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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 HISTOE Y OF THE JESUITS pr UPPipi HISTORY or THE JESUITS: FROM THE FOUNDATION OF TIIEIK SOClETi' TO ITS SUPPIIESSION BY POPE CLEMENT XTV.; TJdvlR MISSIONS TJIROrunOUT THE WORLD" TIIEIR KDUOATIONAL SYSTEM AND LITERATURE; WITH THEIR REVIVAL AND PRESENT STATE. BV ANDEEW STEINMETZ, Arrnon or "the novitiatk," "thk ,,Ksurr ,x tu. PAM.r.v. m TWO VOLUMES. VOL. L PHILADELPHIA: LEA AND BLANC HARD, 1848. copa PHILADELPHIA: T. K. AND r. G. COLLINS, PRINTERS. CONTENTS TO VOL. I Book LorlGNATIUS-THE Popedom, Religion, Politics, Mex, akd Manners,— IN a word, the Christendom of the Sixteenth Ckntuht, Book II. or FABER, Book III. or XAVIER, Book IV. or LAINEZ, Book V. or SALMERON, Book VI. or RODERICUS, 17 108 142 170 19S 204 171568 PREFACE. rm To the Catholic, as well as to the Protestant world this book is offered as some enlightenment on that important subject-the abuse of the religious sentiment. It is a book of facts. The Jesuits themselves, Catholic historians, and Protestant writers, the most impartial, furnish the groundwork. The main subject is connected with the contemporaneous history of the world during he last three centuries, which is brought home to the present .mes of political unrest and revolutions-and yet hopeful withal. It IS a history of Human Nature-errors, crimes, and retribution -political as well as "religious''--and therefore, the book is impartial. Connected with no party whatever, my object has been to seek, and find, and boldly to express, the truth-such, at least, as it has appeared to me, after multitudinous consultations. For, intensely interested in the subject, I have spared neither pains nor expense to collect such information on the subject as would enable me to put forth a decisive work, not only on the Jesuits, but the religious movement in general, which antagonised the South with the North of Europe. To every mind the history of the Jesuits presents subjiects of interest. In their exploits, the churchman, the missioner, the preacher, the educator,-all who possess influence on the minds of men, may find hints and admonitions .—their industry and perseverance are models for all humanity. They labored indefatigably, and received their reward world-encircling power. From first to last, they w m a ere never in ).( viU PREFACE. obscurity. Like Minerva, sprung from the head of Jove, the Company of the Jesuits went forth from the brain of Ignatius, full-grown, ready for battle. In her infancy she was great—the world feared her when she won her position— the lust of conquest supervened— she exemplified the maxims of the very world which she went forth to reform— and dug the pit into which she fell, discarded by the popedom, for whose defence she was established. It has been my object to enable the reader to judge for himself in the facts which led to that consummation. I have not indulged in the usual vituperation of the Jesuits: no animadversion will be found in this history unsupported by its fact. Neither have the apologists of the Jesuits induced me to believe their representa- tions. From the nearly equal mass of rancorous denunciation and defence of the Jesuits, I have endeavored to arrive at the truth by a meditation of the times in which the Jesuits performed their part, their acknowledged method, and its results to humanity. The books written against the Jesuits would form an extensive library— so would their apologies :— even in the first century of their existence, the Jesuits put forth about one hundred works in defence of their Company or its men. My object is simply to place a momentous subject in its truest possible light— would that all error were purely abstract— purely "indifferenf-sothatwe might cherish the man to our bosom, whilst we consign his error to its fittest abode. According to the Jesuits themselves the Company was a band of angels; their friends are not less extravagant on the subject:— Vitelleschi, a General of the Company, is somewhat more reason- able and candid. He compares the Society to the skies; the Society is Aurora ; Ignatius is the sun; the members are the stars, "during so many years, and in so many lands, shining with the splendor of virtue eminent and perfect. But if," he continues, "any comet of dis- astrous result, compounded of the foul and pestilential vapors of PRBPACB. Jj a world too near, should light its deadly flame among so many benign and propitious fires, we should not, on that atu-ount, con- demn those skies, since even in the beautiful skies of nature we iometiraes unwillingly behold the same anomaly."* A bad Jesuit is therefore a comet; but a comet is a functionary in the celestial Bystems; it is a secondary cause, produced and propelled by a great Designer: then, may we substitute this Jesuit for the comet, and the spirit of Jesuitism for the great Designer? Thus, then, much has been said in favor of the Jesuits— more against them ; accusations have been denied, countercharges have been brought forward, and even questions of history still remain uncertain, undecided. I am surrouniled with books of every description about the Jesuits. They have all been written with one professed object in view— Truth. Truth has been contemplated by all ; but in how many different ways have they gazed at her charms! Some have peered with one eye, others with half an eye; some "with spec- tacles on nose," others with quizzing-glasses; and not a few with that vacant stare which sees nothing r It is thus with the aff^-s of the Jesuits ; any and every mind may find something to prKe or blame in these extraordinary men, and their extraordinary achievements. Almost all the authors whom I quote, are in my own posses- sion ; and, in order to facilitate reference, I have preferred to quote works easily obtained,— but still due verification has never been omitted, when the original authorities could be procured. To Ranke I am under great obligations. His " History of the Popes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries" is a treasury of facts, collected with vast labor, discernment, and impartiality. Mr. Kelly's translation is so faithful and accurate, that I must also express my thanks to him, for diminishing my labor in the nume- rous versions I have had to make, from all the languages of Europe, in building up this temple of Jesuitism. • EpisL 4, R. P. N. Vitell., 163&. PREPACK. ft B Tr^r' """' '"■P"'*"" '"=""" of *'« W^tory-I mean theRev. M. A. T.erney i„ his admirable edition of Dodd's Chu h H.s,ory o England. Mr. Tierney leaves n. ,o regret that he did not completely recompo.,e the v,.hole history. What a frightful of ihzabeth and James I. '. Awfnl, indeed, are the disdosnres^of the documents now, for the first time, brought to light by thL .en?s a„ 1 Mr t" ''°''"»7'^-»PP--«y —are of their con- tents, and Mr. T.erney made good use of them in their dainarin. - dence: he la.d bare the ghastliness of the Jes.it.schet^f ' l-ngland, and mortally offended the descendants of Father Par- ens and Garnet. The consequence was, that the gentlemen of Stonyhurst peremptorily demanded back their documents 'And yet, what was Mr. Tierney's motive > He express ydear^sht honorable reason, saying: "We should recur to the errors or , he weaknesses of the past only to provide more eflectu Hy ag it the faults, that we become answerable for the delinquencies of o|predecessors: itis by a prompt and honest condeTna : h»r m.sdeeds, tha, we prove ourselves uninfluenced by thel example, and establish the integrity of our own views. We a^e to judge of actions by their nature and tendency, not by th^ cc m ecfou s not the privilege of any order of men; and if historv ments of some, the jealousies of others, and the faults of all it is ..ot «,r he purpose of reviving the disputes, or embitt r nt he recollectrons, of the past, but solely with a view to poi;. ouUhose errors which each should be solicitous to avoid."' his!lr''tJ*'° ''T """"■' *"■' """'""' '"^ 'hroughont this iH^lory. I have neither a "party" nor a system to uphold. In the plan of the work, the Missionary schemes of the Jesuits • DoJils Chuicl, Hislory, ii. p. 1 76, no/,. PREFACE. 3jJ form a prominent subject— together with their training, their educational system, and literature. The main history of the Jesuits, however, belongs to the first century of the Order; thence- forward it was all retribution and downfall. Still it was my inten- tion to enter deeply into the history of the last years of the Order before its suppression— to evolve the human mind of the age as exhibited particularly in France:— but the formidable >is cut short my meditations. There are ten Books in vhe History, each being named after one of the first ten Jesuits, in the order of their accesHon to the scheme of Ignatius. Unquestionably the work has been rapidly put foith. Never- theless, I have no apology to make— no favor to b>»g. Ample preparation preceded the mere composition : what I undertook to produce, is, I believe, performed. Never will I insult the public by craving indulgence for offering of mine. Let it stand or fall by its merits or demerit;?. The motive which impelled me to the enterprise, will make me respectful of approval— but callous to vituperation. In the words of the unfortunate Jesuit Southwell^ prefacing his "Magdalen's Funeral Teares^'— I may be permitted ' to say, "Let the work defend itself, and every one pass his cen- sure as he seeth cause. Many carps are expected when curious eyes come a fisbmg. But the care is already taken, and patience waiteth at the table, ready to take away, when that dish is served in, and make room for others to set on the desired fruit." I shall conclude with the words of Dr. Wiseman: "I know not if there be a worse class of slander than that which endeavors to affix the most odious of stigmas upon any one who shall dare to thmk differently from ourselves upon matters indifferent."* ANDREW STEINMETZ. GaRDEW CoTTiGB, FaKKKHAM, June 1848. Connection between Science and Revealed Religion, p. 185. l\ I I I TI w\ mc th( wa ces rid col the is I ove twt coll wal nib Ma the An( wot fort spir scej Mid phe Wit lutic Moh BOOK 1. OR, IGNATIUS. INTRODUCTORY. THE POPEDOM, RELIGION, POLITICS, MEN AND MANNERS,-IN A WORD, THE CHRISTENDOM OF THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY. In the moral, as m the physical world, effects suggest their causes, ii-vents, in the history of individuals and nations, are moral effects, whose causes must exist. To trace these events or effects to their most probable causes, enters into the philosophy of history. One of ^ the most remarkable events in the history of the sixteenth century was, rot the establishment of the Jesuits, but their wonderful sue- cess and rapid development. At first sight, their origin is somewhat ridiculous. A crippled soldier in the guise of a pilgrim in rags, after collecting nine companions, reaches Rome, obtains an interview with the Fope, offers him his services, his terms are accepted, a company IS estabhshed, and within sixteen years, this company is spread all over the world, in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America; dividing into twelve provinces a regiment of a thousand veterans, with a hundred coleges lor their head-quarters, numberless entrenchments in the walled cities of the Christian, or flying camps in the wilds of the can- nibal, influencing, for good or evil, millions of earth's inhabitants. Many causes must have conspired to produce these effects to which tne origm of the Jesuits lends, apparently, no adequate interpretation. Another example of rapid development may, however, lessen our wonder, though it will not, perhaps, explain the difficulty. Mohammed, an ignorant man, as represented, with ten followers, went lortn on his mission— and within twenty years from the moment of in- spiration, his followers amounted to one hundred and fifty thousand— his sceptre triumphant from the shores of the Indian to the billows of the Midland bea. The ambassadors who knelt before the throne of the pro- phet "outnumbered the dates that fall from the palm-tree in its maturity." Without assuming national excitement to be the result of "electric evo- hjtion, (the curious "%/r«i^rf"* of an ingenious modern theorist,) Mohammed s method, in the evident circumstances of his career, fully * The Geographical Progress of Empire, &c., by Rev. T. Price, 1847. VOL. !• 8 It' 18 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. ! i : fi explains the causes of his wonderful success. War to the death— and fanaticism— in the midst of enervated Asiatics, bore down all before him; whilst the laws he framed for his followers made them at least com- lortab e m a sensual world— in wealth and strength, long to live, and cry Lu Mlah 11 Allah, and " Mohammed is the Apostle of God." Here was the "word of God" to the sword of man most desperately united— and the result was commensurate. Somewhat different was the method of Ignatius of Loyola; the crip- pled soldier aforesaid, in the guise of a ragged pilgrim, with his nine companions. Listen to the patriarch— the "man of God"— for bis words will not beseem a soldier, though crippled and in rags. To ins followers he said:— We are the company of Jesus. Under the banner of the Cross we do battle for God, and serve the pope, his vicar, on earth. You must vow perpetual chastity. You will have to labour for the advancement of souls in the way of salvation, and for the defence of the faith, -by public preaching, by the ministry of God s word, by » Spiritual Exercises" in which you shall be duly initiated, and by works of charity. The young and the ignorant shall be the special objects of your ministry. You shall have but two objects constantly before you— God, and the design of this in- stitute,— which you must promote with might and main, as the end proposed to you by God Almighty. But, observe, each member must confine himself to the grace vouchsafed to him, and the rank of his vocation: no one must aspire beyond his intellectual and spiritual powers, lest !ie be misled by the zeal of Ignorance. Consequently the rank that each shall obtain, the functions that each shall perform, wil be left entirely to the judgment and discretion of the Head who shall be chosen to govern the company. This Head shall be elected by the majority of votes; and the election will invest him with the right of drawing up the constitutions or statutes of the company; but the whole right of command shall be vested in the Head. There is one point of immense importance to which your attention is imperatively called. All the members must know, not only in the very threshold of their probation, but as long as they live must daily bear in mind, that thevyhole company, and each member thereof, must fight in faithful obedience to our most holy lord, the pope, and his successors. Doubt- ess, all the faithful of Christ owe obedience to the Roman pontiff as their head, and the vicar of Jesus Christ; but we have iudged it exoe- oient, m all humility, and perfect self-denial (besides the common bond atoresaid), to bind ourselves by a special vow to go whithersoever the pope shall be pleased to send us for the advancement of souls and the defence of the Faith. Without excuse, without a moment's hesita- tion, whether he send us to the Turks or other infidels, even to the indies— to heretics or schismatics— in a word, to any and every place without exception. In conclusion, you need not be told that all must vow obedience to the head of the company. Of course, all must vow perpetual poverty * * See the Bull eatabliBhing the ssuits, Lift. Apost. Paul. III. Soc. Jem Approbatio. IGNATIUS. 19 For God-for the Pope—for the Company :— a special vow of obe- . dience to the poper-absolute power vested in the chief of the com- pany to whom obedience is vowed ;-chastity and poverty, the addi- Zrt o'fTh ° '"'5 member-public preaching, spiritual functions, u orks of chanty, and a prospective glance at " colleges,"_such are the broad ways and means of the institute whose expansion was so won- derful. Assuredly they are not adequate to account for that wonderful development. Something similar, if not identical, had existed, and still exislcu, in the various institutions of monks-the Orders of St. Francis, St Dominic, St. Benedict. The design or scheme of Ignatius was no thif {rf'T^T""'''''"^" '°"?"^ ''^^ peculiarity of his institute to the fact that the Jesuits were to be papal emissaries scattered over the uorlcl.-emancipated from convents, and yet essentially monks, by the obligations of their vows. But the pope could always insure ihe^ser- vices of the monks: they Were always ready to obey the Holy Father Such being the case, why was this new order established ? And beinc^ f^H fl ;?r ^'■' ^^e to. account for its wonderful success? It is nr± 1 ' 'u" '■"''■' °^ '^'l ^^""'^^^'^ «"^<^^^« '■« »ot contained in he proposals of his institute: there was nothing in them likely to capti- vate, by novelty.* the admiration of the pope-for even the promise of obedience to his holiness was but a promise depending upon individua dispositions for its complete fulfilment. Still,\he fact of success sul ges ts, at once, three probabilities-that Ignatius was an extJaordinar^; worker-that circumstances favored his scheme-and that the sta^eo^f the world at that tinrie was exactly the medium best adapted to facil tate his advancemen -like the peculiar fluid in which planets revolve round about their centres. Therefore, as in the case of Mohammed tTfi^M Vn;""'^'^' '^^ circumstances in which Ignatiuf wentTo th to fight, and conquer, and raise a shrine whereat to receive ambassa t's t7atMt^"r"f ''^ '^^'^^^'« world, .^outn"rber"g the" dates that fall from the palm-tree in its maturity." These circum stances may give the force of originality to the s^cheme orLovoTa or" present its results as those of a skilful adaptation of old material/ The investigation must begin with the sixteenth century-some S; years before the rise of the Jesuits. The popedom-reli^ion-polUics -men and manners-in a word, the Christendom of those times must be un drtood, ere we accompany Ignatius and his followers nTeir won .S;jp— ;^%rK ^ih^-sr tJfSei^ - P^ed by the popes of Rome. Alexander the Sixth be^an he centun ' He bought the popedom; and was fiercely uncrratefuf to the cardiS ^^•hose ambition and av , -.., he tempted, ^is wC p nt?fica!e eS an unequalled career of p. vate vice and public atrocity. iBut aS^^ 20 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. was unquestionably a man of talent : his reign was prosperous. It is difficult to decide how far we are to hold the pope guilty of those public crimes in which his son, Csesar Borgia, was most deeply concerned. The son was ambitious ; the father was intent on the aggrandisement of his house: — let them share the infamy of their crimes. Their aim was to put down thearistocratical factions of Italy. That was the age when monarchs became jealous of rival power, and were struggling to crush the worms of pettier tyrants who crawled within their precincts. Dreadful times for aristocrats were those of Pope Alexander ! His terrible son, Ctesar Borgia, was one of those many historical characters to whom ambition and fierce desires make p.ll things lawful — such characters as throng on the page of history which is condemned to narrate the glorious deeds of the sixteenth century. Coesar Borgia could brook no rival. His own brother stood in his way; he had him miirdered one night, and thrown into the Tiber. They had both just supped together at their mother's ! The-r father, the pope, entirely connived at the dreadful parricide — for he undoubtedly dreaded the same fate from his ferocious son.* Caesar Borgia killed his father's favorite Peroto — killed him beneath the very pontifical mantle; the victim clinging close to his patron : the blood spurted on the pope's face. Caesar Bor- gia triumphed in his crimes. Rome, and the States of the Church, bowed to his sway. Think not that he lacked what many did think, and many still may think, redeeming qualifications in his dread de» pravity. Of surpassing beauty, and wonderful strength of arm, was this blood-thirsty villain : in the bull-fight, he would strike off the brute's head at a single blow. And he was liberal-handed withal — not without traits of magnanimity,— as if to prove, for the shame of humanity, that the most venerable virtues, or what seem sucfi to the world, are not necessarily estranged from the most detestable vices ; for, as we have seen, he was bloody, and Rome tremble#at his name. Caesar needed gold, and had enemies : every night the corpses of mur- dered men were found in the streets. Every man held his breath ; for there was none who might not fear that his own turn would come next. Those whom violence could not reach were taken off by poison. There was but one spot where such deeds were possible; that spot alone where unlimited power, and the highest spiritual authority, were united in the same individual : this spot Caesar occupied. Even mon- strosity has its perfection. Many sons and nephews of the popes have attempted similar things ; but none ever carried them to such a pitch : Caesar was "a virtuoso in crime."! The reader v/ill be surprised, doubtless, to hear that this man was made archbishop of Valencia, and a cardinal, by his father. " He showed himself worthy of such a father," says the Jesuit Feljer, " by his guilty passion for his own sis- ter Lucretia, and by the murder of his elder brother, who was his rival."! The same authority calls him "a monster of debauchery and * " Connivente prorstis ad immane parricidii scelus patre pontifice, qui et ipse vim sibi afferri ab efferato filio procul dubio metuebat." — Panvinius, Alex. VI. t Ranite's vigorou 3 expression — " Cesar ist ein virtuos des verbrechens." I. p. 62. t Biog. Univ. Aie:i. VI. k IGNATIUS. 21 cruelty ;" and every historian is of the same opinion as to facts, a few of which have been given. Respecting the indirect influence of the great, by position or genius, on the mass of men, experience attests that the mere rumor of their guilty lives IS sufficient, without actual proof, to supply those samples to which profligate hearts yearn to conform. Trulv or falsely were the blackest crimes laid to the charge of Alexander the Sixth, if mattered on^;tom f "Tl" °.V w' '""T"'' ^'^^ '^^ ^°"^"^^ °f his hideous tnJi r^ idolised) before them, was necessarily disastrous to the th/til /.'?:, ^"' •' "°' YT'"^ '^^' '^' P^P'' h«d purchased vLh 1 •'!i"'^ i^ not opinion find in his subsequent conduct facts which tallied with that incipient simony ? "He sells the keys, the altars, Christ himself: By right he sells what he has bought with pelf.''* Every crime was attributed to him-murder, assassination, poison- ing sirnony, and ,ncest.t "He played during his whole lif^agame of deception ; and, notwithstanding his faithless conduct was extremely lul -a proof that decided success proves not the decided integrity of chemes. Oaths and protestations cost him nothing, says thf same authority; never did a prince so often break his word or pay lessTe! fhlZ!" ^^^T"^^"'«; This was because he so Jve/u^derstood this chapter in the art of government, adds the political philosopher with wonderful complacency 4 Possibly Alexander the Sixth was the model of Machiavel h's Prince-ihe all-famous Pn«c.>.-that gospel book of the sixteenth century. ' if^^/'c* Alexander the Sixth has thus been universally denounced: Catholics and Pro estants have united in blasting his memory: the Jesuit Reeve St?n T-'^^' infamous Borgia."§ ^Some there^are who s^ ak a^^^^^ write of his vices and crimes with a sort of gusto, because they seem omation °"wh ''1'^"°" °f Catholics. Cruel! unjust, absurdest^o Tm- pulations! Who charges the religion of Protestants with the vices and crimes of Henry the Eighth ? It is not the religion of Cathohcs that explains the impurity of an Alexander's guilt, but the pos tion of the popedom in the sixteenth century. Such ^character at the head of the * " Vendit Alexander claves, altaria, Christum ; Vendere jure potest, emerat ille prius." t An epitaph was written for Lucretia, his licentious daughter, as follows: Here lies Lucrece, a Thais in her life- Pope Sixtus' daughter, daughter-in-law, and wife." " H[c jacet in tumulo Lucretia nomine, sed re Ihais, Alexandri filia, sponsa, nurus." " Ergo te semper cupiet, Lucretia, Sextus? U latum diri noniinis : hie pater est." Sannaz. Epigram. 1. ii. No. 4. t 11 Pri incipe, c. xvii ^ Hist, ofthe Christian Church, p. 428. Why in the title-page of this Jesuit's book ? S " IS the title S. J. (Societatis Jesu) omitted lections, p. 17S. ee Dr. Oliver's Colh \ 22 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. faithful—such a striking deviation from moral rectitude, even assuming him to have been slandered in some points, — was more to be lamented on the score of inconsistency. It was a sad position for " the successor of St. Peter," " the head of the church," " the vicar of Christ." But was it not, somehow, a natural position for an absolute monarch, as the error of the church permitted the father of the faithful to become, when the poverty (so beautiful and consistent) of the apostolic brotherhood first vouchsafed to humanity was no more ? This was the prime error of the church— the error on which all others hung flapping to and fro as the winds of the passions listed— on a sunny sea of temptation. Temporal power assumed or received by the spiritual guides of men was contrary to the will of Him who sent them forth to be "minis- ters"— servants, not to "exercise dominion."* In open defiance of the sacred counsel, the shepherd of the flock became a prince of many people, even as "the princes of the Gentiles,"— and how could the promise be kept, that " the gates of hell should not prevail against the church," if its very head was in direct contravention of the most urgent of these conditions, all of which were to be complied with to eventuate that fulfilment? And, alas! how fearfully did the popes do as "the princes of the Gentiles !" They were kings— and the vices of kings had long ceased to be exceptions to the general rule; if not a matter of course, these vices were certainly a matter of notoriety. Lono- before Alexander VI. there had been popes of reprobate character, and yet enjoying, as heads of the Christian Church, the name and prerogatives of sanctity. But who could deem holy that Urban VI., who, to wlut his revenge against those cardinals who opposed his election, had them tied up in a sack and drowned in the sea of Genoa.f Who could deem holy that Boniface VIII., of whom it was truly said that he entered the papacy like a wolf, ruled like a lion, and died like a dog,— the terror he lived of all kings and nations, and an insatiate lo*ver of gold ?:j: In the ages of faith flourished these "vicars of Christ." Verily, noto- rious and infamous crimes have immortalised the memory of popes. And early did the human mind shrink back, horror-stricken at the avv- * " But Jesus called them unto him, and said, Ye know that the princes of the Gentiles exercise dominion over tlieni, and they that are great exercise authority upon them : but it shall not be so among you : but whosoever will be great among you, let him be your minister; and whosoever will be chief among you, let him be your servant —even as the Son of man came not to be ministered unto, but to minister, and to give his life a ransom for many." — Matt. xx. 25, et seq. t "Quibus dum Genuam pontifex defertur, ex septem cardinalibus Nuceriaj captis, qumque saccis involutos, in mare demersit."— P/a?. de Vit. Pont. p. 206. t "Moritur hoc modo Bonilacius ille, qui imperatoribus, regibus, principibus, na- tionibus, populis, terrorcm potiiis quam religionem injicere conabatur; quique dare regna et auferre, pellere homines ac reducere pro arbitrio animi conabatu/, aurum undique conquisituni plus quam dici potest, sitiens."—PZa^de Vit. Pont. p. 187; Lett, Vit. de Sist. V. i. 15. A curious anecdote is related of this pope by the same honest Catholic: "We certainly know," says Platina, "what he said to Prochetus, the Archbishop of Genoa, who was kneeling before him on a certain Ash-Wednesday. For whereas it is customary for the priest on that occasion to say, ' Remember, man, that thou art ashes, and into ashes shall return ;' Boniface exclaimed, substituting the words, 'Remember, man, that thou art a Gibelline, and with the Gibellines into ashes shall return;' whereupon he flung the ashes into his eyes, and not on his head, as is usual." —Plat, de Vit. Pont. p. 186. IGNATIUS. 28 M inconsistency. Even in the fourteenth century, when men had scarcely dreamed of shaking off the bonds of superstition— in the atre of vagabond pilgrimages and hobgoblins-it was one of the first dad tidings of coming freedom, when the earliest promoters of literature, in bold and daring numbers, sang the crimes and punishments of law- less, godless popes. In the realms of woe eternal, the genius of poesy lound them. Ineffectual wails, unsatisfying torments, embodied the poetic conception, the infernal merits of those who abused the sacred sentiment of religion in the human breast, to suit their selfish purposes, their guilty passions; at the sight of whom Dante invoked the name ot Aimon Magus, and sounded forth his terrible trumpet.* Pope An- astasius in the deep abysm by an inscription he recognised,t whilst his church on earth, as he found her, was "sunk under the weirrht of her crimes, and polluted with mire and filth." In hell he found" Nicholas 111. planted with his heels upwards, waiting till Boniface'VIII. arrives who IS to take his place— to be in his turn relieved by Clement V un pastor senza legge, a lawless shepherd.J The milder spirit of'Pe- trarca IS roused on this subject of Roman depravity, to a higher pitch to Bab Ton- * °"^ °^ ^'' ^°""^^^ ^^ assimilates the papal court " L'avara Babilonia ha colmo 'I sacco D'ira di Dio, e di vizj empj e rei Tnnto, che scoppia; ed ha fatti suoi Dei Non Giove e Palla, ma Venere e Bacco."'J To him, Rome is a fountain of grief, the dwelling of wrath, the school of error, and the temp e of unbelief. He pours forth with wrathfu ZIF "?y!-^ "^l'^"' °^ '^'.f-'^'''" ^="'"^^ ^^«^"'^« sfacciata-ihe un- blushingthingofiniquity.il ''J Catholics easily account for their devotion to the holy see, in spite of Its historical abominations, which, however, very few of them are aware of-their accredited histories in common use, " with permission of au- t Ta A^'f''^ ^he subject with painful dexterity. When the matter IS alluded to, a specious argument, with its clever distinctions, satisfies at least the bold propounders of theory against fact. They will tell vou • we distinguish the Ao/y .,, from the court of Borne. The pope, wSen representing the former in the spiritual government of the church, can- no err, being inspired by the Holy Ghost, and having received h s7m. peccability, in that capacity, from Christ, when he said: ^^ I have nraZl for thee that thy fcnth fail not.^' And when the pope goes asKf s as prince of the Boman Court-ihe famous, or rathe? infamous, cl- d noma^^vUch is subject to all the passions, to all worldly interests all the maxims of state policy, so often pernicious in their results-all * " O Simon Mago, miseri aequaci, Che le cose di Dio, che di bontate Deono essere i?pose, e voi, rapaci. Per oro e per argento adulterate ; Or convien che per voi suoni la tromba," kc.~l„fern. c. six t Inrerno, c. xi. j jb, xi^, 83. ■ (^ «„„„ ,„ * ' il Sonn. xvi.; Rose. Leo X. ii. S4. See also, Rosetti, Bis^nlsit. pasllm. ^"^^'mfr 24 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. the tortuous shifts of hireling machinations— the urgency of war—ro- venge, secret and public—display, pomp, factions, cliques— in fine, to all the passions notorious and infamous in the worst rulers of men • Why not, then, elect two popes? Let one be king of Rome and its court. Let the other be IJairi, as in Japan, only concerned with spiri- tuals— faith, morals, bulls, and dispensations. By such a plan we micrht almost go back to the apostolic simplicity of church-government The present time urgently requires something of the sort : already we bejrin to see how impossible it is, in spite of splendid promise, for a pope of Rome to shake off utterly his ancient self.t The disreputable characters of the popes interfered not with their spiritual pretensions— their power over the nations of earth and her princes. Ihese pretensions have sent down their names to posterity, coupled with .the humiliation of kings and potentates, impelled by public opinion which vyas guided by the superstitions of the age, to kiss the hand that hurled them to the dust. Public opinion was led away captive by the arts which practised on the religious instinct of men. Ihe acknowledged Father of the Faithful, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Temple of the Holy Ghost, and Keeper of the Keys of Heaven and Hell, triumphed aloft on the clouds of Public Opinion. That was he fact-the natural fact-for it is absurd to suppose that such spirit- ual donainat.on could be simply usurped. It was the accumulated result of skilful management; and was finally dreaded, if not univer- sally revered, or conscientiously conceded. The arms of that power were forged on the anvil of superstition, in the midst of barbarism— midnight darkness of mind. Scarcely remarkable in the first acres of tne church, the See of Rome continued the struggle for suprJ'macv Z7f f\u^^''' ul^ ^?V^,^ beginning of the seventh centufy to the middle of the eighth, the bishop of Rome was acknowledged the Head ot the Church. From that period to the middle of the eleventh cen- tury he was not only the Head of the Church, but a temporal prince d . . v^''""^r T "'.'?'''''',^^ V^^ P'^'^"^ ''"^«' th^ pope bas been the "Vicarof Jesus Christ," and sovereign of the ecclesiastical states ot Italy, with more or less of "temporal power" in other kingdoms, according to circumstances.^ ^ Gregory VII. led off the band of fulminating pontiffs. He founded ills domination with these words: / excom77iunicate thee. With these * Leti, Sisto V. lib. i. t There is an old prophecy, known perhnna fo the lenrnp IGNATIUS. 27 ZTna K Zl "»'1 7^^"''r *hat although horrid vice was his nature as a man, dunca u-al svm hi. u.stinct as a pop., and that the things arc not nconripatible. it is sometimes .limcull to account for certain [1 ,1 J " ?''r'""T ^'"^ l'^"^'«'^'"'y- In eflect. Alexander th« Six h bWided«pirmml«Nv.th temporuls~the spirit and the flesh-io un un- ract?/ u' ' vf"''''M' ^"' '"J^r^^^;^ represented in the sacred cha- racter of thf3 Virgm Mary, whilst Alexander himself appears in the Xhis /uc ,8 strikingly characteristic of the man whose conduct mi st nece.«ar.ly have had immense influence on the Christendom of Ze IVo other facts are not much less remarkable. Alexander made 11 T !""",'° '''" f ''"•'•«««■'' or "converted Jews," expelled naZ ^H""""'?'^^ '""''"">' "^''"^'"ff '^'^ Catholic king. Win a noble msanco of primitive toleration, perhaps you exclahn • bu he el^ r'o ;: r' ^'"7^°? °' ifdina'nd'I tyranniclTbigo y on tax which he imposed on the unfortunate children of Israel ' Monev ia wL'Tv^r''!'^ " -^'^ ''°'^ ''^'y-^ ^--■"'■-' '^ Catholic hi to^ Z Ln ? . " '""' "r'','^' y'"" ^^^'■'" Alexander's exit, thus sums un the pope's character. His political talents were thrown in he Thado aVnuChV and hi"" ""''^'-''"^ .''^"^' ^'^'^'y^ boundk4avar son ZT/h/:, r ^T""""^""" ^'^'''■^ °^ acquiring power for his son, prrja.i ct mfuH, without a scruple at the means employed When fbu soisr/ v^^^ 1 "^"^ particularly addicted to women, and had of .rrn «tre es "nf '7' .^ ^""^^'^'.^ Ro'"^" Jady, was the chief nh,r „ 1 • ^. ^^''°'''''' entertainments were comedies and other pastimes; and he would often take his stand on the Mole of hoVlilr ? 'r'*'lom. Ihe number of informers was immense- for the slightest murmurs or malediction the penalty of death was award'ed!! ««^^r!J:r'/',S'ffi;''^^;;'^^, ™« ^:;;:,;^:"r ^V'T '^ Alexander Famese. Slculaii and Vor^oriiis evidently fished n tU »,,!. ^ " T ' P'°''^f'^o galero dedit. opinion* ..Cnicn UmvUuiZnZ' u ^ 1 '"' *" "ccount for events, or at least the prajterirct," ^BiJ-nous si qunj elegantius m hominum genere per viam ^ Thi. «tuto of thing, accounts for a factadvanced in favor of this pope-that » dur- 28 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. 11 Footpads swarmed in every street : bandits in every highway : it was unsafe to wulk the city by night, or the suburbs by day, Rome was become a general place of execution and slaughter.—which the pope permitted to gratify his children and relatives, whom in all things he mdulged.* ® It is generally admitted that this pontificate is the darkest in the an- nais of i apal Rome. Details, abundant and disgustin P'"" " .old .ha. each VILTJli; ^^ll, t^:7^^7'' '" '" ""' 3.roy„ of .he ChL^ch i„Th '""lid' S^Satl "' t d""?'" ""? f popedom or its imeresfr H«nr„ c„„, ™inis- In defence of the on all sides, in ^"35. of hlf n l?™^ 'S'".'^''""™' bu.. pressed fever, produ'cJ^J % . n a|°exace baToL ^I'^.h'^f T' ^"'T ^''^ "' =» political schemes :" for he wa™,? a. Ihe failure of one of his iinnally agitated by his de.i7e of^Z*' A ^i"' P^'""'- '"^ ">"■ gr.f /f sSeing his^tsl| 's^:;^^!-^^^^^^ endare the of money, so^as to !e "e 'the f.vn/,hT'' ""''' '° ^' "'^""^^ '" ^°"^"^«"d he desirJd, as -.s\;rpny aid"b;tveTe';r?:LZ'r" f'^ "'^^'^ the game of the world Hp wnLVi li! 7 fC' °^ ^°'^ ^"^ '"^^ter of impatience, burhrkent thlm . r f ^"'^ "^^nt of his desires with So;-yLTrh?S'""^^^^^^^^ .ha. Julius lathed mo ; ft iTZf^h'/rC",;'''' ?■ '' ""'''' vale interest.lf Alexanrlpr .Xi 5 . .u \ Vhurch than his own pr - followed hlxample bo h we're 1 lif '"^"'."^' o^ Popedom ; J.lius all who had poue?'v;re ; H^in^ lotrT """^'^'f '' '^' ""^^ ''^''^ scruple as to Ihe means appiicT^ "'" '' '"^'"'"^^ ''' ''^'^'^' ^ -? "irnfe i,"Tr ''^^^^•" ^i"-^-rA'nSf"t: ix. ""' ""''' '""^ ^^^^-"^ '•-'" ^•''•y ''^ * !■ Machiav. II Pnnc. xi. ITId. .bid. IGNATIUS. 31 If politicians of the Machiavellian school may find much to imitate m the method of Alexander VI.. the admirers of art may look w h complacency on Julms II. ; for he " patronised" Michael Angelo, Ra- phael and Bramante, ,f such men be not disgraced by the application of the term " patronised." "A warrior-pontiff as he was," Lys the Cavahere Mate Tiraboschi, ci-devant Jesuit,- "a warrior-pontiff, and totally mtent on retnevmg and extending the states of the Church, it seemed that he cared not much for literature and men of letters bu man as he was of a mighty soul and vastest ideas, he could with the' same hand w.eld the sword and foster the arts and sciences Jul us began the erection of St. Peter's, opened a new library, fa;ored he professors of the fine arts, and the cultivators of polite literature "t A new era dawned with Leo X., the successor of the warlike Julius Characteristic was^the beginning. On the day of his coronation he gave an earnest of what might be expected from him, by distSin" a hundred thousand crowns of gold to the populace. Ber^o TnT Sado° et, the best Latn scholars of the day, he made his secretaries. To the University of Rome he united the most celebrated professors of aU countries. Whoever was, or fancied himself a fine poet an eoquen orator, a po ished and elegant writer, hurried to Rome, and fou^d la ^he Ari'^T'f °" '1^ !'^^^^.' ^^"^'^«- C>n a triumphal arch at the Jonte A. ^ngelo, a glorious inscription proclaimed to ffods and men that all was accomplished :— v^ianueu lo .goa^ ana " Venus anon was queen— then Mars held sway- Hut now Minerva rules the better day,''t In these presiding divinities, pointed allusion was made to the verv peculiar characteristics of Leo's predecessors-Alexander's licenJZ court with Its Lucretia Borgia, and the warlike reign of JuliuTere ^.therefore, /nstoryin that inscription : it was » tolerated'' Che pope which makes it authentic. -^ P P®' nu7^F 'JI'"'^'' r /^' "^^gnificent pontificate of Leo X. would be here out of place. It kept pace with the revival of the sciencesThen un? versa!, if the pope's patronage was not rather too exc^uTve in its pre" dilec ions. Men there were who saw with regret that h! nnnf ft delight in listening to light poetry and jLs ?,ot 2 y^ deS '^^^^^ IJ; quented comedies in which good morals were not mTh respected The consequence was, that he brought discredit on the pon S' di^* niy,and gave rise to suspicions reflecting on his persoCl nteiri v But a greater disadvantage was the fact that the decLd preference of ne essarv to the'ch,;'T h'"" ^^^-^ers of the Faith w^ere bee ling necessary to the Church, heresy in arms being at the gates of Romef of the Jesuits. '" ^"^ ""'"^^'^ '^''^n ^ have to portray the Literature t <£ni- u 1 „ ' Storia, torn, vii, O 'im hl'">^^P''' '"^ tempora.-tempora Mayors UJim habuit; sua nunc tempora Pallas habet." * Tirab. uM suprc,. But see Jovin« vtfvf''''^l^' '^°''- ^'^''' "'■ P mi see Joyius, V.ta, l.b. .y., for a curious disquisition on the 82 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. I '< The Jesuit Andres is still more explicit on the subject. " The intimate familiarity," says he, "with which Leo honored the auernos, the Bri- tonios, Gazaldos, and other poetasters, rather than poets, and the ardor with which he sought the gross pleasure of listening to the most vul- gar companies of comedians whom he imported with vast expense from Sienna, greatly diminished the honors which he liberally bestowed upon mentorious men of letters, and the glory that might have result- ed to good poets in being invited to his court.* A Horace or a Virgil could little value those distinctions which brought them to the level ot a Bavius and a M3evius."t . . v i, n j The political events of Leo's pontificate were in the line chalked out by his immediate predecessors: but they are insignificant in com- parison with the moral demonstrations of his times. It is impossible not to identify this pope with the age to which he gave so striking an example. It seems to have been his intention to pass his time cheer- fully, and to secure himself against trouble and anxiety by all means in his power. He sought all opportunities of pleasure and merriment, and indulged his leisure in amusement, jests, and singing;— either induced by a natural propensity, or from an idea that the avoiding ot vexation and care might contribute to lengthen his days-J He was fond of music: he conferred the archbishopric of Ban on Gabriel Merino, whose chief merit consisted in the excellence ot his The lowest species of bufl'oonery gave him delight:— his courtiers and attendants Could not more effectually obtain his favor than by intro- ducing to him such persons as by their eccentricity, perversity, or imbe- cility of mind, were likely to excite his mirth.§ Such pursuits in a king you would not think criminal: you would only wish he had possessed a better taste— more ennobling inclinations; but in "a man of God," as the pope ought to be, you behold them in a very different licrht. You look within them: you are forced to penetrate beyond their surface, into the heart's deep gulf; and you fear you per- ceive a dim eclipse of piety: you cannot reconcile outward dissipation with inward " recollection," or communion with God. You turn to the ascetic writers of Rome's church, and every man of them is of your opinion, from Thomas a Kempis, with his "Imitation of Christ, to the Jesuit Rodriguez, with his "Christian Perfection." You dread to seek the facts that will attest, as effects, the moral cause which you clearly perceive. You pause, and ask what was the state of that Church whose ruler was such as described by his panegyrists— if such was the head, you ask what were the members? . u i^ "What a spectacle," exclaimed right-minded prelates of the Roman court, "what a spectacle does this desolation of the churches Present to the eyes of a Christian who travels over the Christian world ! All the score of the pope's morality; and Ro8coe,Life,ii. 389, for a vindication also, gives a defence in a note to the passage above given. * Uoscoe, ii. 179, gives an account of the poetasters alluded to by Andrfes taste, in this matter at least, was sadly at fsisH. t bell' Grig. t. i. c. xiii. t Roscoe, u. ^ Ibid. u. Tiraboschi, Leo's IGNATIUS. 33 intimate the Bri- be ardor lost vul- nse from )estowed e result- a Virgil evel of a chalked in com- ipossible iking aa \e cheer- 11 means erriment, ; — either oiding of Bari on ice of his courtiers by intro- , or imbe- rould only tions; but in a very penetrate ' you per- iissipation urn to the s of your St," to the ;ad to seek ou clearly It Church ch was the he Roman present to Ttr7vtX" ' Th^'"''^ ^'^r ^'')''r^ ^''' ^'^' '^'^ '° the care ^nhJ n °!' r ^ 'ncumbenls of benefices selected the cheaoest W'"an7s"rl^^^^ ThJ "^^^\^"'-= -^^icant monks were eTge title^r-sr/ragLI'" a^dTeldTe'cuT ^afvits'" TTZr'^^ \' cant monks extraordinary privileger;r'cored;d ;'^^;eyTerT;"e;: muted to perform the functions of the secular clerffv~all Sr^ho prominent patronage of the pontiff. And yet he riendicant oJder of vmeyard of .ha Lord is laid was.e Did they p^rhlS^h f.L^" ruin of Me world •■ '^' """' '"'^'^y ""'^"'"'1^ bring with it the :tfSSS;v^.idSSi:bis:-HrS t .^Si'il;n'''^'l^".'''"/""'"- Apud Ranke, p. 18. by\heltuTalKrr^:;;Ur^^^^^^^ '«=-'-- ♦»>« -cou„t debited to this bold asserter, LeoV ted uvfce ° tee" .n'^ -hi"" 'A- ^''P''''"'"- According in honor of the Virg n, and everv Wllv r f ' ""^ «''«'•" "ed from meat once a-week! the Jesuit has the cL denVe '7sav ^^< S,? Z^''^' '" '^""°'' of Christ's passion; an, young prince, and in a mind e gerlrdelthy'T.'^"' ^naceration of the senses'in a emng life, which is cherished a'nd b tered' a ' a ort "of /''"/'' l'" f^^S^' "/ ^^^ort- 5avebeeniong^protracted,e.ceptb,tL:L:Vorre;/J^^^^^ ^ Apud Ranke, p. 22, and Roscoe, m6j VOL. I. suprd. 84 ■ HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. . If name sure, Bembo thus describes it, in adapted to gladden and rejoice tiie soul, owing to its admirable' piazza ^thTrL\1l/"°1 ^''"^'^"^ Prospects-very^ommodious a d Tom;.' with large hall and spacious chambers, beautifully adorned with a costl^^ ceihng of gold, and tesselated pavement "* ^ Nevertheless, Pope Leo was a "diligent observer of divine ihhtm and a lover of the sacred ceremonies," though he did not always mS tain pontifical decorum. To the sore distress of his master oTt he b^rr' ffi ''T'"^'' ['^^ ^°'"^' "°' °"'y ^-'^hout the prop r dress bo Is n histeT" Tu^t^n.' " '" ^°""^'' ""^^^ '« worsf of'^all, with Doots on his teet, —just like an> sporting gentleman not at all particu- vholp H 'P.''f ''^ •^°"'^ °^ P'^^^"^^' ^"""^'"g ^"d fowling, he Ive whole days to luxurious enjoyments, the most splendid banquets ^and musical entertainments. To raise mon^v /nf «rt,;ok "'*"4"eis, ana largely in his buildings, his prSe Xn^S^n^ and t e^Pen es^fhe made^cardinalsfor a price, and devised certai^ office of sfat^wLh It is difficult to reconcile this pope's indulged propensities with thnt severe religion which beseems the Head of the cZchf but That was he age of sensual enjoyment ; and far from there beinVany one amZ the priesthood to stem the rushing evil, the very counnf rZ! ? to its sensualism the wildest notioL in\he maJL o7l: rfnTotSf' Men of Intel ectual tendencies easily frame a conscience to pall ate he S ^"k °^ "t"'' P"f '°"' '' ^' '^^ P«"«'» in question, the^Schools of philosophy endeavored to discover that the soul of man is 3«/ Lrasmus declares his astonishment at the blasphernieT"hat met hit ears: they sought to prove to him out of Pliny, fhatTer. is no d ITe ence between the souls of men and those of^brutL.f Certainly the morals of the age corresponded with no other theory * ^ ^ tendom n" transformation from good to bad was that state of Chris- endom. Open Boccaccio's Decameron and behold the mirror held^n lerted "Tn'ra J,^T '^^^T^r'? ?°°d nature most ho? idly per' whii\ i ^"^' °^ f°"^.^y ^^"'^ ^^^'^ Jnfamy to spice his pages-l whose burthen is "the duped husband, depraved and deorfvi^ Seann'?" '">f"f^' ^^""d of " laughte'r hofding bo h her 's d '^ S,wP. P ''' ^he fourteenth century, and saps the foundations of panal wTh . i?-\"''\'' ^^" violently abhor, we may still usty dread but hat which we have learnt to despise ceases to be an objectof Lrl tops, her light, if she had any, was decidedly put under a bushel. * Pet. Bembi, Epist. 1. xiii. 10. totos dies impenderet. PecunhL nu^rSo!„c' f \^"^"" ,*""*"'" pontificem decere largitionibus et bellorum u« E nh^ mnc T" ^''"^'" "I"'*''*"'" aedificiis, turn effusis qu.dam venalia excoXi?uT;=u^^3r,»^ '«S't» «t officia t Burignv, Life of Erasmus, 1. iSQj Ranke, 22. ' 4 IGNATIUS. 35 were "anointed''--rolled in thpfr LnHl i^ ' \7^'' monks-all that council of the Late ^ P cV n^nh-- '^ .^'"^r ^'^ °^ ^"''^ ' ^" 'he forth under the sane fon of th'nf^^, k.°^ ''" •^'[^°"' Mirandola, held ness against theZ^Tce.l^^^^^^^^ '"T-^-^'"^ ^^ ^'^^^ bitter- these ecclesiastics, who our^h to l *? '''"'^ "^'^conduct of Church, not onl^Chei^ ntw Zr^'^T"'^ '^! dignity of the larityand decency o^Lr iepor^m * u"^ ^'""«' but by the regu- the decree of the eleven h Srof "1 '^^^V^^^bt the fact, turn to the ministers of reli^L 1"'^^^^^ '^'/""^^ ^°""^''' attesting that public concubinage 'but eveT.or'"''' "°' ?"'y ^° bve in a state of permitting took%Tcond?JJr.^ Part of their emoluments from indulged.! " '""•'^' '° ^^^' '" ^bich they themselves cardinals and ponmlrTe:L/ch^^^^^^ Why theyifthe severe denunciations and PVPmnL. • u^ ^° ^''"""^^ reproach by cate of Sextu IV re^ulatS ^ punishment. During the pontifi- pn-ntingofan^woiexSn/^ ^°[ P^^^^"''"? 'he officer Appointed for hat X nose Pv ^f Previously h'censed by an cation was held forth agLLtffwho^houM f^'"'''^; '^ '^''^^^^^i' The vitality of relirrion wL L ^ infringe that regulation.! the churchmJn ytt? 3aTs en^rXd ih^'^^".^ ?^'" P^-^^" '""^^'''y' the Christian faith-such^atllst .1 mythology of Paganism on mysteries and pecuJia doJmas Jthe Chri? ^TV'"^'' '^' ^^«'^"«« or enveloped, in the langC o C^^^^^^^ divine persons of the Trinity and fhJHnt V •^''■^'^' ^"^ ^^«" 'he the divinities of anciem 'S e , 'd R^m^ ""''Z fT, '''"''?' ^""'^ nated Jove, or Jupiter Onftmn, tf.lf l ^^ ^^'ber was denom - iapius, and the V^^ nX^V S^n'^ '^% ^^ '/P°""' '' ^«^"- fein, uiana.§ Ihe poets of the day naturally im- tiniaJ;;Lde';fo'nrspe^^^^^^^ Viterbo, General of the Angus- "without shedding tears of hl„od^he d sS" - " ^'" ""'^ ''^'" '"''' »^«' t Roscoe, ib. X ,, .... ^ Roscoe Tho ^ ^"* '■""• or a sermon', pretrerbeTo^fp^'^^^y^f^r I^th^''"rr °''.^^^--' ^"^ ^P-'-" Erasmus was himself present -inH hie ! ' . ^^'ifdmals and prelates of his Court ^hich this extraordin'arX'h:"i'^L^^^^^^^ of the matter wifi show the Sent „ course was the sufferings^and de th o'^Chri t Tile or::"'^- " '^^^ ^"'^J^'^' "'^ »he dis- on the pope, whom he designated as JovP."n J '"■''T'"*'"*'^*^ ^^'"i an eulogium tent nght hand the inevitabL Stn na ."/d "1^^^^^^ "^ ^"'^■^^i^g in his omnipT h s nod. In adverting to the dea h nP rh '^'^'■^""g t''" concerns of the universe bv pies of the Decii and of Curth'^lLl 2ju\^^ '■'."""'^'^'^ ^'^° ""^i^nee of the exam o the.r country, devoted therell' ^o^t inSarLP.^^"' ^'^^-^k """ ''^ ^''^ '"^^7 v.ith due honor, Cecrops, Mpna;ciu«, Tnhi„. • r ^^^'' """■ ^"^ ^e omit to mention others who preferred tL weE of^h^eifrrn/^'f '\^°'''""^ °*" '^^^'^'^'^ «to" ] , S his audionnp to comnsBsi-nn. Vu r country to their own existrnro T, • 86 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. bibed the same spirit, or conformed, with the usual h'terary cleverness to the taste of their readers; for, perhaps, writers are more inHuenced by the taste of the age than instrumental in its creation, as is com- monly believed. Sanazzaro, the poet, and other writers of the aoe constantly refer to the mythology or fable of the pagan world. On all subjects, sacred or profane, the pagan providence of gods innumerable assumes m their sensual minds the place of that adorable Godhead! which only a simple but enlightened faith finds adequate to bestow every blessing we enjoy. Marullus wrote a series of hymns addressed with every sentiment of piety and veneration, to the deities of ancient Greece and Rome. Bembo styled Christ a hero, and the Virgin Marv the goddess of Lauretto. Nay, the pope himself, Leo X., tells the kings and princes of Christendom, by Bembo's classic pen, that he was made pope » by the favor of the immortal go^s—deorum immortalium benefimsi and reproaching the people of Recanati for the bad qualitv of the wood they had sent for building the temple of Loretto, he com- mands them to send better, » lest they should seem to mock, with their donation of useless wood, both himself and the Goddess."* In the prevalence of doctrinal, as well as practical, e 'remes, there IS always a middle course followed by the thinkers of every age In- tellect IS more readily disgusted than sentiment: hence the mass of men are constantly the tools of influence, which enslaves them bv the feelings. But the intellectual proudly shake ofl^ the specious charm— and in breaking the spell, rush to that extreme which sets the usual appeals to conventional retigionism entirely at defiance. Hence there arose the Platonists of those days— so called from the pagan philoso pher, whose doctrines seem to approach the ethics of Christianitv— Ihe theory of these intellectuals is thus clearly expressed by an inffe- nious author: "Besides the various systems of ethics, physics, and metaphysics, which may be traced in the writings of Plato, and his followers, they also contain a system of theology, differing, as may be expected, in many important points from that of the Romish church. As opposed to the Christian idea of the Trinity, the Platonists assert to their memory or decreeing to tliem divine honors; whilst the incratitude of the Jews had treated w.th every degree of ignominy the Saviour of mankind and final v doomed h.m to the cross. The death of Christ was then compared with that of other exceilen and .nnocent men, who had suffered for the public benefit, and reminded the orator of Socrates and of Phocion, who, without being guilty of any c^ime! we e com- pelled to pensh by the fatal draught; of EpaminondasNvho, after alM^sdorious deeds was reduced to the necessity of defending himself as' a criminal; of^ Scipio" who was rewarded for h,s incalculable services by exile; and of Aristides who wa compelTed L xTp 88.' '''"""■^' '" ''"^ ''''" '"^'"'^''' ^'''' *''« ^'^'« °^ »he jl^t!''~ ♦ " Ne tum nos, turn etiam Beam ipsam inani lignorum inutilium donatione lusisse v.deam.n,.»-B.m6. Epist. lib. viii. ep. 17. See Roscoe, 88; Feller. Sfio B vie god;:" *■'" ' ""' ''"■"'" " '^' ''''''" '"P^ of- 'nen'-thecertfrho^e oftlfe " Tuque adeo spes fida hominum, spes fida deorum." -De Partu Virgin., i, 19. cuKd o'ut of^HoSiT.Pr'"'' "''•'''''' ^f'^H^- "P '^ ^""^ "''C''"^^ <'^«'" «J«'-'"=hed verses ileverness, influenced s is conn- the age, i. On all umerable, Godhead, to bestow iddressed, 3f ancient "gin Mary I tells the lat he was wrtalium ad quality ), he conri- with their nes, there age. In- ! mass of ■m by ihe charm— the usual nee there ti philoso Lianity.— ' an inge« sics, and I, and his 3 may be I church. Us assert ude of the and finally at of other minded the were com- ious deeds, 3, who was compelled le Just." — Dne lusisse ho; Bayle, lope of the i, 19. ;hed verses fice of the IGNATIUS. 87 of hell, the human sou i re^r sented wT'"' '\^ '^' Punishments with imperfect matter and DlSh ^ as havmg been united by constant strugg in'' to rise above he nns'''''' f P'""^"''"" ' ^'^^'^«' disengaged from its defrrnHinfr k P«^s'°"s of sense, it is at length splendor!"* tL ™^^^^ '^"^ '"''^'^'^ to its original cate of this sect was no other 'than tC^''''.'^%'J°?. ^''""''^'^ ^^''^ Pope Leo the S H is 1 -In '° ^f ^'^'^'' the/«/Aer of refined notions of he 1^171 and hh n'" ^^^^"^"V'""^"°"^ '' '^^ Italy. Scepticism and „ fff' L/erfTow^J n ""' --y university of church-discipline was relaxed ThiT ^ '"^""^ ^^ ^o^^'^e; and remedy aaaavatedtLev^r Th.nh ""f^ "^^^ apparent: but the a solemn decrle tha the VonI ,^^^^^"'''^'• ^P^^e: it was declared by are not actuated by a no troftt^""""""''^^ ^'f ^'^^'^^"^ ^'^^- peculiar to itSf / \f °'''°" ° ^'^^ same soul, but that each has a soul combined with Lgh^n^ellelrrvlp.'em ^^"^'"^ ^^"^"^"^'^ ^^- of t^;t thit^t;'br'auri;t;ted""'"w '' ''' '"^'V' ^^-^ ^---- "Mysteries," and " Mor2k. ' ^r r """'' "°' ^''^^'^^ ^'^^ ^^'"«"s centuries. These ;^^re unde; ,h '^^ ^^'°"' '°'"'^'^^ °^ preceding performed by tre%Z// fcil . ^.^"^S^"^^"' ?f 'he clergy-and mysteries of\he ffi tn fa hh t ^'k?'' '"'" "" '^" most solemn ously familiarised to t "me 'e^tTal'a L7^"r'''' and outrage- tie million. A scaffold was eredld v ,ih h!: ^U ""^'-''^'^'^^M the other. The hicrhp<,t v^! H u , '^'"^^ ^^^^^^^ 0"^ above middle was PurSr To r^nr'T,'^' ^''''''' ""'' ^<^''-^"d the organ was placed in '^Paradle - Jh ^T ""^'': °^ displeasure, an choirs of the "an "els" Yn | i'r Z p'° 'V't '° ^^<^^'"^Pany the strous dragon was" constructed vvZ^' ^"'T^ '^' ^^'^^'''^ ^ '"O"' belched forth the » de" " inon^^^^ ^ '^'""'^ '^"^ ^^"' ^« ^^ exit. This was to rep7e ent tC^ul? n'Tl'l^' '^''1^ '^''"^ ^' '^'^' c-.lverins and cannons w!^rp /n r f ? ^ell. To enhance the eff^ect. to make an inferri c Luer nnH .'^'/^'r'-'f"''' "''"'^ '^ tempete-^ Son, and the HoTv rw ^"'^ '■°''''* 9°^^ '^e Father and God the The divine persts del ve:^^^^^ '"^T '^' " P^^-^^^es" enacted.-! these MysterLs en ittd r5 T1^^'' ^']. ^^^^osyllabics. In one of the Creai-onTf Ma nl tp^'S '"'^1 '^ ?'!; "^"^^^ '^^^'^'^ ^^"'^'^^ tions:— « Here OnrI ' '^P'^^^e"'^^ ? fnd we find the followin-r direc- Here God takes some mud, and pretends to make°Adam; X Mp57estedits du XVSme Sibcle. PrefacV^'-pTris, TSsV^''' '"" '' 88 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. and let Adam and Eve be covered up with a covering, and let God say : Adam, get up," &c.* Such (jxhibiiions were universal. They furnished amusement to the Christians of these days. All were invited to join in the celebra- tion, which materialised spirituals. In the sixteenth century, however, if the great, the learned, and the priesthood, had paganised their Christianity, as we have seen, what must have been the moral notions of the lower orders ? In effect we are assured, whilst the higher classes adopted notions of an anti-reli- gious tendency, the common people were sunk into almost heathenish superstition, seeking salvation in mechanical devotion. What was young Luther's amazement when he visited Italy ! At the moment when the sacrifice of the mass was accomplished, the priests blurted out blasphemies in which they denied it! In Rome it was a cha- racteristic of good society to dispute the fundamental principles of Christianity. " One passes no longer," says Bandino, " for an accom- plished man, unless he entertain some erroneous and heretical opinion of the doctrines of the church. "t At court they spoke of the institu- tions of the Catholic church, of passages of the Holy Scriptures, only in a tone of jesting: the mysteries of faith were held in derision..^ — Strange it is that it was at Rome where the mine was sprung, ready to engulf Church authority in ruin. It was there that religious doubt began— or at Florence, or at Venice: it was in these mighty strong- holds of Catholicism that the human mind was shaking off" all doc- trinal subjection — disdaining every mental yoke — "caring for no man." Catholics admit the fact. "Gay, licentious, incredulous, the mind of these cities made a jest of all things— Christianity, morality, the clergy, and the popes themselves. Its organs were Dante, who hurls popes into hell— Petrarch, who calls Rome a prostitute — and even the monk Baptista of Mantua, who sang the Loves of the Priests.^ Their books, though forbidden by censure, circulated at Rome under Julius II. and Leo X„ and were in the libraries of most of the cardinals: Sadolet and Bembo|| knew long passages 'by heart,' * "Cy preingne Dieu du limon et face semblant de faire Adam ; et Adam ct Eve soierit couvert d'un couvertour, et Dieu die : Adam, va aua, que je le vueil," &c.— Mysteres,i\.5. This curious wori« should be studied for the sake of its Church History. Rome is painted in her sport as much as in her sober sadness and fury. See Sismondi', 1.231; Penny Cyclopaidia, ix. 416, e^ se?. t "In quel tempo non pareva fosse gajantuomo o buon cortegiano colui che de' dogmi della Chiesa non aveva qualche opinione erronea ed heretica." — MS life of PaulV. apud Ranke p. 22. ^ Ra„ke, p. 22! § Jiaptista wrote these verses : " Viverc qui sanctb cupitis, discedite ;— RomsB Omnia cDm liceant, non licet esse bonum," " You who desire to lead a holy life, depart : at Rome, thongh all things may be done. It 18 not permitted to be virtuous." But see JEg\. V., ed. 1503. Baptista died in 1516. He had been general of the Carmelite monks, whom he tried in vain to reform : and resigned his hopeless charge to devote himself to literature. Feller, Biog. Univ. II Bembo had been the lover of La Morosina, and Lucretia Borgia, Alexander the hixth's licentious daughter. It is not quite clear that Bembo perfected his morality as much as his latinity (for which he was famous), when he became a cardinal. The con- trary is more probable. IGNATIUS. 39 1 let God sement to B celebra- J, and the ecn, what effect we I anti-reli- eathenish V^hat was 5 moment :8 bhirted IS a cha- iciples of m accom- il opinion le institu- jres, only rision.J — ng, ready ous doubt ty strong- r all doc- f for no jIous, the morality, mte, who ute — and s of the ulated at 3 of most )y heart,' lam ct Eve eil," &c.— ch History, I Sismonili, Hi che de' fS. Life of p. 22. y be done, ed in 1516. form ; and Univ. xander the norality as The con- I t which they amused themselves by reciting."* The infamoim Plptm Aretmo was Leo's acknowled-od friend t miamous 1 letro th.^" cLl";!!;""!;"'. t^r"'' l^ ^^r^*^' ^^^^^^ ^"«"^'°"- Gobies and neonie Th« In.? ^^'"° ^''" '^'"^"^^ '"^^'^er in mastering the peop e. The latter were now to mount a step in the social creation— SntL'"l::"\'°?'r--'^^' -er-powJrful "interest" in very king lom-the very bank of power, and the nation's heart. Meanwhile recal the evems that had just befallen in the history of man The Sp.n Trans.t.on was walking the earth, apparentl/w Id and reck" less, bu St. guided by that adorable Providence which nevrpeS man to do a I the evil he would, and turns his very evil deeds into ble - ngs, or. rather, mitigates evil, and expands good far beyond the inten. tion of Its instruments. At the epoch to which we Te hasten n" Heaven was nearer to earth: enlightenment was about to come dZ un men. A momentous strife was about to commence. Man's des- tin es being suspended-dependant on his will. All might choose; but how many would choose aright ? For themselves, selfishly, men seemed to work; but Providence beheld them in their labors; suffered them to Zrlt Tf '^7 1''''^' ^".' ^"'''■'^^ r^""« ^°^ '^^' ""-^-^sal good. In the t fe selfishness-that ,s, in the strife of the world-we see nothing ?erers' hTu '' ""' "'' ^T'"' "' '^' ^°"^''^'' ^"^ "^' perchance, I ferers: but a generation has no sooner passed away, than we perceive how a merciful good God can modify, n'ay, totally (Change the eK of evil with regard to nations as with individuals. Abuses grow, fester off the slough of disease. In the effort there is suffering; but hope mitigates every human pang. * * How to convey in a hw vvords an adequate idea of this period in the WnnTl; r"'"'^""'^"' '""'"^^ °^ "•^^^''■■^«' °^ ^^^'i^«'« of antiquities ! Wonderful invemions or improvements in the implements of mind- starthng discoveries of unknown regions, peopled with strange brothers distant orbit, produces even in this comparatively enlightened acre, con- s.derable excitement; but what must have been the effect of th; dis- covery of a "new world" in the minds and hearts of men, then i u t announced, m those days of ignorance in the masses, and avarice fnd so^hir.;" '^" ^'''''- ^^^' " ^"^^J''^^' ^°r speculation ! How h ab- sorbed attention-exaggerated hope-multiplied schemes-expande'l fifth"cemurv\'j/'"''' ',^' '^'''? °^ •I"'""" ""^"^^ ^''"^ the fourth or ver and had -trf'tt °"^'"''^' f'^ ''' ''""^"^ °^ ''•°"' ^^ass, and sil- ^o d nr .nrn ,K ?M ^^-^ P^' ^^""'^^ '^ '^"^^ Continue its course in gold, or something l.ke it. The revival of knowledge in the fifteenth whichT"'\'r'""^^ ^'' °"^y '^' ^•^^"'^ of a s?ri s: bu tventt which thronged fast and vast in effects, expanded the movement Anv t?vr in :L"h:SS "'^"/"^^ '^^""' ''^"^^ ^° «"d a7h"ousa'nd m"o^ tives in the hearts of men for its continuance, until another usurps its Audin, Luther, Introd. t Sismondi, i. 433. 40 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. £ t place in the restless mind of humanity. Expelled from the East by the conquests of the Turks in possession of Constantinople, the learned men of Greece had sought refuge in Italy. Once more did Italy re- ceive the arts from Greece. Pagan Italy had been enlightened by pagan Greece, and now again, Christian Italy was regenerated by Christian Greece.* If this fact proves the innate tendency of Rome to degene- rate, it also attests the bounty of Providence, which never tires in lavishing blessings on ungrateful and perverse humanity. Cosmo and Lorenzo de' Medici rose at Florence, the noble, generous, and enlight- ened lovers and benefactors of science. Popes and kings were dazxied by the light suddenly blazing around, and rejoiced in its manifestation, for they did not foresee consequences about to ensue in the misty fu- ture.t More than five-and-twenty universities in the various capitals of Europe were founded in the fifteenth century; beginning with that of Turin in 1405, to that of Copenhagen in HUT.J The art of print- ing, rapidly advancing from its rough beginning, soon multiplied the learned pages of antiquity, and students feasted thereon like bees after their winter-sleep. Their minds hitherto had scarcely felt hunger: there had been nothing to sharpen or tempt its appetite; but now, it was an honor to be learned, ignorance had lost its fascination. Men dug up the Herculaneum of antiquity, and feasted on the musty relics. Not like the school-boy at his task, nor the fireless modern commentator at his plodding, were the students of the Revival. They drank in the spirit of antiquity as they found it in the perfect pag'e— free, noble, generous, gushing— and they strove to transform themselves into the minds which they so ardently admired. To them, antiquity was un- veiled in all its elevated characters, its severe laws, its energetic virtues, its beautiful and engaging mythology; its subtle and profound philoso- phy, its overpowering elorjuence, delightful poetry !§ Unquestionably the growing pursuit of knowledge was unfavorable to the spirit of the religion then established : simply because it gene- rated the Spirit of Inquiry. Now it was impossible that the number- less abuses to which I have directed your attention, in the Church establishment of these times, could stand the test of inquiry. Paul II., therefore, who persecuted knowledge in its votaries, was wise in his ♦ See Roscoe, Lorenzo ; Spalding's Italy, &c. ii. ; Sismondi, Hist. View, i. ; Andrfes, Dell' Origine— d'ogni Letterat, I. c. xii.; Tiraboschi, Storia della Lett. Ital. vols. V, VI. t There was a curious exception. Paul II., pope of Rome, in the middle of the XVth century, became alarmed at the spirit of research and inquiry which characterized the new philosophers. He felt how greatly the rapid progress of knowledge might contribute to shake the authority of the Church; and he considered the devotion of tliese scholars to antiquity, as a general conspiracy against the state and the holy faith. The academy of which Pomponius Laetus was the head, and Platina a member, seemed particularly to merit his attention. All the members were arrested, imprisoned and tortured. One of them expired under his sufferings. The pope declared that any per- son who should even name the academy, either seriously or in jest, should be con- sidered a heretic. The acadeiniciiins were kept in prison a year, and when released their innocence was not acknowledged. Sismondi, Hist. View, i. 405. X The rapid succession of their dates shows the intellectual 'movement of the age • University of Turin, 1405; Leipzig, 1409; Aix, 1409; St. Andrews, 1411: Rostock. 1419; Louvain, 1426; Poitiers, 1431, &c. , "ubioi.k, ^ Sismondi, Hist. View, i. 316. lONATIU^. 41 •p mg n.flr a mmo unrl.r Rome : thry knew not whui they'were doino- aJntVtt r'"'l' ^••'''^'^^"P«"^« '" the mailer of religions opS attended tl o development of mind is also certain, but it did not result from knowled^rc, ,„ i„elf. It was the result of a clpar son When tove'rt TJich'r' '° "f ""^ J^u'^'^ '""^ "«^''^' '' -"^« '^''^' 'i^-dful «elf anno^n^ » '^!°''' ' '"' '"" ^"^'^ ^''^ miserably fooled by our encifTn nlr'^'T "".'' preachers: when we see no correspond- ence oi proctice with theory; when we see even in their theorv nolhmg but lat absurdity, because irrational. KnovvkXe an neve^ a dtaih-blow. Privileges and prerogatives advance oLminst it and tnve to extirpate it ns the germ of " heresy" nnd " inndehtv '' Al"he nT n'th;!' litZ "'r/r"' 'f r'^^" '•" '■•■-• h''^ inielttual cra'v! ZuloUnlttOr r '^%'"°''^«^ Absolutely nothing besides the worus of ancient Greece and ancient Rome. The legends of the mid- m n a i'rrr^' .r ""^ •'^'^ f^^'"'^^ "^ '^''y «^« '^ °»^ modern s^ntl mcntalists had noa trnct.ons for men who were completely sickof fool- eries. Action, real action, was the stirring watchword of the times- Rood or bad action was the aim of all. Models were p?ef rredTrom Plutarch ; •• egends" were left for the moderns.* Existing abuses an^ mcons.atencies disgusted the student with '^spirituSty''1he concerns bv :?.e2 r^ Tr ^T""' ^'^ ''''^'' ^' '^'- - rc4;tion produced by ihe «y«tt.m that was doomed most to suffer from the result Another cause of this disgust was religious persecution directed Jgams those who ventured to attack the abuses of the Church n he begmning of the century John Huss and Jerome oPraguweVebur^^^ ai^ at Sn?7"""'r "".^ '" two companions experienced the same Hu88 LVo rilf' '7"'^' '^' '"^ °^ '^'' ^•^"^"^y- The followers of sciencnt K ^ ^'7' excesses in striving to enforce liberty of con- ' lentc' nn y '^°'''^' ^"' '^« '°^ '^^^ ^^^^'''ed every de n^mt:. vTTV "i! ^^^l' T"^ '^"^''"'y ^^'^^'^^'^^ to make men s2 i478 7n nf? 1 " ?.''^"''' ^"1^°^"'^'^^ '^' Inquishlon into riinhliJr I , P"' ''°'''" ''" '^'^""«'' of h<^i-esy, and scarcelv was it r ' th' :"n". '"' •^°""?i PT°"^'' chiefly Jews, were b'urnt by oru r of the grand mquisitor, John de Torquemada.t 11118 was very inconsistent conduct for "Christians " Thev oncrh^ '::;;."!":"' t^^^ -^M^.-> ^^-^^thers sufrerennder?h7pr± to persecutinriQ 'IM. , u 1 L '"'"'""'^'= ou'Jt^reu unoer ine ragan ?e -cu on • thi ?^r^° ? t""' "''° remembered the resv/t of these persccutions-the futility of the attempt to enforce belief. But scarcely cotnpilml to v«il itH AiX! „t thfi nrp!ln ^ ^ t^^ C'''1«.'J the romo«ce of the popedom, all (WrKct what it iL l?e ?, Ij 'h^t it '. ."^' "" 'I! " """"'^ ^" ^''"' "" '"^" ^^"I'i t Zopr. ii. 023 .. T ,o'„ P„t . Iiiis done in the g«me of the work). the prdl,ct of So ill. to roS ,r t a"«P^ff 1 ^TT' ^«"''7'"«d to be burnt, obliged Tabhida. ThlM no, Ibid wnTr l^ln ,'' °* '""J^ "J '"^ '^"''' "''•''^ '^e town, nan.ed ter wore crntuH o ,t „nd ho 1 . ^'"'"'"^''''' ""'^ ^''" *"''''''■ '"'«"•• statues of plas- pereon.worcdlc L?ned.r^ "'^ '''" fo«r PropA./s. The condemned 42 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. had the Pagans ceased to persecute the Christians, than the latter began to persecute each other for "heresy," or differences in matters of reli- gious belief. From age to age similar manifestations called forth simi- lar methods for ensuring orthodoxy; and although the human mind was destined ever to react against oligarchical authority in the matter of conscience, ever impelled to reject at the hands of man what it can receive from God, — still Rome continued to persecute, continued to de- fend her system in all its rigid exclusiveness, giving a hideous example to all ages, which we shall see too eagerly followed by those who should have shrunk with horror from the Pagan model.* ^ Thus, then, we see something like indifference to the tenets of the Church, combined with a rigid maintenance of "the letter of the law," amidst universal depravity in the pastors of the people ; or, if that term be too severe, a pretty general falling off in the matter of morality amongst the clergy. This was not all. Of late years, it might be fifty, the popedom had been striving to assume a prominent attitude in the politics of Europe. This was evident to all the princes of the time. It was perhaps fortunate for the popedom, when Leo X. was elected, since he managed to create a sort of diversion to the game of politics, by favoring the intellectual tendencies of the a;^ ;• Still the memory of the past was not obliterated. The political exertions of Alexander VL, the mad efforts of Julius II., were warning facts to the sovereign slates of Europe, which had trembled anon at the sight of the papal sword — France, Venice, and Germany. Whatever movement might arise, likely to curb the pretensions of the Roman court, was sure to meet encouragement from the crafty politicians of the times— and all who hoped to profit by change — always eager to turn the tide of popular opinion, — that mighty Moloch, — against their encroaching, exclusive, and absorbing enemy. For, — How stood the interesting matter of temporalities — "the loaves and the fishes"— in the time of Leo's greatest magnificence ? Beautiful to see, and highly tempting to taste. Divinely liberal, or desperately pro- digal in his stewardship, no man more than LeoX*. ever made so many friends with the Mammon of unrighteousness. He aggrandised his friends; he lavished wealth upon his favorites. It seemed as though the Church was honored — was made beautiful by the tinsel of magnifi- cence which the Supreme Pontiff threw around her shoulders, and hung upon her members. It may have been so; but how defend the human heart in such boundless opportunities of enjoyment, — in the midst of such temptations? Consider the numerous "benefices, rich abbeys, and other ecclesiastical preferments bestowed upon the cardi- nals and the great dignitaries of the church. They frequently amounted to a princely sum, and a prelate was considered comparatively poor, whose annual income did not amount to eight or ten thousand ducats. * See Chandler's " History of Persecution, in Four Parts, viz. : I. Amongst Hea- then ; H, Under the Christian Emperors; III, Under the Papacy and Inquisition j IV. Amongst Protestants." A right gwd booi< it is, were it only for its last section, viz., " The Christian religion absolutely condemns persecution for conscience-sake ;" and Chandler proves the prnpneMtion n;ost triumphantly. I need cot say that his argument 18 founded on the words of Christ himself. — *.j,i-.j .J-.-, «„. . i.«..A^B , ,j ^ I 'l l ■adw if i ii i - - i ffd ii ' iHB IGNATIUS. 43 IV n thp , Lf^'^V"' ^^"^ ^°^^^«'* the nephew of Sixtus vL'.V ^ i,^'^%*^*u' ^u'°, ^PP°'"ted his cousin, Giulio de Medici, v.ce-chancellor of the holy see; this office alone brought him annually twelve thousand ducats. Nor was it only within the h^wJ^'^'V'^'-^'^^'""!:^^ ^'^^^'^''^ 'he church derived their wealth and d.gmties. M Europe uaa then tributary to the Roman see. Many of these fortunate ecclesiastics, whilst the/ passed he.rdaysam.dst the luxuries and amusements of Rome, suppor ed the.r rank, and supplied their dissipation by contributions from the remotest parts of Christendom. The number of benefices hddTy an individual was hmited only by the will of the pomiff; and by an ubi^ qu. y, which though abstractedly impossible, has been found actually and substantially true, the same person was frequently at the same .me an archbishop in Germany, a bishop in France or England!Tn abbot or a prior in Poland or in Spain, and a cardinal at Rome. The ThT# r A P^"^^'^ "^^^ '^^ ''^'''^*'°" °f «11' '» magnificent display. The chiefs and princes of the church vied with each other in the IxJn. deur of their palaces, the sumptuousness of their apparel, the elegance of their entertainments, the number and respectability of their attend- an s.t Such were the golden days of Leo's pontificate. Splendid indeed in the eyes of the world-admirable beyond expression-envi- able without parallel-but the handwriting was on the wall-all mi^ht read who had eyes to see, that a judgment was impending on theabSse of the "sacred vessels;'' the utter worldliness of those to whom they were intrusted. And the fatal hour was come-the dread hour of unr- versal retribution, as far as the church was concerned. nJ.. ."!r '^ho could squander away a hundred thousand ducats amongst the populace at his coronation, plainly told the world, by that wretched piece of prodigality, t'lat the^ime' would come v^he^n his pocket would be empty. Leo never deviated from that first example. nfZu-^ F-\a^^ beginning, he had lavished profusely enormous sums on public buildings, on his relatives, his courtiers, and the professors th J?'"'"!!'!? r^ "°'^'"^ °^ his buffoons and other minions. About ^^JZl ^' ° '""^^ '" '''^?' of money. There was a deficit in his avin cr^i ^In" ^ ^^'^ "'^'"u ''""'' '° ^he king of England, he wrote, adootfrl' h^ I """"'^ '' the sinew of war, to collect some, I have whirh T A P ';; '""^^^''^^ by Maximilian in his letter, a copy of which I send with certain additions, which appear proper to expedite andfacihtate the measure; so that you may give it yoL approbSn! duc.Js'^arthoMH.'hT'"^ "*" *'''' '^^'"»"°hed ecclesiastic amounted to more than 40 000 Roscoe,LeoX^,TuQ: *" 'ncedere po8set.''-Fa6ro«, £eo X, p. 287 ; t lioscoe, ii. 81. trelJ'™ e"xtrted^^^^^^^ Maimbourg, the Jesuit, adds a reflection: "His monarque de la^terre que duvicaire de CehTi dJn f^rZ' ^''^"""P Pi"« ^'"n puissant —Hist, du Lutheran, p. 18. royaume n'est pas de ce monde." II- 44 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. if you can ; or give me your reasons if you dissent, and suggest a bet- ter plan. But I think you will easily acquiesce ; for I know your dis- position and liberality."* This letter proves the want of money for political purposes, at least ; so far it is conclusive, if it has no reference to the expedient adopted by Leo to collect money. From all that we have read in the foregoing pages, it must be evident that the pope needed money for other purposes as well. According to Catholic writers, the building of St. Peter's church was the pontiff's obiect in the expedient which we are about to consider. If so, it was an omi- nous fact that the honor intended for the supposed founder of the Ro- man see should give occasion toils greatest loss and utter predicament. Without entering upon the controversy, we will confine ourselves to the fact, for that alone is, in this history, of importance. The expedi- ent adopted by Leo was to preach " Indulgences" to the Christian world, which would be "gained" by the faithful by their pavincr a certain sum of money. To the generality of readers an explanation is required. ^ "Many of you," says a distinguished dignitary of the Roman church, "many of you have probably heard that this word signifies a license to sin, given even beforehand for sins to be perpetrated : at any rate, a free pardon for past sins. This is, in fact, the most lenient form in which our doctrine is popularly represented. And yet, mitigated as it IS, it is tar from correct. For, I fear, many here present will be in- clined to incredulity, when I tell them that it is no pardon for sin of any sort, past, present, or future.t What, then, is an Indulgence ?"t Ihe compact and nimble answer of the Jesuit, Maimbourg, shall have the preference to the doctor's long lecture. " The belief of Catholics," says the Jesuit, "has ever been that the Son of God has given to his church the power of absolving the penitent sinner, not only from the bonds of his sins, by the merits of the passion of Jesus Christ, applied to him in the sacrament of penance,§ but also from the bonds of the penalty which he ought to endure in this world or the next, in order to satisfy divine justice for the sins which he has committed after bap- tism. 1 his is called an Indul'^ence, and it is never given except in making full satisfaction to God, by the infinite price of the sufferings %l CI o ^^^^ ^^^ ^^^'^^'^ ^° ^'"^ ^°^' ^^^ payment of that debt. Ihus, St. Paul.ll at the prayer of the Corinthians, set aside, in the case ot the incestuous sinner whom he had excommunicated, the remainder ot the penalty which he ought to have suffered for so great a crime; and thus the bishops of the first ages^ gave peace to apostates, and * « Deinde, qiioniam nummi quasi nervi bellorum sunt, ad eos cogendos earn mooh rationem in.re nob.s placuit, de quS," kc.-Bembi Epist. xiv. 31. ^^ t And yet we find that one of the charges brought by the Council of Const-inpo aga.nst Pope John XXIIL. was " that he had empowered his legates to es abhsh con etntp&)on payment of a certain sum of money."— Co«f. Const Sess 11 irt 22 ^Zk^,;. '"• ^'" '° P^'^"'"^^ '"^^"-"^'y '^'"S P'-«''^'« '^^^T>- the iall' of stub: X Dr. Wiseman's Lect. on the Princip. Doct. ii. p. 71. V -^..t... J,.!. 5 . , II 2Cor. ii. "I 1 ertull. and Cypr. passim. Jk-..^ -jfanwatfBiiiH r li. ttU^t. IGNATIUS. 45 reconciled them to the church, by shortening the duration of the re^u- Uo7o7 tKdr 's^r^' '" '■"^^" '"'°" '' thc^marty rs, and in conside'ra- tion of their suff-erings, united to those of the Saviour of the world which made them precious before God . . . Clement VI in h loel Shn^Sw'^V^^""?''^ ^^^^'^^^ ^y^h^ whole'chu? ,^3. Clares, in explanation of this dogma of faith, that Jesus Christ has left P s i^ns oTt'hr:?7h 'LT't''^ -Perabundant satisfaction of ht fhpJS t u ^^^ l**"'^ 7""^'"' ^h° ^^''^^ innocence itself, and of the saints, who have made satisfaction by their voluntary penances or by their martyrdom, much beyond what'they had desefve^dTn penal ^e for their sins, remitted in the sacrament of penance. Moreover the dCributor oVth^M ^ '"^ particularly the popes, who are the sov gn distributors of that treasure, can apply it to the Jiving, by the power of the keys, and to the dead, by the way of intercessio°n to deliver t^em f om tt't FrT"^'^ ^"' '' V^"' •^•"^' ^y ^^^'"'"g -"d 'offering S ftom that treasury, as much as is sufficient to pay that debt "* IW we are assured. Christ and St. Paul were the Ugina inv ntors of ^n! dulgences; we are now to be told, on the same authority, who vvere he abusers of that moe curious prerogative. " We must admit ''con mues the Jesuit Maimbourg, " that asihe holiest things ly be aUeS considerably serious abuses have, from all times, crept into the di tri- bution of these graces of the church, or these indulgences. In effe"t St. Cyprian often complains of these abuses ;-sometimes that the mar yrs gave their letters [of grace] to all sorts of sinners ;-somelime, nl T ^^"' '^''' indulgences too soon, and too easily ;-and sometimes, that martyrs and simple priests had the presump ion to give the indulgence, which only bishops had the power to concede '' lertulhan and Novatian, and others of the early church, had lifted uP heir voices against this abuse, which seemed to them, ^ery na urally^ IVf f[^ ^'"^ '° '^' "'" '° ^« effectually forefend^d, and thev aN tacked he doctrine itself of indulgences, wisely, as we believe Vut ''brutally " according to the Jesuit.t As often as money wa required for any object really or apparently connecterl with the inteTests of ieli g.on, they were offered to the people. As .nen give with less r^l ance when they are left to their own option than^when con^^elleAy iorce, the expedient generally succeeded. But the money was fre ZtfJr%^ 'T f °"°^'']r^' destination, and found it! wa; in o pr nc Thf:S °^ ^ r"-'^' V""'' '^' ^^^^«""^« °f the se^cZ Eor'a Jni^ rfuY '°''''''"! '^e. contributions was committed to a Pe centaJe'nn fh ^"'''°''' '"^°'' ''''''''' '' ^««~^« ^^ey received LuWnce fnd r" • "^^^^'r'^ exaggerate the advantages of the •Tis^Ldeid tl^V"Pn 'n" ^^" ""^^1'''''^ ^"^ "^^"'''y °f 'he people, it IS indeed true, adds Dr. Lingard, "that, to prevent such abuses severe constitutions, or mandates, had been enacted b> everal popes •' bu these laws were either not enforced, or had fa len Tmo Sse' Those who bewailed the evil saw little hope of a remedy from poS; * Maimb. Hist, du Lutheran, p. 15, et seq. • Comme ih o„t fait brutaie.nent.''-iJfa»m6. Hist, du Lutheran, p. 18. \B t ii 46 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. who seemed to have forgotten their spiritual character in their ardor to free Italy from the dominion of strangers, and to aggrandise, at the same time, their respective families."* Pope Leo X. was, perhaps, a great prince, without, however, pos- sessing those venerable qualities which we should admire in a great, or rather, a good pope.t It is difficult to resist temptation when public opinion makes fruition easy. After the example of Pope Julius II., in a similar dilemma — want of money — he resorted to the inexhaustible treasury of which we have been reading, and announced its opening, for a "consideration." Besides the graces spiritual, he offered per- mission to eat eggs and cheese during Lent, which were then prohi- bited — a sensual " indulgence" rather more tempting than the meat spiritual. Again, owing to certain delicate feelings, it was sometimes, and is still, perhaps, rather inconvenient for penitents to repeat the same sinful tale over and over to the parish priest. Leo craftily ap- pealed to this delicacy: he would give permission to the generous faithful to choose any father-confessor they pleased ; all provided they contributed to "the building of St. Peter's," which, by a very slight equivocation, might mean anything or any purpose selected by him who sat on the throne of St. Peter. In effect, it is positively asserted that Leo apportioned to his sister, Maddalena Cybo,:|: the products of the indulgence-sale in Saxony, and the surrounding country as far as the Baltic. His motive was respectable, though the means were scan- dalous; he wished to reward the Cybos for the great succors which they had granted him in his early adversity, when compelled to leave Florence and take refuge at Genoa.§ It is painful to behold gratitude, if that was the pope's only motive, inducing the prostitution of a sacred thing to suit political purposes : but the practice is still inveterate ; nor can we wonder at Leo's conduct, if the highest dignities of the English church may, by prerogative, be conferred with motives similar, if not identical. The Jesuit Pallavicino treats the grant to Maddalena as a calumny sent forth by Guicciardini, and echoed by Sarpi ; but, as though conscious of its truth, he labors at a justification, or at least an extenuation, if the fact be granted. || According to the usual practice, decidedly it was "justifiable," for amongst the' prodigal benefactions lavished by Leo on the occasion of Lorenzo de' Medici's marriage with Madelaine de la Tour, he conceded to the king of France, in a°ddition * Ling. Hist, of Eng. vi. 89. + "II fit eclater toutes les perfections d'un grand Prince, sans avoii toutes celles d'un grand Pape," says tlie Jesuit Maimbourg: but another Jesuit, Father lala, in his very amusing novel Fray Gerundio, makes one of his characters call Leo " that crafty pope," aquel concfiudo papa : but he adds in a parenthesis, " God forgive me !" (Dios me lo perdone). T. i. lib. i. p. 191. However, see Roscoe's estimate of Leo's cha- racter, ii. 387, et seq. t Her husband was the natural son of Pope Innocent VIII., who, in compliment or compZement of that marriage, had made Leo a cardinal in Uia fourteenth yeat.—Sarpi, lib. i. ^ Dipl. Leon. lib. iii.; Dipl. Secret, lib. i., ii. ; Sadolet. lib. i. ep. i.j Guicciard. lib. xiii.; Maimb. p. 19; Sarpi, uhi suprH. II " Quod ipsum, si verum foret, fuisset vituperatione dignum ob speciem quandam potifls fcEditatis, non tamen quod ea inesset enormitas reiosa. auam species pr.-» se ferret, ac supponit Suavis." — Lib. i. c. iii. 2. IGNATIUS. 47 licciard. lib. Taine? n FrVnl^ "'^^T^''*' ?^" '^' contributions that should be obtained in France towards the pro ected crusade against the Turks the king promising to repay the amount when that expedition should be actually commenced :* a mere formal condition, which however documentTortLTf "^ '"'^ ' ''^t' '' ^^''''"^ ^^^' '^e Matter of a aocument, worthy to be placed in the archives and papal re^^ister. But he grant to Maddalena could scarcely be made on anv plau ibf; conditions ; consequently, no document existed To attes? the^fj ^ On the absence of this proof, Pallavicino, following Conte or' founds his well'thaM '^" ^''"'' "r ^" ^" ''^'' '"«"' "^"^^ have known riit well hat there was such a thing as a vivse vocis oraculum amon^ the pope s prerogatives-a " verbal oracle" by which the poTe often Von- tZ P,'f "^r ^'""'^ ""/ privileges. This method isXavs a secre estT he£d''rn7a'HT"-. ""'^ ^-^ i" questionTas doTbt Jess 01 the kind , and, as Henke observes, "archives are not likelv to give any information respecting the fact," which could not be excused ^y.^ny one, except a partisan and a Jesuit.f '^ Whatever was to be done with the sacred proceeds of the indul feTT'oScaVV'^' '''' ""^ '^'y. J^"^'^^*^'^ in Germany. T t-' zei, a Dominican friar, was appointed to proclaim the bnrn H,-« brethren rapidly spread over Saiony. Some no Imem w th th" ermons from the pulpit, offered indulgences in the streets anrmarke m taverns and private houses.J Tetzel executed his trust withThe mosl shameless contempt of all decency. There was no n however C strous which an mdulgence could not remit; "and even Tf any one which IS doubtless impossible, had offered violence to the We ed VirTn Mary, mother of God," cried Tetzel "let him nn,. ^«i , , . . ^^^^^^ Tpto? 'Vl' '' '^^'^^^ him!"§ ''E;:L';TdeX7 Luhe ^ spoke of indulgences in a manner that even idiots could no endure » Ihe indulgences were farmed; they were sold in the gross 1 the b'; bidders, and were by them dispersed amongst retail pedlers of pardons who resorted to public houses, exhibited their wares, picked theCkets* of the credulous, and spent the money at the gaming-table or in niore s andalous objects which need not be mentioned. " The e abuses are 'ttoV^e" r^e^o^ h'"^f • ^"^•'°"'" ^^^^ ^^^ Jesuit Maim bourg prese^nrocc.i:''.; m^i vf/ei^r ''" i« Pallavicino's special pleading on the atq^ue infortunata isiuTcoXte!^:!!^msum: """'' '"' ''"" impenderat in private « is shlTn to'^be'fiire brPallavi^ino - bit Ihe'^f "i' ^^^ ^'"^"^ ^^^^ '^'' '^^ ^^^"t above given. Maddalenn oprf.f^r " . , {"'"'^ ""'^ '^*""« ''» and on Ihe grounds money!; and the bishop forsSLwa'^lt^^^^^^^ *« -"'ct her Guicc. lib. xiii. ^ ^ ° '^''^^ performed his duty with miserly extortion. 48 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. ! I Tetzel and his indulgences roused Luther and his reformation. Lu- ther was a monk, and would probably have died a monk, but for these same indulgences. Intellectual and religious freedom gleamed from amidst these abuses like the beams of the morning sun athwart the mist of the valley. We should forget the disgraceful abuses, thankful in- deed for their issue. They brought to life a Martin Luther. A man he was laid up for a great occasion : a hard, indefatigable German student, working and waiting for he knew not what — but working and waiting still — for he felt hi» destiny. And who was this famous Mar- tin Luther? "Not the son of an incubus — a foul demon," — says the Jesuit Maimbourg, " as some assert, to make him more odious, without the least appearance of truth; and it had never been doubted until he became a leader of heresy, which he might well become, without its being necessary, for that purpose, to substitute a devil in the place of his father, John Luder, and to dishonor his mother, Margaret Linder- mann, by a birth so infamous."* And yet such a monstrosity was ac- tually believed possible. Yes, it was believed, and inculcated by the learned casuists, that a devil could be the veritable father of a man. The case is specified in the code of the Jesuit-casuists.t Luther's pa- rents were poor: but he received a good education. At the age of twenty he surpassed all his companions in intellect and learning. He became a monk, scared, it is said, by a thunderbolt, or rendered thought- ful of the future by the sudden death of a friend. He proved to be a valuable acquisition to the monks, and honored the Order, which was that of St. Augustin. He preached with applause — taught philosophy with approbation — and transacted important business for his Order, at Rome, with so much skill and integrity, that, on his return, they made him a doctor. He was then in his thirtieth year — ready with his wits, subtle, naturally eloquent, elegant and polished in his diction, indefati- gably laborious, and such a veteran in study that he passed whole days without sparing a moment to swallow a morsel. What did he study so intensely? The languages, the "Fathers," particularly St. Augustin. Nothing in these, certainly, to lead him whither he was destined to go: but, with such a heart, and will, and mind, as he possessed, they served the effectual purpose of intellectual training capable of being fruitful on any and every occasion, which was all that was wanted for Martin Lu- ther. Look at the man — strong, robust, adequate to any amount of labor — a bilious and sanguine temperament, whereof all heroes have been compounded — an eye piercing and all on fire — a voice sweet in the calm, but terrible in the storm of the soul. Would you hear an enemy's description of this mighty man? You will smile, and through the mist of rancorous detestation, catch a glimpse of the vital rays which a jaundiced eye for itself bedaubs. "His look was haughty, intrepid, bold; but he could soften it down when he wished to counter- feit humility and austerity, which was very seldom. There was, above all, in his soul, a great fund of pride and presumption, which inspired * Hist, du Luther, p. 24. t Sa, verb. Ltixuriap num. 6. Latin The parages are totally unfit for quotation even in IGNATIUS. 49 tion even m him with contempt for everything that did not coincide with his senti- ments, and that spirit of brutal insolence with which he outrageously- treated all those who opposed his heresy, without respecting either king, emperor, pope, or all that is most sacred and inviolable on earth. He was incapable of retracting what he once asserted. He Avas irritable, vindictive, imperious, always wishing to be the master, and eager to distinguish himself by the novelties of his doctrine, which he wished to establish in his school on the ruins of those of the greatest geniuses, to wit, Aristotle, St. Thomas, Scotus, 8t. Bonaventure, and the other scholastics, who, he said, had corrupted true philosophy, and the solid truths of Christian theology. Such is the veritable character of Martin Luther, in which we may say there was a great mixture of some good qualities and many bad ones, and that he was still more debauched in mind than in morals and his manner of life, which always passed for regular enough whilst he lived in the cloister before his heresy, which gave the finish to the corruption of his mind and heart."* 1 confess that this Jesuit-portraiture of Luther seems to me far more creditable to the man of history than all the panegyrics of his party. It is an ori- gmal character: harshly, savagely expressed— " brutally," if I may- borrow from the Jesuit,--but the elements thus distorted were splen- didly adapted to the sphere from which he was destined to uproot Perverse, all monstrous, all prodigious things, Abominable, unutterable, and worse Than fables yet have feigned, or fear conceived, Gorgous, and Hydras, and Chimieras dire.t There is no evidence to show that Luther had any intention, at first, to push matters to extremities ; but his was not a nature to shrink from the flashing blade of defiance at any moment, in any place, at any dis- advantage. Fradus illabatur orbis—impavidum ferient minx: the pagan impiety of Ajax defying the gods was Luther's heroic uncon- querable ness—/Afl« neither men nor devils could disprove. Having once begun— and gently enough, in all conscience— the patrons of abuses, by their violent and haughty indignation, made it impossible tor him to stop short with mild animadversions and thin elucidations, -"^f V ^""^^^^ ^^® outline, and then he dug into the stubborn metal with his delving burin. His motives for this " interference" have been impugned by his subsequent opponents. Some think it the result of mere monkish envy, because his Order was not employed to preach the lucrative speculation ! It was to be expected that his character would be fiercely assailed for his boldness in meddling with i\ beard of the mighty lion. He has not lacked defenders ;t and, with all his fauhs, 1 would rather give Luther my hearty hand, than a smile of approval to nis antagonists. Luther stopped not at indulgences, as all the world knows. Riaht onwards he went, or was driven, by persecution, to the consummation. In 1520 he pubhshed his " Tract against the Popedom," in which he t^'TV-f^- • t Paradise Lost, b ii subjea! \^l!t eTlSst ^'^ '° ^'^^ ^' °^ ^"''^'''"' ''"^ ^"""^ enlightenment onthe VOL. I. 4 50 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. drew the sword: and then his "Babylonish Captivity," in which he Hung away the scabbard. Measures were no longer kept by either party. Fierce passion dashed fuel into the general conflagration. In lorn Leo issued his damnatory bull, excommunicating Luther, deli- vering him over to the devil, requiring the secular princes to seize him, and condemning his books to be burned. Luther, nothing dismayed, returned measure for measure ; and, raising a huge pile of wood with- out the walls of Wittemberg, hurled the decretals, canon law, and bull, to the flames together, over against the flashing flame as he stood, the genius of reformation to the world.* This "heresy" was destined to be a lasting blow to the popedom and all its prerogatives. Princes, nobles, and people favored the move- ment. i'apal downfall was a providential decree, since every circum- stance of the age hailed the event with exultation. The popes had few triends in Germany, nor did they deserve any. Catholic writers ad- mit the fact. " The violent contests between the popes and the empe- rors m former times," says Dr. Lingard, » had left a germ of discon- tent, which required but little aid to shoot into open hostihty; and the minds of men had of late years been embittered by frequent but use- less complaints of the expedients devised by the papal court to fill its tn^asury at the expense of the natives." The same writer attests the worldliness, ignorance, and immorality of the German bishops and clergy in general.! What wonder, then, that the people exulted at the nope of that destruction which would avenge their grievances at the hands of extortionate churchmen, or that princes and nobles should favor a movement which was likely to turn to their advantage ? All had specific objects to gain from a common enemy; all, therefore, hearti- y joined in the onslaught. Then came the new men of the age— the iterary men, looking forward to something more solid than mere intel- lectual triumphs over their monastic rivals. Their writings, winged by the art of printing, "enlightened" the people, and " popular rights" roused an echo in the nation's heart. Besides, consider the novelty of the thing—that stirring principle of hun an encouragement. Over above these motives towered the spirit of religion, as it were, a muffled angel, trembling for the result, but still hopeful of the time when, dat- ing from Luther's movement, religious freedom, in its widest extent, would bless humanity. Only in the present age we begin to enjov that blessed result; and even Rome herself, despite her own intole- rance, finds that the descendants of Luther are amongst her most gene- rous opponents, willing to grant her the boon which she never viilded without compulsion.j Dreadful contests, horrible crimes were in store, * Blunt, 100; Milner, iv. ; Ling. vi. 100; D'Aubigne, ii. 150. that period ^^' "' ^'' ^^'"^ "^^ ^'"" " "^'^ ^'"^ «""""'"■)' ^flhe state of Germany at r^HHZ ^"Sk''k^"^'" ""i k\'"'^ P^uP^' ^^^^^ ^"»^"«t l-^' 1832, and addressed to all fhi nl . ' ^'•=^'"«h"p8 and bishops, the principle of allowing liberty of conscience to ource o^ntlrfiffr"';'^ '' "absurd, erroneous, and delirious, derived from the corrupt ,f "^'""I'fferentism. For the liberty of error," says the pope. «« is death to the sou." There's the rub. Who is to define " error ?" It was i^n compliance with thU declaration that La Mennais, in the following September, dissolved the socie^ which i 1 which he t by either ration. In uther, deli- I seize him, dismayed, tvood with- in, and bull, ! stood, the ?. popedom 1 the move- ry circum- es had few writers ad- the empe- of discon- '; and the It but use- -t to fill its attests the shops and ?xulted at Bvances at les should Jge ? All re, hearti- age — the lere intel- s, winged ar rights" novelty of nt. Over a muffled I'hen, dat- (st extent, 1 to enjoy ivn intole- lost gene- r yielded i in store, Grermany at essed to all nscience to the corrupt eath to the :e with thia siety which IGNATIUS. -51 ere the fair face of Christianity would beam upon mankind ; but Pro- vidence slept not : hope dried her tears and smiled through her an- guish. ^ Leo X. died in 1521, by poison, as is very probable.* His prede- cessor was thought to have been taken off" in like manner. That age scrupled at few or no atrocities. Money could buy every heart and hand m the Roman court. Who was to succeed the magnificent Leo ? V\ hat an element of durability is that electorate of the popedom ' A king—an absolute monarch elected by an oligarchy of churchmen. Ihere was hope for each: the elect was the creature of faction. The reign of each pope was the ascendancy of a political system. * For a time, opponents were silenced ; but they did not despair, for their turn might be the next. To this principle of the popedom is to be lareelv attributed its duration. Soon would the kings of Europe be able to influence the electing conclave, and insure a creature of their own in the pontiff; " St. Peter's successor," " Father of the Faithful." and " V icar of Jesus Christ." Who was to succeed and govern the church in her dread predica- ment? Luther's movement was rapidly advancing; the enemies of Leo were rising from their humiliation. The Popedom was at war with the Dukes of Ferrara and Urbino. The latter had been spoiled ol his state by Leo, who coveted that of the former as well. The car- dinals were divided into factions; the whole State of the Church was ^Af^^u- , "* disorder by the anarchy, of eight months' duration. Add to this, the war which had broken out between the Emperor and the King of France; the island of Rhodes besieged bv the Turks the constant terror of Christendom.t In the conclave for the election of the new pope, the various factions could come to no choice; Cardinal Medici, an aspirant, flattered the rising star of Europe, Charles V., by dexterously proposing to the car- dinals, Adrian of Utrecht, ci-devant co-regent of Spain, after having been the preceptor of Charles. It was made to appear that Adrian's election was a matter of chance. The excuse was probably the self- detence of the factions, when they experienced the man of their choice. Bu mere "chance" will account for nothing in these times; all was coo calculation and oily craft. It was by the influence of Charles V. hat Adrian of Utrecht (as the honest man called himself) was called to ascend the papal throne. Doubtless some of the cardinals were taken by surprise in the matter, and when the thing was done, thev scarcely knew how it came about. It is said that they were half dead witn terror at Adrian's acceptance of the dignity; for they had per- he had established for "advocating religious liberty."— .4/faimdeflo;/ie oarM V Aa la Menna.s, w.th copy of the « letter.''-Pe„nj, Cycl. '« Pope.7 " ' ^ ^"^ faann. Leo X. ; Roscoe, ubi svprit. Sannazarius gives him an epigram : " Sacra sub extremS, si forte requiritis, herd Cur Leo non potuit sumere : vendiderat " '^^^:^izZ'z:^^^rT^ '«"«f [——'i ..hi. ....ho.,, T Guic. lib. loj Sarpi, i. c. 22. II i ' ■,< I Jr m\ 62 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. the devouring "stork," which ^.sop lells us w re contded ns\'in ^ on a certain occasion, certainly the cardinnh nnTT ^°"T " '^'"S'^' of Leo became direful "FroJ" with » Zlf.?! i \'^^^^'^^S menials intentions-a genuine dergyman^t benevolence and pure WhoBG hands are pure, whose doctrine and whose lifn Coincident, exhibit lucid proof "° That he is honest in the sacred cause.''t made him the unavailimr Tmr ,„ v ^ j '^'•?,p™Peror Maximilian famous Charlerv S2nd „f =i^™°'''°"' ^u^-"'"'' »''"^™"'ls ihe Toriosa. After Ferdinand'" death hH'" ^""^ '"''" """ '"^'"'P"" »f Ximene. and wa. mZ gtefr'^f-S.^Z^^ StXVT'" ''""""'" ;v,, ,,m_es .era aronnd and hefir^ hi^i! ' N:.' Jj^l'^e;!:";!-;; "No : he was serious in a serious cause. Th ♦kkT"'^ *°° ^«" t^'^ weighty terms loLn ^"M"'"" ^" ^^"ee. /fe would not stoop To conquer those by jocular exploits, ^ Whom truth and soberness assail'd in vain "IT Bon,a, the C»t.r, „/ ^ j:'.f!f:^jLllT-,Uf rli^ht'titM' * Ranke, p. 26. f Ibid n 97 + o ^ " Vix ex ingenua plebe et ,it aiii li.^- . } Cowper, TAc Task, B. II. placeat coctoris cerevisia^ nin st um eum n, «!' ""'"'°''"'" textor,quamquam pier I Panvin. Hadrian. VI. ; Du ,i„ Cent xv '~^'"*'''"' '"""" «' »>"Bi-"~i'a«r. Ti Cowper, The Task, B. II. F-: lent. Pas- Jpe-elect in »oyg, whom lor exactly d as kings, ng menials I Adrian of ning-knife, In truth, hly unble- han a faint and pure fter Strug, will be to drian's ef- )ne of the r of small .§ Edu- i was ad- heart can theology, aximilian v'ards the bopric of Cardinal informed new that as many e Mate dorte di ch was IGNATIUS. 58 spread over polite literature in the happy times of Leo X. was obscured by a passing but murky cloud, in the short pontificate of Adrian VI. Could a Flemish pope,— mm ponlefice Fiamingo,-—ona who had always lived amidst scholastic subtleties, could such'a one enjoy the epigrams of Jhmho, or the elegant letters of Sadolet?" This significant intro- duction prepares us for a scene. It follows :—" Scarcely was he in Rome, when the whole tribe of poets seemed struck by a thunderbolt — scattered in every direction. Sadolet went first to his country-house, and then to his bishopric of Carpentras." Why was he not there be- fore ? . . . Why did he decamp? We have the reason : " Monsignor Sadolet," wrote Girolamo Negri to Micheh,"is well in the vinejard, sequestered from the vulgar herd, and cares not for favors; particularly as the pope the other day happening to cast his eyes over some elegant Latin letters, only observed : ' Sunt literas unius poetse' — ' these\re some poet's letters' — as though he snubbed eloquence. And again, when he was shown the Laocoon as something excellent and wonder- ful, he said: * fHunt idola antiquomm'' — 'these are the idols of the ancients.' So that I very much doubt that he will not some day do what they say Saint Gregory did— and that out of all these statues, the living memorials of Rome's grandeur and glory, he'll make lime for building St. Peter's!"* We must now inquire who these unfortunate poets were, that crowd of poets,— ;>or''rincipe, t. i. ; Tirabosch t. vii. P. i. 20, et seq. 54 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. retirement, he wns equalled by many in his Jln»n1n«i «, n accompan ed bv his mistress In !/,..«„• * u •^^^'^'^^^e »' Padua, the time of her de^rTn Ifi4 ^t^'"'"']: ^'^° [^"^^in^d with him to is possible tha.'?orthrSue o^hTs^ir^'".';' ^'^ T^'^^'^ y^"' '» position unfittin/tL^tcTe^X^^^^^^^^ as we are nssnrpfJ-* K.,» ^i . r l- ^""'" "« nnpmea lo Dembo, sonnets surpass aU his other wr tint iT' ^"''"^ ''^*^' '^''^ III. (the frienrorAlexL.de Vr„?," '?"'''' f^".' '" *^'^'^' P°P« P«"» a cardinal, and nvS h' ' ^1''r"^ P^^o" of the Jesuits), made him pontiff- (who "passed over'' hi fo? V ^ ^ u'^^^^ ^"^^^^'^J ^X '^e 'ealthy\eneficr(uv:;i^hop /:7m"nf i^°e%^rt ""' """^ many of his old associates, an^d final^! in^he sJv ^ntv-sTxtt v^"«T age, quietly to end his days in 1547 t ^^n^y-sixth year of his * Dublin Review, xxxix. p. 40. v.zio, o come altri direbbe, in i del 1 oece S.^ '',,'=^'r'?""° '"''«"' «'«"« "«>«80 Bembo with a letter of introd.ctiorDurTn'dlnnlr^^ Melancthon sent Sabinus to Melnncthon had 7 what "umbe of heaS,^rd vlh.^ w "v ""^ Sabinus what salary f'^ture state and the resurrection? TotlefiL S«, ^n.T"'''" concerning a cardinal cried out-" Ungrateful' Germa "'o 'p', rch sKt^ricw?"'"' "^^"- ''' of so great a man ."» The answer to th« sbo„„^ .• ° " P^^e so many toils usually 1500 hearers. " I cnnTot believe t » rP„?i"^'Hf " ^"?? '^^' Melancthon had of an university in Europe, except that alp ril J '^ ^^^ '="!^'"'''- " ^ ''" ""» »'""«' lars » Still Melancthon haSTequS So he.irr T ^I'^^'T' ^'"' «° ""'"^ ^^^o- replied that Melancthon's works^were^ ^ull proof of hlV\" ?"^ ^l"'^"""' ^^^'""^ "I should have a better opinion of him "Lu\Z,hl ^'\^^^\^^ '" ^^ose two articles. them at all»-W.. Jum^ruden^Z] ./S'^^c^XI-^'a;;*; S:,ti^ SS^; IGNATIUS. 66 •iiy to observe that the licentious poems of his youth were not likely to be »' passed over" by .Adrian, as they were by Leo, and subaequenily by Paul III. of Jesuit memory.* One more specimen of the poetic crowd dispersed by Adrian may be mentioned : Pietro Aretino, whose name has acquired an infamous celebrity. Extreme licentiousness is the characteristic of this poet, if he bo worthy of the name. He sold his pen to reij;rning sovereigns, and gave them for their jjold the most base and degrading flatteries. — And yet, it is well known he wrote several devotional pieces; in the list of his works, among many abominations, appear the Life of Saint Cnlherine of Sienna, and a Paraphrase of the Penitential Psalms, which the author, an enemy to every religious faith and to all morals, wrote only because they brought him a larger sum of money. In spite ol this profligacy of mind and heart, Aretino received from his contem- poraries the epithet of 7/ JJivino, the Divine! He had the eflrontery to aflix the title to his name. His life was sullied by every species of vice. Utterly without a sense of honor, personal chastisement was the only expedient capable of repressing his satirical venom ; and that he irequently underwent at the hands of his enemies. On the other hand, in his dramatic pieces he paints undisguisedly the vices of the great as well an those of the people, and preserves, with singular truth and vi- vacity of coloring, the picture of the general dissoluteness of manners, ond the loose principles of the age. "From no other source," says Bismondi, whose account of the man I have condensed, "from no other source can we obtain a more correct insight into that abandonment of all morals, honor and virtue, which marked the sixteenth century.'' This crowd-poet, Aretino, was the acknowledged friend of Leo X., and sub- sequently of Clement VII., and still later was recommended to Paul J!i. by his son, the Duke of Parma, as deserving a cardinal's hat, and had nearly ntiamed that distinction, on the death of Paul, from his succes- sor Julius ill.t But it is evident that he could find no favour with >fidnan VI. .'ifJ u f ^^.'''■° ^f'"'"' [F"-] '»'• other assertions of the like nature. On being informed thn Nndolet was al.out to write an explanation of the Epistle to the Romans, Brmbo ™; ' f^'T "'^ '^*""' '^•"'^'•'es ; they ill become a man of pravitv-0/n»7/e has Si n 1 '" Sravern virum tales ineptitB."—Greg. Michel. Not. in Curios. bcginnin'— ' "P"'""^*'^" '"'" sharply for his licentious poems, particularly the Elegy *« Ante alias omnes, mens hie quos educat hortus, Una puellares allicit herba manus." liSr* r""°" ^^^< *"''-''u' "".^ "l^ ^'^Sy- ^" Scaliger's opinion-and all must agree w V Z7I«? ?"»""'; may be justly called a most obscene piece of wit, or a most rv?rvTn«nn "''"^""'^y-" " J^""^" "''^ ""'"^ P'^^*'^ "^ »^'« ^^'■"^^^^ ^^'^^'^ ^^i«en in S.0 rmlr r„ . """^^ «greenbly to the corrupt taste of the time, and to the humors of Co"„ff Th.^Bu^d'omfm, p.^3'23. '^ ^^ ^'""'^ "'''''''- ''' ^^^'^' «''"''"' ^^•^^ «-"«• t Hismondi, i. p. 433 j Feller, Biog. Univ. See also Tiraboschi, t. vii. p. 11, 1. iii c BO, lor a ilnghing account of Aretino; the Jesuit seeming to forget that this "poet"' r™. i r;;fIV P'^" "^ i,''='^ ^^'^^y "i^de him, and solid cash, amounted to 2o,000 crowrn in eighteen years. Even Charles V. and Francis I. purchased his silence.' 56 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. cardinal, nnZhi? " actually absent, and who was unknown to the uLTk uf I ^ if°"^"n court, where he had never been,-aman who tie cardiLk "'fi V^' Roman maxims and the Jicemiourjiverof the cardinals,~so fixed attention, that Luther's movement was almos forgotten. He was even thought favorable to the ReformaUon * bu nothmg was further from his intention than giving enco^arment to he movement m its widest acceptation. A LsclenZs bSver in the doctnnes of the Roman church, his ardent desire was to uphold k vhic^Twa'f bit W' '»' ""^^'^ '' ''^'''^'^ ^'- thousanHrs by mem Hlnur tv nf t^!-^'' <^0"^i3tently hostile to Luther's move- mem. h s purity of mtention and mtegr ty of life eave him the fitip IVn^ZT- "'"'' ^"^"-^ °^'^^^ ^°"^-"^d in the^slruggk had I mrvLem whir'7' ^'"7 \"^ "P*^" "'^^^ ^° P^^^^P^ reltance tot movement which threatened them with penury and ruin Adrian onged to correct the abuses of the Church. L his ins ructions for the Nunco whom he sent to the Diet, he exclaims,-.'' We know tha Holv i^ T "''"^ abominable things have found a place nelr the Holy Chair, abuses in spiritual things, exorbitant straining of prerocm! toTh"" I'^'J'^ r ^ '"'T^ '" ^^"- '^^' d'««^«« *^a« spread ffom the heTd to the hmbs-from the pope to the prelates: we are all go^e a'trav ^ere IS none that has done rightly Jno, not 0Pe."t He diaries duu"rof\Stffirh'" "'^^ toLisfyhisincIin;tionastrf:sth: auties ot his office, he was resolved to direct his whole mind and to ^7h?7etr"r ^rth"'"".' " ^'^ '"i P^^^^' ^'^ .^"0/^0^ wnence perhaps all the evil sprang; and that he would anolv to th,J S^dt'ThrS'^T^h"".'^ ^^"'•^^^ ^'^ the wMsl^ed' Tf Adr an'; h..l f °^ '^'f document attests at least the sincerity P.ltJ V ' ''*"'', '""'' '^^'^^^^ o""- admiration. But the Jesuit 1 allavicino brings to bear upon it the dexterous political cmh of hi. dZ?' ^f ''^^ ^^"' .'' '^^^^^ "« ^° d^^'derate fn Adrfan mL prt dence and circumspection; and he plainly expresses his op™ ion that government is better administered by a man of mediocre virtue accom ine Jesuit in effect condemns almost every part of this instruction • but Panvinius, who judged more soundly than the cardinal Jesur and who was nearer the scene of affairs, does not hesitate to say thit Jv Im integrity and kindness, Adrian rendered himself so agreeable to the Cxermans, that, had he not been surprised by death, thefeTs reason to beheve he would have remedied the evils of^he Church § S^as ^aXl^s^^rtf S^£^:^^,,^-^^Je f^ct: it wi„ e.p,ai„ ,ow danger from literary and otherenemies ifthpv m,) ^ I and sovereigns knew their on the chancters and deeds of potentates if his wriUn^I i i .'^ a keep silence -.hen the ^^., of the greatfto ngh^t^irt^tTeTSfi'.f.jr Jackets! ''" ''^"'^'^ t " uir/ii ^? '^ '''■""*'• 2^'T^-' "p"'' ^^"'^e '• sarpi, lib. i. co.p.g„ata da sen'no'grnd;, che'^f'^n^'.^.^^i'I^T'/.-t'^di" "■'")'' '"^^'""^ "'=■ u, c. 7. " — -lu..- .or„,t,., di fjiccioi scnno.-- — Lib. $ Hadrianus I. IGNATIUS. 57 a futile hope, however : the evils were too deep — the circumstances were too much involved to give the least chance of success, either to the greatest integrity or the greatest skill. Too many stirring and im- portant interests of humanity depended upon that moveme'nt which was originated by the abuses of religion ; and it must be added, too many human motives were rushing to the contest, all destined to make it perpetual. Rome preferred her abuses : she hugged them closely as a miser his gold. At every step Adrian saw himself surrounded by a thousand difficulties. In a strange element at Rome, he could only suffer: action was out of his power. On the other hand, his inflexible integrity scorned to make friends out of the mammon of unrighteous- ness ; and he stood alone, whilst his unpopularity increased daily round about the papal throne, at length, and too late, filled by an honest man. It passed from mouth to mouth that he had about 5000 vacant benefices to bestow ; the hopes of twice as many hungry aspirants were on the alert; but never did pope show himself more chary and reserved in that important matter. Adrian would know wlto it was for whom he provided a salary: he would investigate the character of the man whom he appointed to preach morality. He set to the work with un- scrupulous conscientiousness, and consequently disappointed innumera- ble expectations. The first decree of his pontificate suppressed the reversionary rights formerly annexed to church dignities; he even recalled those already conceded.* All the venal offices invented, established, and sold by Leo, he revoked without mercy, to the utter discomfiture of the beasts and birds of prey who fattened on the spoil. It was a severe measure, doubtless; but Adrian shrunk with horror from the thought of perpetuating those infamous abuses. General dis- satisfaction was the result ; for, observe, many had embarked all their fortunes in a speculation which filled for a time the hungry cofl^ers of the prodigal Leo. They had risked all with the hope of large profit. Compelled by his exhausted treasury, to enforce the strictest economy, Adrian was accused of avarice. He bore the calumny as it deserved, and frequently observed that "it mattered much for his success what times a man of the greatest virtue fell on—mu/tum referre ad felicio- remfortimam in quae tempora alia/jus ve.l proiclara virtus incidisset:' How striking was the comparison when the people glanced back to the times of Leo. Luxury, peace, and festivities rejoiced the sensual ap- plauders of a corrupt administration— without a thought of the future— without a suspicion that the very state of affairs which was their glory and their exultation, was rapidly preparing the most certain and inevi- f. * ^,?™Vif'*^^ *''" P?P^' prerogatives and abuses is conveyed by the followinff extract from Condiliuc : '' They (the popes) kept up all the abuses which enriched the Apos- tolic Chamber ; that IS, the appeal on all affairs to the Holy See, the collation of all incumbents reserves, expectative graces, annates, indulgences, dispensations, the tithes, and the spoils of dying incumbents. For the popes hr,d established themselves the heirs of all incumbents; and not only did they sieze the remaining proceeds of the h!nf h'?'. r ^".f" r*' "'•"^"l^t^ «•: the churches, or even the goods which an incum- bent held from h.s family. If the family made any resistance, they were excommuni- at lNrn;,l»?',f' "»•'/ 'J7'''' '^^ ''"'''' ''^""'' '""^'""^ »'^ "^'^^ Italy, and even greater at Naples."— .His^ Moderne, (Euvres, t. x.xiii. 24,2. M 58 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. able reaction or retribution. It came during the interregnum— with hT;/T- "'r""^.P''''''r • '^^^ '""°^^"^ P°P« bore the blame : Thev hated him for the pena ties of their own recklessness, and his prede^ cessor's voluptuous prodigality.* ^ It was the fatality of the Church to ajrffravate her calamifip* h.r th^ fhJZToT';!; "''^.^ ff'^'^^'^' ^^« coSenUoufeSs" t "foL' a the hands of the good Adrian. But he felt that inward impulse wTose motives If they come not from heaven, cannot be traced toe??! Adrian applied his religious mind to the purification of the Church corVuS by foul abuses,-/«rf£, abusibus corntptam. To aid in his efforts he nvited to Rome and th^ Vatican, Marciuus Cajetan, and Peter Car^ffa two eminent exceptions to the general rule of clericd proSv-men of he strictest integrity, and not without knowledge-JKe^rn Zl me?''burn v^^th': ^"5' '^'^ "'^" ^^^ indignant Larts of ^ten "st men burn with a holy fire to rescue a doomed world from imminent id iTn'";":. CalT ''"'. r °"°"'!S 'r'^^^ '*^^— d sank r ver Wp r; Z rf^- u"l ^""^^T^ ^^"'^^^^^ ^^r against all immorality We are presented with the catalogue of the various delinquents —th/v were the Marrani or hypocritical Jews, who might have been leiT^one^ the blasphemers; s.moniacs; usurers; and sodomites.t Bu he was doomed to die without reaping the smallest fruit from his efforts Tnd good intentions Innumerable enemies were the only resu t He was reproached with hardness of heart, sordid economy, a^nd^ovelliW 7,^ and'nurit:J"H'''rr"'^ '^' '" ^^'^^ Adrian^s^•nteg^r ty, "g^^^^^^ uppeHartif t^.'^H ''^ T ''^f '>' ^'''''^' ^n one occasio^n th^e was abou to ent' ''^ ''^"I^ 'V^' P'P"' ^'^^P'^'' ^'"" '""' ^^ 'he pope was about to enter. Several soldiers were killed : the pope escaped It rrr'"'''^^ ^'' ^°°^ ''°"""« ^^'''^h undisguised T4ret^nor was an unfeeling p elate in the least blamed for hislmpious w sh th^r death had rid them of the hated pope!§ One u^ff almost believe tko f ? f • ." . .^ ^'^° ^°°" a^'^'"- An nscription was seen on he door of his physician-" To the Liberator of his CounTrv "The usual phrase, "not without suspicion of poison," is omiued hJ the H. orian; but assuredly there never was reLon UerTun^^^^^^^^^ iiiy ui nis virtues. He had reigned on y Iwenlv monlh. The foJIowmg epitaph on his tomb chronicles his ^d intLrnt and tLir * Ranke, w6j swpra ; ?nnv\n.ut anteH. r J^•«^"L":iS''''"""' ""°""'^°^' ''^"^'"^ -» advers. veneri deditos.-Pan- X Ber. Bercast. , Hist. Errlpa An i • , II "Ibi levem ab initio moxll medlcia nlfeTur'll'l''"'''" ''"'"'•"'' P" '''' ^^^^tama febre qu.. decubuisset'dul.ifr;:' L^^ ^i^."."^ J;""-? ^ "''"■'' puas 4u!im vens tangere.Uur, ifflproDifitf morte perierit.--C/«n. Vil. ' " P""'* IGNATIUS. 59 result— "Here lies Pope Adrian VI., who deemed nothing in his life more unfortunate than the possession of supreme power."* It is pleasant to dwell on the character of this good pope. There is a letter of his extant in which he says, that he would rather serve God in his priory in Louvain than be pope. He continued in the Vatican the life he had led as a professor. It was characteristic of him, observes Ranke, that he even brought with him the old woman, his attendant, who continued to provide for his domestic wants as before. He made no alteration either in his personal habits : he rose with the dawn, read his mass, and then proceeded in the usual order to his business and his studies, which he interrupted only with the most frugal dinner. It cannot be said of him that he was a stranger to the general culture and acquirements of the age: he loved Flemish art, and prized that learn- ing which was adorned with a tinge of elegance. Erasmus testifies that he was especially protected by him from the attacks of the bigots of the Schools; and that ahhough he favored scholastic pursuits, he was, nevertheless, well enough disposed towards polite learning. Even the cavalier Tirabosch, despite his evident prepossession against the sternness of Adrian, flings him the following admission:— "Moreover," says he, "Leo's prodigality had so exhausted the treasury, that Adrian not only had nothing to give to the learned, but was even in want of money for the most pressing necessities."t But he disapproved of the almost heathenish tendency to which they gave themselves up in Rome, says Ranke, and he would not so much as hear of the Sect of the Poets— the poetic crowd whom he routed. His conduct was a constant antithesis to that of his predecessor, the luxurious Leo. The Jesuit i-eller observes, that Adrian was as simple in his manners, and as economical, as Leo was prodigal and extravagant. When the cardinals urged him to increase the number of his domestics, he replied, that he desired before all things, to pay the debts of the Church. Leo's grooms asked him for employment. " How many grooms had the late pope ?" asked Adrian. "A hundred," was the reply-whereupon the pope made the sign of the cross, and said, "Four will be enough for me— but 1 II keep twelve, so as to have a few more than the cardinals."! JNepotism, or the advancement of his relatives, was at a discount dur- ing his pontificate. One of his relatives came to Rome from his college in luscany: Adrian sent him back forthwith, telling him to take from his own conduct an example of modesty and self-denial. Others, in Ike manner, who had travelled on foot to Rome from Germany, with he hope of promotion, he very severely rebuked, and dismissed back to their country with the gift of woollen garments, and a frugal viati- cum, but on foot, as they came a fortune-hunting. Evident proofs are these of his disapprobation of the contrary practice which was followed by his predecessors-so serious and pernicious to the state; but to his nends and domestics whom he selected with the greatest care, he very liberally conceded what he had to give, and desired to enrich the good imije lllfj'^^plnv!''' ^^- ^'" "'"' ""' ^"' "'*"' '''^'' '"''^'^'='"' '" ^-'^^ «^"^it quam quod T Storia, toin. vii. part i. p. 22. t Feller. 60 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. and studious with a moderate and lasting liberality.* He invariablv said, that he vvould give men to benefices; not benefice lo men Adrian's example is a model. It may be useful to all who hold now"; m any church, and in any country. One curious remark wiflcondude this pleasant subject In a work which he published when Zfessor t r^orS;-?' Ttr'"'?: r^^ " M^*^^. P°P^ ^^^y -^ even' in rt. ters ot/ait/i. t There is little doubt that in spite of the severity with which he would resist Luther's movement, Addan had right v^vvlof mosJ impS;nT' ""^' ''" ''''''' ^'^ ^*^"^^^ °f many'abuseTthe A sharp contest in the conclave occupied the factions of the Roman Court ere a successor could be. given to Adrian VI. a. d " St. Pete '" The leading candidates were Giulio de' Medici, and Cardinal Colonn'a tmrr''','"™r°'"r ^^'^^^^" ^hem settled the matter, and the former was elected, and assumed the name of Clement VII t A na! ta" tslndld „^"f''-'."'^ ^^='^'"^'^^ h"'" ^y - public decret h?s talents and aptitude for business procured him a large share in Leo's administration. His name was a talisman to the frivolous who vaSy imagined a return to the "glorious" days of the Mediceai pope hia D cts'oTth?rh^'''l;" ?u ^T '' '^' ^^'^^' -^° ^"-^^bled atT pro - pects of the Church and Popedom. It seemed to be the pope's resolve LZ '^"a 'T""'' ° '^' ^''' pontificates-Leo's instSbi ity pro' fuseness, and objectionable habits-and Adrian's discordance withTe Se'ir'at lellT ^T' ^very department was controlled by sound ti ude rd'moir. -^ himsel nothing was apparent but blameless rec titude and moderation. But he was a politician of the age, driving as de'stiWoLtrn 'cir'^^tr °^i-'^' -^ich. howeve'r.'he wa?/ot aestined to attain. Clement VII. was a man of extensive information LTh?'"?r' l^^'t^^'^'y^ ^nd a skilful debater:§ but act on wouTd himself^'rl rT'"* f ^''. reign-and there his schemes recoiled upon himself, the Church, and the Popedom, with terrible disaster. ' Ihe increasing success of Luther's movement surpassed the exnec SLm evervT^I r^'T' '' ^'^ ^ ^^"-^ *° which a thSnd nils, from every hill-top and mountain-side, gave length and breadth as esdt? T?^~"°! '"^"' destruction. We shalfsoon compute it results. Turn we to the anxieties of the Church in her predicament The remedies applied to her disease were like plasters and lotions and unguents, to a critical skin-disorder. Her m^ady was ten aT; her doctors would treat only the outward eruption, Adrian would have Vone to the inmost source of the disease; it would not be listened to; vveS! * Panvinius. proDos t on wns ronnhiici.n^ o u »i ' 1 ■^ siJiiiig mat tne book conta niiiij the peSon ^JsS '"''^^''"^"•'>' '^"""g 1>- pontificate, without the pope's V\ K n n It f\ r» ''W * IGNATIUS. 61 and power, and domination were too sweet to be resigned, even for the sake of Mother Church, which all theoretically defended, though prac- tically few would adorn with her best ornament— the virtues of her children. The method devised to stem the Reformation was the crea- tion of swarms of monks— a feature as remarkable as any of the six- teenth century. The object in view was ostensibly the reformation of manners, but effectually the aim was by influence to counteract the lunous tide of papal unpopularity. Luther had shorn papal power of Its terrible beard, and all the world was growing bold enough to stroke Its chin. Ihose who govern men, however profligate themselves— and some of the popes were bad enough— love to see virtue cherished and practised by their subjects, simply because it is easier to govern when men obey from principle, than when compelled by force of arms or the fear of penalties. Hitherto ignorance or indiff'erence had been the basis of a wide-spread papal domination— very pleasant to behold by those who enjoyed its solid results. Luther's sledge-hammer had done, and was doing, fearful work on the battlements of tithes," privileges, and prerogatives. Then came the idea of Mother Church succumbing to the "heretic!" It was frightful. Thousands rushed to the rescue- as well as they could. Although the sword was at work— and would soon be more desperately engaged-still "argument" was in requisi- lion. Who were to supply it-by their lives as well as their wits, which are not always as man and wife united? Swarms of teachers and leaders there were: Franciscans, Benedictines, and Dominicans- ime-honored monks, all of them: but their day was passed. The world had got med to ihem-and they to the world, which was worse still. "Scandals grave and manifold, and known to the world, were 7^11 /T^ '^'""u '^y' '^; f''"'' Bellarmine, in his Groan of the it'Lr f^°^/ T '^M '"'"'V^ S' Reformation, if it was desirable that the "heretics' should not be able to point the finger at such and such w.Xh iLTfh °' "^'^ 'T'*'"^ ^ '°"y ^'^^5 " ^^« also ™"ch to be nrnnrh th .V^"'"' ^1^'°"' Opponents should not, with justice, re- tC nf u ° °.1°'' °" '^' ''.°.''^ ^'^ k^ox^ric^ at a time when the epi- much mnr'"'^ T' something like "sainted" in appearance, aSd In^.. Tv°[^ '" ',f ^/'y- Concerning " Grammar," "Art," " Physics " ALf^^'Tf'^^'^ ^"^' ^"^ ^^d been, wr;ngling enough and Chur fh '.^' ^^^?^gher estimation with Ihe infants^f tSe Church than his mind had ever been with his royal pupil ;-but the of tl^e da;sT1%^hr'''^^^"' ''r'"^'^^'^ (^^« P-f-«--l theorist: ?hp- nnii^ ^•; v,^^^^ •'^."^°"^. ^"^°™'ng. and crammed the brain of their pupils without satisfying its wants. The spirit of the times required a new order of things. The Re- formation called forth virtue and talent from the drows^ Church The human mind, somehow and somewhere, if not everywhere, had broken from her fastness, and like a giant was prepared to run hei course It was necessary that the "orthodox" shoSld" keep pace" with the run! battlersafthe puWi^s: " ■^"'"'' ' '^"'^ ^"''""* " ^''»'=*''"g ^'«^- 'T»s half the 62 niSTORY OF THE JESUITS. i^^e^^^Jll^iZ^J^t!!:::^ --« ^^^^^ Church arrest, affairs. The first was "rfirst arrpTe^'Thr'^' " ^'' ^'^'^ '' among the firsl candidates in the diffilnf . ^,^^ /^^nnscans were difficult indeed, since one ly relil a thnn ^^'.' ofself-reformation- the better for his success.* One of LI^^VT''^.""' ^^'"& '""ch restore the degenerate Order of St FrZ?"''' ^'^'.^^^^^^^ called to Bassi, that was his name, and his reform '? '° "s primitive austerity, on the terrible old custom of mklnii?u w T^"^'"^*' ^°"ld fall back and all the bristling horLs orhair ^1^'' .'P', -^^ ''^°"^?^' «*'«"<=«. All this was very good iHs wav fWr " °"^, ^kin-and-bone fasting.t virtue in all profesJons: bu a moment's rnn'T'^'^ '^ "?. insignificant neither midnight worship. selfsZr'inrh T'°"''''^^'^ exactly the thing to insured rstrp^aSflasol?.^'"' "''^.^'^"g. was mountain praying, was necessarv hn Tn i *'^P"^f "^y- Moses on the was no less reqursite--some vSav Lo^^^^^ '" '''u '''""^^^ '"? ^elow, perate battle C.ah Amalek. In fac^ X.re:;'" '^' ^^''"^ ^°'"? ^««- secular clergy. Other candidal appealed '1'^"' ^'' ^" ^'^^'^"^ Ihiene and CarafTa, who are rememLr H '.k i^/''' ""^'^ ^^^'ano da the founders of a new order cTS7h-!^;''' ^d-^'^" VI. They were afterwards made a ^a Jit eve y fo n^^ • '^^^ ^^^'"'r was to be, and has a right to be-IInd the hf, .^ '■'''^'°"' °'"'^^'' •« «"'« Paul IV.-a man of nine-and-seventv llT ^''uT ^ P^^^' ^^ ^^^^ very tail and thin-all sinew and oHhU'' "^'"^ ^'^'P '^""l^^" ^yes. austerity. The object p op^s^d hv h tu >^' f ^^^P^ "^^at was bone and the priesthood with tL^spSf thet n! r''"'' ^\' '^''^y '°'"«Pire springing up on all sides and annf^ H P'^^^f °"' ^^ battle with heresy of mere;, 'one reg l?on of rr^tthm''''' '' the^ corporal works nor demand payment for their services H ^T' ""'^'^•' ^° '^'"^ ^''"^ and housed and clothed ? IW passed « ^"'"^l '" "^u*^'' '^'^ '^^''' ^'"^ bers should be of noble descend ZdilT '^t' '^' "«^ ">«"'- perience of the Church doubth^^^ «.. ^°"'*\^"^»'^y '"'ch. But the ex- never suffered to be emirX itsown^^'^'V" '^'"^ ^^^' "^i^l"«" was the pious always rained upo^n'lTk" umilTh^ ^^ward: the charities of is well to know^ome of th'e?r p^culmr t e'^ ' tL'tT 'I'^""^ "Vj" '' no particular color and form of trlrh T • ^^^.^^'^atines would have Jated by the local custom ofrecwt'Ti'n'rr r^' ^''^r' ^" ^^ '•'^^"- correspond with national usa^e S' "'^ '*''' f"™^ of service should ternal obstacles ^vhic^b Lcr? (he wa"v'oTT '''' f"^'^ ^^^"^ ^*^'^ -" the cowl and girdle inspired anv^hTn/ h. / "'°"'''' ^' " ''^^ ^^en .....«....-a step in ad^vance!?p^^og^^^^^^^ JJ- we. I rieiyot, Hist, des Ordres Mon vii • m^oV. ■ •■ „^ peiled to fly from place to place, until thpnnn^. iV'*'''^ *'"'"' brethren, and com. t Hanke, p. 46; Feller/Biog/uLv'^LSoT^fdrrSo^i^? "'"«^- IGNATIUS. 63 Church arrest- in the state of nciscans were •reformation — . ut being much ^seif called to live austerity, 'ould fall back 'urge, silence, bone fasting.t > insignificant II suggest that r fasting, was Moses on the vy tug below, n, doing des- ' an efficient B Gaetano da They were 2 former was order is sure pe, by name Jnken eyes, 'as bone and 3y to inspire ^viih heresy poral works beg alms ley to be fed ' new mem- 3ut the ex- virtue" was charities of d out." It ivouJd have to be regu- 'ice should •m the ex- time when 'hese were uldcailit. 'osophically, as lie might cached with the church. 18, so calleu >, and coiu- The order was something new, and found the usual favor of novelty when it appeals to a prominent sentiment, failing, or passion of the times. The Theatines became in vogue. By their street-preaching and other public functions they won applause — not a little enhanced in the estimation of human nature by the fact that these holy and zealous men were mostly of noble birth, and had resigned the pleasures of the world for the good of religion, the service of the poor, the sick, the condemned of men in prisons, or on the scaffold of death. They made their vows in St. Peter's or the Vatican on the 14th of September, 1524. Clement VII. had given them a Bull of ratification. But troublous times were coming on: the pope was a politician as well as a patron of religious reformation. There was a "Young Italy" in these times, as at the present day; and if she had no Austrians encumbering her mighty patriotism, she had Spaniards as detestable; and if she had no Pio Nono of the print- shops, she had a Clement VII. as belligerent as the same paper-hero. And they talked as loudly then as in these degenerate days. "Rege- neration" was, as now, the pouting war-cry — just as if it were as easy to "regenerate" a nation as it is lo manufacture Bulls and Archbish- ops. Nevertheless, in the summer of 152G, the Young Italy of these days went to work with their own strength. The Milanese are already in the field against the Imperialists — the warriors of Charles V. A Venetian and a papal army advance to their support. Swiss aid is promised, and the alliance of France and England has been secured. " This time," said Giberto, the most confidential minister of Clement VII., " the matter concerns not a petty revenge, a point of honor, or a single town. This war decides the liberation or the perpetual thraldom of Italy." There was no doubt of the successful issue. "Posterity will envy us that their lot had not been cast on our days, that they might have witnessed so high a fortune, and have shared it. He scorns the hope of foreign aid." " Ours alone will be the glory, and so much the sweeter the fruit."* Big words indeed, but pregnant with nothing. The vast enterprise was far from being universally popular in Italy; and as now, there was nothing like perfect unity among those who actually took part in the senseless scheme. Cle- ment hesitated, wavered, thought of his money. His allies failed in their engagements. The Imperials were in Lombardy. Freundsberg crossed the Alps with an imposing army, to bring the contest to an end. Both general and men were full ofLutheran sentiments. They came to revenge the emperor upon the pope. The latter's breach of the alliance had been represented to them as the cause of all the mis- chief then felt, the protracted wars of Christendom, and the success of the Turks, who were at that moment ravaging Hungary. " If I make my way to Rome," said FreunSsberg, " I'll hang the pope." "Painful it is," exclaims Ranke, "to witness the storm gathering, and rolling onwards from the narrowing horizon. That Rome, so full it may be of vices, but not less full of noble efforts, intellect, mental Lettere di Principi, i. p. 192; Ranke, p. 29. 64 IIISTOIIY OF THE JESUITS. :li accomplishment?, creative, adorned with matchless works of art fsuch as the world had never before produced),— a wealth ennobled by the stamp of genius, and of living and imperishable efficacy,— that Rome IS now threatened with destruction !" Down on the doomed city poured the hostile army, forty thousand strong; a motley and ferocious band of Germans, Lutherans, Spaniards, and Italians, rushing over the bridge, panting for slaughter, hungry for food and gold. The pope fled; and bitter was the night that darkened over Rome. Men were butchered, noblemen tortured, women and nuns viole'ed. None were spared without surrendering all they possessed. Churches were pil- Jaged; the priests killed or tortured ; and the very citadel in which the pope had taken refuge was besieged.* Old Freundsberg was no longer at the head of the army: he had been struck by apoplexy, in a dis- turbance with his troops ; and Bourbon, who led them to the gate, fell at the first attack. » The splendor of Rome fills the beginnincr of the sixteenth century; it distinguishes a wonderful period in the intellect- ual development of mankind. That day it came to an end; and thus did the pope, who had sought the liberation of Italy, see himself be- Jeaguered in the castle of St. Angelo, as it were a prisoner. We may assert, that by this great blow ti.^ preponderance of the Spanish power in Italy was irrevocably established. "t No greater blow could have been given to the Catholic cause, and Jrom that astounding event— independent though it was of religious impulse— unquestionably the Protestant movement was impelled with tenfold impulse in Germany. A year before, at the Diet of Spires, the cause was at least ratified— granted a legal existence ; and soon, under the auspices of Philip of Hesse, preponderance was given to the Pro- testant cause of Germany. Clement the pope, with his tortuous and selfish policy, aided the development and establishment of that ascend- ancy, by uniting with the Protestant princes against their common foe, the emperor. And triumphantly did Protestantism advance with the impulse. Wurtemberg, which had been taken, was reformed forth- with; the German provinces of Denmark, Pomerania, the March of l^randenburg, the second branch of Saxony, the branch of Brunswick, and the Palatinate following soon after. Within a few years the Re- formation was spread over the whole of the lower Germany, and ob- tained a permanent footing in the upper. «»And Pope Clement," says Kanke, " had been privy to an enterprise which led to this result— which so immeasurably augmented the desertion from the ranks of the Church— nay, he had perhaps approved of it,"| because it seemed to suit his interests m his contest with the emperor, to make him enemies! bucn IS polici/ 1 In this position of affairs— flowing a^the river from its source— what prospects had the Popedom ? Where was the Roman Catholic reli- gion established? I ask not where it was professed, but established in the minds and hearts of mankind. Half-a-dozen years sufficed to rout It from the greater part of Germany; and the influence of its rival was tinging every mind that thought— in every kingdom of Europe, even * Panv. Clem. VII. t Ranke, p. 31. :ii!i X Ranke, p. 35. I IGNATIUS. 65 s of art (such inobled by tlie ', — that Home doomed city and ferocious ilunp over the I. 'I'he pope !. Men were . None were hes were pil- I in which the was no longer ?xy, in a dis- the gate, fell inning of the the inteliect- nd; and thus 3 himself be- ir. We may panish power ic cause, and 3 of religious mpelled with of Spires, the 1 soon, under n to the Pro- tortuous and r that ascend- common foe, nee with the brmed forth- he March of ' Brunswick, 3ars the Re- any, and ob- 3ment," says this result — ranks of the it seemed to lira enemies! )urce — what /atholic reli- stablished in Seed to rout its rival was lurope, even le, p. 35. in Italy.* How easy was the downfall ! As it then existed, Roman Catholicism was based on popular opinion, social and political interests. And by the same popular opinion, social and political interests, it was driven from the kingdoms, whence it was expelK'd forever. No vio- lent, sudden result was that in theory, though such it was in practice. A thousand causes had preceded, eventuating the result. I have touched on many. I believe that Providence watched that result, and mitigated the evil to man, by which it was accompanied. Let those, therefore, who pant for change, for reform, in existing religious and social and political abuses, be at rest. They will eventuate their own correction in the time appointed. Meanwhile, let the minds of men be enlightened, and their hearts made hopeful of good. Teach unto men their exalted destiny. Point to that divine example, and His doctrines, so perfectly designed to insure that bond of human brotherhood which is knit together by man's best social, political, and eternal interests. It was the absence of such and similar sentiments that made the religious struggles of the sixteenth and succeeding centuries the darkest epoch of man's eventful history. Popular opinion everywhere prepared the way for the Reformation. Had events continued in the same direction for a few years longer, it is probable that Protestantism would have been preponderant in every kingdom of Europe at the present day, not even excepting Spain, Por- tugal, and Italy. Changing his policy, Pope Clement, when his allies the French were defeated, threw himself into the arms of the haled Spaniards, and gave his hand to the emperor, whose troops had ruined his capital. With the activity of a restless mind, he stipulated in the treaty of peace for the re-establishment of his authority in Germany. Yet what seas of blood must be passed ere that result could gratify his cruelly ambitious and selfish heart. But alas! how painful it is for human nature to resign what it loves or covets. Clement VII. pledged his friendship to the Catholic emperor, and the latter, a devout son of the Church, promised all things to the Holy Father.t The result of this alliance was another fatal blow to the Popedom. It follows. Home to the shores of Britain my theme advances. Early was the year of Grace when papal power and papal doctrine shaped the Chris- tianity of Britons. Simple then were the habits of men — semi-barba- rous — or those of children, that fear the rod, which is laid on when deserved, and that in right good earnest. There was a king, and there was a Church — but there was not a people. Slaves or children blocked up its place, or were welded to the powers that were, as a mass of use- ful metal. Times of social mists and "miracles" — times of "saints" and savageness. Venerable Bede ! How fortunate was thy pen in selecting thy interesting theme— the Anglo- Saxon Church-, whose his- tory modernised, comes not up to thine as a faithful picture — telling us all with blessed creduhty. What a time of miracles was that, when * See Ranke, p. 40, et seq., for a most interesting section on the subject. + See Ranke, p. Z\,et seq., for a precious document presented by Cardinal Cam- peggi, of the Roman court, to Charles V., suggesting the means for exterminating Protestantism. Nothing can exceed its cold-blooded atrocity. VOL. I. 6 66 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. i Heaven even showed by a sh:n.ng: hght where the bodies of holy nnns should be buried ;-when a iiiile boy dying called upon a virgin that was to follow h.m : and how another nun on the point of lea?inVhe sad body, saw some small part of future glory; how a sign from hea- ven was vouchsafed when Ethelberga, the pious mothe? of an holy ZrZTi '"f ^"' ^'^^'' '' "l^"""^'"^^ °^ ^"««= *' ^"« nothing l2 than the body of a man wrapped in a sheet and drawn up to heaven byshm.ng cords; and how the blind saw by intercession ; pestilence dispelled by prayer; an earl's wife cured by holy-water; horthe pal! s.ed walked from t e tomb of St. Cuthbert, Jnd how a bi;hop d ive'^^ed from the jaws of death one of his clerks, "with his sku 1 cracked lymg as dead."* If Brahn.nism, Buddhism, Fetlhism or anTothe; pr.mit.ve superstition supplied the place of a better, Ihen was the of Ch'risr "'"'' ^ "''"'^'' '"^'"''"'^ ^°" '^^ Christianity Down to the memorable Norman Conquest, or rather, successful inva- s.on-and, after a bloody battle, reckless possession, what crimes, what baseness, what brutality in the pages of history that follow-and wha grinding oppression roundabout a fattened Church, proud and sensuaP How restless we teel as our children read to us the horrid examples of royal and noble crime and cruelty and reckless profligacy! And if Hnf. ?nn "'' " ^V '^'J ^f'^'^'^^^^^' '^en ?" What can we answer How can we reply without a homily that would make them yawn^ rh .1. ."'■'^h'*''''^ '" '^^'^ ^"y« triumphant; though ever and^ a^on CathS W ' r'^^Tt'"'^^^ '^^ triumphed, and'ruled the Brh sS Catholic hierarchy with the iron rod of the Roman Court- so that the most hampered branch of Roman hierarchy was. and eve has been he Catholic hierarchy of England. Such wa^ "th'rough h ag s o gno. r ^R^aSrr ^ '' ''' ^°"^"" '-•" '''-^ - '^- -"^« dn^ZJZ^u fh' """'•'?' f^erging slowly from the bondage of serf- dom. but still the menials of power and superstition ? Thefr relirrjon was inculcated by "miracle plays :" they were instructed tisalvat on by religion in sport. The clergy were not only the authors of h^ pieces exhibited within the churVhes. but were aCwi "any lia- bil.ty to ecclesiastical censure, the actors in or managers of the rep e- sentat.ons. But they. did not long confine the exerdse of heir h s wair T^r "' '° consecrated subjects or within the consecrated walls. They soon partook of the dramatic passion which they had indirec ly awakened, and at last liked both plays and plavina for the^r ir::WBifh:r? ^^vo^^ «/ m. 4.L/.on fv:TnVtLaf": ate as lo42 B shop Bonner had occasion to issue a proclamation to the clergy of his diocese, prohibiting "all manner of common pTavs games, or interludes to be played, set forth, or delivered, wThintS cheap uanSl^"'"'""''^' "'^'°^^' '' "''"^'^ ^^- «"•>« has given an excellent and the its™'''""" °'^^"^""'' P- ''' (-'^^ S«« ^'- Supplement, p. 459, and IGNATIUS. 67 I of holy nuns I a virgin that jf leaving her ign from hea- er of an holy s nothing less up to heaven m ; pestilence how the pal- hop delivered kull cracked, or any other hen was the I Christianity ccessful inva- crimes, what IV — and what and sensual ! I examples of cy! And if I we answer? ihem yawn? '^er and anon 1 the British : so that the has been, the iiges of igno- re the words dage of serf- lieir religion to salvation uhors of the lout any lia- )f the repre- 3f their his- consecrated h they had ing for their ind that so :lamation to mon plays, vithin their excellent and >t, p. 459, and churches and chapels."* And we have a specimen of the clergy in che following description : the author is describing how the clergy neglect their duties: "He againe posteth it (the service) over as fast as he can gallop; for either he hath two places to serve, or else there are some games to be played in the afternoon, as lying for the whetstone, hea- thenishe dauncing for the ring, a beare or a bull to be bnvted, or else jack-an-apes to ride on horseback, or an entorlude to be played ; and if no place else can be gotten, it must be d\.ine in the church." In proof also, that in the early part of the sixteenth century ecclesiastics still exhibited themselves as common players, we see, among many other evidences, that in 1519, Cardinal Wolsey found it necessary to insert an express injunction against the practice in the regulations of the Ca- nons Regular of St. Austin.t And luscious was the life of monkhood in genen-us Britain. Think not that the ruins of their snug retreats which you see here and there mantled with the ivy-green, were simply the abodes whilom of modest prayer and holiness, midnight study, and daily industry. That time soon passed away, and the "men of God" naturally resolved, like many others since, to enjoy the fruits of their labor and reputation. Old Chaucer, like Boccaccio, made them a jolly theme in the fourteenth century. Imagine the time when " A Monk there w.is, a fayre for the maistre An out-rider that loved venerio [hunting] , A manly man, to hen an ahhot ahle. Full many a deinte horse haddo he in stahle; And when he rode, men mijjht his bridle hear Gingling, in a whistling wind, as clear And eke as loud as doth the chapell bell." Here, in these few verses, are the state and pomp of monkhood vividly presented from tlie life in the days of its glory in England. Power, influence, enormous wealth, and the enforced veneration of the masses fill the picture. And Mother Church from the papal court was busy with her little matters — but lucrative catchpennies. Chaucer describes a Pardoner — "a gentil Pardonere of Rouncevall." "A verniclet hadde he sewed upon his cap^ His wallet lay before him, in his lap, Bretful of pardon come from Rome all hot: A voice he had as small as hath a gnte: No beard had he — he never none should have, As smooth it was as it were never shave." We must see what he has to sell, this gentil Pardonere. "But of his craft, fro Berwicke unto Ware, Ne was there such an other Pardonere : For in his male [trunk] he had a pilvebere, Which, as he said, was Our Lady's veil: He said he had a gobbet of the sail That St. Peter had when that he tcent Upon the sea, till Jesus Christ him hent. • See Penny Cyclopedia, ix. 427. t Ibid. X A copy of the miraculous liaiuikerchief, impressed with the bloody face of the Redeemer — kept at Rome, I believe. * : HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. He had a eroi« of Jaton ft,i| of itonei. Hut w.,1, them, r,>Iick«; when he L„d IJoublless some cast-a-wnvmnni^ „ ..• .. . "But truly to tnllrnnttho Inn And, finally, m h,s description of a GnorJ Pn, abuses :— ^ °" °^ ^ ^^''d Parson we glance at existing "He never set his benefice to hire Loiiving his llock aconibcr'.l .»,„ • "etauStf^;:£S^a-;rx-..., en^^aZ^^S Jiit;-^ -^^ 7^ ^^- : the .onks once belonged to a learned BenedSfln/'- '" ^ ""^""script which Corpus Christi College. Canibrid Je " n^ '' "^^^ ^" ^^'^ ^^^'^'Y of ging as many mendicant fria one of each OH ^"^ '^J'''' ^'''^^' ^^S' and affect on. They propagated schTsm T? '"'^^'""^ ^""^'"''^^^y selves. Mutual abuse Vas Uieir maxim tT ^^ 'P'',' "'"^"ff ^^em- ;ng mstruction in his cr.ed at thThand, Jf .l^^S" P^°"8^'^'"«n seek- toJd, as he valued his soul, to beware o?ther ^""' ^^^^■"°^«' ^«« Jtes promoted his edification brdenouncL T'n"''- ^^''^ ^«™^1- Dormn,cans, m their turn, by condemnin?fh a ^°"^.'"'«^«ns ; the frailty of human nature soon ibund ouT thP^J? i Augustinians. The cant system. Soon had the primitive l.f r.'^^P°'»'s of the mendi- out; and then its centre wafno lol.r I .'',^°""^'''"^ b"^"' "self altar;-.ahvingwastobemade. TheTow'?r . '"'^ ^'' ^''"^ '^' Jed to Jesuitical expedients for evadiUT f ^'""f^ry Poverty only swallowmg of camels. The populace "vleToh'T"'"^/' ^"«^« ^^"5 or cajoled out of a subsisten^ce^ ^ ^Zt^T^^;: Z:^: * Canterbury Pilgrimage. T Compare Cowper's Task. Bonk ii ee p,,* i _ -"■ -, but loose in morals," &c. &c. lONATIUS. eo ^'U ns lio could, le least in ilio >ce at existing •• the monks script wJiich 'e library of devils hug- Li familiarity iiong them- rhman seek- Vlinors, was Ihe Carmel- icans ; the ians. The the mendi- burnt itself e from the >verty only gnats and r caressed, s harvest; then wore unggcsted the foundation of charities, and the provision of inaBses and wax-lights. I'he confessional was his exchequer: there hmtfl were dropped that the convent needed a new window, or that it o;ved " lortio pound for stones." Was the good man of the house re- fractory ! The friar had the art of leading the women captive, and reaching the family purse by means of the wife. Was the piety of the public to be stimulated f Hival relics were set up, and impostures of all kinds multiplied without shame, to the impoverishment of the p<(ople, the disgrace of the church, and the scandal of Christianity.* Ihen ensued the final preparation for the grand result to which I have alluded in a previous page. The final preparation of ruin to popai power m England was popular omnion. Against that no tyrant, even Henry VIII., could advance with impunity; but in accordance with popular opinion, or with its indifference, any measure may be carried as easily as the subversion of papal power in England. Soon those friars and other monks of whom we have read became as rottenness to the bones of the Roman Church. By the time of Eras- mus and f.uther, they were the butt at which every dissolute idler, on every tayern-bench, discharged his shaft, hitting the establishment and religion itself through their sides. They were exhibited in pot-house pictures as foxes preaching, with the neck of a stolen goose peeping out of the hood behind; as wolves giving absolution, with a sheep mullled up m their cloaks ; as apes sitting by a sick man's bed, with a cmcihx m one hand and with the other in the sufferer's fob.t Add to all tins the usual effects of papal encroachments, privileges and pre- rogatives, interference, and legal abuses in the ecclesiastical courts, enianaling directly from the Roman "custom" in its grasping selfish- liC98i.|, Against this slate of matters men had risen heretofore, with the bold- ness of conscience impelled by religion. The Waldenses, Wickliffe, anj the Lollards, had left more than a memory behind them— rendered still more yivid by the successful achievement of Martin Luther. \o the learned of England, pointed suggestions of reformation were made by no other than Sir Thomas More. If he knew not what he did pily It was that he did it at all— for the sake of his church. I refer to Ills lamed Utopia.- It was written about the year 1513, when he was yet young, and is the work of a man alive to the corruptions of a church o( which he lived to be the champion, the inquisitor, and martyr.— 1 nrough the medium of his ideal republic, Utopia, and by the mouth 01 an imaginary speaker, he censures the monks as the drones of so- ciety; reduces the number of priests to the number of churches- re- Ihemrnfr «^^°^^^'^Vhe right of private judgment; exhorts that the work of conversion should be done by persuasion, but not by coer- cion ; holding the faith of a man to be not always an affair of volition ne banishes as bigots, from his imaginary republic, those who con- t f'rnllm" K' "■•"•.'" ^^"•"- P'nf ' ^'''""- ^"""l- Francises Chaucer. T r4tamn,L()\\w\. Frannsr,- Blunt p 1" maL^rr/„nfiV^':'™- '" Et.g.(F'amilylibrary)ror an excellent account of these mauom, chiip. ni. It is a most interesting little book. 70 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. k • ^.u • ? '"'^ ^^ reformation, vsonarv ; but if he rfiH nnt beieve them right and justifiable the inference sthot Vl op.nions mooted at the time, and somewhere "n the mi do? IT flno^. °f. r , • -^ he press was act ve. Its wonderful in as "A Bookeof .he S God a„d' N™"'TlfT '"''''''•;"".'' Masse-"_«»A R n o • . .l ^V ' — ^ he burying of the peoDle' l^he ;?nV ' ^^'"f '^' C;iergy."^n.ade their appeals to the mmmm hiau, ne lii^hop of London, bought up all the conips nf Tm^oii' is a specific J„„ie„ .,: L'rtTn^' Jif; S?t°:f.'°1rEl'^ ,^- U.«pi., cd. «„,, pp. ,„, J4S, 233, 237, 343,253.224,234,262, m.„,, p. t Wordsworth, Eccles. Rj„!T. i, ?fifi. m,,,,. „ ,..0 I >o.; WorCworth.-Blunt^p. Ho/ BinietrKifi. 48, «, ..,. -i*. is principles of ^ the author of !, very consist- if he did not lat they were tiinds of men. culcations, and imself sternly an — and per- VIII. ormers circu- wonderful in- It seems to 5e results, the leir rapidity, vritings, with horn the time ar titles, such rying of the ppeals to the L-ollards, and re thought to lered abroad. ;5 now in the measures all ■ . Partyism 1 the tide of aid of every tttion. Ton- of Tindall's Cross. But )ooks for all new edition, the foreign luggled into of all here- 3s Were en- ! parent the household.! Fox, whose gravings in was public Jtion. One continually le burnintf 2 J Blunt, p. i m m. IGNATIUS. 71 of a brother intoxicates the soul with unearthly fumes, and during the paroxysm of that heroic exaltation, death, in any shape, Avill be braved unflinchingly. All will be well with any movement as soon as it has achieved a martyr. We shall soon see how martyrdom operated on the Catholics of England with the Jesuits to "stir" them. That men were found to suffer martyrdom at the period here in question, is a matter of surprise, or speaks strongly for the intensity of the convictions infused by the undercurrent of the Reformation in England. Without a leader, books impelled them to die in defence of their convictions. It is diffi- cult to conceive the fact asserted, particularly when we know that the morals of the nation at large were of a piece with those of their supe- riors in church and slate, as in all parts of Europe — and very abomi- nable. That men had ample reason to be disgusted with the machinery of Romanism is evident: but that this disgust should at once inspire sublime virtue in the feelers of that disgust, is not quite so evident. The most natural result of the stand against " Papistry," and of the severe measures applied in its vindication, would be the formation of partyism — which seems to be evi^ nt from the flood of tracts that deluged the country with "the Word of God" and rancor. JVIore im- portant events followed from a quarter least expected to favor the Ger- man movement. King Henry VIII. had received the title of "Defender of the Faith" for a book to which he lent his name, written against Luther.* Leo X. conferred the distinction, which has ever since been retained by the sovereigns of England, as a glance at a shilling-piece shows by the Latin initials, F. D., contracted like its present import among the titles of the Protestant sovereign. The book was a defence of the seven sacraments; but Henry was a very gay liver.t and, therefore, nothing but partyism could exult at its appearance. For him there were no sacraments. He was a man of licentious passions, which subsequently became ferocious — a horrible character without one redeeming feature. Henry was married to the virtuous Catherine, aunt of Charles V., whose troops devastated Rome, and whom, by the turn of events, the political pope, Clement VII., was compelled to propitiate in his sad predicament. The pope's fate was in the hands of the emperor. Imperialism was dominant in Italy. 7'hese facts must be borne in mind. Henry's prime minister was the Cardinal Wolsey, as licentious as himself, but somewhat of a politician, said to have " certainly had a vast mind." His vices were notorious and scandalous : his pride and love of pompous display extravagant. His state was equal to that of kings. Only bishops and abbots attended him at mass: dukes and earls, during the ceremony, handed him the water and the towel. This man resolved to reform the clergy. He was scandalised at their cor- * " After it was finished by his grace's appointment," says Sir Thomas More, "and consent of the makers of the same, I was only a sorter of it, and placer of the principiil matters therein contained." It was ascribed to Erasmus. See note to Burnet's Ref i. 51. t He had many mistressps, nnc aftrr the other. It was hut a matter of satiety and selection among great 'Madies," in that licentious age. See Lingard, vi. 110 for a list of the same, with notes by no means honorable to the Defender of the Faith.' n HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. I ^?Im^ -J 7r''' 'S:"0'-a"ce gave h.m offence. Such were the motives alleged, and Rome gave him the power of visitation by a bull. Rome entered into the measure to his perfect satisfaction. The bull abused the English clergy "who were said in it to have been delivered over to a reprobate mmd ;" and yet their " faults were neither so great nor rnn^r^'y f ^^' Cardinal's." But "the cardinal was then^so much considered a Rome as a pope of another world, that whatever he de- rint hi^ M^ °^'""'^-" ^" '''^' ^'^^"^^"^ g-« ^'^ - bull. enVpow. b Z^ w t^ to s,pp,ess a monastery or two, and there followed other bulls, with ha same import and eff^ect.* Certainly, if the pope obliffed he cardinal by this complacent swing of his prerogative,.h^eSLb ?ed the clergy and the monks, and must have made a very unsatisfactory ndTrvb^J'' ""'. of clerical orthodoxy. Cal/a man a roTue^ von iT^n T ^^'^h ^ ^^hrug; but tear olThis shirt in a frost, and wTth^hl .1 ''""'^'Tl ^^' 'T^' '^.^ ^°"^'^" ^°"" should have kept in with the clergy and the monks, as its motive for gratify in cr Wolsev was runtrnn ^"^°'' respectable than would have been its winking a^ Tr- ruption and ignorance. However, such are the facts. A college at Ogord emerged out of the proceeds, and that was a consSn to science and morality. But what fierce displeasure against the source of the.r calamity must have rankled in the hearts ol" the clergy and sands'^Xo nr T" ""^''^ ^^ ^^''"'^ ^ '^"^^ '' communicate tS^hou- ' nnnJ. 7' ^ir^' '"^'^^ '° sympathise with anything and anybody proTnsTv Th ° f °" ^f^'^^r.'"^^^^' '^' English in this noble propensity. The inference from all this is, that amongst the orthodox themselves a strong party was created against papal authority. honor"'^ XVr h T?^'r '.°" ^""" ^'^^^y"' ^^e was a "maid of iionor. A French-English woman, with a prominent, pointed, and mass.ve nose, a round and fleshy chin, full lips, the upper curl ng with gentle craft, and a receding forehead, over a slight frincre of eyebr™ and prominent eyes, which last remind us that her tongue was no the who??''* '^T'-^ "T?^"^ ^^'^'^ f^'- ^° h?r sSr Mary! whir^'i ''''^"l^' "P^°->d^^' ^vith a husband,"t-a practice royj e5 one witi^^T '? '"f ' f"bsequently among the orthodox kings of J^urope.wh Jesuit and other confessors beside them, siffhino- and winking, ^ow, Anne Boleyn was not to be » served that way!" feut^ "she would be happy to be his wife."§ Henry urged and protested ; Anne smiled, but resisted. "She was cunning in her chastity '' says Fuller. A pitiable state for a man ; but, for a king, intolerable^:. I mean, for Henry VIIF. ;_for Henry IV. of France,1n similar cir- cumstances, exclaimed. "Lfind you a woman of bono : you shall re- main such and a 'maid of honor;'" to which post he appointed the But^ Henrrvm h'' ''7 after with becoming deference and respect! But Henry VIII. burned with inextinguishable lust. Prayers could not aval, \iolence was impossible-with a woman strong with a bright Idea. "She might be happy to be his wife." But he hadl * Burnet, Ref. i. t ^TJZ ''""!ifn ^^ """''''"' °' '"' ^"g^aving from it in Burnet, i. 68. t Lingard, VI. 110, and note. « TH ih n no J.uk .i .• V la. ID. p. 112, with authorities. IGNATIUS. 73 wife, and polygamy was out of the question, even in the Roman court. But he m J have Anne Boleyn, and so he resolved to divorce his oueen. to marry her maid. , . , ■ j. j ^ Catherine had been espoused to Henry's brother, Arthur, who died prematurely-a mere child. There was a law made to ^oybid such a marria'«t! ^"^'°>-« --'"»' ment was besieged and abandoneTb'v aM H "'K'' ^.^"^' ^^^^^ Cle° a.d; and the pope was " mos deeolv ohi ' ?'"'^ fu^-n'^shed him with there was nothing of such main tul^ha^h' '" 'n' '''''' ^'"S^ «"d gratify h,m; but still there wa reason hat T" h T ''''^^''"Sly^o to ihe emperor was victorious, and havin" iJl ^''J^'^T''^ seeing that find him not averse to peace should nnf \?"' '^''^^o'-e, to expect to for a rupture, which wo^uldToVeve^oblite/r T F' '^' '"^P'^^' ^^"«e hat h,s holiness would undrubtedlv S'ln ^°P«. «^ P-««« ? besides, upon his whole house."* ^ ^'"^^ "^"^^ '""^n and destruction ■pthe titled and patronizeTCde"rers to h ""^"^^ '^^ ^^^^^ ^«"s« Irenched with merited opprob^fum Ind '^^p •' f'^^ appetite-were death, in the popular indi'Sn at t^nn •" ?""§^'' °^ being stoned was pope in greater difficultTes and ho7 "^^ oppression.! Never although we fhall find a su e^o' of hi 'T"'\^'V^" ^''«^^"t VII.; a s.m.lar condition -Pope Clem °!txiV ''■"^"'''^ '^^ ^^'"^ "^"^-^^ in the Jesuits. Besieged vvith iraulml' 'a '^^ ""'"^^ "^ ^^"ppress ng envoys, Clement sent ove to E^hnd s""^ "'''''''''''' ^3' ^^e English "em canonist,and experien ed sta ^i^ ,^Pff^'°' ^ '^^fciinal, »an 'emi- Z '^^ ""'"^^ °^ 'he pontiff, /o 0/^,^00;.,..^/+'''?"' ''^" poor queen, advice to an injured woman irwa. n^ Ti '* ^ Precious piece of attempt to get out of the diffi ul^.-^fo?/^^' ^'''V^ '' ^ ^'^^'^'-^ Vice, Henry would be made A-ee J 'Z;^f; '^^^ complying with that ad- ror would not be justly ofTended The n^ f ''f "°"' ^''^ 'be empe- the unfortunate queen; Campt.io^ h'^T ' ^'^/"^ ^^^« ^^^^b^ned by Time rolled on ; nothing wrS '''^^ H^'^ '" '^e issue.f sides of the question. At lenVh u!;] L '5 V^'' ^' '^'^^ «" both Pontiir-consisting of the o¥r a "1?/ ki " ^'''' ^'^^"^P' «" 'he against the emperor-the proposal of n'"'"' Present- warnings he Turks. Charles was w thX pone afp 7'' ''^^'J^^'^<^y againlt sador had a word for him likew se ^T- ^,^'°8^"a. Henry's ambas- yorce, with a hint of the g :atT^^ '^"^ 'v ^'"^T^"^^ ^°^ 'be di- follow his own judgment, and notlubmtn'.l "^'1'^ '^'■"^' ^^'ho would ^ A curious instance of this Italinn', A . ■ ■ mmmmsmms i IGNATIUS. 76 ' fate of the ^oyal cause 'tite—were ?ing stoned i.t Never nent VII.; ^ name, in ippressing e English "an emi- 3or queen, 5 piece of dexterous that ad- le empe- clined by 3 issue.'§ on both pt on the varnincTs ■ against 3 ambas- r the di- would le pope, '11.(1 At avowed ience of , vi, 127. l>y some eyn, ;ind number, matters irdiiigly. gland — ill. Clement, as a ponliff unfit for his station through ignorance, and inca- p brof'holdin'g it through simony Further, that he -'ght have - occasion to recur to the papal see in beneficiary matters, he would esta- Sa bishop with patriarchal powers within his own dom.n.ons-an example wJch he had no doubt would be eagerly followed by every "The';op"e w^^cLVlled to hold out for political reasons, and talk of his "conscience." For the man who could, as he did. express the wish "that hkng would have proceeded to a second marriage with- Tu ask ng papal consent,"t wished for the accomplishment of evil and sh wed tha' Lr only withheld him from perrn.tting the exped. nt measure. Charles V., his master, wrung from him a Breve, forbidding Henrv to marrv before the publication of his sentence4 Then wTs Encrlish gold sent forth on a mission of splendid bribery. Then walthe morality in the high places of the age exhibited to ad- miration Charles himself was tempted! Three hundred thousand crowns were offered him-with the restoration ^^ ^^e queen s marriage portion, and a suitable maintenance. The German told them that he ^^s no! a merchant, to sell the honor of his aunt. Al the earned mo- raiitv of the age was asked its opinion, with bags of gold before it- like a footpad demanding vour money with his dagger at your throat. In Englan^d, the queen's' popularity, if nothing else, made it requisite to employ commands, promises, threats, secret intrigue and open vio- Ience to extort a favorable answer from either of the Universities. It was obtained, however, though coupled with a 9"^ 'fi^^.^^'^"- ^^^^^ king's agents spread over Italy, begging subscription to the measure, and gingling the ruddy tempter. The Universities of Bologna, Padua and Ferrara, supplied some hundreds of subscriptions. The University of Paris yielded to the "dexterous management" ox hard impeachment.§ Orleans, Toulouse, and Bourges and Angers, by their theologians or civilians, responded to the voice of Henry's lascivious nature. And then he tried Germany and its reformers. " Not one public bodv," says Lingard, "could be induced to espouse his cause, ^^hven the'reformed divines," adds the Doctor, meaningly, " even the reformed divines, with few exceptions, loudly condemned the divorce ; and Lu- ther himself wrote to Barnes, the royal agent that he would rather allow the king to have two wives or queens at the same time, after the example of the patriarchs and kings, than approve of the divorce|l-a t irn^"vflC9-Te'Gla^d!^iu''iSo'" Bnrnet a.serts that Can,peggio had actually broug oVe "a ifuCby wShe waB empowered to grant the king all that ho des.red ff he'could not bring \im to a more friendly conclusion ; I^^V'^rJ ilTlo " o'f ^patched after him to order Campetrgio to destroy the document. Ref .. 9? 99. 01 this instrument no copy is now extant; but of its existence fd P"'?"^'' '''«"8^ "PP"^; rently questioned bv Dodd, and certainly denied by Le Grand, there can be no doubt," Bays Mr. Tierney in one of his excellent notes to Dodd, i. 18o. \ """F^PariBieuses, quidem, videbantur approbare, non sine largitionis suspicione, sicut alii vlerique."—Sleidan, L. ix. . „Uor«m rptrin-m II " Atriequam taie repudium probarem, potius regi permittcrcm alteram reginnm quoque ducere, et exempio patrum et regum duas simul uxores seu reginas habere."— Lutheri Epist. Ilalce. 1717, p. 290. Apud Lingard, vi. 171. 76 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. permission which he subsequently granted to the Landgrave of Hesse with primitive notions or pitiable expediency. Melancthon was of the same opinion.* Crooke, in his letter to the king, compC' that all W^l//r,''%'r''^"^u"'"'* your highness in Ihis ca^se and have etted (hindered) as much with their wretched power as ihev could and might, as wel here (Venice) as in Padua and Ferrara where be So out iTCdu'b'T-"^ ^"^ '''■ ^^'"^ ^-^'--airo wrote " aoubt not but al Christian universities, if they be well handle,! will earnestly conclude with your highness." ^On (L other Lndhfs'av " C^sar, by threats prayers, money, and sacerdotal influences, terr?fies "EtTand" It'^l '" °""-"* ^*"^"y' ^^^ -y'-*' cause tnChed in ±.ngland_a letter of remonstrance was sent to the pope~not with- event^'^^r /• '"T '"^ I ^''''''' "^^"^^^^ prospective^f a coming W.T c "^'!'"'J' ''"''^^'« conquiramm-aud signed by two aTh? five'T™ u;t?:' ^"\'."'"' ^7 T^^"'^^^' '^'' -" earls twemy. knlht. tJ ^ "^^ "u^"^ ?'^^' ^^"'^'■^ °^ d'^'i^itv, and several knights. Ihese were "the lords spiritual and temporal, and certain con^mons in parliament."§ It was a demonstration evid;nt and pro^ phet,c of papal downfall in England. And the Houses of Convocafion Tr ies ^'T? ;^'"l' "^"°^l^'""^r^«— gave the king whelming ma" L "^^ '"'° ^""'^'■'^^ ^"^ sixty.three against nineteen and forty-seven against six ! || Peter-ponce, annates or first fruits!and other papa ren^nues in England, were not worth a year's purchase But the mighty emperor of Germany was the pope's conscience- remonstrances and even threats were vain in the hearing of h,s Doo^ w ?rwhat he'dTd in t ' r '^^'^^.-''^"'^ ^"^ "^•"^" ^° ^■- ^° <^o-""r Tvpr f I . the king's divorce; for if it went on, nothincr had str/nf h T ""f '^^ beginning of Luther's sect, that would so much s dp^i R '' \^'' f "*""'"• "^ '^^' ^^'^ threatened on tl e other side from Rome, that the emperor would have a general counc 1 cXd and whatsoever he did in this process should be^xa n ned there 2 min7nr"h^-1 'f.'""'l accordingly. Nor did they for,e to pi? hn ^ stances." But at a much htpr n''' " I h« be easy to obtain in such circu.n- t Apud Dodd, , 202. t Apud Burnet, i. 145, note. « ThiH n 9ni ■*U^, IGNATIUS. 7T ve of Hesse, 1 was of the ins " that all e, and have !y could and here be no ) wrote : " I andled, will d, he says : :es, terrifies 5 triumphed —not with- f a coming ■ two arch- rls, twenty- ind several md certain t and pro- 'onvocafion ;lming ma- eteen, and , and other se. iscience — - his Doom, 'iai moun- consider )thing had d so much the other icil called, there, and it him in )n incapa- '1f Truly, ote : " Cle- y, and then ch circuin- it of allow- , who says raising an using light. . p. 203. re actually herine was !ee in Uur- divorce." the basest Church to 'as always this pope had more reason than Adrian, his predecessor, to deem no- thing more unfortunate in his life than the possession of power. In the midst of these humiliating, disgraceful negotiations, the pope sickened, but died not. He relapsed "insomuch, that the physicians did suspect he was poisoned." The factions were stirring; secret caballings and intrigues set about making a head for the dismembered Church. Wolsey was the man whom the king honored. Wolsey was the man of hope. Proud, sensual, unscrupulous Wolsey aspired to guide the » Church of God." And the kings of England and France, who sided with Henry, immediately united their efforts to place him in the chair of St. Peter ; and their respective ambassadors were com- manded to employ all their influence and authority to procure in his favor (he requisite number of votes.* But Clement baffled the hope of simony, and rose to live for fresh humiliation— and more disasters. They besieged the sick man's bed— they cajoled— they threatened— thev actually told him that "his soul was endangered if he died without doing jusiice to Henry !"t What think you of that in the matter of an adulterous marriage? And if such were the Christian sentiments round about the very chair of St. Peter, where are we to look for Christianity ? And now five years of ihis divorce-agitation have tempested all Christ- endom, disgraced the Catholic Church, humbled its head, endangered the Popedom, and brought its English branch to the verge of separa- tion. Preliminary measures had passed, suggested by Cromwell, who had succeeded to "the pope of another world," the fallen Wolsey, now disgraced, and lower than the lowest of men, for his self-respect was gone for ever.J A precious convocation had acknowledged his majesty to be "the chief protector, the only and supreme lord of the church and clergy, and, as far as the law of Christ will allow, the supreme head." The annates, or yearly offerings to the pope, were abolished; "they had insensibly augmented, till they became a constant drain on the wealth of the nation," and amounted to 4000/. per annum— about four times as much of present money. And further, it was ordained that the very constitutions agreed upon by the precious convocations should be under control of royal authority. Of course this measure was intended to establish Henry's papacy— the manufacture of a faith for the million.§ It was Cromwell's invention, and evidently prospect- ive — " prelusive drops" of the coming shower, or rather cataract. Then did "gospel-light first beam from Boleyn's eyes," as the poet Gray declares? It were an humiliating thing to think of— a stinging thought for humanity. Yet, to that base passion all the disgraces of a cause of alarm. Papal prerogatives would be endangered in the present aspect of affairs, and lucrative abuses would sink in the ravenous gulf of reforming energy, bent on papal humiliation. See Guicciardini, 1. xx. ; and even Pallavicino, 1. ii. c. 10. Of course Sarpi, i. c. 46. . , .. ^ * Lingard, vi.; Burnet, i. + Lingard, ubi suprh. t " Here is the end and fall of pride and arrogance; for I assure you in his time, he was the haughtiest man, in all his proceedings, alive, having more respect to the honor of his person, than he had to his spiritual profession, wherein should be showed all mpckness and charitv." — From his L{fe, quoted by Unmet, i. 132. $ See Ling, vi. ; Hallam, i. These antagonist historians should bo read together. ) il u \i I a ,1 i 78 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. Christianity which we have witnessed owe their origin. Not Chrisfi- anity, indeed, but the Christendom of those days, professing to hold the rehgion of Christ. If was not Christianity then, but a time-servinn-, poh"t(cnl, sensual, lascivious, avaricious system, formed by the passions and intellect of man. It is instructive to mark the progress of events. The tantalised appetite of Henry first impelled him °o the divorce.' Absurd, criminal, as the scheme appears to our present sentiments, there can be little doubt that in other circumstances of the popedom, in more prosperous times of the church, the divorce would have been granted by the pope, and the wishes of the guilty couple would have been gratified " for a consideration." Nothing could be more stringent than the law which prohibited a man from marrying his brother's wife. Yet a "dispensation" was granted by a predecessor of Clement VII., to enable Henry to marry Catherine, his brother's wife. The same power and prerogatives existed inClement,and "considerations" would not have failed to make him undo what his predecessor had done in like manner. On the first notification of the matter, the pope held out a prospect of compliance; but he was not his own master: the empe- ror dashed his gauntlet at his face : the pope trembled for his power, his reputation, perhaps his life; and Henry, the sensual and proud ty- rant, was baffled by Italian trickery. Opposition only called forth his bad energies; every step he took aggravated the matter, until, Avith the stimulating approval and aid of interested and aspiring churchmen, a "system" grew up around him, prospects of greater power glim- mered to his ambition, and he clung to the scheme as fixedly and vio- lently as he had hungered for the maiden. But he never ceased to talk of his "conscience" notwithstanding. In 15;t3 Henry married Anne Boleyn in the west turret of vVhite- hall. She had been induced to relax in her cruelly, and it is quite natu- ral. She had cohabited with Henry for the last three years; but now being » in a condition to promise him an heir," he expedited the cere- mony to legitimate the child:* ii is said that hj deceived the priest * Lingard, vi. 188. This is the version of the Catholic party. I have adopted it. because it seems to me the more probable. There could be \firy little moral sonti^ ment in a woman who so recklessly promoted the misfortune of another: and tlioiiuh she may have resisted, at first, to stimulate desire, and achieve her prime object these motives no longer defended, when so many other impulses drove Henry onwards' in prosecuting the divorce. In that stage of the alfair, Henry's guilty passion gamed an advantage, and could "turn the table" on the woman so " cunnin? in her chiistity " J- or It was evident tlia^ he must be freed from Catherine, and then a rival miuht, and doubtless would, step into her place. Henry was not the man to refrain front actinc on that vantage-ground; besides, it is absurd to suppose that such a man would have waited five years tor the accomplishment of his desires; and to talk about his boinii ' stimulated by impatient love" in his marriage, is tantamount to translating five years into as many days. Mr. Hallam (Const. Hist. i. 62, note) is very severe on Dr. Lin-rard for his " prurient curiosity" and " obsolete scandal," as he expresses hisohjeciionrbut It IS necessary to know all, if we are to form a right judgment in the matter of history i)r. Lingard's reply to Mr. Hallam is worth transcribing: he says, "This charge of co- habitation has given offence. Yet, if there were no other authority, the very case Itself would justify it. A young woman of one-and-twenty listens to declarations of love from a married man who has already seduced her sister; and, on his promise to abstain from his wi!e and to marry her, she quits her parental home, and onsei.is to live with him under the same roof, where, for three years, she is constantly in his IGNATIUS. 79 Not Chriati- !ssing to hold lime-serving, f the passions ess of events. the divorce. It sentiments, the popedom, Id have been i would have nore stringent iroiher's wife. ;^lement VII., The same uions" would had done in oope held out r: the empe- •r his power, nd proud ty- lled forth his •, until, with churchmen, power glim- :'dly and vio- 'er ceased to et of vVhite- s quite natu- rs; but now ted the cere- d the priest ive adopted it, le moral sotiti- 3r ; and tlioiigh prime oliject, Henry onwards passion gained I lier cliastity." ival might, and in from acting an would have ihout his being itinp five years on Dr. Lingard objection : hut tter of history. i charge ofco- the very case declarations of his promise to id coiKseiits lo nstantly in his who married him, by affirming that Clement had pronounced in his favor, and that the papal instrument was safely deposited in his closet.* Hut Rowland Lee, the priest on the occasion, was afterwards made Bishop of Coventry and Lichfield,t and this fact by no means attests the deception. Who will believe that Henry could not find a priest to marry him? Particularly when we know that he found an archhhhop to pronounce his divorce from ('atherine, which came on immediately after, as it were, " the cart before the horse." Cranmer was made Archbi.shop of Canterbury for the express purpose, and boldly pro- nounced the sentence already given in by the precious convocations, declaring the marriage with Catherine to have been only de facto— a. matter of fact, but not de jure, a matter of right, pronouncing it null from the beginning.^ All'that had been so long contended for was now effected, and all thiit subsequent events and their suggestions had ma- tured in the minds of politicians followed with the greatest ease and whelming energy. Act after act derogatory from the papal claims was debated and passed in parliament; and the kingdom of England was severed by legislative authority from the communion of Rome. An act of parliament gave a new head to the English Church ; Peter-pence, annates, papal rights, and prerogatives, all were abolished with inex- pressible facility; the Popedom found no defenders, no sympathy, ex- cept in a few crafty fanatics who, with the aid of a poor creature, " the Maid of Kent," frightened Henry with visions and prophecies, and were gibbetted at Tyburn. § The first measure of parliament, in 1534, enacted that the king, his heirs and successors, should be taken and reputed the only supreme heads on earth of the Church of England, without the saving clause before added, — "as far as the law of God will allow." I need not state that severe penal statutes were framed to carry out that measure and its endless consequences — as to the deeds and thoughts of men and Englishmen. |1 Heretics were to be burnt. All who refused to acknowledge the king's supremacy were visited with the severest penalties. They were hanged, cut down alive, ern- bowelled, and dismembered. Sir Thomas More Jind the venerable Bishop Fisher were tried, condemned, and executed by command of the ruthless tyrant, pampered by the time-serving spi:it of obsequious churchmen and selfish politicians, into the development of all the hideous passions that festered in his bad nature. But the religion of England, be it remembered, was still Catholic, excepting of course the points relating to papal supremacy and its adjuncts. These events filled up the last year of Clement's life : they were the more bitter to him, inasmuch as he was not wholly blameless vyith re- gard to them, and his mischances stood in a painful relationship with company at meals, in his journeys, on occasions of ceremony, and at parties of plea- sure. Can it betray any great want of candor todispute the innocence of such intimacy between the two lovers?" Vol. vi. p. 188, note. * Ling. vi. 189; Le Grand, ii. 1 10. t Burnet, 1. 205; Ling. «6i s«i)r(), note. X Burnet, i. ; Lingard, vi. •j Ling. vi. ; Burnet, i. 249, gives the maid's speech ; she throws all the blame of the iniposliirn on " the learued men." II Lingard, vi. 214. IS^A ml 80 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. his personal qimlitios.* Unforlunato in all his enterprises, his abilities seem to have cursed him with invention, whilst his own desires and his circumstances were such as never to permit success, tie was praised lor his natural gravity and admirable economy; blamed for his creat dissimulation, and hated for his avarice, hardness of heart, and cruelty, still mor( ■ . • ■ since his illness.t Incessantly harassed by the empero, . . , • a General Council of the Church, to reform abuses and settio faiili— ihe pope exhausted all his art to put off the measure, agnmst which, as I have said, he had, for many reasons, the greatest Objection. But now the emperor would no longer be put off with pre- tences, and urged the summoning of a council more pressingly than ever, t amily discords swelled the catalogue of his troubles. His two nephews fell at varianr • uuii euca other, and broke out into the most savage hostility. His reflections on this catastrophe— his dread of coming events--" sorrow and secret anguish brought him to the grave."! Clement VII. died in 1534. He was, says Ranke, the most ill-fated man that had ever filled the papal chair. He met the superiority of the hostile forces that surrounded him on all sides, with an uncertain policy, dependent on the probability of the moment; and this was his utter rum. His predecessors had devoted themselves to found an in- dependent temporal power: it was his fate to see the opposite result— the subservience of the Popedom— its utter dependence on the will of a potentate, one of whose predecessors had been humbled to the dust, chastised, insulted by a pope of Home. In the pride of his heart, it seemed to Clement that he could wrest Italy from th- grasp of the hated barbarian foreigners ;§ his plans and his schemes, his boasts and his measures only served to consolidate their dominion in Italy for ever, frozen fast by the winter of calamity, he could neither evince his gra- titude to his friend, nor indignation to his enemy. Henry he would have fondled, Charles he would have shattered: for his fate fwhich was his own making) compelled him, through life, to truckle to the latter, and exaspe-ate the former. Triumphantly and unremittingly before his eyes, the Protestant secession proceeded to its certain consummation. His curses against itcame "to roost on his own head:" his adverse measures helped it along : Luther was in a more enviable position than himself, for kintrs gave power to the Reformer, whilst they wrenched it from the pope.° He left the Papal See innnitely sunk in reputation— shorn of its thunders— poor, shivering, cold in a wintry night— its spiritual author- ity questioned and contemptible— its temporal power crushed, annihi- JS,i6G* Germany, its fortress of old, land of simple faith and home-affections, land ot intellect with sentiment combined, land of severe thoucrht with gay imaginings, land of the heartfullest men— Germany halresicrn- ed, scornfully expelled that religion which for ages seemed inextrl^ca- bly rooted in the minds and hearts of her men. Its feasts and festivals, JK!''';^)! ... tSarpi,i. t Soriano,-Ranke,36. tJf^fT. y '■"Pected that his reijjn v.r,,,!d prove another like Leo X.'s, altre tantofelice comefu quello di Leone J Conclavi de' Pontef. p. 160. ! ^^ IGNATIUS. 81 OS, his abilities desires and his [e was praised i for his great t, and cruehy, arassed by the rt'f'orin abuses ' the measure, 3, the greatest t off with pre- ressingly than jles. His two into the most -his dread of the grave. "J most ill-fated superiority of 1 an uncertain 1 this was his found an in- )osite result — n the will of a I to the dust, r his heart, it p of the hated oasts and his taly for ever, nnce his gra- nry he would 1 fate (which ruckle to the le Protestant urses against res helped it elf, for kings 1 the pope, -shorn of its ritual author- shed, annihi- ne-afTections, bought with had resign- ed inextrica- md festivals, — Ranke, 35. Leo X.'s, alire SO dear with many recollections in the chronicle of every poor man's heart ; its fasts and penances, so meritorious in this world and the next ; its guardian saints, so prodigal of miracles ; its priests, so able and eager to wipe away every foulest stain from the guilty conscience, and give it rest and certain hope; its influence over all — the thrilling charm of the words "son of the church" — all is gone ! As a dream of the night, it lingered a moment : men rubbed their eyes — and it was forgotten. And shall it be so? Shall Germany be resigncrl with- out an eflbrt to reclaim the sons of the church? Shall Scandumvia, England, Switzerland, France, nay, even Italy and Spain — all tainted with heresy — shall all be resigned without a struggle ? The man is born who will answer the question by his deeds — Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Jesuits. We shall meet him anon. There was no difficulty in the Conclave to elect a successor to Cle- mci . VII. By unanimous consent Alexander Farnese was named pope; he took the name of Paul III. His name has been mentioned before in connection with Jilexander VI. His age was sixty-seven : he had been a cardinal forty years ; and only just missed the pon- tificate after Leo and Adrian. Clement kept him waiting twelve years ; and then he grasped the object of his ambition.* Born in the preced- ing century, he pursued his studies under PornponiusLa3tus,at Rome ; and in the gardens of Lorenzo de' Medici, at Florence, he imbibed a taste for the liberal arts, refined luxury, and magnificence. His earlier private character has been represented in very dark colors — probably exaggerated : for we must always remember that the champions oa either side of the religious strife, are generally painted as monsters by antagonist historians.t Like Bembo, he had indulged in the license of the age, had tasted the pleasures of life, incurring by disgraceful \younds some of its retributive pains, if he was not slandered ; and lived to exalt the witnesses of his early misdoings to the highest rank. His execrable son. Pier Luigi, came to a violent end in punishment of his misdeeds ;| and the conduct of his grandson, militating with his private interests, was, it is admitted on all sides, the cause of that an- guish which consigned the pope to the grave ; for, " pierced with an- guish," says the Jesuit Feller, " for having tarnished his soul in behalf of his ungrateful relatives, his dying exclamation was Si mei nonfuis- sent dominati tunc immacidatus essem," &c.§ He had been an intimate friend of Leo X. The reader remembers the ike Bolsena, where Leo angled : he was then the guest of the no lesto magnificent Farnese, whose hereditary estates were in the vicini- ty, where superb villas and palaces, and extensive plantations of fruit * Ranke, p. 63; Panvin, Paul. III. Conclavi dC Pontef. p. 161. t Compare Sleidan, Quirinus, Keisling, "Ochin," Du Chene, Ranke. t Botta (Storia d' Italia, i. p. 236, et seq.) expatiates on the horrible life of this wretch, and describes the dreadful crime he con mitted on a young bishop, who died in consequence, of mental anguish. It was sarciistically called a new way of making martyrs. But Pier Luigi's father, Paul III., only called the unspeakable crime youthful frivolity— leggerezza giovenile, and made light of the matter. For his death, see Botta, iii. 46. ' § Biog. Univ.; Paruta, Hist. Venet.j Ranke, p. 70; Eggs, Pontif. VOL. I. Q I H 82 UrSTORY OP THE JESUITS. great and the little of Rome and all th' u f^'^T'"'''"'^ ^'"' '° '^e versant with human nrrocon^.ll" ^°fl^ ^'"^"'- ^««P'y *=»"- J'ving in royal splendor a libera VrnT '"/^' '"'^"«?^>ment of affairs, whose services he pni?Jn?.p I hJ^ UT'''''' of the learned tificate.t He was rman^ 1," ''"' v '^^ ^l^^^''' ^^^'^ of his non- compared to Leo" sVTpe and ;K"'nh'"'' ?'™' '^"^'■^«' °"d ^«» in?, by no other than Cardinal RpmK-'! i""™ ^"^ "" ">«" ^^ ^^^rn- shoulcl be honestly spoken '"nH^^h '" a dedication-" /br the truth Jesuit. TirabrOa Exuberant in'hi^'l ^T' ' ^Tr'"^ ^he cavalier fied his society), ind the rosenf '"h ""fT" °^ ^ '^"' "I- (^ho rati- Ignatius of Lo% consoirtTo sunn'r. 'f^'"'"'°'">^ '^ ^'""^ "f- ""^ liation.§ ArioL. also la d Fa eT?nd his'T '" t ^^>^ °^ ^"'^'" Among the liberal a ts which PauTmn„ T*^^ company."|| art of prognosticatincr tLiZe of evlm/K ?k"'^ vvas astrology, the stars and planets at birth o an v nivpn ^ 'he configuration of the smile at tl!e fact ; it is neCtheYes? certar'^'w^ ' '"'"'^- 1'^" ^^^^ unnuestionable particulars resSnof h Y-^ "^T '^'"^ ^^^ "^^^^ and nothing is tSore certahThnn J^ P°P'' himself," says Ranke ; wonderful a%t in the ^t "nth anS'fnl^ ' ''P"'' '^"^ P™^^'^^ «'' '^is the present age of enl^h^nmenr » "°' ^^^^P''"ff pHch," says a respectable auThoWtv "fhn. T'"' ^^' '"'"^ '° «"^h a who transact any business thnnih' • t '''f^ "^ ^^^>^ ^^"^ cardinals except through th^eredfuro&p J V °"'^ '° ^"^ « '°«d ^^ wood, a Catholic historian of he noneran T'?"" ^'""^-"^ Panvinius case of Paul HI.** In eVc7 p' ?' u^^" ^^'' reproachfully in the consistory, nor even made n fm,i • ^ "°. ""Portant sitting of the stars on (he choice of the fit .nJ dT;^''^^"' ^^'"^ "^''^ ^°"-"^d the broken off. because there was no-n?n w u" "''^ '"""^ ^'"'^"'^^ ^«s king and the pope.ft TrthoseTho aT^. 'T''" '^' "^''^''''^^ ^^ '^e pretensions of astrology, who ha Jnot 'I "'-^ ""^^q^^inted with the absurd to believe that a man of 1^ ^1". " '^ ^"'"' '''^^^^^ '^ seems in so vain a prophet' buTa .ood d^'n' i^f ^T^ ^*^°"'^ P'«<^« ^«ith is much like Romish controfersy-a v^. ', ''^'r^ ^'" ^'^°^ '^at it matter. The more vanity vouh~ fl ^ ^"'af'ghng and fascinating vanity you have, the more likely you are to be en- * Roscoe, ii. 393. . _ Ecco AIe..indro, il mio .ignor, F.rne.e I i mding country, « thpse pleasant lis time, which end him to the Deeply con- ment of afTairs, of the learned, pea of his pon- bits; and was man of learn- ■"for the truth The cavalier II. (who rati- Paul HI. and day of humi- !ompany."|| astrology, the J rat ion of the 's life. You vith the most says Ranko ; actice of this lot excepting ne to such a few cardinals aad of wood, f Panvinius, fifully in the itting of the onsulted the France was vities of the ed with the rht, it seems I place faith show that it fascinating re to be en- artium disci- >lhm honeste vii. PJ. 1. 23. 10 concierten dio de aJguu It, et alioqui IGNATIUS. 88 trnnped, T.^nrning is no antidote or specific against either infection, who more Jcnrned than the Jesuits ? And yet they favored the pre- tenwions of astrology. Thoy favored it in the seventeenth century— they favored it in the eighteenth. With the Jesuits it was only a inat# tcr of distinction as to the/«rm of prediction. They would have these predictions only as conjectitren — not as downright certainties. The rea- son In obvious — the Jesuits were staunch sticklers for Free JVill — and were the very antipodes of Calvin. "You incur n grave sin," says Ar«d(!kin, •' if from the configuration of the stars at birth, or the lines of the hand or face, you profess wUhcerlainhf to predict future events, which depend on the free will of men — such as a happy or unhappy marriage, a violent death, hanging, and the like : — but, nevertheless, if from the influence of the stars, together with the disposition of men, their mind and morals, you affirm by conjecture only that such a one will b() a soldier, a clergyman, or a bishop, such divination may be de- void of all sin — because the stars and the disposition of the man may have the power of inclining the human will to a certain lot or rank, but not of constraining it."* This philosophical view of the matter is in accordance with the theory of the most respectable astrologers : nay, more, they even let in a fortunate outlet, by God's mercy, for the direst nativity, or birth-prediction. They make the human will dominant to choose or reject, and fail not to warn and advise. Pope Sixtus V. summarily condemned astrology : but the above view of the " art" is stilMnculcated by the theologians of the Roman Catholic Church with St. Thomas Aquinas at their head. The Jesuit doctrine still prevails. "All men," says Salmeron, "fol- low their passions, with which the heavenly bodies may co-operate ; but few men are wise enough to resist these passions, and, therefore, astrologers, as in many cases, can predict the truth, and particularly in general events [wars, seditions, &c.], but not in particulars."! " The question.jhen," says Ligorio, the Catholic theologian, (in the latest edi- tion, 1815,) "the question is, whether astrology, which predicts the disposition of a man from the horoscope [star-configuration at birth], and the moment of birth, be allowable? Distinguish— if it predicts as certain, it is certainly not allowable, since all things are uncertain. This is the opinion of Salmeron, Sanchez, Trullenchus, Suarez, and others generally ; but they think it only a slight sin. But if it pre- dicts as only probable and conjectural, it is allowable."^ No wonder, " Quia nstrn et indoles hominis potest hnl)ere vim inclinandi voiunt.item hiimanam ad ccrtiim stntum, aiit eventiim; non tnmen ilii necessitntern inferendi." — Theol. Trin n. P. 2, r, f), c. i. n. I. ^ + " Pliires liorninos 8C(iutintiir passiones.ad quas cooperari possiiiit corpora ciElestia. laiici autcm sapientes qui hujusmodi passionibua resistant; et ideo, astrologi, «rm plurilm, vera possiint prmdicere, et maximfe in commiini, non autem in sneciali " Apud LiRorio, li. p. 198. Ed. Mechlin, 1845. ^ t " QuiBriter inde, an licita sit astrologia qua; pra>dicit ex horoscopo, et puncto iiatiyitntii inclmationcs, temperamenta alicujus ? Distingue, si prajdicit ut certa, certo illicita out, crtrn omnia sint incerta. Ita Salm. ibid. ^ 3, n. 50, cum Sanchez, Trullench, Nuart? et aUl communitn- ; pntant tamen esse tant&m peccaturn Icvc iit num. 52, cur.i Laymmn, Suarez, Sanchez, etc. Contra, Fill. et. Trull. Si vert) pra;dicit ut tantilm probabiliter sen conjecturaliter, licita est, ut Salm. ibid. num. 53, cum S. Tli. Suar.Pal. hon.^'—Lisuor. Theol. Mor. i. 198. Ed. Mechlin, 1845. 84 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. V, then, that, in the sixteenth century, men ate, drank, slept, bought and sold, made journeys and treaties, by the hints of astrology. It became in fashion, and fashions are social epidemics. Events the most as- tounding bewildered the minds of men; they yearned for guidance; where cou d they find it ? Religion, politics, morals, all was chaos- bleak, black-or the fumes of burning pitch. And yet they yearned for guidance. Their wants were supplied by those who, in every a^re, Uirn to their own account the ignorance and passions of the times.— But the art of fortune-telling has misled mankind in all ages and coun- tries and of all ranks : but never the truly wise. Its credit arises from wan of analysis. Any future event, and every event, says Sir Richard Phillips, is within a certain range of probability, as 2 to I, 3 to 1, or oO, or 500 to 1. If, then, 100 events are foretold by any conventional signs, and these events are not improbable, it is 2, 3, or 4 to 1, that they come true. If 2 to 1, 33 may come true; if 3 to 1, 25; and if 4 1, 20 may come true, and so on. Herein, then, lies the whole mys- tery, i he astrologer, or fortune-teller, does not invent, but is governed by certain signs, as cards, planets, tea-grounds, &c. &c.; but these onlv guide him in announcing probability, and because they afTord the key. according to certain rules of his art, and are not his invention, the an' nouncements, nevertheless, come equally within the range of mere arithmetical probabilities. The events are not controlled by the cards the stars, or tea-grounds ; and, in truth, they are merely the passive machinery which blinds both the fortune-teller and his dupe. At the same time, clever fortune-tellers never foretell mprobabilities. Thev do not tell a boor that he will be a king, nor an old woman that she will have five or six children. They shape their prognostics to the sphere, age, and circumstances of the parlies; and hence, if clever, raise the probabihties to the highest, as equal 1 to 2, or 1 to 3, and seldom mention circumstances 5, 10. 20 to 1 against happening.* btil, in spite of all reasoning against the practice, in spite of all ridi- cule and denunciations, astrologers, like Jesuits, will ever exist Thev supply a want in human nature; they appeal to feelings and senti- ments which will always exist, to whatever point of "enliahtenment" men are destined to arrive. Besides, some of their best g'uesses hav- ing become astonishingly true, they can always dazzle the vulgar, and sometimes the "learned" too, with the seeming infallibility.^ I,; the hfteenth and following centuries events were so striking and stirring, that the mind was kept constantly on the alert, calculating, fearin^ hoping, despairing That was the time for astrologers, and thev swarmed accordingly.! Almanacs were their great vehicle of pro- * Walk to Kew, Arts of Life, p. 727. ln transaction, he promotion as'well as ™ can tLAlt kT^'Z '""' '" ^^^"«« ^^is an excess of tendernes'couVnot be'-^T^^ ^ ^ '''^'"^ '^'' '"'^ usual special pleading of the JeLi-btin';] ^7 ^^'^^^ /'-^^•--the would ask, in whom Should weTot oondenn1he.ho-'""7 "^^^^L'^^ was bewilderment in thr^b ^tfof H-^, n'L' ^'^''^.'^'^"-'^'^^^-^ which had become a second na 1 otEe^ofV"'""' "^'^'°"' tomptuous-y cast off; and there were thousand '\he nw'"^''' 7'^' '"'" iigion. with their chief at nnp f.li , ', "^'^""S' the priests of that re- rate by despair l^^e fiend o 3 ' '^P^verished-made despe- sword! and 'flung it /^tht"e^vltS^;'n"?:X"dI• " ^ in the cause wherein their -all" was at stake A nH^'"^ '°. ^''^ '' who sided with Rome were eitbpr tn. i , ""^ ^^'"ffsand princes the arts of polic,^ to ^Z th nues onfe t" ''' ^'^''^ '^^'^ ^» sible to decide-W resting saLHirhlr^ "'^'''^ """^'^^ '^^P°«" «^/% of their su^^ctt^Iu^g^d 4:^g n'c^/nior^^^TV' 7 ^"^^^ experience of three hundred years was to tpTrfh. ^^^ ^^b^^^^quent to blunderinq- pohticians Hence 1^1 ?/ 1 u^""' '",""'' °^ ^^'^^^s the votaries of '^he '' ^u doc^n" •'' na J U buU^^ "'^ ^^.''f "^ ^^^'-^''^^^ secure the prerogatives of or hodnv Zu ^.^^^^ annihilation would to show that the^rCesrant moverner^^^^^^ "^""'^ ''^}'^' " '''^' '^'Y although it was evirnrtLTTvX n Iv^TS^?^^;^^^^^^^^^^ of persecution, actual, or undoobtedlJ imp2nr R?l !i [''"^' and princes, by attempting to shackle t^mi. dfnffh ''k''"'" ^'"§^' the allies of the popelthft object ol^l^Sn^ ^nd'^o^c^oJX;! * Sarpi, lib. i ; Pallav. iii. ; Panv. Paul III.; Fleurv liv na s ^:. ^;sn:v;s:x:^-n;:£«2i;"^f -"="-- p- times, for his somewhat excel^\~-n~-i, I . .,-''^'' "'^ "'■»"*^''y' "'" -?>« Ponln.Jrr^.' ..nai exc.eso.v. =naiignity.'-— //i,-;. c/« Cone, i., 13U, note. ' ''I; IGNATIUS. 87 he difficulties eiiverance he > this, that his schemes and Jferred to the ege of cardi- nals two boys 5 natural son, And when up for their msaction, he > excuse this ig that such prince — the ner morality of two chil- fig else than Jrch, and in d measures 'ove all, the shrouded in n:ion — there nt religion, e, was con- i of that re- lade despe- bardfd the to flesh it ind princes ■ skilled in !rly impos- not actual subsequent of axioms red against tion would was easy ancing, — the result lese kings ecis, were of all op- " a pope, to "lie thought the popes, 1 pression, as represented at least, to the Protestant world. The crimes, the licentiousness of the late popes, and even of Paul III. himself, have been alluded to, not as undeniable facts, but as the reports, the rumors of the age ; as such they were sufficient to fan the flame of execration ; as such they became historical data of immense importance; for, even admitting them to be false, did they not influence the minds of men ? And what more could they have done had they been undeniably true ? The actions of men are infinitely more biassed by falsehood than by truth. Meanwhile, the shock given to papal power by the Reformation, seemed to become a death-blow by the increasing success of the cause; and whilst the Catholic powers of Christendom seemed to rejoice in the good-will of the pope, it was evident that they availed themselves of his supernatural influence, only with the view of promoting that political unity so likely to result, as they thought, from the unity of faith. There was nothing cordial in that amity. The pope might aid them; but he could neither make nor mar them. The Vatican was shorn of its thunders; it lightened anon, but the cause of the pheno- menon was too evident to the minds of men to strike terror as of old. Other methods must be tried — other means must be developed to pro- tect the infirm old man of the mountain — to prop the crumbling pile of the Vatican. I'hose means demand consideration. Its spiritual pres- tige had been always the bulwark of the Popedom ; — even in the case of the historic infamy, Alexander VI., and the ferocious Julius II. The spiritual army of the Popedom — tlie Orders of Monks — were the spiders that wove the entangling network for the minds of men held captive unto death : — the flimsiest of textures is beyond the power of the weakest of insects to break. But now the network of prestige was broken through; a fierce bison had rushed by and borne it along triumphant; on his horns its remnants sported in the breeze. These remnants were — papal power and right divine — which had weighed too heavily on the backs of men any longer to remain an article of faith. How to withstand this upsurging tide of disobedience? That was the problem. It war a difficult problem ; nothing less than to reform the priesthood and monkhood, expressly for the purpose of doing battle with the Philistines of heretic-land, a land like the floating islands they tell of — here, there, and everywhere — its latitude constantly increasing north and south of its Germanic equator. Paul III.'s very heart was deep set in the mighty problem. If religion was not his darling, ambi- tion was his imperious mistress. Power he craved ; power for himself, and his son, and his grandsons, and all his holy blood. Victory pro- mised him everything ; defeat was toy dreadful to think of ; all means and methods must be tried to insure the former. If a remnant of the religious sentiment remained, on that the papal sovereignty and omni- potence might once more be raised to rule God's world below. Now, about the year 1537, there was much talk about a General Council of the Christian Church, for the purpose of settling disputed points of doctrine, and the reformation of abuses. ' The subject, as you are aware, .'e himsedffi. He received the documeiit, gave it lu some m * Faecic. Rer-^afcet. itU p. 23Q, analysed iu Sarp., t.aT. 90 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. i; I cardinals f.o rcarl nnr? «,.« i . Imagine the ris'nVo ^e r't V" ^"" ^°"«'«^°^y ^or deliberation exclamations, and the j'Sn'. o h"""^"^'"? °^ ^'^^"Jders, the ?Z aTd the ''fitting of caps" Jf L Kn 1,1^^^^ ^ two simple ones, in a morta persiio?^^.. -^"^ ^'^^ ^^^«^ of o"e or come to a crisis, whilst the vSa's ^ t 'J^V^^'^ '^'^' "matters we?e for the speech of Cardinal SchornTL .'^ '^*"' ^'"^'^'^ ^nd wahed come for such a reform. Then Sf'^f 7^u '"'^ ^^^' '^e time was no^ he contmued, saying: The corrll '^^'- .^^^ breathed freely as to stop the cause of one evU Zlt7 "^ '"'" '^ '^'^ ^^at if you fv'ish some said he, to tolerate known "hn T '° ""'^^^^'•- ^t is less ik- ble, than by reformation to intTodueoTh> ^^ T J"^'^^ ^«^^« ^^^-t be more evident, and conseqSv L ^.' '^^''^ ^^ '^'^'■•- "owelty w^ ib lowed up his argument bvVLT •f''^"'^^ '° ^^nsure. And h^ said he, you will give cause to trLu'l?^"^^ '^f ^^- % refo1m1nt° forced the pope tS the n.eas reMn^^^^J,^"^^^^ boast tha^ they have' sort of admission that the Lutheran Proposed reform beinir a abuses which ought to have been " •''^' "^-- ' '" ^^"^"ncinc. tlie the rest of their doctrine. StraLe."^' '"''' °"'y ««rve to foment But nothing can be truer than tie fct he f™'"'f ^°^ ^ ^^"^"■-" '^an ther s movement did prove in imp "v ^'''^ ^° establish-that Lu by rendering reform irnperit ive and if i?:!"^^ ^° ^^^^ ^^'^olic Church, ^s more honestly, more honoribi; adlnij ', '■'''^:''"' ^^^ ^^at Church and us arms. Catholics mu th ' t , ^^^ '" "' ^'^^'^^' "ts shoulders desn-able consummation. ¥o Lu 1 or ^ ^''"^'f^'/^''^/ movement for the for the mtegrity of his Chu ch, o" t i Z^ ^T^ .^'^^^^°''^' ^"^'ou' Uraffa, the founder of the nV^d Tif ? ^ '^'''' "^ gratitude. :7''^ th,s execrable worldly po^^' 1?'''"^'' ""' ''^^ "^^« to side of an honest churchman. Reform ',•« '^ ^'^ ^°°^ the high posit on cannot resist it without oirfndr Go "^T.^^' 'f '^'^'^^^'^ -"yo" raiity, he added, that as we cannot Hn ^ '^^^ °' Christian mo- not to leave undone the good wh.cl 1 '"' .!° P'"?'^"'"^ ^^^d, we ou^ht evil that might en^ue \h1; u "" ^^"^ bound to do, for fear nf .h age; but the'' fact "," tat p.o rin!^""''"""'^' -^^' ^-"hy of a b^ ^e^ )vas r.ght, but thev cluni 0^ t"^ •"'"'' ^"^'^^ ''^^^ enou4 wha in preference: it ii the rahif n \ ^°''""''''' ^^ 'heir perverse naslnl »o suit any case ofVulltlntr' ^^^^^Sr^^^ion that molidsTc^n'sd^: Jne result was norliii„ n ■ ■ OD both sides nf f^, ?■ -'I'l'iions were divided • m„.l, ■mother l me . » '/,''"''"°? ' " '™^ '•^^oln-d to cie,;., Te ""' ''""' make the,. „,„,« comfor'tl, : , I^XTT',- Y""'^' " -™«'l 'o -'-^-es.ne.,oLoJ^,-r:^^^^^^^^^^^^^ '^•c. J.. Sleidanxu.; Fleury, US. IGNATIUS. 91 or deliberation, s. the sighs and sembied. And 3 fear of one or t matters were ds, and waited e time was not ihed freely, as 'at if you wish Jt is Jess irk- Jess remarka- ir novelty will Jre. And he ^y reforming-, lat they have jform being a louncing the rye to foment ristian man ! sh—that Lu- olic Church, that Church ts shoulders, inenc for the >'ic, anxious itude. man to side 'gh position -d, and you ristian mo- » we ought fear of the of a better ough what 'e passions conscience I was said matter to ifiess! ex- seemed to To them, iniquity. ■ as of no hich give 4 mount — at the very time in question, the staunchest champions of the Catholic regeneration were journeying to Rome, perhaps already arrived. In the year 1537, three men craved audience of the pope ; their request was granted. The spokesman of the party was a Spaniard ; rather short of stature — complexion, olive-dark: eyes deep-set, but full of fire — broad forehead, nose aquiline: he limps, but.it is scarcely per- ceptible. He has travelled far and wide, and has had many strange adventures. He is now in the prime of life, full of energy, deep in things spiritual, which fit him well. He has studied mankind closely, has borne persecution bravely, has clung to his purpose firmly, and is perfectly versed in the art of captivation. He throws himself at the feet of the Holy Father: there is a great idea in his soul: this is no ordinary man ; he is Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the Company of Jesus. How much depends upon the result of this interview ! How in- tensely is the Protestant movement concerned in its issue ! In that ragged pilgrim, prostrate at the pontiflT's feet, there is a spirit whose expansion and development will find the universe too narrow for its grasp. His bosom heaves; "For God and the Pope," in tones of superhuman energy, solemn and deep, are the words of his covenant. Catholicism, a thing of bones, gray, enervated, decrepit, palsied, shivering, bides the result, in the rear of the pontiff, a.iu she sighs dis- consolate on her bed of Bulls, Cowls, Mitres, and Relics. Towards the first, vainly she strives to move her palsied fingers; but she can- not grasp them, though close beside her !* Full in front stands the stripling warrior Protestantism — glancing defiance — his right arm advanced, his massy spear upstaid — the Book in his left, clutched as a flaming sword, whilst he scornfully overlooks the pilgrim, and measures his strength with the pontiff. A rustling of bones is heard, the pontiff turns his head and beholds the Thing of Bones, with arms outstretched, wordless, but gasping a prayer; she smiles to the pilgrim, her ready saviour and deliverer. Religion is there ; but how describe her ? Her hues change like the chameleo*^s, smiling anon, then frowning darkly; pale with affright, red with indignation ; whilst round about her throng, circle, and pass away myriads of earth's habitants — each with his vic- tim-gash, each pointing to the pilgrim — passing on, and rapidly suc- ceeded; — the red Indian, the swarih African, the sons of Confucius, Buddh, and Brahma, the children of the Sun from the mines of gold, Gauls and Britons — all from every land of earth inhabitable, and each has a history to tell. And the shades of kings and potentates flapped through ; and some said Hail ! and others Malediction ! but the latter prevailed, and * Paul IV. had been induced to fiame a terrific Bull against Henry VIII., depriving him of his crown ; but in the present, prospects of tiie Popedom, he repented of his precipitancy. " To publish the Bull," says Lingard, "could only irritate Henry, and bring the papal authority into contempt and derision. It was therefore resolved to suppress it for a time; and this weapon, destined to punish the apostacy of the king, was silently deposited in the papal armory, to be brought forth on some future oppor- tunity, when it micht be wielded with less danger, and with gre.iter probability of suc- cess.'" — Vol. vi. 226. 92 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. iiii it ' |l ! li their voices roused a thousand echoes, stunning humanity: but the nil grim, fim, as the wave-beaten rock, was unmoved to i.nor or dcsoai . And Science and the Arts rushed in, wild, runnin 'toand fro C IJso7.n'\%7 1''"' '"'?'"«^ "P'P""'"=- doln.tu'ng'evef; tne 1 hing of Bones, and the wily Paul consented. , lurn we now from the pilgrim and the pope, and fiance nrosnprf Will be hope's proposition to the respective parties who wTfre" and w Il'b 'r'Le'd^Wrn '" T'' °' ^''" Catholicism^^' P^teitTnt sm will be roused by an impulse, a conviction or sentiment, whose uncom- promising tendency will be the destruction of every obsiacLThrh of th^lS^r "'i T' " ''' "'-^^ '' ''' ^°^--' - thwart the ;rgr:t :!dj w'r^com^e fbruirof^rprio^n;^^^' °''-' ~- ^nU which wTll'hp'p!ll' .'?"'' "[ '^' •'1-"^"""' ^'•' ^'^'h^^' '"human passions, ^ioi unfurled Ifctuf' ^^trife with the unposing banner of relil for himself 'll hL? 7 T' r"^"!"-^'^' "^"""y '"^" ^^''^ ^e certainly i"thrbatu7:/^eligirn"' '"' P°''"' "^"^^'^ ^^^" ^^ ^^^-^d ^^ -^i^" accounrofT'T-.'^' fheoretical expositions of the parties, giving an resTst "nee and ^^ ^^'"h>n. them, both will seem strong in motives of WT possessed h^r"' '' V T^ ^' J"^''^>^ ^°"^^-"^^ ^^^en the W L !v,^fl ? r,^ '^'^^"■^ = ^"t t'^'^ ^^ry evidence will crive us the acUoMil °' ° ^ r^''""' '^^ ^"'"^" ^'^''' 'l^he motives of human rrSl f J" ^""''^ ?" succession, the history of events will becS^e credible, and if we sigh at the discovery, we shall still be c^ oled~iI It be always a consolation-wiih the possession of truth the clTcf'Tn'' ^^^7.^^^^"^'^^; Catholicism will have suffered in me conflict. In every kingdom of Europe the unity of faith will be menaced, if not destroyed. It had seemed at first, as ft seei's to many spe*c?a"l 7etreTJ:u:intl T Sr.?i{hti^"^ r ""'■ '''!■ ''"''''''''' ^'-- -'^^^ of the events vvill subseueXriPmnnJ ,ir "'' "' ''"^'«' P'^mising that most be nppended. Ranke Hist of the Pnl^^'lf ^ ■■'"!^""""' ^^en special references will France, vi. ; Robrtson-slJisf of Ar^r^ """','''',? ' ^*'l^'f ""^s; Ranken's Hist, of ffiuvres'j rLllemenTdes £;: nfs ("e te^^Zntw^^^ '"''"' V "^"'''""•^' de France, xiv. ; Botta. Storia d' Iti K r^nifi r «' Y^^^^'^' '"•; <^i"-"ier, Hist. Millot, H\L de France i- An iTn 'l Vjh ^ a.^''^ ^' ^^^f^'-"'^' &«• 5 Thuanus, xvj. , Hist, of GermanV^])e'l^Plle iS^r^le 1? .r'r'^7^'- '',"'• "" ' Ko'''^»"«ch Planche, L'Estat de France fD'AuwS Mem Z-^i' C;;!t«'"»"' M*-'"'- i De la Condillac, Hist. Mod... Li'l d^A3!'. AT: ' ^^ Tjiou, Mem. ; Montluc, Mem. ; to arnve at right opi.uons/at'lea^tsuch Is sV;;n*;o "^^i^h ' '"' ' ^"'^ ^'''''"' 1 •I i ■ IGNATIUS. 98 ; but the pil- or or despair, 'and fro; dig- jrning every icent harvest 3 at the fruits and there is r Mitres, and ' said Ajax: odoxy," said ice prospect- strangers to 11 agitate the *rotestanlisrn will fret and 'rotesiantism hose uncom- :tacle which the progress ince on both an passions, iner of reH- be certainly ned at slake s, giving an 1 motives of :e when the give us the s of human vill become oiisoled — if suffered in aith will be ns to many 5 glance with iig that most iterences will ten's Hist, oi' . : Uraritoiiie, Jariiier, Hist, hiianiis, xvi. , Kohlrausch, lem.; De la uluc, Mem. ; have labored .1 now, a strife of mere opinion, a conflict of words, a battle of croaking fro'^s. Had that been the fact, it would soon have been drowned in the ma'rsh of oblivion. But soliih were equally the bone of contention : the loaves and the fishes were never forgotten by those who feasted thereon, and laid by the fragments. Protestantism struck at the root of Privilege, Monopoly, and Protec- tion — time-honored enjoyments of popes, monks, bishops, and priests. Indulgences would no longer be craved and paid for ; dispensations would be dispensed with ; bulls, breves, anathema, and excommunica- tion would be only parchment, calf-skin, or foolscap ; and the result would be painfully inconvenient. The stream of pious benefaction and church-profit would be turned from its prescriptive gulf— so broad and deep ; for it is certain that the gratitude or childish terror of mankind had, from time immemorial, more than rewarded Mother Church for her care and solicitude. A kingdom, with broad lands for the pope — vast revenues for cardinals, pets, minions, and bishops— fertile districts for comfortable monks — endowments, grants, and foundations for mass- priests and father-confessors ; in a word, the estate of the Church, in the day of her glory, attests the natural gratitude of man, if not the modesty and moderation of his teachers, and his liberal payment to his prophets, who did little or nothing without a " consideration." Now, however, things were different ; thought had changed whilst matter was inert, and went as men listed. Many of the great had changed their opinions in matters of faith, but not their natural appe- tites m the matter of body. Men there were who considered them- selves the "Church," and therefore they had a right to church-property ; and they helped themselves when they found that the Church would be the last to help them; they deemed themselves " worthy of their hire," after the old notions ; and the men of Privilege, Monopoly, and Protection denounced them, detested them as spoliators, robbers, and interlopers.* Princes and nobles had come in for the lion's share, as a matter of course, and rioted in the fatness of the Church. Centenary charities circulated in channels irregular, though similar, and the "pious orgies" of monks were succeeded by orgies without " dispen- sation." Thus, those who had been rich became poor, and the poor became '"rich by transubstantiation of substance, as the alchemists call it ; and many were dying of that great epidemic called " want of money ,"t Herein is the question — broad, deep, high as heaven, low as the other place, and as universal as humanity. Anxiety about the loaves and the fishes will vastly promote the struggles for the sake of " religion," on all sides, desperate, giving no quarter. Ambition, envy, a.varice, love or lust, hatred and revenge, will be the sources of leagues and associa- tions ; religion and the benefit of the people will be the pretexts ; sacrifices will be proclaimed, and the people will be the victims. The * See Hazlitt, Life of Luther, for Luther's strong opinions on this subject of spolia- tion, p. 278. Also, Schiller, Thirty Years' War, p. 10, where he discusses the subject a leetle after the manner of Muchiavei. t See Sat. Menip. c. 1. )t^ 04 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. I<\ f^eftJlZ^^^^^^^^ their .betters." whose cause ligious enthusiasm will recrmt fheir t'^7'f'»^P;«"'J'««'rnt. whilst re- their subjects. Of ihe mdt iuH., Jh •«r"^'^ T"" ^^^ ^>'«^«"'-*^« o( such as be not Jured bvZ tna o7 ? "^j" ^"'f '° ^^'^'^ ^''^"dard, %ht for tn;th,whHst.iJ fact, te; ^ 1 ttddtl 2''^? ^'^ ^^ p^^onal^objects of their prince^. kinJ^! ^t^oV^t: ^pj^/t? beg';r;o\atS^XS'rof,iJ.^^^^^ Pnmitive'rntrs will will inflict deadlv wounds rthev' turnTn/fl ^V^''' T^^^' ' ^^ey sued. Stirrinrr 'events will en2. n . -^^ r^J"ctant. by Fate pur- Human passions wirinhumanr--'^* '"'''-'''' ""'" ^' '' ''^''"• will be offended-ye men wHl ^ thlk'thevT^ ^"''''' ■ ^"^'' J"^''^'' Hideous selfishness will rinf n ,h ^ ^ r^^^ ^ S^^^'* conscience." mo/^-t,.. The po^!ntaI of eanh wiM fl""''''^'t'! ^"' ^^°°" '" ^^e conflict-the ministe s of reliXn w . 7 '" '' '''°'^' ''''' '^'^ -the sons of Loyofa wi 1 be tC M '"°"''' '' '^' combatants agent, will retrograded a time L^r;!? ' reasonable and moral vidence will brinVforth Lood from th? ^ ^^orse-but blessed Pro- -ye who suffer.^ God is above "" ""'^ ^''''' ""^«' ^""^b'^' '^en the^StLr: TrnTn'^'frith: o?""' ^"'^ °^ '^'^ ^^'^ --'^- else. late~the pagan gods upon earth, if nowhere han'iLtniI;\:oTlfr mild^^^^^ besides^except a monk. His An army of reckless freiwers w irZ^'him ^.VT ''' ""'"'T will injure others without benpfiffr^ 3 ir J^ /"^'"""y °'' lwo~he tion; L will frigS en the pop P^^^^^^^^^ vvill be a consola- holiness, he will undertake to seUletS.r!- T^ ^"'"''''^ ^^ ^'"^ jects, and publish artLles callil 1 / . '^'°"' ^ll^'^-^'-'n^s of his sub- shall have - proncunS '' Pnl '''"■'^' """' ''^^ ^^reat Council and a Jesuit wrtramDle on XI -^''''^T' ^'" ^^us be infringed, anointed to ihrL^'in Cha leHillldTfT' ^"' '^^^^^ ««^'^ himself in delightful EstremaHnrr , T^"" ^." "'^I'^''^' ensconce die without asfignin. are^on 7^^^^^^ and watchmaker, and tion ; but opinions will be dTvTded- ome S 7 "' ' "^^^ -/xplana- with powe;,"--others -convinL thT m • '^ ''•^ '^^"^ "disgusted some, that he was " crionled w^thlhl '. »'' i;^?'^ °^ vanities,"- risk no more " the dim nu ion o hf h T'' ^"^ '^'"'^''^ '"'^^'^^ to say. that he would .^e C inter tffenH''"^""'^"^^ ''^''' ^^''' tion contentment, and huriity to Sind'''"^'''"^ ^'''''' '' ^^^^'S"^' motarX' "'" ""' "^' ^^^"'^ ^"^ ^^'^^'"^ ^o^r with the prostrate Schiller, ubi svprH, whose cause of religion. It, whilst re- treasures of Mr standard, le that they blood for the temporal or lusiasm wua ola. )nsters will JgjQrie ; they y Fate pur- •e at slake, 'od's justice 3nscience." '■oon in the ds into the combatants and moral lessed Pro- imbly, then le world — if nowhere lonk. His 00 narrow, ir two — he a consola- ed by his of his sub- at Council infringed, ave God's , ensconce laker, and 1 explanu- disgusted nities," — . esolved to thers will f resigna- prostrate laNATIUS. 95 I His son will succeed him — Philip II. Gold will make him great — and craft will make him little. The wealth of the crushed Indians will fill his cofFers — and Jesuits will waste not a little of the price of blood. Freedom will be his bugbear — his nightmare for ever: Pro- testantism his haunting devil. Poor fool of power ! He will support factions and leagues, and yet have no authority in their councils. He will fancy himself their spring: he will be only their dupe. He will " stir" the Netherlands so bunglingly, that he will lose many provinces for his pains, and his bigoted Catholicity. He will "stir" Ireland, which was stirred long before him, and all to little purpose for himself — but I leous suffering for the dupes of his dupers — the Jesuits. He will "stir" England in like manner, and with the same result — super- adding a huge calamity to his country, the destruction of her fleet, the invincible Armada. He will think of humbling his enemifes ; and they will crush him. Finally, he will ruin his own country. Spain will be the first power in Europe when Charles abdicates; Philip will only leave her the ambition of being such agalo: and a crafty system of politics, which will disturb her neighbors, but never raise herself ngain. Philip's heart will be cruel, his mind shallow ; he will p'an much, and do nothing but evil to the world, and his country. He will die an object of pity and compassion. The Jesuits will be his faithful ministers, and very humble servants. Mary of England, his wife, will have passed away, with execrations on her head for the blood she will draw in defence of her faith, in ha- tred of Protestantism ; the Catholic cause will triumph again — barba- ric priests and bishops will torture and burn the heretics : the queen will die and their cause will be found in a dread minority. Elizabeth will spring to the throne, a man in mind, and anything you like in heart — the nation's Protestant Q,ueen. Jesuits will brave her power. Jesuits will defy her authority; "stir" her people — delude many — and die bravely in their cause: — for the sword of the law will fiercely, ruthlessly, cruelly rage against traitors and dangerous fanatics, who would never have existed, in all proba- bility, without the stirring Jesuits. But the cruel, atrocious measures in Elizabeth's reign, and that of her successor, will be ruinous to the cause of Christianity, and only tend to perpetuate all manner of craft and iniquity, destined to entail, sooner or later, a terrible retribution. We shall meet, in those days, the redoubtable, cunning, unprincipled Jesuit Parsons. King-killing doctrine will be rife. A memorable event will render famous or infamous, every succeed- ing year: each decade will behold a revolution — the massacre of St. Bartholomew in 1572 — the horrors of the League in 1585 — the acces- sion of Henry IV. to the throne of France, in 1593. The murder of a king will have preceded, and Henry himself will fall by the knife of the assassin. King-killing doctrine will not be obsolete : monks, or Jesuits, will always be found able, ready, eager to inculcate and to de- fend the proposition. But more terrible events shall have preceded. Ti iiat stiali wc iiHu in xtaly ; v^'raity, ambitious, or worldly-minucu popes, rising from their humiliation and presuming on their regenerated m I'jfl ^> ^^^'k IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 IM 2.5 2.2 u US 1.4 L6 P /a

.^.v^ . %% O^A ^' Photagrapliic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (T16) 872-4503 ^ iV V '^C^ 6^ ^ K4k 96 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. power-.the work of the indefatigable Jesuits, who will soon have achieved their promises. But the ambitious Paul IV., pope of Rome W.I >nd"ce^Henry II of France, to invade Naples. Philip will del spatch his Duke of Alva to Italy, whence he will soon expel the French ""n'l! uT' u "^°'^'T '^^ States of the Church, saying that "he w. hold all the places he shall take in trust for the next pope." Such Will be the pretext of Philip II.'s conscience, consenting, in his prodi- gious orthodoxy, to war against the Father of the Faithful. His soldiers will complain that they battle with a mist-a cloud-and can clutch n^ thing : for all will be hungry in those days of craft, rapine, and murder Policy and pay will achieve all things :-the Protestant leader the Margrave Albert of Brandenberg, first Duke of Prussia, will bef lend the Pope of Rome in h,s difficulties; and the pope's best troops S be Protestant Germans-jeerers of images-scolTers of the mass, and breakers of the fast, sons of Luther. They will not battle with a mist TJu '^"^'^' ^f^""^ K'^' P°^^' ^°^ A'bert will only be tr^ n^; 10 build up a kingdom near the pope's right hand, Austria and Poland" Nor W ,rf '^''"'^'•^°^'""''' ^°' ^''^ P°^'^y '" ^''^•"g ^^ith the pope! Nor let he fact surprise you : even Solyman the Turk, the infidel, wil be solicited to fight in the papal cause ! ' This Pope Paul IV., an old brawny veteran of eighty years will fi^f^] the weight of the Spaniards more than that of ag^^^^will i fo hours at tab e over the black, thick, volcanic wini of Naples rhis fa' vome drink,) and pour forth torrents of invectives against the Spaniards styling hem schismatics, heretics, accursed of God, seed of Jews and Moors dregs of the world ; and finish his benediction with a prophecy from the Psalms applied to his blessed self, saying-" Thou shaU walk upon serpents; thou shalt tread upon lions and the dragon »" And he wil raise to the rank of cardinal his nephew Carlo, who will have re! veiled in the wild excesses of a soldier's life, and of whom Paul IV himself will have said that "his arm is dyed in gore to the elbow " His other nephews he will make a duke and a m^arquis! Pahiano Jnd Montebello. Their claims to favor will be-hatred to the Spaniards ' In that passion the pope will forget reform-his once darling object- for It ,s of Cara^a, the founder of the Theatines, the honest ChrSn of a few years ago, that you have been reading ! But another change will ensue-his eyes will be opened-the rage of reform again ^n rouse him to the effort-he will disgrace his oln nephews if ^^0 every sohctation-sudden as the hghtningwill be the resolution-rapid as he same its execution and ruin. An old Theatine, Don Geromia will have "taught him things he never could have guessed/' And then he will launch into universal reform, reckless ff consequences even as he advised on a former occasion. He will literally fulfireverv wish he then entertained; the church and court of Rome he will tho^ roughly purify; not an abuse will remain unrectified. A medal vHl be struck, representing h.m under the type of Christ clearing the tem- ple. It will be his boast, that he let not a day pass withouf promS- gating some order towards the restoration of the church to its S igbal 'J tA IGNATIUS. 97 II soon have ope of Rome, hilip will de- 2I the French ng that " he 5ope." Such in his prodi- His soldiers !an clutch no- . and murder. It leader, the will befriend it troops will le mass, and with a mist; Illy be trying and Poland, ith the pope. 3 infidel, will 'ars, will feel i will sit for pies, (his fa- te Spaniards, of Jews and I a prophecy u shall walk r And he vill have re- mPaul IV. the elbow." Palliano and ■ Spaniards ! rling object; !st Christian ther change I again will 5 in spite of ition — rapid )n Geromia, 5ed." And nsequences, fulfil every le will tho- medal will ng the tem- ut promul- its original purity; and the horrible Inquisition, with its tortures to compel the de- tection of accomplices, will aid him in his purification. He will give the Jesuits considerable trouble; hamper them in their ineasures; alter their Constitutions in two essential points; and keep them in terror, as though destruction impended. But they will have a crafty general at their head, and he will allay the tempest ; their day of triumph will come, when the terrible old pope will fall back and die --when his memory will be execrated— his statue pulled down and broken to pieces, and the triple crown dragged through the streets. Ihen will the Jesuit-general stand a good chance of beintr elected Pope of Rome! Whatever be your humiliation, will you ever despair? Whatever state of things annoy, disgust you, will you ever think a change impossible ? Think of these events, and learn to be patient A fearful slaughter of Paul's nephew and his relatives will engore the next pontificate, and the Jesuits will figure, crucifix in hand at the awful execution. ' The great Council of Trent will give them, and will have given them a held to fight their theoretic battle for papal authority, and to compro- mise the rights of bishops, who will never be able to cope with the Jesuits. From Italy's spiritual kings, if you turn to France, you will behold Henry II. m the lap of favorites:— ambitious and moderate, warlike and cruel, according to the opinions and influence of those to whom he IS attached, and in whose opinion he confides for a time. Diana of Poitiers IS his mistress— her ruling passions are avarice and ambition Catherine de' Medici is his queen— crafty, accommodating, supple— as ambition requires— and destined to a cursed immortality, she will give the signal for the massacre of St. Bartholomew. A slight amelioration m the treatment of the Protestants of France will be permitted bv the intervention of her Parliament. Bigotry will take alarm. The Car- dinal de Lorraine obtains an edict which enables bigotry to torment the Protestants. A Dominican monk is appointed Inquisitor of the Faith in J^rance- a tribunal with its penetrating police is established. Re- monstrances follow; even the Catholic bishops are disgusted, for hu- manity is neither confined to times, places, nor religions. The Parlia- ment takes up the cause of mercy, and the noble Seguier boldlv de- nounces the short-sighted policy of selfish bigotry. In his memorable speech on that occasion, he will speak counsel and warning for all suc- ceeding times. Tracing the practical dangers of the visionary theory, denouncing the endless injustice of the persecuting scheme, predicting Its inefficacy and then branding the parasites— the self-seekers— the Jiangers-on of court favor— the panderers to crime— saying: "And as tor you, sirs," turning to the counsellors of state, "you who so calmly fiear me, and apparently think that the affair does not concern you it IS fit that you should be divested of that idea. As long as you eniov lavor, you wisely make the most of your time. Benefits and kindness are showered on your heads: everyone honors you; and it enters the mmd of no one to attack you. But, the more you are elevated, the nearer you are to the thunderbolt; and one must 'be a stranger to'his- 98 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. tory not to know what is often the cause of a disgrace. But to date from the registering of this edict, your condition would cease to be the same: you will have, as in times past, for successors, men poor and liungry. who, not knowing how long they may remain in office, will burn with a desire to enrich themselves at once, and they will find a wonderful facility in so doing ; for certain of obtaining your confisca- tion from the king, it will only be necessary to make sure of an inqui- sitor and two witnesses ; and though you may be saints, you would be burned as heretics." The speech makes a "sensation" — the king is " affected"— but, for a time at least, the Inquisitor is not shaken. There he stands, firm as Egyptian pyramid, with his four cardinal- pointed sides frowning over the doomed heads of the poor mechanic in his daily toil— of the shepherd watching his flock— of the student in his whispering closet silent as death — every heretic in the length and breadth of the land. After incalculable sufl^ering, bitterness, and strife, Henry IV. will reward his Protestant subjects for their services in fighting his battles with the Edict of Nantes, oxidi w- i favor the Jesuits — to counteract the craft and machinations of Spain. The Inquisition and the monks will sap the foundation of Protestant- ism; will strive to restore the supremacy of Rome — and nowhere more than in Portugal under John III.; but the Romans themselves will rise up against the iniquitous tr'bunal with which they are menaced, and demolish the prisons of the " Holy Office." The horror of these per- secutions subsequently induce the pHlegmatic Hollanders to embrace the religion of Luther. Vain is the flood of new monks, capuchins, recollets and barnabites— the Reformation is spread over Germany, a part of France, England, Sweden, Poland, and among the chamois- hunters of Switzerland. But the Jesuits will go forth, and bring back many a straggler to their fold — and sing the triumph of the faith. From the governors of earth— their means and their methods— let us turn to the governed, and behold the human nature of those event- ful times. In Italy, amidst its splendor of arts and science, its talk of religion —morals are so corrupted, that public shame is utterly lost; the vices of individuals, even the most remarkable for their riches, rank, and position, exhibit a front of brass in the boastful impudence of guilt. Nothing is concealed— nothing disgraces. Princes and their ministers, only intent on gaining their objects, reject not, in their aflfairs and con- sultations, the utmost perfidy or atrocity— not even excepting poison and secret murder. In the memories of men rife and palliating are the deeds of Alexander VI., his execrable son, and their minions. The licentious court of Leo X. is not forgotten. The doctrines of Machiavel, proposing expediency as the motive for every action, and making all things lawful by that standard, infect all deliberations, and are brought to bear on every measure.* Intentions are perverse, means are abomi- ♦ No author's meaning can be plainer than Machiavelli's, and vet no author has ^jpitr IGNATIUS. . But to date cease to be the men poor and I in office, will liey will find a your confisca- re of an inqui- ts, you would )n" — the king is not shaken, four cardinal. 3r mechanic in the student in the length and lenry IV. will ing his battles counteract the of Protestant- nowhere more selves will rise menaced, and ■ of these per- rs to embrace fs, capuchins, ;r Germany, a the chamois- aggler to their methods — let f those event- ilk of religion ost; the vices les, rank, and ence of guilt, leir ministers, Fairs and con- epting poison palliating are ninions. The of Machiavel, d making all d are brought ns are abomi- t no author has 99 I nable, superstition is general, religion scarcely felt or respected, and trampled under foot in the very spot where it should find its sanctuary and defence. No wonder, then, that Italy will suffer so long, so bit- terly, social and political afflictions to the latest posterity. Its science will increase, its arts will expand — but the perversity of the national character will continue to administer premiums to dexterous craft rather than simple virtue. Dexterity will be the nation's virtue. Its posses- sors will find in Rome admiration and liberal reward. In Spain, results avenge the fate of America, discovered, ruled with a rod of iron, and crushed by the Spaniards. Moral turpitude had fallen back redoubled on the homes of the corrupters — we behold that result in their pride, their avarice, and diabolical licentiousness. The Spaniards disdain the common occupations of life. The dignities of the church, the insignia of office, become their aspirations. The spirit of industry is dead — their manufactures languish — labor is a disgrace: but to figure in the pompous retinue of the great, even as domestics, is an honor, a distinction. Foreigners step in, do their work, and carry off fortunes. Enervated by luxury, uncultivated in mind, ashamed to labor, men find in monasteries and the church a beggarly refuge, sub- sistence, and the distinctions which superstition lavishes on its priests, friars of every hue, and fattened monks. And fiendish cruelty has unhumanised the henrts of America's con- questadores—plunderers of the savage, yet Cross in hand. A dread demoralisation ensues. It seems as if men look on crime as on their found so many discordant interpreters; some representing him as the perverter of all morality, others as only the satirical r'?nouncer of the principles then in vogue. The very fact of this defence, however, is an evidence of the atrocious principles inculcated in his works. That he wrote as he felt, I have no doubt. His Principe is the great stumbling-block, but many of its principles are found in his other works ns well, and to the former he refers for further elucidation. Bacon excused him with the argument above given, and Macaulay dismisses the subject with a broad cachinnation. Roscoe does not doubt his "sincerity," and Sismondi gives the vote against the politician. 1 he king of Prussia, in his ^n^t-MacAjaw/, says he is in politics what Spinoza is in taith. J<.arlier writers were not deceived by appearances. Though his book was pub- Jished in Rome (alter having circulated in manuscript), though the author was the con- hdential triend of Pope Clement VII., though his maxims were carried out in church and state, he lacked not denouncers. The Englishman, Cardinal Pole, was the first to pronounce against 11 Principe, and the author generally, in his Apology for the Unity o the Church; and the Jesuit Ribadeneyra, one of the first companions of Ignatius, abuses Machiavel in no measured terms, in a work expressly written to describe the early Jesuit-notion of a Christian prince. I shall have occasion to advert to one or two nuxims inculcated in this Jesuit-book. From the notes to Alciaii's Emblems, by Mtnoe, published in 1608, and by the Cautio of the Jesuit Possevin, in 1592, it appears plainly that no doubt was then entertained of Machiavel's perfect sincerity and good taith in his diabolical politics. Butler says: ■> b "Nick Machiavel had ne'er a trick, Tho' he gave his name to our Old Nick." Hud. P. iii. C. 1. " But," says Macaulay, " we believe there is a schism on this subject among the m„11.r"^^-^n ^^^ R^"".'^"" ^^ "• 290; Bacon, De Augm. Scient. I. vii.; Sis- mond. 1. 430; Macaulay, Cnt. and Hist. Essays, i. ; Tirabosch, Storia della Lett. vii. Lnn fc m!. /T;;ol"V P^^^'^ud. Minoem, p. 683; Ribaden. Tratado de la Re- t'Satfon; p"! x'v?^B^'s' i^'.";ot lOe! '' ''""' ^''^-^--P-fi-d to Bohn's excellent 100 HISTORX" OF THE JESUITS. m meals, — with an appetite or not as the case may be—but all is natural. Iterated example trains to imitation. Children grow up like their parents : born in the midst of wickedness, how can they be otherwise? In 1523, assassinations were so frequent in Spain that every man was allowed to wear a sword for his own defence. Only the nobles were allowed them before. Then the dread Inquisition lowered on the land, generating suspicion in every heart, mistrust, jealousy, in every mind. A son may accuse his father, a mother her child and her husband ; a man his friend or fellow-citizen. In Germany, Protestantism arrests attention. We stand aghast, bewildered by the violence with which men quarrel about opinions. Protesting against Romanism, they are not united among themselves. They may thus be conquered in detail— or goaded on, one against the other— set to persecute each other— the Jesuit method in Austria so successful. But what shall we say of that flagrant example of expe- dient connivance — nay, authorised infringement of a sacred law the bigamy of Philip, Landgrave of Hesse ? Luther and Melancthon re- pent too late for their share in the scandal. The moral sentiment of Protestantism sees with disgust the names of Luther, iMelancthon, Bucer, and four other Protestant leaders, affixed to the document per- mitting the prince to have two wives together — Protestant leaders be- ing present at the secret marriage, subsequently by woman's vanity divulged. " ^ In France luxury and extravagance are excessive and universal. Italy and Spain give the fashion. Severe enactments are issued by authority against abuses, but what can efTectually resist the spirit of an age ? It may be changed or modified by influence, but it cannot be suppressed by force. The pride and vanity of the lower ranks vie in display with the great : jealous bickerings ensue : the nobles present a petition to restrain the extravagance of the upstarts--and do not for- get to throw in a remonstrance against the prevalence of public-houses for games of hazard and prostitution. The presumption of these up- starts, the contemptible " lower orders," is curiously exemplified and awfully punished. Francis I. meets with an accident which compels him to cut his hair short, and he further adopts the fashion of wearing a beard. Some plebeians take it into their heads to do the same. The indignant nobility get an edict, in 1558, from the king, enjoining every plebeian, husbandman, and farmer, under penalty of the gibbet, to cut their beards— for long beards are the distinguishing marks of the no- bility. Meanwhile the education of children is neglected— their fathers are "gone to the wars," or plunged in dissipation— their mothers think- ing of gaudy attire, fantastic display in dress ; not the most modest above, though below, their garments sweep the ground as in the be- ginning of a succeeding century. Contemporaneous authors depict the morals of the age : the privileged classes stand before us in their loathsomeness. Meschinot de Morti6res, Martial d'Auvergne, Chartier, and Cornelius Agrippa, the Diogenes of the limes, portray the " gen- tlemen" of those days, without mincing matters or lacking hard words. ..V' •^ ta IGNATIUS. 101 stand aghast, 30ut opinions, g themselves. le against the in Austria so Tiple of expe- ;red law — the [elancthon re- 1 sentiment of Melancthon, locument per- nt leaders be- man's vanity nd universal, ire issued by le spirit of an '. it cannot be • ranks vie in obles present nd do not for- public-houses of these up- 3inplified and hich compels m of wearing : same. The joining every gibbet, to cut ks of the no- -their fathers lothers think- most modest as in the be- ithors depict re us in their :ne, Chartier, y the " gen- ;• hard words. The untranslatable epithets of the last are given below.* He has to smart for his truth and philosophy. Transition, the indefatigable spirit that slumbers never, is tempting the masses with the baits of krow- ledge. The masses are biting fast, and are being caught, as in Ger- many, in Enghnd, Switzerland, and elsewhere — to escape with a jerk anon : but the nobles, the gentlemen of France, deem ignorance an honor. •' The young lords," says Alain Chartier, "are nurtured in delights and idleness. As soon as they are born, that is, as soon as they learn to speak, they are in the school of gluttony and bad words. Their people adore them in the cradle, and train them to forget them- selves and others .... as if they were born only to eat and drink, and the people created only to honor them. And more ; for this fool- ish talk runs now-a-days among the courtiers, that a gentleman ought not to know letters. And they hold it a reproach to gentility to know how to read well and write well. Alas ! What greater folly can there be, or what more dangerous error to be made public ?"t Duelling is in vogue. Henry II. lends his august presence to a personal encounter, in which his favorite is mortally wounded. After the victory the sur- vivor kneels before the king, thanks God, and beating his breast, exclaims, Bomine, non sum digmis—O Lord, I am not worthy ! The two champions will have sworn, according to ancient usage, that "they have not, either on their persons, or their arms, any charm or incanta- tion to aggrieve the enemy, because they will not aid themselves with anything but God, and their right, and the strength of their bodies and arms." Meanwhile Protestants are burnt without merc^ Even pity is de- nied them : members of Parliament are arrested for suggesting a modi- fication in the rigor of the laws. The Jesuit Daniel calls this " unrea- sonable compassion," in his heavy, dull History of France. Hatred for the Church of Rome necessarily increases. The fiercest passions of men — in the persecuted and the persecutors — are in continual irri- tation, and constant display : but persecution strengthens the suffering cause, and preserves its rank and file : at the court, in the city, the provinces, amongst all orders of men, the reformed doctrines have sup- porters. A crisis is inevitable. Imagine a royal mandate such as goes forth, enjoinmg the judges to arrest as accomplices of heresy all who shall even solicit in favor of the heretics ! That crisis comes at last. 1 he Catholic League, under ambitious princes and nobles, and bigoted popes and kings, spreads horrible war and devastation over France. Ihe Protestants hideously cope with their persecutors, and follow their example of fiendish atrocity. These are the wars of the Len^-ue and the Huguenots.X 1'he fierce, ruthless Huguenot, Baron desAdrets, * ''lis sont brigands, enronceiirs de portes, r.ivisseurs, meurtriers, larrons, sacri- Ifeges, batteurs de pave, putiers, maquereaux, bordeliers, adultbres, traistres, coiicus- s.onaires, joueurs, blaspheniateurs, empoisonneurs, parricides, boute-feux, pirafef, tj'rans et semblables qualites," &c. cua, jMraie. , + Chartier died in the preceding century. He it was whom Margaret of Scotland kissed as he slept .n a chair, by way of tribute to hi. " Hoqnent lips" whicli - had said so many hne things." He was called the Father of French eloquence. I The origin of this name is curious : it is not from the German Eidegenossen, as has 102 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. displays the atrocities generated by religious discord brougiit to bear fruit in political abuses. He caught two hundred Catholics, and hurled them from the windows of his castle, in the ditch below, to certain de- struction. One of them clung to a branch in his fall— clung with a grip such as the fear of certain death nails to an object. The baron poured shot and stones at him ; but never a missile touched him as he hung — fast and resolute. Struck with the fact — moved by his intre- pidity — the fierce Adrets spared and saved the man thus rescued as by miracle.* Montluc, the Catholic leader, was equally ferocious. " I procured," he says, " two executioners, who were called my lacqueys, because they were so much with me." The dreadful and universal massacre of the Protestants on the day of St. Bartholomew, by order of the king in council, will never be equalled by Protestants : however criminal may have been the acts of some of their leaders. They suf- fer terrible calamities and yet are not "put down." What more in- spiriting to their cause than a simple fact as the following. A poor man and his wife are burnt alive. As they go to death, the wife ex- horts her husband to suffer, saying : " Have courage, my brother, for to-day we shall go together to heaven." — Jlyes bon courage, mon frere, car aujourd'hui nous irons ensemble en paradis. And the effects of these wars on humanity, what are they ? A year of civil wars is enough to bring shapeless desolation where all was once prosperity. Agriculture is neglected, where, we are told, it has been better attended to than in any other country — France, the garden of the world, as the chronicler calls his fatherland. Towns and villages without number hafre been sacked, and pillaged, and burnt, and have become deserts. The poor laborers have been driven from their dwell- been supposed, Regnier de la Planche accounts for it as follows :—" The name huguenaud was given to ' those of the religion' curing the affair of Amboyse, and they have retained it ever since. I'll say a word ab^ut it to settle the doubts of those who have strayed in seeking its origin. The superstition of our ancestors, to within twenty or thirty years thereabouts, was such that in almost all the towns in the king- dom, they had a notion that certain spirits underwent their Purgatory in this world, after death, and that they went about the town during the night, striking and outraging many people whom they found in the streets. But the light of the Gospel has made them vanish, and teaches us that these spirits were street-strollers and ruffians. At Paris the spirit was called le moine boarri • at Orleans, Ze mulet Odet ; at Blois, /e loupgarou; at Tours, le Roy Huguet, and so on in other places. Now, it happens that those whom they called Lutherans were at that time so narrowly watched during the day, that they were forced to wait till night to assemble for the purpose of praying to God, for preaching, and receiving the holy sacrament: so that, although they did not frighten, nor hurt anybody, the priests, through mockery, made them the succes- sors of those spirits which roamed the night ; and thus that name being quite common in the mouth of the populace, to designate the evangelical huguenauds in the country of Tourraine and Aml?oyse, it became in vogue after that enterprise."— JDe I'Estat de France. An. 1560 (Panth. LUt.) * A different, but very improbable version of this affair is given by others. The baron's men are placed in the moat to receive the Catholics on their pikes! Enough to smash themselves to death, certainly. Then we are told that the poor fellow m question, being ordered to leap, stopped twice, on the brink. " Coward ! '' exclaims the baron, « you have shrunk back twice !" « I'll give you ten times to do it, brave general !" replies the man— and he is pardoned for his wit ! It is evident that Castel- naifs account is nearer the fact. See his Memoires, I. iv. c. 2. We are farther told that the baron used to bathe his children in the blood of slaughtered Catholics (!) )c' — \ IGNATIUS. 103 ght to bear and hurled certain de- :lung with The baron him as he ■ his intre- icued as by cious. " I J lacqueys, [ universal I', by order : however They suf. it more in- l. A poor le wife ex- Drother, for rage, mon ? A year II was once t has been garden of nd villages , and have heir dwell- " The name tnboyse, and ubts of those rs, to within in the king- u this worid, nd outraging lel has made ruffians. At at filois, le ', it happens tched during ie of praying gh they did the succes- lite common the country >el'Estat de thers. The (.' Enough poor fellow !'' exclaims do it, brave that Castel- farther toiu ilic8(!) ings, robbed of their goods and cattle, taken for ransom, and pilfered, to-day by one party, to-morrow by the other, whatever may be their faction or religion; and they take to flight like savage beasts, aban- doning all they possess, so as not to live at the mercy of those who are without compassion. Trade and the mechanical arts are discontinued : for the merchants and artisans have quitted their shops and trades to buckle on the breast-plate. The nobles are divided—the churchmen are oppressed— no manxis sure of his goods or his life. Where force and violence give the law, justice is not administered : magistrates and statutes are disregarded. In fine, the civil war has been the inexhaus- tible source of all manner of wickedness— robbery, murders, incests, adulteries, parricides, and other vices as enormous as can be imagined for which there is no check— no chastisement. And the worst is, that in the war, the arms which have been taken in defence of religion, have annihilated all religion and piety, have produced, like a rotten body, the vermin and pestilence of an infinite multitude oi atheists: for the churches have been sacked and demolished, ancient monasteries destroyed, the monks driven out, the nuns violated. What has re- quired four hundred years to build, has been destroyed in a single day without sparing the sepulchres of kings and of our fathers. Behold, my son, says the chronicler, behold the fine fruits which civil war pro- duced, and will produce, when we are so unfortunate as to take up arms again, as seems most likely. The League is put down by Henry IV., whose history is involved in that of tiie Jesuits. Of course they will play their part in the wars. In England, the constant prosperity of the Protestants, and adversity of the Catholics, under Elizabeth, arrest attention. There is no innate ferocity in Elizabeth, though she is the daughter of Henry VIII. The child of his best moments, perhaps, she exhibits the passion of love in its intensity; and would live on the praise and afTeciion of all her sub- jects: but her right to the throne is questioned by the Catholic party — a Spanish faction headed and "stirred" by the Jesuits. This faction endangers, threatens the life of the Glueen. No method seems so ad- visable as persecution— horrible slaughter, embowelling, and quartering, to put down that faction. The age loves blood. The English sport with it ; and hundreds, with Jesuits to show them how to die, entertain the national propensity to see gibbet- work. Tortures the most hideous are devised — limbs are stretched till the tendons crack again— blood spurts from the ears and mouth — but the persecuted flinch not — though many of us would, perhaps, decline the ordeal — and remain firm to their religion, which is, in the nation's opinion, one and the same with trea- son. England's insular position saves her from a civil war. Spain's armies would give Elizabeth and her able ministers infinite work, if Spain's Philip could throw a few thousand of his troops on the plains of Albion. We shall find her policy in the history of the Jesuits. Thus, fermentation is general over Europe. Wars are incessant — because states and principalities are being formed as Transition ad- vances. In Spain — the seeds of ruin: in Italy — a bone of everlasting contention : in Germany — politics and religion share it between them : I. I I 104 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. in France begins, or rather continues, the abuse of regal, aristocrotical, and occlesiastical power, destlnecl to reach the climax with Louis XIV., and then after a stumbling and bungling reign, to produce the thunder- bolt of the Revolution : in England, the foundation of a Protestant Con- stitution is laid, with a striking development of the national resources — as we shall behold in every country where the Protestant form of religion permits the human niind to work unfettered. I have alluded to the French Revolution. We shall note as we advance in this his- tory, the steady progress to that terrible event which shook the uni- verse. In perusing the history of the two centuries that precede the scourge, we shall find it difficult to believe that the religion of Christ ^yas the religion of Europe. We shall behold portentous causes stir- ring the mass of humanity — upheaving the eventful history of two hundred years— years of "religious" and political abuses crying to in- dignant Heaven for retribution. From the atrocities of the "religious wars," to the devoteeism of Louis XIV.'s last years, and their ofTspnng, the philosophism of the two succeeding reigns — throughout the entire period we shall see in operation the most perfect worldliness stamped on the actions of the chief actors, united to a gorgeous display of hot- blooded zeal: — intellect, indeed, predominant, but scornful, owing to the hypocrisy, the inconsistency, which it will be incessantly compelled to detect, or suspect, in the promulgators of "religion." In truth, we shall find the history of the Jesuits a key to that of the world during their lordly career. Suffering, disaster, by human passions caused and promoted, have filled the preceding glance at the state of Europe during the sixteenth century---the world as the Jesuits find it— eager for something— gladly availing itself of every arm consenting to work in its service." The Jesuits are capable of serving: they will have plenty to do. In the midst of atrocious crime, we find religion, or rather its name, on every lip. AH men are devoted to their " religion." All are ready to fight and die for it. Its forms are venerated, deemed indispensable ; its spTrit is a matter of entangling distinctions and perversions. Its best verbal sentiments are uttered in the moments of triumphant guilt. The name of God seems to sanctify the lusts of the heart of man ; for the spirit of pure religion has taken flight from earth, now a prey to political and religious ascendancies. Meanwhile the arts and sciences receive an impulse in France, England, Germany, and Italy — an impulse destined to be strengthened and increased in every succeeding age. Poets, painters, sculptors, preachers, visionaries, astrologers, with chymists and alchymists, swell a lengthened list of honored names for the sixteenth century. The heart and mind desire and plan objects of sensual gratification, and the rewards held forth by the great, by popes, and by kings, each in the circle of his own desires and interests, stimulate talent, give persever- ance to genius. Shakspeare and his tragedies and comedies for the Virgin Queen, Ariosto and his wild and tempest poesy ; Malherbe ; Machiavel and his universal politics ; Montaigne and his blessed tole- ration ; the Scaligers and their book-fights ; the Aldis and their printing- 4 IGNATIUS. 105 iristoornti'cal, Louis XIV., the thunder- itestant Con- al resources ant forni of lave alluded in this his- )ok the uni- precede the Dn of Christ causes slir- itory of two irying to in- e "rt'ligious ;ir ofTspring, It the entire 3ss stamped play of hot- il, owing to y compelled [n truth, we orld during noted, have le sixteenth ing—gladly ■vice. The Jo. In the e, on every ady to fight e ; its spirit best verbal The name )r the spirit )oIiticai and in France, rengthened ', sculptors, mists, swell tury. The on, and the each in the e persever- lies for the Maiherbe ; lessed tole- fir printing- I -I *V .'? presses ; Erasmus and his timid nothings ; More and his " Ulopia,^* destined, lilte " Jesuit,''^ to designate what nobody can comj)rehend ; St. Francis of Sales and iiis mild devotion ; Paracelsus and St. Theresa with their visions and dreams ; Ghirlandajo, Raphael, with immortal paintings; Palestrina and his heaven-reaching strains of devotional music — these and a thousand others wield the chisel, the pen, the pen- cil — and among them vigorously, boldly figure the Jesuits, who leave no art untried. Spirit>ialists there are — schoolmen — men of knotty distinctions, un- intelligible jargon, stamping wranglers with muddy demonstrations :^ again the Do^inatisls, more reasonable, perhaps, teaching from the Scriptures and the ••Fathers" — and lastly the Mystics, seraphic swooners on the bosOm of fleecy clouds — totally confined to the empy- rean of dream-land — forgetful of body, whose wants are a constant dead weight and aflliction. In the midst of this crisis of mind and morals, Ignatius dies, be(|ueathing to the world, then possessed with unspeakable desire to see and know, his well-trained, disciplined, and serried battalions — as •• millions of flaming swords drawn from the thighs of mighty cherubim." Their sudden blaze far round illumines earth. Highly they rage against their appointed foe, determined Heresy, nnd fierce with grasped arms Clash'd on tlieir sounding shields the din of war, Hurling defiance toward the vault of Heaven. What an opportunity is this for blessing mankind ! In their power to bless, the Jesuits will be omnipotent. The disorganized state of society ; the unsettled, bewildered minds of men ; their intellect keen and active, their passions strong and misguided — all crying for a helper — a saviour unto men in their ••horrible pit," their •'miry clay." Then will be the opportunity for •« a new song"— an opportunity like that chosen by God when Jesus appeared. For at that blessed advent were not men's minds bewildered by teachers, disgusted with the fooleries of paganism, surfeited and tried with unrighteousness ? How sweetly may the new Order strive to heal, to cure the wounds of Humanity, now way-laid, plundered of her best treasures, and wounded, and left for dead in a '•howling wilderness without water!" But alas! she becomes at once a. party — first to serve others as a slave, then to work for herself as a grasping speculator. Old abuses, vile prerogatives — these she covers with her wings— these she defends with claw and nail, and talons. Kings in their pride — popes in their encroachments — herself in her ambition — these are successively her molten calves-— and she falls down and worships them. She finds men eager to learn — she gives them subtle controversy ; teaches them how to wrangle for ever, seeking the discomfiture of the antagonist more than his conviction : — and then, dexterously changing her naethod with the circumstances, she works at soft persuasion — enlisting into the specious service every human art and all manner of trickery, which she herself denounces in theory by some of her mem= bers : whilst others sanctify craft, make deceit not unholy in doing her 106 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. appointed work. Rather than fail in reclaiming the objects of her apirituni ambition, she will thus pervert herself, by resorting to unlaw- ful means for her holy purposes. We shall see how these things come to pass in the scenes of her history. vVhen mankind fix upon her the stigma of craft and cunning, she herself will be proud of her tact and address. All her members will thus be fashioned to a certain standard. Outward circumstances will press them in a certain path. Ever suspected, from being once detected, nooks and corners will be her working-places. Results she will show: the means will be shrouded in darkness. The selfishness of party will possess her as ♦« legion," and she will multiply herself and her resources to confirm and hold and clutch with a grip inextricable that influence she will achieve on the minds and hearts of mankind — to the destruction of many — of countless thousands — all over the habitable world — body and soul together in undistin- guishable ruin. Oh ! had a prayer been offered at the moment of this Society's con- ception, and been heard where virtue is good destiny — that prayer would have enabled us now to say with exultation: The Society of Jesus confined herself to the domain of mind and religion, to make men happy here and hereafter: she benefited body and soul together: she kept aloof from the pitchy touch of kings and popes, with their grasp- ing monopolies of power over all: she strove to regulate, and never flat- tered the passions of men by a seeming specious morality, which was but vice without the conviction of guilt: she did not rise in her pride to the desire of ruling, by her invisible arm, kings, countries, all man- kind. It will not be thus. The hopes of popes and kings, which the Society of Jesus will raise in their absorbing domination; the fears of the weak and ignorant, which she will know how to awaken ; the en- joyments of the great, to which she will administer; their vices, at which she will systematically wink ; her vast educational scheme, which will dislodge all rivals and competitors; her universal literature, which will expand her renown ; her world-encircling missions, which will give her gold — the groundwork of more extensive operations ; the decided skill, and cleverness, and address of her men — proverbially learned — these qualifications will swell her pride and self-sufficiency until she bursts forth in the words of intolerable boasting, "Give me but a place to stand on, and I'll move the world."* Observe in that figure her astonishing conception most admirably portrayed by the help of Archimedes. On the clouds o{ popular opin- ion — an airy nothing in itself — screw into screw endlessly cogged, — the universe belted and suspended, — and moved as she lists invisibly, as appears by the sturdy and brawny winged object for an angel, turn- ing the handle. It will be thus when a General of the Society shall say to the Duke of Brancas, "See, my lord, from this room — from this * " Fac pedem figat et terrain movebit." — lmag:o Primi Sxculi S. J. p. 321. IGNATIUS. lOT )joct9 of her ing to unlaw- ) things come cunning, she nembera will path. Ever will be her be shrouded and she will d clutch with e minds and ;ss thousands in undistin- Jociety's con- -that prayer le Society of to make men ogether: she \ their grasp- nd never flat- /, which was in her pride 'ies, all man- ;s, which the ; the fears of lien ; the en- leir vices, at heme, which ature, which lich will give the decided ly learned — icy until she i but a place St admirably opular opin- ly cogged, — 3ts invisibly, angel, turn- Society shall n — from this i m ** room I govern not only Paris, but China : not only China, but the whole world, without any one knowing how 'tis managed."* Add to this, that her moral doctrines will be compared with those of the pagan philosophers, and the latter will be deemed more Christian:! that it will become an historical problem for Catholics, whether the Je- suits, or Luther and Calvin, have most injured Christian doctrine, and it will be solved to the disgrace of the former by a Catholic 4 and finally, that Doubt and Atheism will be sportively made popular by one of the Society's eccentric progeny. § * " Vede, Signer — di qiiogta camera — di quoita camera io governo non dico Parigi, mn li China ; non f(\^ la China, nrn tutto ii mondo, senza chc neg»uno aappia coino at ta." — Abrigi dt /'//^«^ Ecclit. do Racine, xii. 77. Arnaud,xxxii. 78. (Morale Protique.) t Parallble de la Doctrine des Paycna avec celie des Jdsuites, 1726. t Probli^ine Historique, qui, lea Jeauitea, on Luther ct Calvin, ont le plua nui \ I'Kglise Chr«tienne, par [Mosnier, JanaoniBt Catholic] 1737. ^ L'Athdiamo difcuuvert par le P5re JIardouin duns Ies Merits do tous Ics Pfires de I'£gliie, 1710. J. p. 321. i II BOOK IL OR, FABEE. Most graciously was Ignatius of Loyola received by Pope Paul IH i he reader remembers the interview. It was probably one of Paul's tortunate days. Doubtless he had cast his horoscope. But astrolocrv was not the only art that directed the pope's resolutions. He iudaed by palmistry as vyell. A panegyrist of Don Ignacio, when become Aamt Ignatius, tells us that "after the pope had attentively considered the hands of Ignatius, he saw nothing else inscribed and engraved in them t -It the name of Jesus, and instantly exclaimed: <'The°fincrer of (-rod is here ! I find nothing in these hands but the fincrers of God '"* The pope was prepossessed in favor of the pilgrim. °He had heard ot him before. Ignatius had sent him some of his companions to crave a benediction; they were well received by Paul, who patronised ' learned men, wherever he found them, with meritorious liheraliiv.t Ignatius did not go with them, for fear of Carqfa, who suspected him, or whom he had oftended at Venice by refusing to enrol himself and companions amongst the Thcatines, founded by Caraffa.t Don Ignacio had his own Idea to work out— his own gun to let off-it was pHmed : why should he let another fire it ? He has reached the joyful moment. Ihe pope IS pleased with him. Paul lilces his hands, and doubtless niseatures, which I have described, after the Jesuits: "All si-rns of v.^sclom, says Bouhours, " according to the physiognomists ;"& but the physiognomists add more than the Jesuit declares. They say • " Devo- tion on the lips, hardn.s in the soul, audacity and obstinacy,--such are the chief characteristics" [of a good likeness of Ignatiusf: " with such eyes it is hard not to be a fanatic; and in such a forehead a thou- sand projects incessantly succeed each other with rapidity. In fine the mouth announces a mind of bigotry, or hypocrisy and intrigue^ ^t in« P"'''!"^'" P^^t'^ex attent^ considerasseL manns Tgnatii, nihil aliud eis inscriptum et.nsculptumv.dupva^ternomen Jesu, et statim dixit: Digitus Dei hic est-n hil " isfs man.bus reper.o prater digitus Dei."-r.W«-r«ma, \n Canon. I.^nntii, , 4S See The Jesuit historians, apparently not relishing the whole fact, have retained the ex- cW,o«, but dexterously omit the adjunct. They make the pope utter the TorH. .tau J'oi;Ti^ 4r'&f Vld ^^"-''•'"'V'' "^ ''\ '^-"P-V nrrtlin,"."" ^^ L"et Frhrs in Se;i I. ' U "''^^^i^"'^'' ^^ho gives the anecdote, was Prior of the Austin 31 " T.'.VTfin -vh?V"'!" '"' '"■'""" f"''''^''*"' ^'^ ^^'1"*=«' of the Jesuits on the « L;V' ^f *K ' I r • ^'"'"'o''' ''■'" caii.,iii.«u'. or course the .Jesuits supplied the hic^s » for the laudation. See Bayle, Diet. vii. 190. ^^ t Bouhours, i. 245. j id. i. 234. ^ id. ii. 228. "" FABER. 109 'ope Paul III. one of Paul's But astrology He iudrred ivhen become ?ly considered I engraved in The finger of jrs of God !"* :3e had heard iiions to crave 10 patronised us liberah"ty.t ispected him, himself and Don Ignacio was primed : yful moment, md doubtless 'All signs of ts;"§ but the say: "Devo- inacy, — such ;ius]: " with ^head a thou- ty. In fine, md intrigue, i eia inscriptum ic est — niliil in tii, p. 48. See hjsioncm., k.c., •etained the ex^ tter the words . ii. 43. Creti- r of the Austin ! Jesuits on the :s supplied the J Id. ii. 228. which will employ all means to gain an end. At this portrait, traced by Lavater himself, we recognise Loyola and his disciples."* Be this as it may; in the cry of reform, then ringing in his ears — for you remember the occasion — with the conviction that something must be done to satisfy the tyrant opinion which interfered with his political schemes — Paul III. accepted the services of Ignatius and his com- panions. Their terms were the most tempting in the world (in matters of religion) — theif services would be gratuitous; they craved no filthy lucre. The Don's object was simply to work for salvation. As far back as 1534, three years before the interview, he had designed his society ;t he had long before resolved to be a glorious founder, like St. Dominic and St. Francis ;J he has not imparted his "holy ambition" even to his conipanions,§ much less, then, will he scare the pope with a design likely at once to take him aback, at a time when there were cries on all sides against existing orders of monks — useless drones atid licentious hypocrites. || He must establish claims before he can demand possession. This he has resolved, and all that he imparts to the pope are the following offers in his own name and that of his companions : — 1. That they will lodge at the hospitals, and will live on alms only. 2. That those who might be together will be superiors by turns, each a week, for fear lest their fervor should carry them too far, if they do not set bounds one to the other in the matter of penances and labor. 3. That they will preach in the public places, where permitted ; that in their preaching they will hold forth the beauty and rewards of virtue, the deformity and penalties of vice, but in a manner conformable to the simplicity of the Gospel, and without the vain ornaments of eloquence. 4. That they will teach children the Christian doctrine and the prin- ciples of good morals. 5. That they will take no money for their func- tions ; and that, in serving their neighbor, they will purely seek God only.^ Manifestly offers identical with the duties of Caraffa's Thea- tines, an institute soon obsolete and forgotten, and so would have been the Ignatians had they confined themselves to those simple avocations. With his usual sagacity, Paul III. saw at once the metal of his man. At all events, there could be little risk in giving him a trial. Such workers as the men before him promised to be, were decidedly wanted to make Rome " lead a Christian life for the future." Time and the stars would direct his final resolution. Meanwhile, we will inquire more deeply into the fortunes of Ignatius, " a great and portentous * Precis Analytique du Syst^me de Lavater, an excellent digest of Lavater's great work. See also Indagine, ubi suprH, in Physionom., c. vii. t Bartoli, 1. ii. 109. X MaiFeius, ]. i. 8. "Quid si prfficiarum hoc S. Dominici facinus, quid si hoc S. Francisci, Deo fretus aggrediar 7" % It was not till the year after that he imparted to his companions " I'affaire impor- tnnte qu'il meditait." We shall hear the words ascribed to him on that occasion. See Bouhours, i. 256. II *' I labor Very unwillingly in the matter of the monks," wrote Bembo in 1530, "to find under many faces all human rascality covered with diabolical hypocrisy." " lo mi travaclio malto malvolentieri \n case di frati per trorarvi sotto moltR volte tatte le umane sceleratezze coperte di diabolica ipocrizia." — Apud Botta, i. 26. t fiouhours, iii. 245. #p I * i t 11 110 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. man, honest withal," as honest George Borrow, of" The Bible in Spain" notoriety, terms the founder of the Jesuits.* Some account of Don Ignacio de Loyola or Guipuscoa, is necessary as a key to the history of the Jesuits ; but a few remarks must precede the narration. It is said that there have been thirty Lives of Ignatius. Many are before me. I have read all I could find. The groundwork of all is Jesuit matter. To Jesuit books all refer. His Life is thus chiefly an ex-parte production. Gonzalvo, the saint's confessor, Ribadeneyra, his daily companion, MafTeus, an early Jesuit, Bartoli, another Jesuit, and, lastly, Bouhours, also a Jesuit, have, with Pinius, the Boilandist.t fur- nished the groundwork to all other biographers of Ignatius. All his * Mr. Sorrow's most interesting boolt, as above, produces very queer notions as we advance with him in his biblical frolics. How the Bible Society enjoyed his opinions on several occasions is a matter of curious conjecture. His politics seemed to have warped his judgment, and given him all the knowledge he required for its foundation. What did the Bible Society think of this opinion ? "I believe the body of which he (Ignatius) was the founder, and which has been so much decried, has effected infi- nitely more good than it has caused harm." " What do I hear ? » asks the Catholic Rector; '« you an Englishman, and a Protestant, and yet an admirer of Ignatius Loy- ola ? " " Myself," writes the Man of the Bible, " I will say nothing with respect to the doctrine of the Jesuits " — [the deuce you won't !] — " for, as you have observed, I am a Protestant : but I am ready to assert that there are no people in the world better qualified, upon the whole, to be entrusted with the education of youth. Their moral system and discipline are truly admirable. Their pupils, in after-life, are seldom vicious and licentious characters, and are in general men of learning, science, and possessed of evsry elegant accomplishment." Then follows the apparent inspiration of his historical judgment. " I execrate," says he, " the conduct of the liberals of Madrid in murdering last year the helpless fathers by whose care and instructions two of the finest minds of Spain have been evolved — the two ornaments of the liberal cause and modern literature of Spain, for such are Toreno and Martinez de la Rosa," p. 27. That's the Bible-agent's opinion — and nothing can be more satisfactory — to the Jesuits, if not to his employers. Throughout the perusal of his book I constantly fancied the wry faces pulled by the masters at the strange freaks and opinions of the servant. It is all very well to say, «' The cause of England's freedom and prosperity is the Bible, and that only, as the last persecutor of this book, the bloody and infamous Mary, was the last (!) tyrant who sat on the throne of England," p. 17. It's all very well to oil the wheels in this fashion, but the following must have been granite- grit to the fund-holders. «« Of all the curiosities of this college (Valadolid) the most remarkable is the picture-gallery, which contains neither more nor less than the por- traits of a variety of scholars of this house, who eventually suffered martyrdom in England, in the exercise of their vocation in the angry times of the Sixth Edward and fierce Elizabeth," p. 125. Never did I read a book suggesting so forcibly the reality of a Protestant Jesuit in its author. Read the most comical account of his conversa- tion with the superiors of the English Catholic college at Lisbon (c. v.), only instead of stars or asterisk \ put Catholics or clergy respectively — and don't be afraid of the agent's employers, as the writer seems to have been — they will not scratch you, if you have turned down the page where he says : " This is one of the relics of the monkish system, the aim of which, in all countries where it has existed, seems to have been to besot the minds of the people, that they might be more easily misled," p. 18. Inva- riably are his opinions contradictory and most inconsistent — and sometimes hideously bigoted and uncharitable — and yet " the name of the Lord Jesus" is always on his lips. Was it in that name that he uttered the following atrocity respecting the late pope, who, in truth, was " honest withal ?" «< 1 said repeatedly that the pope, whom they revered, was an arch-deceiver, and the head-minister of Satan here on earth," p. 15. Finally, if he knew the meaning of the Spanish word carajo, he onght not to have written it in a book where he talks of " Jesus" — and prommently, too. That adorable name always seems out of place in " The Bible in Spain." Jesuit would sound and be better there. t A name given to the compilers of saints' lives. ; t I quef ^ ther< 1730 FABER. Ill ble in Spain" !ount of Don the history of 1. Many are ork of all is us chiefly an adeneyra, his r Jesuit, and, llandist.t fur- us. All his er notions as we ^ed his opinions seemed to have r its foundation, idy of which he las effected infi- iks the Catholic •f Ignatius Loy- with respect to lave observed, I he world better h. Their moral ife, are seldom ig, science, and rent inspiration if the liberals of instructions two 3 of the liberal ez de la Rosa," satisfactory — to )oi< I constantly opinions of the I and prosperity ly and infamous p. 17. It's all 'e been granite- dolid) the most 88 than the por- martyrdom in sth Edward and cibly the reality )f his conversa- only instead of e afraid of the atch you, if you of the monkish to have been to ,"p. 18. Inva- times hideously always on his )ecting the late he pope, whom e on earth," p. le ought not to itly, too. That Jesuit would Jesuit lives vary in their facts with the re in which they were pro- duced.* We do not tind in MafTeus the strange and wonderful asser- tions of Ribadeneyra. Bou hours has used the broad end of his stylus with the graceful, the flaming, but somewhat intense Italian Barloli ; even Bouhours has been made to drop something in a late Life of Igna- tius, published in Ireland. This Jesuit method of change suggests the necessity for caution in giving belief to Jesuit productions, where they are themselves concerned, or their enemies are roughly handled. Truth is not a thing to be adapted to times, and places, and circumstances. Truth is always respectable. Times cannot change it, nor make it ridiculous. Yet such must be the case with regard to Jesuit omissions in the more modern Lives of Ignatius. This fact, therefore, renders imperative some little critical examination in the entertaining inquiry. Further: It requires some knowledge of the Catholic system of saintship and legendary marvels, in order to form a correct judgment on the historical value of saint-biography. Every Catholic has, or should have, a par- ticular veneration for the saint whose name he bears. In some coun- tries, it is the saint's day, not the birth-day, which is celebrated. The "Life" of his saint, at least, should be familiar to him. He can find it in the various Saints' Lives written for the edification of the faithful. If Alban Butler's erudite and almost universal biography of saints— for every day in the year — be not racy enough, he can turn to the Je- suit Ribadeneyra's Flowers of the Lives of the Saints, wherein he will find, according to the necessary admission of a modern Jesuit, "an infinity of doubtful, false, and sometimes revoking matters. "t To the Catholic such books are given. They are to him what the Bible is to the Protestant. They form what is called his "spiritual reading," or reading for the good of his soul. If any "conversion" from an evil life has been eflTected by reading, it is always some such book which has the grace-like power to influence the workings of the inner man, casting off the slough of the old Adam. Thirdly: Most, if not all, of the founders of religious orders are saints of the calendar. Their miracles on earth and their glories in heaven become the grateful, or boastful, and certainly endless theme of their followers; so that the very fact of being founder of an order seems to have neces- sitated his canonization, as though it was evident that he had taken possession of one of the heavenly mansions, to be exclusively appro- priated to succeeding militants, marching into heaven with his banner unfurled. The celebrated Father Andrew Boulanger, of humorous memory, parabled this idea for the edification of the Jesuits whilst on the summit of their glory. The Jesuits requested Father Andrew to preach a sermon to the confraternity on the festival of St. Ignatius. The orthodox father (he was a "reformed Augustinian") had his notion * Ribadeneyra died in 1611, Maffeus in 1603, Bartoli in 1650, Bouhours in 1704. t " II y adopte sans discernement une infinite de choses douteuses, fausses, et quel- quefois revoltantes." — Feller, Biog. Univ. xvii. The book Jias been largely translated : there are many French versions, and one in English, by W. P. [etre] , Esq., in foi., If 112 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. li about the Jesuits, like many others at the time, and resolved to hit them on the knuckles. He imagined a dialogue between the Almighty and St. Ignatius, whom he represented in the act of demanding a place for his Order. "I know not where to put you," was the reply. "The deserts are inhabited by St. Benedict and St. Bruno: St. Bernard oc- cupies the valleys : St. Francis has the little towns — where can we place you?" "Oh," exclaimed Ignatius, "only put us where there is a place to be taken — in the great cities, for instance, — and leave us to do the restJ'^* The Jesuit biographies of their founder and other saints of their or- der are some of the methods whereby the Jesuits " do the rest." The influence of the Jesuits on a certain portion of mankind is largely to be attributed to their multitudinous writings : their biographies have gently '■'■moved" many a novice into the novitiate. One of the wit- nesses examined before the House of Lords, in 1826, answered for him' «c^' on this point. When questioned as to "any circumstance that may have led to that desire on his part," he replied:— " I think I can attribute it chiefly to reading the lives of the great saints in our Church, whom that society produced, and to the admira- tion for their virtues, which it seemed to me the nature of that society must have produced in these and other men." " What were the books in which you read these lives?" " The ordinary books that are open to every person — the English Lives of St. Francis Xavier, and some other saints. "f All these biographies of the Jesuits are strikingly adapted to the times in which they appeared — not only in style, but in matter. They are all written for effect; and, like all the attempts of the Jesuits, have not fallen short of their aim. Ribadeneyra with his "extraordinary things," and Nieremberg with his boiling extravagance, were just the writers for the Spaniards. Maffeus, the elaborate imitator of Cicero and Livy, endeavored to produce a new classic for youth, with the ad- ditional recommendation of having a Jesuit-Christian saint for its hero. Bartoli is elegant and entertaining, and ever anxious to show the world's obligations to Ignatius and his followers, at a time when the society was an object of jealousy and envy on account of her wealth and power and successful operations — and not Avithout blame. Bouhours pruned the luxuriant vine of legendary lore — was devout without strong piety, and produced the present standard Life of Ignatius for our entertain- ment as well as that of the courtiers of Louis XIV., — when the for- malities of devotion dispensed with piety to God. Out of all these biographies and other Jesuit sources — not omitting the fiimous Imago, or Image of the First Century of the Society of Je- * Tallem. Historiettes, t. which saj's : vi. Predicatoriana, p. 219. There is an old distich " Bernardus valies, colles Benedictus amabat, Oppida Franciscus, magnas Ignatius urbes." t Evidence taken before the Select Committees. Exam, of " Mr. W. Rogers," a quondam student at the Jesuit seminary of Clongowcs, Nor. 13th, 1S26. FABER. 113 ed to hit them Almighty and ng a place for reply. " The t. Bernard oc- ;vhere can we vhere there is nil leave us to Its of their or- e rest." The I is largely to graphics have ne of the wit- hered for him- imstance that 's of the great to the admira- af that society —the English 3apted to the latter. They ) Jesuits, have extraordinary were just the ator of Cicero , with the ad- it for its hero. DWthe world's n the society 1th and power 'hours pruned t strong piety, our entertain- tvhen the for- -not omitting Society of Je- i an old distich W. Rogers," a sus,* I shall proceed to sketch the history of the renowned Bon Igna- do Loyola de Guipuscoa—a founder, a saint, and spiritual Quixote of the sixteenth century. A biographer informs us that Ignatius always acted as though he had had no father, no mother, no genealogy :t his followers inherited the same exemption. All have been spiritual Melchisedecs in theory; they have lived only for their spiritual work in hand, or for themselves alone : but to the parentage of their heroes they have always given honor due, — for a splendid example is better than a thousand disserta- tions on the contempt of the world, its pomps and vanities, in striving to "move" the rich, the great, the learned, into the society. Don Ignacio was the last son of eleven children— the eighth and last male scion of the house of Loyola : his father was Don Bertram, hidalgo of Ognez and Loyola, a house, castle, or fortress, in Guipuscoa, a pro- vince of Biscay, in the mighty kingdom of Spain.J In this castle Ig- natius was born, in the year 1491, in the reign of Ferdinand, the last representative of ancient "chivalry," and the first model of modern despotism and ruthless bigotry — hence immortalised in history by the surname of "The Catholic." His mother, in honor of the Virgin Mary's delivery, gave him birth in a stable. Some contention hap- * This extraordinary production was published to celebrate the hundredth anniver- sary of the society's foundation. It is crammed with admirably designed, and well- executed engravings— vigorous, and as startling as the accompanying dissertations, which are a splendid sample of intellect gone mad, and rioting in spiritual drunken- ness. It will be more particularly described in its proper place. At present, suffice It to say, that " the Jesuits, in order to attract others, present a pompous idea of their &.ociety, and endeavor to excite a high notion of its Institute ; they represent its for- mation as dictated by God, its miraculous revelations, and declare its plan, rules and privileges to have been inspired by Him, and by the Blessed Virgin; in order that all who might join the Society should know that it was not so much to the laws of Igna- tius that they were invited to submit, as to laws of a divine and sacred orisin " " t Ribad. lib. v. c. 5. t Besides noblemen by descent, there were also in Spain others of curious tenure. 1 here was the hidalgo de bragueta, a denomination, very expressive in the original , given to hinti who had seven sons without a daughter intervening. Then there was the hidalgo degotera, one who enjoyed the rights of nobility in one place or town only. Lastly, the hidalguejo, htdalguete, hidalguillo, petty country squires, poor gentlemen all. It is im- possible to say to which denomination the hidalgo of Loyola belonged ; but his mundane titles may be conceded in the blaze of his celestial glories. Pasquier, the great oppo- nent of the Jesuits, calls him " Gentilhomme Navarrein de bonne part," ailer Ribade- neyra. It is curious, however, that as early as 1629 his nobility was denied. In the Speculum JesmUcum(3esxi\l Looking-glass), Ignatius is called " a man of obscure pa- rentage, born at a place called Aspeytheia," and in the Pyrotechnica Loyolana (Loyo- Jan fireworks), published in 1667, he is said to have been " born of mean parentagi." f«^i°?n^«« k<> Don Bertram had patronage at the court of Ferdinand: thither he hurried the young Ignatius at an early age, and scarcely in possession of the first elements of knowledge.J The youthful page soon became * "Dudandosequando bautizavan a San Ignacio, como le llamaran.el mismo niSo se n„,o nombre • con el qual se significa el officio que avia de hazer en la Iglezia."- Emfic T ' On "h?8 thePyMnica Loyolam,by a « Catholic Christian," observes as SK •■ "* A brother of the society hath a pretty fiction (wherein they have a knack of outdiinir all the poets), that while the name was in dispute, the .nfant himself (a nrod^Ss baby) said he would be called Ignatius, the genuine signification of wh ch Fs an incendiary [ignis, fire] , one that casts about mM-fire-convemunt rebus nmnma sJesuts" This bo*Lk is a very curious old diatribe against the Jesuits. It is furnished t^?h a formidable frontispiece, representing the Jesuits involving the umversal world Tn conflagmion, wSst the pope sits on the right, bellows in hand, from the pipe of which issue the words : «« Di scilicet inferni ! coeptis aspirate meis !" " Infernal gods ! give to my enterprise A favoring gale!" Thn nlite deserves a minute description : it comprises the whole history of the Jesuit's, Sleasras presented to the Lnd of a "good hater" and " Catholic Chns- ^'^t "Ac de prima ipsius pueritii id unum constat, baud ita severi disciplini educatum a Lis £isLT^tquS ab ipsis incunabuli., «t in opulentft domo, profanes admodum ^1""£iX[s'"x dim Uimine'salutatis," says the pompous Maffeus. Lib. i. J .1 FABER. 115 soon became ambitious to excel in all the arts of the courtier, to whose morals he conformed, and chose the profession of arms. Henceforward the point of honor, and the love of woman, gave perilous occupation to his active mind and body.* His character at this period is thus described by his disciples. He was not so exact in his religious duties as in the dis- cipline of war. The bad habits which he had contracted at court were strengthened amidst the license of arms ; and the labors of his profes- sion were made compatible with the pursuits of love and pleasure. — Perhaps there never was cavalier at one and the same time more inured to fatigue, more polished, and attentive to the fair sex. But, however worldly in his pursuits, Ignatius had certain principles of religion and probity. He was careful to observe decorum even in his excesses. He was never heard to utter a word calculated to offend piety or modesty; he paid due respect to the holy places and the min- isters of religion. Very sensitive on the point of honor, and impelled by his natural pride to demand satisfaction for the slightest insuh; still he pardoned all, and was appeased as soon as reparation was offered. His peculiar talent was shown in reconciling the quarrels of the soldiers, and in stifling popular commotions: on more than one occasion he dis- armed, by a single word, two parties on the point of settling the mat- ter by mortal combat. He despised riches habitually, and proved his disinterestedness on one occasion by declining to share the booty of a captured town. He had tact in the management of affairs; young as he was, he knew how to influence the minds of men, and improve an opportunity. He hated gaming, but loved poetry ; and, without the slightest tincture of learning, he composed very good verse in Spanish: curious enough, his subjects were sometimes pious — as, for instance, a poem in the Praise of St. Peter, the first pope of Rome, as Catholics belie ve.t Such is the first aspect in which Ignatius is presented to us by his disciples. It is the model of an officer, such as Escobar, the renowned Jesuit-casuist, might easily absolve, and such as would have been prized in the court of Louis XIV., with the Jesuit Lachaise and Ma- dame de Maintenon for his patrons. Thus lived Ignatius to his twenty- ninth year — a semi-religious worldling, according to his biographers — mingling thoughts of revenge and love with the sentiments requisite for the construction of pious verse; reconciling the "false maxims of the world" in practice with his theoretical " respect for the holy places and the ministers of religion." He must be converted. On that event I depends his immortality. His burning desire for famej must be turned i into the ambition of the saints. A model of strict military discipline I and valor on every occasion, whether as a soldier or commander, his I love for the profession of his choice§ evinces that enthusiasm which * " Id (temporis) ille . . . partim in Tactionuin rixarumque periculis, partim in amatoria vesaniS, at ceteri sseculi vanitate consumeret." — Id. ib. X t Bouhours, liv. i. Bouhours wrote in " the age of Louis XIV.," and his book is 4 dedicated to the Queen. jI t " Ardenti laudis humansK studio .... abreptus." — Mttf. lib. i. ^ " II passa par tous les degrds de la milice, fit paraitre en toute occasion beau- lie HISTORY OF TUB JESUITS. gives energy to the mind and heart in every and any pursuit, when a real or fancied reward in store lends a motive to every step in the onward march. Enthusiasm was the ground-work of his character; enthusiasm, that consciousness of extraordinary power, with a will com- mensurate, to produce extraordinary results. Such a character is gene- rally, if not always, tinged with the roseate hue of religion: all the passions with which it is allied — often the strongest — keep alive and agitate this religious tendency of enthusiasm, by their speedy satiety in transient gratification, leaving for ever void the desire of perfection in all things, which is a characteristic element of enthusiasm. With Ignatius enthusiasm seems to have been hereditary: his mother would give him birth in a stable, thus to honor the ** Queen of Heaven!" and in the midst of his worldly pursuits, Ignatius celebrated in verso the "Prince of the Apostles," as if even then convinced that only Hpiritual power and renown were perfect, and therefore more deserving his heart's desire than the glory of arms, or the love of woman. The last military achievement of Ignatius strikingly displays the leading features of his character. In the year 1631, Francis I., King of France, sent a large army into Navarre, under the command of An- drew de Foix. The province of Guipuscoa was ravaged; the invading forces laid siege to Pampeluna, the capital of Navarre.* A Spanish officer in the garrison endeavored in vain to inspire the troops with valor to resist the invaders — they would capitulate. The panic spread: the officer left these cowards, and retired into the citadel, attended by a single soldier. A parley in the citadel was offered and accepted eagerly by that officer determined to " improve the opportunity." The severe terms of surrender were proposed — the base compromise was about to be made, when he seized the moment, and launched into furious invectives against the French. The conference broke up. "To arms!" resounded on all sides. Look to yon fortress! Sword in hand, the warrior leads his band (now forced to fight) to the gaping breach. Hand to hand, foot to foot, the struggle is for victory or death ! But fortune or Providence decides the day ; the hero of the fight falls des- perately wounded. The hero of the fight is — Ignatius of LovoLA.t The splinter of a stone struck his left leg, and a cannon ball broke his right. His troop surrendered at discretion, and the victors, in admira- tion of his courage, bore Ignatius to the quarters of their general, where he received every attention so justly due to the hero. As soon as he could be removed with safety, he was carried to the castle of Loyola, at a short distance from Pampeluna. His surgeons were now persuaded that it was necessary to break the bones anew, in order to replace them into their natural position, having been badly set, or jolted out of place by the movement of the journey. Ignatius submitted to the operation without a groan. The result was nearly fatal. A violent fever ensued: he was given over by his medical attendants. ■a coup de valeur, et fut tnujours tr^s attache au service, soit qu'il ob^it, ou qu'il com- mandfit." — Bouhou,-$^ liv. i. * iSee Robertson, CInries V. vol. ii. b. ii. ; Uanken, Hist, of France, vol. v. p. 209. t Bouhour«, and all the biographers triumphantly. II 1! PABER. » 117 Resigned to his fate the warrior slept ; and in his sleep, according to the legend, beheld St. Peter, who cured him with his own hand. ••The event," says the Jesuit, ••showed that this dream had nothing false in it: when he awoko he was found to be out of danger, — his pains ceased, his strength returned."* The Jesuits venture two con- jectures in explanation of this miraculous interposition. "God wished," say they, ••that St. y^c/cr should cure him, either because Ignatius had, from his youth upwards, honored the Prince of the Apostles; or, be- cause the Prince of the Apostles interested himself somewhat in the recovery of a man destined by Heaven to maintain against heretics the authority of the Holy See." Decidedly a very plausible explanation. It reminds us of a certain worthy — a staunch Protestant by the way who being somewhat ••fixed" by his acknowledged inability to explain the meaning of the Lion and the Unicorn in the arms of England, said to the inquisitive Spaniard: ••Suppose I were to tell you that they re- present the Lion of Bethlehem and the horned monster of the flaming pit in combat, as to which should obtain the mastery in England, what would you say.'" He replied: •• I should say that you gave a fair an- swer." A little invention is a great talisman in Jesuits of every de- nomination and profession.t The Jesuit's explanation is intended to show the utility of saint-wor- ship in general, and the worship of the great saints in particular. Be- sides, it points at once to the origin of the Society, which was, appa- rently, designed in heaven with the knowledge and concurrence of St. Peter, the first pope of Rome. Nothing can be plainer. It is evident to demonstration — not so the conversion of Ignatius, however. The miraculous recovery left him ungratefully unconverted. He still clung to the pomps and vanities of this despicable world ; for, finding that the bone of his leg protruded after the miracle, and marred the elegance of his boot — empechait le cavalier de porter la botte bien tiree — the gal- lant cavalier, ever attentive to dress and fashionable grace,t determined to resort to the excruciating bone-nipper for that perfection of form which the apostle of his dream had not deemed requisite. He had the deformity cut away without uttering a word — without changing coun- tenance. Nor was this all : he had the limb stretched for several days by a machine of iron. The operation failed; Ignatius was doomed to remain a cripple for life. This conviction must have been excessively annoying to a mind constituted as that of Ignatius has been described, and attested by his conduct on this occasion. What efforts to restore his external grace and attractions ! To whom were they so indispens- able as to gallant cavaliers of these gallant times, when beauty and grace were essential in the adventurer who strove to be even as the Cid, or Amadis of Gaul, the idols of the national heart. Was there not one whose image filled the soul of the prostrate cavalier! There was; and something worthy withal. •• She was not a countess nor a duchess ; * Bouhours. The interp 15. i " Cum esset corporis ornatu elegantissiraus." — Maff. t The interpreter of England's Arms is Mr. Borrom. of " Tho Bib'" 'n Spain " p. 15. ' - - _j> , 118 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. bi t her estate was higher than any of these."* And now, away with pious aspirations; the thought of bis lady-love clings to his heart. He meditates some military exploit to render himself worthy of her smiles; for he could not believe it possible to live without some great ambition, nor be happy without some absorbing passion.t But when he glanced at his leg — his leg doomed to limp — what a pang of despair shot freez- ingly through him ! " In the midit oF such peril, all methodi I try To escape from my fate, I weep, laugh and Bigh.*'t And shrugging his shoulders he submitted to his fate — •• I have not, I care not, nor hope for relief."^ Still confined to his bed, he asked for a book to while away the tedi- ous hours. He wanted a romance — some work of chivalry. There was none at hand. They brought him the Life of Christ and the Lives of the Saints instead. The latter, very naturally, fixed his attention, so full of adventure, strange and windmill achievements. He read, and pondered as he read, and then his musing struck off* a bright idea. "What if / were to do what St. Francis did? what St. Dominic achieved ?"|| • Generous notions these, but nipped in the bud by those thoughts of the woman, for Ignatius was a lover: his Dulcinea was one of Castile's highest and fairest damsels. St. Benedict, the founder of the Benedic- tines, had been in a similar dilemma, 'twixt love and conversion. Benedict rolled himself on some briers and nettles, till his body was covered with blood, and his heart divested of love ;% not so Ignatius, — he continued to read the Lives of the Saints, which was more rational. The result was satisfactory; he jumped to his conversion; for thus only can we qualify the eflfect, considering the cause. His conclusion was that " God alone could satisfy the human heart, and that he should renounce all things to secure salvation." How he came to this conclu- sion we cannot discover in the premises: — but his biographers give a page or two detailing the process of his conversion. Its results are more interesting, and assuredly more authentic. The process of con- versions is very common-place, always alike; certainly nicely managed, though not always consistent with the character and condition of the patient. The result is all that is necessary : the formalities are like ready-made garments: they answer the purpose — after a fashion. The result, in the present instance, was, that Ignatius resolved to copy the awful saints of the Church, his imagination being heated by the terri- * " Non era condessa, ni duquesa ; mas era su estado mas alto que ninguna de estas." His own words, given in Act. Sand, apud Ranke, b. ii. t fiouhours, liv. i. t " Pues tantos pellgros me tienen en medio Que llore, que ria, que grite, que calle." ^ " Ni tengo, ni quiero, ni espero remedio !" Alonzo of Carthagena, apud Sismondi, ii. 165. II " Quid si ego hoc agerem quod fecit beatus Franciscus," &c.— 7n Act. Sand. Matt'. 1. i. c. 2. ^ Butl. Saints' Lives, iii. St. Ben. \ FABER. 11» Dw, away with his heart. He of her smiles; B[reat ambition, len he glanced )air shot freez^ "t away the tedl- valry. There and the Lives his attention, He read, and a bright idea. i St. Dominic >se thoughts of ne of Castile's f the Benedic- id conversion, his body was so Ignatius, — more rational, sion; for thus lis conclusion that he should to this conclu- aphers give a [ts results are •rocess of con- cely managed, indition of the iities are like fashion. The id to copy the 1 by the terri- inguna de estas." imondi, ii. 165. . — In Act. Sand. iii. St. Ben. ble austerities wherewith they fought against the world, the flesh and the devil. By these legends he was convinced, as we are expressly told, "that all the perfection of Christianity was comprised in the maceration of the (lesh."« Not by any means after the manner of Hopeful's conversion.t was that of Ignatius. His conversion was a wedge driving out a wedge — and remaining a wedge notwithstanding. It was only another sort of ambition which got possession of his mind, in his altered condition : in the paths of this new ambition he might limp, and yet reach the goal joyfully at last. Whatever were his inmost convictions, results proved that he was determined to attempt the nimis alta, the impossible things, the windmill adventures of spirit- ual ambition. It is futile to ascribe to Ignatius more than the vaguest notions of spirituality. These are sufficient to account for his imme- diate resolution. He will grow wiser; perhaps, more sober, by experi- ence, and a little knowledge of the craft. His present resolves are suggested by his reading, and the superstitions of the age, to his enthu- siastic ambition : hazy notions all, without sunlight, but right-well con- ducive to his purpose : he will soon do enough to constitute him a man of authority in the estimation of credulous disciples, and then he will assuredlj/^ "do what St. Benedict did, what St. Dominic achieved:" that is, found an Order of Monks, — this being the starting idea, as his own words so strikingly declare. This ambitious hope made his "con- version" necessary, and he was "converted." We shall presently be- hold the probable process. Life is a chain of incidents. Each event holds to its predecessor. We march on unconscious of causes — looking merely to effects, and their endless ramifications. All of us look forward; we leave the past, and stretch beyond into the future — even the old in years and experi- ence gamble with life, trusting to "chance"— that impossible thing — for a blessing and success. Ignatius knew not what he had to endure, ere he should reach the goal: — but his resolution was taken. His first idea was to set off on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, clothed in a sack, fast- ing on bread and water, lying on the hard ground, seeking for his transient dwelling some frightful solitude^ — "a darksome place." This was in the year 1521, when Luther was enjoying his delightful Patmos in the castle of Wartburg, protected and solaced (after the Diet of Worms) by the Duke Frederick,— basking in the bright sun of day which visited him by times at morn, and listening to the song of the nightingale perched on his window, greeting him as a friend, or sooth- ing his heart with the sound of his flute, so cheering in his unrest — as constantly his companion as the Bible, which he Avas then translating into German. § So far the Catholic Audin; but it was also from this spot, in a series of mournful but eloquent letters to various persons, that he unfolded the sad thoughts which came over him in his solitude — • Bouhours. t Pilgrim's Progress. | Bouhours. 5 See Audin, Hist, de Luther, c. xiv. for an interesting description of Luther's so- journ at Wartburg. Also D'Aubigne, Hist, of the Ref. ii. 277 ; Mosheim, Hist. ii. 27, and Hazhttj Life of Luther, n. XOO.et seq. This is perhaps the most intnrrstinn- sccount of all. Mr. Hazlitt deserves great praise for this book. It is immeasurably superior to Michelet'8 affair. See also Cox's Life of Melancthon, p. 152, et seq. 120 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. ererno meo, as he writes,— " his region of the air"— "the recion of birds,' or "from amidst birds which sing sweetly on the branches of the tall trees, and praise God night and day with all their miffht," or "from the mountain," and " from the isle of Patmos;" and yet shakinff anon his terrible mane, and with a roar that could find an echo in the thousand hills of Fatherland, crying to the spirits that seemed asleep in the day of labor: " What art thou doing now, my Philin?" he writes to Melancthon. " Prayest thou for me? As to myself, I sit gloomy all the day long. I place before my eyes the fiaure of the church, and I see these words of Psalm Ixxxix.: Wherefore hast thou made all men in vain ? Oh God ! how horrible a form of the anger of God IS this abominable rule of the antichrist of Rome! I hate ihe hardness of my heart, which does not dissolve in torrents of tears, be- wailing the children of my slaughtered people. There is not one among them who rises up, who puts himself in the front for God's sake, who makes of himself a rampart for the house of Israel in this day of desolation and anger. O reign of the pope, filth of ages! God have mercy upon us." To the future anxiously looked Luther in his Patmos: to the past musingly gazed Ignatius in his solitude, with the Flowers of the Saints around him. Ignatius admired in these saints-errant that absolute de- pendence on Providence which made them wander from one end of the world to the other without any provisions. With astonishment he con- templated the holy denizens of solitude; and especially the anchorets 01 i alestine and Egypt ; men of quality covered with rough haircloths, their precious rings and ornaments of geld discarded for heavy chains ot iron ; their pampered bodies macerated with fasting; their eyes by beauty fascinated, and by sleep delightfully refreshed, now weary with excess of watching, and by tears bitterly scalded ; habituated to lordly halJs, with pomp and merriment, now buried alive in frightful deserts, horrible caverns, whither roaring throng their natural indwellers— savage beasts dislodged by the men of penance ! "These men," said Ignatius, " who have treated their innocent flesh with much barbarity, have they any other nature than I have ? Why then do I not whkt they have done ?" The thought of his Dulcinea had withheld his answer to the stirring appeal. It had diverted his musings from the saints-errant to the knights-errant of chivalrous renown. '^. ■ f .. sa of chivalry was set in the clouds of gunpowder. War wa. n r a pastime. Battle was no longer a joke. The fun of tN: ihnm ivas gone for ever. Back, therefore, from knight-errantry to saint-errantry the broken-down warrior recoils. From embattled paladins to canon- jsed saints he turned analogically musing. " Those," said he, " have indeed protected the oppressed, defended the honor of ladies, overcome encl.antmer.:^S nut armies to the rout, dissipated fleets, cleft down crjants, saved empir,i,^. ^ooquered kingdoms; but the saints have given siaht blind, ;,p<> h < the dumb, hearing to the deaf, and health to the they hiive restored the lame, cured lepers, reanimated the dead of paralytics, tamed monsters. V\\\pi\ Hmrmpo of„..,^„.„ „_„-,. traversed, like Wild beasts, vast plains of air; passed on foot to the sick; limbs FABER. 121 through ihe waves of the sea ; made flprinc* arise amidst the barren earth, given sweetness to bitter waters, walked through devouring flumes untouched ; eat poisoned meals and drank poisoned drinks without injury; foretold the future, r»'ad hearts, raised the dead, cast out devils, triumphed over hell, and conquered heaven.* Glory," add- ed he, " for which I have a passion so ardent, was the end which both the one and ihe other of these heroes proposed to themselves. For glory they have undertaken such difficult adventures, borne so many fatigues, encountered so many dangers, braved hunger, thirst, and the inclemencies of the weather, hated their own flesh, despised life, and defied death. But what have these paladins gained as the reward of all tlieir jjlorioiis labors, so boasted of in the annals of chivalry ? Empty fflory, which they enjoyed but a moment ! Glory, which will not per- haps reach to future generations ; which, however splendid, and how- ever diffused, even to the extremities of the earth, will last only to the end of time. Histories, brass, and marble, at most, will preserve their memory among men ; but these illustrious monuments will perish with the world, and this glory will perish with them, — but the glory of the saints will eternally endure. What then can I do better," concluded Ignatius, "than fight like ihem under the banner of spiritual chivalry, since it has so many advantages over the temporal."! His resolution being thus taken, he hesitated not a moment on the choice of the examples he should follow. St. Dominic and St. Francis of Assyse presented themselves immediately to his mind — one as the spiritual Orlando, the other as the spiritual Amadis de Gaul. The difficulty of imitating these sublime heroes did not affright him ; his courage made him think all things possible ; and then it was that he cried out in the ardor of his zeal: "Why may I not undertake what St. Dominic achieved ? Why can 1 not do what St. Francis perform- ed ?" Prayer and repentance, however, were the prescribed begin- nings of sanctity; so Ignatius, to conform to the rule as he conceived it, passed all his nights in prayer and weeping for his sins. Having risen one night, as usual, to give free course to his tears, he prostrated himself before an image of the virgin, and consecrating himself to the service of Mary, with sentiments of the most tender aflectrion, swore to her an inviolable fidelity. This was loo much for Satan. Immediately Ignatiiv-; (according to his own account, of course), heard a horrible noise — the house shook — all the casements of his windows were shat- tered to pieces. It was the devil, who, enraged to see himself aban- doned by our hero, paid him a visit of expostulation. Foreseeing what Ignatius would one day become, the fiend would have wished to destroy him under the ruins of the castle. But Ignatius let fly a huge sign of the cross at the devil, who retreated in dismay. Ever after, they showed the breach which the devil made in retiring, for it never could be re- paired, because of the insupportable stench that exhaled from it, and prevented approach. On this incident Valderrama flourishes to admi- * Even in the modern saint-biographer. Alhan Butler, you will find, everywhere, examples of these prodigious miracles, t Hist, de I'admirable Don Inigo, i. if?* 122 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. . I i [I i ration. " When it came first," says he, "into the mind of Ignatius to quit his military employment, the house wherein he was, shook, tlie walls were shattered, with all the beams and rafters • insomuch, that al! those who were in it left it ; and as it happens when in some sul- phurous mountain a fiery fountain bursting forth, there is an immediate eruption of flames ; so when that internal fire, which pent up in the young soldier was cold, and, as it were, frozen in respect to things di- vine, grew more powerful, it so broke out into flames, that a thousand terrors, a thousand astonishments, a thousand combustions, were the consequence thereof — never was there any ^Etna, any fiery mountain, that did the like."* Be sparing of your astonishment. If you be a phrenologist, your organ of wonder will have endless exercise in the history of the Jesuits ; if you read your Testament, the Acts of the Apostles (chap, ii.) will not be the only part of which you will be reminded in the lives of Jesuit-saints immortal; — all history, sacred and profane, lends simili- tudes to the Jesuit-mind for the exaltation of its heroes. Its classic and devou* diction seems to have necessitated the appropriation of classic and sacred incidents to spin the dazzling web. If hell was en- raged. Heaven sang, •' O be joyful," we are literally told, at this stu- pendous conversion. " The Virgin Mother of God," says Bartoli, in proof of having received the offering which he had made of h'mself to her, "appeared to Ignatius one night whilst in prayer, bearing the in- fant Jesus in her arms, and with familiar fondness remained some time before him, letting him see how she came to satiate him with a sight of her."t This interview was followed by a stupendous deprivation — the total removal of all concupiscence from the feelings of Ignatius. Never after did it presume to enter his heart ; these horrible feelings vanished for ever. The favor has been vouchsafed to very few saints, pochissi- mi sanii: Ignatius had it in so sublime a degree, that from this time forward, as if his flesh was dead within him, or he had lost all sense for the impressions of concupiscence, he never after felt even an invo- luntary emotion ! non ne provd mai piu ne anco involontario movimen- to.X Well might the Jesuit exclaim that Ignatius " was astonished to see himself transformed into another man."§ Enough, decidedly, to cheer the convert in his gigantic enterprise. How light, then, seemed the terrible deeds of sainted heroes. With his celestial favor, and his robust constitution, could he not do what so many saints did with delicate complexions? Could he not, like St. Hillarion, take four figs a day for his nourishment at sunset; or, like * Ribaden., Nieremb., Maff., Bartoli, Bouhours, Vald. in Canon. S. Ignat. Imago, Hist, de Dom Inig., Pyrf tech. Loy. t " Ma se I'inferno arrabid, all' incontro giubbilft il Paradiso, e la Vergine Madre di Die, in fede d'aver gradita I'offerta, che di sfe le avcL falta, un altra nolte, mentre egli veggiava in orazione, gli comparve con in braccio il bambino Jesil, e con sem- biante d'atFabile domestichezza, biiona pezza gli stette innanzi, lasciandosi mirarc, cume venuia a saziarlo deila sua vista." — Bartoli, lib. i. c. 6. Also, all the biographers triumphantly. I Bartoli, 1. i. c. 6. ^ Bouhours, on another occasion, 1. i. FABER. 123 ;nnt. Imago, St. Apollonius, live on raw herbs, such as brute beasts graze upon ; or, like St. Pacomius, sleep on a stone ; or, like St. Zuirard, sit in the trunk of a hollow tree, environed on all sides with pointed stakes ; or take no rest at all, like St. Dorothy the Theban ; or perch on a high pillar, forty cubits high, like Simon the Stylite? Could he not bend the knee two hundred times a day like St. Guingale; pray three hun- dred times a day like St. Paul the anchoret ; or, after the fashion of St. Policrone, ciTer up his prayers with the root of a huge oak on his shoulders ? What! will he, who with so much constancy suffered such cruel torments only to be enabled to wear a Morocco boot tight on his leg, refuse to suffer less to become a gret:'. saint ? Can he not keep himself cramped in a cage, placed on the ledge of a rock, suspended in air, like St. Baradat and St. Thalellus ? The fires of concupiscence are extinguished, but still, by way of a coup de grace, can he not throw himself naked into a swarm of flies, like St. Macarius of Alexandria; or into a heap of thorns and briars, like St. Benedict; or into water in the middle of winter, like St. Adhelm and St. Ulric; or into frost and snow, like the seraphic St. Francis? What hinders him from giving himself a thousand blows a day, as did St. Anthelm; or even from imitating the great St. Dominic of the buckler, who gave himself 3000 lashes every week, repeating the psalter twenty times right through? O blessed Hagioiogy of Rome! how inexhaustible thou art in resources for thy maniacs and demoniacs of devotion ! With, such examples, in the Flowers of t. e Saints, before his hot imagination, well might Ignatius compare temporal knight-errantry with the spiritual, and give the preference to the latter. From admi- ration of the former, he naturally passed to a greater admiration of the latter in his altered circumstances, and from great admiration he hurried to imitation. His resolution gained strength by a slight resistance which, we are assured, came from his family. All the circumstances in the life of Ignatius are made to tell, cleverly devised to influence peculiar minds : so we have on this occasion presented before us Don Garcia, the saint's brother, trying to dissuade him from his resolution. The speech is given after the manner of the ancients, and the saint's reply, in like manner, admirably suited to the trained lips of any youth dissuaded by his friends from entering the society of Jesus. You may be sure that none of the biofrraphers omit this incident. It was appli- cable at all times of the "celebrated society." Ignatius gave the first example. Under pretext of paying a v'sit, the spiritual Quixote mount- ed on horseback, and left the castle of hib ancestors for ever. He paid his respects to his old general, the Duke ot Najare; dismissed his at- tendants on some pretext again, we are expressly told, and took the road for Montserrat (a Benedictine monastery, not far from Barcelona)* ripe for adventure. i * Bart., Maff., Bouh., all the biographers gloriously, t Before you proceed, perhaps you will be interested by the following account of thp fnundiUion of the monastery to which Ignatius is going. It will further elucidate the hagioiogy of Rome, or Roman Spain at all events. It is taken from a very rare book, called the " History of the Miracles performed by the intercession of Our Lady 124 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. It was on the eve of the Annunciation, March 24, 1532, that lana- tius mingled amongst the pilgrims hastening to the shrine, the miracle- working image of the Virgin: Our Lady of Montserrat. The Virgin had blessed him with her presence: he ni.'.v made a vow of perpetual chastity, " in order to render himself agreeable to the eyes of the Virgin before whom he was about to appear,"* and » to ratify the grace which he had received in the previous apparition."! He fell in with a Moor, an inhdel Mohammedan, of the race proscribed by Ferdinand; a mise- rable remnant of those who tarried in the land to see the last of their hopes vanish for ever, and curse the Christian banner, triumphant and persecuting, as it proudly licke 1 the breeze from the walls of Grenada. 1 he travellers began to converse. Ignatius (his heart being full) spoke of his destination, the shrine of the Virgin. A dispute arose: the in- lidel denied the virginity of Mary, after giving birth to a child— a mere quibb e of words— but enough to rouse the indignation of the converted Caballero. He warmed apace. The Moor was prudent, and left the champion behind. His flashing eye doubtless preluded the flashing of Montserrat." The first count of Barcelona had a daughter-a most accomplished h3T^ r "' possessed by the devil. Her father carried her to a hermit, named brother John Guerin, and surnamed the holy man : he conjured him by his prayers to chase away the fiend that possessed her. This was done ; but, for fear les the devil should enter again into that beautiful body, the count, by the advice of the same devil Jert his daughter nine days with the holy man, who fell in love with her, ravished the maiden, and cut her throat . . , Guerin went to Rome to ask pardon for these two exe- crable crimes : he confessed himself to the pope, who, struck with horror at the recital ordered him, by way of penance, to return to Montserrat, walking upon his hands and S^ ^h^. irJI'J" ^^ or stand upright, till an infant of the age of three or four months old should bid him rise, and tell him our Lord had pardoned his sins. Seven years after, the Count of Barcelona, hunting on the mountain of Montserrat, found in a cavern a man hairy like a bear, and walking upon his hands and feet. They took him alive, and carried him to Barcelona, where they kept him in a dungeon of the castle, chained like a wild beast. Some days after this, the count gave a solemn feast on occasion of a child's being born to him. The guests, having heard some talk of the hairy man, desired to th,f th*^".!,!/-? "'I' accordingly brought into the banqueting hall at the same moment that the child, whose birthday they were celebrating, and who was but three or four months old, was brought in his nurse's arms. The child had no sooner cast his eye- on the new Lycaon, than he cried out with a loud and distinct voice, " Stand upri/ht ' brother John Guerin, for God has pardoned thy sins." He immediately rose up, tnd in an erect posture related his whole history to the count, who ratified his pardon say- A%' 1 x^. r .'"' ^'"^ pardoned thy sins, I pardon thee also with all my heart. But." added he, '« I desire to know where you have buried my daughter, that'l may have her body broughtto Barcelona, and interred in the tomb of her ancestors." Guorin showed the place where he had buried her; and the ground being opened, to the great asto- nishment of the spectators the count's daughter was found alive and ravishingly beau- titul. Instead of the wound which the hermit had made when he cut her throat, nothing was to be seen but a red circle, not unlike a scarlet collar. And she told the count, her ather, that the Virgin, to whom she had recommended herself, had thus miracu- ously preserved her In memory of this surprising miracle, a convent was built in the same place for ladies, over whom the count's daughter was made abbess, and bro- ther Guerin was appointed their confessor and director. Near this place was found an image of .he Virgin, sparkling with rays oflight,and perfuming the adjacent parts with sweet odors In attempting to carry it away, it was found impossible to remove it. Judging by this prodigy that she was resolved to remain in the place where the dauch- ^'a ^r;^ ""' «'^''=""cclona had been inierred, they built there the monastery of Our Lady of Montserrat, and placed in it this image, of which they recount so maiiy mira- cles, before which St. Ignntius is about to perform a ceremony, after tempting, or hav- ing an adventure. Apud " Do Selva." J' f "g, «» nav * Bouhours, &c. &c. t Ibid. &c. &c. ■I 2, that Igna- , the miracle- The Virgin of perpetual of the Virgin grace which with a Moor, and; a mise- last of their imphant and of Grenada, g full) spoke rose: the in- hild — a mere he converted and left the the flashing t accomplished hermit, named i' his prayers to ir lest the devil the same devil, ir, ravished the these two exe- r at the recital, his hands and or four months en years afler, cavern a man, ive, and carried tied like a wild on of a child's lan, desired to same moment t three or four r cast his eyes Stand upright, ' y rose up, and is pardon, say- heart. But," may have her juerin showed he great asto- ishingly beau- hroat, nothing old the count, i thus miracu- it was built in bess, and bro- was found an ent parts with to remove it. !re the daugh- lastery of Our !o many mira- pliiig, or hav- . &C. &c. FABER. 125 blade, uneasy in its scabbard. Ignatius followed, champing the blas- phemy, which he deemed worthy of death. Heaven seemed to demand the Mohammedan's blood. He hesitated, we are told, and left it to Heaven and his steed to decide, by dropping the bridle, resolved to kill the Moor, if the horse should follow the blasphemer. The animal turned off, we are told, actually into a worse road, and thus saved the Mohammedan.* It was the fear of transgressing the laws of chivalry that induced Ignatius to let his horse or mule decide the matter: for, by those laws, he was bound to punish the high delinquent and dispa- rager of his lady. There would have been nothing to wonder at, had he killed the Moor. In spite of the deep notions of spirituality attri- buted to him so absurdly by his biographers,! it is evident that his ideas of divinity and morality were the haziest imaginable. If his enthu- siasm was not running mad, his chivalry was certainly not allayed by the assault of the devil, and the familiar greeting of the Virgin. In fact, I do not think it proven that Ignatius really s/jarerf the Moor: if he did not kill the infidel, that result did not, perhaps, depend either upon his will or the mercy of his ass. However, such a miraculous guidance had, in a manner, occurred before; for in the year 1136, about tvyo hundred thousand crusaders, commanded by Emico, Clarebald and Thomas, abandoned themselves to the conduct of a goat and a goose, whom they believed to be divinely inspired, to conduct them from Hungary to Jerusalem, as we are gravely told in the Chronicles of the Holy City. I Being arrived at the town, which stands at the foot of the mountain, he bought a coat of coarse cloth, a rope to serve him as a girdle, a gourd, a pair of sandals, and a great cloak; and placing this furniture of a religious warrir on his saddle-bow, soon the " gentle knight was pricking on the plain," to the shrine of his lady. He clomb the sacred hill, and reached the monastery. There he found a holy Father, a Frenchman, a man of great austerity and devotion, whose duty it was to shrive the pilgrims. He had the pleasure of listening to the dark- some catalogue of the Caballero's transgressions, which required three days for the transfer — not without many interruptions by bitter groans and similar tears. After his confession he gave his rich garments to a beggar, and being stripped to the shirt, he donned the accoutrements of the new order of knighthood which he was founding, in great jubila- * AH the biographers marvellously. t I mean where they explain the pious process of his conversion. On the present occasion, however, they sadly contradict their former fine discourse. Bartoli, as well as Bouhours, who follows him in general, pointedly alludes to the saint's moral obli- quity on this occasion. Bartoli flatly calls him " an unexperienced novice, who as yet did not well distinguish between the sentiments of a Christian and the impulses of a knight"—" inesperto novizio in cui ancora non si distinguevan bene i dettami di Chris- tiano, e gli spiriti di cavaliere." L. i. 9. Certainly if Hasenmuller may be credited in spite of hi8 acrimony, the Moor was truly fortunate if he escaped. By his account, stated to be from Bobadilla, a Jesuit, Ignatius was as cruel and blood-thirsty as he was chivalric. "Bobadilla, unus ex primis Jesuitarum patribus, fatetur Cum fuisse ho- minem armis castrisque assuelum, et tarn truculenti animi ferocitate praditum, ut qaemvis Cvvsum, etiam eapfiiiam ob lanam sibi resisteniem, giudio vel hasta transver- t)eraro fuent ausus."— /fts<. Jesuit. Ordin. p. 12. t Lea Chroniques de Jerusalem, lib. i. apud " Do Selva," Hist, de Dom Inigo. ■MM 126 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. r i;i. tion of heart, devoutly kissing the penitential sack a thousand times, gird- ing his loins, hanging his gourd at his side, and, pilgrim-staff in hand, he passed the live-long night before his Lady's altar,"alternately kneel- ing and standing, but always praying; whilst he spent the indispensa- ble "Vigil at Arms," as the paladins called it, according to the usages of ancient chivalry, — being now after his own invention. At the break of day he hung up his sword and dagger on a pillar near the Virgin's altar, as a standing memento of his election, and in such exultation as may be conceived but not expressed, he set off, with bristling resolves, to Manreza — then a little obscure town not far from Montserrat, but since rendered extremely interesting and extravagantly famous by our knight of the Virgin, for the penance he there performed — a penance which is with reason more extolled than that of Amadis de Gaul on the desolate rock, renewed by the admirable Don duixote de la Mancha, if you remember, on the black mountain.* Thus is Ignatius fairly or foully, as you please, embarked on his new and unknown ocean of adventure. What is his object ? It is difficult to say; but the immediate result will be fasting, prayer, and bodily maceration. The distant result, however, will be something more to the purpose. How far his present design, to rival in austerities the greatest saints before him, will give him greater honor in your estima- tion, is yet to be decided; but unquestionably there is in the man no common purpose. And it has gripped his heart as a ravening tiger fangs its unresisting prey. Heart and soul the man is in his resolve — and you'll find him in his work. I have a notion, for which I crave your indulgence. It seems to me that Providence, which equipoises the tides of the ocean, alternately ebbing and flowing, and leaving no constant preponderance, permits something of the kind in the religious and political affairs of men and nations. The fortunes of men and of nations perpetually suggest the fact, I mean the restdty though, having your own notions of good and evil, you will not always attribute pros- perity to good, nor adversity to evil. Nothing is more certain than that the notions of good and evil have suffered very remarkable changes among men. In fundamental laws, promulgated on divine authority, a decided change has been, on the same authority, declared imperative. For instance, "Ye have heard that it hath been said, An eye for an eye, * All the biographers exultingly. Hist, de Dom Inigo, i., &c. &c. The following is curious: — " It is not as yet fully ten yeeres since I was in the same Church of Mont- serrat, where I saw a Benedictine Monke show very many superstitious Relicks, Idols, and other fopperies, unto Pilgrimes, and other people that were come thither : some upon devotion, and a blind, foolish, superstitious zeale, and others of curioeitie (as myself and many more, God forgive us) to see their impostures, deceits, and couzenage, but I could not see Ignatius his Sword and Dagger : whereupon I requested the Sa- cristan that kept the Relickes, to let me see those two holy Bilbo-blades: he told me that there was never any such Sword or Dagger there. I seeming to wonder at the matter, showed him the Life of Ignatius, written by Peter Ribadeneira, a Spanish Jesuite, in the Spanish tongue, and printed at Valladolid, Anno 1604, where it is said that Ignatius left his Sword and Dagger there. Upon this, the Monke, in a Spanish fustian-fume, cried out No me se de nada de las mentirias de los Teatinos : that is to say, I care not for the Jesuites lyes or fables." — Speculum Jesuiticum, p. 3, printed in 1629. The Jesuits were confounded with the Theatines, That phrase seems to prove the anecdote to be authentic. FABER. 127 and a tooth for a tooth.* But I say unto you, That ye resist not evil : but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also." Again : " Ye have heard that it hath been said, Thou shah love thy neighbor and hate thine enemy :t But I say unto you bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you: That ye may be the children of your Father which is in heaven: for he maketh his sun to rise on the evil and on the good, and sendeth rain on the just and on the un- just." — Matt. V. It is to the adorable motive here suggested that I call your attention. The most consolatory doctrine of Providence over all, issues from that motive for universal charity and brotherhood. This is not the place to evolve the beautiful theory wherein God's justice and bounty are not at variance. Suffice it to say that whilst God endures man in any state, in every condition of belief and morality, " for he maketh his sun," &c., man, on the contrary, rises up a fierce exterminator on both scores, and in so doing, " thinks he has a good conscience." There have been times when that impulse rushed through humanity like a fiery meteor, or spread like epidemic pestilence. From the general excitation, as it were a general advertisement goes forth — for a savior, a defender. The state of affairs is the standing advertisement. Read through all political histories, you will never find a great, or a slashing, or a crushing mind, needed for any particular mission without his start- ing to the stage as the imp of incantation. You will find the same result in religious histories. About the same time, in the same year, 1521, when Luther stood forth the champion of Protestantism at the Diet of Worms, Ignatius conceived his resolution to dedicate himself to his spiritual career; and now, when Luther issues from the Wartburg, again to do battle in his cause, Ignatius has taken his vow, and begins his pilgrimage, (not to Jerusalem, forsooth, though he went thither,) but to Rome, whose rampart he is to become. Luther's entry into Wittem- berg took place only eighteen days ere Ignatius passed his " Vigil at Arms" before the Virgin of Montserrat. When Luther attacked in- dulgences, he knew not that he would become the champion of the Protestant movement: when Ignatius resolved to imitate St. Dominic and St. Francis, he had no idea of being an opponent of that move- ment. Both results followed, however, and an equipoise was eflTected, after considerable obstructions, of course, in the religious and political afl^irs of humanity. I shall again touch on the subject in the sequel. We left Ignatius at Manreza. Astonishing it is to see how well he copied the example of the Catholic saints— those dreadful examples of what human nature can do with itself if only impelled by a motive. ^ny motive will do to produce the same results in a Catholic Christian, (of old,|) or a Fogee of India— those unapproachable ascetics of a * Ex. xxi. 24; Lev. xxiv. 20; Deut. xix. 21. t Lev. xix. 18. t I say of o/d— but the spirit of ascetic self-torture is not yet dead. In the" Times" paper of Dec. 21, 1847, you may have read the case of a French nun, of Paris, who, by advice of her confessor, constantly wore a crucifix with points on its surface, next her naked breast, in which position it was found by the physician who was called in to prescribe when she sank under her secret austerities. At night she slept with it under her back, so as not to loss the dear torment. 128 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. pagan god. Under a sense of sin, or thirsting after immortality, or seeking absorption into the Deity as their supreme good, these pagan devotees forsake their homes, and practise the austerities which their cruel superstition inspires and requires. True, the great majority are animated by no such motives. Ambition, vanity, love of admiration, and thirst for fame, and honor, and renovirn, the hope of being worship- ped now, and of being elevated into a divinity afier death, may be un- questionably the ruling passions of those who embark in this arduous enterprise; but the result is precisely the same. One man lies on a bed of spikes, or travels to Benares upon shoes whose irons lacerate his flesh. He inflicts tortures on his body for the good of his soul.* Another vows to remain standing in a certain position for years, with his hands held up above his head, until the arms wither away from inaction, be- come fixed and powerless. One carries a cumbrous load, or drags after him a heavy chain, which he sometimes fixes to the most tender part of the body. Another undertakes a long and wearisome pilgrim- age from the extreme north of India to Rameeshwarum, in the south; or from the extreme south to Benares, in the north, measuring with his prostrate body the whole extent of the journey. Understand me well; he lays his body lengthwise on the ground at each remove, or drags himself thus, and so he journeys on — poor miserable wretch — how the heart sickens to think of it — on — on — in his dismal pilgrimage he goes, parched with thirst in a burning clime, famished with hunger, a prey to every calamity. Some crawl like reptiles upon the earth for years, or until they have thus made the circuit of a vast empire. Others measure with their bodies the road to Jaganath, or, assuming as nearly as possible the form of a ball, or a hedgehog ensconced in his prickly coat, roll along, like the Indian in Vathek, teres atque rotundus, from the banks of the Indus to those of the Ganges, collecting, as they move in this attitude, money to build a temple, to dig a well, or to atone for some secret crime. Some swing before a slow fire in that horrid clime, or hang for a certain time suspended, with their heads downwards, over the fiercest flames.t The legs of the standing penitents swell and be- come deeply ulcerated; they cannot stand: they lean against a pillow suspended from a tree. Some turn their heads over their shoulders to gaze at the heavens, remain in that posture until it becomes impossible for them to resume the natural position, while, from the twist of the neck, nothing but liquids can pass into the stomach.^ The Yogee falls prostrate, and continues in fervent devotion until the sun pours down his heat like a furnace. He rises then, and stands on one leg, gazing steadfastly at the sun, whilst fires, each large enough to roast an ox, are kindled at the four corners of the stage on which he exhibits, the penitent counting his beads, and now and then throwing combustible materials into the fire, to increase the flames. Then he bows himself down in the centre of the four fires, keeping his eyes still fixed on the sun. Next, placing himself upright on his head, feet elevated in the * Campbe'.U India, p= 55, X The Hindoos, ii. 57 t Oriental Mem. i. 68. 69. FABER. 129 lortality, or lese pagan which their majority are admiration, ig worship- may be un- his arduous n lies on a lacerate his .* Another h. his hands naction, be- d, or drags most tender me pilgrim- i the south; ng with his id me well; ve, or drags h — how the ige he goes, iger, a prey h for years, re. Others ig as nearly his prickly undus, from s they move to atone for lorrid clime, n wards, over well and be- nst a pillow shoulders to !s impossible twist of the 1 Yogee falls pours down 3 leg, gazing roast an ox, exhibits, the combustible )ows himself fixed on the tvalcd in the \ air, he remains for three hours in that inverted position. Lastly, he seats himself with his legs crossed, and thus endures the raging heat of the sun and the fires till the end of day.*^ At night, how fares this voluntary penitent? He stands erect, up to his neck in a river, or a tank; and why? In order that thus the juices of his body may be dried up, and he may obtain emancipation from his passions and his sins.t Some bury themselves in hke manner in the ground, or even wholly below it, leaving only a little hole through which they may breathe. Others tear themselves with whips, or chain themselves for life to the foot of a tree.^ Some stand in the midst of frost and snow, that the cold may seize on their vitals: others throw themselves from some terrible precipice, to perish in pursuit of a phantom and a lie.§ In the midst of the wild woods, caves, rocks, or sterile sands, sharing the habitations of the beasts of the forest, and feeding on the roots of the desert, you rnay see these resolute penitents, mostly naked, their long hair matted into ropes, intertwisted with other locks from the heads of other saints long in the sepulchre, falling confusedly over their bodies, which it sometimes nearly covers, reaching the ground on all sides. In this state they are more like wild beasts than men. Their outstretched fingers, armed in many cases with nails of twenty years' growth, look like so many extraordinary horns, whilst their elf-locks, full of dust, and never combed, stream in the wind in a manner strange- ly savage and horrible to behold. || And yet not enough. What means yon crowd innumerable, round a pole, erect and ready for something? 'Tis a swinging festival. From amidst the crowd comes forth a San- nyasi, or Indian penitent. The multitude applaud the holy man. He has vowed perpetual silence. And now look up! A hook is thrust mto the tendons of his back—he is suspended in the air, and swung round and round, to propitiate the favor of some exasperated deity.^ And the hideous festival of Jagannath, or Juggernauth, who has not heard of the countless multitudes flocking from all the most distant ex- tremities of India, in a pilgrimage in which they starve, and pine, and perish, to feed the vultures that hover in readiness above their path, dogs and jackalls; to strow the Aceldama with their whitening bones; or, should they linger to the end, with a vow to honor their god when his tower of Moloch shall roll its wheels over their bodies, willingly stretched in the bloody path, and crushed to atoms?** Old as humamty IS self-torture ; and yet some " good" is its object. The Anchoret of India subdued his passions, acquired the habit of contemplation, and mortified or macerated his body. He eradicated the three great pro- pensities as to land, money, and women. He also extirpated all ordi- nary prejudices concerning castes, distinctions, and honors. His wish was to extinguish the most natural feehngs, and even the instincts im- planted in us by nature for our preservation. He required of his dis- * Mill, India, i 353. t Campbell, India, p. 55. i^ J?"** ""^^ ?,"'• ^"^'^'„'' ^^^' ^ Campbell, vbi suprH. II Oriental Mem., i. 69 ; Campbell, ubi suprd. IT Ca,mpb., p. 56. ** See Buchanan, Christ, Researches, for a heart-rending accountof this festivaJ, p. 19, et seq. Hindoos, p. 217, et seq. ' ^ VOL. I. 9 In I'i A 180 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. ciples to be insensible to heat and cold, to wind and rain, and to eat without reluctance not only the most offensive disgusting scraps, but even things of which nature herself shows her utmost abhorrence.* After all you have read of these pagans, the exploits of the Christian Ignatius will seem trivial indeed. The knight of the Virgin arrived at Manreza, and went to lodge at the hospital of that city, and feh an excess of satisfaction at seeing him- self in the number of beggars, its inmates. To conform himself to their manner of life, he begged his bread from door to door ; and that no one might be able to discover his quality by a certain air, which per- sons well born preserve even in rags, he studied the gross manners of those with whom he lived at the hospital, and forced himself not only to imitate them, but even to improve upon what he had remarked most loathsome in them ; he succeeded in this attempt to a miracle. His fihhy hair hung in disorder, and concealed one half of his face ; his beard as long, as much neglected, and as filthy as his hair, covered the other half; this, with his nails, which he suffered to grow to a frightful length, 80 much disguised him, that he had rather the appearance of a bear than a human creature. He was indeed so frightful, and so ridicu- lous at the same time, that when he appeared, the children would point him out to each other, and follow him through the streets with loud out- cries : the women, of whom he asked charity, took flight, scared at his horrible figure; the gay made him their jest, and the grave were of the opinion that he ought to be sent to a mad-house. He suffered all their insults with marvellous patience, and even affected to be more stupid than he really was, that he might excite more wonder, and have more occasions of mortifying thobe emotions of pride and self-love which had not yet ceased to intrude amidst these strange follies. He fasted every day on bread and water, except Sunday, when he eat a few herbs, boiled and mixed with ashes. He girded his loins with an iron chain, wore under his coarse gown a rough hair-cloth, and, in imitation of St. Dominic, gave himself the discipline or lash three times a day ; and when he went to the church of Our Lady at Villardodis, at some dis- tance, he encircled himself with a wreath of rough and prickly briars, to tear and transfix his flesh. But this method of honoring his Lady is far surpassed by the Sannyasi, at the festival of his Kali, or Kaluma, a female deity of India. On this occasion, the devout worshipper pierces his tongue with spits and canes; thrusts sharp instruments through his sides; infixes needles in his breast; pierces the skin of his forehead, and inserts an iron rod in a socket attached to his person, sus- pending a lamp, which is kept burning all night. In this condition, he dances before his idol.t At the hospital, Igndtius sought out the most irritable and loathsome patients, and performed with most eager- ness and alacrity the most disgusting offices. He not only handled them, took them in his arms, made their beds, washed them, cleaned them, but, more than once, he even applied his mouth to their ulcers, '*' Dubois, Description, p. 330, et aeq. t Ward, i. 353. The Hindoos, ii. 57. FABER. 131 and sucked the purulent discharge; and this he did, copy ine' exam ores every day; and ^^o.^l^\'r,:rL^^^^ u:tl's:^eT """'"^ "" ^'°^'' ^"^ '-^•-'^ whSr^rs ii';a' Four months in this course of penance he passed without the devil's bestirrmg himself to disturb the joy he tasted in it- h< ««ll fy, who transmitted to posterity the 'gL actions of our he 'oTs ev iT ru observmg h.m one day in th'e hospital, pleased 3st he fi Ith^of th^ miserable abode, could not endure such an excess of hu nilitv in a Znjtf?""P ^" u' -P^'r °^ ^ '^•"^- " What hast thou to do n this hospital was the imp's appeal; "what infamy in a man of thv oul! eLe° fh\Er " ^'^ ''^ f \^^^^^^^^ ^^ ^-t anS filth t'he'et devil ..AnlZltr'^'^T'^' ^"' cunningly, it seems, asked the llT ^"V ^^^^°" "°' ^^'^°"™e good without suffering thyself to thv noSilUv 'and'^h^ vermin ? Art tLu not ashamed thus^olegrad: thy nobihty, and dishonor thy illustrious house? Heaven which he stowed on thee a generous heart, was willing that thou shouldst be a pIaL''"goU'nwr ^. "^'--ble vagabond! Quit then th sir iS place Go, show thy virtues m the court or the army; thy examole man will suffice to reform a whole city. At court nobles will imitate of ciurt r "^'^^''1 ^^^J-S^rne of you." These thoughT for uch of course they were, found immediately some access to the mind of Ignatius: suddenly he conceived a disgust and horror fb? the wTetched ZVh" ? T' ^'^^^^S-^^^d the loathsome patients of theTosphal us filth and harassments. That was a trying ordeal. How shaU he asc"itTJ^:''l;7'^.^r^''°"---'°^'"'^^ '^^ sp^Zalisfs the ascetics call t. And why? Because it militates with what thev lav roT.r :"'^'.^P«"«^b'e means of salvation. They have fashion^ed a ^e ht'b "' lZi.'r''- ""1 ^'r ""'.' '^''^'^''^ ^he fanttic a„S rational and" th " r ""•""' ^^e thoughts of Ignatius were sensible, rational, and, therefore, m accordance with pure religion. To visi atlonLl ' ^T^ v^-' ^""^7' ^'°^^« '^' "^ked, are & sensible IT^ B^f^f^T^r^ r'' T'^^^^'^y '^ "« ^" when we can do' them. But to suck ulcers ! And to imitate a Yogee-to imitate the Sr fhe R?.!""' ^'^' 'r"^r^' ''' ^"^ ^"■"'^ whaf cannot be named t or the Roman saints, whom Ignatius copied ! Considered in itself his a tendance and services to the sick are in accordance with pure 'reli- g.on: he performed gratuitously what others are compelled to ask money for, it being iheir avocation. With pure bene voKe like that of a Howard, he would have merited our admiration and applause: but gathers largely from Ribadeneyra aL NivZ^K ' ^^'u "' " ^' ^*'"'''" however, to admiration.' It is the work o? no adrnfrlr £7i-' ^""^ '^T' "P "^^ mock-Sannyas archives of the saint's cZnisatio„-?heh'w^^ ^'/'l!''- ■ ^^rloU ^riie. from'.he occasions. 1 shall have a word to «nv 1 .h k-^ tticslat.on on oath usual on such t Dubois, Description, &c., p. 331.^ °" '^' '"^J"' '" "^ P^^P^' ?'«"• 132 HISTORY OP THE JESUITS. he was working for "merits"— for salvation-payment, and seeking to rival the "saints." He may have been benevolent by nature, but be- n 'volence was not his motive here. Pure religion, therefore, makes us shrink with disgust from the sight of a man deceiving himself with horrid mockeries of sublime virtue, human and divine. Well might he feel qualms of conscience, and translate them into " temptations of the devil ;" and rush from the thoughts of his better nature into more frightful practices, " to conquer the devil that assailed him, and nature which betrayed him !"* Forsooth it would rather seem that the " devil's" suggestions were intended to drive him farther in his hor- rible career. ''l submit the idea to the spiritualists and ascetics. After such a gain of merits and virtue, di tal guadas^no di meriti, e di virtu, we are told, Ignatius decamped from the hospital. It had got wind, how, we are not informed, but by the devil of course, as they affirm, that the poor unknown, whom all laughed at, was a man of quality doing penance, and who, to conceal the splendor of his family, had stripped himself of his rich clothes, and exchanged them for those of a poor man. If, instead of the devil, they told us that Ignatius, in his fit of disgust at the hospital, had, in an unguarded moment of irri- tation with the abusive patients, let out who it was that served and cleaned them for their ingratitude, the thing would be quite natural and excusable too ; but the devil and Providence answer all the pur- poses of fanatics, the ignorant, the designing. Not through the ranks of scoffers, and jesters, and hooters now walked Ignatius. The fact had given new eyes, new consciences— aye, charity to the gaping multitude. Then they discovered the noble air under the hideous mask of poverty. Then were his greatest admirers those who had mocked him before. Was this not the sweet fulfilment of the knight's desires? Is it uncharitable to say that he must have exuhed inwardly as he so soon beheld the results of his " merits and virtue ?" One biographer tells us that he took flight on this very account ; another, that he decamped in order to conquer the devil and his nature, conspir- ing against him in the disgusting hospital. In this contradiction, the state of his case, the workings of the human heart in such a case, must lead us to a right conclusion. And now pass on to the cavern where Ignatius resolves to perform the second act of his tragi-comedy, to be rehearsed subsequently by his own lips to his admiring disciples. He has already copied and rivalled thirty thousand, at least, of the glorious saints whose lives he has been reading. He has done their deeds, if he has fallen short of a Yogee or Sannyasi. But his imitative facul- ties have been hitherto confined to the sori{d saints, if they can bear the name, the saints of human society. His attention is now called to a different class,— the awful Fathers of the Desert, the Sannyasis of the Roman calendar, of whose frightful devotion the very rocks of Thebais must still be eloquent if there be " sermons in stones." The anchorets of Egypt defy Ignatius of Manreza, and the knight of our Lady picks * " Per vincere in uii colpo due nemici, i'inferno che \o assallava, e !a sua natura che lo tradiva." — Bartoli, lib. i. 11. FABER. 188 ?eking to B, but be- rnakes us self with t'll might •tations of into more nd nature that the 1 his hor- 8. ' meriti, e [t had got ?, as they a man of lis family, I for those [natius, in nt of irri- ?rved and te natural I the pur- the ranks The fact le gaping e hideous J who had e knight's 1 inwardly B ?" One ; another, •e, conspir- iction, the case, must em where ledy, to be pies. He le glorious r deeds, if tive facul- y can bear w called to rasis of the 3f Thebais ? anchorets jady picks la 3ua natura I up the gauntlet St. Anthony, with his temptations and beautiful devils, will mt'i't him in iho tournament. The cavern was at the foot of a hill, cut in the living rock, dark, and fashioned like a tomb. Had it been designed by Ignatius, it could not have suited him better. Rough, and ragged, and splintered was the approach; every bruise — every gash he received was a merit. Briais and thorns blocked up the entrance. He had torn himself through them, and exulted at the pain. On all sides round a dismal wilderness insured him freedom from all intrusion, excepting that of the devil. And oh, how entrancing ! In the side of the cavern which faced Montserrat there was a cleft in the rock, through which he could see and salute our Lady — per dove si puo vede.re e riverire nostra Sifrnora. She would thus be the lady of the lists, the umpire, and guerdon-giver, in the tournament. His fer- vor redoubled, and dreadful were his self-inflictions. He watched and watched till he conquered sleep; four or five times a-day he gave him- self a shower of blows with an iron chain, fetching blood ; more than seven hours he prayed on his knees; and, after the example of St. Jerome in the Wilderness, struck himself violently on the breast with a flint. Add to this his pains from the hair-cloth, his chain-girdle, the vernal frost, against which he found no defence in the open cavern, and but little in the sack which covered him : he continued three or four days without taking any nourishment, and when his strength failed him, he eat some bitter roots which he found near his cavern, or a bit of the musty bread which he had brought from the hospital. The result you expect naturally followed. The wonder is, that he lived through the ordeal. His strength failed : his disordered stomach tormented him with bitter and continual pains: sudden faintings de- prived him of his senses. In this condition, almost lifeless, he was found at the entrance of his cavern, by some persons who went in search of him, having discovered his retreat. A little nourishment, which they forced him to take, having restored him from his swoon, he would have regained the bottom of his grot, but, in spite of his re- luctance, they carried him back to the hospital of Manreza. One word of reflection on this curious afl^air. Perhaps you do not know what hunger is — I mean practically; and perhaps you do not know what fasting is — fasting in right good earnest — fasting to punish the rebel flesh and put down concupiscence. It varies with the tem- perament somewhat in the intensity of its effects; but continuous fast- ing, with the set-purpose of maceration in view, constantly produces the very result deprecated. With the body all the faculties of mind are weakened — will, memory, and understanding. But that propensity in you, which you may have indulged, or which is naturally stronger than the rest, will still have its modicum of strength more than the rest, and your will (whereby your moral strength is imparted; being weak- ened, how can you more effectually resist your propensity by fasting? In fact, fasting redoubled the temptations of St. Jerome, who was natu- rally lascivious; and it is proverbial that we should not ask a favor of a crusty man before his breakfast. Give to the man of strong passions moderate meals and plenty of work; diminish the supplies and idleness •fi , ■ m 1 1 184 HISTORY OF TUE JESUITS. of an alderman corpulento e grasso : but let your fasting be only from sin, as much as possible, Ignatius, however, took another view of his case, though exactly to the same end, against fasting. It is the devil again who speaks; there's no doing without the devil in Jesuitism. *' How canst thou,'* said he to him, '' how canst thou support a life so austere during seventy years which thou hast yet to live?" This was giving him a pretty long run in store — rather too long: but Bartoli takes oflT just twenty years, and reduces the term to fifty.* Need 1 give his reply? Enough, alas! of the pernicious mockeries of religion which the Jesuits have debited to the world. Tired and harassed with the recital, let us advance into more tangible facts, on which contemporaneous history will shed en- lightenment. A rapid glance at his career will, however, be necessary to enable us to appreciate the man and his work. Ignatius was tried: he had his temptations: the devil spoke to him internally: the devil's speeches are recorded. But he triumphed; and if he has not said that angels came and ministered unto him, still he affirmed, according to the biographers, that, whilst rehearsing the "office" or prayers of the Virgin iVIary, he was elevated in spirit, and saw, as it were, a figure clearly representing to him the most holy Trinity .t Thus he was made chaste by a kind of necessity, and he is now a believer without the necessity of written revelation. | Disease, despair succeeded, but heavenly consolations were not denied. He once had a rapture of eight days' duration. They thought him dead, and were on the point of burying him, when he opened his eyes, and with a tender and devout voice exclaimed, "Ah! Jesus!" " No one knows," continues the same authority, " the secrets which were revealed to him in that long ravishment; for he would never tell; and all that could ever be extracted from him was, that the graces with which God favored him were inexpressible. "§ It is asserted that Ignatius received thirty visits from Christ and the Virgin. || Enough has surely been recorded to show forth the results of con- version in the sixteenth century. In Jesuit-books these thrilling inci- dents are so sweetly worded, that they penetrate to the heart without resistance, and provided we have the peculiar grace requisite, our ad- miration for the spirit of Jesuitism is overwhelming. These details, which are given as from the saint's own lips, were believed in all their * " Qiit fieri potest ut duram hnnc .... vitam septuaginta annos ad quos victurus es, perferas." — Ribadeneyra, Vit. Ignal. lib. i. c. vi. " Come avesse cuor di durare cin- quanta anni che gli rimanevan di vita." — Bartoli, lib. i. 12. t Bouhours. X *' Quod etsi nulla scriptura inysteria ilia fidei doceret." — Acta Sand, Again, " Quaj Deo sibi aperiente cognoverat." — Maff. p. 28. This last passage is erroneously translated by D'Aubigne ; thus, " he would have believed them, for God had appeared to him." It simply means, " vk-hat he knew, God opening or revealing unto him ;" that is, by immediate revelation. Such errors I find constantly in all works against the Jesuits. The comparison drawn by D'Aubign^ between L'lther and Ignatius, is amusing, but totally baseless in every point. The national characters of the two men did not differ more than their respective individualities. See Hist, of the Reform, iii. 118, et seq. ^ Bouhours. || Nieremb. San Ignacio. ■1 lABBR. 186 intensity by the faithful; and a council of Spanish ecclesiastics at Tar- ragona, declared, that " the holy Virgin, in the sanctuary of Montser- rat, conceived to the sacred Ignatius, and having embraced him in her bosom, opened and imparted to him the bowels of her mercy; and in such a manner, being, aa it were, enveloped in the womb, she cherished him, and fed him with the food of heaven, and filled him with her divine spirit."* The result of these wonderful adumbrations— this Delphic delirium, was the composition of the famous book entitled the Spiritual Exercises ot baint Ignatius. From a penitent, equal to the greatest of Christen- dom, but not of Brahminism, Ignatius would become a teacher unto salvation. The result is natural— is consistent; hence we may dis- miss the question, whether Ignatius did or did not appropriate the groundwork of that book from a similar production of the Benedictine monk Cisneros. 1 he application and the use of it are sufficient to demonstrate the method of Jesuit influence. It was given to men as a revelation,—" the book of Exercises was truly written by the finger of Ood, and delivered to Ignatius by the holy mother of God."t This book— or rather the training under its direction- has, we are told, worked miraculous conversions in all times. It consists of a course of meditations extending over four weeks— progressively from the life of worldliness and sin to the perfection of the saints— the tern- poral foretaste of the joys of heaven. A total seclusion from the affairs of life, IS one of the conditions essential to the pilgrimage. Four me- ditations or contemplations take place daily— the first at day-break, the last at midnight. His spiritual director must be the penitent's only companion. The solemn silence of the Chamber of Meditations was not enough: artificial gloom, frightful pictures of hell, were there to strike terror in the soul through the senses4 The penitent brought fierce passions to the ordeal; they were strongly appealed to, though the end of the means was holy. Pride, ambition, love, are not extinguished, but their objects changed; and the imagination is trained to excite mental agitation or mental delight, through the corporeal senses, ac- cording to the subjects of meditation and the march of the pilgrimage In the gloomiest hours we imagine we behold the vast conflagration of hell; we hear its wailings, shrieks, and blasphemies; we smell its smoke, brimstone, and the horrid stench of some sewer of filth and rottenness ;§ we taste the bitterest things, such as tears, rancor, the worm of conscience: in fine, we touch, in a manner, those fires by * Nieremberg, Vida de S. Ignacio. «« La Virgen Santissima, en aqucl sagrado lugap de Monserrate, concibio al sagrado Ignacio, y aviendole abracado en su gremio, abrio y communico con el las entraiiasde su misencordia . . . y de tal inanera estandocomo embuelto en el vientre, le favorecid, y con paste del cieio le alimento, y lleno con su spinto divino, siendo Ignacio aun nino, coino cerrado en las entranas de su madre dava saitos de placer y muchas vezes cstando fuera de m, y levantando sobre si. vio como en un espejo el ineftable misterio de la Santissima Trinidad," c xvi t " Est enim liber Exerrfitiorurn verfe digito Dei scriplus, et a beatd Dei matre sancto Ignatio traditus."— //omo Orat. Ql. Nouet. S. J. 1843, in Direct. t See Miilot, ex-Jesuit, Elem. de I'Histoire de France, tome'iii. p. 131 ^ •• Imagmano eliaiu ollactu luinum, sulfur, et scntinaj cujusda^, seu facis, atque putredinis graveolentiam pereentire." Ex. v. Ilebd. i. ' ^ MUM 136 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. whose contact the souls of the reprobate are scorched. Thus each meditation, each contemplation, are scenes of a drama — instinct with life: its pains and its pleasures, its vices and its virtues — every corpo- real sense must perform each its function — metaphorically, at least, to aid the deception. And when from the meditations on human destiny, sin, death, judgment, we come to the contemplation of the more tan- gible subjects — the Incarnation— all that is most impassioned, most tender in our hearts, must be poured forth in the vividly imagined pre- sence of the Divine Persons — the angel fulfilling his mission, and Mary acquiescing in the work of redemption. We must diligently seek for expressions wherewith we may worthily address each divine person, the Word Incarnate, and his Mother; praying, according to the emotion we shall feel in our hearts, for whatever may aid us to a greater imitation of our Lord Jesus Christ, as it were just made man.* Merely to see and hear the personages in contemplation, is trivial : we must, with a certain interior taste and smell, relish the suavity and lusciousness of the soul imbued with divine gifts and virtues ; and by means of an internal touch, we must feel and kiss the garments, places, footsteps, everything pertaining to them, whence we rr"; derive a greater increase of devotion, or any spiritual gift.t How sweet and tempting are the baits suspended here ! How deli- cious the odors around, making us ask, Whence come they — these odors? But they are so sweet, so delicious, that poor human nature bribes the judgment to believe them divine: they are so sweet, so deli- cious ! This is called the "application of the senses" to the uses of the soul. Towards the end of the second week occurs the famous meditation of" the two Standards," in which Ignatius sanctified his previous war- like notions, just as he has applied all his natural predilections and refined sensuality to the purposes of salvation in " the application of the senses." In this contemplation we behold two camps in battle array — two generals appealing to us, each eager to enlist us in his service. In the rear of each general is his respective city or stronghold. One general is Jesus Christ, his city Jerusalem; the other is Satan, his city Babylon the Great. The latter displays a splendid banner, with the motto, Pride, Honor, Rijhes: on the standard of the Redeemer appear the words. Poverty, Shame, Humility. " To arms !" is sounded on all sides: we must instantly decide in vvhose ranks we will fight— shall it be with Satan or with Christ? Having joined the ranks of the latter, having made the "election" (as it is called), one must learn how to conquer by patience and submission — by non-resistance unto death ; these being the arms of our warfare, with the example of Christ before us, his sufferings and death.;}: * Hebd. ii. t " Interiore quodam giistu et olfactu sentire quanta sit suavitas et dulcedo anitna;, S:c. . . per ii;ieriium tactum attrectare, ac deoscuhiri vcstimcnta, loca, vfistsgia, caUe- raque personis conjuncta," &c. — Hebd. ii. t llebd. iii. the FABER. 187 lus each net with ry corpo- least, to destiny, nore tan- ed, most ined pre- iion, and diligently ch divine arding to 1 us to a de man.* ivial : we avity and ; and by is, places, derive a ilow deli- >y — these an nature t, so deii- • the soul, neditation 'ious war- :tions and lication of •ray — two ?. In the le general y Babylon he motto, ppear the led on all t — shall it etion" (as imission — •fare, with cedo anitnic, ^stigi.Tj cajte- Ffom the sadness of these themes we pass to the last week — the Sab- bath of this spiritual creation. Then the " glorious mysteries" are con- templated — the Resurrection, Heaven, the Joys of the Saints, Divine Love, — all that is cheering must now make amends for the gloom pre- ceding. As during the former weeks no joyful thought was admitted, so now all sadness must be dispelled. We stand by the sepulchre of Christ, or in the little house of the blessed Virgin ; the form, parts, and other peculiarities of which, as a cell or oratory, we examine with dili- gence, one after another.* Spiritual joy, the thought of glory must then entrance the soul. The light of day must be admitted . In spring and summer we must be cheered by the sight of the verdant foliage and of flowers, or the loveliness of some sunny spot ; during winter, by the now seasonable rays of ihe sun or a fire ; and so on, in like manner, with regard to the other befitting delights of body and mind, wherewith we can rejoice with the Creator and Redeemer.f The principal rules and maxims of religious conduct, throughout these spiritual exercises, are found in the lessons and lives of the an- cient fathers of the desert; they are here judiciously chosen, methodi- cally digested, and- clearly expiained-l The manifest object of all is religious perfection according to the saints' ideas. In the space of a month the soul seems to grow from the bud of repentance to the fruit of salvation. The easy and natural gradations throughout are truly admirable: the perfect adaptation of means to an end is also striking; but the highest praise of original invention is due to Ignatius, if the work be his, for his method, just sketched, of giving intensity to the leading truths of Revelation, by materialising spirituality, as far as imagination can effect this anomaly. By this method the science of the saints penetrates more deeply, mixes itself with all our sentiments and emotions, and we become strong in " faith, hope, and charity," without being aware of the imperceptible transformations which have been efl^ected in our souls. Need it be added that, as the ultimate object of these exercises is to enable the penitent to choosr .state of life — a pro- fession — the chances are very many to one that he will remain amongst those whose method has dazzled and charmed and entranced him with joys of heart more intense than usually fall to the lot of plodding Chris- tians, through the dull routine of common-place morality. The spiritual exercises agitate the heart, and bewilder the mind, like strains of melt- ing music mysteriously sounding in the midnight hour. It is hard to resist spiritual impulses in solitude ; but harder still when to these are added all the emotions of the passions, which, it is evident, are never permitted to slumber for a moment in the Chamber of Meditations. Finally, a delirium steals over the mind and heart ; we feel predes- tined ; above all, we feel that we "can do all things" by holy obedi- ence, having become totally "indifferent to all things in themselves," considering them merely as far as they conduce to the end for which • " f peculandutn accipiet sepulchri situm, et beata3 Virginia domiciiium, cujus for- mam, purte," &,c. t Hebd. iv. For a detailed account of the Retreat and Spiritual Exercise:, see The Novitiate, 2d Edition. I Butler, Life of Ignatius. 138 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. ill be made known by itual I I i '1: jn. ;:^l :lti we were created, and thii director, superior, or Father-general. From this grotto at Manreza Ignatius departed on his pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He took Italy on his way, and received the pope's bless- ing. His design was to labor in the conversion of the Turks, as the military knight had battled to subdue them : but the monks established at Jerusalem objected to his interference, and compelled him to return to Europe. Wonders, of course, attended him here, as everywhere else, and are duly recounted by the biographers. Convinced of his ig- norance, he resolved to begin his studies: at the age of thirty-three he commenced grammar at Barcelona: but his memory was very defect- ive; he could retain nothing. Logic, physics and divinity confounded his original ideas: though he studied night and day he learnt nothing at all.* .He was clogged in the conjugation of the verb amo, I love — clinging to the idea, and repeating to himself, "I love — God," or "I am loved — by God." A vow was necessary to wrench his thoughts from heaven : he made the vow at the foot of the altar to continue his studies, and apply to them with greater assiduity. He begged his master to punish him if he failed in his duty, and not to spare him any more than the youngest pupil.t Meanwhile, he lived on the charity of those whom he influenced. Two pious women particularly cared for the saint's temporalities. The name of one is immortalised with that of her protege. Isabella Rosello is remembered with Ignatius of Loyola : nor is Agnes Pascal, with whom he lodged, consigned to oblivion: his chamber was the scene of a prodigy. Ignatius was discovered at night with his face all on fire, and seemingly raised above the ground, environed with light.J The same suspension-bridge of rapture had been vouchsafed to Saint Dominic ;§ and the lambent flame had been given to the pagan boy, Rome's future king.|| Ignatius raised a dead man to life. But the saint only prayed fov as much life as would enable the suicide to make his confession and re- ceive absolution. The dead man came to life, and died again as soon as he had received absolution !f Indefatigable in his labors, he reaped the harvest of numerous con- versions ; but the dread Inquisition pounced upon him as a wizard, a magician, a heretic. He escaped with honor amongst the people : he was declared a man filled with the spirit of God, a successor of the Apostles — the holy man.** Judgment from above was imminent over all who questioned his sincerity. One day he was asking alms : a by- * Butler. + Bouhours." J Ibid. ^ Butler, St. Dotn. II Puero dormienti cui Servio Tullio nomen fuit caput arsisse ferunt multorum in conspectu. Liv. lib. i. " A boy, named Servius Tullius, ns he lay asleep, in the sight of many persons, had his head all in a blaze." Virgil, also, may have euggested the idea to the classical biographers : — Ecce levis summo de vertice visus luli, Fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia molli Lambere flamma comas, et circum tempora pasci. — JEn. lib. ii. H Bouhours. *• Ibid. FABER. 139 Slander exclaimed : " May I be burnt, if this man does not merit the flames !" On that very day the unfortunate man was burnt to death by the accidental explosion of a cannon, " as if God," say the Jesuits, "in order to declare the innocence and avenge the honor of Ignatius, would verify the words of Lopez (that was his name) by the very punishment which he had wished himself."* Such tales are full of meaning : the Jesuits can frighten as well as console : terror and consolation often come with the greatest efficacy from the same imposing lips. More troubles awaited Ignatius : his book of the Spiritual Exercises was denounced : he was examined, and acquitted, but forbidden to preach on the doctrines of Sin until he had studied divinity four years. Dissatisfied with this sentence, he departed from Spain, and arrived at Paris in the year 1528, determined to gain that science which was ne- cessary to give authority to his mission. Possessed with his new ideas, and determined to test their efficacy in the vocation which he had chosen for his new ambition, his difficulties seemed only to increase his ardor and fortify his resolution. Ignatius must have champed the inexorable curb of Privilege and canonical Orthodoxy, thus checking the impulse of his superabundant energies. His metal was misunde^ stood; or rather, the "men under authority" treated the enthusiast (such a cool calculator withal!) as "leaders" have ever been treated; they persecuted the man whom they should have " let alone" — and thus deprive him of that sterling merit which persecution invariably confers. Little cared Ignatius for Orthodoxy, since Orthodoxy cared so little for him: a dutiful son of the Church he may have been in the abstract; but to stop his mouth thus unceremoniously was enough to inspire him with a worse resolution than we find recorded; there would have been nothing surprising had he turned heretic openly instead of trying another field for his operations. As it was, it proved the best step he could have taken: his persecutors eventually expedited his career; it was destined that his Society should be born in Paris, to which city he retired from Privilege and canonical Orthodoxy in arms against a poor field-preacher. Here he suffered much from poverty, and was compelled to wander from place to place for substance. He visited London in his peregrina- tions! ^ ^ At the college of St. Barbara, whilst prosecuting his studies, Igna- tius managed by his dexterity to exchange a public whipping for a public triumph. He had been admonished not to interfere with the studies of the students by his devotional practices: he disobeyed, and ihe punishment was announced. But by a single interview he ope- • rated so efTectually on the principal of the college, that, without reply- ing, the latter led him by the hand to the expectant students, all ready for the sign to inflict the penance; then^ ^browing himself at the feet of Ignatius, he begged his pardon for having believed the evil reports against him; and rising, pronounced him a saint !t This solemn satisfaction at once raised Ignatius to a most desirable fiouhours. t Ibid. 140 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. position: he became famous; the grand epoch of his life was at hand; — " he knew clearly that he was chosen by God to establish a company of apostolic men, and that he was to select companions in the university of Paris."* Peter Lefevre, or Faber, was his first convert; Xavier, afterwards a saint, was his next; and Laynez, Salmeron, Bobadilla, Rodriguez,— all famous men in the Society — subsequently enlisted. There was judg- ment in the selection and prudence in their probation ; for Ignatius gave them more than two years to mature their resolution and to com- plete their studies. At length, on the 15th of August, 1537, finality was given to the glorious scheme: the determined vow was taken. Montmartre was the scene of the ceremony. The monastery stood on a hill near Paris, consecrated by the blood of martyrs, whence its memorable name. It was the festival of the Assumption of the Virgin, when the church announces and commemorates the Virgin's bodily translation into Hea- ven on the wings of angels, as represented in pious prints and paintings. It was in a subterraneous chapel where the apostle of France, St. Denys, was beheaded. Lefevre said mass. He was the only priest among them. He gave them the body of the Lord ; they eat, and stood, and swore the vow of confederacy. They promised God to go to Jerusalem to convert the Turks; to leave all they possessed in the world, except- ing what was necessary for the voyage; but they threw in the remark- able proviso, that in case they could not go to Jerusalem, nor stay there, they would throw themselves at the feet of the popeA Claudius Lejay, Codure, and Brouet afterwards joined the band, which, with Ignatius, now amounted to ten men, of different natures, of widely different dispositions and attainments, but all with a deter- mined will to attempt " great things," and withal, devoted to Father Ignatius. They set out, and reached Italy. Their pilgrimage was at an end; for war having broken out between the Christians and the Turks, the voyage to Palestine was impracticable. Heaven preferred the clever proviso of their vow. It was during this journey, and at Vicenza, that Ignatius enjoined his companions to call themselves " the Company of Jesus." " Because," said he, " they were to fight against heresy and vice, under the standard of Christ." A bold and distinctive sign-board was that aspiring appellation ; and it was destined to be carped at ac- cordingly with pious indignation, but rather inconsistently, for the more honorable and exalted the name we bear, the greater may be our efforts nobly to wear it. Ships were called " the Most Holy Trinity ;" colleges have divided between them the name of the Redeemer; every- body calls himself a Christian. It was a bold idea in Ignatius to select the sacred name for his company; and that is all, except that it an- swered most admirably the purpose of attraction and renown. Soon other names will be given to the followers of Ignatius, according to their attributes, real or supposed. They will be called the Servants of Jesus Christ; the Venerable Congregation; the Apostles and Legates of Jesus; * Bouhoura. t Ibid. FABER. 141 the Brothers of Jesus ; Reformed Priests ; Theatines ; Priests of Santa Lu- cia; Priests of Santa Catharina. Thus by their friends and admirers; but the compact and awfully execrated patronymic "Jesuit" will cling to them nriore closely, until they will boldly adopt it themselves, always exceedingly accommodating to the troublesome world. Then will all manner of perverse names be showered on the sturdy workers ; — Jesu- iveiter, or " far from Jesus;" Papst-Schargen, the pope's lictors; Papst- Schwarze Ritter, the pope's black horsemen; Esauites; Jebusites; and the Philistines of Christendom.* But little cared the followers of Igna- tius for these hard names. They could boast of a mighty vision, which showed their credentials in Heaven. It follows:—- From Vicenza, the little band of pilgrims set out for Rome. On the- journey, whilst retired in prayer, Ignatius saw the Eternal Father, who^ presented him to the Son; and he saw Jesus Christ bearing a heavy cross, who, after having received him from the Father, said these words to him — I shall be propitious to you at Borne. In the ^cta Sanctorum, the Jesuits give an engraving of the chapel where the vision was vouchsafed.t Ignatius could not have hit on a better plan to invigorate the enthusiasm of his chosen band. He boldly related the "vision:" it had the desired effect: they marched on re- joicing. "This vision," says Bouhours, "is one of the most remarka- ble that St. Ignatius ever had ; and it is so well vouched for that it admits not of a doubt." Subsequently referring, with no small intre- pidity, to this his "vision," Ignatius proudly exclaimed, " ^%m the Eternal Father placed me with his Son, — Gluando el Padre Eterno me puso con su Hijo."J This is one of the most suspicious traits in the character and career of Ignatius. Only before the grand accomplishment did the prudent Ignatius make known to his disciples his final scheme; and then he did so in a long speech which is given by his biographer. "Ought we not to conclude that we are called to win to God, not only a single nation, a single country, but all nations, all the kingdoms of the ivorld?" Such was the leading idea: then looking forward, he exclaimed, "What great thing shall we achieve if our Company does not become an Or- der, capable of being multiplied in every place, and to last to the end of time?"^ He foresaw difficulties ; but the man who had overcome every ob- stacle in his way, or patiently bided his time for sixteen long years ;— such a man, if any, can look the future in the face and resolve success. Some thought him mad, but they knew him not: some think, even now, that he was mad, and echo the words of Voltaire, the ex-pupil of the Jesuits: "Would you gain a great name?" asks Voltaire, — "Be completely mad; but of a madness befitting the age. Have in your folly a bottom of reason to guide your ravings, and be excessively stub- born. It may chance that you get hanged: but if you are not, you may have an altar."|| There is some truth in this. Ignatius is now in no danger of a halter, but bids fair for an altar. * Hasenmliller, Hist. p. 21. X Bouhours, i. 248. 11 Diet. PhiloBoph., tome z. Ignace. t July 31. Acta Sanot. § Id. lb. 257. t Vi BOOK III. OR, XAVIEE. Such are the leading facts in the life of Ignatius, hitherto the wan- dering preacher, as described by his own disciples, for the edification of the faithful. Every fact has been either questioned or bitterly ridi- culed. The enemies of the Jesuits have clapped their hands with merriment thereat ; but the Jesuits and their friends have not ceased, on that account, to venerate their sainted founder. Ever convinced of his perfect integrity and holiness, they cease not to put up their prayers to Ignatius in heaven for the protection and advancement of his cher- ished Society. His divine mission is believed; his miraculous powers are firmly asserted ; and every Catholic is bound to reverence his name, since a festival has been appointed to him, and his name is invoked in the Mass. The historian must bear these facts in mind; he must give them some little weight in the judgment he labors to form of this remarkable man. There must have been some merit — some considerable merit in Ignatius, to effectuate or direct the achievements of his nascent Society. In the picture of the age which has been given, we behold the field open to precisely such a man as Ignatius may be conceived to be, after making due allowance for the peculiar views of his biographers. In his career, up to the foundation of his Society, we see evidence of un- flinching determination — a boundless passion for spiritual teaching — and we have no reason to believe that his morals were otherwise, than pure, however strongly the whole narrative induces the thought that spiritual power was ever his object; hence the assertion oUiis visions and inspirations, all which, if not invented by his followers, must have been proclaimed by himself. Herein is the important feature of the founder's character. Success attended his efforts : the world applaud- ed: circumstances combined to cheer him on: he advanced as to the breach of Pampeluna; but his arms were now those of the spirit, and with these to conquer, or seem to conquer, is one and the same. God alone will finally decide what is or what is not, true victory. The Pope of Rome beheld Protestantism boldly advancing. Ger- many was almost totally Protestant. England was severed from papal allegiance. Switzerland, Piedmont, Savoy, and all the adjacent coun- tries were "infected with heresy." France had caught the "distem- per" from Geneva. The "venoru" had penetrated into Italy. In such disastrous circumstances extraordinary succor was required. I RENOWN OF lONATIUS AND HIS FOLLOWERS. 143 Paul III. thought well of Ignatius and his followers, whom he had dismissed to their probation, after the first interview and explanations. Rumor announced their deeds, their success. "Everywhere," said the thousand-tongued, "they revive the spirit of Christianity; the most hardened sinners cannot resist the might of their words; they have even converted a libertine-priest — a man of scandal, who com- posed comedies, and acted himself—a comedian at the altar, a priest on the stage ! They have converted him : he has been through the Spirit- ual Exercises, and has begged pardon of the people, with a rope round his neck, and has turned monk — a reformed Franciscan !"* Paul III., we are assured, was struck with astonishment at these brilliant achievements. He was " still more impelled by an interior movement."t A Cardinal, who had strongly objected to the new foun- dation, " felt himself changed on a sudden," for Ignatius had " redoubled his prayers before the divine Majesty, for the foundation, with extreme confidence; and as if he had been assured of success, he promised, one day, to God, three thousand masses, in acknowledgment for the favor which he hoped to obtain."! All very specious indeed : but the result was, that the pope granted the Ball, Regimini militantis Ecclesise, and the Society of Jesus was founded. § The Bull went forth on the 27th of September, 1540. His company being established, Ignatius deemed it necessary to begin with electing a Commander-in-Chief, or General, for he never totally resigned his martial notions : his men were to bear " the standard of the Cross, to wield the arms of God, to serve the only Lord, and the Roman Pontiff his Vicar on earth."|| Ignatius summoned his little troop to Rome — not all, for some of his men were already at important posts. True to its subsequent history, the Society was already in a position to influence the minds of kings. Xavier and Rodriguez were at the Court of Portugal; Faber at the Diet of Worms, and Bobadilla had express orders not to leave the kingdom of Naples before accomplishing the affairs committed to his management. The absent members left their votes; the suffrages were collected ; as a matter of course, Ignatius was elected. He was surprised and afflicted; but had he reason to be so? Was it not natu- ral that his followers should electa man who had been favored with visions — who had been enlightened to see through the mysteries of faith — who had been placed — associated by God the Father with God the Son, as before related? Ignatius, as modestly as Julius Caesar, refused the dignity — nobly, but gently, pushed away the proffered diadem. * Bouhours. t Id. i. 286. X Ibid. p. 284. It is a curious "coincidence" (which is to be accounted for by the Jesuits), that the same fact is recorded concerning St. Dominic and his Order. The pope objected ; but " he dreamed he saw the Lateran church in danger of falling, and that St. Dominic slept in, and supported it with his shoulders." Butler, St. Dom. The Jesuits have been determined that no founder should eclipse Ignatius, either in auste- rities, sanctity, miracles, or familiarity with the Almighty. % The Bulls and Breves take their titles from the first woj-d or words. The present besins thsss, " Raised to the govemnseni of the Church miJitani." II In the same Bull. 144 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. f ' i<^ |5 ilr y The refusal confirmed the electors in their choice; but, obedient to his request, they spent four days more in prayer and penance, before the next election. Ignatius was again elected. The Divine will seemed manifest. Ignatius was of a different opinion ; he made an- other effort to escape. He said he would " put the matter into the hands of his confessor ; and if the latter, who knew all his bad incli- nations, should command him in the name of Jesus Christ to submit, he would obey blindly." It is needless to state that the confessor "told him plainly he was resisting the Holy Ghost in resisting the election; and commanded him, on the part of God, to accept the appointment." A question arises here. For whom did Ignatius vote in the elec- tion ? Surely, if he did not think himself perfectly qualified, he should have named the companion whom he deemed worthy of the high func- tion, particularly as he had called the electors to Rome, for the express purpose of the election. But the sentimental votes recorded by the biographers lack that of Holy Father Ignatius. Xavier, Codure, Sal- meron, have left their votes on the grateful page; we see one of them even now lithographed,* doubtless every other was equally fervid ; but we must remain uncertain as to the real sentiments of the modest saint on this interesting occasion. In due time Ignatius drew up the Constitutions of his Society. — Subsequently, as years rolled on, Rules, Decrees, Canons, &c., were added to this groundwork; the whole body of legislation being termed " The Institute of the Society of Jesus." These books profess to de- scribe the system of the Jesuits, but only for the inspection of the Jesuits themselves'; and not even to the newly admitted members, or novices.t For the use of the latter, and to be shown to the world, when thought proper, there was a compendium, or summary, exhibiting brief rules and universals. They were not to be printed without the General's permission, and then not to be published, nor shown to those who were not received into tjpe Society .J It was, therefore, contrary to standing regulations, that the Constitutions should be produced to the world. These were exhibited, in process of time, on a very memorable occa- sion in the history of the Jesuits, as we shall read; and the suppres- sion of their houses, and consequent appropriation of their goods and chattels, scattered the Constitutions, Rules, Canons, &c., over the world, and they are now to be had for a trifle or more at the cheap-book stalls of the metropolis.§ To conceive an adequate idea of the Jesuit Institute, we must, in some measure forestall the period of its compact omnipotence. We must fling round about the primitive ideas of Ignatius, or the first founders, all that circumstances and expediency subsequently suggested to expand them into that absorbing Power which men beheld with ter- i.p, 62. * See Cretinean Joly, Hist, de la Comp. de Jesus: t. t Decl. in Ex. Gen. G. X Decl. in Ex. Gen. G., et Decl. in ProiEm. n. 2. Ord. Gen. cap. ii. % 4. % A collection in my possession, has at length come together from all points of the compiiss, as evidenced by the superscriptions on the title-pages; one from the college at Louvain, another from that at Rome ; a third belonged to the " Scottish Mission," &c. ■i GENERAL IDEA OF THE SOCIETY — THE GENERAL. 145 "&c. ror, and Heave willed or permitted to be struck down. Upwards of twentjf thousand well-trained, efficient veterans — a legion — a phalanx held together by corporeal and spiritual discipline — united, theoretically at least, and for a time, by the conformity of moral inculcation, casuis- try, and the method of education — ;by the perfect resemblance of doc- trine and mauiier of life, as far as circumstances or expediency would permit — bound to their General-in-chief by the chain of entire submis- sion—obedience prompt, enthusiastic, blind — and scattered, without division, on the face of the earth. To the Jesuits, dispersion was but a matter of geographical latitude, not mental separation: a difference of language, not of sentiment. Skies changed for the wanderers, but not the peculiar ways and means and method of the Jesuit. In this mighty family all subscribed to the same articles of faith, whatever might be the tendency of their particular inculcations. That was their uniform- ity: — whilst theory is respected, practice Avill be allowed for: if you leave the former untouched, the latter, to a vast extent, may riot un- molested. The Roman and the Greek, the Portuguese, the Brazilian ; the Irishman, the Russian ; the Spaniard and the Frenchman ; the Belgian and Englishman — all worked as one man; their individual tastes and inclinations were merged in the general object of appetence: they were a multitude in action, but in will a single, naked soul.* Penetrated by the same spirit, governed by one soul, this mighty body operated in concert, employed the same most powerful means to gain the object proposed by the Institute — the spiritual good of mankind in the first instance, but by the Jesuit-method effected, and necessarily attended jjviih that temporal self-aggrandisement which exalted the Society of Jesus far above any confraternity that ever influenced the minds of men. It proved to be their misfortune: it is nevertheless the fact. At the first command, at the slightest sign of the Superior, all was agitation and stir, — they marched to the conquesl.t Hopeful of victory, they were not cast down by defeat ; effort succeeded effort till the breach was made, and the Society's banners outspread the talisman — Ad majo- rem Dei Gloriam — To the Greater Glory of God ! The simple Jesuit is to possess for himself neither power, nor office,^ nor credit, nor riches, nor will, nor sentiments :§ the concentrated au- thority belongs to the General. || His commands, his desires, are the law :^ his power flows from his hands as from its source, on the heads * Haec sunt intervalla locorum, non mentium; discrimina sertnonis, non pectoris; caElorum dissimilitudo, non morum. In hSc familid idem sentiiint Latinus et G aecus, Lusitaniis et Brasilius, Hibernus et Sarmnta, Iber et Gallus, Britannus et Belga; atque in tam disparibus geniis nullum certamen, nulla coiitentio, nihil ex quo eentias plurea esse. Imago Primi SacuU, p, 33. Idem sapiamus — idem propfe dicamus omnes — doctrinoB igitur differentes non admit- tantur. Const, part iii. c. i. % 18. t " Licet nihil aiiud qukm signum voluntatis," &c. — Const, part vi. c. i. X Bull. Greg. XIV. ann. 1591. ^ Const, part viii. c. i.; Exam. c. 6. % 8. || Const, part ix. 11 " Monarchicam tamen et in detinitionibus uniua Superioris arbitrio contentam esse decrevit."— Bu«. Greg. XIV. 1591. VOL. I. 10 '•II i 146 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. whom he chooses:* it extends as far as he pleases; it stops when he wills. The General is elected for life, and by a general congregation of the Society, composed of the Professed Members. The General must be a Professed Member. His qualifications, according to the Constitutions, must be — great piety, and the spirit of prayer: he must be exemplary in all the virtues; calm in his demeanor, circumspect in words. Mag- nanimity and fortitude are most essential attributes. He must have extraordinary intellect and judgment ; prudence, rather than learning ; vigilance, solicitude in his duties: his health and external appearance must be satisfactory. He must be middle-aged ; and a due regard is to be had to the recommendations of nobility, or the wealth and honors he may have enjoyed in the world.t He appoints the Provincials or rulers of the Provinces into which the Society is divided, the Rectors of Colleges; all the officials of the Society. A general congregation may depose the General : but this cannot be unless he *' commits mortal sins of a delicate nature and public — in externum proihuntiu — or wounds any one, or misapplies the revenues, or becomes a heretic." He has five Assistants corresponding to the great provinces of the Society, to aid him in his function. Italy, Spain, Germany, France, and Portugal supply their assistants, elected in a general congregation. ^ Their name explains their office. They assist the General in expedit- ing the affairs of their respective provinces ; they stand between the chief and his subjects ; they are his prime ministers. Something like a curb is placed on his authority. The assistants must be the watchful guardians of his virtue and conduct. Provincial congregations may deliberate on the expediency of a general congre- gation to consider his government, without his knowledge of the fact ; their votes are written. Every Superior in the Society has his Monitor to observe his con- duct ; the General is not exempted from this seeming check to author- ity ; but it means little — it can effect less ; for the fact must never be forgotten, that a thousand regulations of the Society insure the simi- larity of views in the whole body. If it defends the General or Supe- rior from " public sins," in externum prodeuntia, it is no guarantee to the world at large, from those abuses which result from the possession of unlimited power in directing the efforts of thousands sworn to obey. Another set-off against republicanism by the Constitutions is secured to the General in the remarkable regulations which follow. The General possesses the secrets of every member — a terrible fulcrum for the lever of influence. He knows the character, the inclinations of every member ; he knows these facts, or may know them, for he has them in writing. He is made acquainted with the consciences of all who must obey him, particularly of the provincials and others, to whom Const, part viii. t Ibid, part is. LIST OP QUALITIES OP MEMBERS. 147 he has intrusted functions of great importance. He must have, like each buperior, a complete knowledge of his subjects; their propensi- ties, their sentiments, the defects, the nina to which they have been or are nriore inclined and impelled -rtf/ quos defectus vet peccata fuennU vet Hint magiH propensi et incitafi* Every year, a list of the houses and members of the Society, the names, talents, virtues, failings of all are there recorded. It was such a list, doubtless, that suggested to a General of the Society that proud exclamation, when, having exultingly alluded to his philosophers, mathematicians, orators, &c., he cried, ^^ EU ahbiamo anche mnrtiri per il marlino se bisogna^—and we have men for martyrdom, if thev be required.t "^ ^ In effect, from this minute list of mental and bodily qualities, he can compute his power and direct his plans, adapt his commands and in- sure success to his delegated functions.^ Every local Superior or Rector must write to the Provincial weekfy: the Provincials to the General weekly, or at least mo/jM/v, detailing the condition and prospects of their respective departments.§ If the matter has reference to externs, or persons in the world, a species of cipher must be used to prevent discovery, in case the letter should fall into his hands— j7« scrlbatur, ut etiamsi literx in ejus manus mciderint, offendi non possit.\\ The power of the General extends even over the Constitutions, which he may change, alter, or annul ;^ but the changed or altered parts are not to be expunged.^* Hence, an appeal to the Constitutions must always silence the enemy who ascribes the conduct of a member to his rules and regulations; hence the "Monita Secreta" mm/ have been issued by authority ! "^ Thus is the General's power absolute— absolute as to the appoint- ment of officials, the disposal of temporalities, the admission of fresh members to the Society, absolute in the power of " dispensation," which he wields according to times, persons, and all the suggestions of expe- diency.tt The General sends out his Missioners whithersoever he pleases ; and selects them according to the qualifications required by the circum- stances in which they will be placed. The strong and healthy, the trustworthy, the tried, proba/i, et securiores ; the discreet and insinuat- ing, qui discretionis et conversnndi gratium hnbent ; the well-favored in person, ctnn exterioH specie— men of genius and peculiar talent, orators, and skilful confessors— all must be sent where their respective qualifications are most required, or are likely to reap a plentiful harvest.^ 1 he Missioners are sent in company, and must be contrasted. The talent of one must co-operate with that of another, or modified efl'ects must result from the union of different natures. With a fervid and fiery temper, ferventi et animoso, let a more circumspect and cautious * Const, part ix. c. iii. % 19; Exam. c. iv. % 34 ; Const, part ix. c. vi. 'J 3. t Chestert. Letters, p. 236. \ Exam. p. 35. ^ C^nH- part v^j n ior.n. Scrib 25 Edit. Ant. 1702. ^ Const! fart' ix.' c. iii. $ 8. *♦ Dec. Con. m. d. 23. tt Const, part ix. c. iii. ^ 8. tl Ibid, part vii. c. 2. F. r i I I 148 IIISTOllY OF THE JESUITS. Spirit be joined. A single Missioner should not be sent.* All who are sent, cfo r<»joicing. At lh(i word of command from the Pope or General, iho Missioner is ready for every fate: to share the luxury of kings whose conscience he has to govern, or to be devoured by canni- bals, who prefer his flesh to the spirit of his religion. To such a Society judgment in the selection of its members is essen- tial, and this is required by the Constitutions. Prompt, humble, devout obedience, a constant correspondence from the remotest points of the Society, exact discipline in all the external practices of piety, which are so admirably adapted to keep the mind in subjection, the manifesta- tion of conscience enjoined to every member of the Society, the perfect training in all the departments of knowledge — these, with the prestige of their name, were destined to weld together the terrible troop, and give them victory in a field where they had no equal opponents. Other expedients of the Jesuits will be manifest as we trace their progress down the stream of their troublous times into the gulf of their destruction. A glance at their declared objects and their method of training their men, must precede the narrative. The end proposed to the Society, according to the Constitutions, is not only to give each member the means of working out his own sal- vation and spiritual perfection, but also of applying himself to the salva- tion and perfection of his neighbor. Three vows are taken — obedience, poverty, and chastity — under- standing poverty to mean that the Jesuit will not and cannot have any revenue for his own support, nor for any other purpose. This prohibi- tion applies universally. No stipend nor alms can be received for masses, sermons, or any pious ofiice.t As to externals — the Society does not assume, by obligation, any of the ordinary penances or macerations of the body. These are left to the dictates of individual piety and the judgment of the immediate superior. It is a mendicant order, that is, its members are to subsist on alms. These are divided into four classes : — I. The Professi or Professed. These are the advanced Jesuits. Besides the three vows just mentioned, they make an express vow to the pope and his successors to set out without excuse, without a viati- cum or travelling expenses to any part of the world, among Christians or infidels, " for the prosecution of such matters as tend to divine wor- ship and the good of the Christian religion." II. The Coadjutors Spiritual, and the Coadjutors Temporal, are the simple priests of the Society, and the lay-brothers, or such as are not admitted to the priesthood, but make themselves useful in their respect- ive trades — in other words, the servants of the Society — its printers, tailors, barbers, &c. III. The Scholastici or Scholars, whose fulure position in the Society is to be determined by their respective qualifications. IV. The Novices, or those who are admitted on trial. Their trial * Const, part vii. t Exam. Gen. QUALIFICATIONfl OP NOVirES. 149 or probation lasts two years, durinfr which they are trained in opirit- uahiy, and tuught the import of the vows thVy are about to take. Their natural dispositions are keenly observed: their temper is tried in various ways: the characteristic of their suitableness for any posi- tion IS obedience. '' ^ The more endowed the applicant for admission is with natural talents or acquirements, and the more trying the experiments have been, in which he has stood the test, the more fit wil! he be for the Society. The Society requires sound knowledge, or an aptitude to acquire it, in the candidate,— united to tact in the management of affairs ; or certainly the gift of a good judgment to acquire that discretion. He must have a good memory, both quick and retentive. The desire of spiritual perfection must be in the will; coolness, constancy, and determination in action. There must be zeal for the salvation of souls, " which is the cause of the love that the candidate feels for the Society," according to the assumption. Elegance of expression in the candidate is particularly to be desired,* —it being very necessary in his intercourse with others— with a hand- some or agreeable person,t "which usually edifies those with whom we have to deal ;" good health and strength of body are essentials: the age for admission to the novitiate is fourteen and above: for taking the last vow, twenty-five. Previously to the legislation of this modern Lycurgus, mere human integrity of body was all that the Church required in her ministers ; but the experience of twenty years had taught Ignatius the value of good looks and good address in spiritual influence. For a certainty, it seems that he had woman in view, since man is not usually caught by such tackle as a " handsome person." The external recommendations of nobility, wealth, reputation, are not sufficient in themselves : still, as far as they conduce to edification, they enhance the fitness of the candidate.;]: There are impediments to admission besides bad looks : such as ille- gitimacy, previous apostacy,and heresy ; having committed murder, or being infanious on account of some enormity ; having been a monk or hermit; being married, a slave, or partially insane. These are string- ent impediments ; but the Pope or the General of the Society can gram dispensation, when it is certain that the candidate is adorned with divine gifts, and likely to be useful to the Society, "for the service of God, our Lord." Minor impediments are, apparently indomitable passions and a hope- less habit of sin, inconstancy of mind, " a defective judgment, or mani- fest pertinacity, which usually gives great trouble to all conn-refTn- tions."§ . ^ ^ Among the curious questions to be put to candidates are the follow- ing:— Whether any of his ancestors were heretics? Whether his parents are alive?— their name, condition as to wealth or poverty, their * « Exoptanda est sermonis gratia."— Consf. i. e. ii. t '■' Honesta species."— i6. X Const, part i. c. ii. § 151^. c. iii. 150 HISTORY or THE JESUITS. I I II occupation. Whether he has ever been in pecuniary difficulties, or is bound by any claim to his parents or relatives? Whether, discarding his own opinion and judgment, he will leave that point to the judg- ment of his superior, or the Society ? How many brothers he has? — their situation, whether married or otherwise, their occupation or man- ner of life? With regard to himself, whether he has uttered words that may seem to have pledged him to marry ? Whether he has had, or has, a son ? A severe scrutiny as to his spiritual bent, faith, and conscience, fol- lows this domestic inquisition. If the candidate has any property, he must promise to "leave all," without delay, at the command of his superior, after he has been a year in the novitiate. But he is to resign his property to the "poor;" — for the Gospel says, "Give to the poor," — not to relatives. The reason is assigned : for thus he will give a better example of having put oflf all inordinate love towards his parents, and will avoid the usual unpleas- antness of distribution, which proceeds from the said love ; and thus the opening to a return to his parents and relatives, and to their very remembrance, being closed beforehand, he may persevere firmly and fixedly in his vocation. He may give something to his relatives ; but this must be left entirely to the discretion and judgment of the superior, and those who are appointed by him to investigate the claim for relief or benefaction. All ready money that he may have must be given up, to be returned to him should he leave, or be found unfit for, the Society. Any defect in the integrity of the body, disease, debility, or remark- able deformity, being too young or too old, or bound by civil obligations or debt, constitute minor impediments ; but in these cases, as in the major impediments, the Society can grant dispensations. The conclusion resulting from these premises is that the Jesuit was to be a picked man — no ordinary plodder on the beaten track of predi- cation. We see the earnest of efficient propagandism, the prevalent obstacles to which are eflectually obviated. Ignatius beheld the evil of his times, and he invented the remedy. In after times, in modern times, at the present time, there is reason to believe that " dispensa- tions" in these matters were and have been freely given; but the men who established the Society in its primitive efficiency were formed ac- cording to the letter of the law, and were perfect in their caUing: — "a simpleton, though a Jesuit,"* may have its modern application; but the misfortune is the result of abuse; according to the original plan of the Institute, a Jesuit should be no ordinary man. Admitted to the novitiate, the Jesuit's training began. Through the " Spiritual Exercise'^" of the founder, he was made to proceed as a first trial, and then, for two entire years, he remained under the same watchful eyes which marked his first failings, earnest to correct or di- rect them into the right channel. Constant occupation for body and * Words applied by Voltaire to the Jesuit Berruyer, of whom we shall subsequeutly speak. See Volt. Diet. Phil. t. x. Hist. THE TRIALS OF THE NOVITIATE. 151 soul is here given: the novice is never idle. His pride, his self-love, his will, are subjected to trials on every occasion ; and, if charity tem- pers the cold blast of humiliation, it must still reach the soul. The novices are employed in every menial occupation of the house, in which there are no servants but themselves. The son of a nobleman and the son of a peasant may be seen brushing shoes together, cleaning knives and forks, scrubbing bricks and boards, or digging potatoes. Even in his dress, the novice is humbled ; cast-off habiliments invest the pious exercitant; but he is right well fed, because he must be healthy and strong to do the work of a Jesuit. The mental occupation of the novice is the study of spirituality, or "Christian perfection." He learns how to meditate. He acquires the habit of thought, self-possession, self-restraint, and, perhaps, self-delu- sion ; for, at every" step, the all-sufficiency of obedience is preached to him, and disobedience is denounced with awful solemnity. In his superior, the novice is sedulously taught to behold the Lord : in obey- ing he performs the will of God. The perfection of obedience may be said to be the one thing needful in the novice of the Jesuits. It must extend over the whole man — the will, and understanding. All that he is must be, in the hands of his superior, as a carcase, as plastic wax, as an old man's walking-stick. These are the metaphors invented by Ignatius to characterise the obedience of a Jesuit. In theory, it is freely promised by the novice : it must be his endeavor to exhibit it in practice. Unless we take it for granted that the superior will never "err," by passion, or interest, or expediency, so entire a prostration of the will and understanding is liable to great abuses. Whatever God may ordain, is necessarily to be done, however repugnant to our ideas of justice or morality. To expostulate is to disobey. Now, if God's place is to be supplied by the superior, the same result must follow, without the certain guarantee of infallibility. To say that God will not permit the superior to err, is an assertion which I can neither positively deny nor admit. All other explanations and distinctions respecting the obedience of the Jesuits, are clever sophisms which may suit their pur- pose, but cannot reach the root of the objection.* The novices strive, and not in vain, to attain this perfection of obedience. To speak from experience, I confess that there were moments of enthusiasm, when I would have deemed all things lawful at the word of my superior. It * Here follow three of the rules of the novices, but for the general observance of the Jesuits : Rule 34. " At the voice of the superior, just as if it came from Christ the Lord, we must be most ready, leaving everything whatsoever, even a tetter of the al- phabet unfinished, though begun." Rule 35 : " To this scope let ue turn all our efforts and intention in the Lord, in order that holy obedience may be always and entirely perfect in us, as well in the execution, as in the will and understanding : doing what- ever shall have been enjoined us, with great celerity, spiritual joy and perseverance; persuading ourselves that all things are just; abnegating all opinion and judgment of our own contrary thereto, with a certain blind obedience." Rule 36: "Let each member persuade himself, that those who wish to live under obedience, ought to suffer themselves to be borne along and governed by Divine Providence through the superi- ors, just as if they were a corpse, which may be borne as we please, and permits itself to be handled any how ; or like an old man's stick, wliigh everywliere serves any pur- pose that he who holds it chooses to employ it in." Summ. Const. Const, part vi. c. i. mmm tmnm m\ m I'- j. 152 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. may well be said by Hasenmuller, that the novices «* have as many Christs as they have rulers and laborers."* This delusion sweetens the bitterest humiliation, lightens the heaviest burthen, beautifies the foulest occupation. What a state of trial for a thoughtful soul is the Jesuit novitiate. The menial occupations, the drudgeries of domestic labor, are alleviations — recreations in that solitude of the heart. Those were happiest who were most mechanical. The thoughtful, who reasoned unto conclusions, who penetrated the tendencies of all the regi- men, bitterly felt the poison as it spread over mind and heart, trans- forming them entirely. Public punishments were awarded to public faults: private irregularities were expiated by public penances. These consisted in kneeling with arms outstretched, in kissing the feet of the brothers in a hundred humiliating ways, devised by holy obedience. Every novice had a monitor, and was monitor to another, whose faults he had to observe and declare to him and the superior. Besides his weekly confession to his superior, each novice had to manifest the state of his conscience, his particular vices and inclinations, to the Provin- cial at stated times. The manifestation was not made under the seal of confession : it was understood to be available in any way that might be deemed proper by the authorities. This requisition might have some effect in forcing the novice to stifle his propensities ; but it might also generate that desperate cunning which thinks it can cheat con- science without falling short of perfection. I have elsewhere! described the domestic life of the novices in these our days. I shall now lay before the reader the account given of it by Hpsenmiiller, a seceding Jesuit, about forty years after the establish- ment of the Society. By comparing the two narratives, it will be found that age makes little difference v/iih the practices of the Jesuits. Two hundred and fifty years have elapsed since Hasenmuller pub- lished his experience. In reading much of it, I was carried back to my own novice days, on the banks of the Hodder, in the North of England. "In the summer at four, in the winter at five o'clock of the morning, they rise at the sound of a bell. Should any remain sleep- ing in bed, — which happens rather often, — and they be caught by the visitor, a penance is enjoined them. The rector sends for the delin- quent, reprimands him for his drowsiness and disobedience, and says, 'During dinner, you will take your bed, carry it to the refectory, and perform the usual penance, which may cure your drowsiness.' The signal for dinner bt'ng given, and grace being said, when the fathers and brothers have t'.ken their seats, the poor fellow, with his bed on his shoulders, walk-: into the middle of the refectory, and falling on his knees, says: — 'Reverend Fathers, dearest Brothers, I tell you my fault, that this morning I slept beyond the hour, wherefore this small penance has been enjoined me, that I shall hring my bed three times into the refectory, and sleep till dinner is ended, and carry back my bed, and get my dinner at the small table.' Whereupon he carries * " Tot Christns hahfint qiiftt npsra vc\ rpgnlas." — Hist. c. v, t See " The Novitiate j or the Jesuit in Training." DOMESTIC LIFE OF THE NOVICES. 153 his bed three times round the refectory, then lays him down upon it, and sleeps, if he likes, whilst the other brothers laugh and eat. Such is the penance for too much sleep. Having risen, the first rule is for them to make their beds. An hour of meditation and prayer follows; and then they must clean their cells. For breaking this rule the same penance as before must be performed, except that, whilst the brothers are dining, the delinquent goes and sweeps his cell. Should any of them fall asleep during the hour of prayer and meditation, their pen- ance is, during dinner, to fall on their knees in the midst of the refec- tory, and show how they rolled their heads from side to side in their irregular nap. After meditation, all hear mass with reverence and decorum; but if any make a noise with their hands, feet, or rosaries, or gaze through the windows, their penance is, during dinner, to kiss the feet of the fathers and brothers, and take their food under the table, or at the rector's feet, and then, mounting on a bench and pushing their heads through the window, show the brothers how they gazed through the rails. After mass, they hear a lecture, which all must listen to attentively. Should any fail asleep, or talk, or laugh, they must ex- hibit the same irregularities in the refectory as the former, showing how they slept, and talked, and laughed." None of these crimes occurred in the English novitiate, or if any irregularity approached them, a psalm to be rehearsed with arms outstretched, kissing the feet all round, d-ining on the knees, kneeling for their cup to be filled by a brother, were the penances invented by holy obedience, and selected by the delinquents, as it were by inspiration. English notions dis- pensed with the hugely ridiculous in the work of penance. "After the lecture, the father minister distributes the occupations and domes- tic labors. At his approach, all rush to him. He stands in the midst and appoints the functions. To one he says: You go and help the cook. To another : Help the store-keeper. To others : Fetch wood : Bring water: Clean the dishes: Lay the table: Wash the cups. — Should any one wish to humble himself more than the rest, and, as the rule enjoins * to seek the things to which the senses are repug- nant,' he goes to the rector, falls on his knees, and begs to be intrusted with the 'office of humility,' which is the foulest imaginable, and not to be mentioned," though it was commonly enjoined in the English novitiate, yet not exactly to the extent described by Hasenmiiller. — "The 'master of manners' follovrs and observes the workers. Sloth- fulness and levity are duly penanced, by the delinquent's being ordered to weed a brother's garden, and prune the trees. In this occupation, should he imitate or respond to a bird giving voice overhead, tie must tell his fault in the refectory, and imitate aloud the sound three or four times again.* If a novice breaks a dish, or other vessel, his penance is to gather the pieces, tie them together, and walk round the refectory with the load suspended from his neck .... Although these things are frivolous, childish, ridiculous, and ostentatious, yet the * " Eosdem gestus et cantus edere, quos in horfn exprimebat ter laitur aut onartsr circurrit in retectorio et altS voce clamat Cue, Cue, Cue, Cue (risuin teneatis, lectores, dum et ipse cuculutn istum imitor)." — Hasenm. Hist c. v. I r 154 HISTORY OF THE JESUITS. Jesuits say that they will receive in heaven as many crowns as they have performed penances : nay, that these works are meritorious to eternal life, if they perform them in the intention of ihe Society, and in obedience to the superior. They have therefore as many Christs as they have works and rules." " Twice a-day they examine their con- sciences, before dinner and supper. At a given sign, the novices as- semble and proceed to the appointed place, where, for the space of a half, or quarter of an hour, on their knees before some image, they probe their consciences, and try the spirit. Those who can >yrite, note down in a list all their sins of thought, words, deeds, and omissions, so as to confess them on the Saturday to the rector, who may thus know all the secrets of his disciples. For this purpose, they use a diary, as follows, entering their sins each day of the week : — SUNDAY. SINS OF THOUGHT. WEDNESDAY. SINS OF OMISSION. MONDAY. SINS OF WORDS. THURSDAY. SINS AGAINST THE RULES. TUESDAY. SINS OF DEEDS. FRIDAY. NEGLECT OF PENANCE. SATURDAY. FAULTS IN CONFESSION. "They must practise the rules advised by Ignatius in the book of the ♦ Spiritual Exercises :' — I. As often as a man commits the same kind of fault or sin, he must apP^y ^'^^ ^'^"^ ^° '^'^ breast and grieve for his fall, which may be done without being noticed by others. II. At night, having counted the dots on the two lines, corresponding to the sins or faults committed, and calling them to mind during the two examinations of conscience, he must see if any improvement has taken place. III. He must compare each day with the preceding, and observe the im- provement, if any. IV. He must compare two weeks together, and note the result." Such is the process through which a novice of the Jesuits marches to perfection. Whatever spirit of piety may accompany the exercitant through the tedious period, must depend on his organisation: the cer- tain result is the habit of obedience, prostrate submission in the will and LinderBtanding, And that is the object of the trial * For ample details on the subject I must refer the reader to the work before men- STUDIES OF THE SCHOLASTICI. 155 After the expiry of the two probationary years, the novice takes the three vows, and proceeds to the house of the Scholars of the Society, where he pursues his studies, which are totally discontinued during the novitiate. The languages, logic, natural and moral philosophy, enter into the course; the time allotted for each being unlimited, and de- pendent on the judgment of the rector, after examination. As the scholars cannot excel in all these faculties, each must be made to excel in some one or other of them, according to his age, genius, inclination, and previous acquirements.* In the books of heathen writers nothing must be read that can offend decency: they must be expurgated, and the society will " use the rem- nants as the spoils of Egypt,"— ut spoliis ^gypti Societas uti poterit.t On the other hand, the foulest obscenities are opened to the student when advanced to the study of casuistry,— obscenities infinitely more exciting to the imagination than the expurgated passages of the ancient classics, which, with these exceptions, inculcate a sterner morality than some of the books of the Jesuit-casuists. J Even books written by Christians, although good in themselves, are not to be read, if the author be a suspected character, lest there should result a partiality for the author. In every department, such books as may or may not be read, must be determined by the authorities. § All impediments to study must be removed, whether resulting from devotional practices, or mortifications carried to excess, or unreasonably practised. There must be a library common to all : but its key must be confided to those whom the rector may consider trustworthy, and each student is to have what books are necessary. Assiduity in the classes, repetitions of what they have learned, the solution of difficulties that may result, public disputations, private con- ferences, — these train the Jesuit-mind, and give it that perfection which mducedthe philosopher to exclaim: "Talis quiim sis, utinam noster esses," — being such as thou art, would that thou wert ours !|! The Latin language is to be commonly spoken, and perfection in tinned. The Day's Occupation in the English Novitiate, in 183S, scarcely differed in a single point from that of the Jesuit novitiates in the sixteenth century ! See Hasen- muUer, ch. v. "^ ' * Const, part iv. f \h\A. X This comparison has been made, and largely discussed in the work entitled, " A Parallel of the Doctrines of the Pagans with the Doctrine of the Jesuits," written in l

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AnRliim, the pastime i>( olnlilhond. (iovIioikI, m»iihi«id. and old aRe, Is next descriheil ; and by attention to the iiiKiruntioiis here laid down, llm lad with astiek and u striiiK may suoii lieeoiiie nn expert AiialT Kerpms? Animals is a fiivotinte pursuit of iMiyhmid. Aooordinelv, we have desiTibed how to rear the liiililiil, ihf Siiiiiirt'l. iIim lloini.ni^i', (lie (iiiinoa Pi«. Ilin I'lueon, and the Silkworm. A Ion? chapter is iidtiplrd te, ami make youisell as mysieiious as the Siihyiix. A chai'ler m Miscellanies— useliil iiiid aniiisiiiK Miricls—wiiids up the volnnie. The " rrcii-iiry" i-diitiniis upwards ol fnui hundrc.l laiKiiivinus ; so that it is nut only a collection of "secrets wortli knowing." but it is a hcmk of pictures, as lull of prints as a Chrislmas piiiiding IS of piums , , It inav be as well to mention that the "Treasury hi'lds many new sanies that have never befure been pnniiil iii a bisik nf this kind. The old Kaiiics have been described ulresh. Thus it is, alloaeiher. a new bonk. , , , . .t. And now we take leave, « i limit you many liou.-s, and days and weeks of enjoyment over tliess liases; and we hope that yoi may Xtn as happy as this book is hrlmful of amuseiiieiil. AID OF THE POPwlR°TOvf ;„°„' ™^ logo- ;2^v^™"Mr ■ ■'* y- -livening ENDLESS AMUSEMEWT JUST ISSUED •=■ "^ =• IM T. ENDLESS AMUSEMENT NEARLY FOnn HTT^TT^,.* collection of ' ACOUSTICS. ARITHMPTfo 'J^CLUDrNO • ' A COMPLETE sv,"tp " rr ■ OR THE AKT OF MAKINP v^X,'"»'"'CHNV, »B. WHoi. ,„ ci.M»„ .,., FIRE-WORKS , I"One„,„„„,, ' "" tONDOi, EDITION. PASSAGES OF SCRlPrnRE '^'^"SPRATINO F«0KK8S0R0.C„.„«Tf,TNrT.™^.f,i,^«'^riTHS, -n.,emi,stryiH assuredly one of „,.„ " " . ^^ Wood-CutH. extra cloth. "' Mr. Gnmilisr-.iimt f, .1 . ™ '" " 'lapiiy srjinl ini.i ,;.„.. ^ Pi^piueAto •- M-j '"» ""KIIH.SI, llltHllectUllI !l] w.. ^•^ "■'■'-^^c hope .... ,,, p--"t-o';;;x"b;-'ersr^^^^^^^^ Western LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. POP ULAR SCIE NCE. KIRBY AND SPENCE'S ENTOMOLOGY, FOR POPULAR USE. ATt ZITTBOBlTOTXOir TO BITTOBIOZiOOT; OR. ELEMENTS OF TIIR NATURAL HISTORY OF INSECTS- COMPRISING AN ACCOUNT OF NOXIOUS AND USEFUL INSKCTS, OP THEIR MCTAMORPHOSKS FOOD, STRATAGEMS, HABITATIONS, SOCIETIES, MOTIONS, NOISES, HYBERNATION, INSTINCT, Ac, iio. WltU Platea, Plain or Colored. BY WILLIAM KIRBy,M.A.,F.R.S., AND WILLIAM SPENOE,ESQ.,r.R.S. FKOM TllS SIXTH LONDON EDkTION, WHICH WAS OOIIBKCTBD AND CONBIDERABLY KNLAROBD. Ill one large octavo volume, extra clotb. " We have been pfently interested in rnnninjf over the paRee of this treatise. There is scarcely, in the wide mn«e of naturul science, a more interesting or instructive study than that of insects, or one than is cnlouliiteil to e.vKlte more curiosity or wonder. " The poiiular form of loliers is adopted by the authors m impartipK a knowledge of the subject, which renderd the work tieculiuriy titled for our district school libraries, which are open to all ages and classes."— ifiM('i Merchants Magazine. JLNSTED'S ANOZENT JUST ISSUED. WORLD. THE ANCIENT WORLD, OR, PICTURESQUE SKETCHES OF CREATION, BY D. T. ANSTED, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. FROFEBSOR or GKOLOOT IN KINO'S COLLBOB, LONDON. to one very neat volume, fine ejttra cloth, with about One Hundred and Fifty Illustrattons. The object of this work is to present to the gen'.'«"''. *° "« Preservation • 1,1 ^'"''l''"" "» adopt- pensable."'"""'"* '*^«^"'cul„,e8, e«ejt wher^they i;Xid«to°hiSilr BT A. BHXOHX*. - - HEALTH.. Th« Whole co„,p1^e1^.7vS 8vT f ^''^ ' » ^ B S. HOGET-S ANIMAL AND VEG.T.m . -~--- ' '"" ''"'^"'^• AUCKLAND'S GEOLOGY. 2 vols with ^^H YSICAL CONDmoW ^ ~~~^-~~~N,^>~v^,.„^_^_r — ■"-•paraie. NSs°sr^^™~f^?^^ „„„„ "■OS m THE r»A»rLfN7rTm'™ n? r'°™™« O" MEC8A " 'MPROVED MERCHANT E<>^t,n WITH EN0H*v,N08 "^"^NT FLOUR MILL. BTO.&O.EVAHS, ENGINEERS LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. JOHNSON AND LANDRETH ON FRUIT, KITCHEN, AND FLOW ER GA RDENING. A DICTIONARY OF MODERN GARDENING, BY OEORGE WILLIAM JOHNSON, ESQ. Author of the " PriiiRi|ilei of Practical Gonlening;," " TIte Gardener's Almanac," &o. WITH ONE HUNDRED AND BIOHTV WOOD-CUTS. EDITED, WITH NUMEROUS ADDITIONS, BY DAVID LANDRETH, OF PHILADELPHU. In one larfre roynl duodeninio volume, extra cloth, of nearly Six Hundred and Fifty double coliuiUMid Pages. This edition has been prently altered from the original. Many articles of little interest to Ameri- cans iinvo been curtnileil or wholly omitted, and n'.unh new matter, with numerous illustrations, added, especially with resneot to the varieties of fruit which oxptihenco bus shown to be peculiarly adiipled to our cliiiiale. Still, tlio editor admits that he has imly followed in the |>ath ho admirably miiikcd out liy Mr. Jnlnisoii, to whom llie chief merit of the work lielongs. It has been an object with the editor and publisliors to increase iLs popular chnnictur. thereby uduptiiig it to the lareer class of horticultural readers in Ibis country, and they trust it will prove whiil they have ilesired it to be, an EncycUipirdin ol (JardeimiK. if not of Hurnl Afliiirs, so condensed and ut such a price as to be witiun reach of nearly all whom those subjects interest. " This is a useful coniiieiKhiim of all that description of information which is valuable to the motlern gardener. It ijikjIus largely from the Itost stuiidnrd authors, journals, and transactions of s(«'.ielies; and the labours of the American editor have fitted it for the United Slates, by judicious additioiLs and oniissioiis. The volume is abundantly illustrated with figures in the text, embracing a judicious .selection of lliose varieties of fruits winch experience lias shown to be well suited to the United Status. — iiiUiman's Journal. " This is the mo.st valuable work we have ever seen on the stibject of gardening j and no man of taste wlio ran devott- even a <,imrter of an acre to horlirulturo ought to be without it. Indeed la- dies who merely cultivate llowers witlun-duors, will liiid tins book an excellent and convenient counsellor. It c^mlniiis one hundred and eishty woodcut illiistriitions, which give a distinct idea of the fruits and garden-nmiiieements they are intended to represent. " Johnson's Dictiomuy of Uanleniiig, edited by l,aiidreth, is handsomely printed, well-hound, and sold at a price which puis it within the reach of all who would Im likely to buy H."—Evetyreen. THE COM PLETE FLORIST. A MAM-TrAZ. OF GABDEITZITO, CONTAINING PKACTlCAt, INSTRI!CTION K)R THR MANAGEMENT OK GREENHOUSE PLANTS, AND I'OK THE CULTIVATION OF THE SHRU13BEUV— THE FLOWER GARDEN, AND THE LAWN— WITH DESCKIl'TIONS OK THOSE PLANTS AND TREES MOST WORTHS' OF CULTURE IN EACH DEPARTMENT. "WITH ADDITIONS AND AXVIEND IVT EN TS, ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. In one small volume. Price only Twenty-live Cents. THE COMPLETE KITC HEN A ND FRUIT GARDENER. A SELECT MANUAL Or. KITCHEN GARDENING, AND THE CUI/rORE OF FRUITS, CONTAINING FAMILIAR PlliKCTlONS KOR THE MOST AIM'KOVED PRACTICE IN EACH DEPAIiTMENT, DESCRIPTIONS OF MANY VAI.IiAliI.E FKUITS, AND A CALE.NDAR OF WOKJ{ TO HIO Pb;KFOR.MED EACH MONTH IN THE YEAR. THE WHOLE ADAPTED TO THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. In one small volume, paper. Price only Twenty-five t^ents. l.ANDRETH'S RURAL REGISTER AND ALMANAC, FOR 1848, WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. STILL O.V HAND, A rE-W COPIES OP THE REGISTER FOR 1847, WITH OVER ONE HUNDRED WOOD-CUTS. This work has l.'iO larere 12nio. paces, double columns. Thouirh published nnnuiiUy, and confain- iuii ail tthuftuai!, the pniinpal part of the matter is of permanent utility to the horticulturist and farmer. YOUATT AND SKINNER'S STANDARD WORK ON THE HORSE. THE HORSE. BY WILLIAM YOUATT. A NEW EDITION. WITH NCJMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. TOOBTUBR WITH A OBNERAL HISTOHY OP THE HORSE; A dibbeAtation ow THE AMERICAN TROTTING HORSE; HOW TRAINED AND JOCKEYED. AN ACCOUNT OF HIS REMARKABLE PERFORMANCES; AND AW BSSAT our ran ASS AlffD THE MUM, BY J. S. SKINNER. Assistant Post-Master-General, and Editor of the Turf Register wide circulation throughout the coimrvth^l ^ v'tv^l "^'^'"^^ '^'^^ '^ thing to attract to it the attention and co,;filnpl^f'1^''T^? "^^'^ «ay no- are interested in their improvement ''°"^'*^"^^ °^ "" ^ho keep Horses or has been highly spoken ,^ by those Isf c S bl of „„ ' ? " '^"''"'"' """" °^ ''^ ^''«''; i' tinderthepatmnn^eof the'Sodetvfrtlm nf "^ TO'-"'".? its merits, and its appearanre atitshead.affor.s\fun;:aJ:„^; Xr ih^rre" "^'blT' ^''"' ^'' '""' "^""^-™ endorse the ronommendation of the editor that everllJ. " " """^ '"''"'"'''' ""«• »"'• ^o have it at his elbow, to be oo„s,„ d lil^la fam ,vIZr T """' ""' '''"*' "' " ""•^'''' «'"'"''l .on.n.t,.eh.oft,.e.ostin,ere..;t:;;SSZ:iS;:^^!.^ h;rr:srf;z ;::;rs2:[:sc excellent jud;.e of the animal,,, JnicZTlTn.?!^^^^''''"''''''^'^'^^''^ " '^''^'" '''^•"- ""'l qnadr,.peds. Messrs. Lea and BLrnSph.rdiirf^ "I'l" '"« history of the nohlestof a few of the first pa^s. and havrsuDnlied the r ni ' 'T ^«""'"«"«d '"« ^^ove work, omittu.. more interesting L the^eade:i:^^St;''tl^g:;H^Z';. ''"'%'" '""'"""*'• """^ •'"^«''' horse, a di.^ertat.on on the American trotti^g'hl^ ^w ^^^ i Tf ° " T"™' """"''^ "' ""' remarkable performnnces. and an essay on the Ass mZ^^lflTs^i^f'^'j: '" '"""""'" "^ •"" master-General, and late editor of the Turf Register and A mL t"'""""^' ^*1- ^^'''>^^t Post- of our most pleasing writer, and l,„s been fan^drtheZ^t JTJ, 'V"""' " °"'' and we need -or a.ld that he has acquitted hin.self weU of the ^^i J , "' ^"""^ "'""»"•"<'. ant subj«r,,., to ,he Amer.cnn hr.^Oev „r ihc ^ lI?L't '^,''- "' "'"' ""^«" »•" "'- i«'P<'"^ amor. The PhMndelphia edition of 1^ Hor,^;!^""'' , '"" ."• '^^'''^ «' '«"^"' -J c»„ ^».«.can ^i,ric««Hr«/. * handsome ,K!tavo, with numerous wowl-cuts."- LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. YOUATT ON THE PIG. TBB PZO; A TREATISE ON THE BREEDS, MANAGEMENT, FEEDING AND MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SWINE, WITH DIRECTIONS FOR SALTING PORK, AND CURINO BACON AND HAMS. BY WILLIAM TOCTATT, V.S. Author of "The Horse," "The Dos," "Cuttle," " Sheep," Ac, J*B^,'2e?!«^« ""«' '^d^nS'man'? EMBRACING THE USES, BREEDirSo'^TB?!^? ,,?c,? ® ■''''' MAN, ■D ■» » ^ _ ^riuna useful ReclDea. &.§•.. *•.«. WithPlates. InoaereTne^iL" volu.^;e:rtr.Coth. I LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. FRANCATELLI'S MO DERN FRENCH COOKERY. THE MODERN COOK, A PRACTICAL GCTDE TO THE CUTINARY ART. IN AIX ITS BRANCHTIS, ADAPTKD AS WELL FOR THE LARGEST ESTABLISHMENTS AS FOR THE USE OF PRIVATE FAMILIES. BY CHARLES EhUt FRANCATELLI, Pupil of the celebrated Careme, and lule Miutre D'Hotel and Chief Cook to her Mnjestjr the Queen. In one large octavo volume, extra cloth, with numerous illuftrationg. " It appears to be the bonk of liook* on cookery, beinK a most comprehensive treatise on that art preservulive and conservative. The work comprises, in one lurge and elogant, octiivu volume, 1447 rrciptw lor couking dishes and desserts, with numerous illustrations; also bills of fare and diror- tions for dmnen for every month in the year, for companies of six persona to twenty-eight.— A^oi. JnteUH/aKer. '^The ladies who read our Magaiine, will thank us for calling attention t his ^reat work on the " °" " ' ""' "^ ' ■ • • ..... .... g i„,gfgj[ ins the La . . - — IHiary cook hooks that the Mecaniuiie Celeste does to Daboli s Arithmetic. It is a large octavo, profusely illustrated, and contains every- thing on the phUosopiiy of making dinners, suppers, etc., that is wortli knowing.— OroAom'j Magaxine. "I lie luoies wno reaa our magazine, wui inank us for caiung attention t his great worl noble science of cooking, in which everybody, who has any ta.ste, feels a d lep and abiding t lancatelli is the Plato, the Shakspeare, or the Napoleon of Ids department ; or perhaps Fkuje, for his perlorinajicc beam the same relation to ordinary cook hooks that the Me MISS ACT ON'S COOKERY. MODBRir OOOKEaT ZXT AZ.I. ITS BHAZTOHES, REDUCED TO A SYSTEM OF EASY PRACTICE. FOR THE USE OF PRIVATE FAMILIES. IN A SERIES OF PRAri'lCAL RECEIPTS, ALL OF WHICH ARE GIVEN WITH THE MOST MINUTE EXACTNESS. BY KlilZA ACTON. WITH NUMEROUS WOOD-CUT ILLUSTRATIONS. TO WHICH IS ADDED, A TABLE OP WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. THS WUOUE REVISED AND PREPARED FOR AMERICAN H0U8li:K££F£R8. B7 MRS. SARAH J. HALE. From the Second London Edition. In one large 12mo. volume. " Miss Eliza Acton may congratulate herself on having composed a work of great utility, and one that IS sptedUy finding lU way to every 'dresser' ui the kingdom. Her Cookery-boolc is unques- tionably the most valuable compendium of the art tiiat has yet been published. It strongly incul- cates economical principles, and |K)inU out how good tilings may be coucor.led without that reck- less extravagance which good cooks have been wont to imuguie tlie best evidence they con give of skill in their profession." — London Morning Post. nnilETo MPLE^ ^ PLAIN AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR COOKING AND HOUSEKEEPING, "WITH UPXVARDS OF SEVEN HUNDRED RECEIPTS, Consisting of Directions for the Choice of Meat and Poultry, Preparations for Cookiii?; Making of Broths and Soups ; Boihiig, Roasting, Haking and Frying of Meats, Fish, &c. : Seasonings, Colorings, Cooking Vegetaliles ; Preparing Saladis; Clarifying; Making of Pastry, Puddings, Gruels, Gravies, Garnishes, ic. &o., and with general ,„ Directions for making Wines. '•'* WITH ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS. BY J. M. SANDERSON, OF THE FRAKKUM HOUSE. J In one small volume, paper. Price only Twenty-five Cent* THE COMPLEfTlSrSiiNE^ BAKER. PLAIN AND PRACTICAL DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING CONFECTIONARY AND PASTRY. AND FOR BAKING. WITH UPTXTARDS OP FIVE HUNDRED RECEIPTS, Consisting of Directions for making ail sorts of Preserves, Siignr Boiling, Comfits, Lozenges, Ornaineutal Cakes, Ices, Luiiieurs, Waters, Gum Paste Ornameiiis, Svrups, Jellies, Marmalades, Compotes, Bread Baking, Artificial Yeasts, Fancy Biscuits, Cakes, Rolls, Muffins, Tarts, Pies, . Gwjtow? ••- Central High School, Phila., Jme^zs, 1847. Zunint's pl 1 P'"™^ ^'h 7" »„„ , ^„ Vwy^wpectfuliy.YourObt.Sem To Menn. Lea it Blanchart. JOHN s HaiIt Principal Phila. High Scimt. Omt1emm:~ p. VIRGILII MARONIS CARMINA. NOW READV LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. SC HOOL BOOK S. BIRD'S NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. NOW llEAUY. ELEMENTS OF NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, BEINO AN BXPIRIMENTAL INTRODUCTION TO THI PHYSICAL •0IENCK8. ILLCBTRAT«D WITH OVER THRKB BDHDBID WOOD-OUTI. BY GOLDINO BIRD, M.D., Aisiattnt riijrsiclan to Ouy'i Hoipital. FROM THE THIRD LONDON EDITION. In one neat volume. "By th8 uppfinnince of Dr. Wnl'i work, the itvident hM now ell thet he cen deffre In jn* "••'• connSe. and w«ll-.liKe!it«.l volume. 'I'lw «1..iii.miIh „( imtiiml philosophy are explained in very lun- ple language, anU illu»trated hy nuraeroui wood-cuU."— JMerficw Oasetle. ARNOTT'S PHYSICS. ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS; OR, NATURAL PHILOSOPHY, GENERAL AND MEDICAI*. WRITTEN FOR UNIVERSAL USE, IN PLAIN, OR NON-TECHNIQAL LANGUAGE. BT NXEX.!. ARNOTT, JVI.D. A NEW EDITION, BY ISAAC HAYS, M.p. Complete in one octavo volume, with nearly two hundred wood.cuti. This itamlard woric hae been lone and fnvomebly known as one of the beat popular expoeitioM of the interesting acience it treats of. It is extensively used in many of the flnt aenimanes. . ELEMENTARY CHEMISTRY, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL. BY GEORGE FO WNES, Ph. D., Chemical Lecturer in the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, Ac, Ac. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS. EDITED, WITH ADDITIONS, BY ROBERT BRIDGES, M.D., Professor of General and Pharniareutical Chemistry in the PhUadelphia College of Pharmacy, Ac.Ac. SECOND AMERICAN EDITION. In one large duodecimo volume, eheep or extra cloth, with nearly two hundred wood-cuts. The character of this work is such as to recommend it to all colleges and hcmlemies in wan' of a text-book It is fully broiii?ht up to the day, containing all the Into views and ilisrovRries timt have so ent rely clanged the face of the scio/ce, and it is completely illustrated with very numerous wool .-iKtrnviiiKs. explanatory of all the different processes and forms of appnra us. Though striotlv scientific it IS written with #reat clearness and simplicity of style, rendering it easy to be compre- hended by those who are commencing the study. , .u ,.. i ™ .„i». .,io». li- lt may be had well bound in leather, or neatiy done up in strong cloth. Its low price places it within the reach of all. ^^Tre¥ster^^ SIiBXSXiirTS OFOPTZOS, BY SIR DAVID BREWSTER. WITH NOTES AND ADDITIONS, BY A. D. BACHE, Li.D. Superintendent of the Coast Survey, Ac. In one volume, 12mo., with numerous wood-cut*. ■» • % . SCHOOL BOOKS. BOLMAR'S FRENCH SERIES Arranged u„„er difTbron, he.df S „ ^° MAINTAIN C0NVER8ATI0V WLUR'sTHysTcs;™ KOW EBADr. COIOBTO PUTM. ""'■*'^'"" O" WOOD. AHO TWO TJi!. vAitt , . ^" °"® octavo volume. ""TlfR^nNCimlEOSm „^ REVISED BY HIS SON. * "' ' WITH QV^rWsriTTHKM^.TT.'r''''' II I LEA AND ULANCIIAiarS PUBLICATIONS. SCHOOL BOOKS. WHITE'S UNI VERS AL HISTORY. LATELY PUBF, rSHlD, BZiIIBIIlMTS or UKXVHRSAIi RZflTOB'T, ON A NKVV AND HVHTEMATIC PLAN; FUOM niR rARt.rKST TIMKS Td TIIK THKATY Of VIBNVA ; TO WlltrH fS AT)DEI) A SUMMAKV OV THK I.KADIMl KVITITS HINCB THAT PFHIOI), K0« TllK USK or »(;H(X)IJ» AND FKIVAIK STUUENTS. BY H. -WrHlTE, B.A., TRIRITT OOLLCOa. UAMIRIOOB. WITH ADDITIONS AND QUESTIONS, BT JOHN S. HART, a NI., Principal of the Phllmliiliihta High Soh.iol, siitl ProrpMor of Moral •ml M«nt«l Scl«i>fl», *o., Me. In onu volume, large diKMlcclnio, nea'ly lioiinU wltn ' nroon Backa. Thia work is arranflcd on a new plan v.'mh is believed to combine the ndvantnaes of thone formerly in use. ii .. divided into three partH, corro- spondinR with Anciem. Middle, and Modern History ; whidi pnrta are again flul)divi(Fed into renturies, so that the various events are preHcnted in the order of time, while it is bo arranged that the annals of each country can be read consocutively, thus combining the advantages of both the plans hitherto pursued in works of this kind. To guide the researches ot the student, {here will be found numerous synoptical tables, with remarks and sketches of literature, antiquities, and manners, at the great ckronologuul cpoctis. The additions of the American editor have been principally confined to the ciiapters on the history of this country. 1 he series of questions by him will be found of use to those who prefer that system of instruction. J? or those who do not, the publishers have had an edition prepared without the ''"Thirwork has already passed through several editions, and has been introduced into many of the higher Schools and Academics throughout the country. From among numerous recommendations which they have re- ccived, the publishers annex the following from the Deputy Superintendent of Common Schools for New York: Secretory'8 Offlno, State of New York. Albanv, Oct. 14(A, ISlS. Department' of Common sishools. ) Mftsrs. Lea A Blanchard: OmtUmen:-l have examined the copy of -White'. UniTonml History," which you were go ol.IiKiuK as to eend me. and cheerf\illy and fully concur in the comniendations of ite value, tu» a com- prehensive and enlightened survey of the Ancient and Modern World which many of the most coni- peteut judges h.ive, aa I perceive, already beatowed upon it. It appears to me to be admirably a.hipieie H«(nu.whichhn8a,r,,"X«l litvi.'^MJ^ "{ "'^ '^"«"'''' ^"^ »«' ««''' iliu Hiirno subject; iherobv coiiMtinni.u, ,. . i , ' "'" ^""e" upon rcMulor It r<|iial y valuable in all tho M.ntl ' ""^ **""'''* '« •"ch us to lii.r .nodilicMti.,,^ o the law nl ke i, lu •^'"'"•'"^'"8. "« " 'l<"'«. 'he p.-ou- V(.KK and M>ss.ss"pp n this ed Lu! iT*"!"'""''* "'" '^''^^ot.''u. 'nkw quont to .ho lom.e one, whirh are vorv m "'"'"'? "'"' ''••''■i«i""« 8"l>«"- ru...d, ,huB n.aking i^o^ e^ rd laTJr t*^^, '.ir"""' ^'T ""■ ''"" ""^"H'"" the view of the law upm. tl e"lirrf.J„ '"■'{-"""' '^•"■'*' "'"' '"inKing 'I'he book ie recommSd „ ,irh£2 ,ern7J\"i"rV'"^''^''^';'*^ ^""« d.flerent States, as will bo ^eerby fi ribfoS eitmct?""'"'' ^'"■""» "^' other work wm J^ , to u pU CruL"rD ."? *"" r""""*" "" """" "'"""" ' " ""r yers. But its liiKlier value i« th-it .t „,...., "^ '' " "'"" """^^ '" American law- or A.„eri«a„ I. w I Tl^i.e^^^'^^tZ: TZ; ZT ""' ""!' '"™' '"" '"'-""'*' ProfpMor J, H. Townjend. ..f Yale Ci.II.bb. taya ■- ■• I I,,,.. |»™ ,«^,„,„>i ,„, .™„| „.„ ,1,^ ,j, 1,^ ^41' LEA AND BLANCHARD'S PUBLICATIONS. 1 LAW BOOKS. ADDISON ON CONTRACTS. JL TABATZSH OK THB ImAJKT OF OOXTTRiLOTS AlTD RiaHTS AMU i:.ZABZZ.ZTXZ13 EX. OOXTTRi^.CTTJ. BY C. G. ADDISON, ESQ., Of the Inner Temple, Barrister at Law. In one volume, octavo, handsomely bound in law sheep. In this treatise upon the most constantly and frequently administered branch of law, the author has collected, arranged and developed in an intel- ligibje and popular form, the rules and principles of the Law of Contracts, and has supported, illusfated or exemplified them by references to nearly four thousand adjudged cases. It comprises the Rights and Liabilities of Seller and Purchaser ; Landlord and Tenant ; Letter and Hirer of Chattels ; Borrower and Lender ; Workman and Employer ; Master, Servant and Ap- prentice; Principal, Agent and Surety; Husband and Wife; Partners; Joint Stock Companies i Corporations ; Trustees ; Provisional Committee- men ; Shipowners ; Shipmasters ; Innkeepers ; Carriers ; Infants ; Luna- tics, &c. WHEATON'S INTERNATIONAL LAW. BIillMZIirTS OF ZZTTZIRirATZOII'il.Xi ImAVT. BY HENRY WHEATON, LL. D., Minister of the United States at the Court of Russia, iSco. THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. In one large and beaiitiflil octavo volume of 650 pages, extra cloth, or fine law sheep. " Mr. Wheaton's work ii indispensable to every diplomatist, statesman and lawyer, and necessary indeed to all public men. To every philosophic and liberal mind, the study must be an attractive •ad in the hands of our author it is a delightful one."— ^ortt American. ' HILL ON TRUSTEES. A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE LAW RELATING TO TRUSl'EES, THEIR POWERS, DUTIES, PRIVILEGES AND LIABILITIES. BT JAMES HILL, ESQ., Of the Inner Temple, Barrister at Law. EDITED BY FRANCIS J. TR0U3AT, Of the Philadelphia Bar. In one large octavo volume, best law sheep, raised bards. " The editor begs leave to iterate the observation made by the author that the work is intended principally for the instruction and guidance of trustees. That single feature very much enhances its practical value." ON THE PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL LAW. In one 18mo. volume, paper, price 25 cents. BEING PART 10, OF " SMALL BOOKS ON GREAT SUBJECTS." 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A NEW WORK ON CO URTS-MARTIAL A TREATISE ON AMERICAN MILITARY LAW, AND THE PRACTICE OF COURTS. MARTIAL, WITH SUGGESTIONS FOR THEIR IMPROVEMENT. BT JOHir O'BRIEN, lIECTEKAlfT UNITED STATES ARTILLEKT. In one octavo volume, extra cloth, or law sheep. "This work stands relatively to American Military Law in the same position that Blackstone's Commentaries stand to Common law."— U. S. Gazette. CAMPBELL'S LORD CHANCELLORS. LIVES OF THE LORD CHANCELLORS AND KEEPERS OP THE GREAT SEAL OF ENGLAND, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE REIGN OF KINO HEOROE IV., BY JOHN LORD CAMPBELL, A.M., F.R.S.E. FIRST SERIES, In three neat demy octavo volumea, extra cloth, BRINGING THE WORK TO THE TIME OF JAMES n., JUST ISSUED. PREPARING, SECOND SERIES, In four volumes, to match, CONTAINING FROM JAMES iL TO GEORGE IV.