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SIX SHULWGS, ■^f/ JSc: I } 1 .t:(at.J9 - THE JOURNAL OF AN EXCURSION TO THE United States OP NORTH AMERICA, INTHESUMMEROF 1794. , KMBZtLISHED WITH The Profile of General JFashingtonj AND AN Jqua-tlnta View of the State House, at Philadelphia* EZ23 By henry WANSEY, F.A.S. j4 friLTSHIRE CLOTHIER. " Nothing extenuate, or set down aught in malice." Shaktspeare. »R1NTID AND SOLD BY J. EASTQNJ SOLD ALSO BY O. AND T. WILKIK, No. 57, FATER- NOSTER ROW, LONDON. 1796. t -\ ^ M ^ -7 l1 H*- '''T '4 -f- fl. i i s t r»f|. n 34^//f .A PREFACE. .te '1 ■ ^f*. I Jlt may, perhaps, appear extraordinary to fome of my Readers, how I could colledt fo many materials in fo fliort a time. To this I anfwer, that, in contemplation of this Journey, I furniihed myfelf with much preparatory knowledge refpeding the traft through which I intended to pafs — both by converfing with American gentlemen, and reading Morfe's Geogra- phy, BrifTot, Jefferfon, Mather, and other authors. m 1 ■^ At the fame time, I entered in a fmall paper book, queries and memorandums of fuch things as I intended to enquire after; and, by the knowledge of fhort- hand, I was enabled to make minutes a 3 0$ M vt PREFACE. as T travelled along, In another little waftc book, even while I was in the jflage, which I copied out every night. —This has, however, in fomc mealure, by Hating fads juft as they occurred at the time, occafioiied irregularity, and fome differences in fentiment.-In thefc cafes, the laft ftatement is, probably, the trueft, as it mufl be the rclult of more ex- perience. If it gives my Friends, at whofe requefl I publifli my Journal, the pleafure and information they expeft, I am fatisfied; and I hope criticifm will fpare me after this explanation. '4: I V INTRO- j.^ M* I INTRODUCTION. A DESIRE of knowing fomctliing of the United States, of which we hear fo much, and know fo little, together with fomc occurrences in bufinefs, induced mc to make a trip thither during the laR Summer. I have been highly gratified; and as my account is chiefly founded on my own aBual experience and obfervation, and different in many refpeBs from any other account, I am induced by thefe motives, as well as by the rcqueft of many friends, to fend my Journal, forth into the world. It is publilhed in the fame order in which it was written on the fpot, which I hope will be an excufe for the want of method, or occalional repetition to be found in fomc places. a4 In .# VlU INTR01>VC,TIQK. i'i: In Narratives of this kind» the world is gene- Tally bett.-r pleafed with plain matter of faa, i tljan abliraa difquiritions, or the Author's own .> ientiments obtruded too much on the Reader. . .v .: Moil of the mcdcrn accounts of the United States have been publiflied under the influence t of prejudice. While fome have rated them too :^. highly in the clafs of nations, others have de- preciated them too much, even to contempt- : Imlay's is the puif direEi, and Cooper's the ^uff oblique. On the other hand, the Author of Letters on Emigration, lately pubhflied by Kearfley, has viewed every thing with a jaun- diced eye. I took Briffot's Travels in my hand, and paffed over the fame ground as he did, from Boaon through Conncaicut to New . York, and afterv:ards to Philadelphia, and fre- quently Tiopt at the fame inns. His account is tolerably accurate; however, in a period of five years, fome confiderable alterations and improvements have taken place. His book . gives much real information. His account of Mr. Hamilton, Mr. Wadfworth, aud of the Prefident, agrees with my own obfervations, as I was in company, and at the tabl^ of each of them. BrifTot INTRODUCTION, IX 5nef- faa, \ own .) ^r ■ ' BniTot juftly obferves of the Northern States, (particularly Conne6iicut) that eafe and abun- dance univerfally reign there ; for induftry is fure to receive the reward of independency. .s^ But he has exceeded the truth refpefting the fuccefs of a vineyard, at Spring Mill, twenty miles from Philadelphia, which, he fays, (page 252) fucceeds well, and produces much good wine. The fa£l is, it does not fucceed at all. j The Frenchman who began it, does not make it anfwer, nor can any vineyards fucceed, while -^ there remain fuch immenfe flights of birds and infe6ls. ^ ^ Hi'' meteorological account for PenfyUania, '^ ' is far lefs in the extreme than the faa, (page ' 25^0 ot Mjnt>/m The prefent, appears to me, a good point cf time to take a fketch of America, and to mark its progrefs fmce it began to rank among the nations of the earth. This government is raif- ing itfelf on a new fyftem, — without Kings — without Nobles — without a Hierarchy. Reli- gion is left to its own intrinfic worth and evi- dence, and we now fhall fee whether it can fupport its- due influence among men, without Aas Mi ^ INTRODUCTION. ABs of Parliament to inforce it ; and whether it is effcntial to Religion, that its eminent men "/Jiould rear their mitred fronts in Courts and Parliaments :" if it will not, it will then, indeed, appear to be a necelfary engine of State, to keep rational beings in awe and fubjeaion. It will be grateful to pofterity to mark the beginnings of an Empire, not founded on con- queft, but on the fober progrefs and diBates of reafon, and totally difencumbcred of the feudal fyftem; which has cramped the genius of man- kind for more than feven hundred years paft. In thefe States, you behold a certain plain- nefs and fimplicity of manners, which befpeak temperance, equality of condition, and a fober ufe of the faculties of the mind— the mens [ana in corporefano. It is feldom you hear of a mad man, or a blind man, in any of the States ; feldom of a felo de fe, or a man p.lflicled with the gout and palfy. There is, indeed, at Philadelphia, an hofpilal for lunatics. 1 went over it, but found there very few, if any, who were natives; they were chiefly Irifh, and moftly women. The diforders in j1 e United States, arife chiefly from external caufes. A bilious remittent f.vjr i§ common in the South and middle States, about ..-3 i '*9ls INTRODUCTION. XI irlietber nt men rts and indeed, to keep ark the on con- Etates of e feudal of man- ; pad. n plain- befpeak I a fober lens [ana 3f a mad ; fcldom the gout :lphia, an »ut found esj they 1. The i chiefly ent f. \ ^r e States, about 1 I about the clofe of every hot fammer. owing to the increafed exhalations, at tha feafon, of the fta^nant waters, which abound. But this evil is leflbning in proportion to the cultivation of their foil, which tends to render the climate itfelf more temperate. The Author of Letters on Emigration, a- mongit other objeaions, obferves, « That there does not exift a more fordid, penurious race, than the Captains of paffage and merchant veflels." I returned from America with one of them, and found it quite otherwife—plenty of all kinds of provifions, frefh as well as falted; a cow on board, which afforded us milk every day for our coffee and tea ; we had good Port, flierry. porter, and beer, daily with our dinner ; as well as oranges, nuts, almonds, and raifins, very fre- quendy, by way of defert. Many of the native American Captains being ufed to live with ex- treme frugality themfelves, do not think much about the provifions nccefHiry for the paffen- gers ; in fuch cafes, they mull look into it them- felves, and fee that every thing proper is pro-« vided, before they go on board. 'I he Author alfo remarks on the uncomplying temper of the landlords of the country inns, in America; they will not, indeed, bear the treatment we, too often, give i -n Xii INTRODUCTION. give ours at home. They feel themfelves, in fonie degree, independent of travellers, as all of them have other occupations to follow ; nor will they put themfelves into a buftle on your account, but, with good language, they are very civil, and will accommodate you as well as they can. The general cullom of having two or three beds in a room, to be iure, in very difa- greeable : it arifes from the great increafc of travelling within the laft fix years, and the fmalU nefs of their houfes, which were not built for houfes of entertainment. This book appears to be written purpofely to check emigration, as much as Cooper's and Imlay's are to encourage it ; and perhaps both in the extremes. With regard to the queftions fo frequently afked me — Are you going again to America to live there ? Which country do you prefer ? I anfwer, the country is one thing — the fociety another. The facrifice of pleafant and well- eftablifhed connexions, is undoubtedly great; fuch a facrifice muft be peculiarly diftrefTrng to a mind whofe habits of attachment have been long formed, and feels not that uneafinefs which refuks from ftraitened circumftances. If, how- ever, troubles fhould arife in this country on political accounts, or perfecutions for mere matters I \ ■^ INTRODUCTION. XIU matters of opinion, I know of no country that would afford the fufferer a more happy afylum, if he is not a man of luxury. ^*"'<''* w-t ■■'.l\t ., - The arts and improvements proceed very flow in America, from the want of that patronage {o prevalent in England. The Americans being, many of them, defendants of the Englifh, are partial to their manners and cuftoms; yet, it muft be acknowledged, that in the interior of ihe country, things appear, at leaft, half a cen* tury behind them in point of comfort. ^^ Saliftury, 1795. It i I •t \ ■i -—n • -^i V 0* , .tJ':. '-i- 1 ■: \M—c^ ' ■{••J '■7 ■if ^ 1|: m- 5^a^ VOYAGE, &c. O^ t Q 'i VOYAGE FROM FALMOUTH T O HALIFAX IN NOVA SCOTIA. At Falmouth. Friday, March 7, 1794, agreed with Captain Rogers for my paflage on board the Portland Packet, to Halifax, (and New- York if he fhould proceed thither) for forty guineas, to be found in every ex- pence except bedding, which I the fame day bought at Mr. Boulderfon's, the draper, and alfo a pair of trowfers. 1 at the fame time provided myfelf with napkins, none being ever found for the pailengers. Sunday morning, March q. The wind changing from S. S. W. to South Eaft, fignal guns were fired from all the packets under failing orders, for the paf- fengers to go on board. At twelve our packet got under weigh, with the Hanove d Expedition pac- kets bound to Lifbon. The Duke and the Princefs Royal for the Weft Indies. The Janvrien, the Prince B William I il ^ "all I Hi 2 A VOVAGE TO THK Willinm Henry, two Spnnifli packets, nnd a brig. The Rafhlngh merchant ihip tor Halifax, and an American trader alfo failed with us. At two o clock p M. we paired Pendcnnis Cadle and St. Maws and g^t almolt as far as the Manacle, when the wind fl. t- L to the South Wca, we all, except the Rafh- Ici.h, to our great mortification, tacked about and ret'Lrned into harbour. It was howr :r fortunate for us, not only as very rough weather fullowc.1 for the next ten days, with contrary winds; but alfo ns the Radileigh, which llaid out and purfucd her voyage, was foon after met by a Trench fl.ip ol force, and carried into Brcll. mchrfday the igth. The wind getting to the north- ward, we had notice to prepare ourfelves for la. Img the next mornir.g. As a confolation for our long Itay at Falmouth, the Inhabitants gave us a ball, orcotcne at Williams's, at the King's Arms, which was^graced by the appearance of a great many of the Cornilli beauties, Wc danced about tweaty couple at a time, for the 1 I ^ foi-P mrrc- there were fcveral parties room would not take more, mti^ w '^ bclidcs in the card room. 1. v -'S a very ioc.ab.c and „„r=cable dance-many ver^ pretty women there, fome ere..ant-lixtcen of the r-.h fiequently interrupted by the rolling of the flilp,^a motion to which (though then new to me) I was fcon reconciled. F, icby 2 ly?. The Steward called me at eight o'clock, (eight bells) that being the time we agreed to breakfaft. TIk Duke having ncarcd us in the night, made us a B 3 fig'^al I i.>^^ « ''I !! - is- *! \ m I, !' A VOYAGE TO THE fignal at day-light, which we anfwered to fhew wc were not a ftrange fliip in diCguifc; and the Ilrincefs Royal, in our lee quarter, anfwered oursj wc had over-night agreed to keep near together, for fear of an enemy; and from the mart-head we defcried the Hano- ver, the Expedition, and Jan Vricn, five or fix leagues ofFto the fouthward, Iteering for Lifbon, with a fair wind and full fail, which we fuppofe they will reach about Monday. We threw the log every two hours, and we now find we fail ji knots an hour, having a good wind at N. E. At twelve we took an obfervation by the quadrant of the Sun's altitude 42 degrees 7 milci, and deduding this from 90, it leaves 47 deg. 38 miles, to which add- ing the Sun's northern declination from the Equator 23 miles, we found we were in north latitude 48 deg. 1 mile. By carting up the log-book account, wc found we had run fiom Falmouth 137 miles in 24 hours, were due weft from Brert at about 30 leagues diftance, the Lizard bearing about N. E. 44 leagues. The Princefs Royal only a mile dirtant on our left, who wc foon after fpoke with; the Spanifli brig to the S. W. three leat^ues; the Duke two leagues a head, and no other velicl in fight except fome fmall veflcls at a dirtanceon our Ice bow, which by our glafs appear to be crowding fail to o-ct from us. , At i; r \\> "SI. At UNITED STATES. 7 At l,alf after two, while at dinner, word is brought d„w to the n,cf, room that .he Duke is along Me vZ this we left our dinners to hail her, and eno,,n e "r er our friends, and were informed they were all wel . M Ledie, brother to Lord Newark, ben,g on board, fa ,d hisL dy) with whom I had formed fome aec,uam- = t Falmouth, the Maftcrs of each converled bout the beft courfe to fleer. The Duke, however fl after drop, allern, and fleered .nore foutherly .o n hiseompanion the Princefs Royal, wh.le we fteer- ' more wellerly, loft fight of .hem by n.ght. I Uyed a few hitsof baekgammon with Mr. James, our Mailer, the reft of our party being aOeep in the.r births. At e,ght I had water gruel for my fupper, and went to bed ioon after nlr-c. This night many ftrange veffels hove in fight, and our Mafter was up on deck feveral times on that account. At eight, A. M. a large veffe! =PP;"«' >" ,he offin-, and at half after nine gained confiderably upon us°, nor can we make out what (Ite .s. In an hour afterwards ihc Jifappeared. I could not help remarking the different appearance of the fea at times. The day we fet fail it appeared a beautiful .reen, in fmall waves; ne.t mornn^g the waves appeared of a ftate colour ; in the afternoon l,ke veined marble, of black, deep blue, and white. The motion of the fhip makes the fea by the fide of i, appear to ruih by with a force greater than a..y mil 15+ W #- 8 A VOYAGE TO THE :i|n 'i^i Vr.r I. ■"' X- '\«W , . . I' r tail when the flocks are going. To day the waves dafh high, wild, and beautiful ; one moment fwclling up into mountains, with a curling edge, tipt with white j the next moment dalhing againft each other, and " breaking into a fmooth fhcct of foam, refcmbling a fhower of fnow ; the wake of the (hip forms a vein of a fine light blue. One o'clock Saturday, we had jufi: fot more fail, antj going N. W. at the rate of eight miles an hour, when we faw a large (hip on our ftarboard quarter — all hands on deck to fhift the fails, and change our courfe more fouthward to avoid her, as file was crouding fail towards us ; we did not know what to make of her ; fhe was a large veflel. Now with picafure we faw her alter hci courfe, and drop aftern ; the Mafter thinks (he was probably fome neutral vcfTel, as (lie fliewed no guns, bound to Lifbon or the Streights. By obfcrvation taken at noon, found we were N. L. 45*^ 47 » we went thus far fouth to avoid the track where the French fhips were moft likely to cruifej we now (leer N. W. in a ilrait line for Halifax. Sunday 2'^d March. The wind failed us, and we hardly make any progrefs, fcarce two miles an hour— the fea is now as calm as a fi(h pond, of a (hining fur- face, a(li or dove colour; the fun glimmering through ■ a hazy fky, with that warm kind of heat which begins the month of May. Nothing to be fccn but the fea and the fKy. The fun [now at twelve o'clock) (hines as warm as in the fummer. ^ To day we have been covcrinii '\ :: UNITED STATES. 9 covering the fides of ourveffe) with a high netting, to prevent any Frenchmen boarding us eafily, in cafe we fhould be attacked in the night. Our Maftcr, from fomc appearances, thinks we fhall have a wind from ihe fouthward. At three, word was brought down to our mefs room, that a new wind was jufl fprung up from the S. S. W. — The weather was fo warm that my nofe bled ; we are in fail nearer the fun by fix degrees than at Salifbury. The fea appears of a deep fky blue. A fliark is feen about thirty yards diftance north of our fhip. Monday, a briflc wind from the S. S. W. with a head fea; colour of the fea filver pearl, interfperfcd with white — have run io8 miles lince yefterday noon, luefday 25//^. Moderate breezes, with fmall fhowers. Two fail feen — foon difappeared. Lat. 45. 57. Two hundred and forty miles from the Lizard, from fix to feven knots an hour. Wind S. S. W. Cleared up at noon, funftiiny and pleafant. Wednefday itth. Clear funfhine. Wind S. S. W. our courfe N. W. by W. Four o'clock the wind fhifted to N. W. in our very teeth, and we could only fteer N. E. which is towards England. Thtirfday 2']th. Sunfhine, high wind, S. S. W. a great head of fea wafhing over the forecaftlej the fhip rolls fo much, I can fcarce write thefe few words — can neither ftand nor fit without holding. Friday and Saturday the fame ; 29th found our latitude to be 46^ 2" and 22. 58. Well longitude. At four o'clock a fail ( !"■ f-i' ' *,1,- : ,ii' I 1 'I ,;! 1 '• 1 : ': A VOYAGE TO THE , foil was fccn m the ftarboarJ quarter, appeared a large vdlcl, firft goins t;a.Hvard, and aitcrwarJs tack.ng towu ds us-before bed .in,c dilpolitions ,nade as tor ,he approach of an cncny. Mr. U., one of the paf- s, undertakes to be Captai,, of the firll gun and °Uct is delivered bin, of the „a..es of four of t,. Lmen to attend hhr>. 1 told Capt. Jan.es he m.ght pto nre wherever he. housht Uould be of nroiUer- vice to him. Sun,l«y XOth. Awoke by the continual pumping- i. wa a'very rough windy night, and erouding as ,r,uch Mas we could venture to get away from that (h,p. ::s«rainedoursfoastoadnntagreatdea,ofwa«r. we then fteered S. by W. the w,nd ben.g W. The fl,ip not appearing this morning we have tacked and „„in»N bvAV. The waves run very high, :r;fi::i.^Uucntf...aUs, and great probabihty we (hall have ifiH worfe weather. N. L. 44- ^%- fleering S.W. by W. Monday, March 3,. Very rainy and cloudy all nightlong-, moon changed th.s morning at feven, the wLd N.by E. favourable, but very little of ,t ; we make only ^\ knots per hour; too wet to go on the deck, the flrip rolled exceedingly. A tolerable library of books on board, furniihcd by the Captam. r«/%, JJprll I. Wind got back to the W. much rain in the night, we make very little way, and tne aip rolling fo much in the night, 1 could get but little 1 UNITED STATES. II d a large tacking je as for the pnf- run, '.md r of tlic ic mi;/ht moit fcr- imping— r as much that fhip, of water ; ,V. The eked, and verv hi?h, probability ^. 44- 25- cloudy all fcven, the of it i we oo on the able library 1. ; W. much ly, and the ;et but little fieep. fleep. Mr. Hobe, who has hitherto been moftly in bed, bco-ins to fit to dinner, and gives us many French fongs; Marfcillois hymn, the Carmagnol, and other civic fongs, which he karnt whilll: at Paris; fome good Ger- man ones, of which he afterwards repeats the Englifh all in favour of liberty, peace, and benevolence; and we have a good deal of finging every evening. Mr. Hobe was at Paris oi> the loth of Augult, and enter- tained us with an account of what he then witnelled^ He was alfo at the taking of Antwerp (Anvers) in Flanders, and fpcaks with rapture of the fenfations he experienced, when 5000 PVenchmen, under arms, marched into the place finging the Marfeillois hymn in full chorus. Lat. 44. 35. The Captain fays we are now in the fame parallel of longitude with St. Mary, one of the Azores, and about feven degrees to the north of it. Our houfehold bread is all expended, and we take to bifcuit. WcdnefcUy^ April 2. A fine wind fprung up this morning at fix o'clock to t.iC North. Our courfe is W. N. W. and we go at the rate of feven knots an hour. Thrtrfday^ Jpr'il 3. Rainy, with calms, wind vari- able; a fail in fight at four o'clock on the lee bow, an- other aftern of us ; our guns are all got out, and the men cxercifcd. Wind N. by W. We are four degrees N. of Corbo, one of the Azores, about 220 miles diftant. N. Lat. 43, 53. The men employed in making nettles, fplicing ropes, &c, Friday, .iJljAT 1!'1 m .1, n » ' " , . : ^ ' I •':■, 1 A.'. la A VOYAGE TO THE Friday, April 4- Mr. James called at my cabbm at fix o'clock in the morning, to fay a large (hip was very near us on our ftern, and an aaion m>ght poffib y commence in an hour. The boatfu-ain piped all h.nds and idlers, and the guns were got in order ; at the amc time we carried all fail we could to avoid her, ( re- cuent fqualls of wind with ftorms of rain) we now loft Iht of her. but another appears a-head of us, ftandmg in our direaion-lhe foon takes a more northern courfe. ■ The Lizard now bears 17 deg. E. by N. d.ftant .124 n.iks; and Sambro' head, in Nova Scotia, or Hahfax, W. 1-^05 miles (Mr. James's iuformation), fo that m the courfe of a fortnight we have run above 11 co miles. Saturday, April 5. Very high wind, the waves run .mountain, high, and it is with difficulty I ca„ walk the deck; the (hip ."Uingcxcccdinsly, wuid S. W. io that we could make but very little way; found our latitude to be 4+" S"- Shipped a vaft deal of water from fuch hi<;h feas, twenty or thirty hoglheads at once. Smday, Apnlb. The wind not fo violent, but . northerly ftill, and we can only ftcer S. \V and W. A brig paft us this morninn, in the dircftion for Eng- land, but wc were not neat enough to hail her. My forehead much bruifed by knocks I received aga.nll the l,des of the cabin and gang ways, from my not hems able to keep on my feet, when the fhip rolled fo much . efterdav. Fine clear and fundiiny weather to day, ^ ' though '%' i UNITED STATES. ^3 Din at 5 very )mbly h^nds i fame (fic- iwloft Hiding lourfe. t U24 alifax, that in : UCO ires run 1 walk W. fo ind our f water leads at nt, but and W. "or Eng- ?r. My ainil the ot being fo much ■ to day, though though we can go only about three knots an hour. Our courfe S. W. and by S. Monday, J^pril']. A pleafant mild funfhiny day. Wind W. by N. We ftcer N. by W. which is fix points diltance, (the ncareft that we can fteer to the wind) and Mr. James hopes as we have but little head fea, we fhall get up what we have loft the four laft days. N. L. 44. 19- W- Long. 30. /. e. about five degrees due north of Fayal, one of the Azores. At four o'clock a fail appeared on the ftarboard quarter, we failing S. W. by S. being hazy did not fee it till with- in two leagues. Mr. James, upon obferving its hull and fails with a glafs, conceived it might be an Alge- rine; its courfe N. E. it never, however, came any nearer to us. Tucfday, April S. A fine mild fun(hiny morning. Wind N. E. though very little of it, fo that the Ihip makes very little way. JVednefday and Thwfday mild and pleafant, a good wind N. and N. by E. but on Friday the nth came on a very heavy gale from the S. W. and the fea ran mountains high J we were obliged to lie to, under bare poles, and let the fhip drift in the fafeft manner pofTible, fo that for that day we went backwards towards Eng- land, at the rate of two miles an hour. A fea fowl was feen, the fiift bird we have feen for fome weeks. At night the fea appeared full of fpark^ of fire, like the fparksfrom an ekaric machine; produced, I fuppofe, bv 14 A VOYAGE TO TIIR |)., 1' 'm by the aaion of the particles of fait ngainil each other ; it v/as a beautiful appearance, and is to be fccn more or lefs whenever the fca Is in any degree agitated. SaUrth'!^ cold and wet, and unpleafant wind from S. S. W. to N. W. we could not get on, and again lay to, the fhip rolling very much. Sunday, Jpril 17^. Weather more mild. Wind N. N. E. Our latitude this day at twelve o'clock was 42. 38. and our weltcrn longitude 40. 30. We are going in a direa courfe, very pleafant and eafy, about fix miles an hour, with ftudding fail, fore and mam topfails. Monday, Jpril 14. A very tine mild day, with fun- fiiine, (WindN.N. E.jand we fteer nearly weft. At the break of day difcovered two fail a head of us, ap- pearing conforts, atthcdillance of about three leagues, and we again hauled out our guns, got oui cartridges ready, the men put to exercifc, and every preparation made as for an enemy ; they continued in fight all day, we approached near enough to difcovcr with our glailcs they were two brigs, but whether armed or not we could not make out; however, by their putting up more fail, we obferved they were defirous of gcttmg away from us. iMr. James thinks they are vefiels bound to Newfoundland, as they incline their courfe more northward. At noon to day we found wc were Eaft Long. 4:' i degrees, and North Lat. 42. 10. within 289 leagues of Halifax, which bears almolt due W. of us. Tu^fday^ W i vi jil*!^ UNITED STATES. »s 1 other: more or iid from id agaiu Wind ock was We are ^, about id main vith fun- eft. At ■ us, ap- Icagues, artridges iparation t all day, ur glail'es not we tting up f getting •e veflcls ir courfe wc were D. within ueW, of Tucjday, y^pt'il \S' A fine mild funfhiny day. The two fhips arc ftiP in fight, but far to our ftern, and three leagues to the north of us. About one o'clock a fquall came on from the fouth, and the wind veered all points, from S. W . to N. W. fo that we rather loft ground than gained it, and Wednefday the fame. Thurfday iph. Mild weather and pleafant, with a gentle wind from the N. E. and we have continued all this day making about 4| knots an hour. At noon found our north latitude to be 40. 56, and our weft longitude 46. 8. Friday i'5ih. Olfervcd fea weeds and birds for the lirft ur.ic; a pleafure very great, being an indication of l-nd; and it wives me fomc idea what Columbus and f^, uft have felt on the like occalion, and nearly in t'; ^ loi.gitude, about 300 years ago. A very plcafa. .iiild funfliiny day. Wind moderate, N. by E. Sunday 10th. (Eapr) A good wind N. E. (our courfe N. N. W.) the horizon mifty, which is gene- rally the coj'e on the banks of Newfoundland, over which wc are now beginning to fail. N. Lat. 41. 57. A vaft number of fea birds round us, fuch as Ice Birds, Murrs, Noddys, or Sea Swallows, Tropic Birds, and Ticklays. Monday and Tucfday very little wind ; tried in vaiiv for foundings. IVcdncfday, Wind N. our courfe N. W. and tj! ?":,;* >iiP Itl |. r«!i h, A VOYAGE To THE and by VV. abo.it fix knots an hour. The wea- ther picafant and funfhiny. We have paftecl the Banks of Newfoundland, about 55 degrees eaft longitude, and 42° 42- north latitude. S.ible Ifland lies r.ght a head of us, about five degrees dilhnce. Sinee we came near the American coaft, the weather is much colder. In the two or three full weeks of our voyage we amufed ourfelves with reading and converfation, wh.ch having then nearly e.xhaufted, with an occafionalh.t or two of backgammon, we began to make a rubber at whift, every day after dinner, and our wme Th,s CTeninj about fix, as we were in the m.dftofa very interefting game, came down the Captain to fay we muft leave off immediately, and all hands to quarters, and water to be thrown upon the fire, for there was afhip bearing down fail direaiy upon us; the gunner was called to take charge of the powder-room, and the cartridges to be given out only by himfelf. We came on deck, and faw the vefibl within two miles, and direaiy a he..d of us, in our courfe. The colojars of England were brought on the deck, and the mads got ready for finking in cafe we (hould be boarded_a charge 1 undertook to fee performed. Soon we dif- covered it was a brig, but of what ";''°" ^^"^ """[T tain-when near us we fired a gun (a l.x-pounder) nd hoifled our colours; upoa which «>= "'ew^d an Lng ,& iack at her ftern ; we then hailed her with thr, fpeakms Uumpet, " in."" com, ye, '.Mther are ,e bound, and .< ^hat areycr-^^ The Oporto, from L,(bon, bound .. -o Qi.ebec."-" What do you mean bj; bearmg ^- down M M-ii: UNI'^KD STATKS. *7 M rhc wea- the Banks longitude, cs right a e we came h colder. voyage we on, which ionalhitor I rubber at inc. This [I of a very to fay wc to quarters, r there was the gunner im, and the We came miles, and rhe coloiirs id the mails : boarded— a lOon we dif- \ was uncer- ounder) and d an Engliib thr. fpeaking e bound-, and ifbon, bound by bearing down »•'< down In that manner In time of war, when ihrrc^ arc French cruizcrsin thrfe fcas." " I knew (fays ihc) you were Englifh, by the manner of your fails; 1 do not know my longitude; I Ibinulcd on what I thought the Banks of Newfoundland, but could find no bottom. Pray what longitude arc wc in?" Our Captain told him 55 ; l)c thaiikcd us. *' What is the Captain's name, and where Jo you bclcnj to?" " Of Southamp- ton ; the Oporto, Robert Shcppard, Alaftcr !" " Do you want provifions or water?" " 1 thank you, we want no- t\\\n[\ !" She then dropped aftcrn and llecred from us in a northern dircdion, and by night wc had lolt fight of her. TlmrfdiJ^^ 2^th. Wind brifk from the S. E. cold dry air; wc go about fix knots and a half an hour, and expc6t to reach the l(lc of Sables by night. The fca being fomcwhat rough, our fhip rolls more to-day than ufual ; we fleer N. W. by W. 43. 52. N. L. 274 miles W. of Chebucto Head, io8 miles E. of Sable Iflc this day at noon. At eight o'clock at night our Captain fays, we arc 43. 48. N. L. 58. 41. W. L. At twelve at night founded, found 54 fathom, the firft foundincTS we have had. Friday. A mild morning without wind, foggy and no fun appears ; we fuppofe we are at this time a little fouth of Sable Ifle. Sambro' Head bears <^roni the Ifle of Sables W. by N. 31132 miles dillance ; vaft flights of birds of the kinds already mentioned, alfo Gannets or Ibis, and Sea Gulls; founded and had no bottom. While we were at dinner, the Mate C cams I. .:il, 4ii: 1( . w si VOYAGE TO THE ca.. ana informed n, that land appeared on cur fta^ hoard quarter, and a great many breaker,, (breakers 're waves daQ.ing over roeks and high fan hdls, very Tnl tous for flrfps to come near.) We all qu.tted our d nners and ran up on deck, founded and foun w tere only in 30 fathom water; wc now cal ed all Zdsondeck fnd wore O^ip. "'•-''^ ^ f ; X W S W. to N. by W. to get away from the break „;• in half an hour founded again, and found 40 fa- om water, founded again and foun no bottorn. We now found it was Sable Wand wh.ch wc fup- pofedwehad palfcd in the night, we ""'J P'- ^ L the frightful breakers about two leagues from us to the S. W. In two hours, however, wc got out of fight of them, and toour great pleafure made found- ■,L in 85 fathom water, luckily for us ,t was not night, and we were going only two knots an hour, with a good aft wind. » S.turur flaf- Brcakers lis, very itfcd our bund wc lallcd all jrfe from le break- id 40 fa- bottom. wc fup- d plainly rom us to ot out of do found - : was not an hour. S. E. and ;r fet, and ibout three could not no on, we Jova Scotia driven on a immcdiate- ir great dif- on, a fail )ijTg to the 19 Captain Captain James fccurcd an obfcrvation of our latitude in time, before the fog came on, by taking a double altitude, and working it. Wc fourid we were 44. 16. N. L. which is jull fourteen (geogra- phic miles fouth of Sambro' Ifland. The fog was very thick when wc went to bed, and it is impofli- ble to venture onwards. Sunday, 2ph. The fog began to clear away at break of day, and orders were given to fpread fail and pufli for fight of land. At fix o'clock, land was difcovcred from the mafl-head, north of us, and at (even 1 could fee the fhorcs of Nova Scotia from the deck without the glafsj a very plcafing fight, after a run of more than two thoufand four hundred miles, (or including our travcrfes, three thoufand miles,) acrofs the great wide weftern ocean. Now we faw feveral fmall c '* (landing along fhore, one of them made towards us, 4nd anfwcred our fignal that (he was Englifh, She was the St. Andrew fcliooncr (rom Halifax thatmorninq;, going ealt to Cape Canfo. We a(ked " If any (hips of war were at Halifax, and how far it bore from usj" the anfwer was, ** Sambro' Head bears from you about three leagues and a half to the W. N. W. that no vefTel of force lay there but the Huffar, of 28 guns, Captain George i that they have had no (hips from England thefe two months, nor any packet," (of courfe we (hall be very welcome there, as well as raife the curiofity of the people refpeding news from Europe;) the laft information they received was the evacuation C 2 of f m .;:# :j,:i,|.(: 1 .1 »■ ;! ii'' V A VOYAGE TO Tllf f To , Ion A fd.ooncr arrived ycHcrJay ftom the of lo.uon. u. ,1,,. news of the furrendct Wed Indies -hat Uought jws .^ (.- i\,Tnrt"Mi"iro- this news cannot yet u F„Sd we then afli ' ' f ' ' 1 ' 41 r r ! i ' 1 .n 1 li i' t 1 t •\ ■t : ■ 1 ■ ■ ; t' : ' m i ,[: - ' ■ i i i ' ■ , 1 , A VOYAGE TO THE their vclTcls, of which «e find feveral hundreds have t: llL in .he Weft Indies alone. Tlj.s en, a.g. w s a ferious circumiiance to us, as it total y dettroyed :: hopes of going on toNew York (at leaft by the Po tland packet.) Every pcrfon in th,s town feemed eacer for news. In tvvo h.u.rs, hundred, of newf- papers (l n.ight fay a thoufand) were crcu ated and 'J great f' rprife they read Dundas and Gardner s Tc unt of the fecurity of Halifax, wh.ch ,n fafl t„ a more defencelefs «ate, than even Sher.dan had dech d it in the Houfe, and for whofe enqu.ry the t, pi e feen,ed fo very thankful, that .hough ,t .s Ivery n,inifterial place, Sheridan's health now b.- came the favourite toaft. The Toft Mailer, Peters, doubts whether he ihall fend anv American mails forward; more than mne houf-I letters have we brought, and he fays three davs at leaft will be employed in fo.ting and arrangmg them. ;^W.v, Apri! 2S. We delivered our letters of in- troduaion, and were very -vHy rece.ve . Mr. Forfythe accompanied Mr. Hobe and myfelf to he Gov rnor's houfe. The Governor is a very worthy ^o:d man, his private charaaer is well fpokeno and his appearance commands our efteem. 1 fa.a we tere travelling through curiofity to fee the country and particularly the different parts of the Un.ted S a.es, that we were not willing, however, to leave Hahfax. Without doing ourfelves the honor of waitmg on h,s Excellency J i ■'ill i| UNITED STATES. 23 ds have nbargo, sitroyed t by the feemed if newf- ted, and ardiner's in fad is idan had quiry the DUgh it is now be- r he Ihall than nine fays three arranging tcrs of in- vcd. Mr. felf to the ery worthy :en of, and 1 faid we he country, lited States, vc HalifaK, iting on his Excellency j Excellency; but our anxiety was very great, how wc iliould get on to New York or Bofton, as no Ihip would now venture thither Indeed I began to enter- tain fome thoughts of returning again to England by the fame packet that brought us out, which was to fail back the next week. The Governor, in reply to what we faid, told us he hoped we Ihould in a few days be accommodated with a paflage either to Bofton or to Martha's Vine- yard, on the way to New York. For, as the Major of his own (the 4th) regiment had refigned, (Major Byird) and was going to his friends at New York, he had rcfolved to charter a vefTcl thither, on board which the mails would be forwarded; but my friend Mr. Hobe has fo great an avcrfion to all adepts in the art of killino; mankind, that he abhors even fitting in their company. It is now but three days to the month of May, yet there is fcarce any vegetation to be feen. No leaves on any of the trees, nor even a bud vifible. A h.-2 fpring is here, the refult of a mild winter ; whereas, a fevere winter produces a quick growth, and a plenti- ful year. All the bread feemed four to us the firft day, but this we find is owing to ur having lived fo long on unleavened bread, commonly called bifcuit. Beef is feven pence and eight pence a pound, and expciTted foon to be a Ihilling, in confequence of the Ameri- can ports being Ihut; cheefe fourteen pence a pound, coarfe lump fugar eighteen pence, frcfli milk four C 4 pence ^B ' ! , ! I' 1 1' i ■' li M M ■■1 '■■>'', A VOYAGE TO TIIK pence a pint; . guinea P^"'^ *'"' ""= ^"''"^^ '^''' ihilli.."S ...J fuur pence, anJ i.. dunging n dolbr you ic-eivehve nulling, worih rf coin, in Wvcr and haU- pence, lev. IhiUing. a,c fan ; U,c Wver co.ns arc nftecn pence, ten pence halfpen..y, and lix pence half- penny. Halifax, though built as long ago as the year 1 74H, h.s no brick buildings, nor any tile, their houles arc all of wood, with weather boards for the Iidcs, and the roofs arc of fl^ingles. It ftands on the hdc of a hill the ftreets nre wide; no quays for fliipping, only Whurfs. It much refembles feme of the fmall vniages near London, on the borders of the Tharnes ; the poor are verv poor, ragged, and without flocku.gs and fhoes; many negroes; the poor arc emigrating lai to America, by hu.ulreds, for want of employment. 1 tie military ftores are efteemed worth a million of money, and the pr.va.e property in Itorcs, debts and bu.ld i„.S two milHon more, yet fo ill prot^dled that t.o vefielsof war, and one thoufand men, as wascu.rently faid, might deltroy it all;, a groat many cannon here lying about on the wharf, as they have done tor a ereat w°hile, in a Itate to be of no ufe. The dear- nefsof all kinds of provifions, and the reftrichons oa the trade of Nova Scotia, to take almoit all their articles from EngUnd, is a great check to the growth of this colony. Here is a fine harbour, wlih a large inner bafon, called Bedford iJafon, or Uulhey Cove, capable of ^ ■ ■ holdinrr ^m m UNITKD STATES. 25 ind three ollar you and h.ilf- colns are nice half- rear 174^1 tiouCcs arc fiJcs, and ; lide of a ping, only all villages ; the poor ikings and Ling iail to icnt. The of money, and build- -d that two iscunently ly cannon \\c done for The dear- tiiclions on oft all their 1 the growth Inner bafon, , capable of holding J holdIn ; I :iii( •\\\i ))jl 26 A VOYAGE TO THE Indians, for I faw, two days after this at Liverpool, (a fifli:ng town on this coa:: '-i exceeding pretty work bafkets, made of porcu^v quills, formed into'a variety of fancied figures, of ciifFerent colours, red, yellow, black, white and brown. The quills were ftained of thefe colours by themfelves, and had a great refemtlance to the workmanfhip of the Wam- pum-belts, Our friend Mr. Forfythe, having at length informed us of a fmall boat, juft difcharged of a cargo of lumber, and returning immediately fo Liverpool, we determined to embrace this opportunity of getting on part of the way, although only fevcnty miles, depend- jno- on chance to carry us on afterwards. At five o'clock in the afternoon, {IVednefday^ Jpril ^oth,) we got on board, with a good frefli win 1 from the north, having flowed in fuch provifions 33 we thought we might want, confiding of cold tongue, and a piece of boiled beef, bottled porter, and Port wine, tea and fugar, bread, bifcuit, &c. §£c. We foon pafled St. George's Ifland, then Jebucto Head, and by night we were off Sambro' Ifland, the light-houfe Seing in full view. The wind now funk and we lay becalmed. After a light fuppcr, and a draught of excellent bottled cyder, we took to our beds, and flept very found till the morning. Thurfday, May i. A fine ferene morning; when we arofe wc found ourfelves out in the wide ocean, hardly ^ at Liverpool, :eeding pretty formed into'a colours, red, ic quills were if and had a of the Wam- ri2;th informed of a cargo of -(iverpool, we of getting on niles, depend- irds. At five pril yith,) we rom the north, £ thought we and a piece of wine, tea and then Jebucto ro' Ifland, the i^ind now funk fuppcr, and a I took to our ng. orning ; when he wide ocean, hardly Wk ^ UNITED STATES, 27 hardly in fight of any land, thirty miles fouth of Ha- lifax. Our boat was very fmall, fcarcely twenty tons burden, and the waves, although very moderate, wafhed the whole deck. We had only two feamen on board, younr men of about twenty years of age, very modeft, civil,' well fpoken youths. The wind now fprung up frefli, and fliook pur little boat exceedingly : the name of the veirel was The Harlequin ; Mr. Hobe on hearing this, Ihook his head, and hoped this Harlcquir^ would play ui no tricks. At feven in the even;ng, the wind fet diredly againfl us; luckily we were clofe in with land, and therefore put back to Port Lchave, where we caft anchor. This is as large a harbour as Portfmouth. In failing up the har- bour, I obferved a large building at a diflance, to my great joy, being the only houfe I had feen the whole day t we foon found it was a barn. Adjoining to it was a fmall houfe of one ftory, with one chimney, not promifmg much comfort to us. We, however, deter- mined to land, and carrying an empty porter bottle or two with us, we got on Ihore, not without fome diffi- culty, a large maftifF dog keeping us at bay, for fome time. Our feamen led the way, and entering the houfe, we found a man and voman fitting near a large fire, with a maid behind rocking a very uncouth cradle, in which lay a fqualling infant. We folicited fome milk, and fhewedour empty bottles, but we could not make them underfhnd us, till Mr. Hobe, judging by their appearance, they might be Germans, hddrelTed them in High Dutch. This procured us at once a hearty welcome > we fat half an hour with them on a bench ! ' P 28 A VOYAGE TO THE |i:-. bench before the lire, for there was no cliair in th^- houfc. Another man of the family now joined u^i our bottles were filled with milk, they would take no con- fideration for it: enquired much how things went on in Europe, of which they fcemed to know very little. There was a great appearance of thrift and happy cafe around them: a bad watch of the largclt and oldclt fafliion was hungup by the window, and was the only regulator of their time; he co.icacd it every morning, by" means of a IJofton almanack, watchin- ihc time of the fun's rifmg, and fctting it accordingly. We now took our leave of th:m, and taking a lighted (lick from their fire, to make one on board for ourfclvcs, we warmed our milk, and had a very comfortable fuppcr, and turned in, as they call it, about ten o'clock. Friday mornings May 2. At five o'clock we weighed anchor, with a favourable wind, and were foon out at fca; palled feveral Murlegafh filhing vciU'ls, (a very thriving place, about twenty leagues weft of Halitax.) We now failed along a very pleafant even coaft, whicli, thoufrh much uncultivated, was here and there inter-- fperfed with decent fingle houfcs, till we came, about eleven o'clock, to Liverpool, or Lunemburgh, as it was once called. It is a very plcaOmt little town, ftanding round a deep bay, the houfes we'l built, though of wood. After we had refrcfhed ourfelvcs at the White Horfe, (the only inn in the place,) we went with a letter of introduction to Mr, licnajah Collin^, who received us very hofpiubly. At UNITED STATES. 29 ) cliair ill tli'^ joined u>i our J take no con- liiii's went oil low very little, rift and happy rgclt and olded id was the only every morning, iin!j: the time of rly. Wc now l.U'd flick from : oiirfi-lvcs, wc fortahlc fuppcr, 1 o'clock. Dck we weighed ^•erc foon out at vclU'ls (a very eft of Halifax.) :n coaft, whicli, and there inter-- we came, about icmburgh, as it mt little town, ;U built, though Durfelvcs at the ■)lacc,) we went icnajah Coliin^a At At the entrance of the harbour of Liverpool, is .1 jiockadc fort, nu.unlinir four guns, to d .fend the en- t-aticc. Wc wall^ed tl/ithcr with Mr. Collins, and fio.n this eminence we faw a velill at anchor at the mouth of the harbour, about two miles diftance ; wc h lilcd a boat and went on board, and found it was a muvr fchooner from Plymouth, in Maflachufets, bound to the P,anks of Newfoundland. Wc had feme cV.liiculty to perfuadc them to alter thlir courfe, and take us towards the place of our deftination, either to Shclburne or Barington, near Cape Sable, a» we found there was a good chance from one of thefe places, oi getting by fomc boat or other, over to Bolton. At laft, for hve guineas, they agreed to take us to the Cape; .ot our luggage on board, and by eight in the evening were under weigh : it foon falling calm, we made very little progrcfs, we therefore got our lines out and began liniin-. We had eight feamen on board, all Ameri- cans, die moft inoflxnfive, civil, friendly men I ever met with, full of Itudioufnefs to plcafc us, and to make us welcome to every thing in the fliip. They were very inquihtive for news from the old country, for iuch they ftill call England ; hoped there would be no war with us : they faid their country had fuffered much by having their vcfiels taken. Mr. Grey of Salem, a very worthy merchant, had lolt thirty of his vcifels, :md was almoft ruined by it. They did not fuppofc the King knew any thing of it, or he would not fufFer it. Wc then talked of the late American war ; they had all fought in it ; one had been a prifoncr twice; a fecond (hcw^d the fears he had received in the war ; another 30 A VOYAGE TO THE another had fought under Gates and Arnold, at thd battle of Saratoga i a fourth had not only fcrvcd there, but was alfo with the army at York town, where Lord Cornwallis laid down his arms. They fpoke with the hi-'hcft praifes of General Wafhington, for his affa- bility, humanity, and care of his men. In a word, I muft fay, I was never engaged in a converfation in which I faw fo much of the honeO: feelings of nature. They offered us to partake of their grog, for that they thought was a liquor every body mult love bell. By this time they had drawn up ten or twelve fine cod, which were flapping about the deck. We made a moft excellent dinner from them i fo white, fo flakey and delicious, that we wanted no fauce, hunger fupplying the bed of the kind, and thus did we eat it in high perfeaion. Although the weather has hitherto been funfhiny, with now and then a fog of fhort continuance, yet now we begin to feel them more frequent and lafting, with frequent blafts of hot and cold air. The coafts, when vifible, appear very barren — bare rocks, and blafted fir-trees and pines, make a very chearlcfs prof- pea. Yet here and there we fee a folitary houfe along the coaft, like thofe of Europe. We have landed to- day at a Scotchman's from Fifefhire ; a very pretty woman for his wif*-;, who was afhamed to be caught nurfmg the youngeft of four children, fitting by the fire without any cap on, and her hair un- combed j (he was from New England. Scott his nzme. Wc *'»• J 1; ilP : ' 1 , 1 S UNITED STATES. 3« /\rnold, at tlid ly fcrvtd there, n, where Lord fpoke with tho n, for his affa- engagcd in a of the honeft partake of their uor every body drawn up ten :^ing about the dinner from cious, that we :he beft of the •fedlion. been funfhiny, )ntinuance, yet snt and lafting, r. The coafts, arc rocks, and chearlcfs prof- iry houfe along have landed to- (hire ; a very ras afhamed to hildren, fitting her hair un- Scott his nrme. We We paid them for milk fix pence a quart, eggs nin« pence a dozen. The fcamen coi plain how exceed- ingly dear fait is, it is now fix dollars a hogfhcad. It comes from Turk's Idand, in the Well Indies, very brown and coarfc, ufed to be fold for three. A dollar is 4i. td. flerling, or 6s. currency. They make little or no fait in America, though ncceflity obliged them during their war, for indepcndance, to make it in Virginia. Labour is too dear j bcfides they do not know how to granulate it. The fcamen complain, that though they are almoft always at fea, they are obliged to pay an annual tax to their minifter or clergyman, of feven or eight Ihillings; and that by law every man arriving at fixteen years of age, muft pay four fhillings per annum. This is at Plymouth. — Memorandum, to enquire whether this compulfive tax is general throughout Majfachu>' fets. The wind Is continually contrary for us, W. and N. W. We have been froir F- iday evening till Sundaf night going live leagues, fro • ^ ^^-pool to Port Muttoon. The wind this n;orning, (Mond.^y) is fprung up from the caft, and we go on .ive knots an hour ; involved however, i.i a thirk fog, and obliged every ,now and then tr found the conch, to prevent any other vcflel frt -. running foul o*" us. 1 have flepC very comfortably fince on board th^- Polly of Plymouth, in u fmall cabin ten fcec fquare, with a conftant fire Bight and day j fix of us, (two on watch), Wcgo to i^ I M. r-\ I I. ii ' fA •n-, ■ j' ! "■i •hi: ] ','' \ pi ^ A VOVACK TO THE bed at eight o'clock, and get up at eight. The bug- arc the worlt of it; thcfc have pcftcrcd mc fadly, ever fuKc 1 came to Halifax, for they abouiul in thcfc parts. Our cold tongue, our cold beef, our bread, and our fugar arc all expended ; wc eat our falmon and cod without butter or bread, but wc have potatoes ; our bottled porter is cut, and wc have no wine ; the water wc drink is of a pale yellow colour, yet of no bad tafte. We make ourfclvcs very happy. Mr. Mobc and myfelfarc fin-ing fongs every day, and Yankcy fongs wc get them to fing ; we now pallid Bear Port, and'' the rugged IHcs, and Port Jolly, aifo the two rocks called^he KuU and tlic Whale. We had an ex- cellent breakfall to-day on chocolate, and fome bilcuits made of miJlings and Indian wheat mixed, very coarfc and dark coloured, not half ground, fo bad that when 1 firlt came on board, I thought it would be impomble to eat it, and even wondered how they could cat it; but now it does very v/ell, and 1 find it agree-, with me, and is very wholcfomc. Wc do not know how time goes, my watch the only one on board, met with an accident and does not go, and the fog prevents our fccin^r the fun; when we arc hungry we eat; when thirfty wc go to the water cafl< ; and when we find nothing to do, we go to our beds. What a contraft to the bufy fccnes 1 have been ufed to at home ! yet if it plcafc C9od that I once more get home to my native country, and the fociety of my friends, the remembrance of all thefc circuities parted over, will, I am confident, aftbrd much t leafurc in the re- collecL'on. ,. ,. 4 '!'!'||1 J' :. The bug" nc fadly, ever in thefc parts. read, and our ilnioM and cod potatoes ; our no wine ; the )ur, yet of no )y. Mr. Hobe , and Yankcy lid Bear Tort, alfo the two Vc had an cx- d fome bile II its mixed, very round, fo bad jugln it would Icrcd how they , and 1 find it . Wc do not y one on board, o, and the fog wc arc hungry ater cafk ; and to our beds, ivcbcen ufed to : more get home of my friends, ics paflcd over, ,furc in the rc- tNlTED STATES. 33 At twoo'clock, (May 5. P. M.) faw the light-houft 3t the entrance into Port Rofcway, or Shclburne. This town is now almolt defcrted; the royalifb of America were encouraged to feitlc here, by the Britifh govern- ment, at the conclulion of the war, and carried a great deal of property with them. A town with good hand- fome llrects was planned; but when the encourage- ment held out, for two years, by government, tcafed, they could not maintain thcmfelvcs j all their articles, fifh and lumber, came to market fo dear, that their trade fell ofF, and people who fet out with a capi- tal of 2000/. could fcarcely raife money to pay their paflagc back again ; and you may now buy there a good houfe for lifty dollars, hat coft the owner 500/. At five, we had a view of Cape Sable, bearing wellward, and entering Sandy Bay at about fix, came to anchor in Barrington, a fine large harbour, formerly called Port la Tour. It is the pleafanteft village wc have yet feen on the coaft, which in general is very wild and defolate; here were fome neat houlesi'cattered about, to the number of fifty or fixty ; no two houfcs joining together, or any thing like a Itreetj a chcarful appear- ance of fpring. Here I faw fome paflure and arable land. On one ifland, 1 counted ten or twelve cows. A river runs into the fea here, over a rockey bed, where we faw near twenty men and boys, catching herrings with dip-nets ; the herrings run up this river in large ftioals, and on their return, the people (land acrofs the ftrcam, which is very fliallow, and keep dipping as D faft At ';f il i! ' >** ,• , 1*. i| -i \ t 1 ,1 II 1 1 1 ' 1 1 1,11 1 '.'f " II 'i "' 1' '1 iL 1 'X-i ft*- hil'Vi I I'll . nil' 1 ' ll 1 1 ' i-i ■ 1 1 1 1 1' M 1 i t 1 1 1 'J 1 H !■ mm 34 A VOYAGE TO THE il m^^ they can, taking one or two every clip. The people were all Americans, chiefly from iMaflachufets. The coaft of Halifax, particularly between Liver- pool and Barrlngton, is the moft barren and dreary that can be conceived. Nothing but pines grow there, and whenever there was an opening between them, it was only to prcCent a barren roek, againft which the fea was da{hing its waves. Add to this the noife of the feafowl, and the cries of the loon bird, which juft thrulls its long neck above the water, and halloos like a man Ihouting at a great difiance, made us at times, almoft melancholy. Whr.t cmx induce any man to forfake fociety, and bu.ld thofe houfes we fee every now and then on this uoly horrid coaft, is difficult to conceive. They muft cfthcr have been ufed very ill by the world, or ufcd the world very ill. Had Tq/fo been on this dreary roaft, before he had written his Jcrufalm, he would have confidcrably heightened his dtfcription of the Enchanted Forcjl. We went to Mr. Serjeant, the principal man there, (a merchant artd ftore-keepcr,) to find out a vefiel to take us to Boflon. But to our mortification, found there was no veflel had put in there all the fpring,exccpt one; and that the two that ufuuHy traded from thence to Bofton, for flour, &c. were both detained at this time in that port, in confequcncc of the embargo. Mr. .41 iiji i i' ' I, 1 ^ i;! M UNITED STATES. 35 ' dip. The ilachufets. reen Livcr- and dreary grow there, en them, it I which the ; noifeof the , which ju(t and halloos ance, nude Whr.t can , and build len on this They niuft )rld, or ufcd lefore he had conridcrably ud Forcjl. al man there, 3Ut a vcfi'el to cation, found fpring, except d from thence ained at this e embargo. Mr. Mr. Serjeant informed us, that the French fleet of viauallersin the Chcfeapeak, confiding of 240 fliips, had failed for France thefc twelve days, {April 22(1.) according to his letters juft received, (guarded by four 74 gun fhips, and five or fix frigates,) that being the chief objca of the French men of war, which failed from Breft a little before Admiral Jarvis. We at lafl prevailed on the Skipper to continue his voyage to Boflon, upon promifing him ten gui- neas, and next morning at five o'clock, weighed an- chor, and flood round Cape Sable, with a fine N. E. wind. It is fevcnty-five leagues thither. TuefJay, May 6. At one o'clock, being about ten leagues wefl of the Cape, we defcricd two fail going eaftward towards Halifax, and the men of our vefTels judge they mufl be French fhips, by their fails. One is a fhip of war, the other a floop ; they however do not regard us, as we are only a fifhing vefiel, and American built. By twelve, they were almofl out of fight, and we arc now ftanding acrofs the Bay of Fundy, at the rate of five knots an hour. The fea in this bay ebbs and flows fixty or fevcnty feet in a tide; a vatt fall twice in twenty-four hours, which makes a prodigious current, and occafions our vefTel to roll exceedingly. Wednefclay, May 7. Wc have had a fine run acrofs the Bay of Fundy, and are now, at eight o'clock in the morning, within twenty leagues of Bofton, but it being rather foggy, wc have flackcncd fail and reefed. Our D 2 little ■ti •k ■;"i i 1 '' 'l i w 'p 1; !'iii' '' Ih ?! . ■ 111 ;1 1 1 " ■ i. '■ 1, 36 A VOYAGE TO THE little fifhing veffel of forty tons, has only three fa.ls, a i.b, forefail, and mainfa.h rolls exceedingly. Pro- vifions and every other accommodation, we are very fcanty of. Yeftcrdav, being on St. George's Bank, with ninety fathom water, we put down a line and caught a very fine cod, which fupplies us with a dinner to- day, with a few potatoes, and for our drink we have the yellow water before mentioned. Mr. Hobc, mv companion, has travelled through Germany and Switzerland, where he has often found bad accommodations, fo he is feafoned in fome mea- fure, to it; but yet he longs to get to Boiton, as - well as myfelf, to get the light of meat and w.ne, and talte bread once more. Towards evening, the wind unfortunately (hifted to the N. W. in our very teeth, fo that we are driven from all hopes of making land to night. Thur/M', May 8. A clear fine morning, dry and cold. (windN.W.) At nine o'clock, faw land at ten or twelve leagues dilhnce, but fo obfcurely, that our Skipper cannot pronounce abfolutcly what land it is, whether Cape Ann or Cape Cod. Saw fcveral whales fpouting; one within half a mile of the fhip, whofe body I could diftinaiy fee ; the fpouting rcfembles the fhower thrown from a fire en- gine. At ten o'clock faw a fleet of fiiips, near thirty, Ochooners goin^ to fifti for cod, on Nantucket fhoals) ; ^ " it i I hree fails, rly. Pro- ^e are very ank, with and caught dinner to- nic we have id through often found fome mea- Boiton, as t and wine, ;vening, the in our very s of making ng, dry and [\i\v land at obfcurely, alutcly what ; Cod. Saw If a mi'e of ly fee ; the om a fire en- , near thirty, ickctftioals)i it UNITED STATES. 37 it was a very fine fight, with all their fails bent. Two of them pafled and hailed us. At three o'clock, came in clofe under land, at Cape Cod, and could diftinguiOi houfes, wind-mills, kc. up the country; the fea (liorc, a flat fand, for miles. Had for dinner, three eggs and three potatoes, and a glafs of water between us ; no hopes of reaching Bolton to night, the wind growing more a-head of us; it is very cloudy, and blows cold, more like March than Mcjy. We now had a view of Plymouth, the firft Englifli fettlement on this coaft. Friday, May 9. The wind fliU contrary, and the weather cold; were obliged to ftecr northward, faw Cape Ann and Marble Head. In the dufk of the evening, however, had a diftant view of Boftoii light-houfe ; we had now confumed all our provifions, except the hard bifcuit and water ; but about noon this day, putting out our fifhing lines near Cape Cod, we caught two cod, on which we all dined. Saturday, May 10. The wind S. W— we, by fre- quent tacks, and after many difappointmen^^, got within the light-houfe bank, and made the outer harbour, to our great joy; we then hailed a fifhing vefl'el, which agreed for two dollars and a half, to take us and our luggage up to the town. At ten o'clock in the morning we reached the wharf, and fo eager 10 land, that we hardly waited the vefrd's anchoring. D ACCOUNT !' It ACCOUNT OF THE CITY OF BOSTON, ■4 A liii.'l ;IS. •■' l^'t On our arrival, wc enquired for the beft houfe of entertainment., .nd were direaed .0 the Bun^h of Grapes, in State-«reet, kept by Colonel Cole- n,an. It is nothing unufual in America for army leers to keep taverns. A man with .he t.tle of Major fometimcs hcWs your horfc, and Capta.ns are iJin.bythero=dlideiitisave%eoftherevo- luUon: During the Ameriean war, a mans pro- motion was not mcafured fo much by h>s rank or fortune, as by his zeal and afl.duity in the ferv.ce of his country, and it was a cheap way of reward. ing him for his fervlccs. In the vear 1740, Bofton was efteemed the largeft town in America, now Philadelphia and New York tank before it; neverthelefs, it is a very flounfhmg place, UNITED STATES. 39 ON. bcft houfe he Bunch and Colc- 1 for army he title of ;aptains are if the revo- inan's pro- ns rank or the fervice of reward- 1 the largeft New York f flourifhing place, place, full of bufincfs and adivity. The merchants and tradcfmcn meet every day, from twelve to two o'clock, in State-ftreet, as on an exchange. Wc enquired for a porter, to fetch our luggage from the (hip to the tavern, and a free negroe oflered himfelf, for which fervice he required half a dollar. Th« ncrocs in this Itate are all free, and are a rclpcaable body of people. They have a free-mafons club, into which they admit no white perfon. However, 1 be- lieve they arc not yet admitted to hold offices or Itate, though they vote for them. This town, or city, contains about eighteen thoufand inhabitants. State- ftreet is the principal one, about twenty yards wide, is near the center of the town, and leads down to the long wharf. CornhiU is another confiderable flreet ; it put mc in mind of Balingftoke. Their foot ways are not yet paved with flat (tones, the horfe and foot way being alike pitched with pebbles, and pofts and a gutter to divide them, like the old fafliioned towns ii^England. The buildings likewife, are but IndifFe- renti^'many of them, as well as their churches, are weather boarded at the fide, and all of them roofed with fliinglcs. A very aukward looking railed en- clofure on the top of the houfes, for drying clothes, which gives them a very odd appearance. The part of the town called New or Weft Bofton, is an ex- ception to this, for the houfes there are all neat and elegant, (of brick) with handfome entrances and door cafes, and a flight of fteps up to the entrance. D 4 At f 40 A VOYAGE TO THE i-1 ^flf ,' 'III i , ■ i 1 ', ■ ■ Ivii At Colonel Coleman's, which is more properly a lodging houfe than a tavern, we were but very indif- ferently accommodated as to beds; generally two in a room, and not very cleanly, for we were much pcftered with bugs. At two oVioclc dinner was announced, and we were fhewn into a room where we found a long table covered with didies, and plates for twenty perfons. We were fcrvcd with falmon, veal, beef, mutton, fowl, ham, roots, puddings, &c. &c. each man had his pint of Madeira before him, and for this and our breakfaft, tea, fupper and bed, we paid ftve fliillings currency, for they make no feparate charges, nor do they abate of their charges, were you to dine out every day. There is no Ihynefs in con- verfation, as at an Englifh table. People of different countries and languages mix together, and convcrfe as familiarly as old acquaintances. Three or four of our company were French emigrants. On one fide of me fata Mr. WaOiington from Virginia, (no re- lation to the PrcfiJcnt, or very diftant,) and on the other fide a young man from Philadelphia, next to him a perfon from Newbury Port, three hundred and iifty miles north of Philadelphia. I found myfelf well entertained with their converfation, on many fubjeds new to me. In half an hour after the cloth was removed every perfon had quitted table, to go to tlv/ir feveral occupations and employments, except the Frenchmen and ourfclves ; for the Americans know the value of time too well to waltc it at the table. Here I met a Mr. Armftrong, once a clothier at Cyrfham, in Wilts, near my native place. When \vc ■ H ■u . .! i 11 ^^^B ^^8 '; 1 ,1 "1 1 'it 11 ^^^■< ^^B '<• ' ■ i 1 . ; : 1 ^^^H ^H 1^.^11 i.. ' UNITED STATES. H properly a : very indif- ly two in a uch pcftered announced, we found a ; tor twenty , veal, beef, c. &c. each im, and for )ed, we paid no feparate es, were you nefs in con- : of different and converfe se or four of On one fide nia, (no re- ) and on the next to him jred and lifty myl'elf well nany fubjedls le cloth was le, to go to s, except the ^ricans know at the table, a clothier at lace. When \vc we meet a countryman in a remote part of the world, wefpeak to him as an intimate acquaintance, though perhaps we have never fecn each other before. This was the cafe at prefcnt. I took a walk with him to Bunker Hill and Brede's Hill, the ground where the Americans, (June iph^ 17750 ^^^ reiifted the attack of the Britifh. A Captain Greatan accompanied us, who was an officer on the fpot at the very time. He defcribed the whole a(5lion, and fliewed us the place where Dr. Warren fell ; the point where the attack began, and the road by which the Americans retreated. The adion was not fought on Bunker Hill, as is on record, but on Brede's Hill. It was but a detach- ment of the main army which were in adion. We followed the fame route the armies went, for two miles; we then filed ofF to the left, and came to the town of Cambridge, where the principal Univerfity in the flate is eftabliflied. It is called Havard College, is an excellent inftitution, was founded about the year 1650, is well endowed, and fupports three hundred fludents ; two large handfome brick buildings feparate from each other i a third has been taken down lately, to be re- built. We returned to Bofton over the new bridge, a mod prodigious work for fo infant a countryj a work, as Mr. Hobe obferved, worthy the Roman Empire, It is a bridge over an arm of the fea, above one thou- fand eight hundred feet long, and about thirty four wide, well lighted all the way into Bofton, about a mile in length. This bridge is built entirely of wood, »nd coft about twenty-four thoufand pounds, and marks the genius and fpirit of the tov^^n of Bofton, Jt , t' 1^ 1 '■ ■ ■ l< . . !■ >l' ; ; I :!''' 1/ 1 ;■ i; t '■" 'j ii 1 '. '|i hi|';i *■; I I .!l '! I :f If I;m 42 A VOYAGE TO THK It had been opened but about five months, when wc pad'ed it. About half way over the bridge, we ob- Icrved two iron rings i Captain Grcatan, by one of them, lifted up a trap door, and difcovercd a largo room below, capable of holding two hundred men, to which wedefcendcd by flairs, and faw the machinery by which the draw bridge is lifted up for large vcllcls to pafs. In hot weather, this mud be a molt delight- ful cool retreat, as well as an excellent place for baihing. There arc tv/o other long wooden bridge? leading from Bolton, Afyjiic and Dorchcjler. The latter is built on the fcite of an antient Indian bridge, part of thccaufeway of which ttiU remains pcrfedi but thcfc arc not to compare with the new bridge. A very ele- gant theatre was opened at Bolton about three months ago, far fuperior in talte, elegance and convenience, to the Bath, or any other country theatre that 1 have ever yet fcen in England. I was there lalt night, with Mr. and Mrs. Vaughan. The play and farce w«re Inkle and Yarico, and Bon Ton ; 1 paid a dollar for a ticket. It held about twelve hundred perfons. One of the dramatis perfons, was a negro, and he filled his charaacr vith great propriety. The drefs of the company being perfeaiy Englifh, and fome of the aaors, (Jones and his wife,) being thofe I had feen perform the laft winter at Saliltury, in Shatford's company, made me feel myfelf at home. Between the play and farce, the orchellra having played Ca Ira, .the gallery called aloud for Yankee- doodle, which i! ?■■< h \ UNITED STATES. _ 1 ths, when we riJge, we ob- n, by one ot )vercd a largo lunJrcd men, the niiichincry r large vcllcls moltilelight- Liit place tor ridgCi leading The latter is jridgc, part of etSli but thefc , A very clc- t three months J convenience, tre that 1 have ere lart night, and farce w«re paid a dollar mdrcd perfons. negro, and he The drefs of , and fome of 12: thofe I had ', in Shatford's amc. Between having played Yankee- doodle, which which after feme fliort oppofition was complied with. A Mr. Powell is the manager of the play-houfe. Mr. Goldfinch, the ingenious architea of this theatre, has' alfo lately built an elegant crefccnt, called the Tontine, about fourteen or fixtcen elegant houfcs, which let for near two hundred pounds Iterling, a year. « In Bofton, they have forty hackney coaches, and for a quarter dollar you are carried to any part of the town. Sunday, May 11. My Danifh friend, Mr. Hobc, and myfelf, dined with Mr, Charles Vaughan, a confiderable merchant, to whom we had letters of in- troduaion. Three days before this we were croffing the Bay of Fundy, and found the weather fo cold that we were obliged to put on our great coats, and keep them clofe buttoned. To-day it is fo hot and clofc, that we can fcarcely bear the preffurc of any clothes at all, or venture to walk out in the fun- fhine, I went twice with Mr. Vaughan's family to the Unitarian chapel, the only one yet opened in America, and is a proof of the increafed liberality of fentiment of the Boftonians. They have in ^ great I meafure loft that rigidity of manners, and vigilant * way of keeping the Sunday, as to put people into the flocks, who were fecn walking the ftreets during fervice. They no longer hang old women for witch- craft, as they did in the laft century; yet at the fame time, they maintain a general fobriety of manners, and 44 A VOYAGE TO THE K and the places of public worfhip, of which 1 think they have eighteen, arc all well attended. Mr. Freeman is the minifter of the Unitarians, who meet in what was called the King's Chapel, before the revolution. It is one of the handfomcft buildings in the town. He has a falary of about one hundred and fifty pounds a year, and the fociety is increafing. The clergy however rcfufcd to give him ordination on account of his opinions; upon which, the principals of the congregation, met and ordained him thcmfclves. Theirform°of prayer is Dr. Clarke's reformed Liturgy, with no addition whatever ; fomc part was left out, and a few alterations made. No creed p.cftrved but that called the Apoftle's Creed; they have a baptifmal confeffion for adult perfons, and another for children. There are many beautiful fcenes around the town, and many views of the fea, and the green mountains in the diftant horizon form a beautiful ground to the whole. • On the fouth weft fide of the town, there is a pleafant promenade, called the Mall, adjoining to Bofton Common, confifting of a long walk fhaded by trees, about half the length of the Mall in St. James's Park. At one end you have a fine view of the fea. The Common itfelf is a pleafant green field, with a gradual afcent from the fea Ihore, till it ends in Beacon Hill, a high point of land, commanding a very fine view of the country. On the top of it there ftands a lofty Pillar. The pcdeftal is fquare, was ereded about three years ago by the voluntary fubfcrip- IE UNITED STATES* 45 which I think ttended. Mr. nitarians, who Chapel, before omcft buildings ut one hundred :y is increafing. m ordination on 1, the principals him thcmfclves. Formed Liturgy, •t was left out, d prcftrved but have a baptifmal icr for children. nd the town, and nountains in the id to the whole. :here is a pleafant ning to Bofton fhadcd by trees, in St. James's view of the fca. een field, with a till it ends in , commanding a )n the top of it cdeftal is fquare, by the voluntary fubfcrip- (ubfcriptions of the inhabitants of Bofton, and has the following infcriptions on the four fides: ON THE FIRST SIDE. Americans ! While from this eminence ^ fanes of luxuriant fertility^ of flour ijhing commerce, and the abodes of facial happincjs meet your 'vieiv, forget not tbofe, 'who, by their exertions, have fccured to you thefe blej/ings. ON THE SECOND SIDE. To commemorate that train of events which led to the Ame- rican revolution, and finally fecured liberty and independence to the United States, this column is ereiled by the voluntary contributions of the citizens of Boflon, 1790. ON THE THIRD SIDE. Stamp aa paffed 1765, repealed 1766. Board of cufloms eft abliped, 1 767. Britijh troops fired on the inhabitants of Bojlon, March 5, 1770. Taxaiipafed, I773. Tea deftroyed in Bofton, December \6, Port of Bofton ft}ut and guarded, June \, 1774* General Congrefs at Philadelphiat September 4. Provincial Congrefs at Concord, OSlober 1 1 . Battle of Lexington , April \g, 1775. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. WaftAngion took cotnmand of the army, July 1. Bofton evacuated, March 17, 1776. Independince declared by Congrefs, July 4, 1 776. HANCOCK, President. ON ',. ■■ •11' I ; i: " 1.4, ' ^ 'm ill It ■.11 j-iii I) .5 A VOYAGE TO THB ON THE FOURTH SIDE. CaMure of the lljJJans at trcntcn. December 26 1776. c!pt.re If the Britijh anny at Saratoga O.ioher I,. Co,f deration of the ihnted States formed, July 9. Ccptution of Mafachuji'^ formed. 1 7 «0. Bo^vdom, Prefidcnt of Con'vention, C^ureoftheBritifi armyatVork. (to...) Oaoler 19, 1781- e TrcUminarm of peaee. ^o-vemhcr 30,1782. Defnitivetneaty of peace, September 10, 1783- Federal conjlitution formed, September 17, 1787? Jndratifedh the United States, M%7 Jo y<)0. Neav Cougrefs afembled at AV.a York, April 1 6, 17 89. Wajhlngtonlnauguratedrrcfidcnt, April lo. Pdllc debts funded, Augujl A,, \-]()0. This Pillar ftandin- on fo high a fituation, is fccn in almoft every part of Bo(ton. The harbour is a noble capacious one. The long wharf is a moft convenient pcninfula, improved by art, projcainginto the fca, four or live hundred yards j is about eighty feet wide. In the middle of it fhnds a long row of ibrc houfes, from end to end, forms a very convenient arrangement for fhips, on both iidcs the wharf, to load and unload at oppofite fides of the fame warchoufc at the fame tin e. In thefe llorcs were calks of fugar and rice, bags of cotton and wool, pipe 1 % f ■ 1 \ k {. '■ ij % mx ber 26, 1776. ruj} 16, 1777. Oiioher 17. t July 9. \n) OSioLer 19, 82. 1783. 1787; 1790. 7/ 16, 1789. 30- lation, is fccn c. The long iprovcd by art, dred yards j is of it ftands a end, forms a on both iidcs ite fides of the n thefe llorcs tton and wool, pipe % 'i I UNITED STATES. 47 pipe ftavcs, lumber, iron bars, bags of nails, and, in Ihort, every article of commerce. 1 never faw any thin'T before equal to it in convenience. On Sundays all the flags are hoifted on board the {lilps ; and the harbour being pretty full of fhipping, on account of the embargo, made, laft Sunday, a very fine appearance. There were only three foreign flags in the port, and they were tri-coloured flags of France. I went with Mr. Freeman to that pleafant fuburb, Charlcfton, called the mother of Bofton. It is now entirely rebuilt, fince it was burnt in the war, and is a very neat, clean, well-built town. Here lives Mr. Jcdcdiah Morfe, the famous editor of the firft Ame- rican Geographical Grammar, which has run through fix editions in about three years. It is r.ow univerfally taught in all the fchools and feminaries throughout Ame- rica, in this town, Mr. Freeman tookmc to fee a curious wool-card manufadory, worked by an horizontal air mill, like that at Batterfea, though not fo large. Of this mechanical application they claim the invention. The manufaiftory itfclf is curious and well worth attention. It is a trade well encouraged here, for every houfe- wife keeps a quantity of thefe cards by her, to employ her family in the evenings, when they have nothing to do out of doors. The glafs-houfe, and the duck or fail cloth manufactory, I did not fee. In Bofton they have five or fix printing offices, and they publifh three new fpapers, twice and three times a week. f' K, . '' ■fi U) /|!:ij:i 48 A VOYAGE TO THE week, viz. The Columbian Centinel, TJje Mercury, and The Bojion Gazette or Republican Journal, A good market here for all kinds of provifions, which are brou2;ht every day in great plenty, and are fold much cheaper than at New York or Philadelphia. In the year 1790, there were enumerated in Bofton 2,376 houfls, which were computed to contain 18,038 inhabitants. Near Bofton are the following manufaclories cfta- blifhed, according to the accounts given me by a confiderable merchant there : A cotton and carpet ma- nufactory at JVorceJler^ carried on by Peter Stowell and Co. with a good capital ; and one of woollen, by Thomas Stowell; at Newbury Port, Jofcph Brown, a clothier, makes a variety of woollen goods of the coarfe kinds ; at Ipfwich, the woollen manufactory, by Meflrs. Warner and a Dodlor Manning. There isalfo in this town, which is an inland fituation, a large bonc-lace manufactory, employing near an hundred cufhions. But all thefe I judge rather the feeds of manufadlories, than any large or permanent eftablilliments. — That energy which is created in our country by neceffity and difficulty of living, cannot take place there for many years ; nor need England fear a rivalfhip there, or in any other country. France, when difburthened of her prefent military government, will be many years in recovering her manufactories. When UNITED STATES. 49 When we confidcr that the United States, with Icarcely four millions of inhabitants, import annually of our manufaftures more than twelve millions of dol- lars in value, it follows, that when her inhabitants are encrcafed to eight millions, (he will want manufadures to the annual amount of twenty-four millions of dol- lars. From hence I conclude, that her population and profpcrity are an advantage to Great Britain. I am convinced that the ability of the United States to manufaaure, cannot keep pace, by any means, with her encrcafing population ; at leaft for a century. It therefore follows, that (he muft encreafe in her de- mand for foreign manufadlures ; and the Americans generally acknowledge that no country can fupply them fo well as Great Britain. m-y ROAD FROM BOSTON TO NEW YORK. Miles. Miles. To Cambridge - 2 Wilbraham - y Watertown 6 Springfield Plains - 5 Waltham - 3 Springfield - 6 Wefton - 5 Suffield - 7 Sudbury - 3 Wind for - 8 Marlborough 6 Hartford - 8 Northborough - 10 Wethersficld - 6 Shrewsbury 4 Middleton - 8 Worcefter 9 Durham - - 6 l.ciceftcr 6 NorthforJ - - 7 Spencer 5 Newhaven - - 8" Brookfield la 1 Nf-w York - 91 Weftern 4 Pilmer 10 i 250 >!.' "if ^1 14 1 n JOUR- ■' ,1 ■ JOURNEY FROM BOSTON T O NEW YORK, W) EDNESDAY, May 14, 1794, at three in the morning, I left Bofton by the New York Mail Coach ; I paid fourpence per mile currency, (i.e. threepence flcrling) and was allowed fourteen pounds luggage. It ' .f UNITED STATES. 57 pie. Notwithftanding they arc here free, and admitted to equal privileges with the white people, yet they love to aflbciate with each other. It is obferved, that they are naturally lazier, and will not work fo hard as a white fervant. — Perhaps, the remembrance of former compulfive fervice, may make them place a luxury in jdlencfs. Nor do they yet feem to feel their im- portance in fociety ; — this is a portion of inheritance referved to the next generation of them. I now favv a log-houfe, for the firft time ; it was about thirty feet long, and fix feet toihe roof; and confided of logs or poles, with the bark on, laid upon each other ; aC the four corners, where the logs croficd, they were notched together, and nailed ; and the intciflices were plaftcrcd up with loam. I foon favv ten or twelve little heads peeping out at the window and door. The families, from hard labour and whol- fome food, become very prolific. A palTcnger in our coachee, a flout hearty young man, faid he was the youngeft of fourteen children. We faw the wooden frame of many houfcs building ; this, and clearing the woods go on very faft. Their firft crops are Indian corn and rye. Fine diftant profpecSls. Came on to Hartford to dinner ; to a very pleafant large inn, kept by Frederick Bull. Here I flaid two davs, that 1 might have time to infped the woollen manufadory of this place, and attend the debates of the Houfe of Repre- fentatives of this Hate, at that fitting ; I dined this day at the ordinary, with near thirty of the members •, I found them very friendly and affable, and pleafed to converfo 'J'- 1U M. If I m ■t ■ I Pi: rS A VOYAGE TO THE converfe with one from the old country \^-ytry carneft to know whether, in general, we verc well inclined towards thsm. They were very temperate, not fitting long after dinner — we fat down to dinner at one, and by a quarter after two, they adjoined to the houfc. I requelted a feat in the gallery, to hear their debates, which was readily granted ; and Dr. Porter requcftcd a perfon to fhew the Englifh gentleman into a proper feat. Out of two hundred and feventy members, there were but three abfcnt. Their debates were condufled with great decorum j a Speaker in the chair ; every man was heard patiently, without any interruption. There were fome good orators among them j — Mr. Granger, member for Suffield ; Mr. Stanley j Mr. Phelps; General Hart, inember for Saybrook ; made as good fpecches as many I have heard in our own Houfe of Commons; plain in their drcfs, plain in their manners ; with no other qualifications than good com- mon fenfe, a£tuatcd by the love of their country. Two very interefting fuhje6ls were in debate : — a bill, brought in to repeal a law, palfcd in Odlober laft to order " That the money arifing from the fale of their « lands, between the Ohio and Lake Erie, fhould be <* appropriated to encreafe the falaries of -the minifters *' of the gofpel and the mailers of fchools ;" * and ano- ther bill (for its fecond reading) " To provide for thofe ** poor and fick negroes, who having been freed from « flavery, might be left unprovided for; and that till the ** mailer was exculpated, by receiving a certificate from • Sec Note .1. " the UNITED STATES. 59 «t the Ibtc, that the negro was difcharged in pcrfeft «< health, it fhould be incumbent on the mailer tocon- «» tinue to take care of him during fickncfs, or, ,ulcalt, «* pay the expcnccs of his curc."~I was much plcakd to fee alcgillaturc extend its humanity and care fo far. The government of this ftate is allowed to lurpafs noft of the others ; it was formed on a [Ian given by the famous John Locke, as General Gates afterwards informed me. It is about thrice as large as Wiltfhirc, is better cultivated and more fully inhabited than any other, as they reckon forty-five perfons to every fquarc mile. The clergy are chofcn by the people who pay them. Their fabrics arc in general one hundred pounds a yearj they afTociatc much with their people, aflVblc and unreferved in converfation, and very friendly to ftrangcrs ; by this and other means, knowledge is more generally diffufcd among the common people than in any other llatc, and they are thrifty and induflrrious. There • > no religious cftablifhment here, nor is any perfon more favored by the government for worfliipping God one way than another. Yet religion flourilhcs amongft all ranks and degrees from the Icnator to the wood-^cuttcr J they entertain no party-fpirit againft each other i and their places of worlhip are well at- tended. They wonder that any government Ihould in- terfere in a concern of which they can be no judges, as it is of a fpiritual nature, and can only be properly influenced by the hope of preferment in a future world, and not in this, I called i i! ", *■ ■Ml ) ■•><« Wk rk '•■",] 60 A VOYAGE TO THE 1* ' • m ■ I i^il n 1. if I I called at Col. Wadi'worth's, to whom 1 had z letter of introdu6lion, but found he was at Philadel- phia, being a Member of Congrefs; Mrs.Wadfworth, however, received me very politely, and defired her fon to attend me, to fliew me what was moft worth my notice. In the courfe of convcrfatiun, I learned that BrlJottCu/iitie,'<^nd Kofciu/koj had all been at their houfe. Our firft vifit was to the woollen manufa61:ory, efta- blifhed there about fix years ago, of which Morfe, in his Geography, fpcalcs in high terms; I found it much on the decay, and hardly able to maintain itfelf ; I faw two carding engines, working by water, of a very inferior conftrudion.* On walking down to Con- necticut River, 1 obferved a large pile of iron ore, which, Mr. Wadfworth told me, was dug a kw miles up the river. We next went on the roof of a new built houfe, to enjoy the charming profpcdl j it was a fine clear day; wc traced the meanders of this noble river to a vaft diftance; fhips, freighted with merchandize, paffing up and down, in full fail ; a beautiful diftant country, aboundingwith wood and with hills; the towns of Middleton, Wethersfield, Glaftonbury, Eaft Hart- ford, and Windfor, were within view, and thecountry finely cultivated; — very fimilar, indeed, to many fccncs in England; being, in fa6l, planned and cultivated by men who came originally from England. At Frederick Bull's tavern, where I lodged, we had excellent provilions : beef, mutton, and veal, as good •# See Note 11, as lljpi UNITED STATES, 61 as in England ; tea and cofFee of the bcft kin ' j three forts of fugar brought always to the tabic ;- the muf- covado, the fine lump fugar, and the maple; from the novelty of it, I preferred the Jaft, though I could not find much difference in the tafle of it. At breakfaft with us the fiifl morning, was an American ofHcer, in his uniform, the fir(l: I had feen ; — It was a blue coat of fuperfine cloth, withfcarlct facings andcufFs; abuffcaf- fmiere waillcoat and breeches, and looked very becom- ing on him, being a very handfome well-built man, of full fix feet in height. I obferved the people here were all very great politicians, and ready to afk me more quef- tions than I was inclined to anfwcr, though I am far from being rcfcrved. They afked me for Englifh newf- papcrs, which 1 let them have; alio Jordan's Debates in Parliament, and Margarot's Trial; the latter was read with great avidity, and borrowed by feveral ; and next morning, Dr. Potter and another gentleman came and rcqueftcd 1 would lend it, that they might have it rc-printed at Hartford, at their own cxpence. :, « This town was founded anno 1636, by Mr. Hooker, Therightsof primogeniture are unknown in this ftate: all the children of a parent are deemed equal objects of his care as well as love ; and he muft leave them an equal ftiare of his property. This is a great public advantage, as it prevents any overgrown fortunes continuing long together, and keeps fociety nearly on a level. I never obferved a fingle perfon in rags, or with any appear- ance of diftrefs or poverty; yet I looked into all the poor habitations I cguld find, which were very few in- deed. y t t*"'. -.1 ■;: r.i';f 62 A VOYAGE TO THE deed. I could have bought good land, within tv/e> miles of this town for fifteen pounds an acre. The ftate-houfe ftands in the center of the town, where the three principal roads meet. It lately fuf- fcred by fire, and is now rebuilding in a very handfomc Ilyle. Hartford contains about four thoufand inhabitants, the ftrects wide, ftrait, and well built; it ftands at the head of the navigable part of Connedticut River ; it is eikcmed fo very healthy a place, that, by the bills of mortality for thirteen years part, it exhibits only one death for fixty five perfons, in the courfe of each year, ilrangers and new fettlers included. This is not the cafe at Newhaven, the other principal town of this ftate, to which I am next travelling. Saturday, May 17, at four In the morning, I left Hartford in one of the coaches which travel three timci a week from Bofton to New York ; — it takes eight perfons. When we left Hartford, a very rcvcrencJ looking old gentleman accompanied us, with a tre- mendous full-bottomed wig of the cut of the laft cen- tury. A young gentleman who fat next me> told mc it was Deacon Bifliop, an elder of the prcfbyterian church at Newhaven, where Dr. Edwards is minifter. He fpoke very fcldom, yet when he did, he appeared amiable and intelligent, not at all correfponding with his primitive drefs and appearance. \Vc had now, near Middlcton, a fine view of Conncditut River, very fimi- ^I'J UNITED STATES. 63 Similar to the view between Bcmcrton and Wilton^ looking towards Lord Pembroke's park. After paffing Middleton, I Caw the firft maple fugar tree ; — many afterwards thn had been tapped. There are many other kinds of maple trees; the black, thevvhitc,and the red do not produce the faccharine liquor. Twenty three pounds were procured in twcrity-four hours, by Arthur Nobic, from two trees, which produced him four pounds, thirteen ounces of good grained fugar ; but this is an extraordinary inflance. Peas not yet in bloom. The rye, I obfervc, is more cultivated here than wheat ; next to that, is Indian corn. They have of late de- clined raifing wheat on the maritime ihtes, on account of the Heflian fly ; moreover, the hinds for want of manure, do not make fuch profitable crops in wheat as in rye. I obferve in the hedges and fields, a great many and, that in that neighbourhood they had often been found alive. This one was prefcrvcd in fpiiits, in fizc colour and fhape, like onx pw ^uonn, about eight or nine inches long ; the two heads were of the l^mo fixe, and every way perfca, branching oB" equally from the trunk, in oppofite dircaions, one inch and a quarter in length. 1 afterwards faw at Philadelphia, in Peak's mufeum, two others of this fort, only that one of them had three heads : neither of them in a Itraight diredtion with the body. J did not fee Dr. Styles, the prefidrnt of the college, as be was gone to New York that day. The ftudents had all been difmifl- bird has the advantage, and will fix him- felf on the back of the hawk till he has torn off his feathers and vanquilhcd him. The houfes which we paflcd in the woods arc n-cnerally builc after the following mode: a framed work of timber, weathei boarded and roofed with Ihlngles, two ftory high, beiides the attick ; a good cellar beneath with three fteps up into the houfe, two windows on each fide the door, five in the next ftory, all fafhed, and the whole neatly painted ; fome of a fr£C {tone colour, others white v.ith green doors and \\indow iliutters. The women and children in moll of the country pkccs, go without caps, fliocs, or llockin' 1 ■•■If: if''''! ': (t'-l :.' 7+ A VOYAGE TO THE il: li'f >'|l »l 1 *;i^** ! kept by Mr. Hy4o, formerly a woollen draper in London. You can lodge and board there at a com- mon table, and you pay ten fhillings currency a day, whether you dine out or not. No appearance of (hop windows as in London j only ftores, which make no IhewtiJl you enter the houfes. Houfc rent is very dearj a hundred pounds fterling a year is a very ufual price for a common ftore keeper. Dined the firft day with Mr. Comfort Sands, a con- fiderablfi merchant, to whom I brought a letter from his fon in London, In the evening called on Mr. Jay, brother to the EmbafTador, and took a walk with him and Mr. Armftrong, to the Belvidere, about two miles out of New York towards the Sound — an elegant tea drinking houfe, encircled with a gallery, at one Itory high, where company can walk round the building and enjoy the fine profpe6l of New York harbour and Ihipping. You have a delightful fea view from thence, commanding Statcn, Long Ifland and Go- vernor's Ifland, Paulus Hbok, Brooklyn and the Sound, names very familiar to us during the American war. There were alfo formerly fine orchards on the land fide, but thefc were entirely cut down by the troops for winter firing. From hence wc crofled the Bofton road, to another tea drinking houfe and garden, the Indian Queen. This place was filled by Frenchmen with their families. Here they all wear the tricoloured cockade, I obfcrved, whether ariftocrats or democrats. Monday, UNITED STATES. IS Monday^ May 19. Dined with Mr. Jay, and in the evening went to the theatre with Mrs. Sands and her two daughters. Mrs. Cowley's phiy, A Bold Stroke for a Kufband, with the farce of Hob in the Well i the adors moftly from^ England : price of ad- mittance to the boxes, one dollar. A very bad theatre ; a new one is going to be built by fubfcription, under the dire(5lioa of Hodgkinfon, the prefcnt manager. Mrs. W.righten, who ufcd to fmg at Vauxhall twenty years ago, and was afterwards an adrefs at Briftol, is one of their.principal female performers; her voice is as clear and Ihrill as ever. I think them altogether far inferior to the Bofton company. . In 1740, there was but one printing prefs in New York; now there are near twenty, andfomc map engravers. The following newfpapers are pub- liflied at New York : the Daily AdvcrUfer, American Minerva, Daily Gazette, Diary, Evening Pojl, Green- leafs New Tork Journal, and one other that I do not know the name of. At firft my lodgings were at the Tontine coffee houfe, but afterwards I moved to more private lod- gings, at Mrs. Loring's, near the battery. This is the pleafantell htuation imaginable. Our common fit- ting room was fifty feet by thirty, and twenty in height, with windows on two fides of it. As .we fat at dinner, we could fee the vellels, on one fide the room, failing out of the harbour ; and on the other, the fame turn- ing up Hudfon's River, apparently failing round the houfe. 1.: ■I 76 A VOYAGE TO THE iFl "I IMIJM 'if H^ hoijfo, within fifty yards of us. We could alfo fee Lonir Ifland, Governor's and Statea Iflands, as well as the narrows beyond them all, where every fhip muil firft appear, before it can make the harbourj and with our glaffcs we could defcry them, oftentimes a day before they came in. It was fo much of fea, that we could fee the porpoifes roll and tumble about at no great diftancc from us. At this houfc lodged Mr. Genet, the late French KmbafTador ; Mr. Joleph Prieftly, waiting the arrival of his father ; Mr. Henry of Manchcfiierj Captain Lindzey, formerly of his majelty's fhip, the Pearl frigate, and two or three gen- tlemen from Conncdicut. Mr. Genet is on the eve of marriage with General Clinton's daughter. Being a Girondift, he muft not return to France again : he has now bought an cftate near Jamaica, in Long Ifland, where he intends wholly to refide. Mr. Prieftly came out in Oeioher laf^, with a view of engaging in the cotton manufac- ture, but he has now no great opinion of that line. He has been to infpedt fcveral of the moft con- fiderable manufadures, particularly that large under- taking at Patcifon, near Newark, in which Colonel Hamilton fo much intcrefts himfelf. He fays, " it has *' been brought forward at a very heavy expcnce, is »» badly condudtcd, and will become a heavy lofs to the *< firfl undertakers^ and thatfuch undertakings will con- « tinue to decline, till the country is fo full of inhabi- «« tants, as not to employ themfclves on the land, which « at prfefent commands a great preference." Under \M\ UNITED STATES. n Under this convi£lion, he, with Mr. Cooper, Mr. Vauo^han, the Mr. Humphties', Mr. Henry, Mr. Fitzfimmons, a member of Congrefs, and many others, had contraiSted for three hundred thoufand acres, on the Sufquehanah, about forty miles above Northumberland^ near the Loyal Soc Creek, intending there to form an Englifh fettlement ; but owing to the abfence of Mr. Cooper, who went to England to fetch his family, and Ibme difagreements among the parties, the fchemc is Jince given up. Mr. Priam, at dinner one day, was telling us, that in the neighbourhood of Worcefter, in Conne^licut, when their apple trees grew oW and decayed, it was cultomary to ftrip oft' the bark, from fuch trees, and then it would have a new fmooth bark, and bear with frefh vigour. This diverted Mr. Genet extremely; he WIS too polite to fay diredly, that he doubted the fa G Young S2 A VOYAGE TO THE f.: I ■ ■i •■ 1 h m'i Young Priertly and Dr. Henry's fon. of Manchcfkr, who hav.. juft enrolled thcmfclvcs citizens of the United States, tell mc, that they worked with Ipadc, pick-axe, and wheel-barrow, a whole day there, amidlt the molt chearful fociety imaginable. M^rjday, May 26, Great cxpeaations by fome, and apprehenfions by others, are entertained of a war with England, on account of Simcoe's having entered the territory of the United States at the falls of Miami, and built a fort there. Mr. Randolph, the fecrctary, has written to Mr. Hammond, our envoy at Philadel- phia, upon it, and his anfwer is by no means con-, ciliatory. May 27. Mr. J. Prieftly, Mr. Henry, and myfclf, dined with Mr. Ofgood, formerly a confiderable mer- chant, but now retired from bufuiefs. He is a leading man in the anti- federal intercft. He married a widow of the name of Franklin, with whom he had a fortune of thirty thoufand pounds. May 28. We three went over to Governor's Ifland, to fee the new fortifications. General Clinton was there to iufped the trying of fome cannon jult planted on the new battery, and we faw the firft difcharge, and afterwards returned with his Excellency, in his eight- oared barge. I fent letters this day to England, by tho Sally. I went with Mr. Lewis to the federal hall, to fee the entry in the flate books of fome ftoclc bought l^r: UNITED STATES. «3 bought for a friend of mine in England ; there I was fliewn a handfome library, with a large colledioa of books i fomc good paintings alio by Trumbull (ati American artilt, Itudcnt under Well) of General Wafhinf^ton, Governor Clinton, and 1 Ir. Hamilton, the fccretary of the trcafury. May 30. This is the eighth day of fucccffivc rain, all the cellars and underground kitchens in the neigh- bourhood arc afloat j at Mrs. Loring's we walked on boards to the garden. It is obfcrved at New York and Philadelphia, that the rains which have fallen fo heavily from the twenty- fecond of May to the middle of June are very uncom- mon. At Philadelphia, the river Delawar has rifen three inches higher than was ever known before. Thefe are generally very dry monihs. May 31. Went with a party to fee Dickfon's cotton manufadtory at Hell Gates, about five miles from New York. It is worked by a breaft water wheel, twenty feet diameter. There are two large buildings four ftory high, and eighty feet long. In one fhop I faw twenty-fix looms at work, weaving fuftians, calicoes, nankeens, nankinets, dimities, &c. and there are ten other looms in the neighbourhood. They have the new-invented fpring fhuttle. They alfo fpin by wa- ter, ufing all the new improvements of Arkwright and others. Twelve or fourteen workmen from J\Ian- chefter. All the machinery in wood, Iteel, and brals, were made on the fpot from models brought from G 2 England '.■»4f- 3 M»- 84 Eng A VOYAGE TO TTIIc land juid Scotland. They arc training up women the bufinL-fs, of whom 1 (aw twenty or , lildrcn to the bulinels, thirty at work ; they give the wc^mcn two .lolhirs a week, and find them in board and lodginc; j the chil- dren arc bound apprentice till twenty-one >eais of age, with an engagement to board, clothe and educate them. They have the machine c.illcd the mule, at which they have fpun cotton yarn (o fine as twenty-one hun- dred fcains to the pound, and they purpofe making muflins. My obfcrvationson the undertaking arc ; — the fituation is not well chofcn ; they have funk a vaft deal of money in buildings and machinery unncccllarily, which is a heavy tax on the undertaking, fo that the intereft of the money will eat up almoft all the profit ; they are fo deficient in water in fummcr time to keep the wheel going, that to remedy this, a thoufand pounds more is to be laid out, to eredl in the fea ano- ther large wheel to work by the ebb and flow of the tide, to raife water into the rcfervoir, to fupply this deficiency. The Englifh workmen arc diflatisfied, and ready to leave the fadtory as foon as they have faved up a few pounds, in order to become landholders up the country, and arrive at indcpcr.dcnce. The company alfo try at too many things, and the goods they make are very inferior to what they get from us. The famous cotton manufactory for fuftians, cordcroys, and jeans, at Beverley, in Mafl'achufcts, of which fuch favorable hopes were entertained for five years pafi^, does not anfwer ; fo fays Mr. C. V. of Bofton, who belongs to a focicty for encouraging un- dertakings of this kind. They had a capital lent them St lit!,:! ■ I, I UNITED STATES. 85 at three per cent, and worklhops built for them, and yet they arc gone behind hand. 1 faw another cotton manufadlory at Brooklyn, in Loni; Ifland;— a double carding engine worked by a horfe, a flubbing, and two fpinning it i.hines, all of vtry ^>o()d workmanfhip. This was a fmall concern, where they make yarn for fale, and employ no weavers s and xifcems to anfwer well. The general error of all their large undertakings has been, their laying out their capital in large build- ings and an unnccellary (lock of machinery, &c. which brings a heavy mortgage on the concern, before they aaually begin. They aUb put the whole bufinefs under the care of a chief workman (being ignorant themCclvcs) who has no intercft in an (economical ma- nagement of the concern. The large cotton manu- fadlory at Paterfon, fifteen miles welt of New York, has almoft been ruined twice by fuch men. Sunday, June i . Priedly, Henry, and myfelf, went, accompanied by Atr. Genet, (the ci-devant ambaflador from France) to the new Prcfbyterian Meeting, where we heard Dr. Rodgers preach, and afterwards admini- fler the Lord's Supper to near two hundred people, who, in companies of forty or fifty at a time, fucceeded each other in' a large enclofcd part of the Meeting, near the communion tabic. " I invite," fays he, « all of you to partake of the Lord's Supper ; but none," faid he, lifting up his hand, and throwing his palm out^ ward towards Governor Clinton's feat, where we were, G 3 ^' "° ■w<>K |M2Sf S6 A VOYAGE TO THE rri M^t. .»'|-V% '' c( no none of thofe who deny ths divinity of our Sa- viour !" Query— was this a mark of his attachment to the principles of Chriftianity— or of illiberality ? As foon as we came out of the Meeting, Mr. Lewis ad- drefled us with the pleafing news that the Sanfom, the fhip in which Dr. Prieftly embarked from England, was arrived at Sandy Hook; where fhe waited for a pi- lot and would probably come up the Narrows the next day. The town had been fome time cxpeding his arrival, and feveral focieties intended fhcwing him particular honor. In the afternoon, I went to hear Dr. Lynn, at the Dutch Reformed Church : this is a large handfomc meet- ing-houfe, with an organ in the gallery. The prayers in Englifh, and the fermon delivered extempore, as is the cdk at all the meetings. They ufe Dr. Watts's Pfa'i-ns, mixed with fome others of Heidelburgh compofition, and there is bound up at the end, the confeffion of Dort and of Augfburgh ;aifo the form ufed in mar- riage, which is there always perfornricd in the evening. No places of worfhip are open three times a day, ex- cept the two epifcopal churches (and St.Gcorge's cha- pel, I believe.) Owing to fome accidents, or contrary wind. Dr. and Mrs. Prieftly did not arrive till Wednefday, the fourth of Jui.-^. Jofcph Prieftly, their eldeft fon, who had bren waiting three weeks or a month for their ar- rival, took a boat to m'^et them as the fhip came in, and they landed at the Battery in as private a manner as pof- fible, where young Mrs. Prieftly and a friend or two received UNITED STATES. .# received them ; they went immediately to Mrs. Lorin^^'s lodging-houfe clofe by. It was foon known throu^rh the city, and next morning the principal in- habita^'nts of New York came to pay their refpeas and congratulations ; among others, Governor Clinton, Dr Prevooft,Bifliop of New York, Mr. Ofgood, late envoy to Great Britain, the heads of the college, moft of the principal merchants, and deputations from the corporate body and other focieties. No man in any public capacity could be received with more refpea than he was. The addrelFes delivered to him by a de- putation from Columbia college, from the democratic and Tammany focieties, from the body of Brit.fliand Irifh republican fettlers, &c. are already publilhed la all the papers, with the Dodor's anfwers.* One circumftance is worthy notice ; his anfwer to the Democratic fociety, which pleafed every body except the fociety itfelf. They had addreflcd him with a view of his uniting with them, as a partizan againft that country that had ufed him fo ill ; but the Doaor. true to his profeffions when in England, told them, he came there not to be a public or political charaaer, nor to accept of any public employment, but to fpend his days in itudy, and privacy with his own family, his three fons being already fettled among them. The firft principles of this club is a rooted averfion to the government and policy of Great Britain i and a clofe attachment to French politics. * Thefc Addvcffes aad Anfwers are preferved at the end of this Book In an Appendix, G4 ^* J'^nl Vt) m 1*1 ♦«■' lilt { b 'r 1 S8 A VOYAGE TO THE It produced the following excellent Letter, ad- drefled to him in the public papers, which feemed to be generally well received : To JOSEPH PRIESTLY, LL.D. (3c. SIR, A Stranger arrived in a new country, with whofe opinions, habits, &c. he has but that imperfedl acquaintance which is formed by lite- rary correfpondence, will be fafer by preferving a re- fpedful diftance from, than by an intimate union with any party, who may ftep forward and endeavour, by a flattering addrefs, to prepoffefs his mind in their favor. Your anfwer to the addrefs of the democratic fo« ciety of New York is modcft and decent ; it conveys ideas of peace and harmony with all the world ; but differing from their expedlations : they hoped to have found in you the enemy of thofe who had perfecuted you ; they trufted that you wr^re, like themfelves, un- able to forget wrongs ; that bccaufc you had written and preached in favor of the unity of the Deity, you, therefore, (with them) were averfc to the principles of Chriftianity inculcated in the fermon of Jefus Chrift ; — <* Blefled are the peacn-makcrs, for they (hall be called the children of God, Blefled arc ye when men fhall revile you and perfecule y«u, and fay all manner of evil againft you falfel) ijt my fake. Rejoice and be glad, for great is your reward in heaven ; for fo perfecuicd they the prophets which were before you.** Your UNITED STATES. 89 Your anfwer to them convinces a number of your friends that they were and are mirtaken in their ideas of your refentmcnt. There are few men in America who will not be happy in the acquaintance of a perfon diftinguifhed as you are by your rcfearches in pbilofo- phy, and the moderation of your enquiries into moral, natural, and revealed religion. You will reap in this weftern world a temporal en- joyment of a well-earned reputation, if you preferve yourfelf from all party fpiiit. But, fir, you are in danger ; a party is endeavour- ing to make a merit to themfelvcs of your weight and influence. Beware, fir, of cafling it ijito the fcale on cither fide ; preferve it for the good of mynkind by your guarded condu6l ; and let us, who have only heard from a diftance, fee that your virtues are truly chriftian i that though you exprefs doubts of the di- vinity of our Saviour, you believe the divine nuflage ilfelf } and that perfccuted in one city, you flee to another, and that only for peace and repofe. Be afTured, fir, that there is no perfccution here againil opinions, and that, however different your's may be from that of the majority, you may write, print, or preach them, without danger of perfeci'tir.n of any kind j and that while we arc inftruiElcd by thoie psrts of your dodtrines which with freedom we itn- bibe, we fhall never be angry becaufe we cannot fub- fcribe to thofe we rejc6l, nor yet fufped you of hcwg difpleafed for the exercife of our free will. Cv:.:- i,. •tl fli >':\ ': m mm iilf 90 A VOYAGE TO THE Conduaing vourfelf this way, your private virtues vour indultry'in the purfuit of knowledge ufeful to mankind, will render your name refpeded as Franklin's. By, a contrary conduft, by coalefcmg with any party whatever, you will certainly dimin.fh vour fame, as much as the oppofite party is propor- jioned to that which you (hall adopt, and fmk the great and well-earned reputation of your long life. Your's, &c. I'HlT.APHT.rHIA, June 1794- SENEX. There arc two parties in politics here, as there ever will be, and ever ihould be, in free Itates— the fede- ral ifts and anti-federalijs. The former are thofe who are attached to the pre- fent federal government ; they fludy to give it weight and confequence, and are for keeping a funded debt to ftrengthen the hands of government j they are rather averfe to French politics, and for preferving a peace and good underftanding with Great Britain. The heads of this party are General Wafhington, Colonels Hamilton, Dexter, Lee, Murray, Sedgwick, and W. Smith. • The anti-federallfts are for curtailing the power of congrefs, and leaning to a popular form of govern- iTiein i arc totally againft the funding fyftem, as the fource of cprruption j ftronger in the principles of re- publicanifm, and for adopting French polities, with a ^ fixed i *,.w UNITED STATES. 91 virtues, : ufeful ^ed as ilefcing iminifh propor- ink the life. lere ever the fi.'dc- I the pre- it weight i(\ debt to are rather g a peace in. The Colonels nek, and ; power of »f govern- 2m, as the iples of re- ies, with a fixed fixed averfion to Great Britain. At the head of thcfe are MefFrs. Maddifon, JefFerfon, Randolph, Monroe, Clark, Dayton, Giles, &c. ^' Jt is believed by many of good judgment and cool heads, that thefe fparrings between the federalilb and anti-federalifts will do no mifchief, but rather keep alive a degree of public fpirit, which is not naturally very ftrong in the Americans, but which is efientially necefl'ary in all free governments. Controverfy and difcuffion, in my opinion, are as neceffary to the well being of the body politic, as food and exercife are to the body corporate. The free difcuffion of all public meafures, prevents the abufc of power. In all countries, in all governments, put ach out of the fear of controul, and they become tyrants. Why is not Spain as fertile in men of genius as Great Britain ? Becaufe they dare not write or fpeak for fear of the inquifition. Dr. Prieftly told me In New York, that, previous to his leaving England, he applied to the office of Lord Grenville, Secretary for foreign affairs, fignifying his i> 'Rntion of leaving England, and requeitmg a protedion againft any Algerine veffel, which was im- mediately granted him. This will at once do away thofe infmuations of his enemies and illiberal perfe- cutors, who give out, that he ftole away fecretly, for fear of profccutions by government. Who »*- i (! hk :h flip- -1 1 IJI M . H m i: I 92 A VOYAGE TO THE Who have been more reprobated than Doaors Prieftly, Price, and J. Jebb ? And where will you find three contemporary Britons who have been more ufe- ful to mankind ! If the prefent age will not honor them, pofterity fliall do them juftice, and future ages fhall call them blcflbd ! The meretricious pen of a Burke, fometimcs employed in favor of liberty, and fometimcs to deftroy it, with all its tropes and figures, with all its brilliant ornaments and dazzling trinkets, will be execrated by the next age, who will have a fairer ftandard tojudge them by ;-to them he will ap- pear as an ignis-fatuus leading men out of their way into bogs and quagmires.^This is the man that has been one of their greateil calumniators. OF THE PUBLIC BUILDINGS AT NEW YO RK. The Federal Hall, which was building when Briflot was therein 1788, is a handfome edifice, on arches, extending over the foot-way at the north end of Wall- ftreet j a large hall at the entrance afcending two fteps. Here the Congrefs firft met when the federal govern- ment was formed ; and General Wafliington on this occafion was publicly inaugurated Prefident. The Governor's Houfe, adjoining the battery on the moil fouthern part of the ifland, at the bottom of v: UNITED STATES. 93 Broadway, is a very handfomc brick bullding9 with a portico, fimilar to the rnanfion houfe in London. It flands very pleafant, and commands a view of the whole harbour. 1 ,1 The Exchange is a very poor building, ftanding on arches. It has been difufed fince the Tontine coffee houfe was built, at which place the merchants now meet and tranfa£t their bufmefs. The Library, or Literary Coffee-houfe, now build- ing, is in form and Ityle lomething fimilar to the go- vernor's houfe, though not fo large. The fubfcribers to this, pay five pounds entrance, and two dollars per annum afterwards. Columbia College Is a handfome old edifice. The Hofpital and the Workhoufe appear in the fame ftyle, and adjoin to it. In the front of Trinity Church is a monument to the memory of General Montgomery, of which the following is the infcription : This Monument ere£ied by Order cf Congreis^ January 25, 1776, to transmit to Posterity the grateful Remem' trance of the Patriotism^ 'Condu£i^ Enterprize^ and Perseverance of Major General Richard Montgomery^ whtt after a Series of Successes^ amidst the most discm- rsging Dijiculties, fell in the Attack en ^ebec^ Df (ember y 9 1773, aged yj Tears, GOOD ■ mi :% '^i 11 i 1 rli i i |. D-'" ' g± ' A VOYAGE TO THEl GOOD TRADES IN A MERICA. A Carpenter Is fure of immediate employ. In the new federal city they advertife for them, and ofFcr them eight-pence and ten-pence per hour, and are much wanted in all the new fettlements. Hatter :— a journeyman earns two dollars a day. A Cabinet-maker earns rather more at New York. Printers of newfpapers fuccced generally very well, particularly in the back country, for they are all great ncwfmongers. • Wheelwrights, and all Artlfts in hufbandry. Men converfant with Mill work, &c. All Mechanic arts are fure to be encouraged, particularly Workers in Iron, as Mr. Hamilton told mc, either in the great or fmall way. Breeding o occupation. f Horfes and Mules is a very profitable :;*. 4j- v< ■!f ■ !^ •*:' Brick-making muft be a good trade now, as they fo generally ufe brick inftead of wood. They fell at New York for fifty (hillings per thoufand j but the beft bricks are made at Philadelphia, which are im- ported to New York, for the fronts of houfes, at the coft of five and fix pounds Iterling per thoufand. A Saw- UNITED STATES. 95 ASaw-mlll, ereaed on a good ftream, will pay a man twenty per cent. *.,iWi GOOD ARTICLES FOR Persons to take over with them to sell, Hoftery, Hats, ready-made Shoes and Boots, Paper of all kinds, (particularly for printing news,) old Cheefe, Irifli Linen Cloth, cheap Carpeting, and Broad Cloth, are all good Articles, and meet a ready lale. ' ' If to fettle, take plenty of wearing apparel, kitchen furniture, (I was told the air at New York is fo dry as to crack mahogany furniture brought from Eng- land, unlefs the wood was feafoned there firft) feather- beds and mattrafles, (hoes, hats, books, &c, AH thefe articles are doar and bad if had in America. You liave no need to run the rifquc of taking over cafli with you : a bill drawn on a good houfe in Lon- don yields cafli there, with a premium, oftentimes from feven to ten per cent, in addition. 4i m June Arrived the Columbus. As it came up towards the battery we thought it had been the Sanfom. The weather was very fultry till one o'clock, when a very 96 A VOYAGE TO THE •If'' a very heavy rain came on, with the largert drops I ever raw, continuing for two hours. It raifed all the waters very fuddenly, and atMorriftown great damage was doi»e to the iron works, and feveral mills were overthrown irt that neighbourhood, to the lofs of more than twenty thoufand pounds. Mr. Genet, the late French embafTador, declared, that although he had been fo much rcfleaed on in America for his official condud, yet, in no Itep, had he gone beyond the commiffion given him by Roland and Brifibt, who had appointed him. * Hearing from Captain Lindfey, that Mr. John Adams, of Bolton, the vice-prcfident, was juft arrived in this city from Philadelphia, I rcqucftcd him to intro- duce me to him, having a letter to deliver him from Dr. Pricftly. 1 fo""^ '^'"^ '^^ Burling-flip, on board the packet juft failing for Bofton. He is a (tout, hale, well- looking man of grave deportment, and very plain in drefs and perfon. He read the letter, and rcquefted me to inform the Dodor that he ihould be glad to fee him at Bofton, which he defired me to tell him he thought bettei calculated for him than any other part of Ame- rica, and that he would find himfelf very well received if he fhould be inchncd to fettle there. My lu2ga;;e being this day arrived from Bofton, I haften to fJt off for Philadelphia, to be there before the Congrefs breaks up, and that 1 may have an opportunity of UNITED STATES^ 97 of feeing that great man.. General Wafliington, before he returns to Mount Vernon. ROAD FROM NEW YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. Acrofs the ferry to Paulus-hook, 2 miles Newark -------7^ Elizabeth Town ----- 6 Raway --------5 Woodbridge ------ 4?: At 26 to Perth Amboy 3|. Pifcataway ------ 7 Brunfwick on the Rariton - - 3 Kingllon ------- 13I Princetown ------ 3 At 55 Road to Bordentown. Trenton - - - - - - -n? At 63^ you crofs the Delaware. Briftol --10 At 73 a mile to the right is Bath. Frankfort -------14 Kenfmgton ------ 4 Philadelphia o| 91 > ■;*'' H »« A VOYAGE TO THE JOURNEY TO i»|i' PHILADELPHIA. > \M m ^4; ■*■# 'mM>^4. -J ■Hi i IVEDNESDAT, June ^^ at eight in the morning, I eroded Hudfon's River to Paulus-hook, to take the ftage on the other fide lo. •»: jelphia. Though only two miles and a half • :r'.;Js, ,/e were an hour and a half paffing, owing to the rapidity of the current, from the violent ftorm the day heforc. I paid five dol- lars, and went in the ftage called the Induftry. All the way to Newark, (nine miles) is a very flat marfhy country, interfeded with rivers ; many cedar fwamps abounding with raufketos, which bit our leg? and hands exceedingly ; where they fix, they will conti- nue fucking your blood, if not difturbed, till they fwell to four times their ordinary fize, when they ab- folutely fall off and burft, from their fulnefs. At two miles we crofe a large cedar fwamp i at three miles we interfe(5l i . UNITED STATES, 99 Intcrfca the road leading to Bcrghcn, a Dutch town, h:ilF a mile diftant on our right i at five miles we crofs Hackinfack river ;— here a bridge is going to be built, to prevent the tedious palTage by a boat or fcoul ; at fix we crofs Pollaick river (coachceand all) in a fcoul, by means of pulling a rope fartcncd on the oppofitc fide. Wc now come to Newark tobreakfaft, a pleafnnt little country town ; the church or meeting an exceed- ing neat elegant building of ftone. One of our fell- w travellers was a Mrs. Harriot, who lives at Newark,, came from England to fettle about two years ago ; her hulband a partner in the large cotton manufadlory of Dickfon, Livingfton, and Co. at Hell Gates. She in- formed me that the worft circumftancc of living at Newark, was the difficulty of getting domeftic fcr- vants ; they will only agree by the mftnth, at very high wages of eight or ten dollars. The white fer- vants generally ftipulatc that thcythall fit ?t table with their mafters and miftreflcs, but Mrs. HaVrlot allured me, (he had never yet agreed to give them the honors of the fitting— A handibme, clever, fcnfiblc woman. I had the ple°afure afterwards, on my return from Phi- ladelphia, of breakfafting with h^r. To her laft foot- man, (he had given ten dollars per month (for- ty-five (hillings fterling) and his walhing. Cultivated land here letts from thirty-fix (hillings to three pounds per acre i-but 1 (hall fay more of this pleafant town on my return. A newfpaper is pubh(hed here called. Wood's Newark Gazette, and Pater/on Adver- tifer, every Wednefday, price nine (hillings fterling a y*""'* H2 After IS K "M "t^f 100 A VOCAGE TO THE k After our breakfaft, which was not a very good one, we fet off for Elizabeth Town, near which, on the right, is Governor Livingfton'shandfome ^oufe. This is fix miles from Newark ; two handfome churches or meetings, the fteeplcs of wood ; no two houfes join. Here we pafled over a bridge famous for a battle fought there for the liberty and independence of America. On both fides of the road wc fee trees loaded with apples and cherries, it being an uncommon year for the for- jner. There were alfo large fields of flax, which is much cultivated throughout this itate. Here are fet- tled many Dutch and German families, who being very induftrious and intent on getting money, and alfo keeping but little company, grow very rich. The feafons here, I believe, are rather backwarder than in the Weft of England, the foil being fo moift : the currants at this time, {June 4) I obferve, are hard- ly begun to turn red. Few goofeberry trees in their gardens, the foil not agreeing with them. No maple fugar trees grow in this tradl. The country however is fine and pleafant, with an agreeable mixture of wood and meadow lands; good pafturagc, which fup- plies New York with butter, milk, eggs, poultry, and garden-itufF, in great plenty. f 'f ■ % %.m. I obferved feveral negro houfes, (low buildings of one ftory) detached from the family houfe ; for the flaves (from their pilfering difpofition) are not allowed to fleep in the fame hcufes with their mafters. Sla- very, although many regulations have been made to moderate UNITED STATES, lOl moderate its feverity, is not yet aboliflied in thcNew- Jerfeys. At Raway we faw feme flocks of fheep newly fhorn, but they are not numerous, mutton not being in fuch general confumption as poric. Colonel Wadfworth told me this, and wifhed to fee it more in ufe, as thereby, he faid, they fhuuld have more wool for their manufadlories. Spinning of flax, is the general employment in pri- vate families in the evenings, and when they are not in the fields ; each family ufually making their own coarfe linen, which they put out to weave, and after- wards bleach and finifti at home. Long poles appear every where, elevated at one end high in the air ; thefe I found were fubftitutes for ropes, in raifing buckets of water from their wells, as we fometimes fee in the gardens near London. At Woodbridge, twenty-five miles from NewYork, the foil appeared red, like fome of the lands in Gloucefterftiire. The woods of this country abound chiefly with white and black oak ; the latter is ufed in dying yellow, and is what Dr. Bancroft called quercitron, and obtained a patent, tor the privilege of felling it in England, to the exclufion of all others. Few firs, plenty of walnut and cherry trees, which latter grow to a large iize, and are feen wild every where by the road fide, loaded with fruit j fome acca- H 3 cias. ^r .fi -V I { ^ .■I 1 iH ^T k r V ,02 A VOYAGE TO THE cias or locuft tree*. 1 faw no elm trees any where ; I Xe it is not a native of America, at h^^ which is To common in England. .- They cultivate little or no wheat in thefe parts, on account of the Heffian fly , rye and oats are the ch.ef ; Juce of thecour^try. After paffing P.fcataway. a very fmall place, we croffed Rariton river m a fcou», nnd immediately entered the pleafant town of Ne«r Brunfwick. The bridge of fix arches had been car- ried away by the fudden ftorm of laft week, mentioned before •' but this was of little confequencc to travel- ling, for the ferry boats or fcouls are fo very conve- ,,ient,and wellmanagcd, that our drivernever flackenei his fpeed upon approaching the river fide, but drove the carriage, with four horfes. at once into the ferry boat, not itopping for us to get out, and in fix minutes drove out on the oppofitc fide. Here w. dined j-very bad accommodations j the Port wine fo bad as not to be drinkable ; and the Madeira fo hot and fiery, that we were obliged to mix water with it to make it pa- latable ; the veal and mutton very badly dieffed j and no garden-ftuff that we could cat, the landlord having no garden, and there is no market for articles of this kind. He took care however to charge us a dollar a a-piece. While we were there, a very handfome geld- ing was brought to the door for fale -, a bright bay with black main and tail, fifteen hands and a half high and a fine forehand, fuch as would have fetched thirty guineas in the Weft of England i the manaficed fixty pounds currency as the loweft price, equal to thirty- UNITED STATES. 10 I I thirty-fix pound* fterling. Here we changed our car- riage for one without fpcings. The toad from hence to Princetowa (eightetA miles j was tery bad, ful} of loofe ftones and deep holes, in going over whicK with our heavy cwriagc, we were (o violently fhook, that when we got down many of tt» could fcarcely ftand > this, and the extreme heat of the weather made us very fi«k for an hour after : bewever* we went no further this night. In walking about the town,I wasftfuckwiih the fingular phccno- mena of the fire flies, the firft I had ever feen ; an<4 which has a very wonderful appearance to thofe who are not acquainted with it, as was my caic : a fudden (park of fire appears clofe to you in various direaions, and as fuddenly difappearing. It frequently alarmed me, when I faw thefe fparks among hay, ftraw, and wood. It is a kind of fmall beetle, which upon ele- vating its wings, difcovers in certain direaions a red phofphoric light ; for no other part of the body except beneath the wings, gives light ; you cannot therefore, when the infeft is at reft, fee any luminous appearance. The tree toad as the evening fet in, began to make its difagreeable loud noife, refembling the rattling found of a quail pipe, and now the bull frogs began to join in the concert, the old ones in a deep hoarfe tone* and the younger fry as fhrill as young ducks in a pond; thefe altogether formed fuch a full chorus, that we could hardly hear ourfclves fpeak. At Piincetown is a very handfome college j it is a H 4 la''g« Mia iU.ff t. ' (111 if I •* n 104 A VOYAGE TO tHS large uniform brick building, with two wings, one hundred and eighty feet long, and fifty-four feet wide ; over the center is an elegant cupola ; the entrance is by a flight of fteps. and each wing has alfo an entrance; it has, I thmk, twenty.fivc windows in front, and is four ftory high. There arc at this time ninety-five fcholars, and many of the moft eminent men in Congrefshad their educa- tion there. Dr. VVitherfpoon, who went over from Scotland about thirty years ago, is the prefident; Dr. Samuel S. Smith, vicc-prefident ; and Dr. Minter, the profefTor. I was received very politely by the vice- prefident, who, in the courfe of converfation, informed me, that it was intended as foon as they (hould hear of pr! Prieitly's arrival, to offer him the prefidency of a pew college then ereaing near Rawleigh, in North Carolina. One of the young collegians fupped with us ; his converfation was, to be fure, not of the claffic kind, but much, however, like one of our Oxonians : Bacchus and Venus were the only topics. He, hov^^- cver, informed us, thata perfon could lodge and board well in that town for two dollars a week, (nine (hil- lings fterling) though travellers and ftrangers were ge- nerally charged twice as much. For fupper we had veal cutlets, tarts, tea, and coffee, all of which were good. Our beds were not fo pleafant, as there werf three in one room, owing to the great increafe of tra- vellers, and having but fmall houfes. For the whole yfc paid half a dollar each, which we thought very rea- fonablc, iw: UNITED STATES. ««s fonable. This town is famous for an aaion fought January 2, 1777, »" which Qcnerai Mercer loft his ' life. At five wc arofe and got into our ccachcc, (feven of us) and proceeded twelve miles to Trenton. On this road fide, I remarked very handfome large trees, which they called the black walnut. I alfo pafled many or- chards, and I obfervcd many cyder- prefTes, made in « very heavy and cumberfome manner. The birds in greateft plenty were partridge, (more fhaped like our pheafants) Hy-catchers, and wood-peckers, fome of vc- ry beautiful plumage. There were feveral fine fields ofgrafs juft mowed, which, with the morning air, regaled our fenfes in a moft delightful manner, Trenton is a neat country town, fituate near the Delaware j on the banks of which ftands the ftatc houfe, where the government of New Jerfey meet ever/ year in the month of June. It is the capital of the ftate. The houfes join each other and form regular ftreets, very much in appearance like fome of the fmall towns in Devonfhire. A well conduded newfpaner is publifhed here once a week, called. The Ncnu Jerfey State Gazette^ price to annual fubfcribers, nine {hil- lings fterling. An advertifement four inches in length and two and a half in breadth, you will pay two Ihil- lings per week for having inferted. In this town, in the late war. General Waftiington furprifed and took prifoners a large body of Heffian troops. It was one of the moft capital ftrokcs of generalftiip during the war : on MM io6 A VOYAGE TO THE I i: i^-' 00 the twenty-fixth of December, 1 7-6, when the ri- ver Delawar was full of ice, he croffed it in the middle cf the night fome miles above, and came on them about break of day. This adion gave a great turn to the American affairs, which were almoft defperatc before. This town has a very good market, which is trell fupplied with butchers' meat, fifli, and poultry. Many good fhops are to be feen there, in general with feats on each fide the entrance, and a ftep or tw oup into each houfe. As it was hardly feven o'clock, we thought it too early for breakfaft, and three cf us walked on, while the horfes were changing, to the ferry, about one mile on the road. As we defcended towards the river, \vc faw encamped on the banks of the Delaware, a little be- low the ferrying place, about forty American foldiers, drafted from the ftate of Maffachufetts, going to join General Wayne in Kentucky, then at war with the Indians. They had three hundred and fifty miles to march before they could reach Pittiburgh, from wlicnce they are to fail down the Ohio till they come to Kentucky. In paffing the Delaware with our coachee, we ferry within ten yards of one of the rapids, by which we are to underftand that part of a river where the bed is almoft tilled up with rocks, chiefly below the furface of the water, which occafions the current to pafs very quick, and makes it dangerous to thofe who are not acquainted with the navigation* In ■■■Vm UNITED STATES^ 107 Oa the oppofitc fide is a beautiful country feat be- longing to Robert Morris, one of the fcnators of Con* grefs, to whom I have a letter of recommendation. Thebanksof this river are high, and it is confi* derably widened in this place within a few years, by the waOiing away of the earth. It is here one hun- dred and fifty miles from its mouth. On its banks are many plcafant country feats. The white Cedar is a native of this ftatc, and is a very handfome tree. We now enter the State of Penfylvania, and driva clofe along the banks of this charming river for fix miles, till at length, by a curve, we have from elevat- ed ground a full view of its beautiful waters. At this place it appears wider than the Thames at Weftmin- fter, with feveral fine iflands in it. About two miles diftant on its oppofitc banks, we fee the city of Bur- lington, rifing as it were out of the waters. At the fame time, more to the left, vaft rafts of timber of atjuarter of a mile in length, are floating down the ftream. On one of them 1 obfcrved a hut erefled for a family, to lodge in, and a liable with a horfe and cow at its entrance. This float of timber was probably framed together two hundred miles further up the ri- ver, by fome fettlers, who were clearing the land, and were now conveying fome of the fineft of the timber fit for fhip-builders and architcds, down to Philadel- phia, in the chcapeft way imaginable, to convert it in- to money, and herewith to purchafe ironmongery* woollens, implements of hufbandry, and whatever pthef V* mKu- ' « L 'I "r' io8 A VOYAGE TO THE other articles may be wanting to improve the comfort oftheir new fettlement. We now reached Briftol, a long fcattered town, confiftin'^ chiefly of one ftrcet. This was the firft town that William Penn fixed on before he had planned Philadelphia. It ftands high and commands a con- fiderable extent of country. Here we breakfafted, but we waited a confiderable time for it. None of the fa- mily were in the way except the landlord, and neither by kind words or harfh language, could we induce him to ftir a Itep towards helping us ; at length we found out the cupboard (hungry as we were) and helped our- felvcs to bread and butter, till the kettle and tea-things were brout^ht. The landlord however came »:i at lalt to tell us we had a quarter of a dollar a-t ""^y. Thefe gentry never make out any bills, and j _ 'O pay whatever they demand. As I came oiil - houfe, 1 obferved a ftage coach at the door, with an in- fcription on its fide, " Briftol and Bath Stage." I was furprifed at firft at the fimilarity of circumftance to what I had fo often feen in my native country. I find that there is a place abounding with hot mineral waters, of the name of Bath, about four miles from hence •, they are chalybeate fprings ; there is one hot bath, four plunging, and two ftiower baths. Briftol is not a very flourilhing place, nor is there any newf- paper publiftied here. We had now a fine level road all the way to Philadelphia, (twenty miles) except about half a mile, over one common full of floughs. We now find no loofe large ftones upQn the road, as in '!•* it UNITED STATES. 109 in the former part of our journey, but a general ap- pearance of a higher degree of cultivation, and im- provement of every kind, as if advancing to a great city. The wood in this part of the country is chiefly hiccory and the black oak, fome walnut, plenty of ap- ple and cherry trees. In thofe fpots of ground newly cleared, (till are to be fecn the dead flumps of trees. Formerly they rrtadc a point to root them up, which was very expenfive; now, out of ceconomy, they let them remain till they rot, having firft deftroyed their vegetation by burning them. They have a very ugly appearance, but in four or five years they fo far decay that they are beat to pieces, fo as for the plow to ^o over thern. Here I obferved a few drill plows j this kind of hufbandry begins to prevail in the maritime iiates. m 1.^, 2V'*» At twelve miles diftance from Philadelphia, we paf- fed over Nefliaminy Bridge ; it is of a very peculiar conftru6lion : two iron chains are ftrained acrofs the river, parallel to each other, about fix feet diftance ; on it are placed flat planks, faftened to each chain ; and on this the horfes and carriage pafs over. As the horfes ftepped on the boards, they funk under the preflure, and the water rofe between them. No rail- ing on either fide, and it really looked very frightful and dangerous : I had never heard of a bridge of this kind before. This ftream is fo rapid, and rifes an4 falls in fuch extremes, that no bridge of any other kind would do here, f«r this rifes and falls with the ftream. •I:,. I no A VOYAGE TO THE ftrcam I afterwards favv another of this kind, over "Jstuylkil, a few miles beyond PhUadd Now came on a fudden heavy rain, like one of our thunder ftorms, but heavier, for it was a prod.g.ous Quantity of water that fell in the courle of an hour, and feemed to fill all the country round, and accounts for the great and fudden rife of their rivers; by wh.ch „,any of their mills are deftroyed, that have not the full means of drawing off the back waters. We now came to a fmall townOiip called Frankfort, five miles from Philadelphia. It is a place of fmall confequence, though one of the oldeft in the ftate, be- ing built by the Swedifh and Dutch fettlers, before William Penn came to America. Two miles further, we paflbd Harrowgatc Gardens on our right, where there are mineral fprings. It is a place of entertam- ment and relaxation, for the tradefmen of Philadelphia to partake of upon a Sunday, like thofe in the vicinity of London. We have now a diftant view of the fpires and fteeples of Philadelphia, and the country all around as flat and level as about London ; the road nearly as good. We drive on at the rate of nine miles an hour, and enter Kenfington, a fmall village, then croflfing Cohockfinck and Choqucnfquock rivers, we arrive at Philadelphia, ninety-two miles from New York, a diftance often run by the mail ftages in one day, although no turnpike any part of the way. We entered the city by Front- ftreet, and arrived at the City UNITED STATES. Ill City Tavern, in South-fecond-ftreet, about noon. I (lept at this houfe two nights, and met with my old tor- mentor-, the bugs. It was a very unpleafant houfe to be lodged at j yet it was a principal tavern, where the books are kept of what (hips arrive or clear out ; and to this cofire-houfe the principal merchants refort every day. A public table is kept everyday for dinner at two o'clock. About twenty of us dined there, but we could get hardly any attendance from the waiters, though wc rang the bell incellantly. Finding the Congrefs were ftill fitting, and expc6leJ to adjourn every day, I loft no time in going to hear the debates. After calling on a gentleman to whom I had a letter of introdudlion, I was accompanied by T^-im, and heard an intereding debate on the political fituation of the country in refpe6t to Great Britain. On entering the Houfe of Reprefentatives, I was ftruck with the convenient arrangement of the feats for the members. The fize of the chamber was about one hundred feet by fixty. The feats in three rows formed femi-circles behind each other, facing the Speaker, who was in a kind of pulpit near the centre of the radii, and the clerks below him. Every Mem- ber was accommodated for writing, by there being likewife a circular writing defk to each of the circular icatB. Over the entrance was a large gallery, into which were admitted every citizen, without diftinc- tion, who chofe to attend ; and under the gallery likewife Ts<,*i ' 112 A VOYAGE TO THE like wife were accommodations for thofc who werd introduceJ. But no pcrfon cither in the gallery or under it, is fuflfercd to exprcfs any marks of applaufc or dilcontent, at what is debated ; it being undcrltood ihcy are prefent in the perfon of their reprefcntativc. This has been a great error in the nc w French go- vernment. An attempt, however, was once made to introduce it here (in March laft) by a clapping of hands, at a fpecch which fell from Mr. Parker. But the whole houfc inltantly rofc to rcfent it, and ad- journed their bufinefs, being then in a committee, and the galleries were cleared. Over the door I obferved a bull of Dr. Franklin, the great founder of their liberties, and the father of their prefent conftitution. ♦ «« Eripult coelo fulmen, fceptrumquc tyrannls, >» , fr- s' A fcrious attention to bufinefs marked the counte- nances of the Reprefentatives, who were all very de- cently drcflcd, which is not the cafe in all houfes of that kind meeting for thedifpatch of national bufinefs. The members that I heard fpeak the firft day, were Mr. Sedgwick, Mr. Dayton, Mr. W. Smith, Mr. Fitz-Simmortds, and Mr. Tracy. The Speech of Mr. Lee, Member for Virginia, in a committee on Mr. Maddifon's famous refolutions, was fo handfome a commendation of the Britifh conftitution, in pre- ference to the new French gorernment, that I fhall fubjoin UNITED S TAXES. "3 fubjoin it in this place, being then much talked of and approved. ExtraB from Mr, Lte'i Speech (of Virginia) on Mr, Madd'fon^s RefoliUions,* MR. CHAIRMAN, ** LET not any gentleman mifunderftand me| let not any gentleman fuppofc, when I Ihew that there is no fimilarity between our government and the French conftitution, that I mean to derogate from the wifdom of the latter. I only mean to prove that their government is not like our's, and would not fuit us. The French are a brave, a generous, and enlightened nation. They have performed the moft brilliant atchievements on the records of man, they have broken the chains ot defpotifm, they have obliterated hierarchical and feu- dal tyranny, they have eflabliflied that power which belongs to all nations, of eltablifhing a government fuited to their own circumltanccs, they deferve to be happy under it, and I pray that they may be fo. «< But, Sir, as it has been fo fafhionablc to bring into our view comparifons between different nations, 1 hope I fhall be indulged, when I compare the govern- ment of the ftates in America, to the Britifh govern- ment. If any fimilitude exifts between the American * Seven Refolutions moved January 3, 1754, by Mr. MadJifon, for Viying heavier Reftriaions and higher Duties on the Manufaftures and Navigation of foreign Nations, chiefly intended aguinft Great Britain. h'<--ii ,;,-(' I govern- i,^i ifii 114 A VOYAGE TO THE governments and foreign governments the rcfem- blance moft ftrongly relates to the Br.t.fh govern- ' nt. Their executive is flngle, their leg.nat.ve i divided into two houfes. Such are generally the outlines of our governments ; we have only improved on the iBritifh model, by rendering our pub he funaionaries more refponfible to the people Wc have aboliflied feudal rights, we have abolifhed per- petuities } and there is no remnant of the ancient fyftem of things among us, except that in fomc ftates, lands are unjuftly exempted from the payment of debts. To be fure, every part of a man's oroperty ihould -anlwer his obligations. The law of reafon, and the law of morality require it. And foon, I hope, that this {lain on American principles will be for ever removed. I- <* The forefathers of New England, (who have cftabliflied in that country the wifeil inftitutions for the 1% perpe* i6 A VOYAGE TO THE |( ■ i ^ if ^ 1 '4^ li,! Ill ■^:.:! ;f »t^ r u ,« Vihprtv and human happinefs Tx fting tyranny of England, brought wth them that flalwhch has animated and iHu.nmatcd the gloomy foTeftsof America, and fpread from thence a beam Ifthtto France. Every generous Amencan w,U excufe me, I am fure, when I do not perm.t my re- enten" to the Cabinet of Britain to dettroy altogether my refpeft for a people who were the champions of liberty, when no other champ.ons ex- iftcd ; and who, I hope, will never confent to bo flaves." As it evidentl has a conneaion with, and tends to elucidate the fubjefl of Mr. Lee's fpeech I fl.all make no apology for here introducing the followng abftraa from an excellent little recent pubhcat.on. entitled, " Effays on Subjefls conneaed w.th Cm- lization, by Benjamin Heath Malkin. Trm.ty Col- lege, Cambridge :" .< It is a common charge againfl: the affertors of civil liberty, that they contend for fuch a political fyllem as is, in faa, only fit to be adapted to the d.f- pofitions of mankind, when purified from the frailtics of their nature, and clothed in the perfeaion of fu- perior beings. It is further affirmed, that in the pre- fent ftate of the world, ftrong lines of fubordmation, and powerful reflriaions, are necell'ary to curb the fpirit of licentioufnefs, and fupport the empire of vir- ■^ tue *!'. UNITED STATES. 117 tue and of good order. Thofe who declare them- felves againft the paramount authority of the people, ftreno-then their arguments by the experience of the American Republic , and infer from its conftitu- tion, that a certain balance mult necefTarily be main- tained even in the molt popular government, to coun- terad the afcendancy of an obftinate majority. « The ufe that has been made of this ideal counter- poife, to prove the excellency of the mixed form which obtained in Great Britain, is fo truly curious, that it deferves feme attention. The Americans are faid to have adopted the policy, though they have fhalccn off the authority of the parent country. They law the wifdom of that appointment which uiftributed the adminiftration of the public concerns among three eftates, and bore the molt decided teftimony to the utility of our provifions, by their cledting to themfelves a Prelident, a Senate, and a Houfe of Reprefentatives. But let us obfcrvc how much more ftrongly marked is the dijftmilarity than the refemblance, " The King of Great Britain holds his office by hereditary right ; and as long as he performs certain conditions, cannot be diverted of his dignities, but by fuch n convulfion of the ftate as muft overturn the whole fabric of government. The Prefident of the American Congrcfs is elected from among the people, removable at ftated periods, and unfortified by perfonal revenue and patronage. w\ H "The II 8 A VOYAGE TO THE Pit 1(1 , ( « The upper houfe of parliament in Great Britain, which -ompofes the fecond branch of the legiflative, is he-editary, like the firfl ; it does not originate with the people, and its very principle confifts in its being independent of the popular will ; it is raifed by the breath of the monarch, and fupported by his favor. The lower houfe alone is formed on the reprefentative fyftem, and the beauties of that fyltcm are defaced by inequality and corruption. « In America, the two houfes which conftitute the legi/lative body, though feparated for the purpofes of deliberation, are equally appointed by public eleaion, and depend for the prefervation of their importance on the affedions of their conttituents. « Where then is found the boafted fimilarity ? There are undoubtedly three eftates in England, and there are three eftates in America, but the parallel will hold good no further. It is worthy to be clafTed with that of Shakefpear's Welchman,— ' There is a river at Macedon, there is alfo a river at Monmouth, and there are falsnons in both.' «6 But it is not (continues this excellent author) on the authority or pradice of one country or another, that men of underftanding will form their opinions on the fubjea of government. They will endeavour to afcertain certain principles by which the hap- pinefs of the human race, without diftindion of clinjate, foil, or latitude, will be moft beneficially afFeacd. UNITED STATES. 119 afFedled. They will (notwithftanding all the obloquy they meet) propagate their difcovcries for the good of mankind. The efforts of enlightened citizens will be bed employed in difpelling that cloud of ignorance, and correcting thofe irregularities which have hitherto been the bane of fociety, whatever afpe6l it may have alTumed. To imprefs the mind with rational ideas of civilization, is the great object at which to aim not only in the educatiotf of youth, but in our general in- tercourfe with the world. If we fuccced in this, all obftacles to the general felicity will vanifh j and the irrefiftible impulfe of rcafon will overturn tyranny, wherever it is eftabliflied, without the aid of external violence. Many of the moft diftinguifhcd writers in England, France, and America, have of late years di- reiSled their labours to this valuable end. The atten- tion and curiofity with which their works have been received, has proved that their induftry and genius have not been mifemployed j while the influence of their fpeculation on common life has been already vi- fible in a fpirit of aSiive enquiry among all ranks of men^ which has for a few years paft fucceeded to that uni- verfal liftlefsnefs fo prevalent on political lubjeas, (ex- cept when the fcourge of oppreffion has been too fevere for human patience.)" >.'■ "■*''M The mofl aufpicious prognoftication of an improv- ing age, is the great demand for cheap books^ and the uni- verfal eftablifhment of book clubs, which has opened a new field for the cultivation of literature, and given encouragement to the hopes of the philofopher. It is I4 the |20 A VOYAGE TO THE I.' Ik ,1* T Pi the bufinefs '^r" of the true patriot in this prefcnt age of improves : to defcant on forms of government, but todifcufsuadclucidrte thofe principles on which regular and beneficial conftitutions may be eftabl.flied. There is nothing immutable but truth and juftice ; and WHATEVER IS CONTRARY TO THESE OUGHT TO BE CHANGED !" To this quotation I will add another, from Arch- deacon Paley : i< No ufage, law, or authority whaf^.ver is fo bind- ing that it need or ought to be continued, when it may be changed with advantage to the community. The family of the prince, the order of fucceffion, the pre- rogatives of the crown, the form and parts of the le- giflature, together vith the powers, office, duration, and mutual dependency of the feveral parts, are all only fo many laws, mutable like other laws, whenever expediency requires, either by the ordinary aft of the legiflature, or if the occafion dcferves, by the interpo- fition of the people." I will here fubjoin fome flirewd remarks of Mr. Jef- ferfon's, when writing upon the conftitution of his country : << In Great Britain, it is faid, the conftitution re- lies on the Houfe of Commons for honefty, and the J-ords for wifdom. This (he fays) would be a rati- onal UNITED ST ATE8. 121 onal reliance, if honcfty were to be bought with money and if wifdom were hereditary.* In fome of the American ftates, the delegates and fenators are fo chofen, (In order to introduce the influ- ence of different intereffs or different principles) as that the firft rcprefcnts the perfons, and the other the property of the ftate. But with us (in Virginia) wealth and wifdom have equal chance for admiflion into both houfes." All the powers of a government, legtJJatlve, executive^ znd judiciary, ought to be diftincl and feparate. The concentrating all thefe into the fame hands is precifely the definition of a defpotic government. In fueh a cafe the public money and the public liberty, will foon be difcovered to be the fources of wealth and dominion to thofe who hold them ; — diftinguifhcd too by this tempting circumftance, that they are the inftruments as well as objedls of acquifition. " IFith money we will get men" faid Caefar, " and with men we will get money.'* • Friday, % \ i *»*'!? • Mr. Burke, after various ii 122 A VOYAGE TO THE Friday, June 6. Had the honor of an interview with the Prefident of the United States, to whom I was introduced by Mr. Dandridge, his fecretary. He received me very poh'tely, and after reading my letters, I was aflced to breakfaft. There was very little of the ceremony of courts, the Americans will not per- mit this ; nor does the difpofition of his Excellency Jead him to aflume it. I confefs, I was ftruck with awe and veneration, when I recolleded that I was now in the prefence of one of the greateft men upon earth — the great Washington — the noble and wife benefactor of the world ! as Mirabeau ftyles him ;— the advocate of hu- man nature— the friend of both worlds. Whether we view him as a general in the field, vefted with unli- mited authority and power, at the head of a vidori- ous army j or in the cabinet, as the Prefident of the United States ; or as a private gentleman, cultivating his own farm j he is ftill the fame great man, anxious only to difcharge with propriety the duties of his rela- tive fituation. His condud has always been fo uni- formly manly, honorable, juft, patriotic, and difinter- efted, that his greateft enemies cannot fix on any one trait of his chara6ler that can defcrve the leaft cenfure. His paternal regard for the army whi4e he commanded itj his earneft and fincere defire to accomplifh the Paine, or Prieftly have brought againft the privileged orderi. Had it dropped from the pen of Home Tookc, no doubt but it would have mad* an actide of his indidlment* glorious ;:3i!i UNITED STATES. 123 '• ' »i alorlous objca for which they were contending; his endurance of the toils and hazards of war, without eve;- receiving the leaft emolument from his country ; and his retirement to private life after the peace, plainly evince, that his motives were the moft pure and patriotic, that could proceed from a benevolent heart. His letters to Congrefs during the war, now lately publifhed in England, as well as his circular letter and farewell orders to the armies of the United States, at the and of the war, fhew him to have been juftly ranked among the fine writers of the age. When we look down from this truly great and illuftrious cha- rafter, upon other public fcrvants, we find a glaring contraft j nor can we fix our attention upon any other great men, without difcovering in them a vaft and mortifying diflimilarity ! The Prefident in his pcrfon, is tall and thin, but creift ; rather of an engaging than a dignified prefence. He appears very thoughtful, is flow in delivering him- felf, which occafions fome to conclude him refe> ved, but it is rather, 1 apprehend, the cfteft of much think- ing and refleaion, for there is great appearance to me of affability and accommodation. He was at this time in his fixty-third year, being born February 11, 1732, O. S. but he has very little the appearance of age, having been all his life-time fo exceeding temperate. There is a certain anxiety vifible in his countenance, with marks of extreme fenfibility. i ' -xH ■■•:.'■■ )«J Notwith- 124 A VOYAGE TO THE '! Notvvithftanding his great attention and employ, ment in the affairs of his well-regulated government, and of his own agricultural concerns, he is in corrcf- pondcnce with many of the eminent geniufcs in ihc different countries of Europe, not fo much for the fake of learning and fame, as to procu»e the know- ledge of agriculture, and the arts ufcful to his country. I informed his Excellency, in the courfe of con- verfation, that 1 was a manufadurer from England, who, out of curiofity as well as bufmefs, had made an exciirfion to America, to fee the flate of fociety there ; toinfpciSl their various manufactories, and par- ticularly the woollen, with which 1 was beft acquaint- ed. The General afked me what 1 thought of their wool ? 1 informed him, that 1 had feen fome very good and fine, at Hartford, in Conncaicut, which they told me came from Georgia ; but that in general it was very indifferent : yet from the appearance of it, I was convinced it was capable of great improvement. That, to my furprife, in the courfe of travelling twc hundred and fifty miles, from Be/ion hither, I had not feen any flock of more than twenty or thirty Iheep, and but few of thefe ; from whence I concluded there was no great quantity grown in the ftates, fo as to anfwer any great purpofes for manu failure. His Excellenc; obferved, that from his own experience, he believed it capable of great improvement, for he had been trying fome experiments with his own flocks UNITED STATES. 125 (at Mount Vernon j) that by attending to breed and pafturage, he had (o far improved his fleeces, as to have encreafed them from tw^o to fix pounds a- piece ; but that fince, from a muhiplicity of otiier objcds to attend to, they were, by being neglcdted, gone baclt to half their weight, being now fcarcely three pounds. I took this opportunity to offer him one of my publi- cations on the Encouragement of Wool, which he feemed with plcafure to receive. Mrs.Waftiington herfclf made tea and cofFee for us. On the table were two fmall plates of fliced tongue, dry toaU, bread and butter, &c. but no broiled fi(h, as is the general cuftom. Mifs Curtis, her grand-daugh- ter, a very pleafing young lady, of about fixteen, fat next to her, and her brother, George Wafliington Curtis, about two years older than herfelf. There was but little appearance of form : one fervant only attended, who had no livery ; a filver urn for hot wa- ter, was the only article of expence on the table. She appears fomething older than the Prelident, though, I underrtand, they were both born in the fame year 5 fliort in ftature, rather robuft ; very plain in her drefs, wearing a very plain cap, with her grey hair clofely turned up under it. She has routs or levees, which- ever the people chufes to call them) every Wednefday and Saturday, at Philadelphia, during the fitting of Congrefs. But the Anti-federalirts objed even to thefe, as tending to give a fuper-eminency, and intro- ductory to the paraphernalia of courts. After 126 A VOYAGE TO THE I im After fome general converfation, wc rofc from table, to view a model which a gentleman from Virginia, who had brcakfaflcd with us, had brought for the in- fpeaion of the Prefidcnt. It was a fcheme to convey vefTels on navigable canals, from one lock to another, without the expence of having flood-gates, by means of a lever, weighted by a quantity of water pumped into a refervoir. The Prefidcnt has continual applications from the ingenious, as the patron of every new invention, which, good or bad, he with great patience liflens to, and receives them all in a manner to make them go away fatisfied. In the evening, I went to the new Theatre, to fee Mrs. Cowley's Play, «' Every One has his Fault," with the Farce of " No Song No Supper." Mrs. Whitlock, fifter to Mrs. Siddons, is the chief aftrefs ; and, to my furprife, I recognized Darley, one of our adors, lalt winter at Salisbury, in the chara<£ler of Crop. It is an elegant and convenient theatre, as large as that of Covent Garden ; and, to judge from the drefs and appearance of the company around me, and the adlors and fcenery, I fhould have thought I had ftill been in England. The ladies wore the fmall bon- nets of the fame fafhion as thofc I faw when 1 left England ; fome of chequered ftraw, &c. fome wif h their hair full drcffed, without caps, as with us, and very few in the French ftyle. The younger ladies with UNITED STATES. 127 with their hair flowing in ringlets on their (houlders. The gentlenjen with round hats, their coats with high collars, and cut quite in the Englifti fafhion, and many in filic ftripcd coats. The fcenery of the ftage excellent, particularly a view on the SIcuylkill, about two miles from the city. The greateft part of the fcenes, however, belonged once to Lord Barrymore*s Theatre, at Wargrave. The motto over the ftagc is novel : — »« The Eagle fufers little Birds to fing** Thereby hangs a tale. When it was in contempla- tion to build this Theatre, it was ftrongly oppofed by the Quakers, who ufed all their influence with Con- grefs to prevent it, as tending to corrupt the manners of the people, and encreafe too much the love of pleafure. It was, however, at length carried, and this motto from Shakefpear was chofen. It is appli- cable in another fenfe j for the State Houfe, where Congrefs fits, is diredtly oppofite to it, both being in Chefnut-ftreet, and both houfcs arc often performing at the fame time. Yet the Eagle (the emblem adopt- ed by the American government) is no ways inter- rupted by the chattering of thcfe mock birds with their mimic Tones. 1^; Saturday^ June 7. Breakfaftcd by invitation with Colonel Wadfworth, the Member for Connedticut, at No. 67, Pine-ftreet. I found him a very fenfible intelligent man, of plain, open manners. Fiom his extenfive knowledge in mercantile bufmefs, and hav- ing much political experience, his opinion is very much 128 A VOVAGE TO THE much attended to in every debate, more cfp6clally in public accounts and commercial concerns. He is aHo much intcrefted in the breeding of flieep, which he wants to fee more generally encouraged, and mut- ton become more univerfally the food of the Ame- ricans. He told me twenty ewes had produced him forty- three lambs laft year. He fays fome of the fouthern itates are attempting manufadure, but with little fuc- cefs : their habits of life are againft it ; naturally in- dolent, they leave every thing to be done by their flaves. He fays, the planters own, that the work their negroes do, produces lefs improvement of capital, than if their purchafe money had been put out to in- tereft. This accounts for their being fo ready to come to a rupture with Great Britain, as they are generally much in our debt, and that would excufe them from paying. Fond of horfe-racing, cock- fiMuing, and other kinds of diflipation, with a ge- neral averfion to bulinefs, they are, generally fpeak- ing, in embarralled circumftances, yet hofpitablc to an extreme. Mr. Wadfworth has many fhips of his own ; one, he told me, was juft returned from an Eaft-Indian voyage. He recommends to every man coming out from En- gland, firft to fee the whole tradt of country from Newbury UNITED STATES. 129 Newbury Port to Charlefton, before he fixes his plan. Many perfons, to his knowledge, have embraced the firft promifing offer, (which the Americans are ready- enough to make to every man that has money) which they afterwards have repented of and quitted again, at a great lofs. Mr. Wadfworth had on a great coat from the Hartford manufadlory, of which he is one of the proprietors. It was an elaflic cloth, very thick, large fpun, and badly drefTed ; not near fo good as the fame fort from England, and much dearer, of courfe. Many flocking looms are at work at Hart- ford ; the town encreafing very fafl. Linen- weaving work is fcnt from Newhaven to Norfolk ; both are towns in Connedicut, forty miles diftance fromi Hartford. He made me very handfome offers to in- duce me to fettle near him in a manufadlory there. 1 make no doubt, I might make fuch a fcheme profit- able, were I to engage in it; but many obje6lions oc- cur to me ; befidcs the giving up the fociety and friends 1 am ufed to, a concern of this kind would require thrice the exertion and fatigue, and thrice the capital ; and certainly, were I rcfolvcd to leave this country, I would not embarras myfclf with an encreafe of trou- ble in another, unlcfs my circumflances compelled it; and even in that cafe, there are many other concerns to be engaged in, equally profitable, without half the capital, or a quarter of the trouble and exertion. '!■■ . M * % .' n The fame day, I went with Mr. Henry, of Man- cheflcr, who lodged in the fame houfe, to vifit the Fwnklin Library. It is one of the handfomeft build- ings I .'? «fi iti' fill i3< A VO YAGE TO THE ;n« I have yet feen. It is of that beautiful brick Jich is peculiar to Philadelphia, with free-ftone n^ouldings, cornices, andfafcias; two ftories high, flat roof, a ftonc baluftrade on the top, with orna- mental urns, five on each fide ; about feventy feet m front, and forty in depth. You enter it by a double flight ofiifteps, guarded by a neat iron railing on each ndc through an elegant portico ; and over the door on the outfide, is a ftatue of Dr. Franklin, its founder. It is given by Mr. Bingham, the fenator. This Library confifts of near twelve thoufand vo- lumes. Ten direaors and a treafurer are annually cfeaed ; the former appoint a fecretary and librarian. The boolcs are lent out of doors, according to rules laid down ; and the library is open from two o'clock till fun-fet, for any pcrfon to come and read there for a very fmall fum. This enables perfons in all ranks of life to acquire what degree of knowledge they are inclined to attain. 1 obferved they had all our capital publications in hiftory, philofophy, mathematics, po- lity, &c. ; and they were in general very much worn, a proof they are much ufed. Strangers may have out any books, upon depofiting twice the value of the book, which is reftored upon its being returned i pay- ing, however, at the rate of twelve-pence (feven- pence farthing fterling) for a folio for a fortnight. It ftands in Fifth-ftreet, juft below where Chefnut-ftreet crofies it, near the State Houfe. The State Houfe I have already defcribed, of which If ;• ■■f-ll': i n 'I' m UN I TED STATES. 131 which I have annexed a drawing, to perfea the reader's idea of it. Behind it is a garden, which is open for company to walk in. It was planned and laid out by Samuel Vaughan, Efq. a merchant of London, who went out a few years ago, and re- iided fome time at Philadelphia. It is particu- larly^ convenient to the Houfe of Reprefentatives, which being on the ground floor, has two doors that open diredly into it, to which they can retire to compofe their thoughts, or refrefti themfelves after any fatigue of bufinefs, or confer together and converfe, without interrupting the debate. F. A. Muhlenberg is Speaker, and when the houfe refolves itfelf into a committee, Mr. Trumbull is generally the chairman, a man who feems very converfant with bufinefs, which he goes through with precifion and accuracy. The number of members is encreafed from feventy- cight, to one hundred and five j the two from Ken- tucky were the laft added. Adjoining to the houfe on the fouth fide, is Oeller's Hotel, where the Members are conveniently accom- modated, many of whom lodge there. Mr. Henry and myfelf went into this Hotel, and it being very hot weather, we ordered a glafs of cool punch each, and they were brought to us with a lump of ice in each glafs, which had alfo pine-apple juice, to heighten its flavour. The houfe being full, there was no room for us but in the AUembly Room, where alfo were feveral Other perfons, and among the reit, that eminent man, K: 2 Monf, I > iii • ' I t. H ' , ^ «i»f 1 *fy of Free Quakers Moravian Church - - - Swedifli Churcli - - - - Methodift Church - - - Baptift Church . - - - Univeri'alifts, believing in the Salvation of all Men Jewifli, or Hebrew Church Potter's Field, wliite People Diito, black People - - - IMalc Fein. M.ile Kt-in. 244 235 123 95 90 67 169 182 27 30 34 77 iz 4 5 5 = 5 21 '5 8'; 17 I 24 26 82 6 I 2 b jS 18 4 5 2 I 81 86 69 71 i2<; 128 479 45 51 218 92 76 J7'; iS 26 123 66 80 347 90 86 3 53 •4 '5 5« 17 24 <;6 23 26 69 43 37 59 5 3 17 2 2 7 1 1 7 1 1 4 I 6 I z 14 49 9 10 3 9 10 9 33 I ^ 9 ■y 1 ^ 124 70 167 6^ SI 140 1 To(:iI Total Biiths Deailij 2 51 96 168 44 146 xj6 29 41 49 So 8 4 iS e 26 »9 >9 3 3 '94 116 1234 J227 77^^ 719 2511 14^7 UNITED STATES. 141 A LIST or THr BIRTHS AND DEATHS fii the fcveral Religious Societies in the City of Pliilatlelphia, . FROM AUGUST I, I793, TO AUGUST I, I794, Tic Year that the Fever raged. KAMHS of the SOCILTIKS, Gorman Lutluran Church Girman Rctbnmd Chinch Chrjft's ChurcJi and St. Peter' Church - . . _ St. Paul's Church - - - Society of Friends or Quakers Cathi'lic S St. Mary's Churches^ Holy Trinity J''ir(l Prelbyteriai) Churcji Second Pren)yierian Church Third Prelhyterian Church Scotch Prclhyterian Church The A (loci ate Church Society of Free Quakers - Moravian Church - Swedifh Church - - - iVlethodill Church - - - Baptift Church - - - - Univerfalifts, believing in the Salvation of all Men - Jewifh, or Hebrew Church Potter's Field, white People Ditto, black People - - Ciith!. Drailis. Male 70 S 78 59 171 100 33 27 ■19 82 1 1 3 8 3 12 -5 17 3 3 91 67 Ftni. 251 «3 77 76 179 140 3S ^5 29 79 10 3 <; 5 >9 27 '9 4 o 89 72 403 379 506 179 130 '53 221 179 155 40 46 V3 5 236 233 350 198 167 240 41 25 68 69 30 52 89 68 sS 87 57 161 23 18 ■I I 7 8 6 34 17 17 12 5 8 46 50 3 I 34 26 52 35 32 36 *» I 7 2 I 3 1084 5H 181 91 68 '39 ■fofal Tola! fiiitl^s Deaths 78s 309 400 86 474 565 66 99 '57 •44 4' '5 5' 17 96 60 67 3 3 '59S '59 1148 1231 2933 2059 2379 499s 142 A VOyAGE TO THE During the rage of this diforder, the town was uni- verfally forfaken, and a great many of the houfes to- , tally fhut up. It is believed that not half the number p would have died, had not a general fear and confter- nation occafwned fuch a great negleft of the fick and difeafed. The people did not begin to return into the city till the froft began, which was in December. The phyficians who have written on this diforder are much divided in opinion refpeding the origin of it. Some fuppofe it imported from the Weft Indies or Bulam, while Dr. Rufh and many others think it originated at home. The following are fome of the pre-difpofing caufes of this yellow or bilious diforder. It had been a very hot fummer; and from May i, to September 30, a period of one hundred and fifty-two days, on eighty-eight of them, the mercury had rifen to 88, or upwards. But what ftruck me very forcibly, was the fcite of the city itfelf, which is very low, flat, and marfliyj and very little relieved by the frefh evening breezes. When I was there in June, 1794J it was all a marfh covered with water round the city ; and the thermometer was at 88, and at the fame time fo clofe, that 1 could fcarcely breathe. I felt none of thofc cool evening breezes, which I experienced at New York ; and I could only relieve myfelf by fitting in my bed-chamber without coat and waiftcoat, and with my door and window open. The extraordinary heat of the fummer muft natu- rally ';^*^c UNI rED STATES. H3 rally have encreafcd the exhalations of all the marflies. In the fouth and middle ftatcs, it generally occafions a bilious remittent fever, about the clofe of every hot i'ummer, to perfons not ufed to the climate; but which evil, however, is gradually lefi'ening, in proportion as the country is more drained and cultivated. For the further information of my readers, I here fubjoin the account publiflied by authority at Phila- delphia, about a year after, in Poulfon's Almanac for the year 1795. BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THl YE LLOW FEVER Which prevailed in Philadelphia, IN THE YEAR I793. isim M ».+ 6" ,r ,l,j rJKEN FROM POULSON'S ALMANAC FOR 1795. Among the domeflic occurrences that arretted the attention of the Citizens of the United States, in the courfe of the year 1793, the rage of " The Yellow Fever" in the city of Philadelphia, deferves to be re- corded as the mofl remarkable. The diforder, diftin- guiflied ■!■■ 144 A VOYAGE TO THE J guifhed by this appellation, is highly contagious and mortal, and leads in its train all the horrors of a Pcftilence. A difeafe fo dreadful in itfelf, and fo un- ufual in this country, could not fail to occafion uni- verfal terror and confufion during its prevalence, and general curiofity and difcufHon after it had fubfided. The public have already been prefcntcd with the fuc- ceffive publications of Mr. Carey, Mr. Helmuth, Dr. Nafiy, Dr. Cathrall, Dr. Currie, Dr. Devize, and Dr. Rufli, and the Minutes of the a«Stive and ufeful Committee of Citizens. Thefe produdions will tranf- mit to poftcrity an accurate and comprehcnfive hiftory of the Fever, and throw the clcareft light upon the future refearches of fcience or curiofity. The prefent concife account is offered only. to thofe who have not an opportunity of perufing thefe productions. The ftate of the weather for fome time previous to the appearance of the Fever, deferves to be particu- larly noticed. It was, in general, warm and dry, and feemed to poflefs a quality that rendered it uncom- monly enervating and deprefling to the human frame. The feelings and recoUediion of many perfons who have been fo fortunate as to efcape the Fever entirely, or to furvive its attacks, will fufficiently eftablifli the^ truth of this obfervation. But, v/hether the genera- tion of the diforder may be attributed to this circum- ftance, or to exhalations from putrid vegetable matter ; or whether it was generated at all in this country, is a fubjedt on which Doclors have difagreed, and I (hall not attempt to decide. It feems, however, to be agreed United states. 145 agreed on all hands, that the fenfiblc qualities of the atmofphire had a ftrilcing efFedl, in rendering the con- tagion more or lefs adtive. The Yellow Fever appeared in the city of Philadel- phia about the beginning of Auguft. Dr. Cathrall attended a patient at Denny's lodging-houfe, in Water- ftreet, on the third of Augutt. On the fifth of Au- guft, Dr. Ru(h was requeftcd by Dr. Hodge to vilit his child. He obferves that he found the child ill with a fever of the bilious kind, accompanied with 2l yellow Jk'in^ which terminated in death on the feventh of the fame month. On the fixth of Auguft, Dr. Rufti was called to attend two perfons with fimilar fymptoms, and vifited feveral between that day and the nineteenth following. It does not appear, however, that even the Phyficians had any apprehenfion of the exiftence of a malignant contagious Fever in the city before the nineteenth ; and, even after that peric^, fame of the ProfcfHon dif- puted its exiftence. But the alarm fcems then to have fpread pretty rapidly, for on the twcnty-fecond of Auguft, our vigilant and intrepid Mayor, Matthew Clarkfon, F^q. addrelled the City Commifiioners and directed them to cleanfe and purify the ftreets ir^^medi- ately. On the twenty-third or twenty-fourth, the Governor of the commonwealth directed an enquiry to afcertain the fads refpe£ling the exiftence of a con- tagious diforder in the city, and the probable means of removing it. Dr. Hutchinfon, the Phyficlan of the L. Port, i I ■ \% ■ f '■ ''; M 146 A VOYAGE TO THE Port, in anfwer to the fiift queftion, ftated the exiftence of an infeaious malignant Fever, and the ravages it had already made within the circle of his enquiries.* In anfwer to the fecond, he referred to the recommen- dations of the College of Phyficians refpeding the pre- vention and treatment of the diforder, which were, at the fame time, made public* The public calamity was now no longer qucftion# able. Terror, confufion, and diftradion, fpread rapidly from breaft to breaft, and from family to family. The Citizens ceafed to regard with pleafure their feats of thriving induftry and flourifhing commerce. Thofc of thciri whofe connedion? afforded an afylum, or whofe circumftances pernrjtted them to feek one, gra- dually abandoned the city, and retired to different parts of the United States ; and the horizon of horror feemed to be cloiing fwiftly on thofe who remained behind. In the progrefs of this fatal diforder, it was obfcrved, that the fear of death and the defire of fafety, predomi- nated over every principle of gcncrofity, gratitude, and duty. The near approach of danger feemed to have diflolved the tender connections of parent and child— of brother and lifter~of hufi>and and wife. That amiable enthuliafm — thut heroifm of affedion, which might have been fo cou^picuoufly difplaycd on this • It appears by the regifter of deaths^ t^ at pbout two hundred perfons had been earned off by the Fever at th' ' vr.ie. occa- UNITED STATES. 47 occafion, was fought for in vain. All the charities of human nature were contrafted into a fmall circle, and that little circle was Self. In making this obfervation, which muft be grating to the feelings of many of my fellow Citizens, 1 follow Mr. Carey, in his popular Hirtcry of the Fever. As a general obfervation, I believe it is well founded ; but, from the mafs of the people, I have no doubt a thou- fand amiable inllances of contrary condudl might be feleded. To detail thefe would be a moft agreeable office; but voluntarily fhrinking from public applaufs or funk perhaps to the filent grave, what hiftorian fhall enrich his annals with their virtues? What pene- trating eye has darted into the deferted chamber of dif- eafe and defpair, and feen the afFeilionate wife binding; the temples of her hufband, or the weeping daughter kneeling befide the bed of her father? Amiable Sex ! — who knc'wv fo well to rob the barbed fhafts of pain of half their afperity — your gentle offices, 1 am perfuaded, were not entirely neglcded at this important crifis. But it is the fate of female heroifm to fpread no farther than the borders of their own families ; v/ilile the magnanimity of men is ftamped on medals, and handed down iii records to poftcrity. At this period of total ftagnation of bufmefs, the vreight of the public calamity fell very heavily upon the poor. Without the means of efcape, without re- fources for fubfiftence, and placed in thofe "narrow alleys, and crouded and dirty recefles, in wliich the L 2 Fever ■ *•» ■ w >l s ■ I : TM m u<^«l ! 148 A VOYAGE TO THE Fever raged with the moft dcftruaive violencf : fuch of them as were not fwept at once into the grave, were thrown upon the public charity, At the approach of J the difordcr, moft of the Guardians of the Poor had left 'V the city, and thofe of them who remained, though aftive and benevolent, found themfelves utteily un- equal to the additional duties which now devolved upon them. The neceflity of an Hofpital for the infe^ed, was immediately felt and acknowledged, and Bulh Hill, the feat of William Hamilton, Efq. a large and commodious edifice, fituatcd near the city, but aloof from the neighbourhood of any other dwelling houfes, was, after fome time, fixed upon and taken pofTeffion of. To this place the fick were fent, and here they were provided for and attended. On the tenth of Sep- tember, an advertifement, under the fignature of the Mayor, announced that the C lardiam of the Poor were diftrtfled for want of afliftance, and invited the aid of benevolent Citizens. A meeting of the Citi- zens was held on the twelfth, and another on the four- teenth of September. At this laft meeting, the Com- tnittee, who rendered themfelves fo eminently ufeful in thefe times of general difticfs, were nominated. The Committee confided, originally, of twenty-fix mem- bers, and, as neceflity demanded their immediate or- ganization, they proceeded diredlly to bufinefs. Ste- phen GiRARD and Peter Helm offered themfelves as Superintendants to the Hofpital at Bufh Hill. This dangerous duty they difcharged with a zeal and adli- vity which does them the higheft honor, and njerits the warmeft gratitude of their fellow Citizens. Dr. Dcveze, Deveze, Duffield, to the fei Gentlem and furn convcnie AfTiftant; thecary, attendant was natu pital wit fpairing at a difta regarded perfons \ were, at place wl tcntion a In the time the middle o refpe^ab aid. Tl the numi the early but a bla day, but • Vide \ $Utc uf the UNITED STATES. 149 Deveze, a Phyfician from Cape Francois, and Dr. Duffield, cf this city, devoted their profeflional labors to the fervicc of the lick. Under the dircdlion of thefe Gentlemen, the Hofpital was kept in excellent order, and furniflied with every requifite for the comfort and convenience of the affli£led. Numerous Nurfes and Affiltants, and three Refident Phyficians, and an Apo- thecary, fecurcd to the patients every benefit of careful attendance, and immediate medical aid.* At firft, as was natural to expert, the Citizens regarded the Hof- pital with horror, as the promifcuous retreat of de- fpairing vidlims, who were conveyed thither to expire at a diftance from their friends. But it was afterwards regarded as the fafeft afylum for the infedled, and many perfons who needed not the benefit of the poor laws, were, at their own requeft, removed thither, as to a place where they might be fecurc of every poffible at- tention and aiTiflance. In the rapid progrefs the difeafe made, from the time the Committee of Health was organized, till the middle of 0«Stober, many families in the city, of fome refpexSability, actually fufi^ered for the want of menial aid. The Widow Mills's family, in Racc-ftreet, to the number of feven, w ;c all ill with the Fever, in the early part of September, and had no other Nurfe but a black man, who vifited them frequently every day, but who had other families in the fame manner • Vide Minutes of the Committee, pnge 52, the Report upon the ?Ute of the Hofpital, I^ 3 under I "I i . Ill L- i k 1 ;,.!.■■ t ISO A VOYAGE TO THE under his cate, and was, of confcqucnce, often abfent. The family fufferec? extremely, till a young man, a Nephew oi the Widow's, heard of their diltrefs, and heroically devoted himfelf to their relief: inltru6lcd only by his humanity, he became a tender, faithful, and felicitous Nurfe. Two of the family died — the yeft recovered under his aft'edionatc care ; but, a few days after, and under the fame roof, he himfelf funk a vi"i 1 Jl .4 il f'T I5B A VOYAGE TO THU I Vire^ons for the Infpcclors, &€. of the Gaol of the City and Coun/y of Philadelphia, Whfreas, by a " Supplement to the Penal Laws of this State," Jt is enaaed, « that the Prifon Infpec- tors, appointed in purfuance of the Aa in fuch cafe provided, and of the faid Supplement, ftiall have power, with the approbation of the Mayor, two Aldennen of the faid City, and two of the Judges of the Supreme Court., or two of the Judges of the Common Pleas of Philadelphia County, to make Rules and Pegulations for the govern- ment of all, Convias confined in the faid Prifon, not inconfift-ent with the Laws and Conftitution of this Commonwealth." ■ It is therefore ordained, that the faid Infpcaors, kvtn cf whom (hall be a quorum, (hall meet at the Prifon, quarterly, on the firft Mondays in January, March, June, and September; and on every fccond Monday throughout the year— and, may alfo be fpccially con- vened bv the Vifiting Jnfpeaors, when occafion re- quires. At their firft meeting, they fliall appoint two of their Members to be Vilitlng Infpcaors ; one of whom (hall fcrve for one month, and the other for tv/o months, continuing to make a frcfh appointment to this office monthly. if occafion amine into < the condua They (hall condua an< they are pro] attention to be made re( that their agreeable to are properly and bedding grievances < and bring and circumi of the Boai proper out- that no fpii fence what That no ini 7 i-c the 1 diftribution raaers and per means 1 provc'.nent, pnxrunng tl as may be. VISITING INSPECTORS. The Vifiting Infpeaors (liall attend at the Prifon together, at leait twice in each week, and oftener, They flia mifTioners o been Tent i UNITED STATES. 159 if occafion requires ; at which times they fhall ex- amine into and infpeil the management of tht Prifon, the condu(?t of the Keeper, Deputies, and Afliftants : They fhall alfo carefully enquire into and report the conduct and difpofition of the Prifoners, and fee that they are properly zn^l Jufficiently employed j that proper attention to cleanlinefs is obfervcd i that due enquiry be made refpeding the health of the Prifoners, and that their food is ferved in quantity and quality, agreeable to the direc«;.'mg the performance of divine fervice, as often, as \r.^y be. They fliall, from time to time, report to the Com- liiifTioncrs of the County, all fuch Prifoners who have been fent from other Counties, and have incurred at charge ■ 1 1 .. ■■:-{■ '''''' ^ ' -f.-:- .. *;■. *•■ u 1 ': '■ ■*!» '■f>} 1' ■'' ' '; I , If a r I" i y/l i\ i6o A VOVAGE TO THfi charge for their maintenance, more than the profits of their labour will defray, in order that compenfat.on niuy be had as the law dirc^s. Thev (hall caufe fair returns to be made out, and laid before the board monthly, of all the Prifoners, their crimes, length of confinement, by whom com- „,itted, when and how difcharged, fince the preceding return. They (hall attend to the Keeper, Deputies, and Af- ftftants, by obferving their treatment of the Pnfoners, and fufFer no perfons addiclcd to liquor, making uie of profane fwearing, or other improper language, to be employed on this duty. They fhall conftantly bear in mind, that all men are free until legal proof is made to the contrary ; they will' therefore take care that no perfon is held in con- finement, on bare fufpicion of being a runaway flave ; and thofe perfons who are adually llaves, and not ap. plied for by proper claims, within a limited time, Lll be returned to the Supreme or other proper Court, for a Habeas Corpus, to remove them accord- in. to law; and generally they mall fee, that the pre- fect and fubfcquent direcTions of the Board be carried intoefFe-1:. KEEPER OF TrTF. TRISON. The Keeper of the Prifon, bcfidcs attending to the hk keeping of the Prifoners, ihall carefully infpeft *^ into UNITED STATES. i6i into their moral condudl, fliall enjoin a ftrliH: attention to the regulations relative to cleanlinefs, fobricty, and induftry, and be careful to avoid that penalty which is incurred by fuffering a criminal to efcape. He fhall alfo, with the approbation of two of the Infpedlors, provide a fufficient quantity of ftock and materials, working tools, and implemcnis for the conftant em- ployment of the Prifoners. He fhall deliver out their work and receive it from them by weight or meafure, as the cafe may be, in order that embezzlement or wafte may be prevented, by the Prifoners; and by every laudable means in his power, make their labour as profitable as pofiible. He fhall, as the lawdirefls, keep fcparatc accounts for all convidls fcntenced to la- bour fix months and upwards, in which the expence of cloathing and fubfiftence fhall be charged, and a reafonable allowance for their labour be credited ; thcfe accounts fhall be balanced at fhort periods, ia order that the Prifcnci at his difcharge, may receive the proportion, if any, that is due to him. He fhall caufe all accounts concerning the mainte- nance of the Prifoners to be entered in a book or books for the purpofe, and fhall alfo keep feparatc accounts of the flock and materials purchafed by him ; fhall take proper vouchers wherever money is expended ; fhall regularly credit the materials manufavSlured and fold, mentioning to whom and when difpofed of; and at every quarterly meeting of the board, fhall exhibit his accounts and vouchers for their approbation and allowance. M TURN*- W^ I t- k i\ m/& TV' 62 A VOYAGE TO THE l\ :^t-i': TURNKEY. The Turnkey (hall admit no pcrfons except the In- fpeaors, Keeper, his Deputies, Servants or Affiftants, Omcers, and Minillers of Juttice, Counfcllors, or At- tornies at Law, mphycrl by a Prifoner, Minifters of the Gofpel, or pcrfons producing a written licenfc figned by two of the faid Infpeaors ; and the latter only in his prefence, or fomc one of the Officers of the Prifon. He fliall prevent the admiffion of any fpirit- uous liquors or any other improper article to the ori- foners, and on every attempt of this kind that may be deteacd, he fliall make difcovery thereof, in order that the penalty infliaed by law may be recovered. keeper's deputies, kc. The Keeper's Deputies and Afliflants fliall be care- ful to prefervc clcanlinefs, fobriety, and induftry among the Prifoners ; to inform them of the Rules of the Iloufc, and to enjoin an obfcrvancc of them by mild yet firm mcafurcs ; they Oiall be careful to prevent ern- bezzlement, vvaltc, o ' deftruaion of implements or materials ; they fliall conftantly refide in the Houfe, and infpea the ccndua and labour of the Prifoners— report the negligent, profane, or diforderly, (who Ihall be removed) and the induftrious, quiet, and ex- emplary, that they may be recommended by the Viflt- jng Infpeaors, who have it in charge to bring fuch to the favorable notice of the Board. The Vi ftight, tW( and two ii the infide < They flial night to tl day, who it before th and as the their vigila circumftan regular and Fihuery 26, 1 Appr Approved Appri ^VATCH- tJNITED STATES. WATCHMEN, 163 The Watchmen '^.all continue In the Prifon all ftlght, two of whom ftiall be within the Iron Gate, and two in the Infpcdlor's Room — They fhall pitrole the infide conftantly, and ftrike the Bell every ht ur— They (hall report any remarkable occurrence of the night to the Clerk of the Prifon, on the fuccceding day, who fhall commit the fame to writing, and lay it before the Vifitinglnfpedtors, at their next meeting ; and as the Hifcty of the Prifon fo much depends 011 their vigilance and attention, it is required, that no circumftaucc fhall prevent the performance of their regular and frequent rounds. ■> i. ' ' !"• (1,1* K |. i^ yni ' 'i! HMi » '- .''C Signed by order of the Board, F^iruary 26. ,792. GEORGE IVIEADE, Chairman, Approved, JOHN BARCLAY, Mayor. Approved, W. ROBERTSON, iun. ) Judges of th« T. L. MOORE, f ^""" "^" ^"'"- ' J moa Pleas, Approved, HILARY BAKER,) .,, J. M. NESBITT, I Aldermen. ■ • f' ' "^N^'J 1 ii Ma There A i ■♦■i." ill 164 A VOYAGE TO Tut There arc a vafl number of charitable inrtitutlon^ in this city, which would take up too much time here even to enumerate. t went into the market trcquently, and aflcocl the prices of all kinds of provifions. For a round f beef I was afked fevcnpcncc per pound, equal to rour- pence per pound fterling, but it was not equal m goodncfs to our's ; veal, fivcpcncc currency 5 mutton. Lpence ; an ox-heart, elevenpence, or fixpence- halfpcnny ftcrling ; for a fine fat turkey, a dollar ; pigeons, vcrv plenty and cheap ; pork, exceedmg hnc and good, at threepence-halfpenny and fourpcncc flcrling per pound. They burn wood chiefly, a cord of which you may buy from on board Ihip, for five dollar,, that is, a pile of logs eight feet long, and four feet fquare. There are free negroes always waiting about the fliips, with little neat faws in their hands, who ofter to faw it up for you, for half a dollar a chord. Polbgc ol letters is dear at prefent ; you pay for a fnigle letter, equal to threepence for thirty miles ; un- der fixty miles, fourpcnce -, above one hundred, and Ids than one hundred and fifty miles, fixpence. Every newfpapcr fent by poll, under one hundred miles, pays one cent, or halfpenny. The pleafanteft walk at Philadelphia, is the State Gardens, behind the Houfc of Reprcfentatives. It is 1$ fomcthin ! ge. I h: by the ftag< that place, the next d two miles blood and the weathci Had 1 gone fix miles < which I wi There an Four St; Town, Eli Two St day, and ] dred and tv of Waftiinj is a flage a One to five miles nefday. One Su tTNlTED STATES. i6$ iS fomcthing like Kenfington Gardens, but not fo ! ge. I had intended to have went on to Baltimore, by the ftagc, which fcts out three times a week for that place, at nine in the morning, and arrives there the next day to dinner, diftance one hundred ami two miles -, Viut I was fearful of over-heating my blood and contrafting a fever ; for the heat ot the weather, at this time, wa almoft infupportablc. Had 1 gone thither, 1 fhould have been within iorty- fix miles of the new federal city of Wafliington, which 1 wiflicd very much to have feen. There are the following regular Stages from Philadelphia, Four Stages every day to Briftol, Trenton, Prince Town, Elizabeth Town, and New York. Two Stages to Baltimore, every Monday, Wednef- day, and J^riday, for one guinea, diftance one hun- dred and two miles. From thence to the federal city ofWafhington, forty-fix miles, at which place there is a ftage alfo. One to Harriiburgb, on the Sufquehanah, (forty- iive miles from Northumberland Town) every Wed- nefday. One Stage to Lancafter, every Tuefday and Friday. M3 It 'M \ P \ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i fe ,5^ < "S^ i66 A VOYAGE TO THE It is fixty miles on the road towards Harrifburgh j farC three dollars. One Stage to Bethlehem, on the Lehi River, through German Town, every day, except Sunday, at three in the morning. A diftance of about fifty miles, for which you pay only two dollars. This place is well worth feeing, from the peculiarity of the inha- bitants living altogether, as one family. In their houfe or houfes of induftry, every perfon is fully em- ployed J the fmgle young men in one houfc, the fin- gle young women in another, and the married in a third. Mr. Van Bleck, who has the chief diredlioa of the whole, will anfwcr any enquiries that may be made about it. ' COINS OF THE UNITED STATES. ' ^ ( Cent, is i-hundredth part of a Dollar, ^°PP"i Half Cent. ^ . /'Dollar, - 4$. 6d. . \ Half ditto, - 2 3 Silver <^ Qiiarter ditio i i^ i Difmes, o 5 & 2-fifths. V.Half Difmes, o a | or i -20th of a dollar, r Eagles, - 10 Dollars, or 45s. cd. Gold < Half Eagles, 5 ditto. t Quarter ditto, 2^ ditto, 22 Jl 6 3 The UNITED STATES. 167 •'The Gold Coin is not to be iflued till the year 1800, when the mint is to be eftabliflied in the nev7 federal city. Four day? before I came to Philadelphia, there ar- rived an embafTy from the Cherokee and Creek In- dians. I faw fome of them, (Flamingo and Double- head,) walking the llreets, followed ^by a crowd of boys. I intended to have got acquainted with them, and informed them, that I was a fubjea: of the great King George, on the other fide the great waters, and that I wiflied to fmoke a calamet with them, and to have procured a belt of wampum ; but when I heard that Flamingo (the tall, ftout fellow I faw) had bragged publicly, that he had in his time fhed human blood enough to fwim in, I was fo much fhocked, that 1 never wiflied to fee them any more. They all lodged (about twenty men and women) in a kind of barn, at the weft end of High-ftreet, not far from the ■ new manfion building for the Prefident. Some of the Indians, when they can get rum, will drink till they fall down fenfelefs on the fpot, where they will lie, with hardly any motion, for ten or twelve hours ; then rife, as if out of a profound fleep, ftill ftupid,and if they can get it, will repeat the dofe again, till they fall into the fame fituation. It feems the immoderate and general ufe of fpirits, is the greatelt caufe of their depopulation. In the year 1761, the Indians began to be fenfiblc of the bad efFea of fpirituous liquors. At a Congrefs M4 i^cld •.!« '-'■'ill":!**- -■v'-'; *1 :;-:',¥['■ : '-tt'^ : f ■ ffHljili.^ • ■ 7.. 'IIt ^ :< ■^■m ^ III ■ 68 A VOYAGE TO THE held at Oneida, September 8, a Sachem, at the con- clufion of the treaty, finifhed his fpeech with thefc words :— « We requeft that the great men would forbid the traders bringing any more rum amongft us, for we iind it not good j it dejlroys our bodies and our jouu:' About four ytars before this, a Mr. Eleazer Whee- lock, and fome other pious minifters of the gofpel, attempted to convert thefe Indians to Chriftianity, and eftablifhed an Indian fchool, at Lebanon, in Connec- ticut. Among others, the famous Jofeph Brant was educated by him, who came over to England about ten years ago. But the Indian nations foon faw how little better the Englifh themfelves were for being Chriftians. and they foon left ofF fending their chil- dren to their fchools for education. Two days after my arrival, I called on Mr. VV. B. Grove, Member for North Carolina, at Francis's Hotel, by recommendation of Dr. Smith, of Prince Town, refpedling the college going to be ereded in North Carolina, (thirteen miles fouth of Ilillfbo- rough, and twenty-five miles from Rawleigh, the feat of government) the prefidency cf which was in- tended to be offered to Dr. Prieftly ; but as Dr. P. had informed me he had made up his mind to accept of no public employment whatever, the purport of my yifit was, to engage it, if poflible, for a friend of mine in England, who had requ^lted me to look oyt for Tuch ^ fituation for him* Mr, Mr.Grc me to Mr, X fpent an of convert not vote a our minif large, we «* Why c ♦ « yov" n Why do them out country, Had Lore in 9 ruinc juftice, o hardy en have don< with imi ing over, jintereft, men, as c Ihcir pric I ufed nian had kind ; bi becomin< the obfer Comn dining o UNITED STATES, 169 Mr. Grove received me very cordially, and introduced me to Mr. Macon, his brother member, with vvhoin I fpent an hour or two very agreeably. In the courfe of converfation, I faid, I hoped their legiflature A^ould not vote a war with Great Britain, for the errors of our minittry, for I could afTure them, the nation at large, were friendly and well difpofcd towards them. « Why do you then fufFer," fays he, impatiently, ♦ « yo-r miniftry to aft as they have lately doae ? Why do not you bring them to account, or turn them out ?" " You may do it," faid 1, " in your country, but it is a matter of fome difficulty with us. Had Lord North and his colleagues, that involved us in a ruinous war with you, been brought to public juftice, our prefent Minifters would not have been hardy enough to have gone the lengths they now have done. But they know too w^ll they can do it with impunity. Befides, they have the art of bring- ing over, from time to time, the leaders of the whig jntereft, fo that the people begin to diftruft all great men, as only Tiding with them till the Minifter bids Co Ihcir price." I ufed to think Walpole's aflertion, " Tha^ every man had his price," was too fevere a fatire on man- kind ; but from fo many recent inftances of great men becoming apoftates, I fear there is too much reafori for the obfervation. Commend ir. ;, however, to honefl Andrew Marvel, dining on his cold fhoulder of mutton, fweetened with the ' '.'■^' \ ■ f ,M>: !■ 4' ■ ' i'l ■ ■ >« li ■m ! m \ : & i7<5 A VOYAGE TO THE the enjoyment of an independent mind, rather than to h.Dncft Edmund Burke, ruminating (but not in trope and figure) over one thoufand two hundred pounds per an" num, out of the civil Uji, ivith two thoufand five hundred pounds per annum more^ out of the four and a half per cents, accepted by him, in defiance of a law (paffed at his euin particular injiigation) againft fuch enormous pen- fions being ever granted without the previous confcnt of parliament, and for procuring which, his country once honored, refpedled, and loved him ; Heu quantum mutatus ab illo* Mr. Grove the next day went v/ith me to the Stafe Iloufe, and introduced me to the two Senators, Go- vernor Mar^-n ?»nd Mr. Hawkins, who, with himfelf, were truftee^ to the new intended College ; but public bufinefs foon engaging their attention, they informed me, I fliould have a written anfwer from them the next morning j and Mr. Grove accordingly brought me the following : " Senate Chambci-, June 6, 1794. « The Senators of North Carolina cannot take upon themfelves to give any opinion on the fub- jcft of your letter. They will receive with pleafure any information Dr. Prieflly may honor them with, relative to the charadler and qualifications of the Re- verend I. P. E. They will lay the fame before the Truftees, at their next meeting, and communicate to him UNITED ST ATES. 171 him their determination thereon. They can only add, that a recommendation from Dr. Prieftly, would in- fure a friendly attention tc, and a preference for any gentleman. « W. B. Grove, Of the Houfe of Reprefentatives." .m e )> ;e n Here follows an AhJlraB which I made from a Manufcript 0/ Mr. Jofeph Prieflly (the Doc^ tor's eldejl Son) of his Ohfervations daring a Journey from Philadelphia to the Loyalfoc, on the wejlem branch of the Sifquehanah, one hundred and eighty miles N, W. of that City, «' December 14, 1793. "We left Philadelphia, and paired the Falls of the Skuylkil to Norris Town, fe- venteen— to Pratt, eighteen— to Pottfgrove, twelve— and then to Reading, fifty-fix miles from Phila- delphia. Thefe places are all fituate on the banks of the Skuylkil. The houfes at Reading are moftly built of ftone. We crofTed the river, and came to Hamburgh, a town lately built by the Germans. Ta Reads, fourteen miles. Here 1 faw a log houfe, very neat, with four rooms on a floor ; the infide work, including doors, windows, wainfcoting, locks, &c. altogether coft only (eventy pounds currency; (forty- two pounds;) it wastafty, and well finifned. The outftde work the owner did for himfelf. Venifon is the common . -p. - II,..',' 1/2 A VOYAGE TO THE common food, being in great plenty in the neighbour- ing woods. " Sunbury, one hundred and thirty-one miles from Philadelphia. The land in this neighbourhood very rich, but not any great quantity of it to be cultivated, as the town is clofely furrounded by mcuntains. It fells here from twenty-five to thirty pounds an acre. [I fuppofe he means currency] The prices of grain at Sunbury, are as follow : Wheat - 5s. cd. currency, per bufhe'. of 6olb, Rye - 4 6 ditto. Oats - 2 6 ditto. Buckwheat z 6 ditto. «« Beef, threepence halfpenny, currency ; venifon, fourpence j butte* , twopence per pound j labour, three fliillings .' day ; (one fhilling and ninepencc three farthings fterling) or three Ihillings and nine- pence, (two {hillings and threepence fterling) if they iind thcmfelves in food. Crops, generally from twenty to th-rty bufhels an acre, [of wheats I fuppofe] fent for fale ufually to Middletown, (fifty miles down the Sufquehanah, at its conflux with Swatara Creek) at two (hillings and fixpence per hundred weight (one Ihilling and fixpence.) Carriage by land fronn Middleton to Philadelphia, is feven ihillings and fix* pence (four ihillings and fixpence) per hundred weight. Cyder of good quality, fells at Sunbury for thr^e to foqr dQllars a barrel, of thirty onQ gallons i and UNITED STATES. '73 and a half. Surveying of land and making the proper return, cofts thirty-five (hillings (twenty-one fhillings fterling) per hundred acres. In clearing of land, you pay thirty-five (hillings per acre, for grubbing and burning, exclufive of cutting down the trees. « Northumberland, is a town finely fituate at the con-- flux of the eaft and welt branches of the Sufquehai.ah, one hundred and thirty-three miles from Philadelphia. Sunbury and Northumberland may contain from one hundred to one hundred and fifty houfes each. A log houfe, built upon a (lone foundation, having four rooms, (with floors) twelve feet fquare each, with a thorough paflage, fini(hed in the infide, in a plain manner, will coft two hundred and fifty pounds cur- rency, or one hundred and fifty pounds flerling. As an inftance of the rapid advance of land, we were in- formed, that the unoccupied lands in this town were ofFered to fale two years ago, for two thoufand pounds. This year, the owner refufed ten thoufand pounds." r-.'f'lil Major Piatte's Obfervatiom, and Account of the Country three miles from MIdcIleion, where he lives, feventyfix miles N. W. of Philadelphia, Firft, That a bed of limeftone was found juft be- low the furface of the earth, all over that part of the country. Second, The winters are lefs fevere there than on the U'i U4- A VOYAGE TO THE the eaftcrn parts of the ftate. In the beginning of March they break up the ground, and arc fcldom, if ever, afteded with frofts afterwards. Third. March, April, and May, was generally fine fpring weather* Fourth, The crop of wheat there, was about twenty-five bufliels from each acre. Fijib* The then prefent price of grain, was as fol- lows : wheat, five fliillings and fixpence, or three fhillings and fourpcnce flerling j rye, four {hillings ; oats, two fhillings and fixpence. Labour, three fhil- lings a day, « Sixth. That land on the banks of the river, partly improved, fells from three pounds to fevcn pounds per acre j and further back in the country, at thirty fhiU lings on to fix dollars per acre. Muncy Creek, is one hundred and fixty-two miles from Philadelphia, a fine flream of water; the lands on its borders are rich, and abounding with the fineft of timber. The Sufquehanah navigable one hundred and twenty miles further up, for boats of ten tons burthen. Whitaker, an inn-keeper there, gave me the follow- ing prices ; For grubbing, fifteen fhillings an acre, " with with two I twelve fhi! wool, tw fixpence f pence far there, unc duce as th inches dei one tcarrj timber ti fixteen n houfe, w ries high in four c feet by ei fix poun< The miles) i valley oi reft of tl confiftin feet dcej fine, an kind of] is called excellen Mr. weltern part of UNITED STATES. »75 with two drams a day ; fhcep cod from ten fliilllngs to twelve {hillings and fixpence (fcvcn (hillings fterling;) wool, two {hillings and fixpence, or one (hilling and fixpence fterling; beef, threepence halfpenny, or two- pence farthing fterling. Whitakcr occupies lands there, under Mr. Wallis, paying one third of the pro- duce as the rent ; ploughs the ground (three or four inches deep, with cafe) an acre and a half a day with one teatn. In one day, he often cuts down thirty timber trees to their proper lengths. He fays, that fixteen men can draw the logs and conftruiSt a log houfe, with two large rooms on a floor, and two fto- ries high, in a day, A man can grub an acre of land in four or five days. He valued his houfe (twenty- feet by eighteen) at fixty pounds, or more, i.e. thirty- fix pounds fterling The Loyalfoc (one hundred and feventy-four miles) is a very broad and rapid ftream, running in a valley or bottom, ten or twelve feet lower than the reft of the ground ; the valley about half a mile broad, confifting entirely of very rich black mould, feveral feet deep. The timber upon it is exceeding lofty and fine, and grows without much underwood. This kind of land, whether on the banks of creeks or rivers, is called bottom land. // is too rich for wheaty but is excellent for Indian corn, or for grazing, Mr. Woolftoncraft examined the lands of the weftern branch of the Sufquehanah j h', prefers that part of the country to any other that he has yet feen. He t';'! m ■KM i-y' m m m III: ^1 ,1 ' ■■ I 176 A VOYAGE TO THE He dcfcrlbcs the lands at the head of Muncy Creek, af beech lands, and the hills, as very fine lands, even to their tops. Alom is found in this country. He came down the Loyalfoc in a canoe, ten miles an hour. With refpea to lands in that country, he laid, that Dr. Rufli had given him his choice of fevcral four hundred acre lots, (rich bottom lands) at five fhillings an acre, fix months credit. That Mr. Morris had of- fered forty thoufand pour.us, currency, for Muncy farms, lying along the Sufquchanah feven or eight miles. At Sunbury, I met, in my return, with Mr. Wal- lis, of Muncy. He had lately bought two hundred thoufand acres upon Toby's Creek, which is naviga- ble into the Alleghany river j and, by a porterage of tvrenty miles, communicating with the Sinemahoning, and, by that creek, with the Sufquehanah. This land he would fell for five (hillings (three {hillings fterling) per acre, ready money. The Sufquehanah abounds with fhad, falmon, roach, trout, chub, fun-fifli, and perch. The lands produce from twenty-five to thirty bufliels of wheat per acre. Mr. Pricftly met with an ingenious fettler, of the name of White, who has a diftillery, where he makes his rye into whifkey, after the following method:— To a bufliel and a half of "rye, four quarts of malt, and a handful of hops, he adds fifteen gallons of boiling UNITED STATES, 177 boiling water, which (lands four hours; then he adds ^'xtccn gallons more ; he then aUI^ two quarts of ycall (made during the fummcr, by boiling malt and hops.) It will take fiJC days properly to ferment i in winter, fcven days. It is now put into a fti'l, the bottom of which is defended From the heat of the fire by a row of pigs of iron and clay, the flue being car- ried round ihc body of the flill. One bufhcl of rye produces about eleven quarts, which fells at four (hillings and fixpence per gallon. The wafli is good for the hogs. {N. B, I had copied out, fur the Printer, from my Jour- nal thus far, before I found, by looking into Cooper's Pamphlet, that he had publifhed thefe fadts already; I forbear, therefore, writing further, and Ihall only pro- ceed to add, from Mr. Pricllly's Journal, what Cooper feemsnot to have noticed.) Information respcoling Hagar*s Toivn, on the Potomack, J^arylaml slcky part of the Shenandoah Valley^ at the Head of the fFaters of AntiSfam^ seventy-five miles from Baltimore^ eighty from yflexandria^ fifty-four from Carlisle f and one hundred and sixty from Pitti' burgh, K.B. The following Tikci of Articles are injteillng Money, and-', It W3sini79j. Indian corn, one fhilling and fixpence a bufhel— wheat, three fiiillings — potatoes, fiftccn-pence to eigh- N tcen-pence ■m 'kA I 111 178 A VOYAGE TO THE tcen-pence per bulhel— flour, ie.en fliiUings an^ eightpence for one hundred and twelve pounds-ap- pies, fifteen-pence per buflicl-butter, fixpence per pound-cheefe, fixpence-halfpenny-brown fugar, nine-pcnce-halfpenny-maple, fcvcnpence— loaf, fix- teen-pence (cheaper when at peace in the Weft Indies) Port wine, fix fhiUings and nine-pence— Madeira, thirteen (hillings and fixpence. Beer not much ufed. Cyder, twopence three farthings per gallon (by the barrel, twopence)--mutton, twopence— veal, three- halfpence— bacon, fourpence-farthing— hams, five- pence-halfpenny. Fifli, none but fAked. Fowls, threepence each-ducks, fevenpence-halfpenny to eightpence— foap, fevenpence per pound— candles, fe- venpence-wood, a dollar a cord (a bundle made up pight feet long, four feet wide, and four feet high) ^coals, fourteen-pence per buihel, dug in the neigh- bourhood, none ufed in dwelling houfes. Shoes, five Ihiiiings to feven fliillings and fixpence a pair. Of clothing, one hundred pound's worth in England, is here worth one hundred and forty pounds. The houfes built moftly of wood ; birch fcantling cofts three-halfpence per foot, running meafure. Mafons are paid for building brick wail, eighteen inches thick, fourpence per perch ; bricks, three dollars a thoufand ; window glafs, ten dollars per hundred foot ; female fervants, two (hillings a week i male, four dollars j^ month J— difficult to procure them. The number of inhabitants in Hagarftown Is about two thoufand ; a healthy country i a great trade, by UNITED STATES. 179 means of the Potomac, with the weftern country. The inhabitants are chiefly Germans. Hsre follows z lift of the trades there : fix working faddler's fhops, two leather breeches makers, two copper fmiths, ten blackfmiths, four rifle gunfmiths, two earthen-ware {hops, two tin-plate workers, fix hatters, five tan- yards, three blue dyers, (moft of the families make home-fpun cloth, as formerly in England) one fulling mill, three nail manufa^Slories, The roads are good in fummer, except where the lime-ftone makes them rough. A poft to and from Baltimore and Philadelphia once a week. The places of worfhip are — one Englifli Epifcopal, one German Lutheran, one German Prefbyterian, one Roman Catholic. The fchools are — two En- glifli, one German, and one girl's boarding fchool. The claffics are not taught ; no library, no book foci- ety ; one weekly newfpaper, (about two hundred and fifty copies fold) befides about fifty German newfpa* pers from Lancaiter, every week, and fifty Baltimore ones. Soil, a dark loam, fix inches thick ; the wood, oak, black and white hiccory, walnut, and wild lo- cuft. Cattle require fodder from November till April, Price of eftates, when about half cleared, from fixteen to twenty-four dollars an acre. A good working pair of oxen, twelve pounds ; cows, in the fpring, foon after calving, three pounds j horfes for the plough, fix pounds to eighteen pounds ; fat iheep, fixt^ea or eighteen pounds to the quarter, about N 2 twelve ■*;;.;:■' i ;1 . i '■1 1-4 ''. i V - ■ i. .'■ .It i8o A VOYAGE TO THE twelve {hillings ; a cart for two horfes, five pounds ; waagon, fifteen pounds ; hay, thirty killings a ton, of "either timothy grafs, or clover, delivered in the town. The buildings neceflary on a farm there, are a barn, a fmall warehoufe, or crib, (for they grow but little Indian corn) llables, and cow houfe. Thefe two laft are generally under the barn, and built of ftone. There is a county tax for roads, amounting to two fhillings and threepence on fixty pounds. Jnformailon rcspe^ing the Counties of Frederic and Birk- ley, in Virginia, (part of the Shenandoah Valley) taken at a general Meeting of the Inhabitants, at Winchester and its vicinity, anno 1 J g^* Market at Winchcfter twice a week : aconftant va- riety of butcher's meat in feafon i poultry and veni- fon in great plenty; pork fit for faking and bacon; good water found every where j Indian corn, at cigh- teen-pence fterling per bufhel ; oats on average, at fifteen-pence ; wheat, two fliillings to three (hillings ; barley cafy to cultivate, but little in demand ; (cyder , and whifkey being the common drink ;) rye, two (hil- lings and threepence; potatoes, fifleen-penrs halfpenny perbu(he] ; wheal flour, fevcn (hillings and fixpencc for one hundred pounds j apples, of fine flavour, and in great plenty, i>'i« '-pence per bu(hel, at the fall, and from fourtecn-p^ncc to eighteen-pencc halfpenny after Chfiftinasi peaches, one diUing and fixpence to three UNITED STATES. i8i three (hillings a bufiiel ; butter," fourpencc halfpenny to fcvcn-pence ; cheefe, fourpencc halfpenny; country made honey, three fhillings and ninepence a gallon j cane and maple fugar, eightpence to ninepence per pound ; Liibon, fix (hillings a gallon ; (lierry, fix fliillings and ninepence ; Port, feven (hillings and fix- pence } (beer, none made) London porter, twelve (hillings a dozen ; Philadelphia porter, nine (hillings ; old cyder, feven (hillings and fixpence a barrel of thirty gallons ;— new, four (hillings and fixpence ; mutton, pork, venifon, twopence farthing per pound ; falmon, forty-five (hillings a barrel j ducks, four (hillings and fixpence to fix (hillings and ninepence a dozen ; geefe, thirteen-pence halfpenny to eighteen-pence a piece; turkeys, thirteen-pence halfpenny to twenty-two pence halfpenny a piece j wild turkeys, two (hillings and threepence ; pheafants, fourpencc halfpenny j, partridges, ninepence to twelvepence per dozen -, can- dles, ninepence per pound. ..:., C, » : ji Lodging and board in the town of Winchefter, from twelve pounds to twenty-two pounds ten fh'iU lings per annum ', ditto, in the country, from nine pounds to thirteen pounds ten (hillings ; wages to houfhold fervants, eight pounds ; to female, four ; land there, is from fifteen (hillings to feventy five fhil- lings an acre, and (lill rifingi working oxen, nine pounds a pair, (or forty dollars j) a good cow and calf, three pounds ; a plough horie, feven pounds ten ibiU lings to thirteen pounds, ten (hillings ^ waggon horfes, from thirteen pounds ten (hillings to twenty-feven N 3 pounds $ Mif ^ iM'l ! I *, 82 A VOYAGE TO THE pounds ; fhecp, from fix fhillings to nine (hillings J lambs, a dollar a piece ; hay, thirty fliillings in town, and twenty-two fhillings and fixpence in the country } fize of eftates, from fifty to two thoufand acres. The maple fugar tree not cultivated. Market for produce, is Alexandria, on the Potomac ; waggons will take a barrel of flour, weighing one hundred and ninety-fix pounds, for five fhillings and ninepence ; the diftance is eighty miles. Flour fells here at twenty fhillings 3 barrel. ♦ In 1741, the only towns of note in Maryland, were Annapolis, Chefter, and George Town; the latter place, in 1736, had but fifteen houfes j in four years, they incrcafcd to feventy ; Baltimore then had not a being J in 1795, it had two thoufand houfes, one hundred and fifty-two ftorcs, or (hops, and eleven thoufand inhabitants* i * Taken from Mr Toulmin*i Journa** A gentleman of Virginia means to fix all his Ions in Kentucky, not doubting but that it will be the iirft in the Union. This perfon took fcrvants thither, hired a waggon with four horfes and a driver, from Frc- dericfburgh to Red Stone, for eighteen pounds fifteen (hillings, in which he took two thoufand pounds weight of goods, and the children of his (laves ; af Red Stone, he purchafed a boat for fix pounds nine (hillings, in which he carried down the Ohio river, thirteen UNITED S T ATES, 83 thirteen hdrfes, twenty-one negroes, thirteen white people, and one hundred pounds worth of bulky ar- ticles. No diftinaion aflumed on account of rank br property. A general attachment to the federal union j but a jealoufy of the monied intereft of the Noi'thern ftates, Bufmefs conduced at popular afiemblies with re- gularity and propriety ; no fymptoms of ariftocratical influence, but a prevailing jealoufy of a man of large fortune. A candidate for an oiRcc will fometimes canvaf?, but the reputation of an opponent will often obtain a vote in preference. Eleftions conduded very quiet— fcldom any difordcr. No expences : uend them. All males, ffom fifteen to forty-five, liable to ferve in the militia. A gentleman ufed to fend every year for labourers from Scotland, and indenture them for five years, who all in the end obtained plantations for themfelves. Price of land depends on foil and convenience to market. They are moft of them very indifferent ploughmen. In the Geneflee country, have lately Ven difcovcred two fulphur fprings. Before this, it was generally fuppofed there were no mines of fulphur in any part of the United Sute» N4 Ohsn* ? ^^"Hf »^ ! .'^■'r^ I Mr .■,>■ % ■V;;t' i84 A VOYAGE TO THE Ohfervations on the City of Philadelphia. All the ftrcets run parallel, or crofs each other at right angles. Almoft every houfe of trade has an afcent of fteps to enter, and a floping cellar window or door, to re- ceive goods, &c. Many houfcs five, fome fix ftorics high ; all roofed with fhingles, i.e. with pieces of oak, of the fliape of tiles, but twice as large. The houfcs (at Icaft the mo- dern ones) built of brick. High-flrcct, is the widert ftrcet, and is about the centre of the town, reaching from the river Delawar, nearly two miles towards the Skuylkil ; it is forty yards wide, and down the middle of the ftrect is a market houfe, thirty feet wide, and half a mile long j in one part of it is the fhambles, another, poultry and gardcn- ftufF, &c. Here you can have a good long walk in all weather, and here it was (being oppofile Dr. Frank- lyn's houfe) where he ufed to walk moft evenings in the early part of his life* Every thirty yards there is a public pump exerted in all the principal flreets. No ilaves allowed here, but moft of the fcrvants and labourers are free negroes. A great many Germans fettled at Philadelphia i on the the figns and trades viz. Alley A tax I per annun Executi fcffion, th death, exc More t1 in Englan Very li make vifii cufloms a veiled bon laft year ii fliort canE tafte, and Schools much wai Houfe fummer i very loud The V UNITED STATES. 185 the figns over their fhop doors they have their names and trades cxprefled both in Engliih and German text, viz. Alleyne Innis, Hat Maker. itlUlUU "Jm^^^ HJatf) A tax on dogs and one horfe chairs, five fhillings per annum. Executions feldom happen here. A law pafTed laft fcflion, that nobody (hould undergo the punifhment of death, except it be for murder. More thunder and lightning here in one week than in England a whole year. Very little card playing in this city; they often make vifits without introducing them ; yet Englifii cuftoms and manners generally prevail ; the ladies in veiled bonnets, carrying large fans, like the fafhion of laft year in England : the gentlemen with round hats, fliort canes in their hands, their coats ia the Englifh tafte, and wearing pantaloons. Schools for genteel female education fcarce and much wanted, as Mr. Hamilton told me. Houfe flics very numerous and troublefome in the fummer months; and the croaking of the bull frogs very loud and difagreeable in the environs of the city. The weather very changeable -, Fahreinheit's ther- mometer ., . '>/ it"*!! i vK', pi i ; .;■' i ■' J H \ ■ : ri H 1 k 1-1 III ■*..: '•■. 'i!*i i86 A VOYAGE TO THE mometer was at 95, July 2, 1792. an^ the next day, at 72, and a week after again at 91 ; May 3, at 54, and May 31, at 92 i January 23, at 14. J^nd Ja- nuary 31, at 39; this is very ditllrent from Briffot's account of it ; but thefe extremes are obferved to leilen every year, as the back country becomes more cultivated. Smith, fo common a name in America, that in Phi- ladelphia alone, there are eighty-lix trading houfes bf that name. Butter, from fifteen-pence to cightecn-pence per pound, and not very good. At leaft one out of ten that 1 met in the ftreets was a French perfon, wearing the tri-coloured cockade, the men with them in their hats, the women on their breafts. The flate of fociety fecms here to be very fimilar to that which, in England, is found at Briftol, where there is an intermixture of Quakers, except that card- playing is not fo frequent. The chief revenue of the United States arifes not from internal taxation, which is very light, but from the duties on the imports and tonnage j thefe in the year 17^?, amounted to \.li6y.o90 and in 1795, five million five hundred thoufand dollars. UNITED STATES. 187 So light are their taxes, that all the inland duties together do not make more than a feventh part of the national revenue. A gentleman at New York, told me, that all the taxes of every kind levied on his houfe, which he rented at two hundred and ten pounds per annum, amounted to no more than fix pounds five {hillings. The national debt of the United States amounted to about fixteen millions fterling, which is fuppofcd to bear far lefs proportion to their national wealth than our's, not even a fourth, and is every year leflening that proportion. The annual exports a few years fince, amounted to only feventeen millions of dollars ; in the three fuc- cceding years, they were nearly as follows, viz. twen- ty-one, twenty-fix, and thirty-three millions. For the year, ending in September, 1795, they amount to nearly forty-eight millions i (o that in the fliort fpace of five years their value has trebled, and even their a^ual quantity has been greatly augmented. The Englifh are apt to think of General Wa£hing- ton as the Greeks did of Heftor— •< When He£lor falls, then lUon is no more;*' I was much of that opinion myfelf, before I went to America, but I now think otherwifc : their govern- ment is of that mild excellent frame as to require in the I. m \ ■m m ' .|;..Sl<: 88 A VOYAGE TO THE 1^' the executive power not great abilities, as the compli- cated affairs of Europe do, but only a cool judgment, and a flownefs to adl. If America avoids war and in- tt?rfcrcnce in the politics of Europe, nothing cnn hurt her. The fpirit obfcrved in their political clubs and felf-rreated focieties will do no material mifthicf ; it will only keep them from falling into that fupinenefs and paflivc acquiefccnce to the meafurcs of miniftry, which have been fo fatal to the liberties of the people in other countries. The warm animated difputcs be- tween the plebeians and patricians in ancient Rome, was the foundation of all its greatnefs, and fo, in my opinion, will be the fparrings between the fedcralifts and the anti-fcderalifts. A vigorous executive power is unncceflary in Itates like thofc of America. • ■ - Being in company, at Francis's Hotel, with Mr. Grove, and fome other members from the fouthcrn flates, I argued as forcibly as 1 could againft the in- juftice and impolicy, in cafe of a war between the two countries, of fequellrating or attacking the property of our countrymen lodged in their funds, upon the good faith of their public fecurities. Mr. Grove fmiled acrofs to one of the gentlemen on the oppolite fide, and faid, I might fatisfy myfelf that fuch a meafure would never be adopted, however it might have been threa- tened. When Mr. Dayton's propofed refolution for the fc- queftration of all debts due to Britifh fubjcds, was under debate, Mr. I. Smith quoted a writer upon the law law of nai of individ txcept fioc was of op tion in p firft view vour the tion, th( nations. If, ho\ hoflility faith, by duals, dc difgrace infamous Mr. ( Houfe, t who afte tion to r( nent of take me ftrongly nufador almoft f would h the coui long ag his fam (hire I yirgini UNITED STATES, 189 law of nations, juftifying all reprifals upon the cfFc(Ss of individuals of the aggrefling nation indifcriminatcly, txcept /lock in the public funds. Mr. Giles, however, was of opinion, that there could be no rational diltinc- tlon in principle. Mr. Swift acknowledged, on the firft view of thcruhjc6l, he had been inclined to fa- vour the propofition, but on more mature delibera- tion, thought it a dircdl violation of the law of nations. If, however, America fhould be bold enough, as an hoftility againft Great Britain, to violate her public faith, by fequertrating the private property of indivi- duals, dcpofited bona fide in her funds, flic will highly difgrace herfelf, and American faith vv^ill become as infamous and proverbial as Punic faith. Mr. Grove introduced me, one day, at the State Houfe, to Colonel Parker, the Member for Virginia, •who after fome little converfation, gave me an invita- tion to return with him, and offered, upon the adjourn- ment of Congrcfs, which was to be the next day, to take me with him, in his chariot, to Norfolk, and ftrongly preffed me to fettle there, and cflablifh a ma- nufadory, and that I might have the work of the JJaves almoft for nothing. As I am fpeaking of Virginia, I would here inform my reader, that there is a parifli in the county of Weftmoreland, called Wafhington, as long ago as 1720 or 30, before the Prcfidcnt was born, his family having come out from England (Lincoln- (hire I believe) about 1657, and fettled in that part of Virginia. There is a parifli in England, called Wafh- ington, :iii. A'^m i .r .;• m 190 A VOYAGE TO THE ington, fomcwhere in the county of Durham, from whence the family probably originated. RETURN TO NEW YORK, I fct out on my return to New York, from the Indian Queen, No. 15, South-Fourth-ftreet, at three in the morning. The Itagc is to take us thither in one day, a diftance of more than ninety-tv/o miles. The only pa/rengcrs at fctting off, were, Mr. W. Prieftly and myfelf. It was a fine ftar light morning when we paflcd through the environ Kcnfmgton, and in the firft hour we reached Frankfort townfhip. In croffing the bridge over Pennipack Creek, our horfcs, full of fpirit, took fright, and were very near leaping the battlements of the bridge, which are very low. At fun rife we reached the Red Lion. The floping; ground here, turm-j a beautiful fituation for a gentle- man's CO ' i; ho ;:e, on tnc banks of the Poquaffink Creek. From this place, a road runs diredly north to Warminfter and Hatefborough, which former being the name of my native place, in England, I wiflied very much to have vifited, as probably fome people of that town might have fettled there, and named it, in compliment to their own native place. I have obferved that no mufquitoes had yet appeared at Philadelphia, notwithftanding the exceffive heat, al- though I had beiore found them in great plenty in the jieighbourhood of New York, At At fiftcc rying groii chapel nea with a lloi their dead the corpfc Wcpal that was I was a thic that is, th which pre fpcedily. are famuu acres, an( will contr acre, or 1 the old ft fmall woe tion they wheat wil about N( ploughed pay here, the grour rye is foi %o clear t We n< of the 1)( bre^kfalt UNIT E D STATES, At fifteen miles from Philadelphia, we pafled a bu- rying ground, clofc to the road (Ide : 1 faw no houfe or chapel near it. It is a fquarc of thirty yards, cnclofcd with a ilone wall, and here four or five families bury their dead, without any funeral I'crvicc whatever over the corpfc, as I was informed. \Vc pafTcd a fmall tradl of land, of about ten acres* that was lately cleared. Only two months before, it was a thick wood. The trees had been firft girdled, that is, the bark cut away in a circle round each tree, which prevents the afcent of the fap, and kills them Tpcedily, A dextrous woodcutter (the ConnctSlicut men are famous) will in three months, cut and clear three acres, and fplit up the wood into rails for fences ; he will contrad to do it at twenty (hillings currency, per acre, or twelve fhillings flerling. They next bura the old ftumps, with a fire made round each with the fmall wood, which kills its vegetation. In this opera- tion they had been lately engaged. By July i6, buck wheat will be fown there, which will be fit to reap about November i ; after which it will probably be ploughed up, and fowcd at once to wheat, A man's pay here, is half a dollar a day, and his keeping. If the ground fhould prove too luxuriant for wheat, then rye is fown, which is an excellent grain, they fay, to clear the ground. Wc now travelled eight or ten miles along the banks of the Delaware, to Briftol, and then to Trenton, to IpfC^kfaflj which is about thirty miles from Philadel- phia. ^■t m i i iii'lil, II 1 I 192 A VOYAGE TO THE phia. I went to the Printing Office there, and pro- cured a quantity of old news papers ; among tiie reft, fevcral Kentucky ones, which were very amufuig and novel. I read feveral abfuid and idle ftorlcs about the ftate of the war in Europe, and its events, which were much exaggerated, as may be partly fuppofed, in paf- fmg to fuch a remote part of the world. They are hungry for news, and the printers know their fton'.achs wilffwallow any thing. Here we took into our vehi- cle two very fmart young women, who were going to a country dance, about ten miles ofl' : they were charm- ing company, very facetious, innocent, and modeft withal, and we were very loath to part with them. I muft, however, go back to inform you that I en- quired the price of provifions at Trenton, and found, that beef fold that day for eightpence per pound, or fourpence halfpenny flerling ; mutton, fourpence (two- pence halfpenny j) veal, fourpence j (twopence half- penny.) This was dearer than common, on two accounts: the great quantity lately bought up for ex- portation, upon taking off the embargo; and the adembly of the flate being then fitting at Trenton. Land here fells, of the beft kind, at about ten pounds an acre. I obferved feveral fmall flocks of ftieep in this neighbourhood : their breed feems not to be much encouraged in thefe ftates, mutton not being a favorite food. Orchards in abundance along the ror J fide. The natural wood of this tract is oak uid chefnut, and e UNITEt) STATES. 193 and many of the butternut trees ; a few trees of the cataipa, planted for ornaments before the houfes, the fmell of whofe leaf refembles coffee. I have as yet feen no elm tree in America. Fern is feldom or never fecn here, but I have heard there is fome found in the neighbourhood of Bofton, Near Princctown are large plantations of the Italian mulberry tree, for the culture of the filk worm. Some of the farmers greatly objea to them, as interfering with more ufeful domeftic occupations, and encou- raging too much habits of idlcnefs. At Milftone Creek we paffed Kingftone, a fmall fcattcrcd village, or townfhip, with fcarce three houfes in fight together. The roads very rough and ftoney. As we approach New Brunfwick, we defcend a long gradual hill over a plain, and the town appears fimilac to the entrance of Alresford from the city of Win- chefter. On the right fide of the town 1 faw the large extended barracks which were formerly occupied by Lord Cornwallis and his troops, who were ftationed here during three winter months. Here we dined, and then croflcd the Rariton River in the ferry. The bridge of five arches which had been carried away by the late floods, had now ten or twenty men at work upon it, (or in boats) repairing it. We next came to Pifcataway, through a very poor fandy foil. The land here may be bought for lefs than five pounds 3n acre. O IfaW *■)•• ^f U 'ft i».^.. 194 A VOYAGE TO THE 1 U^ a few crows fly along, which were Ac hrft and only ones I obferved .n America. Rooks they have none, as 1 a.n told. 1 (hould fuppofe .t would be well worth the attention of their government to import the breed, as the country abounds fo much ^ith infcas, worms, and reptiles. A farmer m Eng. land, who dcftroys or drives them from h.s cftate, finds a ereat difference in this refpca. far more than the value of what corn they eat. The magpie is a b,rd not known there. Of fomc kinds of birds they have great plenty, fuch as robins, fwallows cat b.rds, and king birds, or men of war, as fomc call them. Now we pafs a road, branching off to our right, to Amboy and Sandy Hook ; and we foon after reach Woodbridcre. While they changed horfes, I went round to furvey the houfc and garden, and found a weavmg (hop, where two men were weaving linen fheetmg, out of flax raifed and fpun by neighbouring families, Vho brou<.ht their yarn to them to make it up mto cloth. Tlicfc men told me they could weave four- teen yards a day of yard-wide Iheeting. It was not very fi.ic, as may be luppofed. Five miles farther on, vc naflbd a faw mill, on Raway river ; a very profita- Ve creaion in every ftate, if fccured from the efFeds ■-©f lyd-jen floods, very common in this country, to the . ,uin of manv a once profitable concern. We ftop at the Whcat-aeaf to water our horfes, and proceed over • a ytq unplcafant country till We reach Elizabeth Town i a very low fituation, near the marfhes. Go- vernor Livingfton has a country feat, about half a mile •to the kftj on an cmincn^'c. Three UNITED STATESt m Three miles further, we paffcd a large Baptifl Meet- ing Houfe, {landing alone on our right, and then came to Newark, about five in the evening. The weather had been uncommonly hot, and I felt myfclf fo un- comfortable, that I was glad here to quit theftage, and ihy till the next day. I opened my portmanteau and changed myiclf, and having now got a comfortable difli of tea, with plenty of good cream, at the Hounds and Horn, kept by Archer Gifford, I was (o well refreflicd as to walk over every part of the town. The ftrects are very wide, with the houfcs fcparated from cacli other by gardens and outlets. It is fo incrcafed as to have doubled its inhabitants v/ithin the laft ten years, and the land rifen in value from ten to thirty pounds an acre. A large manufadlory of leather and flioes, car- ried on here. There arc four meetings or churches, one Oi" which is peculiarly elegant, v/ith a handfomc fpire, two hundred and two feet high, ninety-feven long, and lixty-fix Icet in breadth, built of itone. Near the top is a gallery on the outfide, from whence you have a beautiful view of Staten and Long Iflands, Hudfon's River, New York, kc. kc. A large brick building is now ere6ling here for a grammar fchool 5 one large apartment in it is already opened, for the youth of both fexes to meet and learn to ling. As night fat in, the fire flies afforded conflant entertain- ment in my walks. The next morning 1 went a mile out of the town, to fee the new bridge over the Pofaick, eredcd tc a\foid the frequent difagreeablc delays at this ferry. It is neatly framed of wocd, with a draw bridge to let the fchooncrs and other veilels pafs. Another ' O ?, bridge H'i } -. 'f'i't" ' ' i; ■> ^ w ti| , ,r' 7 ... ' igS A VOYAGF TO THE bridge of the fame kind is going to be creaed over the Hackinfack, which will be a great convenience to travellers to and from New York, and places adjacent, I remarked fome very beautiful elevated fituations for houfcs, not yet occupied. On the green, adjoining to Newark, is lately creded a high pole, furmounted with the cap of liberty. Hearing there was a meeting of the inhabitants, I followed the croud into a large towa hall, where 1 found them debating about the means and ordering of the commemoration of July 4, then ap- proaching, (the ajra of their independence. ) it was dc- termined there Ihould be a procefllon to church, and a fermon preached on the occafion, but as to a fcaft, it was decreed, that every perfon fhould do as they liked beft. Beds were fo fcarce at the inn, that two of u$ flcpt on me floor of the large parlour. The inns are in general very fmall, travelling not having been very frequent till of late, and the houfes built only for private fami- lies. 1 went next morning to an exhibition of wild beafts, among which was a buffalo, juft brought from Kentucky ; it refembled an ill (hapcd cow, and of the colour of an afs. There are four or five poft chaifes kept in this place, and a multitude of one-horfe chaifes, which pay, I think, five Ihillings a year tax to the ftate of New Jerfey. There is a ftagc every day in the fum- mer, which fcts out at fix o'clock in the morning for Mew York, from Archer Giff-ord's, (fare three ihillings currency) and returns again to dinner, about three. It puts up in New York, at the corner of CoiMand-ftreet, and Broadway. It is very convenient for thofe who live i UNITED STATES. 197 live at Newark, and carry on their bufincfs at New York. There is, I am told, a very genteel neighbour- hood here, and much tea vifiting. It is alfo a great thoroiighfarc, and may be reckoned a very neat plea- fant country town. Mr. Harriot's houfe is beautifully fituated on a kind of clifF; there 1 breakfafted, accord- ing to a pronjife, 1 made when I went to Philadelphia. Mrs. Harriot, who had lived here two years, com- plained much of the cxceflive heat in fummer, and the extreme cold in the winter, as what ihe had not been tiicd to in England. I had not time to go and fee Schuyler's copper minSj about four miles from this place: it was firft difco- vered about the year 1776, but upon breaking out of the war, it was not much worked till lately. It is now worked by a fteam engine, and I am told, yields from the ore, three fourths copper. A mill for fmelting, is going to be cret^ed at Patcrfon. While at Newark, I heard much converfatlon about the Paterfon manufaaory, at the Falls in that neigh- bourhood, as a very expenfive undertaking ; alfo of the roguery of the different managers, placed at different times at the head of it j chiefly men of ruined fortunes, from England ; men who undertook it, merely to aggrandize themfelves, at any rate. I have already given my opinion, on the fate of thcfe undertakings, America has many better fources of nationai Wealth, at prefent, than manufaaure. '■{■Vfi'l} ;, M4. r iiaiir O3 At f^^m '• ■ s X9S A VOYAGE TO THE At ten o'clock, I took a place in the ftagc, for New York, and paid half a dollar, being nine miles. The road is, foe the moil part, over a fwamp, and it is made pailable by flicks of timber laid acrofs it all the way, fo clofe together, that the horfcs cannot ftep between. One of my fellow travellers fuddcnly called out, «* A fnake,- a fnake I and fee the bird following it." The fact was, a large black fnake was ftictchcd before us on the road, fafcinating a poor bird, and he had lo far lucceeded, before the rattle of our carriage difturbcd him, that when he retired flowly into the ruflics, by the road fide, the bird adlually followed him. The driver told us, it was a very common occurrence, Monfieur Barre, a captain of the Ptrdrix French frU ^ate, which lay in North River, was a paffcuger with us ; a handfome, well looking, manly perlon, with fenfible and pleafant converfation ; yet to fee him with a pair of gold ear rings dangling next his checks, filled me with difguft. After croffing the Paffalck and Hackinfack Rivers, wc came to Paul us Hook, and were foon ferried over lludfon's River, to the city of New York. I went immediately to Mrs. Lorings, to enquire for Dr. and Mrs. Pridtley, and found they were gone to dine with Mr, Ofgood, a gentleman 1 was acquainted with, and where I had before dined. I came in juft as the wines and defert were placed on the table, and found a large party, of twenty-two ladies and gentlemen. Befides Pr. and Mrs. Prieftley, there were ; the Bifhop of Nc\» York and his Lady, a relation of mine, by marriage, Mr. 1 ^ UNITED STATES. t97 Mr. Genet, the late French AmhafTidor, Mehnclhon Smith, and others, befidcs Mrs. Ofgood, the Mifs Franklyns, and many ladies. The two Mifs Frank- lyns are the daughters of Mrs. Ofgood, by her former hufband. They are charming accomplifhed young women. I promifed myfelf much plealurc and delight in cultivating an acquaintance with them, while I was at New York, but to my great mortification, a few days afterwards, they fet out on a vifit to their rela- tions, at Bofton. We had much intercfting convcrfa- tion after dinner, efpecially on political fubje(fls, I could not help remarking, that 1 was feated between the Bifhop and Dr. Prieftlcy, the feat of war in England, but of peace and civility here. (No loaves and fifhcs in the way.) When we retired to the drawing room, for tea and coffee, converfation continued too intercft- ing for any one to propofe cards, and about tea in the evening, we fcparated. Mrs. Loring's pleafant lodging houfe being too full to admit mc, 1 took up my quarters at Mrs. Gordon's, No. 1 37, Greenwich-ftrcet, a new built pleafant houfe ; paying eight dollars a week, for lodging and boarding. Saturday, June 14, went with Dr. and the two Mrs. Prieftley's to call on Dr. Prevoofl, the Bilhop, a plea- fant agreeable man, of plain manners and good fcnfe. No honours annexed to the office of Bifliop, in Ame- rica. You neither addrefs them as Lords, nor Right Reverend Fathers in God. His Lady was a MifsBouf- field, from Ireland, fifter to Colonel Bousficld, a gen- teel, pleafing, and agreeable woman, O4 7«»^ :ti m * ff '* *' I ml II if}^ 1^; ^ 9 11 200 A VOYAGE TO THE June 15, being Trinity Sunday, the divines preached almoft univcrfally io fupport of that dodlrinc. The famous interpolated text, which Dr. Clarke has juftly noticed, was not foi gotten: "There are three that bear record in heaven." At Trinity Church, I heard Dr. Heach preach from thefe words: " Acquaint now thyielf with God, and be at peace with him, thereby good Ihall come unto thee." In a very pcrfonal man- ner, he applied them to Dr. Prieftlcy, as if the caufe of all his troubles was his ignorance of the nature of the Deity. They arc really afraid of Dr. Prieillcy, and are preparing publications againft Unitarianifm, making UQ doubt of a complete viiSlory, A lliip arrived to-day, from Leith, m Scotland, with above a hundred paflengers, corr-.c '^ttle. Monday^ 'June 16, we dined with Mr. . ^en, at his country houfe, three miles out of New York, on ii\^ Eait River. Our party were, General Gates and his Lady, the four Prieftleys, and two other gentlemen, befides the family. The top difli was an excellent fifh, called a flieep's head, flewcd, refembling tench, but much better. In the defert was a plate of currants, but they were not fully ripe, a proof that their feafons are not much backwardcr than ours. General Gates drank to me, at table, as his countryman. The Ge- neral finding I was an Englifh clothier, complained he could never get any good fuperfine broad cloth, at New York, though he had tried every fhop there. «* Why," fays he, fniiling, " do you put us off with fych fuch infer party at t( fons and '■ •i '1 lit, ■'*1 f 2J4 A VOYAGE TO TIIR the whole of this, he afkcd one thoufinJ five hundrrd pounds currency, or eight hundred and forty- three pounds fifteen (hillings Ik-rliUj,'. It is a plcaCant town, on the great road between New York and IMiilac'-Jphia, to which places, four ftagcs pafs every day. A chc«i> place to live in, and yc.u n.ay g'> by water feveral tn:. 4 every day, to and from New Yurie, for tcnpenci- ru- ling, or one (hilling and fixp'-nce currency. V.-u ^,0 it generally, (at Icalt I diJ) in ;jn hour ;ind a half. I have heard, to-diy, that Mr. Willces's Mutiful houfe, and imi)rov«Mj)e'its, arc (.ifcred for iaie i .oow renicd by Mr. Ludiow. It. has foLT elcg int fronts, and a portico, with eighty acres vf improved land round it^ is five miles from New York, on the bank? of Hudfon's or North River; commands a fine view qf the river and city, and is offered for four tboufaiid pounds currency. Friday, June lOf A fhip arrived to-day, at the bat» tery, from Ireland, which brings over four hundred and thirty-five pafTcngers. i made a point to find many of them out, and afk them why they left their country : they told me the times were lb hard, and every thing fy dear, that witli all their induftry, they could not live. They faid they had all paid their paf- fage i that near t\vo hundred of them were weavers of diaper and dimity. They told me, that moft of thcn> ivere going to the weltcrn parts of Connedlicut, to fettle on new lands. Many other arrivals of this kind lately, and great plenty of poor Englilh manufadlurers, who who wr.u th«'y cou whrn he maiuifatSl: favcd up The flalt Hcquired as thofe fuch iirea offered t acres, th< tion to cultivate purchafc buy, he annum, ten yean eighteen This any lan( pence ol food, 01 The B( neatly, tirrler, fagacity have pu have m been fo UNITED STATES, 20 i who wr.uld be pl.u' to fcti'c at their old biifincfTcs it" th«*y could get employ. Mr. Dixon t( Id me, that whr-n he has fomctinics put them into the loom, at his manufadlory, thry gcnvrally leave him when they have faved up a little nionty, and g ) to fettle on new land. The flattering profpcct ofeafc and independence, to be Acquired by moderate labour, foon attradts their notice, as thofe who make large purchafes of land, hold out fuch great encouragement. The following terms were offered to one Moxam : To have pollcflion of fi.ty acres, the firll five years, for nothing, cxccpr a condi- tion to erc£t a log houle, and cultivate it before he cultivate any other land. He is then to be offered the purchafc of the land, at a market price. If he will not buy, he muft pay one (hilling an acre, as rent, per annum, for the next five years ; and if at the end of ten years, he docs not quit it, or buy it, hv is to pay eighteen guineas a year for ever. This informant alfo faid, that you might get almoft any land cleared, in New York County, for the ex- pence of twenty- four fhillings per acre, and find them food, or forty (hillings Currency, to find themfelvcs. The Beavers will fometimcs clear a fpwt of land very neatly, cutting down trees, and carrymg away the timber, reduced into (hort logs, by their wonderful fagacity and (kill. It is a fortunate circumftance to have purchafed land where theTe induftrious animals have made a fettlenient. At Ibme of them, there has been four ton of hay vut on an acre. i-i If til ■ A .■-Tj 1 m 1 " 'ii i'iJ 1 ;*'» ■M 1 'I ''"i ■!i«i!H ,1 1 f fm I \ ilh 2o6 A VOYAGE TO THE Saturday, June 21. I had a pleafant rural ramble, in Long Ifland. As foon as I had brcakfaltcd, 1 got into the ferry boat, at the Fly Market, and for two- pence, was ferried over to Brooklyn. There finding a coachee, going to Flat Bufh, I mounted the vehicle, and foon found myfelf in company with two French emigrants, who could not fpcak a word of Englifli, nor could 1 very well underftand their French, and it was truly ridiculous, to fee us convcrfing by figns, and occafional monofyllables, which puzzled more than explained. However we foon got to Flat Bufli (about five miles) where I obferved a College, or Academy j thither, as foon as the coachee flopped, I direded my fteps. 1 was very civilly received, and ihewn up into the library, where I faw a very good pair of Globes of Adams's, a refleaing tdefcope of Dolland's, and an clediical apparatus. A fmall, but well-chofcn library} but feeing very few Greek or Latin books, I alked the reafon of it: the niaftcr informed me, that though they had near a hundred pupils, from different Itates of the Union, and fome as far off as from Georgia, that very few of them learned the clafllcs ; which (from the idea that it employed too much of a boy's time,) was getting very much out of fafliion. There were, he faid, now fuch good tranflations into Englifh, of al- moft all the fine claflic authors, that the knowledge of them, could be obtained very competently, without a young man's hammering fo long a time at hicy hac, hoc^ and nifluiy Tv-i^uiy T.Tt.■■ 'i'lHfS ,, ' faife, and when they have eight or ten pounds of yarn, they fend it to a public weaver, who returns it to them, wove into cloth. Soap they make of kitchen greafe and alhes, for domeftic ufe ; and raifir.g all commodities and proviftons around them, they are fo happy as to have very little ufe for money. There is one or two packs of dogs kept in this ifland ; a pack of fox hounds hunts twice a week, at Jamaica, during the feafon, I now mounted the coachec once more, with my two Frenchmen, and found I was going to Jamaica, the chief town of the ifland. Good roads, and therry trees, loaded with fruit, almoft all the way. We ga- thered them in plenty, without flopping the carriage. They are not fweet, as ours, but very palatable and cooling, the weather being at this time, very hot. The country very flat, fcarce a rifmg to be feen, till you meet the ridge which pafles through the middle of the ifland, near Jamaica. It is but a fmall fcatterci ■village, no two houfes join. There was a large Mar- ket-Houfc, and fcveral fhops, like our country ones, in England, that fell every thing. Willing to bring away fomething, I purchafed, at a fliop, a neat little work balket, made by the Montaick Indians, of that neighbourhood, a very quiet harmlefs people, the Abo- rigines of the ifland, who live in the adjoining woods. We had a very poor dinner, at this place. After waiting two hours, here came in a breaft of veal, as red as bacon, potatoes fweet and waxy, that I could not touch them : at laft 1 got a good cucumber, und bread and I UNITED STATES, 209 and cheefe, of which I made a tolerable dinner. We had Port and Madeira, but they were both fo bad, that I was obliged to mix them with water, to make them palatable. We had fome good bottled porter, from New York. The landlord, however, undcrftood how to charge, for we paid five Ihillings and fixpence a-piece, at which our two Frenchmen uttered " Morbleau," and fliook their heads. % \v:l. After drinking " ThePrefident," which is always the firft health, in America, and then *' King George," I requefted they would iing me fome civic fongs. I fhall never forget the animation with which they fung the MarfeilloisHymn. They rofe from their feats with fuch agitation, and ufed fuch gefture with their enthufiafm, while I fat fmoking a pipe very coolly, that I laid it down, preparing myfelf for either peace or war. They were two to one, but I was not in much fear of them, although fo far diftant from all aid. We had next, the Carmagnole, then Vicllons au Salut de TEmpire, and many others. But our Frenchmen began, at lafl, to be too noify, to be any ways tolerable ; fo I quitted them, about fix o'clock, and hired the coachee to take me back to Brooklyn, for which I agreed to give our charioteer half a dollar, and a good glafs of brandy and water, at the half-way houfe. When we were come three parts of the way to the crofs rcads;, one of which leads to Flat Bufli, where he lived, having had both money and beverage, he refufed to take me any further, and faid he mult now return home : I told him I ihould infilt on his fulfillihg his agreement, and P that •I fii- .., ^"M I. r. ?■■! s I.r III 110 A VOYAGE TO THB if he dared to take me one ftep out of the road, I the that would fummon him before the next Juftice of the Peace, to anfwer for it. Upon which, feeing me re- folutc, he at once became all obedience : the carriage, however, broke down, within a mile of Brooklyn, and ftepping out, I had a very pleafant walk to the ferry, and reached New York about eight in the evening. I remarked that I never faw one mulketoe while in the ifland, although they were fo very troublefome to me, laft week, on the other fide of North River. This is owing to the wind being north, which keeps them on the Jerfey fhore j had the wind been fouthward or weft, we fhould have had multitudes of them. I had taken with me an introduaion, to call on Captain GifFard, of Flat Bulh, but I did not find him at home : he was, it feems, employed doing ftatute labour on the road. It is liberty and equality, in this ifland : the laws order that every man, without diftinc- tion, muft give a day's labour, in turn, upon the high roads. I faw well drefled gentlemen at work, ftiovel- ing dirt, with the commoneft people. By this means they have very good roads, at little coft ; turnpikes being not fo much as known there, or in any part of America, except very lately, on the road between Phi- ladelphia and Lancafter, to which, though a great out- cry was raifcd againft it, by the thrifty Germans fre- quenting Philadelphia Market, they are now very well reconciled. They find, by experience, that they can carry more goods to market, with the fame number of . horfes, f p; I UNITED STATES. 211 horfes, and do their bufinefs in lefs time, which amply rcimburfcs them what they pay to the turnpike. The roads, to be fure, round Philadelphia, were fo (hoclc- ingly bad, being a foft miry clay, that they appeared to me almoft impailable. Sunday^ June 21. This morning I went to the Pro- teftant Epifcopal -Church of St. Paul ; a modern hand- fome edifice. The entrance is by a portico, in the form of a dome, which gives it a grand appearance. The old church and houfcs in this part of Broadway were burnt down while Ncvv York was occupied by Sir William Howe and the Britifli troops. Dr. Frevood, the Bifliop, gave us an excellent difcourfe on benevo- lence, but it was ill delivered. The communion ta- ble here, 1 obfcrved, was placed in the ealt, but in Trinity Church it is in the weft, purpofsly to prevent any fuperititious notions about it. The difciplinc of the United States, of the Prc(by- terian denomination, is very fimilar to the Kirk of Scotland j (except in Ncvv England, where they are Congregationalifts, that is, individual to themfelvcs, • and unconneded with any other churches or fynods.) So tenacious are they of their fyftem, which is ftrict Calvinifm, that in their fynods, laws have been made repeatedly, to prevent foreigners becoming niiniftcrs in any of their focieties, before they have given l^\tisfac- tory proof that their Creed is Calvinifm. This is 'the reafon why Dr. Prieftj^was not aflced on his arrival, to preach in cither of their churches at New York or Phi- P 2, ddphia. k\A I' A W'^n^ -ifi"'! '■ ■ > $$ : ' '"1% i: 212 A VOYAGE to TUt m m 9 1 fl ^H^t'"4 !h9 p 1 /:■ r's Dr. P. has, however, fince preached a fe- riei difcourfcs at Philadelphia, on the Evidences of Chriftianity, to very full congregations ; and a Sermon on the opening of the Univcrfalift Church, at which almoft every Member of Congrcfs attended. 1 candidly confefs, for my own part, that I think the Epifcopal Churches of New York and Phila- delphia, far more liberal than thofc of any other per- fuafion. They entirely leave out the Athanafian, and all other Creeds, except the Nicenc i nor do they turn to the Eaft or any particular part of the church when they rehearfe their Belief, nor repeat the Pater- noder fo many times as our's do. They do not re- quire fubfcription to the Thirty-nine Articles j nor does the prieft rife after confcffion, to pronounce ab- folution, but continues on his knees with his fellow vvorfhippcrs. At the regulation of their fervice, after their fcparation from England, it was propofed to leave out all controverfial fubjcds as much as poffiblc; and the prefervation of the dodrine of the Trinity was carried, I am cold, by only a fmall majority of voices. Whoever has a vacant day and fine weather, while at New York, let them go to Haarlem, eleven miles diftant. There is a pleafant tavern on an eminence near the church j a branch of the fea, or Eaftern Ri- ver, runs clofe beneath you, where you may have ex- cellent filhing. On the oppofite fide, are two plea- fant houfes, belonging to Colonel Morris, and a Cap- tain Lambert, an Engli& gentleman, who retired hi- ther UNITED STATES. 213 ther after the war. Mr. Marrlner, the landlord, is a very intelligent, well-educated man ; I fiihed with him for an hour and received a great deal of pleafure from his converfation. During the war, his houfe was frequently reforted to by General Wafhington, for intelligence, as well as officers from both armies; and he will give you, if you have patience to hear him, a long account of the tranfadlions of thofe times. He prefled me very much to Hay at his houfe for a week, and I fhould pay what I pleafed. On our return, Mr. L and myfelf drank tea and coffee at Brannon's Tea Gardens. Here was a good green- houfe, with orange and lemon trees, a great quantity of geraniums, aloes, and other curious fhrubs and plants J he is a Northamptonfliire man, and a great Ariftocrat. Iced creams and iced liquors are much drank here during the hotweathei, by parties from New York. Here a perfon mentioned, that a woman at New Brunfwic was brought to bed, the week before, of three fons, all likely to live, who were chriftened Warren, Montgomery, and Mercer. This is the way indeed for the new country to be foon flocked with inhabitants, Mrs, Maitland told me, that during laft winter, fhe ufed no other coal in the houfe, than what came from Virginia ; that it was equal in quality nearly to the fhip coal, which fhe had before ufed, from Li- verpool, which is mod generally ufed in New York and the Northern ftates. It burns, however, to a red- difh duftj like the Mendip coal, P 3 No ,;i . i tl'ifiil 214 A VOYAGE TO THT; No brocoli raifcd In America ; the foil is fo ftrong, it runs quickly to fml ; the caulillowcr is but very indifferent; neither will the goofcberry tree flourifll well, (in the neighbourhooi ol" New York, at lealt) as it likes a clay foil, and there they arc all upon the fand. There are many words the Americans ufe which wc do not,—lengthy for long, cxtinguijimicnt for extindVion, zn6 advocated ; the vulgar Americans pronounce the word fortune as /cjr/w. Tmfday, June 23, I dined with James Rivington, the bookfeller, formerly of St. Paul's Church-yard ; he is ftill a chearful old man, and enquired of me for Mr. Collins, :.nd Mr. Eafton, and many of his quondam acquaintances in England. During the time the Britifli kept poffeffion of New York, he printed a newfpaper for them, and opened a kind of coffee houfe for the officers ; his houfe was the great place of re- fort ; he made a great deal of money during that pe- riod, though many of the officers quitted it confidera- bly in arrears to him. In the evening at fix o'clock, Mr. G. L and myfelf fet out, in an Elizabeth Town boat, with Mr. Addington, for Springfield, in New Jerfey, to fee his printing-callico cftablifh- ment. To Elizabeth Point, is about twelve miles j we paid one fhilling and fixpence each for our paflage, (tenpcnce halfpenny ftcrling) and paffing along under Stateu "yyr I " UNITED S TATE S. 215 Statcn Ifland, we landed there, at Judge Ryan's, to take in two horfes belonging to Mr. Addington, and, after a moft pleafant fail of three hours, we reached the Point. While pafTing by Staten Ifland, our nofes were fud- denly aflailed with a moft difqgrecable ftench, and be- fore I could fpeak of it, the people on board cried out, " A Skunk ;" It feems this nafty animal may be fmelt at 3 mile diftance, if the wind fets that way, which was the cafe at prefent : it is about the fize of a pole cat, very flow in its motions j Nature, has therefore, given it a defence of a peculiar kind. We flept this night at the tavern at the Point, and next morning we walked two miles to Elizabeth Town to breakfaft. Here I got a one horfe chair, and drove myfelf to Springfield. This place was burnt down during the late war ; yet Mr. Addington holds Ariftocratic principles, which renders the people there lefs friendly and fociable to him than if otherwife. In this village there are plenty of rivulets of quick run- ning water. I counted four mills within the fpace of half a mile — for a paper manufadory, for boring and fawing timber, for making lintfeed oil and paint, and for turning carding engines. The latter I went to fee i it is condudedbya Mr. Dcwhorft, from Manchefter, and is both for cotton and woollen j fome good work- fliops were juft finiihed building. One fmall carding engine appears nearly worn out, and another was juft finifhing of very compleat good workmanfliip, with iron arches, and the cards of excellent workman- P 4 ftipj ' ' U' ' m '•.•■ lie •'■ «i6 A VOVAGE TO THE fliip, and well put on. I faw an eighty-four fpindlcd jenny, and four other fmaller ones. Mis mill-wheel is twenty-two feet diameter, and never any want of wa- ter in the dried feafon. He had a large parcel of li- nen yarn, of very good quality ; the flax coil him ten- pence per pound, currency, and the fpinning, twenty- one pence, drawn about nineteen fkeins to the pound ; in all about one fliilling and fixpence per pound fter- ]Ing. His weaving ihop in the lowclt ftory, contained eight looms. A good workman there expcdis to earn a dollar a day or more, but fome are to be had at half the price. Plenty of Emigrant workmen from our three kingdoms continually pafs along and afk for work. There is a fifth mill, a little further on, in the occupation of Mr. Tyler, a native of the village. He is a clothier, i. e. one who mills and dreffcs the homefpun cloth for the neighbourhood. He has two prefles, (very poor ones) and two pair of fheers. He is fo ingenious as to dye almofl: every colour himfelf from roots, leaves, and the barks of trees which grow in his neighbourhood : — good yellows from the black oak bark, which is the quercitron for which Dr. Ban- croft procured a patent, and fold at an enormous price in Eno-land. The fame colour he alfo procures from the hiccory bark and the barbary root ; claret browns he dyes from the white oak bark, filled up with fan- ders J good grafs greens, with the leaves of peach trees, fixed with alom ; he alfo dyed very good cinna- mons and browns, from the bark of the butternut tree, by mere cold infufion ; fumach, of very good ijuality, grows wild, and is had for nothing j the ap- P^9 pic tree b vorablc fi good wat( miles of t cccdincj ( threepenc ble canal into the t with Mr veiling ac firft I hat my pock( field behi Zeis grow has a CO lins, and but it is hardly fu pital, 1 •will for concerns tailed ; i from the fermcnte( cellent ai to Elizal ting off tered wii joined b York, i ters. W UNITED STATES. 217 pk tree bark dyes a'fo a good ycTlow. This Is a fa- vorable lituation for eftabliihing tnanufatSlurc; there Is good water carriage by Pofaick River, within five miles of the place, to New York. Provifions are ex- ceeding cheap ; butcher's meal, from twopence to threepence halfpenny flerling per pound. A naviga- ble canal might in fome future time be cafily made into the middle of the town. In walking acrofs a field, with Mr. Dewhorft, I met with a little tortoife tra- velling acrofs the foot path juft before me ; it was the firfl: I had ever fecn ; I put the little gentleman into my pocket, and brought him alive to England. In a field behind Tyler's houfc, I faw fomc very good tei- zcls growing. I dined here at \ir. Addington's, who has a confidcrablc bufinefs in printing calicoes, muf- lins, and linens, and an excellent bleaching ground ; but it is as yet quite an infant undertaking, and will hardly fucceed for want of a larger command of ca- pital. The difficulty of making returns of money, will for many years operate againfl: eftablifhing fucli concerns. I drank fome fpruce beer, the firfl: I had ever tafled ; it is the common drink here ; they make it from the tops and green cones of the fpruce fir trees, fermented and fwcctened with molaflcs ; it is an ex- cellent anti-fcorbutic. At four o'clock, we returned to Elizabeth Town Point, where a boat was juft put- ting off for New York. We were now fadly pcf- tered with the mufketoes. At Staten Ifland we were joined by two other veffels. As we approach Nev/ York, it forms a beautiful objed rifing from the wa- ters. We now pafs through a fleet of French fri- gates, m ;r i 'i i ' b rf *■ I W- ■' '\ •Mn t i m^ ;-t;f(' 2l8 A VOYAGE TO THE gates, juft drojiping their anchors below Governor's Ifland, Orders were lately ifTucd by Governor Clinton, (on account of the appearances of a war with England) that no vcdlls of force of any foreign nation ihould come into this port, but in future drop their anchors a mile at Icaft without Governor's Ifland. June 29. I made another cxcurfion into Long Ifland, with a gentle.nan of New York j we croircd at nine in the morning, at Brooklyn Ferry, with our horfes, and rode through Flat Bufli to Gravefend, near the Narrow?, where there is a beautiful view of the fea and all the fhipping entering the harbour. A Mr. Bailey, of New York, has juft built a very hand- fome tea-drinking plcafurc houfc, to accommodate par- tics who come hither from all the neighbouring ports; he intends alfo to have bathing machines, and fcveral fpccies of entertainment. It fccms parties are made here from thirty or forty miles diftance, in the fummer time. At Gravefend 1 went to church, but the fer- vice being in Dutch, I was very little the better for it i the finging was the oddeft I ever heard, without the leaft harmony in it. The day was fo clofc and hot, we were forced to lie by till the evening. On our return to Brooklyn Ferry, about fix o'clock, we could get no paflage for two hours. So much com- ' pany refort to this pleafant ifland on each fine Sun- day, from New York and other places, as to keep four large ferry boats, holding twenty perfonseachj in con- ftant ftant cmpl fons had p AloudfJy (by auiSlio the north acres in th linirs and and hxpei Ihiliings i fieri ing ;) three (hi! penny ;) three fhill penny.) Same c with the Kentucky of Lex in Pcnfylvai try for m three mc pounds ; thirty the He fa; chafing Kentucl< others t Jings an UNITED STATES, 219 ftant employ. Between three and four thoufand pcr-» Jons had palled over that day. Momhy. I attended a falc of fomc military lands (by aaaion at the Tontine Coffee Houfe) fituated in the north part of New York State. Twenty-five acres in the townfhip of Cato, were fold at two fhil- linirs and cightpence currency per acre ; (one Ihilling aniT fixpencc ftcrling) five hundred in Pompey, at five Ihillings and one penny (two fliillings and tcnpence Ikrlingi) nine hundred in Tully and Hannibal, at three (hillings and cightpcncc (two (hillings and one penny;) fourteen hundred in Hedor and Dryden, at three (hillings and cightpence (two (hillings and one penny.) Same day, in Loudon's (the bcokfellcr) (hop I met with the Reverend John Hurt, a clergyman, from Kentucky, where he had lived many years in the town of Lexington. He has travelled through Virginia, Pcnfylvania, and moft parts of America. No coun- try for making a fortune like Kentucky. He named three men who began with Icfs than two hundred pounds a-picce, in his memory, and arc now worth thirty thoufand pounds ftcrling, only ftorc k'^epers. He fays there is much want of judgment in pur- chafrn'T lands : there are at this time lands even in Kentucky, not worth a pinch of fnuft an acre, and others that would be cheap at twenty or thirty (hil- Jings an acre. The next; land to it in point of ex- cellence 220 A VOVAGE TO THE cellcnce, he fays, is about Harrifburgh, on to Wln- chefter and Hagar's Town, and the reft of the Shenan- doah Valley. He thinks lands are not eligible more than forty-two or forty-three degrees of North lati- tude in the back country. He has often been to the new federal city of VVafhington ; has no doubt it mufl be very confiderabie in a few years, if the government is not overturned, for nothing Icfs can prevent it. Mercantile men will principally fettle in the South- Eaft corner on Eaft River. The navigation there is deep, (thirty-fix fathom) and always free from the in- terruption of ice throughout the winter. The go- Tcrnment will make it a principal objedl to improve this place, and all its regulations refpeding its future grandeur are already planned, fuitable to a great an4 growing empire. A diftricl of ten miles fquare around it, was granted by Congrefs, and appropriated for the permanent feat of the Government of the United States, It was alfo ratified and pafTcd into a law,, (Se£lion the fixth) that on the firft Monday in De- cember, 1800, the feat of government fhall be tranf- ferred to the diftriil and place aforefaid. This dif-^ tri£l of ten miles fquare includes the River Potomac, five miles above and five miles below the city nearly j and extends into the ftate of Virginia, three miles over the river. The whole area of the city confifts of upwards of four thoufand acres. The ground is on an average forty feet higher than the water of the river, and yet a ftream of freih water called Walt's Branch, may be biought brought w of forty fe will be vei nufa<5lurcs and a vet tion more fand fever portioned fix lots, f contains 2 cording t* them unif feventy fei has from lot is fron ling. There as well a; Courts of fliort, all after a pi; (lone foui Each hou roof, in ; feventy t was form the purpc the Capit from whe redlion* ; UNITED STATES. 221 brought within half a mile of the city, at the height of forty feet above the level of the city itfclf, which will be very convenient for all water- works and ma- nufa<5lurcs, &c. Many houfcs are already built, and a very handfome hotel, which coft in the erec- tion more than thirty thoufand dollars (fix thou- fand (even hundred pounds flerling ) It is now ap- portioned into one thoufand two hundred and thirty- lix lots, for building, (which are for fale.) Each lot contains ground for building three or four houfes, ac- cording to general rules to be obferved for making them uniform. The dcepeft lots are two hundred and feventy feet, by feventy, fronting the ftreet. A fquare has from tvventy to thirty lots in it. The value of each lot is from forty pounds to two hundred pounds fter- ling. There is to be a national Univerfity erecled there, as well as the Mint, Pay Office, Treafury, fupreme Courts of Juftice, Refidences for the Ambafladors ; in fhort, all the Public Offices. The city is to be built after a plan laid down for every ftreet, of a fine white ftone found in the neighbourhood, equal to Portland. Each houfc is to be forty feet from the ground to the roof, in all the principal ftrects, which are to be from feventy to one hundred feet wide. The iirft ftreet was formed upon an exadt meridian line, drawn for the purpofe, by a Mr. Ellicot, which pafles through the Capitol, the feat of the legiflature, on an eminence, from whence the ftrects diverge into radii in eve -y di- redtion. It has, therefore, th? full command of every quarter 3 m.,f' 'Mm i f' 12Z A VOYAGE TO THE quarter of the city. From it you can fee every velfcl that comes in or goes out of the harbour, and every carriage or horfeman that enters the city bythc bridge. One of the itrcets (Penfylvania) is marked out to be four miles long. The Prefident's houfe will alfo ftand on a rifmg ground, pofleffing a delightful water profped, together with a commanding view of the Capitol, and the mofl material parts of the city, being likewife the centre of other radiate ftreets. All the grand avenues and fuch ftreets as lead immediately to public places, are frbm one hundred and thirty to one hundred and fixty feet wide ; this is to admit room for a walk, planted with trees on each fide, and a paved way for carriages. Every ftrect is laid dov/n according to adlual meafure- ment, o-ovcrned by the firft meridian line. Commif- fioners are appointed to fee all thcfe regulations carried into execution. The queftion ftill with me is, whe- ther the fcheme is not too magnificent for the prefent ftate of things. The original projedor of this city, was the Great Wafhington himfclf ! Early in life, he contemplated the opening of this river from the tide water, (within three miles of this city) up to nearly its fource. His public employments in the part of the country through which the Potomack and its branches lun, had given him a more complete knowledge of this river, than almoft any other man poflcilcd, at that time ; and his mind was ftrongly impreilcd with its future impor- ti^ncc i tance ; bi magnitud( was but little und however, .until tim bring it f In the purpofe river. ^ for this arifing fr already a tuted, th( Tail adva Then is more that this any river back coi their fed unite the feventeei Potomac Ohio, a tucky ai • The I thli time ( tance ; but the period for undertaking a work of fuch magnitude, had not yet arrived. The country as yet was but thinly inhabited, and canals and locks but little underftood in America. General Wafliington, however, kept this objc6l always in view, waiting until time and circumttances fhould enable him to bring it forward, with a profpcdl of fuccefs. In the year 1784, a Company was formed, for the purpofe of clearing and opening the navigation of this river. A capital of fifty thoufand pounds was required for this work, which was to be re-paid by the tolls arifing from the navigation of the river, and it has already anfwered the purpofes for which it was infti- tuted, the one hundred pounds fliares now felling at a Tall advance. The reafon why a fituation on the Potomack River is more eligible than any other for a federal city, is, that this river runs more dircdiy eaft and weft, than any river befides, by which means it will connedl the back country with the Atlantic flates, and prcfcrve their federal union. In point of trade alfo, it will unite them by intereft ; as by a navigable cut, of only feventeen miles from Savage River (a branch of the Potomack) to the Youghiogany, which runs into the Ohio, a complete navigation can be eft'c£ted from Ken- tucky acrofs the country, clear to the Chefeapeak.* This • The buUdingi and works at the Federal City, are, I undcivland, at ihji time (1796) »lmoli at a ami. i'bc proff tcl of * rur-.'"-? '•^iti^ this C'juWry, m ; it ^■ f: 224 A VOYAGE TO THE W i %>'i This will confolidate the ftrcngth and union of the government, more than can be at firft conceived. The opening of the Mifliirippi would otherwife have taken Kentucky and Cumbcrhind oft' from the union. From the Mifliffippi, direft caft to the Atlantic Ocean, is about feven hundred and fifty miles j of this, the federal city is one third dittancc, or two hundred and fifty miles. Mr. Maddifon fuppofes the centre of population will proceed in a fouth-wefl di- rection. From the federal city, weftward to Pittfburgh, by land, is about one hundred and eighty miles, through Hagar's Town, which is fixty. The inland naviga- tion of the Potomack, is ufed twenty-four miles above Cumberland, a country abounding in coal. From the mouth of Savage River, to Dunkard's Bottom, or Cheat River, a branch of the Monongahela, (which runs alfo into the Ohio) is thirty-feven miles, after which it is navigable to the Ohio, but this land car- riage of thirty-feven miles, may be reduced to feven- teen miles, at a fmall cxpence. country, and other important affairs of the States have occafioncd this td be nei/'leaed, but there is no doubt they will be rcfumed, and the in- tended plan rcrfeaed. An aft of the l.gi nature has fixed the time for its removal thither; and if the works do not proceed faft enough, the Government will th^.. take care to offer fuch premiums and advantages to the Public, as foon to fill it vith native inhabitants. The Conncdicut people, good as their fituation is, will tranfplant themfelves by hun- dreds to Kentucky, or any other back lands, wherever they find they can fooner encreafe their fortunes. Produce UNITED STATES. 225 Produce and goods from the Ohio, can even now (by a land carriage of forty miles) be fent cheaper to Alexandria, than Englifh goods can be delivered from Northampton to London. The fettlers on the Ohio and Mifliflippi, will doubt- lefs, carry their heavy produce down thofe rivers, fouthward, to the Gulph of Mexico, but their returns will be moft naturally through the Potomack, as they cannot afcend the welicrn waters, without great ex- pence and lofs of time ; the current is To rapid,, that a iharp-pointed boat, with fix oars, can fcarcely afcend ^fceen miles a day. What appears of ftill greater moment, is, that the fur and peltry trade of the great lakes, may be brought to the city of Wafliington, through the Potomack, four hundred miles nearer than to any other Ihipping port, h has ever been carried to heretofore. Coal, flate, marble, freeftonc, and limeftone, in abundance, are ali found oa the very banks of this noble river. AU thefc circumftances clearly mark its road to fu« turc greatnefs ; but yet for many years to come, iC will, like many other of their large undertakings, be a body without a foul. Many of their fchemes, I ob» fcrvc, arc highly fpeculative, and not the refult of that neceflity which gives itrength and energy to our plans ia Europe, CL This M ..k \ '^:'m \l^ 126 A VOYAGE TO THE This was the fentiment that generally ftruck me mofl forcibly, as I travelled through the ftates—//;^ ap* pearance every where of a vaji outline^ with much tt Jill up. Objervations on the City of New York. It is a clean, healthy town, the ftrcets pitched with pebbles, and the foot-way paved and raifed as in our principal towns j in fome places with broad ftone, in others with brick only. The foil very fandy, and foon burnt up by the fun ; it would take rain almoft every other day. The water is very bad to drink, except at one pump in Queen- ftreet. which is called the tea-water pump ; and ano- ther at Mrs. Loring's, near the Battery. Being a wa- ter drinker, 1 tried a great many pumps before I found this out, and fuffered lometimes ficknefs, with very fevtre pains in the bowels, from its bad quality. In refpea to their buildings, I date a new aera from their acceptance of the federal conttitution. Then they began to feel themfelves united as a nation, and all their public works and undertakings feeni to have com- menced in a more important ftyle. No; ONITED STATES. 127 No copper money pafles here ; papers, of the fizc of turnpike tickets, pafs for one penny, twopence, threepence, and fourpence a-piece ; thefe will not pufs out of their diltrivit, nor the copper halfpence of Con- nedlicut, Vermont, or Madachul-Jts, pafs at New York. This will foon be rectified by the general ufe of a copper coin, called a cent, now juft beginning to circulate, coined by the authority of Congrefs, '""nj!' Moft of the families of New York have black fer- var.ts. I ihould fuppofe that nearly one fifth of the inhabitants a-e negroes, moft of whom are free, anJ many in good eafy circuinftances. /'if rioufc rent is very dear : three hundred pounds cur- rency, or one hundred and fixty pounds llerling, is a common rent for llore-kecpers and tradefmcn to give. Mr. L gives two hundred and twenty pounds a year for a houle in a back llreet, but all his rates and taxes of every kind do not make up feven pounds a year. Of the rapid and wonderful increafe of population in this city, 1 give the following, as what was publicly ftated for fadl ; In 1790 there were In Ndw York 4500 houfe-keepers, 1791 the number encreafcd to 5800 1792 I 6700 1793 >' 7700 1794 ' ■■ nearly 8900. CL2 A friend 228 A VOYAGE TO TUB A frientl wrote mc from thence in December, 1 791* that there had been upwards of eight hundred and fifty new houfcs built thit year, and yet hardly one to be ■'.Hi :!''!! 11; 1;"!' 236 A VOYAGE TO THE Their fliip buIUing and carrying trade have won- derfully increafed, within the lalt three or four years, fmce the wai, on account of their prudent and wife neutrality. The tonnage in 1790, was as follows : Their own fhippins 479091 tons; of fore'ign to their ports 258919 In 1 79 » - 501790 — "*°'99 ,792 - 56S2S3 - *44263. The difference in the tonnage duty, and the addi- tion of one-tenth upon the duties on goods imported in foreign bottoms, is a fuiTicicnt encouragement to their own fliipping trade, and in fome meafure coun- tervails our navigation ad, in its efilft towards them, at leaft. To increafe this difference in an enormous degree, as JVIr. Maddifon propofcd, January 3, 1794, would, in my opinion, defeat itfelf j and this fcems to be Mr. Smith's opinion. Here we fee how much their own fliipping trade has increafed, while their trade in foreign bottoms has gradually leflened. It is a doubt, however, with many fenfible obfervers, whether the extenfion of their navi- gation, does not, in fome degree, check population and agriculture, which ought to be, for a long lime, their principal national objeft. Proportioi expo: TO THE AV Dollars. 2,005,9c i,283,4( - 4,698,7^ 9,363,4] 1,963,8! 224,4: 4732^ It is re rifhed mo three timei •fcrve, is fi full exerci In Eng confidered periority c cramped t propor-m UNITED STATES, 237 Proporiion of their Trade with Europe , from January 1, to December 31, 1792. EXPORTS, TO THE AMOUNT OP IMPORTS, TO THB AMOUNT OF Dollars, 2,005,907 to Spain and from 1,283,462 - Portugal 4,698,735 - France 9,363,416 - Great Britain - 1,963,880 - Holland 224,415 - Denmark 47,240 - Sweden * Ruffia Hanfe Towns . Indies Dollars. 335>"o 595*763 2,068,348 15,285,428 1,172,692 35i>394 145325 ( :. il •il It is remarked, that the United States have flou- rifhed more during the laft three or four years, than three times as long in any former period. This, I ob- g -fcrve, is fmce the federal conftitution has come iftto full exercife. In England, the degree of liberty -we have enjoyed. Is confidered as the grand caufe of our greatnefs, and fu- periority over other nations ; yet there, genius is often cramped bv poverty and misfortwne, and the exertions of 11! t^Wm' ■j1 t !J.'''l I ,i. ti m ti 23S A VOYAGE TO THE of a vafi: body of people lott to the community, by partial laws, chartered rights, appropriations, 6cc, It is not fo in the United States j every man feels himiclf equal in the eftimatioa of his country, accord- iiv to his vircue and ufefulnefs, and the Ihte provides for his education. The civil rights of no one are abridged on account of religious belief or worfliip; every one Is at full liberty to follow the bent of his genius, uncbntroulcd in its exertions by any of thefe impediments. Three fourths of the people are ac- tively employed in either agriculture, trade, or com- merce. There are but few idle drones in the hive, and, with all thefe iidvantagcs, their rapid progrefs to wealth and improvement is certain, and mull be great beyond conception. But, with all their improvements, they muft yet for a long time come to John Bull for his cloth, fc^r at leafl half a century to come. Although the Alleg- hany and other mountains, would do well for ritifmg a breed of fine-woolled flieep, yet there are, as I be- fore obferved, many things at prefent agiiinft them j to which I may further add, the great number of wolves all over the back country, which would be de- ftroying them continually. July 8, 1789, an a6l pafled the legiflaturc to lay an impoit on goods, wares, and merchandizes, imported into ■ 1^ into the U bemg <>rd( Gerry, or committee jfn Estima, Impost t the latest New Ham Maflachul Connedic Isi ewYorl Jerfey Philadelp} Delaware Maryland Virginia Carolina Georgia t/NlTED STAtES. 239 into the United States ; and a report of the produce being ordered to be made out by a committee, Mr. Gerry, on the 24th of September, 1789, from the committee, nude the following report to Congrefs : I 'I, '1^; Jin Estimate of the gross Amount and neat Produce of the Impost and Tonnage Duties for one Tear, according tt the latest Returns, 1^ Gro'j Amomit Ditto of tTie Nt'St rroduccof tlie » #;' the Inipoft. Tonnage Duty. Import & Toll. Duty Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. New Hampftiirc 22,177 1,282 21,49* Miiflachufcts 216,366 10,188 199,261 Connedicut 76,S-'4 3'2i3 72,450 IVew York 245»i6s 15,019 24553^6 Jerfey ir>336 240 10,514 Philadelphia ■376,841 18,003 361,405 Delaware 5*692 443 5*6541 Maryland 223,620 1 7 '054 211,539 Virginia 176,185 18,687 186,470 Carolina »37»««7 14,446 144*839 Georgia 3'7" 4,614 8,141 1,495,815 103,189 i,.':67,o8o •i % (i .. • I.' ttmm' \\ u m '-iiH'i 24^ A VOYAGE TO THC In the fpace of five years they have trebled in value, for in the year 1794* Mr. Dollarj. Smith fbtes them before Congrefs to be *5,50O,003 To this add the Excife - - 400,000 Carriage Tax - 150,000 Sugar and Snuff - 90,000 Auaion Tax - - 40,000 Wine and Spirit Licences 100,000 Pofl Office, and Surplus of Dividend on Bank Stock - - - 780,00a . _ - 70,000 Whole Amount of National Income in 1794, 6,350,000 And the Amount of their National Debt at the fame Time - ^ 64,853,^08 • This is confideraWy larger than any fornrtr year, owing, Mr. SmIA hid, to the piodigio,.s emigrations, laft year, to their country j wluch he fuppofes will be di;niniflied when peace takgs place. Salaries UNITED STATES. 241 Salaries to the Legi/lature* To George Wafliington, as Prefidcnt of the United States, per annum 25000 dollars, or - - - - ^.5650 O To John Adams,* as Vice Prefident, 5000 dollars, or - • - • 1125 o o To each Senator during the Seflion, fix dollars per day, and three more while travelling to and from Con- grefa. To each Reprcfentative in the Lower Houfe, fix dol- lars per day, and to the Speaker twelve dollars. The mode of eleflion is as plain and fimple as pof- fible. I was at New York during the eledlion : I faw no additional buftle in the ftreets. The names of the Candidates having been publifhcd, the proper officers if v:M * I met Mr. Adims at New York : ha had come, the day before, from Philadelphia to New York, in the ilage, and was juft going onboard the packet, for Bofton. I thought of Cato, commended by the Hiftoriaa for his fimplicity of manners ; after ditlating, in the Roman Senate, the fate of kingdoms, to be fecn riding home to his country lionfe, on a little pad nag, attended only by one fervant carrying his portmanteau. Mr. Adams had juft determined the queftlon in Congrefs, by his fingle voice, whether there fliould be war between Great Britain and America. A bill had paired the Lower Houfe, to prohibit all commercial intercourfc with Great Britain; the votes in the Senate Houfe, were equal, and Mr. Adams, as Prefident, was called on for his vote, which he gave agalnft the bill, and it wa'. loA, R went '■^~ I \,-, ii^; ' I !;■ '■•(■ ;:■!:! M„, » * •1 ' 242 A VOYAGE TO THE went about, through every wani, <3oor by door, and received each perions vote, in writing fealcd up, which was afterwards opened before the Committee, fitting in the Hall, and there rcgiftered. No canvas by the Members ; no holiday on the occafion j no appearance of tumult or inebriation. The fums total for each Candidate being made up, they are inferted in thc newfpapcrs. (1 write this from my memory only, having miflaid the document.) The following circumftance occurred during that ckaion. A lady of New York, of confidcrable pro- perty, and hcirefs to the Lake eflate, previous to the above eleaion, fcnt feveral letters to her tenants, iti the north part of the ftate, to vote for General Wil- liam?, as Senator for that diftria : one of thefe letters came, by chance, into other hands, and was opened, by which means it became public. It was univer- fa!ly reprobated, as unconititutional influence, and notii-e was taken of it in the public papers. In Conneaicut, were a perfon to canvas, or come forward with pretenfions of merit, it would at once do away all pretenfions whatever ; for a man there has no occafion to make any exertions on his own behalf; and if deferving of eledlion, fhould he appear folicitous, it would create fufpicions to his difadvantage. peans i i Ahjlra^ UNITED STATE o • 243 AhJlraH 0/ ihe ^lI of NatiiraUzatioii, " And be it further enacted, that any alien, being a free white pcrfon, who lliall h;ivo rcfidcd within the limits and jurifdiclion of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citi- zen thereof, on application to any common law Court of Record, in any one of the llatcs wherein he fliall have refidcd for the term of one year, at the leafl, giving proof that he is a perfon of good character, and talcing the oath, or the affirmation, prefcribed by law, to fupport the conititution of the United States. Neverthelcfs, no pcrfon heretofore profcribcd by any one of the ifates, fnall be admitted a citizen, as afore- liUd, except by an Aci; of the Lcgiflaturc of that ftatCj in which fuch pcrfon was profcribcd." m N. B. In the year 1795, by an A'Sb of the Lcgifla- ture, this qualification is required to be a five years reiidcncc, in confequcnce of the vafl: influx of Euro- peans, for the laft year or two puft. Epitome of the Federal Government as in 1794. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,-- chofen by the citizens at large, every two years — quali- fications, iwtnty-five years of age, and fcvcn years a citizen— paid for their attendance, fix dollars per day, R 2 out i Mti'* 244 A VOYAGE TO THE out of fVc national treafury, (one liundied and five m number.) THE SENATE, (two from each flatc) choferi by cnch ftatc government, every fix years — divide them- fclvcs, when they firfl meet, into three clalFc?, one of which goes out every two years, by rotation — qualifi- cations, thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen—. are paid for their attendance, fix dollars per day, out of the national treafury, (thirty in number.) THE PRESIDENT of the United States, ekaed in the following manner : Each of the Itates (on the fame day with each other) appoint a number of elec- tors, equal to the Senators and Reprcfentatives, they lafl fcnt to Congrcfs — thefe meet and vote, by ballot, for two perfons, one of whom is not to be an inhabi- tant of their ftate. Thefe fifteen returns are fent to the Prcfiden: of the Senate, who opens them in the pretence of both houfes, and whoever has moft votes is chofcn PrcllJent ; (the next in numbers is Vice Prefi- dent.) Qualiiications, mull be thirty-five years of age, and fourteen years a refident— has a negative on every bill, but mufl annex his reafons for it, when he fends it back. In his fickncfs, or abfcnce, the Vice Prefident Ihall acl in his flead. The Judges arc appointed by Congrefs, and hold their office quajndiu je bene gejfcrit. There is only one Supreme Court, and Trial by Jury, as in England, whole cciiftitutionul kw they take for their guide ;— falary eight [ UNITED STATES. 245 f:ilary to Chief Jufticc, four thoufand dollar?; ; to five Aflbciate Judges, three thoufand five hundred dollars each i and to a Judge bcfidcs, in each of the fixtcen United States, from eight hundred to one thoufand ei'^ht hundred dollars. Ml are paid out of the national treafury. I fhall nov/ conclude my account, with Dr. Ram^ fay's elegant and energetic Addrefs to the Americans. «* CITIZENS OF THE UNITED STATLS ! « Tiu have a well-hfllanccd co}ijlltution eJlahUJ})ed hy general conjent^ which is an iinptGvanent on all republican forms of govermnent heretofore eJlabliJJied. It poJJ('£cs the freedom and independence of a popular ajjfmhly^ acquainted with the wants and wijloes of the people, but luithout the capacity of doihj thoje jnifchiefs which refult front uncon- trouled power in one afjcmlly. The end and object of it is public good. If you are not happy it will be your oiun fault. No knave or foci can plead an hereditary right to Jport zuith your property or your liberties. Tour laws and your laiu-givcrs muf all proceed from yaurfelves, Tou have the experience of nearly fix thoufand years ^ to point out the rocks on which former republics have been dafl)ed ta pieces. Learn tvifdom from their jnisfortunes. Cultivate jufiicc both public and private. No government will or can endure which does not proteSf the rights of its JubjeSls. Unlejsfuch efficient regulations are adopted., as will fecure property as well as liberty^ one revolution willflloiu ano- ther. Anarchy^ monarchy, or defpotifm, will be the confe- ^uencQ. By jufi laws and the faithful execution of them, R 3 pdlic ^vr m ■ ! 1 1 1 11 ] ill '^' 11 ^ -t o'ihM: ^[ If 1 • 'S J.l .■ ■*! ■,,%■ li.fi \< ti ' *'• % 246 A VOVAGF. TO THE pul>!ic nn J private credit will he rcjlorcd, and the re/lor ation of credit ivill be a mine of wealth to thii young country. It ivill make afundf.r agriculture^ commenc^ and manufac- tures ^ which ivill JooH enable the United States to claim a>i exalted rani- among the nations of the earth. Such are the refources of your country y and fo trifing are your dcbtSy compared with your refources., that proper fjicms, wifly planned and faithfully executed^ will foon fill your cxten/ive territory with inhabitants, and give you the conmiand of fuch ample capitals, as will enable you to run the career of national great nejs, with advantages equal to the olutjl king- doms of Europe. What they have been Jlou'ly growing to, in the courfe of near two thoufand years, you may hope to equal ivithin one century. If you continue under one govern- ment, built on the folid foundations of public jujiice, and public virtue, there is no point of national greattufs to luhicb you may not afpire, ivith a well-founded hope of fpeedily attaining it. CheriJ)) andfufport a reverence for govern- tncnt, and cultivate an union between the Eaji and South, the Atlantic and the Mijfijfippi. Let the greateji good of the greateji number, be the pole- far of your public and private deliberations. S!iun wars, they beget debt, add to the common vices of mankind, and produce others, which are almoji peculiar to thcmfelves. Jgriculttire, manufac- tures, and commerce, are your proper buftnrfs. Seek not to enlarge your territory by conqiieji \ it is already fufjicienily extenfve. You have ample fcope for the employment of your 7nofi adive minds, in promoting your oiun doruflic happincfs. Maintain your oivn rights, and let all others remain in quiet poffejfton of theirs. Avoid difcord, fatlion, luxury, and the other vices which have been the bane of co?nmonwealths. CheriJJj V'i I ■P UNITED STATES. 247 Ckri/h and reward the philofopbers, the Jhtrjhen, and the patriots^ who devote their talents and time, at the expence of their private interejis, to the toils af enlightening and dire/ling their fellow citizens, and thereby refcue citizens and rulers cf repuhlics from the ccmmon, and too often merited, charge of ingratitude. Prailife induflry, fu- gality, temperance, moderation, and the whole lovely train of republican virtues. Banijh from your borders the liquid fire of the IVefi- Indies, ivhich, while it entails poverty and difeafe, prevents indujlry, and foments private quarrels. Venerate the plough, the hoe, and all the implements of agriculture. Honour the men, xuho with their own hands maintain their families, and raife up children who are inured to toil, and capable of defending thctr country. Reckon the necejftty of labour not among the curfes, but the hlejfmgs cf life. Your towns will probably, ere long, be engulphed in luxury and effeminacy. If your liberties and future profpeas depended on them, your career of liberty would probably be Jhort j but a great majority of your country, mufi, and xvill be yeomanry, who have no other dependence than on Almighty God for his ufual blcffmg on their daily labour. From the great excefs of the number offuch independent farmers in thefe States, over and above all other claffrs of inhabitants, the long continuance of your liberties may be reafonably prejumed, « Let the haplefi Africanfeep undiflurbed on his native Pore, and give over wiping for the extermination of the ancient proprietors of this land. Univeifal jujiice is uni- verfal intereft. The mofi enlarged happinefs of one people^ by no means requires the degradation or dejhu^ion cf ano- R4 ^l^<^''* ll vry A ' ,1 '! 1'^ 1 248 A VOYAGE TO THE iher. It xvdiild be more glorious to civilize one tribe of favuges^ than to exterminate cr expel a fcore. There is territory enough for than and for you. Injlead of invading their rights, promote their hapj inefs, and give them no reafon to curfe the folly of their fathers, ivhofuffered your's to fit down on a foil ivhich the common Parent of us both had previoufly afjigncd to them : hut above all, be particu- larly careful that your own defendants do not degenerate into favages. Diffufe the means of education, and particu- larly of religious injlruPAo^'i, through your remoteji fettle- nents. To this end, fupport and firengthen the hands of your public teachers. Let your voluntary contributions con^ fute the uijhonourable poftion, that religion cannot be fup- ported bui by compulfory ejiablifmients. Remember that there can be no political happinefs without liberty ; that there can be no liberty without morality j and that there can he no morality tvithout religion. «' It is now your turn to figure on the face of the earthy and in the annals of the luorld. 7cu pojjefs a country which in lefs than a century will probably contain fifty millions of inhabitants. You have, with a great expcnce cf blood and treafu^e, rcfcued your felves and your pojlerity from the domination of Europe. Perfe£l the good work you have begun, by forming fuch arrangements and injli~ tutions, as bid fair for enfuring, to the prefent and future generations, the bleffings for which you have fuccefsfully contended, *' May the j^lmighty Ruler of the Univerfe, who has raffed you />; independence^ and given you a place among the UNITED STATES. 249 the nations of the earthy make the /Imcrican Revolution an icra in the hijlory of the zvorld^ remarkable for the pro- grcffive increaje of hitman happir.efs !" HAVING now completed niy bufincfs, I agreed for my pallagc home, with Captain Smith, of the Sanfom, (the lame who brought out Dr. Prieftley) for thirty guineas. I am to be found with wine, porter, and provifions of all forts, and with every neccflary, except bedding and towels. July 2, 1 flcpt on board, expc6Hng to fail before the niornmg, but Tome of the American failors, from a de- flrc of once more feeing their fweethearts and wives, jumped overboard, and fwam on Ihore : we loft ♦^hat tide, and 1 liad an opportunity of going into the city, and purchaling fome almonds and railins, apples and gingerbread, which are articles 1 would particularly recommend to every young voyager, as the flomach will often relifh thefe thmgs, when other things be- come unpleafant and infipid, and countcra(5l the fait tafte which brings on ficknefs. July 3, At two o'clock, p. m. we weighed anchor, and reached Sandy Hook that evening, where we again anchored, on account of the return of the tide, where our pilot left us. On the beach, we faw the monu- pient ercj^ed to the memory of fome linglifh feamen, that 1. I. 111 1' "■ It, i \ M ' H* % tl 11: :« w i\\ ii W't 25<5 A VOYAGE TO THB that were all frozen to death, near the place, in the year 1782, by a fudden fnow Itorm. The next mornino; having a fine frefti breeze, from the fouth, at five o'clock we again fet fail, and, on our getting clear out of the Hook, our pilot left us, in his Jittle fkifF, which appeared hardly able to buffet the waves, which now began to heave apace. Before dinner, we had completely loft fight of the Never- fink, the lafl ridge of land vifible of the American fliorcs. I brought from the United States with me, of live animals, two kinds of tortoifes, and a beautiful flying fquirrel ; of fhrubs and plants, rhododendrons, mar- tegon lillies, tulip trees^ acacias, Virginia cyprefTes, magnolia glaucus, fugar maple trees, &c. Of nuts, hiccory and chinquopin, or pea nuts. The hitter, I find, is very common in China, as a native Chinefc told me, when dining at my houfe, with two gentle- men of Lord Macartney's fuitc, fome of thofe nuts being on table. We now failed fouthward till we made latitude 36. The weather being warm, multitudes of flying fifh were feen rifing out of the water. They can only fly in ftrait lines, about eighty or one hundred yards, when their wings or long fins loofing their moiffurc, they fall again, expofed to the mouths of the purluing . dolphins ; of the latter our Captain ftruck a fine «ne with his harpoon, and brought it on board. It is a beau- UNITED STATES. 251 a beautiful well-formed fifh, very difFerent from what it is ufually rcprcfented. Its forehead is high above the eyes, and formed fliarp like the keel of a fhip or cutwater, by which means it makes its way ver/ fwiftly in the fea. It fecmed to die with all the agony and fhivering of a human being, and changed it* colour - -^aicdly, from a gold colour to an emerald a bill was brought in, to appro- priate the remaining four millions five hundred thou- fand acres, in the followino; words : *' Be it enadted by the Governor, Council, and Houfe of Reprefenta- tives, in General Court affembled, that the monies arifing from the fale of the territory belonging to this ftate, lying weft of Penfylvaiiia, be, and the fame is hereby '^x iSliiil:''' . ... *M I 1!'.! 256 A VOYAGE TO THE hereby cftablifhe.l, a perpetual fund, the intercfJ; whereof is granted, and fiiall be appropri.ited to the ufe and benefit of the feveral tcclcfiartical focieties, churches, or congregations of all denominations in this (late, to be by them applied to the fupport of their refpcdive miniftcrs, or preachers of the gofpel, and fchools of education, under iuch regulations as fhall be adopted by this, or fume future feiflon of the Ge- neral Alilmbly." Mr. Stanley, Member for Berlin, delivered an ex- cellent fpcech, of three quarters of an hour long, to urge the Houfe to rcfcind the vote of lad Odober Sef- fion ; alleging that the refolution made by the former Houfe, trenched upon the rights of the prefent and of all future General Allemblies. Inafmuch, as though no immediate appropriation of thofe lands was at all neceflary, or could poflibly take place at prefent, yet that Houfe had proceeded fo far, as to dire£l all future legiflatbrs, how the produce of the faid lands fliould be appropriated ; a right, he afFerted, that they were not warranted to .^xercife, and againft which he fully ex- pcded the prefent Houfe would make fome decifive refolution. Mr. Grange, the Member for Suffield, was againft the appropriation of the money to the objects men- tioned on other accounts. He faid, it was well known, that in no part of the United States whatever, was public education at this time better attended to^ than in Conncaicut. Their clergy, of every denomi- nation. APPENDIX. l^'J nation, were well provided for, their fchoob properly fijpportcd, and religion and morality had theirdue weight in foclcty. Why then fell our lands, or appropriate them to purpofcs not wanted ? It appears from our public ac- counts, that we are not in v/ant of money ; if we loolc at the ftate of our finances, they arc vlourifhing. The ftate to all its creditors, owes but three hundred and thirty thoufand dollars, and the debt due to us from Conwrcfs, amounts to lijc hundred and nineteen thou- fand one hundred and twenty-one dollars ; fo that upon the balance, our funds can at any time pay, at the leafl:, five and twenty fliillings in the pound. General Hart and fome others, fpoke in favor of the lale of them. Mr. Phelps remarked, that one of the great errors in the old governments, and the caufc of the decay of true genuine Chriftianity, was the makini; their clergy independent of the people, and forming eftablifhments. We fee as early as the time of Wil- liam the Conqueror, in the conduit of Lanfranc, and after him, Thomas a Bccket, and many others ; that all the meeknefs of the Apoftle was foon lofl in the love of domination. Religion was by them, under thcfc circumltances, an inltrument to attain worldly ccnfc- quence, pomp, and authority. And this had con- tinued to be the cafe ever iincc, notwithltanding oc- cafional reforms had taken place, for they had con- trived to refume their power. On thefe accounts, he was ftrongly againft apportioning any part of the pub- lic lands, for an independent fupport of the clergy. S The i 1 1' f '" f ; m II n 2^5 APPENDIX. The queftion was put by Mr. Daggct, the fpcakcr, and the bill was bit— 1 14 again ft 56. The Government of this (lateconfilL of a Governor, St Lieutenant-eiovcrnor, and twelve A ftants, who form the Upper Houfe j and one hundred and fcvcnty- feven Reprcfentatives for the different towns, who con- ftitute the Lower Houfe. They are rc-eleded every year, at which time no perfon is fufFercd to canvafs for votes, as they carefully guard againft any perfonal influence during the ele"\ m ■;1l! II :*,i. i 1 ■: H ;;1) '.i m \ 'II m i-,>f ^ 1 ■• 1 ' '' %: ^ Ai j> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // 4 €// /. /% o^ ^ ^ 4i. 4L?r f/> 1.0 I.I [f e IIIIIM 1^ 1^ 112.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 M 1.6 .« 6" - ► VI m % ? Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WCBSTER.N.Y. 14580 (?16) 872-4503 ^■ r^ \ .V \\ % ^^ 4- '<*>^ 6^ >^ 'i?,^ V 26o APPENDIX. of Europe. In Coiineaicut, it is expofed to as fevers winters as any in this ifland. 1 have a tree in my aarden, feven feet high, that has ftood the fcvcre win- ter of 1794. The chief thing to attend to, is to fee it planted in good rich foil, Thofe fettlcrs in America who clear the lands, always begin with cutting down the fugar maples, becaufe there is always found tho richeft and beft land.— This is one reafon why Ame- rica will not be fufficicnt to fupply its own fugar. I was given the following as the method in which they make it : Draw oft" the fap into wooden veflels, by wooden taps fixed in the bark, feven feet from the ground. Boil it always the next day j— provide three kettles of different fizes— fay, of fifty, iixty, and fcventy gal- lons J boil it firft in the largell kettle, adding as much lime, as will make the liquor granulate j as it boils,, take off the fcum, encreafing the heat, till it evapo- rates t6 fixty gallons j then ftrain it through a woollen cloth into the fixty gallon kettle. This muft boil and be fkimmed in the fame manner, till it is reduced to fiftv, and then be ilrained into the fifty gallon ket- tle. And each kettle muft be continued in fucccffion, till you have boiled your whole quantity, — fay two hundred gallons. ^ When It is boiled enough, which is known by its becoming ropy between the finger and thumb, it is turned out into a woodczi CQolcr, and llirrcd with a i . kind APPENDIX. a6i kind of wooden paddle, till it granulates ; and then it is put into earthen moulds, in the fame manner as the Weft -liidia planters. ■if'; t ADDRESSES, &c. REFERRED TO IN PAGE 87. ThefoUozmyig excellent and elegant M^resses, from the Col- leges and Societies of Neiv Tork and Philadelphia, r,^ere pn^ sented to Dr. Pries tUy, immediately on his arrival in America, m^Js it occurred while Ui-as there, 1 make no apology for in- troducing them in the Appendix to this Publication. I forbear io make any comment on them, or on Dr.PriestlefsAns'weri, Let every Reader judge for himself , .ill I ' NEW YORK, JUNE II, 1794* On Monday evening, the Committee appointed by the TAMMANY SOCIETY to addrefs their congra- lulafions to the Reverend Jofeph Prieftley, having: reported their Addrefs, and his Anfwer thereto, and ^ S3 t^^»* 262 APPENDIX. that "the firft opportunity had been taken to wait upon him, agreeably to their dirc6lions ; the Society rcfolved unanimoufly the publication of their Re* port: .-V - f . To the Rev. Jofeph Priejlky, LL, D, SIR, A numerous body of freemen, who aflbciate to cul- tivate the love of liberty, and the enjoyment of a hap- py republican government under which w^c live, and who, for fcveral years, have been known in this city, by the name of The TAMMANY SOCIETY, have deputed us a Committee, to cxprefs to you their pleafurc, and congratulations on your fafe arrival ia this country. ' Their venerable anceftors efcapcd, as you have tone, from the pcrfecution of intolerant bigotry and dcfpotifm ; and they would ertecm themfelvcs an un- worthy progeny, were they not highly intereited in your fafety and happincfs. It is not alone, bccaufe your various ufeful publica- tions evince a life devoted to literature and the induf- trious purfuit of knowledge— not alone, bccaufe your numerous difcoveries in nature are fo eflkient to the progrefs of human happinefs ; but they have long known you the friend of mankind, and, in defiance of calumny and malice, the aflgrtor of the rights of con- fcience, APPENDIX, 263 fclence, and the champion of civil and religious liberty. ... They have learned, with regret and indignation, the abandoned proceedings of thofe defpoilers, who de- ftroyed your houfe and goods, ruined your philofophi- cal apparatus, and library ; committed to the flames your manufcripts ; pryed into the fecrets of your pri- vate papers j and their barbarian fury put jour life ii- felf\v< danger. They heard you alfo, with exalted benevolence, re- turn to them bleflings for curfing ; and while you thus exemplified the undaunted integrity of a patriotr- thcmild and forbearing virtues of a Chriitian,— they hailed you vidor in this magnanimous triumph over your enemies. You have fled from the rude arm of violence, froin the rod of lawlefs power, and you {hall find refuge ia the bofom of freedom— of peace— of Americans. You have left your native land— a country, doubt- lefs. ever dear to you j a country, for whofe improve- ment in virtue and knowledge, you have long difin- tereftcdly laboured ; for which its rewards are ingra- titudc, injufice, and banlJJjmcnt : a country, although now prefenting a profped frightful to the eyes of hu- manity, yet once the nurfe of fcience, of arts, of he- roes, and of freemen : a country, although at prefent apparently felf devoted to deftrudion, we fondly hope, S4 ^* 11: t ^1 264 APPENDIX. may yet tread back the fteps of delufion and ruin, and once again rife confpicuous among the free nations of the earth , In this advanced period of your life, when nature demands the fwects of tranquillity, you have been con- ftrained to encounter the tempcftuous deep, to rifque difappointcd profpeds in :i foreign land, to give up the fatisfadions of domeftic quiet, to tear yourfelf from the friends of your youth— from a numerous acquaint- rince who revere and love you, and v;ill long deplore your lofs. We enter, Sir, with emotions of fympathy, into the numerous facrificcs you muft have made to an undertak- ing which fo eminently exhibits our country as the afy- luni for the pcrfec ed and opprcflcd ; and Into thofe re- gretful fenlibilities your heart experienced, when the ftiores of your native country were Icflcning to your view. Alive to the impreflions of this occafion, we give you a warm and hearty welcome into thefe United States ;—v^c trult, a country worthy of you, where Providence has unfolded a fcene, as new as it is au- guft, as felicitating as unexampled. The enjoyment of liberty, with but one difgraceful exception, pervades every clafs of civ/izens, A catholic and fincere fpirit of toleration regulates fociety, which rifesinto zeal, when the facred rights of humanity APPENDIX, 26S humanity are invaded. And there exifts a fentiment of free and candid enquiry, which difdains the {hackles of tradition, promifing a rich harveft of improvement, and the glorious triumph of truth. We hope. Sir, the Great Being, whofe laws and works you have made the itudy of your life, will fmile on, and blefs you ; reftore you to every domeftic and philofophical enjoyment ; blefling you in every under- taking beneficial to mankind ; rendering you, as you have been to your own, the ornament of this country ; and crown you at laft with immortal felicity and honor. ANSWER. To the Members of the TAMMANY SOCIETY of New York, GENTLEMEN, I think myfelf greatly honored, flying as I do from ill treatment in my native country, on account of my attachment to the caufe of civil and religious liberty, tp be received with the congratulations of " a fociety of freemen, aflbciated to cultivate the love of liberty, and the enjoyment of a happy republican government." Happy would our venerable anceftors, as you juftly call i '%: '■ « iM 'litc 266 APPENDIX. call them, have been, to have found America fuch a re- treat to them, as it is to mc, when they were driven here ; but, happy has it proved to me, and happy will it eventually be to the world, that in the wife and be- nevolent order of Providence, abufcs of power, arc ever deftruaivc of itfelf, and favorable to liberty. Their ftrcnuous exertions and your's, no-./ give mc that afylum, which at my time of life is peculiarly crratcful to me, who only wilh to continue, unmo- Teftcd, thofc purfuits of various literature, to which, without having ever entered into any political connec- tlons, my life has been devoted. I join with you in viewing, with regret, the unfa- vourable profpca now exhibiting by Great Britain, formerly, as you fay, the nurfc of fcience, and of free- men ; and wifh, with you, that the unhappy delufion that country is s.ow under, may foon vanilh j and that, whatever may be the form of its government, it may vie with this country in every thing that is fa- vourable to the belt interefts of mankind ; and jom with you in removing that only difgraceful circum- ftance which you fo juftly acknowledge to be s^n ex- ception to the enjoyment of equal liberty among your- felves. That the Great Being whofe providence extends alike to all the human race, and to whofe difpofel I chearfully commit myfelf, may remove whatever is im- perfect APPENDIX, 267 perfect from your, and every government in the known world, is the earncft prayer of. Gentlemen, Your refpeflful, humble fervant, J. Priestley. ^y " ;:ii ADDRESS or The Medical Society of the State of New York, Permit us, Sir, to wait upon you with an offering of our congratulations on your fafe arrival, with your lady and family, in this happy country, and to exprefs our real joy in receiving among us a gentleman, whofe labours have contributed fo much to the diffufion and eltabliftiment of civil and religious liberty, and whofe deep refearches into the true principles of natural phl- lofophy, have derived fo much improvement and real benefit, not only to the fcienccs of chymlftry and me- dicine, but to various other arts, all of which are ne- cpffary to ^he ornament and utility of human life. May you, Sir, pofTefs and enjoy here uninterrupted content- ! k^ '■% 26S APPENDIX. contentment and happincf ., and may your valuable life be continued a farther blefling to mankind. By Order, John Carleton, Prcfidcnt. Dr. J. Priestley, LL.D, i^c NcwYork,l3ih June, 1794. c]uirc, canr pcrfons wh who have t enviable Hi N«w Vo ANSWER. To the Members of the Medical Society of the State of New York, ' ^ GENTLEMEN, I think myfelf greatly honored in being congratu- lated on my arrival in this country, by a fociety of perfons, whofe ftudics bear fome relation to my own. ^To continue, without fear of moleftation, on ac- count of the moft open profeflion of any fentiments, civil or religious, thofe purfuits which you are fenfiblc have for their objeft the advantage of all mankind (be- ing, as you juftly obferved, « necelTary to the orna- ment and utility of human life") is my principal mo- tive in leaving a country, in which that tranquillity and fenfe of fecurity, which fcientifical purfuits re- ijuire. Th Wv- a: the city c you on ) moft liv( to thefe 1 Whil( nations 1 bind in knowled of the ui where n ficial dil APPENDIX. 269 c]uirc, cannot be had ; and I am happy to i\rA here pcrfons who are engaged in the fame purfuits, and who have the juft fenl'e that you difcovcr of their truly enviable fituation. J. Priestley. New York, June 13, 1794. ADDRESS or The Democratic Society of New Yorl, SIR, We. are appointed by the Democratic Society of the city of New York, a Committee to congratulate you on your arrival in this country ; and we feel the moft lively pleafure in bidding you a hearty welcome to thcfc fhores of liberty and equality. While the arm of tyranny is extended in moft of the nations of the world, to crufli the fpirit of liberty, and bind in chains the bodies and minds of men, vve ac- knowledge, with ardent gratitude to the great Parent of the univerfe, our fingular felicity in livi'jg in a land where reafon has fuccefsfully triumphed over the arti- ficial diftinaions of European policy and bigotry, and where i if- 270 APTENDIX. vrherc the law equally proicas the viituous ciUzcn of every dclcripiioii and pcrlualioii. ' ' On this occafion we cannot but obfofve, that wc onccetlcemea ourdlvcs happy in tl;c relation that iub- fide', between us and the government of Great Bri- tain i but the multiplied oppreHions which charadtcr- izc that government, excite in uS the molt painful (en- fations, and exhibit a fpeaaclc as difgulling in itfelf, as dilhouorable to the Britifli name. The governments of the old world prcfent to us one huge mafs of intrigue, corruption, and dcfpotifm ;— moft of them are nowbafely combined to prevent the cltablifhment of liberty in France, and to effect the to- tal deitruaion of the rights of man. Under ihcfe af- fliaing circumftances, we rejoice that America opens her arms to receive, with fraternal aftcaion, the friend of liberty and human happinefs, and that here he may enjoy the belt blcflings of civilized fociety. ■ - Wcfmcerely fympathize with you In all that you have fuffercd, and wc confider the pcrfecution with which you have been purfued by a venal court, and an imperious uncharitable prielthood, as an iUuftnous proof of your perfonal merit, and a lalting reproach to that government, from the grafp of whofc tyranny you arc fo happily removed. Accept, Sir, of the fincerc and bcft wifhcs of the fociety fociety w your heal I domeitic i To th View jprofpedl bles wh governr ty, but degradi finding which and ha on fu( againf] in foci APPENDIX, 271 fociety whom we rcprcfcnt, for the continuance of your health, anJ the increafe of your individual and domeflic happincfs. • . James Nicholson, PrefidenU ANSWER. To the Members of the Democratic Society in Nezu York, CENTLEME^7, Viewing with the dcepeft concern, as you do, the profpca that is now exhibited in Europe, thofc trou- bles which are the natural offspring of their forms of government, originating, indeed, in the fpirit of liber- ty, but gradually degenerating into tyrannies, equally degrading to the rulers and the ruled, J rejoice in finding an afylum from perfecution in a country in which thcfe abufes have come to a natural termination, and have produced another fyftem of liberty, founded on fuch wife principles as, I truft, will guard it againft all future abufes ; thofe artificial diftindtions in fociety, from which they fprung, being compleatly cradl- ; 'i yjz APPENDIX. eradicatcJ, that proteaion from violence, which laws and government promife in all countries, but which I have not found in my own, 1 doubt not I (hall find with you, though I cannot promife to be a better fub- ]ea of this government, than my whole condua will evince that I have been to th^t of Great Britain. Juftly,' however, as I think I may co.nplain of the treatment I have met with in England, I fmcerely wifti her profperity •, and, from the good-w.ll I bear both to that country and this, 1 ardently wifh, that all former animofities may be forgotten, and that a perpe- tual friendfhip may fubfift between them. J. Priestley. New York, June, 1794. To Jofeph Priejlley, LL. D. F. R. S, SIR, The Associated Teachers, in the city of New York beg leave to offer you a fmcere and hearty wel- come to this land of tranquillity and freedom. Imprefied with an idea of the real importance of fo valuable an acquifition to the growing interefts of fcience APPENDIX. '^71 fcience and literature, in this country, we are particu- larly happy that the honor of your firft reception has fallen to this ftate, and to the city of New York. As labourers in thofe fields which you have occu- pied with the moft diftinguiftied eminence, at the ar- duous and important tafk of cultivating the human mind, we contemplate, with peculiar fatisfa£licn, the aufpicious influence, which your perfonal refilence in this country, will add to that of your highly valuable fcientific and literary productions, by which we have already besn materially benefited. We beg leave to anticipate the happinefs of fharing, in fome degree, that patronage of fcience and litera- ture, which it has ever been your delight to afford. This will give facility to our exertions ; direct and encourage us in our arduous employments ; afTift us to FORM THE MAN ; and thereby give efficacy to the dif- fufion of ufeful knowledge. Our moft ardent wifhes attend you, good Sir, that you may find in this land of virtuous fimplicity, a happy recefs from the intriguing politics, and vitiating refinements of the European world. That your patri- otic virtues may add to the vigour of our happy confti- tution, and that the blelTings of this country may be abundantly remunerated unto your perfon and your family. ' And we rejoice in believing that the Parent of Na- T ture m 274 APPENDIX. ture, by thofc fccret communications of happinefs with which he never fails to reward the virtuous mind, will here convey to you that confolation, fupport, and joy, which are independent of local circumrtances, and i' which the world can neither give nor take away." Signedyhy order of the Cojnrnittee, William Payne, Chairman. Edward Shephard, Secretary. ANSWER. To the AJociated Teachers of the Ciiy of New York. CENTIEMEN, A welcome to this country from my fellow labour- ers in the inaru^ion of youth, is, 1 alfure you, pccu- liarly grateful to me. Clafles of men, as well as in- dividuals, are apt to form too high ideas of iheir own importance ; but certainly one of the moft important is, that which contributes fo much as cur's does to the communication oi -.feful knowledge, as forming the charaacr of men, and thereby fitting them for their feveral APPENDIX. 275 feveral ftations in fociety. In fome form or other this has ever been my employment and delight ; and my principal objefl in flying for an afylum to this coun- try, " a land," as I hope you juftly term it, " of vir- tuous fimplicity, and a reccfs from the intriguing po- litics, and vicious refinements of the European world,'* is, that 1 may, without moleftation, purfue my favor- ite ftudies. And if I had an opportunity of making choice of an employment for what remains of adlive exertion in life, it would be one in which I Ihould, as 1 hope I have hitherto done, contribute, with you, to advance the caufe of fcience— of virtue— and of religion. J. Priestley, Nevr York, June 9, 1794. ADDRESS «•» The Republican Natives of Great Britain and Ireland, reftdent in the City of New York, I i mti SIR, Wc, the Republican Natires of Great Britain and Ireland, refident in the city of New York, embrace, with the higheft fatisfa(^ion, the opportunity which T a your 2^5 • APPENDIX. your arrival in this city prefcnts, of bearing our tefti- mony to your charafter and virtues, and exprefling our joy that you come among us in circumftances of fuch good health and fpirits. We have beheld, with the keeneft fenfibility, the unparalleled perfecutions which attended you in your native country, and have fympathized with you under all their variety and extent. In the firm hope, that you are now completely removed from the efFcas of every fpecies of intolerance, we moft fincerely congra- tulate you. After a fruitlefs oppofition to a corrupt and tyran- nical government, many of us have, like you, fought freedom and proteaion in the United States of Ame- rica i but to this we have all been principally induced, from the full perfuafion that a republican reprefenta- tivc government was not merely beft adapted to pro- motc^human happinefs, but that it is the only rational fyftem worthy the wifdom of man to project, or to which his rcafon ihould aiTent. Participating in the many WcflSngs which the go- vernment of this country is calculated to cnfurc, wc arc happy in giving it this proof of our rcfpeaful at- tachment :— we are only grieved that a fyftem of fuch beauty and excellence, fhould be at all tarnifhed by the exiftence of flavery in any form i but as friends to the «qual rights of man, we muft be permitted to fay, that WC wim thefc rights extended to every human being, \f9 APPENDIX. ^77 be his complexion what it may. We, however, look forward with pleafing anticipation to a yet more perfedt ftate of focicty ; and, from that love of liberty which forms fo diftinguifhing a trait in the American charac- ter, are taught to hope, that this laft — this worft dif- grace to a free government, will finally and for ever be done away. While we look back on our native country with emotions of pity and indignation, at the outrages which humanity has fuftained in the perfon of the vir- tuous MUIR and his patriotic aflbciates, and deeply lament the fatal apathy into which our countrymen have fallen ; we defire to be thankful to the great Au- thor of our being, that we are in America, and that it has pleafed Him, in his wife providence, to make the United States an afylum, not only from the immediate tyranny of the Britifh government, but alfo from thofe impending calamities, which its encreafing de- fpotifm, and multiplied iniquities, muft infallibly bring down on a deluded and opprefTed people. Accept, Sir, of our afFcftionate and befl wiflies for a long continuance of your health and happinefs. [Siiiud) Henry Pope, Chairman. Wm. Atl.UM, Secretary. KewYorfc, J«iAei3>'794* T8 AN* 278 APPENDIX, ANSWER. To the Republican Natives of Great Britain and, Ireland, reftdent in the City oj New York, GENTLEMEN, 1 think myfelf peculiarly happy in finding in this country fo many perfons of fentiments fimilar to my own, fome of whom have probably left Great Britain or Ireland on the fame account, and to be fo cheer- fully welcomed by them on my arrival. You have al- ready had experience of the difference between the go- vernments of the two countries, ari-^, I doubt not, have feen fufficicnt reafon to give the decided preference that you do to that of this. There, allUberlyof fpeech and of the prefs, as far as politics arc con- cerned, is at an end, and the fpirit of intolerance in matters of religion, is almoft as high as in the times of the Stuarts. Here, having no countenance from go- vernment, whatever may remain of this fpirit, item the ignorance and confequcnt bigotry of former times, it may be expeifled foon to die away } and on all fubjects whatever every man enjoys the invaluable li- berty of ipeaking and writing whatever he pleafei. The wifdom and happincfs of republiciin govern- ments^ APPENDIX. 279 ments, and the evils refulting from hereditary tao- narchical ones, cannot appear in a ftronger light to you than they do to me. We need only look to the prefent ftate of America and of Europe, to be fully fatisfied in tnis refpea. The former will eafily reform thcmfclves, and amonglfc other improvements, I am perfuaded, will be the removr.l of that vcftige of fervi- tude to which you allude, as it fo ill accords with the fpirit of equal liberty from which the red of the fyllem has flowed ; whereas no material reformation of the many abufcs to which the latter are fubjeft, it is to be feared, can be made without violence and confufion. 1 congratulate you. Gentlemen, as you do me, on our arrival in a country in which men who wifh well to their fellow citizens, and ufe their bcft endeavours to render them the moft important fervices, men who are an honor to human nature, and to any country, are in no danger of being treated like the word of felons, as is now the cafe in Great Britain, Happy ftiould I think myfelf in joining with you in welcoming to this country every friend of liberty, who is cxpofed^to danger from the tyranny of the Britifh go- vernment, and who, while they continue under it, muft expea to {hare in thofe calamities^which its prefent infatuation mull, fooner or later, bring upon it. But let us all join in fupplications to the great Parent of the umverie, that, for the fake of the many excellent f A char^aers '.V zSo APPENDIX. charadlers In our native country, its government may bereformtJ, and the judgments impending over it pre- vented. J. Priestley. New' York, June 13, 1794' mr ADDRESS or The American Philofophical Society at Philaddphia, SIR, The American Philosophical Society, held at Philadelphia, for promoting ufeful knowledge, offer you their fincere congratulations on your fafe arrival in this country, Aflbciated for thepurpofe of extend- ing and difleminating thofe improvements in the fci- ences and the arts, which moft conduce to the Alb* llantial happinefs of man, the focicty felicitate them- felves and their country, that talents and virtues have been transferred J^o this republic. Confidering you as an illuftrious member of this inftitution, your col- leagues anticipate your aid, in zcaloufly promoting the. objcds which unite them ; as a virtuous man, poflef- fing eminent and ufeful acquirements, they contem- plate, APPENDIX. 23l plate, with pleafure, the acceffion of fuch worth to the American commonwealth ; and looking forward to your future character of a citizen of this your adopted country, they rejoice in greeting as foon, an enlight- ened republican. In this free and happy country, thofe unalienable rights, which the Author of nature committed to man as a facred depofit, have been fecured : here we have been enabled, under the favor of Divine Providence, to eftablilh a government of laws, and not of men j a government which fecures to its citizens equal rights and equal liberty j and which offers an afylum to*thc good, to the persecuted, and to the opprelFed of other climes. May you long enjoy every blefling, which an ele- vated and highly cultivated mind, a pure confcience, and a ftee country, are capable of bellowing. By Order of the Society, David R1TTENHOU6B, Prefldent* tfbXMtiiflM, JuM 20, S794f AN*. 282 APPENDIX. ANSWER. To the Mcmhers of the American Philofophkal Society at Philadelphia, GENTLEMEN, It is with peculiar fatisfaaion that I receive the congratulations of my brethren of the Philofophical Socrety in this city, on my arrival in this country. It is in great part for the fake of purfuing our common ftudies, without molcltution, though, for the prefent, you will allow, with far lefs advantage,, that 1 have left my native country, and have come to America; :md a focicty of philofophers, who will have no objec- tions to a perfon on account of his political or reli- gious fentimcnts, will be as grateful as it will be new to me. My paft condua, I hope, will fhew that you may depend upon my zeal in promoting the valuable objcds of your inftitution ; but you muft not flatter yourfelves or me with fuppofmg, that, at my time of life, and with the inconvenience attending a new and uncertain fcttlcmcnt, I can be of much fervice to it* I am confident, however, from what I have already fecn API'ENDIX. 283 fcen of tlic fpirit of the pr!oplc of this country, that it will foon appear that republican governments, in which every obflrutStion is removed to the exertions of all kinds of talents, will be fir more favorable to fcir cnce and the arts, than any monarchical government has ever been. The patronage to be met with there is ever capricious, and as often employed to bear down merit as to promote it ; having for its real obje(St not fcicncc, or any thing ufeful to mankiivl, but the mere reputation of the patron, who is feldom ai\y judge of fcience. Whereas a public, which neither flatters nor is to be flattered, will not foil in due time to diftin^uiih true merit, and to give every encouragement that is proper to be given in the cafe. Befides, by opening, as you generoufly do, ** an afylum to the perfecuted and opprefled of all climes," you will, in addition to your own native ftocic, foon receive a large acceflion of every kind of merit, philofophical not excepted, whereby you will do yourfclvcs great honour, and fe- ^urc the moll: permanent advantage to the community, T. Priestley. Philadelphia, June 2r, J794« IITE- 284 APPENDIX, LITERATURE. As many perfons have wifhcd to know how far « tafte for Literature prevails in the States, I have an- nexed a LIST of fomt of thi BOOKS WHICH HAVE ANSWERKD TO KEPRINT TIlEttI, Togetlier with the .-imes of the Towns, and dates when re-printtd. Befides which Ir. Is to he underl'coJ, that there is an- nually a vaft importation of Books from England, Scotland, and Ireland, and that it would not be worth while to rc-print there, unlefs the demand was greater than could be conveniently fupplied from Eu- rope. JVhen matters of faH are Jiated, every body may judge for thmjelves. It is, however , but a partial State- ment, ^ Several neat editions of the Bible, at Philadelphia, New York, Bo/ion, and all the principal towns. New Teftament, Trf«/o«, 1788 Robertfon's Hiftory of India, Philadelphia, 1 792 Price's Obfervations on Civil Liberty, Philadel. 1776 Paley*s APPEND1X\ 285 Palcy's Principles of Moral and Praaical Philofo- phy, Philadelphia, 1787 Watts's Pfalms, 4th edition, at NnwTork^ 101791 and 1793 Doddridge's Rife and Progrcfs of Religion in the Soul, Philadelphia, 1791 and 1794 Encyclopedia, at Philadelphia, 1794, Dobfon, with American additions Guthrie's Grammar, with maps, Philadelphia, 1794 Eiray on the Origin of Evil, JVorceJler in ConneSf, 1794 Blair's Sermons, Baltimore and New Tork, 1792 Butler's Analogy, 5£/?o«, 1793 Newton's (John) Vorks, 6 vols. Philadelphia, 1791 Rowe's Letters from the Dead to the Living, Bo/Ion^ 1792 Booth's Apology for the Baptifts, Philadelphia, 1788 Young's Night Thoughts, Philadelphia, 179I Pricftley's Chart of UniveVfal Hiftory, Newhaven, 1792 Brown's Concordance, Worcejler, 1794 Blair's Lc6lurcs on Rhetoric and the Belles Lettres, 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1793 Blair's Rhetoric abridged, Bojlon and Philadelph, 1793 Erfkine's Speech in Support of the Liberty of the Prefs, NewTork, lyg^ Maine's Writings complete, Mbany, 1791 Rcid's Eflayson the Intelledlual and Adive Powers of Man, 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1793 Burke's Reflexions on the Revolution in France, Philadelphia, 1792 Woolftoocraft's Rights of Woman, Bojion and Phila- delphia, l'J(j^ Burgh's . f :i 286 APPENDIX* Burgh's Art of Speaking, Bojhn^ Jjgs Baron Trenck's Life of Himrdf, three editions, Phi- ladelphia, 1792 and 1793 Muii's Tfial, three editions in New York only, and feveral at Philadelphia and other towns Barclay's Apology for the People called Quakers, Phi- ladelphia^ 1789 Smith's Dialogues between the Pulpit and Reading Defk, Albany, 1793 Fordyce's Sermons to Young Women, Philadelp. 1777 BH<^h's Narrative on board the Bounty, Philadel.ijc);^ Chapone's Letters, New York, 1793 Cliefterfield's Advice to his Son, Philadelphia, 1791 Cook's Voyages, Philadelphia, 1793 De Lolme on the Conltitution of England, New Yorh^ 1792 Goldfmith's EfT.iys and Poems, Bopn, 1793 Hutchefon's Moral Philofophy, Philadelphia, 1788 Knox's E%s, Philadelphia, 1792; NeivYork, ijg^ Keate's Sketches from Nature, Bojlon, 1793 Raynal's (Abbe) Revolution of America, Hud/on^* 1792 Rochefaucault's Maxims, Bcjlon, 1793 Smith on the Wealth o( "Nations, Philadelphia, 1789 Shakefpcare's W^orks, the firlt American edition, at Philadelphia, 1795 • TbttClty of Hudfon was orly begun builJing In X7S2 ; has now a Bank, Cuipuration^ &c. Dr. APPENDIX. 287 Dr* Moore's Journal in France, from Auguft to De- cember, 1792, Philadelphia and New York, ^794 Wil Ton's Account of the Pelew Iflands, Philacic/phia, 1792 Zimmerman on Solitude, P/;/W(?//i/j/fl', 1793 Condorcet's Life of Voltaire, P/j//«(r/<;//)/;z^, 1790 Buchan's Domeftic Medicine, Bo/ion and Ph'ilad. 1793 Crawford on Animal Heat, Philadelphia, ^787 Smcllie's Anatomical Tables, i?s?/^«, 1785 Weftley's Primitive Phyfic, Trenton, 1788 Nicholfon's Natural Philofophy, Philadelphia, 1788 Smell ie's Philofophy of Natural Hiftory, Philad, 1791 Beccaria on Crimes and Punifhmcnts, Philadelph. 1793 Mitford's Pleadings in the Court of Chancery, Phila- delphia, 1789 Langhorne's Fables of Flora, Philadelphia, 1784 Oflian's Poems, Philadelphia, 1790 Cowper's Taflc, Bojion, 1791 Cowper's Poems, iS^//^w, 1792 Peter Pindar's Works, Philadelphia, 11^2 Thomfon's Seafons, Newbury Port, 1793 G\\ B\zs, Philadelphia, 1 790 Cyrus's Travels, Burlington, 1793 Johnfon's Raffelas, Prince of Abyffinia, Phi/ad. 1791 Lowth's Englifli Grammar, New Tor ^, 1780 Watts's Logic, Philadelphia, 1789 BofTuet's Univerfal Hiftory, Salem, 1785 Mafon on Self Knowledge, BoJlon, 1791 Oltervald's Compendium of Chriftian Theology, Hartfordi 1788 Soame '•M 1 i n n 288 APPEKDI}t« Soame Jcnyns* Internal Evidence of the Chriftian Re* liglon, Hartfordy 1789 Klopftock's Mcffiah, Elizabeth Tawn^ 1 788 ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS OP THBIE OWH. Smith's Hiftory of New York and New Jerfey, P/;/-> tadelphia, 1794 Thoughts on Slavery, Lexington^ Kentutky^ 1792 American Mufeum, 12 vols.— to 1793, Philadelphia American Magazine, New Torky 1788 Maffachufets Magazine, from 1789, Bojlon Columbian Magazine, or Monthly Mifcellany, Ph'f kJelpbia, 1793 American Oracle ; comprehending an Account of re. cent Difcoveries in the Arts and Sciences, by Dr. Samuel Stearns, NcwTorky 1791 Rufll's Medical Enquiries, Philadelphia, 1790 to 1794 American Philofophical Tranfadions, 2 vols. Phila^ delphia, 1 793 Carey's Account of the Yellow Fever in Philadelphia, 4th Edition, 1794 Curry, Helmuth, Nafly, Cathrall, Rufh, &c. on ditto American Letter Writer, Philadelphidy 1792 Rcgiflcr APPENDDf. 289 Regiftep of the United Sfates, Phitadclphtay 1794 Morfe's Geography, five or fix tdittons JefterCou's Hiftory of Virginia Kellcn.ip's i-Iiftory of Vew Hampfliire, Boffon^ '794 Milior's Dcfi-riptiori of the Delaware County DcfcriptioM of Cape Cod, by Mr. W. Hiflory o( ixc CoutUy of Effex, by Mr. T, Apdiorpe's Hiftory of Surinam I'lect's Regiftcr for 179J Hazard's American Fliftorlcal Collections Young Ladies' Parental Monitor, Hartford^ 1792 Young Gentleman's ditto, ditto CuUen's Prai5lice of Phyfic, and his Materia Mcdica, Niiu Torky 1793. Lovctt's Philofophical EfTays, Worcejter^ 17*^6 Rural CEconomy; or EfTays on Hufbandry, by He£tor St. John, Burlington^ '79^ Tucker's Bcrmudian, Williamjhurgh^ ^774 Rights of Afles, Burlington^ ^7^3 Index to the Bible, Salem, '79^ Belknap's American Biography, Bojlon, 1794. Examination of ShcfEcld's Obfervations on the Com~ mcrce of the United States, Philadelphia, ^79* Univerfalift's Cathechifm, Portfmouth, N. E. 1782 Hiftory of the State of Vermont, by Dr. S. Williams Bartram's Botanic Travels through Georgia and Florida Gookin's Hiftorical CoUedions of the Indians in New England, Bojion, 1793 Hutchinfon's Hiftory of Maflachufetts y Hazard** iif.; ' A llif 11 I'li 1 *i 29<5 APPENDIX. Hazard's Hiftorical Colleaion of State Papers Minot's Hiftory of the Infurreaion in 1786 and 1 787, Smith's Hiftory of New York, publijhed hy Cany cf Philadelphia Letters from an American Farmer, by Heaor St. John Guftavus of Sweden, a tragedy, Bojiotiy 1793. index; m "^ I] INDEX. ! |! Abstract of the Aft of Naturalization - • 259 Aiiams John» Vice Prefident $6— compared to Cato 257 Accountof the Yellow Fever - - - - 144 Addrefles to Dr. Prieftley f/eealjo Appendix) . - 83 Alom found ...«-•• 176 American Funds, how to purchafc in • . - 233 American Seamen . - - - - • 3^ Anti-Fedcralifts defcribed • - - - 87,125 Apple Trees ftripped of their Bark to renovate them 77 Articles beft to be taken over to America • • 95 Afpinwal, a public fpirited Man - • •65 Albeftoj found • m - - - • 67, 135 i Si Vt ]Bache INDEX* B Baciie, Franklin Bancroft, Dr. his Patent Barrington, in Nova Scotia Bartram, the Botaniil - Bay of Fundy • • Beavers, good Clearers of Land - Bingham, Mr* • - • - BilTiup of New York - - 134 • 101 - • 33 - - »54 - - 35 - 20; lyo, 136, 138 - - 8j Books, Lilt of reprinted 284— Original Publications Bollon defcribed 39 — Obelifk on Beacon HiU 45 — Long Wharf and Harbour - - - - Brant, Jofcph •-•-••- Erannon's Tea Gardens « • • - - Briflbt -.--•»- Brillol - Brockfield . • ^ • • Bull IVogs • - « « - Bunker's Hill - . * - - Burke 89, 121— his enormous Pcnfion Bugs .•..•• BuiliHill . . - - - B uttejr and Chcefc bad» and why n 288 46 - i63 - 21} 53, 54. 72 . loS - 54 - 103 • • 41 - i?o 4C>»54* *>< - 139> 14^ - 941 Cape Sable • • • • ^ - • 3S Cape Cod • • - - • • • 37 Caillot, late Governor of Guadaloape • . . 136 Carey -.«••- "44» >47' »53 ^hin* INDEX* ChinqiKspin, a Nut common to China and America only 234 Charlefion, near Bofton - • > . . 4.^ City Tavcrn> at Philadelphia « • • • 111 Chriil Church, Philadelphia - . . • i^S Clinton, General . . • * . St, 83 Clearing Lands ..«--•• lot, 20J Coafling Packet Boats, clean and neat - Cochineal Fly, fuppofed . - • Coins of the United States • - . . Columbia College « • • • . Confeffion of Dort . . • - Conneflicut, its River 55, 6^ — its Government mo dellcd by the famous Locke Controverfy in Politics friendly to Liberty Congrefs fitting -••••• Cotton Manufaftories - . - - Country Towns that fecmed moll preferable - Cullis, George Wafliington . • - 71 65 106 83 83 59 8S III 76,91 234 125 n Danger of running afliofe at Sable Ifland * 18 t)eacon, Bifliop - • • - 63 Debates in Houfe of AfTembly at Hartford * 58 Debt of the United States - m> * 187 Difconfolate, a Frenchman - ^ - 307 Delafield - - 73 Delaware - - - - - m 106 Democratic Societ)' at New York «• 84 Diffir Ity of keeping Servants - * 99 Doblon,BookfeIlef m - »5S Drefs of an American Officer m • 61 U3 Drill 111 fill 1 111 i ii 'v INDEX. • Drill Ploushs obferved Drearinefs of the Coaft of Halifax Dutch Reformed Church 1091 34 •3 E Eaft India Trade of the Americans EfFedl of General Wafliin^ton's Death Ele6\ioneering without noife or buftlc Elizabeth Town - - - Elizabeth Town Paflagc Boat Epitome of the Federal Government Exports and Imports compared - 238 187 ICO 215 259 2 37 Federal Hall - - ^9 Federalills defcribed ,.----- 87 Federal City defcribed - - - • - 22! Fevers, at Newhaven 69 — at Philadelphia • • 180 Fire Flies defcribed - - - - • - 103 FlatBulh 206,210,218,231 Flax - - - - - - * 65, 101 Fogs, great ones on the Banks of Newfoundland 15— Nova Scotia Coafts • - - - • '9 Frankfort - - - • • • -IIO Franklin, Mrs. 82— Dr. Franklin - - 112,130 Franklin Library .-.-.. 129 Freeman, Rev. Mr. i • - - - - 47 Gaol IHOEX, e Gaol Regulations at Philadelphia - • -is* Gates, General - - - • • 79» ^® General Obfervations on Conneflicut 70— on Phila- delphia 184— on New York Genet, the French Ambaflador Gravefcnd, in Long lHand . • • Grey's Gardens - • • • • Grove, Mr.Vifit to - • - • - Governor's Ifland - • - - - Greek and Latin going out of falhion in America - 226 76,96 • ai8 - »54 - 168 . 81 206 • « 812 - 150 21 57, 124, 129 - 178 - 41 - 43 66, 72 63,102 HeCum Troops furprlfed by General Walliington 105 Horfes, good for travelling— a Danifh one coft 100 Dollars ------ 63 Hudfon's River ------- 9^ Hurt, Rev. John 219— his Opinion of Land Purchafes zzo Haarlem - • • • - Halden, Charles, a Viftim to his Humanity Halifax - . - - - Hartford, in Connedicut Hagar's Towh - - - - • Havord College " . - - - Hackney Coaches at Bofton - - - Hell Gates, its Eddies accounted for Heflian Fly U4 Jamaica, if it i II INDEX. .«r' Jamaica, in Long Ifland - - - s - zo8 Iced Creams and Liquors - - - - H^* 213 Importance to Great Britain the increafing Popula- tion of the United States - - - . 49 Indian Chief, his peculiar Notions - . . 79 Indian Deputies at Philadelphia - - - - 167 Indians, Mickmack 25— Montauck . - .208 journey of J. Pric'lley to Northumberland . .172 Iron Ore on Connedicut River - • - - 6p K Kentucky 219— Lands beft next to it 2za Land, its increafed Price - - _ - - 80 Lands, Military fold by Audlion - - - - 319 Lee's Speech in favor of England - - - 112 Lehave, a port in Nova Scotia • - - 27 Leiccller _------53 Liberality of the Epifcopalians - - - - 212 Lift of the Deaths during the Yellow Fever at Phila- delphia __-.--- 141 Liverpool, in Nova Scotia, defcribed - - - 29 Livingftone, Chancellor - i - - - 80 Livingflon - - - - - - - 100 Loghcufe, INDEX. Loghoufe, one defcribcd Long Ifland Loring's Lodging Houfe Loyalfoc Settlement - 57 6j.73»7^>78» 207 - 75 ■ 77. m M Malt Liquor but little brewed, and why . 23O Malkin's Eflays, Extraft from . 117 Manufaftories of Woollen defcribed 48, 60, 69, 90 Marlborough Pond • - - . - 5« Maple Sugar Tree . . 63 Mickmack Indians ... - 2J Mifflin, Governor, his Cottage - - 157 Montgomery, General - 93 Morfe, Jededlah .... 47» 6s Muncy Creek . - - - - - 174 Murlegalh Filhing VefTels . . 28 Mufketoes - _ - - . 98,210 i-* I N Negroes, their natural Indolence accounted for 57 — Sick ones provided for by Law - - - Negro Houfes - Neftiamlny Bridge defcribed - - - . Newark . ..--... New Brunfwick _ _ - - . . Newhaven ...... New York 73— its increafxng Population - 5S - 100 . 109 - 98 - 103 65, 129 - 227 Newf- H INDEX. Ncwfpapcrs at Bcfton 48~at New York 7$— a* Springfield ..---- 55 Noaillcs, Kite Vifcompte de - - - - 137 Number of Members in Congrcfa - • -13* OWervations on Manufaftorles - - . Obfervations on Philadelphia 184— on New York Oeller's Hotel - Oil cxtrafted from Sun-flower Seeds Ofgood, Mr. - - - 91 226 >3» 81 Paper Mills _.-----•• Parker, Colonel Patcrfon Manufartory _ - - . - Paul'sChurch, New York _---•- Peach Trees Peak's Mufeum Penn, William . - - - " W^ " Philadelphia Piatte's Obfervations on Pcnfylvania Pine Apples raifcd near Bofton - - - Playhoufe /e Theatre Population of Bofton 48— of Hartford 62— of New York 227 — of Philadelphia Prieftley, Mr. . - - - . 76>78>82, 157 Prieftley, Dr. 82, 83, 85, 88, 91, 96, if 4, 168, 170,211 Primogeniture, no Rights attached to it iu Conne^icut 6i prince 56 189 76 211 63 13s 110 110 173 70 186 INDEf. 10} Prince-town Price of Provifions at Trenton igz—at New York 231 — at PLlladelphia - - - - . i5^ Prolific Families common in the United States 57, zoo Public Buildings at New York 92— at Pliiladclphia 1 30 Qucftion, why Wafhington City is a preferable fitua- tion to any other for a Federal Town ? anfwcrcd 223 Qualifications to be a LegiHator - - -. . 260 R Ramfay, Dr. his Addrefs to the Americans * 261 Rariton River ._.--. loa Reafon why Dr. Prieftley was not afked to preach - 21 1 Religious Prejudice _-.--- »^» Remarks of J cfferfon's on our Government - - 121 Return to New York - - • - - 190 Rivington, James - - - - - 214. Road from Bofton to New York 49— to Philadelphia 97 Rodgers, Dr. 82 Rules for the Philadelphia Aflembly ... 133 Rye fovvn in preference to Wheat, and why • - 6^ Salaries to the Legiflature - Sands Comfort 257 74 Sea INDEX* Sea retired - - - - ^ •■ - 66 Sequeftration of Britlfh Debts confidercd . - i%g Sheep ---... - - 101 Shenandoah Valley . _ , . * - 180 Shelburn, or Port Rofeway - - 35 Shipping, increafe of - - - . - 236 Silkworms bred . - - . « . 64 Simcoe - . - - - - . 89 Skuylkil - - . . , - 154, 156 Slavery not abolifbed . - . - - 23s Smith, the commoneft Name in America • - 186 Snakes with two Heads . . . . - 68 Soap, a cheap domelHc kind - - 208 Sound, divi ling Long llland from New York , grows narrower - - . - - - - 66 Spencer _ - - _ . - - 53 Spinning and Carding Machines - - 69,90 Springfield Plains - - - _ - - 55 Springfield, in Jcrfey 2i5~Manufaclories there - 216 Stages from Philadelphia - - . - - 165 Staten Ifland - - - . . - - 217 Stocking Looms _ - _ - - - 129 Sugar of Maple at Table - » - - 61,64 Sulphur Springs difcovered - - 183 Taylerrind, late Bilhop of Autun - - - - 132 Theatre at Bollon 42— at New York 75 — Philadelphia 126 Thomas, Ifai.ih, a famous Bookfeller - - - 52 Tonnage and Impoit Duties, iheir Amount - 236, 239 Toulmin's Journal - _ - - - - 182 Tontine Coffee Houfe 73 Total INDEX. Total of Deaths by the Fever Trade, theirs, with Europe Trades, good in America Trenton - - - _ Trumbull, an American Painter - Turnpike Road, only om - . >53 237 94 105 89 210 Vaughan, Samuel, Efq. Vernon, Mount Virginia Coal - - . Vifit to Dr. Franklin's Daughter Unitarian Chapel at Bofton - - «3» - 125 69,213 - 156 - 44 w Wadfworth, Colonel 60 — Conveifation with him Walpole's AfTertion _ _ . _ Waltham ---...- Wafliington, Prcfident - - _ - Waftiington County -.,__- Watertown - - ^ - - - Wayne, General _ , - - . Weavers, plenty in America - - , Weather in America vice verfa with England - Wefton .-->--. Whales fpouting . - - - - Whilkey, Receipt to make - - - - Wilbraham Town - _ - - - - 12S . 169 - SO 122, 222 - 189 - 50 - 106 - 204. - 79 - SI - 36 - 176 ■ 55 WU. INDEX. Willings, Mr. Prefident of the Bank , - - 136 Withersfield, famous for its Onions - . - 63 Witherfpoon, Dr. .--.-- 105 Wincheller, in Shenandoah, Prices of Provilions there 181 Worceder, in Conne