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The following diagrams Illustrate the method: Lea cartes, planches, tableaux, etc.. peuvent Atre filmAs h des taux da reduction diff Grants. Loraque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA, il est f limA A pertir do Tangle supArieur gauche, do gauche A droite, et do haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'Images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 'f : 1 2 3 4 5 6 liiiniiiiii 101013546 5 yyp^t LHN V-iOlwwAX t»^' 5J0 1^-10-3.^ THE SUGAR MAPLES, WITH A WINTER SYNOPSIS OF ALL NORTH AMERICAN MAPLES. ,4_ BY WILUAM TRBLBA8E. North American botanists generally recognize one eastern species of sugar maple with a well-marked variety, one in the Gulf States, and a third species in the mountains of thn Southwest. Each of these is so variable as to weaken the lines of specific separation, and in the last treatment of the maples by an American botanist* they are all united as forms or varieties of a single species. In contrast with this con- servatism, European botanists are disposed to increase the number of separable species. Pax,t in his monograph of the genus Acer, recognizes three species of his group Saccharina, comprising the eastern and southern sugar maples, while the southwestern species is maintained in his group Campestria. Wesmael,t in a later review of the genus, follows Pax in keeping the southwestern species apart from the group Saccharina, of which latter he recognizes only one species with two subspecies corresponding to the other two species admitted by Pax. Quite recently, von Schwerin, in an enumeration of the maples from a horti- cultural standpoint, § carries the separation of forms even further than Pax, since he maintains all of the species ad- mitted by the latter, while he recognizes three varieties and seven named forms of the northern sugar maple. I was led by these publications to make an examination of the material in the herbarium and arboretum of the R'issouri Botanical Garden and in Tower Grove Park, and ♦ Sargent, Sllva of North America, 11. 1891, 97. t Engler's Bot. Jahrbiicher, 1886, vil. 241, and 220. t Revue critique des esp^ces du genre Acer.— Gand, 1890, pp. 46, 60-61. § Gartenflora, 1893, zlii. 466. Ifticprlntg lusued Jan. 1, 1894. 1 NORTH AMERICAN MAPLES. 89 to review the principnl literature of the genun Acer, in the hope of naming the forms reprcHonted. As the con- clusions reached were Homowhat different from those of recent writers on the genus, I have taken occasion to see the contents of the principal herbaria of the country,* nnd the results of my study are presented hero as showing at least the range of the forms and the great variability of the eastern sugar maples. It is now commonly understood that the name Acer saccharinum, which the common sugar maple has borne until quite ''ccently, tvas in reality given by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum ( 1 753 ) to the silver maple ; t and the ten- dency now is to restore this name to t'ao plant it was origin- ally applied to, notwithstanding the necessary confusion for a time attending the change. Granting the propriety and necessity of making this substitution, howe\cr, there appears to be some difference of opinion as to the names now to bo adopted for the sugar maple and its forms. The oldest other name generally admitted as pertaining to this species, is A. saccharum of Marshall.} On the authority of Pax and Schwerin, the Acer pahnifolium of Borck- hausen § is the same species. Later names for the common maple and the black maple are A. barbatum sugar * My thanks are due Professor Britton of Columbia College, Dr. Co- TlUe of the United States Department of Agriculture, Dr. Mohr of Mobile, Dr. Robinson of Harvard University, and Professor Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum, for the use of the material in their care. I am also indebted to Mr. Marcus E. Jones of Salt Lake City, Dr. J. Schneck of Mt. Carmel, Mr. Trevor Klncaid of Olympia, Wash., Mr. Geo. W. Let- terman of Allenton, Mo., Mr. E. M. Wilcox and Mr. W. C. Werner of Columbus, O., Mr. C. F. Wheeler of Lansing, Mich., and Mr. Thomas Howell of Arthur, Oregon, for specir ::ns collected or contributed for my use. t For the history of this name see Sargent, Garden and Forest, ir, 148. X Arbustrum Amerlcanum, 1785, 4. § Flora der oberen Orafschaft Catzenelnbogen, 1796, 109. — I am in- debted to Professor Urban for a transcript, from which, however, I am not very certain that Borckhauseu really meant a form of the sugar maple. 2 ^1 ^T ¥, 90 MISSOURI BOTANICAL OABOEN. Michaux,* and A. nigrum Michaux, f.f Ifi as is now gonernlly done, wo take Walter's Acer Carolinianum % to he the red maple, these are the only published nanios applicable to the eastern sugar maple, aside from the recent varietal and form names of Pax and Schwerin. Unfortunately, some doubt applies to both of the names* saccharum and barhatum. In advocating the restoration of the Linnean name mccharinum for the silver maple. Professor Sargent § considered it necessary to exclude Marshall's name for the sugar maple, because he believed that a name so nearly identical with saccharinum as is saccharum^ could lead only to hopeless confusion, so that he proposed to take up the name barhatum of Michaux ; and he finds support of this conclusion || in the fact that Mar- shall's description is so indefinite as to leave one in some doubt as to what tree he really had In mind when ho described his Acer saccharum. While the description given by Marshall is ambiguous, the green color of the flowers (contrasted presumably with red), and the flowering ** in manner of the scarlet maple " (presumably referring to the subsessile or umbellate cluster 9.i contrasted with the elon- gated inflorescence of the mountain and striped maples), seem to me to confirm rather than render doubtful the con- clusion that he had the sugar maple in mind. There is, in fact, more doubt as to the plant intended by Michaux when he described his Acer barhatum^ for though the name appears in most manuals of the thirty years succeeding its publication, Pursh If is the only botanist of that time who seems to have done mrvd than copy or paraphrase a descrip- tion of it, until Torruy and Gray** state that they found in Barton's herbarium foliage specimens so named apparently • Fl. Bor. Amer. 1808, 11. 263. t Hist. Arb. (Sylva, ed. 1), 1810, ii. 338. X Flora Carolinlana, 1788,261. § Garden and Forest, 1889, 11. 864. II Garden and Forest, Iv. 148. 5 Fl. (1814), 1. 266, — with A. Carolinianum as a synonym. ** Flora of North America, 1. 249. 8 NOBTU AMCltlCAN MAPLES. 1(1 l>y Pursh, which thoy pronounce Avir rnhrum, Nuttall * on tht'ir authority, as ho nlatfH, j^oos ho far a.s to dcfhiro iKirhahini ♦' a noiit'iitity, as it [or Purwh'n concoption of it] is founded upon the dowors of the sues, denoted by tho former name, so that it does not invalidate the use which I shall propose to mako of saccftavum for tho type, and of bav- brJtwi for a fairly characterized variety of the sugar maple to which the original description of barbalum applies more closely than to any other. As tho result of a careful examination of the available material, I am disposed to recognize three species of the group Saccharina, two of them represented by fairly marked varieties in addition to tho typical form, — namely, A. Httcchanim, with its varieties barhatum and nigrum^ A, Flondanum, with its variety aatmiuatum, and A. grandi- dentatum, the last named ceitainly aberrant. Acer tiaccharum and its variety nigrum do not appear to • Sylva, ii. 88. t Cat,. Plants of New Jersey, 78. X Traus. St. Louis Acad., v. 490. § Dept. Agriculture Report, 1892, 825. It may be of Interest to note that In a FroUch translation of Marshall's book by L^zermes (1788), the name Is replaced by saccharinum, apparently because of the translator's feeling that the spelling of Marshall was the result of an error; a possi- bility which Professor Sargent also has suggested. 4 91 9t MISSOURI BOTANICAL OAKDEN. pass directly into one iinothor, hut the fornipr docs grmlo into tho Hiinplor lonvod viirioty hnrhatmn, and it is also diffi- cult to dotcrniino whether a very few herbarium Hpecinien.s go into havhattim or viiji-um. Were it not for these, I should agree with Professor Bailey in treating tho latter as a distinct species. All three forms have essentially the same distribution, tho variety ni(jnim being apparently a littlo more restricted than tho others, and tho most western form belonging to tho variety harbatnm rather than Iho typo. Tho typical mcrhnntm^ which is evidently tho plant of which Wangcnheim * figures a leaf under the nante .sacchn- rinuniy is the variety pscudo-platavniden of P;i\ t and Schwcrin.t The description and figure in tho several editions of tho Sylva of tho younger Michaux leave no doubt that what is hero called variety nignim is tho tree to which ho applied nujrum as a specific name, and its cxtromo forms are well represented by Schwcrin,§ who, mistaking for tho true nigrum what I have called barbatum, as ha;^ been done also by many American botanists, describes them as pertaining to a new variety which ho names var. concolor because of tho green lower surface of the loaves. Following Professor Bailey, who has clearly indicated tho characters of niyi'um,^ I have tried to associate with tho leaf characters, others drawn from the inflorescence and fruit ; but in this attempt I have failed, because of in- sufficiency of well authenticated flowering specimens of the different forms (though I am disposed to think that good inflorescence characters may exist), and so great a variabil- ity in the size, form and divergence of the fruit wings that I am convinced of the inapplicability of this character. * Baytrag zur teutschen holzgerechten Forstvvlssenschaft, die Anpflan- zung nordamerlcanischer Holzarteu, mlt Anweuduug au( teutscbe Forste, betrcffend, 1787, pi. II, f. 26. t Engler'8 Bot. Jahrb. 1886, vli. 242. i Qartcnflora, xlU. \b5, f. 05, no. I. § I. c. 456, f. 05, nos. 6 and 7. I Bot. Gazette, xlil. aU. 5 hORTII AMKItK AN MAI'I.KS. 93 ^ I Utilizinf; Kurh difforonroM iih I find, I Hopnriito tho mnplofi of tho Mtirrfianiin ^rcdip um ffdlowM, ndiiiittin^ under oiu-h only MK'h citntionH as I am rcaNonahl y sure of, nnd without having attcniptrd to niak«>thi> bibliography at all complete. Spt'cimoMM without mnturu foliugo huvo not been cited, for the reasons al)ove jriven. AcKR HACciiAHi'M Murshull, Arbustnim (1785), 4; Now- hall. Trees N. E. Amor. 150, f. 75. — vl. Hftrcha- n'lium Wanjrenheim, Nordumer. Holzarten (1787), 26» pi. 11, f. 26; Miehaux, Sylva, i. 101, pi. 42; Pursh, Fl. i. 2(56; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-A ..er. i. 113; Torrey, Compcnd. 170, and Fl. N. Y. i. 136; Torrey & Gray, Fl. i. 248; Gray, Manual, od. 1, 80, ed. 6, 117, and School and Field Bot>k, 91 ; Browne, Trees, 82; Emer- son Mass. ed. 2. 658, with plate; Bailey, Popular Gardening, 1887, 24, in part, with figure ; and Bot. Gazette, xiii. 214, in part. — A. harhatum Sargent, Silva, ii. 97, pi. 90. — A. jmlmifnUum \ar.pMeudopla(a- noidet* Sehworin, Gartenflora, xlii. 455, f. 95, no. 1. — A. Hacchariimm var. pneudoplatanoidctt Pax, Englcr's Jahrb. vii. 242, in part; Wesmuel, Acer, 61. Bark gray; internodes mostly sleiuler and elongated, commonly glossy and reddish; buds gray, conical, slender and acute ; petioles little dilated at base, not concealing the mature buds, without stipules; leaves thin, typically largo (usually 4 to 7 inches broad), flat, dull, usually light green above, tho lower surface grayish, glabrous to pubescent, or exceptionally quite hirsute when young, isodiametric, truncate at base to slightly cordate with an open sinus, or broadly cuneate, rather deeply 5-lobed, except for some smaller 3-lobed leaves near tho ends of tho branches, with typically narrow sinuses, the three larger lobes with parallel sides or dilated upwardly and each with a slender apical acumination often sinuously bidentato on tho sides, and two similar lateral acuminations, or the lateral lobes merely sinuate on tho upper margin, the smaller outermost lobes mostly sinuously 1 to 2 toothed on the lower margin; 6 93 94 MIHHOL'RI UOTANICAI. UAKDKN. iind fruit larpo (6 X 10 mm. ), tlio outer linos of tho large wings (8 to 12 X Ki to 28 mm.) ntuirly imriilUI or sprcudiug to Honu'thing U'hh than u right anglo. — Pluto 4. Range, Novii Si(»tirt to West Virginia, Illinois, Mis. Houri ( ?), Ohii), Michigan and Canada. — Specimens exam- ined from Nova Scotia (Macoun, 1883), Canada (Ottawa, Macoun, July 24, 1882; Terniiscouta Co., Northrop, 13.'»; Wingham, Morton, Juno 20, 1891), New Hampshire (M. ,119 in hb. Sargent), Massachusetts (Essex Co., Picker- ing), New York (Torroy ; Grcono Co., Miss Vail, June 27, 1891 — with a second Hpecimen which if taken alono would be referred to vur. barbafuin), Pennsylvania (Easton, Porter, July 1891; West Chester, Darlii'gton, "the com- mon form"), West Virginia (White Sulphur Springs, Britton, Aug. 19, 1890), Ohio (Cincinnati, Lloyd, 1890; Painesvillo, Werner, 1892), Illinois (French; Grand Tower, Vasey), and Michigan (Lansing. Wheeler, Oct. 1892), — Cultivated at Cambridge, 1859; Kow, Nicholson, 1880, 1342, and St. Louis, 1893. Acer 8ACCHARUM var. bardatum (Michaux). — (-.1. barba- tum Michx. Flora, ii. (1803), 252; Pursh, Flora, i. 266 ; Torrey, Compend. 169 ; Torrey & Gray, Fl. i. 249 ; Beck, Bot. 63; Eaton, Manual, ed. 4, 186, ed. 5, 90, ed. 6, 2, ed. 7, 140; Eat. & Wright, 112?).-^!. mc- charum var. nigrum Ncwhall, Trees N. E. Amer. 152, f. 76. — A. barbatum var. nigrum Sargent, Silva, ii. 99 in part and pi. 91. — A. saccharinum Bailey, /. c. in part. — A. saccharinum var. glauciun Pax, Engler's Jahrb. vii. 242 in part; Wesmael, Acer, 61. — ^1. palmifolium var. nigrum Schwerin, Gartenflora, xlii. 456, f. 95 no. 4.— ^. liugelii Pax, Engler's Bot Jahrb. vii. 1886, 243; Schwerin, Gartenflora, xlii. 457. — A. sacchannum subsp. liugelii Wesmael^ Acer, 61. Bark gray to almost black ; internodes often shorter and stouter, commonly dull but reddish ; buds gray, pubescent or daik, conical ovoid, often obtuse ; petioles as in the last and 7 Nonra amkuican maples. 95 . i without stipules; k'tivcs firm, of medium size (usually about 4 in. broad), flat, Homewhat glossy and of various siiados of green above, palo or glaucous and downy to glabrous beneath, mostly broader than long, cordate with shallow open basal sinus to truncate, 3-lobed with very ()l)en round sinuses (the ui)per margin of the lateral lobes often spreading nearly in a straight line), the lobes sinuously narrowed from the base to a .single acumination, or the median lobe sometimes dilated by a pair of blunt shoulders, one or two similar dilatations also on the lower margin of each lateral lobe, and exceptionally developed into shoil complementary lobes ; fruit as in the last. — Plates 5 and 6. Range, Connecticut to New Jersey, Tennessee, Missouri and Michigan. — Specimens examined from Connecticut (Norwich, Lumsden, July 1, 1885), New York (Sullivan Co., Eggcrt, 1873; Yates Co., Buckley), New Jersey (Wee- luiwken, Sehrcnk), Pennsylvania (Bedford, Soulard, Sept. 1800), Ohio (Cincinnati, Lloyd, July 14, 1882), Tennessee, (Dandridge, Rugel, July 1842, — one of the originals of ^1. Ituijelii ; Knoxville, Rugel, Mar. 1842, — one of the original collections of A. RtigvUi, — Sargent, September 17, 1888; Nashville, Gattinger, September 1879, — and no. 407*of Curtiss' exsiccatae ), Alabama ( Walnut Creek, Mohr, July 31, 1880), Missouri (about St. Louis, Eggert, 1875 and 1877; Allenton, Letterman, various collections, one of July 1883, with the 3 lobes long, tapering and not at all sin- uate, of which Mr. Letterman sa3's*'only one tree seen; " Washington Co., Letterman, August 20, 1881), Michigan (Lansing, Bailey, September 15, 1887, and Hicks, June 15, 1893 ; Michigamme, Trelease, July 19, 1887 ; Alma, Davis, May 1891).— Cultivated in Washington (Vasey, 1873), and about Boston (Sargent, July 1, 1880). A curious form with long caudate lobes, cultivated at Frankfurt am Main (Engelmann, Apr. 182G). An examination of numerous trees about Allenton, Mo., in company with Mr. George W. Letternum, and about O'Fallon, Mo., shows that as a rule the bark of this variety 8 {■-, 95 96 MIS80UKI BOTANICAL GARDEN. (usually t various downy to late with v'ith very sral lobes sinuously 1, or the houlders, uargin of ito short 5 and 6. Missouri inecticut Sullivan sy ( Wee- ■d, Sejjt. snnessco, originals le of the inber 17, and no. i, Mohr, rt, 1875 , one of t all sin- seen; " [ichigan une 15, , Davis, 1873), us form n Main n, Mo., about variety soon becomes black, retaining this color for many years, though ultimately by exfoliation it becomes gray on old trees. The characteristic foliage and twig characters are sometimes replaced by those more nearly agreeing with the type of the species, from which, on the whole, 1 think the variety separable. Of these intermediate forms are the following: — Canada, (Niagara Falls, Schrenk, Aug. 1888; Belleville, Macoun, 186G, 984; Pelee Point, Macoun, Juno 30, 1882, 985), New York (hb. Gray; Kelsea's, Schrenk, 1883), New Jersey (Sparta, Britton, Sept. 11, 1890), Pennsylvania (Bethlehem, Lochman, Juno 1891), Ten- nessee (Carter Co., Small and Heller, Jnly 1(5, 1891), Illinois (Jonesboro, Wolfe, 1872; opposite St. Louis, Engelmanu and Eggert, various collections; about Mt. Carmel, Schneck, numerous specimens, many of them with 6-lobed leaves with the middle lobe dilated upwards, but coriaceous, and with thick mostly blunt buds), and Mls- ^^ouri (AUenton, Lettcrman, various collections; O'Fallon, Trelease). Acer saccharum var. nigrum (Michaux, f.) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. 1889, ix. 9; Sudworth, Kept. Secy. Agric. 1892, 325. — A. nigmm Michx. f.. Hist. Arb. Amer. ii. 1810, 238, pi. 1(5, and Sylva, various editions, pi. 43; Gray, Amer. Nat. vi. 767, vii. 422; Bailey, Popular Gardening, Nov. 1887, 24, with figure, and Bot. Gazette, xiii. 214; Eaton, Manual, ed. 2, 122, ed. 4, 186, ed. 5, 90, ed. 6, 2, ed. 7, 140; Eat. & Wright, Bot. 112; Pursh, Fl. i. 266; Torrey, Compend. 17G; Beck, Bot. 63; Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. i. 113; Wood, Class Book, editions of 1851, 1854 and two styles of 41st ed., 213, editions of 1861, 1865, 1867 and 1868, 286, and Fl. Atl. 74. — A. saccharinum var. nigrum Gray, Manual, ed. 1, 80, and ed. 6, 117 ; Browne, Trees, 84, with figure; Torrey, Fl. N. Y. i. 137; Torrey & Gray, Fl. i. 248. — A. harbatum var. nigntm Sargent, Garden & Forest, iv. 148, f. 27 (stipules), and Silva, ii. 99 in part. — A. saccharinum var. f/lancum Pax, 9 I i' \ NOUTU AMERICAN MAPLES. 97 V i Engler's Bot. Jahrb.vii. 242 in part; Wesmael, Acer, 61. — A. ' ImiJoUum var. concolor Schwerin, Gar- tenflora, Aiii. 457, f. 95, nos. 6 and 7. Bark nearly black ; * intemodea stout, sometimes short, dull, buff ; buds dark, ovoid, often obtuse ; petioles dilated at base so as usually to cover the buds, with adnate triau- gular or oblong foliaceous stipules ; leaves soft but of heavy texture, large (usually 5 to 6 in. broad), with drooping sides, dull and dark green above, clear green and usually persistently downy below, isodiametric, the larger deeply cordate with often closed sinus, 3- to 5-lobed, with shallow broad sinuses from which the lobes are undulately narrowed to an acute or acuminate point, rarely with shox"t lateral acuminations ; fruit as in the last. — Plate 7. Range, Vermont ( ?) to New York, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri and Michigan. — Specimens examined from New York, Pennsylvania (Lycoming Co., Small and Heller, Sept. 19, 1890 ; WestmorelandCo., Pierron, May 1, 1877 ), District of Columbia (Little Falls, Ward, 1877), Virginia (Smyth Co., Small, May 24 and July 9, 1892, and Britton and Vail, June 1892), West Virginia (White Sulphur Springs, Brittor Aug. 19, 1890), Kentucky (hb. Gray an 1 hb. Chapman), Missouri (Jackson Co., Bush, Sept. 28, 1893), Ohio (Cincinnati, Lloyd, 1888; Ashtabula Co., Bogue, 1892), Indiana (Indianapolis, Button, Aug. 23, 1890, Hitchcock, Aug. 25, 1890; Wabash, Mills, June '9, 1873), and Michigan (Lansing, Wheeler, May 1890 and June and Oct. 1891; Bailey, Sept. 15, 1887 and May 24, 1888). — Cultivated in St. Louis. Specimens from Vermont (Pringle, 1879; Bobbins) and Missouri (Allenton, Letterman, Sept. 25, 1880; Jackson * Rush states, in the American Philosophical Transactions, 1793, ill. 06, tiiat sugar trees tapped by " a small woodpecker which feeda upon the sup " (the sap sucker) afterward acquire a black color and possess swc tcr sap than the others, but he does not uote that the same result follows tapping for sugar, and it may be inferred that he had under his observation trees of the black maple or var. barbatum, which, possessing sweeter sap, may prove more attractive to these birds. 10 7 97 98 MISSOTJRI BOTANiCAL GARDEN. lael, Acer, erin, Gar- mes short, >les dilated nate triau- t of heavy I drooping nd usually ^er deeply bed, with undulately with shoiii s7. Kentucky, from New Iler, Sept. ), District ia (Smyth ritton and r Springs, y an 1 hb. {8, 1893), ., Bogue, 23, 1890, 9, 1873), June and 4, 1888). bins) and ; Jackson IS, 1793, ill. 1 fecda upon and possess same result id under his , possessing Co., Buch, Sopt. 27, 1893), without stipules, possess the green lower leaf surface and, in part, the general aspect of this variet}', but I am doubtful whether to place them here or in the preceding variety, and the same may be said of a Hpeoimeu collected at Houghton, Mich., by Engelmann in 1878. Acer Floridanum (Chapman) Pax, Engler's Jahrb. 1886, vii. 243; von Schwerin, Gartenfloru, xlii. 457. — A. sac- vharinum var. Floridanum Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. (1860), 81. — A. saccharinum subsp. Flondamim Wesmael, Acer, 61. — A. barbcJum var. Flondanum Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 148, and Silva, ii. 100, pi. 91. — A. saccharum \ar. Floridanum Sud- worth. Kept. Dept. Agr. 1892, 325. Bark dark (?) ; internodes very slender, elongated, mostly dull, reddish becoming gray; buds globose-ovoid, obtuse, very small for the group, gray to dark brown; petioles very slender, little if at all dilated, without stip- ules; leaves thin but firm, or typically thicker and coria- ceous, flat, medium sized to small (usually 2 to 4 in. broad), rather dark gi-een and glossy above, below whit- ened and from subglabrous to very tomentose, broader than long, truncate or shallowly and openly cordate at base, 3- to 5-lobed, with variously open si.mses, the lobes sinuously narrowed to the broad very obtuse apexes, or more or less parallel sided and 3-lobed above ; fruit small (4X6 mm.), the outer line of the small wings (6 X 12 mm.) forming about a right angle. — Platus 8 to 10. Range, Georgia to Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana and Arkansas. — Specimens examined from Georgia (Colum- bus, Curtiss, 1875), Florida (Chattahooche, Curtiss, Mar. 1880, 497*; Vasey, 1892",, Alabama (Girard; Troy, Mohr, June 1880; Walnut Creek, Mohr, May 20 and July 31, 1880), Mississippi (Quitman, Mohr, May 16 and 20, 1880), and Arkansas (Fulton, Letterraau, May 4, 1881). Two specimens from Louisiana (Alexandria, Hale, and Sodus, Letterman, Sept. 1883), have the leaves more acutely and 11 ■ 1 ' NORTH AMERICAN MAPLES. 99 \ f inriscly lobcd than usual, and green b jIow, as in the next variety. Acer Floridanum var. acuminatum. Cliaractcrs of the type, but the leaves gi-cen below, isodianietrie, whallowly 3-lobed with long tapering pointed apexes. — Plate 1 1 . •Range, North Carolina to Georgia and Alabama. — Speeinicns examined from North Carolina (Stanley Co., Small & Heller, Aug. 18, 1891, 381; Dr. Hunter), Georgia (Rome, Ravencl, 1871), Alabama (Choctaw Co., Mohr, Aug. 20, 1880; Walker Co., Mohr, Aug. Ifi, 1880; Cullman, Mohr, June 18, 1891 ; Mt. Sterling, Mohr, Aug. 1!), 1880). The forms of this variety and of A. Itugelii Pax, bring Fhridanum and aaccharum var. barhatum close together. Acer grandidentatum Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. (1838), 247; Sargent, Census Rept. 48; Pax, En- glcr's Jahrb. vii.220; Wesmael, Acer, 46; Sohwei'in, Gartenflora, xlii. 325. — A. barbatiim vox. grandiden- tatum Sargent, Garden and Forest, iv. 148, and Silva, ii. 100, pi. 92. — A. saccharum war. grandidentatum Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agricult. 1892, 325. Bark gray; intcrnodes elongated, rather stout, dark red, more or less glossy, becoming light gray the second year ; buds dark reddish brown, conical, acute, the pointed scales somewhat loose at tip and lined with long white hairs; petioles rather abruptly dilated, without stipules; leaves coriaceous, medium sized (usually 3 to 4 in. broad), flat, clear green and dull above, more or less palo and velvety below, isodianietrie or commonly broader than long, usu- ally rather deeply cordate with open basal sinus, 5-lobed with open sinuses, the upper three lobes commonly dilated upwards and, like the lower margin of the outer lobes, sorrately 2- to 3-lobed on each side, all of the lobes typically rather acute ; fruit large (6 XQ mm. ), the outer lines of the rather large wings (10 X 20 mm.) forming a right angle, while the inner are subparallel. — Plates 12 to 13. 12 *:l 99 a in the next ^•een below, ring pointed Alabama. — Stanley Co., 3r. Hunter), Choctaw Co., g. IG, 1880; Mohr, Aug. i Pax, bring ose together. Gray, Fl. i. 8; Pax, En- >; Sohwerin, '. grandiden- 8, and Silva, mdidentatum ut, dark red, second year ; ointed scales white hairs; mles; leaves broad), flat, ) and velvety n long, usu- nus, 5-lobed lonly dilated outer lobes, bes typically r lines of the right angle, 13. 100 MI8S0UKI HOTANICAI- OAIIDEN. Range, Montana to Nevada, New Mexico, South Central Texas, and Northern Mexico. — Specimens examined from the Rocky Mountains (Nuttall), Utah (Wasatch Mts., Watson, May 1869, 214; Provost's Fork, Fremont, 1845, 305; City Creek CaSon, Engelmann, 1880, Jones, 1893, and 1880, 1437; Glenwood, Ward, 1875, 197; Parry, 1874, 29; Hooker & Gray, 1877), Nevada (Wheeler, 1872), Arizona (Ash Creek, Rothrock, 1874, 303; Huachuca Mts., Lemmon, 1882, 2650, Pringle, 1884; Sta. Catalina Mts., Lemmon, 1881, 121), New Mexico (MogoUon Mts., Greene, Apr. 25, 1881, Rusby, 1881, 69), Texas (Boerno, Sargent, Mar. 27, 1887; Guadalupe Mts., Havard), Mexico (Mt. Caracol, Palmer, Aug. 1880; San Luis Mts., Meai-us, 1892, 71). When destitute of flowers, fruit, and even foliage, during the winter season, the several species of maple occurring in the United States may usually be recognized with cer- tainty by one who is familiar with the characters afforded by thoir bark, twigs, and buds ; and it is hoped that the following winte ' synopsis, with the accompanying plates, may prove useful to botanists who wish to familiarize themselves with trees in their winter appearance, and to teachers, who will find the study of twigs in winter a very good means of developing the power of observation in pupils. Acer. — Trees or shrubs with rather slender nearly terete twigs, somewhat four-sided minutely crenulate continuous pith, low opposite v-shaped leaf scars mostly connected by transverse lines, three evident bundle scars (or the upper- most often divided into two, and the number increased to seven or nine in tnacrophyllum), and medium sized ovoid or conical more or less stalked buds with their outer scales ending in small scars where rudimentary blades have fallen •iway. — The branches often end in dried remnants of the inflorescence, or in a scar when they have fallen, the ter- minal bud is often abortive in circmatum, and in the soft 13 !' I NORTH AMEKICAN MAPLES. 101 maples the axillary buds are frequently accompanied by globose collateral or even superposed buds which, however, develop within the axils of the lowermost scales of the main bud, and so represent branches of the normal axil- lary branch, and not proper supernumerary buds. KBY TO IflB SPECIES. ' Buds evidently stalked, with few scales, these valvate lu pairs 80 timt till but the outer two are coucealcd : leaf scars acute marglued: pith brown.. — Bush Maples. Buds large (6 to 10 mm. long exclusive of stalk), glabrous : twigs glabrous, with a more or less developed decurrent Hue bo- twee i the nodes : bundle scars often 5 to T...,A. Pennsylvanicum, Buds small (abo^'t 5 mm. long including the stalk). Twigs and buds glabrous, the latter plump A. glabrum- Closely gray pubescent, the buds slender ^4. spicatum. Buds not evidently stalked, the outer pair of scales separated, halry-tufted at apex: leaf scars acute margined, their axils mere or less hairy: p'wh white or at length yellowish. — Vine Piaples. Twigs and buds at first pubescent with long, loose liairs, and generally viscid A.circinatmn. Buds large, ovoid, the lateral appressed, not evidently stalked, but sometimes lengthening into short, leafless branches the first year: exposed scales 6, or in reduced lateral buds only 2, the lower pair fused at base: leaf scars meeting, glabrous. — Sycamore Maples. Twigs very stout, glabrous and glaucous: pith brownish: bundle scars 7 to 9 A, macrophyllum. Buds short stalked, often appearing sessile : exposed scales 6 or more, cillate, several pairs not meeting at apex, but the outer- most pair often fused below. - Exposed scales 6 to 8, red or reddish, tomentose cillate, the lovcst pair commonly deciduous in early winter, exposing a collateral bud on either side: leaf scars of a given pair rarely contiguous : pith pinkish. — Soft maples. Bark gray, falling away in large thin flakes on old trees : twigs glal>rous, reddish A. saccharinum. Bark whiter, rough on old trunks, but not flaking in large pieces. Twigs red, glabrous A. rubrum. Twigs tomentose above A. rubmm var. Drummondii- Exposed scales 8 to mostly 12 to 16, brown to nearly black, often with silky gray pubescence : no collateral buds : leaf scars acute margined, each pair almost meeting by their outer angles, their axils commonly gray or j'ellow pubescent. — Sugar maples. 14 101 102 MISSOURI nOTAMCAL OARDEN. jcompanicd by liich, however, scales of the normal axil- buds. 3 valvate In pairs 1 : leaf scars acute ), glabrous: twigs lecurrent Hue bo- i. Pennsylvanicum. talk). A. glabrum' > ^4. spicatum. scales separated, glued, their axils yellowish. — Vlue ;, loose hairs, aud A.circinatmn. evidently stalked, ess branches the teral buds ouly 2, utlng, glabrous. — pith brownish: .A, macrophyllum. [posed scales 6 or )ex, but the outer- sntose ciliate, the vinter, exposing a given pair rarely old trees: twigs '.A. saccharinum. ng in large pieces. A. rubrum. var. Drummondii. learly black, often Is: leaf scars acute outer angles, their . — Sugar maples. 4^ Buds rather large (about 6 mm. long) : twigs relatively stout. Twigs deep red, glossy : buds conical, acute, nearly l)lack: leaf - scars often separated A. grandidentatum. Twigs reddish buff. Buds conical, acute, gray pubescent; twigs mostly glossy. A. sacchamm. Buds conical ovoid, often obtuse, usually darker : twigs mostly dull: bark of trunk mostly dark A. aaccharwn var. barbatum. Twills green to gray buff, dull. Buds ovold-conlcal, often very obtuse: bark of trunk black. A, 8accharum var. nigrum. ♦♦ ♦+ Buds small (2 to 3 mm. long), globose-ovold, usually very obtuse : twigs very slender A. Flortdanum. Group I. Bush Maples (Plate 14). Buds evidently stalked, with valvate scales. A. Pennsylvanicum L. (Striped Map a). — Shrub or small tree. Bark rather thin, green brown or red with narrow white longitudinal lines and often tran.sversely warty, or at length dark gi-ay ; twigs relatively stout, gla- brous except for a few brown hairs at the uppermost node, green or red, without conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars broad, with often five or seven bundlf) scars; buds red, glossy, 6 to 10 mm. long exclusive of the rather long stalk. — Canada to Minnesota, south to the mountains of Geoi'gia. A. olabhum Torrey (Dwarf Maple). — Shrub or small bushy tree. Bark thin, gray to brown, smooth ; twigs glabrous, slender, mostly bright red, becoming white or gray, with few smad dark inconspicuous lenticels, their epidermis flaking off in a thin silvery film after which the gray or buff and red coloration is more oi* less in reticulated striae ; leaf scars as in the following ; buds plump, often wing-margined, mostly bright red, glabrous. — British Columbia to Southern California, Colorado, Northwestern Nebraska, and the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and Nevada. A. spicatum Lam. (Mountain Maple). — Shrub or small bushy tree. Bark very thin, reddish brown to dingy gray, with buff lenticels, smooth or slightly furrowed; twigs gray tomentose above, slender, greenish with one side 15 ill i lis I I NOUTH AMERICAN MAPLES. 103 mostly red or puvplo, their lenticcls few and inconspicuous; loaf scars very naiTOW, margined and nearly meeting; itud.s green or reddish, densely covered with very short n|)l)rcssc'd gray hairs. — Canada to Saskatehawan, south to Virginia, Kcntucliy, and the mountains of Georgia. Group II. Vine Maples (Plate 14). Buds nearly hcshIIc, the, outer pair of scales separated. A. ciRCiNATUM Pursh (Vino Maple). — Spreading or prostrate shrub or small tree. Bark very thin, dingy gray- ish-brown, generally with slightly marked or no lenticcls, closely and shallowly white grooved ; twigs mostly viscid and with sparse long and soft hairs, slender, green- ish to red, without conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars with appressed thin border, ciliato in the axils ; buds broadly conical, rather obtuse, with more or less abundant long hairs, tlic terminal frequently abortive and concealed by the enlarged uppermost pair of lateral buds ; pith in my speci- mens rarely a little brownish. — British Columbia to the mountains of northern California. Group III. Sycamore Maples (Plate 15). Buds nearly sessile, large: .jcposed scales mostly 6. A. MAOROPHTLLUM Pursh (Long-leaved Maple). — Tree of medium rir large size. Bark gray-brown, thick, deeply lissured, with anastomosing ridges; twigs stout, glabrous, green to purple, somewhat glaucous, with numerous small lenticels ; pith brownish ; leaf scars broad, contiguous, with 7 to 9 bundle scars; buds purplish, large, plump, ovoid, red or green, the lateral closely appressed. — Alaska to southern California. Group IV. Soft Maples (Plate 15). Buds nearly sessile, mostly red : exposed scales 6 to 8. A. 8ACCHARINUM L. — A. (lasr/carpwu (Silver Maple). — Large diffusely branched tree. Bark moderately thick, It) iJT 108 iconspicuoufi ; \r]y meeting; h very short wan, Bouth to !Oigia. 4). )nrated. Spreading or I, dingy gray- • no lenticcls, mostly viacid nder, green- 3af scars with buds broadly mt long hairs, Baled by the I in my speci- umbiti to the ^15). stly 6. r,)le) — Tree thick, deeply >ut, glabrous, merous small tiguous, with jp, ovoid, red :a to southern 5). 6 to 8. er Maple). — •ately thick, 104' MISSOURI liOTANICAL (UUUEN. ',d: '^i: jrray, on old trunks falling away in largo flakes so an to cxj)f).so the brown inner layers; branches .smooth, gray ; twigs glabrous, reddish, with scattered pale brown elongated lenticcls which arc crowded and very prominent on dwarf shoots; buds red or brown, the inner scales of flower buds red tomentose above on the back. — New Brunswick to Dakota, Indian Territory and Florida. A. KUBHU.M L. (Red Maple). — Large tree of more com- pact growth. Bark thinner, dark gray, rough but not sep- arating in largo flakes; branches smooth, g y to almost white; twigs as in the last, but with whiter lenticels; buds often nearly black. — New Brunswick and Canada to Dakota, Missouri, Eastern Texas, and the South Atlantic States. Not separable from the Silver Maple by its twigs, but easily recognized when the bark of the branches and trunk is seen. Var. Drummondii (Hook. & Arn.) Sargent (Woolly Swamp Maple ) . — Large tree. Bark about as in the type, or even Avhiter and smoother; twigs gray, densely covered above with white wool, as are the buds. — Swamps, Georgia to the Gulf, west to Texas, and thence northwards to southeastern Missouri. Group V. Hard or Sugar Maples (Plate 16). Buds nearly sessile, gray to browu or black: exposed scales 8 to 16. A. GRANDIDENTATUM Nuttall (Western Hard Maple).— Small tree. Bark thin for the group, light gray, smooth or finally separating in thickish flakes about 2 in. long; twigs glabrous/ dark red, with scattered very small pale lenticels, at length striate and gray; buds conical, acute, nearly black, the scales often sharp-pointed and the upper more or less silvery pubescent. — Montana to the mountains of Nevada, New Mexico, Southern Texas and Mexico. A.SACCHARUM Marshall (Sugar Maplo). — Large round- topped tree. Bark thick, gray, rough; twigs buff, more or 17 "ill: mim NORTH AMERICAN MAPLES. 105 I : ! less tinjiod with ornnpro, f?losHy, l)ecoininp gray, with small pulo K'nticols; buds conical, a-nito, gray pubo»cent. — Novu Scotia to West Viijiinia, west lo lUinoiM and Canada. Var. UAHHATUM (Michx.) Trelease ( Thick-leavod Sugar M«i)KO- — Size and habit of the type. Bark mostly dark; twijfs with mostly sliorter internodes, reddish buff, duller; buds conical r)V()i(l, stouter and more obtuse, often nearly black. — Connecticut to Michigan, south to TennesHeo and Missouri. Var. NiOBUM (Miehx. f.) Britton (Black Maple). — Bark black ; twigs gray or green buff, dull ; buds ovoid, dark, mostly very obtuse. — Vermont to Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri and Michigan. A. Floridanum (Chapman) Pax (Southern Sugar Maple). — Tree of medium size. Bark dark (?); twigs glabrous, very slender, reddish becoming gi'ay, with numer- ous prominent lenticels, mostly dull ; buds globose ovoid, obtuse, brown to nearly black, very small for the group. — Georgia to Florida, Louisiana and Arkansas. Var. ACUMINATUM Trelease, can not be separated in its winter condition, so far as my material shows, but it is not improbable that a study of trees in the field may reveal good winter characters. The Box Elder, Acer Negundo L., now generally kept apart in the genus Negundo, has the general chL "actors of the Sycamore Maples, but the closely appresscd hairy lat- eral buds have only two outer scales, and the thin margined leaf scars are mostly glandular ciliate and have 3 large bundle scars. The twigs are green or purple very glaucous in the western form, and glabrous, except occasionally near the nodes, or throughout in the southwestern plant. 18 105 106 M'SSOURI nOTANICAL OARDEN. rray, with small boHcent.— Novu d Canada, k-loavod Sugar rk mostly dark ; sh buff, duller; so, often nearly > Tennesneo and Maple). — Bark ids ovoid, dark, nia, Kentucky, authern Sugar irk (?); twigs ly, with numer- globoso ovoid, )r the group. — separated in its WH, but it is not ield may reveal generally kept il cht. -actors of Bssed hairy lat- 3 thin margined i have 3 large } very glaucous icasionally near Q plant. EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Ail of the illustrntionw wore drawn by Miss Grace E. Johnson, under the supcrvitsion of tlie author. THK 8UOAR MAPLES. Plate 4. Acer taecharum, typical form, natural size, with winter twig;, y 3. riiilc 6.— A. mccharuh. vnr, barbatwn, natural hIzo (from a Mlclil^aa n|)f(liui'ii), with winter twifj, X 3 (from aMIsnourl Hpeclmcn). Plato C— A aaccharwn vnr, barbatum, natural sl/.o (_ono of the originals of A. liugelii, from KnoxviUe, Tenn.,— tiie l.solatert fnilt and bud specl* men from Rugel's Daudrldgcmatt^rial), with bud characters, X 3- Plate 7.— A. aacchanim var. nigrum, natural size ; with winter twig, X 3. Plato 8.— ^. Floridanum, natural Hize (from Curtiss' Cbattahoocbo material). Plate 9.— A. Floridanum, natural hIzo (from Vascy's Chattahooche Bpecimens), with bud characters, X 8 (from Letterman's Sodus material) . Plate 10.—^. Floridanum, natural size (from Mohr's Quitman specimens). Plate 11.— il. Floridanum var. acuminatum, natural size (from Small and Heller's No. 381), with bud characters, X 3. Plate 13.-^1. grandidentatwn, natural size (from Jones' material). Plato 13.— ^. grandidentatum, natural size (a Mexican form, from Meoms' material). WINTER CHARACTERS OF MAPLES. (Twigs natural size: details X 3). Plate 14.— 1 to 3, A. Pennsylvanicum; 4 to C, A. glabrum; 7 to 9, A. 8pi"atum; 10 to 13, A. circinatum. Plate 15. — 14 to 16, A. macrophyUum: 17 to 18, A. saccharinum (dasy- carpum) ; 19 to 23, A. rubrum; 24 to 2C, A. rubrum var. Drummondii, Plate IC— 27 to 29, A. grandidentatum; 30 to 32, A. saccharum; 33 to 34, A. aaccharum var. barbatum; 35 to 86, A. aaccharvm var. nigrumf 37 to 38, A, Floridanum. 19 irr ^ t I 1^ • 1: ^ . r (■ i * mtum JUmitiiemm rSOBHBBSBBHWBBTHWBW^^^WWHPWH 1,,: ■ :l 1 < I f i!^ < Y i III m I ill 1 'i ' f , i I I V I ! itEi'T. Mo. Hot. Gahi}., \oi,. r> Af'Kll.vl 1 !l:: iWR! I'f.AIE 4. achii-iBhahum. > 'I : vij ~ •. ■ V - -;■ , ^ f t^};;;^:';^- r; 'e, t»' ?! ri 1 1 I I ; ! hW I f > !'!', 1. .. i i! ! ll'bt' • 'I i'l I '[!■ I ,i,,| I I ."', -if'ia.wAfljHllVD- ■ " jraw I tMS^ < k 1 ^ ^wp -)f'f'iiii,,iU(HipS|,' Uett. Mo. Hot. liAUn., Voi,. 5. I'LATE 5. ACI-.U SA( TlIAlil M VAU. li AliliATIM. in ' I ! i ! i I If f ■ f i,' ' 1 !i, '^. , lit U f I"! ! I Iff, i 't," ;.H !;i,i " ii juuMjij i B I'l.ATE (i. H I I i 1 1 'Ill'';' till f ■ Ulit. Mo. Hot. Uaku., Vol. 5. w ACER SACClli.™ V/' m :¥^m I'r.AiK 7. ACER SAtCllilB VAK. MGKUM. I I Kf, i_,H^i^f m- I" '.■'. J \m I m: ^]4 . "4 I 'if 'l 1 lii' ItKI'l. M". Hot. I. Aim,, \ cii,. I'l.ATK. AlKli fl.UlilUAMJM. Ml t l"( !i* I m 'M U.I IIKIM >'" """• '•*"•'•• ^"' ■ ACKK KLOKIDAXUM. i ^ 11 1 :!!!■ •!•■ iti.n. Mi>. itiM' ii uii>., Vol.. n. A(!Klt II.OltlDAMM. I' KM'T. Mo. I50T. (JAIIII., VOI„ 5 n.AiK 11. ACKU FI.OUIDANUM VAU. ACUMIN.VTl M. 1 1 f UKI'T. Mo. Hot. (iAHl)., Vol.. ft I'l.ATK IJ ACKU GRANUIDKNTATIIM. ■tfc ACEll GKANDIDENTATI'M. IIKI'T. Ml>. Il<>r. (iAIlli , Vol, ^ I 'I, ATE U lU' >' l''>"' 'i*>l" . ^ '"• ^' n >ri-. l.-i SOFT M AIM.KS 1\ WINTKU. 1 1 UKIT. Mil. Mill. liAIIII., Vlll.. I'l UR li' si; M,\ri,i;~ in wintki;.