number in killed and woujided, be- sides 400 who were taken prisoners. General Nash, of North Carolina, was among those who were killed. After the battle General Washington returned to his encampment at Skippach Creek. But although the British army had been successful in repulsing the ArnericaH>s, yet taeir situation was not comfortable ; nor could they easily maintain them- selves in Pennsylvania unless the navigation of the Delaware were openeil, and a free communication established between the fleet and armv. The upper line of chevaux-de-frise was protected by a work named Fort Mifllin, erected on a marshy island in the Delaware called Mud Island, formed by an accumulation of sand and vegetable mould near the Pennsylvania bank of the river, and by a redoubt, called Redbank, on the Jersey side. At a small distance below .Vlud island, and nearly in a line with it, are two others, named Province rnd Hog's ishuids ; between these and the Pennsylvanian bank of the river was a narrow channel, of sufficient depth to admit ships of moderate draught of water. The reduction of Forts MitHin and Redbank. and the opening of the Delaware, were of essential importance to the British army in the occupation of Philadelphia. In order, therefore, that he might be able more conveniently to assist in those operations. General Howe, on the 1 9th of October, withdrew his army from tiermantown, and encamped in the vicinity of Philadelphia. lie despatched Colonel Count Donop, a German officer, with three battalions 5f Hessian grenadiers, the regiment of Mirbach, and some light infantry, to re- duce Redbank. This detachment crossed the Delaware at Philadelphia on the evening ^f the 21st of October, and next afternoon reached the place of its des- tination. Count Donop summoned the fort to surrender ; but Colonel Christo- pher Greene, of Rhode Island, who commanded in the redoubt, answered that he would defend kis post to the last extremity. Count Donop immediately led his troops to the assault, advancing under a close fire from the fort, and from the \merican vessels-of-war and floating-batteries on the river; he forced an exten- ^ive and unfinished outwork, but could make no impression on the redoubt. The count was mortally wounded ; the second in command also was disabled ; and, alter a desperate CO rflict and severe loss, the assailants were compelled to re- ^.lypiiv-- ,-:({■» h*,?««.'t»kr.-r*r.^- ■ T> THE PICTORIAL HISTOKY. Colonel treat un.ler a fire si.nilar to that -^ifj^ll'^^'laV^r 'J \ ;„d Merl.n, v-sels-o -^^•=| , -^ P ; - ,,^^,„^,,, „f Cotj.a I)o..-P ^"J^^' ^j,^.^,.^, ehevaux-de-tr.so anJ o ; ^ ^^^^^ ^,^^ "'i'^'^'^) °^' " ,e Sis ed before up the river with the rtowinti ^^^.^.^.^nks «;here "«" « ^^J^^j ,,^ of ale course ot '^"^ ,«=^'= f \j;;t „ groundea a little '-'"^^^^^^^..^^u acle to Re, Hencethe Au^n.sta and MeTU b ^.^^^ ^^,^^y "''*'''''^ vi^.^their conditu.n. chevaux-de-fnse. M the n turn^^^ _^^^ ^^^^ Americans, perceiving tl.ur^^^ ^^^^^^^ =„.. :^'^nr:::^'^^'^^--^t^ crew were go '>'\"' J" ,,,„,, . ,.ut the greater part of the seamen, perished in "' , destroyed. . r reducing' the The >^\^\'" --,:. th -"'^--' ^'^^ "l^^^r^iw^'Sat eri^s vv^ve erected Noiwithstandmu '»'"*""., ^.ja, great activity. '**"{^",,-fl- .,uv of con- as the seoon.l line of chev a«X ae ui ^^^^^ ,, front of the work ,, ,,„, ,,,,eding ^^^ --£Kt and army The little garrison o r r ^^^ operations ot ^^e t rm ^^^^^^ theniselvesinopposingja-lar^^fe^^,^ ^^^^.^ ^"^'^^Inf car ied on by the against them; =""^ / ' "",'^,^1 'port Mifflin was b«f " "^"J ^^^^^^^^^^^ A terrible cannonade ■ g'^"^;/°„j ^as answered by the [«"' ^'.U V„ey bank. ^^""^ "'Tfl "tm^ iS -c^oni river, and by ^h- J-r^O. J^^^J ^^^^ galleys and fl'>^ .'f '' '""lu„ for, was in a great measure (lemoi ^^^ The America «h.P'n^^ ^^^, ^T5re t ^ set on fire and the stream: pa'^\°V "' ,? ni rht and escaped; the rest ^*, . ^vas after- river was so obstinate, ^^^^^ clearing vt. . ^^^^i^ed a r«^"»f«'^^^'"^" fnirstrong camp at (leneral Washington haungr ^^^ ^^^^ ^"T^'nied at advantageous position at Nv nue ."<» e. Colonel I CO >perateil •rpool, Peiirl, owiT line of ttack, ino»eil i bail altert'il ;isteil before ;ond row of made to get lieir conJitlon. Uffusla cai'gbi ficuby tbat tbe uer, at.il some w was saved r reducin;^ tbe I were erected ifficidiv of eoi>- :liUery' tbrough ly to act witb md, aliboiigh it attack on Fort b bcavy cannon, . Pennsylvanian • tbe fort. The n cbannel, as far ilaced themselves id greatly exerted isb fleet and army lot forsake them, irried on by the by the American n the Jersey bank, olisbed, and many loTiger tenable, re- ays afterward, tb« iied against it ; but otected. retired up lassed the batteries 18 set on fire, and this time, was after- opened, and a free the defence of the aign was wasted in m the northern army, bis strong camp at ied an advantageous He had a valley OF TllK AMKKICAN UKVOLU IION. 237 Aii.i rivulet in f.onl, and his niiht wiis pn.t.-ef.l l.y an abattis, or fence of tree» cut down, with their top brandies jjoiiited ami turned outward. Sir William Howe ihinkinir tlial Gen.Tiil WMshmnton, encourajjed by his r•;:;;;;;; ,oyalarnw.nthat,uun.r ^^ ^,,, ,^,^i,, ,,e f^'^'u:'.:^ (Jeneral Hnri^ovne was a>,>isU'i .)> il;,mllton, lU-ulesel, ami ^^i n ^-"E^s^st.::!:;?-' -■»'-"' '^ ,a„.u»v., «...,„ il>« -xp-l"i""- ,. , , s, 1 e«cr with a ho.ly of liglu troops and Im .a.^ wir-feasi. at whu-h. with well mean out u h^^barous craeliy. . "« "Vu TonW ;o inflanu. 'i-'----5^,^;i;^ri.tlntan.sof the -untry, tn w - , ^-t:.:^j:^:^'^^^^r '"^u-^i!^ 'SeXi :m;-y ':^l : ;;'d u. at,ach •^-'-^'-^^,;";,S r iV.enas of ."•lepende..ce ajul ...MihwatJ, .mil I""" .,„ ,„„,b T r rfoitn, nn') rtio.i to <>r- n ; hut lii-^ Clair, who militia. Iiiul koii'il liaM' islv oi> the jmniaml tlif certed with ? uecossary uitable hinly •oops, «'xccl s coininaml savages, icers, among ami Spcciit. ,-ch, atteuJtHl and Indians, the Mohawk ) advauL't'd to e, and, ywe- w days landed mericans had , gave tluMii a hem a speci-h. •liy. He uex iitrv,in wliich, severity those of the ferocity ependence. and to their dniy. lion that it was e General Bnr- which connects German anxil- commun...^ake elve miles soijlb ree sides by -he ,. On the bi<&ce OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. U3^ ' ill;'; , i; !: I'i H''i'll' ''li|lif!ii!ii|l'!j!l ill!ll!!lili||li!il||f: !ir'"i"' T» THE PICTOKUI. HISTORY which ha.l been "^'^^P^^'^'^y '';^,„„ „7 U which is flat, they had erected a fort and carefully fortified. On t^« »"P "■ ;'' ^'^ear the foot of the mountain which and provided it sufliciently -'^'^^^''S.ed entrenchment., and mounted them -%X^^ '- "^'X. s^^ch :rz^ j;p^: ,„0 post., by mean, ot a "?»' •";;"'?' "iJislance, tron, each other. The strong wooden pillar, plawl at "««'f •1'»' " „ fl„.„, ,tr„..sly f"Y"l '» waeea between the pillar, were ™s>l "P °[ ^«P , The bridge was twelve fee "Sch other and to the p.llar., ^^ *XAph. n wa. defended by a boom formed stgrji^ct'ii^tiirb^i.e^a'^Ss^^^^ nrLely after pa..n.,T.»^j;>:-r,S^ come the waters flowing from l^^^!^® ^;':| ' ^^^ rugged eminence called Sugai confluence of those two streams rises a s^teep ana gg ^ ^^^^_^ ^^^^p^^ HUl. which overlooks and coramandsbot^^ ^^^^^^^^ g^ ciair consid- Tha hill had been examined by the Americans ^^^ extensive works Trine the force under his command ">««ffi"2 Lterhi- himself that the extreme rrionVeroga and Mount Independence, and A^^^^^^^^^ , u difficulty of the ascent would P/^^^^Vviill It may be remarked that the north neglected to take possession of S"gar H ». U may Ticonderoga ; bu. S of Lake George is between tw« J^^Ss and shallows, and is unfit for the channel leading to it is interrupted ^Y ^^P'^^ fi,, ^jies long, extending *^0n tTppearance of General ^^j;::^^.^^^^^^^ nnrate knowledge of the strength of the P"f f ""^J' ^ Jy attempt to take the Srcemint from Europe. He ^^f^^^^XUw'^ersily be abl'e to repulse fort by assault, and fl^"er«d himsel tha^ he^^^^^^^ f both them But, on the second of J^^y'/^.^^f '"'"s f om the forts ; while the flee E of the' channel and --^/"Pfth""^ After a slight resistance. General anchored just beyond the reach of J*^^ g""\ important post on the south of Fi- Rurgovne took possession of Mount Hope, an rnnp i ^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^an- the fort on the west side. The merman ^ detachment to the m %:frro!:-^^^^^^^^^^^^ rrXedLidu-^m bnngjn, «rw„^^ ^S.^ HtU u. be «• communications. On ttie om tF J French had 1 those lines hiTe between niiependence, Crown Point, trected a fort, juntain, which moiinied them about half between those by twenty-two other. The gly fastened to /vas twelve feet a boom formed iron chains an lished between els up the strait 1 wider, and, on m, at that point 1 the south isi formed by ? nee called Sugai nt Independence. St. Clair consid- extensive works f that the extreme themselves of it, ted that the north riconderoga ; bu» I, and is unfit for 5 long, extending the same name, making any effec- Fort Edward, on , Clair had no ac- Bard nothing of the Utempt to take tho e able to repulse reat force on both ts ; while the fleet •esistance, General on the south of Ti- 3 well as the chan- ompletely to invest !ral Reidesel occu- achinent to the vi- General Burgoynr ind completing his ugar Hill to be ex- OF THE A.MEKICAN REVOLUTION. 24] ir amined ; and, being informed that the ascent, though difhiult, w- MAP jwinn th« route . BURQOYNB previous hit lurrtnder (1/ lRATOGA Oclolitt 17IA, 1777. B. Thf route of tht army itr «»n. flurffoyn* «« 246 riiK I'lc'.oiUAf, iiisrouY tellicciice, he £«\r(I imthiiiir Irom St ("lair, am' '.vis apprchensivo of Mie tnta) lo8» iif ilic iiarriHDii. iin lixoil liis lieuilijiiuriirs at l-'ort Kilwrird, iiii tli<* llmlsoii, m riiiiKiuti lortificatioii, lil'iv-scvfii miles filidvc Mbany, wliicli iiicrcly mtv»'(1 i matter of the utmost imjtortance. I'or this purpose, ho ordereil dotachmeiitsol' his men to obxtrucl the navigation of Wood Creek abovo Fort Aim ; to break down bridijes ; to etit trees so as to fall across the road from oi)posite sides, and interminsjle their branches, particularly at places where the line of roail could not i)e altered ; and lo throw every obstiicle in the way, ill order to retard neiieral Hiirsjoyne's prowress. Me ordered all the liorsi'S and caiilf luit of the way of the royal army ; ami broiinlit off from Fort (Jeorge all the aiiimuiiitioii and stores, of which he stood miicli in need, \\ bile (leneral Schuvler made every effort to retard the process of his oppo- nent, he exerted himself vigorously to sireri!.'tln^n his own army. He solicited reinforcenuMits of regular troops ; he railed on the militia of New England to join the army ; and used all his personal inlluence in the surrounding country to inspire the people with military ardor and patriotic enthusiasm. As the dan ger was alarming, his unwearied exertions were actively secimded by Wash ington and the civil authorities. General Lini-oln, who in a high degree pos sessed the coifnience of the militia, was appointed to raise and command them. Arnold, who had a high reputation for gallantry in the field, was directed to join the northern army ; and (llolonel Morgan, with his corps of riflemen, was or dered to the same (]uarter. Colonel Warner, with his regiment, was sent toward the left of the Hritish army, to threaten its flank and rear, and to assist in rais- ing the militia. Tents, artillery, ammunition, and other necessaries, were dili- gently provided. While General Schuyler made every exertion to strengthen and equip his army. General Burgoyne was obliged to halt at Skenesborough, in order to give some rest to his exhausted troops ; to reassemble and reorganize his army, which had been thrown into some disorder, and considerably scattered, by his rapid movements ; to bring forward his artillery, baggage, and military stores ; and to make all the necessary preparations for advancing toward Albany. During his halt at Skenesborough, General Burgoyne issued a second proc- lamation, summoning the people of the adjacent country to send deputies to meet ('olonel Skene at Castletown, in order to deliberate on the measures which might still be adopted to nave from destruction those who had not yet conformed to his first proclamation. General Schuyler issued a counter-proclamation, warning the people m be on their guard against the insidious designs of »he en- emy, and assuring them that they would be considered traitors, and puiiu>l.'d accordingly, if /hey complied with his propositions. But this war of proclamations was soon followed by more active measures ; for after the necessary rest to his army in the vicinity of Skenesborough, General Burgoyne, nrnuh elated with his past success, and cherishing san,';-uin6 antici- pations of fu'ure victory, began to advance toward the Hudson. On proceeding up Wood crwk, he was obliged to remove the impedimen j .vith which Gen- eral SchuyloT had encumbered the channel, and afterward to restore the roads and bridge^ which he had destroyed. The labor was great : above forty bridges wert constructed, and others repaired, one of which, entirely of log- work, was ivei a morass two miles wide. This prodigious labor, in a sultry «f ason of the year, and in a close country swarming with tormenting insects, the »rmv perfo»aied with cheerfulness and untired perseverance. At length, with -««.-««Hi=S!f riflemen, was or pnt, was sent toward jid to assist in rais- cessaries, were dili- igthen and equip his ugh, in order to give eorganize his army, ibly scattered, by ids , and military stores , award Albany, sued a second proc- send deputies to meet the measures which lad not yet confortried counter-proclamation, lus designs of »he en- iraitors, and pu.- i.- d ) active measures ; for enesborough, General ihing sanpiiine antici- Ison. Oh proceeding leni •vitli which Gen- rd to restore the roads i8 great: above forty which, entirely of log- gious labor, in a sultry tormenting insects, the ince. At length, with .•»»wist=«iSW>,. 248 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY little opposition from the enemy, on the 30th of July it reached Fort Edward, which General Schuyler had quitted a short time before, and retreated to Sara- toga. Gener;.! IJurgoyne might have much more easily readied Fort Edward by the way of Lake George ; but he had been led up the South river in pursuit of the fleeing enemy ; and he persevered in that diflicult route, lest he sthould discourage his troops by a retrograde movement. ■*^ 0-*^7~'^X Fio. 113.— Lake George. At Fort Edward, Goueral Burgoyne again foinid it necessary to pause ih nis career ; for his carriages, whith in the bv-v had been made of unseasi/Ued wood, were much broken down, and needed to be repaired. From the unavoid- able difficulties of the case, not more than one third of the draught horses con- tracted for in Canada* had arrived . and General Schuyler had been careful to re- move almost all the horses and draught cattle of the country out of his way. Boats for the navigation of the Hudson, provisions, stores, artillery, and other neces- saries for the army, were all to be brought from Fort George ; and although that place was oidy nine or ten miles from Fort Edward, yet such was the con- ilition of the roads, rendered nearly impassable by the great quantity of rain that had fallen, ♦hat the labor of .ransporting necessaries was incredible. General Burgoyne had collected about 100 oxen , but it was often necessary to employ ten or twelve of them in transporting a single boat. With his utmost exertions he had only conveyed twelve boats into the Hudson, and provisions for the army for four days in advance, on the 15th of August. In order to aid and facilitate the operations of St. Leger on the Mohawk, Gen- eral Burgoyne wished to make a rapid movement down the Hudson ; but it was not easy to procure provisions (or his army. The difficulty of drawing his sup- plies from Lake George was every day to increase with the distance : and his left flank and rear were threatened by General Lincoln, who had been ordered by General Schuyler to join Colonel Warner, to collect the militia of New Eng- land, to endeavor to cut oft' the communication of the British army with Lake George, or even to make an attempt on Ticonderoga. In these circumstances, General Burgoyne conceived the plan of procu ■"•"-«»'='^«»««s«n,. UF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 2»9 Edward, to Sara- Edward n pursuit :ie sthuuld luse m nis unseast-iied unavoid- lorses con- re fill to re- ay. Boats neces- ,d although as the con- of rain that General to employ It exertions ir the army lawk, Gen- but it was [ng his sup- lie : and his een ordered New Eng- Iwith Lake of procu ring a fupply for his army from a different quarter. It was well kncwn tha the American army received live cattle from New England, which were col- lected at Bennington, twenty-four miles east from the Hudson, where a largo doposite of carriages, corn, flour, and other necessaries, had been made. For this purpose he moved down the east side of the Hudson, ajid encamped nearly opposite Saratoga, which place the American army left on the 15th of August, and retieated to the confluence of the .Mohawk and Hudson rivers. He sent his van across the river by a bridge of boats ; and at the same time despatched Colonel Baume, a German officer, with 500 men, partly cavalry, two pieces of artillery, and 100 Indians, to surprise Bennington. General Stark, with the New Hampshire militia, 400 strong, happened to bo in that vicinity, on his way to join General Schuyler. He heard first of the approach of the Indians, and soon afterward was informed that they were sup- ported by a regiila" force. He collected h\s brigade, sent expresses to the neighboring militia lo join him, and also to Colonel Warner's regiment at Man Chester. On the morning of the 14th of .\ugust, he marched against the enemy, at the head of 700 men ; and sent Colonel Gregg, with 200 men, to skirmish in their front and retard their progress. He drew up his men in order of battle : but, on coming in sight of him, Baume halted on advantageous ground ; sent an express to General Burgoyne, informing him of his situation ; and fortified him- self as well as circumstances wi idd permit. Some small skirmishing parties of the Americans killed several Germans, and two Indian chiefs, without sustaining any loss ; and this slight success not a lit- tle elated them. In a council of war, it was resolved to attack Baume next day ; but next day it rained incessantly, and the attack could not be made, although there was some skirmishing. On the morning of the 16th, Stark, having received some reinforcements, sent detac^'inents by the right and left of the enemy, with orders to unite in their rear, and begin the attack in that quarter. But before they met the Indians re- treated between the columns, and receiving a fire as they passed, sustained some loss. The detachments, according to orders, began the attack on the rear of the enemy, and were assisted by Stark, who instantly advanced to the charge in front. Baume made a brave defence ; the battle lasted two hours, during which he was furiously assailed on every side by an incessant discharge of musketry. He was mortally wounded ; his troops were overpowered ; a few of them es- caped into the woods and fled, pursued by the Americans ; the rest were killed or taken prisoners. Thus, without artillery, with old rusty firelocks, and with scarcely a bayonet, these militia entirely defeated 500 veterans, well armed, provided with two pieces of artillery, and defended by breastworks. After the victory, the greater part of the militia dispersed in quest of booty, and their avidity for spoil nearly proved fatal to them ; for, on receiving Baume's express. General Burgoyne ordered Colonel Brehman, who had before been sent forward to Batten hill for the purpose, to march to the assistance of his countrymen with the Brunswick grenadiers, light infantry, and chasseurs, amounting to 500 men. Colonel Brehman set out at eight in the morning of the 15th ; but the roads were rendered almost impassable by incessant rains ; and, although he marched with the utmost diligence, yet it was four the next afternoon before he reached the vicinity of the place where his countrymen had been defeated. The first notice which he received of Baume's disaster was from the fugitives whom he met He easily repulsed the few militia who were in pursuit of them ; and, from the scattered state of Stark's troops, had the prospect of being able to make himself master of the stores, which were the great object of the expedition. But at that critical moment Colonel Warner's reciment of continen'^als arrived, and instantly engaged Brehman. The firinf; .'50 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY reassembled the scKitered militia, who joined in the battle as they came up Colonel Brehnian r.iaintained the conflict till dark ; when, abandoning his artil lery and baggage, he retreated, and, escaping under cover ol' night, with the shattered remna.it of his detachment, regained the camp. In those enf^agements the Americans took four brass field-pieces, about 1,000 muskets f" -.o\t seasonable supply to the ill-armed militia), 900 swords, and ibur bago;ge-wigons. Exclusive of Canadians and other loyalists, the loss of the royj.rarmy could not be less than 700 men in killed, wounded, and prison- ers, although General Rurgoyne stated it at only about 400. The Americano admitted the loss of about 100 in killed and wounded. This was the first check which General Hurgoyne's army had met with, and it was a severe one, and had a fatal influence on the campaijrn. The loss of a few hundred men was nothing compared with the efl'ects which it produced upon the miiiils of the people : it greatly elated them, and gave the militia, who had been much dispirited !)y the late defeats, conlidence in themselves, and encour aged thein to hasten to the army in great numbers, in order to consummate the work which tlicv had begun. Refore the events in the vicinity of Bennington, dejection and alarm pervaded the northern provinces ; but those events dispelled the gloom, infused spirit and vigor into the militia, and gave a new aspect to af- fairs on the Hudson. Th« failure of the attempt on Bennington had arisen from a concurrence ol circumstances which could not be foreseen. The presence of Stark was purely accidental ; and the seasonable arrival of Warner saved both the stores and the disorderly militia from the hands of Brehman. But the defeat at Bennington was not the only misfortune which General Burgoyne met with : before reach- ing Crown Poiiit he had despatched Colonel St. Leger, as already mentioned, whh a detachment of regular troops, Canadians, loyalists, and Indians, by the way of Oswego, to make a diversion on the upper part of the Mohawk river, and afterward join him on his way to Albany. On the 2d of August, St. Leger approached Fort Stauwix or Schuyler, a log fortification, situated on rising ground near the source of the Mohav/k river, and garrisoned by about 600 continentals under the command of Colonel Gansevoort. Next day he invested the place with an army of sixteen or seventeen hundred men, nearly one half of whom were Indians, and the rest British, Germans, Canadians, and loyal Americans. On being summoned to surrender, Ganse- voort answered that he would defend the place to the last. On the approach of St. Leger to Fort Schuyler, General Herkimer, who com- manded the militia of Tryon county, assembled about 700 of them and marched to the assistance of the garrison. On the forenoon of the 6th of August, a messenger from Herkimer found means to enter the fort, and gave notice that he was only eight miles distant, and intended that day to force a passage into the fort and join the garrison. Gansevoort resolved to aid the attempt by a vig- orous sally, and appointed Colonel Willet with upward of 200 men to that S6rvic6 St. Leger received information of the approach of Herkimer, and placed a larie body of regulars and Indians in ambush on the read by which he was to advance. Herkimer fell into the snare. The first notice which he received of the presence of an enemy was from a heavy discharge of musketry on his troops, which was instantly followed by the war-whoop of the Indians, who at- tacked the militia with their tomahawks. Though disconcerted by the sudden- ness of the attac , many of the militia behaved with spirit, and a scene of unut- terable confusion and carnage ensued. The royal troops and the militia became 80 closely crowded together that they had not room to use their firearms, but pushed and pulled each other, and, using their daggers, fell ,»ierced by mutua. I .;w-s:s«aif,^ UF TIIK AMERICAN RRVOLUTION. '^di me up s artil iih the t 1 .000 (Is, and loss of prison- jerican* ■iih, and OSS of a ;«id upon who had encour nate the inington. dispelled ect to al- rrence of as purely s and the ennington )re reach- nentioned. ns, by the river, and yler, a log river, and ansevoorl. hundred Germans, er, Ganse- . who corn- Id marched August, a lotice that Usage into U by a vig- |en to that . placed a t he was to received etry on his Ins, who at- Ihe sudden- Ine of uuut- litia became Irearms, but by mutua! *«oiind.s. Some of the militia lied at tlio first onset, others made their csi-ap* «fter\v;ird ; alioul 100 of them retreated to a risiiisf jfrouiid, wliere tliey bravely lefeiided themselves, till Sir John Jolinstoiie, wiio eominaiided the ami)us('aiU), found it necessary to call off his men for the del'eiiee of ilieir own camp. In the absence of the party ajfainst Herkimer, Colonel W'illet made a successful «ally, killed a number of the enemy, destroyed their provisions, tarried off some spoil, and returned to the fori without the loss of a man. The loss of Herkimer's par'y was computed to amount to 400 men , the gen eral himself was among the slain. Many of the most active political idiaracters in that part of the country were killed, wounded, or made prisoners ; so that St. Leger was secured from any further troul)lc from tin; militia. St. [..eger again summoned the fort to surrender, 1);U again met with a steady refusal. (leneral Schuyler, deeming it a iiiatter of importance to prevent the jmiclion of St. Leger with General ilurgoyne. despatched Arnold witli a considerable body of regular troops to relieve Fort Schuyler. Arn(>ld apprehended an .\meri- can of some wealth and inlluence, who, he believed, had been acting the part ol a traitor, but proinised to spare his life and fortune on condition of Ids going intc the British camp before Fort Schuyler, and alarming the Indiiiiis and others by magnifying the force which was marching against them. This the person un- dertook and executed. Some Indians, who were friendly to the Americans, communicated similar information, and even spread a report of the total defeat of General Burgoyne's army, founded, pr'-bably, on the disaster of the party sent against Bennington. Fort Schuyler was better construct- -' . defended with more courage than St liCger had expected ; and his ligh; -tillery made little impression on it. His Indians, who liked better to take scalps and plunder than to besiege for- tresses, became very unmanageable. The loss which they had sustained in the encounters with Herkimer and Willet deeply alTected them ; they had t.ipected to he witnesses of the triumphs of the British, and to share with them the plunder. Hard service and little reward caused bitter disappointment ; and when they heard that a strong detachment of continentals was marching against them, ihey resolved to seek safety in tlight. St. Legcr employed every argnment and ar- tifice to detain them, but in vain ; part of them went off, and all the rest threat- ened to follow if the siege were persevered in. Therefore, on the 22d of Au- gust, St. liCger raised the siege, and retreated with circumstances indicating great alarm: the tents were left standing, the artillery was abandoned, and a great part of the baggage, ammunition, and provisions, fell into the hands of the garrison, a detachment from which pursued the retreating enemy. St. Leger retired to Montreal, whence he proceeded to Ticonderoga, with tin intention of joining General Burgoyne. General Arnold reached Fort Schuj'er two days after the retreat of the be- ftiegers ; but, finding no occasion for his services, he soon returned to camp The successful defence of Fort Stanwix or Schuyler powerfully co-operated with the defeat of the royal troops iit Bennington in raising the spirits and in- vigorating the activity of the Americans. The loyalists became timid ; the wa- ering began to doubt the success of the royal arms ; and the great body of the cople was convinced that nothing but steady exertion on their part was neces- sary, to ruin that army which a short time before had appeared irresistible. (Jeneral Schuyler, at this critical period of the campaign, when by unwearied exertion he had brought the northern army into a respectable condition, and had the fair prospect ot gaining the laurels due to his industry and talents, was super- seded, and General Gates appointed to the command of the arni_, . General Schuyler keenly felt the indignity offered him, by depriving him of the command at that critical juncture ; but he faithfully discharged his duty, till the arrival ic X THE PICTORIAL HISTORY 252 .u 10.1, „f \u.nist The late events ha.I greavlv ..n, onus successor, on he ^ \^,,^ J-'^.es lound the army in a lar more chanue.! the asp>-ft of a lairs , *"''/ V'"'^^;; ' . _.,.^i ,vas over; and many of prounsinu s,a,e than )..■ had expected he lur .^ ^^,^^^^, ,^ b::;:^^:;;;';;:.^^^^!';:;;.:^.;;:;^ hy the reee. .ccessof the ^■-r;n:^0;.nera.C.a,e. entered on tJ.eon™^^ ep.s,oh.ry .-orrespon^lonce was ^"J , '^'^^ \ '": 0th of Augnst, the Rrit.sh „!• ,iu. .nos. pleasant or ^•'•"'^'7' '^^^.'^ ;;-^, experienced bv the loyalists who had j,enerMl ..Hnphuned ot the harsh ^^•^''"^'j^^J .'.{'^^ retaliation. On the 2d of Seen n.uh- prisoners at li>'""'"f ';' \;J'' s letter, and recriminated by ex- Septen,her .ln> Ann-rican general •;^"^;"^ ' J ^^ , ,j,,n, who accompanied pa latino on .he horru a.roC.es P^H etral«- h> 1^^,,^ ^„.i in^puted them to ,„. ,,„.i,.sof (leneral Rnrgovne =^''\<;«'"^^^ .^ed '.^y an Indian attached to General Hurgoyne. On- '''J^'^^'^'^.^^^^XTly a case of individnal suffer- ;^?:;I ^TT;£;tmp;:l^;ontr;:ib;;J mt^. and roused indignatmn to l,ring her to catnp, ^'l-' P'^7"'^,f/^;*^^ee' C bridegU.n, and acco.npamed liver her safe to hun. She f ^-^f J" '^ ^^^ ehiefs! each being desirous of herlndiancon.luctors; hutl.ythe way tne^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^. ^^ ^ leceiving the pro.nised reward, <^ «Pf ^-^^^^^^^^a, according to their usual to her lover. The d.spt.te rose to '^ J"^"^' ;f^5^;„ instantly cleft the htad „,e,Uod of disposing ..f a disputed J-^-^YmpTe storf "agical and affecting in it- of ,he lady with his '»'":^^';^;t:,,efto eSkter he^mi.ids of the people against self, contributed m no slight 'leg^^^" f^ ajj ^f guch allies. The impulse tho^e who could degrade thetnsevMBb^^^^^^^ coun.erbalanced any ad- given to the public .nind by such '^""^'^'•^^^J^^^^i.^^nce of the Indians. Vantages which the Ikitishderiw^rom the asa^ ^ ^^ ^ I„ n^ference to tins, General "-'^^e^ f^\^^ J prisoners who fall mto should, in their warfare, '"-"S^^ J^^j^P, ^^^ ^ E "he famous Lieutenant- their hands is neither new nor extraordmary^-b ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ soldier and General Burgoyne, in whom the ^^ f '""..^Ip Europeans and descendants scholar, should hire the ^^;'JZ''l^Z'T^X^^'^^'^^^^^ rve:ryazette.con.ir.n the truth of the h^^^^ ,i,,,„,, ,,aracter and " Miss McCrea, a young ady l«vely to ^f^^^l ^ith other women amiable disposition, engaged to an «ff'^/l,«/.>"^;^aX carried into the woods and childreli, taken out ol a h""- "-^ ^J^cking manner . Two parents with and then scalped and mangled in a '"«f.'~g^ inhumanity, while qmetly re- iheir six children were all '"^^f «^ J ?^/'j:,:i r^. The mis;rable fate of Miss siding in their once happy and peace ul J^veUi ^^ _^^^^ ^^^^ ^^,^^ ^^ McCrea was particular y aggravated ^X her ^^uig ^^ ^^^ ^^ j^^^ llllJlmX iSllS;,r JPS^ of Sie ruffi.ns. to whom. K-j=sr**iSi8ri«Kstsi!^ J* jrreailv I'iir more many of crii there ss of the army, an oync, not o' Ikitish who hiul ho 2(1 of ed hy ex- ompauied 1 iliein to ttacheil to iial suiTer- gnatioii to IS of Miss reputation, I Edward ; iflicer was her safety ;reiit tribes, should de- jcompanied desirous of deiiver her iheir tisual eft the ht^d ecting in it- ople against ;'he impulse ced any ad- iis. of America vho lall into Lieutenant- soldier and i descendants o barbarously facts shall, in iharacter and other women o the woods, parents with le quietly re- B fate of Miss , her promised )f one hundred ipns, to whom. iuumgton, and n^si-^aStitalSiSia^ f» ---iM-,..."»;:fc^-Ti"- = THE PICTUHIAI. HISTORY disappointed ,n the expec.aUon on...s,a.u.e .Vo„. fSu Ug.r, wa^^^ rosoutce., yet he .hd not -•-'«".; ;•;-''- ^ ^^^ ! " e t accou,pl.«h .he gaged, but still nattered hnnselt with 1 e ^ •P« ' °;"'^^„,^,, sul.sistcn'e t.-r b.s %L .^.ect of the camptgn^ ^^S^; :.^ "l.lT Snte ntode of l.nngmg ,rn.y, *"V"'%° *>7t Je a .d le prosecnted thi. work with his usual a.U.r Muppive.. fr.m 1 "^J^^f'' 'ul^ nil v unwearied exertions collected provisions and pers.-venii.' industr>. liauns o> Hudson, in place ot ,.„ Iny days =V ^7"^'"'';:!:^,:;;'a:^tv^tod L cLsed thJ nv^r on .he with the ll-ls.m . >-ln miles above '^"^''"> ' J '"'^^J y Ji^.^ter The two armies toward .ho .neniy, and iornied a strong camp "'^'^J ^;;"^ ;;\\;^, ,^,i.i,,, between were only ahou, 'twelve miles distant '-'n eacl ot ^^^^%,^,,^ ,,,„ ,„.,. . ere bn,ke« down, the roads were ba.^^^^^ ^^^ ,„, woou. , cons<..i '«>'t y the l"^"^'^'^'''' * ' '^^ 'f^w a d H was attended with some irain of artillery and nmnerous wagons, was slow, ana skirmishing. General Burgovne encamped within four miles of Ontheeveningolthe 17th Oc.nerdiu r^ y ' ^ j^ jj between the American army, and spent the . ex day "^ ^^1 ^'J"'- ^,^„, nud-day, on the the two camps, which he -^--^^P^^^;}''^.^^^^^ 19ih of September, he pu. himsell at le ^^ff^^ American camp ; General ceeded along'the great '•"^';> ";;;!';;: "JfJ.^^^euding armies from observing the The nature ot the groun.l pre ented '»^.,^» "'^"""^J' ^,„„t, ^ere in constant movements of each other ; but General ^;'^'^;; .^XlJh ,,,„y. He detached activi.y, was soon informe.l oi the -Jvance ol he "^'^^ J "^^'^ ^^ „i,,,,,, Uie Colonel Morgan, a bold an.l -"- , ,1;-"^ j.^'^'^ Morg oon' met the advan- .notions and impede the Pr-'^r'.ss < ic ^^^'^^ /j^^^^,, ,he,„ back. General ced parties m front ot .he Hriiisl right wmg, an ur ^^^^^^^^^ Burgovne supported .hem l)y a s rong ^^^ 'ZoLrai Gates remtorced Morgan, in his turn, was comi,elled to give way "" Americans attemple.t to him,^and the engagement became more genera^^ ^.fj;^,f ^ J Umg it in the rear , turn the right .lank of .he l^"'-^. =;^';y;;j \^t made a rapid movement, and but, being opposed by t razer and ^^ *^ '";^^";,7L^i,h right wing. The com- con'.menc'ed a furious attack I'^J ^ ^j^ and o m in the after'-noon, General batants were remtorced ; and between thee ^^^J^^^ ^^, ^i^^^ly en- Arnold, with nine continental regimeiUs ^"^ ^J^^g^"^ "^^ ^ ;,^^es foughl'with gaged with the who e ri.li. -"'f "\ ^^^^^J^ ..Xd^only with the day. When The mo.s. determined courage ; '^'''^,;»;' ^\"'^^^^^^^ and the royal troops it becanie dark, the Americans withdrew to le^ Snhearmg the tiring at the tTSigh the wo'ods, and -"^ered essentui servu=e^ L this oattle, in -^-^.-^^Vra^^ld woLdfd a.Ithe AmerLns about tne British lost upward o f » in ktlleu aim ^.^^^^^ ^^^ victory, and S:SevXt3;tta;?:^^r ^w^Lce U had beaten the whole . «*n^.^&;-a^. OF 'IIIE A.Mf:RICAN KEVOLUTION. 233 to his own e was HU- iitplish the nee tor I'lS )!" l)riiij;ing isual anU'r provisions n place ot •iver OH the IS of Sara- y- . . Jestiiieil lor militia, lelt le Moliawli up the river two armies res between overeil witb by its line d with some four miles of res between ]-day, oil the lis army, and np ; General iitry, covered ded in front, leidesel, pro- observing the B in constant He detached observe the Bt the advan- .ck. General jvere conflict, ites reinforced attempted to ; it in the rear \ novement, and sr. The corn- noon, General ras closely eli- tes fought with e day. When e royal troops J tiring at the ery forced his tually engaged, mericans about the victory, and in the whole ol di« hostile army. But although neither army was defeated, it was evident who had gained the advasitage ; General Burgoyne had failed in the attempt to dis- lodge the enemy, and his progress was arrested. His communication with the lakes was cut oH', and hii resources were daily failing ; while the Americans had the same opportunities of gaining supplies as before, and their strength was still increasing by the arrival of fresh troops. In such circumstances, to figh» without a decisive victory was to the British nearly eiiuivalent to a defeat ; and to fight without being beaten was to the Americans productive of many of iho consecjuences of victory. Accordingly, the news of the battle was received with joy and exultaflon throughout the United States, and the ruin of the invading army was confidently anticipated. The militia were encouraged to take the field, and assist in con summuting the work so auspiciously begun. At that time the army under the command of (Jeneral Gates did not much exceed 7,000 men ; but it was soon considerably increased. On the (lay after the engagement, information was received in the American camp, wiiich still farther raised the spirits and confirmed the confidence of the troops. General Lincoln, who had been sent to collect the militia of New Eng- land, had assembled a considerable body of them at Manchester, whence he marched to l^uvlet, a small village on a rivulet of the same name, which falls into Wood c;eek. From that place, he detached three parties, consisting of about oOO men each ; one, under Colonel Brown, proceeded to the north end of Lake (Korge, chiefly with the intention of relieving a number of prisoners cou- nned there, but with orders to carry his oflensive operations as far as prudence would permit ; one, under Colonel Johnson, marched against Mount Indepen- dence ; and a third, under Colonel Woodbury, was sent to Skenesborough, to cover, if needt'ul, the retreat of the two others. With the remainder of his troops Lincoln set out to join General Gates, and reached the camp, with about 2,000 men, before the end of September. Colonel Brown proceeded with such secrecy and address, tiiai, at dawn of day on the 18th of September, he arrived at the north end of Lake George, and completely surprised the outposts between the landing-place and Ticonderoga. Almost in an instant, and with scarcely any loss, he made himself master of Sugar Hill, or Mount Defiance, Mount Hope, an armed sloop, several gun-boats, and 200 boats which had been employed in transporting provisions for the army. He relieved 100 American prisoners, and took nearly 300 of the enemy. He made an attempt on Ticonderoga, but tailed. Johnson also was unsuccessful against Mount Independence. The party after- ward sailed up Lake George in the boats which they had taken, attacked Dia- moMil Island, which General Burgoyne had fortified and made the deposite of all the stores collected at the south end of the lake, but were repulsed. They then burned the vessels which they had taken, and returned to their former sta- tion The success of this party in the early part of their expedition was soon proclaimed tlirougiiout New England, where it was rumored that the forts were taken ; and the militia were invited to join their countrymen in arms and ensure tlie ruin of the invaders. Immediately after the battle at Stillwater, General Burgoyne took a posiuon ahnost within cannon-shot of the American camp, fortified his right, extended his left along the hills, and encamped two European regiments and a corps of provincials on the low ground on the bank of the river where he placed his hos- pital. He used every endeavor to communicate information of his situation to Generals Howe and Clinton, and requested and expected assistance from them ; but those officers had no suspicion of his danger, and were not able to atFord hinj any cflTectual aid. On the 2l8t, he received a letter from General Clinton in- T ■»''«sw«^*^^6siaS^j 396 niE PlCTOIilAL HISTORY forming liiin of the nieilitated attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery , but tl.M attack, iliough successful, availed him nothing. The two armies lay in front of each other, each fortifying its camp. General liurifoyne's provisions were daily diminishing ; and the events of the campaign so little answered the expectation of his savage allies, that, notwithstanding every entreaty and remoiisi ranee, they ahandoned him ai that -.'ritical period itf the campaign. After the baith; of Stillwater, the safety of the British army lay only in retreat It was unable to advance ; to fall hack on the lakes and return lo Canada. 1- though difficult, was not then impossihle. Mut every hour lessened the p la- bility of victory, and rendered r(Ureat more impracticable. Ceneral Burguyne, however, could not at once dismiss all the splendid visions of conipiest and glory which had so long dazzled his imagination ; and he flattered himself with the hope of a powerful co-oj)eration on the side of New York, which had not been concerted, and was not lo happen. Under those delusions he lingered in his strong camp from the 20th of September till the 7th of October. During that interval, daily skirmishes happened, which accustomed tlie raw troops of .Amer- ica to the face of an enemy. General Gates, sensible that delay was in his favor, meditated no inunediate attack on the hostile camp ; b\it diligently took measures to prevent the escape of the royal army from the toils in which it was entangled. General Burgoyne's difficulties were great and da..y increasing. His army was reduced to 5,000 regular troops ; his provisions were almost exhausted, and bus men put on short allowance ; his horses were perishing for want of forage ; he was so environed by the enemy that he could procure no fresh supplies, and he had received no recent intelligence from Sir Henry Clinton. He could not long remain in the position which he then occupied, and he was not ignorant of the difficulty and danger of a retreat. In these circumstances he resolved to try the fortune of another battle ; as a victory would enable him either to advance, or to retreat with safety. Accordingly, on the 7th of October, he led out 1,500 men, well provided with artillery, and, accompanied by Generals Philips, Reidesel, and Frazer, marched against the 'nemy, leaving his camp on the high grounds under the care of Gen- erals Hamilton and Specht, and the redoubts and posts adjacent to the river under General Gell. General Burgoyne's detachment had scarcely formed within about half a mile of the enemy's entrenchments, when its left, where the )?'enadiers were posted, was furiously assailed. The Germans, who were on wiP right of the grenadiers, were also soon engaged. Three regiments, undei General Arnold, proceeded to attack the riglitof the British detachment in front, while another division endeavored to turn its flank and gain its rear. In order io frustrate this intention, General Frazer, with the light infantry and part of the 24th regiment, was ordered to cover the right ; but, while he was making a movement for that purpose, the left was overpowered and gave way. To save it from destruction, Frazer hastened to its assistance ; but met with an American corps of riflemen, which briskly attacked him, and he was mortally wounded in the conflict. The whole royal detachment now gave way ; and, with the loss of most of its arti ry, retreated to the camp. The Americans closely pursued, and, under a tremendous fire of grape-shot and musketry, fiercely assaulted the works throughout their whole extent. Arnold, who conducted the assault, urged on his men ; but was ultimately repulsed by the British under the immediate orders of General Burgoyne, after having had his horse shot under him, and be- ing wounded in the same leg which had been injured at Quebec. The left of the American detachment, under Colonel Brooks, was more successful. It turned the right of the royal encampment, stormed the works of the German re- ■ -E*.^«5*j(a^\.^ OF THK AMKKICAN REVOLUTION. 357 ,' , but tl.a< General ! ciiinpaitjn iihstiiiiiling 1 period of Y in retreat the Y lii- Biiriii>y"«i si anil glDry ilf with the 1(1 not been ered in his During that ps of Anter- was in his igently took vhich It was His army hausled, and lit of forage ; supplies, and He could not jt ignorant of ssolved to try to advance, provided with izer, marched 3 care of Cen- to the river ircely formed eft, where the who were on riments, undei iment in front, ■ar. In order and part of the was making a irav. To save h an American ly wounded in , with the loss losely pursued, ' assaulted the assault, urged the immediate er him, and be- 3. The left of successful. It the German re- i 1 'l^.'aii>eil was ^reat. Without any considerable 08s. they had killed many ol the enemy, made upward ol' 200 prisoners, among whom were .several otHci^rs of ilistineiioii, taken nine pieces of brass artillery, all the baggage and camp eipii|)a H%« .o \' ij,; ''if |''i'"". ,:,; 3! HH^HH^Jfl^l h VP\ -;; Wk '.i^'j*^ p 'i' • T '1 'Ki y W '"• "' Hk'' t ' \.- ■ »: i ^f ■ •>>.yj- f •AaaovbTi / ■' '.ILv :■" Bi!'''^': ' •,,iT-H,«i;.'ai tb ' 4 4 5 ', -'In 'y . fVTf'.'TJimH' ■" . i^Hi^^ i 1*." a '" :>•''•_. '" ^ , . ■ , k Hl-ixl: ■'J^ ■ ' vl p- > ^ '<'^<. - ■_ 4. '■V ' ■ ^-i jk 'Mt '■} '^ ^ ■ A" Ik^'^ ,,. M ~''4 ^ ^- i\Ai)) niif ■■'. s .^v^ix^iv^,?!^ v. ^ t\ - ' '*'% hii' ' m ■f' 2 i 1 •60 THE l'lC'li)UlAl- lllSTOUY ..;5i.;S5j^,te;^iJj;s!yj"j^jgl, OF TUt: AMKi;ii\N i!i:voM ri().\. 361 whom G(>ri(>ral Oiites Ix'liiivfd witli liis usu.il liiitnuiiiiy ; Imt tlie roails were so l)a(l, ami llic Ihmvv rains so iii(fss;iiii, lliat ii was llu; fvciiinii of next :lay Im- fore tlie army, much tatiirufd, rcaclinl S;irai(i<;a, inv] it was not till llic forenoon of the 10th that iht' rear passcil tin' lorls of I'islikill rrri'k a liitlf farther north. On arrivinj; at the ffroimii which he intended to oecnpy, (General Miirgoyne found a party of the ciieiny already in possession of it; hut on his approach thev re- treated, and joined their countrymen on tlu; east of the river ^^-. c £ Fio. 117. — Field of Sarato(;a. The rain, whidi continued dnrinjr the whole of the 9th. and greatly retarded the march of th(^ royal army, kept the Americans in their camp ; but it had no sooner ceased, than General Gates set out in pursuit of the retreating enemy. As the roads, however, were extremely l)ad, and the bridges broken down by the British, it was some time before he overtook them. From his camp above Fishkill creek, (General Burgoyne sent forward a com pany of artificers, escorted by a regular regiment, some riflemen, and a body o. provincials, to repair the roads and bridges leading to Fort Edward, to enable the army to pursue its march to that place. This par*;- had not long left the camp, when the Americans appeared on the heights below Fishkill creek ; and made dispositions as if intending to force a passage and attack the royal army. Gen- eral Burgoyne, therefore, recalled the regular troops escorting the artificers ; and the provincial corps, under whose protection the workmen were left, being at- tacked by a small party of the enemy, who had gained the front of the royal army, fled on the first fire, and consequently the artificers were obliged to re- turn to camp, without having performed any part of the task to which they were appointed. As the roads could not be repaired, the baggage and artillery of the army could not proceed. The Atnericans not only guarded the ford of Saratoga, but lined the whole eastern bank of tlie river. Parties of them were advanced between the British army and Fort Edward ; and they had also thrown up entrenchments, provided with artillery, on the high grounds between Fort Edward and Fort George The detachments on the eastern bank so much annoyed the British boats in the river, that General Burgoyne was obliged to land his provisions, and carry them to camp, up a steep hill, under a galling fire from the enemy. The British general was now in a most distressing situation. He had crossed the Hudson in the confident hope of victory and triumph, and in the expectation of a powerful co-operation from the lower parts of the river, if needful. On the 21st of September, after the battle of the 19th had in some measure made nine f^'!'V;.V!> l-?*vrt.^k'." ■ ''62 THE PICTOUIAL HISTORY Henry Clinton, anil Montgomery sensible of his .lifTiculties, he rfceive.l a ni.-ssrnger from Sir whoinfDrmed him of the inlemled attack on Forts Clinton ^ ^. - ,,^„- That messenger he immediately sent back with a letter, infot-nnng Str Henry Clinton of his abilitv an.l determination to maintain the ground wnich he then occupied till the 12lh of October, and re.iu.stmg assistance. I « l';^*! «^ ' ^'^ messengers, by different r.,utes, with the same mform-ition, but had heard noth- ins further frt)m New York. i„i„„„,i »;ii The attack on Forts Clinton and Montgomery, wnicli had been de ayed till the arrival of reinforcetnents from Europe, liad been '^"'^^!"^^ "' >^ "'''fY„i in voyage of those rcinforcem.'uts was tedious; b«t they arrived at New York in thJiid of September, and Sir Henry Clint,. ..thout delay -"'--^ed 3 OQO men in vessels of liffer.^nt descriptions, and, convoyed by some ships-of-wai under Commodor. llotham, sailed up the Hudson. Forts Clint.,,, and Montgomery, against which the expedition was directed were situated on high ground of difficult access, on the western bank of he river, about liftv miles above New Ydrk. They were separated by a r vulet which, flowing from the hills, empties itself into the Hudson. Under cm er oJ the guns, a boom was stretched across the river from bank to bank, and strength- ened by an immense iron chain in front, as well as s«p,nme.l by chevaux-de- frise sunk behind it. Above this strong barrier, a frigate and ga leys were moored so as to be able to direct a heavy fire against any vessels hat might attemp to force a passage This seemed to present an insuperable obstacle in the way of the British ship ...g toward Albany Fort Independence stood our or five miles below, on a high point of land, on the opposite side of the river. Fort S stitution'was six m.leJ above the boom, on an island near ^^e ^^-^n ^^ Peekskill, the headquarters of the officer who comman. ed on the Hudson, from Kingsbidge to Albany, was just below Fort Independence on the same side. Gen'eral Putnam then held that command, and had about 2,000 men under h.m^ On the 5lh of October, Sir Henry Clinton landed at Verplancks Point, a lit- tie below Peekskill, on the same side of the river General Putnam, appre- uendhig that the enemy intended to attack Fort Independence, and to ma ch hro2 the highlands on the east of the river toward Albany, retired to the hSs in his rear ; and. entertaining no suspicion of the real point ol attack, neglected to strengthen the garrisons of the forts on the western bank. The British fleet moved higher up the river, m order to conceal what was passing a the place where the troops had landed; and on the evening of the Say on which he had arrived at Verplanck's Point, Sir Henry Clinton embarked upward of 2,000 of his men, leaving the rest to guard that post Early next moTnL he anded at Stony Point, on the west s de of the river, and »n»"ed lately began his march over the mountains toward the forts. The roads were difficul and the enterprise perilous ; for a small body of men properly posted, might not only have arrested his progress but repulsed him with much loss. He, however^ Shed the vicinity of the forts before he was discovered ; there he fell in with a patroirwho immediately retreated, and gave warning of the approaching ^'STween four and five on the afternoon of the 6th of October, the British ap- peared before the forts, which they summoned to surrender ; and on receivinB a refu-^al instantly advanced under a heavy fire to the assault^ Both forts, gar- risoned by about 600 men, were attacked at the same time Fort Montgomery, bvclS Campbell at the head of 900 men; and Fort Clinton, the stronge of the two posts, by Sir Henry Clinton with 1,200. Fort Montgomery wa. soon taken f but Colonel Campbell fell in the attack. Most of the garrison, fa v^ed by the darkness and by their knowledge of the passes, made their escape A^ y Clinton, mtgomery 'igation was obstructed by a boom and chain, was also abandoned, without any attempt to defend it. The British proceeded up the river, destroying every- thing in their power. They advanced to Esopus, which they laid in ashes ; but proceeded no farther. In this expedition, they took or destroyed a large quantity of American stores. General Putnam retreated up the river ; informed General Gates that he was unable to arrest the progress of the enemy, and advised him to prepare for the worst. But although his rear was threatened. General Gates was eager in im- proving the advantages he had gained over the British army, which was now reduced to the most distressing circumstances. General Burgoyne, having been defeated in his intention of repairing the road to Fort Edward, called a council of war, which adopted the desperate resolution of abandoning their baggage, artillery, and stores , and with their arms only, and such provisions as they could carry on their backs, marching in the night to Fort Edward, crossing the river at the ford there, or at one a little above it, and for- cing their way to Fort George. The distance was only about thirty miles ; but the scouts who had been sent out to examine the route, reported that the two fords were all already guarded by strong detachments provided with artil'ery, so that the resolution wiiich had been taken could not be executed. In i.eae hope- less circumstances. General Burgoyne again summoned his council of war, and, by the unanimous advice of the members, opened a correspondence with Gen- eral Gates, on the 13th of October ; and, on the 16ih terms of capitulation were agreed on, by which it was stipulated that the troops under General Burgoyne should next day marcli out of their camp, with the honors of war, and the artil- lery of the entrenchments, and pile their arms at the verge of the river ; lliat a free |)assage should be granted them to Great Britain, on condition of not ser- ving in North America during the war, unless exchanged ; and that they should oinbark at Boston. To these a number of articles of less importance wer« added, relating to the property of the officers, ('anadians, and loyalists, the march of the troops through New England, and other similar points. On the 1 7th, tiiu British army piled their arms agreeably to the capitulation. When the IJritish army left Ticorsderoga it consisted of about 10,000 men exclusive of Indians ; but, by the casualties of war, and by desertion, it was re- duced to about 6.000 at the time of the surrender. It contained six members ai parliament. Geiiern! Gates had then under his command upward of 9,000 f.on- tineiitals and 4,000 ni'lilia. On this occasion the Americans gained a remark;! bly fine train of brass artillery, amounting to forty pieces of different descrip- tions, and all the a''ms and baggage of the troops. Such was the fate of that army which iw' exciU'd high expectations in Britain, and which, at first, spread alarm and dismay throughout the United States of America. In con»euuence of the caipitulatio ' ',t Saratoga, the British were unable to re r.^'ta was sloriB e heard th lis ; but the (I 10 camp nJed. Be- rabousky, a among the isoners. , were burn- lands of the at ion of the , where the ned, without oyingevery- d in ashes ; yed a large I that he was spare for the eager in im- ch was now iring the road •ate resolution rms only, and B night to Fort ire it, and for- ny miles ; but that the two h artil'ory, so .r. .itaehope- il of war, and, ce with Gen- itulatiou were eral Burgoyne and the artil- 1 river ; tVat a on of not ser- ,at they should ce wer*^ added, the nwvrh <^f the nth, tiiw 10,000 men tion, it was ro- Ijix inembors o( I of 9,000 con- lod a remarks Vercnl descrip- he fate of that at first, sprea>'Mgn, had nui only !ji en^rm ployinent to a powerful army, under Generals Sir ^Villiam Howe and Sir Hen»fy Clinton, but had also compelled another army, consisting at first of 10,000 ex- cellent troops, commanded by active and enterprising ofB< .;rs, to lay down their arms. This success elevated the spirits of the friends ot ungress. and incre*«ed their numlier. At first, the British government had not a tew who were friendly to it from principle, and many more who did not oppose it Iroin prudence. The measures ot' the British ministry and the conduct of their agents daily diminish- ed the numi)er of the first of these ; and every success of the troops of congress encouraged some of the second to abandon their cautious policy, and espouse the cause of their countrymen. The surrender of the army under General Burgoyne at Saratoga was an event of great impirtancc in the history of t^e war, and produced momentous conse- quences both in America and in Europe. It elevated the spirits of the republicans, inspired them with confidence in themselves, gave a new impulse to their exer- tions in the cause of independence, and taught the British troops to respect an enemy whom liefore they had too much despised. The consequences of this event were not less important in Europe. The ministry and people of Great Britain had entertained the most confidenc expec lations ol the complete success of the northern army ; and the easy conquest of Ticonderoga, with its dependancies, confirmed all their fond anticipations. Therefore, when they heard that General Burgoyne's army was not only de- feated, but compelled to lay down its arms, they were struck with astonishment and dismay. The great powers on the continent of Europe had been attentive observers of the struggle between Great Britain and her colonies, and to those powers the Americans liad early applied for assistance. But the strength cf Britain was gigan- itf ; and to provoke her vengeance by aiding her rebellious subjects was a dan- ger not rashly to be encofiittered. Although the continental cabinets, especially th'ii of Versailles, had not discouraged the applications of the Americans, yet they J»itH not given them any open countenance or avowed aid. They had, in- deed. ,»'»;';y otliiT coiict'ssidii in the course of this desperate contest, came too late. What was now ollrred would at jnc time hav - been hailed in America with acclamations of iov, and secured the grateful alTeclion of the colonists. But circumstances were now cliangcd. The minds of the people were completely alienated from the parent state, and theii spirits e.vasperatcd by the events of the war. Indejiendence had been declared ; victory had embli'.zoned the standards of congress ; and a treaty of alliance with France had been concluiled. On the 16th of becember, the preliminaries of a treaty between France and America were agreed on ; anil the treaty itself was signed at Paris on the 6th of February, 1778 — an event of which the British ministry got information in little more than forty-eight hours after the signatures vvere afli.xed. The prin- cipal articles of the treaty were, that if Britain, in consequence of the alliance, should commence hostilities against France, the two countries should mutually assist each other ; that the independence of America should i)e eilectually main- tained ; that if any part of North America, still possessing allegiance to the crowi; of Britain, should be reduced by the colonies, it should belong to the Uni- ted States ; that if France should conquer any of the British West India islands, they should be deemed its property ; that the contracting parties should not lay down their arms till the independence of Ainerica was formally acknowledged ; and that neither of them should conclude a peace without the consent of the other. Lord North's conciliatory bills reached America before the news of the French treaty, and the American legislature referred the bills to a committee of their number, which, after an acute and severe examination, gave in a report well calculated to counteract the effects which it was apprehended the bills would produce on the minds of the timid and wavering. They reported as their opin- ion, that it was the aim of those bills to create divisions in the states ; and ' that they were the sequel of that insidious plan, which, from the days of the >r.« Tin: I'Ifl-OKlAI. HlS'roKY Fio 119.— Portrait "f^^ilas Dcane. ascnts ,n the revolutionary n.ovomei.ts, after having filled the V^f'^^^J^l" in congress lor nearly two years and a half, requested leave of absence on ac- co,rSilThealth He had been chosen to suc-ed I 'eyton Randolph ; and had Tcha^Sed the duties of president with great al.lUy. Henry Laurens, of South coi-olim was chosen to succeed hill in the chair. The BrS army"" Philadelphia spent the winter in gay.ty and reveliy. m- I Fi». 120 — PWlaJelphia in l~~»- residents chaii absence on ac- \dolph ; and had lurens, of South and revelry, in- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. ■Jii<> (uriiig !il oiiii' ilioir own respectability and the cause wliicli ilicy wire ciiiployed lo support 'I'liey disgusted the sober inbabilanis liy ilieir irrf;j;ularitii's, and provuived tliem by tlieir insolence ; so tliiit many who had hailed their arrival wall cordial gratulaiions, leli a lively satisfaction when the hour of iheir depar- ture came. General \Vashini»ton .piitted White Marsh, crossed the Schuylkill at Sweed's Ford, and, on the I'Jih of December, look a stnm;:,' position at Valley Forge, about twenty-six miles from Fhiladelphia. Had he retired during the winter to the shelter of a large town, lie must have gime to a great distance from the British army, and leli an extensive tract of country opi;n to their tbraging parlies ; or had he cantoned his men in tlie adjacent viljages, Ins army might have been beaten in detail and gradually destroyed. lint at Valley Forge he wa.s suHi- ciently near Fhiladeiphia to check the foraging parties of the enemy, and his army was so much concentrated as to secure it from any sudden and desultory attack. At Valli'v Fuii;f itie American eomin.iiiiler-in-ciiicf lodged lus army m huts formed of lu"s. s\i;ii.ii' ,Mirrs!u-i's fiilcil .\:;ii inu i. v\linii c.PiiMiiiuied very ae Pio. 12!.— ViUageof Log.Huts. ceptable habitations to men long unaccustomed to the conveniences of life. Hut, though sheltered from the storm by their rude dwellings, tlie sulferings of the army from want of provisions and clothing \v>re incredible. The winter was si'vere. and many of the men w^re without stoekiniis or slioes. and almost nake cominaiuler-iii-chief to soiz*; provisions for his army wherewi lie could fiiiil tlii-'in, within sevtMiiy mih's of lioailquartcrs. paying lor llieiii wiih money, or giving cerufR'aies lor t!ie redemption of which tlie faith of the (Inited Slates was pledgee!. 'I'liis odious power General VVasIiiiigton was extreinclv backward to exer(;ise : hut at V^alley Forge liis neoessities wore so pressii.u tiial lie was constrained to liave recourse to it ; and, notwilhslanding all his pn- cantiDiis, the manner in whiili hia orders were executed did not always soften tlie rigor of this harsh ii'easure. The American connnander-in-chief was ill provided with money, and could make his payments oidy in pajjer of very uncertain value ; but the supplies car- rieil into I'hiladelpliia were readily |)aid for by the British lroo[)s in gold and silver. It was, however, no easy matter for the country people to carry pro- visions into Phdadeljihia without detection and punishment ; for the American detachmiMits and patroles, though at a respectful distance, almost encircled the city, (ieneral Armstrong, v i'li thi; Pennsylvania militia, was at the old camp at White Mar.sh ; General Smillwood was detached to Wilmington; Colonel Morgan, whose rilleinen hail Ijeeu so active on the Hudson during the precediiii" ea:iipaign, guarded the western bank of the Schuylkill ; Count Pulaski, a Polish nol)leman in the 8er\ice of tht United States, who had been appointeii to com- mand the cavalry, was posted vvith a part of his force at Trenton ; and Major Jamieson and Captain Lee were appointed vo watch both sides of the Delaware. From the position which General Washington had taken at Valley Forge, and from the activity and vigilance of his patroles, the British army in Philadelphia was straitened for forage and fresh provisions. A considerable number of the people of Pennsylvania were well atTected to the British cause, and desirous of supplying the troops, while many more were willing to carry victuals to Phila- delphia, where they fouml a ready market, and payment in gold or silver , whereas the army at Valley Forge could pay only in paper money of uncertain value. But it was not easy to reach Philadelphia, nor saf to attempt it ; for the American parties often intercepted tliem, took the provisions without pay- ment, and not unfreiiuently added corporal chastisement. The first operations on the part of the British, therefore, in the campaign of 1778, were undertaken ill order to procure supplies for the army. About ilie middle of March, a strong diiiacliment, under Lieutenant-Colonel .Vlawhood, made a foraging excursion, for six or seven days, into Jersey, surprised and defeated iht American parties at Hancock's and Quinton's bridges, on Always creek, which falls into the Dela- ware to the south of Heedy island, killed or took fifty nr sixty of the militia, and, after a successful expedition, returned to Philadelphia with little loss. A corps of Pennsylvania .nilitia, daily varying in number, sometimes not ex ceeding fifty. soMietiiiie.* -iin )nn if. j' '0 in sr le cral icy, had taken post at a place called ("rooKed liiilet. nbuui .-evbnl<'en miles irom Philadelphia, on the road to New Vork, for the purpose of intercepting the country people who attempted to carry provisions to the Briti.-sh army. Early on the morning of the 4th of May, (Colonel .\!)r'.<'romIjie and Major Sirncoe, with a strong detachment, attempted to surprise tliis y.-jiriy ; bt!l Lacy escaped with litt'e loss, except his baggage, wiiich fell into the h^.iids s.-f the enemy. On the 7th of May, tiie British und«!rtook an expedition against the galleya and otiier shipping which lud escaped up the Delaware after the reduction of Mud Island, and destroyed vipward of forty n'ssels and some stores and provis ions. 'I he undisputed superiority of tiie British naval force, and the conse- quent command of the Delaware, g've them groat facilities in directing a suita- ble armament against any particular point ; and the movements of the militia, on whom congress chiefly depended f )r repelling sudden predatory incursions and for guarding the roads to Philadephia, were often tardy and inefficient. Th* ^KiSt;." iriny whorevei or ihein will. of the Ihiiu'ii van extreMirlv e so prcs-sii.i! iig :ill his prt- always solleu ley, and couM : supplies car- j in gold am) to carry pro- the Aint'rican encircled tho the old ciunp iKtoii ; Colonel fthy preeedini.; ihiski, a Polish jiiiteii to com- m ; and Major the Delaware, [ley Forge, and n Philadelphia number of the ,nd desirous of luals to Phila- jold or silver . jy of uncertain attempt it ; for I without pay- first operations ere undertaken Vlarch, a strong g excursion, for •icau parties at into the Dela- of the militia, little loss, letiines not ex , had taken post Philadelphia, on try people who ■ morning of the jiig detachment, loss, except his linst the galleys he reduction of ores and provis and the conse- lirecting a siiita- of the militia, on ,' incursions and inefficient. Thf i)F THK .VMBIllC.VN REVOMl PION. '27\ oads were ili-^uarded ; and the Brili-sh commonly accompli (hod their loragiiig ind returned '.o camp before an adeijuate force could be assembled to oppose .hem. To remedy these evils, to annoy the rear of the British troops, in case they evacuated Philadelphia, which it was now suspected they intended to do, and also to form an advanced guard of the main army, the Maivjuis de la F'ayette, with upward of 2,000 chosen men, and six pieces of arlillery, was ordered to the east of the Schuylkill, and took post on Baron Hill, seven or eight miles in front of the army at Valley Forge. Sir William Howe imine|)s shoulil pass ut a small distance from I/i Fayctli's (III :k ainl >;aiii liis rear umibscrvfd, would Sffin to arujue a want of visiilanc' on the part of thai (iiriccr ; hut ilic I'mnsylvaina militia had bctin postt'(i lit little diijtaiict^ on his lel'i, and he reli<'d on them lor watcluni; tlin roads ill that iiiiarter. The militia, however, had quiitod their statir)ii, without informin^f liim of their movt'inent ; and fonsetjuently his left (lank, and the roads ahoui VVhit(' Marsh, remaiiieil unj^uarded. Ahonl that time, Sir Willi,! n Howe resii^neil the command of the army. So far hack as the month of October, in the preceding year, ho had requested to be relieved from the painful service in which he was engaged. On the lltli of .\pril, 1778, he received his majesty's permission to resign ; but at the same time he was directed, whiie hi continued in command, to embrace every opportunity of piitlin>; an end to the war, l)y a due employment ol the force undc^r his orders. In the beginning of June he sailed for England, leaving the troops under thw care of Sir Henry ('lintoii as his successor. About the time when Sir William Howe resigned the command of the nrm- IJritish govermnenl ordeied the; evacuation of Philadelphia. While tl had an uudisputed naval superiority, Philadel|)hia was, in some respects, military station. Hut Philadelphi:i is 100 miles up the Delaware ; and William Howe had been unable to drive General Washington from the liei had found ^ome difficulty in subsisting hia army in that city, even when Uie British ships had the full command of the sea, and could force their way up the great rivers ; but when the empire of the ocean was about to be disputed by the French, Philadelphia became a hazardous post, on accimut of the dilFiculty and uncertainty of procuring provisions, receiving commuincaticns, or sending aid to such places as might be attacked. It was accordingly resolved to abandon that city ; ariu as circumstances were changed, instead of returning by sea, to march the army through the Jerseys to New York, where the communication with the ocean is more easy. The preparations required for this movement could not be so secretly made as to escape the notice of the Americans ; and to be ii' readiness for it, was one reason of detachaig the Manpiis de la Fayette to Bai m Hill, where he had been exposed to so much danger. General Washington called in his detachments, and pressed the state governments to hasten the march of their new levies, in order that he might be enabled to act offensively : but the new levies arrived slowly ; and in some instances the state legislatures were deliberating on the means of raising them at the time when they should have been in the field. Although General Washington was satisfied of the intention of the British commander-in-chief to evacuate Philadelphia, yet it was uncertain in what way he would accomplish his purpose ; but the opinion that he intended to march through the Jerseys to New York gained ground in the American camp ; and in this persuasion General W^ashington detached General Maxwell with the Jersey brigade across the Delaware, to co-operate with General Dickinson, who was assembling the Jersey militia, in breaking down the bridges, felling trees across the roads, and impeding and harassing the British troops in their retreat ; but with orders to be on his guard against a sudden attack. General Washington summoned a council of war to deliberate on the measures to be pursued in that emergency. It was unanimously resolved not to molest the British army in passing the Delaware ; but with respect to subsequent op- erations there was much difTerence of opinion in the council. General Lee, who had lately joined the army after his exchange, was decidedly against risk- ing either a general or partial engagement. The British army he estimated at 10,000 men fit for duty, exclusive of officers, while the American army did not amount to 11,000 ; he was therefore of opinion that, with such an equality of . ■■i^*J^^K^--ji.^>^ K'^f^Hti*,! ance from lie ii Willi! had l)<'»'.n tcliiiii? llifi n, without ! the romls iriuy. f^o isteil to be he Itth of same lime ipportunity liis orders. J under the e armv ih. Cls, and he fiei n when tlie way up the uted by the iriculty and nding aid to bandon that ;a, to march ion with the lly made as it, was one le had been hments, and ies, in order ed slowly ; e means of the British n what way ed to march imp ; and in h the Jersey ni, who was trees across retreat ; but :he measures ot to molest bsequent op- ieneral Lee, against risk- estimated at army did not equalitv of OF THK AMKRICAN RKVOF.rTI* V. 273 lore**, it would sing Httiiiidt' ill lie ('riinina! to hazard a buttle He relied much "^n the impo- wliicli their late loreiyn alliance placed tliciii, ai, ,.aiii -.'ned '.hat nothing but a dclViU of the army could now endanger tli< ' :'iili pcnui-nce. AiinoNt all the i'orcign olllcers ayrecil in (i|)iiiiori witli General 1 • ; and among .he American ijenerals only Wayne and ('advvallader were deci(l»MlIy in favor of attacking the enemv. In these circumstances, Cleiieral Washington, although strongly inclined to tight, found himself constrained to act with much circim- ■pection. Having made all the requisite preparations, Sir Henry Clinton, early in the morning of the 18th nf June, led tin; IJritish army to thr conflueiu e of tJie Del- aware and Schuvlkill, where l)oats and otlier vessels were readv o receive them ,• and so jiidici;)U3 were the arrangements made by the admiral, that all the troops, with the baggage and artillery, were carried across the Delaware, and safely landed on the Jersey side ... , " river before ten in the morning. Many of the loyalists of Fhiladelpl.ia ii.: -nanied the army, carrying their elTects along with them. The Ame . '.. 3ia W»«<<(tVl«AW^i.i^/SSi»i!?t#Sii'ia*i»Vs^^^^ . 3k, General 3,000 men rce ; bvit, at ;ljai service, led the ap- eiit forward inced guard itioii on the ,. His right t and a mo- ! toward his letown, after ipect of suc- lolved to at- grounds into ee, who was as much in der was con- [» attempt on his order of ihausen, who ision, consist- lencumhered, iton remained Knyphausen which was so the army, that till near eight had received the morning, B and support rear-gnard de- I long and one ling from the Henry Clinton age was aimed ■ous attack on e recall of the ler disposition! lad to do with vere concealed Tiorass into the sh army drawp istantly retreat- beaten on that ticable, and thai ng ground, that )sition vVhile ral Washingtoi. treat, addressed aratv advanced imi> HW^c SiS'BS^f ■ t>. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) z ^ // .■ IIS |2j8 |25 2 1.0 2.2 I.I f."^ 1^ 1.25 il.4 11.6 p Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716)a7r4503 Lfi CIHM/ICMH Microfsche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques mm-. 1 OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 275 rapidly upon them, and Washington ordered Lee to arrest their progress wnile he bnnight up the main body of tlie army to his assistance. General I^ee, who had reached the ground where he intended tn fight, execu- cd his orders with characteristic courage and skill. .\ sharp contlict ^nsuod : ihe Americans were compelled to retreat, which they did in good order. The Biitish advanced and attacked the second line of the Americans, which was strongly posted, and made a vigorous resistance. After some severe fighting, and several movements on each side. General Washington having brought for- ward the main body of the American .irmy and occupied advantageous ground. Sir Henry Clinton withdrew his troops and took a good position near the place where the battle began, at which he remained till ten at night, when he resumed his march, carrying along with him his wounded, except such as could not be moved. In this indecisive encounter, the Americans gained a victory. The event was celebrated with rejoicings throughout the United States, and congress returned thanks to General Washington and his army. But Sir Henry Clinton was after- ward allowed to pursue his march without interruption. About the time of the battle some attempts were made on the baggage, but they were easily repelled and all tin; .\inerican advanced parties were recalled. In the tattle of Freehold Court House, the loss of both armies was nearly equal, amounting to about 400 men on each side. The British lost Lieutenant- Colonel .Monckton, who was much lamented. The American army particularly regretted the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Bonner of Pennsylvania, and of Major Dickinson of Virginia. The day was exceedingly warm ; and the heat and fa- tigue proved fatal to several soldiers in each army, who expired without a wound. General lice, conceiving himself to have been insulted by General Washing ton on the fit^ld of battle, in the evening addressed to him a letter, expressed i. no very res])ectful terms. He was, therefore, put under arrest, and tried by a court-martial for disobedience of orders, and disrespect to his commander-in-chief. He was found guilty, and suspended for a year. The sentence of the court-martial against General Lee closed the military career of that singular man, who, in the early part of the war, had been of much service to the Americans. He was bred to arms, had been a lieutenant-colonel in the British service, a colonel in the Portuguese army, and an aid-de-camp to the king of Poland, with the rank of major-general. On the breaking out of the American war he had resigned his commission in the British army, and offered his services to congress, who appointed him third in command of their forces. He had studied all the most valuable treatises on the art of war, both ancient and modern ; and on military subjects his judgment was commonly correct. In the presence of the enemy he was cool and intreuid : and, notwithstanding many faults and whimsical peculiarities in his chara^ ter, he wa'j beloved both by the officers and men who served under him. His understanding was vigorous, his memory retentive, and his imagiimtion lively. He was a classical scholar, and possessed a considerable portion of general knowledge. His temper was sour and severe ; he scarcely ever laughed, and seldom smiled. He was impious and rude ; a vindictive enemy, but a steady friend ; extremely avaricious, but an entire stranger to deceit and dissimulation. He was at times a pleasant ind in- structive companion, but often capricious and disagreeable. When the American army was encamped at White Plains, General Lee lodged it a small house near which General Washington occasionally passed when observing the dispositions of the enemy : one day, accompanied by some of his officers, .he called on General Lee and dined with him ; but no sooner »ery they gone than Lee, addressing his aid-de-camp, said: "You must look me out another p/i?* ; for I shall have Washington and all his puppies contii)- ^-Q THE PlCTOklAL hlSTORY u:.llv callinii up..n mo. ..ul thrv will cat n... up." Next .lay seeing the com ma Mlor-in-. hid- an.lhis suit con.ins that way, ami suspecting auothcr visit he r . 1 lis servant ,o write on the .loor with chalk, " No victuals dressed hero X '• Perceivin. this inscription, General Washint'.on and his oflicers rode off, .u,t a little anu-s^d at ,he incident, and the oddities of Lee's character. Lee 1 la strong attach.nent to do.s, and some of these ammals always accomi«ued him. On heinjr informed that congr. ss had confinned the sentenco of tl e cou - martial against him, pointing to a dog, he exclaimed, » O tha 1 were tlntt am mal.that 1 might not call n,an my brother!" This singular person died m Phiiadelnhia in the beginning of October, 1782. • , •. AH Ih" battle of Freehold Curt House the British army contim.cd it, march without imerrnption to Sandy Hook, where it embarked on the 5th of Julv, and on the same dav lamped at New \ ork. General Washington marched to the North river, and took a position near hi« "'V/rafe^nh^/iulylrdav on which the British army arrived at New York, the Count d'Estaing, with a French fleet, appeared on the coast of Virginia. In the month of March, the French ambassador in Lond.m, by order of his go ernmem ..otified to the British court the treaties entered into between Fr-mce and America. In a few days afterward he quitted London, and, about th same time the British ambassador left Paris. This was considered equiva- lent to a declaration of war ; and although war was not actually declared, yet both parties diligently prepared lor hostilities. The French equipped at Toulon a tteet of twelve sail of the line and s X frigates and gave the command to Count d'Estaing, who, with a considerable ^er'^tro^ps on board, ..led on the 13.h of April ; b"!- --3/-^^^ -" trarv winds, be did not reach the coast of America till the 5th ot July. He e ec ed o fiml the British armv in Philadelphia, and the fleet in the Delaware . nit hasten supposed that'if this expectation had been -,f ^-d'^he conse. quences to Britain'must have been calamitous. But it ,s needless to speculate In what might have ensued in circumstances which never existed For the Brillsh fl™t' and ariny were at Sandy Hook or New York before the trench "i;.^;::^ ^'t;^^:;:::;ure of the British .om Pennsylvan^, Ad^l djEstaing instantly sailed to the northward, and, on the evening of the llth of Jul), came o anchor ofl" New York. Admiral Lord How -hose fleet amoumed only tc six ships of the line, four of fifty guns each, . ne frigates and «mal er ves- sels, had been informed of D'Estaing's arrival ,e coast some d^ys be ore he anneared in sight, and had made a judicious disposition of his iorce for the de feTeoftheharb;r. For some time after DEstaing came in sight the wind w unfavoraS to an attempt on 't. British fleet ; however, on the 22d of u y it veered to the eastward, the French squadron got under way and he British expected to be immediately attacked. But, instead of proceeding toward he Kor. D'Estaing stood ou(.o sea, and sailed as far ««"^h ^ .^J^^^j^^^fi^Jd^ Delaware where he alterei' his course and steered directly for Rhode Island, off which hranneared on the 29th of the month. There he meditated an attack, hfwtch General Sulliva,,, with a detachment from General Washington's army. and reinforcements from New England was to co-operate ,, ,„^,:„„ „f The Americans had been preparing for some time to -"^"'P^ j^^^^J^^^'^^^J^^ Rhode Island ; and Sidlivan had been appointed to superintend and hasten the oreDaraions His measures did not escape the notice of Major-Genera Su LbeTpigot. commander of the island, who in order to impede his opera ions had ordered wo different incursions into Providence Plantation one conducteJ by CotielcTmpbell.and another under Major Eyre, in which a quantity oJ i tho com visit, he ised hero cers rodo er. Lee nmpjinied the court- that ani t died in tinned its le 5th of I near his cw York, ■ginia. ler of his I between md, about ed equiva- ilared, yet 3 and six nsiderable with con . Hee Delaware , the conse- speculate For the le French 1 d'Estaing July, came ed only tc mailer ves- 3 before he for the de- , the wind 22d of July the British toward the >nes of the oile Island, d an attack, [ton's army, eduction of , hasten the leneral Sir operations, 9 conducted quantity o\ i OF rilK AMKUICAN IJKVoMTION. 277 T lllK I'U-roKIAI, HISTORY <>~8 ™|l.»rv „.„! n.val *,„■.. .on. s»n..y, :y». .n,-! *;|.»„ 'ScTriw 'Z "'l™"- ^ ' ":i:, '" ; ; ,:;;''™;™ ,. he ^ow r bv .ho e,,« or S.,.- koi.rt |».»»B» : »o..ih,.r ,y >h. »"•'"'; , „,;„ „,■ ,;„„„a„icn., c»lle,l the e„tr„nce, hy »-.-»«;-« >f,,"r™ h.to hi,U„l,. th";. f 5"'' .t'TJ'; .mZung .0 .cool men, chi.«y ""'■tiSSeruX r t„ * ,h" Fren h"; i ,,^' ■^;^;_--V|re-:;W i-'^'l!*?:*>i:i;^*i-'' irilof 100 [anli'd the riircd, the s, lies oir I smtiU isl- ,-est of the Island iind ist or Sea- loiiiiiinicul, called the niit 1 at the neii. The uanicut isl- r the three jstroyed on his hands. 4arraganset jg with his iigust. The ird the har- jd, and an- lation of the vas theu y, lour • ' essels, aii<5. lode Islai.d, ig, anchored d which the it shifted to toward the , he had the I battle, am' soon out of ch other, ex r to gain the come to ac- ,nd consider- each other, 13 gained on to Newport, livan's army, field : it was le French, in lovered some But, as the )verruled, and !W his troopa in the vicin 280 THK I'ICTOHIAL IIISTOUY ilV of Mowpon, wlw-re he occupie.l an fntrencl.e.l camp. '""^'^•V"^''' ZV army pos • • ' iwiwitil.wnmi) at that place. army am .r,.,l the ileets It hlew down, and ahno«t irreparably injured the tents, ren d' 1 th . ^arnls unlit lor immediate use, and damaged the -njmm.t.on o ter, ..r Inu a super,.. »"' ' ;,^^\57J7J°h'',einforceme..ts fr..n. England, con- fe;ul;t^s^l/i'hC;^'c"SlI.ed tn mstustrucion.; and there..re he resolved '" P™-'.';^ \;f •^;,7i„ ,„eh cntieal cireumstances, and not only de- ' \^' r ;;' " il . a success which they thought within their reach, hut ex- CHAPTRR IX. The deiv.rture of the French fleet greatly discouraged the^ American army, and ma IVvTys Sullivan's force was'considerably diminished by desertion^ ?te'26thoAu.rust he therefore resolved to raise the siege, and retreat to Z trth end of the .sland ; and took the nece««ary precautions for the success- '^Xn^hroltV^slhTneral SuUivar. silently decamped, and retired unob- ser ed Etrlv in the mon.ing the British discovered his retreat, and instan^^ "iKy reac^hedTh^Tioreila'r island, where the army occupied a stron. ■ S;^v:.;:,;-,t'rt-f^?M>'^ ii^.>gj^a"'''-' days. 'I'hrre a se- vere coiitlict, for about half an hour, ensiieil, when the combatants inu'.ually wilhdri.'w from the field. Tlit^ loss of the armies was nearly eipial, amounting to between two and three hundred killed or wounded in the course of the day. On the 30th of August there was a yood deal of cannonading, but neither party ventured to attack tiie other. The Uritish were expecting reinforcenieiits ; anJ ISiillivan, although he made a show of resolutely maintaining his post, was busily preparing for the evacuation oftl:;^ island. In the evening lie silently struck his tents, embarked his army, with all the artillery, baggage, and stores, on board a great numlx'r of boats, and landed safely on the continent, beforo the British suspected his intention to abandon the post. General .Sullivan made a timely escaj)e ; for Sir Henry Clinton was on his way, with 4,000 men, to the assis- tance of General Figot. He was detained four days in the sound by imitrary winds ; but arrived on the day after the Americans left the island. A very short delay might have proved fatal to their army. The most sanguine expectations had been entertained throughout th6 United States of the reduction of Rhode Island and the capture of the British force which defended it; so that the disappointment and mortification on the failure of the enterprise were exceedingly bitter. The irritation against the French, who were considered the authors of the miscarriage, was violent. Sullivan was con- fident of success ; and his chagrin at the departure of the French fleet made him use some expressions, in a general order, which gave offence to D'Estaing. The American leaders felt the importance of preserving the good will of their allies. Hence Sullivan explained ; and Washington and congress employed all their influence to sooth the angry feelings of the French admiral, and to pre- vent that disunion and distrust which threatened to alienate the Americans and their new allies from each other. These efforts to heal the growing breach were successful ; although the ill huMor of the populace manifested itself in quarrelling with the French sailors both at Fioston and Charleston in South Carolina. The British fleet had suffered considerably in the storm, but had not sustained so much damage as the French. In a short time. Lord Howe was again ready for sea ; and, having learned that D'Estaing had sailed for Boston, he left New York with the intention of reaching that place before him, or of attacking him there, if he found it could be done with advantage. But on entering the bay of Boston, he perceived the French fleet in Nantucket Roads, so judiciously sta- ioned, and so well protected by batteries, that there was no prospect of attack- .ag it with success. He therefore returned to New York, where, finding that, :y fresh arrivals, his fleet was decidedly superior to that of the French, he I. vailed himself of the permission which he had received some time before, and lesigned the command to Admiral Gambier, who was to continue in the com- mand till the arrival of Admiral Byron, who was daily expected from Halifax. Sir Henry Clinton, finding that General Sullivan had effected his retreat from Rhode Island, set out on his return to New York ; but, that the expedition might uotbe wholly ineffectual, he meditated an attack on New London, situated on a liver which falls into the sound. 7.'he wind, however, being unfavorable to the enterprise, he gave the command of the troops on board the transports to Gener- al Grey, with orders to proceed in an expedition against Buzzard's bay, and continued his voyage to New York. In obedience to the orders which he had received. General Grey sailed to Acushnet river, where he landed on the 5ih of September, and destroyed all the shipping in the river, amounting tu more than seventy sail. He burned a great part of the towns of Bedford and Fairhaven, the one on the west and the other on the east bank, destroying a OF riiK AMKK1v:a.\ rhvofaition. 383 it, ih'j works Tlicrc a se- itii mu'aiiilly ], ainoiiiitidg )f tlie (lay. neither party jiiu'iits ; and )t, was busily lly struck his \, on board a the British ide a timely to the assis- by timirary nd. A very It the United British force the failure of French, who ivan was con- eet made him to D'Estaing. will of their employed all , and to pre- mericans and )wing breach jsted itself in itoii in South [ not sustained IS again ready 1, he left New attacking him ing the bay of idiciously sia- pect of attack- ',, finding that, tie French, he me before, anil ! in the com- om Halifax, is retreat from ipedition might 1, situated on a ivorable to the ports to Gener- lard's bay, and lers which he he landed on -, amounting tu if Bedford and k, destroying a lonsiderable quantity of niilitary and iiav.il stores, provisions, and merchandise. He laniled at six ill tlic evening; and so iiij)id were ins iiuiveinenis, that the work ofdestruelioii was accoinplislied, and the troops reimbarked before noon th.' ne.\t day. He then proceeded to .Martha's Vineyard, where he look or burned several vessels, destroyed a salt work, compelled ilie inhai)itants to sur- render their arms, and levied from them a contribution of 1,000 sheep and 300 oxen, with which seasonable supply of provisions he returned to New York. The return of the ikilish lleet and of the troops under (Jenerul Grey relieved the Americans from the anxious ap|>relieiisions of an attack on their allies at boston. I'nder that api)reiiension (Jeneral Washington broke up his camp at White Plains, and, proeeedinjj northwani, took a |iosition at Fredericksburg. He detached Generals (Jates and McHougall to Danln.ry in Connecticut, in order 'l:at they^might be in readiness to move as circumstances might reijuire ; and ne sent General Putnam to West Point, to watch the North river, and the im- portant passes in the highlands. Hut the return of the fleet and troops to New \ ork quieted those apprehensions. .Meanwhile the Americans perceived that an expedition was preparing at Niw York, the object of which they were unable to ascertain ; but soon after the return of the troops under (Jeneral Grey, the British army advanced in great force on both sides of the xNorth river. The column on the west imnk, consist- ing of 5,000 men, commanded by Lord Cornwallis, e.vtended from the Hudson to the Hackensack The division on the east side, consisting of about 3,000 nien, under General Knyphausen, stretched from the North river to the Bronx, i'iic coiuinunication between them was kept up by flat-bottomed boats, by means of which the two divisions could have been readily united, if the Americans had advanced against either of them. General Washington sent outstveral detach- ments to observe the movements of those columns. Colonel Baylor, who with his regiment of cavalry, consisting of upward of a hundred men, had been sta- tioned near Paramus, crossed the Hackensack on the morning of the 27th of September, and occupied Tappon or Herringtown, a small village near New Tappon, where some militia were posted. Of these circumstances Lord Corn- wallis received immediate notice, and he formed a plan to surprise and cut ofT both the cavalry and militia. The execution of the enterprise against Baylor was intrusted to General Grey ; and Colonel Campbell, with a detachment froni Knyphausen's division, was to cross the river, and attack the militia at New I appon. Colonel Campbell's part of the plan failed, by some delay in the pas sage of the river ; during which a deserter informed the militia of their danger and they saved themselves by flight. But General Grey completely surprised Baylor's troops, and killed, wounded, or took the greater part of them. Colonel Baylor was wounded and made prisoner. The slaughter on that occasion, which tile .Vmericans thought unnecessarily great, excited much indignation, and was die subject of loud complaints throughout the United States. Tliree days afvt ■ '.he surprise of Baylor, the American Colonel Butler, with a detachment of infantry, assisted by Major Lee with part of his cavalry, fell in with a party of fifteen chasseurs and about 100 yagers, under Captain Donop, on wlioin they made such a rapid charge, that, without the loss of a man, they kill- ed ten on the spot, and took about twenty prisoners. This advantage was very soothing to the embittered feelings of the Americans, who considered it some compensatior for Baylor's loss. rhe movement of the British army up the North river already mentioned, wa» iiiade for the purpose of foraging, and also to cover a meditated attack on Little tlgg Harbor ; and having accomplished its object, it returned to New York. Little Egg Harbor, situated on the coast of Jersey, was a noted rendezvous of privateers; and being so near the entrance to New York, ships bound to thai •ts\ I 111-, IMCTOKlAr, Illsroi^Y port wero miirli oxposnl to tlicir ilcprt'dations. An »'xp«'c!iiioii agair.^t it was 'liiTefore pIrniiH'il, iiiid till- coniliict ot' ilif ciilirprisi" inirusicd to Cuptain Vvr- HiiMori ot' tin- N»'vt)iili't'iiili rctijmt'iit, with ahoii! !U)0 nii'ii. assistcil hy Captain (Jolliiis of the navy. 11 ■ sailt'd I'roiii New York ; l)iit, short as ilii> passa<;i' was, he was (Iriaiiiril Hcvcral d.iVH liy I'oiitrary winds, and (hil not arrive at the plaet* of his destination till ilie evciiini,' of the olli of Octolier. 'I'he Americans had ^ot notice of Ills ili>>ii;n, and liait sent to sea sncli of tlieir privateers as tveru r'^'idy lor sailinu 'I'hey had also hanled the largest of the reiiiaiiiini; vessels, wliicli «ere chielly prizes, twenty miles up the river to Ohestniil N'eck, and had carried their smaller vessels siiij I'arther into the country. Ker>jii9on proceeded to Chestnut Neck, hnrntMl ihe vess(ds there, ilestroved ihe slor»diousps and piil)- he works of every sort , and, in returnini;, committeil .some depredations on pri- vate property. (/oiinl Pulaski, a I'olish nobleman in the ser\ ice of the United States, had been nominated commander ot tlie American cavalry ; but, as that ap|K)intment j^ave ollence to the otiicers, he rt'si<;ned his commission. Congress, however, permitted him to raise a Icijiunary corjjs.consistinjj of three incomplete companies of infantry and three troops of cavalry, which he ollicered chielly with foreianers, and com- manded the whole in person. He was ordered toward Little Egg harbor, and lay, without due vigilance, eight or ten miles from the coast. One Juliet, a frenchman, who had deserted from the British service and obtained a commis- sion in Pulaski's cor|)s, redeserled, joined Captain Ferguson of Little Egg har- bor, after his return trom Chestnut Neck, and gave him exact informatiun of the strength and sitiiaiion of Pulaski's troops. Ferguson and Collins immediately resolved to .surjirise the Polish nubleman ; and for that purpose, on' the tifteenth of October, they embarked two hundred and fifty men in boats, rowed ten milei up the river beibre daybreak, landed within a small distance of his infantry, left fifty men lo guard their boats, and with the remainder of their force suddenly fell on the unsuspicious detachinent, killed about fifty of them, among whotn were the Maron de Hose and Lieutenant de la Horderie, and retreated, with scarcely any loss, before ihey could be attacked by Pulaski's cavalry. In this instance they greatly injured or ruined many individuals among the Americans ; but they wert^ useless in respect of the great object of the war — the subjugation of the country. Admiral IJyron, with a consiilerable number of ships, sailed from England on he ninth of June to take the command of the fleet on the American station, and to oppose Count d'Estaing in those seas : but during the summer the weather was unconunonly boisterous in the Atlantic ocean ; and on the third of July he was overtaken by a storm which dispersed his fleet. Several of his ships reacheil New York singly; and six of them, which h.ad kept together under Ad- miral Parker, arrived there on the 29th of August. Admiral IJyron, in the Princess Hoyal, being left alone, steered for Halifax, where he anchored on the 26th of .\ugust , and in tliat port found the Culloden, one of his fleet. These two vessels being refitted witli the utmost despatch, he sailed on the 4th of Sep- tember, and arrived at New York about the middle of the month. He made every exertion to repair his shattered squadron ; but was not ready for sea till the I8th of October, when lie sailed for Boston in quest of D'Estaing. I (is ill fortune still pursued him ; for scarcely had he reached the hay of Bos. ton, when on the 1st of November, a violent storm arose, which drove him tc •ea, and so disabled his ships that he was obliged to hasten to Rhode Island tc refit. D'Estaing, having repaired his fleet, seized the opportunity of Admira. Byron's absence to put to sea, on the 3d of Noveinbor and steered for the Wes' Indies. On the same day, Grant, with a detachinent of six thousand men from the British army, convoyad by six sail of the line under Commodore Hotham '>t^3«5^^;j^(».#j^ ^f OF Tin: amkiucan ukvohtion VS»ft ;aii.« It was 'aptaiii I'lT- by Captain passaiji" w as, • at tlie jilaoe ncrifaiis had 'ITS as vvcre iiinsi vt's.si'ls, ,'t'ck, ami had lOii pnicrt'di'il uses and pulw lalions on pri- ates.had bocn Dintinent gave ■ver, pt>rmitU'd lies of infantry iiers, and com- Tg harl)or, and One Juliet, a ned a coinmis- .ittle Egg bar- irniation of the s innnediately Ml' the fifteenth jwed ten miles is infantry, left force suddenly , among whom retreated, with airy. lals among the t of the war — om England on can station, and iier the weather :hird of July he d of his ships ether under Ad- l Uyron, in the anchored on the is fleet. These I the 4th of Sep- 1. It was not ready 3st of D'Estaing. the bay of Bos. ;h drove him tc Rhode Island tc unity of Admira. red for the Wes* ousand men from modore Hotham I :'s iailcd fur iln' same .|u;iiii'r. 'i'oward ilif finl iif ilic innnili a dt'tacliiiifnt of iho Uniisli annv uiid.r Luiiii'iiaiit-( 'oion.l Caini)!)!!!. ciiihaikt d with the dcsitjii of liivadiiig tli<' soullnrii stairs, and was escdrlfd hy t'oiniiKulon- Sir I'ft.r I'ar- kiT. \ .suincient forie siiil remained at .Vew York for its di'ftncc. As tiie si'asoii lor ai-iive optTation' v. 'he northern and middle slates was now at an uiid, the American army retired into winter (piarters, The main l.odv was .antoiied on Imth sides of the N'ortii river, about West Point and Mid- dleburgli, wliile light troops were posted in advaiiee. in tins siliiatioii tliey eov- eri'd the eountry,"and were conveiiieiilly plaeed for procuring subsistence. The greater part of the men were on tlie west side of tlie river, because from that ijiiarter the supplies of bread were drawn, while the animal food was brought Iroin the states of \ew England ; and it was easier to drive the cattle than to rraiisport tlie corn from a distance. The army was lodged in huts as in the pre- lediiig winter ; but, by nieaiis of the French alliance, the men were more com- foriablv clothed tliau formerly. During the summer of 1778 a harassing and destructive war was carritMl on In- I lie Indians against the settlers on the western frontier of the United States. C'ongress was desirous that tlie numerous tribes of aboriginal inhabitants should either become their allies or remain neutral during the war. At first many of tlie nations setuned friendly to the United States : but congress had not the means of snjjplyiiig them with those European commodities wliieli they were 111 ilie habit of "using; while the British agents in Canada liberally bestowed u|)oii them the articles of which they stood in need, and zealously invited them to take up arms against the United States. By their presents and their councils lliey alienated ihe minds of the Indians from the Americans, ai. : prevailed upon thein to espouse the British cause ; so that, from the .Mohawk to tiie Ohio, the American frontier was threatened with the tomahawk and the scalping-knife. .Vlthough the storm was foreseen, yet the measures of the Americans, de- pending on the resolutions of difFerent stales and the agency of militia, were not sulHcientlv prompt to prevent or anticipate the threatened aggression The Indians, with'savage fury, burst into the American territory, carrying death and desolation in their train'. The happy settlement of Wyoming became, in a par licular manner, the scene of carnage, misery, and ruin. 'I'hat beaiUiful tract of country, lying on both siiles of the Susciuehannah, was claimed both by Connecti- cut anil Pennsylvania ; and had been settled by emigrants from the former of those states, who, it is said, purchased the land from the Indians. The settle- ment was in a most flourishing condition, and contained upward of 1,00') fami- lies. Unfortunately, Wyoming was not free from those political dissensions which, in a greater or less degree, agitated every province of the union, and which have such a pestilential tendency to destroy soi ial happiness and embit- ter human life. A great majority of the settlers zealously espoused the cause of congress ; but a few were devoted to the support of royalty. These last, con- sidering themselves harshly treated by their political opponents, withdrew from the settlement, and sought refuge among the savages, or retired to the British posts on the frontiers of Canada. There they cherished a deadly hatred against their countrymen, and meditated sanguinary schemes of vengeauce. At the head of those refugees was Colonel John Butler, cousin of Zebidor liutler, commander of the miliiia of Wyoming. The hostile designs of the Indians and of the emigrants were not unknown to the settlers at Wyoming who constructed forts, and made such other preparations for defence as thtf were able. But their enemies endeavored to deceive, in order more easily to des:rov them. The hostile Indians sent messengers with assurances of their peaceable dispositioK and, the more effectually to lull the settlers at Wyominj, luio a fatal security. Butler, in a numer'^ns assembly of savages, declared thu •zm THE PICTORIAL HISTORY mmm '9 s ■ 'il^:iA'^iiSN^i$'ieK- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 287 he was about to retire to Detntit, adding, agreeably to the peculiar idiom ol' nia luditois, that "his hand was too short to do anything that year." Tliese pro- fessions and declarations were merely intended to deceive ; but the perfidious artifice was not followed with complete success. The settlers suspected the designs of their enemies, and, it is said, wrote to congress and to General Washington, representing the danger to which they were exposed ; but their let ters were intercepted by the royalists, or tories, as they were commonly called, of Pennsylvania, so that goveriunent remained ignorant of the perilous state of Wyoming. Meanwhile the settlers betook themselves to their forts for se curity. On the 1st of July, a hostile force, supposed to amount to 1,500 men, com- posed of 300 Indians under their own chiefs, and upward of 1,000 tories painted like Indians, commanded by Colonel .lohn Butler, burst into the settlement They easily gained possession, by treachery, it is said, of one of the upper torts ; and they look the other. The two principal forts, Kingston and Wilkes- barre, were situated near each other, but on different sides of the river. Of the first of these Colonel Zebulon Butler took possession, with the greater part of the armed force of the district ; and a number of women and children took refuge in the same place. When summoned to surrender the fort, Zebulon But ler refused compliance, but proposed a parley ; and a place at some distance from the fort was agreed on for a conference. At the head of 400 men, Butler left the fort and marched toward the appointed spot, but found none of the op- posite party there. At a still greater distance from the fort, however, and near the foot of a mountain, he saw a flag displayed, and with imprudent confidence proceeded toward it ; but, for a while, it retired as he advanced. A. length he found himself almost surrounded by the enemy, who, instead of a friendly confer- ence, commenced a furious attack upon them. In that alarming juncture the Americans displayed much firmness, and fought with such steady courage that the advantage was rather on their side, till a soldier, either through treachery or cowardice, cried out. " The colonel has ordered a retreat !" Instantly his men fell into confusion and a total rout soon ensued. The troops fled toward the river, which they endeavored to pass in order to enter Fort Wilkesharre, The enemy pursued with savage fury, massacring without resistance all wlm fell in their way. So complete was their success, and so destructive their rage, that of +00 men who had marched out to the delusive parley, Zebulon lim- ler and about twenty others only escaped. In this transaction we an; tM|u:illv surprised at the unsuspecting simplicity of the one party,and the sanguin.irv con- duct of the other. Next day the Indians and their barbarous white allies invested Fort Kingston Colonel Deimison, on whom the command of the fort had devolved, sensible of iiis inability to defend the post, went out with a flag of truce to inquire what terms would be iiranted to the garrison on surrendering. John Butler, with savage ferocity, ri'plied. " The hatchet." Dennison defended the fort till most of his men were either killed or wounded, when he surrendered at discretion. A few prisoners were selected ; and John Butler, with his Indians and tories, to save themselves the trouble of murdering individually thoir vanquished enemies, with ihs women and children, shut them all up in the houses and barracks, set fire to the buildings, and with horrid joy saw them perish in one general confla- gration Butler next passed over to Wilkesbarre the feeble garrison of which, trusting to the generosity of the enemy, aurrenderf d at discretion ; but they mis- .ook the character of Butler and his associates : for the continental soldiers, amounting to a'jout seventy, were cut in pieces ; and the rest of the people in the fort, men, women, and children, were consumed in the flames, as those of 2S8 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Kinrston had been. All show of resistance was at an end ; but the work of de- vastation did not cease. About 3,000 persons, without money, clothe, or pro- visions, precipitately abandoned iheir homes, and fled from the murderous toma- nawk: and, in or.ler to prevent their return, their enemies destroyed everything hey had left behind. In the work of desolation and death fire and sword were alternately employed; and the settlement, which had »=»tely bloomed ike para iise, was converted into a dreary and silent wilderness^ The property of the few tories only was spared ; and their thinly-scattered houses and farms smiled in the midst of surrounding ruin. Having gratified their revenge and hearing ;hat regular troops were advancing against them, the savage invaders retreated from the country which they had laid waste. , , ^ , r . Congress could not spare troops to cover the whole of the western frontier, which was exposed to hostile incursions ; and consequently some distric s were occasionally ravaged : but the sufferings at Wyoming were so J^^'""'^!^^';'^";;*' on the first notice of what had happened. Colonel Hartley, with his regiment and two companies of militia, was ordered to that settlement He marched against the Indian towns, destroyed some of them, and took a few prisoners ; but soon found it expedient to retreat. He was pursued and vigorously attacked, but re- nulsed the assailants with loss. ' The fourth Pennsylvanian regiment, with some of Morgan's riflemen, com- manded by Lieutenant-Colonel William Butler, a distinguished partisan, marched for the defence of the western frontier. After a difficult and faUgxnng march in which he crossed high mountains and deep waters, he reached the Indian owns of Unundilla and Anaquaqua, near the sources of the Susqueha.mah, where a considerable quamity of corn was laid up for winter provisions He destroyed both the towns and corn, drove the savages to a greater distance from the frontier, and rendered their incursions into the provinces more difficult On the 11th of November 500 Indians and loyalists, with a sniall detachment of regular troops, under the command of the notorious John Butler, made an ir- ruption into the Settlement at Cherry Valley, in the state of New York, surprised and killed Colonel Alden, commander of the American force at that place and 'en of his soldiers. They attacked a fort erected there ; but were compelled to retreat. Next day they left the place, after having murdered and scalped thir- ty-two of the inhabitants, chiefly women and children. ^ During the summer, the house of Mr. John Merril . of Nelson county Ken tucky. was attacked by the Indians, and defended with singular address and good fortune. Merrill was alarmed by the barking of a dog about midnight and upon opening the door in order to ascertain the cause of the d>« u^bance he re^ ceived the fire of 'six or seven Indians, by which his arm and ^^igh were b t^ broken. He instantly sunk upon the floor, and called upon his wife to close the door. This had scarcely been done, when it was violently -««^'>«J»^yle tom- ahawks of the enemy, and a large breach soon effected, ^rs. Me r.U how- evev, being a perfect Amazon, both in strength and courage, guarded it with an axe and fuccessively killed or badly wounded four of the enemy as they at- tempted to force their way into the cabin. The Indians then ascended the oofCd attempted to enter by way of the chimney, but here, again, tney were met by the same determined enemy. Mrs. Merrill seized he on ^ J^a.^/;^^^^^^ which the cabin afforded, and hastily rippmg it open, poured ^J ;«;^«"!«^ f^^^^^ the fire A furious blaze and stifling smoke instantly ascended the chimne>, and qiickly brought down two of the enemy, who lay for a few mon^ents at the mercy of the lady. Seizing the axe. she quickly despatched them, and was in^ 7ZIy afterward^ummoned to the door, where the only remaming ravage now appeared, endeavoring to effect an entrance while she was «"g?gf.i,^'^'^%^3 ney. He soon received a gash in the cheek, which compelled him with a lou.l i-; -*v: 4?.;«isSiiri*:st*fi'^***^'*&*'^^ work of (!«• le!* or pT3- erou3 toma- everything sword were (1 like para- lerty of the arms smiletl and hearini; >rs retreated em frontier, istricts were irkable, that, cgimeiit and ;hed against rs ; but soon eked, but re- lemen, com- san, marched riling march, d the Indian isquehannah, trisions. He listance from lifficiiU. 1 detachment made an ir- jrk, surprised lat place, and compelled to scalped thir- county, Ken- address and midnight, and rbance, he re- igh were both Fe to close the id by the tom- MerriU, how- led it with an ny as they at- ascended the lin, they were ly feather-bed contents upon [ the chimney, loments at the n, and was in ig savage now id at the chim- im with a loud 390 THE PICTOHIAL HISTOK\ V..11 to reliimuish his purpose. He returned to Chilicothe, where, from the re Im of a pnsoner he' ,ive an exaggerated account of the fierceness. strengtV -^^^:^!^^^:f and New YorW were, aflUcted ^ ^ h^ Clarke A the head of some of the western militia of Virgin,a, by mcredib le exertions he penetrated to the British settlements on the Mississippi and took Uie town oKskaskias. a dependancy on Canada, which a ong wf th^t iiice had been given up to the British at the peace of 176o. At Kaskaskias Clarke widi a hLdful of men. was far re.noved from all support, and surrom.ded bv numerous fierce and hostile tribes : but his courage and talents were equa to le rduons circumstances in which he was placed ; and he showed in a st i- ' iu/man«er what difficulties a sound and enterprisu>g mind can surmount, and xus manner^ .^ ^^^ ^^^.^^^ ^^.^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ,^_.^^,i j^ judgment, TiuTexecuted w aptitude and intrepidity. At the nu,st inclement season of they'r h:sudden./attacked the Indians in ^^" ^^^^^^'^T^^^^ military art fie cs against themselves, and damped the courage of their warriors. On taking KaskLkias, Clarke made Rocheblave, governor oi die place, pis- oner and got possession of all his written instructions lor the conduct of the war fl Quebec, Detroit, and Michilimackinac. From those papers hc= a ne! that Colonel Hamilton, governor of Detroit, was very acUve in planning and stinnilating the incursions of the Indians into the United Slates In the montl o D cember Hamilton advanced to St. Vincent on the Wabash, in ord . to prepare an extensive expedition, not only against Clarke, but agains the lie 'western frontier of Virginia, .^l-l^f was in no condition to en^^^^^^ the combined force of all the tribes from the lakes to the mouth of the Uhio, s^pponell by the troops which Hannlton might be able to bring in o the field; but he took the best measures in his power tor maintaining his post. clnel cLke soon received infor'mation that HamiUon, \--ting to Ins dis- tance from danger, and to the difficulty of approaching h''^^'^^ ««'^ "J f J^ J Indians to alarm and harass the frontier, and lay securely at ^j: J/f '''^ J"^ only about eighty soldiers, having three field-pieces and some swivels. Clarke, a houL^h he could muster only 130 men. determined to take advantage of Ham- Ss weakness and security' and to attack him, as the only means of saving h msel. ami of disconcerting'tUe whole of Hamilton's P - ..^--yi;;'^^^ the be-rinning of February, 1779, he despatched a small galley which he had fit'ed out moi-n ing two four-pounders and four swivels, manned with a company Sslie;s and carrying storis for his men. with orders to force her way up the Wabash to take her^tftion a few miles below St. Vincent, and to allow no person t pass her. He himself marched with his little band, and spent sixteen rvsintrrversing the country between Kaskaskias and St. Vmcent, passmg tith icrSe fatigue through woods and marshes. He was five days in Cros- se 5 lie drow >ed a ds of the Wabash ; and for five miles was frequently up to the breast h. water. After overcoming difficulties which had been though m- tu ... bre.Te appeared before the place, and co.npletely surpris.d ,t Hre inhabita..ts readily submitted, but Hamilton at hrsl delended h.n.sell in the (ort . ext day h.^wever, he surrendered hi.nself and l..s garrison pr.soners-ol- ar m h s a'cliW^^^ in encouragi..g the hostilities of the In. lans, and by the revolt,, g e.o.Ues perpetrated by fho^e savages, Hamilton had rcdered h..nse f so ob- noxlouMhat ;L executive cou.icil of Virginia threw I..... a,.d so.ne of his im mediate aacnts into priso.., a.id put them in nons. ThU Xprise o Clarke was of .nuch advantage to congress It disconcert^ ed the whi'of Hamilton's plan, saved the wester., frontier ol virgm.a .rum the ■m^:-:- ':. ':S r.:i'--^^-^'^l'PvW'.''*J-'">"'-'""^' ^.^';^i«*ip'i•''-^'■■i.^i£5^.V•7!''^r■- OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 29. from the re ess, strengtV 1 by the hor inia, but was orge Rogers by incredible ppi, and took th that prov- t Kaskaskias d surrounded were equal to Ared in a stri- urmount, and th judgment, ement season rned all their ^eir warriors, le place, pris- onduct of the e papers he ■e in planning ates. In the bash, in ordet It against thft 1 to encountei li of the Ohio, ito the field ; St. ig to his dis- tent off all hia Vincent with vels. Clarke, itage of Ham- jans of saving irdingly, about which he had ith a company ler way up the d to allow no d spent sixteen incent, passing e days in cros- requently up to en thought in- »ris«d it. The «elf in the fort : risoners-of-war. by the revolting himself so ob- some of his im It disconcert' irsiinia trom the extensive devastations of savage warfare which had been devised against it, cooled the ardor of many of the Ip lian tribes, and deterred them from engaging in their ferocious incursi(jns into tiie United States. Except the unsuccessful attack on Sullivan's island in 1776, the British force had hitherto been directed solely against the northern and middle states, thn most populous and strongest parts of the Union. If the north had been subdued, the south must have yiehled : but the results had not answered the expectalicne of the British cabinet. One army had been compelled to lay down its arms ; and the army on the coast had been of little advantage to the cause. The peo- ple hid inileed suffered much in the course of the contest ; but their sufferings, insisad of subduing their spirits, had only embittered their animosity against the mother-country. In those circumstances, when the season for active operations in the middle and norliitirn states termina'sd, the British commander-in-chief resolved to make an attempt on the southern provinces, as an experiment to ascertain the probable result of transferring the war to that quarter. If he could not subdue all the country, he might reduce a part of it to allegiance to the British crown. Suc- cess in the south might pave the way for victory in the north. The south pro- duced the commodities most valuable in the European market ; and the posses- sion of some of the provinces would entitle the British government to better terms at a general peace. By these and similar considerations, the British coin- mander-in-cliief was induced to try tiie chances of war in the south. His atten- tion was turned to that quarter by a desultory but destructive warfare which, during tlie precedinij summer, had b3eii carried on between Georgia and East Florida. In some degree that warfare had subsisted ever since Georgia joined the Union ; but, during the preceding summer, those inroads had assumed a more serious aspect than usual ; numbers of loyalists, who had fled from the Carolinas and Georgia, sought shelter in East Florida ; and, animated with all the fervor of political zeal and personal revenge, they readily joined in those ex- peditions. One of these marauding parties advanced to Sunbury in Georgia, which they summoned to surrender ; but Colonel Mcintosh, commander of the fort, returned this laconic answer : " Come and take it." Understanding by this reply that they were to meet with an obstinate resistance, and being little in- clined to encounter the fatigue and dangers of a siege, the party immediately retreated. Another body of those irregular warriors, by a different route, pene- trated as far as the river Ogeechee, within thirty miles of Savannah. There they found Colonel Elbert, with 200 continental troops ready to dispute the pas- sage of the river ; and being informed of the retrograde movement of the other division, they also retraced their steps, marking their course by ruin and carnage. This inroad was retaliated by an incursion into East Florida by General Robert Howe, commander of the military force of South Carolina and Georgia. But his troops were attacked by disease ; and he was obliged to hasten home with considerable loss. Scarcely, however, had his army, consisting of between six and seven hundred continental soldiers and a few hundreds of militia, taken post ii the vicinity of Savannah, when he had to encounter an enemy far more formidable than the irregulars of East Florida. t plan of attack on Georgia had been concerted between Sir Henry Clinton aid Geneial Provost, who commanded in East Florida. ^ British detachment was to Ian I on the banks of the Savannah, and there to be joined by the troops under General Provost, who was to command the whole. For that purpose the seventy-first regiment of foot, two battalions of Hessians, four of loyal provin- cials, and a pjrty of artillery, amounting in all to about 3,500 men, under the command of Colonel Campbell, sailed from Sandy Hook on the 27th of Novein- oer ; and, as already menti ned, was escorted by a small squadron under Com- 292 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. '.i'Jj ff; ipio" mpton X. ™A,.,. ,i,„ „„„i,al In obedience .o orders. General Lincoln repaired to Charleston, the capital of South Carolina, where he found the military affai.s of the ,^o""»n[. m -""ch disorder From iiiadvertency, or want of means, congress had established no Continental military chest in the southern department^ ^^"' 1?!^ .""S tl troops depen.lant on the several state governments for s^PPl'^^^^J",'^ .«";]ll^ J« army to move on any emergency; and, m a groat degree, subjected even the rntinemal troops to the control of the civil authority '"J^^ several sUtes The militia, also, who had been taken into continental pay considered them- selves subject only to the military code of the pro.. nee to which they belonged Sulh a state of things was extremely unfavorable to the promptitude and vigor ^^vlirGrralTincoln was employed in rectifying disorders and maldng preparations for the ensuing campaign, he received inf^^"™^""" «f ^J^ «'■ Lee of the British armament off the coast of Georgia. So P^^^^J ^^^^ '^^ state of North Carolina complied with the '''^^^'^^f^''°''fS'^''Zrl^^^^^^ their southern neighbors, that 2,000 men, raised for '.hat purpose arrived at Charkston, under the command of Generals Ashe -"^ /"^^"^"'^'^ , ^""i^^^iJ""^ the state of North Carolina had raised the men, it had not F^^^^^^h^Troops arms ; and congress had no magazines in that part of the union. Fhe troops, Sere ore, were dependant on South Carolina for every military equipment: but Estate Though better provided than North Carolina, had no superabundance of arms and under the apprehension that its own territory was to be invaded, Jeered supplying the troJfs of North Carolina with arms till it was too late to " wilt uC; l^e^tXd that the British fleet had entered the Savannah the arms were furnished, every exertion was made to put the »™7« "^ ^W^f^" "motion, and General Lincoln at their head proceeded rapidly toward the en- emT- but on his march he received information of Howe's defeat, and «oon af- Lwlrd met the feeble remnant of the beaten army at P«"y«b"'g> ^^^^'""il ^-^ m the north bank of the Savannah about thirty miles --rom he coast At Per- rvsburg General Lincoln established his Jeadquarters on the 3d ol January '■M^^ if ' OFTIIK AMKRICAN K K VOIJ'riO.N. '2'Ji he reduclior securinj; the ison of Sim* iiarch iiKi^i"*' 'ho iidvaticed )(>k the cum- 1 of the cxpe- giilar troops, terio. part of )0 miles from reduction of ork, congresa \ notice from the delegates nd in rank at Tiy. Accord- ered to repair Tiinated com- on, requesting the assistance in, the capital untry in much istablished no t rendered the to enable the cted even the jeveral states, isidered them- hey belonged, tude and vigor s, and making )f the appear- )mptly had the igress to assist ose, arrived at . But although ded them with . The troops, jquipment: but uperabundance I to be invaded, was too late to Savannah, the I of Charleston toward the en- it, and soon af- g, a small town coast. At Per- 3d of Jaouaiy I'he force under his coiniimml amouiitcil to between 3,000 and 4. 600 inei.,m!»ny iftlietn new levies ;inil militia, wlio were sir:iii<;ers to the discipline ami sulxinii* iiatioii of a camp. 'I'he army of (Jeiieral I'rcost was somewliat more immer oils, ami ureaily superior in the (|uality of the troops. Hut with all his ailvaiilaues it was not easy lor Cteneral I'revost to advance into Soiiili Carolina ; lor the river Savannah (lowed between the two armies. Its chainiel, indeed, is not wide ; but for 100 miles from its mouth it flews through a marshy eoiiiitry, which it often iiimi'lates to the breadth of from two lo lour miles. .At no om^ place is there solid ground on both sides to tin; brink of the river. A few narrow causeways rumiing through the marsh art; the only |)laces where it can be jiassed, and on many occasions these can not be crossed bv an army. 'I'his circumstance made it difricult for CJeneral Prevost to enter South Cantliiia, ami i iex|)eilieiil for Cleni'ral liincidn to make any attempt on tlie Hiitish |)ost.s, although they extended t'rom Savannah to Augusta. 'i'he coast of (ieoriiia and South (,'arolina is broken and irregular, abounding ill islands, and intersected by arms of the sea. Cieneral Frevost detachiul Ma- jor (iardeiier, with 200 men, to take possession of the island of Port Royal; l)Ut that ollicer was soon attacked by General Moultrie, who compelled him to retreat with loss. Deterred by that check. General Prevost, for some time, made no farther a'tempts on South ('arolina. I'rom llie beginning of the war, a considerable number of the settbjrs on the western frontier of the three southern provinces had been well disposed toward Great Britain. They were satisfied with their condition, and wished no change. Information of the first successes of the British arms in Georgia soon reached these settlers ; and emissaries were despatched to invite them to join the king's standard at Augusta, which had been erected there partly with a vi(!w to favor such movements, and to encourage the loyal settlers to co-operate with the troops in establishing the royal authority. Such of them as, on account of the notoriety of their principles and if their active hostility to independence, had been obliged to seek shelter among the Indians, were flattered with the hope of returning in triumph lo the enjoyment of their possessions. About 700 of these loyalists imbodied themselves under Colonel Boyd, and began their march from the back part of South Carolina to Augus'a. Destitute of provisions, and dependant on plunder for subsistence, they reseinbled a disor- derly banditti rather than a military force ; and. by their irregularities, they armed all the peaceable inhabitants against them. The militia assembled under Colonel Pickens ; pursued and attacked them near Kittle creek ; and defeated them with considerable slaughter, Boyd, their leader, being among the killed. Many prisoners were taken, seventy of whom were tried and condemned as trai- tors, and five of the most obnoxious were executed. About 300 of them escaped, reached the British outposcs, and joined the royal army. ThI; defeat depressed the rising spirits of the loyalists, and for a while, preserved 'he tranquillity of the western frontier. The British post at Augusta was too distant from the main body of the army to be easily maintained ; and therefore, about the middle of February, Colonel Campbell was ordered to abandon it. By slow marches he moved down the river, till he reached Hudson's ferry, about twenty-four miles from Ebenezer, where the British headquarters were then established. There he left his de- tachment under the care of Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost, brother of the genera], and returned to Savannah. The American army was gradually reinforced by the arrival of militia from the Carolinas; and General Lincoln began to meditate offensive operations. Ha extended his posts up the river; and detached General Ashe, with 1,300 mil: tia lUO continental soldiers, and some cavalry, to take post opposite Augusta 206 Till-: I'lCTDUlAl- iiisroKV Ills ,nt.-nti..n was In stni.t-n ihr .,u;.rt..r,s ..f tlu- Mrit.slMr....,,s. li.i.l h. cn.i oil the arriving at his stall Ash.- louii.l Auuusiu aln.uly .vu. iuit...l ...i. . .i«r. ., ihlv 'o i Ltnn^.iot.s, he crossnl the nvrr, n.anluMl .h.w,. the south s..h-. .n,l took ", . • p. in where IJrier creek t.lls >nlo the S.v.u.t.ah, tor-mn. an acute ^le V 1 . H.s posuion was ^n.o.l, an,l appeared secure 1 he Savannah w Ui IN n rsh s was on Ins h't' ; an,l hts front was covered hy Uru-r creek which >s alK.ut s>x yards wide and unfordable at that place, as well as tor several ""uMu'ru'ltvost resolved to dislodge the A.nerican detachment. For the „u s ■ anntsiuK Ceneral F.i.tcoln. he tnade a hI.ow of an intent.on to pass 1,' .r n 1 m order ... occupy the attention of Ashe, he ordered a par y to a .ear o. the opp-.s.te stde of Ik.er creek, in his Iront. Meanwhile (.oh nel F evost with '..00 chosen men. tnade an extensive ctrcu.t, passed Urter creek fif ee? n'tiles above the An.er.can statio.., gained the.r rear unperce.ve.l, and wa a mo h.-ir can^i, b.-fore they discovered his approach, he '•"" "'^"'^l m ,rsu derCJeneral to meet them, at.d b.-gan the en- r , u wi.U I irit. Hut most of the nulilia threw down the.r arms without §i1. a ho lU in confusion into the mar.di, and swam across the river ni whi?h n Set^s of them were .Irowned. General Klbert and his small hand of o i ent r "PPorted bv only one regiment ..f N..rlh t:arolina nu it.a, were not i;gS.o'n.al.ltaii.theuneialc..n.lict; but being -erpow..ed f,^ nm.^.e^ . were compelled to snrremler tUemselves rn^oner ol war. 1 he Americans lost betweeHoO and 400 men, wli.. were killed '^y'^^'^\^Z:J!^VZ ces of artillery. Among the prisoners were (.eneral i-.lbert and Colonel .M i n toTolfices of the continental army. The militia were dispersed ; most of irem^viu; escape.1 returned home; and of the whole of Ashe's division not MKire than 450 men again joined General Lincoln. f„..„u The lefeat and dispersion of Ashe's division deprived Lincoln of one four h of his numerical force, restored to the Hriiish the entire possession of Georgia a ml opre aS.i their communications with the Indians and loyalists in the bckse dements of the southern provinces. The success was complete ; and ?ietrTp evo seems to have flittered himself that its efVects would be per ma- ne, for next day he issued a proclamation establishing civ, government in rp;otc:,'appo'inting executivl and judicial officers or us admm^ declaring the laws, as they existed at the end of the year 1775, to be in lorce and to continue till they should be altered by a legislature afterward to be as- '"•nlfdisaster which had befallen Ashe, instead of terrifying the people of H^SSZ into subunssion, roused them to more vigorous -rtion^^^^^^^^^ a more determined resolution to maintain their independence. I hey elected as thdr^overno; John Rutledge, a man of talents and influence ; and delegated o •m and hL coined powers'aimost dictatorial. Rutledge, who -s zea bus ,he cause of itidependence, exerted much energy, ^"-l f."°" ^^ / '^J.*^ " ^^^^^^^^^^^ camp Strengthened by such a large reinforcement. General Lincoln resnmf, hririginllpTan of gaining possession of the upper parts of Georgia ; and on le 23d of A^pril he marched up the Savannah with the main ^'''1^ " .h'« ann> >ne design of that movement was to afl^ord prote^ction to the state legislature of Gtueia which was to assemble at Augusta on the 1st of May. A l^tal time the river was in full flood, and overflowed the marshes on its mat. i The rivulets were swollen, and the swamps inundated ; and therefo e ttrvs belilv^d that a small military force would be able to defend the comjg »gainst an invading enemy. Accordingly, lor the protec-tion of the lower dis ricts. General Lincoln left only 200 continentals, under Colonel Mcintosh, wn " 4^00mii^^m^' y'.t: w lo cui oil the 'riiiitiir. On 111, ;it;r<'t';ilily iilc. ;iiicl tixik lint; an aiuti' lie Savannah IJricr crt'ck, IS lor srvrral out. For tlie iitioii to l)ii«"< f(l a parly t(» lillc ('i)'i(iiiel Uriisr creek ivfil.anil was lie continental hc^an the en- arins without s tlie river, in small band of itia, were; not by niiniliers, inericans lost ih seven pie- olonel M'ln- il ; most of division not C rseil 1 of one fourth on of Georgia, oyalists in the complete ; and ■ould be perma- government in (linistration.and to be in force vard to be as- the people of xeriions, and to rhey elected as md delegated to was zealous in 1 ,000 militia to .incoln resume i eorgia ; and on »dy of his army, te legislature of marshes on its 1 ; and therefore end the countrv ' the lower dis 1 Mcintosh, wh 39N IIIK I'lCToHI M, IIISIOKY nail l)<>f>ii uxchiin){f(l, mid i^OO militia ; i\i« whole coiiiinunilfil \>y (ifiicral Muttl irii', who lijul iliHtiiii;uiNli(>il liiiii*!-!!' by !iin l)rav«' dolViui' of Suliivaii'.s iHiaiiil in llii' ytNir 177t). Il was t.'Xptclt d tiiat il an iiivasiim ol tin- iowt-r [niris ol Soulh lonel Harris, to Moultrie's assistance ; and crossing t):e river at Augusta, he marched down on the south side toward the town of Sa- vannah. General Prevost's original plan was merely to make a temporary incursion into South Carolina, chiefly for the purpose of inducing Lincoln to retrace his steps, and return to ihe lower parts of the river. But meeting with a feebler resistance than ho had anticipated, and encouraged by the flattering representa- tions received I'rj' . Uie loyalists of the good will of the people in general to the royal cause, ani «f the defenceless state of Charleston, his views began to en- large, and at length ho came to the resolution of making an attempt on the capi- tal of South Carolina. He resumed his march. The plundering and devasta- tion of his troops, and of his Indian allies, spread terror and desolation around him. Moultrie, with his handful of continentals, and his militia, retreated before the enemy, giving them little interruption, farther than breaking down the bridges on the road. Express on express was now despatched to General Lincoln to inform him of the alarming posture of affairs in South Carolina. That officer had crossed the Savannah at Augusta, and, notwithstanding the progress of the British army, resolved to proceed down the south side of the river, because ^hat road was al- most as near to Charleston as any other, and because, by showing his army in Georgia, he hoped to rouse the courage ' t 'he intimidated inhabitants. Mean- while all was ac'vity and alarm in Chariusioi,. Tltat city, as already meni'on- cd, is situated on a point of land betwe> i 'le '■t . ■t'' »3hley ui' ~ -oper, where they terminate in a bay of the ocean. 1 li. jea the place had been for- tified, and works orected on the islands in the bay to defend the entrance. An attack by land had not been anticipated ; and on that side the city was entirely open. But in the present alarming crisis the inhabitants began to fortify the city on the land sido, and prosecuted the work with vigor and unremitting assi- duity. All hands were employed on the work ; the slave . nd his master labored together. Lines of defence were drawn from the Ashley to the Cooper : artil ;)Mii'r!il Motd ■iii.'« inhiinl ir. |iurts ol Stiuih oiil'l iirtimplly ,;ncoln in the oliiia tin- ln'sl 1 .1 on liii wiiy lilf iiuinlxT of oiK-1 M-Inlo»h, I'uiTiil Moultrie country ; ami l)riilj,'e8 in liis 1 could ni)t The militii oi rie exs)orii:uced of 'hose tiiider xpross was seul V. It. He cou- pcr parts of ih^ itish geueral lo despatched 300 id crossing the he town o!' Sa- porary incursion I to retrace his with a feebler ring representa- in general to the V8 began to en- mpt on the capi- ing and devasla- esolation around . retreated before down the bridges n to inform him icer had crossed the British army, hat road was al- ving his army in labitants. Mean- already mennon- ,oper, where ce had been for- he entrance. An city was entirely ;an to fortify the unremitting assi- his master labored he Cooper ; artil >)F rm; amkiucw ukvoi.i tkin. •i\>v lery wus |)l:inlrd . n iliein; and llifv witc lliiiikod liy iirimcl n.illi'Vs sIiIkmumi m ilii- rivt-rn. (tciuinl Mouliric, witli lii^ It-clilc furcc, iiiicrrd ilitt iovmi , tliu y Lni> oin ;irrived , (iovernor liuilt'il^r, wiio huil tiiLin pot,iiii'i' to iiiiy jijac)' lliiil nii;;lit III' tliriMliiH'd, Jiuftliiifif 'o the poi.ii of ibii^'cr , :iuit I'uIi^Ivi'h |fj;iiiii ciiiiie III. All tlio- lortilicatioiis rtceiitly consirucUil. pnl it in u condition win ilill'iren: triiin tliat in which it li:ul Ihi'ii only a t'«'w ilay^ I" I'Mfe. Oil till- I'Vciiliig ol'llu' lUlli ol Nliiy, :iliout tliets.ile wlicn lli(>si'\i , Aiiirru-iii. iciucliMii'iiis eiitcrtMl (iiarli'^iioii, (it'iici 1 I'revosi wi:li hi.s urniy arm 1 at A^li- y li'rry. Next iiioniinu lie passed tli. ^er, inai :n.'d down tlie neck ln'twoti, le Ashley and Cooper, and look a posin 'U just wiinoiil the rruch of the i;uii« III ilie lurtilicatiotis. TIk* reniainilfr of i. day wa^ spent in Mii;;lil skiriiiislif .s tJii iIk' I2tli Cicneral iVevost siiiniiioiiL'd tli own to Mirri'iidiM ; and (imtTiior Uuiii'ilmc, deeinin<; it ol' iniicli iinportaiu'*> tu i^aiii tinii'. ilit- day was ui'('U|ii d lit ti'i^dUaiiun. On the part ul the town a proposal was laud" lor tiie neiitralii of South Carolina during the war, leaviiif^ its uliiniai>- fate lo lie deterinined by die •realy of peace ; but alter several nii'ssa^cs and < ■plaiiatuins, this proposal was miiruly rejected by General l'^evo^t. who told tin joii thai, litin^ in arms, liu'y must surrender themselves prisoiiers-of-w;ir. Tlua closed tiie nei^otiation, Hiid both parties seemed to prepare for an ajipeal li> >ins. liiit inxl iiioiiiiii||i the ;>arrison was agreeably surprised to find that th>' > ritish army had retre.ited during the night, and recrossed Ashley ferry. (>.i urveying tlie .Vinericun works, General Prevost perceiveil that, although ilu\ were unlinislied, yet it was too hazardous in hi.s circumstances to assault Mn lu . for the <>aiTisoii was more numerous than his army. There was no tiin" for ''lay, as he knew Lin- coln was ra|iidly advancing against him ; therefore lie ca: le to the luiioii of immediately retreating. General f'revost did not return tu Savannah by the dirt vaiiced ; for in (-harleston there was a numerous garrison colli was near at hand with his army. Therefore, alter p.. lie lunieil to the left and proceeded to the coast, wliiili, ab( ami being intersected by arms of the sea all the way to ilie i.i nail, all'orded him the easiest and safest method of returning to (ieorgia. He first passed into the island of St. .lames, ai !St. John, where he took post till the arrival of a fiipply of pi had lor some time expected from New York. My hasty niurches General Lincoln had arrived at 1 )orclie.-.ter, not far from Charleston, before General Prevost left Ashley ferry ; and whan the Hrilish troops proceeded tu the coast, Lincoln followed and encamped near them, both annus being about thirty miles from Charleston. .St. John's island, of which General Prevost took pusses^ion, i^ separated from tile main land by a narruw inlet called tStoiio river ; and 'tie cunnnunication be- tween the continent and the island is kept up by a ftrry. On tho coniineiit, at liiis lerry, the British general established a post ; partly for the >ecuriiy uf the ;-.laii(l, and partly for the protection of his foragers. F'or the ucleiice of the posi tliree redoubts were constructed, and joined together by line^ of communi- latioii. For some time 1,500 men were stationed at the post under Colonel I'revost ; and the conimunicalion with the island was maintained by a bridge, lorined by the numeruus schooners, sloops, and smaller vessels winch attended :»ie army. >>o long as the whole of General Prevost's force lay on St. John's island, rfi«4v lo support hi'« detachment at Stono ferry, Geueral Lincoln made noatteinp prudent reso- road, as he had ad I ins rear, and Lin- king .Ashley ferry, iding with islands, I. iUith ol the .Savaii- nil ail his baggage i then into thai of visions, wliuli he 300 TUF. PUriORIAL HISTORY . .1 , nn«t Hut il... nmish -.•nri;il set out on Ins ictiirn to ncorgla "^'"' ';! r'r..- • r f ns M;. hv nt.sn.s oi the shipping, from :. bml tc .fiin.spi.rtms a .ari;. p.iri i "> ■ 1 , . , „.jjt,,tihe s^^irr sou tl Stono ;- ' ''•"'« t,;:i''.Tsa':,;»u l ;^ "v: ';.r,"..i,r, .m.,,,,,,,,,.. » aw. l,.,ry, was ur.l.Tel l.i "•>>•""■ , "' „,„,,,,,.c„|„i„.| Mailhi,.^ A rnm.h.T ol s';™:::.=;v';it':;,»,,;l;:i;':«.:" ':■;;,.,. u,,. „i ™.i i...j «»« -\>;;;:;-M,;;i;:;i,;';l':i;:ir,7.; - ';» ;„;;- s,-'™;;ri.f ,:^;,;!;i'2 " « "■•■ rn;';:'i:'";.;r; ;;r;;' ,o, ' . ™,;,».;. !.,■ ...c ,„.,'„» ..,. ?""", rr, ■ r '.".."" I ". Chad.....,., was „, ,,»s .,v« 1„„, ,h.. tirst warninu oi tlu- appr'^'^'t^ "' '>'' '■\".,,.ia," front Ins ris-l.-. nn- nsun una.r arnts, an,! sent owl two ^''''M':';' '- ' ^^'l ^> ^^ ^^l;**'",,,.. hu^l.lau.i- aerC:ap,atn(..n.pM .oa...^^^ ers ha.1 proce..!.-! onl> '' 't"; ' ' ^ j^^^ ^.„,„,,i . ,, ,a n,,. luohlancWTs pers.sto.l ■it ^X^^IlUU^l. 'i^^rs^"!;^.t,ter Utll,.! ..r .onn.,... Of tU. two companus, el..v.n mon ..n.y r.nurne.l to the garnsm.. riie wlutlt! AniiTiuan „„. „.,„ .>:^^;:;> s.:s„;x:n,5 »si, ™a^a .^ s;;?;;.- OF TllK A.MKincW K i:\ ol.l TION. 30' rii to ncorgl-a iVom .sl:mil tc rrisoi. t f Sumo untinii o iitiou; A miiviluT ot" i were rt'inoved mail, laiiil was 1 of tlio IJritish he rcsolveil mn lack the posi ai y the troops oi. vas to pass over attention ol' il" lost at ttie Terry, il Lincohi. wiiii fonipi>se(l ol the Ibrnieil tlie h'l"t, i in the Hriiisli a gooil way in Americans yave mtly put his jrar- Din his riL;lt', un- 'l"he hii;hlanii- ;ontinental troops ilanders persisted (.(I. or the two wlioh; American leral enjjagement inch courage anJ III the Hritish U>t*. le works ; but, by eir progress was ■en unable to exe- , apprehensive of drew off his men, him. The battle I iwentv-three pri- led. 'riie Ameri- -live privates who and rJO privates 1 the post at Stimo from island to isl- al, where General mel Mailland. puts a stop to mih- inter, was now be- ;rs, in both armies, ■ season, and keep- s expected to open iieral Lincoln whh Beaufort, great, thai General Fio. 120--Miri'(l llrssians. Washington, wf.-.k as his army was, weakened it still fartlier by ser.diiij; a de lariiment, con.siri'ing of Bland's regiment of cavalry, ami the remnant of iha iaiely under Baylor, but now commanded by I-ieuteiiant-roloiud Wasliingtoii, with some nr-w levies, to reinforce (Jeneral Lincoln. The irruption of (ieneral Prevost into Souili Carolina did no credit to the iiriiish arinv. nor did it in any degree serve the royal cause, although it occa- sioned great loss to the inhabitants of the province. The British army marked its course by phmdc^r and devastation. It spread over the country to a consid- erable extent : small parties entered every house ; seized the plat(^ money, jewels, and personal ornaments of the people ; and often destroyed what they could i.ot carry away. The slaves, allured by the hope of freedom. repair 20 306 THE PlcrOKlAl, HISTORY dur Colonel Fleury and Major P.ney, formed the van of the right ; 100 y-.. Ie.-rs led bv Mnjor Stewart, eoinixtsod the van of the lelt. Both advanced >vua unloa'ded nni>s!veis and lixrd hayonets, and each was preceded by a lorlori: hope «f twei.tv men, conducte-l bv Lieutenants (Jil.bon and Knox, to remove liie •ibuttisand otlier obstructions, 'and to open a passa^re for the columns whicli lol- lowed dose in their rear. Having taken care to secure every person on the route wlio could give information of their approach, the columns reached the marsh m.discovered. In crossin- i:, unexp.'cted difHouIties occurred ; and it w:is twenty minutes past twlve when the attack conunenced. A tremendous discharge of musketry and grapeshot immediately opened on the assailants ; but both columns impetuously rushed forward with fixed bayonets, and without firintr a sliot soon u'ol complele possession ol the lort. This was a brilliant exploit ; and the assailants rained nobler and more per manent laurels by their humamtv than their bravery ; for although the place was taken bv storm, and the Am.^rican troops wer.j greatly exasperated by the mer- ciless ravages and wanton deviistaiions committed on the coast of Connecticut vet not one individual of the trarnson sullered after resistance ceased. Ol the 'sjarrison twenty men were killed in the conlUct, including one captain; and sev- enty-four wounded, among wiu.m were six oHicers. The Americans ha.l sixty- three men killed, including two ..llicers ; but their wounded did not exceed hirty Of the twenty men in Lieutenant Gibbon's forlorn hope, seventeen were eitliei killed or wotinded. The prisoners amounted to 5 13, and among them were onf lieutenant-colonel, four captains, and twenty subaltern otricers. I he military stores in the fort were considerable. , • , An attack on Fort La Fayette also was a part ol the plan ; and two brigades under General M'Dougall, were ordered to proceed towar.l it. and to be in^readi ness to attack it as soon as thev should be informed ol General Wayne s suc- cess against Stony poini. lUit .M'Dougall was not forward m time ; and the garrison of Fort La Fayette, where Colonel Webster cmnmanded, had time to prepare for resistance. Wayne turne.l the artillery of Stony point against the British ships, and compelled them to drop down the river beyond the reach ol his suns. He also fired on Verplanck's point ; but so great was the distance that his shot made little impression on the works. The critical moment for as- saulting Fort La Fayette having been lost, the plan of operation against it wa? chaniied M'Dougall's detachment was intrusted to General Howe and he was provided with some battering camion, to make a breach in the fortiUcations but, liefore he was rtady to act against the place, he tound it expedient to re ""immediately after the conference with Sir George Collier, Sir Henry Clintor was informed'of the surprise of Stony point, and of the danger of bort La fay ette. He instamly abandoned his design against New London and the coast ol Connecticut; recalled his transports and troops from the somid; moved his army to Dobb's ferry ; despatched General Stirling up the river with a body of troops in transports to the assistance of Colonel Webster ; and soon followe.l in person with a larger force, in the expectation that General Washington would be induced to leave his strong position, and hazard a battle lor the possession o Stony point. But the failure of the design against Fort La tayette rendered the possession of Stony point a matter of no great importance ; becau.se the works on Verplanck's point effectually prevented the communication by Kings f.-rry between the states on the east and west of the Hudson ; and the com.nand of that ferry copstituted the chief value of the forts on Stonv point and Ver- planck's NecK, as, when it was closed, the intercourse with /»;«.«««"^'". «=;;•," could be kept up only by a very circuitous route. Stony point, it wa. thmiglu, could not be retained without a garrison of 1,500 men , a lorce General Wash OF THE AMKIUCAN HKVOI.ITIOX. 307 100 v-.^ .■anceJ wuJ forlori: hope remove llie s which fol- rsoii on the reached the red ; and it tremendous assailants ; and without id more per le place was by the nier- Connecticut ed. Of the ,n ; and sev- is had sixty- jxcecd tbrty were eilliei Lsm were onf rhe military wo briiiades I be in readi Vayne's suc- ne ; and the , had lime to It against the the reach of the distance jment for as- jainst it wap 3, and he was fortifications pedient to re [enry Clintor Fort [ja Fay I the coast of 1 ; moved his ith a body of m followed in lington would possession of ette renilered , becaust! the on by Kiny;'s the command jint and Ver- eastein states , waf, thought, Jeneral Wash "A-t mgton could not spare from his li.'le army, which w:is not move than 9,000 strong. Hesides, as the British had the entire I'oinmaml of the river, ilit y liiul fortified Stony jM'int only on the liiiid side ; but, if the Anifricuns had kept pos- session of the post, it would have been as necessary lo fortify it toward tlie river as toward the laud, 'rinrefore (leniTal Wasliingtiui deeiueil it cxiu'difnt to evacuate the i/l;ic(!, after having lo a certain extent demolished the works. On his arrival, Sir Henry (.Miiiton again look possession of .Stony point; or- dered the fortifications to be repaired ; stationed a strong garrison in the fort, under Hrigadier-(ieneral Stirling ; and, finding that (ieuenil Wasliington coubi not be drawn from his strong position in the highlands, he again sailed down tiu! river. .Scart.elv had Sir (Icorge Collier, who had accompanied the commander-in- chief im this ex|)e(lition. returned lo .New York, when he was informed that a fleet of armed vessels, with transports and troops, had sailed from Mostou to at- tack a post, whi(di (Jeiiera' .M'l.ean was eslalilishing at Penobscot, in the eastern part of the province of Mussachusetis IJay. He immediately got ready for sea that part of the naval force which was at New York, and on the 3d of .\ugusl sailed to rcdieve the garrison of Penoliscot. In ihe moiilli of June, General .M'Lean, who commanded the royal troops in Nova Scotia, arrived in the bay of I'enobscol with nearly 700 men, in order to establish a post, which might at once be a means of checking the incursions of the Americans into Nova Scotia, and of supplying the royal yards at Halifax with shij) timber, which abounded in that part of the country. 'This establish- ment alarmed the government of Massachusetts Hay, which resolved lo dislodge .\I'].,ean, and, with great promptitude, ecpiiijped a lleia and raised troops for that purpose. 'I'lie fleet, which consisted of fifteen vessids-of-war, carrying from thirty-two to twelve guns each, with transports, was commanded by (.^ommodore Saltonstall ; liie army, amounting to between three and four thousand miliiia, was under the orders of General Lovell. General .M'Lean chose for his post a peninsula on the east side of Penobscot bay, which is about seven leagues wide and seventeen deep, terminating at the point where the river Penobscot flows into it. M'Lean's station was nine miles from the bo lom of the bay. As that part of the country was then an unbroken forest, he cleared away the wood on the peninsula, and be|';an lo construct a fori, in which he was assisted and protected by the crews of three sloops-of-war which had escorted him thither. M'Lean heard of the expedition against him on the 2 1st of Julv, when he had made little progress in the erection of his for'. On the 2;jlh the American fleet appeared in the bay ; but, owing to the opptjsi- lion of the Ikitish sloops-of-war, and to the bold and rugged nature of the shore, the troops did not effect a landing till the 28lh. This interval .M'Lean improved with such laborious diligence that his fortifications were in :', stale of consider- able forwardness. Lovell erected n battery within 750 yards of the works : for nearly a fortnight a brisk cannonade was kept up, and preparations were iHtde to assault the fort. Hut, on the 13th of August, I.ovell was informed thu Sir George Collier, with a. sujierior naval force, had entered the bay ; therefore in the night he silently embarked his troops and cannon, unperceived by the gar- rison, which was every moment in expectation of being assaulted. On the approach of the Hritish fleet, the America\is, alter some show of jjrej)- aration for resistance, betook themselves to flight. A general pursuit and unre- sisted destruclimi ensued. The Warren, a tine new frigate of thirty-two guns, and fourteen other vessels of inferior force, were either blow : up or taken. The transports fled in coidusion ; and, alter having landed the troops in a wild and uncultivated part of the country, were burnt. The men, destitute of provisions »iid other te pessaries, had to explore their way for more than 100 miles through 30S Till-: inc'l'OlMAl. IIISI'OUY i„. the .et.k.a country. Alter tlu« m.cc.,..Iu1 exploU -^.'^ -■ rg. I^"'^' '^ ^^ turned to New York, wh.ro he resijine.l the couuniind ol llie Heel to A imirai Sthl who had 'arrived fru.n Kn«la.ul w.h ..n.e sh^.H-ol-war. and wt.h provisions, stores, and reinlbrconien'.s lor the arniy. ' On descending the nver, alter repUtcng the garrison o ^' ''[ P" '^;' Henry C:linton enca.nped above llarUMn, with his upper posts at 1^ »«f "'^g«- e era Washington remained in his strong position m the ''.'«1'>'^"'1;- ''';;• Umlv d^-t-1-a'....n.eroiis parties on both sides ol '>- --j;. 'j; ^f^^ ;" ^^P'', 3ie British foragers, and to restrain the intercourse 7^\ »'';•> '^^^ j;;}" I ee who conmianded one of those parties, planned a bohl and hazardous enter ,.;,'; a!dn."Z British post at I'owles" llo..k on the Jersey bank ot the nver, ;os.fti::townofNew%ork. Thai po.t was strongly lort.hed an ol d.r.- cu t access and therefore the garrison thought themselves secure, '^"l -^l-y"^ Lee deie mi ed to make an attempt on the place ; and chose the 'no"""g "[ J^»» ioih of Augus. for his enterprise, when part of the garrison was absent on a lor- i^ mr excursh . . Advancing silently at the head of 300 men, the sentinel at the Se mistook s party for thtt which had marched out the preceding day ad Iw rhenUop'ass\mchallenged; and. almost m an ^'^f"^l^J^ ^,^ block-house and 'two redoubts before the alarm was f'^"^^ . -^^j-^J";,,^^^^^^^^^ com.nan.iant of the post, with sixty Hessians, entered "^j ^«' ""^^■"' J^^'"'„j brisk tiro on the assailants. This gave an extensive ""^^^ '^^ ^^ ^^ the firini/ of suns in New York, and by the shipping m the roads 1>["^«<^/"*' > a Irm was widely spread. In order, therefore, not to hazard the loss of his on t^e American arms, and encourage a spirit ot enterprise in l e army. The western front.e'r of the United States was near J^e dwelhngs ol a nu^^^^^ ber of Indian iribes ; and these six nations, the Mohawks, Cayugas, Tuscaro as, OneSas Ono,idagas,and Senecas, distinguished by their conlederacy, policy a Id Serv posses ed the extensive and fertile country lying between the ana oravery, possess From their lone ntercourse with Europeans, =S!n;:iss,e S3^"S SSL -s:t-.=, "To^iTfrfelllynp of these confederated nations, aid of the other Indian tribesonhefronTi of he United States, had, from the beginning ol the war b en an object of attention both to the British f-ernment and to congress But former habits together with rum, presents, and promises .rom the agents at tne Ssh posts oiMhe lakes, secur;.! to the royal cause the support ol the greater pan of the Six Nations; while a few. chiefly the Oneidas, espoused the inter- " Manv '" the" loyalists who had been obliged to flee from the United States took refuge imong^he Indians, and at once "-f -'I/^^-^Ef .^^^ their ferocity Even the savages were ashamed ot their ruthless cruelty . a a Indian cl2 have been heard to declare that they never would permit whie me' to a "^^^^^^^^^^ them m their military expeditions, because of the horriWe enormities which they perpetrated. Of the ■""''1^^«"^, ""^^/y j^^,,^ ^ V^,!?. whites we have a striking instance in the infamous conduct of Butler -^t ^^>» ming, dmng 'ite preceding campaign. In that lamentable catastrophe the Si. 30b fore reach Uolliur re- Ailiniral , iiiid Willi point, Sir iiiysbridge. [1h, l)ui tre- 3r to check jls Major iloiis eiiler- if the river, md of difli- Ihit Major ruing of the •nt on a for- ntinel at the ig day, and seized the Sutherland, lid began a attack ; and proved that ) loss of his if. wounded, e difficulties 8 not his de- eflect credit riny. s of a num- Tuscaroras, racy, policy, between the 1 Europeans, ized life, aitd tribes of the 1 some conn- an abundant other Indian r of the war, ngress. But agents at the )f the greater led the inter- United Stales h and whetted cruelty ; and permit white ■ the horrible )f the savage itler at Wyo- rophe the Six 1 310 TlIK I'lClOlMAL lIlSTOliY Nwiioiis liiiil i.iii'ii ;iii ;ii'iive part, and tlicv wcrt- iiie(litaliiir(idiH'i'il ilir rcsoluiinii td lead an ovfrwlii'liniii;; lorce into tlicir irrritory and to cIcMtrov tludr si'ttli'niiMiis. The lariicst diNMsion of llii^ arniv t-inplovcd on tlial Ncrvice assenihlfd at U'y {tinin<; on ii cliii'l' l)rani')i ot' the SiiM|iit'liaiinali. Another division wliich had winttTi'd on tli<' Moliawk. inaridicd under the orders of (ieiicral Ciinioii, and joined the main hody at tlic conlhlenee of thi' two j^real sources of tlie Suscjue liannali. On tlie 2-'d of Ausiusi ilie united lorce, ainouniinj; to nearly 5,U00 men, under the eomniand of (ieneral Sullivan, proceeded up the C'a\u^a, oi western hraiudi of the last-nameiiB!i, <»' iidiaii I'oiiii- ,fe III' those ju'iietraled Uriiiiiifd to itroii^, coiu- 'I'hey cliose ance above stance, they )r wounded ; : so discour- the unresisl- so that they inombers ol ey assailed, oiiceri\ed in retired from the soutlierii si the force )roviiices. ing his ships Admiral By- ■my ill New )omiiiica, St. West Indies I compensate jrricanes ap- i fleet, sailed lesion, and to ession of the ria was much General Lin- ig by his aid It Charleston, ly, D'Eslaing vo sail of the ard, appeared (hip, and some rry on U.e Sa- sing the rivei jver, he -each* / sia THE IMC'IOUI M, lIlsroilY eil tilt- •.ouili. '11 (tank, ami eiuiimiM'd on ilif lieiflilH iif Khi'm'Zer. iwi-iiiy-tlin-e iiiili'N I'nim tilt' town of S;iv,imi:ili 'riitTc lit; wiis joi 1 l)y ('olimcl M'liitiwli, with his .It'iiiiliiiiciii, Irom Aimiist:i. I'lilaHki's l.-aion iiUo arrivcil iii raiiiii. <>n llif HHiiK! (lay tliat Lincoln passi'il Zulily's iV-rry, D'Hstainy landed IJ.OiU) men al |{i'aiili»'U ; a'nprfhinilitij,' no iiniiH'diati- ih-.im'r, lif had Wfakfiicd his narrison iiy fstaldish- iny Moi lislant tnitposts in .Jt'ornia, and by Icavini,; ('(doiitl Maitland with a stioiiir dttachini'iit at Ufauforl, in tin; island of I'firt Koyal in South Carolina; lint on thf a|ipi'aran.t' of liif rri'iii h llft'l, he iminediati'ly callfil in all his out- posts , and lii'l.irf tlif Frtnch landfd, or tiie Aineriiims crossed the river, all the Itrilish dftachint'iits in (Jeornia had asseinliled al iht; town of Savannah, and amounted to nearly 2,0(10 men. Kven hcfore ilit' arrival of liincoln, D'Kstainjj had siiminoned the place to Murrenilor. lint aliiiouuh (Jeiieral I'revost had exerted himself with t(reat ac- tivitv in sireiititheiiiii!; the defences of tln3 place from the inoinenl that he heard of the apiicanince of the French licet on the coast, yi!t his works were incom- plete, and lie was desirous of uainint: time, lit; reiiuested a susjiension ,'ih, Ceneral Pre vosi now inl'ormetl Count d'Hsiaiiii,' that he was resolved to ileteiid the place to the last ex'.reniitv. 'rile comtiined armies determined to liesieiie the town, and made the neces.saiy preparatitins for that pur|)o.si!. Several days wi^re spent in lirinuiny up heavy artillery and stores from the (leet ; and on the '-^^M of Septein her, tlie hesiei;ii;^ army liroke ground before the town. Hy the Is. of October thev had advanced within 300 yards of the British works. Several batteries, moiiiitiii;r thirtv-tiirfe pieces of heavy cannon and nine mortars, had for several days played incessantly on the garrison ; and a lloatiiis,' battery of sixteen j>uns hail also Opened upon it from the river. Hut this cannonade made little impres- sion on the works. The situation of D'Estaing became extremely unpleasant. More time had al ready lieen spent in the siege than he had allotted for the expulsion of the Urit ish troops fro'm that province. The French West India islands were exposed to danger in his absence ; the tempestuous season of the year was setting in ; a superior IJritish fleet might come against him ; and his ollicers strongly re- mon>trated against remaining longer in the Savannah. By continuing their regular approaches for a few days more, the besiegers would probably have made themselves masters of the place ; but these few days D'Estaing could no*, spare. No alternative remained but to raise the siege, or storm the i)lace. The las^()f these the French commander resolved to attempt. For that purpose, on the .Homing of the 9th of October, a heavy cannonade and bombardment opened on the town. Three thousand French, and 1,500 Americans, led by U'Estaiiig and Lincoln, advanced in three columns to the assault. A well-directed and destructive tire Irom the batteries opened upon them ; but they resolutely ad- vanced, broke through the abatis, crossed the ditch, and mounted the parapet The French and Americans, with emulous valor, each planted a standard on a redoulit ; but fell in great numbers in endeavoring to force their way into the works. While the assailants were vigorously opposed in front, the batteries galled their thinks. Count Pulaski, at the head of 200 horsemen, galloped be- tween the batteries toward the town, with the intension of charging ••he garrison in the rear ; but he fell mo.-tally wounded, and his squadron was l»«t,Ts uiiiu"! tlifir lifiulinnrUTs »»l' licru proviiiifs. on iiy cstiitili^li- liiilliiiul Willi ii ><.iuili Caroliiiii ; .1 ill ;ill his ovil- .,1 tilt! river, all r Savannah, and .,1 ihu i'l;ii-e to ' with t[r»!at ac- iii ihiit he heard ks were iiiCDm- spi'imion of hu9 ciiiiciil iiiUTviil, ■isoii ")!' neiiutorl ;ih. (MMicnil Pre tend lilt' plaoi! U. ire the town, and ys wt-re spoilt in ic 'i'.Jdof Septein e Is. of Octoher Several batteries, i, had tor several V of sixteen ynns lade little iinpres- Morc lime had al iion of ihe Ikit Is were exposed was selling in ; cers sironjjly re- coniinning their 1 probahly have ".slainu; could no*, lithe place. The that purpose, on nhardment opened .ed by D'Estaiiig well-directed and y resolutely ad- nted the parapet a standard on a eir way into the ront, the batteries men, galloped be- rging «.he garrison ■as l»roli.-w». Th» figor of the assaihiiit:* lieuivii to Jibaiic . and, lUer .» desperale coiiilii:! h niisiu'cessfui, yet, instead of mutual accusalions and reproaeii's, ilieir respeet for eaell ollie, was inert ased. .Mtcr tins repulse no lii>pt> of takini; the town reiii.aiiicd ; and Count d'Kstaiiig haviiij removed his heavy artillery, both armii's h Ii their grouiul on the evening of the iHth of Octnlier. D'Kstaing inarehed only two miles that evening, and remained in the same encampment next day, in onler to cove General lancoln's retreat, and seeure liim from a |i(!rsuit by the garrison. The .Vmericaiis re- erosMd ijie .S.'iv.iiiiiaii al /iibly's ferry, and look a position in S iiilli (.'ar(dina. The iiiihiia niiiriied home. The Freiuli, with all their ariill(>ry, ammunition, and liauntiije, embarked without ilelay ; but scarcely were ihey on board when a violent ^torm arose, which so completely dispersed the fleet, that, of seven ships wliifli the admiral ordered to llamplon Uoad in Chesapeake iiay, one only was .ilije to reacli that place. I'rom the arrival of tlu! F'rench to assist in the siege of Savannah, the Ameri- cans had anticipateil the most brilliani lesults ; and the discomfilure of the coin- hilled forces at that (ilacc spread a deep gloom ove the southern provinces, where the canst; id' independence seemed more itespeiate than al any former period of the war. Their pajier money became more depreciated; the hopes ol the loyalisiH revived ; and many exiles returned to lake possession of their estates ; but they were soon obliged again to abandon their property, and to seek refuse among strangers. t)ii bt.'ing informed by Lincoln of his circumstances, congress desired General \\ iisliiniiton to order the North Carolina troops, and any other detachments he could span; from the northern army, to the aid of the southern provinces. At the same time they assureil the inhabitants of South Carolina and Georgia of their watchful attention ; and recommended to those states the tilling up of their coiitiiitMital regiments, and a due regard to their militia while on actual service. During tht; sieije of Savannah, an ingenious enterprise of partisan warfare was executed by Colonel White of the Georgia line. Before the arrival of the rrencli tleot in the Savannah, a British captain, with HI men, had taken post near ilie river Ogeeche, twenty-five miles from Savannah. At the same place were five British vessels, four of which were armed, the largest with Iburteen guns, the least with four : and the vessels were manned with forty sailors. Late at uiglit, on the 30th of September, White, who had only six volunteers, inclu- ding ids own servant, kindled a number of fires in ilifferent places, so as to ex- hibit the appearance of a considerable encampment, practised several other cor- responding artifices, and then summoned the captain instantly to surrender. That orticer, believing that he was about to be attacked by a superior force, and that nothing but immediate submission could save him and his men from destruc- tion, made no defence. The stratagem was carried on with so much address, iliai the prisoners, amounting to 141, were secured, and conducted to the Ameri- can |)ost at Sunbury, twenty-five miles distant. 'I'he failure of the attack on Savannah, with the departure of the French fleet from the coast of America, presented a gloomy prospect, and was the forerun- ner of many calamities to the southern states. By their courage and vigor me northern provinces had repelled the attacks of the enemy, and discouraged fu- ture attempts against them. But, although the bravo defence cf Sullivan's isl 314 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY ""Ml'iiiiiinmr OF TllK AMKKICAX RKVOMTION. 3,3 and, in 177«, l;a.l lon>r ron.-v.d.d ,hv iac. it vv;,s now ,lis.ov,.,v,l il.,i, tho *,>wl. ern colonists pos..s.s..,| ....nh.,, ,1,. s,rn,u,l. nor v,,or of tla-tr , /r , ,t norli,. u. r:.,,„l .•„„,|u..s, .,t (;,.„r.,., the oasv .n.ircl. of I'r.vnst Vu v 'rv ...tes ot Lharlesto,,. a.,,1 th.- tttnid l.d.av.or of n.'anv of th. .■. ,s v ^Z vu.,.ra,.ie pan c^' the m.on, J i^x' T i!:^^^:' !;;::; "'j.;'r .1.. a„e,.,io,. or the Hnt.sh co,,:;;.;!::;:^;^:^;^';:;';!;,;.;::!;;;;::'-^ -'''"'^''-- >>avaniiali, tlio cliief town of Cciiriri-i vvi>c i.. tl. . 1 1 .1 r. • , .uui had been .ucep.V.iiy de,e..iej'Sn:a i:!-;!;;": l^i 1^F;'XI:^ Amencans; and therefore S,r Henry Clinton resolved ,0 ,. in posses" o,." ( ha. estonaso.the capital of South Carolina, whieh ^v..tdd %ve ' mn t ' n "i-ind 01 all the southern parts of the Union. Uavin- made the n.... ara.i.,ns, he sailed from New York on the -^Gth , f). I "* "''^^•'0' prq. Adnnral Arbuthnot, hut dtd not arrive al Sv^m^ir.l H o ') ;:;;r"^-hl voyap was ,en,pestuons : sotne of the transports and victualler were Lt 1 ers siiattered, and a tew taken by the American cruisers Vr.wt If o ' and draught horses perished. ()ne of the . u nor, wluch a I? ' ''""''-^ irotn the fleet, was brought into Chariest;: 3"^^ S','':;" ^''Sth prisoners gave the first certain notice of the destination of e.^ .' , on "" As .soon as 1 was known that an arnvin.enl was fitlinc, on a New York many suspected that the southern states w-^re t,. 1... •, . .. ;i i '^ \ , ^^"^' .".l»|.|.v „„„„e „r .t,„erican ,.,n, , , ■ ".iu ul .ll ^r'^™,;':,' ,""-'' '?' "'" off :;?;^;^-;;:.r;L=is=:£^S r='- I'l" a leeble force, an.l to increase it was not easv • f« h^ n I ™''^ was in a state of great depreciation-t S'vor^om.vth'r ''''"' """"'^ were reluctant again to repair to the stan.iar 1 of th^ir cl lU Th^ ■ he e l''^"'' ' """"''• ""' '''"'^'"^ '"^""^ 'he protracted ;tru 'le :":i';,:::;;:-'';::;;;sN;,:r£;;::„s^ ni'iital troons of North r-.r,.lin.. ..„! \r • Congr-ss ordered the conti- J13 TllK PICTORIAL HlSTCMiY & iS>" S3 OF TIIK AMI:RIC.\\ K1:voI,I TION. 317 iime ha,l been n^o-ssarilv sp.nr :,t S;,va„„,,l,, „ wms ,h,. Ihhof f-VI,ruarv, 1780. before h« lan,le,l m, S,. John's islun,!, >lur.y n.il.-s soiul. Iru.n (Jl.ul.sio,.-. Had he even then mard,..,! rapidly u|.,.n ihc town, h. «onl.l pn.bahlv have entered it without much opposHM.n; hut, nuu^Hul oC h.s r.-pulse m 177(i. his proi^ress was inarUd by a wary cireunuspectio.i. Uv procecU.,! bv the islands ol St. John and St. James while part ol his fleet advanced to b'lockade the harbor. Ho u 1.1 ] , 1 00 men Iron, Savannah, and ne^dc'te.! nothing ,hat could ensure success. Meanwhile (governor Hutledge, with such of his council as he could conveni- ently consult, was invested with a dictatorial authoniv, and empowered to do everythinsT necessary lor the public j-ood, except taking awav the life of a citi zen without lepl irial. 'I'he assembly, alicr dele^atm.. to'the governor this power till ten days alter its next session, dissolved itself (iovrnor Rutledge and General Lincoln were indefat'iga!,le in improvin- the ■line which the s o^v progress of the royal army alTorded them. Six hundred slaves were employe.l m constructing or rej)airiiig the fortifications of the town • vigorous though not very successful measures were taken to bring the militia uito the held ; and all the small detachm.nts of regular troops were assembled m the capital. I he works which had b. . n begun on Charleston Neck, u hen General 1 rcvost threatene.l the place, were resumed. A chain of redoubts .mes, and Imu-ries was formed between the Coc.per and Ashley. In front of' t>ach (lank the works were covered by swamps extending from the rivers ; these opposite swamps were connected l,y a canal ; between the canal and the works were two strong rows of abatis and a ditch double picketed, with deep holes at 8ho t distances, to break the columns in case of an assault. Toward the water works were thrown up at every place where a landing was practicable. The /es.sels intended to defend the bar of the harbor having been found insufTicient ■or itiat purpose, their guns were taken out and planted on the ramparts, and the .eamen were stationed at the batteries. One of the ships, which was not dis- mantled, was p'aced m the river Cooper, to assist the batteries ; and several essels were sunk at the inouth of the channel, to prevent the entrance of the ro> tl navy. General Lincoln hoped that, if the town could be for a while de- lende.l, such reinforcements would arrive from the north as, together with the mdit a of the state would compel Sir Henry Clinton to raise the siege, As the fegidar troops in the town did not exceed 1,400, a council of war found that the garrison was too weak to spare detachments to obstruct the progress of the royal army. Only a sma 1 party of cavalry and some light troops were ordered to hover on its left flank and observe its motions. While those preparations for defence were going on in Charleston, the Brtt- ish army was cautiously but steadily advancing toward the town. As he pro- ceeded, Sir Henry C inton erected forts and formed magazines a. nroper sta- ons, and was carelul to secure his communications with those forts and with le sea. All the horses of the ikitish army had perished in the tedious and Tilu^Tv '"'" ^''' V"""! "' ^"'"'"'"'^ = l^"^' "" '^'-'i"*^' '" S»"'h Carolina, ^ir licnry Clinton procured others to mount his dragoons, whom he formed into i light corps under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton. That officer .Trm,ll,?'"f ^ ''"'""r V' '"■•'"■'"*'' '•'" '"''' ^"'^ "'■ 'he army, and in dispersing emilma. In one of his excursions he fell in with Lieutenant-Colonel Wash- S'witii bss'*'"'"''" """ ""'"""" "'" "^^''"''' ^««''n«"'- ^'"l *^ho beat hi.n On the 20th of March the British fleet under Admiral A rbuthnot, consisting of » If .P . •'' ^","'.' '"^^ "'" '"""y-'"""'- e«^l', four of thiny-two each, and a., fT r. ' P^^rV*'" ''"■■ '" '■'■°"' "'■ K'-'hellio.. roa.L and anchored in Five- rattiom hole The American naval force, under Commodore Whipple, retreated OF IllK AMKKIC.W U KVol.I.TlO.N. 319 first 10 Sullivan's usiaiul. ami .irfrwanl u, Chariot!,,,,, wtn-re, as already men. .i..ne,l tlu- ships were .iis.nanil.-.l a.i.l tho irews fmpl..v,.,l „„ tho norks. On the 9ih of April Admiral Arl.uthnot, takin;; Mdvanta;;,. of\ stron- south.-rly wind and a (lowing tide, pass.d Fort Moultrie, and anchore.l just without reach of the yuus o( Lharlestou, The fort kept up a heavy lire on the fleet while passinir n \t 'Ifo'."*' r >r«T '» '''n''"'''' •""' '^'"'"' "^ ^^""'"'"'J 'wenty-seven men.' On he '• ""•'•^'" ^'*^"»'^*''' ""g«^ hlid passed the r er .uid taken post at Monk's corner, thirty miles above Charleston. Posts of '1 itu were establishe.l between the Cooper and Saiitee, and at a ferry on the . sl-iiam..d nver where boats were ordered to be collected in order to (ficilitate "' Swr ''"\'-'r"'""'. V,' f •'""''• ^' "ecessary to evacuate the towr,. Hut I eUntish general defeated all those precautions; for as the possession of the .. r or eudered the occupation of the forts to the southward unnecessary, Sir Unr) Clint.,,, resolved to call in the troops which had been employed i,', that !.n ' '? , '^f <=»nj'nunicaiion of the garrison with the country to the north- 11.: , ;J" ,7'nplete the investiture of the town. For those piirposes, as the ct Nvas unable to enter the river Coope., he deemed it necessary to dislodge marfernf ?»" '"^'"'1 "'"* ::'"P'7«J Lieutenant-Colonel Tarleton to beat up the o sh , '^"'''■^ ^' ^''""'^ ** '=°"'^'- Conducted during the nght, by L ne- ^rosla»e through unfrequented paths, Tarleton proceeded toward the American post , and, although the comman.lerof the party had taken the precaution of pla- Mi» w OK THK AMKiaCA.N liKVOI^UTION. 321 cinp senliiipls a mile in I'roiir i)f liis siiition, and dI' kcfpini; liis Imrst's saildled and bri'lled, yet 'I'arlcloii advanced so ra])idly that, uolwiilisiaiidinii tlic alarm wa? jrivt-n by tlie outposts, lie lit'sjan the attack hel'ore the Americans could put 'heinsclves in a posture ol' dclcncc, killed or took ahout thirty of tlicin, and dis- •jeised the rest. The arrival of three thousand men from New York ureallv in- ifeased tlie strength of the hesiejiers. The second parallel was completed ; and it daily became tnore apparent thai the jjarrison must ultimately submit. An evacuation of the town was proposed, and General Linculn seems to hare been favorable to the measure ; but the garrison could scarcely have escaped, and the pritu'ipal inhabitants entreated the general not to abandon ibent to the fury of the enemy. 'I'he British troops on th(^ norUi of the Cooper were increased, and (^ornwal- lis was appointed to command in that quarter. On the 20111 of .\pril, General Lincoln again called a council of war to deliberate on tlie measures to lie adopted. The council recommended a capitulation ; terms were oH'ered, but re- jected ; and hostilities recommenced. After the besiegers had begim their third parallel, Colonel Henderson made a vigorous sally on their right, which was at- tended with some success ; but, owing to the weakness oi the garrison, this was the only attempt of the kind during the siege. After the fleet passed it, Fort Moultrie became of much less importance than before, and part of the garrison was removed to Charleston. The admiral, per- ceiving the unfinished state of the works on the west side, prepared to storm it. On the 7th of May, everything being ready for the assaidt, he summoned the garrison, consisting of 200 men, who, being convinced of their inability to de- t^end the place, surrendered themselves prisoners-of-war, without firing a gun. On the same day, the cavalry which had escaped from Monk's corner, and which had reassembled under the conmiand of Colonel White, were again surprised and defeated by Colonel Tarleton. After Cornwallis had passed the Cooper, and made himself master of the peninsi la between that river and the Santee, he occasionally sent out small foraging parties. Apprized of that circumstance, (>olonel White repassed the Santee, fell in with and took one of those parties, and despatched an express to Colonel Buford, who commanded a regiment of new levies from Virginia, requesting him to cover his retreat across the Santee at Lanneau's ferry, where he had ordered some boats to be collected to carry his party ovor the river. Colonel White reached the ferry before Buford's arrival, and think ng himself in no immediate danger, halted to refresh his party. Corn- wallis, having received notice of his incursion, despatched Tarleton in pursuit, who, overtaking him a few minutes after he had halted, instantly charged him, lulled or took about thirty of the party, and dispersed the rest. Charleston was now completely invested ; all hopes of assistance had been cruelly disappointed ; and the garrison and inhabitants were left to their own resources. The troops were exhausted by incessant duty, and insufficient to man the lines. Many of the guns were dismounted, the shot nearly expended, and the bread and meat almost entirely consumed. The works of the besiegers were pushed very near the defences of the town, and the issue of an assault was extremely hazardous to the garrison and inhabitants. In these critical cir- cumstances General Lincoln summoned a council of war, which recommended a capitulation. Terms were accordingly proposed, ofTering to surrender the town and garrison, on condition that the militia and armed citizens should not tK prisoners-of-war, but should be allowed to return home without molesta- tion These terms were refused ; hostilities recommenced, and preparations lor an assault were in progress. The citizens, who had formerly remonstrated against the departure of the garrison, now became clamorous for a surrender. In this hopeless state. General L incoln offered to give up the place, on thu teriu« 31 3\i-i THE I'lCTOKlAF. HISTORY whicli Sir Iltiiry ('lintt)ii had formerly proposed. The olFer was aciejn,-d, and tlie cii|)iiul:iii()n was signed on the 12th of May. The town anil fortitic-atioiis, the sliipi)iii!j, artillery, and all public stores, wer« to he given up as thev iheii were , tlie garrison, consisting of the continental troopst niditia, sailors, and citizens who 'lad borne arms during the siege, were to he prisoners-oi'-war ; the garrison were to march out of the town, and lay down their arms in front of the works, but their drums were not to beat a Brit- ish march, and their colors were not to 1)6 uncased ; the continental troops and sailors we're to be conducted to some place afterward to be agreed on, wher'.- thev were to be well supplied with wholesome provisions till exchanged ; the militia were to he allowed to go home on parole ; the olFicers were to retain their arms, baggage, and servants, and they might sell their horses, but wcit not per- mitted to t^aCe them out of Charleston' ; neither the persons nor property of the militia or citizens were to be molested, so hmg as they kept their parole. On these terms the garrison of ('harlest(m marchel out and laid down theii arms, and General Leslie was appointed by the Uritish commander-in-chief to lake possession of the town. The siege was more obstinate than bloody. The besiegers had 76 men killed, and 189 wounded; the besieged had 92 killed, and US wounded; about twenty of the inhabitants were killed in their houses by random shots. The number of prisoiuus reported by the British commander- in-chief amounted to upwanl of .5,000, exclusive of sailors ; but in that return al! tlie freemen of the town ca|)ahle of bearing arms, as well as the continental sol- diers and militia, were included. The number of continental troops in the town amounted only to 1,777, about 500 of whom were in the hospital. The effective strength of the garrison was between 2,000 and 3,0C0 men. The besL^ging army^consisted of about 9,000 of the best of the British troops. .Vfter the British got possession of the town, the arms taken from the Ameri- cans, amounting to 5,000 stand, were lodged in a laboratory, near a large quan- tity of cartridges and loose powder. By some means the powder exploded and blew up the house ; and the burning fragments, which were scattered in all di- rections, set fire to the workhcmse, jail, and old barracks, and consumed them. The British guard stationed at that place, consisting of fifty men, was destroyed, and alxnit as many other persons lost their lives on the dis-nstrou-s occasion. The fall of Charleston spread a deep gloom over the aspect of American af- fairs. The southern armv was lost ; and, although small, it could not soon be replaced. In the southern parts of the Union there had always been a consider- able number of persons friendly to the claims r( Britain. The success of her arms roused all their lurking partialities, encouraged the timid, drew to the Brit- ish (aiise all those who are ever ready to take part with the strongest, and dis- couraged and intimidated the friends of congress. Sir" Henry Clinton was resolved to keep up and deepen the impression on the public mind, by the rapidity of his movements and the appearance of his troops in different parts of the country. For that purpose he sent a strong detachment, under Cornwallis, over the Santee, towanl the frontier of North Carolina. He despatched a second, of inferior force, into the centre of the province ; and ?ent a third up the Savannah to Augusta. These detachments were instructed to disperse any small parties that still remained in arms, and to show the people thit the British troops were complete masters o** South Carolina and Georgia. So(m after passing the Santee, Cornwallis was informed that Colonel Buford was lying, with 400 m» u, in perfect security, near the border of North Carolina He immediately despatched Colonel Tarleton, with his legion, to surprise that party. After performing a march of. 104 miles in fifty-four hours, Tarleton, at the iiead of 700 men, overtook Buford on his ma.ch, at the Waxhaws. and or 4«red 1 m to surrender, offering him the same terms which had beep ^anie-.! 'u ras aci ejnf J , ic stores, were le coiitiiicnUil le siege, weru tuvvn, and lay beat a Brii- tal truops Hiiil 3eJ on, whti'' (changed ; the 3 to retain their . wcifc not per- jroperiy of tlie parole. id down tlieii der-in-chief to bloody. The had 92 killed, ri their houses ih commander- 1 that return al! [continental sol« )ps in the town. The etfective The besiii'ging rom the Ameri- r a large quan- ir exploded and itered in all di- unsumed them. was destroyed, ; occasion, f American af- jld not soon be )een a consider- success of her rew to the Brit- ongest, and dis- ipression on the ce of his troops )ng detachment, I Carolina. He i^ince ; and ?ent re instructed to how the people and Georgia. Colonel Buford North Carolina to surprise tluu urs, Tarletoii, !ii ixhaws, and or beep qjante'.! 'u OK I'llK AMKKI(\\\ RKVOM'TION. 3?.i ihe i;lltl"i^on of ("harlesion. On Miiliird's refusal, 'l"arii'io!i iiisiautly fhargi'd iIim p;ir'y, wlio were dispirited, and luiprcpared for such an unset. Most ot tliein threw down their nrins, and made no resistance ; iiut a few eoiilinufd lirin^ ; and an iiulisei iininale slaughter ensued of tlmse wiio liad subnulted as well iis of those who resivled. Many beuijed for cjuarter, hut no iiiiarter was ijiveu 'I'uihiiins f/iiiirt'' came proverbial tlirouu;hout the I'nion, ami rendered some siiliseijueiit coiiliii'ls more fierce and bloody than they would otlierwise h.ave been. Mui'ord and a few horsemen forced their way ihroiinii tiie enemy and es- C:i|)ed ; some of the iiifanlry. also, who were somewhat in advance, saved them- selves bv lliiflil ; liiit till' regiment was almost annihiiateil. Tarleion stated that I I :i were killed on ihe spot ; 150 let't on parole, so iiadly wounded that they voiiid not be removed ; and 53 brought away as prisoners. The i>ruial slaugiiter on ths occasion, and the violation of every principle of humanity and the riglits of the vamiiiished, excited much indignation in .Vinerica. After the defeat of Buford, there were no parties in South Carolina or (ieorgia c:ipable of resisting the roy.il detachments. The armed force of coagress in those provinces seemed annihiiateil ; and the spirit of opposition among tlie in- habitants was greatly subdued. In order to secure the entire submission of that part of the country, military detai'liineiits were stationed at the most coimnanding |)oiiits ; and measures were inirsiied for settling the civil administration, and for consolidating tin,' compiest of the jirovinces. So fully was Sir Henry ('lintoii convinced of the subjugation •lithe comitrv, iind of the sincere submission of the inhabitants, or of their ina- bility to resist, that, on the 3d of .lime, he issued a proclamation, in which, alter stating thai all persons should take an active part in settling and securing his majesty's gin eminent, and in delivering the country from that anarchy which for Bome lime had prevaileil, he discharijed from their |)arole the militia who were prisoners, except those only who had been taken in C'harleston and Fort Moul- trie, and restored them to all the rights and duties of inhabitants ; he also de clared that such as should neglect to return to their allegiance should be treated as enemies and rebels. It might easily have been foreseen that the i)roclamation was to awaken liie resentment and alienate the jitTections of those to whom it was addressed. Many of the colonists had submitted in the hope of iieing allowed, under the shelter of the llritisb government, to attend to their own aliairs in a slate of peaceful Iran- quiliity ; but the |)roclaination dissipated this delusion, and opened their eyes to their real situation. Neutrality and peace were what they desired ; but neutral- ity and peace were denied them. If they did not range themselves under the standards of congress, they must appear as militia in the royal service. The colonists sighed for peace ; but, on linding that they must fight on one side or the other, they preferred the baniiiTs of their country, and thought they had as good a right to violate the allegiaiici^ and parole which Sir Henry Clinton had imposed on them, as he had to change their state from that of ;.iisoners to tiri of British suiijects without their consent. They imagined tliat the proclamation released ''.em from all antecedent obligations. Not a few without any pretence of reasoning on the subject, deliberately resolved to make professions of submis- sion and allegiano; to the British government so long as they found it conve- nient, but with the resolution of joining the standards of their country on the first o|)portunity. Such duplicity is always to be reprobated ; but the unsparing ra- pacity with which the inhabitants were plundered by the foriegn soldiery and iiired Hessians made many oi them imagine that no means of deception and vengeance were unjustifiable. Hitherto the French fleets and troops had not afforded much direct assistance c the Americans, but they had impeded and embarrassed the operations o( ih» 1i4 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY Fio. 13S.— A Kronrh Kusileer. Brtisn commanJer-in-clnef. He hii.l iritonde.l to sail against Charleston so S a. ThTmonth of September, 1779; hut the expected appearance of Count d'Estatng onThe southern coast had -letain.-d hi.n at New York t.l the laite, panof December. It was his intention, after the reduction o ^•'■"■leston ng- Lusly to employ the whole of his force in the ^^l^J'-f "«" "^ ^'1%^' f th' town* inces, hut information, received about the time of »hc^""«'"''^^ "^ '^;,.,T"; that Monsieur de Ternay, with a fleet and troops from France was expected on the American coast, deranged his plan, and ,n. need h.m to "^f ""^ )« ^^J /^^^J with the greater part of his army ; leaving Earl Cornwalhs a the lie'^'l "f/-000 men to prosecut'e the southern conquests. Sir Henry Clinton sailed from Charleston on the 5th of .hine. , r . <• n ,k. An.Priran \fter . -e reduction ol Charleston, end the entire defeat of all the An encan detachments in those parts, an unusual calm ensued for six ^^^'^'^f „^,f;;/";;i"; the cause of his s..vereign, and imagining that South Carolina and Georgia were reannexed to the British empire in sentiment as well as in '^PPearance, Cornwall lis meditated an attack on North Carolina. Impatient, however, ^^f ^^'J'^ officer was of repose, he could not carry his purpose into munediate execu- tion. The great heat, the want of magazines, and the impossibility of subsis • i„g his army in the field before harvest, compelled him to pause. ^lU the inter, val was not lost. He distributed his troops in such a manner in South Caro Una and the upper parts of Georgia, as seemed most favorable to the eu.stment of voung men who cmild be prevailed on to join the royal standard ; he ordered companies of royal militia to be formed; and he maintained a corre.spondence witKch of the inhabitants of North Carolina as were riend y to the Brit^h ratise. He informed them of the necessity he was under of postponing the expedition into their country, and advised them to attend to their harvest and to remain quiet till the royal army advanced to support the. a. Eager, how- ever to manifest their zeal, and entertaining sanguine hopes of success, tliey dis- regarded his salularv adv' :e. and broke out into premature insurrections, wlucb OF TIIK AMKHICAN lUlVOl.l Th "N. »3fl Charleston so araiico of Count k till the laitei Chiirk'ston, vig- e adjacent prov- er of the town, ivas expected on rn to New York »i head of 4,000 ton sailed from II the American ;ks. Zealous in nd Georgia were irance, Cornwal- r, as that active ninediate execu- ibility of subsist- . But the inter- II South Carolina he enlistment of lard ; he ordered I correspondence lly to the British if postponing the their harvest and HI. Eager, how- success, they dis- urrectious, which a were vigorously resisted and gfiicrjilly supjirrssfd. Iliii nup pariv of tht-m, iiinouiiiitig to 800 men under a ('oldiii-i Mry:iii, iiiarclird down tlie S iidkin I'j a Hriiisli post at ilif Chiriws, and .iHfrwani rcarhfii Cauiilcn. Having made the necpssary dispo>iti(ins, Cornwailis intrusted the eonunaiid in thf frontier to Lord Rawdon, and rrtnrncd to ("harlcston, in ordi-r to organ- ize ihi" civil goveriimrnt of the province, nnd to ••stalilisli sucli regulations as rirruinstances reipurt-d. Hut that active olFicer si owcii himself more a soldier iljan a politician. .Military government is necessarily a system of despotism and coercion, which is otl'ensive to persons who have heeii accustomed to exer- cise their own judjiinent in the regulation of their conduct. Instead, however, of eudcavorinL' '•> resjain, by kindness and conciliation, the good will of a people whose affections were alienated from the cause in which he was engaged, Corn- wailis attemptei! to ilrive them into allegiance by harshness and severity. In- deed, many of 'ho Uriilsh oHicers vi«!wed the .Vnu'ricaiis merely in the light of rciiels and traitors, whose lives it was induljiem-e to s|);ire ; treated them not only with injustice, but with insolence and insidl more inlers were imprisoned in the town, and others consiiiued t(j dungeons at a distance from their families. In short, every method except that of kindness and conciliation, • . resorted to in order to compel the |)eoj)le to become British subjects. A few who had always been well affected to the royal cause, cheer- fully returmd to their allegiance ; and many followed tiie same course from con- venience. To abandon their fani'lies ami estates, and encounter all the priva- !:'ins of fugitives, required a degree of patriotism and fortitude which few pos- sessed. In that melancholy posture of American affairs, many of the ladies of Charles- ton displayed a remarkable degree of zeal and intrepidity in the cause of their country. Th(^y gloried in the appellation of rebel ladies, and declined invita- tions to public entertainments given by the British ofllcers ; but crowded to prison ships and other places of confinement to solace their suffering country- men. While they kept back from the concerts and assemblies of the victors, they were forward in showing sympathy and kindness toward American officers wherever they met them. They exhorted their brothers, husbands, and sons, to an unshrinking endurance in behalf of their country, and cheerfully became the inmates of their prison and the companions of their exile ; voluntarily renoun ciiig aflliKMice and ease, and encountering labor, penury, and privation. For some time the rigorous measures of the British officers in South Carolina seemed successful ; and a deathlike stillness prevailed in the province. Th» clangor of arms ceased, and no enemy to British authority appeared. The peo- ple of the lower part of South Carolina were generally attached to the revolu- tion ; but many of their most active leaders were prisoners. The fall of Charles- ton, and the subsequent events, had sunk many into despondency, and all were overawed. This gloomy stillness continued about six weeks, when the symp- toms of a gathering storm began to shov/ themselves. The oppression and in suits to which the people were exposed highly exasperated them : they repented OF'I'IIK AMKUHAN UK V ( tU'TlON. 3J1 tit »[i;illiv « illi wliii'li tlicy IkhI seen lln- sir^c i>\ ('liiirli'Niini (Mrrifil nil, ;iiii| fill tinit ilic lull 1)1 liii'ir r;i|iii;il, iii.straii ol' iiiiriiiliiiiiiL; niili'tv ami rur:il ir;uii|ijil- litv. iiH ilii'V litiil liiiiilly :iiiiii'i|iatt'(l, was nnlv ilii' rorcruiiiicr of iiiMtloiii cxactioiiM ami (ipjrrs.siv*' sfrxlicM. I'cat I'liil mihI uiuliHiiirlM'd nnilraliiy was *vliat tlirv ilcMiri'il uiiil what tlicy hail i'X|>t'ri)'il . Init when they rniiinl thniiM'lvfs com- pcllfl 111 tiviiicial liamiirs. and llic most daring iimIv w.iiii'd an ii|i|iiiriiiniiy to hIhiw ilii'ir linMidiiy to liii'ir new inaNtiTs. Suili an (i|i|)iiriuniiy Niiiin prt'scnlcd it-ndt. In ihr fnd nt" March, (It'iiiTal U iishinuiiin ili'spiiii'hi'il ihr ininpN ot' Maryland and Dtdawiirt-, with a rt'irinicnt III ariilliry, inidt-r the Marim df Kalb, ii vctiTiui (icrnian titliccr, who iiad f nly »'nL''iL'»'d in liir Anirric in scrvifr, to ninl'iirri' tho siiutiicrn arniv. 'I'liat df- ta'.dnncMi nit'l willi nian\ iilisirnitiuns in its priiL'rcss sowtliwiird Sncli was lli« (lpr;in:;i'il slate of the Ainrricaii linanci's. that it lonld nni Ik^ put in mnliiin wlicii llic (irdir was jjivcii. Alter setlih},' out, it marrhed lliroiiyli Jersey and I'cnn- syhaiiia, einharked at the head of KIk rivi-r, was conveyed liy water to Peturs- biirtili in \ iriiiiiia. and proceeded ilieiiee toward the place of its destination. Miit as no iiiiuazines had lieeii provided, and as |)rovisions could witli diliicnitv he olitained. the iiiar(di of the deiachineni thriiiii;ii North ( 'aridina was ijreatly re- tarded. Instead ol' advancini; rapidly, the troops were oiiliyed to spread tlioiu- si Ives over the country in small parlies, in order to collect corn and to get it L'roiind tor their daily sulisistence. In this way they proceeded slowly through the ii|)|)er and more fertile parts 'i,h he bad taken were recovered. Hy the complete defeat and dispersion of the army under General Gates and of Suinpter's corps. South Carolina and (Jeorgiu were again laid prostrate at the leet ol the royal uriny, and the hope of maintaining theii independence seemed more desperate than ever. CHAPTER X. Thk war which was pursued wi'h so much eagerness on land, was earned on also by sea ; and there the Americans displayed that nautical sr-ill and valor which have since enabled them to contend successfully with Great Britain upor that element where she had hitherto held iindis|)uied supremacy, and where her victories over the Dutch, Spanish, and French, bad given to her the proud title iif " queen of the seas." One of the most remarkable actions which occurred in 1779 was that of the capture of the Serapis and Countess of Scarborough by the Bon Homme Richard and Pallas, under the command of the chevalier Paul .Jones. John Paul was born at Arbigland, in Scotland, on the 6th of July, 1747, and the scenery and associations of his birthplace, and its vicinity, doubtless en- couraged a restless spirit of adventure, a love of change, and an ardent enthu- siasm in the objects of his pursuits, which were so strikingly manifested in his life. Ills first voyage was made before he was thirteen years old , and maritime pursuits brought him to America. While here, his feelings became interested in the cause of the colonies, and fully prepared him for the active part he after ward took in their defence. In 1773, John Paul removed to Virginia, to attend to the affairs of his brother, who had died childless and intestate. He now as- sumed the additional surname of Jones. On the 22d of December. 177.5 by a resolution of Congress, Paul Jones was appointed lieutenant in the American navy, which then consisted of the Alfred, Columbus, Andrew Doria, Sebastian Cabot, and Providence; the whole mounting 100 guns, and manned by 1,150 seamen. Jones was attached to the Alfred, and was the first to hoist the Amer- Uiin flag, which was first displayed on board that vessel. He was engaged in cruising among the British West India islands, where his Ireipient captures not only aided the cause of American independence by fur- nisbing to the American army from the captured prizes many munitions of war I I OF TIIK AMERICAN liCVOLUTlO.N. 3J3 of wliich the stiites" troDps wrre in iiiiicii lut'il, ' ut :ilsu .struck terror into thr hearts of his eiu-iiiit's, and <;aiiieil for liitusclf i\w ri'imiaiioii ol must iiiviiuiblM I'ravt'ry ami iiidoinitahle ihiriiii;. Ill the month of May, 1777, Congress sent him to I'rance, vvlicre lie was ap- liointed hy Franklin and his i)rotln'r commissioners to the comma:id ol a French- iiiiilt ship under Americr.n colors. In the course ol' I77M, I'aul .lones sailed upon a criiis«; to the coast ->( Britain, ami picked up many |)rizes under the very eyes of the enemy, xlere his kmiwledgi; of the llriiisii coast was of much ser- vice. Ho made a descent at the mouth of the Dee, near to Kirkwidhrighi ; and in a visit to the liouse of the earl of Selkirk, retaliated for some of the many oulrafjes committed by the British upon the defenceless shori's of .America, and he made another descent by night on the Cumberland coast, on the opposite side of the Frith, at the small town of Whitehaven, where he spiked the guns of the fort, and burnt one or two vessels. For some time he cruised up and down be- tween the Solway and the Clyde, scaring the whole coast, where his name to this day is mentioned with hoiror ; and then, returning to Brest with 200 pris- oners, he boasted thai with his single ship he had kept the northwestern coast of Fnglaml and southern coast of Scotland in a state of alarm. In the summer of 1779, he returned to cruise along the eastern cou.it — no longer with a single ship, but with a squadron, manned by French and American lailo.s, and com- posed of the Bon Homme Kichard of 40 guns, the .Mliance of U() guns (both American vessels), the Pallas, a French frigate of 'A'-i gims, hired by the Ameri- can Congress, and two smaller vessels, He fell m with a British merchant- tleel returning from the Baltic, convoyed by the Serajiis of It guns, and the Countess of Scarborough of "20. Paul Jones, in his description of this contvjst, remarks : — " On the 21st, wc saw and chased two sail otf Flamborough Head ; the Pallas chased in the northeast quarter, while the Bon Homtne Richard, followed by the Vengeance, chased in the southwest ; the one 1 chased, a brigantinf? collier in ballast, belonging to Scari)orough, was soon taken, and sunk immediately af- terward, as a Heel then ap[ieared to ilie southward. 'I'his was so late in the day, that I could not come up with the fleet before night ; at length, however, I got so near one of them as to force her to run ashore between Flaml>orough Head and the Spurn. Soon after, I took anoiiier, a brigantine from Holland, l)elonging to Sunderland ; and at dayliulit next morning, seeing a fleet steering toward me from the Spurn, I imagined them to be a convoy bound from London for Leith, which had been for some lime expected. One of them had a pendant hoisted, and appeared to be a ship of force. 'I'hey had not, however, courage to come 015, but kept back, all e>cept the one which seemed to be armed, and that one also kept to the windward, very near the land, and on the edge of dangerous shoals, where I could not with safety approach. This induced me to make a signal for a pilot, and soon afterward two pilot-boats came oil". 'I'hey informed me that a ship that wore a pei -..nt was an armed inerchanimaii, and that a king's i'rigate lay there in sight, at anchor, within the Humber, waiting to lake under 'convoy a number of merchant-ships bound to ihe northward. The pilots im- agined the Bon Homme Richard to be an English ship-of-war, and consequently communicated to me the private signal which they had been required tr> make. I endeavored by this means to decoy the ships out of the port ; but the wind then changing, and, with the tide, becoming unfavorable for them, the deceptimm<" Richard's bow, so ihist the ships lay square alongside of each other, the yards being all entangled, and the cannon of each ship touching the opponents. When this position took place it was eight o'clock, previous to which the Bon Homme liichurd had received sundry eightco>i-pound shots below the water, and leaked very much. My battery of twelve founders, on which I had placed my chief dependance, being commanded by Lieutenant Dale and Colonel Wei- bert, and manned principally with American seamen and French volunteers, was entirely silenced and abandoned. As to the six old eighteen-pounders that formed itie battery of the lower gun-deck, they did no service whatever, except firing eight shots in all. Two out of three of them burst at the firs' ♦ire, and killed almost all the men who were stationed to manage them. Beiore this time, too, Colonel de Chamillard, who commanded a party of twenty soldiers on the poo|), had abandoned that station, after having lost some of his men. I had now oul)- two pieces of cannon (nine-pounders) on the quarter-deck, that were not silenced, and not one of the heavier cannon was fired during the rest of the action. The purser, M. Mease, who commanded the guns on the quarter-deck, being dangerously wounded in the head, I was obliged to fill his place, and with great difficulty rallied a few men and shifted over one of the lee quarter-deck guns, 80 that we afterward played three pieces of nine-pounders upon the enemy The tops alone seconded the fire of this little battery, and held out bravclv du- •yA(S THE PICTORIAL HISTORY ririi; the wholp of tlie action, espcrially ilie maintop, where Lioiiteiiant coiiitnandeil. I dircctt'd the tire of one of tlie iliree cannon against th«' mainmast, with (loiil)k'-hf',i(lp(l sliot, wiiiU; the othiT two were exceediiijjiv well Mcrved wit*- L'rapc and canistt'r-sh>lish connnodoro asked me if I demanded quarter, and I having answercMJ him in ih ni.-iinma^t, II scrvfil wit*- (';ir litT decks, uiiilcrKtooil, or. rv !ilil<^ lower battery, ships were set reach of laii- —1 mean the at the first two 18 under water, his fears that g, which occa- e, to strike the re, by carrying ' of sinking, as tioii ah)ne, and ■y glad to have heir having let ans they would Richard. I now thought ;ed a broadside him for God's assed along the ility of his mis- ng the most es- les, it was then all black, while ;urity, I showed ane at the head, ;al line. Every ng availed ; he , and broadside, ortally wounded Drable ; the Bon lianee ; the leak ;h ships. Some use 1 entertain a r prisoners with- . 1 would not, hake, iheir tiring re struck at half 3, a new ship ot implele batteries, rave Commodore more formidable attacked only by or' THE AMitlHiv^AN U£VoM riO>. 337 #M :43.~Me(lal presented to i waf tM*. 338 THE PICIORIAL mSTOHV the first, hut the Hon Hoiiiiik; Hichurd \v;ia aiisailed by both , there was fire feei water in thi; Iiold, and th(>u<;h it w:i8 moderate from the exploition of ho much gunpowdtT, ytt the llin-e niiinps ili;ti rpmiiiru-d i-ouhl with difTuulty only keep the water from gaining. The lire l)r(»ke out in various parts oC the siiip, in spiie of all the water lliat could he ihrowii in to (piench it, and at length broke out ;ii low an the powder-magazine, and within a (vw inches of the powder. In that dilemma, I took out the powder upon deck, ready to be thrown overboard at the last extremity md it was ten o'clock the next day, the 2 Ith, before the firt' was entirely extinguish'il. With respect to the situation of the Bon llomme Hi,li ard, the ruiMer was cut entirely ofT, the stern-frame and transoms were almost entirely cut away, and the timbers by ilu lower-deck, especially from the main- mast toward tlie stern, being greatly decayed with age, were mangled beyoml my power of description ; and a person must have been an eyewitness to form a just idea of the tremendous scene of carnage, wreck, and rum, which every- where appeared. Humanity can not but recoil from the prospect of such fm- ished horror, and lament that war should be capable of producing such fatal con8e(iuence8. " .\fter tlie carpenters, as well as Captain Cottineau and other men of sense, had wtdl examineil and surveyed the ship (which was not fmisheil before five in the evening), I fouml every person to l)e convinced that it was impossible to keep the Bon Homme Richard afloat so as to reach a port, if the wind should increase, it being then only a very mod(!tate breeze. I had but little time to re move my woutided, which now became unavoidable, and which was effected in the course of the night and next morning. I was determined to keep the Hon Homme Richard afloat, and, if possible, to bring her into port. I'or that pur- pose, the first lieutenant of the Pallas continued on board with a party of men to ittend the pumps, with boats in waiting ready to take them on board in ciise the water sh»uld gain on them too fast. The wind augmented in the night, and the next day, the 'J5th, so that it was impossible to prevent the good old ship from sitiking. They did not abandon het till after nine o'clock ; the water was then up to the lower deck, and a little after ten I saw, with inexpressible grief, the last glimpse of the Bon Homme Richard. No lives were lost with the ship, but it was impossible to save the stores of any sort whatever. I lost even the best part of my clothes, books, and papers ; and several of my officers lost all their clothes and effects. " Having thus endeavored to give a clear and simple re'.-tion of the circum- stances and events that have attended the little armament under my command, ] shall freidy submit my conduct therein to the censure of my superiors and the impartial public. I beg leave, however, to observe, that the force put under my command was far from being well composed; and as the great majority of the actors in it have appeared bent on the pursuit of interest only, I am exceedingly sorry that they and I have been at all concerned. " Captain Cottineau engaged the Countess of Scarborough, and took her, after an hour's action, while the Hon Homme Richard engaged the Serapis. The Countess of Scarborough is an armed ship of 20 six-pounders, and was com- manded by a king's officer. In the action, the Alliance, as I ain informed, fired into the Pallas and killed some men. If it should be asked why the convoy wa.^ suffered to escape, I must answer that 1 was myself in no condition to pursue and that none of the rest showed any inclination ; not even Mr. Ricot, who had heic' ofT at a distance to windward during the whole action, and withheld by force tiu' pilot- boat witP mv lieutenant and lifteen men. The Alliance, too. wa» in a state to piirsue the fie »t, not having had a single man wounded, or a single shot fired at her from the Serapis, and only three that did execution from the Countess of Scarborough, at such a distance that one stuck in the side, and the other two >re was five fr« •ion ol so iiuifh iculty only keep he sliip, ill spile gth brokf out a» owdtT. Ill thiit overboanl at the fore the fire was n llomme Rifh )in8 weri! ahiiost y from the mnin- inaiii;l(nl heyoiul viiness to form a II, which every- lect of such fin. ucing such fatal er men of sense, leil before five in as impossible to the wind should 1 little time to re li was elft'Cted in to keep the Hon t. For that pur- a y army. Soon after Sir Henry Clinton sailed on his expedition against Ciiarleston. toward the end of the year 1779, a frost of unexampled intensity began. The Hudson, East river, and all the waters round New York, were so compleielv frozen, that an army, with its artillery and wagons, might have crossed them m all directions with perfect safety. New York lost al' 'he advaniag 's of its iiisu' iar situation, and became e'»sMy accessible on every side. This citv wtr fc?rt» 310 'IMIK IMcrolUAF, msTOIlY rifil hy he lUitish Imt, on ao-niint of its iiiMiilar Hituatiuti, several |iHri.s, Imihk (■onsiiltTcil 1(1' (lidiciili ;icc'i'.ss, wcri! leli iiinlrl't'iKlt'il. Hy the sireiiL'tli ol' tlm icf, liowt'viT, fviry poiiit licciiiic i-X|i(iscil ; itiiil in that unl'ori'Stien i.-iiitrkjciify, (•t'licral Knyj)li:ius('n, wlio ciininwiiiitt'i' iiit'ii, took every |iruileiit precautiDii lor i iier.ilile part ; l>iit the inelfieieney of tin 1 III the eity wi.h a tfarrisuii ol 10,UUO is own (leleiice, and lortilied every viil- irmy was his liest socuriiy. American army was (Jeneral Wasliinijion easily perceived the advantages liich the extraordinary trost jjave liiin ; liiil, from ilie desliluie state of his army, he was uiial ie t(» avail liiiiiself of them, and was ol)ht;cil to see an o|)portunity pass away wliicli was probably never to return The army under liis immediate comiiiand was inlW- rior III number to the (farrison of New York ; it was also ill clad, scantily sup- plied with |)r(>visioiis, and in no condition to undertake olFensive o|)erations. The Mritish had a post on Stateti Island ; and, as the ice oj)eiied a free coin- iiii.-nu'ation between the island and the Jersey coast, (iiMieral Washington, not- witlistaiidin<» the enfeebled condition of his army, n-solved to attack the jrurrison, and appointed Lord Stirling to conduct the enterprise. The ni<>iit of the 1 ttli of January was chosen for the attempt ; but though the Americans used every precaution, yet the ollicer commanding (ui Stateii Islanil discovered their iiituii- iion, and took en'ectual measures to defeat it. The attack was repulsed, but little loss was sustained on either side. The extreme cold occasioned mudi sulTering in New York, by want of pre \isions and fuel ; for, as tht; communication by water was entirely stopped, the usual supplies were cut ofT. 'I'he demand for fuel in particular was so prcissing that it was found expedient to break up some old transports, and to |)ull do\\. some uninhabited wooden houses, for the purpose of procuring that necessary article. As the British paid in ready money for provisions or firewood carried within the lines, many of the country people, tempted by the precious metals, so rare among them, tried to supply the garrison. The endeavors of the Uritish to encourage and protect this intercourse, and the exertions of the Americans to prevent it, brought on a sort of partisan warfare, in which the former most freijuently had the advantage. In one of the most important of tli'se rencoun- ters, a captain and fourteen men of a Massachusetts regimiiiit were killed on the spot, seventeen were wounded, and ninety, with Colonel Thompson, the office' who commanded the party, were made prisoners. Congress found itself placed in very diiricult circumstances. It always con- tained a number of men of talents, and manifested no small share of vigor anil activity. Many of the members were skilful in the management of their private aflairs, and, having been successful in the world, thought themselves competent to direct the most important national concerns, although unacquainted with the principles of finance, legislation, or war. In pecuniary matters they were dila- tory, and never anticipated trying emergencies, or made provision for probable events, till they were overtaken by some urgent necessity. Hence they were frequently deliberating about levying troops and supplying the army when the troops ought to have been in the field, and the army fully equipped for active service. This often placed the commander-in-chief in the most trying and perilous circumstances. Congress had solemnly resolved not to exceed $200,000,000 in conti- nental bills of credit. In November, 1779, the whole of that sum was issued, and expended also. The demand on the stales to replenish the treasury by taxes had not been fully complied with ; and, even although it had been com- pletely answered, would not have furnished a sum adequate to the expenses of government. Instead of maturely considering and digesting a plan, adhering to it, and improving it by experience. Congress often changed its measures ; and. even in the midst of those distresses which had brough. the army to the verge ! (>: Till; wii.iMcAN iM:v(»[,iri().\. Ml it-ral |iuiiM, lii'iiii; i! streiiiilU ol' the ^seen eiiu'rueiicy, iirrisoii ol lO.OUO jitil'icil every viil- his Ix'Jti s(H,'uniy. ilir fxtriuirdiiiiiry to* uiiul It) to avail away whicli was iiinaiiil wast iiile- :la{l, Mcaiilily sup- (f operaiioiis. pencil a tree com- VVasliinnton, iiot- ;lack the jjarrison, iiiylit of the 1 Jill ■icaiis Used every (vered their inteii- repulscd, but little i, by want of pn- tirely slopped, iho r was so pressin;?^ and to pull do«. iiiff tliat neccssarj r firewood carried )recioiis metals, so rs of the British to the Americans to I the former most of th'se reucouii- were killed on the )mpson, the office' 8. It always cou- share of vigor and ent of their private mselves cotnpetenl cquairiled with the ers they were dila- ivision for probable Hence ihey were the army when the squipped for active e most trying and ,000,000 in conti- at sum was issued, sh the treasury by li it had been com- to the expenses of a plan, adhering to its measures ; and. e armv to the verge r,: dissohitioii, was busy in ilf\ imiml; new am! untrii'd i'\p(i!i(iii> for siippurtiiin ;l. As ilii' licasury was cmply, and inoufy could not be rMi>eil, (^l|lJ.'rc■s•(, on tti<- J.'ith of February, resolved in call on the several Htat<'s for their pr ipor lion of |)rovisi;iiii> eampaiuii, Iml .specified no time within which these were Ui be colli'cfeil. anil loiiHccjiieiitlv the states were in no hast(! in the matter. In oriler to eni(iiir;iL;e gild facilitate comi)liaiiee with ibis re(|iiisitioii, it was further resoled that any Htate which siioiild have taken the necessary measures for fiirnisbiiii; its ([uota, and Kiven notice thereof to (^"oiiyress, should be aiiiborized to prohibit any con- tinental (]iiartermaster or commissary from puridiasini; within its limits. Kver\' man wlio bad a |)raeticnl knowledge ol the siilyect easily perceived the ijelectivp nature iiiid diini;eroiis tendency of this arrantteinent. It was an aitempt to carry on the war rather iiv separate provincial ell'orts than bv a com- hiiiaiion of national sirenirth ; and if the army received from any state where it was actiii;; the appointi'd (|uaiilily of necessaries, it bail no rijjht, thougli starvinj;, to purchase what it stood in need of. Hesides. the carria:,'e of provisions from i!i>i.tiil parts was troublesome, expensive, and sometimes iiii] racticable. The troops wiire ill clothed, their pay was in arrear, and that of llie odlcers, owing to the great depreciation of the .iper curreiwv, was wholly iiiiei[ual to their decent maintenance. These iindliplied privaliouM and sunerings soured tlie temper of the men ; and it required all the inlluence of thei>- revered com- niaiider to prevent many ol the otTicers from refigning 'leir roinmissious. The long continuance of wan* and harilshij) |)rc need relrvation of disciplinr. whii'h at lengih manifested itself in open mutiny. On the '^b\h of .Ma . two re),iments belonging to Connecticit paraded imder arms, with the avo,' 1 intention of reluming home, or of obtaining subsistence at the point ol ';i> bayonet. The re>t of the soldiers, though they did not join in the mutiny, .ihowed lilth- dispo- sition to suppress it. At length the two regiment; \i e brought back . • their duly ; but much mur'iiuring and many complaints 'vere leard. While the army \'.!is in such want, the inhabitants of Jersey, where most of the troops were sta- 'inned, were iinavi idably harassed by frccpient requisitions, which excited con- '•iilerablt! discoiite-it. Reports of the mutinous state of the ,\merican army, and of the dissatisfaction of the people (/ Jersey, probably much exaggerated, were carried to (jenerai Kiiyphiiusen, 'vho, believing the American soldiers ready to desert their staiid- ■irils, and the Inhabitants of Jersey willing to abandon the Union, on the 6th of liine, passed from Staten Island to Elizabethtown in Jersey, with 5,000 men That rnovfment was intended to encourage the mutinous disposition of the -American troops, and to fan the flame of discontent among the inhabitants of the provinr;e. Early next morning, he marched into the country toward Springfield by the way of Connecticut Farms, a flourishing plantation, so named because the cultivators had come from Connecticut. But even before reaching that place, which was only five or si^ .o'les from Elizabethtown, the Hritiah per- ceived that the reports which thi v -i"ii received concerning the discontent of the Americans were incorrect; for, oa the first alarm, the militia assembled with great alacrity, and, iiided by some small parties of regular troops, annoyed 'he British by an irregular but galling fire of musketry, wherever the nature of the ground presented a favorable opportunity : and although those parties were jiowhere strong enough to make a stand, yet they gave plain indications of the tem- per and resolution which were to be encountered in advancing into the country. At Connecticut Farms the British detachment halted. The settlers were known to be zealous in the American cause, and, therefore, with a base spirit of r(!venge, the British, among whom was General Tryon, laid the tlourishin" 'illage, with the church and minister's house, in ashes. Here occurred one »f .'«4'J illL I'lCrnlilAl. HISTORY those aft-ecl-.ig inci-k'nts whicli, I.eii.K .onu'wluit out ol the orJinury fn.rse o. ,!..■ misem-s of war, make a .le.p impression on the public miml. ^ f; r*"''" well minister of the place, ha.l withdrawn towanl Sprin^UcId, out liml 1.- i hm wile and family behind, believing them to be in no * a"ger I he Hnnsh ad- vanced to the industrious and peaceful village. Mrs. Calawell, tri.stino to her sex for safety, and unsuspicious of harm, was sitting in her liouse with her cliildren around her, when a soldier came up, levelled his musket at the window, and shot her dead on the spot in the midst of h.>r terrified infants. On the in- tercession of a friend, the dead body was permitted to be removed before the house was set on fire. . , .n This atroeious deed excited general horror and detestation ; but Tryoii wa« present, and his conduct on other occasions was not free (rem acts of brutal an.i oloodthirstv ferocity. i e ; \fter destroying the Connecticut Farms, Knyphausen advanced toward bpnng- 'ieid, where the Jersey brigade under General Maxwell and a large body of mi- "itia, had taken an advantageous position, and seemed resolved to defend it^ General Knyphausen, however, had met with a reception so different from what he expected, that, without making any attempt on the American post, he with- drew during the night to Elizabethtown. ,,,r !• , „,„ On being informed of the invasion of New Jersey, General Washingtoi, put his army in motion, early on the morning of the day in which Knyphaus.N inarched from Elizabethtown, and proceeded to the Short hills behind Spring- field while the British were in the vicinity of that place, teeble as his army was he made the necessary dispositions for fighting; but the unexpeciea re- treal of Knyphausen rendered a battle unnecessary. The British were followed bv an Ameri^can detachment, which attacked their rear-guard next morning, but Was repulsed. Instead of returning to New York, Genera Knyphausen Im- crered in the vicinity of Elizabethtown and on Stateii Island ; and Genei*! Washington, too weak to hazard an engagement, except on advantageous around, remained on the hills near Springfield to watch the movements of the British army. At thai time, the army under the immediate orders of General Washington did not exceed 4,000 eflectivt men. ^ ■ r- r .1 On the 18th of June Sir Henry Clinton returned from Soutn Carolina, witli about 4,000 men ; and, after receiving this reinforcement, the British lorce in New York and its .lependancies amounted to 12,000 effective and regular troops, n.ost of whom could be bn.ught into the field for any particular service ; as be- sides the.n the British commander had about 4,000 militia and refugees for gar- rison duty. The British army was so powerful that the Arnencans could only follow a wary policy, occupying strong ground, presenting a bold front, and con- . cealiig their weakness as far as possible . , , r e r>„„o,o Sir Henry Clinton embarked troops, and awakened the fears of Genera. Washington lest he should sail up the Hudson and attack the posts "'the high- lands, -rhose posts had always been objects of much solicitude to the Amer - can commander, and he was extremely jealous of any attack "P°";^«;^;^;" « j der to be in readiness to resist any such attack he . ft General Greene a Springfield, with 700 continentals, the Jersey mihtia, and some cavalry, and proceeded toward Pompton with the main body of the army. ^ Sir Henry Clinton, after having perplexed the Americans by his movements early on the morning of the 23d of June, rapidly advanced in full ^rce fro, • Eliz^abethtown toward Springfield. Genera Greene hastily assembled h scattered detachments, and apprized General Washington of the march of the royal army, who instantly returned to support Greene's division. •»««"' f^ marched in two columns ; one on the main road leading to Springfield and the 3ther on the Vauxhall road. General Greene scarcely had time to collect hi. I rJinury oiirse o.' i.i-.itl. Mr. Cal"%»f ^f ^^f ^^"7"', ""'^ Connecticut were ordered to join their new allies in Rhode Island, and the com biue.1 army there thought itself able to give the British a good reception. As the garrison of New York was weakened by the sailing of the armamen under the British commander-in-chief, General Washington, having receive.^ considerable reinforcements, suddenly crossed the North river and advanced towar.l New York ; that movement brought Sir Henry Chnton back to defetid he place ; an.l, cons.-quently, the American commander proceeded no farther in his meditated enterprise. i ■ .u a „„,; • n The want of moiiev and of all necessaries aill continued m the AmeriuaD camp ; an.l the .lisc.ntent of the troops gra.luady increased. T..e men, indeeU, bore incredible hardships and privations with unexampled fortitude and patience , but the aMny was in a state of constant fluctuation ; it was composed, in a greai I V fiioi)i;r;ii,'in^ . part. 'I'lie com- Uiiicfs : liis army know what furct^i ii'i privates, werf jjuld 1)0 led iiiti III order to supply 1 1 elore the arrival osl pressiiif^ appli- Joiigress resolvi'rl (ly proceedings il tionn of those who of July, the com- es had arrived in to inform him of ed to send a rein- time a voluntary of providing boun- denl or vice-presi- ;, to put the state rpose of supplying lid to support it to nl to their sevcra' ing the honors of a number of them money to be pre lion. The money iccors from France, and other vessels ti board under the ling of the 10th of tte arrived at New- itrymen. Admiral Arbuthnol ys, Admiral Graves le British a decided iry (Minton without 1,000 men, and sail- le intention of pro- Maasachusetts and [sland, and the com »d reception, ig of the armament 311, having received river, and advanced ton back to defend needed no farther in d in the AmericuB Tl.e men, indeed, ■titude and patience ; jomposed, in a great OV IWE AMERICAN Hi;\ 0[,l"l'I().\. JIa measure, of inililia liara^s.-d l.y ii.-rpiii.al service, and o!)li4.d lo nej-iect the lulination of tlifir tariiis and th.ir private iiiU'resfs, in order ki ohry tlie calls o pul)lic (Inty, and of aoldiers on short eidistments, who never aciuiied the inilitarT spirit and liabits. '' In fonsequ.-nce of an appointment, (Jeneral Washington and suite se; out u a conference with Count Rochambeau and Admiral Teinay, and, on •> . r'at . Fio. 1 14.— Count de Rochambeau. September, met them at Haitford in Connecticut, where th»y spent a few dav8 Kgether, and conversed about a plan for the next cai-.,„,ign " he season was now far advanced : no action of importance had been achieved Ji. the Hudson by either party, and the campaign in that quarf* seemed about to close without anything remarkable, when both armies were suddenly rouse.l. \f "a""."' ^"'^ '" ^'"""f^ ""'"^ ^""^"^•'* '»"ch agitatul, by the execu- '^oii ol .Major Andre. Intheeariypanuf August, when General Washington meditated an attack l:rnl„ TV. ! r^ m" ''f- ' ^r"^'"^ ^■"""'^ «'»™''l ^^^^ ^ Command in the el dntv r ^--"f J^*^'"'^'! ■' ^'""gi"g 'I'^'t l':« lameness disqualifie.i h.m or held duty. Genera Washington knew him to be a .elfish man ; but, having ■ m STe"l V '1'^''"^ '" ^''^ ^'"*^"^'"' ^«"«*^' '"■• -hich he hWl pmfessed he en nan, o? W 'I p'" '"^"y .^^^"'""^.'^PPointed him at his own desire, tc 1 MdZ Of l^t,^''',"' '"'^ ''« 'l<^P^nJ«»nes, a most important post on the i 'al mis ».d liw ^ \^.'^"^r ^« «" 'hat river General Washington was extremeU icrn; K ? n ^"r"" to prevent the British from establishing a commu it^ri rH",,^'"'^'w"'^ S*^" ^-'^^y'^'- I'^kes Champlain !nd George . u Htio. Ill rib ^^«'.f^"'"'-'='« considered a principal key of that com municatioi and, by the appou.tment to the commai.J of it, Arnold was put into a place of high trust and confidence. ^ Lnn'!"rI.!.!l''L°'^'K''' '"'P^!"';"« '""• 'I««perate rather than cool and intrepid, ano t; ,2'rif,';"^^^^ betray the American cause, and entered into negotiations with the British commande-'-in-chief for that nur .".se. The surrender of West Point, he was well aware, would grit fyhii Z. i4r- THE PICTORIAI, HI sin in OF THE AMKKIC.W U l-lVoM TION. 34V friends ; ;unl lit' wislipil to inflict a dcMiIly v.oiiinl on liis did associates, whom le hated the more because he intended to hetray tliem. Ambitious and Sfld.sh, lond of ostetitation and magnificence, his expenditure had exceeded his income j and, in order to supply his exiravaf,'ance, he had engaged in trade and privateer- ing. His speculations proved unsuccessful ; his funds were exhausted ; and his creditors became clamorous, .\bout the month of July, 1779, he presented liea\7 accounts against the public, but the commissioners rejected about one iialf of his demanrls ; he appealed to congress ; but a committee of that body reported that the commissioners had allowed him more than he had any right to demand or expect. Irritated and inflamed by this treatment, embarrassed in his circumstances, and encumbered with an expensive family, he resolved to rais a fortune on the ruins of his character, and to commit the foulest treason in or^ to gratify at once his ambition and revenge. in the vuiifac of the year 1779, Major Andre, adjutant-general of the Britjnh Major Andri, tnny, a young officer of distinguished talents and acquirements, had entered into a correspondence with Mrs. Arnold, on pretence of supplying her with miliiaery goods ; that correspondence ripened into treason on the part of Arnold. After his nomination to the command of West Point, the Vulture sloop-of-war was stationed by Sir Henry Clinton in the North river, at such a distance from the American works as to excite no suspicion, but near enough to facilitate the cor- respondence which was carrying on. Uefore that time there had been a written ccrrespondcnce, through other channels, between Arnold and Andre, under the assumed names of Giistavus and Anderson. In order to bring the negotiatioi; to a speedy close, Arnold wished Sir Henry Clinton to send a confidential per- son to hold a conference with him ; unhappily the amiable and accomplished /\ndre was selected for the consummation of a work in which he was already too mucii implicated. On the night of the 21st of September, a boat sent by Arnold carried Andr«< from the Vulture, and landed him on the bank of the river, where he met Arnold without the American posts. The day was about to dawn befort the negotiation WHS finished ; and Andre was told that it was necessary he should remain con- d\S THR IMcroUlAL HISTORY iH'iil<'il till iK'Xt nisilit ; for !li;it |)iir|iiiHc Im \v;is comlmti'd witliiii the Anx'rirun lines, ciiiiirjiry to liis |iri'vioiis sii|)iiliiiioii ami iiiiciitioii, find wiiliiiut liis kiioui edtrt'. Ho spent the day with Arnold. Next iiiijlit the hoatineii refused to carry liiin bai-k to the Vulture", heeaiise she had shifted her ground in order to he In- yond the reach of a cannon which had heen mounted to annoy her , and lie wa-i ohlii;ed to attempt an escape by land. He now chaiijfed his uniform, which li>' had hitherto worn mider a surtont, for a. common coat ; and having procured :i horse, was, under the name of John Anderson, furnished with a passport l«y Arnold to jjo to the lines at White Plains, or lower if he thought proper, as he was on puhlic hiisiness. Thus cipiipped, Andre set out alone, and proceeded on his journey towanl New York. He pas.^e,! the American guards and posts on the road without. suspici(m ; hut .\rnold had a scouting party, chielly militia, scouring the country hetween the outposts of the two armies. As Andre prosecuted his journey next day, and llaitered himself that all danirer was past, a man snddeidy sprang from a covert and seized his horse's Itridle. Surprised by the unexpected onset, the major lost his presence of mind ; mistaking the man for a IJriiish partisan, in- stead of presenting his passport, he declared himself a British otiicer, and askivl perinis,'ts, all in Arnold's hand- writing, which contained an exact acc(Mint of the state o( West Point and its depend ancies, with remarks on the works, an estimate of the number of men ordinarily on duly in the place, ami a copy of the state of matters which had been laid before a couilcil of war by the American coininander-in chief on the GlIi of the month. All those papers Jamieson enclosed under cover to General Washington, with a letter from the |)risoner, in which he avowed himself to be Major John Andre, adjutant-general of the British armv. related the man,' r of his apprehension, and endeavored to vindicate himself fnnn th(^ imi.iitation of being a spy. General Washingt(m was then returning from his conference with the French coininaiider3 at Hartford ; and Jamieson's messenger missed him by taking a different road from that in which the general was travelling, .\riiold received the notice of Anders secn- ritv of the post, ordering to it two brigades from the nearest division ol i;ie main *rmy After allowing time for the notice of his detenlion to reach Arnold, Major An- dr^ laid aside all disguise, and avowed who he was. His behavior was frank and ingenuous ; and he seemed anxious for nothing but the vindication of his character Irom the imputations which the circumstances of his apprehension ap ti the AiniTicun hout hi^4 knowi 1 rcfiiscci lo c.'irrv 1 order to Ix* Ih-- ler , and he w.-i'* lilbrm, which hi; villi,' procured :i 1 a passport l>v ht proper, as ho jouriify toward lie road without, iriiis; the foiintry his jouriK'y ik-xI 'Illy sprang from pccted oiisi't, till- tish partisan, iii- )tliccr, and asked tlie moincnt, ih" •inptinn rewards, iiii,' the Bcoiitiii" rather to eiicoiiii- i) involve Arnold forsaken him on i danuer than his rniission to give U! Jamieson lui'l suspicions niiist [lote to bo sent to in Arnold's hand- int and its depend of men ordinarily (I heen laid before Oili of the inonlli. ashiiigton, with a lajor John Andre, a|iprt;hen8it)n, and spy. i with the F'reiicli him by taking a mold received the hiiigton arrived at iiig on board the Verphmk's point, neral VV'asliington lure.s for ' ■■ secii- vision of i;ie main Arnold, Major An- jhavior was frank vindication of his apprehension ap Thk Ki,u;nr ok Arnold. OF THE AMKIUCAN HKVOLUTION Ml» Fio. 117.— Benedict Amnld, the Traitor. Beared to caat upon him. Ci iieral Wasbineftoii apjMjiiitcd a board of officers, ot which Greent! was president, and La Fiiyctte, Steul)en, and oihers^ were meni- Ders, to inouire into the case of Major Andre, and to report in what character he was to be considered, and what punisinnent lie deserved. Even during the -'lort time that Andre was in the power of tlie Americans, and notwithstanding tlif unliappy circumstances in wliich he was placed, Ids behavior and talents made a highly favorable impression on their r.iinds ; and when brought before .he board, the members behaved toward him with the \itmost respect and delicacy, and told him not to answer any cjuestions that might embarrass his feelings But ill that crisis of his fate, Andre magnanimously disregarded everything but his honor. He gave a candid recital of circumstances, concealing nothing that rrgaraed himself; but making no disclosures to inculpate others. He acknowl- edge.! everything that was reckoned essential to his condemnation, and the ^ard of general officers to whotn his case was referred, without calling any ivitnes&es, considered merely that he had been within their lines in disguise, and reported that in their opinion Major Andre was a spy, and ought to suffer death. The sentence was ordered to he carried into execution on the day after it was declared. The apprehension of Major Andr^ excited a lively sensation in the British army, which felt a strong interest in his fate ; for he was dear to all his com- panions in arms, and especially to the commander-in-chief, who immediately, by a i\ii^ of truce, opened a correspondence with General Washington, and urged every consideration of justice, policy, and humanity, in favor of Andr6. Find- ing his letters ineffectual, he despatched General Robertson to confer with Gen- eral Washington on the subject, or with any officer whom he might appoint. He was met by General Greene ; but no mitigation of the doom could be pro- cured. On the day before his execution, Majo: A.'.dre wrote an affecting letter to General Washington, requesting to be put lo d. lu'.. like a soldier, and not as .i malefactor ; but the board of general officers tr- whom everything respecting liiiii was referred, did not grant his request i 'jc 2d of October closed the irairical scene : on that day the major was led out and hanged, supporting his liiilh character to the last moment. He suffered amid the admiration and regrets even of the American officers ; while his death was deeply lamented in the llriiish army. He was a young man of an amiable character, engaging man- Qera, and fine talents and acquirements. By a striking comb- ition of circum- MO THE PfCTOUIAt, HISTORY Btufices, he was leil to an end of •.vliicli lie « its .vlit>ily uiiwo'-'.hy. Sir H* nn- (Million nridc rvcry I'tFort to savf liiin, l)iit li- .incr' uis were ini'xor^iblt!. Kvcii Arnold Imd ihi- cirrontt-ry lo wrile to i an- r:il Wa^liin^ton <>n llie occii- Hion, utti'fiiinK .siicli facts as Im hflu'Vrd tavorahlt- to Andrr. Hut what rchamt! «()uld l>i' placi'd on iho tcsiiniony of a niaf (■a|)ahlt! of -iicli foul treason '. Hi' also tliroatoiiud (lie (rcncral, anil rcinindfd liini that many of tlie inhabitants of South (Jarohna luil reiiih-rcd thcnisfjves Uahlo to rnihtary execution. Arnold endeavored to vindicate his conduct by |)leadinn hostility to the alli- ance with France ; and he attempted io induce otiuirs to imitate his example , bill no plea can justify his attempt toe,ii|)loy the power committed to him for ilit; ruin of those who had trusted him ; some of whom, perhaps, had been encour- Ui^ed by his example and excitement to take up arms airainst the British autlmr- ily. The name of Arnold nuist <;o down to posterity loaded with all the infamy of a traitor : and it were for the honor of human nature, and the common ad- vantage of nations, if all governments would miite in manifesting; their detesta- tion of auch viJlanies. After the melancholy event now relati'd, no military transactions of much im- portance were carrierl on in the north (Uirini; the remainder of the campai<{n. On the 2l8t of November, indeed, Major Talinailjjo performed a brilliant expiciii of desultory warfare. Hein;; informed that tlie British had a larj^e nia{ti)ll 1)11 llie ()Ci;i- Hut what reliaiK e li foul treason ! H"' )f the inlial)ilaiila of 'xecutioii. liostility to the alii- iiiiitato his example , luiitted to liim fur the IS, liail been eiicour- St the Britisli author- il with all the infamy (1(1 the connnun ail- ifestinj; their detesta- sactions of much im- Jer of the campaiKu. iiP(l a brilliant exploit a larpfe niiiyazini' cil garrison at Fort St. souiiil where it w:n rised the fort: made magazines at Coriini ; ithout losing a man. and men, Europeans, northern parts of the ide the garrisons pris- :)f a body of a sinniar irmishes were fouifhi. te the country ilirout[li r quarters. General )wn ; the Jersey line, ersey ; the troops of IS of the North river ; they had been sent to ange of prisoners was )ln. The former had 1, and the latter in the Hitherto congress liad leral exchange of pris- recrniting the British angth which, owiiiu' lo rom a release of pris- ) to their cause ; liut e British, by the capit- The complaints of the ^reed to a general ex- ained prisoners till the ttle of Camden, Corn- tivity. His little irmv iras diminished bv the sword and I)y disease. He had not brought with him from Chatleston the stores necessaiy tor an iinniediate pursuit of the enemy; and lie ilid not rdered that compensation should be made oui of these estates to the per.sons who have been injured or oppressed by them. I have ordered, in the most positive manner, that every militiaman who has home arms with us, tind afterward joined the enemy, shall be immediately himged. I desire ytni will take the most vigorous measures to punish the rebels in the dis- trict you command, and that you obey, in the strictest manner, the directions I have given in this letter relative to the inhabitants of the country." Similar orders were given to the commanders of other posts. In atiy circumstances, such orders given to olFiccrs, often possessing little knowledge, and as little prudence or humanity, could not fail to produce calami- tous elVects. In the case uinler consideration, where all the worst passions of the heart were irritated and intlamed, the consequences were lamentable. The orders were executed in the spirit in which they were given. Numbers of per- sons were put to death : many were imprisoned, and their property was destroy- ed or confiscated. The country was covered with blood and desolation, raiicoi and grief Women and children were turned out of doors, and often sl.iughtered, and their houses and substance consumed. The prisoners on parole thought they had a clear right to take arms ; for from their jiarole they had been released by the proclamation of the 20th of June, which, indeed, called them to the duty of subjects, a condition to which they had never consented ; and therefore they reckoned that they had as good a right to resume their arms as the British commander had to enjoin their allegiance. The case of those who had taken British protections, in the full persuasion thai they were to be allowed to live peaceably on their estates, but who, on finding that they must fight on one side or other, had repaired to the standards of theii country, was equally hard. Deception and violence were practised against both. So long as the struggle appeared doubtful, the colonists met with fair promises and kind treatment ; but at the moment when resistance seemed hopeless, and obedience necessary, they were addressed in the tone of authority, heard stern commands and bloody threatenings, and received harsh usage. Hence the province, which for some time presented the stillness of peace, again put on the ruthless aspect of v/ar. .V number of persons of much respectability remained prisoners-of-war in Charleston, since the capitulation of that town ; but, after the battle of Camden, Cornwallis ordered them to be carried out of the province. Accordingly, early in the morning of the 27th of August, some of the principal citizens of Charles- ton were taken out of bed, put on board a guard-ship, and soon afterward trans- ported to St. Augustine. They remonstrated with Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour 352 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY ihf coinmaiidaiit of Charleston, but experienced only the insolence of authority Iroiu thiU officer. . . , While Cornwallis endeavored, by severe measures, to break the spirits ol the people, and to establish the royal authority in South Carolina, he did not lose sight of his ulterior projects. He sent emissaries into North Carolina to excite the loyalists there, and to assure them of the speedy march of the British army into that province. On the 8th of September he left Camden, and toward the end of the month arrived at Charlotte town, in North Carolina ; of which place he took possession after a slight resistance from some volunteer cavalry under Colonel Davie. Though symptoms of opposition manifested themselves at Cliarlotte vet he advanced toward Salisbury, and ordered his imliiia to cross the Yadkin But Cornwallis was suddenly arrested in his victorious career by an unexpected disaster. He made every exertion to i Jy the U-affecied inhabitants of the country, and to form them into a British milit^. For that purpose he employed Major Ferguson, of theTlst regiment, an officer of much merit, with a small detachment, in the district of Ninety-Six, to tram the loyal- ists, and to attach them to his own party. From the operations of that officer he expected the most important services. Ferguson executed his commission with activity and zeal ; collected a large number of loyalists, and committed great depredations on the friends of indepen- dence in the back settlements. When about to return to the mam army in tri- umph he was detained by one of those incidents which occasionally occur m war, and influence the course of events and the destiny of nations. A Colonef Clarke of Georgia, who had fled from that province on its reduction by Camp- bell in 1779, had retired to the northwaid ; and, having collected a number oi followers in the Carolinas, he returned to his native province, at the head ot about 700 men ; and, while Cornwallis was marching from Camden to Charlotte town, attacked the British post at Augusta. Lieutenant-Colonel Brown, who commanded at that place with a garrison of about 150 provincials, aided by some friendly Indians, finding the town untenable, retired toward an eminence on the banks of the Savannah, named Garden Hill. But the enemy occupied it beloro his arrival : by bringing his artillery, however, to bear upon them, alter a des- perate conflict, he succeeded in dislodging them and in gaimng possession of the hill, but with the loss of his cannon. There Clarke besieged him, till in- formed of the near approach of a British detachment from Nmety-Six, under Colonel Cruger. He then retreated, abandoning the cannon which he had ta- ken; and, though pursued, efl'ected his escape. Notice was instantly sem to Ferguson of Clarke's retreat, and of his route ; and high hopes of intercepting him were entertained For that purpose Ferguson remained longer in those parts and approached nearer the mountains, than he would otherwise have done. As he had collected about 1 ,500 men, he had no apprehension of any force as- sembling in that quarter able to embarrass him. Meanwhile the depredations committed by Ferguson exasperated many ot the inhabitants of the country, some of whom, fleeing across the Allegany mountains gave their western brethren an alarming account of the evils with which they were threatened. Those men, living in the full enjoyment of that independence "^r which the Atlantic states were struggling, resolved to keep the war at a dis- tance from their settlements. The hardy mountaineers of the western parts ot Virginia and North Carolina assembled under Colonels Campbell, bhelby, Cleveland, and Sevier. Other partios, under their several leaders, hastened to loin them. They were all mounted, and unencumbered with baggage, bach man had his blanket, knapsack, and rifle; and set out in quest of Ferguson, equipped in the same manner as when they hunted the wild beasts of the loresl. At night the earth afforded them a bed, and the heavens a covering ; the flowing ence of authority the spirits of the he did not lose Darolina to excite the British army , and toward the ; of which place er cavalry under d themselves at militia to cross itorious career by the • ll-affectt)d lilitia. For that [1 officer of much to train the loyal- ms of that officer collected a large lends of indepen- nain army in tri- sionally occur in ions. A Colonel uction by Camp- :ted a number of ), at the head of mden to Charlotte onel Brown, who als, aided by some I eminence on the occupied it before them, after a des- ing possession of eged him, till in- Ninety-Six, under which he had ta- instantly sent to les of intercepting i longer in those lerwiae have done, n of any force as- srated many of the Uegany mountains with which they that independence p the war at a dis- e western parts of Campbell, Shelby, aders, haelened to 1 baggage. Each ^uest of Ferguson, )ea8ts of the forest, ering ; the flowing 3b\ THE PICTORIAL HISTORY stream quenched their thirst ; their giius, their knapsucks. or a few cattlt driven in their rear, su|)j)lie(l them with fooil. Their mimbers made them rormidahie, and the rajiidit}- of liieir movements rendered it difficult to escape them. They amounted to nearly 3,000 men. On hearing of their approach, Ferguson began to retreat toward Charlotte, and sent messengers to Cornwallis to apprize him of his danger. Hut the mes- sengers were intercepted ; and the earl remained ignorant of the |)erilous situ- ation of his detachment. In the vicinity of (Gilbert town, the Americans, a|)- prehensive of Ferguson's escape, selected 1,000 ol' ilieir best rillemen, moimted them on tluiir fleetest horses, and sent them in pursuit. Their rapid movements rendered his retreat impracticable ; and Ferguson, sensible that he woidd iniivi- tably be overtaken, chose his ground on I'Cing's mountain, on the confines of North and South Carolina, and waited tlie attack. On the 7th of October the Americans came up with him. Campbell had tbe command ; but his authority was merely nominal, for there was little military order or subordination in the attack. They agreed to divide their forces, in order to assail Ferguson from difTenjiit quarters ; and the divisions were led on by Colonels Cleveland, Shelby, Sevier, and Williams. Cleveland, who conduct- ed the party which began the attack, addressed his men as follows : — " My brave fellows ! we have beaten the tories, and we can beat them. When engaged, you are not to wait for the word of command from me. I will show you by my example how to fight ; I can undertake no more. Every man nmst consider himself an ofHcer, and act on his own judgment. Though repulsed, do not run off; return, and renew the combat. If any of you are afraid, you have not only leave to withdraw, but are requested to do so." Cleveland instantly began the attack ; but was soon compelled to retire before the bayonet. But Ferguson had no time to contiime the pursuit : for Shelby came forward from an unexpected quarter, and poured in a destructive fire. Ferguson again resorted to the bayonet, and was again successful. Hut at that moment, Campbell's division advanced on another side, and a new battle began. Campl)ell, like his comrades, was obliged to retreat. But Cleveland had now rallied his division, and advanced anew to the combat. The royalists wheeled, and met this returning assailant. In this way there was an unremitting succes- sion of attacks for about fifty minutes. Ferguson obstinately defended himself, and repulsed every assailant ; but at last he fell mortally wounded ; and the second in command, seeing the contest hopeless, surrendered. Ferguson and 150 of his men lay dead on the field ; as many were wounded ; nearly 700 laid down their arms ; and upward of 400 escaped. Among the prisoners the num- ber of regular British soldiers did not arwtunt to 100. The Americans lost about twenty men, who were killed on the field, and they had many wounded, rhey took 1,500 stand of arms. Major Ferguson's position was good ; but the hill abounded with wood, and afforded the Americans, who were all riflemen, in opportunity of fighting in their own way, and of firing from behind trees. The Americans hanged ten of their prisoners on the spot, pleading the guilt or the individuals who sufl^ired, and the example of the British, who had execu- ted a greater number of Americans. Those rude warriors, whose enterprise was the spontaneous impulse of their patriotism or revenge, who acknowledged no superior authority, and who were guided by no superior counsels, having achieved their victory and attained their object, dispersed and returned home .Most of the prisoners ^trere soon after released. The ruin of Ferguson's detachment, from which so nmch KaJ been expected, was a severe blow to Cornwallis : it disconcerted his plnns, and prevented his progress northward. On the I4lh of October, as soon after obtaining certairi nformat-'on of the fall of Major Ferguson as the army could be put in motion. b« HF THK AMElilCAN KEVOLITION 8A» I lew ciittk' driven iheiii ri)rmidable, :apt! ihem. They toward Charlotte, ;cr. lUit the rnes- ihe perilDus siiu- le Amcrieims, ap- ril1eine;i, moiiiiteil r rapid niovenieiits at he would iiievi- II the c'oiitiiH's ul" Campbell had the vas little military le their forces, in isions were led on land, who conduct- dlows : — beat them. When me. 1 will show Every man must hoiigli repulsed, do e al'raid, you have lied to retire before Lirsuit : for Shelby a destructive fire. 3S8ful. Hut at that L new battle began. Cleveland had now royalists wheeled, Linremilting succes- defended himself, wounded; and the ed. Ferguson and id ; nearly 700 laid prisoners the num- lie Americans lost id many wounded, was good ; but the were all riflemen, 1 behind trees. pleading the guilt sh, who had execu- i, whose enterprise who acknowledged 9r counsels, having nd returned home haJ been expected, , and prevented his r obtaining cenaiii be put in motion. h« Fio. Mtt. — Death of Kcrijiison. left Charlotte, where Ferguson was to have met him, and began his retreai toward South Carolina. In that retrograde movement the aririy suffered severely ; for several days it rained incessantly ; the roads were almost impassable ; the soldiers had no tents, and at night encamped ui the woods in an unhealthy climate. The army was ill supplied with provisions : sometimes the men had beef, but no bread ; at other times bread, but no beef. Once they subsisted during five days on Indian corn collected as it stwjd in the fields. Five ears were the daily allowance of two men ; and it seemed as if the hand of Provi- dence was about to requite them for ih» murderous barbarities they had in- dicted on inoffensive women and children In these trying circumstances, the /• '.c«m< loyalists who had joined the royal standard were of great scvice ; bui their »«rvices were ill requited, and several of them, disgusted by the abusive lan^age, and even blows, which they received from some of the officers, left the army for ♦jver. At lenjfth the troops passed the Catawba, and on the 29th of Octobr- reaehcd Wynnetfjorough, an intermediate station between Carsden and Ninety Six During those movements of tiia British arfny, the Atn«ricans were not idle. Defeated, but not subdued, they were active in preparinjj to r«new the struggle. After the defeat and dispersion of his army at Camden, Gefi«ral Gates fled to 'liarlolte, eighty m'les froin tho field of battle. There he halted, to collect the straggling fugitives, and to endi^yvor, from the »vreck of his discomfited army, to torin a force with which he mighi cii'-ck or impede the advancing foe. He was soon joined by Generals Small wood and Gist, and about 150 dispirited officert> and soldiers. Most of the militia who escaped returned home ; and Generw Caswell was ordered to assemble those of the neighboring counties. Maji/i Anderson, of the third Maryland regiment, who had < jUected a number of fugi tives not far from the field of battle, proceeded toward Charlotte by easy marchei» in order to give stragglers time to join him. But as Charlotte was utterly ind» :;i d? rilK IMCJTOllIAL HIST »IY feiisil)l(', biiil as no harrier lay bctwi cu it and the enemy, General Ga.es retreatt ., to Salishurv, and sent Colonel Williuins, accompanied by another officer, on tln' road leading to Camden, to gain information of the movements of Cornwallis, and to direct, such stragglers as he met to hasten to Salisbury. From Salis- bury General Gales proceeded to Hillsborough, where he intended to assembit; an army with which he might contend for the southern provinces. .•\t Hillsborough every exertion was made to collect and organize a militarv force ; and ere 1 jug General Gates was again at the head of 1,400 men. Evtii hefoie the royal army entered North Carolina, that state had called out the sec- ond division of its militia, under Generals Davidson and Sumner ; and hev were joined by the volunteer cavalry under Colonel Davie. When Cornwallis entered Charlotte, General Gates ordered General Small- wood to take post at the fords of the Yadkin, in order to dispute the passaiii; of the river ; and Morgan, who had often distinguished himself by his courage and activity, and who had joined the southern army with the rank of brigadier- general, was employed with a light corps to harass the enemy. When Cornwallis retreated. General Gates advanced to Charlotte ; he sta tioned General Smallwood farther down the Catawba on the road to Camden, and ordered General Morgan to some distance in his front. Such was the po- sition of the troops when General Gates was superseded in the command of the southern army. On the 5th of October, congress passed a resolution, requiring the cominaiiJ- er-in-chief to order a court of inquiry into the conduct of Major-General Gates, as commander of the southern army ; and to appoint another officer to that com- mand till such inquiry should be made. The order of congress to inquire into the conduct of General Gates was dissatisfactory to the best American officers • it was afterward dispensed with, and Gates restored to a command in the army. Meanwhile, General Washington recommended Major-General Greene to congress, as a person qualified to command the southern army. Nathaniel Greene, a native of Rhode Island, was brought up among the quakers, but was cast out of their society when he joined the army. He was in camp when General Washington took the command before Boston ; and, by his activity, in- trepidity, anl good conduct, gained the confidence of the commander-in-chief in a high degrte, who recommended him as an officer in whose ability, fortitude, and integrity, he could trust. Writing on the subject to Mr. Matthews, a dele- gate of South Carolina, he said : " I think I am giving you a general ; but what can a general do without men, without arms, without clothes, without stores, without provisions ?" Greene did not discredit the recommendation ol Ills superior, nor disappoi t the hopes of his country. In his progrsss south- ward, he visited the gove.'..ors and legislatures of the states through which he passed ; but in some parts of the country found the people so hostile, that ne was not without apprehensions of personal danger. On the 2d of December. General Greene arrived at Charlotte, and informed General Gates of his commission. That was the first official notice which General Gates received of his removal from the command of the southern army. Nf xt day Gates resigned the command of the army with becoming dignity and p&triotism, and Greene behaved toward him witn the most polite attention. Iff « few hours after <'»eneral Greene enierod on his command, he received tbs (t:pfni of one of Morgan's forajiina parties, not far from Camden. The party Rdv&iUM\ to the vicinity of toe Britisn posts at Clermont, which was viewed by Coioofl Washington, who sjvv that it was too strong to be taken by small amis rtnd cavalry, the ordy weapcr.< aiul force present; he therefore had recourse to »fratagem. Having made an nnposing show of part of his men, artd haviiia placed the trunk of a pihe-tree in such a situation as, at a distance, to i»»ve the eiierai Ga.es retreat* ■ iiioiher officer, on tin* ^inents of Cornwalli>s, isbury. From Sails- intended to asstunlilt' »vinces. id organize a military of 1,400 men. Evtii ad called out the sec- d Sumner ; and hev lered General Small- ) dispute the passajjo imself by his courage the rank of brigadier- emy. to Charlotte ; he sta the road to Camden. It. Such was the po- ll the command of the quiring the command- Major-General Gates, ler officer to that coni- >ngress to inquire into 3st American officers • command in the army. r-General Greene to ;rn army. Nathaniel the quakers, but was le was in camp when nd, by his activity, in- ;ommanJer-in-chief in hose ability, fortitude, Mr. Matthews, a dele- g you a general ; liut thout clothes, without e recommendation of n his progr3ss souih- ites through which he lie so hostile, that ne harlotte, and informed official notice which of the southern army, becoming dignity and polite attention, lomuiand, he received I Camden. The party which was viewed by 3 taken by small arnis refore had recourse to his men, ai»d haviiia 1 distance, to bave the oy THE .\MKKFC.\N Kh SOLUTION. 357 appearance of a cannon, he summoned the post lo surrender, and ii yielded without firing a shot. The militia-Colonel Rugely and 112 men whom he had ooUected in the place were made prisoners. This event elated General Greene's army, and was considered by them as a good omen of success under their new leader. General Greene's situation was embarrassing : his army was feeble, consist- ing, on the 8ih of December, of 2,029 infantry, of whom 1,482 were in camp and 547 in detachmpnts ; 821 were continent;' !s, and 1,208 were militia. Be- sides these there were 90 cavalry, 60 art;'ilerymen, and 128 continentals on extra .service, constituting in rs were followers of Marion : but that severe policy only strengthened the hands of the daring leader ; for despair and revenge made these ruined citizens cleave to his standard. He became so troublesome that Tarleton was sent against him, but wiis unable to bring him to action. Comwallis impatiently waited the arrival of reinforcements, .\fter the vie- lory at Camden, when he was flushed with the sanguine hope, not only of over ivisiriii of his iinny ; and, 1)11 tlit^ ^Olli, )osite the Cheraw licre he remaimd iig more plentiful kvero not much di- feuds of the hos- h of December ho itia, who next day lety-Six, killed or ining any loss. At forth Carolina, and reene and Morgan, ctive and enterpri- of August, and his ■tisan did not long able band, and ha(l his position about sts in that quarter, ly Major VVemyss ; e 20th of the same i near Tiger river : Ised with loss ; but active service, his his prisoners. Al- in Cheraw district, jurnt by his orders, Dunded were kindly anguinary excesses re yet too noble and larion held a distin- eiit in C! rleston at ractured his leg, and i, he withdrew from ■ Rutledge. On the iwers, he penetrated iraged the loyalists. party of continental provided with arms, rude swords for his s he engaged when ed himself from pur- eed many houses on fiat their propriet irs cnglhened the hands liined citizens cleave ton was sent against nts. After the vie- ipe, act only of over OF THE AMERICAN REVOf.lTriON. 359 riiuninft North Carolin:i, but of invading Virginia, Gi'neral Ia'sUo was detached ,7(1111 Ni'W York to the southward witii a considerable liiuiy of troops, and, ac- I'uriiiiii; to orders, landed in Virginia, ex|)ectiiig to meet' the Koiiiiiern army 111 tlial state. Oii finding himself unable to accompii.sli iiis lofiy sciiemes, ami oi)liged to fall back into South Carolina, Cornvvallis oniereil (leiieral Leslie to reimlark and sail for Charleston. He arrived there on the ) ;fih of December, and on the 19lh began his march with 1,500 men to join Corn- walHs. who resolved to begin oHensive operations inmiediately on the arrival of his reiiilbrcements ; but, in the meantime, alarmed by the movements of Mor- gan far the safety of the Hritish post at \inety-8ix,' he detached Lieuieiiant- Color.el TarletO!! with the light and legion infantry, the fusileers or 7th regi- iiuut, the first battalion of tlie Tlst regiment, 350 cavalry, two field-pieces, and ;iii adeijuate number of the royal artillery, in all about 1,100 men, with orders to strike a blow at Morgan, and drive him out of the province. As Tarielon's I'l.rce was known to be superior to that under Morgan, no doubt whatever was entertained of the precipitate (light or total discomfiture of the Americans. Meanwhile Cornwalli-s left Wynnesborough, and proceeded toward the north- west, between the Broad and Catawba rivers. General Leslie, who had halted ai Camden, in order to conceal from the Americans as long as possible the road which the British army was !o take, was now ordered to advance up the Ca- tawba and join the main body on its march. By this route Curnwallis hoped to intercept Morgan if he should escape Tarleton, ur jierhaps to get between (ien- cral Greene and Virginia, and compel him to tight before the arrival of his ex- pected reinforcemeni3. The British generals, encumbered with baggage and mibiary stores, marching through bad roads, and a country intersected by rivu- let- which were often swollen by the rains, advanced but slowI\-. Colonel Tarle- •on, lioweTei, svrth his light troops, proceeded with great celeri'y, and overtook Morgan, probably sooner than was expected. On the 14th of January. 1781, General Morgan was informed of the move- inriits of the British army, and got notice of the march of Tarleton and of the torce under his command. Sensible of his danger, he began to retreat, and crossed the Pacolet, the passage of which he was inclined to dispute ; but, on being told that Tarleton had forded the river six miles above him, he made a pre- cipitate retreat ; and at ten at night, on the 16th of .limuary, the British took possession of the ground v Inch the Americans had left a few hours before. Although his troops were much fatigued by several days' hard marching ihrcmgh a difficult country, yet, determined that the enemy should not escape, Tarleton resumed • p^,.^ (it at three next morning, leaving his baggage behind under a guard, with orders n».t to move till break Oi' day. Morgan^ though re- ireaiiiig, was not inclined to flee. By great exertions he miglit have crossed Hruad river, or reached a hilly tract of country before he could have been over- taken. He was inferior to Tarleton in tlw^ number of his troops, but more so in their (juality ; as a considerable part of his force consisted of militia, and the iiritish cavairy were three times more numerous than the American. But .Mor- gan, who had great confidence both in himself and in his men, was apprehensive ol being overtaken before he could pas.? Broad river, and he chose rather to rtghi voluntarily than to be forced to a battle. Therefore, having been joined by soino militia under Colonel Pickens, he halted at a place called the Cow-Fen-. «boni three miles from the line of separation between North and South Carolina. Be- lore daylight, on the morning of the 17th of January, he was inform»-d of the near approach of Colonel Tarleton, and instantly prepared to receive him. ' lie ground on which General Morgan halted had no great advantages ; but us .lispositions were judicious. On rising ground, in an open wood, he drew ap hit, continental troops and Triplett's corps, amounting together to nearly 500 mi- 3fiC TIIK PICTORIAL HISTORY mt-n, uncUr Lieuteiiam-Culoiu)! Howard. Colonel Washington, with his cavain.- wan ])lina and (Jeorgia volunteers under Majiir Cunningham, with orders to nivv one discharge on the iipproaching enemy, and then to retreat and join the iMiliiia. Pickens was directed, whi'U lie could iiii longer ktM'p his groinid. Id fall hack, with a retreating lire, ai\d form on the riglii of the conlin(Mii;ils Scarcely wen- those dispositions made when the British van appeared. Col- onel Tarleton, who had heeii informed by two prisoners of Morgan's positior. and strength, instantly formed his troo|)s. The liglil and legion infantry, and (he 7th reginicnl, and a ca|)tain with hfty dragoons on each tlank, constitiilei! fiis lirsl line : the first Itattalion ot the 71st regiment and the rest of the cavalrv com|)osed the reserve. Formerly Tarleton had succeeded hy sudden and im- petuous assaults ; and, entertaining no doubt of speedy and complete victory oti the present occasion, he led on his luen to the attack with characteristic ardor, even before his troops were well formed. The British rushed forward impetu- ously, shouting and tinng as they advanced. The American volunteers, after a single discharge, retreated to the militia under Pickens, 'i'he British advanced rapidly, and furiously attacked the militia, wlio soon gave way, and sought shel- ter in the rear of the continentahi. Tarleton eas>erly pressed on: but the con- tinentals, undismayed by the retreat of the militi;i, received him firmly, and an obstinate conllict ensued. Tarleton ordered uj) his reserve ; and the continental line was shaken by the ' iolence of the onset. Morgan ordered his men to re- treat to the summit of the eminence, and was instantly obeyed. The British, whose ranks were soiiiewhat thinned, exhausted by the previous march and by the struggle in which they had been engaged, and believing the victory won, pursued in some disorder ; but, on reaching the top of the hill, Howard ordered his men to wheel and face the enemy : they instantly obeyed, and met the pur- suing foe with a well-directed and deadly tire. This unexpected and destruc- tive volley threw the British into some confusion, which Howard observing, ordered his men to charge them with the bayonet. Their obedience was as prompt as before ; and the British line was soon broken. About the same mo- ment, Washington routed the cavalry on the British right, who had pursued the fleeing militia, and were cutting them down on the left and even in the rear of the continentals. Ordering his men not to tire a pistol, Washington charged tlie British cavalry sword in hand. The conflict v.as sharp, but not of long duration. The British were driven from the ground with considerable loss, and closely pursued. Howard and Washington pressed the advantage which they had gained : many of the militia rallied, and joined in the battle. In a few minutes after the Britisli had been pursuing the enemy, without a doubt of victory, the fortune of the day entirely changed : their arlillery-inen were killed, their can- non taken, and the greater part of the infantry compelled to lay down tl;eir arms. Tarleton with about forty horse, made a l"urious charge op Washington's cavalry , but the battle was irrecoverably lost, and he was relucta'itiy obliged to retreat. Upward of '-200 of his cavalry, who had not been engaged, fled through the woods with the utmost precipitation, bearing away with them such of the officers as endeavored to oppose their flight. The only part of the infantry which es- caped, was the detachment left to guard the baggage, which they destroyed when informed of the defeat, and, mounting the wagon and iipare horses, haslilv retreated to the army. The cavalry arrived in camp in two divisions : one ir the ovcning, with the tidings of their disastrous discomfiture, and the other, uu der Tarleton himself, appeared next morning. n, Willi his ciivft5f'.' lis occasion inijrlii s a lino ol inili'.ii in front of Fii^ki'iis iiteers undor M;ijtit uhinjj enemy, ami vlu'H he coulil Ml I Ibrin on the right m appeared. Cnl- Morgan's po.sitim. >gion iiil'antry, uiici II tlank, cohstilui.M! 1 rest of the cavalry >y sudden and ini- loinplete victory oi haracteristie ardor, ed forward inipeiu- volunteers, alter a \e British advanced ,y, and sought shel- i on : but the con- hinj firmly, and an and the continental red his men to re- yed. The British, nous march and by g the victory won ill, Howard ordered 3d, and met the pur- >ected and destruc- Howard observing, obedience was as About the same mo- irho had pursued the even in the rear ol shingion charged the not of long duration, lie loss, and closely ge which they had In a few minutes iloubt of victory, the sre killed, their can- lay down their arms. /■ashinglon's cavalry, V obliged to retreat, ed. fled through the m such of the olKcers i infantry which es> hich they destroyeil upare horses, hasiilv fo divisions : one in e, and the other, uu OF THE .\Mfc:ilIC\.\ IIEVOI.IITION. :i(i In this battle the British had leu conimissioiu'd ollicers and upward of 100 privates killed. .More than 500 were made prisoners, neatly 200 of wlioiii, iti- liidnig 29 connnissioned ofTkers, were wininded. 'i"wo pieces of artillery, two standards, 800 muskets, 35 baggaj^e-wagons, and about 100 li'.irs(^s, fell into the hands of the Americans, whose loss amounted only to twelve men killed, and sixty wounded, The British force under Tarleton has been commonly estimated It l.iOO men, and the .\merican artny, as stated by Cieneral .Morgan, in liis tif- liiial report to (General Greene, written two days after the l)altle, at (»nly 800. Formerly Tarleton had been successtul by the celerity of his movements, and by the impetuositv of his sudden and unexpected attacks, chiefly on raw troops. Uut at the Cow- Pens he was opposed to an olficer as daring as himself, and who was prepared to receive him at the head of a band of vetertms. iSeldoin has a battle in which the number of combatants was so small produced such im- iuiriant consequences ; for the loss of the light infantry not oidy considerably diminished the force, but also crippled the inoveinents of Cornwallis during the tainpiiign. ("oriiwallis was at Turkey creek, twenty-five 'iiiles from the Cow-Pens, con- fident of the success of his detachment, or at least without the slightest appre- hcdsion of its defeat. He was between Green and Morgan ; and it was a mat- ter of much importance to prevent their junction, and to overthrow the one of them while he could receive no support from the other. For that purpose he hail marched up Broad river, and instructed General Leslie to proceed on the banka of the Catawba, in order to keep the Americans in a state of uncertainty concerning the route which he intended to pursue ; but the unex;,tcted defeat of his detachment was an occurrence equally mortifying and perplexing, and nothing remained but to endeavor to compensate the disaster by the rapidity of his movements and the decision of his conduct. He was as near the fords of the Catawba as Morgan ; and flattered himself •hat, elated with victory and encumbered with prisoners and baggage, that ofliicei might yet be overtaken before ho could pass those fords. Accordingly, on the 18th of January he formed a junction with General Leslie, and on the 19th be- gan his reiriarkable pursuit of Morgan. In order the more certainly to accom- plish his end, at Ramsour's Mills he destroyed the whole of his superfluous baggage. He set the example by considerably diminishing the quantity of his own, and was readily imitated by his officers, although some of them suffered much less by the measure. He retained no wagons, except those loaded with hospital stores and ammunition, and four empty ones for the accommodation of the sick a; ' ^^mnded. But notwithstanding all hi.s privations and exertions, he uhimately missed his aim ; for General Morgan displayed as much prudence and activity after his victory as bravery in gaining it. Fully aware of hia dan- ger, he left behind him, under a flag of truce, such of the wounded as could not be moved, with surgeons to attend them ; and, scarcely giving his men time to breathe, he sent oflT his prisoners, under an escort of militia, and followed with his regular troops and cavalry, bringing up the rear in person. He crossed Broad river at the upper fords, hastened to the Catawba, which he reached on •he evening of the 28th, and safely passed it with his prisoners and troops next day ; his rear having gained the northern bank only about two hours before the van of the British army appeared on the opposite side. Much rain had fallen on the mountains a short time before, and it rained in- cessantly during the night. The river rose, and in the morning was impassable. It was two days before the inundation subsided ; and, in tliat interval, .Morgan sciit oflThis prisoners toward Charlotteville in Virginia, under an escort of mili- tia, and they were soon beyond the reach of pursuit. The .Americans regarded ■ le swelling of the river with pious gratitude, as an internosiiidn of lleavcH in Hf.i TMK PK^rouiAF- HISTORY llifir lichiiir. mill looki'il forw;inl with iiicriMsrd ('(Uiliilence lo ilit> l.i) o\ iillliiiaic 8111 ri'S8, flriu^rnl Mori^Hii callcil fi»r the ;i<ro- Itiired l<» ilispiiic tlif (>;i.sMii;i> of (lie river, hut, on ilic Dlsl « alrt'M ly incniioiuil, took a position at lli..k'> creek, on the east side of the i'odee ; .mil li.id in i-.iinp 1,100 roiiiiiietil;i; ,i!ii ih': IJtli ol'.laniiary he wis joiiu'ii liy Colotnd Lee's partisan legion, \vhich ar rived t'rotn the iiorti), and eonsisted ol' 1 UO vvell-nniinited horsemen, and I'^'U in- fuutry. This reinforeeiinnt wa.s next day de.i|)aliiieii on a secret expedition ; and, in order to divert the attention uT the eneniv lioni the iiioveiiients of the le- gion. Major .'.nderson. with a Miiall ileiaeliinent, was sent down the Pedee. On the ni;rl.. of the 'Jlili, Lee .surprised (leorneiown, and killed some ol' the Har- rison ; 1)111 the ^{reater part (led into the lorl, whieh Lee was not in a coiulition t(( hesiege. On hearing of .Moraan's victory and daiiirer, (Jeneral (ireeiie's ijreal aim w;is to elleet the jmietioii ol' his two divisions. .\ eeofilini;lv he called in his detadi- inenis ; and, leavinif the division ai Hick's eieek, iiinh'r the coin iiand of Gen- eral linger and Cidonel Olho Holland W'illiaius, and accompanied only hy one aid-de-cainp and iwo or three inoiinted militia-men, he .set out lo meet Morgan. in the persuasion that on the spot he could hetter direct tlie iiiovenients of the troops than hy any « riiten instructions. On his journey ;ie was informed that Cornwallis was in rapid |inrsiiitol' MorL^'iii ; he therelore iles|)at(lied iiisinictions to Hiiger and Williams to inarch as l';ist as possible in order to join Morgan's division at (Charlotte or S.dishiiry, as ciriumistances might, permit. .Vfter a ride of loO miles, Greene arrived in .Morgan's camp on the 31s'. On the evening of the 31st ol Jaiinary, the river had subsided, but the fonls were all guarded, ('orriwallis, however, resolved lo ait<'mpl the pa^sage ; and. in oriler to perplex the Americans, made a show of intending to cl•o^s at ilill'er- ent points. Colonel Webster with one division of the army, w as sent 'o Beattie's ford to camioiiade the enemy on the opjiosite hank, and make a feint of attempt- ing to force the passage ; but the real attempt was to be made at a private ford near M'Cowan's. For that purpose the division of the army under the immedi- ate orders ot' (■ornwallis, left their ground at out! in the morning of the 1st ol February, and arrived at ihe ford toward dawn of day. The lires on the oppo- site bank showed the liritish commatider that the ford, though a private one, was not neglected. General Davidson, with 300 militia, had been sent on the preceding evening to guard it ; and was directed by Geiieri!! Greene to post his men close by the side of the river ; he, however, stationed only a small parly on the bank, v.'lijle tlie rest were encamped at some distance. Although Cornwallis perceived that he would meet with opposition, yet he determined to force the passage. The river was about 500 yards wide, three reel deep, and the stream rapid. The light infantry of the guards, under Colonel Hall, accoii'pHided by a guide, tirsi entered the ford : they were followed by the grenadiers, w:;-- were succeeded liy the battalions ; the men moving in platoons, in order to support each other against the rapidity of the current. When near the middle of the river, they were challenged by an American sentinel, who, receiving no answer, after challenging thrice, gave the alarm by firing his mus- ket. The party on the bank instantly turned out. ind began to fire in the line of the ford. On the first discharge the guide fled, and Colonel Hall, ignoram of the direction of the ford, led his men straight across the river. This carried »he columti considerably above the termination of the ford, and consequently twok them out o( the line of the .American fire, which, in the darkness of th< (> !.•) ol uImiiiuk; muary, wliile li*- :-il ill camp, niKl Gi'iMTiil (;ri'eii»», cast side of llif r.ir service. Oii (■!>ii>ii, wliii'h ar- incii, aiiil rJU III- (•r>-i fxpeditioii ; cmtMits of till.' le- ill.. Ptilce. Ol iuiiif of the i;;ir- iii ill a cuiidltiiiii ;'» iireat aim was 1 ill liis dctai'li- Dili iiaiiil of Gill- iiid only by kih' to meet Morgan, iiiovomerils of tliu vas informed thai uchcd ill!slrlK•^ion^ 10 join Morgan's init. After a ride ili'd, but the fords llie piis.sage ; and. to cross at ditl'er- as sent 'O Beatt'e's a feint of attempt- 8 at a private ford under the iinmedi- iiim of the 1st of fires on the oppo- gli a private one, been sent on the Greene to post his ly a small party on opposition, yet he ) v.ii-ds wide, three arils, under Colonel ere followed by the moving in platoons, rreiit, Wlien near lean sentinel, who, I by firing his mus- in to fire in the line :onel Hall, ignoram iver. This carried I, and consequently the darkness of the ,J " ■- \& ""i^sriwsBftw^-'* ^^ %. '^' r.% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 UL 12.8 ISO "^ i 2.5 2.2 18 1.25 II u III 1.6 r= 11= 111^ -^ 6" ► ..^■f ^ 7i >:) > • ! Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 8714503 ■<^ A^ ^7% CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques 11 OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 363 Aiorning, was kept up in the ilirection of the ford, and fell diaffonally on th« rear of the grenadiers. As scon as Davidson perceived the direction of the British column, he led his men to the point where it was about to land. But, before he arrived, the light infantry had overcomt all diHicultus, and were ascending the bank and formiuL'. While passing the river, in obeditiice to orders, they reserved their tire, and, on gaining the bank, soon put the militia to flight. Davidson was the last to retreat, and, on mounting his horse to retire, he received a mortal wound. The defeat of Davidson opened the passage of the river. All the American parties retreated, and on the same day the rest of the British army crossed at Beatlie's ford. Tarleton, with the cavalry and the 23d regiment, was sent in pursuit of the militia ; and being informed on his march that the neighboring militia were assembling at Tarrant's tavern, about ten miles distant, he hastened with the cavalry !o that place. About 500 militia were assembled, and seemed not unprepared to receive him. He attacked them, and soon defeated and dis- persed them with considerable slaughter, and the British army received no fur- ther trouble from the militia till it passed the Yadkin. General Greene now retreated and marched so rapidly that he passed the Yadkin at the trading ford on the night between the 2d and 3d of February, partly by fording and partly by means of boats and flats. So closely was he pursued that the British van was often in sight of the American rear ; and a sharp conflict happened not far from the ford, between a body of American riflemen and the advanced guard of the British army, when the latter obtained possession of a few wagons. General Greene secured all the boats on the south side : and here it again happened as at the Catawba ; the river suddenly rose, by reason of the preceding rains, and the British were unable to pass. This second escape by the swelling of the waters was interpreted by the Americans as a visible interposition of Heaven in their behalf, and inspired them with a lofty enthusiasm in thai cause which seemed to be the peculiar care of Omnipotence. The river being unfordable, and still continuing to rise, all the boats being removed, and the weather appearing unsettled, Cornwallis resolved to march up the south bank of the Yadkin about twenty-five miles up to the shallow fords near its source, which are commonly passable. General Greene, released from the immediate pressure of his pursuers, continued his march northward, and on the 7th of February joined his division under Huger and Williams near Guilford courthouse. Thus Cornwallis missed his first aim, which was, to recover the prisoners, to retaliate the blow which Morgan had given at the Cow-Pens, to pre- vent the junction of the iwo divisions of the American army, and to overwhelm one or both of theri. General Gi«ene's army was inferior to tho force under Cornwallis ; and therefore the British general deemed it important to get between Virginia and General Greene, and to compel him to fight before he was strengthened by his expected reinforcements. Accordingly, although his army was without tents, and, like the Americans, obliged to subsist on what it could hastily procure in a rapid march, he resolved not to abandon the pursuit of the enemy. General Greene's infantry amounted to 2,000 men, and he had between 200 and 300 cavalry ; but his equipments were greatly inferior to those of the Brit- ish. He believed Cornwallis to have upward of 2,500 men, and he therefore determined to avoid a battle if possible. His aim was to retire into Virginia , that of Cornwallis was to prevent the execution of that movement, and to fight (lie Americans without delay. The river Dan, the largest and most southern branch of the Roanoke, separ- M««» North Carolina from Virginia : and the British general was informed thai i6l THE PICTOKIAI. HISTORY the lower f jrds of that river were impassable in winter ; that the ferries vren distant from each other ; and that no sufficient number of boats or flats could be collected at any one ferry to transport the American army in a convenient time. He reasonably concluded that if he could prevent General Greene from passing the upper fords, he might overtake and overwhelm him before he could cross at the lower ferries. Dix's ferry, about fifty miles from Guildford courthouse, was in the direct road to Virginia ; but the British were as near it as the Americans, and it was impossible to bring up boats from the lower ferries against the rapid current of the river to transport the Americans before the arrival of the British. That route, therefore, was abandoned as impracticable. But there are two other fer- ries, Boyd's and "'win's, only four miles distant from each other, considerably farther down the . ver, and about seventy miles from Guildford courthouse. The Americans wert neerest those ferries by about twenty-five miles, the whole distance between the two armies ; and consequently, in that direction, they had by so much the start of their pursuing enemies. Besides, all the boats at Dix's and the intermediate ferries could easily be conducted down the stream to Boyd's and Irwin's. An officer, therefore, with a few men, was instantly despatched to perform that service. In order to cover his retreat, and to check the pursuing enemy. General Greene formed a light corps out of Lee's legion, Howard's infantry, Washing- ton's cavalry, and some Virginia riflemen under Major Campbell, amounting to 700 men, the flower of the southern army. As General Morgan was severely indisposed, the command of these light troops was given to Colonel Otho Hol- land Williams. Having refreshed his troops, and made the necessary arrangements, on the morning of the iOth of February, General Greene left Guildford courthouse on nis march toward the Dan ; and was pursued by Cornwallis, who had been de- tained by the long circuit which he was obliged to make in order to pass the Yadkin, 'I'he retreat and pursuit were equally rapid; but the boldness and activity of the American light troops compelled the British to march compactly and with caution ; for on one occasion Colonel Lee charged the advanced cav- airy of the British army suddenly and furiously, killed a number, and made some prisoners. General Greene's precautions and preparations for passing the Dan were successful ; and on the 1 4th of February, he crossed that river at Boyd's and Irwin's ferries, with his army, baggage, and stores. Although his light troops had marched forty miles that day, reached the northern bank, when the adva. peared on the other side of the river. The escape of General Greene into Virginia, without a battle, and without any loss, except a few wagons at the Yadkin, was a severe disappointment to Cornwallis. The pursuit was at ..i end, and the Americans safe; for the river was deep, all the boats were removed from the south side, and the American army was posted on the opposite bank ; General Greene's prudence and activity having accomplished what was deemed impracticable. In this retreat and pursuit of more than 200 miles, both armies endured exces- sive fatigue and hardships: Want of tents, bad roads, heavy rains, swollen riv- ulets, and scarcity of provisions, were privations and sufTerings common to each. The men were often thoroughly wetted, without any means of drying th«m- Belves till the moisture was evaporated by the heat of their bodies. The in- clement season of the year aggravated their sufferings. But under these trials the British soldiers had great advantages, for they were provided with shoes, and comfortably clothed. But the Americans were in rags, and many of them barefooted : the blood flowing from the gashes in their naked feet marked theii -he last of them had scarcely fuard of the British army ap- ■ tifSfcfy^-?ft5*i»^S!((^^J>JW''«jca(^*yx:^f OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 305 t the ferries were s or flats could be 1 convenient time, eene from passing he could cross at was in the direct ricans, and it was 3 rapid current of he British. That ire two other fer- ther, considerably dford courthouse. ) miles, the whole irection, they had the boats at Dix's I stream to Boyd's itly despatched to enemy, General ifantry, Washing- )ell, amounting to gan was severely lolonel Otho Hol- ngements, on the rd courthouse on ivho had been de- order to pass the the boldness and march compactly he advanced cav- r, and made some passing the Dan It river at Boyd's Ithough his light lem had scarcely British army ap- ittle, and without lisappointment to afe ; for the river id the American ence and activity 3S endured exces- ains, swollen riv- common to each, of drying th«m- bodies. The in- nder these trials vided with shoes, nd many of them feet marked theii Ime of march. Yet both armies bore all with patient fortitude and without a ffiurmur. The Americans did not lose a single sentinel by desertion. ('oriiwallis entirely failed in his attempts against (lencriil Greene ; but he was consoled by the reflection that he had completely ilriveii the enemy out of North Carolina, and that now there was nothing to hiiulcr the loyal inhabitants from openly espousing his cause and reinforcing his army. By easy inarches in; iVll l)ack to Hillsborough, where, on the 20th of the month, he erected the roval standard, and called on the people to join his iiriny, and assist him in re storiiiL' order and consliliitional government in the country. Originally in North Carolina, tlu; loyalists were more numerous than in any of the other colonies ; but unsuccessful insurrections had considerably cooled their zeal and diminished their nuiiii)ers. Some had lell the province, and joined the royal army in .Suuth Carolina ; and many, rendered cautious by experience, resolved to watch the course of events, and not rashly to expose their lives and fortunes in a doubtful and hazardous cause. Considerable numbers, however, determined to encounter every risk, and made preparations for repairing to the royal standard. But those proceedings were soon checked ; for General Greene, asvare of the inclinations of many of the people, on the 18th sent Lee's legion across the Dan, into North Carolina, to watch the royal army, counteract the ])roclamation, and intimidate the loyalists ; and, being reinforceil by 600 Vir- ginia militia, under General Stevens, on the 2 1st and 22d of February he re- passed the river with his whole army, and advanced toward the British encamp- ment. In order to perplex and harass ("ornwallis, and to discourage the loyal- ists, he stMit forward his light troops to hover round the British quarters ; while, with his main body, he proceeded slowly, by the route most favorable for form- ing a junction with some North Carolina and Virginia miliiia who were return- ing from a war with the Cherokees. With the force then under his command, he had no intention of hazarding a general action ; but he knew tha' his pres ence in the province would overawe the loyalists, and encouraged the friends ol congress. Cornwallis was indefatigable in exciting to arms the adherents of royal gov- ernment. In one (lay he imbodied sevon independent companies ; and consid- erable numbers were assembling in order to join his army. Colonel Tarleton, with part of the legion, was detached over the Haw river, to protect and conduct to camp a body of loyalists who had agreed to meet at O'Neil's plantation. Gen- eral Pickens and Colonel Lee got notice of Tarleton's movements and design, and concerted measures for attacking him and frustrating his intentions. Lee, with his cavalry, was to fall upon Tarleton ; while Pickens, with his militia, was to disperse the loyalists. On the evening of the 25th the loyalists were paraded in a lane leading to O'Neil's house, when Lee entered it with his cavalry. At first he mistook them for Pickens's militia, who, he imagined, had reached the place before him. They were equally in error with respect to him. They mistook his cavalry for Tarleton's. Lee, however, on ob- serving the red rag on their hat, the badge of loyalty, soon became sensible of their real character ; but he resolved to pass on toward Tarleton, leaving the lo- ries to Pickens. That officer with his militia soon came up : a firing between him and the loyalists immediately began ; and Lee, perceiving that Tarleton, who was within a mile, would be alarmed, and could not now be surprised, in- stantly wheeled and fell upon the astonished loyalists, who, as he was cutting them down, exclaimed that they were the king's best friends. On hearing the firing, Tarleton, who was refreshing his men about a mile from the bloody scene, instantly mounted, recrossed the Haw, and hastened to Hillsborough. Ho met some loyalists on their way to camp, and, mistakiiif} 'htm for provincial militia, put them to the sabre. Thus these unfortunate per 366 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY sons were mas»acreil equully by those whom they came to assist and those whom they meant to oppose. General Greene recrossing the Dan, and the massacre of Colonel Pyle's corps, disconcerted the measures of Cornwallis, ai.-J 80 completely intimidated the loyal inhah;:ant8 that few of them afterward re- paired to the royal standard. The country about Hillsborough, having been traversed by both armies, was nearly exliausted ; and it was obvious that the royal army could not long remain at that place. Although Cornwallis, in his proclamation, had allowed forty days to the loyal inhabitants to come in, yet, on the 27th of February, only six days after issuing the proclamation, he found it expedient to decamp from Hillsborough. He passed the Haw, a branch of Cape Fear river, and took a position on Alia- manee creek, in order to procure provisions for his troops, and to protect the numerous loyal inhabitants residing between the Haw and Deep river. As Cornwallis retreated, General Greene advanced, passed the northern branch of the Haw, and encamped betweon Troublesome creek and Ready Fork. He assumed a confident air, although he did not yet feel himself strong enough to hazard a battle ; and, in order to avoid a surprise, he changed his ground every night, without disclosing to any person beforehand the new position which he intended to take. In his difficult and critical movement to check an enemy whom he durst not encounter, and to maintain positions favorable to a junction with his expected reinforcements. General Greene was greatly assisted by an active light infanty and a daring body of cavalry, who penetrated the country in every direction, and so overawed the loyalists that Cornwallis found it difficult to procure information on which he could rely. After several movements the American light troops and some militia took post on the branches of Reedy Fork, while General Greene, with his main body, lay at some distance toward Guilford courthouse. Early in the morning of the 6th of March, Cornwallis, under cover of a thick fog, passed the AUamanee, and marched toward Reedy Fork to beat up the quarters of the light troops, and to bring General Greene to a battle if a favorable opportunity presented itself. A sharp encounter ensued, and some loss was sustained on each side. The Ameri- cans retreated, but no important advantage was gained over them. General Greene fell back to the iron-works on Troublesome creek, and Cornwallis re- turned to his station near the quaker's meetinghouse at the forks of Deep river. At length General Greene received all the reinforcements which he expected ; therefore he again advanced, and took a position near Guilford courthouse, within about ten mil(>8 of the British encampment. On the 13th of March his arrny amounted to 4,261 men, including 180 cavalry, under Colonels Washington and Lee. The continental infantry amounted to 1,490. The rest of the army consisted of the Virginia militia, commanded by General Stevens ; and of the North Carolina militia, under Generals Butler and Eaton. Hitherto Genera) Greene had studiously avoided a battle ; but having received all his reinforce msnts, he now resolved to risk a general engagement. His movements indica ted his intention ; and Cornwallis readily embraced the proffered opportunity of a battle. Accordingly, on the evening of the 14th of March, he sent off his baggage under a proper escort to Bell's mills, on Deep river, and early next morning put his army in motion toward Guillbrd courthouse. General Greene, who was meditating an attack on the British, had his men prepared for action, when the firing of his advanced parties gave him notice of ho approach of the English army. About three miles in front of the Ameri- can encampment, the van of the royal troops, consisting of the cavalry, the light infantry of the guards, and the yagers, under Colonel Tarleton, fell in with the American advanced guard, consisting of Lee's legion, with some riflemen under Campbell and Lynch. A severe conflict ensued, and was obstinately maiutainetl '^-i.*- OF TMR AMKIUCAN RK VOI^IJTION. afi'7 assist and those g the Dan, and the 1 of Cornwallis, ai.d them afterward re- y both armies, was id not long remain at (lowed forty days to , only six days after from Hillsborough. : a position on Alla« 3, and to protect the leep river, assed the northern ek and Ready Fork, iself strong enough changed his ground new position which to check an enemy rorable to a junction atly assisted by an rated the country in His found it ditficult me militia took post 1 his main body, lay morning of the 6th the Allamanee, and light troops, and to presented itself. A J side. The Ameri- rer them. General and Cornwallis re- »rks of Deep river, which he expected ; juilford courthouse, I 13th of March his olonels Washington le rest of the army itevens ; and of the Hitherto Genera) ed all his reinforce I movements indica 'ered opportunity of ch, he sent off his iver, and early next British, had his men gave him notice of front of the Ameri- tie cavalry, the light ton, fell in with the lome riflemen under stinately maiutaineti ijii both sides till the appearance of the '2.3d regiment to support Paileton mmle Lee hastily retreat. During this skirmish Generiil Greene put liis army inordi't ot' battle, about a mile from Guildford courthouse. The whole country presented the appearance of a vast wilderness covered with tall trees and a tliick uiid'T- wood, interspersed with a few cleared fields. General Greene drew up his army in three lines on a large hill, surrounded by other woody emitiences : liis Hrst line, composed entirely of the militia of North Carolina, and amounting to 1.060 men, exclusive of officers, under Generals Butler and Eaton, was advanta- geously posted on the edge of the wood, behind a strong rail fence, with an exteii- .^ive open field in front ol" their centre, through which ran the great road to Salis- liurv ; on it, in the centre of the line, were place two field-pieces. The second line, consisting of tlie two brigades of Virginia militia, amounting to 1,123 men under Generals Stevens and Lawson, was drawn up in the wood, about 300 yards be- hind the first, and on both sides of thi; great road to .Salisbury. The third line, jiosted about 300 yards behind the second, consisted of the Virginia regular troops under General linger, on the right, and the Maryland brigade under ('oloii.d Williams on the left : this line was drawn up obliquely, with its left di- verging from the second line, and partly in open groinid. VVashington, with his cavalry and some rilleinen, formed a corps of observation on the right flank ; and Lee's legion, with a body of riflemen under ('ampbell and Preston, covered tiie lett. The baggage was sent olT to the iron-works on Troublesome creek, where the army was ordered to rendezvous in ease of defeat. After the rencounter between Lee and Tarleton, Cornwallis continued his march tdward the American army ; and as soon as the head of the column ap- peared in sight, it was tnet by a cannonade from the two six-p(ninders stationed on the road. The British returned the fire. Cornwallis instantly made his dis- positions for the attack. The 7 1st regiment, and the regiment of Bosc, led by General Leslie, supported by the first battaliim of the guards under Colonel Norton, formed his right wing. The 23d and 33d regiment^, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Webster, supported by the grenadiers and second battalion of the guards under General O'Hara, formed the left. The light infantry of the guards, and the yagers, with the cavalry, formed a corps of observation ; the artillery was in the centre. The British army amounted to upward of 2,000 men. The dispositions having been made, the line was ordered to advance, and it moved forward. When the British were at the distance of 140 yards, the American first line began to fire ; but, although most advantageously posted, many of them, without even firing their loaded muskets or being fired upon, threw down their arms, ran into the woods, and made the best of their way to their respective homes. Few, even of those who remained, gave more than .• second discharge ; but, on receiving the fire of the British, they fled precipi- tately, in spite of the efforts of their officers to rally them, and sought refuge behind the second line. The British steadily advanced, but experienced more resistance from the Virginia militia than they had done from those of North Carolina. The Virginians maintained the conflict till Stevens, perceiving their inability any longer to withstand the shock, ordered a retreat. That officer, though wounded, did not leave the field. The British suflTered considerably in their conflict with the American second line ; but, nevertheless, they advanced iiteadily against the continentals under Huger and Williams. The British line was unavoidably a good deal broken by the diflferent degrees of resistance it had experienced at different points, by impediments arising from the thickness of the woods and the inequalities of the ground, and by being extended to the right and left in order to present a front equal to that of the enemy : the whole, however •noved on, and the second battalion of the guards, under Colonel Stuart, first 'cached the open ground on which the greater part of the continentals werti •JHM riiii: picToruAi. iiistoiiy drawn up; and, impatifiit to sijrnalize ihenisolves, impetuously rushed on tlie ««H'(tn(l Miiryliintl rej;iinciit, wliit-li, iusicad of lirinly meeting tht- iiliarjfe, lied in eonliision. Tlie guards eagerly pursued iIumh, and took two six-pi, iinl (itiuTiil Sniii|)ifr on ilio soiilhrte* fiiiris of Sdiiih Ciir»Min:i, cncli ;ii llir lir.iil ol' ii small p.irly of inounlod ^(lll(»^v^•r^ liid ni;iintiiini-(l a hold Init iiiilVeitutil Wiirtiirt' ; ;inil I'riMn tht-ir t'cehle ami Juoiil- tory flUtrts no serious apprrlicnsions were I'ntfrtiiincd : lint after tin? arrival of (M-ncral Greene in Soiilli Carolina, they proved useful auxiliaries anil trouhle- •OMie enenucs. Lee joined Marion; and, on the ISth of April, they unexpectedly presented themselves before Fort Watson, a British post on the Santee. It wan an Indian mound, risinj; 30 or 10 feet al»(»ve the level of the plain. Neither the \;arrison nor the assailants had artillery; but in a few days tlu; Americans constructed a work on an luiusual plan, which overlooked the fort, and from the top uf which the rillemeii fired with such unerring aim that not a man of the garrison couM show himself without certain destruction. On the 23d, the garrison, consisting of 114 men, capitulated. General Greene hoped to arrive at Camden before Rawdon got notice of his march ; but the iidiabitants of the territories through which he passed were disafl'ected to the revolutionary cause ; and ho was obliged to forage with the same precautions as if he had been in an enemy's country ; consequently his progress was slower than he had expected ; Rawdon had received early infor- mation of his advance, and was ready to receive him when he appeared before Camden on the 20th of April. Camden was a village situated on a plain, covered on the south by the Wa- teree, a river which higher up is called the Catawba ; and below, after its con- fluence with the Congaree from the south, assumes the name of the Santee. On the east of it flowed a rivulet called Pinetree creek : on the north and west sides it was defended by a strong chain of redoubts, six in number, extend- ing from the river to the creek. General Greene, whoso force at that time amomUed only to about 1,200 men, felt himself unable either to storm or com- pletely to invest the place. He encamped before it to wait for the arrival of the militia whom he expected, and to be in readiness to improve any favorable op- portunity that might occur ; but he had not been long in that position when he was informed that Colonel Watson was marching up the Santee to join Raw- don. General Greene was sensible that, if that reinforcement arrived safely in Camden, he would be unable to maintain his ground before the place. He re- solved to intercept Watson ; which could be accomplished only by movements too rapid for the presence of baggage and artillery. In order to rid himself of these incumbrances, he sent them under the care of Colonel Carrington and some North Carolina militia to Lynuh's creek, nearly 20 miles north from Cainden, and moved his camp to the east of that place on the road to Charleston. But Watson, having been interrupted by Marion and Lee, did not arrive so soon as was expected ; and Greene found it difficult to procure provisions for his men in his new position. On the 24th he sent an order to Carrington to join him with ihe baggage and artillery at Hobkerk's hill, an eminence rather more than a mile north from Camden on the road to the Waxhaws. On the same day he marched hi.s army to that place ; where the led of his encampment was covered by a swamp, and the hill, as well as the ground between it and Camden, abounded with trees and underwood. At that time a drummer deserted from General Greene, and informed Rawdon uf the absence of his militia, artillery, and baggage. That officer immediately resolved to seize the favorable opportunity, and to attack the American general while destitute of artillery, and unsupported by the militia, or by Marion and Lee. Accordingly, on the morning of the 25th, at the head of about 9U0 men, he marched from Camden to attack General Greene's camp ; and, by miking a circuit, and keeping close tc the edge of the awamp, under cover of the woods -," ■ >"'t7JWy^''£iviV'v -.'■JirtiW*AS«^ivA**"f*^'-' oi" TFiK AMKinc.w in;v()[,rri()\. in on ilio »c)iith\\r% inoiintr'd follciwrr^ ■ t'eel)le ami Jo-mI- ifter till! arrival ot' iaric8 and troiilile- pectedly prcsentml It was an Indian either the ^iirrison cans constructed u n the top 1)1' whicli ihe garrison could j;arri8on, consislinj^ ivdon got notice of !h he passed were to torage with the ; consequently his ceived early infer- \e appeared before 1 south by the Wa- slow, after its con- of the Santee. On the north and west in number, extend- force at that time jr to storm or com- or the arrival of the e any favorable op- it position when he antee to join Raw- nt arrived safely in the place. He re- only by movements er to rid himself of arrington and some lorth from Camden, o Charleston. But t arrive so soon as sions for his men in jn to join him with rather more than a Ik the same day he ipment was covered m it and Camden, d informed Rawdon officer immediately i American general or by Marion and i of about 9U0 men, ; and, by miking a cover of the wnodv he Uiiiii'd ihe left llankofilie AiiKTiniiis, when- thi- lull vv.is most .i( ci'ssiMe, Uiidi?*rov('reil. While the Aini'rii'uiiH ucri' ((mkini; ilicir provisions, .iinl (Icn- enil (ireeiie at hrcakfast. the alarm was iriven hy the ontpoMts firiiiK on ihr Uril- isli v.iii. At iliiii critical moment the militia and the aiinon .irrivfil, :iiiil (icii- oral fJri'Piie soon had his army in order of liatile. The Virijinia lirij;ai!c, under General Ilujier, was on the rijjht ; lli, '.laryland hrijjadc, umlcr CoIoik I Wil- liams. was on the left ; and the artillery in the ceuire. The Norlli Carolina militia, under Colonel Reade, formed a second line ; Captain Kirkwood, with the liijht infantry, wis placed in trout, to support the advanced parties, aud t(! retard lilt! progress oi* the IJritisli troops. So couliilcul was Ceneral f!reeue of victory that he orderr(| Lieutenant-Colonel \Vasliiiii;ii'u, with his cavalry, to turn lilt! rii;lit (laiik of the British, ami to chargi! tliein in the rear. Mtaiiwhilc the .Vmerican atlvanced parties ami Kirkwood's infantry, after a brisk tiro, were driven in ; ami Rawiloii advanced steadily to attack the main body of the American army. The 63il regiment, supported hy the volunteers of Ireland, formed his right; the king's American reginient, supported by Cap- tain Robertson's corps, coinposeil his left ; the New York volunteers were in the centre. The North Candina volunteers and cavalry were in the rear, and formed a reserve. .\fter viewing the firitish army, and observing the narrow front which it pre- senteil. General Greene, sanguine in his hopes of success, ordered the second Maryland regiment to attack its right flank, a part of the Virginia troops to assail its left, and the rest of the Virginia ami Maryland coutinentals to march down tlio hill and oppose it in front. Thus the British army was to be assaileil in front, on Imth flanks, and in the rear. Rawdon, perceiving General Greene's intention, quickly e.vtended his front, by bringing the Irish volunteers forward into the line. The lirini; became very close, and though the American column which descoMled the hill was supported by a destructive discharge of grape-shot from the artillery, yet that part of the continentals was soon broken by the British troops, and fell hack in confusion. Their olFicers were unable to rally them. The British gained the suin'nitof the hill ; and General Greene, surprised and mortified at the sudden and unexpected reverse, and apprehensive of tlie utter discoinfhure and ruin of his army, ordered such of his coutinentals as were still nnbrokeu, and his militia, who had not been engaged, to retreat. Washington, who iiad gained the rear of the British army, and made a number of prisoners, seeing the infantry ilriven from the field, paroled some wounded olficers and n'lired, carrying with him about fifty prison- ers, among whom were the royal .surgeons In the confusitin the .\merican cannon were run down the hill, and concealed from the British among some bushes ; but, in his retreat, Washington observed and drew them ofl". The pursuit was continued nearly three miles, but was ul- timately checked by a furious charge made by Washington, with a body of cavalry. The retreat from the field was conducted in good order ; and the Americans carried ofT all their baggage, artillery, and some prisoners. They halted for the night at Saumler's creek, four miles from Hobkerk's hill ; and next day proceeded to Rugely's mills, twelve miles from Camden. After the en- gagi!infint the British returned to Camden. Hobkerk's hill was a hard-fought battle ; and, considering the numbers en- gageil, each party suffered considerable loss. The Americans had nearly 300 men killed, wounded, or mis$ing ; and among them were some valuable officers. In killeil, wounded, and missing, the loss of the British amounted to 258, out of about 900 who were on the fiold. The battle of Hobkerk's hill, like that of Guildford courthouse, was of no permanent advantage to the British. For Rawdon was in no conditiff to follow 371 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY up thij advantage which he had gained: General Greene retreated no fartliei than Rugely's mills ; and the presence of his army, together with the activity and courage of his followers, fomented the spirit of disaffection to the British authority which had manifested itself in many parts of the southern provinces, and kept Rawdon in a very uneasy and critical situtuion. Knowing that the British troops could not loiig remain in Camden without receiving fresh supplies from Charleston or the coun'ry, General Greene sent a reinforcement to Marion on the road to Nelson's ferry ; and on the 3d of May he passed the NVateree with the remainder of his army, and from time to time took such positions as would most effectually prevent the garrison of Camden from receiving any sup- plies. Colonel Watson, as has been already mentioned, was marching with upward of 400 men to reinforce Rawdon. Marion and Lee having obtained information of his route, resolved to obstruct his progress, and took post so judiciously at the fords, that Watson was obliged to alter his course. He marched down the north side of the Santee, crossed it near its mouth, with incredible labor advanced up its southern i)ank, recrossed it above the encampment of Marion and Lee, but a little below the confluence of its two great branches the Congaree and Wateree, and arrived safely at Camden with his detachment on the 7th of May. This reinforcement gave Rawdon a decided superiority, and he resolved in- stantly to avail himself of it. Accordingly, next night he marched against Gen- eril Greene, with the intention of attacking him in his camp ; but that officer, apprized of the reinforcement, and aware that it would immediately be employed against him, left the ground which he had lately occupied, passed the Wateree retired to a greater distance from Camden, and took a strong position beiiind Saunder's creek. Rawdon followed him, and drove in his outposts ; but, after attentively viewing his camp at all points, he was convinced that it could not be forced without a loss which he was in no condition to sustain ; therefore he re- turned to Camden. Rawdon's situation had now become extremely critical. Marion and Lee were exerting themselves with much activity and success against the chain of British posts, and the communications were every day becoming more difficult. It was necessary to diminish the number of posts, and to confine them within a narrower range. Accordingly, on the 10th of May, the British general burned the jail, mills, some private houses, part of his own stores, evacuated Camden, and retired, by Nelson's ferry, to the south of Santee, leaving behind him about thirty of his own sick and wounded, and as many Americans who had fallen into his hands in the battle of Hobkerk's hill. After the evacuation of Camden, several of the British posts fell in rapid suc- cession. On the 1 1th the garrison of Orangeburgh, consisting of seventy militia and twelve regulars, yielded to Sumpter. Marion and Lee, after taking Fort Watson, crossed the Santee and marched against Fort Motte, situated on the south side of the Congaree, a little above its confluence with the Wateree ; they invested it on the 8th of May, and carried on their approaches so vigorously, that, after a brave defence, the garrison, consisting of sixty-five men, capitulated on the I2th. Georgetown, a post on the Black river, was rtauced by a detach- ment of Marion's corps ; and, on the 15th, Fort Grandby, a post at Friday's ferry, on the south side of the Congaree, thirty miles above Fort Motte, gar- risoned by 350 men, chiefly militia, surrendered to Lee. The presence of General Greene's army, the activity and success of his ad- herents, and the retreat of Rawdon, made the smothered disaffection of the in- habitants burst into a flame ; and the greater part of the province openly revolted from the British authority. In that critical emergency, Rawdon re'reated tc Monk's corner, a position which enabled him to cover those districts from which OF THE AMERICAN KEVOLUTIOX. 373 retreated no fartliei jr with the activity tion to the British southern provinces, Knowing that the giving fresh suppUes rorcement to Marion assed the Wateree L such positions as 1 receiving any sup- irching with upward obtained information so judiciously at the ched down the north e labor advanced up arion and Lee, but a igaree and Wateree, th of May. and he resolved in- arched against Gen- np ; but that officer, 3diately be employed passed the Wateree Qng position beiiind outposts ; but, after 1 that it could not be in ; therefore he re- Marion and Lee igainst the chain oi )ming more difficult, onfine them within a itish general burned evacuated Camden, ng behind him about ans who had fallen >sts fell in rapid sue- ;ing of seventy militia se, after taking Fort otte, situated on the h the Wateree ; they iches so vigorously, five men, capitulated rtauced by a detach- , a post at Friday's ve Fort Motte, gar- id success of his ad- isaffection of the iu- ivince openly revolted Rawdon re'reated tc i districts from which Charleston drew its more immediate supplifs. (icinTiil (Jreene, having sue- leedeil ia reducing so many of the British posts, and in forcing Rawdoti to re- lire to Monk's corner, instead of following his lordship, turned his aiteriticm toward the western parts of the province, and to the upper posts in Georgia. He ordered Colonel Pickens to assemble the militia of Nineiy-Si.x ; and, on the day after the surrender of Fort Grandby, sent Lee to join him On the reduction of Georgia and South Carolina by the British in 1780, many of the most determined friends of congress in the upper parts of those states re- treated across the mountains or fled into North Carolina ; but the greater nwm- ber, despairing of the popular cause, submitted to the conquerors, flattering them- selves with the hope of being allowed to live in peace and in the secure enjoy- ment of their property. But when these men, accustomed to live on their lands in a state of rude independence, found themselves treated with overbearing in- solence, plundered with unsparing rapacity, and compelled to take up arms against their countrymen, all their former predilections ri,;urned, and a spirit of biiter hostility to the royal authority was engendered. When the British army, leaving only feeble garrisons behind, marched to the northward in the career of victory and conquest, this spirit soon manifested it- self. Colonel Clarke with some adherents marched against the British garrison at Augusta But Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger, who commanded at Ninety-Six, proceeded to the relief of Colonel Brown, the commandant of Augusta. Clarke was obliged to flee, and that premature insurrection was suppressed. Such of Clarke's adherents as fell into the hands of Colonel Brown were treated with the utmost rigor. But the spirit of opposition to the royal authority, though damped, was not extinguished : armed parties, commonly acting without any concert, daily multiplied, and disturbed the peace of the British garrisons. Cap- tain M'Koy, with a few daring adventurers, infested the banks of the Savannah, and took some boats going up the river with supplies to Augusta : he defeated a party sent against him by Colonel Brown ; but, though joined by Colonel Harden and his band, he was afterward defeated by Brown, and his followers for a while dispersed. These desultory encounters were now succeeded by more regular and steady operations. Colonel Clarke, with indefatigable zeal, had again returned to his native province ; and a number of militia, under General Pickens, assembled in the vicinity of Augusta. On the fall of Fort Granby, Colonel Lee without delay marched toward Pickens's camp, and in four days effected a junction with him. Their first attempt was against Fort Golphin or Dreadnought, at Silver bluff", on the Carolina side of the river Savannah, which was garrisoned by seventy men : on the Ist of May it surrendered to a detachment of Lee's legion under Captain Rudolph. Pickens and Lee now turned their united arms against Fort Cornwallis at Augusta: they carried on their approaches against the place with skill and activity ; but Colonel Brown made a most obstinate defence. In rhe course of the siege several batteries were raised which overlooked the for , and two of them were within thirty yards of the parapet ; from these the American rifle- men fired with such deadly aim, that every man v.'ho showed himself was in- stantly shot. The garrison almost buried themselves under ground ; but their valor was unavailing, and on the 5th of June they, to the number of 300 men, «urrendcred by capitulation. The Americans had about forty men killed or wounded in the course of the siege. The British officers at Augusta, by their severities, had rendered themselves singularly obnoxious to the inhabitants of the surrounding country ; and after the surrender, Lieutenant-Colonel Grierson was shot dead by an unknown marksman, vho escaped detection, although 100 guineas of reward were oflTered for trie 1 ' u \ I • i < ! 1 i J J H7r. THE PICTORIAL HISTORY discovery of the murderer. It was with tlitricuhy that Colonel Brown was saved from a similar fate: he had lately hanged thirteen American prisoners, and delivered up some to the Indians, who put them to death with all those toriiiros which Indian ingenuity has devised, and which savage ferocity only can inflict. To save him from the vengi ance of the enraged colonists, his coii(]iitr- ors escorted him safely to Savannah. At Silver Blufl", .Mrs. M'Koy obtained permission to speak with him, and addressed him in the following manner. — " (Colonel Brown, in the late day of your prosperity I visited your camp, and on my knees begged the life of my son ; but you were deaf to my supplications. You hanged him, though only a beardless youth, before my face. These eyes have seen him scalped i)y the savages under your immediate command, and for no better reason than because his name was M'Koy. As you are now a pris- oner to the leaders of my country, for the present I lay aside all thoughts of revenge ; but when you resume your sword, I will go 500 miles to demand sat- isfaction at the point of it for the murder of my son." If Brown was a man of any sensibility, he must have felt acutely at this singular instdt. While those operations were going on in Georgia, General Greene with his main army marched against the British post at Ninety-Six, in South Carolina. Ninety-Six (so named because it is ninety-six nvles from the town of Kecown, in the territory of the Cherokees), at the time waen it came into the possession of the British troops in 1780, like other villages on the frontiers of the colonies, was surrounded by a palisade to defend it against any sudden irruption of the In- dians. But the British garrison had added some new works, the most important of which was on the right of the village, and, from its form, was called The Star. It consisted of sixteen salient and re-entering angles, with a dry ditch and abatis. On the left of the place was a valley through which flowed a rivulet that supplied the village with water ; on the one side the valley was commanded by the prison, which was converted into a blockhouse, and on the other by a stockade fort in which a bh)ckhouse had been erected. The garrison cons'sted of 550 men, 350 of whom were regulars, coinmanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger. There were only three pieces of artillery in the place. When Lord Rawdon found himself under the necessity of evacuating Camden and of retiring to Monk's (Corner, he was fully sensible of the danger to which the post of Ninety-Six was exposed. He seiU several messengers with instruc- tions to Colonel Cruger to abandon the post, retire to Augusta, unite his force to that of Colonel Brown, and afterward act according to his own discretion. Lest his messengers should be intercepted, he desired Colonel Balfour, com- mandant of Charleston, to transmit similar instructions. But the disaffection of the province to the British interest had now become so strong, and the roads leading to Ninety-Six were so effectually guarded, that not one of those messen- gers reached that place : hence Colonel Cruger remained without instructions, and in complete ignorance of the state of the British aritiy in the province. His being left in ignorance he felt as an ominous circumstance : he was well aware of the hostility of the people, and not without apprehensions of a visi. from the American ai-my. In liii'se circumstances he made every preparation for defending his post with vigor : officers and men diligently labored on the works, and by their united exertions a bank of earth, parapet high, was thrown up round the town, and strengthened by an abatis ; blockhouses were erected, traverses made covered, communications constructed, and the garrison prepared for a vigonms defence. On the 22d of May, after the works were finished, the American army under General Greene, consisting of nearly 1,000 men, appeared, and encamped in a wood within cannon-shot of the place. In the course of the ensuing night. Gen- eral Greene erected two works within seventy paces of the fortifications ; bu uF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 377 Urovvn was saved an prisoners, uiid 1 all tliosf toriiiros ferocity onlv cnn nists, his coiii]iitr- s. M'Koy oUlaineil lowing manner . — your camp, anil on > my supplications, face. 'J'hese eyes command, and for ou are now a pris> le all thoughts of les to demand sal- Liwn was a man of It. 1 Greene with liis in South Carolina, town of KecowLt. iilo the possession ;r8 of the colonies, irruption of the In- the most important 1, was called The ?ith a dry ditch and h flowed a rivulet sy was commanded on the other by a garrison cons' sted Lieutenant-Colonel ce. jvacuatiiig Camden le dang;er to which iigers with instruc- ista, unite his force is own discretion, lonel Balfour, com- the disaffection of rong, and the roads le of those messen- •ithout instructions, the province. His ice : lie was well 'hensions of a visi. every preparation tly labored on the . high, was thrown luses were erected, 3 garrison prepared lerican army under and encamped in a jnsuing night, Gen- I fortifications ; bu ■boui « ven next forenoon a party, supported by a brisk cannonade from the three pieces of artillery which had been mounted on the Star, and by a close dis- charge cf musketry from the parapet, sallied out, killed such of the Americans as fell in their way, demolished their works, and carried off" their intrenching tools. General Greene put his army in motion to support his men in the trenches ; but so expeditiously was the enterprise performed, that the sallying party returned within the works with little loss. On tlie night of the 23d, General Greene again broke ground, but at the mor« cautious distance of 400 yards. Though interrupted by frequent sallies, yet th« Americans labored so indefaligably that their second parallel was finished bj tiie 3d of June. On that day they summoned the garrison ; but. on being an swered that Lieutenant-Colonel Cruger would defend his post to the last extrem itv, they carried on their approaches with unabated vigor. The batteries of th. second parallel were opened, and a heavy cross-fire enfiladed several of the work-r. They pushed on a sap against the Star, and advanced their batteries, one of which, constructed of gabions, was erected within thirty-five yards of the abatis, and raised forty feet high, so as to overlook the works of the garrison. RiHernen, posted on the top of it, did considerable execution ; and their fire proved so destructive to the men who worked the artillery on the Star, that the guns were abandoned during the day, and used only in the night. Augusta, as already mentioned, capitulated on the 5th of June; and while Colonel Brown was sent olT under an escort to Savannah, Colonel Lee, with the rest of his prisoners, about 300 in number, proceeded to join General Greene at Ninety-Six. He arrived there on the 8th of June ; and, in the hope of making some impression on the garrison by the appearance of the prisoners, marched them in full view of the British works in all the parade of military triumph. Strengthened by this reinforcement. General Greene, who hitherto had carried on his approaches against the Star solely, commenced operations, under the di- rection of Colonel Lee, against the works on the left of the town also, which commanded the water. The approaches were made with vigor, and the defence conducted with skill and persevering valor. But the siege was carried on in such a manner, that every effort of the besieged must soon have been overpow- ered, and the garrison compelled to surrender. From this mortification they were oaved by the approach of Rawdon. The smallness of the force under his command, and the disafTection of the province, had compelled him for some time to remain near Charleston for the security of that important post; but on the 3d of Jime he received a seasonable reinforcement from Britain, consisting of the 3d, 19th, and 30th regiments, a detachment from the guards, and a considerable number of recruits, the whole under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Gould This accession to his strength enabled him once more to overrun the province. On the 7th of June, Rawdon left Charleston with part of the reinforcements, and. being joined by the troops at .Monk's Corner, marched to the relief of Nine- ty-Six at the head of about 2,000 men. In their rapid progress over the whole extent of South Carolina, through a wild country, and under the beams of a scorching sun, the sufferings of his troops were severe ; but they advanced with celerity to the assistance of their brave companions in arms. On the 11th of June, General Greene received notice of Rawdon's march, and immediately sent orders to Sumpter to assemble his militia, keep in front of the British army, and make every efTort to retard its progress. To enable him the more efiect?:- ally to accomplish this purpose, all the cavalry were detached to his assistan-^. But Rawdon passed Sumpter a little below the junction of the Saluda and Broad rivers, and that officer was never able to regain his front. Meanwhile the siege was vigorously pressed, in order to force a capitulation before the arrival of Rawdon : but the courage and obstinacy of the garrison li4 '0 ^ '^Sft- 3 A' wt %, THE PICTORIAL HISTORY t^iAhl to the activity of the assailants. Sallies were occasionally made, and ti\\.iy aittwck was met with intrepidity. The garrison was hard pressed, and iow4id the v'loss of the siege afflicted by watit of water ; for every person who, durij of those provinces were wrested from the British government, and restored to the American Union. In that service General Greene was greatly assisted by a small, but active, indefatigable, and daring body of cavalry. During this campaign, an expedition was conducted by General Pickens against the Cherokees, who had been instigated by the British, by promises of rewards for scalps, &c., to take up the hatchet against the Americans. The savages were vanquished, and compelled to sue for peace. CHAPTER XHL Having brought the active campaign of 1781 in the southern states to a close, we shall now return to tbe northward, glance at the general condition of Ameri- can affairs in the early part of the year, and then attend to the military opera- tions on the Hudson and in Virginia. Congress had called for an army of 37,000 men, to be in camp on the Ist of January The resolution, as usual, was too late ; but, even although it had been promulgated in due time, it is not likely that so ^ irge a force could have oeen brought into the field. The deficiencies and delavs on the part of th< itWt ft ig MmwM Wg U ' .MPU ! l3 WgiflwWWfc" i:e, as absolving liu« liiigly he returned ta n prisuiicr, cunfua^d Lord Uawdo!) and jehaved with inucb ion. ills of Santee ; and, hands of the British, d of the royal com- er from Colonel Ual- in Lord Rawdon and Cornwallis, to put to at their own request, d the clear conquest 's army on the occa^ ,e the execution of Arard issued a procla italiatory vengeance. [10 advantage what- lignation against his lajor Andre, it was ved no countenance 1 the petty irritalioa lightened justice or lent of his army sud- after some skirmish- (1. General Greene pletely covered the ritish to Charleston li force was concen- all the interior partu snt, and restored to greatly assisted by y General Pickona tish, by promises of B Americans. Tho lem states to a close, condition of Ameri- } the military opera- I camp on the Ist of en although it had ;e a force could have ^s on the part of th< OF TIIF, AMKIUC.W RKVOLUi'ION .';.s:( neveral states exceeiled all reasonable anticipation. \t no tune during this ac- tive and interesting campaign did tlie regular force, drawn from Pennsylvania to Georgia inclusive, amount to 3,000 men. So late as the inonlii of April, the Htates from New Jersey to New Haniipshire inclusive had furnished only 5,000 infantry : but this force was slowly and gradually increased: till, in tiie month of May, including cavalry and artillery, which never exceeded 1,000 men, it presented a total of about 7,000, of whom upward of 4.000 might have lieen re- lied on in active service. A considerable p.-'rt of this small force arrived in ciinip too late to acquire, during the campaign, that discipline which is essential to military success. Inadequate as this army was for asserting the independence of tile country, the prospect of being unable to support it was still more alarming. 'I'lie men were in rags : clothing had long i)een expected from Europe, but iiad not yet arrived, and ilie disappointment was severely felt. The magazines were ill supplied ; the troops were often almost starving ; and the army ready to be dissolved for want of food. The arsenals were nearly empty. Instead of having the recjuisites of a well-appointed army, every'hing was deficient ; and there was little prospect of being belter provided, for money was as scarce as food and military stores. Congress had resolved to issue no more bills on the credit of the Union ; and the care of supplying the army was devolved uj)on the several states, according to a rule established by that body. Even when the states had collected the specihed provisions, the quartermaster- general had no funds to pay for the transportation of them to the army, to accom- plish which, military impressment was resorted to, in a most offensive degree. Congress was surrounded with difficulties : the several states were callous and dila'jry ; and American affairs wore an aspect of debility and decay. To deepen the general gloom, there were portentous rumors of preparations for savage warfare abng the whole extent of the western frontier : and of an invasion on the side of Canada, 'n the midst of tinancial difficulties, and appre- hensions of attack both from foreign and domestic enemies, a new and alarming danger appeared, in a quarter where it was little expected, and which threatened to consummate the ruin of American independence. The privations and suffer- ings of the troops had been uncommonly great To the usual hardships of a military life were added nakedness and hunger, under that rigor of climate which whets the appetite, and renders clothing absolutely necessary. By the depre- ciation of the paper currency their pay was little more than nominal, and it waa many months in arrear. Besides those evils, which were common to the whole army, the troops ot Pennsylvania imagined that they labored under peculiar grievances. Their offi- cers had engaged them for three years, or during the war. On the expiratiop of three years, the soldiers thought themselves entitled to a discharge : the offi- cers alleged, that they were engaged for the war. The largo bounties given to those who were not bound by previous enlistment heightened the discontent of the soldiers, and made them more zealous in asserting what they thought their right, in the first transports of their patriotism they had readily enlisted ; but men will not long willingly submit to immediate and unprofitable hardships, in the prospect of distant and contingent rewards. TJie discontents engendered by the causes now mentioned had for some time been increasing ; and, on the 1st of Tanuary, 1781, broke out into open and al- most universal mutiny of the tro^ s of Pennsylvania. On a signal given, the greater part ol the non-commisaioned officers and privates paraded under arms, declaring thei' intention of marching to the seat of congress, to obtain a redress of grievancos, or to abandon the service. The officers made every exertion tu bring ihf m back to their duty, but in vain : in the attempt a captain was killeii, tnd several other persons wounded. General Wayne internosed ; but, on cocu •A8\ "rilK PIC'I'OKIAL liixroHY itii; liis pistols ;it sumo of the most iiiidaciDiis of th»' iniiliin'tTs, sfverul l)nyoiiet« Wire at liis hrfast, the miMi cxilaimiii'j; : " Wo rospoct yoii, we htveyoii; hut you Tire a iUnuI mau if you tir*- ! Do not niiHtaki' us : wi> are not i^oin^ Irt th<> eiieinv ; oil llie contrary, were ihry to coint^ out, you shoiilil sec us (ii,'lii lunler you wiiii as much rt'sohition and alacrity as exrr ; hui we wish a rt'drcss of urii'vaiiccs, and will no lonj^i^r he amused." Such of llie Pennsylvania troops as had at lirst taken no part in the disturhaiicu wt^e prevailed on to join the inuliueers ; and till! whole, aiuountini,' to l,;{00 men, with six fuld-pieces, marched from Morris- town, under temporary otlicers of their own election. (Jeiieral Washington's headi|uarters were then at .New Wind.sor, on the North river. .Next day (Jeiieral Wayne and Colonels Mutter and .Stewart, olKcers who in a liiifh degri'e enjoyed tlu! confidence and atlection of the troops, followed tho mutineers; hut, though civilly received, they could not succeed in adjusting the diderences, or in restoring suhordiiiatioii. On the thinl day the mutiiieors re- sumed their march, and in the morning arrived at Princeton. Congress and tho Pennsylvania government, as well as (ieneral Washington, were much alarmed hy this mutiny ; fearing the example might he contagious, and lead to the disso- lution of the feehle American army. 'I'herelore a committee of congress, with the governor and some meinhers of the executive council%f Pennsylvania, set out from Philadelphia for the piir|)ose of allaying this dangerous commotion. Sir Henry Clinton, who heard of the mutiny on the morning of the 3d, was ecjiially active in endeavoring to turn it to the advantage of his government. He ordered a large corps to be in readineos to march on a moment's notice ; and sent two American spies hy way of Ainboy, and two by way of Elizabethtown, as agents from himself to treat with the n'utineers. But two of the persons em- ployed were actually spies on himself, and soon disclosed his proposals to the -American authorities. The two real spies, on reaching Princeton, were seized by the mutineers, and afterward delivered up to General Wayne, by whom they were tried and executed on the 10th. At first the mutineers declined leaving Princeton ; but, finding their demands would be substantially complied with, they marched to Trenton on the 9th, and before the 15th the matter was so far settled that tlu committee of congress left Trenton and returned to Philadelphia. All who had enlisted for three years, or during the war, were to be discharged ; and in cases where the terms of enlist- ment could not be produced, the oath of the soldier was to be received as evi- dence on the point. They were to receive immediate certificates for the depre- ciation on their pay, and their arrears were to be settled as soon as circumstan- ces would admit. On those terms about one half of the Pennsylvania troops obtained their discharge. The success of the Pennsylvania troops, in exacting from their country by violence what had been denied to the claims of equity, produced a similar spirit of insubordination in another division of the army. On the night of the 20th of January, about 160 of the Jersey brigade, which was quartered at Pompton, com- plaining of grievances similar to those of the Pennsylvania line, and hoping for equal success, rose in arms, and marched to Chatham, with the view of prevail- ing on some of their comrades stationed there to join ihem. Their number was nut formidable ; and General Washington, knowing that he might depend on the fidelity of the greater part of his troops, detached General Robert Howe against the mutineers, with orders to force them to uiu "^nditional submission, and to ex- ecute some of the most turbulent of them on tue spot. Thei'e orders were promptly obeyed, and two of the ringleaders were put to death. Sir Henry Clinton, as in the case of the Pennsylvanians, endeavo. meiit'8 notice ; and y of Elizabethtown, o of the persons em- lis proposals to the inceton, were seized ayne, by whom they iding their demands nton on the 9th, and itiee of congress left d for three years, or ; the terms of enlist- be received as evi- licatea for the depre- soon as circumstan- Pennsylvania troops m their country by uced a similar spirit night of the 20th of ■ed at Pompton, coin- line, and hoping for the view of prevail- Tbeir number was might depend on the Robert Howe against bmission, and to ex- Thei'e orders were th. endeavo. id Ih" |irii|Misiiis ; hut ilif iiiutiiiy was so spocdily r, and rendered it moreutteiitive in soothing the army than it imd liithi^rto fii't'ii. It raised alioiit three months' pay in speiMe ; and even that small su>ii was gratefully reiMMvrd i)y the troops, who considered it a token that the cuil autlioriiies were not entirely regardless of their sutrerings or indiHereiii to tiieir I'linlori. Hut. iti atti'iiiptiiig to e-icape one danger, congress fidt itself exposed to another scarcely less alarming. The means used to sooth tlie armv irritated il e piiiple. The troops were scantily supplied ; and yt't the inhahitants iniir- iinired at the conlrihiilioiis levied upon them. Iliilierto the United States had been held together by a very slender liond. 'I'lie powers of congress wt're limited; and it was not to bo expected that thir- teen ini ' '. i ^ of being able to apprehend Arnold ; and directed the Marquis de lu Fayetti to grant him no terms which would save him from the consequences of his crimes. Hom • ever, the delay in the sailing of the fleet frustrated the desipn of the American commander-in-chief. Admiral Arbuthnot, having repaired his damages, pursued, and on the ] 6th orertook the French fleet, off the capes of Virginia. An indecisive engagement ensued, in which each party claimed the victory ; but the object of the French expedition was defeated, and the fleet returned to Newport. The British began their hostile operations against America in the provinces of New England ; but there they met with such a stubborn resistance as soon in- duced them to abandon that part of the country, and to direct their attacks against more vulnerable ;j(.,ias. New Yorl; had been less hostile to the parent slate ; atid there they t'tri;cted a lodgement, with the view of separating the middle from the northern colonies From that station the war had been carried on with doubtful success. In 1776, an attempt against Charleston was gallantly re- pulsed ; and for some years the southern states enjoyed the reward of the brave defence of Fort Moultrie. In 1780, however, the British arms were more suc- cessful in that quarter, and when, toward the close of the campaign, and in the early part of 1781, it was believed that Cornwallis had subdued Georgia and the Carolinas, measures were concerted for invading Virginia also, which had hith- erto escaped the scourge of war. By means of Chesapeake bay and the great rivers which fall into it, that state is particularly open to incur.sory depredations by a power which has an undis- puted naval superiority. Chesapeake bay is a remarkable gulf or inland sea Its entrance, between Capes Henry and ri; ,,lo:;, 's f elve miles wide. At first it runs straight inti the land, but afterward funu (ii)rtKward, and evtends in that ,. nine fai. ua deep, and varies in breadth from five to upward of .v n^y miltiib. Its shores are indented with bays and projecting points ; and the James, York, Rappahannock, Poto- mac, and Susquehannah, large and navigable rivers, besides a number of smaller streams, pour their waters into it. The same causes which so much exposed the state to invasion by means of a superior naval force, prevent the speedy ^concentration of a lurge body of militia at any one point. Toward the end of October, 1780. General Leslie entered Chesapeake bay OF THR AMKlilCAN UF.Vni.UTlOX. 38? I received no JirAci ■el of that iiiilioii hail 1 ill a puititioii lu ci< taken ity a storm off mil iaip -we as to djive Ddtouches, the Freiub Jifiij a iiinall force ru »iliugiiit; Virginia ; bu' lythiii); except taking n to Chesapeake l);iy gainst Ariioiil, repair- ice with the Freiah t should iininediatelv ard ; but, owing to lU • fore the lleel ! it tlie he American oiHc*.!^ th 'heir ullin. From exp'ii ' '. ,<-i of being FayetU to grant him >f his crimes. liov ■ sign of the American lied, and on the 1 6th indecisive engagement obj(!ct of the French t. rica in the provinces 1 resistance as soon in- ct their attacks against to the parent state : rating the middle from »een carried on with ion was gallantly re- le reward of the brave arms were more sue- campaign, and in the bdued Georgia and the also, which had hith- h fall into it, that state which has an undis- ! gulf or inland sea ) miles wide. At first 1, and evtends in ilial le fai. .iia deep, and ;s shores are indented Rappahannock, Poto- BS a number of smaller ch so much exposed 3, prevent the speedy red Chesapeake bay landed at Purismuu:'i. ttiid befjaii to fortify liiiimelf there with aiioul 3,000 men Hut, on experieniMint ii(U'Xii»'t'ted and incri'asiiijr diniciilties iii the ('aroiinas, ('(irnwallis direCnd thai i)(n er with his (letaciiiiit'iit lo procffd to Charleston. Till' invasion ol Viri^inia, huMt u r though interrupted, was not nJiiKiuished. Sir Henry Clinton rfsuiicd to prosecuie ''"' war with vigor in that quarter ; and in tile end of the year sent the noiorioiiN < ieneral Arnold, witli 1,600 men, to (^hesafieake bay. ''hat oIl'ictM - «l|i'i| up i uiies' river, and on i Ith of Janu- ary, 1781, landed at Wcstover, MO miles l. 'm the capes, and Iw, ly-five below Uichniond, the capital of the state, which standi* «'< 'he north side the river at the falls or rapids. .Major-General iiaron Steuben, who oominaiubd in that jiart of irgini'> Fio. 151.— Baron Steuben. .hoHght the expedition was intended against Petersburgh, siti; iied on the Appo- mattox, which falls into James river a little above VVestover. At that place a considerable quantity of stores had been collected for the usi of the southern army ; and those stores the baron caused his feeble body of raw troops, scarcely amounting to 300 men, to remove to a place of greater security At VVestover, Arnold landed with the greater part of his troops, and marched directly toward Richmond. A few regulars who were in that vicinity, and some militia, were ordered to impede his progress ; but their weak efforts were ineffectual. Meanwhile, Steuben made every exertion to removt- the stores from Richmond, carrying them partly across the river, and partly to W^st Ham at the head of the rapids. On the day after landing at Westover, Arnold entered Richmond, with little )ppo4ition. There he halted with 500 men, and sent Lieutenant-Colonel Simcoe forward with other 500 to West Ham, where he burned and destroyed a valuable luundry, a boring mill, a powder magazine, and a considerable quantity of mili- tary stores. Colonel Simcoe returned to Richmond, where the public property, *s well as a large quantity of rum and salt belonging to individuals, were J*- «iroyed. After completing the work of destruction at Richmond, Arnold return* *ti < ' I m OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 389 de la Fayette arrived from the northward to take the command of the military force in that state. This young nobleman had early espoused the cause of America with all the enthusiasm of an ardent and generous mind, and had mani- '"ested such a lively zeal for the interests of the Union as tecured to him the en- ,ire confidence both of the Ameiican commander-in-chief and of congress. When .lie attempt was meditated against Arnold at Portsmouth, he was appointed »o command the troops to be employed in the enterprise ; but on the abandonment of the expedition by the naval force of France he returned from Annapolis in .Maryland, where he had arrived, and proceeded to the head of Elk river, at which place he received orders to take the command of the troops in Virginia. When the Marquis de la Fayette marched to the southward on the meditated enterprise against Arnold, the troops which he carried along with him were drawn cliietly from the northern states ; and, as it was believed the expedition w ould be of short duration, they were ill provided for a southern campaign, and had imbibed strong prejudices against the climate. When they understood that the duty would be more permanent than had been at first expected, numbers of them deserted. But, appealing to their honor, the marquis at length succeeded in in- spiring his troops with the resolution of braving every danger and enduring every privation in the cause of their country. In order to encourage them, that young nobleman, as careless of fortune as he was ambitious of fame, borrowed money on his own personal credit from the merchants of Baltimore to purchase shoes, linen, and other necessaries, for his detachment ; and the ladies of that city, with patriotic zeal, took charge of immediately making the summer clothes of the troops. The marquis arrived at Richtnond with his detachment on the evening before General Philips entered Manchester ; and, instead of attempting to pass the river in the face of that officer, the British general marched back to Bermuda Hundreds, a point of land formed by the junction of James river and the Appomattox, destroying much valuable property on his way. Embarking his army, he sailed down the river as far as Hog's island, where the van of his fleet arrived on the 5th day of May. On the return of the British down the river, the marquis sent small parties to follow them and watch their motions, while he established his headquarters be- hind the river Chicahominy, at some distance from Richmond. On the 7th of May, General Philips received a letter from Cornwallis, informing him of his lordship's march into Virginia, and mentioning Petersburgh as the place at which he expected to meet the British troops in that province. General Philips immediately returned up the river, landed one division at Brandon, while another proceeded to City point ; and on the 9th, those two divisions met at Petersburgh, where their arrival was so unexpected that they took prisoners some of La Fayette's ofiicors, who had been sent to that place for the purpose of collecting boats to conv(iy his troops across the river. Meanwhile Genera! Philips was seized with f'.«ver, and was so ill on reaching Petersburgh as to be unable to give orders. The progress of his disease wai rapid, and he died four days after ward, when the command of the troops devolvi \ on Arnold. We formerly left Cornwallis at Wilmington, iJi North Carolina, on the 7th of April. There he remained eighteen days, in order to refresh his exhausted troops ; and having resolved, after much deliberation, to proceed northward, on the '25th of the month he set out on his march into Virginia, a distance of 300 miles. In his progress, he met with little opposition. Colonel Tarleton, with 180 cavalry and 60 mounted infantry, preceded the army, and easily dispersed any bodies of militia that were assembling to interrupt it. On the 20th of May Cornwallis reached Petersburgh, and took the command of the British troops in Virgiriia. He felt his force decidedly superior to that opposed to him, and ex* H90 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY ulted in the prospect of success. Undervaluing the talents and resources of the Marquis de la Fayette, his yoinig opponent, he incautiously wrote to Europe, in a letter which was intercepted, " The hoy can not escape me." On being informed that General Philips, in returning up the river, had landed at Brandon on the southern bank, and that Cornwallis was marching northward, the marquis perceived that a junction of their forces was intended; and suspect, ing that Petersburgh was the appointed place of meeting, he endeavored to aii ticipate them in the occupation of that town. But the march of General Philips was so rapid that he entered it before him, and frustrated his design. The marquis, with his little army, consisting of 1,000 continentals, 2,000 militia, and 60 dragoons, took a position at Richmond and exerted himself in removing the military stores to places of greater security. On the 24th of May, Cornwallis left Petersburgh, crossed James river at Westover, thirty miles below La Fayette's encampment, and, being joined by a reinforcement from New York, marched at the head of upward of 4,000 veterans toward Richmond. But the marquis evacuated that town on the 27th, and re- tired toward the back country ; inclining his march toward the north, so that he might easily form a junction with General Wayne, who was hastening to rein- force him with 800 men of the Pennsylvania line. Cornwallis eagerly pursued his retreating foe as far as the upper part of Hanover county ; but, finding it im- possible to overtake the marquis, or to prevent his junction with General Wayne, he at length altered the course of his march, and turned his attention to more attainable objects. In his progress he destroyed much public property. That of individuals also was plundered or consumed, under pretext of cutting the sinews of war ; so that Virginia, which had long escaped hostile ravages, now experienced its full share of the public calamity. Cornwallis took the horses from the stables of private gentlemen, formed an efficient cavalry, and mounted many of his infantry ; so that he could move considerable detachments with uncommon rapidity Being thus provided with the means of rapid marches, he planned an expedi- tion against Charlotteville, where the general assembly of Virginia was then •itting, deliberating on the means necessary for the prosecution of the war. The assembly had been sitting at Richmond, but, on the approach of the British army, had retired to Charlotteville, which stands on the bank of the Rivanna, high up the river. At that place there were some military stores : but the Brit- ish prisoners were removed from it and conducted toward Pennsylvania. The force under Tarleton, in the expedition against Charlotteville, consisted of 180 cavalry and seventy mounted infantry of the 23d regiment. At first the second battalion of the Tlst regiment was ordered to accompany him, but the officers of that regiment presented a memorial to Cornwallis, representing their unwillingness to serve under that officer, who had commanded at the Cow-Pens, where the first battalion of their regiment were made prisoners. They were therefore attached to Simcoe's corps, and the 23d regiment appointed to accom- pany Tarleton, who on that occasion displayed his usual activity, and advanced so rapidly toward the place of destination, t' at it was by mere accident that the inhabitants of Charlotteville heard of his approach before he entered the town, *nd that all the members of the assembly of Virginia were not made prisoners. But Mr. Janiette, a private gentleman, observing Tarleton 's march, suspecting his design, mounted a fleet horse, and, by following a short and unfrequented road, reached the town two hours before tiic British cavalry entered it. The greater part of the legislative assembly escaped and re-assembled at Staunton, beyond the Blue Ridge ; only seven of them were made prisoners. Tarleton deslroyfid all the public stores at Charlotteville ; and sent Captain M'Leod, with a troop of horse, to Mr. JefTerson's mansion three miles farther, in order to ap- OF THE AMERICAN REVOI-HTION. 3»i and resources of the ' wrote to Europe, in the river, had landed marching northward, tended ; and suspect, le endeavored to ari 3h of General Philips id his design. The lis, 2,000 militia, urid self in removing the ssed James river at d, being joined by a ard of 4,000 veterans on the 27th, and re- the north, so that he s hastening to rein- allis eagerly pursued y ; but, finding it im- vith General Wayne, 8 attention to more at of individuals also lews of war ; so that srienced its full share he stables of private of his infantry ; so on rapidity e planned an expedi- Virginia was then lecution of the war. proach of the British ink of the Rivanna, stores : but the Brit- 'ennsylvania. irlotteville, consisted iment. At first the impany him, but the s, representing their led at the Cow-Pens, ioners. They were appointed to arcom- ;tivity, and advanced ere accident that the e entered the town, not made prisoners. 8 march, suspecting rt and unfrequented :y entered it. The embled at Staunton, prisoners. Tarieton 'aptain M'Leod, with her. in order tu ap- prehend that gentleman and some other individuals who were understood to be ihere, but with instructions to commit no depredations. Mr. Jeflerson and hia irieiuis made their escape; but M'Leod punctually obeyed his orders ; and. after remaining eighteen hours in the house, left it and all it contained uninjured ; conduet which was very rare, especially in Virginia. Colonel Tarieton having executed his commission at Charlotieville, hastened down the Rivanna to co-operate with Colonel Simcoe, who had been sent with 1 detachment of 500 men, chiefly infantry, in order to surprise Banm Steuben, who was then at Point of Fork, formed by the confluence of the Rivanna and Flu- vanna, the two great branches which constitute James river. He had upward of 500 raw troops anil a considerable iiuantity of stores under his protection ; and wailed lor the militia to the south of James river, who had been directed to as- seinlile at Point of Fork. Colonel Simcoe's progress had not been so rapid as that of raneton ; but so skilfully had he conducted his march, that though Sieuben had heard of Tarle- toii's e.xpedition against Charlotteville, yet he had received no notice of Simcoe's approach to his own encampment ; but, as a measure of precaution, he left Point of Fork and took a position on the south side of the Fluvanna, securing all the boats on the southern bank. Colonel Simcoe's detachment unexp(a-tedly ap- peared ; and the baron, mistaking it for the van of the British army, retreated precipitately during the night, leaving behind him part of the stores, which were ne.\t (lay destroyed by Colonel Simcoe. The baron did not halt till he was thirty miles from Point of Fork. In Virginia the British had committed fearful devastations, and had destroyed much valuable property ; but Cornwallis, though at the head of a superior army, had gained no important advantage over his opponent. He had pushed the Marquis de la Fayette across the Rappahannock, but was unable to prevent his junction with General Wayne, which was accomplished at Rackoon ford on the 7th of June. The marquis immediately repassed the Rappahaimock, and ad- vanced toward the British army. In the course of those movements Cornwallis had got completely between the marquis and the stores of the state, which were deposited at different places, but principally at Alben.arle old courthouse high up tho Fluvanna, on the south side of the river. Those stores were an object of importance to both armies ; and, early in June, the British commander, after having dispensed with the ser- vices of Arnold, and allowed him to return to New York, directed his march to Albemarle courthouse. The marquis was anxioi^s to preserve his magazines ; and, while the British army was more than a day's march from Albemarle courthouse, by a rapid and unexpected movement he suddenly appeared in its vicinity. The British general easily penetrated his design ; and, being between him and his magazines, took a position near the road, so that he could attack him with ad- vantage if he attempted to advance. During the night, however, the marquis discovered and cleared a nearer but long disused road, and passed the British army unobserved ; and. in the morning. Cornwallis, with surprise and mortifica- tion, saw his adversary strongly posted between him and tlie stores. Perceiving that the Americans could not be attacked unless under great dis- advantages, and believing their force greater than it really was, Cornwallis abandoned his enterprise and began a retrograde movement, and. in two night marches, fell back upward of fifty miles. On the 17th of June he entered Rich- mond, but left it on the 20th, and continued his route to Willia.nsburgh, where ihe main body of his army arrived on the 25th. The American army followed him at a cautious distance. On the 19th the marquis was joined by Steuben with his detachment, which increased the Ameri- nan army to 4,000 men ; of whom 2,000 were regulars, vut only 1,500 wer« ^iggSfeM^i. m Ji)2 THE PICTOHIAI. HISTORY limciplineil troops. That of Oornwallis appears to have been somewhat more numerous, and consisted entirely of veterans : it was also provideil with a well mounted body of cavalry, which had spread terror and devastation over the conn try, and greatly intimidated tlie militia. Though the marquis kept about twenty miles behind the main body of the British army, yet his light parties hung on its rear, and skirmishes occasionally ensued. A sharp encounter happened near Williamsburgh between the advanceil guard of the Americans, under Colonel Hutler, and the rear guard of the British under (yolonel Simcoe. in which both sull'ered considerable loss. I'art of tlie British army marched to (Colonel Sinu'oe's assistance, and the Americans wer.- obliged to retreat. Althinigh the manpiis encouraged skirmishes and partial conlhcts, yet, distrusting his new U vies and militia, he cauticmsly avoided a general battle. While the British ai-ny remained at Williamsbnrgh, the Ameri- cans occupied a strong encampment twenty miles from that place. During the various movements of the troops in Virginia, property to a great amoi tit, both puldic and private, was destroyed. Among other articles 2,000 hogsheads of tobacco were burned ; individuals suffered severely, and the re- sources of the state were considerably impaired. While the army traversed the coun'ry, carrying devastation in its train, ships-of-war sailed up the rivers, pil- laged the farms, received fugitive negroes, and. in some instances, laid the houses in ashes. Early in the spring a British frigate went up the Potomac to General Washinirton's mansion at .Mount Vernon, and demanded from the stew- ard a quantity of provisions, which was granted in order to save the property. This compliance, however, was not satisi'actory to the American commander-in- chief, who declared that it would have becMi more agreeable to him to have left the enemy to take what they pleased by force, even at the risii of burning his house and property. Though the militia showed no alacrity in taking the field, and though less re- sistance was made to the royal arms in Virginia than had been exjiected from such a powerful state, yet very little inclination manifested itself among the peo- ple to support the British cause. Some loyalists in a remote part of the province were easily reduced to unconditional submission by (General Morgan, whom ill health had obliged to quit the army ; but who, on this occasion, j)ui himself at "he head of a ft^w moimted rillemen to subdue the insurgents. We will here introduce tlie adventure of Charles Morgan, commonly called Charlie by his comrades Charlie was a shrewd private of the Jersey brigade a good soldier, and had attracted the notice of the Marquis de la Fayette. In the course of the movements on James river, the marquis was anxious to procure exact information of the force under Cornwallis, and, if |)ossil.le, to penetrate his lordship's designs ; he considered (Charlie as a proper agent for the accomplish- ment of his purposes, and proposed to him to enter the Ikitish camp in the char- acter of a deserter, but in reality as a spy. Charlie imdertook tlie perilous en- terprise, merely stipulating that, if he were detected, the marcpiis should cause it to be inserted in the Jersey newspapers, that he was acting under the orders of his commanding othcer. The pretended deserter entered the British lines and was conducted into the presence of (yornwallis. On being questioned by that nobleman concerning his motive"? for desertion, he replied, •• that he had been with the American army from the beginning of the war, and that while under General Washington he was sai'sfied ; but that now they had put them under a Frenchman, he did not like it, and therefore had deserted." Charlie was received without suspicion, was punctual in discharging his duty as a soldier, and carefully observed every- thing that passed. One day while on duty with his comrades, Cornwallis, wno was ill close conversation with some of his officers, called hin? and asked. " How -■awgHa m'.ai(. i iwi! i «o»iLi i iHw iiii Mi iii OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. .193 een somewhat iiior* rovideil with u well station over the conn e tnain body of tin; rmishes occasionally ptween the advanced guard of the British ^ loss. I'art of the he Americans were rniishps and partial iiutionsly avoided a iiishnrgh, the .\ineri- placc. Iiroperty to a great >ther articles 2,000 •vereiy, and the re- i army traversed the 1 up the rivers, ()il- ! instances, laid the ; up the Potomac to nded from the stew- savo the property, rican commander-in- to him to have left risii of burning his and though less re- leen exjiected from iself among the peo- I part of the province I Morgan, whom ill sion, put himself at n, commonly called the Jersey brigade de la Fayette. In s anxious to procure il.le, to penetrate his for the accomplish- sh camp in the char- ok ilie perilous en- ir(|uis should cause ng under the orders i conducted into the man concerning his le American army ral Washington he fichman, he did not without suspicion dly observed every- 3S, Cornwallis, wno va and asked." ilow long will it take tlie marquis to cross James river ?" " Three hours, my lord, was the answer. " Three hours !" exclaimed his lordship, " will it not take three days ?" " No, my lord," said Charlie ; *' the marquis has so many boats, each boat will carry so many men ; and if your lordship will take the trouble of calculating, you will find he can cross in three houra." Turning to his officers, the earl said, in the hearing of the American, "The scheme will not do." Charlie was now resolved to abandon his new friends ; and for that purpose plied his comrades with grog till they were all in high spirits with the liquor, lie then began to complain of the wants in the British camp, extolled the plen- lifiil provision enjoyed by the Americans, and concluded by proposing to them to desert : they agreed to accompany him, and left it to him to manage the sen- tinels. To the first he oflTered, in a very friendly maimer, a draught of rum from his canteen ; but, while the soldier was drinking, Charlie seized his arms, and then proposed to him to desert with them, which he did through necessity The second sentinel was served in the same way ; and Charlie hastened to the Atnerican camp at the head of seven British deserters. On presenting himself before his employer, the marquis exclaimed, " .\h, Charlie ! have you got back ?" " Yes, sir," was the answer, " and have bnnight seven more with me." The marquis offered him money, but he declined accepti.ig it, and only desired to have his gun again : the marquis then proposed to raise him to the rank of a corporal or serjeant, but Charlie's reply was, " I will not have any promotion ; I have al)ilities for a common soldier, and have a good character : should I be promoted, my abilities may not answer, and I may lose my character." He, liowever, generously requested for his fellow-soldiers, who were not so well supplied with stockings, shoes, and clothing as himself, the marquis's interference to procure a supply of their wants. For some time after entering Virginia, Cornwallis entertained the most flat- tering hopes of success. He was at the head of an army, which no force in that province was a^le to resist ; and he felt no doubt of succeeding against the Marquis de la Fayette. But that young officer eluded his most active exertions, frustrated some of his schemes, and now hung upon him with an army, which, though still ii.ferior, was nevertheless forinidable, and daily increasing in strength. But new disappointments and more mortifying events awaited this active noble- man. While at Williamsburgh he received a requisition from Sir Henry Clin- ton for part of the troops under his command : the commander-in-chief having discovered that an attack was meditated on New York, thought his garrison in- sufficient for the defence of that place, and wished part of the troops in Virginia to be sent to his assistance. Cornwallis prepared to comply with Sir Henry (Clinton's requisition ; and, believing that with the remaining troopsi he would be unable to maintain himself at Williamsburgh, he resolved to pass James river and retire to Portsmouth. On the 30th of June he apprized the commander-in chief of his resolution. On the 4th of July the army marched from Williamsburgh, and encamped on the bank of James river, so as to cover a ford leading into the island of James- town. On the 5th and 6th, the baggage and some of the troops passed the ford ; but the main body of the army kept its ground. On the morning of the 5th of July, the Marquis de la Fayette left his encamp- ment, crossed the Chickahominy, pushed his light troops near the British posi- tion and advanced with the continentals to make an attempt or the British rear, after their main body had passed th( river. On the afternocj . of the 6th, the marquis was told that the main body of the British army had crossed the ford, and that a rear guard only remained behind ; an opinion which the British gen- eral artfully encouraged by the judicious manner in which he posted his troops General \Vayne, imagining that he had to fight a rear j>uard orly, advance** rff^S^ 304 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY bdldly against the enemy ; but in a short time he unexpectedly found himself iq presence of the Britisli army drawn up to receive him. Instant retreat he con- Bidered impracticable, and thought the boldest course the most safe. With 800 men he made a brisk attack ; and for some minutes the conflict was sharp and bloody. But La Fayette, discovering the mistake, ordered a retreat, which wa» made with precipitation, leaving two pieces of cannon in the hands of the Brit- ish. The Americans retired behind a morass ; and, it being nearly dark, Corn- wallis, suspecting an ambuscade, ordered no pursuit. In this encounter, the Americans had 118 men, including ten officers, killed, wounded, or taken pris- onfTs. The loss of the British was not so great, amounting to five officers, and about seventy privates. In the course of the night the British passed into the island ; whence soon afterward they proceeded to Portsmouth. The troops required by the commander-in-chief were embarked ; but, before they sailed, despatches arrived from New York countermanding the order. At the same time, the commander-in-chief deprecated the thought of abandoning the Chesapeake, stating, that as soon as the season for military operations in that quarter returned, he would probably send thither all the disposable troops under his command, and recommending the establishment of a defensive post for the reception of ships-of-ihe-line, either at York, on the river of that name, or at Point Comfort in Hampton Road. Cornwallis accordingly ordered Point Com- fort and York to be surveyed by engineers and officers of the navy, from whose report it appeared that works constructed on old Point Comfort could neither de- fend the entrance into Hampton Road, nor afford protection to ships lying there ; and as it was admitted that Portsmouth was not a station of the duscription re- quired, Cornwallis thought his instructions left him no alternative but to fortify York and Gloucester, as the only points capable of affording the requisite pro- tection to ships-of-the-line. Measures were accordingly taken for seizing and fortifying these places, and for evacuating Portsmouth. Part of the army pro- ceeded, in boats and transports, up the Chesapeake and York river, and, on the Ist of August, took possession of Yorktown and Gloucester Point, the former on the south, the latter on the north side of the river. The evacuation of Ports mouth was completed ; and on the 22d the British force in Virginia concentra- ted at York and Gloucester. Here we shall leave Cornwallis and his. army dili- gently fortifying themselves, and for a while turn our attention to the northward. In the early part of the year the affairs of congress wore a gloomy and alarm- ing aspect : the finances were exhausted, the troops mutinous, the army much diminished in numbers, and the soldiers who remained with the standards of their country, were in a stale of entire destitution. The necessity of a foreign loan and of European auxiliaries was obvious; and an early application for both had been made to France. But, how well dis| )sed soever that power was to grant the desired assistance, compliance was no easy matter : for the treasury had enough to do in answering the national demands necessarily made on it, and was little able to supply foreign wants. As a signal proof of friendship, how- ever, the French monarch gave his allies a donatioi; of six millions of livres, and promised to support them with a strong naval and military armament. Early in May, the Count de Barras, who had been appointed to the command of the French fleet on the American coast, arrived at Boston, accompanied by the Viscount de Rochambeau, commander of the land forces. An interview between General Washington and the French commanders was immediately appointed to be held at Wethersfield, on the 2 1 st ; but some movements of the British tteet made De Barras repair to Newport, while the two generals met at the appointed place, and agreed on a plan of the campaign. It was resolved to unite the French and American armies on the Hudson, and to commence vigor- ous operations against New York. The regular army at that station was esti- ■ n i H» j jy i j i ; " !" ' » ■ ' (ih' THE AMERICAN liEVOI.UTlON. ;jii.') Jly found himself in tant retreat he con- ist safe. With 800 lict wKtt sharp and I retreat, which wa» hands of the Brit- f nearly dark, Corn- this encounter, the ided, or taken pris- to five officers, and ish passed into the ;h. barked ; but, before ling the order. At hi of abandoning the operations in that osable troops under enaive post for the )f that name, or at Drdered Point Com- 3 navy, from whose trt could neither de- :o ships lying there ; the duscription re* lative but to fortify ; the requisite pro- :en for seizing and rt of the army pro- k river, and, on the Point, the former on vacuation of Ports Virginia concentra- is and his. army dili- in to the northward. I gloomy and alarm- us, the army much 1 the standards of cessity of a foreign application for both that power was to r : for the treasury irily made on it, and of friendship, how- lillions of livres, and rmament. ted to the command >n, accompanied by :es. An interview s was immediately 5 movements of the wo generals met at It was resolved to :o commence vigor* u station was esti> mated at only 4,500 men ; and though Sir Henry Clinton miglit be able m rein- force it with 5,000 or (i,0(*0 militia, yet it was believed ' could not niaiiituin the post, without recdiling a considerable part of his trod^ roin tlic sou'.liwiird, u:id enleebliiig the operations ui' tho British in that quarter ; in wliich case it was resolved to make a vigorous attack on the point which presented the best prospect of success. Cieueral Washington immediately required the states of New England to hm e 5,0U0 militia in readiness to march, wherever they might be called for ; und sent an account of the conference at Wetherstield to congress. His despatch was intercepted in the Jerseys, and carried to iSir Henry Clinton ; who, alarmed by the plan which it disclosed, made the requisition, already mentioned, of part uf the troops under Coriiwallis, and took diligent precautions for maintaining Ins post against the meditated attack. .Meanwhile the several states of the Union were extremely dilatory in furnish- ing their contingents of troops, and it was found dithcult to procure subsistence tur the small number of men already in the Held In consequence of this dilatory spirit, wiien the troops left their winter quar- ters in the month of June, and encamped at Peekskill, the army under Washing- ton did not amount to 5,000 men. This force was so much inferior to what had been contemplated when the plan of operations Wd.s agreed on at Wetherstield, that it became doubtful whether it would be expedient to adhere to that plan, iiut the deficiency of the American force was in some measure compensated by the arrival at Boston of a reinforcement of 1,500 men to the army under Kocham- beau. The hope of terminating the war in the course of the campaign, encouraged the states to make some exertions. Small as was their military force, it was tlifKcult to find subsistence for the troops ; and, even after the army had taken the field, there was reason to apprehend that it would be obliged to abandon the objects of the campaign for want of provisions. In that critical juncture of American affairs, when the government was without money and without credit, the finances of the Union were intrusted to Mr. Robert Morris, a member of con- gress for Pennsylvania, a man of capital, and of much sagacity and mercantile enterprise. He extensively pledged his personal credit for articles of the first necessity to the army ; and, by an honorable fulfilment of his engagements, did much to restore public credit and confidence. It was owing mainly to his ex- ertions that the active and decisive operations of the campaign were not greatly impeded or entirely defeated, by want of subsistence to the army, and of the means of transporting military stores. In this way, and by a liberal and judicious application of his own resources an individual afforded the supplies which government was unable to furnish. 'i'lie French troops marched from Newport and Boston toward the Hudson. Both in quarters and on the route their behavior was exemplary, and gained the respect and good-will of the inhabitants. Toward the end of June, General Washington put his army in motion ; and, learning that a royal detachment had passed into the Jerseys, he formed a plan to surprise the British posts on the north end of York island ; but it did not succeed ; and General Lincoln, who commanded the Americans, being attacked by a strong British parly, a sharp conflict ensued. General Washington marched with his main body to support ins detachment, but on his advance the British retired into their works at Kings- 'iridge. Having failed in his design of surprising the British posts. General Washing- 'on withdrew to Valentine's hill, and afterward to Dobb's ferry. While en- camped there, on the 6th of July, the van of the long-expected French reinforce inents was seen winding down the neighboring heights. The arrival of thof i 39P THE PICTORIAL IIlSTUin rrieiidly struiigers elevated the inimlit ol' the Aiiit^ricaiis, who received them wilt) sincere ciiiigriitulutions. Generul Waaliiiigtoii hibored, by p thuiiuI atteiitiuiiM, (u conciliate the goud-will o( his allies, and used all the means in his power to prevent those mutual jealousies and irritations which frequently prevail between iroops ofdiirerent nations serving in the same army. An attack on New York was still meditated, and every exertion made to prepare for its execution ; liui wiili the determination, if it should prove impracticable, vigorously to prosecute some more attainable object. On the evening of the 21st of July, the greater part of the American and pan )f the French troops left their encampment ; and, marching rapidly during the night, appeared in order of battle before the liritish works at Kingsbridge, at four next morning. Generals Washington and llochambeau, with the general olH- cers and engineers, viewed the IJritish lines, in their wliole extent, from right to left, and the same was again done next morning. Uut, on the afternoon of the 23d, they returned to their former encampment, without having made any attempt on the British works. At that time the new levies arrived slowly in the American camp ; and tnany of those who were sent were untit for active service. The several states dis- covered mucii oackwardne.is in complying with the requisitions of congress, so that there was reason to apprehend that the number of troops necessary for be- sieging New York could not be procured. This mad* General VVashingtou turn his thoughts more seriously to the southward than ii" had hitherto done; but all his movements confirmed Sir Henry Clinton in the leliel that an attack on New York was in contemplation. As the British commander-in-chief, how- ever, at that time received about 3,000 troops from Europe, lie thought himself able to defend his post, without withdrawing any part of the Ibrce from Virginia Therefore he countermanded the requisition wliich he had before sent to Corii- wallis for part of the troops under his command. The troops were embarked before the arrival of the counter order ; ami of their embarcation the Marquis do la Fayeite sent notice to General Washington. On the recept'on of new in- structions, however, as formerly mentior-.ed, they were relanded, and remained in Virginia. No great operation could be undertake.! against the British armies, so long as their navy had the undisputed command of the coast, and of the great naviga- ble rivers. The .Americans had accordingly made an earnest application to the court of France for such a fleet as might be capable of keeping in check the British navy in those seas, and of affording etfectiial assistance to the land forces. That ;i(>plication was not unsuccessful ; and, toward the middle of August, the agreeable information was received of the approach of a powarfnl French fleet to the American coast. Early in March, the Count de Grasse sailed from Brest with twenty-five •hips-of-the-line, five of which were destined for the East, and tv.renty for the West Indies. After an indecisive encounter, in the straits of St. Lucie, with Sir Samuel Hood, whom Sir George Rodney, the British admiral in the West Indies, had detached to intercept him, Count de Grasse formed a junction with the ships of his sovereign on that station, and had a fleet superior to that of the British in the West Indies. De G;isse gave the Americans notice that ho would visit their coast in the month of August, and take his station in Chesa- peake bay ; but that his continuance there could only be of short duration. This despatch at once determined General Washington's resolution with respect to the main point of attack ; and, as it was necessary that the projected operation should be accomplished within a very limited time, prompt decision and inde- fatigable exertion were indispensable. Though it was now finally resolved that Virginia should be the grai d scene of action, yet it was prudent to conceal to r.t IHK AMKIUCAN KKVoi.i h)\. J'.<' eceiveil them with T>f St. Lucie, with niral in the West ed a junction with i;rior to that of the us notice that ho station in Chesa- >rt duration. This II with respect to irojected operation ecision and iiide- iiially resolved that eut to conceal to ihi inst inomHiit this ilctcr niiiution Iroiii Sir llt'iiry C'liiitoii, and null to maun.. , 'he appt'iir.ince of tlirj'att-iiiiig New York. The dflciicc of the strong posts on the IIikInoii or North riv«-r was iiitriiiiifil III (ii'iicral lit'atli, who Was instructed to pruicct tlie adjacent couiitrv us iar 't» lu? was able ; and for that purpose a respectable I'orcu was pu*. under iiis coin- inand. Every preparation of which circumstances ailiiiilted was made to facili- talt the march to the southward. General Washington was to take tlni coin- inand of the expedition, and to employ in it all the French troops, and i strong Jeiachmeiit of the Aiiiericiin army. On the 19tli of August, a coiisulerable corps was ordered to cross the liudsou it |)obb's ferry, and to take a position between Springtield and Chatham, where they were directed to cover some bakeliouses, whidi it was rumored wv?re to b« imtnudiately constructed in the vicinity of those places, in order to enco>:>age the belit-f that there the troops intended to estal)lish a permanent post. On the 'iUih and VJlst the main body of the Americans passed the river at King's ferry - but the French made a longer circuit, and did not complete the passage till the 25th. Desinnis of concealing his object as long as possible. General Washing- tun continued his march some time in such a direct'on as still to keep up the appearance of threatening New York. When concealment was no longer prac- ticable, he marched southward with the utmost celerity. His movements had been of such a doubtful nature, that Sir Henry Clinton, it is said, was not con- vinced of his real destination till he crossed the Delaware. Great exertions had been made to procure funds for putting the army in mo- tion ; but, after exhausting every other resource, General Washington was obliged to have recourse to Count Rochambeau for a supply of cash, which ho received. On the 30th of August, at three in the afternoon, the combined American and French armies entered Philadelphia, where they weie received with ringing of bells, firing of guns, bonfires, illuminations at night, and every demonstration of joy. Meanwhile, Count de Grasse, with 3,000 troops on board, sailed from i>ape Fran'.'uis with a valuable fleet of merchantmen, which he conducted out of danger, and then steered for Chesapeake bay with twenty-eight sail-of-the- line and several frigates. Toward the end of August he cast anchor just within the capes extending across from Cape Henry to the middle ground. There an uflicer from the Marquis de la Fayette waited on the count, and gave him fuU information concerning the posture of afl*air8 in Virginia, and the intended plan :>f operations against the British army in that state. Cornwallis was diligently fortifying himself at York and Gloucester ; the Vlarquis de la Fayette was in a position on James river to prevent his escape into North Carolina, and the combined army was hastening southward to attack, him. In order to co-operate against Cornwallis, De Grasse detached four ships- of-the-line and some frigates to block up the entrance of York river, and to carry the land forces which h>j had brought with him, under the Marquis de St. Simou, to La Fayette's camp. The rest of his fleet remained at the entrance of the bay. Sir George Kodney, who commanded the British fleet in the West Indies, was not ignorant that the count intended to sail for America ; but, knowing that the merchant vessels which he convoyed from Cape Franfois were loaded with valuable cargoes, the British admiral believed that he would send the greater part of his fleet along with them to Europe, and would visit the American coast with a small squadron only. Accordingly, Sir George Rodney detached Sir Samuel Hood with fourteen sail-of-the-Une to America, as a suflicient force to counteract the operations of the French in that quarter. Admiral Hood tts&chei the capes of Virginia on the 25tb of August, a few days before De Grasse ei> I'J I»K THE PICTORIAL IIISTOUY the coinmand of New York with in a cruise near in- tereil the hay , and, finding no enemy there, sailed for .Sandy Hook, wbi^re ht arrived on the 'JSth of August. Admiral (Jravcs, who had succeeded Admiral Arbuthnot in the British flt-et on the American statiop, was then lying at »cv('n sail-of-the-line ; but two of his cliips had been damaged Boston, and were under repair. At the same lime that Admiral Hood gave fonnation of the expected arrival 'A l)e Grasse on the American coast, notice was receivere h« the coiiiniaiid of New York with ill a cruiso near 1 IIooJ gave ill' can coast, notict* iwjMJrt. Adinir.il ru under repair, I, and steered lo ing of the jth of ity-four 8hip8-')f- admiral had any re actually seen. as8e ascertained form the line as and put to sea. ihey were neces- his ships on the battle began be- ill night. Both of each other for ^vev Chesapeake and the crippled ew the engage- 10, and anchored that Admiral de aden with heavy lafely arrived du- h of August, and, e the contending t to the Chesa- I by a force with k, and left Count were not less ac- I. The immedi- is army at York- on as Sir Henry )roceeding to the with a sufficient . Arnold passed landed his troops being under his d by Lieutenant- feet, no vigorous on of with little nishcd state, and tered the fort at irderous carnage d the works, bu* and the ren:ai.u> Bknkuict Arnold at thb Burning of New London. 11 IS OF THE A}.?ERICAN REVOLUTIDN. 399 iltT, seventy in number, were made prisoners. The loss of the British aus con- sulerabie. A great quantity of valuable property was destroyed, and the town much injured. '.''he loss sustained by the Americans at New London was great ; hut that predatory incursion had no effect in diverting General Washington from his pur- pose, or in retarding his march southward. From Philadelphia the allied ar- mies pursued their route, partly to the head of Elk river, which falls into the northern extremity of Chesapeake bay, and partly to Baltimore, at which places they embarked on board of transports furnished by the French fleet, and the last division of them landed at Williamsburgh on the 25th of September. Generals Washington and Rochambeau, and their attendants, proceeded to the same place by land, and reached it ten days before the troops. Virginia had suffered ex- remely in the course of the campaign : the inhabitants were clamorous for the appearance of the commander-in-chief in his native state, and hailed liis arrival with acclamations of joy. Generals Washington and Rochambeau immediately repaired on board De Grasse'."« ship, in order to concert a joint plan of operations against Cornwallis. De Grasse, convinced that every exertion would be made to relieve his lordship, and being told that Admiral Digby had arrived at New York with a reinforce- ment of six ships-of-the-line, expected to be attacked by a force little inferior to his own ; and deeming the station which he then occupied unfavorable to a na- val engagement, he was strongly inclined to leave the bay, and to meet the en- emy in the open sea. General Washington, fully aware of all the casualties which might occur to prevent his return, and to defeat the previous arrange- ments, used every argument to dissuade the French admiral from his purpose, and prevailed with him to remain in the bay. As Count de Grasse could continue only a short time on that station, every exertion was made to proceed against Cornwallis at Yorktown, a small village on the southern bank of the river York, in which ships-of-theline can ride in perfect safety. A long peninsular tract of land, only eight miles broad, lies be- tween James and York rivers. Opposite Yorktown is Gloucester point, which projects considerably into the river, the breadth of which at that place does not exceed a mile. Cornwallis had taken possession of both these places, and dili- jrently fortified 'hem. The communication between them was commanded by Ills batteries, and by some ships-of-war which lay in the river under cover of hir guns. The main body of his army was encamped near Yorktown, beyond some outer redoubts and fieldworks calculated to retard the approach of an en- oniy. Colonel Tarleton, with 600 or 700 men, occupied Gloucester point. The combined army, amounting to upward of 11,000 men, exclusive of the Virginia militia, was assembled in the vicinity of Williamsburgh ; and on the morning of the 28th of September marched by different routes toward Yorktown. About midday the heads of the columns reached the ground assigned them ; and, after driving in the outposts and some cavalry, encamped for the night. The Tiext day was employed in viewing the British works, and in arranging the plan 01 attack. At the same time that the combined army encamped before Yorktown, the French fleet anchored at the mouth of the river, and completely prevented the British from escaping by water, as well as from receiving supplies or rein- forcements in that way. The legion of Lauzun and a brigade of militia, amount- ing to upward of 4,000 men, commanded by the French General de Chois^, were sent across the river to watch Gloucester point, and to enclose the British on that side. On the 30th Yorktown was invested. The French troops formed the left wing of the combined army, extending from the river above the town to a morass m liront of it : the Americans composed the right wing, and occupied the ground *'-!i':i'3iSsss i'i'S^''' wiiiiiii ijimuii - ffi,i;V:r M MM w > 01 z z H X t c • iiwaiwiiWii'— i«W— «nwii«.' m » % OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 40i between the morass and the river below the town. Till the 6th of October the besieging army was assiduously employed in disembarking its heavy artil- lery jnd military stores, and in conveying them to camp trom the landing place in James river, a distance of six miles. On the night of the 6th the first parallel was begim, 600 yards from the Brit- ish works. The night was dark, rainy, and well adapted for such a service ; and in the course of it the besiegers did not lose a man. Their operations seem not to have been suspected by the besieged till daylight disclosed them in the morning, when the trenches were so far advanced as in a good measure to cover the workmen from the fire of the garrison. By the afternoon of the 9th, the bat- teries were completed, notwithstanding the most strenuous opposition from the besieged, and immediately opened on the town. From that time an incessant cannonade was kept up ; and the continual discharge of shot and shells from twenty-four and eighteen-pounders, and ten-inch mortars, damaged the unfinished works on the left of the town, silenced the guns mounted on them, and occasioned a considerable loss of men. Some of the shot and shells from the batteries passed over tlie town, reached the shipping in the harbor, and set on fire the (/haron of forty-four guns, and f^ree large transports, which were entirely con- lumed. In this action Alexander Hamilton distinguished himself. Fia , 163.— Monument of Hamil'on. On the night of the 11th, the besiegers, laboring with indefatigable perserer •nee, began their second parallel, 300 yards nearer tho British works than tht first ; and the three succeeding days were assiduously employed in completing 26 ^--'ifi^.amiiiSii^.L ■ff^^^Sfl^li^^Aii&^^^JiSiSi^^M'-- M OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. W3 T^ H. Puring Uiat interval the fire of the Karnsoii was nioru destruclive than at any otiior period of the siege. Tlie men in the trenches were particiihirly an- noyed by two redoubts toward the left of the British worivs, and about 200 yarda 111 Vront of them. Of these it was necessary to gain posses.sion ; and on the Mlh preparations were made to carry them both liy storm. In order to avail himseii of tbe .'spirit of emulation which existed between the troops of the two nations, and to avoid any cnise of jealousy to either, the attack of the one redoubt was committed to the French, and that of the other to the Americans. The latter were commanded by the Mrxrquis de la Fayette, and the former by the Baron de \ loininel. On the evening of the 14th, as soon as it was dark, the parties marched to the assault with imloaded arms. The redoubt which the Americans attacked was defended by a major, some inferior oHicurs, and forty-five privates. The as- saiiimts advanced with suoh rapidity, without returning a shot to the heavy fire with wiiich they were received, that in a few minutes they were in possession of the work, having had eight men killed, and twenty-eight wounded, in the at- iiick. Eight British privates were killed ; the major, a captain, an ensign, and siveiiteen privates, were made prisoners. The rest escaped. Altliough the Americans were highly exasperated by the recent massacre of their countrymen in Tort Griswolde by Arnold's detachment, yet not a man of the British was in- jiiri'd after resistance ceased. Retaliation had been talked of, but was not ex- ercised. The French party advanced with equal courage and rapidity, and were suc- cessful ; but as the fortification which they attacked was occupied by a greater force, the defence was more vigorous, and the loss of the assailants more se- vere. There were 120 men in the redoubt ; of whom eighteen were killed, and foriy-two taken prisoners : the rest made their escape. The French lost nearly lOOmen killed or wounded. During the night these two redoubts were inclu- ded in the second parallel ; and, in the couise of next day, some howitzers were })laced on them, which in the afternoon opened on the besieged. CornwalUs and his garrison had done all that brave men could do to defend their post. But the industry of the besiegers was persevering, and their ap- proaches rapid. The condition of the British was becoming desperate. In every quarter their works were torn to pieces by the fire of the assailants. The batteries already playing upon them had nearly silenced all their guns ; and the second parahgl was about to open on them, which in a few hours would render the place untenable. Owing to the weakness of his garrison, occasioned by sickness and the fire of the besiegers, Cornwallis could not spare large sallying parlies ; but in the present distressing crisis, he resolved to make every effort to impede the prog- ress of the enemy, and to preserve his post to the last extremity. For this pur- jyose, a little before daybreak on the morning of the 1 6ih of October, about 350 men, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Abercrombie, sallied out against two batteries, which seemed in the greatest state of forwardness. They at- tacked with great impetuosity, killed or wounded a considerable number of the French troops who had charge of the works, spiked eleven guns, and returned with little loss. This exploit was of no permanent advantage to the garrison for the guns, having been hastily spiked, were soon again rendered fit for service. About four in the afternoon several batteries of the second parallel opened on liie garrison, and it was obvious that, in the course of next day, all the batteries of that parallel, mounting a most formidable artillery, would be ready to play on the town. The shattered works of the garrison were in no condition to sustain such a tremendous fire, in the whole front which was attacked the British could no M':-ijSie0^4»^ THE PlCrOl^lAL UISTOKY OF THi: AMKUKAN KKVOF.rTION. 403 // / «li()w a sirii;!*' !>iin, and ilicir sliclls wcrt- iit'.irly cxliaustt'd. In this vxiri-inity, ! 'urn wallis liirini'd tlic despcralf nsulutioii of crossiiiu tin- river during \\w iii<{lil, \n\\\\ liis cfTfitivf I'"!, and attfnipi.in^ to cscaiic lo ilie norlliward. His plan was, behind lii>» sick. I>a!fi;a),'(\ and a Id leave wlio ennmianded own infai try. partis mcninliranres ; to attack I)i; ("lioise, ij? 'lie riloucester side, with his whole I'orce ; to niownt his with the hostile cavalry, which ho liad no doubt of seizins;, iiiid [lartly with such horses as he ini^ht find by the way ; to hasten toward the lords of the tireat rivers in the upper country, and then, turning northward, to pass ihrouj^h Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the Jerseys, and join the army at New York. The plan was hazardous, and presented little prospect of success ; hut in the forlorn circutustances of the nrarrison, anything that offered a glimpse of iiope was reckoned preferable to the humiliation of an immediate surreniler. In prosecution of this perilous enterprise, the light infantry,most of the guards, and a part of the 23d regiment, embarked in boats, passed the river, and landed at Gloucester point before midnight. A storm then arose, which rendered the return of the b(»ats and the transportation of the rest of the troops equally im- practicable. In that divided state of the British forces, the morning of the 17th of October dawned, wlien the batteries of the combined armies opened on the garrison at Yorktown. As the attempt to escape was entirely defeated by the slorni, the troops that had been carried to Gloucester point were brought back in the course of the forenoon, without much loss, though the passage was ex- posed to the artillery of the besiegers. The British works were in ruins ; the garrison was weakened by disease and death, and exhausted by incessant fatigue. Every ray of hope was extinguished. It would have been madness any longer to attempt to defend the post, and to expose the brave garrison to the danger of an assault, which would soon have been made on the place. At ten in the forenoon of the 17th, Cornwallis sent out a flag of truce, with a letter to General Washington, proposing a cessation of hostilities for twenty-four hours, in order to give time to adjust terms for the surrender of the forts at York- town and Gloucester point. To this letter the American general immediately returned an answer, expressing his ardent desire to spare the further effusion of blood, and his readiness to listen to such terms as were admissible ; but that he could not consent to lose time in fruitless negotiations, and desired that, previous to the meeting of commissioners, his lordship's proposals should be transmitted in writing, for which purpose a suspension of hostilities for two hours should be granted. The terms offered by Cornwallis, although not all deemed admissible, were such as iv.duced the opinion that no great difficulty would occur in adjust- ing the condiiions of capitulation ; and the suspension of hostilities was contin- ued through the night. Meanwhile, in order to avind the delay of useless dis- cussion. General Washington drew up and transmitted to Cornwallis such arti- cles as he was willing to grant, informing his lordship that, if he approved ol them, commissioners might be immediately appointed to reduce then to form. Accordingly. Viscjunt Noail'es and Lieutenant-Colonel Laureiis, whose father was then a prisoner in the tower of London, on the 18th met Colonel Dundas and Major Koss of the British army at Moore's house, in the rear of the first parallel. They prepared a rough draught, but were unable definitely to arrange the tenns of capitulation. The draught was to be submitted to Cornwallis : but n«reral Washington, resolved to admit of no delay, directed the articles to be transcribed ; and, on the morning of the 19th, sent them to his lordship, with a letter expressing his expectation that they would be signed by eleven, and that the garrison would march out at two in the afternoon. Finding that no better terms could be obtained, Cornwallis, on the 19th of October, surrendered the posts of Yorktown ard Gloucester point to the combined armies of America and Fiance, on conditioh the,', his troops should receive the same honors of war •igii-^mmii^i»M^s^^iS§sii^^i^0^^MMS^^i!'i&sis^Bi fSa^^^K-ffiiij^iWlS'iiK** TT OF THE AMFRICAN REVOLUTION. 4f)r }>^ lT-3 i $: I' A IT,' i> / ft,) m. %II\ i M i ah J #hirh had been itrutind to ilic liurri^^oii of ('liiirli-Ninii, wluii i» r.tirr«>ii scriptioii, Wen* Miirrrinlrrfd to (itliiii|r- .on ; ill*- Hlii|)!t ill the hurlior, ami llie si-aint'ii, to (.'oiint iIp (irattxp. Coriiwallis wislicd to ohtaiii pfriiiissioii lor liis i;iiro(icaii troops lo return hoiiif, oil (-oiiditioii of not serving a^aiiiNi America, France, or their allies, (hiring tliH \v;ir, luit this was refused ; and it was agreed that they should remain prisoners of war III Virginia, Maryland, and i'eimHylvaiiia, accompanied hy a due proportion (if otiicers for their protecliun and government. 'I'he liritisli general was also desirous of Hccuring from pimishinent such .Americans as had joined the royal •iiaiidard, hut tiiis was refusiMl, cm the plea that it was a point which l»'|iinr, to he accounted for in any subsequent exchang(\ The officers and soldiers wore alloweii to retain their private property. Such olFicffrs as were not required to remain with the troops were permitted lo return to Europe, or to reside in any part of America not in possession of the Mritish troops. The garrison marched out of the town with colors cased, and witli the drums beating a British or German march. General (.lincoln was appointed to receive the surrender in precisely the same way in which his own had been re- ceived at Charleston. Exclusive of seamen, nearly 7,000 persons surrendered, about 4-,000 of whom were lit for duty. During the siege, the garrison lost, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, 55'2 men. iiy the surrender <>f the posts of Yorktown and Gloucester point, the Ameri- cans gained possession of a large train of artillery, consisting of seventy-five brass and sixty-nine iron cannon, howitzers, and mortars, with a considerable ((iiantity of arms, an unition, military storas, and provisions. One frigate, two ships of twenty guns each, a number of transjiorts and other vessels, and about 1 ,5U0 seamen, surrendered to Count de Grasse, his most Christian majesty's admiral. The combined army at Yorktown may be estimated at 16,000 men , consisting of 7,000 French, 5,500 continentals, and 3,500 militia. Their loss during the siege amounted to about 300 killed and wounded. General Washington felt all the importance of the conquest which hu had achieved. His troops had displayed indefatigable industry joined with much bravery ; and, in general orders of the 20th, he acknowledged their merits, thanking all the officers and men for their services. The engineers and artillery- men had particularly distinguished themselves, and were mentioned in terms of high commendation. The general ofl'ered his best acknowledgments to Count de Kochambeau and his officers and men : the important co-operation of Count de Grasse was also duly appreciated. The capture of Comwallis and his army raised the shout of triumph and joy throughout America, particularly in Virginia : it was like the exultation of a pastoral people over the death of the lion which had cruelly ravaged their flocks, and spread terror through their dwellings. The unfortunate are commonly blamed, and their want of success imputed to misconduct. From such censure Comwallis has not escaped, although il ii* ilifficuU to perceive any dia'Jnct ground for blaming his military career. It is easy to find fault on the retrospect of a scries of events after they are past, when .he whole can be contemj-lated in all their bearings and relations ; but it is not so easy to discern the wiiest course while the events are in progress and the issue uncertain. Concerning the movement of Comwallis from Ramsay's mills to Cross creek and Wilmington, difTerent opinions may be entertained ; hut his lordship was strongly drawn toward Virginia by the force acting there under ■ •i*!-MSiai/-:-0tli^a^^S^a=k:--if^^fstiSao'.»liiiflr. ■ ■«)S5S*S»>" .iM 4 OP Tilt PICTORIAL IlKSTOHY Gtiiirals Arnold and Philips ; and, after he entered the province, he did all that activity could perforin to attain his end. If he had been to leave Virginia itt all, and proceed to the southward, the time for l)e)rinning that movement was when he found il expedient to retire from the vicinity of Albemarle courthouse ; hut then such a step would, in all probability, have been generally condciniied, .iiul would certainly have been disagreeable to the coininaiider-iii-chief, who purposed to carry on vigorous operations in that ({uarter. After Cornwallis took possession of Vorktown, in obedience, as he thought, to his onlers, retreat became nearly impracticable ; for the Marquis do la Fayctie look post on James river, and was prepared to dispute l)is passage southward and, although he had escaped that nol)leman, yet he would have been pursued and also obliged to encounter General Greene at the passage of the great rivers which lay between him and Charleston. Besides, he was encouraged to remain in Virginia by the promise of assistance, which Sir Henry Clinton was unable to afford in time to save him. The attack on Cornwallis was conceived in the true spirit of military entei prise ; but a concurrence of many favorable circumstances was necessary in order to its successtul execution. It was a combined eflort by sea and land, carried on by dirt'erent leaders, and liable to the uncertainly of winds and waves. Superiority by sea was indispensably requisite ; and the whole scheme was en- dangered by the appearance of Admiral Hood at Chesapeake bay. The arrival of De Harras, the return of De Grasse after his encounter with Admiral Hood, all combined against the British, who, after behaving like brave men, were com- pelled to surrender themselves prisoiiers-of-war. Sir Henry Clinton was not ignorant of the perilous situation of Cornwallis, and was anxious to relieve him : but the fleet had sustained considerable damage in the battle with De Grasse, and some time was necessarily spent in repairing it. During that interval, four ships-of-the-line arrived from Hurope and twc from the \Vest Indies. At length the commander-in-chief eii. liarked with 7,000 of his best troops, but was unable to sai". from Sandy Hook till the 19th, the day on which Cornwallis surrendered. The lieei, consisting of twenty-five ships- ol-the-line, two vessels of fifty guns each, and eight frigates, arrived otT the Chesapeake on the 24th, when the commander-in-chief had the mortification to be informed of the event of the 19th. CHAPTER XIV. General Washington used all hi^ influence to detain Count de Grasse some 'ime longer on th« coast, to assis) in the reduction of Charleston ; but the orders of his V urt, ulterior projects, arii.. his engagements with the Spaniards, pat it out of the po*«>r of the French admiral to continue so long in America as was reijuired. He. hwwever, remained some days in the bay, in order to cover the eiiibwiTMtw a< th» trwops and of the ordnance to be conveyed by water to the head of ^be Elk. Some brigades proceeded by land to join their companions at that pia< c. SiHiie cavalry marched to join General Greene ; but the French troops, under ^ ount Kochambeau, remained in Virginia, to be in readiness to march to the south or north, as the circumstances of the next campaign might renjuire. ()» the 27th i e troops of St. Simon began to embark, in order trj r«- Uirsi to the West Indies, and earlv in November Coi;ntde Grasse sailed f(»r thai viiice, he ilid all Uiiu It'uvo Virginia iit till, iiuveiiieiit Wii8 when irle courthouK; ; hut Illy coiidciniitid, :iiiil i-chief, who purpuHod Fiice, as he ihoiiglit, laniuis dc la Faycttu passage soiitiiwurd have been pursued o ol" the great riviTs lu-ouraged to reniaiii Cliutoii was unable rit of military eutci was necessary in rt by sea and land, of winds and waves. u)le scheme was en- le bay. The arrival with Admiral lluod, rave men, were com- latiun ot Cornwallis, considtrable damage ly spent in repairing >m Kurope and twc ...mrked with 7,000 till the lyih, the day jf twenty-live ships- ;att'8, arrived off the i the murtiticatiun to nt de Grasse some jston ; but the orders he Spaniards, put it in America as was I order to cover the ed by water to the their companions at lie ; but the French be in readiness to ext campaign might lark, in order to re- Grassn sailed for thai I UF THE AMKKKAN KFVOLl' I'lON. IOi» Suarttr. (uMii-nil WashmnKm procffdfd to riiiladflphia, where lie arri\ed oi; le -7th of November, and the Miiniuis de la Fayette returned to I'.nrope. Till' rapture of ('ornwallis wiis the most decisive event of this uioriiMis war rile military operations in Amerira were afterward l.in(.'uid and dcNultory ; few in iiiunber. and unimportant in their nature ; injurious or fatal, indeed, to indi- vi(lii;i'is, but of little public advantage or loss to either of ilie contemlini; parties. U bile General Washington was marching agaiiiKt (Jornwallis, the loyalists of North Carolina, under .M'Neil and M'Dougall. made themselves masters of Hillsborough, and took a number of prisontTS. .M'Neil and soiik; ol' his fol- lowers were killed in a rencounter with tlm friends of congress. .M'Douyall w;is j)nrsned ; but effected his escape with a number of prisoners to Wilmington. Late ill October Mn)nr lioss made an incursion into the country on tlie .Mo- hawk at till! head of hOO men, regulars, rangers, and Indians, (.'oloiiel Willet, with about an eipial force, found him at .lolmstown. t\\\ engagement ensued, M lien part of the Americans (leil without tiny apparent cause; but as the rest inaiiitained their ground, the Uritisli retreated. Willet, with a select party, pur- sued them ; and, on the morning of the :iOtli, overtook their rear at a ford on Canada creek. He immediately iittacked them, killed a number, and put the rest to Hight. Among the slain was Walter Huiler, who perpetrated the niassa- ire at Cherry Valley. He asked quarter ; but was reminded of Cherry Valley, and instantly despatched. The convention of Saratoga was a severe blow to the British arms ; but the surrender of Cornwallis tit Yorktown was still more decisive. It produced a great change in America, and gave a new and more cheering aspect to the af- fairs of the Union, in the early part of the year, the iause of the states was in a drooping condition, and American freedom seemed verging to ruin. Congress was surrounded with embarrassments, and victory had tied from their standards. The success of Morgan at the Cow-Pens and the exertions of Greene dissipated the gloom in the south; but, i.i the middle and northern provinces nothing had occurred to awaken hope and stimulate exertion. The capture, however, of Cornwallis and his army, which was achieved by a remarkable concurrence of good conduct and fortunate circumstances, altered the face of things. Congress, the state governments, and all the classes of the people, exulted with joy. A brighter sun shone on their heads, elevated their hopes, and invigorated their exertioiw The clamors of the discontented were silenced, the hearts of the de9|Kti,,li 4 reanimated, and the wavering confirmed in their attachment to the I ton. \ new impulse was given to the public mind; but, above all, the ray (U Nti>» which seemed now to burst through the gloom of war, was grateful to 4M>ir !*ouls. If ihe effects of the surrender of Yorktown were great in America, they were not less in Europe. The government and people of Britain entertained the most sanguine hopes from the operations of the army in Virginia. The expense of tli'> war was heavy, and every year increasing. The people murmured under the load ; but were encouraged to bear with patience, in the hope of being soon relieved, and ultimately reimbursed by the exclusive trade of the subjugated provinces. Many flattered themselves that the campaign in Virginia would an- nihilate the power of congress, and put an end to the contest. In the midst of these fond anticipations, the news of the surrender at York- town arrived, and struck both the ministry and people with amazement and dis- may. The blow was equally severe and unexpected. It laid their towering hopes in the dust, and filled them with painful apprehensions. They now dis covered, what former experience had been unable to teach them, that a country may be overrun, but can not easily be subdued, while the minds of the people continue hostile. Tbev who before disapproved of the war now spoke of it in «teiB'i5^^>-^^'.r-i^-*'^yYiti^-::-'^->i- 410 THE PICTORIAL HISTOxiY terms of the strongest reprobation, and many who formerly had given it then zealous support began to express a desire of peace. The public mind under- went a great change, and sentiments which not long before met only with scorn and detestation became popular and fashionable ; such a fluctuating thing is pub- lic opinion. Parliament met on the 27th of November, and in the king's speech the disas- ters in America were not dis'^embled, but were urged as a motive fjr the vigor- ous prosecution of the war. Addresses, in the usual form, were moved ; which brought on animated debates, in which some of the ministry expressed their in- tention of altering the plan of the war, and of merely retaining possession of those posts which they held in America, and of directing their main efforts against France, Spain, and Holland. In both houses of parliament the addresses were carried by large majorities. About that time Mr. Laurens, who had bee:i detained a close prisoner in the Tower, of which Cornwallis was governor, was released. Though ministry carried the address by triumphant majorities, yet the popu- lar feeling became strong against the continuance of the war. The lord mayor and aldermen of the city of London, a great influential body, whose sentiments serve as a sort of political barometer, the indications of which it is imprudent to disregard, voted an address favorable to peace, which, owing to a difl^erence on a point of ceremony, was not presented, but it was published. All classes be- came weary of the protracted struggle ; the house of commons began to waver, and, on the 27th of February, the opposition carried an address against the pro« longation of the war in America. We now return to America, where the first thing that meets us is one of those painful incidents which result from the infuriated passions engendered by civil commotions. On the 24th of March, Captain Haddy, who commanded the troops in a blockhouse on the river Tom in New Jersey, was attacked, over- powered, and made prisoner by a party of loyalists from New York. In a few days afterward, they led him out and hanged him, with a label on his breast de- claring that he was put to death in retaliation for some of their brethren who had suffered a similar fate. General Washington took up the matter seriously ; submitted it to his officers, laid it before congress, and wrote to the British gen- eral, demanding that the perpetrators of the horrid deed should be given up, and threatening retaliation in case of refusal. The British general ordered a court- martial to inquire into the offence. It acquitted the person accused. General Washington ordered a British prisoner of equal rank with Haddy to be chosen by lot, and sent to Philadelphia, that he might suffer as a retaliatory victim. The lot fell on Captain Asgill, an English youth of only nineteen years of age, and respectably connected. Great interest was made to save the life of this young gentleman : he was ultimately set free ; but was long kept in a state of painful suspense. During winter, the states labored to prepare for another campaign ; but, ow- ing to the exhaustion of the country, the preparations went on slowly. Every one wished to devolve the burden on his neighbor, and every state seemed afraid of bearing more than its share of the war. Notwithstanding the late success in the southern states, and brilliant issue of the campaign in Virginia, there was much disinclination to vigorous exertions. The troops were few in number, and almost destitute of every necessary. Many of them were almost naked, and nearly all were ill fed. Every department was without money and without credit. Discontent was general among the officers and soldiers, and severe measures were necessary to check a mutinous spirit in the army. Fortunately for America, while the resource? of congress were exhausted, and everything was hastening to ruin, the people o'' Britain also had become weary of the war, ■?r had given it then public mind undet- met only with scorn ;tuating thing is pub> j's speech the disas- motive far the vigor • wore moved ; which f expressed their in- ining possession of l their main efforts lament the addresses rens, who had been s was governor, was rities, yet the popu- ir. The lord mayor y, whose sentiments ch it is imprudent to ig to a difference on id. All classes be- ons began to waver, ress against the pro* 3ts us is one of those engendered by civil rho commanded the was attacked, over- w York. In a few bel on his breast de- their brethren who he matter seriously ; e to the British gen- luld be given up, and jral ordered a court- I accused. General laddy to be chosen a retaliatory victim, leteen years of age, lave the life of this g kept in a state of campaign ; but, ow- on slowly. Every y state seemed afraid g the late success in Virginia, there was e few in number, and 3 almost naked, and money and without soldiers, and severe army. Fortunately sted, and everything le weary of the war, ^r OF THE A.MEKICAN REVOLUTIO.N. 411 md it was found expedient to change the ministry. The new sert'auts of th* crown did not inherit the military propensities of their predecessors, but were inclined to conciliation and peace. One of the last acts of the late administration was to appoint Sir Guy Carletoi- afterward Lord Dorchester, commander-in-chief in America, in the room of Sii Henry Clinton ; and the new ministry continued him in that high office. He took the command at New York early in May ; and being also, in conjunction with Admiral Digby, appointed a commissioner to negotiate a peace, he soon communicated to General Washington copies of the votes of parliament respect- ing peace ; and also a bill which had been introduced by the ministry to author- ize Ills majesty to conclude a peace with the colonies of North America. Those papers, he said, manifested the dispositions of the government and people of Britain toward America ; and if they were met with a corresponding temper both inclination and duty would lead him to act "n the spirit of conciliation. He had addressed to congress, he said, a letter containing the same communica- tions ; and he requested of General Washington a passport for the person who was to deliver it. The American commander immediately forwarded the communications to con gress ; but as the bill to enable the king to conclude peace with America had nut then passed into a law ; as there was no assurance that the present commis- sioners were empowered to offer any other terms than those which had been al- ready rejected ; as congress was suspicious that the offers were merely intended to amuse and put them off their guard, that they might be successfully attacked when reposing in security ; and as they were resolved to enter into no separate treaty, the passport was refused. Both armies, however, lay inactive. There was no peace, and there was no war. Sir Guy Carleton undertook no offensive operation ; and the army of General Washington was too feeble to attack New York. On the Hudson, the summer passed away in iiidctivity. Early in August, General Washington received a letter from Sir Guy Carle- ton and Admiral Digby, informing him tJia* negotiations for a general peace were begun at Paris ; that the indepe,idoiice oi the thirteen United States would be acknowledged ; that Mr. Laureas was set at liberty ; and that passports were preparing for such Americans as iiad oeen hitherto detained prisoners in Brit- ain. This letter was soon folio^«i:d by another from Sir Guy Carlton, in which he declared that he no longer saw any object of contest, and therefore disap- proved of the continuance of hostilities either by sea or land, as tending to in- crease the miseries of individuals, without any public advantage to either party He added, that, in consequence of this opinion, he had restrained the practice of detaching Indian parties against the frontiers of the United States, and had re- called those which were in the field. Those communications seem to have u wakened the jealousy of the French minister in America ; and, in order to al lay his susj"»««SSii»4«&M^^tBIS>^a«'!^k%1>'«i^^ 419 THE PICTORIAL HISTORY But feeble as the southein army was, yet, on St. Clair's arrival, General Greene detached General Wayne across the Santee, to protect the state of Georgia. On his approach. General Clarke, who commanded the British troops in that prov- ince, amounting to about 1,000 regular soldiers, besides militia, concentrated his force in the town of Savannah. Wayne insulted his outposts, and some sharp but useless skirmishes ensued. On the 11 th of July, the garrison evacuated the town of Savannah, and retired from the province. General Leslie commanded in Charleston, atid held the place till the 14ih of December, though the intention of evacuating it was announced in the general orders of the 7th of August. In that interval. General Leslie humanely pro- posed to General Greene a suspension of hostilities ; to which the stern and in- flexible American did not consider himself empowered to accede. In the same spirit of conciliation. General Leslie ofl'ered full payment for rice and other provisions sent into the town, but threatened to take them without compensation if withheld. General Greene, suspecting that it was intended to collect a large quantity of rice in Charleston to supply the army while it acted against the French islands in the West Indies, declined the arrangement. The consequence was, that the British made some foraging incursions into the country, and skir- mishes ensued. In themselves these skirmishes were unimportant ; but they derived a lively interest from the death of Lieutenant-Colonel Laurens, who fell in one of them, to the deep regret of his countrymen, among whom he was uni- versally esteemeu and beloved. While the Americans slumbered on their arms, the war which their quarrel had engendered was actively carried on in other quarters of the world. In the West Indies the French fleet had long been successful; but, on the 12th of April, Count de Grasse was entirely defeated and taken prisoner by Admiral Rod- ney, which restored the balance to a kind of equilibrium, and threatened a pro- longation of the struggle. In the month of July, the French army in Virginia marched northward, and reached the states of New England in October. It was given out that they were to winter there ; but the real intention was to transport them to the West Indies, for which purpose the Marquis de Vau- dreuil, with a fleet of fifteen sail-of-the-line, arrived at Boston on the lOth of August, By the long continuance of the contest, and by mutual reverses, all parties were now become tired of war and desirous of peace. Negotiations for a general pacification were going on at Paris, but were protracted by the mutual jealousies and interfering claims of the several parties interested. Great Brit- ain admitted the independence of the thirteen United States, and so removed a great cause of the war ; but the boundaries of the states, and 'heir share in the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland, were not so easily adjusted, and on both of these points France and Spain seemed unfriendly to the wishes of America. After a tedious and intricate negotiation, in which the firmness, judgment, and penetration of the American commissioners, were exercised, preliminary articles of peace were signed on the 30th of November ; and news of the conclusion of a general peace reached the United States early next April. A line running through the middle of the great lakes and their connecting waters, and from a certain point on the St. Lawrence to the bottom of the bay of Fundy, was agreed to as the northern boundary »f the states ; and their west em frontier was to rest on the Mississippi. It was stipulated that British cred iters should be allowed to recover their debts in the United States ; that con- gress should recommend to the several states the restoration of the estates of real British subjects which had been confiscated during the war ; and that no 'urther confiscations should be made. On the 19tli of April, 1783, the day which completed the eighth year of the ^T7 OF THfc; AMERICAN HKVOI.UTIOX. 413 iviil, General Greene slate of Georgia. On h troops in that prov- itia, concentrated his ).sts, anil some sharp irrison evacuated the place till the 14ih ot )unced in the general eslie humanely pro- lich the stern and in- to accede. In the ent for rice and other without compensation lied to collect a large it acted against tliu It. The consequence he country, and skir- nimportant ; but they iiel Laurens, who fell ig whom he was uni- • which their quarrel )f the world. In the but, on the 12th of iner by Admiral Rod- and threatened a pro- nch army in Virginia land in October. It real intention was to the Marquis de Vau- 3oston on the 10th of y mutual reverses, all ce. Negotiations for tracted by the mutual crested. Great Brit- tcs, and so removed a and 'heir share in the asily adjusted, and on lly to the wishes of 'mness, judgment, and i, preliminary articles i of the conclusion of 1. i and their connecting the bottom of the bay tates ; and their west ited that British cred ited States ; that con- ition of the estates of the war ; and that no he eighth year of the I I !J ., -.V' ',^l»#^i!5K!4S^*l^'iS*»*»«*''*-''^*'*^^ rli-^.Cr'.4dlrja,^»jMtrr«'SiiM'f'V,- ,-».,>,, 4(4 THE PICTORIAI, HISTORY war, thfc cessation of liostililies with Great Hritaiii was, by o.der of General Washington, proclaimed in the Americ;ui camp. A immber of negroes, who had once belonged to American citizens, were sent off by the British. Tliis produced an interview between Generals Carletjn and Washington, at Tappaa, on the 6th of May, which ended w ithout any decisive resnit. On the 25th of November the British troops evacuated New York, and an \nierican detachment, under General Knox, took possession of the town. Gen- eral Washington and Governor Clinton, accompanied by a number of civil and military olTicers and respectable citizens, soon afterward entered the city ; and the Americans, after a struggle which had lasted eight years, gained full and undisputed possession of the provinces. The independence of the United Stales was acknowledged, and peace vith Great Britain concluded : but the dangers of America w ere not at an end. She nad succeeded in repelling foreign aggression ; but was threatened with rum by internal dissension. In the interval between the cessation of hostilities and th» disbanding of the troops, congress found itself in a trying and perilous sifmtion. Their army was in a state of high dissatisfaction and irritation. In O.tober, 1780, a season of danger and alarm, congress promised half-pay to the oiT" ers on the conclusion of peace. That promise they now seemed neither very able nor willing to perform. The danger had passed away, and the spirit of liberality, engendered by fear, had evaporated. The state legislatures affected much jealousy of what they called their liberty, but discovered little inclination to fulfil (heir obligations to those who had been instrumental in establishing it. The chicanery, evasions, anu subterfuges even of congress deprived it of the respect and sympathy due to unsullied honor in distress. Spotless integrity is the brightest ornament and bost shield of nations, as well as of individuals. The shuffling policy of congress roused the indignation of the officers of the army, many of whom manifested an inclination to procure redress of their own wrongs with the same weapons which had asserted the independence of their country. In the month of December, 1782, soon after going into winter quarters, the officers presented a memorial and petition to congress, and deputed a committee of their number to call its attention to the subject. They had shed their blood, spent their time, and wasted their substance, in the service of their country. Large arrears were due to them, and they had received liberal promises ; b *■ there was no certain prospect that the arrears would ever be paid, and there *as much reason to suspect that there was no serious intention to perform the promises. After all their sufferings and sacrifices, they had nothing before them but the melancholy prospect of being discharged with!>ut even money to carry them t. their respective homes, and of being cast naked on the world and spending old age in penury and neglect, after having lost the prime of life in vin- dicating the claims and establishing the independence of an ungrateful people. To men wha had long and zealously served their country in the tnidst of the greatest hardships and wants, these were irritating considerations. Accordingly, eariy in March, on receiving a letter from their connnittee in Philadelphia, pur- porting that their solicitations had not been successful, meetings of the offi- cers were held to consider what measures should be adopted for obtaining re- dress of their grievances. An ably written address was circulated through '.he army, inviting a general meeting of the officers at a given time and place " To the Officers af the Army. " Gentlemen : A fellow-soldier, whose interests and affections bind him strongly to you, v hose past sufferings ha»e been as great, and whose future fortunes may be as desperate as yours, would beg leave to address you. Age has its claims, *nd rank is not without its pretensions to advise \ but, though unsupported by Doth s, by o.Jer of General iiiibor of negroes, wIiq by the British. This Vashington, at Tappan, nil. ted New York, and an jion of the town. Gen- • a nunil)er of civil and entered the city ; and years, gained full and ledged, and peace viih re not at an end. Siie hreatencd with rum by )n of hostilities and the and perilons sifjation. irritation. In O.tober, half-pay to the oiT^ers ;met! neither very able vay, and the spirit of te legislatures affected ovei-ed little inclination ental in establishing it. ess deprived it of the Spotless integrity is 13 of individuals. The e officers of the army, ss of their own wrongs Jence of their country, to winter ijuarters, the id deputed a committee y had shed their blood, ■vice of their country. 1 liberal promises ; b ' ever be paid, and there nteniion to |)erform the ey had nothing before I'ithdut even money to aked on the world and ihe prime of life in vin- an ungrateful people, ry in the midst of the erations. Accordingly, e in Philadelphia, pur- , meetings of the offi- )pted for obtaining re- circulated through '.he I time and place id affections bind him id whose future fortunes )u. Age has its claims, rh unsupported by oolh Fio. ise.— Statue of Hamilton. ..^"H»iVSaa.,iS- ■.-■,»..; im THE PICTORIAL HISTORY lie flatters himself that the plain language of sincerity and experience will nci ther be unheard nor unregarded. " Like many of you, he loved private life, and left it with regret. He left it, determined to retire from the field with the necessity that called him to it, and not till then — not till the enemies of his country, the slaves of power and the hirelings of injustice, were compelled to abandon their schemes, and acknow!- edge America as terrib'.e in arms as she had been humble in remonstranco With this object in view, he has long shared in your toils and mingled in your '.langers. He has felt the cold hand of poverty without a murmur, and has seen the insolence of wealth without a sigh. But, too much under the direction of his wishes, and sometimes weak enough to mistake desire for opinion, he \i.is till lately, very lately, believed in the justice of his country. He hoped that, as the clouds of adversity scattered, and as the sunshine of peace and belter for- tune broke in upon us, the coldness and severity of government would relax, and that more than justice, that gratitude, would blaze forth upon those hands which had upheld her, in the darkest stages of her passage, from impending serwaide to acknowledged independence. But faith has its limits aa well as temper, anil there are points beyond which neither can be stretched without sinking into cowardice or plunging into credulity. This, my friends, I conceive to be your situation. Hurried to the very verge of both, another step would ruin you for ever. To be tame and unprovoked when injuries press hard upon you, is more than weakness ; but to look up for kinder usage, without one manly effort of your own, would fix your character, and show the world how richly you deserve those chains you broke. To guard against this evil, let us fake a review of the ground upon which we now stand, and thence carry our thoughts forward lor a moment into the unexplored field of expedient. After a pursuit of seven long years, the object for which we set out is at length brought within our reach Yes, my friends, that suffering courage of yours was active once — it has con- ducted the United States of America through a doubtful and a bloody war ; it has placed her in the chair of independence, and peace returns again — to bless whom ? A country willing to redress your wrongs, herish your worth, and re- ward your services ? A country courting your retu . to private life with tears of gratitude and smiles of admiration — longing to divide with you the indepen- dency which your gallantry has given, and those riches which your wounds have preserved ? Is this the case ? or is it rather a cotmtry that tramples upon your rights, disdains your cries, and insults your distresses ? Have you not more than once suggested your wishes, and made known your wan(s, to congress — wants and wishes which gratitude and policy should have anticipa- ted leather than evaded ? And have you not lately, in the meek language of en- treating memorials, begged from their justice what you could no longer expect from their favor ? How have you been answered ? Let the letter which you are called to consider to-morrow reply. " If this then be your treatment whih the swords you wear are necessary for the defence of America, what have you to expect from peace, when your voice shall sink, and your strength dissipate, by division — when those very swords, the instruments and companions of your glory, shall be taken from your sides, and no remaining mark of military distinction left but your wants, infirmities, and scars? Can you then consent to be the oidy sufferers by this revolution ; and, retiring from the field, grow old in poverty, wretchedness, and contempt ? Can you consent to wade through the vile mire of dependancy, and owe the miserable renmant of that life to charity, which has hitherto been spent in honor ? If you can, go, and carry with you the jest of tories and the scorn of whigs ; the ridi- cule, and, what is worse, the pity, of the world ! Go, starve and be forgotten ' But, if your spirit should revolt at this — if you have sense enough to discover OF 'l"HR A.\n:UICAN KKVOLl'I'IOX. 417 ind experience will ium vith regret. He left it, bat called him to 't, ainl aves of power and ilm schemes, and acknow!- jmble in remonstraiico s and mingled in your 1 murmur, and has seen I under the direction of sire for opinion, he lias try. He hoped that, as if peace and belter for- nment would relax, and ipon those hands which om impending serwiude a3 well as temper, and ed without sinking into I conceive to be your step would ruin you for hard upon you, is more out one manly effort of how richly you deserve us fake a review of the thoughts forward for a a pursuit of seven long ought within our reach ctive once — it has con- ful and a bloody war ; returns again — to bless ish your worth, and re- private life with tears with you the indepen- es which your wounds country that tramples listresses ? Have you known your wanis, to ■ should have anticipa- ! meek lantjuage of en- could no longer expect t the letter which you wear are necessary for leace, when your voice I those very swords, the n from your sides, and ' wants, infirmities, and ly this revolution ; and, J, and contempt ? Can and owe the miserable pent in honor ? If you orn of whigs ; the ridi- tarve and be forgotten ' >se enough to discover <.i;(l spirit enough to oppose tyranny, under whatever jjiirb it niuy assume, wli.'tlici it be the plain coat of republicanism or the splendid robe of royally — if you ha\e vet learned to discriminate between a people and a cause, between men and nriiiciples — awake, attend to your situation, and redress yourselves! If the pres- vi.i 'noineiil be lost, every future effort is in vain, and your threa.s then will lie as empty as your entreaties now. " I would advise you, therefore, to come to some final opinion upon wnat you can bear, and what you will suffer. If your determination be in any proportion to j'tiur wronjis, carry vour appeal from the justice, to the fears, of go'ernmeiit. Cli'antjf the milk-and'-waifr style of your last memorial; assume a bolder tone, decent, but lively, spirited, and determined ; and suspect the man whu would advise to more moderaiioii and longer forbearance. Let two or three men, who can feel as well as write, be appointed to draw up your last remonstrance ; foi I would no longer give it the suing, soft, unsuccessful epithet of rnrmorial. Let it lie represented, in language that will neither dishonor you by its rudeness noi betray you by its fears, what has been promised by congress, and what has been pcrfo'rtiied ; liow long and how patiently you have suffered ; how little you have asked, and how much of that little has been denied. Tell them, that though you were the first, and would wish to be the last, to encounter danger, though despair itself can never drive yon into dishonor, it may drive you from the field ; that the wound, often irritated, and never heated, may at length become incura lile ; and that the slightest mark of malignity from congress, now, must operate like the grave, and part you for ever. That, in any political event, the army has its alternative : if peace, that i >thing shall separate you from your arms but death ; if war, that, courting the a ^ces and inviting the directions of your il- lustrious leader, vou will retire to .^mc unsettled country, smile in your turn, and • mock when' their fear cometh on.' But let it represent also, that should they comply with the request of your late memorial, it would make you more happy, and them more respectable. That while war should continue, you would follow their standard into the field ; and when it came to an end, you would withdraw into the shade of private life, and give the world another subject of wonder and applause — an army victorious over its enemies, victorious over itself." General Washington's Speech at the Meeting of Officers. " Gentlemen : By an anonymous summons an attempt has been nade to con- vene you together ; how inconsistent with the rules of propriety, how unmilita- ry, and how subversive of all order and discipline, let the good sense of the army decide. In the moment of this summons, nother anonymous production was sent into circulation, addressed more to the feelings and passions than to the judgment of the army. The author of the piece is entitled to much credit for the goodness of his pen ; and I could wish he had as much credit for the rectitude of his heart: for, as men see through different optics, and are induced oy the reflecting faculties of the mind to use different means to attain the same •nd, tile author of the address should have had more charity than to mark for •uspicion the man who should recommend moderation and longer forbearance , or, in other words, who should not think as he thinks, and act as he advises. "But he had another plan in view, in which candor and liberality of sent i- ment, regard to justice, and love of country, have no part ; and he was right to inaiiuiato the darkest suspicion to effect the blackest design. That the address was drawn with great art, and is designed to answer the most insidious pur- poses ; that it is calculated to impress the mind with an idea of premeditated in- justice in the sovereign power of the United States, and rouse all the reser.i- ments which must unavoidably flow from such a belief; that the fecret mover 3f this scheme, whoever he may be, intended to take advantage of the passiont 27 ■.ja*(«s3SE**^''i 4ib THE PICTORIAL llisrohi' while ihey were warmed by the recollection of past distresses, without givins; nmo for cool, deliberative thinking, and that co'nposure of mind wliich is so ne- cessary to give dignity and stability to measures, is rendered too obvious, by ihe mode of conducting the business, to need other proofs than a reference to the proceedings. " Thus much, gentlemen, I have thought it incumbent on me to observe to vou, to show upon wliat principles I opposed the irregular and hasty meetino wb'ch was proposed to have been held on Tuesday last, and not because 1 wanted a disposition to give you every opportunity, consistent with your own honor and the dignity of the army, to make known your grievances. If my conduct, therefore, has not evinced to you that I have been a faithful friend to the army, my declaration of it at this time would be equally unavailing and improper. But, as I was among the first who embarked in the cause of our common country ; as 1 have never left your side one moment, but when called from you on public duty ; as I have been the constant companion and witness of your distresses, and not among the last to feel and acknowledge your merits; as I have ever considered my own military reputation as inseparably connected with that of the army ; as my heart has ever expanded with joy when I have heard its praises, and my indignation has arisen when the mouth of detraction has been opened against it ; it can scarcely be supposed, at this stage of the war, that I am indifferent to its interests. But how are they to be promoted ? The way is plain, says the anonymous addresser. If war continues, remove into the unst ttled country ; there establish yourselves, and leave an ungrateful country to defend itself^ But who are they to defend ? Our wives, our chil- dren, our farms, and other property which we leave behind us ? or, in this state of hostile preparation, are we to take the first two (the latter can not be re- moved), to perish in the wilderness with hunger, cold, and nakedness ? "If peace takes place, never sheath your swords, says he, until you have ob- tained full and ample justice. This dreadful alternative of either deserting our country in the extremest hour of her distress, or turning our arms against it, which is the apparent object, unless congress can be compelled into instant com- pliance, has something so shocking in it, that humanity revolts at the idea. My God ! what can this writer have in view by recommending such measures ? Can he be a friend to the army ? Can he be a friend to this country ? Rather, is he not an insidious foe ; some emissary, perhaps, from New York, plotting the ruin of both, by sowing the seeds of discord and separation between the civil and military pov/ers of the continent ? And what a compliment does he pay to our understandings, when he recommends measures, in either alternative, im- practicablij in their nature ? " But here, gentlemen, I will drop the curtain, because it would be as impru dent in me to assign my reasons for this opinion, as it would be insulting to yout conception to suppose you stood in need of them. A moment's reflection will convince every dispassionate mind of the physical impossibility of carrying either proposal into execution. There might, gentlemen, be an impropriety in my ta king notice, in this address to you, of an anonymous production ; but the man nor in which that performance has been introduced to the army, the effect it was intended to have, together with some other circumstances, will amply justify my observation on the tendency of that writing. " With respect to the advice given by the author, to suspect the man who should recommend moderate measures, I spurn it, as every man, who regard* that liberty and reveres that justice for which we contend, undoubtedly must ; for if men are to be precluded from offering their sentiments on a matter which mav involve the most serious and alarming consennences that can invite the consid era lion of mankind, reasor. is of no use to us. 'I'he freedom of speech mav sses, without givinj; liiiil wliich is so no- 1 too nl)vious, by ihe .n a reference to the n me to observe to and hasty meetino and not because I stent with your own grievances. If my en a faithful friend ually unavailing and in the cause of our ent, but when called npanion and witness w ledge your merits; separably connected th joy when I have mouth of detraction It this stage of the 3y to be promoted ? r continues, remove leave an ungrateful Our wives, our chil- us ? or, in this state Mer can not be re- akedness ? until you have ob- either deserting our lur arms against it, led into instant com- )lts at the idea. My uch measures ? Can ountry ? Rather, is w York, plotting the )n between the civil liment does he pay ither alternative, im> would be aa impru [ be insulting to your nent'a reflection will ity of carrying either ^propriety in my ta iction ; but the man my, the eflfect it was rill amply justify my spect the man who ■y man, who regardi doubtedly must ; for a matter which ma> n invite the consid lom of speech mav TT if"!j»,^«»i3S«3»i' ■ *;-'-kViii'..'',.i/A**'>-*'5w -» *„'(» niK picrouiAi. iiisi'ouv be tiiken nwny mid iliiiiil) mul silent vv«' mmv lit- li'd like .sliiteji to the sluii{{h ti'l. I ciiti not ill jiiMticf to my *, i inlinlc lliis adciii'Ms, wiiliniir i;iviiij; ii as mv {leri(l(Mi opinion, thai tli ii InMioralilr l>oily entiTtain cxaltfil si'iiliiiifnis ol' the services of the army, and, I'rom a full cuiivictiDn ul' its ineritii uml MiiHiringM, will do it complete ju.Miee. That tlieir eiideaMirs to discover and estahlisli liiiids I'oi this piirpos*: liiive heeii imwearted, and will nut <'ease till lliey have succeeded, I have not a dm I ; Init, like all other larye Imdies, wiiere theri; is a variety ot diflerent interests to reconcile, their deterinin itions arp«! lor ii.s ring lliH ol)jecl we St It at a greater ittiiraiice, Ixung iu- ice, and a grateful ectioii of the cheer- in you under every rmy I have su long piililic and solemn r toils and dangers, e consistetitly with e bound to re8{Mc:, my abilities. I the most unequiv- your favor, let me res which, viewed the glory, you have ;hted faith of your ntions of congress, all your accounts were published to J measures in theii eritorious services , as you value your 1 as you regard the utmost horror and itences, to overturn ipen the flood-gates e plain and direct nsidious designs of secret artifice ; you ism and patient vir- utl'erings ; and you erity to say, when ind : ' Had this day erfecfion to which ased the sensation le army of a firmly >n would have been ind in an armv ill I formidable. Th« .;il:%4Smii .rji..^.\Al^Hfl?*lw*fiBlt»>l»-^* «w THK I'IcroUIAL HISTOKY nujjiicious (;t'n«'ral Wasliin^toii rli-arly saw tlin iliiiij(er, uiiJ prohibiieil the pio- posed iiiKeliag , 1)111, iK-emiiig it safer lo ilirnct ami weaken llu! curreiii tliaii irn- iiiedialuly to ojiposc it, lie appointed ;i sinular inecting on a subsi'ipnnt day Uunt'ral Gates, as tlie seiuor ofliccr of rank, presided. General VVasliingtoa who had been diligent in |)ropariiii,' the minds of the officers for the occasion, addressed the assembly, sirongiy combated the address, aiicl by his sound rea- ■oiling and high inHuenlial diaracter, succeeded in dissipating the storm. These proceediiiifs of the officers induced congress to pay some regard to ita promises, and to commute tlie iialf-pay for a sum equal lo five years' full pay. It was insulted by a liody of lately-raised troops of Pennsylvania, and much agi- tadon prevailed in the army. Uul as the dread of foreign enemies subsided, ihe state governments became careless of the claims and comfort of their deleiul- ers. To di.-*band an army in a stale of irritaiion, and lo which large arrears were due, many of whom had not money to supply their most pressing wants, or lo defray their expenses on the way home, was a dangerous experiineiii ; but il was ultimately executed without any convulsion. General Washington's military career was now about to close ; and, on the 4lh of December, he met the principal officers of the army at Frances' tavern. The officers assembled at noon, and their revered and beloved commander soon entered the room. His emotions were too strong to be concealed : filling a glass, and addressing the officers, he said : " With a heart full of love and grati- tude, I now lake leave of you, and devoutly v, ish that your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your former ones have been honorable. ' Having drank, he added, " 1 can not come to take each of you by the hand, but shall be obliged to you if each of you will come and take ine by the hand." In the inidsi 9f profound silence, and with the liveliest sensibility and tenderness, each of the officers took him by the hand ; and, at the close of the aflecting ceremony, ihey all accompanied lam to Whitehall, where a barge was in readiness to carry him Across the river. Having embarked, General Washington turned round to his late coinpanions-in-arins, took off his hat, respectfully bowed to them, and bade them a silent farewell. They returned the compliment, and went back iii mute procession to the place where they had assembled. Congress was then silting at Annapolis in Maryland ; and thither General Washington proceeded, for the purpose of resigning that power which he had 80 successfully exercised. He remained a few days in Philadelphia, in order to settle his accounts with the treasury ; and, on the 19lh of December, arrived at Annapolis. At noon, on the 23d, in presence of a numerous company of spectators, he resigned his commission into the hands oi' congress ; and after- ward retired to his patrimonial mansion at Mount Vernon. In the course of the revolution, a number of men of no mean abilities arose, both in the military and civil departments ; but General Washington appears with pre-eminent lustre among them all ; not only by the brilliancy of his genius, but by the soundness of his understanding, and the moral dignity of his charac- ter. His courage was unquestionable, and il was governed by discretion. Hi» glory, however, lies in the moral excellence of his character, his spotless integ- rity, disinterested patriotism, general humanity, invincible fortitude, and indexi- ble perseverance. In trying times, he occupied the most difficuU situation in which a man can i)e placed. At the head of an unorganized militia, unaccus- tomed lo military subordination, he was exposed to clamor and calumny, and sometimes fettered by the presumption of rulers, who were forward lo decide on what they did not understand, to enjoin measures the consequences of which they did not foresee, and to dictate on subjects of which they had but a very im- perfect knowledge. He was unmoved by the clamors of the former ; and ho bore, with invincible patience, the aberrations of the latter ; he remonstrated and uhibit«(l the pt<> I'urrtiil tliiiii irii< substuy. la, and much agi- lemies subsided, rtol" their deleiul- ch large arreur:* pressing wants, experiiiieiU ; but 386 ; and, on the ?Vances' tavern, commander soon cealed : filling a of love and grati- ter days may be irable. Having land, but shall be d." In the midst iiuss, each ul the I ceremony, they [less to carry hiin led round to his o them, and bade rent back in mute thither General it which he had idulphia, in order December, arrived ous company of jress ; and after- n abilities arose, shington appears ncy of his genius, ily of his charac- discretion. Hi* \is spotless integ- tude, and inllexi- Hcult situation in militia, unaccus- ind calumny, and ivard to decide on juences of which lad but a very im- former ; and he remonstrated and Washini;ton P\KTiNr. with his old Comradks. -rv6sa(«^**iS»'aw.' »,ifcti^t4Trt3WiaKi»»ft'cr.»:^fat^'afe^;b»- -^ OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 423 reaeoned with them, and often succeeded in setting them right With a steady hand he steered the vessel amid the terrors of the storm, and through tsarlul breakers brought it safe into port. America owes him much, and seems not in- sensible of the obligation ; but the best mode for the Americans to show then gratitude would be to imitate his virtues, and the character of every American to leflect the moral image of General Washington. :,i<^&SJt«<0j»;«»««K;»a«sasa««*»*»£^^ APPENDIX. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect umun Mtablish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common detence promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. — 1. All legislatire powers herein granted, shall be vested in a con- gress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate and house of repre* sentatives. Section 2. — 1. The bouse of representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year, by the people of the several states ; and the electors in each state shall hare the qualifications requisite for electors of the most nu- merous branch of the state legislature. 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- habitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 3. Representatives and di- rect taxes shall be apportioned among the several states which may be included within this union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be deter- mined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all othpf persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The num- ber of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three ; Massachu- setts, eight ; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Delaware, one ; Ma- ryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five ; and Georj^ a, three. 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill up such vacancies. 5. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Section 3. — 1. The senate of the United States shall be composed of two sen- ators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; ard each senator shall have one vote. 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall bo vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the ex- APPENDIX. 4'^a ore perfect uniun common detence Y to ourselves and United States of e vested in a con- d house of repre- ssed of members ; and the electors I of the most nu- e a representative , and been seven elected, be an in* lentatives and di- 1 may be included ch shall be deter- ig those bound to three fifths of all three years after thin every subse* lirect. The num- tiousand, but each imeration shall be hree ; Massachu- Connecticut, five ; laware, one ; Ma- irolina, five ; and ntation from any ion to fill up such speaker and other iposed of two 8eu- : years ; ard each I be assembled, in I equally as may irst class shall bo class at the ex- rirulion of the fourth year, and of the tl.inl class at the cxpiralioi. ol the sixth leaf 90 that one third may be chosen every second year ; a.ul i( vacuncies hap- pen by resignation or otherwise, during the rete«s of the legislature ol any slate. Il.c executive thereof may make temporary appointments unli the next ineeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. 3. No persmi shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and lu-en nme vears a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an in- habitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4. 'I he vice-president of the United States shall be president of the senate, but shall have no .-ote, unless thev be equally divided. 5. The senate shall choose their other oflicers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the United Stales. 6. Fhe senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpos.i, tl ev shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United biaies is tVied, the chief justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted with- out the concurrence of two thirds of the members present. 7. J"dgmenl, in ca- ses of impeacliment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and dis-malification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the Uiuted States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and pmiishment, according to law. Section 4.— I. The times, places, and manner of holding elections lor sena- tors and representatives, shall be prescribed in each slate by the legislature thereof; but the congress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regula- tions, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2 The congress shall as- semble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon- dav ii. December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 'Section 5— \. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members ; and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 2. Each house may de- termine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disordcTly behavior and, with the concurrence of two thirds, expel a member. 3. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, ex- cepting such parts as may in their judgment require secresy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall, at the desire i.f one fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 4. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn lor more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. , „ Section 6.— I. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- tion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury o the United Slates. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breni: . of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session ol iheir respective houses, and in going to or returning from the same ; aiul lor any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be (piesiioned ii. any other place. 2 No senator or represemative shall, during the lime for which he was elected be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the LIniteil States, whic i shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increa.se. during such time ; and no person holding any office under the lulled States shall be a member of either house during his continuance m office. Section:— I. All bills for raising revenue siiall originate in the house ol representatives ; but the senate may propose or cou.'ur wiili a.nend.nents, as on other bills 2 Every bill which shall have passed tlie house ol representatives ';giiicM**=ii¥«SBi«*»i« ,V^'a«a^'t*'-^' '-■'v'm • '-^-sS^Ciw* 1^- vjr. APPKNDIX. and iiH' sciuiie, .sliiil!. Ix'forp it hccdiuc a law, he prpsoiiii'd to tlie prosidcm i>! 'In- ruilfil Stall's ; if lie approve, he shall isijfii it ; hut if not, he shall rctiiri. H, Willi Ills objeeiioiis, to that house in which it shall have origiiiateil. wlm shall ruler the oi)jeciioii at larije on their journal, anil proceed to reconsider it. It', afU'T such reconsiileraiioii, two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the hill, it shall he sent, together with the objections, to the other house, hy which it shall be likewise reconsidered, and if a|)proved by two thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses shall be determined by " eas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall hi. entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bil, shall not be r-'lmii^d by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after It shall have Veen /resented to him, the same shall be a law in like maniKir as if he had si-jiied it, unless the congress by their adjournment prevent its re- turn ; in which case it shall not be a law. 3. Every order, resolution, or vote, to whitdi tlie concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourinnent), shall be presented to the pres- ident wf the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be aj)- proved by hiin, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Srction 8. — The congress shall have power — 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ; to pay the debts antl provide for the common de- fence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and ex- cises, shall be uniform throughout the United States : 2. To borrow money oii the credit of the United Slates : 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes: 4. To establish a uni- form rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States : 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coins, and fix the standard of weights and measures : 6. To [)rovide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United Stales : 7. To establish postoffices and postroads : 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by liecuring for limited times, to authors and invent- ors, the exclusive riglit to their respective writings and discoveries : '.). To con- stitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court : 'I'o define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of na tioiis : 10. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water : 11. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years : 12. To provide and maintain a navy: 13. To makes rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces : 14. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections, and repel inva- sions : 15. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the Uni- ted States, reserving to ilie states respect: 'ely the a|)poiiitmenl of the ollicers, and the authority of training tlie militia according to the discipline prescribed by congress : 16. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square), as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of government of tiie Uniterl Stales, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erec- tion of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings : — and. 17. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into ex- ecution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in iho government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof APPENDIX. 421 tlie presidi'iii i>! e sli;ill rcturi> ii. iiHteil, \vli:i sliall icoiisidtr it. Ii, ee to pass ilu- house, hy which of that house, it Iiouses sliall be g for and against lily. If any bil, i excepted) after like inauii(;r as prevent its re- solution, or vote, ntatives may be nied to the prcs- ect, shall be ap- by two thirds of I and limitations 111 collect taxes, he common de- mposts, and ex- itrrow money ou foreiijn nations, establish a uni- of bankruptcies alue I hereof, aiul : 6. To [)rovide jin of the United ale the progress ors and invent- ies : '.). To con- I punish piracies It the law of na , and make rules lort armies ; but than two years : the goverrnnent calling forth the and repel inva- ; the militia, and vice of the I'ni- of the odicers, le prescribed by whatsoever over on of particular vernment of ti>e urchased, i)v the be, for the erec- 3uilding8 : — and. carrying into ex- is constitution in ficer thereof Section 9. — 1. The migration or importation of such persons aa any of the slates now existing shall think proper to tidmit, shall not be prohibited by the congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 2. The privilege of llie writ of habeas corpus shall no*, be suspended, unless when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may reqiiire it. 3. No bill of attainder, or ex-post-faclo law, shall be passed. 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, imless in proportion to the census or enumera- tion herein before directed to be taken. 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on arti- cles exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of any one state over those of another : nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another. 6 No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law : and a regular statement and account of the re- ceipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from lime to time. 7 X( title of nobility shall be granted by the United Slates, and no person hold- ing anv office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the con- gress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of anykind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state. Sec'iun 10.— I. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confedera- tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of atiainiler, ex-post-facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts ; or grant any title of nobility. 2. No stale shall, without the consent of the con- gress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may he ab- solutely necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the neat produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall he for the use of the ir.ii.^ury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and conlrorof the congress. NkJ state ^ .all, without the consent of the congress, lay any duty of tunnage, keep troops or ships-of-war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. ARTICLE II. Section 1 — 1 . The executive power shall bo vested in a president of the Unt- ied States of A.nerica. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, *nd, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows • 2. Each stale shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whol'^ number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the congress ; but no sen- ator or rep^sentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the Uni- ted States, shall be appointed an elector. [3. The electors shall meet in their respective stales, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a lint of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president ol the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole numbei of electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who ha\e such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the house of reprc- sentatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for president ; and if no person have a majority, then, fvom the fivt, highest on the list, t>.« «a d hous* ^-'e-'int'::. -'•r-L-it- .. I'JS APPENDIX. .sli;ill, in like iminner, choose the prosidmil. !5iil in choosinji; the preside ni h< vdte siiall be tnken by states, the representation from each state havinj^one vote; d (jiioruin for th'"! purpose shall consist of a member or members from two thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the president, the person having the greatest number of votes of tiie electors, shall be the vice-jiresidont. !;it if there should :\'mi),in two o" more who have equal votes, the s'-nate shall rii-'ose iV'nn them, by ballot, the vice-president.]* 4. 'I'he coiitrr'ss n)rty deterrnme tU*. time of choosing the ei-ctors, and the day on which ihrv slial! ^ive their vo'es , which day sh.ll be tlx- same throujihout the United Mates. 5. No persuu, . cept a natural-i)orn ciii>:en, or a cilizen of the i 'nited Si.ilc.'- a! r[,', lUi. of U,<: ; 'i )ption of this constitution, shall \n eljirihlo to 'he otlice ol preaideut . neithc,- .-iiall any person be eligible to that oHict , who shall not hav. attained to the age of thirty- five years, and bet-n fourteen yerirs a residi nt within the United States. 6. In ease of the r' moval of the pn si,K nt from o/hce, or of his death, resignation, or inability to dischaigi,' the powers .md iluties of the ssai ! office, the smiie i' ill de- volve on the vice-president, and the conj.re.ss tr.^ty, by law, j/ruvidi, for tlie caso of removal, death, resignation, or i.:i'il)iii'y, l>i>ih of the president muI vice-presi- deiu, declaring what olHcer shall then art as president, iU;d i services a compensation, whi'li shall neither bi^ mcreased nor diminished during the period for which hy sh.;il have bioni elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other tMTiohiinerit from the United States, or any of tliem. 8. Before he enter on the ev( ■-jiion of iiis office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : 9. " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United States.' Section 2. — 1. The president shall be coifiioander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia ol the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in wri- ting, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any sub- ject relating to the duties of their respective offices ; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the senators pres- ent concur : and he shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appoint- ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law. But the congress n^ay, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior offi- cers as they think proper, in the president alone, in the courts of law, or in the neads of departments. 3. The president shall have power to (ill up all vacan- cies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. Sections. — 1. He shall, from time to time, give to congress information of ibe state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient : he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between (hem, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ; and shall Lummission all the officers of the United States. * TkU daiiM was annulled by the 12th article under ainendmenM. T? APPENDIX. rj!i tho presidfiii h< te IkivIii!^ one vote ; ers froin two thirds ry to a ihoice. In living the {greatest hit if there should fh.'ose i'n;m them, nunc thf: time of licir votes , which lO persiiJ!, . CH'pt a 1,1 of ti,>, ^ " )ption neithc,- .'iiail any 3 the age of thirty - ted States. 6. In alh, resignation, or the sniTie i' ill de- nivi.'l',, for tlie caso ent \v{} vice-presi- ch oiTrier shall act .liiall he elected. [;8 u compensation, period for which It period any other •e he enter on the rmation : 9. " I do office of president serve, protect, and of the army and itates, when called he opinion, in wri- nts, upon any sub- shall have power 1 States, except in th the advice and the senators pres- ce and consent of nd consuls, judges es, whose appoint- [ he established by such inferior offi- 1 of law, or in the 3 (ill up all vacan- nting commissions ss information of such measures aa irdinary occasions, greement between cum them to such and other public tecuted ; and shall meus. Section 4. — 1. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the Uni ,ed States, shall he removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, •.reHson, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. ARTICLE in. Section 1 . - 1 . The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior courts shall hold their offices during good behavior ; and shall, at stated tunes, receive for tlieir services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Section 2.— 1. The judicial power shall extend to all rases in law and equity, arising under this c(mstiiution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be mnde. under their authority : to all cases affecting ambassa- dors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a purty ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of an- other state ; between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states ; and between a stale, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 2. In all cases af- fecting ambassadors, other public ministera, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appellate juris- diction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regula- tions, as the congress shall make. 3. The trial of all crimes, except m cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, f.nd such trial shall be held in tho state where the said crime shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the congress may by law hare directed. . i • i Section 3.— 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and com- fort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. 2. The con- gress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section I.— 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2.— 1. The citizens iu each state shall be entitled to all privileges and mmunities of citizens in the several states. 2. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. 3. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws tliereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor ; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3.— 1. New states may be admitted by the congress into this union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other Slate, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned as well as .c^^j^'%^if^a^m^'i$idAi:«^Si-iGiVC't.-^-;:i-S V!0 APPENDIX. of the congress. 2. The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make .ill needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property be- l>in- """:;; 'JX'^J^rSl be held to answer for a capital or otherwise int. *ame offence to be twice put in leooardy of ''"^^ "' '""^^^^^^^^^ a„p„v,d pelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness againbi himself, nor be dcpri w JSS!i^«S*»'-*=»»*' 432 APPKNDIX. of life, liberty, or property, without due procoas of law ; nor shall privau: prof> ♦!rty he t.iken for |nil)lic- use, without just fompeiisatioii. Art. fi. In ail critniual prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the riifht to a Mpeedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the stale and district wher-m tl' crime shall have iieen conuniftod. which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the acciisii'- tion ; to be confronted with the witnesses against hlin ; to have compulsory pro. cesa for obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defence. Apt. 7. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall ex ceed twomy dollars, the right -if trial by jury shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Art 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments indicted. AwT. 9. The enumeraiions in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Akt. 10. The powers not ilelegated 'o the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Art. 11. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to exter/d to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens o( another state, or by citizens or subjects of any f(»reign state. Art. 12. — I. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, ai.d transmit sealed to the seat of the govermnent of the United Stales, directed to ilie president of the senate ; the president of the -seiKite shall, in the presence of the senate and liDiise of rep- reiientati>es, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest number of voles for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed : and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest num- bers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But, in choosing the president, the voles shall ue taken by states, the representation from each state having one vole ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a uiember or members from two ihir.is of the states, and a majority of all the slates shall be necessary to a choict;, And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the choice shall devolve -^pon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in cage oi the death or other coiistitutioua! disability of the president. 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be .he vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors uppointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president ; a quorum for the pur- pose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 3. But no person coii.stitutionally ineligible to the office of presidont, shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States. -m-m m Ari'KNDIX. (33 shall privau' prop nijoy the ri;f)it tn id district whcr-in e been previmisly se of the acnisn- e compulsory pro- islance of coiinsti roversy shall ex rvet be construed to against one of the r subjects of any tales, and vote by t, shall not be an le in their ballots rson voted for as ions voted for a* of the number of smit scaled to the lent of the senate ; and IiDUse of rep- be counted ; the be the president, ppointed : and if the highest num- jsident, the house esident. Hut, in presentation from [isist of a niember II the states shall 1 shall not choose ro the fourth day i president, as in ent. resident, shall be umber of electors highest numbers )rum for the pur- 's, and a majority residnnt, shall be Ai:t. XIII. t- Np' ' "r slavery nor involuntary servitude, escept us a i.uuisliment for crime, v.ucreof the party sliall have been duly .•(.iivieted, 'hall exist within the rnitcd States, or any place subject I., tiicir juri'^dictioii. :'. Cfmgrcss bIihII have power to enforce this article by ii|ipr(.pr.iiic Ugit- AiiT XIV. I. All persons born or naturalized iu the I'liilcd Stales, aud H'ibjcct to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizeus of the United S'Hfes and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or eut.nve any law wliich shall abridge the privileges or imniuuities of citizeus of the I iiiteil States; uor siiall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or properly, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction Ibo tMiiial protection of the laws. •J IleprcHcntatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to "heir respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in eiicli Mate, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any cleiiiou fcr the choice of electors for president aud vice-president of the United St.tes, representatives in congress, the executive and judicial olFices of a Slate, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male iiihabilants of such state beiug tweuty-oue years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in auy way abridged, except lor participation in rebellKm or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the pro- portion which the number of such male citkzeus shall bear to the whole uunibcr of male citizeus twenty-one years of age in such state. 3 No persou shall bo a senator or representative iu congress, or elector of ilresident and vice-piesideut, or hold any oilier, civil or military, under the Uuited States, or under auy state, who, havi.^g previously taken an oath as a member of congress, or as an ofFicer of the United States, or as u member ol auy state legit^lature, or as au executive or judicial othcer of any state, to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in lusur- rucuon or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies ihcieof. But congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove fucli disability. ,,..,. , • i i . 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, uichidiu" debts incurred for payment of pensions aud bouulies for services in supprc>siug iusiiiTectiou or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither tbe United States uor any state shall assume or pay auy debt or obligation in- curred in aid of insurrection or lebelliou against the Uuited States, or auy claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such debts, obliga- tious, and claims shall be held illegal aud void. , • , .• 0. The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legialatiou, .lie provisions of this article. ., . , „ . u n AuT XV. — 1. The right of citizeus of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the Uuited States, or by auy state, on account ol race, color, or previous condition of servitude. ■I. The congress shall have power to enf<. vc this article by apjropnate le^iislatiou. -^g0^i,^-if^m!>^ 'W^