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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 P' ADVKRTISKMRNTvS. »*»▼▼▼▼▼▼*▼▼▼▼▼▼▼▼»▼▼▼#▼▼»▼▼»▼» ^SSSSSSBSSSPMdSB5BSSSZSZSSS3SZSZ5iiSSSSSSSSSSSBS&SaSBS^S3SBSSSSS^SBSS SHSHb 3S3SBSBSSSa n FOR INFORMATION H Fourt( CANADA PUBLIC ARCHIVES ARCHIVES PUBLIQUES MINES REPORTED ON- ROSSLAND, of ibia FT olunqbia B.C 'iff ^' r m ■i^i'a ,1 1 i I \i)\''KRTrsr';MK\TS. HzaErrr i.u,« iim^ii « * |tr.i/.Tn>BETHUNE &^C0. ningand Financial Agents. -^ -^IN-lNti^^P^OPENTY BOUGHT AND SOLD. • » i.A. ' I i »* 1 1 V 1 1 • > J T/'ijr >/. :/CABL-^- ADDpESSt-^^ETHUNE,'' VilCTORIA, 1 ^ CDDE^MortW J& ^'eal/; ' A. fif. (!:.! -B*Jfor(i-i . ; 1 1 i // ■ J- -^ J 1 ) > .' > /- t» ^ ♦ : «1 ■)• !V 1 I:- Broad street, ^i^^-^pS^^i^'SS^^-^ VICTORIA, B.C. ::; :>.a ■>'■"■'. •< ■< fi ■> ■ * >J>S J. H. TOIJD. ] CABLE ADDRRSS, ' TOOSON. • ,,.. Jl;^ C. F*. T01>E>. I IMPORTERS , ,S ■ .WHOLESALE , MEJ|CHi^N|T^ t>etiler» in General Groceries aqd Provisicns. Tobacco, Cigars, Salt, Coal Oil, Nails, etc., aqd Saln\or| Careers — Horsesl^oe, Beaver, Tiger, Colurqbia aqd Royal Eagle Brands. Also Ageqtsfor flie " R.R.R." Brand of Salrricn, pacKedby Robert Draqey, at Narr^ii, FitzliUqli Soui\d, B.C., ■■■-aPidthie firiaoortes' Pac'Ki'ia Co., Ltd., flnacortes, ■ • •■•" WdShtngron, U'. S. ft., Sun, Moon, Red Star, ar|d Rairibo^A' Brands. I I S- 7^''^^^^eLht''^tV^ VlC^X^niA, 'B.'Cl I auvp;rtisemknTvS. PEMBERTON & SON Real Estate, Financial & In[ urance Agents. FARMING LANDS FOR SALE IN ALL PARTS OF THE PROVINCE. Agents for the Townsite of Alberni. Mining Propositions Financed. VICTORIA, B. C. Cable AddreHH, "Winter.' Cotle M«ecl A.B.C DALBY & CLAXTON INSURANCE, - MININO - AND - FINANCIAL - AOENTH. RKPRKSKNTINC; Alliance Assurance Company (Fire). Yorkshire Guarantee & Securities Corp. (Loans). Royal Canadian Packing Company (Salmon and Lumber). Stadacona Silver-Copper Mining Company (Toad Mountuin) VICXORIA JBritiwli Columbia. ?<><><><><><>00<><><>00<>0<>0<><><>^00<><><><>^^ Write us for Catalogue and Price List. ESTABLISHED iSoj- WEILER BROS. Manufactt-trera of FURNITURB, UPHOLSXKRY, Etc. IiTipt>rtera of . CrocKery, Glassware, Wallpaper, Carpets, Lirioleiiiris, etc, etc, Special attention given to Bank and Office Fittings, and Hotel and Bar Fixtures. Residences and Hotels furnished throughout. All orders, no matter how large, promptly filled, as we have THK IvAROEST STOCK IN THE V*HOVINClS. Fort Street, VICTORIA. B.C. s. .c in) a. >o I I ADVKRTISKMKNTS. The Douglas Mining, Investments Brokerage Co. Ltd. J. S. DOUGLAS, - - M.inasing Director. MIXING PROPERTIES BoiiKbt and So!*l in all the .Mining Districts of British Columl>i» KcKiittcrcd Cable Address " StanTurd.' Codes. Mnrelnu ft Ncal and A. B.C.. 4lh Edition. Wy, Imve milling properties in the following camps tlint art wortli the attention of investors : Te.xada Island, Shoal Bay, Phillip's .\rni, T-'rederick .^rni and Harrison I.nke. where cost of mining and transportation is very low. owinj{ to water transportation the year round to coast smelters ; I.illooet, Hig Hend of the Colnmbia (free milling gold propositions), Houndary Creek (free milling gold proposition), Slocan and Tro>it Lake. . . Quotations given on milling shares in all C( mpanies operating in Itritish Columhia. I'rospectors having miner il claims which they want to sell or have developed, are invited to correspond with us. . . . 139 Cordova St., Corresrondeme whh Investors Invited. VANCOUVER, B.C. THE B.C. FURNITURE CO. Importers of Carpets. Linoleum. Oilcloth, Window Shades, and Curtains, crockery. Glassware, Lamps, etc , at \er.v low prices for cash only, Superior facilities for manufacturing Bank. Office and Bar Fixtures, Hardw'od Alanllts, and Furnilurc of e\irv description. JACOB HEHI., Mniintfer, VICTORIA, H.C. J. H. CHEWSTT. B.A. SC. C.E. For RcliaMe information as to .MIXI.NG STOCKS. SHARES. REAL ESTATE, etc. COXSILTIXG MIXI.\(i E.NGI.XEER. . ^ ^ ^ ^^ ^^ Apply THE SMITH-HEWITT CO. Kxperienced in West. Ontario and B.C. Districts ^^^^^ „f References. 87 YORK STREET, TORONTO. ONT, COLIMBIA AVEXl'E. ROSSLAND, B.C. >^isi^i©^iSg©sfe>5£i%>^ggfe^ THK WABASH RAILROAD With its Superb and Magnificent Through Car Service is now acknowledged to be the Most Perfect Railway System in .\merica IT is the great Tourist Route to the South, and West — including the famous J fj HOT tSI»HIXCiH OF ARKANSAS, OUO XIEXICO, The Kgypt of the new world. TEXAS - ANn - CALIFORNIA The Land of Sunshine and Flowers. DIRECT All-Rail Route via Detroit and Chicago to Ross- land, Trail, Nelson, and all ^Mining Camps in the famous Kootenay Gold Alining Country of British Columbia. * * * * J. A. RiCHARL>SON, - Canadian Passenger Agent, North-Kast Corner King and Yonge Streets. TORONTO, Ontario. ADVKRTISKMKNTS. HcB, Clble AilUrcj*. "Al'RL'M, Vancouvir, B.C. ,., ; ^.k'ren., M. C. toUelU Vltc<'l'r«».. Coiit. H, KJ IVMvlliier . ;)J.r () J T. ■hJ-'J . Sa.. M.^P. If.rt.i.Uniart.^ ' TlT T B.C. MINING PROSPECTORS' EXCHANGE, Ltd, Uy. V, ' ;iiit<>j ,1.!. OFFiCKS ; I.OXDON iuu\ 111 JlRNKMOfTH, KNO. ' I'. I Vl/il/ A MIl^^rNfi^, 'PROMOTING, NEGOTIATING AND BROKEft'k^E'' COMPANY, Shar«il.U4t liow t-ii for H 1iiiiite , I V>f K'jUl less thHU $25.00. \Vf havf ao• ' • ■ ' . i{-Ie*ii;l Offi>c«. (M0 Curaovei t^trtiut, ,4*!., ; ;->•: T ;)!;; .>; -)!> : VANCO' ' »,1«, ».C. V )., I il <(ii f/ '.lit; .; J .',1 , .>,! . . ... . -.. ...-M-l '. ' ;'!i' .> 'I-i ,••......,,.,:,,,; 1,. iim , . -,■ -,. '' .,T.ii.. , 7- ; ' T-^-vp- - TTTT TTT*T7T:!T-TTrTr rrfT^TJ- rrTrtTTTr M.R. SMITH & CO. i:«i( (ioUl Medals awvirdcd at Royal \;;ticiiUural l-'.xhiljitions, 18115.06 ^kk-ilkl ;»ul I)il)lonpa aWarJiPrl ftl, Colonial iilluliaii Ivvllibitioii. is.S6 shvar Atfduls at- I'rdviilcial F,xhibiti*>n. ■'i > -■' iMlic-il I N5H W'V .( yj BISCUIT MANUFACTURERS, .v„i .■•..; VICTORIA, B.C. GARTH & COiMPANY MAXl'KAC'rifRKRtS OF" WHERE THE PUMPS WILL WORK THKY arc servicenblf' and wherever it especially Coal I'lts, Brickyards, ^tunrrics. Mills, and wherever it may be desirable to use liitiii for elevating water for any purpose. .Also, Tanneries., I'um|) Mills. Fackinii Houses, Stock Varcls. Launiirje^, Dairies. Brrnc-rics. IMstlllcrivs, Canning B^ialilishnients, DrnlnKiK Cellars: and on Stciimliunt*. BarKcs, Kcrry-Boats ; on Docks, Rail- road vVnteri^u &tttt^ons Ajul so we mJKlit nan^e Inindreds of uses for our l>uiitp4 ,- ■■ • i •' ' - 1 1 l>0E8AWA^ \\t)tii.allAiinilst)f;e.\r pensive I'unips. I'umps from 200 to 20,000 {jiallons per ho\ir. ■'RICES — From >7.o(> to )t75.(io. tJttr- SENM) I-OR C.VTALOGJE. Hot Water and Steam l-lngineer- ing Plumbers. . . Water Department Supplies. Irtiportets of Wrbu^ht and Cast Iron X'ii)ti«,, Mallealjle and Crtst ■li'on F^irtin^sl Sflnitary : KarthenwarjE, Lavatory fit- tings. Iron, Hrass' aiid Copper Castings. Send for Fice List. c^36-^42 CRAIG :T. MONXRKAI^. SPECIALTIES -(iuld Ore.s, Copper Ores. NQ. 13. BJFOOT STKAINER.H B FOR USK WITH '•!/' I'fM I>S.- J) CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED y.A .A .L ■ J 3t»e^ipr,i(n Ji I ; )MINE» AND MINE)RATi IiA;Nr>». ';^.^V.^.x ^57 ColbofrieSr. Rccnq 3, ' • ■: .c.-^r^vi'v^:.- TORONTO, ONTARIO. ■■H^^^^"' « M % << << Lty, 'oMpany, liicli iioiiV i^Mt ffk) / / ' *.1<, PI.C. in ! 1 1 T lA. B.C. [] PIPS. er it may be )uri)ost'. Also, (lii. Launilrjc^, ii'Dts, iirainlAK n llucks, Katl- lulreds of uses GAINER.) •L' ITMl'B. SS3SSB3SS E SOLICITEl> 0. ■'-■^.-^ A I ) V IvRT IvSlvM KNTS. C l>. UmikI. I ). H. \V(illl>rlfj; to call tliv nttfiitioii of tin; travflliiin imlilic to tile fact that tliis is tlic oiil^- Hotel ill Victoria that is thoroughly appointed IhrouslKJiit with all iiiotlerii coiivein- tiices, and a cuisine that is unsurpassed. Connoisseurs will find it to their a(hantaK<-" t" '^top at THE DRIARD. Strictlv KIi-Mt-CluHH. VICTORIA, M.C. J. L. PARKER Consulting Mining Engineer. OKKICIC, ColimiHiti Avtr.. Over Weeks, Kennedy «: Co. <^ROSSLAND, B.C. MiNi:s i:xAMiNi>;i) and kiU'ortkd on. ■D < 3 O c < 1 a) 3 a (/) 9> 3 W 3" 0) 3; 5' U) (0 to ■n m z D r ■< o o < m z o o H 7!, > ■<0^3.-u^ I TABLE OF CONTENTS. Dedication, rKKI'ACK. IIlSTOKICAI, RKVIKW 9-102 Karly V'oyaj^'es ... Ovorlaiul J(niinfvs Fur Trading vSvstcin (J. W. McKay) .' Earlv vSettletiiftit (Sir Henry V.'V Crfasi') Story (if CoiifL'deratioii Press ill Hritish Ci)lumbia. . . . Paci fu Coast I >ales p;x})l()rL'rs, Travellers, Ktc. . . . FV DOICIAS. ^.nu^-sc■^en, In K. E. (..osnh..,., Vatoria. H. C. a. tin- DcpartnK.nt of Ayriiultiirf, Ottawa. C|;MK,\|. ok Oil) COVKKNMKNT Hci I.I )| Ni ;s. T BEGINNINGS OF HISTORY. Fac-slmile of Commission Appointing First Council of Vancouver Isiand, signed by Governor Blanshiard. H tal th( re O the time project ti Mc to the au in the la: ing prom excellent tract or i I c capable c ditions, a lowing pi In such mat( able for r constitute to anticip Frc taking w achieved of British As an institu the suppc ticns woi quately n may conf r- THE work of preparing a Year Book of British Columbia has been under taken as the result of careful consideration, and was suggested Ta^^eWh the number and character of enquiries respecting the Pro'!:^' whiT were received by me or came under my notice during the past half-dozen years Owing to the increased interest aroused by recent mining developmen s nroilir.hT';:' '^ """ "r ^^--.P""-^ -t° P'-actical shape withouf further dX a project that has for a long time been lurking in my mind tn tln.^T Pr^^i"'"' '^""'^-^°°'^^ ^"d special editions of one kind and another to the authorship of several of which I must plead guilty have been Dnhl7«..!H m the last decade, all dealing with some phase of theVo^incefo.Ltt fee- ing prominent or more or less general in character. Many o these havrbeen excellent in their way, but the day has gone by when such publications will a^ tract or merit serious attention, or satisfy those who desire information r.n.hl Tu^'""^ *''^f '^^'^' ^' ''^"•'■'^ '^ ^ comprehensive resume of "the facts capable of being authenticated in every particular-explicit details definite con fo^g pt::! ""'^- ^° ''-'' ^"^^ ' '^^^ — ^--d -y efforts in iTo". In addition to important facts respecting material resources I have added such material of an historical, political and sociological character as may be valu able for reference. In short, the object has been to present a volume wh^h wouM constitute a vade mecum of information concerning the Province, so compi'd « to anticipate all references of a reasonable and practical nature From letters received and a general expression of opinion since the under- taking was announced. I am satisfied that so far as these objects have been t^^^l^"^ ' ^^^^°"^^'^ -^ -^^— --^^-^- - the ^Lat^:: an insdUitnnT^-'' 'h\'" k' ^7""''^ '° '^' ^'^''^'^ "^ '^'' Legislative Assembly, an institution designed to be of great practical use for reference I sneak for ii he support of my readers. I trust some day to see the Library assume prooor ticns worthy of a great and wealthy Province, and an intellectu centrade-' quately reflecting the intelligence of the million or more of the people who we may confidently expect to inhabit the Pacific Coast of the Dominion of Canar 8 THE YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A WORD of explanation is necessary in connection with the publication of the Year Book. When announced about a year ago the intention was to issue it at the beginning of the present year. Owing, however, to the late date fixed for the opening of Parliament and the fact that many of the laws to be dealt with were likely to be amended and new ones of importance affecting material interests passed, it was decided to postpone the publication until after the close of the session, which took place on the 8th of May. In the meantime the press of ofificial duties incidental to the work of Parliament did not permit of much advancement being made in the preparation of the letter press, and since that time many cir- cumstances have transpired to cause delay. It must be confessed, too, that the labour of compilation was much greater than was anticipated, as many months of unceasing toil must testify. The scope of the Year Book has widened with the great and unexpected developments of the Province in so short an interim. History for British Colum- bia was never made so rapidly. The more pressing demand for information respecting mining, and par- ticularly of late in regard to the great northern country, has been acceded to; and matter of a less important character, considered from a present point of view has been "crowded out." In book-making, as in the associate field of journalism in order to meet the market there must be due recognition of those things con- cerning which the public are most anxious to know. I' is one of the inexorable laws from vhich no author can escape. My readers, too, will please bear in mind that the work of compilation, which covers a wide field and a long period of years, was performed almost wholly out of office hours and in spare time, and was carried on coincidentally with other labour, the demands of which were more or less exacting. 1 desire to warn my readers not to expect a book of "fine writing" — a fin- ished literary product. The nature and number of the subjects dealt with preclude anything except the plainest statements in the most condensed form. Nor is there Jiny claim to originality presented. I have drawn from every source available, and where I found material already suitably framed, as in Mr. Carlyle's mining re- ports, I have freely adopted it. In respect to reliability, while every precau- tion has been taken to attain to absolute accuracy, the multitude of details to verify render it possible that inaccuracies may have crept in; but in all matters of main fact, what appears in these pages may be accepted as substantially cor- rect. In the future the opportunity will, I trust, be presented for revising any statements capable of correction, for elucidating and elaborating others, and for the general enlargement of the scope and design of the Year Book. What I originally had in mind, among other features, was to present from year to year historical data drawn from original sources, so that in time the early life of the Province and the Great West, in which it forms so conspicuous a place, might with some degree of completeness be exposed in broad and clear outline. In dealing with the ever-important present we must not forget the past, which made all possible that is; and I conceive that now is the time, when many of the active participants in pioneer life are still alive, to begin the sub- structure of a history, which, if present events do not indicate falsely, is destined to be a great and a glorious one. While it is not claimed that this volume, from a historical point of view has carried out the central idea to more than a very limited extent, still what ha." been accomplished will form a basis of operations for the future. R. E. GOSNELL. I dy ^ I tor •h r ^ HISTORICAL REVIEW. EARLY in the Sixteenth Century Spain began pushing her search in the Southern Seas. In 1513 Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and, first of Europeans, looked out upon the waters of the Pacific Ocean. In 1518 Mexico was discovered. Magellan, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain was the first to pass through the Straits, to which he gave his name, in 1520, thus opening the way by sea to the Pacific from Europe to the East. Subsequently, however, Van Schouten and Lemaire, in 1616, rounded the Horn, passing outside the course of Magellan and earning a distinction second only to his. Three years after the discovery of Mexico, Cortez overturned its ancient civilization and made it a Spanish Viceroyalty. Pizarro conquered Monte- zuma, the great Inca of Peru, and, with Cortez, made the name Spanish ^j Spain terrible to all the native races, signalizing the discovery of the Pacific by a series of cruelties and rapacious deeds which for their enormity are unparalleled in the history of conquest — in Old World or New. The harvest of wealth in gold and silver reaped by these Christian buccaneers in their despoliation of peoples fabled for their riches gave a zest to discovery throughout maiitime Europe that assisted in promoting, if it did not inspire, all the subsequent voyages to America for many years, and in a large measure led to the exploration and colonization of the northern half of this con- tinent. In IS37 California was discovered by Cortez and Spanish captains explored its coast. The great English navigator, Sir Francis Drake, visited this region in 1578-9. Inspired by love of booty and hatred of the Spaniards, he plundered and burned their cities, and took and rifled their galleons. He wintered on the Coast, thus employed, and, starting for home laden with spoils, he thought to find his way by a northern route in order to avoid the Spaniards. He sailed north to the, 48th parallel, not very far from the entrance to the Strait of Juan de Fuca — some say as far as Alaska — but returned on account of stress of weather and anchored in Drake's Bay, near the present site of San Francisco, for five weeks, where he set up the standard of England, taking possession of the whole coast in the name of Queen Elizabetli, and calling it all New Albion. Prior to his visit, Ferrelo, a Spanish captain, had sailed as far north as the 43rd degree of latitude. Drake's success inspired other English adventurers in a similar direction, notably the famous Cavendish, who followed his course around the Horn in 1587, and, like Drake, ravished the "Spanish Main," striking terror to the hoarts of England's enemies and loading his ship with their wealth. It is important to note in this connection that one of the claims of England to the Oregon Territory, three centuries later, was founded on Drake's voyage of sir Francis Drake. 10 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA discovery and his formal taking possession in the name of the Queen — a favourite and almost invariable method of acquiring territory for their respective sovereigns by the early navigators and explorers. There were many claims by navigators to having accomplished about this time the northern voyage from ocean to oce^n, both eastward and westward, known as the North-West Passage; notably, Maldonado, Admiral Fonte and Ur- daneta, but these all long ago have become fables of the past. One result of these stories was the expedition under Sebastian Viscaino, a distin- ApocryphBi guished Spanish officer, in 1602-5, dispatched by the Viceroy of Mexico. Viscaino examined the coast line from Acapulco to the 4.?rd parallel N. Lat., and acciuircd much knowledge concerning it. In 1592 Juan de Fuca, a native of Cephalonia. whose real name was Apostolos Valerianos, while in the employ of the Spanish Viceroy of Mexico, made a voy- age northward and entered the Strait of Juan de Fuca, which is the entrance to the Strait of Georgia between Vancouver Island and the mainland of British Columbia, and sailed a long distance up, his course as described by himself cor- responding in the main with the general direction of the waters through which he claimed to have passed. He returned before emerging into the sea again, but concluded that he had discovered the traditional Strait of Anian Juan de yvhicli was supposed to join the Pacific witli the -Atlantic. For a long time this voyage and discovery were considered aoocrv- phal, and the existence of the Strait of Juan de Fuca was scoflfed at by all sub- sequent navigators until -ediscovered and entered in the latitude assigned to it by the old pilot. Recent historians and geographers have accepted the authen- ticity of Juan de Fuca's claims and accord to him honour justly due. The story of Juan de Fuca's voyage was unearthed long after in an old volume familiar to book men, "Purchas: His Pilgrimes," printed in 1625, and is circumst intially told and well corroborated. With the exception of the voyage of the Spanish ship "Santiago" in 1774, commanded by Juan Perez, who discovered the west side of Queen Charlotte Islands and first anchored near Nootka, and the voyages of Heceta and Bodega by Qundra, the former of whom discovered the mouth of the Columbia, known then as Rio de San Roque, and also as Heceta's Inlet, and the latter of whom reached the 58th paralied of latitude on the coast of Alaska, no authentic record exists of any other visit to what is know as the coast of British Columbia prior to Captain Cook's third voyage in 1778. It is true, Behring, a Danish navigator in the service of Russia, in 1748 voyaged southward as far as Mount St. Elias, of which he had the honour of discovery, and which is now thought to be included in British territory as the result of a recent survey for the purpose of delimiting the boundary line be- tween Alaska and Canadian territory. There are iiay.y traditions of Chinese or Japanese having in their junks discovered the Pacific Coast of North Ameiica long before white men saw the New World, but they are at best traditional and highly speculative. Doubtless the Indians who inhabit the Coast, now ethnologically classed as Mongoloids, found their way thither by successive migrations from Asia across Behring Straits, and there is some evidence in old junks, coins and other stray fragments, which have been found on this coast, of apparent Oriental origin: but that there ever was any regular communication, even at a very remote period, other than that of slow migration of tribes at long intervals, is highly improbable. Columbia River. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. II «> Cook's VoyaKC. IN the year 1778 the well-known circumnaviRator, Captain James Cook, arrived on the North-West Coast of America with his two sliips. "Resolution" and "Discovery," under instructions from the British Government to examine the coast line from about 45° north to the Arctic Ocean and ascertain if any large rivers, inlets or arms of the sea extended to the eastward. Cook first saw the coast about 44 N., but owing to bad weather and having been blown off shore, the Strait of Juan de Fuca escaped ol)servation. Land was next sighted in the vicinity of a large sound, latitude 49-30 N., in which Cook anchored, March 29th, 1778. After a stay of a few weeks, spent in refitting his vessels and refreshing their crews, he continued on his northward voyage, his men obtaining a large number of furs during their stay. Cock hon- oured the bay with the name of King George's Sound, but understanding after- wards that it was called Nootka by the natives — a mistaken notion — it was named and has ever si'^^'^ been known as, Nootka Sound. It was Cook's intention on leaving Nootka Sound to proceed as speedily as possible to the part of the coast under the 6sth parallel of latitude, but the violence of the wind again pre- vented him from approaching the land for some days, and he thus, to his regret, left unseen the place near the 53rd parallel where geographers had placed the pretended Strait of Fonte. Thus Cook, who was debarred by bad weather from examining the positions which were assigned to two large openings on the Ameri- can Continent, denied the existence of both, but the examination by other naviga- tors a few years afterward showed that one at least was not a mythical discovery, viz: the Strait now known by the name of the old Greek navigator, Juan de Fuca. After discovering and naming the two large inlets known as Prince William's Sound and Cook's Inlet, Cook, having stayed a short time at Unalaska, proceeded to the Arctic Ocean, passing through the Strait which he named Behring in honour of the Danish navigator who first discovered the passage. On the death of Cook at the Sandwich Islands the ships returned home, and it was the report of the crews of these ships respecting the great wealth existing in furs on this coast that aroused the European nations into action and excited them, on Cook's narrative being given to the world in 1784, to make a further examination of these shores. The earliest of these expeditious appears to have been that of James Hanna, an Englishman, who sailed in a omall vessel from Macao in April, 1785 and arrived at Nootka the following August. The natives at first refus^ed to have any dealings with him and endeavoured to seize his vessel and murder his crew: but they were foiled in the attempt, and after some combats between the parties a trade was established, the result of which was that Flanna took back to China before the end of the year, furs worth mere than $20,000, in return for the old clothes, iron, and trifles which he had carried out in the spring. In 1786 Hannr made another voyage to this Coast; but he had then to compete with traders from Bengal and England, in consequence of which his profits were much less than on the preceding voyage. The traders about this time on the Coast in search of furs were Captains Lowrie and Guise in two small vessels from Bombay, and Captain Meares and Tipping in two others from Calcutta, all under the flag of the East India Com- pany. Lowrie and Guise went to Nootka and thence northward along the coast to Prince William's Sound, from whence they proceeded to China. Meares and Tipping sailed to the Aleutian Isles and thence to the same Sound, after leaving which nothing was ever heard of Tipping or his vessel, the "Sea Otter." Meares, in a scow named the "Nootka," Voyage of Capt. Meares. 13 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Portlock and DIzon. spent the winter of 1786-7 in that Sound, where more than half of his crew died from want or scurvy. In the foregoing traders' voyages nothing of importance was learned respecting the geography of North-West America. The first discoveries worthy of note, made on tlie North-West Coast of America after Cook's voyage were those of Captains Portlock and Uixon, who sailed from London in 1785 in the "King GeorKc" and "Queen Charlotte." These ships were fitted out, manned and armed, and made a successful voyage along this Coast from Prince William's Sound to Vancouver Island. The Queen Charlotte Islands were named by Capt. Dixon who assumed their sepaiation from the Mainland, after his vessel. The furs obtained on this voyage, the majority of them being secured at these islands by the "Queen Charlotte," were sold in Canton, from which place the ships returned to England. Before Portlock and Dixon quitted the North- West Coast in 1787 they met two other vessels, the "Princess Royal" and the "Prince of Wales," the foniier commanded by Capt. Duncan. In the following year Duncan in this vessel thoroughly ascertained the separation of Queen Char- lotte Islands from the main, the higji broken sliorc islands on the latter shore being named Princess Royal Islands. The discovery of these islands and of numerous openings in the coast which appeared to be the entrance of channels extending far to the eastward led to the suspicion that the whole north-western portion of the American Continent might be a vast collection of islands, and Re-dUcovery of ^j^g ^jj mythical story of Admiral Fonte's voyage began to jnan de Fuco. ^*'" Credit as probably founded on fact. The name of the old Greek pilot, Juan de Fuca, was at this time, 1787, rescued from oblivion by the discovery or re-discovery of a broad arm o. the sea stretchinsr eastward from the Pacific almost exactly in the position of tho southern entrance of the inlet, into which De Fuca declared he had sailed from the Pacific in I.S03. This re-discovery was effected by Captain Barkley, an Englishman commanding a ship named the "Imperial Eagle," sailing under the flag of the Austrian East India Company, who was trading for furs on this Coast. About this time was fitted out in China another expedition under Captain Meares, who had under his command two vessels, the "Felice" and "Iphigenia." These two vessels sailed from Macoa on January ist. 1788, and Meares arrived at Nootka with the "Felice" in May, 1788, the "Iphigenia," Captain Douglas, having proceeded to Prince William's Sound. At Nootka Meares formed an establishment, erecting a storehouse surrounded by a stockade Capt. Meares ^^^ defended by guns, having purchased the land from Maquinna, ppears. ^^^ Chief of the District. Meares also built a small vessel here which was named the "North-West America." Shortly after his arrival two American traders from Boston entered the Sound, named the "Columbia" and "Lady Washington," and these vessels were the first to sail from that part of the world to this Coast. Meares made a successful voyage, tracing the coast line from Nootka as far south as the entrance to the Columbia, noting as he passed the large opening seen by Captain Barkley, and which Meares named without any hesitation the long-lost Strait of Juan de Fuca. His boat sailed some distance up the passage, but had to return owing to a very severe attack made on her by the natives. About a year after Meares had left Nootka for China, a Spanish expedition from «> AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 13 i> Tbc Nontlca Affair. Capt. Vancouver on the Scene. San Bias, under the command of Don Estevan Martinez, arrived at Nootka and took possession of the place in the name of the King of Spain, confiscatiiig the British vessels found there and imprisoning the crews as being trespassers on tlie territory of tlic Spanish Crown. Tliis high- handed proceeding and indignity inflicted on British subjects for trading in a part of the world where, it was contended by Great Mritaiii, the Spanish Crown had no jurisdiction, resulted in a demand being at once in;ide by the British Parliament for complete and adequate satisfaction. After a Ioiik con- troversy Spain yielded, the ships were released, an indemnity of $210,00) paid in coin, and in March, 1795. the port of Nootka and the adjacent territory was deliv- ered up to Lieutenant Pierce of the British Army agreeably to the mode of resti- tution settled between the Courts of Madrid and London, after which the place was entirely evacuated by both parties. To carry out the restitution of the British property seized by tlic Spaniards on the North-West Coast, agreeably to tlie convention signed by the British and Spartsh Governments, was one of the objects of the voyage of the celebrated Captain George Vancouver, who arrived at Nootka in the year 1792. The grand object of this expedition was the thorouj;h survey of the intricate coast-line of these shores between the parallels of 30 and 60 north. This examina- tion was carried out in a masterly manner, and at last set at rest in the negative the vexed question which for years had a^^itated the savants of Europe that some inlet, strait or passage might communicate with Hudson's Bay or the sea to the northward of tliis bay. Vancouver finally left these shores in the autumn of 1794 and arrived in England the following year. The delivery of the territories claimed by the British from the Spanish Crown was- not carried out by Vancouver as originally intended, owing to the disagreement that arose between him and Quadra as to the lands to be ceded. Fresh inst'-uc- tions were asked for by the Commissioners from their respective Governments, a;sd when fuller and more explicit instructions did arrive Vancouver had sailed for England, his work of survey being ended. Since the evacuation of Nootka by the Spanish, trading vessels of all was earned on in the fur of the sea otter, which gradually led in later years to almost the total annihilation of that animal, the fur in these days being extremely rare and valuable. Of the late Spanish voyages, which took place after Cook's time, up to when the Spaniards finally abandoned the coast of British Columbia after the settlement of the Nootka affair, although Spain was particularly active in explora- tory work for a time, little need be said, because their influence on the future of the country has been practically nil. No colonies were established, no trade car- ried on, and no domain acquired. All that has been perpetuated of a brief Span- ish ascendancy are a few out of the hundreds of names that dotted their maps of this Coast. These are easily singled out. and are such as Haro. Valdez, Texada, San Juan, Fidalgo, Hernando, Revilla Gigedo, Cordova, Rosario, Gonzalo, Gali- ano, Cortez, and a few others more or less familiar. As a rule the names given by English navigators, particularly those of Capt. Vancouver, which are very numerous indeed, have survived, and all others, whether bestowed by Sijanish, French or Russians, have passed into disuse and are known only to map-makers and students of early coast history. Incidentally, it may be remarked that two noted French navigators examined this Coast— La Perouse in 1786 and Marchand in 1791. Both have bequeathed to literature valued records of their expeditions. M YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Aboailoncl Territory. Of the later Spaniards, Martinez and Haro were sent north by Spain in 1788 and took part, and were the principal acto's on the Spanish side, in the Nootka aflfair just described. FollowiuH; these in order cami- yiiiinper, Klisa and Valdez and Galiano, all o( whom were active in exploring and surveying the souih-west part of what is now British Columbia. As has alteady been stated, the Spaniards abandoned the country after the Nootka affair was terminated, and never after- wards made any attempt at exploration or discovery in these waters. As a matter of fact, Great Britain herself ceased to take any interest in it, and practically abandoned it as well. It is true the victory was with the British, but largely on account of the negative attitude of Spain, to which she was forced by her continental posi- tion; but the unsatisfactory terms of the settlement could hardly be regarded a victory of diplomacy. They left wide open a ground of dispute, which v*'as the cause of subsequent complications when the Oregon boundary came to be fixed. Notwithstanding that Spain took no direct part or interest in it, the United States Government, claiming to inherit her righs, did not fail to take advantage of the terms of the Convention, which the great Fox at the time properly denounced as a blunder. It is an interesting fact that the settlement of the Nootka affair left matters on this Coast in a very uncertain, indefinable statu quo. For some years a long stretch of the Pacific territory was in reality "No Man's" land, and it is not in any sense due to the prescience or wisdom of British statesmen of those days that it is British territory to-day. To the enterprise of the North-West Company and of its legitimate successor, the Hudson's Bay Company, is due any credit that may attach to en accomplishment we now appraise so highly. The traders of that powerful organization pushed their way through to the coast by way of New Caledonia and the southern passes of the Rocky Mountains, carrying with them the supremacy of the British flag and extending the authority of the Canadian laws, and finally occupied prac- tically the whole of the Pacific Coa:bt from Russian Amer- ica to Mexico. That we do not occupy the whole of the Pacific Slope to-day was no fault of theirs. However, in placing an estimate upon the states- manship of Great Britain, which permitted by a policy of laisscs fairc so much territory to slip through her hands, we must consider the circumstances and con- ditions of the times, the remoteness of the country, the almost total lack of knowl- edge concerning it, and the general indifference which existed regarding its future. Men oftimes are, but cannot ordinarily be expected to be, wiser than they know. In view of all that has happened to, and in, the North American Continent since that time there is reason to be thankful that there has been left to us so glorious a heritage as wc now possess. Several fearful tragedies in which the Indians were concerned are recorded to have taken place on this Coast when the fur trade was at the height of pros- perity. One was the destruction in 1803 of the American ship "'Boston'' by the natives at Nootka Sound, all the crew being murdered with the exception of the armourer, Jewitt, and the sailmaker, Thompson, who were kept in slavery four years by the Chief Maquinna of Vancouver and Quadra's day. In 1805 the American ship "Atahualpa," of Rhode Island, was attacked by the savages of Millbank Sound and her captain, mate and six seamen were killed, after which the other seamen succeeded in repelling the assailants and saving the vessel. In the same manner the "Tonquin," of Boston, was, in June, 1811, attacked by the natives whilst at anchor in Clayoquot British Supremacy. Several Indian Tragedies. •f4 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 15 :d X I *) Sound and nearly the whole crew murdered. Five of tin- survivors n»;in- ERcd to reach the cal)iii. and from that vantaKc j^round drove the h.ivawcs from tho vessel. During the ni^ht four of these men left the ship in a boat, and wero ulti- mately murdered by the Indians. The day after the attack on the vessel, all being quiet on board, the savages crowded the decks for the purpose of pilhiKC, when the ship suddenly blew up, causing death and destruction to all on board About one hundred natives were killed by the explosion, and this tragic ending has always been ascribed to the members of the crew secreted below. A New Era. SUBSEQUI'^NT to the voyages descnlx-d in the Ifjregoing tlure is nothing of special interest to chronicle from a maritime standpoint, except the arrival of the Hudson's Bay Company's steamer "Heaver" by way of the Horn in i^.^S, which marked for the Pacific Ocean the beginning of a new era of navigation. The days of discovery and adventure on the sea so far as this Coast was concerned were over. Trading vessels coniinued to arrive and occasional men-of-war, until a period when a coastwise trad ' was established. The inauguiation of a San Francisco ser\ ice and those .'■iil)si' quent developments of trans- Pacific navigation aie referred to chronologically elsewhere. Reference has already incidentally been made to the attempts to discover the North-VVest Passage, which was until the present century the suinnmm boiimii of all navigators. Nearly every voyage of importance to either side of the conti- nent since the days of Columbus, no matter what was otherwise accomplislied, had either directly or indirectly that object in view. Tlie chronological list referred to indicates the various attempts by sea and land to solve tlie mystery which so long attached to it. The most notable and consecpiential overland journeys of modern times, which affect the history of British Columbia, were those of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, who rtachcd the Coast in 179.?; of Lewis and Clark, in 1804-6, V'ho followed the Missouri to its source, and then the Coliinil)ia River to its mouth; of the Astor expedition in 1810-11; and of the party of Canadians who came over the prairies in 1862. Regarding the overland expedition of Sir Alexander Mackenzie, it was notable as accomplishing the first continuous- journey from practically ocean to ocean. The promoter was an officer of the North-West Fur Company, who h nl in pursuit of the great object of his time, namely, to discover a water route to the northward from the Atlantic to the Pacific, followed the Mackenzie River to its debouchment in the Arctic Ocean and there satisfied himself of the futility of finding a passage north of that point. He subsequently, after specially preparing himself by a visit to England to study the best available geographical data, under- took to explore the country westward to the Pacific Leaing Fort Chippewayan on the loth of October, 179J, he reached the southernmost source of the Peace River on the 12th of June. 1793- Crossing the height of land which divided the water Flowing north from the water flowing south, h.' embarked on the river, subsequently explored to its mouth by Simon Fraser, but which he supposed to be the Great Columbia. Leaving these waters, he took a more direct route westward, and on the 20th of July reached the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Bella Coola River. This Nntnble Over' land VoyoRes. Sir Alexander Mackenzie. i 16 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Lewis aod Clark. journey, in addition to being of great geographical importance, opened an im- portant outlet for the further extension of the fur trading interests, which the North-Wcst Fur Company traders were not slow to follow up, and thus was established on the Pacific Coast, in New Caledonia and the Oregon Territory via the interior route that wonderful system of fur trading which won for Great Britain the rich territory now included in British Columbia. The journey of Lewis & Clark, which was undertaken as a United States Government expedition, of which Jefferson, among the most energetic and far-see- ing of American Presidents,was the moving spirit, had a sijinificance which did not then appear and which is not yet fully understood in relation to the Boundary dispute between Great Britain and the United States involving the title to a por- tion of Oregon Territory. President Jefferson with a pre- science beyond the public men of his day in the United States, saw in the great co ntry west of the Mississippi, the destiny of which was more or less associated with the indefinite limits of the Louisiana Ter- ritory, great possibilities, and he took a step which he hoped would further the chances of the Republic when the ownership of that vast territory, then a terra incognita should come to be settled, the right to which had already begun to be discussed in diplomatic circles. Already the United States claimed the credit of the discovery of the Columbia River by Captain Gray, although, as we have seen, the commander of a Spanish ship, Capt. Heceta, had sighted and named it. Captain Gray was the first to make an entrance into Baker Bay. He was followed by Lieut. Broughton, who sailed up as far as Fort Vancouver. Jefferson took a step, which, though creditable to his enterprise, could not be said to reflect credit on his methods. In proposing to send an expedition of discovery northward, he chose two men as leaders, who. admirably fitted by their frontier experience, carried it out satisfactorily. As they were going on a long and hazardous journey through an unknown country, Presi- dent Jefferson thought it well to provide against possible emergencies. He gave out that the expedition was in the interest of science and literature, and got pass- ports from all the foreign nations within whose domains the members of the expedition might happen. The leaders were also supplied with letters of credit to use in foreign ports. At the same time that the President was paving the way for this expedition, so as not only not to arouse the suspicions of those Govern- ments that might lay claims to portions of the country to be explored, but to secure their co-optration in the interests of science and discovery, he sent a con- fidential message to Congress disclosing the real object of the expedition in order that the expenses necessary to carry it out might be A Lon8 granted. The expedition, which was under the joint command ""*^* of Captains Lewis and Clark, was a large one, thoroughly equipped. It left on May 14, 1804, and after an eventful and toilsome journey the mouth of the Columbia was reached, and the return journey completed into St. Louis, September 23. 1806. The account of this expedition, though the original edition fared badly, is among the best known in the list of Americana. It was published over forty times in different editions and with different imprints, and has been very widely read. The practical result of the voyage w^s that much new and accurate information was obtained of the country through which Lewis and Clark travelled; and it is of particular interest that it formed a basis of claim io the Oregon Territory on the ground of original d scovery. The tra"':s of Lewis and Clark were closely followed by one portion of the A Character- istic Ruse. in be land rhh the St. inal was and Itch wis lim the l..sri. C'l'OK. Lai'I. Mjakin. Cai'T. iir.o. \'an\oi \ i;i<. Sir .\i,i.\. M .i-.s/ii,. EARLY NAVIGATORS AND EXPLORERS. h'- Laincii oi' THK " Noriii-West, " First \'i:ssi;i. Hlii.i dn ihk Paciiic. i m o so O c o •n O z n n AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 19 The Astor Expedition. Astoria In Later Davs. Astor Fur Trading expedition in 1810-11, the story of which is graphically told in Washington Irving's well-known book "Astoria," a volume that no student of American history should fail to read. The chapter of suffering and hardships endured by the overland party, commanded by W. P. Hunt, is one which will ever be remembered in the annals of American pioneer life. Some account has already been given in the recount of Pacific voyages of the sea portion of the expedition in the ill-fated "Tonquin," which was blown up and her crew murdered, it has been pretty definitely deter- mined, in Clayoquot Bay. on the west coast of Vancouver Island. This expedi- tion was made up largely of Canadian voyageurs and officials of the North-West Fur Company, to whom to some extent on account of their allegiance to Britisli interests is attributed the failure of Astor's ambitious designs of establishing a great fur entrepot on the North-West Coast. Astoria was founded and a trading po.st established, but owing to a series of misfortunes it soon passed into the possession of the North-West Fur Company, and almost immediately afterwards was formally seized by H. M. S. "Raccoon," this being one of the incidents of the war of 1S12. After the war was over the fort and grounds belonging to it were given up to the United States, but the North-West Company and subsequently the Hudson's Bay Company continued to occupy it until the settlement of the boundary dispute in 1846. Here, again, it was obtruded by the United States Government as forming a claim to the Oregon Territory with force and effect. It would be an injustice to the memory of a noble band of pioneers, than whom the pages of American history present no finer types of bravery, endurance, probity, enterprise, and physical manhood, if before this chapter closed reference were not made to the work done by a long list of North-West and Hudson's Bay Company officials and employees, from the great Sir Alexander Mackenzie him- self down to those within the present generation. The list given elsewhere of the fur traders and explorers of the West contains some of the more prominent of these, without reference, of course, to their character or exploits. That wonderful system, about which Mr. J. W, McKay elsewhere has contributed a short chapter, has a history of its own. It is not the province of the Year Book to enter largely into that which only remotely affects the interests to be dealt with at the present time, but literature will yet accord a generous and compre- hensive tribute to the actors in the fur-trading arena. The lives of these men were full of picturesque and romantic incident, such as historians prize. Considered as individuals or as part of a system, as perfect in its machinery as the commercial world ever evolved, they afford an instructive and exce-dingly interesting study. The picture of their times, in which they appear aj historic and admirably dramatic figures, '.s one of striking colour, with strong contrasts of light and shade, and remarkable in every respect. It is a conception still only in outline on the mental canvas. It requires an artist of the Prescott or Parkman type — a historian with the resources of the Hudson's Bay Company's archives at his disposal, and the genius of industry and pen portrayal to give it life and reality. The occasion exists, and some day the man and the occasion will come together, and the great missing chapter of Western history will be supplied. The scope of this publication will not permit of carrying out in one edition the idea of a continuous history from the first. A Group of Pioneers. if: 20 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Sources of History. The.e are many events connected with the development of the Coast, which must, if not entirely omitted, be only touched upon. Reference has already been made to the fur-tradinj? or Hudson's Bay Company period of the North-West of Canada and British Columbia, which in itself would form one of the most interesting of chapters. There is also that long-drawn-out diplomatic period, which begins with the first dispute as to the respective limits of the territory of Great Britain, Russia, and the United States, on the north-west Pacific Coast, of which the boundary dispute prior to 1846, the San Juan difficulty arising out of the same, and the British-Russian Convention of 1825. with its subsequent de- velopments of the Behring Sea and Alaska boundary ques- tions, are all, curiously enough, the outcome. The whole question involved, which covers a period of over 300 years, its ramifications extending to the days of Sir Francis Drake and the founding of the Louisiana Territory by the French, is capable of much more elaborate treatment than is here possible; and it is the intention to deal with it somewhat comprehensively, as merited by the importance of the issues involved, in a future issue. In the North-West Coast history the three most important factors are: First, the search for the North-West Passage, in which may properly be included every voyage of any consequence up to the days of Captain Vancouver, the sub- sequent numerous Arctic explorations, and the events which led to the build- ing of the C.P.R., which was really the only practical solution of the main prob- lem; second, the fur-trading period, beginning actually with the first French set- tlers of America, but, in so far as the Western country is concerned, with the Royal Charter granted to the Hudson's Bay Company in 1670, and covering all the period to the abrogation of the charter in British Columbia in 1859, and the purchase of Rupert's Land by the Imperial Government in 1869; third, the claims to the territory put forward by the three Great Powers already mentioned, and the long series of diplomatic negotiations which have arisen out of them. There is, in addition, the story of the founding of the Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, and their subsequent settlement and expansion. The first instalment of this is given in Sir Henry Crease's very interesting contribu- tion on the "Early Settlements." IN 1859 there were two overland parties from Ontario, then Canada West, to British Columbia. The first of those, consisting of about forty persons, reached St. Paul via Chicago early in the spring, and travelled north to Fort Garry with ox carts and a guide. After refitting and engaging another guide to Tete Jeune Cache they again started out via Edmonton about the middle of June, arriving at the Cache late in September. In rafting down the Upper Eraser they lost several men by drowning and starvation, and the survivors, after enduring almost incredible hardships, reached the Lower Country in a most destitute and pitiable con- dition. So far as is known none of them are now living. The second party of that year, or at least two of them, traversed the Hud- son's Bay Company's canoe route from Fort William to Fort Garry, leaving tlie mouth of the Kaministiqua as soon as the ice broke up late in May. The trip up that river, over the height of land, down Lacs des Mille and connecting lakes Overland In ' ti* ■' I and streams, over Rainy Lake River to Lake of the Words, then down the Winnipeg, across that lake and up Red River, was one of great hardship and suffering. On the ist of August the two men above referred to The Second started out from Fort Garry with a horse and Red River cart to Party, cross over to British Columbia. The first stage of the journey to Fort Ellice was accomplished in ten days. Here half-a-dozen Americans joined them. They reached the Rockies early in October; crossed them by the Boundary Pass to Tobacco Plains, and four of them got to Fort Colville on the 5th of November. It goes without saying that this journey at that early day. without guides or trails, was a most dangero'us and foolhardy undertaking. Only one of the two leaving Ontario in early May reached Victoria at the New Year of '60. i THE FUR TRADING SYSTEM. !i ikes •nfc TO a Montreal trading firm, commonly known as the Nortli-West Company, belongs the credit of having made the first permanent settlements in British Columbia, and Fort St. James, on Stuart's Lake, would appear to be the first of these settlements. This company coalesced with the Hudson's Bay Company during the years 1821 and 1822. The organization of the North- West Company was better suited to the circumstances and conditions of what might be called the Indian country than that of the Hudson's Bay Company, and the Directors of the United Company promptly adapted thereto what was best in each management, and proceeded to extend their business on a sounder and broader basis under the title of the older and more privileged one, namely, that of the Hudson's Bay Company. The system of conducting Hudsons Bay and ^j^^ business in this country was, however, almost entirely that "of the later, or North-West Company, whose chief factors, from their wider experience, greater energy and higher order of training, exercised and maintained for a long period a paramount influence on the conduct of the United Company's affairs. The late Sir James Douglas, who was, however, only a clerk in the North-West Company's service at the time of the coalition, was the last representative of the North-West Company in British Columbia, and, as a pioneer, may certainly be called the "Father of British Columbia." In the same sense Dr. John McLaughlin, who was a chief factor in the North-West Company at the time of the coalition and retired from the Hudson's Bay Com- pany's service in 1846. may justly be considered the "Father of Oregon." So much for the representatives of the Montreal traders of the end of the last and beginning of the present century. Under the new organization the Hudson's Bay Company divided the 32 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Indian country for the purposes of their trade into three great departments, namely, the Northern, Southern and Western, and tiie minor Department of Montreal, which included trading-posts in Canada on the borders of the settle- ments and down the Labrador Coast. Each department was divided into dis- tricts, and each district had its permanent trading-post and temporary or flying posts. The Montreal Department included trading-posts on the Ottawa and its tributaries, and extended as far west as Sault Ste. Marie, the King's Ports on the Saguenay and its tributaries, and trading-posts on the Labrador Coast, ex- tending as far north as Rigolet. The Southern Department extended from Ungava on the north, westward to Hudson's Bay, southward along the shores of the bay to Moose River, thence westward to the Albany River, including Governmentby ^jj ^j^^ tountry drained by the numerous streams which discharge Departments. . J •' .... mto the sea between Ungava and Albany, comprismg also those diained by the Ungava and Albany Rivers, and several posts on Lake Superior, including Michipicot;n and Fort William. The Noithern Departn-.ent bordered on the Southern, and included all the country bounded by the Southern Depart- ment on the east and the United States territory on the south, the Rocky Moun- tains on the west, until these reached the Russian territory, where the latter formed the western boundary, and the Arctic Ocean on the north, including the country drained by the rivers running into Hudson's Bay, north and west of the Albany River, and their tributaries, and those drained by the rivers runnini; into the Arctic Ocean, including also the sources of the Yukon, which empties into Behring Sea. The Western Department included all the territory between the watershed of the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean, bounded on the north by the Russian territory and the Northern Department, and on the south by the Territories of the Mexican Republic. The departments had each its depots and distributing places. These were presided over by the Chief Factors, of whom there were sixteen on active service. Some of these were also appointed to the charge of the more important districts. The Chief Traders, of whom there were twenty-four in active Depots, Officers service, took charge of districts where there were no Chief Fac- and Clerks. tors, and filled the positions of accountants at the depots. There were numerous clerks at the depots and in charge of important trading-posts, trading parties and transport service, and a lower grade of clerks in charge of outlying small trading-posts and flying-posts. Next in order of rank were inter- preters, mechanics, guides, steersmen, bowmen, middlemen and apprentices. The depot for the Western Department, established in the first place at Vancouver, on the Columbia River, was afterwards removed to Victoria. Here goods were received from abroad and distributed to the various posts in the department, and the 'returns cf furs, etc., were received from the trading-posts and shipped to market. The trading-posts on the coast of British Columbia were mostly quad- rangular forts, surrounded by tall palisades, flanked by bastions, armed with medium six-pounders and twelve-pounder carronades, with cartridges, round shot, grape and cannister, being always ready for action, not for mere empty show, but for use when required, which, fortunately, seldom happened. All round the inside of the palisades was a gallery, the platform of which was about 4J^ feet below the top of the palisades, and at intervals were sockets for mount- ing blunderbusses on swivels. These were also kept in readiness for action. t ( ( b b s f 1 Y c AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 23 were ;rvice. itricts. lactive Fac- "here osts, :e of inter- ;e at iHere the bosts luad- Iwith shot, Jiovv, the feet lunt- pion. Description of the Forta. Life at the Posts. There was a front gate and a back gate in the palisades, each gateway ten feet wide and twelve feet in height. The gates were in pairs, and were about ten inches in thickness, made of stout plank doubled and strongly bolted together. The tops of the palisades were eighteen feet above the ground and consisted of stout cedar logs fitted closely together. The bastions were usually octagonal, of three stories, with ports and loopholes, and contained stands of muskets, bayonets, and ammunition, ready for use. In each gate was a wicket for ordinary ingress and egress, which was closed to all parties after 9 p.m., when the watch for the night was set. The watchmen had to walk round the buildings within the stockades once every half hour, then mount the gallery and continue to walk thereon round the fort. "All's well!" was called by them every half hour during the night. The different ordi- nary movements for the day were regulated by ringing the fort bell; at 5:.30 a.m. for all hands to turn out; at 6 a.m. work for the day of the different employees was given them by the officer in charge — at 8 a.m. for breakfast, at 9 to "turn to," at 12 m. for dinner, at i p.m. to resume work, at 6 p.m. for supper. The labours of the day then ceased for the operatives, but the clerks were kept at work until 9 and frequently until 10 p.m. Strict discipline was enforced. No irregularities were allowed, and all hands, without reference to their special tenets of religion, had to attend service on Sun- day morning in the officers' messroom at 10 a.m. The service was read by the officer in charge, who, though often a Presbyterian, and sometimes a Roman Catholic, had to use the Church of England Book of Common Prayer, and in regard to this regulation the force of habit and of good discipline were well exem- plified when, through the influx of population, it happened that churches were built and regular congregations organized, the sturdy Presbyterians, who had become accustomed to the use of the Prayer Book, with its simple, though strongly devotional language and purely Scriptural utterances, followed it to the Anglican Churches, and worshipped there in the hearing of the prayers to which from custom they had become attached, and which they would not late in their lives exchange for any other formularies on purely dogmatical pretexts. Besides carrying on the fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company raised horses, horned cattle, sheep and other farm stock. They had large farms in differ- ent parts of the country, had grist mills, saw mills, tanneries, fisheries, etc., and exported fiour, grain, beef, pork and butter to the Russian settle- ments in Alaska, lumber and fish to the Sandwich Islands, and hides and wool to England, from what is now the Province of British Columbia. The coal mines at Nanaimo were opened by the Hudson's 'rtay CorriDanv after an unremunerative expenditure of ^£25,000 in the search for coal at Fort Rupert. The spirit of enterprise which had leavened the Hudson's Bay Company after the coalition appears to have died out with the North-West Company part- ners, whose last representative on this coast. Sir James Douglas, had certainly contributed largely to the prosecution of the industries mentioned. The sale of the Hudson's Bay Company's stock and assets to the International Financial Society in 186.3 b.xught to an end entirely any good lesults wliicli may have arisen fiom that coalition. The new proprieors having killed the lion, preserved only his outward form and name, and, although one of the ex-Factors of the old company is now prime mover in the most powerful trans-continental railway in America, and another of its employees Early Industries. Past Glory Departed. i :l 34 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA J PcallnKs with the Indians. cnntrolled. and his descendants still control, the coal trade in this Province, and own nearly two millions of acres, of land, the best portion of Vancouver Island, the present Hudson's Bay Company, as far as Victoria is concerned, occupies the position of a respectable wholesale grocery establishment. The Hudson's Bay Company treated the Indians with uniform justice, firm- ness and kindness. They were not allowed free access into the forts, and. althousrh always treated with civility and sometimes with hospitality, no undue familiarity was permitted, and watchmen were always kept on the alert, as there were bad Indians in every band. Most of the intercourse with the Indians was carried on through the interpreters, who were under the control of the clerks or other officers who might have charge of the trade department for the time being, each officer having his special charge, for the good conduct of which he was responsible to the Chief Factor. This exalted functionary was lord paramount; his word was law; he was necessarily surrounded by a halo of dignity, and his person was sacred, so to speak. He was dressed every day in a suit of black or dark blue, white shirt, collars to his ears, frock coat, velvet stock and straps to the bottonis of his trousers. When he went out of doors he wore a black beaver hat worth 40 shillings. When travelling in a canoe or boat he was lifted in and out of the craft by the crew; he still wore his beaver hat, but it was protected by an oiled silk cover, and over his black frock coat he wore a long cloak made of Royal Stuart tartan, lined with scarlet 01 dark blue bath coating. The cloak had a soft Genoa velvet collar, which was fastened across by mosaic gold clasps and chains. It had also voluminous capes. He carried with him an ornamental bag, technically called a "fire-bag," which contained his tobacco, steel and flint, touchwood, tinder-box and brimstone matches. In camp his tent was pitched apart fron'. the shelter given his crew. He had a separate fire, and the first work of the boat's crew after landing was to pitch his tent, clear his camp and collect firewood sufficient for the night before they were allowed to attend to their own wants. Salutes were fired on his departure from the fort and on his return. All this ceremony was considered necessary; it had a good effect on the Indians; it added to his dignity in the eyes of his subordinates, but it sometimes spoiled the Chief Factor. Proud, indeed, was the Indian fortunate enough to be presented with the Chief Factor's cast-ofF hat, however battered it might become. He donned it on all important occasions, and in very fine weather it might con- stitute his entire costume. No coin was necessary in dealing with the Indians. The unit of value was equal to that of a prime beaver skin weighing one pound. This unit was technically called a "made beaver." The value of other skins was regulated accordingly, each being either so many "made beaver," or so many aliquot parts of a "made beaver." The value of each article of merchandise given for the fr s was regulated on the same principle, each article representing so many "made beavers," or so many fractions of a "made beaver." Communication was carried on by means of boats, horses, dog sleighs, and on foot. When Vancouver was the depot the interior was furnished by flotillas of boats, called by the French Canadians brigades, each district having its sep- arate brigade. The districts situate north of the Columbia landed their outfits at the mouth of the Okanagan, and packed them on horses thence to their destina- ing blunderbusses on swivels. These were also kept in readiness for action. An Important Factor. System of Barter. W| ill AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. as the Eraser they were carried thence on boats. Goods for the Upper Columbia and Kootcnay were landed at Fort Colville (Kettle Falls); those for the Snake River were landed at Walla Walla. The coast ports were supplied System of Com- |jy sailing vesseL; tlie returning boats and vessels brought in the munlcatloD. , « < i i th • ■ ' furs traded at the several ports. The goods were made uito packages weighing eighty-four pounds; each package was called a piece; two pieces made a load for one horse, with which he was expected to travel about twenty miles a day; on portages where there were no horses each man in the brigade was expected to carry from eight to ten pieces one mile a day in quarter- mile stages, two pieces at a time. Some of the voyageurs exhibited great strength. Poulet Paul of the Saskatchewan Brigade carried six pieces (504 pounds) one mile without resting. The returns of furs were baled into neat packages, each weigh- ing eighty-four pounds. History will accord to the Hudson's Bay Company its due meed of appro- bation for the excellent results of its just and beneficent policy in dealing wUh the Indians, thereby preparing them for the exigencies incidental to the settling of the country by white men, which is now being done peacefully, with compara- tively little trouble. In this Province, with few exceptions, the Indians hailed with satisfaction the advent of the white race, and, having been trained to work by the Company's people, they represent now a very important factor in the labour mar- ket of British Columbia. J. W. McKAY. 1. EARLY SETTLEMENT. ilue iwas [was ler," lach )le. If a Ind lias ip- at la- m. ■ THE first settlement of a new country and the formation of a new colony by British subjects, and the history of its early diiTiculties, growth and progress, are always matters of great interest to all the subsequent settlers. It is so here. In approaching the subject of the early settlement of British Columbia the mind at once travels back to the Imperial authority under which the The Royal Colony took its rise. This was the Charter of Incorporation granted to Prince Rupert and his associates by King Charles IL in 1670, and gave them the exclusive right over Hudson Bay and its contiguous territory — generally known as Rupert's Land. • This not only gave them the exclusive right to the land, territories and places contiguous to the seas, water, bays and rivers any where near to or around Hudson Bay, and the exclusive right of trade there; but it included also the whole and entire trade and traffic to all waters and places into which they should find entrance or passage by water or land out of the territories, limits and places spe- cially indicated in the charter; and to and with all natives and people at any time inhabiting therein, and to and with all other natives at any time inhabiting any of the coasts adjacent to any of the territories, limits or places above referred to, 26 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rival Traders. not already possessed as therein mentioned, or whereof the said liberty or privi- lege of trade was not already granted to any otiier of the Queen's subjects. Under this Royal Charter the Hudson's Bay Company made enormous pro- fits, averaging for years, notwithstanding huge losses, sixty to seventy per cent, (by their own admission) on their whole capital, which, becoming known, aroused such a furore and eager thirst for similar gains, that the Company's rights, which had already been infringed by individual traders, were in 1800 invaded by a com- bination of rival traders of great skill and influence, whose unrestricted use of spirituous liquors with the natives in bargaining for furs led to such "animosities (to use their own words), feuds, breaches of the peace, loss of life, robbery and demoralization of Indians and whites, revolting to humanity," that it is not at all surprising that the Company's profits were nearly reduced to nil, and that the means of their opponents were equally crippled and exhausted, so that an arrangement between both the rival companio-, became inevitable. An agreement was accordingly come to whereby their interests were united and the fur trade of British North America was carried on on joint account of the two rival companies under the exclusive management however of the Hudson's Bay Company, and a new Royal License to confirm tiiis and put an end to the terrible evils arising for so many years from such unhal- lowed competition was granted on the Sth of December, 1821, giving exclusive power to trade with natives and others over practically all British North America, including, of course, the present British Columbia and the natives thereof. The Hudson's Bay Company shortly after (having acquired all the rights, interests and authorities of the rival traders), with the Royal sanction, surrendered the grant of 1821 to the Crown, and, on consideration of the surrender and the yearly rent thereby reserved, to encourage trade and to abolish the desperate evils which ."':companied competition, obtained a new Crown grant on the 30th of May, 1838, ot the exclusive trade with the Indians of all those parts of North America to the northward of the lands and territories belonging to the United States of America, not forming part of any British Provinces or of any lands or territories belonging to the United States or to any European Government or power — a description which, of course, includes all the present British Columbia, but sub- ject to the provisions therein mentioned. These latter referred to the protection of Indians— the regulation of the li- quor traffic and the moral and religious improvement of the Indians— and to for- bidding all British subjects, except the Governor and Company, and persons duly authorized by them, from trading within the limits open to trading under the provisions of the grant. At the negotiations for this renewal of the Hudson's Bay Company's grant, a complete qualification and power of revocation of the grant was made a condi- tion, an* so inserted in the grant. It provided that nothing therein contained should extend or be construed to prevent the establishment by the Crown within the territories aforesaid any colonies or provinces, or for annex- l»ower of Revocation. r ,, - • , , -.^ • , • • ^ , mg any of the aloresaid territories to any existing Crown colony, or for constituting any such form of civil government as to the Crown might seem meet within any such colori"S or provinces as aforesaid. Then came the reservation of the power to the Crown to revoke the whole of the Hudson's Bay Company's grant, or any part of it, insofar as the same might embrace or extend to any of the territories aforesaid which AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 37 the li- to for- tnight hereafter be comprised within any colony or province as aforesaid, condi- tions of qualification and revocation of grant, which were both exercised after- wards in the case of British Columbia (Mainland) and Vancouver Island. With the ri[{ht to trade was conveyed the right to take hold and occupy land for trading-posts, forts, pastoral, agricultural and other purposes, a right the long exercise of which made them capable of receiving a grant of the fee from the Crown. This right was freely exercised; and in order to store their goods and trade securely with the natives and under the powers of their grant, the Company erected and maintained fortified posts at many convenient points in the interior and on the coast, throughout British North America, the boundaries between which and the United States were not then defined. For years before the conclusion of the Ashburton Treaty, which on June iSth, 1846, fixed on the 49th parallel as the boundary line between the United States and Great Britain, the Hudson's Bay Company, acting upon the authori- ties above referred to, had conducted all its business — with the Trading ^^^ trading-posts it held on the Pacific Coast and the sixteen it possessed in the interior of the country — from Fort Vancouver. This, which in these early days was then the principal establishment and depot for the trade of the coast and the interior, wad situated ninety miles from the Pacific on the northern banks of the Columbia River, and was called Vancouver, in honor of that celebrated navigator. It was situated in the heart of a highly agricultural and stock-raising coun- try, which naturally attracted the cupidity of their neighbours, and was one of the reasons for the United States seeking to make the dividing line so high as the 4gth parallel. During the negotiations between Great Britain and the United States as to the boundary line between the two countries, the Hudson's Bay Company, fear- ing that Fort Vancouver and all their other establishments below the 49th par- allel, as being claimed to be within United States' territory, might possibly be given up — determined to anticipate such a result by seeking out a new and suita- ble place in British soil as a depot for their coast and interior trade, to which they could remove and make the headquarters for their trade, and so constitute a place to which British settlers could safely emigrate and make their permanent residence. Accordingly Dr. John McLaughlin, a man of high character and of unusual administrative capacity, then Senior Chief Factor, selected for the execution of this important trust his immediate subordinate, Mr. Chief Factor James Douglas, whose successful performance of this duty forever afterwards sir James indissolubly connected his name with the foundation, rise and prosperity of British Columbia. It was, in fact, the turning point of his career — the means of his introduction to the Imperial Government; for we find that on the 13th of September, 1848, Sir John Pelly, the Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, recommended Mr. James Douglas to Her Majesty to the ofifice of Governor of Vancouver Island as "the gentleman who prepared the report on Vancouver Island of 1842." On June ist, 1846, Dr. John McLaughlin retired from the Chief Factorship, leaving Mr. James Douglas as Senior Chief Factor in his place, a position which he held till June ist, 1858. Douglas was one of those men who seemed marked out by Providence to carry on a great and noble work — one of those commanding characters of whom the Hudson's Bay Company's service, like that of the East India Company for 200 \'\:.\\i HOOK Ol- FlUITlSIl COLUMBIA years or more, hccamo so |)r«»litK*; and for similar reasons — tlie habit of isohtcd command and rcsi)t)n8il)ilily, constant fatniliiirity with dati^fr and tlic frcciui-nt necessity under desperate cireiiinstanees of rapid exercise of tact and -^onnd jiul^^- ment, and in coining to a safe conchision where life and property were often staked on the result of an immediate decision. Douglas took the schooner "CadhorouKh" and six men from Fort Nis- qually to select and report on a suital)le site on the southern end of Van- couver Island, witiiin the Strait of Juan de I'uca, for tiie new depot. This mission was most satisfactorily fulfilled. After a careful survey, start- ing from Point Cionzalo, the south-east corner of \'ancouver Islatul, and visiting all the harbours .-md inlets westward to Snow-Suufj, a site for Fort Cnniotun. the i)rop(ised new estal)lishinent was selected at Camosun. In a Her Miijcst>'.s .Name. letter fnmi Douglas to .Mclaughlin, which (written at the time — July iJth, 184J — with almost jjroplietic insight and jud^jment, wdl amply repay perusal), he described it as "decidedly the most advanta^'Cous position for the puri)ose" of a general depot and nucleus of a permanent British community "within the Strait of Fuca." Mr. Douglas tf)ok jjossession there of ten scpiare miles, being 6,400 acres of land, on behalf of the company, and i)aid for tiie property purchased by him in Vancouver Island for the company .£6.913. A fort was erected there (the best built of the Company's forts), enclosing 100 yards S(|uare, surrounded by cedar pickets twenty feet high, having two octag- onal bastions, containing each six si.\-pounder iron guns at the north-east and south-east angles. Eight buildings of s(|uared timber, forming tlirec sides of an oblong, were contained within it. Thenceforward Camosun ceased to exist, and, passing through the inter- mediate name of Fort Albert, was advanced to and merged forever in the re- nowned name of our gracious Quern, and as "Victoria" stands forth now as the capital city of British Columbia. It was pointed out in after years by Gov. Douglas that written public notice of this taking possession was aftixed by him at the time to a group of small trees, two of which, now of larger growth, are still preserved (1807) on the south side of the blacksmith's shop, within the encK. .'i.re. at tiie Hudson's Bay Com- pany's wharf, facing on Wharf Street, a little to the north of the present Custom House. One chief object of the selection of that site, for political as well as Hudson's Bay Company purposes, was to constitute it a place to which British subjects who were begintiing to swarm out of the parent hive, and were already turning their eyes towarci the West, could safely emigrate and settle, bringing with them all the British laws, rights and reciprocal responsibilities, which all British subjects carry with them as their and their children's inalienable heritage, to their new homes and habitations across the seas — an eternal link in sentiment, if not in fact, with the Mother Country. It will be seen in the sequel that Victoria and Vancouver Island were a marked and remarkable instance in the history of British colonization, where this principle was carried out in practice in every particular from the outset. This fact was well brought out by the communica- tions hereinafter referred to, which passed between Mr. Douglas and the Imperial Colonial Office, as to the best mode of electing a representative body to make laws and govern under the circumstances in which the new Van- couver Island Colonists found themselves. British Principles. 1.1 AND MANUAL UF PROVINCIAL LNFOKMATION. 99 inter- ic re- as the after taking small south Com- ustom son's who their 1 the carry lomes with re a vhere from nica- uRlas ative Van- Condltlont of Grant. Under the provision of the Hudson's Bay Company's Rrant, charter and license to trade. 'V\inc()uver Island and its dt'iH-ndi-ncii'S wiTe sci)aratod from ti»o Indian Territories (the name which was nt'iUTaily K'vcn to tlie portions of British North America south-west and north-west of Rupert's Land), and a ciiarter of grant of Vancouver Island was made to tlie Hudson's Hay Company on January 13th, 1849. with the express intent and ohjert that the Ooveriiur and Company should, within five years from tliat date, establisli on the said Island settlements of resident colonists. IJrilish sul)jects, and dis- pose of the land to them at a reasonahle price, to he applied as therein mentioned, towards tiic colonization and improvement of the Island— unaer penalty of forfeiture. The rent was nominal, 7 shillings payable into the Exchequer forever on the 1st of January in every year, the Crown at the same time reserving to itself the right, on failure of the Company in five years to establish the settlement agreed on, to revoke the grant without prejudice to -.ettlements actually bo.ui fide made. This grant was made subject to the special condition reserving to the Crown full power on expiration of the Company's license of exclusive trade with the Indians to repurchase and take of the Company the wliole of Vancouver Island, subject to the payment of the value of their estab- lishments, property and efTects then being on the Island, and of the money there- tofore laid out and expended by them in and upon the said Island and nremises. It would be remembered also that the Company, by a grant from the Crown dated Alay 30th, iH,)8, had the exclusive right of trading with the natives, Indians, west of the Rocky Mountains, for twenty-one years; that is, to the 30th of May, 1859. And in this extended charter or license of exclusive trade, a condition was inserted enabling the Imperial Government to reserve to itself the riRlit of erect- ing some part of the territory comprised in the Company's charter into one or more colonies, independent of and distinct from cither Upper or Lower Canada, and that if any such province or colony should be so established, the charter should thenceforth cease to be in force with respect to the territory which might be embraced within the limits of any such new colony. A wise precaution of Lord Glenelg, who frankly expressed his distrust as to the statements confidently advanced by officers of the Company of the sterility of a great part of that extensive portion of the globe, and its unfitness to sustain any considerable population; and he thought thus, because the country was very imperfectly known, especially that part of it which borders on the chain of lakes. He might have politely suppressed in delicate negotiations the not impossible belief that colonization and the propagation and increase of the fur-bearing ani- rials were antagonistic principles in the development of a country. At all events, the insertion of that clause as a condition of that grant was of vital importance — first, to the establishment of Vancouver Island and its depend- encies as a separate colony; secondly, later on. namely on the 19th of November, 1858, to the cstablishm.er.t of New Caledonia, afterwards the Mainland of British Columbia, as a separate colony; and, thirdly, to the reunion of those two separate colonies into the present united colony of British Columbia. But we are anticipating, and must return to the Island. As has been seen, the charter of grant of Vancouver Island to the Hudson's Bay Company was made on the 13th of January, 1849. and became the ground- work of a new political departure in the far west of a new British possf ,sion. In 1849 Vancouver Island was proclaimed as a British colony open for v.olonization; A wise Provision. 30 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Governor Blanshard. and British subjects were invited to settle and reside there, and inducements held out to emigrants from Europe and elsewhere to take up land and make it their permanent home. In 1849 also Mr. Richard Blanshard was appointed the first Governor of the new colony of Vancouver Island, and his commission was publicly read in Victoria by Capt. Johnston of H.M.S, "Driver" early in 1850. Mr. Blanshard as a barrister of considerable ability, might have been a great bene- fit to Vancouver Island had he bent himself to the task, but, unfortunately, he was not in the state of health to allow of his devoting his energies and talent to the development of the country, and, though a great sportsman and fisherman to feed his energy and establish his strength, either could or would not rally to the work— but took so gloomy a view of the future that, having no machinery ready to work a Government, he determineu to decline the tark. Perhaps he was right, seeing with whom he had to deal. For, at that early stage in the history of the infant colony, with such a man as Mr. James Douglas at the head of a Company which had for so many years governed the whole country almost autocratically, who could not brook half- measures or vacillation — a man with whom it was a silent danger to be in colli- sion — Gov. Blanshard without funds, without any machinery to work with, with- out resources, was powerless to effect anything to advance the interests of the country he wac sent to govern, so he did the next best thing for the country in his power — he retired from the Governorship and started back to England, leav- ing well-known Colonists, the Hon. James Douglas, Hon. John Tod, Hon. Rod- erick Finlayson, and Hon. James Cooper as a Provisional Council to assist the Governor for the time being in his duties — Governor and Council at that time, with unknown or at least undefined authority. He left in November, 1851. Dur- ing the interregnum the country was governed by the Council. Then came the appointment of Mr. James Douglas as Governor in 1851, he remaining at the same time Senior Chief Factor of the Hudson's Bay Com- pany, a dual appointment which must in time conflict. It was originally intended as a temporary provision only, as the interests of a civil Governor and those of the Hudson's Bay Company were even then not considered to be identical. It was, however, not an altogether unsatisfactory arrangement with the country in such an embryotic and unsettled state and without funds. When, as Governor, he lacked money (in the total absence of taxation) to carry on some necessary public purpose, as Chief Factor of the Company, with a good financial backing at hand, he was able to supply it. He never was extravagant or careless. At the same time he knew the power which money gave him. In fact, no one knew better than he the value of money, and (as the building of the great trunk roads in Vancouver Island and Caledonia, the then name of British Columbia, where no contractor made a fortune, I'.hewed) none could effect more good work with it, or make it go farther than he did. This advantage must have been considered at the time of his dual appointment — for he was a man who, wherever he might be, would always make himself felt. Governor Douglas' first care, at the instance of the Home Government, after his appointment, was, to call together a representative assembly; and in the official correspondence between him and the Rt. Hon. H. Labouchere, the Sec- retary of State, on the subject, a vital principle in the formation of British col- onies was evolved. So much was this the case that Kenneth McKenzie, of Craig- ftowcr, a man of sterling character and great political influence, in canvassing with Douglas Governor. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. .11 Tms Laws and Ordinances. Dr. Helmcken for the new House, always cited "the Labouchere letter" as the key to their full political right.; as British subjects. Governor Blanshard when the colony of Vancou/er Island was first founded, was directed to summon General Assemblies of freeholders qualified by the ownership of twenty acres of land or »e300 worth of property, and with their advice and that of his Council, to make laws and ordinances for the good govern- ment of the Island. Governor Douglas' commission also contained a clause en- abling him, with the advice of his Council, to make laws and ordinances alone. Local circumstances compelled hit.^ to adopt the latter course and the laws so made were sanctioned and afterwards confirmed, but he was distinctly told that "it had been doubted bv authori- ties conversant in the principles of colonial law whether the Crown can legally convey authority to make laws in a settlement founded by Lujilishmcn, even for a temporary and special purpose, to any Legislature not elected w»:olly or in part by the settlers themselves." The reason no doubt was, that no Government can be carried on without money, which means taxation, and there should be no taxation without representation among free men; and wherever British settlers go they carry with them as much of British laws and rights as the circumstances of a new British settlement will permit. The ninth clause of his Royal instructions gave Governor Douglas power to fix the number of representatives, divide the colony into dis';ricts, and if the colony were sufficiently advanced, to establish separate polling nlaces. Accord- ingly on the i6th of j une, 1856, Governor Douglas issued a proclamation for the election by ^£20 freeholders or 5G300 property holders of a House of Assembly. And so began the history of representative institutions in Vancouver Island. The Island was divided into four districts or constituencies. Victoria had three members, J. D. Pemberton, James Yates and E. E. Langford, who after- wards gave place to another and valuable representative, Mr. Joseph Wm. Mc- Kay, whose early connection with legislation and long and valuable services in the Indian and other Departments, have gained him a permanent reputation us one of the active pioneers of the colony. The other representatives were: Sooke, John Muir; Nanaimo, John F. Kennedy: Esquimalt, Thomas Skinner and (a name which will never die while benevolence, high courage, ability and patriotism are of any value here) John Sebastian Helmcken, M.D. The Doctor (as in those early days he was invariably called) was cho-^en Speaker, and when on one occasion he asked leave to retire from the Spe?.ker- ship, probably from motives of delicacy as the Governor's son-in-law, it was unanimously refused because "his services were invaluable." He is the same man still (1897). They met in a room almost entirely unfurnished, in a square-walled build- ing in the Fort, just where the Bank of British Columbia now stands, and the more closely to copy English customs, received no pay. They next met in an office on the spot where the Law Courts now stand, and afterwards in a building of their own, tlis House of Assembly at James Bay, where the Legislature has continued up to the present time. Their next meeting will probably be in the new range of Government build- ings, which for design cannot be surpassed, indeed, probably not equalled, in the whole Pacific Coast of North / merica. The early proceedings of the first House were of the simplest character. Their first supply bill amounted to only £130. Their legislation was also confined to matters immediately necessary, such as First Parlla' ment. Asaembl; Rooms. Mf f I 32 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA San Juan Affair roads, schools, licenses — the monies from land sales, timber duties and rovalties being remitted to England through the Hudson's Bay Company and placed to the account of the reserve fund in England exclusively applicable to colonial pur- poses. The money sent included the sum of £6,913 paid by the Hudson's Bay Company for the land purchased by them. Their efforts to secure a reciprocity treaty with the United States failed. A new and enlarged Franchise Act was passed and one for an increase in the electoral representation, registration of marriages, and other necessary matters. It was during the sitting of this House that tlie San Juan difficulty, as it was euphemistically termed, occurred. On the 3ru of Augu.st, 1859, the Governor, in a very able and dignified but temperate message, communicated to the House intelligence of the landing of a detachment 01" United States troops on the Island of San Juan (an island immediately adjacent to and therefore held as part of Vancouver Island, and peopled by British subjects), with the avowed intention of taking military possession, with- out any notice or intimation to him as Governor, from him. or. indeed, any quarter. The progress and fate of the negotiations and proceedings, and the joint military occupation which followed this high-handed act of an officer from the Southern States, now currently believed to have been done in the hope of em- broiling Great Britain in a quarrel witli the American Republic, are now such matters of historj' that it is not necessary to dwell on them here. The first Parliament lasted till 1859. the second Parliament of the Legisla- tive Assembly, composed of members elected under the enlarged franchise, met in their then new, nov; old, Supreme Court House — where, when the Court sat, the House had to adjourn, their own Assembly room not having been completed then — o'.i Thursday, March 1st, i860. Governor Douglas opened the first session of the second Parliament of the Legislative Assembly. Vancouver Island, while Chief Justice Cameron swore in the members. The first session was from March ist, i860, to February ist, 1861, The names of the members who sai in this Parliament are duly recorded elsewhere, to which for the sake of avoicing repeti«^ion our readers are requested to turn. In the meantime Victoria and Esquimalt as one harbour had been used as a free port, and on the i8th of January, i860, was publicly proclaimed as such. The Imperial Act XII. and XIII.. Vict. C. 48, 1849. had been passed providing for the administration of justice in Vancouver Island and the appointment of a Chief Justice. Under it an order of the Quecn-in-Council was subseciuently passed, constituting the Supreme Court of Civil Justice of Vancouver Island, with cognizance of all pleas, and David Camero!i. a relative of Governor Douglas, was appointed the Chief Justice thereof. The House of Assembly of Vancouver Island was opened by His Excel- lency Gov. Douglas on August 12th, 1856, and it is noticeable that prayers were read by the Colonial Chaplain, a gentleman highly revered by all Vancouver Island colonists of early days and to the present time, the Rev. Edward, now tlie Rt. Rev. Bishop Cridge. In his opening speecii the Governor congratulated the Legislative Council and the House on the memorable occasion of their meeting in full convention of the House of Assembly of \'ancouver Island as an event fraught with consequences of the utmost importance to the present and future inhabitants. rirst Assembly. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 33 the in was iver lCV. ecii tlie use the I And he called special attention to the fact that "It was remarkable as the first instance of representative 'iistitutions being granted in the infancy of a colony." Further on he adds what was and for many long years has remained strictly true, "Self-supporting and defraying all the expenses of iu own Government, it presents a striking contrast to every other colony in the British Empire, and. like the native pine of its own storm-beaten promontories, it has acquired a slow but hardy growth." In this connection it may be observed that its free port and the total absence of any money subsidy or pecuniary assistance from the Imperial Government re- mained intact up to the year 1871 (Confederation), the only colony in the whole history of British settlements of which the same can be said. It is not so remarkable, though, that the moment the free port was pro- claimed Victoria began to grow by rapid strides. The ground covered with tents was giving place to balloon buildings, and these in turn to brick and stone. The village had become a town, and immediately after a city. Indeed, sanguine hopes were entertained that it might in time become the Singapore of the Pacific, a hope which no doubt would have been verified had the free port been retained after Confederation. The House, directly it was appointed, established for itself the rules and oiders of the English House of Commons for the regulation of its own proceed- ings: and assumed and exercised every right including the riglit of arrest and punishment for contempt of the House which was in force in Great Britain. This power was notably exercised when the Hon. Mr. Amor de Cos- mos, an able, earnest and liberal, but somewhat intemperate poli- tician, defied the orders of the House, upon which he was ar- rested, brought to the Bar of the House, and had there to "kowtow" and purge himself of his contempt, so that, like Minerva, armed cap-a-pic from the brain of Jupiter, this House of Assembly sprang into existence all at once, an autonomy complete in all respects. During the first session of this House, and subsequently, there was from the cutset a continuous effort of the meinbers to shape themselves free from tlie overpowering influence of the Hudson's Bay Company, although it was fully con- ceded that Great Britain was greatly indebted to the Company and to the exer- tions, administrative talent, aye. and high courage and character of the ofticcrs of the Hudson's Bay Company for the preservation of the Canadian pf)rtion of North America as an integral and undi-^puted part of the British Dominions. But now the colonists were in charge of the Vancouver Island portion of it, they were anxious to obtain possession of the Crown Lands, and the monies arising liom the sale thereof, and the royalties arising from the coal, which was .soon discovered and promised to become a vast industry — in short, all monies received for the use of the colony from all sources whatsoever. They knew already the power of the purse. During the sittings of the first House of Assembly of Vancouver Ishmd — Victoria being the only port of entry into Eraser River, and all goods for t.iat destination necessarily passing through Victoria — a dead set was made at the earliest practicable moment both in the House and out of it, against continuing the Company's exclusive right to monopolize the trade thither, and to prevent all traders other than their own, or under their permits, from going up Frasei Kiver to supply the gold miners and others on its banks with food and mining supplies. British Precedent. ^ m 34 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rush for Gold This monopoly, though originally sanctioned for a very good purpose by Act of Parliament, having now done its work, had to be broken through, from a neceS' sity which knew no law, or some 20,000 or 30,000 miners and prospectors whom the Company were not prepared to feed might have been reduced to starvation. The gold rush had come upon them unexpectedly, and the Company, although they had the example of California before them, were not prepared for it. Judging from their actions, one can- not pretend to the gift of prophecy — they had no instructions — they could not suddenly buy steamers to suit the numbers going up or make any large general contract to meet such an emergency, without instructions from the Hudson's Bay House in London, a loss of months of time in which often probablv the opportun- ity itself was lost. In any unexpected emergency, want of instructions was often the fatal handicap of the Hudson's Bay Company in the race for business. In those days they were not built for racing. Perhaps it is different now. NEXT to the great financial principle for government which he professed, roads in Vancouver Island and British Columbia were the one great object which Governor Douglas, during his long reign, always kept in view. He was a King of Roads. As a Hudson's Bay Company's officer he had travelled from end to end of this great country from the earlier days of the Hudson's Bay Company down to the time he had charge of its affairs, and knew the difficulty and delay caused in getting in supplies to the out-stations, and was thoroughly convinced that no mining could be carried on for any length of time profitably without giving the greatest possible facilities for getting supplies to their works, and in Vancouver Island in enabling farmers to take their produce with- out difficulty to market. So everywhere around Victoria for miles splen- did roads, much better than they are now (1897), well macadamized, abounded. Many and good roads were made into the interior and along the Coast, where the configuration of ground made them practicable. Thence they were extended into the districts outside of V^ictoria — e.g., Cowichan, Chemainus, Saanich and Lake, were duplicated, nay, even at times, as for instance at Comox, triplicated — and a still greater and bolder enterprise was contemplated by Sir James Douglas, and indeed commenced by him on the Mainland, no less than a prospective toll waggon road from Hope, the then head of navigation of tht Eraser through Hope, Similkameen and Okariagan, down and across the Columbia to Kootenay, and more ambitious .still, 'through the Rocky Mountain passes and across the Indian territories via Edmonton House to meet a similar road from Canada westward towards Britisli Columbia which he confidently ex- pected Eastern Canada would build to meet him at Edmonton, and form together a great British-Canadian colonization road, England being too A Route to f^j. Q^ jQ expect any general colonization from thence. General immigration from Canada East was always his idea, fostered, no doubt, by his familiarity with the Hudson's Bay Company posts in that direction and away north. Convinced always that population ultimately would come from Canada, there is reason to believe that so satisfied was he of the benefit it would be both to British Columbia and Canada, that he was inclined to press such a scheme as a toll colonization road if it could be favoured by the Home AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 35 A Route to Kootenay. Government, and he hoped to obtain from them what then would have been an impossible permission. At first his aims were confined to opening (he country by roads along the Fraser up to the bars and placers where already gold was found in paying quantities and more expected further up. Miners and pros- pectors fitting out at Victoria took at first the "Otter" and "Beaver." the only two Hudson's Bay Company's steamers which had come out to this country round Cape Horn to Queensborough, and by stern-wheel steamer to Douglas. Then from Douglas they proceeded along the Pemberton portage and the lakes, which were crossed by steamers to Lillooet. whete they joined the Fraser and its gold-bearing bars again. From Lillooet a waggon road was projected to climb up Pavilion Mountain by the well-known rattlesnake grade and go on to Clinton and from thence on through the green timber and the fifty-mile alkali belt along Lake La Hache to the 150- Mile House, thence to Soda Creek, Alexandria and Quesnelle Mouth; thence direct east by Cottonwood and Van Winkle to Richfield and Williams' Creek, some of the richest gold fields of the rich Cariboo country. The Similkameen road from Hope was commenced as a trail, with ihe progress and prospects of which Governor Douglas was so pleased that he directed it to be converted into a waggon road. This he intended as a toll road to Koote- nay and across the Rockies, but required a petition from the people of Hope, who would have been enriched by the business of the road, requesting him to impose a small toll on goods and passengers to authorize him to raise and expend the necessary money. At the instance, however, of a petty local opposition the petition was not signed. The Similkameen route as a through road fell through — although, as will be shown, a good and valuable trail was afterwards made in that direction. Failing at Hope, a public meeting was held at Yale, the merchants of which were delighted at the chance, and warmly espoused a waggon road alo ig the rocky canons and forbidding defiles and banks of the Fraser, passing Lytton and up the Thompson by way of Ashcroft and the Bonaparte to join the other part of the waggon road at Clinton, thus making the connection with Cariboo complete — and giving the whole of the Lillooet- Yale road to Cariboo the general name of the Cariboo Road — a monument to the determined will, outlay and skill of the chief who ordered and the men who executed this (even at this day) wonder- ful eflfort of engineering skill, and which opened up such a long and wide tract of auriferous as well as agricultural country. The men who constructed this great work were the Royal Engineers, who were paid by the Colony, and local men, as under. A list is here given of the roads constructed under Sir James Douglas' regime, and the men who made them: ESQUIMALT. The road from Everett's " Horse and Jockey " to Esquimau, built in i860 by (now Sir) J. W. Trutch. Douglas Portage. From Douglas to Six Mile Post by Royal Engineers in 1861 ; from Six Mile Post to Twelve Mile Post by Royal Engineers in 1861 ; from Twelve Mile Post to Eighteen Mile Post by Hon. J. W. Trutch, 1861 ; from Eighteen Mile Post to Twenty-eight Mile Post, Little Lake, by Royal engineers, 1861. Pemberton Portage. From Pemberton at head of Lillooet Lake to 6-Mile Post by Colquhoun, in autumn, 1861, failing to complete contract to Anderson Lake. From 6-Mile Post across Anderson Portage to 27-Mile Post at head of Anderson Lake, in autumn and winter of 1861, by Joseph W. Trutch, to complete Colquhoun's contract. From foot of Seaton Lake about three miles to Lillooet in i860 or 1861. 1; ;1 36 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Yale-Cariboo WArwioN Road. Mule Trail.— From Yale to Hpuzzum Kerry, ii miles, by Powers and M. C. Roberts in summer of 1861. From Spuzzum to Doston Bar, 14 miles, in the autumn of 1861, by the same. Waggon Road.— From Yale to 6-mile Post by Royal Engineers in 1862. From 6-Mile Post to 13-Mile Post at Sus{>ension Bridge, by Thomas Spence in autumn of 1862. Alexandria Suspension Bridge, erected in summer of 1863 by Joseph W. Trutch. From Suspension Bridge to Boston Bar, 12 miles, by J. W. Trutch in 1862-63. From Boston Bar to Lytton, 32 miles, by Spence and I.aiidvoight, 1862. From Lytton to Cook's Ferry (Spence's Bridge), 23 miles, by Moberly and Oppenheiraer, in 1862 and spring of 1863. ' ;ience's Bridge, built by Thomas Spence in 1863-64. From Spence's Bridge to 89-Mile Post, 9 miles, by Royal FIngineers in 1863. From 89-Mile Post to 93-Mile Post, by Thomas Spence in 1864. From 93-Mile Post to Clinton at 136-Mile Post, Moberly and Hood in 1863. (Note.— Clinton, 136 miles from Yale.) Waggon Road, Lillooet to Alexandria. From Ivillooet to Clinton, 47 miles, by Oustavus Ben Wright in 1861. From Clinton to Soda Creek, 177 miles from Lillooet, by G. B. Wright in 1862-63. From Soda Creek to Alexandria, 20 miles, by G. B. Wright in 1863. From Alexandria to Quesnelle Mouth, 40 miles, by Spence and Landvoight, 1863. From Quesnelle to Cottonwood, 21 miles, 1864. From Cottonwood to Barkerville, 42 miles, 1865. Now to return to the waggon road from Hope to and across the Rockies. Having been obliged to abandon his original plan, which was a waggon road, commenced by our present Lieutenant-Governor, Dewdney, in addition to the numerous works of surveying and engineering he had already completed in the Colony — he had done twelve miles uf it when it was stopped, for lack of the support I have described, of the people of Hope, but the road was carried on twenty- five miles to Skagit Flat. From thence the Royal Engineers carried on a trail to Princeton, which was afterwards much improved by Alison's cut-off. This trail wa-- improved from Skagit to the Summit. It was then carried through the open, down the Similkameen country. It 1865 ^Ir. Dewdney com- menced a trail down the Similkameen, by Keremeos to Osoyoos; thence he followed the boundary along down Kettle River Valley to the mouth of Christine Creek; thence across the mountains to Fort Shepherd east of the Columbia, crossing the Koote- nay River at the mouth of Kootenay Lake. This was in 1865, when Sir Joseph W. Trutch was Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. From Kootenay Lake Mr. Dewdney carried the trail by the Mooyie to Wild Swan Creek, now called Fort Steele. This was done from Osoyoos in 1865. but it has been much improved since. It has always been called Dewdney Trail, and it has been by means (if Dewdney Trail that access has been given to the rich Kootenay country, and great facilities afforded for the discovery and exploration of valuable deposits of gold in that district. In fact, the Dewdney trail was the key to the Kootenays. Had the waggon road been carried out as Governor Douglas had wished it to be executed, it is quite within the bounds of probability that the C.P.R. would have been carried that way, for as a good object lesson, as a toll road, it would have unmistakably shown, that much snow and all the present costly slides with their long delays of traffic would have been avoided. That a far easier grade than that now in use at Eagle Pass or Rogers' Pass would have been obtained merely by cutting a two-mile tunnel through Hope Mountain to lower the grade — and the road would have gone nearly all the way through a fertile agricultural and paying country. Perhaps it would pay them to A Royalty on ^^^^^ ^j^^ j.^^^^^ ^f ^j^^ Dewdney Trail now. In this connection it is not amiss to observe that the trail was made out of the tax laid on the export of gold, just as they are talking at Ottawa of doing in Yukon and Klondyke, but it was found that on the border line not The Dewdney Trail. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATIOIT. 37 half the gold paid duty— only tire honest ones paid it. It is an obiect , les- son for the Yukon. In the case above alluded to the Act had to be aban- doned. Like Captain Gosset's mule tax, it died a natural death. When old Sir James was reminded of its existence and urged to enforce it his reply was in his remarkable deliberate voice, "My dear sir, it is one of those wonderful pro- ductions which Nelson could have looked at with his blind eye." It was no use pressing him after that. It was an infallible sign when his deep black eye with- drew its keenness — withdrew, as it were, into itself — that all discussion was over for that time. Like Sir Geo. Grey, when he crossed his leg. all conference was over for that time. In 1865 the main road from Golden was made, a very good starting point in many directions, by tlie river and lake. In 1866 a trail was made from Sey- mour to Big Bend, when the gold excitement was on there. It went into Big Bend at the most northern route, McCullough's. In 1867 several trails were cut. In 1871 a good trail was cut by Mr. Dewdney from Stuart's Lake to Omineca, using Telegraph Trail to Stuart's Lake and carrying the trail from Stuart's Lake to the mines at Omineca. In 1871, too, a short portage was made by Mr. John Trutch, Giscome Port- age, from Fraser River. In 1871 also a trail was made from Hazelton on the Skeena to Babine Lake, by that old and successful explorer. Captain Wm. Moore, in those days commonly known as "Captain Billy," or "Steamboat Moore." The trail was an improvement of an old Indian trail. There were many Capt. Moore. , , , , ., 1.1 1 • ,. .. Other short roads and trails made m those days m all directions throughout the country of which no record was preserved, although they effectu- ally aided in opening up the country. ! ;! hed . IV. IT would be impossible to complete a Year Book of British Columbia without a notice of one of its chiefest characters, Sir Matthew Baillie Begbie, the first Chief Justice of British Columbia. Accompanied by his faithful henchman, Benjamin Evans, who drove the Court over twenty times from Yale or Ashcroft (after the C.P.R. reached it) to Cariboo and back without an accident, and his trusty friend, Charles Edward Pooley, as Registrar, lie traversed the Province wherever it was necessary in the interests of law or justice to go. His unflinching ad- ministration of the law from the outset of the colony in 1858 to his death in 1894, at a time when — mixed with a great many good men, it is true — the miners and the class of persons who came with them comprised many of the wildest characters under the sun, whose sole arbitraments in their quarrels in other countries had been knife and revolver, struck such terror into wrong-doers and defiers Sir Matthew ^^ ^j^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ j^jg ^j.^^ assize at Langley in 1859, to the time Bcflblc* of his death, that the peace of this country was thoroughly se- cured — and the wilder spirits were tamed to such an extent that even in difficult cases tfie Court relied confidently on their assistance under a short special enactment, as jurors, and was never disappointed of their aid when so invoked. The result was that the whole of the country could be traversed from end to end by all men without weapons, except sufficient to protect themselves from wild animals or for subsistence — a course in which he was effectually supported from first to ii 38 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Our Pioneers. last by all the judges who sat with or have succeeded him, to the great benefit, as the Statute hath it, of person and property and the peace, order and good government of the colony. He was a man over six feet in height, strong, and active in proportion, a good sportsman and an excellent shot. His abilities and accomplishments were of the highest order, and his hospitality and social qualities gfiined him fast friends in every direction. So take him for all in all, we shall not often look upon his like again. Nor would a Year Book be complete unless it afforded place for honourable record of those old settlers, magistrates, and public general officers, who, in days gone by before the colonies were formed, as well as during the critical periods of their formation, were quietly, unostentatiously, but, like time, without hurry, but without delay, silently but surely welding together the most incongruous ele- ments into one homogeneous, law-abiding, self-respecting and respected popu- lation. Beginning with the Hudson's Bay Company's men, their name is legion, who in these distant parts in lonely responsibility, their lives in their hands, away from civilization, still through the standard books ta be found in every fort, held converse with the greatest of their kind, and kept their minds open and their hearts enlarged, till exile ended, they could return to end an honourable life in comfort and respect. Who of the "old timers" of more recent days can recall without a glow of pride and satisfaction, the names of Chartres Brew, whose virtues and good quali- ties are depicted by friendly hand in letters of iron in the distant graveyard c^ Cariboo, where he died, on duty; of Gaggin and his works at Douglas, Koote- nay, and other distant stations, and those who had exchanged arms for harder but more useful work in another field; Capt. Ball, a soldier bred but a lawyer born; Capt. Sanders, Capt. Spaulding, Capt. Fitzstubbs, who has traversed Brit- ish Columbia by land and water and gone through endless privations and hard work in the course of duty; Mr. A. W. Vowell, who spent so much of his life on solitary, arduous duty, unrelieved but uncomplaining, amid the snows and long ice-bound winters with the Indians and miners of Cassiar; and the Hon. Mr. O'Reilly, who has travelled on duty through the wildest parts of this vast country amid privations and dangers with- out end, at one time deep in the mountain snows of the far nor'-west, at others in travel on horseback on the very edge of preci- pices which made one dizzy to look down, among Indian tribes alone, enlorcing order by the respect he inspired composing inter-tribal feuds and ig- norant misunderstandings causing strife and death feuds— at one time at the lakes and mountains bordering on Alaska, at another on the upper banks of the Eraser, at another among the wild Blackfeet and Indian tribes of the Kootenays, swimming rapid rivers, holding to the tails of horses, going through toil and privation unnoticed and unrecorded — yet returning to civilization and Indian duties, there moving about without a mark or word indicative of toils gone through, stern where duty calls, with proud reserve, yet courteous and kind withal, with all good grace to grace the gentleman. When the gold fever Droke out in 1857 on the Thompson River, just at the bend of Nicomen (although presumably its existence must have been known to some up-country Hudso 's Bay Company men in their trade with the natives long before, but concealed for trade reasons), and gold declared itself in large and Exciting Experiences. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 39 the Law and Order. paying quantities in the Fraser, although they had the experience of California before them, the Company was not In the least prepared for the immense and immediate change which the great influx of miners and gold-seekers generally would cause, or that it would occasion such a demand on its resources, or lift Victoria at once from a small, remote Hudson's Bay Co. post into the prominent po- sition of the large and growing city it has now become. There was :io time for making such a preparation. The class of men who were flowing ii. were not very likely to brook starvation in their search for gold in order to observe the antiquated regulations of a monopoly whose days were numbered. The moment the Company accepted civilization and progress as the principle on which their grant from the Crown was to be conducted in lieu of the cultivation of fur-bear- ing animals their days and autocratic power were nearing their end. Many of the newcomers, especially from California, were people who had incurred the hostility of the vigilance committees there by their wild, ungovernable lives, born of a gold rush, and came quite prepared to have their way here. But ere long these same men, recruited from the wildest spirits from out the four winds of heaven, after a little experience of the strong and impartial laws of a British colony, steadily and unflinchingly administered by such men as Chief Justice Begbie and those who have fol- lowed him, not only threw aside their objectionable habits, born of uncontrolled lawlessness, but gave their high and restless spirits a new direction and became some of the most energetic and valuable citizens of the newly discovered gold region, and, as already alluded to, even placed by us to do duty, and they did it well, as jurors at Assizes. All men, British or American, or of whatever country, were thoroughly welcomed in British Columbia, and by none more heartily than Gov. Douglas, who sought them out individually, for he was always seeking to learn, and always accessible to any one who had anything to say — gained their confidence, and so obtained from them valuable information derived from their own mining experi- ences in Sierra Nevada, Sacramento, and other California mining camps, and up the Fraser itself, which tended greatly to the success of his subsequent mining regulations and indirectly to that of his Government. He was the very man for the occasion. So many of these characters (shall we call them?) came up in the rush and so marked the tendency at first among a number of newcomers to become what in those days was called "sympathizers," a tendency very much encouraged by a man named Nugent, who posed as if he had claimed to act on behalf ot the Stars and Stripes, that there was for the moment a fear among timid souls that British Columbia might be "sympathized" out of the control of the Union Jack; but Gov. Douglas must have put an end to all such hopes when he armed a Hudson's Bay Co. vessel with guns and placed her in charge of a trusty crew up the Fraser at Langley to intercept all comers and made them — indeed, every one — entering the Fraser pay to the Queen a dollar a head, under the guise of a revenue tax, practically an acknowledgment of the Queen's authority, before they were allowed to proceed to the gold mining placers up above. Of the legislation of Vancouver Island not many acts now survive or call for notice in a work of this description. Almost the only one that by repeal and re-enactment in an extended form is still in force, is the Vancouver Island Land Registry Act of i860, taken from the official draft of the new Torrens Act of New South Wales previous to its enactment there, sent out for the purpose by the The Queen's DoUar. 40 VKAR I'.OOK OF HKITLSll COLUMBIA Imperial Colonial ()Hicf. and wliicli, like the Torrons Act, |)iiri)orts to carry out the recommendation of the Imperial Real i'roperty Commissioners some years before, recommending^ tile registration and transfer of all real proi)crty hy trans- fer on the renisler, doiny away with the delays and expensive sctrches and the rc(|uisition of endless examinations into titles, in use in luiKland previous to every transfer of land and puri)ortin(j; to provide with ease, speed and safety for the conveyance of real property. This has so far been further carried nut by the subsecpieiit leKislation of British Coluiubia. and is capable of still further expansion and completeness in the direction of giving absolute certainty to the certificate of indefeasible title and to the efTect of rej^iistration by creating by a small tax on regis- trations a fund for an absolute guarantee. It may be noted, as of mercantile importance, that the Imperial Bankru|)tcy Acts, which were in use in British Columbia. tliouKh not jierfcct (none such can be made), were much better in every respect than the Uominion Bankrui)tcy Acts (now abolished), which took their place in 1871, leaving us now with no Bank- ruptcy Act at all. While all this was going on in Vancouver Island, the Mainland of Cale- donia, which, when X'ancouver Island was made a colony, still remained as Indian territory subject to the Hudson's Bay Company's authority, had its name changed to British Columbia, was made subject on the joth of August, 1H30, to an Im- perial Act for its government under tlie name of '"British C(dumbia," with its boundaries established just as at present for the Mainland i)art of the B.C. of to-day. Eiirlv Li'Kisliitlun. MR. DOUGL.AS was made Governor of the new Colony of British Columbia, and as such was empowered by order of the Queen-in-Council. bearing date the 2nd of September, 1858, to make provision for the administration of justice: and as therein mentioned, to make such laws, institutions and ordinances, as might be necessary for the peace, order and good government of Her Majesty's subjects and others therein. On the 3rd of November. 1858. a proclamation was made and published of the Revocation of the Crown Grant of the 3rd of May, 1838, to the Hudson's Bay Company for exclusive trading with Indians, so far as the said grant extended to the territories comprised within the Colony of British Columbia. The 19th of November, 1858. was a great day in the history of British Co- lumbia, for it was the legislative birthday of that Colony. It was signalized by Governor Douglas, accompanied by ]\Ir. Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie, the new Judge of the Supreme Court of British Columbia (appointed by a commission under the Queen's hand) then recently established under a special Birthday ^^,j. ^j Parliament; and Chartres Brew, the Police Magistrate, Coionv. proceeding to Fort Langley (then the presumptive Capital of the new colony) and there in front of the fort buildings, though within the palisades, publicly proclaiming the colony — and swearing in all :he above officials for their several offices with much state and all due formalities: and so the legislative birthday of British Columbia was complete. ts to carry out MS sonic years |)iTty l)y trails-^ arches and the • 1 i)rL'vi()US to aii'l safety for legislation of i>m|)lrtcness in isiliK' title and I tax on rcK's- y 1)L' noted, as il-:rni)tcy Acts, .' snoh can be nkrnptcy Acts vith no Bank- ilaiul of Calc- ined as Indian name clianged SO, to an Im- iia," with its H.C. of to-dav. sli Columbia, bearing date nistration of ordinances, or Majesty's published of udson's Bay extended to British Co- ignalized by )ie, the new commission der a special Magistrate, apital of the ngs, though in all :he formalities: HISTORICAL SKETCHES. SEE EAHtv f^ETTLEMENTS." i '»' i lil /. 1^ y. ■X '-J CO cc O h < (/) O UJ >■ 2 d>**- /^ rT5 2 U uj (0 oc O H < (0 5 u >- < U s i O z > 2 m CO ^g^ 7 c ^ IBk^'^ ] V. f HP^*^ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 45 It was the precursor of several remarkable events. The Governor under the Imperial Acts 21 and 22 Victoria, under which he Iiad just proclaimed the Colony, thereby abolished the portions of the laws of Upper Canada which pre- viously applied to it. So Upper Canada and British Columbia were even then in a measure connected. He proceeded next under the above Act and the special authority delegated to him by the Queen's Commission under the Great Seal — empowering him "by proclamation under the public seal of the Colony to make laws, institutions and ordinances for the peace, order, and good government thereof" — to enact and proclaim — a measure which is given some- ProciniminK what in full as it is at the foundation of all our subscf!UtP.t Colonial Lnw and ,..,, ....,r • e Order. laws, and IS m a form long settled and usea m the formation of all new English colonies, and constituting a tie to the Mother Country which no subsequent revolution or political revolutions can ever entirely sever, to w'. — "That all the civil and criminal laws of England as they existed at the date of the proclamation of the said Act. and so far as they are not from local circumstances inapplicable to the Colony of Briti.sh Columbia, are and will remain in full force within the said Colony till such times as they shall be altered by the Queen-in-Council or by the Governor or other legislative authority in the said Colony, and that such laws shall be administered by all proper authorities against all persons infringing and in favour of all persons claiming protection of the said laws." By another proclamation, having the force of law, the new Colony was r ide subject to Customs duties upon goods imported into it, and a first-rate officer, the Hon. Wymond Ilamley, was sent out to take charge of it. Thus, while Victoria, the seat of Government both of the Island and of the Mainland, both under one Governor, all of whose interests, beyond his duties and his residence were in Victoria, which was a free port, it is scarcely to be wondered that on the Mainland the feeling should have been much against the arrangement. Before the Colony was prorlaimed the Governor had fixed upon Langley, a level country belonging to the ijjdson's B.^.y Company around the fort, as the Capital of British Columbia, but Colonel Moody, R.E.. who had come out with a corps of 400 Royal Engineers to assist in protecting and advancing the country, and had a dormant commission as Lieutenant-Governor in case of the prolonged absence, illness, or incapacity of the Governor, at once opposed the selection of Langley as being on the wrong bank of the river, and indefensible on militarv groundj, aud with his officers sought a suitable site on the .ight bank proper, and, against the advice of his officers, at first fixed on Mory Hill, a fine and elevated site near the mouth of Pitt River, in preference to a still finer site a couple of miles lower down on the right bank, and ordered his senior captain— Capt. Jack Grant, as he was familiarly termed, now General Grant, RE, — to take the axe and make the first cut at one of the trees nearest the river. He was in the act of swinging his axe to deliver the blow, when he was so much impressed with the mistake they were making that he said: "Colonel, with much submission I will ask not to do it. Will you yourself be pleased to take the responsibility of making the first cut?" — respect- fully giving his reasons. These were of so cogent a nature, one being that the lower site being at the head of tide-water, big ships could come up the Eraser to it and that it was easily defensible by a tete du pont on the opposite side of the river, and similar reasons, that the Colonel was convinced, rowed down the river and ordered the first cut to be delivered on one of the huge cedars with which the hill was covered, and named the new town 'Queenborough." ChooslDftii Capital. 46 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I. f t J But so great already was the jealousy in Victoria against the projected new city, that Queenborough was considered by the Colonial Secretary, Mr. W. A. G. Young, as too nearly a paraphrase of Victoria, the only permissible Queen City, that after a great inkshed and a long acrid correspondence the name was pro- claimed to be not the Queen borough, (Victoria) but Queensbovough, which was quite another thing. The site was tut up to auction and sold at great prices on the understanding that all the money, a large sum, from the sale should be applied in opening the streets, and clearing away from the lots some of as large and dense timber as the world could possibly produce — an understanding which it need .scarcely be said the Government for lack of money to push its roads and public works couid not, or would not provide, and the purchasers were obliged to tax themselves a second time and engage in "bees," as in Old Canada, to gtt even a small quantity of the site cleared, and to submit to the feeling of having been deceived, and to see Victoria streets and roads flourish while Queensborougli had to be content with trails. The sequel may as well be told. The matter New Westinin- was taken up by the Home Government, Her Majesty was en- ster Named. gaged to finally fix on the name and by Royal Proclamation, Queensborough (a convenient name) was converted into a Royal City and the Capital of British Columbia under the name of New Westminster, (an inconvenient one) and on the faith of that many invested their all in it. But it "would not stay fixed," for the Victorians exerted their political and financial influence, with the Home Government against it, and in a hot and hostile dis- cussion year after year, and with such effect that on the 19th of November, iSwj, the union of the two separate Colonies under the name of British Columbia waj a>:complished and proclaimed, and the Capital changed from New Westmin- st« to Victoria, and those who on the faith of the Royal Proclamation staked their ell were simply ruined, without redress or compensation, leaving behind a wound and a sense of deliberate injustice in the minds of the Mainland against the Island that has never been entirely healed, although the reason given that it was' necessary to consolidate not only to save the unnecessary expense of ^>a'0 Governments and two sets of officers where one would do, especially to prepare for Confederation, was not without great weight — a reason of growing importance as the benefits of Confederation are becoming more confirmed and solidified day by day, for Canada, as a young nation, has begun already "to feel her feet." and to take her place with her natural allies and sister British plantations as an integral and iOremost portion of the British Empire — considerations not anticipated, at the time when the pain was still acute, by Mainlanders. who felt, and justly, too, that they had been grievously deceived and had thereby lost the savings and labours of manv years, and the means of subsistence for themselves and their families. So, it is no wonder that they gave practical vent to their ill- humour — for "it's ill standin' atween a fu' man and a fastin'." But time and a due regard for the common local relationships heals all such wounds. Therefore. to that old arbiter we leave it. The historical sketches contained in the plate on page 43 are named in the following order f'-om top to bottom : I. Government Street, Victoria. .3. Procession, Lord Dufferin's visit. 5. Washing Gold, Cariboo. 7. Glimpse of San Juan Island. 2. Mr. A. C. Anderson's farm house. 4. Bastion, H.B.Co's. Fort, Nanaimo. 6. Prospectors starting for the hills. 8. Steamer " Reliance '' at Yale. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 47 *STORY OF CONFEDERATION. An Experiment. CONFEDERATION came about in a way in British Columbia entirely dif- ferent to that in any of the other Provinces. It is scarcely necessary to review the events which led up to the Union of four Provinces in 1867. Although the maritime provinces wanted an alliance of their own. they did not take kindly to one with Canadians, as the inhabitants of Ontario and Quebec were then known, and it was only by political strategy that it was accom- plished in the case of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, wliile Prince Edward Island remained out for some time after. Quebec at heart was not with the movement, although she joined hands with Ontario, having first fixed her repre- Confederation sentation. Manitoba cost the Dominion a rebellion. Her entry In other into the Federal compact was badly managed, and an unnecessary Provinces. grievance created, which prejudiced the catise for the time beinjf. In the East Confederation arose largely out of a sentiment of unitv. It was an idea — a grand consummation into the accomplishment of which the leaders of both parties entered with enthusiasm. There were many diverse elements and interests to consider, many difficulties in the way, but there were also many obvious disadvantages in remaining apart: and when the Fathers of Confedera- tion had made up their minds to succeed and went seriously to work, the difficulties were soon overcome. It was an experiment at first, and no man could confidently predict the outcome. There v-ere local irritations, provincial prejudices, and weighty obligations to maKe good. For a time not a few able, conscientious and truly loyal men, who subse- quently became good Canadians and heartily acquiesced, looked on with misgiv- ings and gravely doubted the wisdom of the experiment. If, however, the British possessions in North America were to remain British. Confederation was in- evitable. Amalgamation and structural organization were rapidly going on on the United States side of the line, and such a political force could only be counter- balanced and restricted by a similar movement on this side. In the East, there- fore, as has been intimated, the stimulus to Confederation was political and national, and was so in spite of local considerations. Manitoba, on the other hand, was a territorial purchase, and was virtually created at the time of its union with the other provinces, and had it not been for the community of Metis, whose fears were inspired by an ambitious zealot, abetted by a few American citizens, there would have been nothing either in the way of local interests or sentimental objections to have interfered. In British Columbia the conditions were entirely different from, and the considerations of a nature totally unlike those which affected the eastern half of Canada. Geographically, the Crown Colony was far removed from the seat ot Government. An almost insuperable barrier of mountains cut it off from the rest of the British possessions. A Vc^st, unbroken and practically uninhabited plain separated it from the nearest Province. Politically or socially, the influences of Eastern Canada did not extend to within a thousand miles of its extremest I 48 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA boundary eastward. There was absolutely no land co:nmunication, and, apart from Hudson's Bay Company fur caravans, only one or two parties had ever come overland. There were comparativelj' few Canadian-born resi- Conditiuns In dents. and these were mainly among the pioneers who had left British Columbia, ^j^^j^ native place while Confederation sentiment was still in its infancy, and who had formed new associations, ^nd, to some extent, new ideals and objects in life. The population was largely Britisli-born, with n..t a lew Americans interspersed. The country, in its physical configuration, its resources, its requirements, was in every sense foreign to Canada. Communicalion and trade were wholly with tlie Pacific Coast and Great Britain, and sympathies to a considerable extent followed in the line of trade and travel. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that there was an important element opposed to Confed- eration at the outset. The main-spring, however, was not sentimentalism. It was not with the idea of rounding ofi Confederation, or building up a commonwealth from ocean to ocean, with a common organic structure and a common destiny — nothing of the kind. While there were prominent men in the colony, like the late Hon. John Robson, F. J, Barnard, and the Hon. Amor de Cosmos, who hailed from Canada, and who were no doubt imbued with aspirations of a kind that directed the move- ment in the East, yet the mass of the population was not influenced by such con- siderations, and that was the most natural thing in the world. It could not have been expected to be otherwise. Dr. Helmcken, who opposed Confederation con- scientiously as well as ably, during the debate to go into committee on the terms submitted by Governor Musgrave, said with much force that Dr. Heimckcns ,i^^ union between this Colony and Canada can permanently exist unless it be to the material and pecuniary advantage of this Colony to remain in the Union. The sum of the interests of the inhabitants is the interest of the colony. The people of this colony have, generally speaking, no love for Canada. They care, as a rule, little or nothing about the creation of another empire, kingdom or republic. They have but little sentimentality, and care little or nothing about the distinctions between the form of Government of Canada and that of the United States. "Therefore, no union on account of love need be looked for. The only bond of Union, outside of force — and force the Dominion has not — -.vill be the material advantage of the country and pecuniary benefit of the inhabitants. Love for Canada has to be acquired by the prosperity of the country and from our children." Dr. Helmcken did not represent the feelings of Briti.sh Columbia in so far as the desire for Confederation was concerned, but he struck a hard, cold truth in so far as sentiment was concerned. To rightly understand the feelings of the people on the subject we have to go back to the conditions of the time. The situation has already been described, which in one word, in relation to Canada, was isolation. The circumstances, however, were these: The Province was heav- ily in debt, the liabilities being a round $1,500,000 for about 10,000 white people. The after effects of the Cariboo gold fever were being experienctd. Prosperity had vanished, times were depressed, money was scarce, and no prospects ahead in Victoria deplored the loss of a free port, to which they attributed a good deal except the chance of new gold fields being di.^covercd. A great many people AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 49 A OcHirc fur Change. .1 Traoscontl- nental Railway. of their former prosperity. On the Mainland, wlicrc tlir Confefleratioti move- ment was the strongest, there existed a i\et'n dissatisfaction over tlie removal of the Capital from Westminster. .\nd so all round tluTf was a desire tor chanRe. As a Crown colony there were only two ro:ids open which offered any hopes of betterment— Confederation or Annexation. While there was a slight movement in the latter direction, and a petition had been gotten up in its favour, signed mainly by Americans; and, while there was a modicum of truth in what Dr. Ilelmcken said about the majority of people caring little about the distinctions as to the form of Government of Canada and the United States, yet British Columbia was essenti-Hv loyal to British insti- tutions and to the British flag. As a political possibility it was not to be thought of, and the sentiments expressed by the Fathers of Confederation in British Co- lumbia, in the debate referred to, showed to what small extent the annexation movement had influenced public or)inion. Union with Canida, if it meant no more than continued connection witli the mother country, in thit respect was unobjectionable at least. It was, in fact, preferable to annexation. Isolation seemed to be hopeless and unendurable. Change was necessary. For some years before, the subject of a transcontinental railway had been much discussed, both in Great Britain and Canada, and with the writings of promi- nent men on this subject British Columbians were familiar; because, as a class they were educated, intelligent and well-informed — highly superior to any similar number of men in the other Provinces — a fact easily accounted for. Many were graduates of universities and well connected, a select company of adventurers, so to speak. A railway from ocean to ocean was a popular theme. It opened up new vistas of possibilities not only for Canada, but the Empire. To Canadians it meant a chain to bind the disconnected British possessions together; it meant an outlet to and inlet from the West; it disclosed a new Dom.inion of great magnitude and prom se It wag a subject brimful of opportunity for the eloquence of oratory and the pen-pictur- ing of the essayist. To Great Britain it afforded that alternative route of com- merce long sought for in tlit North-West passage, for the d scovery of which her seamen had been diligent and persistent; and for military transport in case of war. As Confederation was the order of the day, and was being successfully accomplished, the people of British Columbia were not slow to sej that in the undertaking of such an enterprise lay their hopes for the future. With a railway having one terminus at Halifax and the other on the shores of the Pacific, they recognized the importance of their position geographically and commercially — a position which in annexation would only and always be secondary to San Francisco, but in Confederation second to none. In all the political habiliments, paraphernalia and belongings, clothing, surrounding, and attach- ing to Confederation the one main object — the essence of it all was a railway — direct communication with the East. As Dr. Helmcken might have expressed it. they loved not Canada for what she was, but for what she could do for them. They noted the terms under which the other Provinces had entered the Federal Union — debts assumed, allowances made for differences of degree and conditions, annual subsidies in lieu of existing revenues. Provincial autonomy, and so on. They knew further the anxiety there was to extend the Dominion of Canada westward to the Pacific Ocean. To be rel evcd of debt, to throw oflf the weight of an over-weighty othcialdom and to secvire a National Interests. 50 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Made a Good Bargain. railway and still possess the sovereign rights of self-government by the one act of Union was a consummation devoutly to be wished. The people of British Columbia were wise in their day and generation and knew, or thought they knew, how to make a good bargain, and whatever may be the differences of opinion that exist to-day as to the position of this Province in the Dominion, they flattered themselves, when the news came from Ottawa as to the outcome of the negotiations there, that they had done well. And who will say, considering the circumstances of the Province at that time, and its impotency to do for itself what the Dominion Government had agreed to do for it, that the issue did not justify some measure of self-satis- faction? A railway 3,000 miles long to be begun within two years; $100,000 a year in lieu of lands to be given for the railway in question; 80 cents per head of a population computed at 60,000; deliverance from $1,500,000 of debt; $500,000 for a dry dock at Esquimalt; superannuation of officials; $.15,000 a year in sup- port of the Government; 5 per cent, per annum on the difference between the debt and that of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick pro rata of the population; Indians to be cared for by the Dominion and nine representatives at Ottawa, three Sena- tors and six members in the House of Commons. In lieu of this the Provincj gave up the land included in the railway belt, and customs and excise revenues, These terms were subsequently modified to some extent, favourably to the Prov- ince, but not in any essential respect. Looking at it from the standpoint of to-day it would be a difficult task in- deed, and perhaps a not over-wise one, to decide as to which of the two parties to the negotiations really made the better bargain. Speculation would not be quite idle as to what this Province would be standing alone as a Crown Colony; but we cannot come to a definite conclusion. Great life and energy have been im- parted to the people and great development has resulted. The foundation has been laid for things many times greater in comparison, the magnitude of which we are not yet in a position to realize. It is true the Province is paying a sub- stantial dividend yearly to the Dominion for the latter' s investment, and is not in debt for the advantages it has derived. On the other hand, the Dominion assumed enormous obligations, under which she stag- gered for a time, to carry out the terms of the bargain with British Columbia, but Canada to-day without the West would not rank higher in the category of countries than one of the States of the American Union. With the prestige which a transcontinental line with its trans-Pacific connections has given her, with the markets that have been afforded to her manufacturers thereby, and the wealth that has been added to her domain, the taking of British Col- umbia into the family compact has constituted it the supreme achievement of Confederation. To come back to the starting point of Confederation in British Columbia: that may be said to have been the union of Vancouver Island with the Mainland. No doubt the dissatisfaction in the Westminster district over tlie removal of the Capital had much to do in stimulating the movement, and its foremost advocates belong to the Mainland. It is true that the Hon. Amor de Cosmos, in Victoria, had been among the first — if he was not indeed the first — to publicly advocate it in his paper, the "Standard." However, it first came prominently to the front during the session of 1867, when a resolution was unanimously passed in its favour, requesting Possibilities Opened Up. \ \ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. SI The Agitation for It. Gov. Seymour "to take measures without delay to secure the admission of British Columbia into the Confederation on fair and equitable terms." Ciov, Seymour, it may be remarked, was at first not favouiu!;)" disjiosed to a Local Causes- union with Canada, and whatever his inlluentc with the Execu- tive may have been in this regard is not known; but at all events, when the session of the following year was held, little or no progress had been made in the direction indicated by the resolution in question, and, as a matter of fact, the members of the Government seemed to have changed their attitude in regard to it, and when the subject was again introduced it met with overwhelming opposition. A.s a result of the action taken, or, rather, not taken, by the Execu- tive Council, an agitation was started throughout the country for the purpose of bringing it to ^n issue. At a public meeting held in Victoria on January 29th, 1868, a committee was appointed, consisting of Messrs. James Trimble, Amor de Cosmos, I. W. Powell, J. R. Findlay, R. Wallace and H. E. Seeley, who drew up ;ind signed a memorial, which set forth, among other things, the resolution unanimously passed by the Legislative Council, already referred to; that a public meeting had been held at the same time expressing concurrent views with the Legislative Council; that the people of Cariboo had held in the previous December a highly enthusiastic meeting, and unanimously passed a resolution in favour of immedi- ately joining the Dominion; that public opinion was overwhelmingly in favour of Confederation; that there was only a small party other than Anncxaionists who were opposed; that nearly all the offices belonged to the latter party; that there was only a small party in favour of annexation to the United .States; that Governor Seymour had not made any representations to the Dominion Government asking for admission. as requested; that the Legislative Council, composed as it was of officials and others subject to the will of the Government, could not be depended upon to express the will of the people, and so on. These and other representations were contained in the memorial which was addressed to the Dominion Govern- ment. Hon. S. L. Tilley, the Minister of Customs, sent the following reply, dated Ottawa, March 2Sth, 1868: "The Canadian Government desires union with British Columbia, and has opened communication with the Imoerial Government on the subject of the resolutions, and suggests im- mediate action by your Legislators and a passage of an address to Her Majesty requesting union with Canada. Keep us info'-mcd of progress." On the 2ist of May of the same year a Confederation League was formed in the city of Victoria, of which the following gentlemen formed the Executive Committee: James Trimble (Mayor), Capt. Stamp, Dr. Powell, J. F. (now Hon. Justice) McCreight, Robert Beaven, J. D. Norris, George Pearkes. R. Wallace, C. Gowen, M. W. Gibbs, Amor de Cosmos and George Fox. The League began with a nxmbcrship of one hundred in Victoria, and branches were formed in several places on the Island and the Mainland. In Victoria, prominent among those who opposed Confederation was Dr. Helmcken, then a vigorous speaker and writer, who made his opposition much felt. On July the ist of the same year, what was described as "a largely attended and spirited open-air meeting" was held at Barkcrville, Cariboo, at \vhi:h strong Canada Demands Union. m 52 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBI/^ M 1! Cnrlboo In Favour. Convention at Yale. resolutions were passed unaninT^ ^sly condemning the Govrrnment for op;iosing Confederation and favouring "some organized and systematic mode of obtaining 111 ssion into tlie Dominion of Canada." At this nueting Mr. j. S. Tlionipson, afterwards a mcniher of Parliament, made an effective and eloquent speech in moving a re-ohition. wliich. by the way, was seconded by Mr. Cornelius Booth, now Supervisor of the Rolls for the Province. Before the meeting adjourned a committee of five was appointed to carry out the wishes of the meeting in furthering what had been advocated. Tiie next most important step in the agitation was the holding on S.'ptember 14th the somewhat celebrated Convention at Yale, at which most of the Lading men of the Province were present. A committee was then appointed, composed of Hon. Amor de Cosmos, Messrs. Macmillan. Wallace and Norris, of Victoria; Hon. John Robson, New Westminster; and Hon. Hugh Nelson, of Burrard Inlet, to carry out the objects of the Convention. The proceedings of this Convention were very much criticised at Ae time, and were the subject of not a little ridicule on the part of those who were opposed to the movement. At the next meeting of the Legislature, in 1869, tlie question was again brought up, with the result that the Government carried an adverse resolution as follows; "That this Council, impressed w.tn the conviction that under existing circumstances the Confederation of this colony with the Dominion of Canada would be undesirable, even if practicable, would urge upon Her Majesty's Gov- ernment not to take any steps toward the present cctisummation of such union." Messrs. Carrall, Robson, Havelock, Walkem and Humphrey.^., who stated that they had been returned .is Confederationists, entered a protest against the passage of the resolution, and placed on record t'.ieir disa;)proval of t!ie action of the Government. Despite the attitude taken by the Government, events about this time began to hasten that which facilitated in rather an unexpected way the bringing about of Confederation. There was considerable talk of annexation on the part of, it is true, an inconsiderable minority of American citizens, and a petition, whih was circulated and signed principally by the latter, was sent to the President of t'le United States, praying for admission into the Union. In June cf that ye ir Gov. ernor Seymour, whose sympathies and influence during the preliminary portion of the agitation for Confederation had been on the side of those who were opposed to it, but whose opposition, we are led to understand, was subscMjuently withdrawn — the result of his visit to England — died. Anthony Musgra e. whose inst'u:tions were to Lrin^-^ abont Confederation as speedily as possible in conformity with the Imperial policy, succeeded him. Gov. Musgrave, we are told, "was admirably fitted for the work of reconciling the opi.osing elements, and his efforts were eas'ly succes.-ful." Since the time that the first '•esolution liad ;>assed the House, when it was unini- mously agreed to, the events in Canada h.;d led to a tempor iry uamper in the enthusiasm at first displayed over ConfederaUon. There was the dissatisf:'ction existing in Nova Scotia, which did not augur well for the success of tie Union, and the trouble in Manitoba, which at the time the L'-gi-lative Council sat, in 1870, had .i-A yet been sett'ed sati^factorilj'. These no doubt created some unrest in the niimls of some of t'le lead- ing men in the colony, especially in Victoiia, as to the wisdom of jcinin; hands with tne Dominion v.liile as yet Conl'ederation was, so to speak, only in the Hastened '.y Events. The Fi.>.>Iintt El»c\v'!U-ie # V AND MANUAL OF rROVINCIAL 1NI'( JRMATIOX. 53 The Terms Proposed. experimental stage. There were in British Cohinibia sonic indii-aiinns of iinp-ovt'- ment of the situation, owing to mining cxcitenicnt, the result of s me new dis- coveries, and it was thou^lit by some, notably Dr. Hchncken, that it wou'd be better to wait a little longer in order to judge more accurately of the r.s ilt< O'' Confederation in the other I'rovinccs, and in case of times improving, as seemed probable, British Columbia would be in a better position to d mand her own teims than if she went into the Union on the first iiivitat.on. However, Gov. Musgrave was anxious to carry out his instnictious, and no doubt wished to have the honour of bringing the matter to a succssful issue during his term of office, and he succeeded, as we shall see, in bringing the Exec- utive to his way of thinking. I'rior to the session of i«7o he had. aitli his Council, framed resolutions to lay before tliem so as to enable him t(j deal with the Government of Canada. It was agreed that the terms of Union should not be finally accepted until ratified by the people, and authority was to b " a ked to reconstitute the Legislative Council, so as to allow the majority of its nienibers to be formally returned for electoral districts, and thus obtain an ex'.)ie;>.ion of opinion of the people of the colony. The terms of union proposed by the Governor were, briefly Canada to assume the debt of British Columbia: to pay $35,000 yearly for the support of the local Government, and 80 cents per head of the population, to bs rated at 120,000, the rate of 80 cents to be continued until the i,opulation reach.'d 400,000, the subsidy thereafter to remain fixed; to commence at on e tie sur/ey for a line of railway; to complete a waggon road to Lake Superior within three years after Confederation, and not less than $1,000,000 to be spent in any one year in its construction: to guarantee 5 per cent, interest on a loan of £100,000 for the construction of a graving dock at Esquimalt; to provide fortnightly steam communication with San r'rancisco: to give regular communication with Nanaimo and the interior; to build and maintain a Marine Hospital, a Lunatic Asylum and a Penitentiary; to maintain the Judi- ciary and the Post Office and Customs services; to use its inlluence to retain Esquimalt as a station for Her Majesty's ships and to establish a volunteer » and best energies may be bent to a task which will t:ix all our patriotism, all our forbea'-ancc, all our abnegation of self and selfish aims; to conibire all our individual powers into one great, •inited effort for the common good." He then invoked the Divine blessing in the following words: "^May He who holds the fate of nations in tiie hollow of His A Vlemota')lc Debate. 54 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA hand, and crowns witli success, or brings to naught the councils of men, guide all our deliberations to such an issue as siiall promote the p. ace, honour and welfare of our Most Gracious SovcrciKn, and of this and all ciher portions of her extended realm." His speech in introducing tiie resolution above was brief, but lucid and eloquent. "This issue is," lie remarked, "Confederation or no Confed- eration," and pungently added, "Your question, Mr. President, that I dr> now leave the chair, means: Will you refuse Confederation at any price or will vou have it on favourable terms? That is the issue before us now." Thus was launched a discussion, wliicli, vigorously conducted for a number of da>s, landed the Province of British Columbia in the arms of the Dominion. The debate to go into Committee of the Whole lasted three days, and nine days were occupied in discussing the details in committee. Some notable speeches were made, and probably no debate since that time brought into re(|uisition greater talent, or better sustained and more dignified oratory in the Legislative Assembly. They were able men, some of tliem, wlio took part, Those Who and all the speakers were prominent in the affairs of the country. Tooki'art. Among them were Attorney-General Crease, Dr. Helmcken. Amor de Cosmos, Thomas Humphreys. M. W. T. Drake, John Rohson, Joseph Trutch. Hy Holbrook, T. L. Wood, F. J Barnard, R. W. W. Carrall, E. Dewdney, G. A. Walkem — nearly all of whom are familiur to the newest comers as men liaving taken a Iiigli place in the affairs of tlio Province. It would be impossible in a limited space to give even in outline the salient points in the debate, which, by the way, was reported for the Legislative Council by W. Sebright Green, whose name is familiar to those who read tlie i)roieed- ings of the Royal Colonial Institute. He has read several important papers at its meetings, and takes a deep interest in colonization matters. Following the Hon. the Attorney-Genrral came Dr. Helmcken, from whom the principal opposition arose. In the course of his remarks he said: "The honorable gentleman laid great stress upon the consolidation of British interests on this coast; but I say. sir, that however much we are in favour of consolidating British interests, our own must come first. Imoerial interests can well afford to wait. We are invited to settle this question now and forever; but I sav that we are not called upon to do so. The matter will come before tlie people after the propose*- terms have been submitted to the Dominion Government; and it will very likely happen that if these terms were rejected and others of a mean nature substituted by the Government of Canada for the consickration of the people of this colony, other issues may come up at the polls, and amongst them the question whether there is no other place to which this colony can go but Canada. Whatever may be the result of the present vote, it is impossible to deny the probability of the lesser being absorbed by the greater, and it cannot be regarded as improbable that ultimately not only this colony but the .vhole of the Dominion of Canada will b^' absorbed by the United States." As has already been stated. Dr. Helmcken dwelt largely on the fact that the time was inopportune to open the question, because he indi- cated that the new gold discoveries would bring a large population to the I'rov- ince and that the present depression would be swept away, and tiiat in that event the Province would be in a better position to go to the Dominion and negotiate for terms. In noticing the drawbacks of the colony he said: "The United States hem us in on every side. It is the nation by which we exist. It is a nation which Dr. Hclmcken's Position. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 55 has made this colony what it is; but, nevertheless, it is one of our greatest draw- backs. We do not enjoy her advantages, nor do we profit much by them. We do not share her prosperity, and we are far too small to !)c rival^. The elTict of a large body and a small body being brought into contact is that the larger will adopt the smaller and ultimately absorb it. And again, I say so, sir; I say tl'.at the United States will probably ultitnatoly absorb both this colony and the Dominion of Canada. Canada will, in all probability, desire quite as much to join her ultimately as we do now to join the Dominion." Dr. Helmcken also objected to the Canadian tariff, which was lower than tliat of British Columbia at tlio time, and coiiseciuently unfavourable to the deyeIoi)nicnt of the agrictiltur.il industry. This was a matter that was very strongly dwelt upon by nearly all the member , and it was held that m arranging the terms the Dominion Government would bo specially induced to look after the interests of this Province and see that tiie farmers were protected from competition from the neighbouring territory of Washington and Oregon. The doctor held that the Confederation would be inimical to nearly every interest of the Province and particularly to the farmers. He said it would be inimical to brewers, to the spar trade, to the i'lshories, whulitii^ pursuits and the lumber business. Of all the speeches delivered his may be said to have been the most original. The Canadlaa Tariff. Hon. Mr. Drake. Hon. Mr. Drake, member for Victoria City, moved the six months' hoist saying: "I need not state, sir, that I have always been opposed to Confederation. I have consistently opposed Federation on any terms up to the present time, and I do not see any reason now to change my opinion." Mr. Drake took very much the same line of objection as Dr. Helmcken. He spoke particularlv in regard to the Canadian tarifT, which he said would place the farmers of British Columbia at a very great disadvantage com- pared with those of the United States. He claimed that distance from Canada, smallness of population, giving an insignificant representation in the Dominion Parliament, and the unsettled state of the intervening territory. would be insuperable barriers to the success of the scheme. The Hon. Mr. Ring, member for Nanaimo, seconded Mr. Drake's amendment, and spoke brieflv. Hon. Mr. Robson, it is needless to say, though opposed to the Government, took a strong and patriotic position in favour of the original resolution. He always favoured Confederation. hem ■hich Perhaps the strongest speech was made by Hon. J. W. Trutch, Ciiief Com- missioner of Lands and Works. His arguments were well presented, and his advocacy of Confederation moderate but firm. Regarding Canada, he said: "I believe, sii, that many of the objections which have been raised to Confederation have arisen from prejudiced feelings. I have no reason to be prejudiced against or partial to Canada. I believe that Canadians as a people are no better than others, and no worse. I have no ties in Canada, nor particular reason for entertaining any feeling of afTection for Canada." He repudiated some suggestions of Hon. Mr. Drake as follows: 'The honourable junior member for Victoria asks what guarantee have we that the terms will be carried out. I say at once, sir, if the terms are not carried out, if the Canadian Government repudiate their part of the agreement, we shall be equally at liberty to repudiate ours. We should, I maintain, be at liberty to Hon. Joseph Trutch. sfi YEAR nOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Mr Hon. Hnllirnok. Hon. Mr. Wood. Confederation. Ho i-r)iisi(lcir(l tlio tiiiu' w.t? most opportuiio IIo was in favour of the Province having t!ie right to make its own tariff sf) as to protect its farm- ing? interests, and hailed with pleasure the salmon laws of Canada and a submitted by Gov. Musgrave were agreed to, with a few exceptions, the principal of which were that the annual grant of $35,000 to be paid by tho Do- minion for the support of the Local Government was raised to $75,000, and the limit of population at which the amount of subsid> became fixed was changed from 400,000 to 1,000,000, and a series of supplementary resolutions added. Messrs. Helmcken, Trutch, and Carrall were chosen by the ^''* Executive to go to Ottawa to arrange the terms with the Dominion Government. The sum of $3,000 was voted to defray their expenses, and they left on May loth, 1870, by way of San Francisco. On the 7th of July the special correspondent of the "Colonist" tele- graphed as follows: "Terms agreed upon. The delegates are satisfied. Canada is favourable to immediate union and guarantees the railway. Trutch has gone to England. Carrall remains one mon:h. Helmcken and your correspondent are on their way home." The terms agreed upon have already been given in substance, and were con- firmed by the Legislature upon its first meeting thereafter. In connection with the terms of Confederation, submitted by Gov. Mus- grave, and adopted in substance by the Legislative Council, supplementary resolu- tions, as has already been stated, were passed, stating: i. That duties levied upon maltsters and brewers, under the Excise Law of Canada, would be detrimental to British Columbia, and requesting that no export duty should be charged on spars exported from British Columbia. 2. That the application of the Canadian tariff, while reducing the aggregate burden of taxation, would Supplementary injuriously aflfect the agricultural and commercial interests of Kesolutlor.s. . ., , . , . , , , . the community, and reqnestmg that f"^ecial rates of customs duties and regulations should be arranged for the colony. 3. Tiiat a geographical sur- vey of British Columbia be made, such survey to be commenced one year after Confederation. 4. And that all public works and propcty of British Columbia at the time of admission, except such public works and property as properly be- longed to the Dominion under the British North America Act, should belong to British Columbia, and all roads to be free of toll of every kind whatsoever. The terms of union agreed upon between the delegates from British Colum- bia and the Government of Canada differed from those adopted by the Legislative Council in the folio vvinfT important respects: That the population should be estimated at 60,000 instead of 120,000; that British Columbia should be entitled to six members in the House of Commons and three in the Senate, instead of eight members in the House of Commons and four in the Senate. The proposition for the construction of a waggon road from the main trunk road of British Columbia to Fort Garry was dropped, and the Dominion undertook to secure the commencement simultaneously, within two years of the date of the union, of the construction of a railway from the Pacific to the Rocky Mountains, and from a selected place east of the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, to connect the seabot^rd of British Columbia with the railway system of Canada and to tecure the completion of the railway within ten years from the ^''**"" Road jj^jg q{ union. For the construction of such railway the Govern- "'' ment of British Columbia agreed to convey to the Dominion Government a land grant similar in extent through the entire length of British Columbia, not to exceed twenty miles on each side of the line, to that appropriated AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 59 )lum- I'ative lid be ititled [ad of Itrunk Irtook >f the ktains, Innect Id to the bvern- union [ritish riated The Terms Agreed Upon. for the same purpose by the Dominion Government from lands in the North-West Territories and the Province of Manitoba, with this provision, how- ever, that the land held under a pre-emption right or Crown grant within the forty- mile belt should be made good to the Dominion from contiguous public lands. In consideration of the lands to be thus conveyed to the railway the Dominion Government agreed to pay to British Columbia from the date of union the sum of $100,000 per annum in half-yearly payments in advance. The charge of the Indians and the trusteeship and management of lands reserved for their use and benefit, were assumed by the Dominion Government. The con- stitution of the executive authority of the Legislature of British Columbia was to continue as existing at the time of union until altered under authority of the British North America Act, but it was understood that the Dominion Government would readily consent to the introduction of res- ponsible government when desired by British Columbia, and it was agreed by the Government of British Columbia to amend the constitution so as to provide that the majority of the Legislative Council should be elective. An election was held in November of 1870, in which it is unnecessary to state that the terms of Confederation were the main issue. The new Council met January Sth, 1871. Dr. Helmcken was nominated as Speaker, but declined. The terms of Confederation, as agreed upon, were passed unanimously, and an address was presented to His Excellency the Governor, praying that Her Majesty would be graciously pleased to admit British Columbia, under the provisions of the British North America Act, into the Dominion of Canada. Responsible government, for which the colony was fully prepared, was a natural consequence of Confederation, and a bill was introduced in the Council on the 31st of January, 1871, to give power to alter the constitution of British Co- lumbia. The bill was considered in committee of the whole and Responsible reported complete, and was formally adopted on February 6th. Government. ,t.. #- . • ■ i • • t . • ^ The first election under the new constitution took place in Oc- tober, 1871. Hon. Joseph Trutch, conspicuous in bringing about Confederation, had been appointed Lieutenant-Governor of the new Province. Hon. J. F. (now Justice) McCreight was called upon to form the first administration. Among those who were returned to the House, it would be interesting to know, were G. A. Walkem, Joseph Hupter, Cornelius Booth, J. P. Booth, J. A. Mara, John Robson, W. J. Armstrong, Robert Beaven, Simeou Duck, Amor de Cosmos, C. A. Semlin, all of whom, with two exceptions, Hon. John Robson and Hon. Amor de Cosmos, are still alive and prominent. It was not long before the question of the Canadian Pacific Railway began to give cause for trouble, which existed in a more or less aggravated form for seven or eight years. Few people, even in British Columbia, imagined that the terms of union so far as the railway was concerned would be strictly adhered to, but of course they expected a bona fide attempt to commence and complete it within the time specified. Few people, either, probably had considered fully the magnitude of the enterprise and the difficulties to be overcome. Sir Joseph Trutch, one of the del^ates. was fully cognizant of the difficulties, however, when he made a speech at Ottawa in reply to the toast to his health at a banquet given in his honour before his visit to England. Speaking about the limit of time, he said: "If it had been put at twelve or fifteei\ years, British Columbia would have I r 60 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA been just as well satisfied, and if the estimated period had been reduced to eight yeart; it would not have been better pleased. But some definite period for the completion of this work the delegates from British Columbia Nottoi»chui- insisted upon as a necessary safeguprd to our colony in entering Tilled Literally. . , , ^^ . _, , , . . mlo t'.ie proposed Union. To argue that any other mterp etation will be placed upon this railway engagement by British Columbii than that which I have given to you as my construction of it, to argi.;-; that she expects that it will hr carried out in the exact interpretation of the v/ords themselves regardless of all circumstances, is a fallacy which cannot bear the test of common sense. I am sure you will find that British Columbia is a pretty intelligent com- munity, which will be apt to take a business view of the matter. She will expect that this railway shall be commenced in two years, for that is clearly practicable, and she will also expect that the financial ability of the Dominion will be exerted to its utmost, within the limit of reason, to complete it within the time named in the agreement. But you may rest assured that she will not regard this railway agreement as a 'cast iron contract,' as it has been called, or desire that it should be carried out in any other way than as will secure the prosperity of the whole Dominion, of which she is a part. I have understood this railway engagement in this way from the first, and still so understand it." Immediately after the ratification of the terms of union the work of ex- ploration and survey began, but at the end of the time limit, Tst of July, 1873. explorations had only been carried on to an extent sufficient to determine the direction in which the experimental surveys should proceed It is needless at this date to enter into the details of the several syndicates that were formed for the purpose of building the proposed Canadian Pacific Railway, or the rather disastrous termination of the Sir John Macdonald Government as the result of the scandal in connection therewith. Hon. Alex, ander Mackenzie was called to power. Previous to the change, however, the Government of British Columbia had been notified that Esquinialt had been selected as the terminus of the railway. When Hon. Mr. Mackenzie assumed the management of affairs his policy in regard to the construction of the railway was opposed to that of his predecessors, inasmuch as he believed in going more slowly and in building the line as the resources of the Dominion would allow, refusing to be bound by the terms made by the preceding Gov- ernment in regard to the time limit. Out of this change of policy grew the subsequent dissatisfaction and agitation which troubled the Province for several years. Previous to the incoming of the Mac- kenzie Administration surveys had been carried on in British Columbia in order to ascertain the best route by way of Yellow Head Pass. One of these was the Fraser route with its terminus at Burrard Inlet; one to Esquimalt via Bute Inlet, by crossing the Seymour Narrows, and the other down the Skeena River. In 1874 Hon. Alex. Mackenzie introduced his Pacific Railway Bi!l, by which the line was divided into four sections: the first extending from Lake Nipissing to the west end of Lake Superior; the second from Lake Superior to the Red River in Manitoba; the third from Red River to some point between Fort Edmonton and the Rocky Mountains; the fourth from the western terminus of the third section to some point in British Columbia. The Mackenzie Govern- ment declined to accept Esquimalt as the terminus of the railway and made Dissatisfaction Arose. I 4 I 2 3 4 5 6 I. 2. 3. 4. 5. At Glacier. Snowsheds at lllecillewaet. Above Yale. Kamloops. Anthracite. 6. Yale, back view VIEWS ON THE C, P. R. iii i', VIEWS ON THE CARIBOO WAGGON ROAD. i^ 4 0' \ '"V* J \ r ^ (/) q: O z X ili o ili UJ = Q 0) U - O II m S s m 0) ^^^^k'A'- .1^1 EH .#* ^^^^^^^^^^ '>■' ^^^^H ^^^^^A^ ' ^Jn^^l V » ^^^^^B y ^^^K ^^PKI^I •« ^^^^^■/ ^^^^^ t ^Bi^uH ^* ^^n^ rr ■1 ^ViS r^ B^^^^lffi^^^^^HHi ■/. ^^^^^m ^ '""^ ' ' ' .. ' :<>S^ /. ^r CO = r^ p ^■Bl BtmBb ^h' z ^^Hwf4^ HUf -i ' ^B^PBi^ H ?3 PI AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 6S Carnarvon Terms. Other alterations in the plans of construction, which were unsatisfactory to the Provincial authorities. In Victoria, especially, there was a very strong feeling of resentment, to some extent the result of the delay in construc- '^"'TMm'nus""' tion, but largely arising out of the fact that the Dominion Gov- ernment preferred a Mainland terminus to that of Esquimalt. A rupture was at any time imminent. Strong protests were lodged with the Do- minion and Imperial authorities. Mr. J. D. Edgar, a confidential agent of t'ie Mackf nzie Government, was sent out to British Columbia to assure the people of the desire of that Government to do them justice; but the Government of Brit- ish Columbia, being in anything but an amiable mood, refused to negotiate with the delegate in question, inasmuch as he was not clothed with proper credentials, and he was recalled. The Lieutenant-Governor complained to the Imperial Gov- ernment that a breach of contract had been committed by the Federal authorities in not carrying out the terms of Confederation. In the same year Hon. Mr. Walkem, Attorney-General, proceeded to England with a petition from the Executive Council of British Columbia. While there he negotiated what are known as the "Carnarvon Terms." These provided that the rail- way from Esquimalt should be commenced and completed with- out delay; that surveys on the Mainland should be pushed with vigour; that a waggon road and telegraph line should be immediately constructed; that $2,000,000 a year should be the minimum of expenditure within the Province on the railway construction after the completion of the surveys; that the railway should be completed and opened for trafhc to Lake Superior on or before the first o^ January, 1891. These terms were agreed to by the Dominion Government. Owing to a bill for the purpose of giving the terms effect being defeated in the Senate, further delay arose and further protests were made by British Columi ia. Feeling was so acute that separation was loudly threatened. It was to allay this feeling that Lord Dufferin visited the Province in i8;6, during which he made his celebrated speech. While materially His Excellency's visit did not do muc'i to advance the interests of the railway, it certainly did much to relieve for a time the strained relations then existing between the Province and the Dominion. The railway made no progress and matters continued to grow worse till 1878, when a petition was forwarded to the Queen, asking that the Province be permitted to withdraw from '.he Union unless the "Carnarvon Terms" were carried cut. A definite pledge was received in the early part of 1878 that the LordDui>rin's ^^^^ ^j construction in British Columbia would be begun that season and the work pushed vigorously. In this year came about the defeat of the Mackenzie Administration, and Sir John Macdonald's Goveirn- ment at first desired to ascertain if some other route was not partible by which Victoria could be reached than that down the Fraser Valley; but tht selection of Port Moody made by Hon. Alexandc Mackenzie was subsequently confirmed and the Government contracted with Mr. Onderdonk for the construction of the lite from Emory's Bar to Savonas Ferry. The Provincial Government, however, dei'ired to see the line on the Island begun as well, and strongly pressed this mat- ter on the Federal authorities. Not receiving any satisfactory reply, Hon. Amor De Cosmos was :f;nt to England to present a petition to the Queen. The Earl of Kim- berley, then Secretary of State, proposed as a basis of settlement the construction of a light line of railway from Esquimalt to Nanaimo; the extension of the Can- 66 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The Settle. sent Act been begun under the W?) completion the Go.' rar.dri Dominion work; th ' th<: D' conveyed to it a" lan'^• adian Pacific line, without delay, to Port Moody; and. the grant of reasonable compensation money for failure to complete the work within ten years. In 18S3, in the first year of Mr. Smithe's administration, after the defeat of Mr. Beaven in 1882, the Settlement Act was passed, by which all issues between the Province and the Dominion were finally disposed of. By this Act a subsidy of $750,00*') was pledged by the Dominion Government for the construction of the Island Railway, which, with a liberal grant of land from the Provincial Government, secured the construction and completion of the Esquimalt & Nanaimo Railway. By the Act in question the drv dock at Esquimalt, construction of "h •ih Lad .2m Beaven Administration, provided that upon its c' (anada .should lake it over and operate it as a '; .ninion Government should be entitled to and have 'inpr thereto, together with the Imperial appropria- tion; and pay to the i iovinct the price therefor $250,000 in addition to the amounts that had been expended or remained due up to the passing of the Act. In the meantime a syndicate had been formed tu build the Canadian Pacific Railway as a private enterprise. The terms and conditions upon which the syndi- cate entered upon this gigantic work are too well known to enumerate them here at any length. Suffice it to say, therefore, that the Dominion agreed to give the syndicate $25,000,000 in cash, 2S,0'»c,ooo acres of land, guarantee its bonds to the extent of 3 per cent, for a number of years, allow all material necessary in the construction of the line to be imported free of duty, turn over to it such por- tions of the line as were already constructed and in operation and build other sections, the total value of these being estimated at $15,000,000. The grand total value of the aid or subsidy amounted to about $65,000,000. Politically it created a great deal of excitement in Canada at the time. The syndicate agreed to complete the road by May ist, 1891. Thus all difficulties and delays were put an end to, and when the Settlement Act of 1883 was passed the term of Confederation may be said to have been finally consummated and not before. The entering into Confederation in 1870 was merely formal; the reality came about and the Province was satisfied only when it was assured beyond all doubt that the railway for which it bargained with the Do- minion would be completed. It is well known that the road was completed five years before the limit specified in the agreement between the syndicate and the Dominion Government, and the first through train reached Port Moody on July 4th, 1886. The story ^j^^ foregoing is the story of Confederation in so far as it con- Completed. „ T .,-,,,. ,, , cerns British Columbia. Vancouver s train service was inaugur- ated May 23rd, 1887, the first through train having reached the Terminal City on that day, since which date a regular daily east and west-bound service has been maintained. The C.P.R. Sya- dlcate Formed.' ♦Story of Confederation.— The foregoing was a contribution of the author to the Souvenir Edition of the Vancouver "World," June, 1896. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 67 THE PRESS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. I'enir 1 THE firr,'; paper rtarted in British Columbia was under the auspices of the late Roman Catholic Bishop Demers, assisted by the Comte de Garro, a Frenchman who had left Paris during the political troubles consequent upon the Napoleonic coup d'etat in 1851. The Bishop had a plant of old- fashioned French type and an old-fashioned hand-press, and he was am- bitious to print a newspaper on the Island, mostly devoted to Church interests. About two numbers were published, at Victoria, and then the paper died for want of support. Early in 1858 the "rush" as it is called too >iace to Fraser River con- sequent upon the discovery of gold. A numb;., -^f /. su^ricans led the "rush" and, as now in the Kootenay country, took prr ^^Ci * positions at once in business and mining. The firm of Whitton, Towne Sr. Ci .carted a paper called the "Vic- toria Gazette." This was followed by Frederick Marriott, an Englishman, but a resident of California, who started a paper f* whe "Vancouver Island Gazette." The last named lived about four or five weeks. The "Victoria Gazette" lived until December, 1858, when it died, and in the meanwhile the Hon. Amor De Cosmos had secured possession of Bishop Demers' plant and commenced the publication of a tri-weekly paper called the "British Colonist," and from this inception the present "Colonist" has continued ever since. The New Westminster "Times" was printed by E. Hammond King, and was a Government organ, supporting the Government of Sir James Douglas and the Hudson's Bay Co.'s regime, while the "Colonist" was opposed to the Govern- ment and Hudson's Bay Co.'s rule, ^.eonard McClure was the editor of the New Westminster "Timei," which was removed to New Westminster Along-Winded ^^^^ jj^^j g^ortly afierwards. McClure was ine man who made Editor. . speaking for t the following the longest speech ever made by any public spe. sixteen hours. He died from the fatigue consequent upon his eti year in California. The "Daily Times." the "Telegraph," the "Express," the "News," and the "Standard," followed in rapid succession at Victoria. The "Chronicle" was estab- lished in 1862 by Mr. D. W. Higgins and Mr. McMillan, now Sheriff. The com- petition was keen, and when the telegraph lines were extended to Victoria in t866 the "Colonist" succumbed to the hard times and sold out to the "Chronicle." Mr. Higgins continued the paper from 1866 to 1886, when he sold out and retired from the newspaper business. The "Evening Post" was established in 1880 by Wm. McDowell, and lived only a couple of years. The present "Times" was established about 1884. The "Standard" lived about twenty years. The daily newspaper field is now occupied by the "Colonist" and "Times." The "Province" is a weekly publication, the only one that has ever shown any vitality or staying power. On the Mainland, however, newspaper life was uncertain. New Westminster II 68 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA On the Mainland. Editorial CollUlans. had several di.ily publications, chief among them being the "Herald." the "Times" and the "Columbian"; the last named alone survives. The "Cariboo Sentinel," printed at Barkerville by a famous editor of the day, George Wallace, paid handsomely for several years, and only died after the placer mines were exhausted and the populatii^n had departed for other fields. The "Yale Tribune" was another pioneer weo iy, but it only existed for a brief season. The "Inland Sentinel" is the oldest .lews- paper in the interior, but the discoveries in Kootenay have breathed life into the nostrils of many enterprises, and several new publications — two of them daily — are in the enjoyment of a vigorous existence, with every prospect of a long and useful career. There have been frequent collisions between the newspaper press and the Courts in consequence of complaints of libel, etc., and on three occasions only the press came into collision with the Legislature. On one occa- sion, in 1861, Mr. DeCosmos of the "Colonist" was brought up for a libel on Mr. Speaker Helmcken, now Hon. Dr. Helm- cken, and was arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms, and, while the Legislature deliberated what was to be done, he apologized and was liberated. On another occasion the proprietors of the "Chronicle" were charged with libel on G. E. Dennes, member for Salt Spring Island in the Colonial Legislature of Vancouver Island, and were debarred for one week from sending reporters to the Gallery. The third occasion was when the Kennedy Brothers (the "Columbian," New Westminster) were arraigned, five years ago, for libel on members of the Legislature. They were arraigned at the Bar, and, refusing to apologize, sen- tenced to be imprisoned by the Speaker, Hon. Mr. Higgins, until the Legislature had been prorogued. This it did in the course of a day or two, and they were liberated by the Speaker's order. The first cylinder press was placed in operation in the "Colonist" office in the summer of 1862, and steam was first applied to a printing press in the same office in 1876. The foregoing reminiscences of the press were kindly supplied by the Hon. D. W. Higgins, who is appropriately referred to as the "Father of Journalism" in British Columbia. They refer principally to newspapers of the earlier period of the Province's history. In addition to those referred to, there were ventures of an evanescent character, almost too numerous to mention. The journalistic field has nearly always been crowded. Owing to sparseness of population, the constituency was ever limited, and, consequently, the support too meagre to make them permanent undertakings. Among the comic papers that attempted an existence were the "Scorpion" and the "Comet," two lively but short-lived journals, the latter of which was pro- moted by Mr. John Fannin, present Curator of the Provincial Museum. The "Free Pressj" of Nanaimo, a well-established daily, started in 1875. and has outlived numerous rivals, the latest being the "Telegram" and "Mail." The pioneer newspapers of Vancouver were the "News," the "Advertiser" and the "Herald," all at an early period merged into the present "News- Advertiser." The "World," an evening paper, wr^z established in the fall of 1888. For several years the "Telegram," founded in 1890, was a rival evening, and, subsequently, a morni.ig paper, but succumbed to financial difficulties in 1893. The "Mainland .More Recent Ventures. f AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORNrATION. 6q Guardian," owned by Mr. Suter, was published weekly in New Westminster for a number of years, and was succeeded in 1890 by the "Daily Truth," and subse- quently changed to the "Ledger," for some time defunct. Donald, Steveston, Mission City, Surrey and Lardo, in recent years each had its whilom journalistic mouthpiece. The journalistic "boncyard" of British Columbia is full of remains. At the present time jou.'nalism is well represented, and, speaking generally, the press is vigorous and well conducted; mure espe- cially in the mining regions of Kootenay and Yale has there been a development corresponding to the mining activity. The following is a list of newspapers in the Province at the present time: Namb op PArER. Advance B. 0. Commercial Journal. B. C. Mining Journal B. C. Mining Record Boundary Creek Times Cbilliwack ProgreHf) Coloniiit ( Daily) ColoniHt Columbian (Daily) Columbian Enterprise Cast Kootenay Miner Grand Forks Miner Golden Kra Inland Sentinel International Kootenaian Kootenay Mail Kamloops Standard I.edge Miner Mining Critic Mining Review Nanaimo Free Press Nanaimo Free Press News-Advertiser News-Advertiser Nelson Kconomist Paystreak Pros^jector Province Revelstoke Herald Review Rossland livening Record, Rossland Weekly Record., Rossland Miner Rossland Weekly Miner.. Rosslander Silverton Sitvertonian Slocan City News. Slocan Pioneer Trail Creek Miner Trail Creek News Tribune Vernon News Victoria Daily Times Victoria Times Wawa ■Weekly nudget. '. . .' Weekly News. Western Recreation World World KniTOR OR Manager. Kind. Prick I'KH Annum W. H. Norris J. C. Henderson K. S. Reynolds A. negg (deceased). . . W. J. Harber W. T. Jackman W. H. Kllis. W. H. Kllis Kennedy Bros j Kennedy Bros Blake & Ramsay | Kast Kootenay Pub. Co G. K. McCarter | A. K. Ilaggen F. J. Deane Brown & Penrose I). W.King Atkins & Smith J. T. Robinson R. T. Lowery W. A. Jowett M. Gradwohl I Goo. Norris Geo. Norris I F. C. Cotton ! F. C. Cotton 1). M. Carley 1 K. C. Bi.s.sell j A. B.Grace I A. H. Scnife I (i. K. Geogan G. H. Cross Kber C. Smith Kber C. Smith ; H. W. C.Jackson. ... H. W. C Jack.son W. H. Jones 1 Cameron & Hutterfielu. D. R. Young J. C. McKadden 1 C. K. Trail VV. V. Thompson R. Renwick J. A.McKelvie W. Templeman W. Templeman Rev. Father I„e Jeune. . J. G.Webster | M. Whitney j C. H. Gibbons I J. C. McLagan , J. C. Mcl.agan i Weekly.. Weekly.. Weekly . . Monthly . Weekly.. Weekly Morning Semi- Weekly. Kvening Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Wiekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Daily Semi- Weekly. Morning Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Semi- Weekly. Weekly livening Weekly Daily Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Weekly Kvening Semi- Weekly. Monthly Weekly Weekly Mojithly .. . . Daily Semi-Weekly. $2 00 Husp'd Pi.ACK OK Publi- cation. a 00 I I 00 I • a 00 I I 50 10 00 I 50 8 00 1 00 a 00 a 00 a 00 a 00 3 00 2 00 a 00 a 00 3 00 a 00 a 00 3 00 a 00 8 00 I 50 8 00 a 00 a J a 00 I 50 1 00 3 00 a 00 10 00 a 00 o 00 a 00 3 00 2 00 3 uo 3 00 « 50 3 00 la 00 2 00 00 1 50 I 00 1 00 2 00 Susp'd 8 00 I 50 Midway Victoria Ashcroft Victoria (Greenwood Chilliwack .... Victoria Victoria New Westminster New Westminster Wellington Golden Grand Forks.. . Golden Kamloops Wardner Kaslo Revelstoke Kamloops New Denver. ... Nelson Vancouver Sandon Nanaimo Nanaimo Vancouver Vancouver Nelson Sandon Fort Steele Victoria Revelstoke Nanaimo Rossland Rossland Rossland Rossland Rossland Silverton Slocan City Slocan City Trail Trail Nelson Vernon Victoria Victoria Kamloopf: Vancouver.... .. Union Victoria Vancouvi r Vancouver 1S94 ib9i «hy5 1891 1858 1896 I8a6 186a 1097 1896 I8yl l8tio I897 18^6 1897 1897 1893 1890 1897 1897 1874 1874 1886 1886 1897 1896 1895 1894 1897 1897 189O 1896 1896 1895 1893 1897 1896 1897 1897 1894 1893 189I 1884 1896 1896 1892 1897 1888 1888 PACIFIC COAST DATES. [ : li EVERY important event which has transpired on the Pacific Coast since its original discovery by Balboa in 1513 has had an influence, directly or indi- rectly, on the country as it is to-day. A list of dates is given below which outlines in a chronological way the voyages of the Spanish, Dutch, English, French, and Russian navigators up to the be^^inning of the present century, and also the more important events of a national and political character. This will afford a preliminary knowledge of a period of over 300 years, and is followed by the more important dates pertaining to British Columbia since the fixing of the Oregon Boundary in 1846. The period between 1795. after the abandonment of Nootka, and 1818, is marked only by the arrival of numerous trading vessels, principally British and American, but including those of other nations as well. Subsequent to iSiS, the history of the Coast to 1846 is practically the history of the North-West and Hudson's Bay Companies, and so far as the territory on the coast of what is British Columbia is concerned, that period may be extended to 1858. During the long interval of fifty ^ycars the principal voyages were in ships trading on behalf of those corporations. LIST OF VOYAGES. 1513 1517 1518 1519 1519 1530 1531 15*7 15»8 i53a-35 1533 1535 1539 it nalboii sees the Pncific HurtBdo in Oulfof Costa Rica Discovery Mexico Kspinosa in Gulf of Costa Kica Cortc7- Magellan rounds the Horn Conquest Mexico Pi«nrro Maldonado 1530-1550 Cabeza de Vaca.Onzman.Niza and Cor- onada (in Central America) Mendoza Becerra, Grijalva and Jemenez Conquest Peru Francisco de Ulloa 1539-43 Wanderings of De Soto 1540 Alnrcon and Coronado 1543 Rodrigues De Cabrillo 1543 Ferrilo 1578-79 Francis Drake's Kxpedition 1587 Cavendish 1592 Juan de Fuca discovers Strait 1602 Sebastian Viscaino and Martin de Aguilar 1616 Van Schouten and Lemaire round Cape Horn 1640 Admiral de Fuente 1681-83 Various Spanish Kxpeditions 1670 American Treaty 1697 Jesuit Missions, California 1713 Treaty of Utrecht 172a Behring Straits discovered by Behring 1728 Behring and Tchirikow first voyage on the N.W. coast 1729 Behring and Tchirikow second voyage on the N.W. coast T741 Behring and Tchirikow third voyage on the N.W. coast 1768 Krenitzen and Le Vashef 1768 F.xpulsion Jesuits, California 1769 San Francisco named 1769 Vicente Vila and Gaspard de Portola 1771 Polish Exiles, N.W, caost 1771 Land Expedition, California, by Don Joseph Galvez X774 Perez Voyage North 1775 Bodega and Heceta 1776-79 Capt. Cook 1778 Capt. Cook at Nootka 1779 Capt. Cook murdered 1779 Artenna and Bodega i7"3-84 North-West Fur Company founded 1785 Capt. Hanna 1785-88 I.a Perouse 1786 Peters (Russian) N.W. coast 1786 I.a I'crouse N.W. coast 1786 Second Voyage Capt. Hanna 1786 I.owrie and Guise 1785-88 Portlock and Dixon 1786 Discovery Fur Seal Islands 1786-87 Capt. Meares and Capt. Tipping 1787 Russians established Cook's Inlet 1787 Barkeley re-discovers Strait Juan de Fuca 1788 'v'eares enters Strait of Juan de Fuca 1787-88 ', vpts. Colnett and Duncan 1787-88 Ami.-ican Sloop " Washington" and Ship " Columbia" 1788-89 Captains Meares and Douglas 1788 Martinez and Haro 1788-89 Capts. Gray and Kendrick (American) 1788 Granting Alaska Fur Monopoly 1788 Launching first vessel, N.W. coast 1789 Spaniards possess Nootka 1789 "Nootka Affair" (17th Feb) 1789 Kendrick through Juan de Fuca Straits 1789 Capt. Metcalf 1790 X. V. Fur Company founded 1790 Nootka Treaty 1790 Baranoff Governor Alaska .1790 Quiniper, Fidalgo and Hlisa 1790 Hillings (N.W. coast) 1790-9T Malaspina (Italian in Spanish Service) 1791-1818 Various Trading Ves-sels 1791 Marchand (French) 1791 Magee and Roberts (American) 1791 Ingraham (American) 1791 Brown 1793 Galiano and Valdez 1792 Twenty-eight expeditions are recorded 179a Quadra at Nootka. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 71 Its tidi- lich ish, and will vcd ; of . is md liB, md : is ing on de lip 179a Cnpt fVcorgc Vancouver nnd Meutcnotit liroiighton 179J Oray eiitern Coliiinhtn River 179a Ilruiiulitoii eiiterN Cotiiinbia 1793 I'etcr I'liget in Vnncoiiver'ii verntel 1793 HIr Alexiuider Mnckenxie renchcM raclHc 1794 NoDtkn Convention, Mndrid 1795 H^mniiirdN nixindon Nootka '795 N ancouvor de|>artH 1799 KtiHorated (Dec. 21) 1874-76 Salmon Canning commenced. 1875 Loss of Str. " Pacific " (Nov. 4) 1H76 Lord Dufferin's \isit (Aug. is) 1H77 Labour Riots, Wellington 1877 Death of Sir James Douglas (Aug. 2) 1878 C.P.R. Route Selected 1878 Death of Hon. Henry Rhodes (Nov. 8^ 1879 Wellingttui Colliery l{xt>losion (April 17) 1879 Death of Senator Carrall 1880 First Work on C.P.R. by Syndicate 1880 Hsqiiimatt Drv Dock Startetl 1883 Settlement Act 1S84 Visit Mr. Van Home 18H5 Last Si>ike C.P.R. 1885 l'"lrst Train Burrard Itilft 1885 First Tea Ship 1885 First China-Japan Ship 1SS6 Vancouver City Startcil 1886 Vancouver Fire (Jt.ne 13) 1887 Visit Sir John MacDonald 1S87 Death Premier Smithe( Mar. 27) 1887 Mine p;xplosion, Nanalmo (May 3) 1889 Hon. A. !•;. B. Davie Died (July 31) 1H89 Nelson Started 1890 Kevclstoke Id id out 1891 Arrival Ftn.-ots.". "India" 1S92 Kaslo l.'.iil (Mar. 3) 1S94 <>»Mt,> Ct.ief J'isticr Iscgt^.e (June 11) 1895 Hi/-.:.]and Nai;i«'v^. 1896 Kloudyke di;iCovcries 72 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPLORERS, TRAVELLERS FUR TRADERS, ETC. Early Adventurers. IN the following list are indicated the dates at abouti or between, which the more celebrated explorers, travellers and fur-traders performed journeys, which have become more or Ici? familiar through published accounts, in the direction of the Pacific. The commencement is properly made with LaSalle, the intrepid explorer and adven'.urer, who first voyaged the Mississippi to its mouth and opened the road to the Far West, which was at that time beyond the great lakes in every direction, northerly and westerly, wholly a terra incognito. All those referred to are included because the sum of their efforts and discoveries, is the knowledge we now possess of, and the development which has taken place throughout not only this Coast, but a vast extent of territories constituting three-fourths or more of the American Continent. It is to such brave and daring spirits, whether in pursuit of k.iowledge, in quest of gain, or through love of adventure, we owe the conquest of the West, the fruits of which we now enjoy under conditions of life the most favourable. We speak of the dangers and hardships of Klondyke. but these are insignificant com- pared with the adventures of men, who, single-handed and defiant of danger, passed through strange territories peopled only with savages, following natural waterways and native trails, along rivers, across lakes, through forests and over mountains, going where white man never trod before and trusting to the pro- visions of nature, a stout heart, a strong framt and a ready resource for protec- tion and an ultimate safe return. Novelists of the Fenimore Cooper class have entertained us with many thrilling chapters of western pioneer life, but nothing in their fictions is stranger, more romantic, picturesque or grandly heroic than is afforded in actual events in the lives of those, who, in the West, led the way to a destiny of "illimitable possibilities." To the student who desires to acquaint himself with the main features in the development of our history the list here given will afford a useful guide for the acquirement of a more intimate knowledge. In the later years vhe members of the Geological Survey ol Canada — Rich- ardson, Dawson, Otrilvie, McConnell, Tyrell, McEvoy and others — at various times have performed notably good work at much risk and under conditions of considerable hardshin, and to them more than to any other persons we are indebted for an exact scientific and practical knowledge of the physical characteristics of the whole North-West country and the Pacific Coast of Canada. There have been too, .«uch men as W. H. Dal'., Prof. Jc • Muir, and other scien- tists of the United States, v,ho have, under similar conditions of privation and toil, added to the general Ftock of information, par- ticularly in respect to tl.? North-Wesi Coast Alaska and the Yukon. Nor must we forget such men as Warburton Pike, who in the pursuit of biR- game and through the love of adventure, for whicli so many ol his countrymen are noted. Lster Birlorcrs. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 73 lias incidentally acquired a wide experience of the little-known 'barren lands" of northern Canada, the results of which have been given to the public in two most interesting and well-known books of travel. l6;8-iii87 i7c«->743 176 5-1768 1769-1772 1784. •789-I793 '797-1011 1799-1814 1791-16 1799-J800 1789-1801 1784 1800-1819 1804- I 806 1805-07 1803-16 1807-17 1804-06 1807-24 1805-08 1808 1811-1814 1811-18(7 1811-36 1811-12 1808 1819-20 1823 1821-49 1823 1813-46 1811-35 1815-67 1823-27 La Salte 1835-38 Sir George Simpson M. de Verendrye & Son 1825-34 David Douglas Jonathan Carver 1837 Pilcher Samuel Hearne 1833 Capt. Wyette Peter Ogden Umfreville Sir Alexander Mackenzie 1833-39 George Catlin David Thompson 1832-34 Capt. Bonneville. A. Henry 1837-43 Roderick Piulayson John McDonald, of Garth James McKenzie 1832-34 A. C. Anderson 1834- J. McLeod Roderick McKenzie 183538 Glasunofi Peter Grant 1836-40 Thomas Simpson D. W. Harmon 1839 T, J. Knrnham Lewis and Clark 1837 Simpson and Uease Major rike 1840-52 R. Campbell Duncan Cameron 1843.44 Capt. Fremont George Keith 1846.47 Thomas Rae Charles McKenzie 1845-48 Paul Kane W. F. Wentzell 1846 J. Jiell Simon Fraser 1848.49 Sir J. Richardson John Stuart ;gr H. Y. Hind Kranchere Hind-Dawson Ross Cox 1S59-65 Capt. Palli.ser Alex. Ross 1862 Dr. Brown, Kxploration V.I Munt and Crook's Party to Astoria. 1862-64 Milton and Cheadle Manuel Lisa 1862-68 Frederick Whyniper Major Long 1860-69 Farl Southesk W. H. Keating Walter Moberly Sir James Douglas 1872-81 Prof. Macouu John Tod 1872 Capt. Butler John McLaughlin 1872 Principal Grant Peter Skene Ogden 1871-76 Sandfurd Fleming John Work 1875-80 1883 Dr. Bell Ashley Trading Kxpeditioii Lieut, bchwatka [Yukon] FOUNDING OF FORTS. ] IN the following list is contained the dates of the founding of the Hudson's Bay Company's forts, past and present, in ihe territory which .vas formerly in- cluded in Oregon and New Caledonia. As no similar list has ever been here- tofore published, it was with considerable difficulty that the dates were in every instance obtained, as they incidentally occur in a wide range of Western books. The list will in a measure outline the progress of the fur companies in covering a vast extent of country. Tliere is an -mcertainty about several of the dates given, but without access to the records of the Company in London. Eng., it is difficult to verify them. ; 1 1 1 1 . I Alex.'iiidri:i Chilcotin Habine Vaucciiver Colville Cwtinolly Langley Williun'iinctte Sevlle- nirut. [old] l-'ort Simpson r-'uiua Kedoubt St. Dioiiysius McLaughlin NiH<|uaily Clinnipoeg Hnll Simpson Fort Yukon 4 1784 Kodiak 1821 1798- 1805 801 Sitka Rocky MoiMitaiii Portage 1822 Fort Mi.'I,e<)d 1824-5 Clat-op 1825-6 1806 St. lames lS26 Fra>er 1827 1807 George 1829 1808 Henry Kootf nai 1831 181 1 Astoria ThompHon iSji Flathead House 1833 I-urt Slieppard okntiagati 1834 Rocky Mountain Houne Spokau House 1813 K am loops 1834 1818 Walla WaUa 18.W Fssington Boise Rupert < 18.V Cowlitz 18,^8 Dease 1834. 1840 Stickeen 1S40 Taku France . 1H42 I'elly Banks 1843 Victoria 1H4,- Hope rs.,s Fort Selkirk kon] Vale [Mouth Yu I8s2 Nauaimo 1868 Fort Tougass [.\laska1 1882 Juneau [.Alaska] 74 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CHURCHES-MISSIONS. 1843 First Ma»B V.I. (Father Balduc) 1847-51 Oblate Misftions 1849 Rev. Geo. Staines (P^pis.) 1852 Bishops Demers and Lootens (R.C.) 1855 Rev. E. Cridge (Kpis.) 1857 Rev. William Duncan (Kpis. Missionary) 1859 Dr. ivvans (Meth.) i860 Bishop Hills (Epis. Missionary) i86i-a Uevs. Hall and Jamieson (Pres.) 1863 Bishop D'Herbomez (R.C.) 1875-76 Rev. E. Cridge f R.E.) 1877 Rev. W. Crane (Baptist) 1887 Salvation Army 1888 Rev. J. W. Pedley (Cong.) PLACE NAMES— THEIR SIGNIFICANCE. A The Liability to Err. GRE.A.T deal of history is associated with the names which places in a coun- try bear, and it is not the least interesting pursuit in connection with that study to discovi-r their origin a:.'d significance. In the list which follows, which does not pretend to be in any measure complete, the author has been de- pendent upon a number of local authorities and various other sources of informa- tion. It has been undertaken in this partial way in order to open up a fruitful field of investigation. Perhaps in no line of enquiry is the liability to fall into error greater, because, as in the wider field of comparative philology, resemblances, real or fancied, are apt to mislead; and in a variety of ways is the student tempted to accept con- clusions without sufficient proof or contributory data to confirm them. In re- gard to what follows no claim is made to absolute accuracy, and corrections or suggestions will be cheerfully received. Apart from the value of such informa- tion, one object of this sub-chapter is to awaken interest in the subject generally, with a view to establishing local terminology on an intelligible basis, and treas- uring up to posterity definite and comprehensive knowledge of names, which otherwise in a generation or two will become meaningless. In regard to Indian names, without an intimate knowledge of tlie language and dialect of each tribe, it is difficult to ascribe original meanings to those of places which have been borrowed from native vocabularies. The pronunciation, as a rule, has been very much corrupted, so that our spelling, which is intended to correspond, affords but a very poor clue to the original. In nearly every case, however, some portion of the word, which is usually compounded, according to the Indian method of expression by juxtaposition, gives an inkling, partial at least, to the signification. We have the root forms, usually distinct, denoting some physical feature on account of which the name has been applied. The In- dians never dealt in abstract or arbitrary forms of speech, and hence a name was a concrete and succinct expression of some one or more characteristics of a locality or particular spot, which, however, might happen to apply equally well to half a dozen other localities. For instance, to the Indian there was no such place as Nanaimo. Kamloops and Hesquiat, in the same way as such names with us associate themselves with particular and dis- tinct localities. The original forms from which these have been crystallized simply referred to some local feature or condition of a lo- cality, and might be used to denote a number of other localities having Indian Methods of Designation, i AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 75 •* similar features or conditions, with, of course, qualifying variations. With us a name is merely an arbitrary mark of indentification snd may have no special sig- nificance as applied to the place itself, any more than a leaf turned down in a book, in order to find the page again readily, has to do with the subject matter of the letter press. Places with the Indians were identified by "waters meeting", by "salmon running," and so on, and tribes and peoples by "dwelling on the water," or on "the river," etc. We have, therefore, among Indian names, of a particular tribe or people, recurring, and more or less regular and permanent, root-forms — such as "at," "moo," or "muh," "tin," "ane" or "ene," signifying "people" or "dwelling," by which if we arrive at the qualifying prefix or associated word forms, we can in every instance obtain the meaning of the whole name. Abbotsford — After H Abbott, General Superintendent C.P.R., Vancouver. Admiialty Inlet — Named by Vancouver after the British Admiralty in 1792. Agassiz — After Louis Agassiz, the owner of property there. Alberni Canal was named after a Spanish officer, Don Pedro Albcrni, who was in command of a company of volunteer soldiers in the expedition to Nootka, under command of Lieutenant Elisa. sailing from San Bias February sth, arriving at Nootka April 5th, 1790. Albert Head — From Victoria's first name, Fort Albert, after the Prince Consort. Aldergrove — From heavy second growth of alder. Alert Bay — After H.M.S "Alert," a vessel of war on this station. Ainsworth — After Geo. J. Ainsworth, Oakland, Cal., promoter of the Kootenay Railway & Navigation Company. Alkali Lake — From alkali character of district. Ashcroft — After the house of the Cornwalls in England. Banks Island— After Sir Joseph Banks, who sailed with Capt. Cook round the world in the "Endeavour," 1769. Named in 1786. Barclay Sound— Named by Capt. Barkley of the British ship "Imperial Eagle," sailing under Austrian colours, after himself, 1787. Barkerville — After Wm. Barker, a pioneer miner, who died recently in the Old Man's Home. Victoria. Brurnston Island (Eraser River)— After Barnston, a Hudson's Bay Company officer in early days. Beacon Hill — From a long mast erected on the summit to direct the way to the harbour of Victoria. Bella Coola — The Indian name is "Billa Whullia." Bentinck Island— After Sir George Bentinck, Duke of Portland, 1846, by Captain Kellett, H.M.S. "Herald." Big Bar— So named from the bar in the Eraser there. Blinkinsop Bay— After Mr. G. B'inkinsop, who came out to this Coast in the Hud- son's Bay vessel "Cowlitz" as an apprentice to the sea service in 1840, and now (1897) residing at Fort Rupert— named by Capt. Pender. Boston Bar- N?med by the Indims on account of the number of Americans there, who were known as 'Boston Men" in contradistinction to "King George's" men. Brotchie Ledge— After Capt. Brotchie, late of the "Cowlitz," Harbour Master, Victoria. i359. Bowen Island — A^ter a settler on the island. ?!1 5! 76 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Broughton Strait— After Lieutenant Broughton, Commander of the "Cliatham," 1792. Brown's Passage— South of Dundas Island, named by Capt Vancouver after Capt. Brown, of the merchant ship "Butterworth," met by Vancouver in t)ie neighbourhood, 1793. The "Butterworth" had previously been a French man-of-war and captured during the late war. Capt. Brown was killed in the Sandwich Islands by the natives, January ist, 1795. Brownsville — Named after Ebenezer Brown, a well-known pioneer of New West- minster, who ran a ferry to a point opposite the city with a view to start- ing a town. Burgoyne Bay — After Sir John Burgoyne. Burnaby — After one of the early traders in Victoria. Burrard Inlet — Named by Capt. Vancouver after his friend. Sir Harry Burrard- Neale. Butterworth Rocks — Named by Capt. Vancouver after the ship "Butterworth." One of the officers of the "Butterworth" had been sent out in a boat by Capt. Brown from a harbour in the vicinity, to meet Vancouver when his ship appeared in the offing, and piloted him safely to a secure anchorage, one stormy night in 1793. Cache Creek — From provisions "cached" there by miners. Cadboro Bay — After the Hudson's Bay Company's schooner "Cadboro," the first vessel to enter Victoria harbour, Capt. Scarborough. Call Canal — After Sir John Call, named by Lieutenant Broughton, Commander of the "Chatham," 1792. Calvert Island — N?r ed by Capt. Duncan in the sloop "Princess Royal," 1787. Camerontown — Aftd. In February. 1858. the Hudson's Bay Company's steamer "Otter" arrived in San Francisco from Victoria, B.C. Mr. Holt, the purser of the "Otter," brought some gold dust with him, to be coined or run into a bar at the United States Mint in San Francisco. This gold had been o'otained from the Indians who lived and hunted along the banks of the Thompson River, a tribu- tary of the mighty Fraser. The report that gold had been found on the Fraser and its tributaries soon got noised round San Francisco, and a small party of prospectors, James Moore amongst the number, started for the Eldorado in March, 1858. This party ascended the Fraser River and discovered rich pay at Hill's Bar, one and a half miles below Fort Yale. In April, 1858, this party sent letters to their friends in San Francisco containing samples of gold dust. The receipt of these letters from the pioneer party and the gold dust caused the greatest excitement ever known in California. The entire population of San Francisco — merchants, capitalists, business men of all descriptions, as well as the ever-present gamblers — were alike seized by the insane desire to sell out their businesses, their homes, and any other property they were possessed of, for any sum that would bring — E^tite'nentMn ^j^^,^^ ^^^^ ^j^^jj. ^^^^j^j ^^ jj^g golden banks of the Fraser. Pieces San Francisco. , , , , , tr . t. «• j of valuable real estate on Kearney and Montgomery streets, and in other desirable locations in San Francisco, were sold for less than the cost of the improvements by the excited people in their haste to get to the new gold fields. It is needless to dwell upon the many trials and hardships of these pioneers to British Columbia. A comparatively small number reached their goal and succeeded beyond their most sanguine expectations; many fell by the wayside, and many more returned to their deserted homes in California — sadder, poorer, but wiser men. The pioneer party at Hill's Bar continued their work there until 1859, when some of the party went up the Fraser to the Quesnelle River, where a number of rich bars were also found and worked with good results. Charlie Snyder and two other prospectors discovered Snyder's Bar on the main Quesnelle River, from which they took out $1,700.00 worth of gold dust in one day, and for many days thereafter met with almost equal success. Hyde's Bar, McDonald's Bar, and many other paying bars too numerous to mention here were also struck on the Quesnelle River. This same year — 1859— another party struck out overland and discovered the Horsefly River, and there also found good diggings on the bars and benches. Ira Crow and six other miners worked on the Horsefly , AND iMANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 8.J rer, nd he fly The Rush to Carllmo. River, opposite what is now the Horsefly Hydraulic Mining Company's prop- erty. Al)out the same time another party composed of James Moore, Henry Ingram, and four others, arrived on the Horselly and discovered the celebrated Blue Lead deposit of auriferous gravel at the place now covered by the Harper lease, which lease was sold in 1895 to the Horsefly Gold Mining Company, of which R. T. Ward, of San Francisco, is manager. Rich bars were also discovered on the North and Soutii Forks of the Ques- nelle River the same year. The next year — 1860— Keithley Creek was discovered by George Weaver and party. Harvey Creek was struck by George Harvey and his party, and about the same time, Goose Creek. Duck Creek and Snowshoe Creek were also discovered in the fall of 1S60. About the same time Captain Lowen. George Weaver, and "Siwash" Mc- Donald left Keithley Creek and went over the Bald Mountain on a prospecting tour, and discovered the diggings at Antler Creek. The news of this discovery did not leak out until 18O1, in the spring, and caused a stampede from the forks of Quesnelle, which was then the headquarters for mining in that part of Cariboo District. In 1861 the celebrated Williams Creek, the richest diggings ever dis- covered in the world, was found by a man known as "Dutch Bill." Many claims were taken up on this creek, many of them paying dividends of from $20,000 to $6o,Goo a year, and one man named Cameron left the country after a year's work with $150,000 in gold dust. Tlie size of the claims then was one hundred feet square to the man. Lovvhee Creek was discovered by Dick Willoughby and party. Lightning Creek. Last Cliance. Grouse Creek and several other similar gold-bearing creeks were found about the same time. All the diggings on these creeks paid well. Monev was abund- ant, gambling and dissipation 01 all kinds were the order of the day. No thought of the morrow entered the heads of the miners and the same story of the pioneers of '49 in California has to be told of the miners in Cariboo, that many of them left the country without a dollar, and that many remained in the country and are aiive are working for small wages or living on the bounty of their friends. Most of the claims on the above mentioned creeks were what is known as "drifting" claims. A sliaft would be sunk to bed-rock and the bottom strata taken out and waslied, the ground for the workings being held up bv timbers. It is said that the largest amount taken out of any one claim in twenty-four hours' working was taken out of the Diller claim on Williams Creek, where two men, working on the face of the drift, cleaned up 204 pounds avoirdupois of gold in twenty-four hours, or a value exceeding $52,000. The Diller claim, onsistinu: of 300 feet of ground, paid about $300,000 in all. The more accessible of the above mentioned claims have been prettv well worked out in the vicinity of Barkerville. l)'.it vast areas >'t ground have remained practically unexplored along the Fraser, Horsefly and Quesnelle Rivers and other mountain streams, which await but capital and intelligent exploration to develop into paying properties. We now go back to the origmal party of miners at Hill's bar in 1858, whose trials and tribulations will make interesting reading alike to the old pioneers v,'ho may scan these pages and to that younger generation to whom tlie e!arlv history of the settlement of the Province is ever an engrossing study. One day, while the party were working away with their rockers on the bar a boat belong- ing to Captain Taylor arrived with a load of whiskey which he was selling to the Worked Out Claiir.s go YEAR BOOK OF BRI TISIT COLUMIUA Trouble with liullnns. Indians for $5.00 worth of gold dust per bottle. Many of them became drunk, and the white men on the bar, fearing for their lives, offered to purcliasr all the whiskey he had aboard for his own price. He declined the ofTer, so tho miners, taking the law into their own hands, marched down to the boat one morning with their guns at full cock, and while a few of them stood guard over the captain, the Others broke in the heads of the casks and emptied the whiskey into the Fraser River, giving Captain Taxlor an hour in which to get out of sight, which he lost no time in doing. The Indians on the bar immbcrcd about 300 to thirty whites, and some action of this extreme nature was necessary to avoid an ou*^brcak on the part of the aborigines. After this incident some of the worst Indians in the band became discon- ttiitcd and inclined to i)e rather ugly. One day one of them took a pick belong- ing to one of the wliile men and upon his refusing to return it the owner of the pick broke a sliovcl over the head of Mr. Indian. Of course, tiiis precipitated a row in camp. The Indiins formed by themselves with their muskets and the whites a short distance away armed for what niiglit occur. The Chief of the tribe being present got on a stump and made a long speech in his native language, urging his braves on to a slaugliter ol tlie whites. Wiiilst the whites were standing their ground bravely, but fearing the worst, a barge of tlu man-of-war "Satellite" hove in sight around the bend of the river, with Governor Douglas and the captain of the "Satellite" and a dozen blue-jackets on board. If ever visitors were welcome, Governor Douglas and his barge load of British marines were welcome to this little party of v»liites whom tliey arrived in the nick of time to save from annihilation. When the Gov- ernor landed on the bar the marines fired a salute in his honour. They stated their grievance to him and he persuaded the Indians to leave the bar and go to Fort Yale, wliere a small Hudson'^ Bay trading post was established and pacified the Indians by giving them 1 "IjIow out" of hard tack and molasses. No further trouble was experienced by the whites on Hill's Bar with the Indians. On Gov- ernor Douglas' second visit to the bar, about six weeks later, he appointed the first Justice of the Peace, George Perrier. At this time the miners were making from $100 to $150 a day with rockers. Shortly after the Governor's first visit the little party had a visit from "Billy" Ballon, a California expressman, who was so well pleased with their prospects that he started the pioneer express of British Columbia. Of course, the miners all gave him lots of samples of gold dust to be conveyed to their friends in San Francisco, the receipt of which caused the greatest excitement California ever knew. All the miners on the bar were American citizens, except one, ,*no was familiarly known as "Bloody Edwards," who was a great favourite with all the boys, and whenever they got feeling jolly over a fresh arrival of the juice of the barley they would try to make an American of Edwards, but it was no go with liim. He told them he was content to be a "bloody good Eng- lishman," and always wound up the argument by giving "three bloody good cheers" for the Queen. Edwards had a trading post at Hill's Bar. and amongst his stock, of course, wis the inevitable whiskej-. One evening the b(ys collected at the store and were enjoying themselves as usual, when someone (inestioned Edwards' bravery. Edwards, to prove his grit, held a lighted candle at arm's length at the back end of the store, while some of the boys stood at the front BIdiiilv I'Mwanls. ' was the f the with Eng- three Bar. the cone ile at front AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATFON. 91 4 The First (lolrt Citmnilssldncr. \ot a Cook. end and commenced to fire shots at t"ie candle from theii revolvers. One of the sober men present, seeing the danger, proposed that all hands take a drink, which they did, and so ended the shooting, probably saving Edwards' life. In 1858 the first Gold Commissioner wa- appointed at Lytton, being a Frenchman named Ca(>tain Trevallis, a very eccentric character. At one time he confiscated a lot of whiskey brought in overland from Oregon. In long winter evenings when the boys got dry they would visit the Captain and express doubts as to whc^^her the seizure was genuine liriuor, and to prove the matter the Captain would tap a barrel and 'sample it with them, the result being tliat the fumes frequently overcame him and tlie boys would have to put the Gold Commissioner to bed. He was succeeded in 1859 by Captain Maynard Ball, a retired Captain of the English Army, who became a great favourite with all the miners. .Xuother eccentric character of these early days was Judge Co.<, who left California during the ex- citement of 1858 for Victoria, and having no money to pay his passage from San Francisco, shipped on board a sailing vessel and went about with the crew when the ship was putting to sea, but when eight bells struck and the sailors went to the galley for their dinner they found nothing ready. Cox being ignorant of everything pertaining tc the cullinary art had nothing ready for them, and this riling the hungry sailors, tliey went to the captain with their complaints. The captain ordered Cox to appear before him and then Cox admitted he knew nothing about cooking, but said he was broke and wanted to get to Victoria. The ship being then at sea Cox could not be put ashore, and one of the crew had to be pressed into the service. The captain found that Cox was an Irish gentleman in reduced circumstances, so he made the best he could of his bargain and took him into his cabin to straighten out his accounts. After Cox arrived in Victoria, Governor Douglas appointed him Customs House Officer at Yale to collect revenue on goods and animals coming in overland from Oregon. He was afterwards appointed Gold Commissioner at Williams Creek, which po- . ,. , sition he filled satisfactorily to all. He had a curious way An hcccntric » , . .... judKc O' "'S <^w" o^ deciding cases. He would generally advise parties not to bring their troubles into court, but set- tle them outside. On one occasion he was trying a case when both plain- tiff and defendent swore they were the rightful owners of a certain mineral claim. Judge Cox gave his novel decision thus, that both men start from the Court House together, get an axe apiece and run two miles to the ground in dispute, and the man who drove the first stake to get the ground. In another trial as to disputed ground on Cedar Cree.< which took place on a Saturday the Judge reserved his decision until the Monday, when he decided in favour of the plaintiff, but the successful litigant was ordered to pay all costs, including the defendant's lawyer. The defei.dant gave notice that he would appeal from the Judge's de- cisic.i. After the Court adjourned the defendant went into the Judge's private office on other business, and the Judge, thinking he was on the appeal case, said: "On Saturday I intended to decide in your favour, but the effects of a champagne supper to which I was invited by the defendant caused me to change my mind." Williams Creek, during the palmy days of '61 and '62, was a lively place. Theatres, dance halls, hurdy-gurdy girls, saloon keepers and gamblers reaped a rich harvest from the liberal miners who ever thought the gold in their claims would never give out and were as careless of their gold dust as though it had no value. Many of the young women in the dance halls married the miners and AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMAITON. 93 LntcT Di-vclopmentii. established homes in dii.crent parts of Cariboo, becoming the mothers of large fnmilies and Kaininff the respect of all who knew them. But a limit to the produc- tiveness of the diK^iiiRS came at last, and Williams Creek for many years has been like many of the rich placer diprRin^s in California, a nearly de- serted village. During the last few years the Caribof) Gold Fields Com|>any have purchased a numl)er of claims along the creek that the miners were unable to work on account of water and are running a drain- ing tunnel to relieve the claims of the surplus water, and are bringing in water by means of a ditch at a high elevation which will enable them to work the ground by hydraulic elevators under a pressure of about f/xj feet. Mr. Champion, a mining engineer, and an ;ro.' of North Latitude; from this last mentioned point the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of West Longitude (of the same meridian), and finally from the said point of intersL-ction. tin; said meridian lines of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean, shall form the limit between the Russian and British possessions of the Coniiiuiit of America lo the North-West. " "With reference to the line of demarcation laid down in the preceding article it is understood: First. That the island called Prince of Wales Island shall belong wholly to Russia. Second. That wherever the summit of the moun- tains, which extend in a direction parallel to the coast, from the 50th degree of North Latitude to the point of intersection of the 141st degree Article IV. of West Longitude, shall prove to be at the distance of more than ten marine leagues from the ocean, the limit between the British possessions and the line of coast which is to belong to Russia as above mentioned, shall be formed by a line parallel to the windings of the coast, and which shall never exceed the diflference of ten marine leagues therefrom." Before discussing these articles in relation to the present dispute, it may be well to point out that Article VI. stipulates that British subjects, "from what- ever quarter they may arrive, whether from the ocean or irom the interior of the Continent, shall forever enjoy the riglit of navigating freely, and without any hindrance whatever, all the rivers and streams which, in their course towards the Pacific Ocean, may cross the line of demarcation upon tiic line of coast described in Article III. of the present Convention." After the Crimean War, a Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Her Majesty and the Emperor of all the Russians was concluded, in which (Article XIX.) the above was contirmed and declared to be continued in force, so that when in 1867 the United States purchased Alaska, that country stepped into Russia's shoes, and succeeded to all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereto. * * * It is to be observed, too, that notwithstanding any conditions of the sale so far as Russia and the United States were concerned, they were not binding on Great Britain, the transfer having been made without the latter being made a party to it; but in Clause VI. of the treaty between Russia and the United States, Russia did virtually revoke what she had granted to Great Britain in regard to free and unrestricted navigation of the rivers through that territory to the sea. This, of course, Russia could not voluntarily do without the consent of Great Britain, but by the 26th Article of the Treaty of Washington, 1871, to which Great Britain was a party, navigation was made open for purposes of commerce only, and in the Another Blunder. I! m 1 96 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (javc Evcrythin« fur .\uthln|{. opinion of the law . -ers of the Crown, "give new rights, and amount to that extent and in that sense to an admission that any former rights (free navigation for all purposes) were abrogated." Concerning the concession in question, the Hon. Edward Blake, in 1877, as Minister of Justice, in a memorandum discussing the merits of a case arising cut of this very clause, remarked with much force as follows: "28. The latter part of the 26th Article is as follows: 'The navigation of the Rivers Yukon, Porcupine, and Stikine, ascending and descending from, to, and unto the sea, shall forever remain free and open for the purposes of com- merce to the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty and to the citizens of the United States, subject to any laws and regulations of either country, within its own territory, not inconsistent with such privileges of free navigation." "20. At the time of the negotiation, British subjects had already the fullest riglu to navigate, for all purposes, all the streams flowing from the British terri- tory in the interior through Alaska. The United Stales had no right to navigate any of thcst streams beyond the boundary of Alaska. Great Britain asked for, and obtained as a concession, a limited right to navigate three of these streams for certain purposes, conceding to the United States the right to navigate these three streams thratgh Columbia on equal terms. Thus this so- called concession by tlie United States was, in fact, a concession by Great Britain to the former country, which gave nothing and got everything." * * * The Legislative Assembly of P:itish Columbia in 1872 passed a resolution praying the Lieutenant-Governor to call the attention of the Government of the Dominion of Canada to the necessity in the interests of "peace, order and good government," of taking steps to have the boundary line properly defined. The immediate icason for this was that gold had recently been discovered in the Cas- siar District, or northern part of British Columbia; a large number of miners had gone in, and a considerable trade was carried on. There was practically only one route into the gold fields, and that was z'ia the Stikine River, which had its out- let througli Alaskan or American territory. The importance of having a defini- tion of the respective limits of British Columbia and Alaska is apparent. * * * Numerous requests on the part of tlic Canadian Government, inspired by repre'-entations from British Columbia in the interests of law and order, were mad'- the United States through Great Britain, to have the boundary line de- fined. The ciuestion had not then been raised as to the Portland Canal. The lat- ter was practically accepted by both parties as the proper boundary. It was im- portant, owing to the interest taken in mining matters, that there should be no mistake as to where the boundary really was according to the terms of the treaty. Although the American Government professed an anxiety to have it settled, and a hill was introduced in Congress in 1872 to give effect to a com- mission of encjuiry, notliing was done, on the ground that more important legislation demanded attention, and that Congress would not vote so large a sum of money as was retiuired, something like a million and a half dollars. A suggestion was made by the American Government that in lieu of an accurate and exhaustive determination it would be "quite sufficient to decide upon soirie particular points, and the principal of these they suggested should be the head of the Portland Canal, tlie points where the boundary line crosses the Rivers Skoot, Stakeen (Stikine), Taku Islecat and Cheelcat, Mt, St. Elias, and the points where the T4ist degree of west longitude crosses the Rivers Yukon ard Porcupine." The Canadian Government was quite willing Id accept the Histiiry hI' tliu \vu c-r* _ • -1 ^ — 2 m DO m O H X m 30 O < z o > I r : m = X ? m r, o - C L ^i 2 K 1 1 1 •'*. •w . 1 ■'4 '' ■ 1 * V:i "^'^HHHHSkv '' jskj? - ^ ^' ' 4 * "v. If. " 3 .5; y V *^^^te ^.«>(!C-g**>. if . ' v.- -1 ■ 'v. t<'4f- "y • ■ « 111 IN. v.. |)i:u iiM.v, l.l.-liiuiiiuir. Il()\. I). \V. IIi(,i;iN>, Spi.ikir. tm^"^^ CiiAs. A. Skmi.in, l.t'.iiiir of the OpposituMi. J. I'. HnoTII, I)L'put> -SpcakiT. i. 'I m C EL ?: ? > B k V. ^1 r, p • 3 II 1 rr 3 ^ ■ V. J. y r r^ L X r. z- i '- T. 7- n4 £. — ^, — 3 — / ~ M 3 ^ »^ S?^ •*sSI M ifls ^ -^ 1< "t- ? r. 'Si I 3 < > r It"'^*.' ■;■'■"«■■" flj^H ^1 1 ^^^1 ■■'' ;f -^^J ^ ir ^B K » <^^^B ^^^^1 ^^^H ^Bj ^H^hI^^I i^JH || ^^^^^^^H ^nw^K ''v'&i ffo^L^ ^^^^^^^H *^'-^^Bt wt kS£:/^H \J!JWIKKKU RHLj L^lL-jtaAk^^ JIHHH f^. £ 1^ CO = - a 5 •« I.IIIK \KIAN. I'riiiK l.ii.. AssKMHl V. ^i ;>:n's I'kintkk, I.XW C'll'UK. SiKlil AM-A I-.\hMS. OFFICERS O- THE HOUSE. •s. '^ r- 'i llo.v. W. J. M Ainowip n ■ v. Hon. Thos. R. McInnks. Hon. Jamks Kkid SENATORS FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA. t '•> —4 00 - X o m •0 m (/) m z H > < '■ > m a. ^ I o c m O ■n o O o z CO 7i I i f i Kiirly Cnnilitions THE growth of Parliamentary riovcrnnicnt. or Responsible Government, as it is more often called, in British CohiniiMa, was slow. The Colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, first settled by the Hudson's Bay Company, enjoyed only the semblance of popular government from their first settlement until 1871, when thv; Colonics entered tiic Canadian Confederation as a Province. By the term "Responsible Government" is meant a pled.a;e and security for the rightful exercise of every act of Royal authority, and it is required by the British Constitution that the Ministers of State for ihe time being shall be held responsible to Parliament and to the law of the land for all public acts of the Crown. Previous to 1859 the electoral privilege was confined to pruperty-hoiders, or holders of real estate. Consequently, when the Governmeni of Sir James Douglas divided the Colony of Vancouver Island into Electoral Districts, in some Districts only one, and frequently only four, voters returned a member. Such was the c ise at Nanaimo, when one voter returned a member to the Legislature in 185 Amongst the first arrivals of gold hunters in 1858 were many natives of Canada and the Maritime Provinces, where Responsible Government had existed for many years. These colonists were naturally anxious to have a similar form of Government adopted here, and almost at once an agitation was inaugurated for the change of Government by ^he well understood wishes of the people and was the rallying cry. Hon. Amor de Cosmos established the "British Colonist" newspaper to advocate Responsible Government in December, 1858. The move- ment was a popular one; but it required thirteen years of hard hammering in the press and on the public platform, and an entire transformation of the central power from Downing Street to Ottawa before the people came to their own. In March, i860. Gov. Douglas met a House of fifteen members, partly com- posed of appointed members and partly of members selected by popular vote. The political business of the country was conducted under similar ausi)iot's. with some slight changes, until 1864. In that year Gov. Kennedy succeeded Gov. Douglas as Governor of Vancouver Island, and Governor Seymour was appointed over the Mainland, then known as British Columbia. Legisla- tive Councils were convened in both colonies, and in 1867 the two were united, on petition of the Legislature of Vancouver Island, under the one term, British Columbia. The Government continued to be of a hybrid character until 1870, when Gov. Musgrave was appointed and introduced a semblance of Parliamentary Government, by enlarging the number of constituencies and reducing the qualification of voters. He summoned a Leg- islative Council in that year, partly composed of appointed members, but a Sma'l majority of the Council were sent by the people. Of Hybrid Chnracter. 112 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Rcspon.stl)le Government Conceded. The terms of union with Canada were discussed by that Council and adopted by them. In those terms there was no provision for responsible Gov- ernment. In fact, a clause which was attempted to l)c inserted by the popular members of the Council was defeated by a majority vote of the body; so when the delegates, Messrs. Trutch. Helmcken and Carrall, took the terms to Ottawa, they contained no clause providing for the establishment of responsible Government. The late Hon. John Robson, the late Mr. H. E. Seelye and myself held a conference, and decided that in order to secure Parliamentary Government it would be necessary for one of our number to proceed to Ottawa, and inform the Government there that unless re- sponsible Government was assured by the terms, we should oppose the adoption of the terms altogetl er and thus delay Con- federation. Mr. Seelye was selected as the delegate, and proceeded to Ottawa in the same boat and on the same train that carried the Government delegates. He was a warm personal friend of Mr. Tilley, afterwards Sir Leonard Tilley, then Minister of Customs at Ottawa, and he succeeded in convincing the Ottawa Government that our contention that the Province .was sufficiently advanced to entitle it to representative institutions was correct. When the terms came back they contained a clause to that effect, and upon those lines the Government has ever since been administered. The expenses of Mr. Seelye's mission were entirely borne by myself. The first Parliament convened in British Columbia after Confederation met early in 1872. Mr. McCreight, now Mr. Justice McCreight, wa Attorney- General and Premier. In the winter of 1872 a vote of want of confidence in the Government having been passed, Mr. McCreight and his colleagues resigned, and Mr. de Cosmos was called upon to form a Ministry. It will therefore be seen that the form of Government in British Columbia is similar to that of Canada and Great Britain, with the single exception that there is no Upper House; and in case of an adverse vote the Government must go out, as in every other coun- try that has responsible Government. The rules of procedure are thoso gov- erning the Parliament of the Mother Country. D. W. HIGGINS. I COLONIAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS. L EGISI<.\TIV1'; ASS1-;mhi3, Wni. Cocker. l-;squiniaU district: ist session, AFarch. i860, to l'"el)ruary, i8f,i, J. S. Uelnickeii, James Cooper, |j K. Hurnaby (vice Cooper); 2iul session, June, 1S61, to January. i8h2, J. S. Hehnckeii Robert Hurnaby; 3rd session, Marcli, 1S62, to December, iS(S2, J. S. llelincken, R. Hurnaby; 4th session January, 1863, to l'"el)rii!iry, 1S63, J. S. Helmcken.tt K. Hurnaby. Lake district, tst session, Marcli, ,1860, to i''ebruary, 1861, (1. K. Hoster: -Mid session, June, iHfii, to January, i>.62, C K. }'"oster; 3rd session, Marcii, 1S62, to i)eceini)er, 18(12, (i. !•'. l'"oster; 4th session, January, iSh3, to Vebruary, 1863, CI. l-'. Foster. Sooke district: ist session, March, iS^o, to l''ebruary, r86i, W. J. Macdonald; 2nd session, June, t86i, to January, 1S62, W. J. Macdonald; 3rd session, March, iSti2, to December, 1862, W. J. Macdonald; 4th session, January, 1863, to Vebruary, 1863, W. J. Macdonald. Saanich district: ist session, March, i860, to February, 1S61, John Coles; 2nd session, June, iShi, to January, 1862, John Coles; 3rd session, March, 1862, to December, 1862, John Coles; 4th session, January, 18(13, to l'"ebruary, 1863, John Coles. Salt Spring district: ist session, March, i860, to February, iSdi, J. J. Southgate; 2iid session, June, 1861, to January, 1862, J. J Southgate; 3rd session, March, 1S62, to December, 1862, J. J. Southgate; 4tli session, January, 1863, to l^'ebriiary, 1^63, J. J. Southgate. Nanaiino district: ist session, March, i860, to l'ebruary,"i86i, .\. R. Creeii; 2iid session, June, n'u, to January, 1862, A. R. ('ireen,ttt !>• B. Ring, (vice Creen); 3rd se>^si<,n, Marcli, 1862, to December, 1862, I). H. Ring; 4th session, January, 1863, to February, 1863, D. 1!. Ring. ♦Resigned October, 1S61. ^Resigned January, 1862. II Resigned November, i860. ttSpeaker. t Resigned October, 1861. ^^Resiglled September, 1862. tftKesigned October, 1861. l<;xi;curivK Cor.vcii, ok V.\NCorvi;K Isr..\M>, Si;i'ri;Mm'.R, 1S63, ro Si.i'1'i;miu;k, 1S66.— Hon. William .\. (1. Young, acting l';jloiiial Secretary, from September, 1863, to .\ugust, 1864*; Hmi. George Hunter Cary, Attorney-General, from September, 1863, to .August, 18641; Hon. .\le.\ander Watson, Treasurer, from September, 1863, to Sei)tember, 186(5; Hon. Joseph D. I'emberloii, Surveyor- General, from September, 1803, to October, 1814J; Hon. Henry Wakeford, acting Colonial Secretary, from August, 1864, to June, i>^'t$^; Hon. Thomas I.ett Wood, acting .Vttoriiey-General, from .-\ugust, 1804, to September, 1866; Hon. H. W. I'earse, acting Surveyor-General, from October, 18:14. to Sep- tember, 1S66; Hon. W. A. G. Young, Colonial Secretary, frohi June, 1865, to Sep'vmber, 1866. ♦Leave of absence. ^Resigned. fResigned. ^Superseiled by Colonial .Secretary. LF;(iISr,.\TIVl'; ASS1-;m1U.Y, V.\NCi)rvi:K I^i,.\.\i>. Tiukd l'.\Ki.i.\Mi:Nr, Si;i'ri;Mlti:K. i,S63, TO Afc;rST, i8()6. -Victoria city: ist session, September. 1863, to July, 1814, W. .\. G. Young, .\. DeCosmos, I. W. Powell, J. C. Ridge,* S. l-'ratiklin (vice Ridge); 2iid session, September, 186.1, to July, 1865, A. DeCosmos.f I. W. Powell, S. Vranklin, C. H. Young, t .\. DeCosmos (re-elecled), I,. McCliiie. (vice C. li. Young); 3rd session, November, 1815. to .\ugiist, 1866, l.W. Powell, S. 1- raiiklinj , A, DeCosmos, I,. McClure, C. li. Young (vice l-r.-uiklin). Victoria district. 1st session, Seiilember, 1863, to July, 1864, ]•;. H. Jackson, W. V. Tolmie, J. Trimble; 2iid session, September, iS(i.(, to July. 1865 , W. F. Tolniie, J. Trimble, James Dickson; 31.I session, November, ih65, to August, iS;i6, W. F. Tolmie, J. Trimble, James Dickson; Ivsiiiiinialt town: ist session, SeiJteinber, 1863, to July 1864, G. F. I'oster; 2nd session, September, 1864, to july, iSu.s, J. J. Southgate; 3rd session, November, 1865, to .August, 1866, J. J. Southgate, I ]■',. Stamp (vice" Southgate). Ivsquimalt district: 1st session, September, T863, to July, 1864, J. S. llelincken, \S R. liurnaby; 2nd session, Se])teinber, 1S64, to July, 1865, J. S. ilelmcken, R. liurnaby; 3rd session, November, 1865, to .August, i8in, J. S. Helmcken, John Ash. Lake district: ist session, Sei>tember, 1-103, to July, 1864, J. Diincau; 2nd session, September, i8fi4, to July, i86s, J. Duncan; 3r(l session, .November, 1805, to .\iigiisl, i86n, J. Duncan. Sooke district: ist session, September, 1813, to July, iStu, J, Carswell; 2111! session, September, 1S64, to July, 1865, J. Carswell: 3rd session. November, ois, to .August, i8;>6, J. Carswell. Saanicli district: ist session, September, 1S63, to July, 1S64, C. Street; 2iid session, September, 1864, to July, iS'i3,C. Street, || J. J. Cochrane (vice Street); 3rd session, November, 1S65, to .August, 1866, J. J. Coelirane, Salt Spring district: ist session, September, 1863, to July, 1864, John T. l'idwell,(t George ]•.. Deans (vice I'idwell); 2nd session, September, 1804, to July, i^o.s, ('■. 1',. Deans; 3rd session, November, t86,s, to Augusi, i.soM.G, !•;. Deans,ff J. T. I'idwell (vice De;ins). Nanaimo district: ist session, September, 1803, to July, 1864, .A. liayley; 211(1 session, September, 1864, to July, iS'is, .A. Hayley; 3rd session, November, 1865, to .August, 1806, T. Cunningliaiu. ♦Resigned Jan. ^Speaker. 1864. t Resigned l-'eb.,T86.s. liResigned (let., rS64. JSeal declared vac;iiil .\pril, 1866. tH'nseated on i>etili(>ii. ♦President. Resigned. f Superseded by .Attorney-General. JMr. Langley's name does not appear on Alinutes of Council after this date. liSSuperseded by Survevor-Generai. iJResigned. tfResigned. IttSuperseded by Colonial .Secretary. ttMl'i'csident. 114 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA H, T.Kf.isi.ATiVK CoT'NCii,, 1R64 to lotli July, 1S71.— Session iS'i.j; The Hon. Arthur N. Birch, Colonial Secretary; Hon. Henry r. P. Crease, Attorney-C.cneral; Hon. Wyniond O. Haniley, Collecior ofCustonis; Hon. Cliartres Hrevv, Magistrate, New Westminster; Ilon.'i'eter O'Reilly, Magistrate, Cariboo Kast; Hon. !<;. H. Sanders, MaRistratc, Yale; Hon. H. M. Dall, Magistrate, Lytton; Hon. J, A. R. Homer, New Westnii-ister: Hon. Robert T. Smith, Hope, Yale and I.ytton; Hon. Henry Holbrook, Douglas and Killooet; Hon. James <1rr, Cariboo Kast; Hon. Walter S. lilack, Cariboo West. Skssion.— 1864 to 1S65, Hon. Arthu*- X. Birch, Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member; Hon. Henry P. P. Crease, Altorney-C.eneral; Hon. Charles W. Vranks, Treasurer; Hon. Wymond O. Hamlev, Collector of Customs; Hon. Chartres Hrew. Magistrate, New Westminster; Hon. Peter O'Reilly, Magistrate, Cariboo; Hon. H. M. Ball, Magistrate, Lytton; Hon. A. C. Klliot, Magistrate, I.illooet; Hon. John C. Haynes, Magistrate, Osovoos and Kootenay; Hon. J. A. R. Homer, New Westminster District; Hon.' Henry Holbrook, Douglas and r.illooet Districts; Hon. Clement K, Cornwall, Hope, Yale and Lytton Districts; Hon. (ieorge A. Walkem, Cariboo l';ast District; Hon. Walter Moberly, Cariboo West District. Session 1866.— Hon. Henry M. Ball, acting Colonial Secretary, and Presiding Member; Hon. Henry P. P. Crease, Attorney-C.eiieral; Hon. Charles W. Franks, Treasurer; Hon. Joseph W. Trutch. Chief Commissioner of Frauds and Works; Hon. Wymond O. Hamley, CoUectorof Customs; Hon, Chartres Hrew, Magistrate, .N'ew Westmi'ister; Hon'. Peter O'Reilly,' Magistrate, Kootenaj'; Hon. Andrew C. l-Hliot, Magistrate, I.illooet; Hon. John C. Haynes, Magistrate, Osoyoos and Kootenay. Hon. J. A. R. Homer, New Westminster District; Hon. Henry Holbrook, Douglas and I.illooet Districts; Hon. Clement 1'. Cornwall, Hope, Yale and I.ytton Districts; Hon. George Anthony Walkem, Cariboo Kast District; Hon. Robert Smith, Cariboo West District. Si:ssi(>.\ 1867.— Kirst session after union with Vancouver Island. Hon. Arthur N. Birch, Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member; Hon. Henry I'. P. Crease, Attorney-General; Hon. \yilliani .\. G. Young, acting during session as Treasurer; Hon. Joseph W. Trutch, Chief Commis- sioner of Lands and Works; Hon. Wymond O. Hamley. Collector of Customs; Hon. Thomas Lett Wood, acting during session as Solicitor-General; Hon. Henry M. Ball, Magistrate, Cariboo West; Hon. Chartres Brew, Magistrate, New Westminster; Hon. (ieorge W. Cox, Magistrate, Cariboo Kast; Hon. William H. l-ranklyii, Magistrate. Nanaimo; Hon. William J. Macdonald, Magistrate, Victoria; Hon. Peter O'Reilly, 'Magistrate, Kootenay; Hon. Ivdward H. Sanders, Magistrate, Yale and Lytton; Hon. Amor DeC'osmos, Victoria; Hon. J. S. Helmcken, Victoria; Hon. Joseph D. Pem- berton, Victoria District; Hon. John Robson.Xew Westminster; Hon. Robert T. Smith, Columbia River and Kootenay; Hon. Josepl. J. Southgate, Nanaimo; Hon. Ivdward Stamp, Lillooet; Hon. Geo. A. Walkem, Cariboo; Hon. Francis J. Barnard, Yale and Lytton. Skssion, 186K— The Hon. W. A. G. Young, Acting Colonial Secretary and Presiding Member; Hon Henry P. Pellew Crease, Attorney-General; Hon. Robert Ker, acting during Session as Treasurer: Hon. Joseph W. Trutch, Chief Commissioner of Lands a^ Jas. Trimble, M.D. . iA. C. Elliott.. J. W. Douglas. HonT.B.Huniphreys J. T. Mcllmoyl I W. F. Tolmie HonT.B.Huniphreys jSimeon Duck. iRobt. Beaven Jas. Trimble, M.D. 2 Hon. A. DeCosmos _ Hon. A. Bunster j..' W. F. Tolmie (vice DeCosmos) W. A. Robertson (vice Bunster) 3 Robert Smith J. A. Mara Jas. Robinson F. G. Vernon Chas . A. Semlin Robert Smith P Wm. Wilson. J. S Drunimond J. W. Williams .. J. A. Mara F. G. Vernon. Bennett 4 Robt. Beaven Theo. Davie Simeon Duck M. W. T. Drake 2 Geo. A. McTavish R. F. John 3 Chas. A. Semlin John .\. Mara Preston Bennett k G. B. Martin I (vice Bennett) I iU islative ii6 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY AFTER CONFEDERATION. ; i i S : 5f Const IT- a UKNCV. = l<'ll'Tll I'AKI.IAMKNT (To May lo, ihyo.) M Cariboo... , ■, y. Mason . . , ,K. McUtse. ,G. Cowan . . Cassiar . Comox . Cowichan . Ksquinialt. Kootenay . Lillooet. . . ] Jolui (irant ' 1 A. ?.I. Sttnliouse Hon. T. Ij. Humphrtys 2 (vice t^tenlioiisc) Hon. W. Sniithe ni.. . . i Henry V'ry I (vice'Hon. W. Smillie) 2 C. !•;. I'ooley .... 1). W. Higyins J I.t. Col. Ja.s. Jiaker 2 Hon. A. K. li. Davie q. U. Allen \V. Smith ■ .) D. M. p;berts (N.) J. P. Booth 3 (N.) Hon. G. B. Martin (]•;.) Donald Graham ,(W.) C. A. Semlin Vane. City. 3 .\. W. Williams Robt. Macpherson I }••. C. Cotton Alberni i Thomas Fletcher Thelslands i J. P. Bootli a— Appointed Clerk, Records, Kootenay, Apri 1872. b— Accepted Office May 187/ and was defeated, c -Died Sept. 1879. d— Appointed Gold Commissioner, Cassiar, May 1879. e— Died Oct. 1877. f-Died Nov. 1K72. g— Resigned Sept. 1874. li— Resigned Dec. 1876. i— Resigned Nov. 1889. j— Resigned February 1S74. k-Died Aug. 1882. m— Died m'Ay. n— Died Jan. 1891. o — Died June 1892. p— Died Aug. 1.S93. q— Died Aug, 1888. r— Died 1S86. s— Died 1869. t— Appointed Judge 1881. u — Resigned to sit for Cariboo, v— Resigned for House of Commons, w — Ran for Cowichan, X— Resigned March 4, 1S95, appointed Chief Justice, y— Resigned on Election Protest and was Defeated, z— Died during Session 1897. )N. lAM'T AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. "7 BRITISH COLUMBIA LEGISLATURE. Table Shewing the Dates of Opening and Prorogation of the Several Sessions, and of the Dissolutions of the Legislature. le X Davie) ey gins me ce y entice) Lh 5\vord rster :idd then z lartin lam was I Oct. (1889. June [1881. Ihan. Iwas First. Second Third . . Fourth . Ses- sion. Opening. Fifth Sixth . Seventh. I Feb. 2 Dec. ?> Dec. 4 Mar. I Jan. 2 Feb. ?, Feb. I J"iy 2 Jan. 3 April 4 Jan, 5 Feb. I Jan. 2 Dec. 3 Jan, 4 Jan. I Jan. 2 Jan. 3 Jan. 4 Jan, I Jan. /> Jan. 3 Jan. 4 Jan. I Nov. 2 Jan. 3 Feb. 16, 1872 17, 1872 18, 1873 I- 1875 10, 1876 21, 1877 7, 1878 29, 1878 29, 1879 5, i«8o 24, 1881 23, 1882 25. 1883 3, 1883 12, 1885 25, 1886 24, 1887 27, 1888 31, 1889 23, 1890 15. 1891 28, 1892 26, 1893 18, 1894 12, 1895 23, 1896 8, 1897 Prorogation. April Feb. Mar. April May April April Sept. April May Mar. April May Feb. Mar April April April April April April April April April Feb. April May 11, 1872 21, 1873 2, 1874 22, 1875 19, 1876 18, 1877 10, 1878 2, 1878 29, 1879 8, 1880 25. 1881 21, 1882 12, 1883 18, 1884 9, 18S5 6, 1886 7, 1887 28, 1888 6, 1889 26, 1890 20, I 89 I 23, 1892 12, 1893 11, 1894 21, 1895 17, 1896 8, 1897 Dissolution. Aug. 30, 1875 April 12, 1878 June 13, 1882 June 3, 1886 May 10, 1890 June 5, 1894 Fac-simile of $20 gold piece coined in the British Columbia Mint. (Fly kind lermissiou of Hou. J, S. Helmcken). ii8 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA \ il 00 o u c c75 o c o U .> o X U vo \o r>< r^ f^ t^ t->. 00 CO 00 CO P< C/3 •— >*'5 3 a, < c 3 fO CO > o o 13 00 00 lO M N 00 CO o >o 00 CO (Ll n 3 VO 2 i) a I < O 3 ^ rt CO 2i2 u « s a <" rt S Cfl m ^ m u IH Ph ^ 13 TJ 3 rt u r/l i»H •T3 C 6 111 rt i, .3 O 3. O 2 a 8 v . o 3 .Sf 'in o o o o fc .1 »» AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL LNFORMATION. 119 . O c o o o 01 a o a a 6 V CO ^ • a d a. bl u Si W 4-( « <1) n^ o HPi J I t3 rs (U o c W) i/D t/3 T. Si 5J f^4 V ■*^ c x: c/: (A _5C.2 C3 rt 11 "TT XI i> »«i o5S C Q CO CO CO ^ CO X X CO CO o CO CO c 3 fC rO O ON CO CO CO CO o o • : 'O 'O X* c J? * Ih 01 O 'S : t"^ •a. r 1* 11 r "i^ s ^ o j; f^ li -t^J l-i Ih Ph < fLi 3h c a; > 03 o (A I I O o ^3 CO 00 ii \^ ■c u a Ih n ClJ O o 0) ■»-' c/l n ^ B be ^ n .2 Q n o S. tn .a a o O a O 1 — o c C '35 u 00 c CO c V u ■r. tA « n . I CO •J +J i£ :^ o a 00 lO t-<. n ^ K *-• F— li*^ »^ F— • b£ <2^ ^ CO CO X CO bo^ W \0 M CO ON 3 - -^ - - M (N M lO CTs a> ON On CO CO CO CO V Ih •J] &: til 3 K a^T, y y a U < -r -^ u a '*' « o tn o a tu ti °, « tn a N Ih •^3 a 13 2i S "n! a < 5 o. 7! ' ■ U O Ih a S a^ a V — " Ih OJ 3 S •- -■ a S ao => a cs J *j U JJ « 1) , X a rr; « rt o S "3 a -*-' 11 .-a Ih a; l) O C a '- o ii • f-<
  • aC o . O) OI lU ■ o*^ a o O pi T" II '^ ex C m Ih o 13 O o ^^ K cn u a Ol u o o W Ol i tao Vi'AR HOOK OF HKITISII COLUMin.\ I (GOVERNORS OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. i |i ' NAMK From. To. Richard Ulaiislianl Sir Janus l)()iiv.'1as, K. C". II Artluir I'.dvsard Kcmirdv 1H4-l Nov. IHiil Mar. |Mt'.4 GOVERNORS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. NAMi;. From. To. Sir Jaim-s Doiinlas Sept. l«.Vs Apr. iMtil Aug. l.Hi;!i Ajir. IHC-l Frederick Seviiiour June IKAtl AiitliDiiy Musjjrave, C.M.d July 1«71 LIEUTENANT-(iOVERNORS' SINCE CONFEDER/ From. July 1«71 Jul'v 1x71) July IHHl i'"et). 1«M7 July 1802 AND B.C. rriON. NAMi;. ^.1. To. Sir J. \V. Triitcli C.M.C. Julv 1S7B Jidv HHl A.N. Kicliards C. F. Cornwall MiikIi .Nelson l<;dgar Dewdncy Fel'). 18K7 July lh92 CHIEF JUSTICES OF ^ NAMK. From. To. Dnvid Cameron Mr. Justice Needham ISTi t 1808 18A9 189) 18iW 1869 Matthew Haillie-Begbie .... 1894 lion. Theo. Davie .... LIST OF SPEAKERS. : VMK. From. 18^6 1872 1878 1881 1887 1890 To. Hon. J. S. Ilehncken " James Trimble " F. \V. Williams 1871 1878 1882 " J. A. Mara " C. K. I'ooley " U. W. Higgins 1886 1889 PROVINCIAL ELECTIONS OF 1894. Below is given the returns of the Provincial General Elections of July, 1894, which, owing to the interruption of communication by Hoods, were held at various dates. The returns of bye-elections, etc., are given in foot notes. District or RiDiNfi C.ANDIDATE.S. Cariboo |W A Adums S A KoRers.. l)r H Watt . . R McLeeso , , jMaj-Gen Kinchant. (A *^ as 05 -1 > ^i ■M r- Son S 00 456 2 .... 147 lti7 138 .... .... "I o a 142 95 .1 ! f,.i ifi'j 171 SHI AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 131 \ ly, 1894. Iv^.rious OS'S OS o a >o 142 95 niHTRKT i>ll RiDISO. C'ANDI OATEN, (^aNHliir [I] ciillllwtvck [2] ("owlchan-Albernl Comox Delta Dewfliioy £H(iiiiinalt KooU'iiay EiiHt Kootenay North Kooteniiy South [3] LillooetEHBt Llllooet Went Nauaimo City Naualmo Nortli fl] NHnaimo South^^ New Westminster Richmuiid / 1 Vancouver . Victoria City. Victoria North..,. [5] Victoria South Yale East [6] Yale North .... Yale West .lohu lrvl!ijj Win I)iilliv T K Kltciii'U S A Cawk'y Hon Tlu'i) I )avlo— acclamation ., . I M Mutter acclamation .loHt'i)li Hunti'r UrSiahlsciimliU 'Plios F'lrstur .tamt's I'liiK^i (' 1» Swonl Dr.I .M 1/i'Kcvre lion (' K I'oolcy loiiM W II iK(,'"i MS -acclamation Hon .Itiines Halcor \ (' Scllou I M KclllL- Win Hrown .1 r llwnie (to Muchanan .1 I) I'rentlcc I) AStoddart A W Smith Kcithloy ,f McCinnor Thos Kflth .lolin IJryden K Smith W W Walkem T Hoycu ,1 H h I'lincdy I) SCurtls TKldd (' S Dmifjlas A Williams R McI'hiTson FC Cotton K A Anderson K J Tatlow K Odium H CO CO m DO r ■< 00 m 1] O X m o o z m D m > H O z ^ J n ■ 2 ^ 3' J) 71) 3 3 — • -I H 3-^ 3 W IS * I ± jh*-^^ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. I -'5 Fire-I'mof ThrouKhuut. cement, the windows being filled with stained glass. The interior staircases are moulded solid stone stairs, with wrought-iron railings, all manufactured in ihe Province. These steps are constructed in a manner uni(iue on the Coast, one end being built in the wall and the other end apparently unsupported, giving a very light and airy appearance. The strength of this system of stair-huilding is, how- ever, as undoubted as the appearance is attractive. A large vaulted lobby opens on to the Legislative Hall, an apartment 60x40 feet on the lloor level, amply large enough to accommodate far more than the present thirty-three members, with galleries for the public extending beyond this again, these galleries being over the corridor surrounding the Hall. The Legii- lotive Hall is panelled in Italian marble. Breccia and Pavanazzo and Verona St. Ambrozia being mostly used, witli large monolithic columns ot green Cippolino at each bay. The general effect is very rich. The Speaker's canopy in oak is an intricate and ornamental work, and is pointed to with pride as an example of the joiner's skill. Round the Legislative Hall are the various committee rooms and offices, including the Library of the; Legislative Assembly. Each of these is panelled in some one of the various native weeds, and in them are exhibited choice samples cf birds-eye maple, cypn ss, fir, cedar, alder and spruce. The building generally is fire proof, a great deal of concrete work being us>ed, and all wood as far as possible avoided in the construction to obviate shrink- age and decay as well as danger from fire. The electric light is used throughout, and the lavatories are fitted up in the most sanitary manner with tiled walls and floors, and marble is used fnr all divisions and fixtures. The total cost of construction, including furnish- ings complete, will be under $840,000. On either side of the main struMure is ranged the Printing Office and Museum, connected by means of colonnades, forming a facade of over 500 feet in length. These colonnaocs are graceful in appearance, and form convenient covered approaches from one building to the other. The Museum, which is a perfectly fire proof building, will contain the unique and noted collection of Provincial animals and curiosities. It is the intention to tear down the present buildings now obstructing the view and when this is done, the grounds will be laid out in a manner to blend with the general archicectural effect. A granite terrace wall is to be constructed in front of the main facade, whence the grounds will slope gradually down to the water front. A small granite curb with cast-iron standards and a chain will enclose the grounds. The whole of the work was let to local contractors, each trade being dealt with separately. AH work was done according to schedule rates comprised in carefully and elaborated Bills of Quantities. Quantities are unusual on this Coast, but are generally adopted in the Old Country and the effect of their use has led to the satisfactory avoidance of serious disputes, and has materially diininished the cost of the building. I^Tr. F. M. Rattenbury, formerly of Leeds, England, is the architect, evcrj detail being drawn by himself, and Mr. E. C. Howell, of London. England, sup- intendent, to both of whom is due every credit for the imposing edifice now in the final stages of completion. f 136 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA THE OLD PARLIAMENT BUILDINGS. J I'^IIE old buildinj^s to be replaced by the new structure just described were com- inenccd in 1859, the original contract for which exceeded Jjioo.ooo. A good deal of objection was raised to their erection at the time, on several grounds — their cost, their location, their being undertaken without consent of Parliament. and their designs. However, as the cost was defrayed out of Hudson's Bay Com- pany funds. Governor Douglas proceeded with them regardless of his censors. A feature very much criticised was the isolation or detachment of the various departments from each other in separate buildings. That, v.'itli tlic quaint style of architecture, somewhat suggestive of Chinese pagodas, earned fur them the designation of "birdcages," and to this circumstance Birdcage Walk, being a continuation of Government Street past the Government Grounds, owes its name. They consisted of five buildings, originally used as a Central or Administrative Department, a Court House, a Legislative Hall, an office of the Chief Commis- sioner of Lands and Works, and a Printing Bureau. There was a quaintness and picturesqueness about them and cause a feeling of regret on account of their demolishment. but the business of the public office having long ago outgrown their capacity their fate was inevitable. I I COUNCIL OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. August, 1851, to August, 1863. NAME FROM TO Hon. Jar.ies Douglas* August 1851 November 1851 Hon. John Todf August 185 1 October 1S58 Hon. James Coopert August 1851 June 1856 Hon. Roderick Finlayson November iSsi August 1863 Hon. John Work? April 1853 December 1862 Hon. Donald Fraser November 1858 August 1863 Hon. David Cameron July 1859. August 1863 Hon. Alfred J. Langley February 1861 August 1863 •Appointed Governor f Resigned IResigned $Ditd 2i!-t December 1862 THE GOVERNMENT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. LiEUTKNANT-GovERNOR, His HONOUR EDGAR DEWDNEY. EXECUTIVE COUNCIL. Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines Hon. Colonel James Baker Attorney-General Hon. David MacEwen Eoerts Minister of I'inance and Agriculture Hon. John H. Turner (Premier) Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works Hon. George B. Martin President of the Council Hon. Charles E. Pooley Clerk of the Executive Council Hon. Colonel James Baker AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 127 LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. The Honourabi.k DAVID W. HIGGINS, Spkakkr. Namw. Constituency Represented. Adams, William Baker, the Hon. James Booth, John Paton Braden, John Bryden, John Cotton, Francis Carter Eberts, Hon. David MacEwen. Forster, Thomas Graham, Donald Ilelmcken, Harry Dallas Higgins, Hon. David William. Huff, George Albert Hume, John Frederick Hunter, Joseph . Irving, John Kellie, James M Kennedy, James Buckham Kidd, Thomas Macpherson, Robert Martin, Hon. George Bohun . . McGregor, James Mutter, James Mitchell Pooley, Hon. Charles Edward. Rithet, Robert Paterson Rogers, Samuel A Semlin, Charles Agustus Smith, Alfred Wellington Stoddart, David A Sword, Colin Buchanan . Turner, Hon. John Herbert. . . . Walkem, William Wymond . . . Williams, Adolphus Vedder, A. S Cariboo East Kootenay North Victoria Victoria City North Nanaimo Vancouver City vSouth Victoria Westminster (Delta Riding).. Yale (East Riding) Victoria City Esquimau Cowichan-Alberni West Kootenay (South Riding) . . Comox Cassiar West Kootenay (North Riding). . New Westminster City Westminster (Richmond Riding) Vancouver City Yale (North Riding) Nanaimo City Cowichan-Alberni Esquimalt Victoria City Cariboo Yale (West Riding) Lillooet (West Riding) Lillooet (Enst Riding) Westminster (Dewdney Riding) . Victoria City South Nanaimo Vancouver City Westminster (Chilliwack Riding) P.O. Address. Lightning Creek. . Victoria. .[vSp'g Is. Vesuvius Bay, Salt [Victoria . . . .' Victoria Vancouver Victoria Clayton ^Armstrong 'Victoria iVictoria lAlberni JNelson 1 Victoria ^Victoria Revelstoke New Westminster Lulu Island Vancouver Victoria Nanaimo Sonie-'.os, V.I Victoria Victoria Barkerville, Crboo Cache Creek Lillooet Clinton Matsqui Victoria Nanaimo Vancouver Chilliwack hi 'Mi OFFICERS OF THE HOUSE. Clerk of the Legislative Assembly Thornton Fell Law Clerk C. C. Pemberton Sergeant-at-Arms R. Anderson Clerk of the House R. V/olfenden Librarian R. E. Gosnell DEPARTMENTAL OFFICERS. Attorney-General Hon. D. M. Eberts, Q.C Deputy Attorney-General Arthur G. Smith Superintendent Provincial Police F. S. Hussey Provincial Secretary and Minister of Mines Col. t'u. Hon. James Baker I 128 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Deputy Provincial Secretary A. Campbell Reddie Minister of Mines Col. the Hon. James liaker Provincial Mineralogist VV. A. Carlyle Provincial Assayer H. Carmichael Inspector of Coal Mines A. Dick (Nanaimo) Minister of Finance and Agriculture Hon. J. H. Turner Auditor-General J. McB. Smith Deputy Minister of Finance A. Flett Supervisor of Rolls Cornelius Booth Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works Hon. G. B. Martin Deputy Commissioner W. S. Gore Surveyor-General T. Kains Provincial Timber Inspector R. J. Skinner Minister of Education and Immigration Col. the Hon. James Baker Superintendent of Education S. D. Pope Minister of Immigration Col. the Hon. James Baker Immigration Agent John Jessop Minister of Agriculture Hon. J. H. Turner Deputy Minister of Agriculture J. R. Anderson Inspector of Fruit Pests R. M. Palmer Chairman Provincial Board of Health Dr. J. C. Davie Secretary Provincial Board of Health Dr. George H. Duncan Curator Provincial Museum John Fannin Secretary Bureau Statistics R. E. Gosnell SUPREME COURT REGISTRARS. Victoria B. H. T. Drake Vancouver A. E. Beck New Westminster J. J. Cambridge. Deputy Registrar Nanaimo Marshall Bray Kamloops G. C. Tunstall Nelson E. T. H. Simkins, Acting Registrar Barkcrville John Bowron Clinton F. Soues Lillooet C. Phair COUNTY COURT REGISTRARS. Victoria Harvey Combe New Westminster J. J. Cambridge, Deputy Registrar Nanaimo Marshall Bray Kamloops E. T. W. Pearse Nelson E. T. H. Simkins Barkerville J. McKen Duncans H. O. Wellburn Yale Wm. Dodd Ashcroft J. W. Burr Nicola J. D. Gillie Union W. B. Anderson Chilliwack G. W. Chadsev Rock Creek C. A. R. Lambly Granite Creek H. Hunter Midway W. G. McMynn Vernon J. C. Tunstall Revelstoke J. D. Graham Donald . . • J. T. Armstrong PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT AGENTS. Alberni Thos. Fletcher, Alberni Cariboo . . . .J. Bowron, Barkerville Cassiar James Porter, P.O. Laketon Cowichan H. O. Wellburn, Duncan Comox W. B. Anderson. Comox Fort Simpson J. Flewin AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 129 Kamloops G. C. Tunstall, Kamloops Kootenay East — South J- F. ArnistronR. Fort Steele Kootenay West J. D. Graham. Revelstoke Kootenay West A. G. Dennis. Nelson Kootenay East — North John E. Griffith. Domild Lillooet F. Soues, Clinton Nanaimo M. Bray. Nanaimo New Westminster D. Rohson. New Westminster Nicola John Clapperton, Nicola Lake Okanagan L. Norris. Vernon Quesnelle Wm. Stephenson, Quesnelle Forks Yale Wm. Dodd, Yale Warden Guol, Victoria R. F. John Warden Gaol. New Westminster W. C. ArmstronK Medical Superintendent Lunatic Asylum, New Westminster. G. F. Bodington.M.D, The list of Gold Commissioners and Mining Recorders is given in the chapter on Mining. COUNTIES. « PRIOR to 1895 the districts of British Columbia were separately designated for County Court, Supreme Court and Shrievalty purposes. In 1805 the Counties Definition Act was passed, defining the various divisions of the Province for the administration of justice and for all other purposes. Under this Act the divis- ions are as follows: — 1. The County of Victoria, which consists of the Electoral Districts of (o) Victoria City, (b) North Victoria, (c) South Victoria, (d) Esquimalt. 2. The Electoral Districts of (a) Nanaimo City, {b) North Nanaimo, (c) South Nanaimo, (d) Cowichan-Alberni, (^e) Comox, (.0 Cassiar. 3. The County of Vancouver, Electoral Districts of (a) Vancouver City, (fc) Richmond Riding, excepting the Municipality of Buriiaby. 4. The County of Westminster, Electoral Districts ui (,a) New Westminster City, (b) Delta Riding, (c) Chilliwack, (d) Dewdney Riding, (e) Burnaby Munici- pality, {f) Hope and Vale Polling Divisions. 5. The County of Yale, tiie Polling Divisions of Kamloops, Nicola Lake, Okanagan and Rock Creek, in Yale Electoral District. 6. The County of Cariboo, Electoral Districts of (a) Cariboo, (6) Lillooet, (•:) Lytton and Cache Creek Polling Divisions in Yale. 7. The County of Kootenay, Electoral Districts of (0) East Kootenay, (b) West Kootenay. The Counties Definition Amendment Act, 1897, intended to create procedu'-e under which the provisions of the various statutes relating to the administration of justice and cognate subjects can be more readily given effect to and carried out in those portions of the Province which are rapidly increasing in population, provides, in the first place, that the Lieutenant-Governor-inCouncil may create a new county, comprising such portion of the area oi the counties of Kootenay and Yale as may be expedient, to be called the County of South Kootenay, and therein provide all necessary registries and offices, and appoint Registrars, Sheriflfs, Deputies and officers, and in the next place empowers the Lieutenant-Governor-in- Council to take the necessary measures to procure the more effectual carrying out of such statutes in the counties already in existence under the Act of 1895. 130 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA If I QUALIFICATION OF ELECTORS. At elections for members of the Legislature of the Province, every m.ile of the full age of twenty-one years entitled to the privileges of a natural-born British subject, having resided in this Province for twelve months, and in the Electoral District '> which he claims to vote for two months of that period imme- diately previous to sending in his claim to vote, shall be entitled to vote at any election. In each Electoral District there are one or more Collectors or Regis- trars of Voters, whose duty it is to prepare and revise the lists of voters, and to enter upon such lists the names of those applying for and entitled to obtain the entry of their names thereon. A person desiring to be entered as an elector must make an application in writing to the Collector of the Electoral District or Poll- ing Division in which the applicant resides, and may be called upon to answer the following questions: 1. What is your Christian name, surname, place of residence (street and number, if any, of the house in which you live), and occupation? 2. Are you of the full age of twenty-one years? 3. Are you a natural-born or naturalized subjc*, and which? 4. Have you ever taken the oath of allegiance to any foreign state, or been naturalized as a subject of a foreign state, and if so have you since been natural- ized as a British subject, and when and where? 5. Have you resided in the Province of British Coliimbia for twelve months prior to the date of your application to be registered as a Provincial Voter? 6. Have you resided or had your chief place of abode in this Electoral Dis- trict for a continuous period of two months prior to this date? If not in this District, in what (if any) Electoral District? 7. Are you now registered as a Provincial Voter in any Electoral District in British Columbia? (If the answer be yes) In what District? 8. Do you now reside in the District for which you apply to be registered as a Provincial Voter? On what premises do you reside? ALIENS. On May 14th, 1859, by Proclamation by His Excellency James Douglas, K.C.B., Governor and Commander-in-Chief in British Columbia, it was provided that: — "Every alien shall have the same capacity to take, hold, enjoy, recover, convey, and transmit title to lands and real estate of every description in this Colony, as if he were at the time of the passing of this Act a natural-born British subject; and no person shall be disturbed in the possession or precluded from the recovery of any lands or real estate in this Colony by reason only that some person from or through whom he may derive his title was an alien." This pro- vision was continued as section 10 of the "Aliens Act, 1867," in force on the 2nd of April, 1867, and consolidated as section 17 of the "Law and Equity Act, Con. Acts, 1888," Chap. 68, and is still the law of the Province, conserving to aliens the same rights as British subjects in regard to the holding and dealing with real property. It should be noted that an alien, in order to become a pre- emptor of C'-^wn Lands, must declare his intention to become a British subject (See tit. Crown Lands.) I I ti t< ti % c AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 131 ARMS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Merely a Crest. THE Coat-of-Arms of the Province in use until the year 1896 wa^ merely a crest or badge, and was unsuitable for representation upon a shield, or for association with other insignia of the Dominion, and was also unmeaning, as it presented no national idea with reference to the Province, being simply an emblem of the Royal Family of England. The present Arms was designed to remedy these defects and to express heraldically and appropriately the peculiar position of British Columbia with regard to the British Empire. The features to which it is intended thus to draw attention are: First, unity with the British Nation, both by descent and government; second, its extreme western geographical position; third, its maritime strength; fourth, its assured permanence and glory; fifth, its local fauna. These objects are attained in the following manner, respectively: First, the field is covered by the Union Jack, the grand standard and national emblem; second, upon a chief is defined the setting sun; third, this charge is placed upon a field, barry tindy, which heraldically symbolizes the sea; fourth, the motto, "Splendor sine occasu," which has been adopted by no other State or individual, refers to the sun, which, though apparently setting, never decreases, and to the Empire which has a glory or radiance encircling the world; fifth, the supporters, a Wapiti Stag and Big Horn, are the most noble creatures of the Province, and typify dignity and strength. These two animals have a peculiar significance, inasmuch as they represent the union of the Mainland and Island, the Wapiti being confined in its habitat to Vancouver Island, and the Big Horn found only in the mountain ranges of the Mainland. Signllicatioii of Arms. m. w \ -SIN E, THE GOVERNMENTOF THE PROVINCE OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Arms: Union Jack on a Chief barry undy. of six ar. and az., a sun. setting in base, or. Crest: On an Imperial Crown a lion statant gardant, imperially crowned, all or. Motto: "Splendor sine occasu." Supporters: Dexter, Wapiti Stag; sinister, a Big Horn, all ppr. The design has been ofificially adopted by the Government of Uie Province as the British Columlna Coat of Arms. J 132 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA M S XI B >J < ■r. 5 t/ > NH u u U rt a c9 tU) M ,C -o -0 o 4. A ■S a S rt S V s « . y CI «! « 3! . I •a a u o c o c a I J t( d( u w CI bi St CI ir r< C t< S( AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 133 DOMINION ELECTIONS. "S a I at u s o 'S o c. < S (A O & < : The result of the elections in Britisii Columbia for tlic lluusc of Commons, held June 23. 1896, was as follows: , BURRARI). No. voters, io.2;;o; No. members, i. Voles cast Votes c;i>^t Liberal. Con'^. Geo. Maxwell 1512 .... G. H. Cowan 1214 W. J. Bowser 420 VICTORIA. No. voters, 6,971; No. members, 2. \'otes cast \'otes ca'^t Liberal. Cons. Hon. E. G. Prior 1647 Thos. Earle 1551 Wm. Templeman. . . . 1452 .... Dr. Milne i;i55 .... YALE AND CARIBOO. No. voters, 7,743; No. members, i. Votes cast Votes cast Liberal. Cons, Hewitt Bostock 1SJ4 .... J. A. Mara 1479 Total No. voters. 38,010. Total No. members, 6. Total No. Liberal votes cast. 8,921. Total No. Cons, votes cast, 9241 ■ NEW WESTMINSTER No. voters, 8,602; No. members, i. Votes cast Votes cast Liberal. Cons. Aulay Morrison 1758 .... R. McBride 1460 VANCOUVER. No. voters, 4,404; No. members, i. Votes cast Votes cast Liberal. Cons. W. W. B. Mclnnes . . 1020 A. Haslam 823 Jas. Haggart 647 At the last general election of 1891, although British Columbia was entitled to six members, the distribution was somewhat different. As tlie result of the decennial census-taking, Vancouver City, with a population of 15,000. had grown up and was without representation. To remedy tliat, notwithstanding that the whole increase of population was not sufficient to entitle British Columbia to in- creased representation, the large but sparsely populated districts of Yale and Cari- boo, that formerly enjoyed separate representation, were merged into one con- stituency, and the new district of Burrard, which includes Vancouver City, was created. At this election general political dividing lines were for the first time introduced into the contest throughout the Province. Heretofore, altliough the representatives from British Columbia as a rule supported the Administra'i'in at Ottawa, local issues and personal considerations usually decided the results. Vic- toria was the only constituency in whicli strictly liberal candidates stood, but the sentiment was, prior to the last election, strongly Conservative. ^■11 i I Si •a I 134 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I CONSTITUTION OF TIIE SUPRKME COURT. THE Sui)rcnic Court of British Columbia is composed of a Chief Justice and four Puistit- Judges. Prior to the passinj? of the /\ct .42 Vict., (B.C.) Chap. 20. (i^<"8) tlie Court was composed of a Chief Justice and two Puisne Judges, This Court was oriRinally called "The Supreme Court of Civil Justice of British Columbia," and was constituted by proclamation having the force of law, issued by the Cioverntir of the Colony of British Columbia on the 8th June, 1859. PUISNE JUDGES. NAMK. From. To. Hon. Henry Pering-Pellcw Crease nth Mareh, 1870 Retired 1896 (i) " John Hamilton Clray ^rdjuly, 1S72 5th June, 1889 " Alexander Rockc Robertson 26th Nov. 1880 1st Dec, 1881 " George Anthony Walkem... 23rd INIay, 1882 | " jNIontague William Tyrwhitt Drake 14th August, 18.S9 (i) Mr. Justice Crease was appointed Deputy Judge in Admiralt} of the Exchequer Court of Canada for the Admiralty District of British Columbia, 27tli November, 1893. CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTY COURTS. BY "The County Courts Act. 1883," passed by the Legisl.ntive Assembly of the Province of British Columbia, which came into force on the 2Qth February, 1884, the following County Courts, which arc Courts of Jvecord, were estab- lished, namely: — The County Court of Victoria; The County Court of New Westminster; The County Court of Yale; The County Court of Cariboo; The County Court of Kootenay; The County Court of Nanaimo. An additional County Court, called the "County Court of Vancouver." was established by the Act 56 Vict. (B.C.) Chap. 10, which, as respects this Court, came into force on the ist December. 1893. The Governor-General appoints the Judges for each Court. Any County Court Judge may act as Judge in any otiier district than that assigned him for causes such as death, illness or unavoidable absence, or at the request of the Judge of that other district: the fact of his doing so with the cause to be reported in writing to the ProvinciiJ Secretary. The several Judges of the Supreme Court may sit and dispose of any busi- ness in any County Court of the Province. i Justice and B.C.) Chap. isiic JtulKCS. Justice of orce of law, une, 1859. To. red 1S96 (I) June, 1889 Hec, i88i ally of the J'l'jia, 27th y of the "ebruary, ■re estab- !J*. was Court, an that at the cause busi- I Il.imliN. ISrow. H.ill. Hi'llirook. W.ilki-iii. r.inli. (l''iiink>- I i.1 KillK. M.ili.il>. Ili>iiui-. Cr/.i-o, MEMBERS 2nd PARLIAMENT. NEW WESTMINSTER. I-\ 1 1: ( ■|iii'.i 1 1^1 in. (_" wiKKi IN \'. I. MR M \ 1 I III. ll.MI 1 II.- I'll. I ; III K, I. .lie t'liiil lusli',1-. \\. k. Sii; I li \u\- I', r. Chv. \^i-,, Ki'tiii'ii Siipri iiu- C'i>iirt. : ■ . i'i fl Ili>\. |. !•. M, CkKh.iii. Hon. M. W. T. Dkakk. II"N. «.. A. Wmkkm. Ilt).\. Tiii.:uiH.KK l)A\ii;, C'liiit" Jiistiti.'. MEMBERS OF THE SUPREME COURT. After til lprocf(liir('| as<)iinil:tt( loiiy cmp()| \cc to 1)C 10 tlu' i)owr| linlly llie C( e Courts wj lurt Judges 1 l8«j." N. i^^iistus V. r lliiir T. 1 »il illiatu N. X ol liiry M. Ball 4 Harrison fin-nt P. C t 111 Porin Harrison. . , x-v O'Reilly. lliam Ward ward H. San irner R. Spal $9. (I) Jiulg (2.) Judj Customs; In iH'onver, John I ^UHon. Inland '. Miller. Indian Depai idput of Indian Marine and F I't. J. Walbran, ' ainboats, J. A. 1 Dominion ■stininster. F ,'s Banlt: Mai IJaynesReed, E <1 Timber: Lan nitentlary; War ctoria. Qv>aran ^ KM. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 137 After tilt, union of tlie Coloivies of British Colutnhia aiicl \ ancoiivor Island procedure of the County Courts in all parts of Mritisii CoUiinhia was amended assimilated by the "County Court Ordinance, 1^)7," and tlic Governor of the ony empowered to appoint any Stii)endiary .MaKi^^trates or Justices of the ce to be County Court Judges. This provision ol the ordinance w:is repealed the i)owcr of appointing vested in the Govern()r-{ieneral of Canada. Subsc- ntly the commissions held by the then County Court Judges were revoked and C Courts were presided over by a Jud^u; ol the Sui)reme Court until County I'lrt Judyts were again api)oiiiled uiuUr the provisions ol "The Couniy Courts NAME. IM.ACIC. From. To. I>;ustus v. Pembcrton Victoria 23rd vSepl. 1H67. i.jth Jan. 1881 lliiir T. 1 ishby New W'm'ster ' i8th .May 1875 lUiamN. iole " " ; 19th vSept. 18S9 , " inry M. Hull Cariboo . . . . llarri.son ') " tn.nt F. C> rnwall " 111 Forin Kootenay . , . Harrison .N'anaimo . . . x-r O'Reilly ,Vale lliam Ward Spinks 1 " i Lillooet (1 Clinton i Nanaiino V\ and (| Comox I Vancouver. . I ward H. Sandt s. irrer R. Spahling iSth .Sept. 1S67 14th Jan. 1881 25th A])ril. 1SH4 2iul Aug. 1889 19th Sept. 1S89 1896 ' ^rd .Vug. 1S89 iSth Sept. 1867 14th Jan. 1881 19th Sept. 1889 ! ) ' i8th Sept. 1867 ' 14th Jan, 1881 aSth Sept. 1S67 1 14th Jan. 1881 >9, (i) Judge Harrison transferred to the County Court of N'anaimo 3rd August, (2,) Judge of County Court of New Westminster acting. ';. !i I IK, DOM NION GOVKRNMENT OFFICI.VLS. Customs: Inspector, J. S. lute. New Westminster. Colleetors — Victoria, A. R. Milne; icouver, John >r. Bowell; New Westminster, Peter Grant; Nanaimo, B. 11. Smith; Nelson, George iiison. Inland Revenue; Inspector, W. Gill, Victoria; Collectors— Victoria, R.Jones; Vancouver, :. Miller. Indian Department: (.'ommissioner of Indian Reserves, Hon. P. O'Reilly, Vi^'torla; Superin- dent of Indian Affairs, A. V.'. Vowe I, Victoria. Marine and Fisheries Department. Agent, Capt. .1. Gaudin, Victoria ; Commander S.S. "Quadra" tit. J. Wftlbran, Victoria; Inspector of Fisheries, John McNab, New VVestminster; Inspector of Hinboats, J. A. Thomson, Victoria; Inspector of Hulls, .T.CoUister, Victoria. Dominion Public Works: Resident Engineer and Agent, Jas. R. Roy, New stminster. Post Office: Inspector, Capt. E. II. Fletcher, Victoria. Dominion Sav- ts Bank: Manager, J. H. McLaughlin, Victoria; Meteorological Service: Director, Hnynes Reed, Esquimau. Experimental Farm: T. A. Sharpe, Director, Agasslz. Dominion Lands il Timber: Land Agent, John McKenzie, New Westminster; Timber Agent, James Leamy. nitentlary : Warden, J. C. White, New Westminster. Weightsand Measures: Inspector, H. Flndley, ctoria. Qvarantine: Medical Superintendent, A. T. Watt, M.D. !'! THE policy concerning municipal legislation continuously followed by the Legislature of this Province has been to give as large as possible a measure of local and self-government to municipal corporations, and to facilitate the incorporation of municipalities wherever warranted by population and property. The general legislation at present in force respecting *-.unici- palities is contained in three Statutes passed during the session of 1896, '.nown as the Municipal Incorporation Act. the Municipal Elections Act, and the Municipal Clauses Act and amendments to the two last-mentioned Acts, passed in 1897, deal- ing respectively with municipal incorporations, elections, government and internal management. Adequate provisions in these Acts conserve the corporate rights, powers and liabilities of existing municipalities. Under the first mentioned Act a city municipality, to include a tract of land o* not more than 2,000 acres in area, may be incorporated by Letters Patent upon petition signed by the owners of more than one-half in value of the lands within ttie proposed boundaries, if within such boundaries there are resident and have been so resident for six months immediately previous to the signing of the pe- tition, not less than one hundred male British subjects of incurporntioa. full age; and a township or district municipality upon pe- tition by the like proportion of owners, (including pre- emption of at least one year's standing), if there be so resident at leaet thirty male British subjects of full age. The Act also contains elaborate provisions for securing an extension or reduction of corporate limits, and for securing the dissolution of a municipal 'Corporation upon petition of the ratepayers, should circumstances render such a course necessary. The Elections Act codifies the provisions relating to this branch of law; the qualifications of electors, the methods of their registration, and the time and method of holding the annual elections being all fixed by Statute, it being left to the Municipal Councils to fix by by-law the places for holding the nomina- tions and polls and to appoint returning oliicers and their deputies. For the an- nual elections the nominations are held on the second Monday in January, and the polling, if any, on the Thursday following. The voting is by ballot; the provisions regulating the mode oi voting, the counting of ba)!ots and announcing the results and for the prevention of intimidation and corrupt practices being substantially to the same effect as those regulating elec- tions for ihe Legislative Assembly; there are also provisions providing for the filling of vacancies in Councils and provisions empowering the Supreme and County Courts to try upon petition the validity of conte.sted elections. In order to be qualified for nomination and election in a city municipality as Mayor, Annual Election. ] AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 139 the candidate must be a British subject and must have been registered as the owner of the property to the extent of $i,ooo in assessed vahie above any regis- tered encumbrance or judgment, and as Alderman must be a liritish subject, with a similar real property qualification of $500. The qualifications of Reeve and Councillors in district municipalities are similar, with the exception tiiat the real property qualifications are $500 and $250 respectively. All civic yuai.hcation officers and employees are elected by ballot and hold office at Candidates. the pleasure of the Council. Every municipality is divided into wards so as to allow equal representation as near as may be on the basis of assessed values, and a re-division on this basis is necessary wh»'n the amount of i,ssessed property in any ward exceeds in proportion to its represen- tation in the Council more than 40 per cent, of the assessed property in any other ward. Any male or female being a British subject of tlie full age of twenty-one years who in city mun'^ipalities has paid on or before the ist of November, and in district municipalities before the 30th day of N'ovember prior to the dato of nomination all rales, taxes, fees, imp'^sts, etc., is qualified to vote at the muni- cipal elections, (a)wlio is a land owner; (b) who is the holder of a trade license, the annual fee for which is not less t'lan $5, or (c) who is a householder. The Municipal Clauses Act, continuing and elaborating the policy of the former Municipal Acts, has for its object the creation of a compreliensive system of municipal government and management, altogether self-supporting, that is to say, dependent for municipal expenditures entirely upon municipal Municipal revenue; the Municipal Councils being for the more effectual ac- (lausesAct. complishment of this object invested with powers to raise a revenue by taxation, and also with legislative and executive pow- ers, the scope and limits of these powers and the methods of their exercise being fully and carefully defined. In city municipalities the Mayor, and in district mu'iicipalities the Reeve, is the chief executive officer of the corporation, his duties and powers being defined by the Act, and including unrestricted powers and authority to order the conduct of all municipal officer? and employees, to direct the method and management of corporate business, and to return for re-confideration any by-law or resolution of the Council, this partial power of veto being subject to the right of the Council to re-consider and again pass the by-law or resolution over the veto of the Mayor or Reeve. The Council exercise the corporate powers of the municipalities and in cities consist of a Mayor and not less than five and not more than nine alder- men, and in districts of a Reeve and not less than four and not more than .'even Councillors. Real property ownership as before mentioned is a necessary qualification for the holding of elective office in a municipality. All civic ofticcr and em- ployees are elected by ballot bv and hold office at the pleasure of the Council. The Council of every municipality has power to make, alter and repeal by- laws in relation to upwards of 150 classes of subjects, the general effect of the elaborate statutory > numeration of their le^^islative powers being to invest them with authority by by-law to assist the establishment of various enterprises within the corporation limits; to construct and acquire water works, lighting, sewerage, and tramway systems; to aid educational and charitable institu- tions and objects; to raise municipal revenue by means of taxation and by the issue of trades licenses; to prevent fires and accidents, and to regulate the carrying on of all trades which have in them elements of danger to life or health; to prevent practices injurious to public nmrals or tend- ing to disturb the peace; to maintain, repair and regulate streets, bridges and wharves; and to enable permanent works to be carried out on the local improve- ment principle. The general power of a Municipal Council to incur liabilities on behalf of the corporation is restricted to the extent of the municipal revenue for the cur- rent year. The carrying out of municipal works involving expenditure which cannot be met out of the current revenue, loans by tht issue of debentures upon the security of rateable lands or improvements (either or both) of the municipality may be obtained upon by-laws passed by the Council and assented to by the rate- payers assessed for property within the municipality up to an aggregate amount Powers by B)«Law 140 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (exclusive of loans for works to be performed on the local improvement principle) not to exceed twenty per cent, of the assessed value of the lanSs and im- provements of the municipality. For the purpose of r^rrying out works to be performed on the local improvement principle by local assessment loans may be obtained upon by-laws in like manner, except that the by-law must expressly show that the debt is created on the special rate settled by the by-law and on that security only. A by-law passed illegally may be quashed upon application of any ratepayer made to the Supreme Court within thirty days after the by-law has been finally passed by the Council. By-laws for contracting dcl)ts for other than ordinary expenditure can only he introduced on a petition of at least one-half of the value of the land in township or district municipalities and at least one-tenth of the value of real property in city municipalities, and no such by-law after having been passed can be altered or repealed except by consent of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council. Only those who are the assessed owners of land or real property may vote on money by-laws. In city municipalities a three-fifths majority is necessary to carry a by-law requiring the assent of the electors. The Council of every city municipality may invest its sinking fund in Do- minion or Provincial Government securities or deposit it in an incorporated bank, or may invest it in other seci'.ritlos. District municipalities may from time to time invest in Dominion or Pro- vincial Government securities or in first mortgages of real property held and used for farming purposes and being the first lien on such property, but no sum in- vested in mortgages shall exceed one-half of the value of the real property on which it is secured. I N every municipality the Assessment Roll, as annually prepared and returned J[ by the Assessor on the date fixed for such return by resolution of the Coun- cil, is revis-id by the Council sitting as a Court of Revision to hear and deter- mine all complaints made by ratepayers of having been wrongfully inserted in or omitted from the Assessment Roll, or of having been therein undercharged or overcharged. The sittings of the Court are advertised for one month in the "Official Gazette" and in the local press; and the Court is composed of five mem- bers of the Council, of whom three form a quorum. An appeal lies from the Court of Revision to a County Court Judge or to a Judge of the Supreme Court and again to the Court of Appeal. The Council may, after the Assessment. final revision of the Assessment Roll, levy a rate of one mill for health purooses and two mills for school purposes. The Court of Revision is also empowered to act as. and its members are constituted a, Board for the equalization of the assessed value of land and improvements which are, under the Act, assessed separately; improvements, in many instances, being exempted. All arrears of taxes bearing interest at six per cent, are by the Act made a first charge on the property affected, and payment may be enforced by action and judgment, or by the sale at public auction of the lands in respect of which taxes are in arrear. Owners of real property which has been sold for taxes have the right to redeem within one year, by paying or tendering to the Clerk of the municipality the sum paid by the purchaser with legal interest thereon. in district municipalities every male person between twenty-one and fifty years of age inclusive, not otherwise assessed, is liable to perform two days' statute labour annually. Any property holder not assessed over $500. and whether resident or non-resident, is also charged with two days; over $500 and not ex- ceeding $1,000, three days; and for every additional $1,000, one day. Statute labour may be commuted in casn, at the amount fixed by by-law, not in any case to exceed $2 per day. Municipalities in addition to powers of taxation by statute labour and as- sessment may levy and collect license fees in respect of some twenty-nine trades, occupations and privileges at various rates, the limits of which are defined. Cities are also empowered to construct certain works such as sewers, drains, sidewalks, pavements, etc., under the local improvement system, for which the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 141 mem- the burt the for burt d a, lich eing fifty lays' :ther ex- )our : to as- des, tins, the property specially benefitted may be taxed. No such local improveuients, however, except branch sewers and connections, may he undertaken if a majority of the owners of the property effected (holding at least one-half in value of such property) petition against it. Provision is also made for the car- Local iiiiprovcnieiit- rying out of works on the local improvement principle in district municipalities. Drainage and dyking under the supervision of the Commissioners on the local improvement plan are also fully provided for, and in respect of all works of local improvement, the ratepayers are empowered to proceed against the proposed by-law for illegality or to appeal, in regard to any errors in the assessment, to a Court of Revision in the same way as provided for in the general assessment. The following property is exempt fr(mi taxation: Churches, burying- grounds and cemeteries, hospitals (and grounds not exceeding twenty acres for public and three acres for private hospitals); orphanages (and grounds not ex- ceeding five acres); and property vested in or held by Her Majesty in an official capacity Indian lands: and lands and improvements belonging to the munici- pality (except where chargeable in respect of local improvement). Administration of Justice. POLICE Magistrates in city tnunicipalities are appointed by the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council, who also fixes the salaries, but they are paid by the municipality. A Police Magistrate is also ex oMcio a Stipendiary Magistrate and a Police and License Commissioner, and is not allowed, directly or indi- rectly, to act as a barrister or solicitor in criminal matters. Mayors and Reeves are ex officio Justices of the Peace. The Act expressly imposes upon all municipalities the duty of maintaining a sufficient force of police and providing a gaol and also of enforcing not only the municipal by-laws, but the criminal law, and the general laws of the Province. In township or district municipalities the police are appointed and paid by, and hold office at the pleasure of the Council. In city municipalities the police are appointed by and are under the control of the Police Commissioners. The Commissioners fix the remuneration of the police, and the Council is obliged, subject to the right of appeal to the Lieu- tenant-Governor-in-Counc'l, to pay such remuneration, and to provide clothing, accoutrements and accommodation for the police. The Board of Police Commissioners consists of the Mayor, Police Magis- trate and an appointee of the Government; two members of the Board constitute a quorum. Provision is made for the filling of vacancies. The Commissioners have full power as to summoning and examining witnesses and the making of police regulations. In all cities and towns there are required to be a Chief of Police and such number of officers and assistants as may be deemed necessary by the Council, but not less than is reported as absolutely necessary by the Police Commissioners. All fines, fees and forfeitures imposed under by-laws, and in cases where a municipality pays $250 or over for a Police Magistrate, those collected under the authority of the Provincial Laws are paid into the Municipal Treasury and used as a part of its revenue. Boards of Licensing Commissioners are constituted in each city or district municipality who have exclusive powers in the granting, transfer, renewal and can- cellation of licenses for the sale of liquor. In cities the Mayor, the Police Magis- trate and a person appointed by the Government constitute the Board and in district municipalities, the Reeve, two Councillors elected annu- Liccnsinu ally for that purpose by the Council, and two Justices of the Boards. Peace with jurisdiction in the municipality and being the regis- tered owners of property of the value of $500 or over. The Mayor or Reeve as the case may be is the presiding officer. The Board does not make regulations, but simply adiriinistcrs the law. The Council of every municipality has power to pass by-laws regulating the conditions under which the Commis- sioners may act, and limiting, prescribing and otherwise regulating the issuance of licenses. Retail liquor licenses are granted in respect to premises only, and all applications for transfer or new licenses must be duly advertised in a local news- paper. An important feature of the licensing system in regard to new applications is that it recognizes the local option principle. No retail liquor license can be granted ■im H >'J 142 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA in a city unless the application therefor be supported by a petition of two-thirds of the lot owners and resident house holders and two-thirds of their wives as well within the lot in which the premises are situated, or in the block opposite; and if the premises be situated on a street corner, then .>f two-thirds of all the lot own- ers and resident house holders and their wives. In city or town municipaliues of less than 1,000 inhabitants and in township and district municipalities no retail licenses may issue without a similar petition in its favour with respect to the whole of the municipality; and in order to obtain a license in any rural settlement a like petition must be presented signed by two-thirds in number of the house- holders, and the wives of such householders, residing withit* five miles of the premises for which the license is sought. ASSISTANCE to ])ublic schools is dealt with under the liead of Education. Local ijoards of Health arc also dealt with in a special chapter. It is the duty of every city municipality to make suital/ie provision for its poor and ( I'stituto. It ilso the di )f all of Special Cbartcrs, lunicipalities to publisli periodically statements its financial affairs in a local newspaper; and no municipality can grant special privileges or give exemptions of any kind imlcss assented to by a vote of the peo])Ie. Councils may. however, by a resolution, grant aid to Hospitals, Agricul- tural Societies, Mechanics' Institutes and charitable institutions, give bounties for the destruction of wild beasts. i)rovide buildings for municipal purposes, acquire land for sanitary purposes, regulate the meeting of ihe Council and pay the ex- penses of delegates so far as these relate to their own municipality. Provision is made with the assent of the electors for the establishment of a free library, and any municipality may by resolution grant aid in celebrating Her Majesty's birthday or in any gathering for public sports and amusements; or in establishing an institution for persons afflicted with contagious or inieclious dis- eases. The city nnmicipalities of Vancouver and New Westminster are incorpor- ated under Statutes granting special charters, which have been from time to time amended by the Legislature. The general Acts, of which an outline has been given above, do not apply except where especially provided, brought into force by. or where no special enactments in that be- half is contained in the special Act. In the charters of the two cities in question, while the methods of organization and administration differ in many details, the principle of govern- ment is in general effect the same as that in cities governed by the general Act. In Vancouver the local improvement system has been extensively adopted, while this has not been the case in other cities. In Vancouver also the ratepayers elect representatives to the Licensing and Police Boards and the Boards of Park and Water Commissioners. The municipal system of British Columbia is largely founded on the ex- perience of other Provinces, modified to suit local conditions, but more especially is it based on that of Ontario, where the development of municipal institutions received its earliest and most successful exemplification. In tliis I'rovince, niiik-? Ontario, with its extensive and compact rural population, the con- ditions of municipal growth have been mainly urban in character. In the outlying districts, owing to extent of territory, sparseness of population, and magnitude and costliness of municipal undertakings, the de- velopment of municipal organizations has been limited and of slow growth, and attended with difficulties wliich it is anticipated will be to a great extent removed by the growth of population and consequent development of the natural resources of the Province. As in all new countries, perfection lias not been attained at the outset, and the law has been subject to numerous alterations from time to time to suit con- ditions which are necessarily more or less transitory. As the Province develops in wealth and population we may look for a more rapid expansion of the municipal system, more particularly in the interior mining districts; and although our muni- cipal code has at last been fairly well established and worked out, it must con- tinue for some time to be the subject of periodical revision and grave considc-- ation on the part of the Legislative Assembly. Municipal drowtli. Bur *Ct AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 143 LIST OF MUNICIPALITIES. Name of Municipality. Date of Incoriwration Month Year Rural. Burnaby Sept. 22 1^92 *Cnilii\vhack April 26 1873 Coquitlam *Delta Dewdney Kent Langley *Maple Ridg« Matsqui Mission Nicomen North Cowichan. . North Vancouver.. ^Richmond Salt Spring Island South Vancouver.. Spallunicheen .... Squamish Sumas *Surrey (Urban.) Grand Forks .... Greenwood Kaniloops Kaslo Nanaimo Nelson tNew Westminster Rossland ^Vancouver ^Victoria Wellington July Nov. April vSept. April vSept, Dec. June Mar. June Aug. Nov. Dec. April Julv Oct. Jan. Nov. 30.. 10. . I-- 27.. 26.. 12. I. . 14. 31- 18., 13- • 10. . 23-- i3.- 21. . 27.. 5-- 10. Julv Sept. Dec. I. 14. 24. July 16. May Aug Oct. 2. 10. 1891 1879 1892 1894 i«73 1874 1892 1892 1892 i«73 1891 1879 1S73 1892 1892 1892 1892 1879 1897 1897 1S93 1893 1874 1897 i860 1897 1886 1862 1895 (Reeve.) Nicolai C. Schou A. C. Wells (ViceT. !•:. Kitche'i.'lec'd) H. A. Atkins William McKee I Albert I.. Dion John McRae ' Phillip Jackman Sr. . iRobt. Ulackstock Louis R. Authier .... James A. Catherwood !(Cea.sed to exi.st) Thos. A. Wood (No Reeve elect. 1897) Duncan Rowan ( Not now in existence) George Rae August Schubert Jr.. (Did not .rganize) . . Fred Fooks John Armstrong (Mayor.) John A. Manlv Rol)ert Wood' Marshall P. Gordon. . Robt. F. Green Jos. H. David.son .... John Houston W. B. Shiles R. Scott Wm. Templeton C. K. Redfern Alfrc' '^niither. Joseph Scott . . . Robt. D. Irvine Charles F. Green. . . Kdwin Davies Harry Fooks Albert H. Hawkins Frne.st Wni. Beckett Hugh G Currie. . . . Anth'v M. Verchere James Norcross. W. L. Keene . . . Alfred B. Dixon. George ^Martin Rich'd Stuart Pelly A. C. Bowman. . . . Alb'rt A. Richmond (Clerk.) J. A. Aikman A. S. Black John J. Carment. . . F,. v.. Chipman . . . Adam Thompson . . Charles R. Sealev. . Fred R. Glover. . ' . . W. McQueen Thos. F. McGuigan W. J. Dowler R. H. Holmes Ind )n- in )al ini- m- *L,etter.s patent of Chilliwhack were surrendered and new letters patent issued in iSSi and ag^in in 1S83; those of Maple Ridge and Surrey in iShz; Richmond 18H5, reinccjrporated 1S92; Delta, 18SS. fXew Westminster was created a m\inicipality by ])roc1amatiQn of Sir James Douglas July 16 i860. Its limits were extended October 2-2, 1S61, and made subject to the provisions of the Muiiici- pality .\cX. of 1S72. Letters i)atent were surrendered and new letters issued in iHSi. A special char- ter of incorporation was obtained in 1S87, which was amended in i^>95. ^Vancouver was incorjiorated by special act in 1H86, The first b\--law appointing ofheers (not dated) appeared in the H.C. (lazette May 27, 1S86. The act of incorporation was amended by the Legislature in 1887, 1889, 1890, 1891, 1S92," 1S93 and 1895. ^Victoria was created a municipality by ordinance, dated .\pril 2, 1867, which repealed the original act of incorporation of 1862, and subsequently came under the provisions of the Munici- pality Act of 1872 on the 25th of June, 1873. The General Municipal Act, under which it is gov- erned, has been amended from time to time. Rossland, Nelson and (Irand Forks were incorporated under a special act passed last session of Parliament, entitled the"SpeeJy Incorporation Act." 144 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A.— MUNICIPAL Burtiaby Chitliwhack Coqnitlam Delta Dewdney .. Kamloops Kaslo Kent I,aiigley Maple Ridge Matsqui Mission Richmond Spalluincheen Sumas Surrey South Vancouver. . . North Vancouver.. Vancouver Vernon Victoria Nanaimo New Westminster. Wellington Cowichan (lA) OS " fa "O '■/! y •V '* « $ 779.555 00 812,076 00 256,857 00 1,153.164 00 101,524 00 152,420 00 235,201 00 12,060 00 810,10c 00 279.558 00 583,663 61 194.396 00 1,149,782 00 407,647 00 135,431 00 1,002,967 00 1.392.853 89 862,0141 1 13,000,869 cc 384,515 00 10,901,340 00 1,369,203 00 2,566,405 00 38,500 00 258,454 00 (111) 'V > $ 199,008 00 ' 157.350 00 I 48,435 00 '■ 19.742 38 I 157,9-5 00 I 143,453 88 \ not taxed. 21,522 00 184,140 00 55.105 00 28,221 00 824,489 70 •',918,285 00 114,318 00 (ic) X •4 o ^ . 11 $ 44,800 00 32,000 00 !. 3,000 00 I 31. 8n 38 I i 7,700 00 28,221 00 500 00 I (2A) XT3 C3 II .o-o 3 ID (2Ii) 32 3 in f^ IB 44.422 8,796 36,445 14,306 5.406 5.699 480 9.7975< 7.533 3.407 41.950 17.775 29,o3o 7,008 17,272 395}i 68,904 3,879 8.033 1,617 1,334 1,902 6,800 43.490 15,^91 6,098 21,790 (ac) ^•5 33,000 44,42a 42,144 13.728 480 10,193 76,437 30.564 43,083 77,000 12,898 65,280 667,000 00 91.30 00 3,640,460 00 2,701,630 00 j 20,000 00 I 959.260 00 I 77,000 00 i 283,074 00 $ 38,840,564 61 I $9,131,788 96 1,292,720 00 5,000 80 28,448 4.780 ! 33,248 $4,838,512 38 j 273,5571^ 108,047^ 477.476 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 145 STATISTICS. (2C) 5i? ^•5 7,ooo 2,898 5,280 5,000 .24S ,476 (3A) a"* 32 $ 2,206 00 5,042 01 1,036 II 1,192 30 (3B) a o a *' a 2p4 o {-I I 8,512 00 t 2,726 00 891 60 (4A) I §1 (4B) ■d s -a i in u X o h: MB -2 X B ■/) 4; ■r L, O O (5A) (5B) 4,743 58 4.254 54 1.241 82 3,962 25 2,435 06 146,962 00 1.242 25 4,889 45 2,445 88 1,403 91 6,017 80 4,122 44 10,780 50 215 62 2,188 75 754 13 2,188 75 344 05 69'' 45 330 63 3.805 62 9.806 09 7 mills iJ4 p.c. 6 " 7 " 2% p.c. .. 6 " . iJ^p.C. iK P-c. general rate 1% P-c 15 mills [■^ of I p.c 254 p.c... 2-5 of I p.c 2,'2P.C... I p.c 2}i p.c. . . J4 of I p.c 2 p.c 5^ of I p.c 2j4 p.c. .. 5 mills 20 mills. . 6-10 of I p.c 2}-2p.C... X p.c 6 mills — 2j^p.c... % of I p.c 2 p.c !i5 mills. $ 11,336 13 5,042 01 $ 2,325 02 3,862 IT 9,523 34 3.974 74 1,343 05 1.886 90 5,049 58 9.475 04 2.577 78 5,000 00 3.254 19 4,020 81 1,716 05 10,410 60 15,924 II 2,776 51 1,808 91 10,196 42 2,888 67 13.928 53 10,880 50 305,000 00 9,784 72 7.598 50 209,025 85 I S-io p c. oil land. . ) 1)2 p.c on improv'ts. \ I p.c 2}4 mills net I3' " gross . . . j5 mills 105,817 05 609 25 2,007 55 $421,43760 $30,62283 I i $817,649 04 $36,784 16 17,427 351 89 Iji p.c 2^2 p.c. 254,130 So 22,882 64 113 4" S5 661 75 2,763 94 US «=< <»> a o o ^< i5 638 1 510 ! 155 285 : 129 171 313 99 606 267 317 2T5 333 179 159 1,050 560 723 5,000 91 3.035 1,216 1,439 148 241 a u u • a? 3 > 55 (5C) S 9 < « n ^ O w 3 4-t 1 75 178 28 127 73 116 361 53 240 122 144 82 208 179 32 153 63 153 5,000 91 3.035 1,216 1.319 93 190 13.331 563 106 127 1,100 56 34 '50 26 "5 173 92 •71 31 98 600 497 570 2,000 146 378 73 10 34 7.150 146 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA hi (A M fi H Pt) u o « Q o M Q iz; W M w o H o a o E > i/i cd a (/I rt o 2d u (U o c cij > o u > VO t-^ O >" t O vO \o o 1^ (y\ j\ 00" uS x CO IN t^ 00 ^O fo 10 Q CO N On >/ ro t^30 fj o o -t CO <-> avt--.r'5loy3 P) CO foa>-t-no M o P< t^X I- 10 M i-i N vO X l-^vO O Ch fO 10 »t C< " fD "* >/^ 1 ^O P* -y. MCO M tT) fO J? 80 10 o >o CO VD o t CO 5 80 O 10 U-) O 10 »0 rO "I- O « « Tt Tl- 10 *«.' 10 10 o o VO CO O O) CO vO Ov O ic t^ 10 X 1/5 P) I-" ro 'O t^\0 vO fc-i O vO O t~>- '-' PI j^ — p) P4 'i- M 1-1 fO fO "^-CO vO CO <^ •to OvCO CO c O "^ P4 >•_ N >0 ON't 10 l^ fO On 10 O oi O OMO •* 5 T "8 8 10 Q O lO 0»vO CO t^ O fO P< lOvO t>. tC rovO ro MM 1/5 On X C.) r a! a» o M ^ I' CO CO rj 6;= '^■ CO CO 8" 8 I/) ^8 On t O in 5 no" :c 1-^ o r o in pT o o PI to "^ 1- M fO m M •n CO p< 00 in •* TtvO CO 128 VO £8 M PI CO o CO X m in VO CO r-.^o fO o P< M CO « ro ; fn . Q in . vT in in 't PI On CO .Sfc . C/! .t; c en a ^ «>• Mcc n § ® J3 C 01 ca h o in o •t (S co" CO m PI P) I vO I P< §- VO P) P< o v;- M u w *j ^ ,Y ui i2 U -t K» ^ " en ^ cj H ^ tt^ J^ cs l< I? >i; le^ M M ptH U 1^ u Ih V 111 M N 3^ '3 P3 CJ 01 ^. M P) lU O w<3 in "t I - "0 VO I 10 m I Pt P< m m o PI ON CT; cf^ P» 00 PI PI o vO m 1^ t^ PI PI % On m VO CO VO Tj- O CTv q. in m 3 O S •tH 3 * /N /.^ MANUAL OF PROVIXCIAl i 148 VEAK UOOK OF BRITISH COLL'MIUA i~- fO 'O irj P« fi 1^ (N O fO i to W n H H « PQ 1 5 S^ .00 >C m r^ fO f) -t u^ M W •tM t >0 *n 00 IC I ON ^8 S? 3 5 2 2'-' p IC M M rOfI f q, M t >0 CO • '^ N N N "« 1^ r^ ^ ^ N pT ^O M 8 8 888 :8 8 8 8 8 :8 q^ >o 0_ q lo ■ ih M d" ci r^ • • ro M 1 2^8=2^8 8 • M -t vO o fO lO 1^ lO • r^ lo • w •^ I--. rOX » .VO O -t73 "t oo' • -f w f/j . M 8 :8 to • >o lO • (JN M ! '^ 85 vO -t -t (S H -t a\ >0 "- On '■ ■ o_ "2 ---,-, -t n O ".D l^\0 nC ' ■^ 't >£) '0 -t lA5v£> N "■ (N ■^ 1- H fS -i 8 8 8 8 8 8 CO CO 888 8 O r^ I- in lo uo 11 X t^X CO ON ^ i^ uo ic ?' CO On ON NO IT) On <: ti & ■ « <=■ ?$ o - . ;/! • X. . a . ^ ■ji . ■ a u . 4; . if ClJ CI. 9 *' • •*-' *^' m " CA obj rre itiV ■— 3 Jr". cj s n^ •fl 1- c^ u o"^ S-1 OJ o o w pq W O a* u ou: NO »0 »o NO 00 ON CO NO i 00 ON 00 h40 AND MANUAL OF rUOVINCIAL 1N'F( )ini ATION. »40 w f > « o K> •^1 I ?1 « m t/i > o O 53 S' 2 i« rt B « o / ^ > cyi » ^ n •A 7i 2. ffl 1= < 7) c p V o" 3 w « o 00 - ON en c*i o o 8tn C/i On ^1 ^ w f» 8 "w -^1 in ^^ o "^ n 3 3 ? 3 o Ol "bo ^1 Ol CO +» "^1 O ^ I K> Ol K> 0< 4- vO CO^I ON OOOi On ONM m t/J S5 OOOl vO MOO 00 K> ^l G Oj nO (J I On n2 •H 4^ M Ol O 00 ON-t' On^I t» nO 'vi sO On w Ol Ol ?j !/; ►/^ ;*; u; j^ r ?i c tr *- 3 B p IT as < n o 3* 3 5^ o 3 3 O ^' re O M 00 Ov ^ ^*-*i-» 3 O ^ rD r* 5 5.S'? : : Si* : . . Cfq . . . n . -I bo (- On tj iO 3 1 ELS; r* o ■ 7f Ol M K> OJ »< K) O^ Ol ►- ON^l Ol 03^I W O ^jOj4- -•vOOJ-t* « On^ K) Ol ^1 K> ^ Ol CO 00^1 vO M gv 00 On C On 0\ O W NO O Ol -vl M i-i ^ O OC i- V> Ol CO '-C +* ^1 g) M ^1 On " OJ nO •5'X> +• M OJ ^I vC Ol '^ OnOi ^I C/J O Ol Oj ^I -(- i-i CO^ I !r 3 /O K'sT ^ : X n p »— * P 3 -I o n o o 00 On 3 !/> !/■. _ "-►p53''^'— T! rt .-^ 3 r _ :;• S !« 2 "^ /-, P s- S' ?^- OP— e p 3 :^ pc :; 5 r^ f/1 •- L. r^ -I n +> Ol > a K X n o 1 c 4^ W 0-> ^J C^) 4» NO 0^ CO CO CO W ^ w Ol CO c U) 00 -^ ^ « CO (0 OS O CO a. or; n On to "^I K) o;^i •-< ^1 O Ol OJ CO C^ Ol nO On K> CO M X I O ^ 7= /■ 3 o o s 50 X 3 X vO nO 4^ On>.0 4» ^1 O On O to nO CO " co^i o c*» O to Ol Ol to Z ?8 r* VI W 3 a 3' w ? n 3 (/I n I I re 3 C s 3 Of? I— < S' o (II 3 C n "-I CO C3 o t— • 73 ISO YEAR BOOK OK HKITISH C(JLUMRI.\ I). — .^. RIRAI,.— ASSKTS Dk ii..«.»K., ' Chilli- •Casli ill 'rredsury 1 456 03 7 60 C( . uit- Ihiil. I Deltn. Dewdney Kent. T.anglcy, Mnplc Kiilge. H.H^n 6h I I 13a 25 s 55 06 TnxiH ill iirrfiirM,'. j TI,6,«|6 5H 10,86324 f,,yft(i Hi 3,ii>H 3'i 8,(/>i 471 88ij Hj SinkitiK I'lindf ! 942 ou 1 63764, 2,26,^09; otlur invt"*tin»iitn ] 60 75 |*(dyW'g) l,aii(l(iiiclii(liiiKI»>>'kil, I i>n'.) 20300 2,000 00 1 Iluilditii;**. rurtiitiire, ' 1 itc. . . I 2<) 0<) 950 00 I OtliiT as«etH , 32,237 y) I I 578 a I 3.«<5 la 3.* $ 93 6« ,308 00 300 00 10 00 . . 40 IK) 50 Jo 3,329 26 l,noi> no 1,000 00 20 00 35.5>S 00 13.8H1 59 8 ■243 5a •4.a94 >', 9.0837a 99628 8,72a 591 4,61961 i 1 I I ' I 'KxcUiHivt: ufsinkiiig fuiid D.— 4. Rl'RAI..— Liabilities, Mai Dk Debentures oiitstniul- iiig— I, Railways $ $ $ 1 f 1 $ $ 2. Draitiiiijf aiiddy'K 3. All ntlu-r objects.. I iitf rest L'oiipoiis 35,(KK) ()() 13 (VXJ 6,000 00 00 « J7.a2« 75 20,000 .SOO 742 00 00 00 1,549 71 1,838 16 Due SiiikiiiK I'unds. , . Loans, current expen- ses. . . 1,000 00 3,000 00 6 67 1,266 20 750 00 l6t 65 1,672 97 400 00 Interest, current ex- penses . 1 '■38I 381 37 37 Other liabilities i-o 00 19,386 09 20,935 80 997 91 35,170 00 20,000 00 31,343 00 22,339 78 2,584 62 «,397 91 1,3 I,: Fac-siuiile of $iu pieces coined in the old H.C. Mint, New Westminster. (Hy kind permission of lion. .1.8. Helmckcn). AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFURMATlUN, 151 Dkckmhrk .VHt, 1H96. 2(XJ 00 M«tH.,U.,' ^_ t l.KlJ 81 9.0*3 87 Rich- S|)iil1iilii- c,,rrev I N'ortll ' moiid. cliecii. '"''CJ. 'c<)s»icli'n hiitiittH. North >ii>iith Vaiii'ijuvtr. Viiiicdiivfr. 30 00 145 00 I I f ' aai 30 11,1) 77 r,o79 12 2,748 00 3,786 17 35,313 38 666 46 36,434 yi 11,69764 18000 33000 I l,oo uo 20U 00 I, ion 00 3, 300 00 728 10 8,331 10 10 00 3,181 31' 36 00' 180 00 I 1,993 0/ 68,83000 15,00000 307 60' 533 501 3(X) 00 485 70 7,1.14 II 5100 I III, '185 32 11,041683,11747. 52.343 J 7, 7o.77« 5N> 46,18291, ,4300 4.62104 35,331 15 17,84819337,81051 I I I ' I I J I I Dkcicmhkk 31st, 1896, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 90,; to establish a Normal School, and make regulations for its conduct and manage- ment; to establish High Schools, where the higher branches may be taught, and to cancel or suspend for cause the certificate of any teacher. The chief executive officer of the Education Department is the Minister of Education, who is assisted by the Superintendent of Education. To the latter official are committed, sub- ject to the approval of the Council of Public Instruction, the supervision and direction of the inspectors and '■chools, enforcing the provisions of the School Act and the regulations and decisions of the Council of Public Instruction, the organ- izing of Teachers' Institutes, the granting of temporary certificates, countersigned by the Provincial Secretary, the preparation of an annual report of the condition of the Public Schools, and the closing of schools when the average attendance falls below ten, and tlie preparation of suitable forms for making all reports required under the Acf. From the introduction of the Public School System until 1888, the whole cost of maintaining- the school machinery was paid directly from the Provincial Treasury. Since that time the municipal corporations of the various cities of the Province, four only being included, have been required to bear riore and more the cost of education within their respective limits, until at the pre- sent time the Provincial aid to these corporations on account of education consists of a per capita allowance of $10 per head based on the actual average attendance, all expenses being borne by the cities. The salaries of the teachers outside of the four cities and those of the vari- ous officials of the Department are fixed and voted each year by the Legislature. The liberality with which education is provided for is evident from the fact that, wherever outside the limits of the cities there are twenty children of school age within a radius of a few miles, known as a school district, a school house is built, the salary of the teacher paid, and the incidental expenditure borne by the Province. For all purposes during the year 1895-6 the cost of education to the Province was $234,,535.04, and to the cities $9i,:)ii.93, or $325,846.97 in all. The various schools embraced in the system are spoken of as common, graded and high schools. These schools are free and are conducted on strictly secular and non-sectarian principles. It is enjoined upon all teachers that the highest morality shall be inculcated, but that no religious dogma or creed shall be taught. The Lord's Prayer ni.iy be used at the opening and closing oi schools. There are at proseiu in operation 20J rural schools, 22 graded schools (including ward schools) and 4 high schools. Total number of teachers cm- ployed in rural schools. 258: graded, 118; high, 12. The course of study in rural and graded schools embraces reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, grammar, composition, history (English and Canadian) geo- graphy and physiology (anatomy, physiology, hygiene and agriculture). In ad- dition to the above the following subjects may be taught: book-keeping, men- suration, geometry, drawing, algebra, temperance, music, needlework and calis- thenics. Act «)f Maintenance li 'It 154 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I'f Manni{i'iiK'nt of Scliools. The management of schools in rural districts is cntrusti-d to a board of three trustees elected by votes of the district. In city districts the school board consists of six members elected by the votes of the electors duly qualified to vote lor Mayor, and to act without emolument, except the Sec- retary of the Board. Women, the wives of qualified freeholders or householders (except the latter be trustees) are eligible to sit on the Board of Trustees, and in Victoria act in that capacity with satisfactory results. The (|uc'stion of providinjj for hij^lier education very early occupied the at- tention of the Legislature, a. id as soon as warranted a high school was estab- lished. The City of Victoria was the seat of the first institution of this kind. The Victoria High School was opened in August. 1876, aiid continued to be the only free institution of that rank until the establishment of a similar one in New Westminster in 1884. During i,S86 a high school was opened in Nanaimo, and in January. 1890 one was established in Vancouver. The high schools are under the control of c'^e local Boards of Trustees in the districts in whicli such high schools are situated, and no such school can be established in any school district in which there are fewer than twenty persons duly qualified and available to be admitted as high school pupils. For admission to high schools pupils are re- quired to pass a satisfactory examination in the subjects prescribed for graded and common schools. The curriculum in addition to the English course of sub- jects prescribed for graded and common schools embraces the commercial course (book-keeping, etc., together with all subjects prescribed for the English course and other subjects in which candidates for tirst-class grade G certificates are examined), and a classical course (Latin, Greek. French, together with all sub- jects in which candidates for first-class grade A certificates are examined). In 1896 an important departure was made looking to university affiliation. School Boards in Victoria. Vancouver. Nanaimo and New Westminster were allowed on petition to obtain a charter of incorporation to permit the affiliation of the high schools with colleges managed by Boards of Governors, and it is probable that advantage will be taken of this provision by several of the boards at least. No fees can be charged in high schools except in the case of pupils over sixteen years of age. The standard of qualification for a teacher is a high one, and the examina- tions, though perhaps not so severe as in some of the other Provinces, are fair and ample tests of efficiency. Examinations take place once a year simultaneously at Kamloops. Vancouver and Victoria, be- ginning on the 4th of July and ending on the i6th. Candidates arc rccjuired to give thirty days' notice of their intention, to be twenty years of age. if male, and eighteen years of age. if female, and to furnish satisfactory tes- timonials of good moral character. Tiie following certificates are granted, viz: — 1. Temporary, good until next examination; 2. Third-class grade B, valid one yeai . Third-class grade A, valid two years; Second-class grade B, valid three years; Second-class grade A. valid five years; First-class grade B, valid for life or during good conduct; First-class grade A, valid for life or during good conduct. Temporary certificates are only granted in exceptional cases and are prac- tically obsolete now. St.iiuliird (if Qualiliciitiitn. 3- 4- 5. 6. 7- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 155 Educational Institutes, ac. There are thirteen subjects prescribed for third-class, which arc the same as those lauj^ht in tlie pul)Iic schools, with education added. Tliirty per cent, of the marks for each subject and forty per cent, of the ajjgrcKato are rcciuired for grade B. and forty per cent, and fifty per cent., respectively, for K^ade A. Second-class H. same as third-class, with mensuration, book-keeping, and one of the following: Music (theory), drawing (linear), botany. Forty per cent, of the regular subjects, thirty per cent, of the speci.i!. and fifty per cent, of the aggregate marks arc required. Second-class A, same as second-class B, with algebra, geometry (Book l), and one of the following: Zoology, astronomy, rhetoric: forty per cent of each paper and sixty per cent, of tlie aggregate. First-class B, same subjects as second-class A, with mensuration (measure- ment of vf>himes). book-keeping (double-entry), algebra (to know the subject), geometry (Books 2, 3 and 4), natural philosophy, statics, dynamics and hydro- statics. English literature, and one of the following: General history, chemistry, geology; forty per cent, of the individual subjects and sixty per cent, of the whole. First-class A, same as first-class B, witli geometry (Books 5 and 0). prac- tical mathematics (trigonometry, land surveying and navigation), ancient history, Latin, Greek, or French; i)erccntage of marks forty and sixty per cent, respectively. There is no Normal School for the training of teachers, although the ques- tion of its establisiiment has been niucli discussed oi late. The lack of one is greatly felt. It is quite probable that this is an institution which will be inaugurated at an early date. The present Minister of Education recognizes its value, and is favourable, not only to its establishtnent, but to the introduction of industrial training and applied sciences as well. Provision has been made for the supervision of all tlu- scliools in the Prov- ince, although owing to the extent of country to be travelled, and the rugged character of its exterior, this must necessarily be limited in the outlying districts. While the schools in the Province were few in n unbei the whole work of supervision devolved upon the Superintendent of Educaiion, but the subsequent expansion of the system called for the appointment of four additional officers (two being appointed recently), who, as Inspectors of Schools, now undertake almost the whole work of inspection. Victoria City has also recently appointed a City Inspector. Even in the Provinces that can boast of a Normal School, the establishment of Teachers* Institutes has been considered necessary, in order to secure in as high a degree as possible the benefit contemplated by the school system. Th;se conventions were held in this Province as early as the year 1874. but tlie most successful educational institution which was provincial in its character was organ- ized in 1885 by Dr. Pope, the present Superintendent of Education. Branch insti- tutes were subsequently formed, and have done much to elevate the tone and bring about uniformity of method. As has been stated, the educational system of British Columbia is entirely free, undenominational and non-sectarian, and the disposition on the part of the great majority is in favour of its continuance in that form. There are, however, Xntionii ani numcrous private and denominational academies, where those Sectarian who desire may have their children educated on lines agreeable Schools. to their own religious beliefs. The Roman Catholics have col- leges for boys at Victoria and New Westminster, and Mission Schools at Victoria. Mission City, Kamloops, and elsewhere: while the Sisters of that denomination f 156 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA have successful academies at Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster and Nanaimo. Tlie Methodist denomination carries on a well-equipped college at New Westminster, which is aiiiliated with similar educational schools in Eastern Canada. Mission Schools for Indians are also conducted under its auspices at Fort Simpson, Chilliwack and elsewhere. With the exception of the Roman Catholic body, the Churcli of England was the first to establish denominational schools on the Coast. Tliere are several boys' and girls' academies in Vancouver, New Westminster, Victoria, and Nanaimo, under its control, and a number of Mission Stations along the coast. The kindergarten has not yet been oriicially incorporated in the public school system, but there are private kindergartens in several of the cities. The gradual growth of the schools as well as the cost of maintenance are fully shown by tlie record of attendance and expenditure given in the following tabular statement taken from the Annual School Report of 1895-6: — COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF ATTENDANCE AND COST OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS FROM 1872-73 TO 1895-96. aegi Year. Number of School Districts. 26 37 41 41 42 45 45 47 48 50 59 67 76 86 95 104 109 123 141 154 169 178 18i' 193 1872-73 1873-74 1874-75 1875-76 1876-77 1877-78 1878-79 1879-80 1880-81 1881-82 1882-83 188;^84 1884-85 18.S5-86 1886-87 1887-88 1888-89 1889-90 1890-91 1891-92 1892-93 1893-94 1894-95 1895-96 ARKregHte Enrolment 1.028 1,245 1,403 1,685 1,998 2,198 2,301 2,462 2,571 2,653 2,693 3,420 4,027 4,471 5,345 6,372 6,796 8,042 9,260 10,77:< 11,196 12,613 13,482 14,160 Averflge Daily Attendance. 575 767 863 984 1,260 1,395 50 1,315 90 1,293.93 1,366.86 1,383.00 l,t'08.t)0 2,089.74 2,481.48 2,873..')8 3,093.46 3,(181 14 4,333.90 5,134 91 6,227.10 7,111.40 7,786.50 8,610.31 9,254.25 Percentage Expenditure for Education of At- tendance. Proper. 55.93 1 36,763 77 6160 35,i87 69 61.51 34.822 28 58.39 44,506 11 63.06 47,129 63 63.49 43,334 01 67.19 •22,110 70 52.66 47,006 10 53.16 46,9fi0 09 51.21 51.36 52.88 51.89 55.50 53.75 48.54 64.16 63.89 55.45 .57.80 61.85 61.72 63 86 64.00 49,268 63 50,>'50 63 66,6.'S5 15 71,151 52 79,527 56 88,521 08 99,902 04 108,190 59 1-22,984 83 136,901 73 160,627 80 190,5.58 33 169,050 18 189,037 25 204,930 32 UaU-year. Teachers. 1 1 1 1 12 8 2 8 9 1 16 SCHEDULE OF SALARIES, 1895-9«;. at Salaries. Teachers. Salaries 1135 per month 3 at $67 50 per month 125 4 66 00 120 78 60 00 108 26 55 00 100 2 52 50 90 l.-iO 50 00 85 7 40 00 80 I 35 00 75 5 30 00 72 8 25 00 70 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 157 The following is a list of the schools for the training of Indians under the aegis of the Indian Department, but conducted on denominational lines: — Ahonsaht CowiohRn Aiyaiisli Nnrth-weBt Coast Albenil Home West Coast Alert Day liidustriiil Alert Buy Girls' Home " " Day NimklHh Bella Bella .... Bella Bella Cape Miid^e C.nye Mii« Kineolitli Kincolith Kishllax Biibine Luke ... Kitkahila North- west Coast Kootenay IiKliistrial Kootenay Kuper Island Industrial Knper Islsnd Lakalsap North-west Coast MaB^ett Massett, (i.e. 1 Metl^kahtlrt Industrial Metlr-lrahtla Metlakahtla Day Nanaimo Xanaimo NiHiiat West Coast Olaht Haines Island Port EssiuKton Hkeena Port Simpson Girls' Home Port Simpson " Day Simpson's Skideffate " Queen Charlotte Island Somenos Somenos SouRhees Victoria St. Mary's Boarding St. Mary's Mission Ucltieleht jWest (Uiast William's Lakelnd\istrial William's Lake Yale Boarding Yale Presbyterian Church of Kngliind. Presbytt^rian Church of Knglund. Methodist. Church of England Roman Catholic Church of England. .Methodist Church of En-iland. Roman Catholic Methodist Church of England. .Methodist Roman Catholic. Methodist Roman Catholic. Presbyterian Roman Catholic . . . Church of England. I CERTIFICATES OF TEACHERS, 1895-96. Class and Grade. Male. 29 44 *! 87 1 2 2 1 149 FE.MALE. 5 18 5C> 84 12 8 8 180 Total. First Class A First Class B Second Class A 62 89 Second Class B 121 Third Class A 13 Thi rd Chiss B 10 lj<;ugth of Service 6 Temporary 1 330 Total value School Property Rural Districts |293,845 00 " " Victoria City 296, 2 M) 00 " " VancoMver City 299,;«X) 00 " " New Westminster r)6,M)0 00 " " Nanaimo City 3o,399 00 Total value School Property Province |891,1U5 00 EX PENl )ITL' RE , 1895-90. Total Expenditure Education, all purposes, Government ^2.34,335 04 " Victoria 50,182 69 " " " Vancouver 61,050 02 " " " New Westminster 18,178 04 " " " Nanaimo 19,973 42 - 81 1373,719 84 Per capita Grant to Cities I 47,872 97 Net Expenditure to Province '. 326]846 — Average Daily Auendance 9,255 w 158 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA AHSTKACT OF ATTEN'DANCK, isaviifi. No. of Pupils Knrolled 1-I,4(i0 No. of iriRh Sc/iool I'upi's 460 Boys " 7,-13" ,\voriit?e Kdily Ailt'iirtHiice 288 " GirlH " 7,02:! AveraKC -Vctual Daily .Mtt'iiflanri' IM'-V) " " KXPKNDITL'RK TO DATK. (iovornmcnt. Citlt's. Education Proper f.'.l 1(1,115 ()0 |.')00,0UO 00 ( 'oiistruction, repairs, etc 40'J,4.sO 00 JOCOOO 00 Cities .'J,4M rural 3,475 Total. |2,(>4r.,115 00 602,4:^0 00 To Total f->,")4S,o'.i,) 00 Le^B (iovcrnment Grant to Cities since lh!)l 1700,000 00 Net to date $3,02o,;)*t5 00 |;!,248,5i>.') 00 22;') ,000 00 It is very (lifficult to arrive .at exact figures in the case of the cities, but approximately the .statement of cost of education under the two headings, since 1891, is correct. The foregoing statistical inforniation gives not only a clear idea of the growtli of scliools but of the Province itself. It is worthy of note that during the past decade the number of children attending school has been more than quin- tupled. PROVINCIAL HEALTH LAWS. por He old tak ON the 23rd of February. i86g. the "Health Ordinance, 1869." was passed, the preamble reciting: "Whereas it is necessary to adopt measures with the object of preventing or guarding against the origin, rise or progress of en- demic, epidemic, or contagious diseases, and to protect the health of the inhabit- ants of this Colony, and for the purpose to grant to the Governor-in-Council ex- traordinary powers to be used when urgent occasion demands." This Act remained in force at the time of the consolidation of the Provincial Statutes in 1888, and, with the exception of the preamble, was incorporated into that consoli- dation as Chap. 55. Its provisions were found to be inadequate when put to the test at the time of the smallpox epidemic in i8qj. The development of health legislation in British Columbia has followed the same course that such legislation has usually followed in the several Provinces, States of the Union, and other countries. The incentive of every improvement in the laws concerning the health of the people has been a visitation, or threatened visitation, of some dread disease. In the summer of 1892 the disease was on several occasions itnported from the Orient, and on one of these occasions the infection seemed to have been sown broadcast. The sudden outbreak caused a panic throughout tlie Coast cities. Over 150 cases occurred, and there were thirty deaths. The money loss to the community, direct and indirect, was very great. The money paid oitt by the City of Victoria alone was some $60,000. It also affected more or less severely all the Coast cities. The need of a better Health .\ct was made - pparent by this epidemic, conse- quently at the next session of the Legislature the then .\ttorney-General and Premier. Hon. Theodore Davie, introduced an .\ct modelled on the Ontario Pub- lic Health .\ct which was verv much more comprehensive and complete. An im- Smallpox Epidemic. AND MANUAL OF TROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 159 400 288 5,492 3,475 Reguliitiiins liy Order-In Council. portant feature of the new Act was the establishment of a Provincial Board of Health, coi sisting of five nicinbtrs. Previous to the epidemic of iKyj very little work had been done under the old Act. .Many ()f its provisions could not be made use ol until action had been taken by the Lieutenant-(]overnor-in-Council in the direction of making rules, regulations, etc. Until the year mentioned no important order- in-council had been passed under this Act. But at the be- ginning of the outbreak in the summer of that year, a popular demand induced the Provincial Government to take the necessary action to pre- vcnc the further spread of the disease. Ur. Uavie was then appointed as Pro- vincial Health Ofiicer, and acting under the regulations tiiat were quickly drawn up and proclaimed under authority of the Act. he was able to ctTectually check tlie spread of the epidemic. Of course, under the authority of the Municipal Act, Municipal Councils were empowered to legislate on healtli matters, but action taken by virtue of such authority was necessarily restricted in scope and lacked unanimity when uniformity and concertness were reipiircd. During the same year cholera had been prevalent in many of the cities of Europe, particularly Hamburg, and this coiuinent was seriously threatened, sev- eral infected ships arriving at the New V(jrk (luarantine station. The ai)proach of this plague served a good turn, since it, too. intluenced tiie growing opinion as to the necessity f)f more etTective legislation regarding the public health. As one r« suit of this opinion a set of sanitary regulations were promulgated by order-in- council. The "flealth Act. 1893." was broader in its provisions than the old one, and contemplated bringing into existence an etficient Board f)f Health fc^r the Province, which was to study the causes ai.d labour to prevent disease, not merely to deal with should it unfortunately make its appearance. Local Boards of Health were also created, consisting in municipalities of the Council, and in outlying districts cf the Government Agent or of such other constitution as the Lieutenant- Governor-in-Council might see fit. When the bill was passed by the Legislature the excitement in comiection with the epidemics of smallpox and cholera had subsided and the Act was not brought into force at once. Owmg, however, to the widespread prevalence of cholera in Japan and its arrival at Honolulu the Act was proclaimed on Septem- ber 26th. 1895. Probably serious outbreaks of diphtheria, typhoid and scarlet fever in various parts of the Province also influenced the taking of this step. .\mong the duties assigned by the .\ct to the newly appointed Board were the following: To take cognizance of the interests of health and life among t'le peo- ple; to study the vital statistics of the Province; to make sanitary investigations and en(|uiries regarding the causes of disease and especially of Hca1th"*^Act! epidetnics; also of the causes of mortality and the elTects of lo- calitie.'., employments, conditions, habits, and other circumstances upon the health of the people; make suggestions regarding the prevention and limitation of contagious and infectious diseases. in(|uire into the action to that end being taken by local Boards of Health; also to UKpiire into the sanitary condition of public institutions und buildings; to ac(|uire and disseminate informatitju con- cf-rning the i»ublic heai'h and distribution of sanitary literature; to issue regulations (subject to the approval of the Lieutenant-Governor-in-Council) for the prevention, treatment, mitigation and suppression of epidemic, endemic, infectious, or con- tagious disease. Speaking broadlv. it is. in fact, the duty of the Board to con- cern itself with all things affecting or likely to aflfect the public hea'th. ,\ consideration of the duties thus imposed upon the Board makes it ai)parent tr.-xt the Provincial Board of Health has a most important work to perform. The Board at once commenced the work of organization. It prepared regu- lations regarding smallpox, scarlet fever and diphtheiia and supplenieiUed them by a well-digested pamphlet on disinfection. The regulations embody pro- visions for the enforcement of modern methods of isolation and cpiarantine, dis- infection, vacci lation, etc. They provide for the appointment of medical and other health ofificers. establishment of isolation hospitals and suspect stations. There was at first a disposition to underrate the usefulness of the Board, more especially as the expense of carrying the work on on the scale contemplated 1 s f i m 100 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA by the Act involved considerable expense durinf^ "time of peace," and as a con- sc(iuence the appropriation made by the Lcnistatiire wa.; limited. A series of events occurred, however, to call for active interference and the unexpcndid bal- ance of the previous year was called into rcfjuisition by ordcr-in-council. which enabled the Board to perform its functions more fully than would otherwise have teen possible The most imprrtant of the forces united to demand tliis action on the part of the Government was what threatened to be a serious outbreak of typhoid fever in the mining region of the Kootenay country. A great number of people hatl lately been attracted to these districts, but there had practically been no attcntj >-i paid by any one to sanitation. The inevitable consec|uences of neglect, of proper sanitary supervision and lack of prcvioi:.-, preparation to cope with an outbreak of Typhoid In d'st^'isc soou became manifest. The condition of afTairs was kootcnnv. alarrning. His Honour the Lieutenant-Governor, after a visit to this i)()rtion of the Province, brought the facts to th<' attentio,^ of the Premier in a letter dr'ed Mav jrt , i8f)6, in which it was recommended tlat *he Health Act be put us 'ov v , ;»h. ut delay Thi-s .ttcr was laid before th': jioarcl with, the : |ust ih;;v 'J;>' vseccviry action be taken tmmediatelv. The information placed before the iJuard iro^n this and other sources made it apparent that many places in the Pre -incv '.s-n: m a condition favourable to the spread of disease, should it make its appear.; ace. 'i'; Board, after full discussion and con- sideration of all these facts, prepared a set oi ,' unitary regulations applicable to the whole Province. The main features of these regulatioi.s are as follows: Provision is made for the effective abatement of nuisances injurious to the public health. The pollution of all classes of drinking water and running streams is made punish- able. Public water supply, drainage and sewerage is dealt with and the duty im- posed upon local health authorities of constructing the necessary works. The abolition of the unsanitary i)rivy-pit and cess-pool system and substitution of earth-closets is called for. Improved methods for the disposal of waste waters Snnitnrv Rc-aiii.iHons ^^ required. The adoption of an etiicient scavengeriug service must be inaugurated or other effective means, such as burning or bury- ing, employed for the disposal of faecal matter, garbage and refuse in each community. Inspection and regulation of slaughter houses, dairies, piggeries and market gardens are provided for. The sale of food and drink unfit for use is pro- hibited. Duties of local Boards of Health, Medical Ofhcers and Sanitary Inspec- tors are prescribed. Other subjects alYecting the public health are comprehensively dealt with. In fact, between the "Health Act, 1893," and the various regulations of the Hoard, t lie range ot pre \entive medicine lias bee 11 covered tocoiisidirai K- extent. The Board also passed a resolution instructing the then Secretary, Dr. A. T. Watt, to prepare pamphlets dealing with various sanitary topics, infectious dis- eases, etc. A resolution was likewise passed suggesting that tlie Government instruct the Secretary to visit the different towns and settlements of the Province for the purpose of acquiring information as to the sanitary needs of those places and givii.T: instructions to local health officers. A trip was subsequently taken with very ^satisfactory results. Many matters in much need of attention were examined into and action taken thereon. After his return. Dr. Watt pointed out the necessity for the appointment of a Provincial Sanitary Inspector who should devote his whole time to organising the sanitary services in the various parts of the Province. Capt. Clive Phillipps-Wollcy was accordingly appointed and pro- ceeded at once to the Kootenay country, where he spent the latter part of the summer and the fall. He succeeded in placing the towns he vrsited in a greatly improved condition. As to the political issues involved, or tlie personal work of the members of the Board of Health, however meritorious, it is not within the scope of this vol- ume to discuss, except to say that as an officially constituted organization its usefulness and necessity have been demonstrated. Efficiently controlled, it is a guarantee of protection against epidemic forms of disease whicli, by contact with the Orient through steamship communication, are frequently imminent. The Board has been but a short time in existence, and in addition to the efforts already put forth towards improved sanitary condition, it has made numerous suggestions which will doubtless be shortly incorporated in the health code. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFOkMATlOX. i6i Tlie executive of the Provincial Board of Health is as follows: J. C. Oavie, M.D., Victoria. Chairman; J. M. Lefevre. M.D., Vancouver; K. I'.den Walker, M.D., New Westminster; L. T. Davis, M.D.. Nauaimo; Cico. II. Duncan. M.D., Victoria. Secretary. Thi re are local Boards of Health contemplated for each of the municipali- ies and certai i defined districts in unorganized territory. VITAL STATISTICS. THE subject of vital statistics is one tliat has had attention from time to time from the Legislative Assembly, and one of tlie first of the early acts was one to provide for registration of births, deaths and marriages; but it was imper- fectly carried out and amendments were m.ide for more etTective record. How- ever, the system has not, in the opinion of the Executive of tlie Provincial Board of Health, yet attained perfection, and it is one of the matter o which attention is being devoted. Heretofore, apart from the records con.;i:nc ' ii tiie official reports of tlie Registrars of Births, Deaths and Marriages, -nd 'itain classifi- cation of causes in regard to death, nothing has been att .1 ttd upon which to base scientific conclusions, Jt will be obvious that the ;!..;o i ilowing does not give an accurate record of the iiat'"-al increase of the po')ula' 011 due, as already intimated, to imperfect registration. From this it >'ould appear that the excess of births over deaths in a period of twenty-four . r was only 2,690. In latter years it will be seen that the more stringent provision for registration has had a beneficial efTect. Ykar. Births. 1872 [4 mos] .W vm l(i4 1874 174 iH7r> 181 1876 •SM 1877 19;J 1878 22(1 187',t 223 1880 263 1881 314 1882 2!»:5 1883 283 1884 203 Deaths. Markiaqes [4 mos] .17 14 moBl 15 112 88 83 78 113 !«1 HO 141 its 05 104 1'.'2 134 145 170 94 2IH 148 2H0 140 328 lliO 377 227 Year 1C85 1886 1887 1888 IfSJ 1890 1891 18!»2 189;'. 1894 1895 189J HiRTHS. Deaths. MAitRiAOBS .120 :!35 ;«J2 462 572 till 922 1,165 1,241 1,378 1 .252 323 :i07 439 .527 .552 555 750 757 827 836 735 Not yot receivt'tl. 11,513 8,823 193 212 262 342 431 4.31 656 655 610 595 6'J 6,i(^. '■\ln VlI.I.Ai.l; Ol- MICII.AKAIITI All. OUR INDIANS. The Indlnn Populatiun. AV'ER^ accurate census of the Indians is contained in tlie Indian Department Reports of 1895 and 1896. In found numbers they are put down at 25,000. For some years previous they were ^iven at al)out .^S.ooo, but this investi- gation proved to be the result of duplication, a mistake which arose out of a change of the classification of some of the northern tribes, and wliich was continued witlioiit bein^ detected. From the fact that tlic census of the Indians obtained about 187.^ for the northern half of the Province being largely an esti- mate, it is impossible to say very definitely to what extent they have decreased. I am not inclined to the belief that the decrease since that time is as great as generally supposed. In the early history of the Province, owing to the ravages of smallpox and the fierce inter- tribal wars which were carried on, the Indians of the North-West Coast were greatly reduced in numbers. The Haidalis. for instance, once a powerful and numerous nation, have in British Columbia dwindled down to three small com- munities, and their home in Queen Charlotte Islands contains many deserted villages, which have long been the prey of curio collectors. They still continue to decrease, as do also others of the Coast tribes, but on the wiiole, within the past twenty-five or thirty years the influences of civilization, not wholly wi'liout evil results, have tended to arrest decay, and some tribes have even been on the in- crease. It is perhaps inevitabiv; that the Red Men should gradually retire before the white race, but the conditions in British Columbia have been more favour- able to the struggle against Fate than in almost any other part of the Continent of America. The abundance and accessibility of I'ood, the mildness of the Coast climate, the protection afforded under a very beneficent form ■ f Government, and the better social status of many of them, na\ e given them an advantage as to permanency over all other 01 the One thing which has tended largely to their benefit is t'leir position of independence. With the exception of being in ;i general way under the ;egis of the Indian Department they receive no special favours such as are accodid to the Treaty Indians — no annuities or financial assistance. They are obliged to maintain themselves by hunting, fishing, trade and labour, the opportunities for which are always at hand. Game is abundant, the sea and rivers teem with fish; during the canning season they are largely employed at good wages, and at various seasons earn money lumbering, on the farm, and in tjther capacities. They are, as compared with their eastern brethren, industrious, and are usually well Favouriibic Conditions. native races. :! 1 64 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMUIA Influence <>r niid»oii> Itiiv Cn. supplied with ready cash for all their necessities. Such a thing as famine or starvation amonK our Indians is extronu-iy rare, if, indeed, it ever occurs. Their trade is highly esteemed by traders, and is as a rule a fairly Uiorativc one. In many places they have comfortable houses, and though nt)t remarkable for their cleanliness or intelligence, they possess to some degree the refinements of civiliza- tion. Though not so picturcs(|ue as the plain Iiulians they a<-c, sociologically speaking, on a higher plane. Naturally more docile and less nr)madic, it was fortunate that, owing to the wise policv of the Hudson's Bay Company in dealing with tliem, wlien tlie country came under tlie rule of organized Government tlicy were prepared to accept the sovereignty of white men with good trracc. If we except some trouble in the early days with the miners on the Fraser River, several murders by the Fort Rupert Indians, and the Chilcotin Massacre, which latter was not without pro- vocation, nothing has occurred of the nature of the atrocities which have taken place in the United States, or in a lesser degree, on several occasions east of the Rockies in Canada. In fact, British Columbia has been remarkably free from disorder of this kind. Wiu-n troul)le did, or threatened to. occur it was ri'i)rossed in its incipiency with a firm, but not a cruel hand. Respect for the law was early instilled in a judicious way, rather by the demonstration, than the exercise, of force. The worst Indians inhabited the coasts of Vancouver Island and adjacent islands, and these had ever in their hearts the wholesome dread of a Hudson's Bay Company's gyn-boat or a man-of-war. It was rarely necessary to call either into requisition. Probably one reason to account for the Indians of the Coast being more vicious than the interior tribes was that for a century they had been brouglit in contact with traders of foreign countries, who in their ships carried on a barter, in which rum was more or If '■-3 a factor and honesty or scrupulous methods formed no part of the consideration. Those tribes who traded exclusively with the Hud- son's Bay Company, learned to trust white men and respect a covenant. A very large volume could be written on the Indians of British Columbia, and ot the whole Coast, with respect to their habits, customs, traditions, etc. Much has been written in a disconnected way. To give even a brief outline description of what an intelligent conception of their life and character as a whole involves would be quite impossible in the space alK ttcd to the Indians in this volume. ese IS ality. Japan must ance •N Compared with their eastern brethren, concerning whom readers outside of the Province are more familiar, it may be said that in most respects they are their antithesis. The "plain Indian" is tall, lithe, sinewy; has elongated face, aquiline nose and black piercing eyes. He is built to run, ride, see and. smell at long range. He is quick, agile and restless. The "Siwash," which is the common name to designate our Indians, is short, thick-set in body and small in legs, with a big, square, flat face on a head that sits close to a pair of heavy shoulders. There is usually large chest and arm development. Nature has built him to suit his occupation, viz: to sit in a canoe and fish. The canoe is to the Siwash what the horse is to the Sioux. Or it may be, perhaps, more accurate to say that his occupation has made him what he is. This description applies more particularly to the Coast tribes, but as you go farther interior the types more nearly approach that of the plain Indian. It has already been referred to in a previous chapter, the resemblance to the Japan- Physlcnl Appearance. AND MANUAL OF PROVINXIAL h\ri)UMAT10N. 165 esc is striking, atui dressed alike it is sometimes diriiciilt to di'-tingiiisli the nation- ality. Tlic Indians, howxvir, arc lu-avirr in l)iiil(l and coarser in leiturc tlia 1 tlie Japanese, who possess a tiKlitly knit frame and rmmdisli, smooth features. It must be understood, however, that dilTerent nations and septs difler in appear- ance and minor ciiaracteristics. A I'tcutlrir I'l'Oplv. ETHNOLOGICAL AFFINITIES. IN discussing this (|uestion, whidi lias become one of very wide interest amonjj ethnologists, especially on the American Continent, it is not possible at the present sta^e of investi(j;atioii to arrive at very definite conclusions. In respect to the oriwin of the aboriginal races of the New World, none per- haps excite more interest than those of the Pacific Coast. While they pos- sess certain of the characteristics peculiar to all the Indians of North America, the Rocky Mountains seem to draw a broad, well-defined etimoKraphical line of demarcation, which suKKests ailinities of an .\sian rather tlian of an Eastern American nature. If an "Atlantis" can account for the Inxiuois, there may have been a lost continent in the Pacific to account for the great Tinneh nation r , people. Or as the Norseman by way of Greenland reached the North American vinlaiul i.ox) years a^o, so suc- cessive migrations of Tartars by way of Behring Straits or the Aleutian I'-les m ly have in primitive times peopled this coast. If in a Welsh colony, by chance or design, cast upon the eastern sliores of America, wc arc to look for the progeni- tors of the noble Mandans, though ever so doubtful, we might with eciual proba- bility imagine a fleet of junks, storm-beaten, drifting to the west coast of Vancou- ver Island, and the crews there perforce making a home for themselves. By whatever route or under whatever circumstances our native races found a footing here, there is much to suggest for them an Asiatic origin. Mr. Charles Hill-Tout, of Vancouver, Western Member of the Special Committee appointed by the British Association to organize and carry out an ethnological survey of British North America, having devoted himself to the in- vestigation of this subject and acquired a good deal of data necessary for its discussion, was requested by the author to contribute a monograph to the Year Book, giving some of the results of his enquiries, which he kindly did. It is to be regretted that the space available will not permit of this admirable paper being reproduced in full, and the liberty has been taken of condensing parts of it and extracting others. At the outset Mr. Hill-Tout refers to some of the theories advanced at an earlier period to account for the origin of the primitive inhabitants of America, which are proi 'unced to be "the wildest and most contradictory." Among these is one put forward by Thomas Norton early in the seventeenth century that they were Trojan refugees, because there was a fancied resemblance in some of the words he heard them use to the language of the Greeks and Romans. For in- stance, there was the word "Pasco-pan," the former part of which was jniie Latin and the latter pure Greek, which left no doubt in his mind tliat it\o spenk.'rs were acquainted with the Grecian deity Pan. ''It is only fair," ad' Is the writer, "to say of this singular method of demonstratin;.; aiTinity that comparative philology wa? a science then unknown." Another theory by Dr. Cotton Mather was that the app;arance nt ntan on this continent was due to the direct agency of the Wicked One. which, in the quaint manner of thinking of the last century, was to place him beyond the in- Siimc Early Theories. V.iii, m m i66 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The Aslnn Element. flijcnce of the Gospel, and tints to preserve a rcmn; m of the hitman race wholly his own. Still another attetiipt at the solution of tlie i)fobleni made the Indians the lost ten tribes of Israel. "But with all their extravagance of fancy," says Mr. Hill-Toitt, "the early investigators never fell into the error of supposing them to be Autochthones. This unwarrantable hypothesis was reserved for later inves- tigators to put forward." It is i)ointed out that the general tendency to look to the Old World as the original home of the Aborigines of Atiierica accumulated such a mass of evidence in its support that it only re(|uired "the crowning and coticlusive evid.nce of linguistic research to make what was before a highly probable fact a scientific- ally demonstrable truth." To Dr. Latham, by the application of the principles of comparative philology, is due the credit of first drawing attention to t'.ie Asian element in the language of certain Western tribes. He claimed that the Western Indians were related to the Peninsula Mongoloids', the name given by him to the .lapo-Corean and allied stocks. Following him came other investigiitors, among wliom were Prof. Vinson, a noted Basque scholar; Prof. J. Campbell, of Mon- treal; Horatio Hale, and. more recently. Cyrus Thomas, of the American Bureau of Ethnology. Prof. Vinson, it may be stated, discovered a resemblance between the "grammatical structure of the language of that singular people, tiie Bar.(|ues of the Pyrenees and the tongues o' the Iro<|Uoian and .\lgon(|uian .stocks," who. by the way, are eyoep- tional in the use of the "r" sound, and his disculation whicii we know to h.ive taken place in Asia in former times. .\or do 1 think it very likely that we shall ever be able to ariili.ite wit' .-my degree of closeness any of the present tribes of this Province (M* Coast t' -ny of the exist- ing tribes or races now in Asia. The sei)ar.itioii ha^ hem too long lor thi't. But that the ancestors of our preseiu tribes; and the ance-lois of certain Asian stocks had a comniunity ni origin, or oiue lived in dose contiguity, tlie evidence at land makes it impossible to doubt. Let us brielly examine some of this evidence, and particularly that drawn from linguistic smirces. which is of the higlR--t imi)ortance in (let'rmiiiiiig all <)uesti(nis (jf racial atVmity; and whicIi, indeed, is tiie only eviilence t'at h;is any Ah Columbia. These arc the Haida-Tlingit. Kwakiutl-Nootka. Kitunaha (Kootenay). Tsimshean. Salish. Dent" or .Vthapascan. "These, of course, are divided and sub-divided into mrniy divisions and septs. * * * ] would here warn those who look for startling, su])?rficial resemblances that the evidence gathered from a comparison oi languages cannot, /oni the nature of the case and from the long separation of the races in re primitive elements, even the structural, resemblance to archaic (limese and allied forms is plainly discernible: .iiid as certainly demonstrable by correspond- ing resemblances in the .Aryan stocks, and infinitely more so than tlie n seinb ; nc s in the if)0. more or less, '.American' stock*^ themselves." Mr. Hill-Tout goes on to i)oint out that the ajipaient lack oi s mikir ty i:i Western .American and East .Asian langu.iges. when the physical resiinb'.itiCvS arc so striking, is not far to seek. Racial traits are the result of slow and Liraduil processes, ctYccted by varying local conditions, and. once iniiirintivl. ;ire indelible, while si)eech is an organic growth, liabh' to const.int ch.ange, the The yucstion princiidc of which i-^ well understood and anii)ly d' niopstrated in f)ur own tongtie, which, in its present form, differ- widely frotn that of our .^.i\on forefathers, or even from that of Chaucer. Many instances are given of the cli;mgi< thus olTected. Dialects of ;iny one l.irge division or stock differ widely, and. therefore, it is not surprisin-j; tliai after the uiidotd)tediy long period that has elapsed since the sei)aration from their .Asian congeners the languages of our native tribes should 1)ear little snpefici.il r s mi- blance to modern .Asian stocks; but, while tltere may be wiile nioriihologic il di, ferences. fundameiUally there may still e\i-i a r.idical unity. "It is oidy." says the writer, "in ;i com|)arison of tlu' radical and co-s ;iiU elements — for the science of Philology li;is demonstr.ated nothing so cle;irly as th;it amid all the mutations ;in Ian guages so diverse and imperfectly known, time and c.irefnl an.ilysis alon ■ cm dei.ionstrate satisfactorily their origin and ])roperly cl.issn'y t'lem. Cone rrinv, the six stocks of the Provim-e. though tliere have been vocabularies and gr.iiii- mars .if all of them, no serious attempt h.is been made ;it riui^ district, and eiiougfi progress has been made to w.irraiit of Langiinue. I Ira i68 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I'svi'hU'iil Traits. the claim here set fortli and to encourage further work in the same dirc-ction." While philological evidence stands first in determining ethnological affini- ties, stress is also laid on psychical traits. The writer goes on: 'It is wtll known that the Kwakiutl tribes are the most warlike, most independent and adventurous of all the Brit'sli Columbia groups. They were the scourge and tirrnr of the coast in former year?. It was a party of this stock which attacked and slew the crew of the ship "Tonfiuin. ' sent out by Jacob Astor to this Coast in 1811. It was these K\vaki"utls who used to sail uj) the Frast-r for fifty or one hundred miles, plundering and devastating the villages of the Salish tribes on its banks and car- rying off tiicir captives into slavery. In short, for warlike daring, independence oi character and adventurous spirit, they wi-re without equals on the Coast. These psychical traits, while they mark them off from the other stocks, assuredlj sug- gest aflinity to the Polynesians, between wliom and themselves there are many points in conimon. It is also a significant iact. I tliink, tiiat the name of tlieir culture-lieni, "Kanikilak," round whom so many of tlieir legends centre, is .strik- ingly I'olyiiesian in form, and is practically identical with the Hawaiian generic term for man. viz: ■'K.inaka." At any rate, if the Kwakiutl- Xootka stork is not of purely Polynesian origin, it has undoubt- edly come under Polynesian inlluences and partakes of the Poly- nesian character. And. indeed, there is nothing antecedently improbable in this. The distance between the Sandwich Islands and our Coast is less than that trav- el sed by many of the Polynesian groups, and the current that here sets north- ward may well have carried one or more of tin ir adventurous bodies of (migrants to our shores. \W' know that the Sandwich group was peopled by Samoaii emi- grants in successive waves or bodies. How easy, then, for some of these to have missed and passed the islands and been carried northward. However, wluther the Kwakiutl may be considered as descendants of some of these adventurous bodies, whose purity of descent has been obliterated by marriage and intercourse with Columbian stocks, or whether we see in them an original West Coast Indian race, merely modified by Polynesian blood and influences. I will not at this time \enture to determine, but I do aUinn that the reseml)lances between tliem and the Polynesian in character, language, and other respects, and their separation from the other British Columbia stocks by many customs, beliefs and practices peculiar to themselves, make one or other t)f these hypotheses necessj ry. And what has been s.iid of the Kwakiutl-Nootka may, mulotis viuttiiidis. be said of the Ha'da-Tlingit with regard to Japo-Corean altinities. The superior artistic powers of the Haida. as manifested in their well-known carviiu's and sculptures, not only mark them off very strongly in this re^nect from all the other tribes of British Columbia, but readily suggest marked psychical similarities be- tween them and the Japanese, the general principles and conventionalized forms of whose arts have much in common with the Haida, the paintings of the Japan- ese being characterized to this day by tlieir lack of jierspeetivc : and, while 1 am fully conscious that this alone is not conclusive evidence of n .ationsliip lietween them, if these facts, together with their remarkable phys cal re^embl nice, be taken into consifleiation with the data furnished from the r 1: nguage. Comp.ired it will. I think, raise more than a i>resumption .f tluir racial alVmity. But I confess to the same diiliculty lure as w'.ta the Kwakiutl-Nootka stock, of determining with precisio 1 the rela- tions which undoubtedly do exist between the Haida-Tlingit and the Jaiaiu-e in the present stage of my investigations While certain marked physical and men- tal characteristics point to a conmion origin, the evidince thus far e.ith- ered from their language, though strongly f.ivounng the idea, scircely yet warrants my asserting it as a denionstrabli' fact. But tlie appar 'titly limited lexical forms in conimon may well be wl tlge aiul faulty analysis of the ll.iida tongue, as well as to the difference in t'le intel- lectual life and conditions of the people since tlieir separation; as their ditTereiices in grammatical structure are undoulitedly due to the ditferent iiilluv-nce:- under which their languages have been brought, ciiising them to develop along differ- ei.t lines; the Japo-Corcan developing under Chinese inlluences, t(j a large extent, along Chinese lines; the 1 l.iida-TlingU under Americni influence- developing Willi Jap.incsc. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. ilxj along American lines. Moreover, tlic one liri'; been a literarv langua^^c fjr at least 1,500 years, and ihe dtlu-r merely a s]i()keii lani-uaL';.-. -iili'iect to alF t'le in ItiUcrci.i lluences of mutation wiiich affect the speecli of an unlctlcred and Cuiiditiuiiii. l)arl)arous people. Hut, notw iihstaiulin^ all liie diherences which now exist between these lanKUia.ues.the number of lexical e'ements in common is sulVicienl'v great, and some of llie structural similarities so marked that if they do not actually conclusively j)ruve a coiiiniunity of origin for tlie-;e two peoples, yet they fully warrant me in clr.luiing Japo-Corean attinities of some kind for the liaida-TIingit stock. Again, the dilliculty of determining the exact- relationship between the two is proportionately greater, inasmuch as the Japanese themselves are undoubtedly a composite race. Latham classifies th'in a?; Turanian, as also does ICdkin: Pickering as Malays; Pritchard as he- longing to tiic same type as the C'hinese; and in the narrative of the United StatiS expedition they are ranked as a branch of the Tartar family. They might e(iually well have been classified as Polynesians, for their ian,;;uage is full of Polynesian terms, and their system of syllabication is prarticilly on'; with the Polynesian. These seemintjly contradictory classifications are nit so mutually antagonistic as they appear. J'hysical and linguistic data alike furnish undoubted evidence of relation to these diverse grorps; and the vocabulary of the tcwigue demonstrates the comi)osite origin '-i the peojile as assuredly a.s our own language demonstrates the eompositc elements that go to make up our own race. In view, then, of these wide racial affinities and the composite nature of the Japanese tongue, it will be seen that it is no easy task to d.tcrmine with anything like exactitude the connection between the liaida- c"onciusioii'.' Tlingit and the Japanese. I was at first disposed to regard such linguistic rescmldances as 1 ii.ive di>-iovered as the result of some comparatively recent contact with the Japane^^e nation, but the strong physical and mental traits they have in common: and the fact that in their folk- Ir.ie they have a tradition of two separate races or i)copU s on the Islands, t'le one Heaven-born, i. c, themselves — which myth is strongly Japanese in senti- ment and character — the other clam-siicU, or earth-l)orn, whom they pressed mlo slavery; and the additional fact that there is no trace, so far as I have been abb' to discover it. though it may yet be discoverable, of Buddhistic doctrine in their beliefs, whicli one would expect to find if contact or intercourse of any kind with the Japanese had taken place since the doctrine of Buddha had l)ee:i known in Japan, have led me to change my opinion in this respect. However, the exact relationship of the Haida-Tlingit to the Japanese may be for the present left undetermined; it is sufticient thr.t they have undoubted Asian afhnities of some kind. Bu'. beyond doubt the clearest and strtjngest evidence of Asian relationship and origin comes from the Dene or .Athapascan stock. In mental traits there are not wanting striking similarities to mark this relationship. They are as a race — at any rate, the I'.ritish Columbia division of them — (juirt and peaceful, conservative and patient. Physically they approximate ,nore nearly to the Mongoloid type than they do to the typical Eastern stock;- but the evidence from their language is the overwhelming i)roof of their .\sian atlinities. 1 have already referred in brief to the monosyllabic character of the primaries, or radicals, of their tongue, r.nd to the Chinese-like method of associating these by aimple ju.\taposiiif)ii ; and if this were the occasion for it. it would not be difficult to bring out these resemblances in detail. It will be sufficient to point out here that there are four district classes of nouns in the Dene tongue These .ire: First, radicals, which are always monosyllabic in form, and cornsiioiid to the "primaries" of the Chinese, ami, like them, are always simply determinative in iorcv, such as "tse," stone; "thu watct. Second, radicals of simple import and mainly dis- sxllabic in form, which. l''al!r..r Tiloiice says, arc genuinely unsynt'K tic, b.inu, like the former, merely determinative, as "tse-khe," wom.in; "tan-gron."' summer; and wliich answer to that class in the Chinese which has been called for obvious reasons the "clam-shell" substanti< e. The third and fourth classes are poly- syllabic nouns of the "eye-lash" and "plough" kind already illustrated, the for- iiur of which is in close a(.:reemcnt with the Chinese compound nouns that take Drildidlv Ah) nil. !^ i i I 1 1 170 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Cniii|iiiniti\e Vociibiiliii'ii"'. a chiS'^irHT with tlinn, tliis c-jassificr hrin^? fdniid in tin- Dc'mu' at times also, as in tlu wdid "lyclaslu's," uluTr it is sei'ii in tlir initial syll;i1)k' "nc." nuanitiR man. and indicating that the particui.ir cyelashos spoken of belom? to the In.man kind, 'i his "liomo" I'lassifier is seen in many other snhstamives ot this class tnai stand for different i)arts of the hnman l)ody, partienlaily the head. I will inst call attention to one other salient characteristic of the two lanfjjuap^es. and then hriiifi: this introdnctory sketch to a close I^''>vered in the Dene are familiar to the Chi- 'rovincc. vv-h < .lave th-'.nsclves sotight in various ways apparently to I I I ncse o account f.-s« >r il.ein. p ( : i i i I I ;ii SOME INDIAN TYPES. See Cm*P»EH on INOIAN* i! ^ 1 i il o| my^-li til iVii-r atVil oi ilu' A' l.ilinK III race be. I ihf Asial r.iic. 1' unity 11^^ Brinton 1 his Nori| an cxtci and :i"y| would 111 are divi| Their m»«r| side o? tl from tlif River SovUheril Arizona^ the nort ulso des propriat Xorthcrn pewayai tains n cast), tl numhei i.Goo'. Wcstei whuni tribal SI T '1' 1 SOME INDIAN SKETCHES. StF CHAi>reH Oh INDIANS. AND iMANUAL UF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 1/3 ^ Of the otlicr tlirce British Cohinihia stocks not dealt witli in this skotcli. th'Hinh I Iiavr discovered sutlicicnt A^iaii olcnicnts in tluir lanKuaK^s to pnt lor niVM If tlicir Asian alVmitics and oriuin iicyond dv<.aiiii> uitvcii iu).;viMCi Id hardly represent the area of the rejjion occupied by that larpe family. Thej divided into two important branches, the Northern and Sonthcrn Denes.' Re(.jardinK the former the writer just (juoted says: 'West of the Their nistrihutluo. Rocky Mountains they are to be found from 31 de^. .V) 'uin. of Latitude to the borders of the I-lskimo tribes, while on the east side of the same ranpe they people the immense iilains and forests which extend from the Northern Saskatchewan down almost to the delta of the Mackenzie River ♦ * 'K (i,e almost eiuire breadth of the Arr-rican Continent." The Southern Denes, which include the Nav.ijos and .Apach », cs.cnd through Oregon, Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma. California and New i.Ievi'.T.. in round figures the northern trilies number i(),ooo and the southern 23,u(K>. The Dene stock is also designated ".\thapaskan." but. as Rev. I'"ather Morice )>oims out. very in.ip- The habitat of the noniiern half has already been indicated, practic- ally covering what is the unorganized district of the North-West Territf)ry of Canada, and including the Loucheux, the Hares. Bad People. Slaves. Dog-Ribs. Vellow-Knives. Caribou-Katers, Chip- pewayans, the Reavers ;ind Sarcees. Those on the west side of the Rf)cltCliilei)tiii River. T'l<)llieii-Ki)irtiii. mirtli l)a!ik of Cliili'otiii Kivcr, 4s mites fro Indepeiuleiit SepLs, l-'ui l .\le.\aii(lir ami Nakiinll 1111. propriately .N'urtlKTii Trlbts. t'- ii*i C.xKKii'.K Tkihi:. I.lluiu'teniie. Fort .\k'\aii- — "The Haidas do not in any way resemble the red Indirn met with in other parts of British Columi)ia. The face is broad, and cheek bones protrude, their "ye-brows have a Mongolian .slant, they are powerfully built, lut are not without grace in their manner and walk. They may be said to be of the square, wood •" *vpe. with brown ^kins and black hair, ruddy cheeks, and brown and red hair ar»_ ;ot uncommon. All the Haidas from the lowest to tlie highest are re- lated in rank to the head Chief of the nation. Tiie slaves, however, do not rank at all. but were formerly bouglit and sold like dogs. * * * siiivcry. The Haidas are industrious; men, women and children all find somethmg to do at all seasons of the year. * * * The in- tellectual powers and nocesses of the Haidas e.xccl the ordinary class of Indians on the North Pacific "^oast. Their language contains more words, and is most difficult to master. Ci . i pared with other Indians in British Columbia and Alaska they would be placed at the head in rank of physicpie and activity. The young people are eager to be taught and also evince a determination to master their books. Some of the men are six feet two inches tall and their bodies are developed in perfect proportion. They are expert seamen and can sail their buoyant cedar canoes in a storm that would be dangerous to ships. The women share the good qualities of the men. They are exceedingly strong and work equally as hard as the men. Comparitively speaking they have handsome and agreeable features. ' Rev. Father Morice, who is probably the best living authority on the Denes, which numerically is the largest and most widely distributed Indian race in West- ern America, in his "Notes on the Western Denes," describes the three principal tribes on the Western Slopes of the Rockv Mountains as follows: "The Tse Kehre? are slender and bony of stature, rather below the average, witli a narrow forenead. hollow cheeks, prominent cheek bones, small eyes deeply sunken in their orbits, the upper lip very thin and the lower lip somewhat protruding, the chin very small and the nose straight. * * * Qut of every ten men, five who have long been fathers will appear to you like mere cuiidren. I The Tiiiniciis. have never seen but one fat person among them, and one that was bald. Now the Carriers are tall and stout without as a rule being too corpulent. The forehead is much broader than that of the Tse Kehne and less receding than is usual with American aborigines. The face is full, with a nose generally aquiline, and in every case better formed than their heterogene- ous neighljours. * * * The Tsil Koh'tin. on the other hand, are short in stature, broad-faced and broad-shouldered, with prominent cheek bones, heavy AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 175 jaws anu wifh a nose wliidi is not uncommonly tliick and llattlsli. Tlicy mav be said to liavc some physical resemblance to the Cliincse. ♦ * * The only points in eoninion ainouK tin- three tribes are tlie black eyes, tlu" dark, coarse and straight hair, and the sr.iill liands and feet." Father Morice describes the Nortiiern Denes as generally piisilanimous. timid and cowardly, but a noteworthy cptalitv, c^pecialiy in such as have remained untouched by iiiodern civilization, is their ^'eat honesty. They are generally gentle in disi)osition, he says, and have usually shown a remarkable recei)tiveness. THEIR PLACE IN THE NATION. THE Indians of Canada arc wards of the Dominion Government, which lias an Indian Department especially orpanized to guard their interests and to attend to their requirements. The Department is under the general sup.rintendence of one of the Dominion Ministers of State, usually that of the Minister of the In- terior. There is a Deputy Superintendent General of Indian Affairs under the supervision of the Minister who has imtnediate control of, and takes action in, all matters concerning the Indians and their general v el fare. Connected with this Department there is in each Province of the Dominion of Canada a Superintendent of Indian Affairs, who reports to the Deputy Superintendent General and receives his instructions. He is assisted by Indian Agents, clerks and other functionaries sufficient to carry out the object of the Government. The treatment of the Indians is uniformly just, considerate and humane. Wars and minor disturbances of the peace have consequently been almost entirely avoided, the Canadian Indian being in most cases a useful, law-abiding subject. In- (Intsrial boarc'iuK schools and ordinary day schools have been established by tiie (iovernmcnt and missionary bodies for the Indians, wherever practicable, with good effects. They are fast advancing towards modern civilized conditions. Some of the bands are enfranchised and exercise all the rights of citizenship in full. The less advanced ones, who, to a small extent, may be said to be in a state of pu- pilage, have their minor affairs regulated by the provisions of the Indian Act which are from time to time amended by the Dominion Legislature to suit their advancing conditions. Reservations of land are made for the Indians of sufficient extent to enable them to make independent livings. These are held for them inviolate by the Indian Department and are subdivided into plots which the Indians may hold and own in severalty, but they may not sell any property belonging to the reserve without permission from tiie Government. The Indians are not. necessarily con- lined to these reserves; they have full liberty to move about the ^ ^'l*'"" country and to seek employment wherever they can find it. They I'riviicBcs. j^,^y ^jj^^ jj^^, ^jjj^^j ^^^^,j^ lands outside of the reserves and enfran- chisement is open to them alk. under proper and necessary qualifications The same laws apply to the Indians as to the whites, with the exceptions: That the Indian reserve properties may not i)e seized for debt, that there are special enact- ments against supplying Indians with intoxicants of any kind, and that certain pro- visions are made in their case for the descent of property. Under the provisions of the Indian Act the Indians may elect chiefs and councillors who may enact by-laws for the regulation of minor local affairs on their reserves. These by-laws require the approval of the Grivernment before tliey can be enforced. The procedure !"(jr enforcing tliem being under tlic Rules for Summary Proceedings, ct- . befon the established courts. The Indians are not allowed judicial powers altnougli some of the chiefs are at times prone to assume very arbitrary measures in respect to their tribesmen. The e.Kcrcise of th« functions mentioned above has the effect of opening the Indian's mind to tlie principles jnd possibilities of local self-government, and by the time he is admitted to the pn.ilege of enfranchisement h. becomes proficient as regards the standing and obligations of citizenship. I! p V 176 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ^Mm r, — ■•""Sajr'. *- a. 2 ii --2 y-^ yj;- Si ;:! -; u ^ 4; - = d 3 ir^, :;; c ^ 3 = Di 2 5-£ . -S-'- « » 5 f; t: '^. a .« o . . > ■ •*- .2 o u • 1-1 a. 2 '■« a *>.:; >.s 'J S _ „ E *^ r", 11 S x « h ■" u a? -^ ,/ a jj 2 ^•c p-H 2 -r »^ E c^T^i «'^ a-=i' Cj3"S i; ^ a a; y (A -' -; ^ o a ►-1 .ti li ;'- " "^ .r. a s •soiiVN •>;r^-S>'S3.5P.2' S" IN N N 'X i^i 1/5 t-ix° j\u'i-^ ini ?^?r-."«>s a u /. a: : *4 3i ? a .2 3 rt.- .s 3 ^? is ex u 1/ V i2 ■/I s o on" a. a i a 3.3 iii.o 35.? rt 3 3 ."! .^.^ n 5 a— 3 s y.i •JiOIiVN ■wiiv,! •DIIOII.LVD .1 SV.1.S-.I.L O O « O ^»0 O ^ JN — -. ^ I ■OK W 4> ^ ^ -S =.s; *"' ? t! " ^^ ?H +i : c« c3.a o w CQ H Q > u •A •A U. < O H If. U tar' .i 3 u u o Ml l-»| ^ |J^ 29'i-.e5.'S»'.i<.s-;iS^*.'Si^3i: "i.S'*''TS'''3o2Cyr^_y_r- X."!; j:5xJ=5,^o_ii' >•«=•" 0.2 c.« 6 « .J. ..Cjj . . J U "i 5 J= — O ." 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IS' "= O ,2 <« rt « ») — , .2 n .'^ " K f n S H (i. !- {-> fc,V 1 o^ N-. ■«)■ -H VC « - 1 " 3 r^ O 0(t)5S';^t^>4'-;£H<5 3 • 11 !* CM' A 3^ 2 o i; 3 3 3 cs 3 a rs 3 u ;= >'•- !< * rt 3 V {A C c c iS C. tl 3 X O H 3 Sj: 5 N 5 s ♦J 3^ 3 « •NOIXVK ■KVUVd «: : H- ■onoHivo ■XNVXSMXOMJ •OK m ■- N ►■ i 'T.Z CC r^ TT N ^ I N M in I h t/! 1! O u H K N 2i'S = X. C T. 3 O a s o o US 4-* o C«SKrt 3'^-S--2 ;; ;/; H ',1. fc< « a j:^y; 1^ H «3 S « O .. r i^i § tr o X rt ^^ lU rt ax C 3 X 64 oc x n 3 o t T AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 179 ? ^ I ftl ■J 't \r, M i^'i - I u% I- I 00 N t^ to ir^ O^ 'J-'C ^O ^tt^rO'tvO C I t-^ O'CC t~-fO '5 -4, III o 5 .a •= c £ o = S Ci-'SD'JSS — rfi a. r/: t^ 'J -^ rf. f/-. ^sr-c :j2 : I y •7 jj « o • ': - ^cr 5 r^«(t^\0»-iu^Nc^Cl^r^ otir, M-trHWTt»r, •i O - Jl c j5 ^ c? « -, !- U «5 X U ; c: 5.^ 1/ - •X -X •^ — >> •■' ;^ = X s -^ >. 5* 2 s >.'S ' :bS2 5 •-'« ?§-^ '-' 1/1 u fcSa 11 O M 2a c o 8*: CC t^ CTs *r N f) i-i rO O fO fO PO IS'''- • »1 pi' s X a? N C O K '^ . roJS <« .-O fl a.as o'*0 i- . - •O .. '- - M = s- /§•= a ro ^ X O C'j ^-,': J o « ■- i• X X /'. ^ X /. 'i; a X "^ a x J'h c< tt^' J^, ^ x u! U X s >.^^ a^ s ;M„ ■"O M. i8o YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA RECAPITULATION. AGENCY AND TRinKS. | I i West Coast Agency i Kraser River Agency Babine and ITppcr Skeena River Agency Williams Lake Agency North-west Coast Agency Kootenay Agency Cowichan Agency ' Kamloops Agency Okanagan Agency, | K wawkewlth Agencv Bands not visited, afcout i Grand Totals No. 2,750 3.3S 2,7S3 1,899 3,994 562 2,029 2,8So 651 1,639 2,500 25,068 Protf.s- TANT. i,S4 237 605 37 3,273 167 i'.437 859 Catholic. Pagan. 1,469 2,962 1,712 1, 86a 56» r,862 1,441 651 107 6,769 12,628 1,127 182 466 721 673 3.171 On Ihe North-West Coast totemism permeates the whole tribal organization. The ceremonies at birth, initiation, naming, matrimony, feasting, dancing, funer- als, and all the other social occasions, all have for their object, Totem sm. -^^ some way, the identification of the individual with his totem under its specific name. A totem is simply an organization of consanguineal kin- dred into a recognized group or band, but with its definition and practical work- ings we have more to do later. Amongst the Tlingit, Haida and Tsimshian, the organization is based on mother-riglit; that is, birth-rights, such as rank, wealth, property, etc, are re- ceived from th" mother. Amongst the southern tribes of British Columbia father- right is the form of social organization. Considered in relation to men, totems are of at least three kinds: i. The clan totem, common to a whole clan, and passing by inheritance from genera- tion to generation. 2. The sex totem * * * ^_ The individual totem, belong- ing to a single individual and not passing to his descendants. These totems, clans, or gentes are sometimes organized into groups called phratries, the union of the latter forming the tribe of people. We have, therefore, (i; the household or family; (2) the totem; (3) the phratry; and (4) the tribe. On the North-West Coast the household is not the unit of the totem or r)ivisions. ^f ^j^^, phratry, as more than one totem is represented in each, the father belonging to one totem and the mother and children to another. Be- sides this, a brother and his wife may belong to the household, or a sister and her husband; thus numerous totems may be represented under one roof. NoTK.— I'age 171 : The central figure in plate, "Some Indian Types," is the Chief of the Kootenais, in modern costume. The others, left to right, from top, are : (1) An Oweekayuo girl. West Coast, V.I.; (2) an old Indian ; (3) Indian Mary, an old Haida woman ; (4) a Siwash : (5) a Medicine Man ; (6) Kloochman with basket ; (7) an Indian baby strapped : (8) Medicine Woman; (9) Indian guide at Vale. Page 172: (i) Haida women making mats; (-2) Indian pack train : (3) Indian tepee; (4) Halmon cached in tree ; (5) carved dish ; (6) interior Indian hut ; (7) Indian Mission ou Burrard Inlet; (8) Indian village on Coast, shewing totem poles; (9) cedar canoe. «» PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. THE Province of British Columbia may be doscril)cd as a great quadrangle of territory, seven hundred miles long by four hundred miles wide, lying north of latitude 49° and west of the central core of the Rocky Mountains, extending along the Pacific Coast as far as latitude 55°, and including the islands adjacent. North of that degree of latitude it continues inland to latitude 60°. but is shut off from the coast bv a narrow strip of Alaskan Territory, and is bounded on the east by longitude 120°. The southern half of the Province lies between to]cra1)ly well defined boun- daries. It forms a large and regular rhomboid of elevated land, whicli is sup- ported on each oide by ranges of mountains. Of these the eastern and western may be said to be double, and consist respectively of the Rockies and Selkirks* on the east, and of the Coast and Isl?nd Ranges on the west. The easternmost range of the above enumerated is that of the Rocky Moun- tains. It is the northern extremity of the great range which foims so well known a feature of the North American Continent. Entering the Province at the 49th paral- lel of latitude, in constitutes the eastern boundary to latitude 54", and continues to between 56° and 57°, where it loses its distinctive rampart-like character, and dies down into lower hills. It has been shown to consist of the up- turned edges of the strata that underlie the great north-west plain, ;ind its massive walls are formed chiefly of Devonian and carbonifer- Thoir average height may be stated at about 8,000 feet. "Near the 49th parallel several summits occur with elevations exceeding 10,000 feet, but northwards few attain this elevation until the vicinity of the Row River and Kick- ing Horse is reached. The range appears to culminate about the head waters of the Saskatchewan, Ivlount I^Iurchison being credited with an altitude of 13,500 feet." There are twelve principal passes, at elevations ranging from 7,100 feet — the South Kootenay — to 2,000 feet — the Peace River Valley. Parallel to the Rocky Mountains proper, and frequently included under one name with them, though of distinct formation, run the Selkirks. This range, which has been shown by geologists to represent an earlier upheaval, and to The Rocky Mountains. ous limestone. *XoTK.— The Selkirks are, properly speaking, only a subordinate portion of the more western of the two ranges, but since no terin has been generally accepted for the entire range, and since the Canadian Pacific Railway has especially familiarized travellers witli this name, it has been thought good to apply it to the whole range of which it thus constitutes the best known part. r,:<» f i!, 1 i I u:^\ ' 1 82 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA if If ]\ lit ^xliiiiit an entirely different series of rocks, is so l)roken and complex as to iiavo received several names in different parts of its course, as though composed of dis- tinctly separate mountain systems. Such, however, is not the case. Entering from the south in a three-fold system divided by important valleys, they are called respectively the Purcell, the Selkirk, and the Gold Mountains. To _ the north of the great bend of the Columbia River, thesj give place to the term Cariboo Mountains. At about latitude 54° they die out, or .'e merged in the cross ranges which form the northern boundary of the interior plateau, and from whence spring the headwaters of the Peace River. In average altitude these mountains are not greatly inferior to tlie Rockies, their loftier members rising from 8.000 to o-ooo feet above the sea. The contours are. generally speaking, more rounded and less precipitous than tlie latter, though in many places they are strikingly pointed with steep and continuous grades, down which snow-slides sweep with resistless force. Their sides, up to several thousand feet, are clothed in dense forests, affording an unlimited supply of good timber. The average width of the Rocky Mountain Range is about sixty miles, dim- inishing to the north: that of the Selkirks is about eighty miles. There is a valley of most remarkable length and regularity, extendiny: from the southern boundary line along the western base of the Rocky Mountains as far as the northern limits of the Selkirks, a distance of over 700 miles, and dividing the two ranges. To the west of these great ranges British Columbia extends in a wide plateau of table land, which has been originally elevated some 3,500 feet above sea- level This plateau has been, however, so deeply intersected and eroded by lake and river systems that, in many places, it presents an aspect hardly differing from that of mountain regions. At others, however, it opens out into wide plains and rolling ground, with comparatively low eminences, affording fine areas of agri- cultural and grazing land. The entire district has been subject to vast over.^lows of lava, of the disintegrated remains of which the present soil is mainly composed. There is a general but very gradual slope of the land from the mountainous country on the southern boundary of the Province to the north, where as has been previously stated, it is hedged in by cross ranges attaining an elevation of from 6,000 feet to 8,000 feet. Notwithstanding this gen- eral slope, the principal flow of water finds its way southwards through deep fis- sures penetrating the mountain boundaries on the southern and western sides. This plateau forms the chief agricultural area of the Province. "The whole of British Columbia, south of 52° and east of the Coast Range, is a grazing country "P to 3,500 feet, and a farming country up to 2,500 feet, where irrigation is pos- sible." — (Macoun, Geol. Rep. 1877.) The interior plateau is terminated on ihe west by the Coast Range, a series of m.isive crystalline rocks of some 6,000 feet in average height. This range has a mean width of about 100 miles, descending to the shores of the Pacific, and is in turn flanked by the submerged Island Range, the tops of which form Vancou- ver and her adjacent islands, the Queen Charlotte Islands and those of the Alas- kan Peninsula. "The most remarkable feature of the coast are the fiords and passages, which while quite analagous to those of Scotland, Norway and Greenland, prob- ably surpass those of any part of the world (unless it be the last named country) in dimensions and complexity. The great height of the rugged mountain walls which border them also give them a grandeur quite their own." — (Dazuson, Geol. Sui:, 18S4) Interior Flate.-iu. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 183 T Rivers. The unique position of British Columbia as a watershed on the Pacific Coast of America, will at once be recognized when it is seen thai all the rivers of great irnportance on that coast, with the exception of one (the Colorado), arise from within its boundaries. The drainape from its extensive area of mountaini, and highlands is received into the mimerous lakes, which have been noticed as forminjj: so striking a feature of the interior. Thence the surplus is discharged iiUo the few large rivers or their many tribu- taries, which finally reach the sea. These rivers arc the Columbia on the soutli (debouching through American territory into the Pacific Ocean); the Eraser (750 miles long ). the Skeena (300 miles), and the Stikine on the west: the Lair.l (over 300 miles in British Cf)lumbia) on the nortli, and the Peace River (over .100 miles in British Columbia) on the east. These rivers are of great size and volume, and the first four are sufficiently navigable to steamers to form waterways of no small value in the development of tlie country. The submerged mountain range which lies to the west of the Mainland, is represented by an archipelago of islands, great and small, the most prominent being Vancouver and the Queen Charlotte Islands. Of the others it may be briefly stated that they produce in miniature all the physical features of the larger group. The island may be described geologically as a group of upturned gneissic rocks, embracing certain tertiary areas and worn down by glacial action, so that in one place extensive gravel moraines, in another beds of boulder clay, are to be found, while in a third a regular series of late sandstones alternate with the bar- ren clifTs of trail. Upon such unpromising surface generations of Other "islands! ^^ ^''^^^ have nourished, and by their decay have gradually de- posited a mould of increasing thickness sutTicient to provide suit- able ground for other forms of vegetation, until the country has become covered with a dense growth of timber varying according to its situation and adaptability to the wants of each particular kind. Tims, upon the ridges the pines and many species of undergrowth have held their own, best suited to a moderate degree of moisture and the rocky subsoil. Upon the boulder clay, alder, poplar, and wil- low have contended successfully against the larger trees and where the gravel has afforded insufficient moistures for the conifers, the hardy but more slow growing oaks, which had no chance for existence in the dense pine forests, have gained a foothold, and stud level plains clothed with native grass. Maples appear to hcve succeeded in some places the burnt out pines: indeed in time much the same sequence of soft and hard timber might be expected on this coast as is known to have occurred on that of the Atlantic, where firs, oaks and becclies liave followed in successive order. — (British Coluinbiit. Its i'rcsciit Resources and I'ntnrc Possi- bilities. Official Pamphlet.) '\\ 'ii \. \, :;r CAMP AT SKA(;\VAV. il i84 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA GEOLOGY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. .+ 1'^HE genet al surface of the mainland of Britisli Columhia seems to have been covered with glaciers at no very remote geological period, during which ^he principal movement of the ice was southeasterly and northwesterly in con- formity with the trend of the mountains, leaving traces at several locaK.ies at an i.ltitude of more than 6.000 feet above the sea. Superficial deposits of boulder- clay and water-worn stones occur at all heights up to 5.000 feet, and in the lower levels, especially in the northern low country, is found a fine white Ginciiii Action. silt. Large moraines occur in great numbers, especially in the line of retreat of glaciers towards the mountain ranges. There are many evidences that large bfjdies of water e.vcisted at various heights between the present sea level and over 5,000 feet, such as shore lines and terraces, and clays which must have been deposited in water. The Strait of Georgia must have been entirely filled with a great glacier, called by Dr. G. M. Dawson the Strait of Georgia Glacier, with a width of ov-r fifty miles and a thickness in places ->ear its termination of more thati 600 feet. Ice groovings of remarkable depth and polish are seen in very recently exposed rock near \'^ictoria. showing that the glacie.- must have swept over the Saanich Peninsula in a direction mostly towards the south with a slight westerly deviation. On the southwest coast of Vancouver Island in the Strait of Fuca the groovings point nearly west, sliowing that the ice probably escaped to the open ocean through tliat cliannel. Further north above Seymour Narrows indications prove that a second Lirge glacier, fed from the fiords of the jMainland, pushed in a north- westerly direction. This is called by Dr. Dawson the Queen Charlotte Sound Glacier. Tertiary rocks, containing' '".arine shells, are found on the south-west coast of Vancouver Island near Sooke and near Carmanah Point at the entrance of ilie Strait of Fuca and at various places between these two points, forming a narrow belt parallel with the coast. Tertiary leaf-bearing rocks are found in Burrard In- let and about tlie estuary of the Fraser J^ivcr. Further north in the Queen Char- lotte Islands Dr. Dawson found the whole of the nortlieastern portion of Graham Island to be underlain by tertiary rocks, mainly of volcanic origin. On the main- land of British Columbia east of the Coast Range the tertiaries occupy large areas with lignites and in certain places even bitum- inous coal occurs. In the north there has been but little dis- turl)ance of the beds, but the southern part of the interior plateau is more irregular ar.d iiiouiitainous and the strata, as on the Nicola, are sometitnes found dipping at an angle of thirty degrees. Remains of platits, insects and a few fresh water molluscs have been obtained from these interior regions, resetnbling those else- where considered to be miocene, and indicating a tetnperate climate. Underlying the tertiary beds in many places are cretaceous rocks, inese include the true coal-bearing beds of Nanaimo, Comox and the Anthracite region of the Queen Charlotte Inlands. The flora of the Vancouver Island beds consists in the main of tnodern angiospermous and gymnospermous genera, such as oak, planes, poplar and Sequoia. The Queen Charlotte Island fossils indicate a lower horizon. On the mainland cretaceous rocks have been described along the north- eastern border of the Coast Range, to the south behind Boston The Cretaceous. g^^. ^^ ^j^^ Fraser and near the head waters of the Skagit. East of the Coast Range and well to the nordi the cretaceous is probably represented near the Lower Nechaco and also abou: the upper part of the Skeena River and on Babine Lake. Sections measured in the Vancouver Island region give a thickness of about 5,000 feet, in the Queen Charlotte Islands at Skidegatc abtut 1.3.000 feet, and at various places on the mainland from 5,000 to 7,000 feet. The Torti.-iii Period. .t AND MANUAL OF IMUJVIXCIAL 1 \ l"( )KM ATIOX. 185 The Rocky Moiiii tain Series. The sub-divirions of the prc-cretaccous rocks have not yet been satisfactorily made, l)nt in the limestone interbedded in tlie layers of ij^neotu rorks crinitid.il remains, and poorly preserved corals and moUnscs indicate lliat the carboniierous formation is largely rei)resentcd. In the interior of the mainland the older rocks arc m.iinly mas^jive lime- stones, dioritcs, felspathic rocks, quartzitcs and serpentines. The limesiones often appear as coarse-grained marbles. Characteristic forms of the Ali)iiie Trias have been found by Dr. Dawson in a black calcareous argillite and in beds of limestone beneatii the cretaceous series, and may be n^presented near Victoria by the slaly rocks of Leech Riv -r. On the Mainland the Coast Ran^u- is largely composed of K^anitie or Kneissic rocks, not yet fully examined. In the Rocky Mountains is seen the broken margin of the undisturbed sheets of strata whicii underlie the great plains. They project in block-like masses and the total (exposed) thickness of their beds is reported to be very great. A section in the Rocky Mountains, on the west side of the range, according to Mr. McConnell, of the Geological Survey of Canada, shows 1.300 feet of dolomites and ciuarl/iti's containing lialysitcs. 1.500 feet of shales, blackish argillites and limestones containing gniptolilcs, about 10,000 feet of calc-schists, shales and slates oi the Castle Mountain group, and 10.000 or more feet of dark argillites and conglomerates of the How River series. The foregoing 'Strata range from the Silurian downw.'irds to the Cambrian. In the Peace River region of the 55th and 56th parallels the conditions are somewhat changed. Massive limestones of Devonian and probably Carboniferous age, associated with saccharoidal (|uartzitcs form thr axil mountains. Volca'iic accumulations appear entirely absent from the limestone scries. Arch;ean rocks are believed to be found in thr Shuswap serifs in Kootcn.'.ie and Adatns Lakes, and also in the Selkirk Range where the Canadian Pacit'ic Railway crosses it. T his probably in Devonian or Carboniferous times formed a more or less coiUiinious barrier along the line of the Gold Range, between tlie interior continental basin to the north-east and the Carboniferous Pacific to the south-west. In the eastern sea organic limestone with sandy and shaly beds was being deposited. In the west and south-west of the land barrier the conditions were widely different. Here, too. limestones were in process of forination, but exten:;ive siliceous deposits were also forming with a great chain of volcanic vents, nearly coincident with the present position of the Coast Range and that of the Van- couver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Trap and agglomerate rocks were th"" added to the series. Evidence of disturbance at the end of the Carboniferous period is found in the unconformable superposition 01 the Nicola Triassic on these rocks in Uie southern portion of the interior f)f the Province. To the west of the land barr'cr in the Triassic and Jurassic a great thickness of volcanic rock with c r.isse. limestones and argillities was being formed along the border of the Pacific. A further circumstance of interest in connection with the Jura-Trias period is the evidence now obtained that the sea a]iparently spread uninterruptedly east- ward across the Rocky Mountains into the Peace River country at least as far as the S5th parallel. This is proved by t!ic lithological character of the rocks and the fossils they contain, giving us an approximate dchnition not only of the west-.'.'n but also of the northern limits of the great inland sea which cxtendefl southea-t- ward to New Mexico. This period was closed by great disturbances along the whole Cordillera region. In California the Sierra Nevada rose up as a mass of crumpled and compressed folds. In the nort'^M-n part of Rritish Columbia the disLi'rbances affected the region from the Gold Range to the coast, extending the land area westward to the 121st meridian, and giving, so far as known, the first upthrust to the mountains of Vancou^•er and Queen Charlotte Islands, but form- ing no continuous range where the great belt of coast mountains now is. In the earliest beds of the Cretaceous there is evidence of a general s'lb- sidence in progress in the formation of conglomerates and the shore line of the Cretaceous Pacific can be traced a long distance southward and south-westward. In the southern parts of British Colurnbia it would appear that the Rocky Moun- \ i86 VKAK ilUoK UF BRITISH COLUMBIA t;im^ propir uric iiol (•n-.,it((l iit tlii^ tinu', Imt tliat the Cretaceous Mediter- ranean waslicrl the eastirn shore of tin- (iold Rani^e. Tlie Rocky Mountains, however, liad beKUu to t'orni in the Peace River region as a nmre or less continu- ous sl'ore line, or si'ries i>i islands. 'I'he (,'rctaceous period closed with another jieriod of fiddinj;. in which addition.il hei^rht was ^iven to the N'ancouver and i.)ueen Charlottt' l^hmd K'anurs .iiid the (!oast Ranges, At this time the Koeky Mountains .-ittaitud tlieir fullest development. No traces of the <'arlier eocene tertiary has been found in British ( "oinnihi'i, and it is prohahle tli.at the i'rovince was thr( ii(rhont. at that time, ;i land area, In the miocene the relative elevaticjii of the s;a and land was much as at presem. lint ^;re;u inland lakes were in existence. The miociiie closed with extensive volcanic disturbances throuK'iotU 'lit country south-west of the (loltl Kan;;e and eventu.ally bv ;inotlu'r jicriod of crnmp- lin'.,^ .'ind elevation, probably coiiu'ideiu with that which jiro- duced the tertiary coast hills in Ca''fornia, and which r.'ivc to the northern part of the British Coluiubian coast the gre.nter eleva- tion it ajjpears to have possessed during Pliocene titues. when the wonderfnl sys- tem of fiords, by which it is now dissected, were cut out. Nmoni; the strikin.L; points of neolo,i.;ic;il interest in British Columbi;i are: iMrst, the repeated corrugation, parallel in the main to a single axis which lias occurred in the ("ordiller.'i re^i'in. and second, the ^reat and widespread masses of volcanic material at at least four distinct horizons, iirovinp the activity of an immense period of volcanic forces alonj:; this portion of the Pacific mar^?in. \'iiliiiiile nistiirliiinieH. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. TH IC Kootcnay District, which includes East and West Kootenay, comprises an .area of i.t.oCio.ooo acres, and occupies a triangular space of the south-east corner of British Columbi.a. The apex of this district is at a i)f)int wliere 52° north latitude crosses the Rocky Mountains, and the base extends from 118° west latitude to 114° wTSt latitude. The triangle is divided into about two equal i^arts, called I'ast and West Kootenay. respectively, the Purcell Range of the Selkirks constitutintr the dividing line. 'I"he whole territory is drained by the Columbia, which forms what is known as "the great bend," passing iKjrtli through East and south through West Kootcnay. There are three main valleys: one in East Kootenay, occupying or being the drainage basin of the Columbia River, going north; the other, the valley of the Kootenay River and the Kootenay Lakes, in West Kootenay the third lying between the Selkirk and Gold Ranges, through which the Colum- kLotcnav. j^j,^ River expanding into the Arrow Lakes, flows into the three valleys in f|uestion, constituting the main routes of communication northward and southward. I'.ast Kooten.ay contains a large extent of agricultural land, but retiuiring irrigation as a rule. West Kootcnay has but little arable land, the principal part of which lies at the southern boundary along the Kootenay River and is made up of a tract included in the Kootenay Reclamation Scheme described in the chapter on Agriculture. It is unnecessary, however, to state that the name Kootenay in British Columbia has become almost synonymous with mineral wealth, its mountains being rich with gold, silver and copper, and disclosing so far indications of re- markable promise. In conseeiuence of the development that has taken place a number of towns, several incorporated, have sprung up, and are enjoying a large measure of jjrosiierity — Revelstoke, Nelson, Kaslo, Rossland. Trail, New Denver, Sandon, Slocan City, Three Forks, Fort Steele, etc., etc. Donald and Golden in FREDERICK ARM. ii •■ C A IUI< SAM'S LANDING" AND STAGE, KOOTENAY. FORT SIMPSON. I •«'| • ;■ l|i % ll ■ 1 I PENTICTON. YALE. CAYOOSE CREEK VALLEY, ENTERING FRASER. East K()( way di'vt' district w Yai (U'^rcf whole oc w'illiiii til soil and Similkain Ynle. (ttlicr disB lent wlu'; as a fruit grapes, \n Coast dis passes vc the Shus\ cation so Okanagai referred t Yal as a mint sides whi Kamloopi coverics ( Lil District, 5i°to 52° Llllooet tude. It and in a g a pastoral protrrcss. The passes thr and cattle climate, a in the dr farm pro( time. Tl- extent, an controllin located. Anderson We although it is terri occupies Gulf of G by Ignite valley of Wcstmlns nistrlc fertile, an is apricul back of it is altc AND MANL'AI. OI" l'K()\l NflAI, I \ I'OR M A I K )\. iS-) East KootLMiay, were hnmulit iiilo liic by tlir Cl K. With tlic i)rosi)cctivc raij- way di'vi'lopinciit at liaiul. tliore is no (l<)ul)t tliat tlic population and wialtli of this district will be surpriMiiKly aiiKinriitoil from liiis time forward. Yale occupies a larye area to the west of Kootenay, extending to tiu' J-|-iid decree of west longitude, and from about 4<> to 5-'' north latitude. The whole f)ceui)ies an area of about i.s.Sso.oih) S(|uave miles, and lies almost wholly witliin the dry belt of the I'roviuce, althou^jh from its extent it has a variety of soil and climate. It includes the rich valleys of the OkanaKan. the Nicola, the Similkamecn, the Kettle River c(juntry, and the valleys of the North and South 'riionipson in the vicinity of Kandoops. It possesses i)erhaps ''"''■'• the larj^est area of purely aRricultiual and pastoral lands of any other district in tiie Province. The valleys of the < )kanaK;iu District raise excel- lent wheat, which is milled at two local ^jrist mills Vale coiUains lar^e cattle raiiKcs, and, in addition, yives excellent promise as ;i fruit-Krowinjf district, the rauKe of prodticts indudin^j; tomatoes, water mi'loiis, grapes, peaches, almoiuls, etc., which are not raised to ])erfection anywhere in the Coast districts. Fruit-growing, however, is nidy in its incipicncy. The C.l'.U. passes very nearly through the centre of the district, a little to the north, while the Shuswap and Okanagan branch from Sicamous to Vernon affords communi- cation southward, which is continued to the Moundary Line by means of the Okanagan and otlier lakes, forming a system of water stretches, parallel to those referred to in the Kootenays. Yale, in addition to its agricultural resources, is coming into prominence as a mineral district, the new Boundary country being in the southern part, be- sides which, in the locality of Nicola, in the Similkami'en, at Cliervy Oeek. Hope, Kamloops, and other parts, there have been numerous locations and rich dis- coveries of ore. Lillooet contains io,.^oo.ooo acres, lying west of the northern half of N'ale District. The northern part of Lillooet forms a parallelogram, extending from 5i°to 52° north latitude, and between i20°.?o' and 125' west longitude. The southern part forms a smaller parallelogram between 121" and uiiooet j2^o ^yj,g^ longitude, and extends from 5023' to 51" north lati- tude. It contains a large portion of the interior plateau previously referred to, and in a general way exhibits characteristics similar to those in Yale. It is largely a pastoral country, but in the southern portion of it fruit-growing is making good progress. The district is bisected by the Fraser River, and the Cariboo waggon road passes through it northward from Ashcroft. The district is well adapted for dairying and cattle-raising. Irrigation is necessary in many places owing to the dryness of the climate, and is accompanied by success wherever it has been tried. Formerly, in the days of the Cariboo gold excitement, Lillooet supplied the miners with farm produce, and agriculturally was even tnore flourishing than at the ])resent time. There is a number of placer deposits which have been develoi)e(l to some e.Ktent. and it is in this district that the somewhat celebrated Golden C ache mine, a controlling interest in which was recently purchased for a very large sum, is located. It includes such districts as Bonaiiarte River Valley. I^ac la Ilache, Anderson and Seaton Lakes. Clinton is the judicial centre. Westminster District lies to the west of the southern half of Yale, and. although by the Redistribution Bill of 1894 its area was very much diminished, it is territorially still an important district, containing about 4,500,000 acres and occupies an unique position in the Province, being bounded on the west by tlie Gulf of Georgia, on the north by Lillooet, on the east by Yale, and on tlio south by United States territory. Westminster district is largely made \i\) of the valley of the Fraser River, which, according to Dr. Dawson, is the bed of an Wcstmi ancient arm of the sea. which extended as far inland as Hope, ni^r?cV^ and is thus to a large extent made up of alluvial deposits of the Fraser River. What is known as the Fraser River Valley is very fertile, and. with the exception of its being subject to occasional overflow in places, is agriculturally one of the most desirable locations in the Province. The draw- back of floods, however, is being overcome by a series of dyking schemes, and it is altogether probable that the Dominion Government will undertake a '; il M ii\ If I 11! 5 ^ v 190 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA comprehensive sclu f protection 1)y straightening the river bed and protecting it? l)anks. Politicallj, Westminster is divided into four Ridings: Richmond, Dewdney. Cl'iilliwack, and Delta, the latter two being on the south side of the river, and the former on the north side o' llie river. It is largely made up of Municipalities, which include Richmond, i^elta, Surrey, Langley, Matsqui. Chilliwack, Kent. Dewdney, Mission, Maple Ridge, Coquitlam, Burnaby, North and South Van- couver. In this respect Westminster differs largely from llie rest of the Province, in- asmuch as it is the only district in which development on municipal lines has taken place to any extent. At the south-west corner are the cities of Vancouver, the ter- minus of the C.P. 1^.. and Westminster, which is often referred to as the fresh water terminus, and is the centre of the salmon canning industry. North of Yale and Lillooet lies tlie great district of Cariboo, which extends from 5_' lo 60° nortli latitude, the latter l)eing the northern boundary line of the Province, and from the 120th to the 126th degree of west longitude, con- taining in the aggregate the vast area of about 96,350,000 acres. It is drained in the south by the Eraser River and its numerous tributaries, in Cariboo, ^^^^ centre by the Parsnip and Peace Rivers and tributaries, and in the north by the Nelson and Liard and tributaries. It was in the district drained )y the tributaries of the Fraser River, in the vicinity of Barkerville. tliat occurred the great gold excitement of British Columbia in early days. It is esti- mated that out of these rich creeks lias been taken an amount equal to between $45,000,000 and $50,000,000 in gold. The northern half of the district lias l)cen but very imperfectly explored, and the information regarding it is limited. The central portion was a rich fur preserve of the Hudson's Bay Company in early days, and in it are located Forts St. John, McLeod, Stuart, and St James. The Omineca Gold Mining Dis- trict lies in the western portion near tlie centre between the nortiierly and south- ern limits, and to the south-west lies the large pastoral and agricultural districts included in the Blackwater and Nechaco Valleys, in which are contained areas of grazing land and rich river bottoms, several million acres in extent, which, when communication has been provided, v. ill afford homes for a large number of settlers. In the auriferous district already referred to, where the rich placer mines exist, large hydraulicing enterprises have been inaugurated, and some half dozen companies, expending between $250,000 and $600,000 each, have obtained exten- sive leases, and are operating on a very comprehensive scale. The result of these operations will, no doubt, bring back to Cariboo much of its old-time prosperity. Railways are projected into the mining districts from both sides, one from the main line of the C.P.R. at Ashcroft or Kamloops. and the other by way of Bute Inlet on the Mainland coast, either of which would materially advance the mining interest and open up a district which has long suffered from lack of communi- c'ltio'' Cassiar lies west of Cariboo, occupying an area considerably larger than the latter, or about 105,150,000 acres, extending from the northern boundary of Comox at 51 north latitude to the northern boundary of the Province at 60 north latitude, and all the territory west of that meridian to the Pacific Ocean includ- ing Queen Charlotte Islands, except the territory of Alaska, which extends to a iittle south of 55 north latitude. Tliis extensive tract of territory has for many years lain practically dormant, and very much of it is still unex- Cassiar. plored. It is drained to the westward by two large parallel riv- ers, the Skeena and the Stikine, referents? to which is made elsewhere. There are also within its northern limits the sources of the Liard, known as the Dease River and the head waters of the Yukon. In former years Omineca and Cassiar, a brief history of which is given else- where, were from 1871 onward the scenes of mining excitement, to some extent similar to those of Cariboo in early days and the Klondyke of the present, only on a much smaller scale. The Omineca District occupies a central part of Cassiar. while the richer gold diggings in the vicinity of Dease Lake lie at the extreme north and are accessible by the .Stikine River. Recentiv much attention has been attracted both to Omineca and to Northern .. ph mi of eel agl mi AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 191 'i Cassiar, and a revival of interest in their mines is looked forward to with confidence. This interest has been intensified by the Yukon rush, and it is alto- gether probable that the whole northern interior of British Columbia, including Cariboo, will be thoroughly prospected and explored by miners, railway promot- ers, and others within the next few years, and it is possible that a very important industrial future is in store. Agriculturally little can be said, or, in fact, little is known, but the general physical characteristics give but little promise on that score, altliough there are many valleys and low ranges of hills whicii will aiYord a very considerable area of pasturage, and it is also probable that vegetables and the hardier fruits and cereals may be grown in many places. In fact, Dr. Dawson's remarks as to the agricultural capabilities of the Yukon would apply to the Cassiar District, only more favourably. Comox District may be described as a large rectangle, including the northern part of Vancouver Island and a portion of the opposite Mainland, being bounded on the north by the 51st degree of north latitude, and on tlie east by the I24tli ilegree of west longitude, and comi^rising about 9,750,000 acres. On the INIainland .side it is deeply indented with inlets, of which Jervis, Toba, Bute, Knight and Kingcombe are the piincipal. These inlets are the outlets for a number of Comox. rivers which flow through canyons, and are fed by numerous glaciers. The country generally is very rugged, and the coast, on both sides of the straits, and the many islands, large a.id small, which intervene, are heavily timbered. Here are found the principal logging camps of the Province, and a very important siipply of the best merchantable timber. Although sparsely poj)u- lated as yet, perhaps no other area of British Columbia of similar si/e contains so much and varied natural wealth, rejjresented in timber, minerals, fish and agricul- tural land the last named, though considerable in the aggregate, being, compara- tively speaking, the least important. Many cftlie islands contain good land, and in the vicinity of Comox there are some excellent stretches, while north from Seymour Narrows to the head of the island there are considerable areas, which, if drained and cultivated, would make valuable cattle ranges and meadows. Coal measures, which at Comox are extensively worked, extend almost to the end of the Island ; good fishing is found everywhere and several salmon canneries are in operation. On this coast are abundant fine building materials — .stone and .slate, while of minerals iron, copper, gold and silver are largely represented. In the vicinity of Thillips Arm are promising 'uiniiig camps ; in fact, the whole district is richly endowed and is capable of prosperous development. The west coast has been but little pro.spected as yet : there is comparatively little known of its resources, but there are good fi.sheries all along it, and recently a number of mineral discoveries, principally of copper, have been made. The main physical features of Vancouver Island have already been referred to in the opening part of this chapter, and the part not heretofore described, consists of the large district of Cowichan-Alberni, lying south of Comox on the west side, extending .south to Rscpiimalt District, and other political divisions lying eastward. The greater part of Alberni is rugged and mountainous, and has, as is, in fact, true of the whole interior of the Island of Vancouver, been only faintly explored. There are some grand scenic effects and beautiful inland lakes. Along Alberni Canal, however, is a large area of fertile land and a number of settlers. Here, too, there are many promising mineral indica- tions, with a good deal of preliminary development. On Barclay Sound, and up the coast as far as NootVa, prospecting is active, and particularly for coi)per, is regarded as one of Lhe coming mining districts of the Province. Owing, however, to the heavy undergrowth, prospecting is difficult. P'squimalt District occupies the south-eastern corner of the Island, in whicli Victoria City and Kscjuimalt are situated. North of Esquimalt is the Cowichan District, and north of that the Nanaimo District, which politically is a tri-partition, consisting of South Nanaimo, Nanaimo City and North Nanaimo (ihe latter including Wellington, Texada, and contiguous islands), Victoria District, North and South, including Saanich and Salt Spring Island, and others of a group known as The Islands, lies east of Cowichan and Ksquimalt Districts, on and in the Gulf of Georgia. All the south-eastern portion of Vancouver Island is, compara A Rich District. Vancouver Island. Its Political Divisions. ■ill jl mn 'rin! !: ' I "V ,1 ''HI w^ 1 92 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA lively speaking, well settled, and contains a good deal of agricultural land and many well-cultivated farms. This portion of the Island is well served with good roads, and has railway communication by the Esquimalt & Nanaimo and Victoria & Sidney railways. The area of British Columbia has been variouslj* set down from 380,000 square miles to 394,000 sfjunre miles. From careful surface measurements of the map, the foUowitig results approximately have been obtained, according to the present main political divisions : PoijTiCAi. Division. Square Mii.ks. Square Acres. Kootenav .... . . Yale . . .' I^illooet Westminster Cariboo Cassiar Comox (Mainland) Vancouver Island . 23,50t) 24,300 16,100 7,660 150,550 164,300 7,100 16,400 409,910 15,060,000 15,850,000 JO, 300, 000 4,900,000 96,350,000 105,150,000 4,550,000 10,000,000 262,160,000 "Ti H. The above figures are given appro.ximately to approach round figures as near- ly as possible, and include the territory claimed by Canada in connection with the Alaska Boundary dispute. CITIES AND TOWNS. ASHCROFT is a town on the Canadian Pacific Railway. 205 miles east of Van- couver in the Yale District. Its importance consists in its lacing the forward- ing point to Cariboo. Clinton and Lillooet, via the Ca-iboo waggon road. The B.C. Express Company have their headquarters, and the Ashcroft '-British Columbia Mining Journal." a very reliable and well written newspaper, is pul)lished there. Barkerville is situated on Williams Creek, 285 miles from Ashcroft, at the terminus of the Cariboo waggon road, being reached by the Express Company's stages once a week. Barkerville was formerly an important BnrkervUic. mining town and is the centre of a mineral district which is again rapidly coming into prominence. Chilliwack is a thriving little town situated in the centre of the famous Eraser Valley, and on the banks of the Fraser River: is fifty miles east of New Westminster, and about thirty miles west of Hope. The Fraser Valley is about twenty-two miles long and eight miles wide. Chilliwack is distinctly a farming community, and all kinds of fruits, cereals and farm produce grow abund- antly. It is also noted foi stock raising. .\ great many of the ChHUwiicU. |_^ggj. ^j^^ niost successful farmers and fruit-growers of British Columbia have large, well-cleaied farms and comfortable houses here. Fish and gatne abound, and it is a desirable resort for summer tourists. Our roads are in first-class shape, and are generally admitted by bicyclists to be the best in the Province Chilliwack is a progressive, growing town, with a population of about 500 souls, and contains a number of enterprises. W. T. JACKMAN. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 193 Esqiiimalt. three miles from Victoria, is the Naval Station for Her Maj- esty's ships on the Pacific Coast, where a dry dock and marine railway have bein built. It is rather a quaint old village, and is one of the points for sightseers visit- ing Victoria. The harbour is one of the finest on the Coast, and '"'" "*" '■ is securely fortified. It is also the chief station of the Dominion Meteorological Service in British Columbia, in charge of Mr. E. Baynes-Reed. The ships at present on this station, with ]iead(|uartcrs at Esciuimalt. arc IT. M.S. "Impericuse," H.M.S. "Amphion." H.M.S. "Phaeton" H.M.S. "Leander." and H.M.S. "Icarus." The Rear Admiral in charge is H. St. L. Bury Palliser. Fort Steele is the present judicial centre of East Kootcnay. It is sitnatrd on the Columbia Lake 180 miles from Golden, which is the nearest railway ^ration ^ and telegraph office. It is reached by a steamer from Ciolden to Windermere and thence by stage. It is on the direct line of the Crow's Nest Pass Railway, now in course of construction, and is about ninety miles from the Crow's Nest Pass. It is in the centre of a mining district of con- siderable prominence, and the North Star mine, one of the principal properties of East Kootenay, is in the vicinity. Golden is situated in the valley of t'le Upper Columbia River at its junc- tion with the Kicking Horse River. The town derives its importance from the fact that it is the headquarters of navigation on the Upper Columbia River, and also the .supply point for the country extending along the Columbia and Kootenay Valleys. A great deal of lumber is exported annually from Golden. Beaver, and Palliser. at each of which places sawmills are established. Mining is assuming extensive proportions, and great activity is being dis- played in the development of the ore deposits in the McMurdo District, Cariboo, Bugaboo Basins, and at Ottertail, in the Kicking Horse Canyon. A smelter has been built at Golden, but has not yet been operated. The Golden. Recorder's Office for the Golden Mining District is located in the town, and contains a magnificent collection of specimens of the mineral ores of the district. Agriculture is carried on along the Columbia Valley, the present grain pro- duction being about 1.000,000 pounds per annum. The breeding of horses and cattle raising are pursuits followed by a large number of settlers. The C.P.R. Company have decided on making Golden the divisional point between the Pacific and Western sections, and the railway workshops at Donald are to be removed to this point. The town has the privileges of a public park, a school, and a money order office. Fishing, shooting, and boating are available pastimes, the large sloughs on the Columbia River north of this town affording excellent facilities for canoeing and boating. The present population of Golden is 500. A. E. HAGGEN. Greenwood is one of the many prominent towns which have sprung up in the midst of newly discovered mining camps. About two years ago. when the hardy prospectors were discovering that to the east of Kootenay there was yet another El Dorado. Robert Wood, a pioneer of the Province and an enterprising business man. came into Boundary Creek from Vernon, and. after following the banks of the stream until he came to where it is joined by Twin Creek, he decided that here was the point to which the trade of rcenwoo . ^j^^ surrounding mining camps could be diverted. He secured the necessary land, surveyed the townsite, built roads to the mining camps, erected a hospital, graded streets and spent money in other directions. His work and the expenditure of his money proved not barren or unprofitable, for to-day Green- wood is a thriving town of 600 inhabitants. The Boundary Creek "Times" is published at Greenwood. The success of the town is dependent upon the development of the rich and varied mineral resources of Central. Wellington. Skylark. Providence, Sum- mit, Long Lake, Kimberley, Pass Creek, Deadwood, Copper, Smith's, and Gra- ham Camps, which encircle the town, and none of which are at a greater distance than nine miles. All these camps nre at a higher altitude than Greenwood, so that ores can be hauled down hill on an easy grade. An ample supply of water \! >f Yale, 250 miles from the Pacific seaboard at X^mcouver. More than eighty years <'!go the Hudson's Bay Company established a trading ])ost here, and around this gradually clustered a population which carried on a very widespread commerce throughout tiie interior. Kamloops (which is the Indian word am oops. signifying "the meeting of the waters") was the outfitting place frr the adventurous miner and trapper; and the splendid pasturage afforded by the table-lands and valleys for many miles around early attracted people to the business of cattle raising. Ranching, mining, trading and trapping were the in- dustries wdiich first gave Kamloops its start, and it is the progress being made in these industries, but chietiy in that of mining, which is now advancing the pros- perity of Kamloops by leaps and bounds. The completion through the mountains to Eastern Canada in 1886 of the Canadian Pacific Railway ushered in a new era in the progress of this thrivin;4 city, and its growth from that time continued steadily till last year, when it was immensely accelerated by the discoveries of rich deposits of gold-copper ores on Coal Hill, about four miles south of the city. These discoveries have attracted great attention to Kamloops. and hundreds of people, either with money to in- vest in mines or with the golden expectations of the prospector, have flocked in and overrun the adjacent country. The discoveries were made too late last sea- son to permit as yet of any gre.it development of the mining claims, but enough is already known to satisfy experienced mining men as to its future. The cattle ranges adjacent and tributary to Kamloops are very extensive, and give pasturage from year to year to about 40,000 head of cattle. About 10,000 head are sent to market each year. Agriculture in the vicinity of the city is car- ried on by irrigation, and wherever water can be obtained fine crops of fruit, grain, hops, vegetables, etc., are raised, for which good prices are obtained. Five years ago the City of Kamloops was incorporated. The city has put in a .system of electric lighting and water works, assuring at all times a whole- some and copious supply of water for domestic purposes and an efficient protec- tion from fire. One of the most delightful features of this city is the fine climate with which it is blessed. Sunshine is the prevailing condition tie year round; there is very- little wet weather; the winters are mild and not of long duration and the spring, summer and fall seasons charming. The remark- able salubrity of the climate has made Kamloops a favourite health resort. Kamloops is well supplied with stores of general merchandise, lumber mills, schools and churches of nearly all denominations; and very many of the CUnintlc AdvantaKcs. J* AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL LN'FORMATION. 195 ] citizens have supplied themselves with residences of comfortable and pretty de- sign. At Kamloops the '"Inland Sentinel" is published. [The Kamloops "Stand- ard" has been esvablished since the above was written. — En. | The population of Kamloops is about i/)00. The city is the seat of Government for the K^eat Yale District. The Court House and Jail are located here, as well as the Land and Registry Offices of both Dominion and Provincial Governments. There are steamboats plying on the waters of the North and South Tiiompson Rivers, and in these waters also is to be found as good trout fisliing as is to be had in Uritish Columbia. In season grouse, duck, chicken and deer are plentiful, so that the angler and hunter are here favt .red with good sport in a good climate. W. BAILLTK. The city of Kaslo is situated on the west side of Lake Kootenay, sixty miles north from the Internationa! Boundary Line and seventy-eight miles south- east from Revelstoke on tlie main line of tlie C.P. R. Population. 2,000. It has splendid water supi)ly by gravitation from Kaslo Creek and good fire protection. The waterworks cost $28,000. Kaslo is the central distributing point for the Slocan mines, seventy-five good shipping mines being tributary to it. These may be worked all the year round and at very little expense. The "* °' development work is increasing, although a mere l)cgin- ning has been made. Sjilendidly e(|uipped steamers run on the lake making connection with the through trains on the C.P.R., N.P.R. and Great Northern. '!'hc Kaslo & Slocan Railway (Robert Irving, General Traffic Manager) runs daily trains between Kaslo and Sandon, distance thirty-three miles, where connection is made with the C.P.R. system to Nakusp. The International Tr.iding and Navi- gation Company's steamers "International" and "Alberta" run daily between Kaslo and Nelson and make connection at Five-Mile Point witli the various transcontinental railways of the United States. The "Kokanee" steamer of the C.P.R. also makes daily trips to and from Nelson. Other steamers ply on the lake to Bonner's Ferry, Lardo, Argenta. and Duncan River districts, calling at way ports, such as Balfour. Ainsworth, Pilot Bay, etc. Kaslo has a beautiful situation on a flat plateau on the lake front. There are numerous fine buildings (chictly wooden frame), ciiurches, school house, public offices, sawmill (capacity 40,000 feet per day), planing mill, sash and door factory, ore sampling works, brewery and bottling works, two banks, electric light works, and numerous stores for miners' supplies, etc. The city is progressive, 100 buildings having been erected during the spring and summer of 1897. and muni- t ipal improvements such as sewerage system, are in contemplation. Kr.slo has two newspapers, one weekly (the B.C. "News") and one semi-weekly ("Kootenaian"). J. B. McKILLIGAN. Ladner's Landing, a town on the south bank of the Fraser River four miles from its mouth, is the business centre of Delta Municipality, one of the best agricultural districts in the Province. There are also a number Ladner s Landing. ^j- s;jj1,,,^q,,, canneries ill the vicinity, and steamers from Victoria and Vancouver to Westminster and up-river points call regularly. Midway is a town near the International Boundary in Yale, twenty-eight miles distant from Osoyoos. At present the means of communication is limited. It is in the centre of a farming and mining district. It has ' *"*■ a population under 1,000 and a newspaper, the "Midway Advance." Nakusp is a small town on Upper Arrow Lake, the terminus of the Nakusp & Slocan Railway, seventy-five miles distant from the main line of tlie C.P.R. at Revelstoke. It is the point of trans-shipment for goods going aku.sp. jj^^^ ^i^g Slocan country, and for ore coming out via the C.P.R.. which connects with the steamers on the Arrow Lakes and Columbia River. There is a sawmill located there. Nanaimo City is the direct outcome of the discovery of coal at that point in the year 1850. The Hudson's Bay Company erected a tort there in [852. from which time it assumed an importance peculiarly its own as the centre and chief point of the coal mining industry of British Columbia. It was incorporated as a municipality in 1874, since which titne it has gradually increased in size and I'^itV f : 1^6 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA population until at the last census the population was given at about 5,000. Mining operations there at the present time are carried on by the New Vancouver Coal Mining and Land Company, which employs a verv large number of men. This Company is the successor to the Vancouver Coal Company, .Nanaiiuo. which purchased its property from the Hudson's Bay Company. Nanaimo is connected with Victoria, seventy-eight miles distant, by the Esqui- malt & Nanaimo Railway and by steamers with Vancouver, thirty-five miles dis- tant, communication being daily in both instances. It is connected by steamer with Comox and various points on the coast in the vicinity. It is favourably situated for the growing tjt fruit, and farming to some extent is carried on suc- cessfully in the vicinity. The harbour affords safe anchorage and is commodious. Tlie principal shipping of the port is created by the export of coal by ships from San Francisco. The city possesses waterworks, electric light, telephone system, gas works, etc. Nelson, which was incorporated during the present year, started into life about the year i8yo, when the first rush of prospectors into the imerior of West Kuotenay took place as the result ol tiie discovery and location of the now cele- brated Hall mines. Since then it has gradually grown in size and importance until it is now regarded as one, if not the most important point in the whole of the Kootenay country. It is situated on what is known as the West Arm of Kootenay Lake, twenty-two miles from its mouth, at a point where the Kootenay River begins, and is the terminus of the Columbia & Kootenay Railway, twenty-eight miles from Robson, on the Columbia River. Connection is made Nelson. .^j. ^j^^ latter place with the C.P.R. line of steamers. It is also the northern terminus of the Nelson & Fort Sheppard Railway from Waneta. on the International Boun'ary, seventy miles south, and from Spokane 200 miles. Nelson is the Government hcadijuarters for the southern district of West Koote- nay, where the offices of the Gold Commissioner and Government Agent and other offices are located. It is also the port of entry for the Kootenay District, and headquarters for the C.P.R. officials. Communication is had by steamers with all points on Kootenay Lake and Kootenay River, including Ainsworth, Pilot Bay and Kaslo. It is on the proposed line of e.Ktension of the C.P.R. through the Crow's Nest Pass now under construction, and a branch of the C.P.R. is now being constructed from Slocan Crossing near Nelson to Slocan City, whicl. will give Nelson direct communication with Slocan District. There are three newspapers, the "Miner." the "Tribune" and the "Economist"; two charierea banks, a sawmill, sash and door factory, foundry and machine shops, waterworks, electric light, telephone system, etc. The Hall Mines and smelter, which give employment to over 200 men, are located in the vicinity, as are also' other mines both silver and gold, on Toad Mountain. Population, about 3,000. New Denver is an important town on the east side of Slocan Lake at the mouth of Carpenter Creek. It is thirty-two miles from Spokane, nine miles from Sandon and about forty miles west of Kaslo. and the same distance north of Slocan City. Steamer accommodation is had daily to Roseberry, New Denver. Silvertoti and Slocan City. There are several sawmills here and a number of mining properties in the vicinity. The New Denver "Ledge." a characteristic mining paper, is its journalistic exponent. The C.P.R. branch line from Nakusp passes close to the city. The particulars regarding the founding and early growth of the city of New Westminster have been given elsewhere and it will not be necessary to refer at length to its history and development. Its commanding situation on the north bank of the Fraser was the reason for its being selected as the Capital of the Colony of Britisli Columbia. The city is sixteen miles from the Gulf of Georgia, seventy-five miles from Victoria and twelve miles in a direct line from Vancouver City on Burrard Inlet. By the census of i8gi it possessed a population of 7.000 New inhabitants, and for practical purposes that may be taken as the Westminster. population at the present time. In addition to the regular steamer communication from Victoria. Vancouver and river points, the citv is connected with the main line of the C.P.R. by a branch from Westminster Jimction and hourly communication by electric tram line from Vancouver, twelve miles distant, is had. The Royal City, as it is sometimes called, is the centre 1 AXD MANUAL OF i'R( )\I.\ ClAL IXi'UR.MATlOX. Kj; •^ Port Moodv. of the salmon canning industry of tlic Frascr River, on wliicli tiiorc arc liuatid al)OUt forty-five salmon canneries. Sailinj? vessels frf)m En.Lrland and otlier part'^ of the world come up the Fraser as far as Xow Wi'stminster to load luinher and salmon. Tlic city has a larpc numher of siilendifl business blocks of brick and stone, and here are located the Dominion Penitentiary, the Piovincial Asylum for the Insane, and the Provincial Gaol. The city owns its electric li^ht system and was the first in the Province to recoKuize the principle of municipal owner- ship in this. It also has a splendid system of waterworks. There are several large sawmills, iron foundries. carriafj;e and furniture factories, a city market, which is very successfully carried on. cold storage, creameries and other indus- tries. The Great Xorthern Railway, 7'iii Blaine, has its terminus Its Features. on the oi)posite bank of the river. There is one daily newspaper the "Columbian. ' a number of churches, a Methodist College arid good schools. New Westminster City is the centre and chief market town of New Westminster District, whicli in respect to farming development, is foremost in the Province, and upon the agricultural wealth of the district and the salmon canneries of the Fraser River its future must largely depend. Pilot Bay is situated on the Kootenay Lake, eighteen miles from Kaslo and eight miles from Ainsworth on the opposite side. At this point the Kootenay Lake Reduction Company have erected their smelter, which. "-' although for some time closed down, is again about to resume operations. It has daily communication with all points on the lake. Port Moody, at the head of Burrard Inlet, was the former terminus of the C.P. R. from which place the line was subsequently extended to Vancouver. At the time the C.P.R. was completed to that point there was considerable activity in real estate, and Port Moody promised to become what Van- couver is to-day. but the change of terminus suspended all build- ing operations. With the growth of industries around the shores of Burrard Inlet it will undoubtedly yet assume a considerable degree of importance. Port Simpson is a Hudson's Bay Company's post on the northwest coast of British Columbia near Alaska, 640 miles north of Victoria. A large village of Tsimpshean Indians is located here, and in connection with this ■*'*"• there is a Methodist Mission and several industries. The har- bour at Port Simpson is a good one, and for this reason it was at one time regarded as a possible terminus of the C.P.R. There is communication by steamer at legular intervals with Victoria. In the navigable waters of the Great Columbia River where crossed by the Canadian Pacific Railway's main line, Revelstoke is admirably situated as, and is fast becomng, an cntrct^ot of trade for the West Kootenay District, amongst the principal towns of which it must be always numbered. Reliable business houses of national as well as Provincial reputation are establishing ware- houses there, and the C.P.R. management are there centralizing Revelstoke. ^j^^ business of the Pacific Division as much as possible. Revel- stoke is also surrounded by the mineral fields of Big Bend, Jordan Pass. Albert Canyon. Illccillewaet. Lardeau, and Trout Lake, and is for them the chief point of supply. As these camps (now coming rapidly into pul)lic favour) progress and are developed a local as well as district trade is secured to Revelstoke. and a steady growth is noticeable in this respect. In conseciuence of the trade advantages of situation, the richness and de- velopment of its adjacent mineral fields, and the recent recognition of it by the C.P.R., the town is rapidly growing and its population steadily increasing. It has splendid hotel accommodation, banking, jiostal an-l daily mails, and other business facilities, churches, schools, newspapers, societies, and all the advantages of a place mucli larger. It occupies a splendid site (affording immense room for expansion), is surrounded by magnificent scenery, and has a very mild and fairly equable climate. All hardy plants^ fruits and grasses grow well. I'opulation, i.ooo, B. R. ATKINS. Rossland (population 7.000). on the slope of a basin formed by Red. Monte Christo. Columbia. Lookout Lake, and Deer Park Mountains, about seven miles westward of Trail, on the Columbia River, and eight miles north of 'im 198 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLU^FBIA 1 4 Uo!isliin(l. A Great IViwcr System. the International Boundary. Connection is had with the Columbia River by the Colunil)ia & Western Railway to Trail, thence by steanisliips to the Arrow Head, and rail to the main line of the C.l'. R. at Revelstoke, and with the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway by the Columbia and Red Mountain to Nortliport. It owes its imi)ortance to the inmensc denosits of iron and copper pyrritic ore, carrying Rold, in the hills surroundin^j: it. The permanence of these mineral lodes has been demonstrated by development work a^JKi't^K-'itinj; upwards (jf four- teen miles. During? July, 1897, the (|uantity of ore shipi)ed to smelters, chiefly that at Trail, averaKed 1,400 tons a day, and w'tii a reduction of $2 per ton in cost of freight and treatment, a carefully prepared estimate of the amouiit of ore that could be shipped with profit within a year is 4.000 tons per day, with the probability that tlie amount could be doubled in two years. The deci)est workings are in the Le Roi mine, where 650 feet has been attained. A triple compartment shaft has been commenced, which, when completed, will be furnished with hoistin>r ai)pliances capable of raising 2.000 tons per day. The business portion is closely built, chielly in wood. .\ >i;ravita- tion .system supi)lies ample water for domestic and fire protection purposes, and an electric liKht system li^htinK. Work has commenced in the direction of utiliz- ing the power derived from the falls of Kocjtenay River to operate an electric plant, from which power will be conveyed to operate and light the mines of the \icinity. In the first instance .^ooo horse power will be generated. .\ charter has also been granted lor similar works to utilize the power derivable from the Petid O'Reille River for the same purpose. The city is provided with public schools, churches of the Roman Catholic, Ei)iscoi)al, Presbyterian. Methodist, and Baptist denominations, three theatres, social clubs and reading rooms. The hotel accommodation is ample and of good (luality. In sanitatu.n the health of the city has been well main- tained througli a rigorous enforcement of suitable regulations, and tlie constructitHi of a system of sewerage for the mo, ■ thickly populated part was commenced in 1897. Tennis, baseball, football. ;in(l gun cbibs have been organized, as well as two social clubs. Rossland was incorporated in April. i8()7, and is governed by a Council -insisting of a Mavor and six .\ldermen. It is the seat of the Alining Recorder's ' )rfice for Trail Creek Mining Division, and has a Deputy Registrar of the Supreme and County Courts. W. H. JONES. Sandon is situate' in about the centre of what is known as the wet ore belt of the Slocan District, the ore being mostly galena and carbonates. The first locations were the Payne Group. Slocan Star. Noble Five Grouj). and Washington, in iP'j/i. The townsite was located as a mineral claim in fSqj by J. M. Harris, but nothing was done toward laying out the town till January, 1896. .\boiit that time two railroads, the Kaslo & Slocan, from Kootcnay Lake, and the C.P.R., from the Upper Arrow Lake, made Sandon their terminus, and the town began to grow rapidly. Now (May, 1897) it has a population of about 2,000, with water system, electric light, fire department, public school, theatre, Methodist and Presbyterian Churches, lodges of the different secret orders, and one newspaper, the "Paystreak." Four concentrators are now in operation in the /icinity of Sandon, the Slocan Star, Noble Five, Washington, and Alamo. A number of mines are' pre- paring to build concentrators, and others have ore that does not need concen- trating, but is shipped direct from the mine. Cody, one mile east, and Three Forks, four miles west of Sandon, have good mines, and are promising points. The wages of miners is $3.50 per day. E. C. BISSELL. Silverton is a mining cami) on Slocan Lake at the mouth of Four Mile Creek, four miles below New Denver, nine miles from Rosebeiry, (jn the Nakusp Silverton ^ Sl()caii Railway It is one of the numerous towns in the Slo- can district which has sprung into life owing to the mining devel- opnient tliere. The townsite was laid out during the present vear and the popu- lation is rapidly on the increase. It has a weekly newspaper." S.indon. AND MANUAL OF TROVINCIAL IXroRMATlOX. J(X> 5 Stcvcston is a fishiiiR villa^?c at the mouth of the Soutli Ann of tlic Frasi-r River and is the chief town of Richmond Municipality. It is surrouiuled hy num- erous sahnon canneries, to which it owes its existence. IMiere is regular communication by steamers from Victoria, \'ancouver. New Westminster and river i)oiiits. Three Forks is a mininjx town on the Xakusp iS: Sh)can Railway, thirty- three miles from Nakusj) and four miles from Sandon. It has sta^e conncc- tions daily to Sandon ami Cody. Alamo is one mile west ot Three Forks. '1'],^^^. lM)iks, where a concentrator is located. Trail, situated on the Columbia River, six miles north of the Internation.d Boundary line, is the site of the smelter of the li.C. Smelting & Retiniiik' Comjjany, with a capacity of 400 tons of ore per day. It is the terminus oi the C.P.R. line of steamships plying; between that point and Arrowhead, at tlie north of the .\rrow Lakes, while a steamer makes regular trips to Northport. on the Spokane Falls & Northern Railway. Besides the bnsine-s '^" ■ incidental to tiie demands of the lar^e staff of men employed al the smelter and in the mining; pronerties of the vicinity, an excellent supply trade is done with mining cam])s alonjjf .10 Columbia River. There are excellent hotils. and religious services are re^j;ularly held by Roman Catholic, Episcopal, Presby- terian, and Methodist denominations. Union is the centre of a coal mining and farminjj; district, which gives it considerable importance as the only town north of NIanaimo on tlie east coast of Vancouver Lsland. It is Ijeautifully situated on the fof)thills of the Beaufort Mountains, sixty miles from Xanainio. It is connected with llain Sound by a line of railway thirteen miles in leni^tli. by whicii the coal, tlie mining of which is tin- principal industry, is taken to the sea for shii)ment. The coal mines here are operated by the Union Colliery Company, which jjroduce from 700 to i,ocx) tons per day of the be^t sleam coal. In addition to sliipments to the San Francisco market the coal is manufactured into coke, ovens lor whicii have been recently erected, and on account of the demand of the smeitint;- industry " ""■ promises to t^row to larj^e proportions. Union is the market for the Comox farming:: district, which is one of the best on the Island. There is a considerable population and business is well rejiresented. The "Comox Weekly News" is the only newsjjaper. The town is divided into two parts. The Camp and Cumberland, each havin.u: about the same ])0))ulation. Incorporation is abf)Ut to take place, application for w'hich has already boen made. There is a t^ood water supply and an incorporated company has been formed for the purpose of utiliz- ing it to supply the town. Vancouver is called the Terminal City because it is the land termiiius of the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia, and on account of that fact and its situation on Burrard Inlet, one of the finest natural harbours in the world, it has acquired the importance it has during the last decade, witliiii which period it was created and has grown to its i)resent proportions. ICarly in its existence it was swept by fire, but the loss it then sustained only tended as Vancouver. ^ further stimulus to the exertions of the citizens. Vancouver from its position has always been regarded as a city with a future. As the ter- minus of the C.P.R. with its multifarious connections, and as a natural seaport, it has every prospect of and is surrounded by the proper conditions for becoming one of the great shipping marts of the I'acific Coast. .\t present Burrard Inlet is the centre of the lumber trade o.' British Columbia, and the shipi)ing port of the Australian and Oriental steamers running in connection witli the C.P.R. The city itself was laid out on a com])reliensive scale and made rapid growth. The authorities early applied themselves to the jiroblenis of water su])])ly, sewer- age, street paving, electric light and tramways, etc.. and succeeded in completing satisfactory and substantial systems. Its paved streets and fine water sui)i)ly art two things of which its citizens arc especially proud. It possesses many cluirches, good schools, several social clubs, a fine theatre, fraternal und benevolent orders in abundance, athletic associations, etc. Industrially it has made good progress, although not perhaps on the scale at first anticipated. Its iirineijial industries are lumbering, sugar refining, jute and cooperage works, iron works (including the C.P.R. shoi)s). fruit i)reserving. fur- niture and candy factories. .\t English Bay. near the city limits, is good bathing, Sncial Features. 300 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA and with Stanley I'ark, a very ]argc reserve, form tlic principal pleasure resorts. Mrtri; recently a number of lart?e wholesale firms have established themselves ii; Vancouver and are competing; successfully lor a share of the business of the rro\incc. The populaticjii at the last general census was al)out I4,(K)o. Vernon is the centre and chief supply point for tlie Okanagan District, wiiich containri several large agricultural valleys of peculiar promise. It is the trrniinus of the Shuswaj) Ik Okanagan Railway, forty-six miles from Sicamous Junction, and has in addition to Goverimient oliices a branch of the Bank of Montreal, a newspaper, the "News and Okanagan Farm Live Stock *''°*'"' and Mining Journal." There is daily communication via the C.P.R. and with the southern country as far as the boundary by means of steamers on (Jkanagan and Dog Lakes, and stages with various points of the district. Some attention has been recently directed to mineral de- posits in the vicinity, and hopes are entertained of a considerable mining devel- opment. The city is l)cautifully situated and the climate is healthful and ex- hilarating. Victoria is the Capital and oldest city of British Columbia, and its history, from the outset up to within ten years ago, is practically the history of the Prov- ince. Its nucleus was the old Hudson's Bay Company's fort erected in 1843. It was laid out for a city in 1851, and was incorporated as such in i86j. The fact to which, however, it owed its greatest stimulus was the gold rush Mctorin. j^^ ]Hs,H, when it suddenly grew into a city of tents with between 20,000 and 30,000 inhabitants. It, however, suffered many reverses subsetjuent to that, and there were times when a cannon could have been fired up or down its streets with impunity, except, perhaps, for the danger which might have been incurred by the rival editors, who in such serene days used often to sit on the .sidewalks and read their proofs and exchanges. Between the years of 1881 and hScji population increased very rapidly and at the latter date the olticial census gave it a population of 16,800, although a mucii Inrger population was claimed for it. The attractions of Victoria are its picturesque situation, its climate, and its residential conditions, and in the latter respect it has a future peculiarly its own. Its numerous homelike residences and the great profusion of flo\ ers by which they are in summer surrounded have always been a matter of comment among visitors ami added to these are many pleasure resorts easy of access, with good suburban roads in every direction. It has, of course, electric tram lines, waterworks, electric lighting, etc.. etc.. and is well supplied with churches and all the social adjuncts of a modern city. Its shipping trade is a large one, one of tlie largest in tonnage in the Dominion, and its wholesale Industries. trade is extensive. Its industries, of which there are a number, including Hour, feed and rice mills, iron foundries and machine shops, furniture and biscuit factories, chemical and metallurgical works, fruit preserving, pickling and spice factories, boot and shoe and trunk making, soap factories, powder works, etc., arc as a rule on a solid and paying basis. Victoria being the Capital has the new Parliament Buildings described elsewhere. It is a port of call for tlie China and .A.ustralasian steamships and has direct conmiuni- cation with San Francisco, Sound ports and all Coast points as far as Alaska. Wellington, which was incorporated last year, is about six miles nortii of Nanaimo. with a po]nilation of about 2.000. It is the northern terminus of the Fsquimalt & Nanaimo Railway and is in the vicinity of coal njiton. niines to which it owes its existence principally. The coal from the mines is conveyed to Departure Bay, three miles, by means of a narrow gauge railway, where it is shipped to market. 1 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL LN'FORNLMION. JO I CLIMATE. ^IOTVVITIISTANI)ING tliat much lias been written about tin- climate oi Untish i Columbia, many misjonceptioiis appear to prevail on tin: subject outside of the Province. In some (piarters, through confusion witli the north-west interior of the Dominion, an impression has been formed that at least to the east of the Coast Range fearful extremes of cold are to be endured by tiie inhabitants, while in others, through a misapprehension of the report of travellers, it has been imagined that the climate of the coast resembles that of tlie shores of the Medi- terranean. In order to aciiuire a reasonable idea of the true state of the caso, let anyone first examine upon a map of Europe that portion of land which lies between the same parallels of latitude, and extends over the same area from the Atlantic coast east, and then consider how far conditions which are known to exist there will be modified by local dilferences on the Pacific. It will be seen that between latitudes 49°-59° must be included Great Britain, the north-east corner o? France, Belgium. Holland, North Germany, P^Mssia, ciimatcH. Denmark, the south of Sweden, the Baltic Provinces, ana the coast of Russia to the Gulf of Finland. This tract of country in area and latitude approximately represents British Columbia, and may be con- sidered as a whole to present almost the same climatic conditions. Tlie differ- ences to be allowed for are as follows: First, the Japan current, the north equa- torial current of the Pacific, does not tlovv so closely to the American coast as the Gulf stream does to the shores of Nortliern Europe, but admits of a return Arctic current from the north. This Arctic current which renders the waters of British Columbia extremely cold, causes a condensation of the moisture borne by the prevailing westerly winds eastwards, and produces a humidity most bene- ficial to the vegetation uf the Province. The winds are arrested, in a measure, by the Coast Range, creating a dry belt to the east of these mountains, but the higher currents of air discharge their moisture against the Selkirks, causing the more copious snowfall which distinguishes that range from its neighbour, the Rookies. Thus a series of alternate moist and dry belts are formed throughout the Piovince. which have no parallel on the coast of Europe, whore tlie more broken coast line and absence of lofty mountain ranges, together with Alternate Belts, the practical non-existence of an Arctic durrcnt. tend to distribute the rainfall over the whole area. Tt will be easily seen how these belts will be broken and modified in places by the varied elevation of the moun- tains and the presence of passes such as the Eraser canon. Again, the decrease in elevation of the Rocky and Selkirk Ranges as they approach to the north, admits a free passage for the winds of tlie Arctic regions to sweep down over the northern portion of the Province, bringing with them a corresponding reduction in temperature in winter or increase in the summer, when the long Arctic day admits an accumulation of dry hot air over these regions. Since there is open sea to the north of the European continent these conditions exist there only in a modified form, aithougli the P>aUic Provinces. Poland, and Prussia experience very similar effects from the north-cast winds. I ;1 ■ JOJ yi:ak liooK or uuinsii l(ji.umbia . Ovnurnplilinl Cnnilltlims. And lastly, tlic elevation of tlu- interior plateau s. uf course, greatly su- perior to that of Nortiurn l''.iiroi)c, making an aviT.iK*' lilTcrence in baromrtric pressure of some two iiirlies. The KeiitT.ii result of tlir altove ditTereiices between tiie two regions is to accentuate llif rainfall on tiu' shores of the I'aeitio Coast and the extremes of tem- perature in till' interior. Where the latter extends in areas of hinh elevation, these extremes of tenii)eratures will necessarily he more felt, while in the valleys and canons n\)vn to the coast and well protected from the north, a more mild and e(|uable climate will result. At the same time, there is a ^(reater sytnmelry in the main features of land and water the straiKht coast line ;md i)arallel niomii.iin ranges, so the Kreat ocean winds are probably less interfered witii liy local conditions, and there is a ^r^'ater regularity of the seasons. So far as the coast is concerned ;in increase in rain-fall and K'eiieral humidity must be exi)ected to the north, where tin Arctic current is colder, the Japan cur- reirt sweeps nearer to ihe shore and condensation conse(iuently is greater; the east coast of Vancouver will be less humid than the west, from arrest of moisture by tile mountains and forests of ilie island interior, and the shores of the mainland opposite will be more liable lo rain and fog from the low temperature of the waters of the (Inlf, which are ni;iinly ilerived from the cold northern backwash, and fioni the i)roi)in(|nity of iieavily timbered mountainous tracts. It may be said then, that the climate of Hriiish Columbia, a; a whole, prt sents all the featmes whicli are lo be met with in lutropean countries lying within the temperate xoik', the cr.idlc of the greatest nations of t'le world, and is, therefore, a climate well adapt'd to the devclopmenl of the human race under the most favourable conditions. The various local ditferences alluded to in general terms above, in relation tc) (hose causes which produce them, may now be mo^-e particularly described. In the valley of the Colnmbi.i and throughout the Kootenay Di.;tricts wliic.i C(irresi)ond, as has been seen, with the mountain belt of the Selkirks, the high avev.'.ge altitude renders the air rarilied and bracing, the precipitation of mo;^t- nre being greater on the eastern tl,iid< of the Rockies, but falling far below that of the coast. Regular meteorological returns have ii^i hitherto been made from stations in this section of the country, but from observations taken by Lieut. -Col. Baker during some years' residence at Cranbrook. in the Upper Columbia \'alley, the following data may be depended upon as fairly accurate: The rainfall averages from eighteen to twenty inches per annum, the lesser amount being experienced in ICast Kootenav, and the snow attains to a depth of from one to three feet, making a total precipitation of about twenty to twenty-four inches of moisture, according to locality. The winters extend from l)eceini)er to March, snow not falling, to lie, earlier than the last week in December as a rule. Navigation on the Upper Co- lumbia closes about the beginning of Xovember: on the .Arrow Lakes and Lower Columbia not till the end of that month: it opens again about the middle of March. The Kootenay Lake does not freeze over. During the winter the ther- mometer falls at times consider.ibly below zero, and in summer rises as high as eighty or ninety degrees in the shade, the nights being always comparatively cool. The extreme cold is not severely felt and is of short (lm-;ition. nor is tlie summer heat exhausting as in the interior of the continent. Vegetation is rarely affected by drought, and althougli summer frosts occasionally cause damage in swampy localities, their effects are modified by drainage and cultivation. Farther west, throughout the region of the Interior Plateau, a drier cli- mate prevails, culminating in the bunch grass country immediately east of the Kootfnav. AND MANUAL OK I'UOVINCIAL INFOKMATION. aoi , A l>i\ Mvlt. 1( cality. Tlif iiiomctcr falls Coast RatiRi'. Hero luxuriant vi'Kttatioii is ontirrly cimriiU'il f.i thr Ixirdors of tile iakcs and water coiirses. while the iliKiier heiiches and roimd titpped hdls pre- sent the '.-haraoteristic semi-barren appeaiaiice ot this class of pasture land. The rain and snow-fall is very moderate, total pre- cipitation averaK'iiiK from seven to twelve inches accordiuK ''J winter is confined to ei^ht or ten weeks' frost, when the ther- to zero, and in severe seasons considerably below. The average is not extreme nor are the cold spells protracted. The summers, like tho.e of Kootenav, are warm during the day with cool evenings. As the me.in ele\iition is some i.sckj feet, tlu' air of the Interior Plateau is clear and bracing. South of the .Shuswa|) Lake, a climate is cxi.crienced tyi)ic,d of tlie mdder and more moist conditions which prevail in the wide depressions once fornieil by glacial lakes, and which may be said to present a mean between the dryness of the true bunch Kf-'i'^'* country and the humidity of the coast. 'I'lie timber is here I)lentiful but scattered, vevjetation is varied and luxuriant, the rainfall suliicient to obviate the need of irrigation; the winter and summer not appreciably differing from that of (!entral I'.urope. In the narrow valleys which traverse the Coast Ran^o a clim.ite is found which once more cills lor special remark a>^ i)rosentin^( features of some interest and pecidiar to tliesr situ.itiotis. At Spence's Hrid^e. on tlie Fraser. a char.ictcr- istic point, a meteorolo(j;ical station has been est.iblished lor sonu' ye.irs and ac- curate data of this class of climate obtamed. Sheltered as these """"*," "* canons are from the cold northern wind<. they admit tlie warm Const iinuc. breezes of the coast and upon their sides the sun's rays ar- con- centrated •vith almost tropical intensity. A temptrafiirc much war'ner than would be expected is the result. No sooner is the Coast Uaiiue crossed than an entirely new order of things becomes manifest, indicalin^j a K'«-'at chanxt in climatic conditions. V'cKet.ition is extraordinarily luxuriant, forests are everywhere, the underKrowth impenetrably dense, riie reason of this is at once apparent whi'ii it is seen tiiat the rain fall attains to some sever.tv inches, increasin^r as you proceed north and come more witiiin the immediate inlluence of the Jap.in cnrreiil. to over a hun- dred inches. The winters are shorter and much less severe, nor are the summers so hot as those of the Interior; yet. owinjj; to the increased amount of moisture in suspension, extremes, such as they are, make themselves more felt by the inhabitants. Still i"- on can call tlie climate of the coast of British Columbia an unhealthy or uncomfortable one. l".i|uable, sunny and with a singular absence of storm or temi)csts, the vicissitudi's of life, so far as tlicy depend upon climate, arc perhaps less accentuated here tlian in most part^ of the globe. As was previously stated above in the general account of tlu' climate, the driest i)oint on the coast is seen to be the south-eastern extremity of \',iiicouver Lsland, which includes Victoria, and is represented by the observations taken at Esi|uimalt. To speak more generally of the climate of this section, tlu- nights, even in the height of summer, are invariably cool, more so tlian is ordinarily exi)erience(I in ICngland during spells of warm summer weather. The harvest time is rarely unsettled so that until recently, many years had elapsed since damage was in- curred in reaping the crops. Winters occur every now and then during which, fr(jm the absence of northerly winds, no p'-rceptilile degree of frost is exi)erienccd, and geraniums and other delicate i)!ants can be grown in the open air. Such severe weather as is met with comes usually in sliort sjjclls during the months of Janu- ary and February. Local fogs prevail over the water during the early si)ring and late autumn, chielly in November, when they arc sometimes a serious hindrance to naviga- tion. The tides of the coast, between \'aiicouver Island and the Mainland, as they flow through narrow channels at the northern and southern extremities of the Island (Seymour Narrows and San Juan de Fuca Straits) are very FoKs and Tides. eccentric, and cannot :)e reiiuced to :i fixed table. I'or similar reasons the currents and tide-rips whicli prevail among the islands of t'u- co.ist are somewhat perplexing and ref|Uirc local study. Wind storms are rare and the shipping sufifers little damage on that account. West Ci.iist nnd Isliinds. )' mi; m ;) !' tl - :ll' 204 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA In this portion of the Province the higher latitude is responsible for a cor- respondingly severe climate. In Cariboo and through the Chilcotin country the winters are, for instance, somewhat longer and colder than those experienced in the Okanagan and Columbia Valleys. At Barkerville, in the Northern interii.r first named district, the mean January temperature has averaged, for the last foui years, 19°, that of April 34". of July 54°, and Oc- tober 40°. This, considering the altitude and situation which corresponds with that of Central Russia, is not extraordinarily severe, indeed is very moderate as compared with the interior of tlie Continent of America far to the south. NoTK— The foregoing has been taken from the very excellent (it-scription of British Col- umbia climate contained in the official liandbook entitled " British Columbia, Its Present Resources and Future Tossibilities." COMPARATIVK TABLH OK TKMPKRATUKJ';, Showing mean highest, mean lowest, monthly mean, and average for twelve months, 1896, at : January, Februarv... March April . May . . Tune ., July .. August \ September . . October November. . . December. Mean highest . . Mean lowest . . . Monthly mean.. Average . . . . (Mean highest . . Mean lowest. .. . Monthly mean Average /■ Mean highest . . I Mean lowest "I Monthly mean . I Average . . . . I' Mean highest . . I Mean lowest j Monthly mean. V A erage ( Mem highest . . J Mean lowest. . . I Monthly mean V .\verage . . . ? Mean highest . . J Mean lowest. . . . I Monthly mean \ Average /" Mean highest . . j Mean lowest. . . . I Monthly mean V Average . , . . /" Mean highest . . j Mean lowest I Monthly lucau \ Average . . . . /" Mean highest . . I Mean lowest.. . . 1 Monthly mean I Average . . . . I Mean highest . , I Mean lowest j Monthly mean '. Average . . . . /■ Mean higliest . , I Mean lowest . . Monthly mean I, Average . . . . / Mean highest . I Mean lowest. . . . j Monthly mean V .\verage . , . . cd s I w 42.9 33-8 38.22 38.2 46.8 37.0 41.47 41.5 480 ?4.o 40.56 40.6 53.1 38.6 45-27 45.3 58.5 43-1 49.71 49-7 65.6 48 I 5.S.51 55-5 70.8 51.0 60.34 60.3 68.0 509 58.20 58-2 j 60.6 44-5 51-44 5' -4 ^ 55-8 ; 42.4 ^ 48. 1 1 48.1 I 40.5 ' 33-1 1 36-77 36.8 46.8 38-5 42.83 142-8 fc'^' f>J ^5 3rr u ^ >4 ii U.O , ,43.1 , I 33-3 I 36.60 36.6 46.4 34.8 39-05 39-1 47-7 3I-I 38.22 38.2 ,S3.6 36.9 44-7 44.7 60.3 40.7 50.86 50.9 68.5 46.3 57-57 57.6 76.5 51-8 64-35 64.4 74.0 518 61.24 61,2 6.5.1 44-9 .52.78 52.8 56.8 40.0 46.82 46.S 39-3 29.2 34-13 34-1 46.2 37-1 41-25 41-3 40.4 30.1 35-24 35-2 45-2 32.6 38.87 38.9 46-5 29-3 37-93 37-9 52.2 35-1 43.61 43-6 58.9 39-6 49.27 49-3 66.0 45-2 55.<'2 55-6 75-7 51-4 63-.56 63.6 74-3 50-4 62.31 62.3 65.0 43.1 .54-04 54.0 55.8 38.3 47.08 47-1 38-5 26.8 32.62 32.6 40.8 36-7 40.76 40.8 ■^ O a 34-5 22.4 28.57 28.6 42.0 28.8 35-39 35-4 42.7 27-3 35-«5 35-8 48.0 31-I 40-43 40.4 I 54-6 i 36.3 48.27 48-3 57-6 42.4 51-90 51-9 63-4 47-7 58.07 .SS.I 64.8 47-2 57-83 i57.8 I 60 8 43-2 53-48 ■ 53-5 ,54-4 40.2 : 4789 47-9 351 20.1 28.18 28.2 48 I 336 39-94 39 9 o < ; 40.5 1 27.7 3413 341 47-1 32.9 40.0 40.0 49-1 I 30 2 39-66 I 39-7 ;54.i I 35-2 44.61 44-6 61.4 42.0 j 51.68 I 51.7 69-4 48.7 59-03 59-0 80.2 52.9 66.58 66.6 74.1 52.3 63.20 63.2 67-3 45-1 56.19 56.2 59-2 40.2 4967 49-7 37-1 24.1 3060 30.6 44-9 33-7 39-29 39-3 I o : 37.0 i 27-9 i 32.45 1 32.4 147-2 1 35-9 I 41.57 41.6 i 50.6 I 33-4 40.19 40.2 55.6 36.9 44.72 44-7 62.2 43-5 50.63 50.6 71.7 46.2 56.05 56.0 82.2 51.4 65-77 65.8 82.3 50.3 62.09 62.1 71-3 41.7 53-99 .54-0 65-3 40.4 51-92 51-9 34-5 24.7 29.06 29.1 45-6 .34-4 39-98 40.0 29.8 16.8 23.27 23-3 46.7 , 25.5 i 36.09 I 49-3 I 25.9 37-56 ; .37-6 I 60.1 I 34-62 47.35 47-4 1 69.4 j 41.4 i 55 39 I 80.1 1 49.0 ! 64.58 ■ 64.6 189-3 .58.1 73.72 73.7 87.9 56.8 72.36 72.4 73.0 48.8 60.90 60.9 64.4 41.2 52*80 52.8 266 10.6 18.62 186 42.6 28.0 35-34 35-3 .2 41 .2 rt 2> 30-0 ; I4.I ' 22.081 22.1 40.1 19-9 I 30.0 ] 30.0 : .8.1 32.46 , 325 ' .56.7 28.3 42.50 42.5 63-4 35.7 49.53 49-5 76 2 <)o.o 58.19 58.2 83.4 46.6 65.04 65.0 79.4 45-0 62.20 62.2 67.8 34-1 50.98 j 51-0 I 54.6 I 30.5 I 42. .54 42.5 I 27-7 I 13-7 i 20.70 1 20.7 I 32-6 I 24.6 28.64 28.6 i 30.4 12.4 21.41 21.4 40.4 21,0 30.70 30.7 43.0 20.1 31.54 31.5 54.2 30.1 42.13 42.1 62.6 37-6 50.09 50.1 78.1 40 6 5936 59-4 85.8 48.7 67.28 67.3 81.2 44.7 62.95 62.9 67.6 36.2 51.90 51.9 .59.2 27.1 43.16 43-2 26.9 6.4 16.65 16.7 35.8 24.1 29.95 29.9 V M u CD m Annual mean 47.37 ! 41.25 46.74 43.82 47.89 47.37 j 48. if 28.64 Average mean j 47.4 147.3 ,46.7 143.8 147.9 j 47.4 48.2 ; 42.1 19.4 5.8 12.63 12.6 31.0 19.6 25.28 25-3 30.0 12. 1 21.03 21.0 40.8 25,2 33.02 330 50.4 32.7 41.53 41.5 61.5 37.9 49.72 49-7 73.9 44-6 59.25 59.3 72.8 41.4 57.11 57.1 62.9 32.8 47.86 47-9 47.1 31.8 39.47 39.5 13.2 2.8 5-20 5.2 32.7 19.4 26.03 26.0 « I 29.95 34.84 I 43.1 I 34-8 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORM.VTION. 205 TABLK SHKWINO THK AVKRAGK MONTHLY AND ANNUAL RAINFALL AND SNOWFALL In inches at ten principal stations in British Columbia, derived from a group of years : February jH^i^|{^ ^^a-" l^^llll ,„,., i Rainfall AP"^ i Snowfall „„ , I Rainfall ^«y 1 Snowfall .„.,„ (Rainfall J""^ 1 Snowfall Tnlv Rainfall J"'> I Snowfall A«g«-t i^;:;;;;^!, September.... jH;^^}^ October 1««S}, xT„..«™t,— i Rainfall No^^'nber ; snowfall December Rainfall uecemoer | snowfall Year Rainfall ^^^^ Snowfall 0.36 , 0.27 I 0.80 ' . .. 1 . .. I 0.52 0.17 ] 0.44 2.50 ' 1.23 I 2.76 3"3 0.6 ^•95 3-2 H.20 2.4 37-47 310 2.56 ' 2.46 6.06 9-7 8.41 3-0 3«-23 52- 1 4.62 6.6 5.20 31-36 36-9 5-20^ 7.79 i 10.02 12.71 i3-6i i 1-7 10.90 15.4 1.2g 1-33 5-50 7.81 2.8 7-51 6.4 96.28; 56.32 60.0 28.6 N 'S S bo §^ in n-o inS 1 < .2 ^-37 4-5 «.3 ii-; 8.67 0.44 0.2b i 7.6 8.6 25.0 ! 61.96 6.87 5-52 i 4S.9 28.8 59-7 i V u ^^ in u O 0.66 9-7 0.05 5-4 0-.53 3-0 0-94 2.1 T.64 1.32 1.05 1.92 0.62 0.4 0.96 12.2 0-.S9 7-2 11.30 'c V M u CD n 0-34 26.2 0.17 , 24.3 0.08 I 18.1 j 0.51 ! 16.3 I 2.22 ! 2-3 I 3-13 , 0.3 2.76 302 3.18 1-3 1-45 9-7 1. 01 25-9 I 0-07 ! 36.8 17-94 40.00 1 161. 2 COMPARATIVK TABLK OF THK AVKRAGE RAINFALL In inches at ten principal stations in Kritish Columbia in the months April to September, derived from a group of years : a I '5 K April May June July August 0.52 September 2.50 sS Si; .5 X .1- ,^, in. in. 1 In. 2.98 1.68 1-15 1-94 1.64 2.60 1. 19 0.H8 1-37 o.3f) 0.27 o.ho 0.17 1-23 0.44 2.76 d. u V s N V) . a 4^ S ca <«s (C 1* X < bo < 0.00 .^4 in. in. in. in. in. in. in. 5.08 5-31 5-45 0.50 0.48 0.94 0-5: 4-57 4-.38 4-«5 i.io '§7 1.64 2.22 4.56 3-96 3-97 0.74 0.89 1.32 ^A^ 5.20 1.29 1-55 0.36 0.38 1.02 276 7-79 1-33 1.62 0.40 0.48 1.05 3.02 10.03 .S-12 5-25 0.88 I 51 1.92 3.18 I io6 ?3 o U 03 a (/) c _o -4—1 CD c f- -4— > SO O 00 >- 'bJD O o (D -»— > YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA UJ (T I- _l g < (- Z UJ < Q. UJ O -J < o z > o ae Q. UJ z > CO Q UJ I CO _l CO a CO z a: h- UJ fC o U. O UJ ^ 0. S O o r^ '^,> •^ «! i I i \m 20« YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A COAST TRIP. A (irand Holiday Trip. II' a busiiifss man. worried by the ceaseless demands on his attention, and mentally and physically exhausted by close application to office work; if a ^indent whose cheek has paled under the liM^ht of the midnight oil; if a man of leisure whose routine of social responsibilities and pleasurable pursuits lias produced ennui: if a lover of sport and travel, keen for adventure, and his spirit restless for fresh trophies and a new arena; if a pupil in nature's school, eager to witness the operation of her laws in other and wider forms; if an artist, in whose soul turns the desire for subjects of sublime beauty and massive grandeur; if a collector of rare and interesting objects; if he belong to the literati and is thirsting for fresh fields and unhackneyed topics; if plunged in statescraft and wearied for the nonce by the ceaseless jar of opposing parties; if a professional man with brain and nerves tired and overworked; if no matter who — and can afford two or three weeks holi- days, let us invite him to a pleasure excursion, the attractiveness of which among the many opportunities advertised for the summer season, is unequalled for nov- elty, healthfulness, interest and picturesque outlook — the trip par excellence of the American continent. Come for a two weeks' voyage along the west coast of British Columbia to Alaska. Free from the cares and conventionalities of every day life, and breathing the very air of heaven itself, you burst, like the Ancient Mariner, into an unknown sea filled with untold beauties, and sail over a bosom of waters unruffled as glass; among myriads of islands; through deep, rugged, rock-walled channels; past ancient Indian villages, mediaeval glaciers, dark, solemn, pine- clothed shores, snow-capped peaks, dashing cataracts, yawning mountain gorges, spouting monsters and sea whelps — away to the north a thousand miles almost, to mix with the icebergs that once floated under the sovereignty of the Czar of all the Russias, but now drop peacefully from ancient glaciers over which the American eagle holds watchful guard — a continuous panorama in which the purest, the rarest, the wildest, the most beautiful, and the grandest forms of nature are revealed. All this may be enjoyed under auspices of ease and comfort equal to that of your own home. The passage from Victoria to Vancouver affords only an inkling of the scenic efTects that will be obtained for the next fourteen days. Leaving the inner harbour'the Jjoat swings out into the Straits of Fuca, and you get the first swell of the ocean, fifty miles to the westward. To the right is passed the historic island of San Juan. To the left Vancouver Island is in view. The Strait of Georgia is crossed at its greatest width. After San Juan is a succession of beautiful low lying and timbered islands. Midway is Active Pass, always a point of great interest and beauty, and which is now a popular summer resort. Having passed Point Rob- erts, the mouth of the Fraser River, Point Grey and through the Narrows into Burrard Inlet, Vancouver City is reached in about six hours' easy sailing. Right under the bold, high bluft of Brockton Point promontory are the remains of the From Vutoria to Vancouver. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 209 up the Gulf of Georgia. old Beaver, the first steamer on the Pacific Ocean, whicli wenr to pieces on the rocks, and for some time before its final plunge lay the prey of teredo anj relic hunters. From Vancouver the steamer takes a straight cut of thirty miles across the Strait of Georgia, passing Nanaimo and Wellington, where the coal mines of Vancouver Island are located. From here for the whole length of Vancouver Island the steamer hugs its shore, and here, too, begins that maze of islands which continues in more or less bewildering profusion as far north as you go. gradually increasing in size and in ciiaracter from low lying and heavily timbered to high, bold and rocky. The Strait of Georgia continues about seventy-five miles. The Mainland shore to the right is indented with numerous inlets or arms of the sea — Howe Sound, Jervis Inlet, Toba Inlet. Bute Inlet, and so on, up which, were there time to go, wonderful beauties would be disclosed. There are Indian reservations and logging camps and settlers found all along. Up Jervis Inlet is a fiuarry of excellent slate. Texada, thirty miles long, low and timbered, with a bold, rockv shore, and traversed by a ridge of rugged trap mountains, is on the Mainland side. It contains important gold, iron, marble, lime and other mineral deposits. To the left are Hornby and Denman, picturesque islands. Over these are seen the mountain ridges of Vancouver Island, the peaks of which here are the highest of the range. Point Holmes on the left, a bold promontory, is passed. From here to Comox the coast is low and heavily timbered inland, and here lies one of the most important coal measures of Vancouver Island, included in the E. & N. Rail- way belt. Opposite, in the direction of Desolation Sound, are numerous islands — Hernando, Cortez, Mary, and so on — upon some of which are settlers and logging camps. Over in the distance, on the Mainland, rise up the Cascade Mountains, range after range. Now you creep closer to the Vancouver shore, and presently enter the celebrated Seymour Narrows, once in which, by reason of the high bluff shores, you are shut out from the view on either side. The Narrows proper are about 800 yards wide and about a mile and a half long, though Discovery Pass, to which it is the entrance, is about twenty-three miles long. At flood the tide runs from six to twelve knots an hour, and at ebb from six to eight, the flood and ebb running equal intervals of about six hours each, with about ten minutes still water. Valdez Island, lying at the entrance to Bute Inlet and forming the right shore of this channel, is a finely timbered island, with a number of logging camps on it, and some well-to-do ranchers on the benches back from the shore. The Euclataw, or Back Narrows, of almost equal note among navigators, on the other side of the island, are also very rapid. and dangerous as well. It was at this point where it was once proposed to bring the line of the C. P. R. through the Yellow Head Pass down Bute Inlet, and connecting with a line of railway to Victoria by bridging Seymour Narrows, the present proposed route of the British Pacific. Just before entering the Narrows is a village of Euclataw Indians, once re- garded as the worst of all the British Columbia tribes, and said to have been cannibalistic. Passing the mouth of Campbell River, you look up the fine Men- zies Valley, and over westward on Vancouver Island are towering snow-clad peaks extending for miles. Sailing by Menzies Bay, you enter the Narrows, already described, which, after an exciting run, widen out into Johnston Straits. Along here, on the Vancouver shore, are some beautiful beaches and snug coves and bays, and on the other side a group of small rocky islands — Helmcken, Hard- Seymour Narrows. i iN ( 210 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA wick, etc.— on the timbered benches of which is to be found the finest Douglas fir in the Province. The famous Bickley Bay logging camp is located on the back channel on Hardwick Island. After having rounded Chatham Point the steamer gets in closer and closer to Vancouver Island, and the shores become more and more precipi- tous. Along Johnston Straits westward you steam past the mouth of Salmon River, where there are rapids and overfalls, with heavy sea. The straits widen out to about three miles, and now you are directly between the shores of Van- couver and the Mainland, the only place where they directly approach each other. This approximation continues ten or twelve miles, both shores injohiistons ^j^jj^g thickly wooded. On the Mainland side are Blinkinsop stra ts. g^y ^j^^ Port Neville. The former is a good harbour, with rocky, picturesijue shore. The latter is an inlet seven miles long, up which first- class building granite is found. On the Vancouver shore, which presents a bold, rocky front, is the mouth of Adams River, just opposite which commences Cra- croft Island, running twenty miles parallel with our course. At the south-east end of it is Port Hartney, a fine harbour. Myriads of islands, large and small, are to be seen all along the Mainland side as far as Cape Caution, locally known as the Broughton Archipelago. The next point of interest on your left is Beaver Cove, which, in addition to being a good harbour, has an excellent milling site. A marble (juarry has been located here. Back of Beaver Cove, extending to the great Nimkish Lake, is an exten- sive valley. Nimkish River, which is the outlet of the lake into Broughton Sound, Nimkish Lake and Kammutseena River, which empties into it, all afford the finest trout fishing in the Province. This district is a veritable sportsman's paradise, now much frequented for big game — elk. deer, panther, etc. — while the scenery is simply enchanting. From this point the centre of the Island is easily accessible. Five miles above Beaver Cove we arrive at our first stopping place, Alert Bay, on Cormorant Island, just opposite the mouth of Nimkish River. It is very prettily situated, and is a favourite calling place both up and down. Here are an Indian village with a population of 150 or so, whites included. ^ " "•*■ a salmon cannery, a sawmill and two stores, an English Church Mission and an Industrial School. Here the salmon canners have turned their attention to canning clams, which abound in the neighbourhood. The first thing which strikes the tourist's eye on rounding into Alert Bay is the Indian burial ground, on the south point on the right hand entering the bay. It is fantastically decorated with streamers and flags of different colors, and a variety of grave fences and epitaphs. The next thing which particularly at- tracts a stranger is a fine totem pole, about thirty feet high, beautifully painted and carved, which guards the entrance to the present chief's house. Cormorant Island possesses coal formations. Near it are several rocky islets, upon which discoveries of silver and copper have been made. Farther up is passed Haddington Island, all one quarry of the finest building stone, out of which the stone for the new Parliament Buildings was taken; and atill farther on is Malcolm Island, agriculturally the best piece of land on the coast. At this point in our trip we are beginning to lose the companionship of the Douglas fir, which has been abundantly with us from the outset, finding instead forests of hem lock, spruce, red cedar, cypress, birch, and alder, which prevail more or less for the rest of our journey. Opposite Malcolm Island is Port McNeill, boasting a commodious harbour. The country all along here comprises coal measures, which extend for twenty-five miles through to the west coast. Three miles beyond Broughton Straits we enter Queen Charlotte Sound, where the ocean swell is already noticeable, and skirting the north-east coast of Vancouver Island, we put in at the historic Fort Rupert, twenty-one miles beyond Alert Bay. It consists of the old Hudson's Bay fort, and a large Indian village, situ- ated on a long open beach of shingle and shells, which gives it a white, snowy look. There are no wharf accommodations, and consequently it is only in cases of absolute necessity that steamers call here, in which case com- rort Rupert. munication has to be made with the shore by boat or canoe. On two occasions this huge village has been shelled and laid in ashes by gun- boats sent to demand the surrender of murderers among them. J 1 •rf-j"--*** ! AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL LNFORMATION. 211 I The Scenery on the Wav. Twenty miles beyond Fort Rupert we enter the Galiano Channel and pass Galiano Island, and into Queen Charlotte Sound; thence through Christie Pas- sage, where for the first time we receive the full sweep of the Pacific Ocean, and sniff the salt sea breeze. In the next two hours the steamer has to buffet the long rolling sea from Queen Charlotte Sound, and, heading north-westerly in the direc- tion of Cape Caution, we encounter a low-lying, rocky shore, where are dangerous sunken reefs. Cape Caution is appropriately named, as in its vicinity are innu- merable rocks and shoals, requiring great caution on the part of the navigator. This brings us to the entrance to Fitzhugh Sound, and on the right is Rivers Inlet. During the time since starting up the Straits of Georgia we have not omitted to note the scenery, which, though not on so magnificent a scale as that yet to come, has been nevertheless peculiarly charming. It has been one long series of subjects for the artist, in which rare and elusive effects have entered — marine sketches, land and water combinations, here depressed and there bold and broken shores, backed by recurring benches densely timbered, and away over all. far off and high up, have risen majestically the tops of the Coast Range of moun- tains ridging the entire length of Vancouver Island on one side, and the might.) peaks of the Cascades of the Mainland on the other, giving, on the whole sweep of vision, that indefinable charm which "mag- nificent distance" alone can lend. Leaving out the few tide rips, which you experience with delight, you have been gliding, not propelled, over water as smooth as glass, and at times your impressions liave been dream- like — now weird and solemn, and again exhilarating. Sea fowl innumerable — gulls, ducks, geese, and others — have kept you company, and occasionally, some- times frequently, the attention of the party has been diverted to a spouting whale, or a swarm of porpoise, and even land animals, which are to be seen once in a while from the deck. To Rivers Inlet, our next objective point, we will have covered some 350 or 400 miles, and our promises so far have been more than fulfilled. Now we have entered a distinctly new phase of our trip. We are going north, with the ocean and scattered islands on the left of us, and the Mainland on the right. Leaving Cape Caution and passing Smith's Inlet, a few miles on we enter Fitzhugh Sound, and steam up Rivers Inlet. This was named Rivers Canal by the great Vancouver. Our friends will have recognized in the names of the islands passed some time ago — Hernando, Cortez. Tcxada, Valdoz, and so on — historic memories of early Spanish explorers and navigators, who held the coast for a time conjointly with the British, but, as usual, the christening, which remained with British ascendancy, was done by Vancouver over i» hundred years ago. Rivers Inlet runs up about thirty miles. At the entrance and for several miles up, the sides of the Inlet, which is only one to one and a half miles in width, are steep and covered with dense forests of spruce and cedar. At the head of the Inlet the sides mount up abruptly for about 2,000 feet, and are almost bare of verdure through the action of landslides and avalanches. In this Inlet are seven canneries, a sawmill and a station, formerly used as a salmon saltery. One pe- culiarity of the salmon run here is that it never, or very rarely, fails. Rivers Inlet is a strikingly pretty place. We travel from here up Fitzhugh Sound, on the right shore of which is to be seen Namu Harbour, where Messrs. Drany & Shotbolt have a cannerv. and enter Bentinck Arm, at the head Rivers Inlet. ^j ^j^j^,j^ j^ situated the Bella Coola Indians. There is an In- dian village here. John Clayton, a trader, and family reside here and keep a store. He has, as well, a large stock ranch. There is a large extent of agri- cultural country here, where a prosperous colony of Norwegians have settled. The Bella Coola Valley affords the easiest and best route into the Chilcotin country. From here you pass into Lama Passage, where the Bella Bella Indians reside. They have a large, beautiful village, with several stores and a resident missionary. This was the old Fort McLaughlin of Hudson's Bay Companv days. Leaving Bella Bella, we sail into Millbank Sound, and enter Graham Reach, passing along the inside of Princess Royal Island, which has high, bluff, rocky shores, and thence through various passages we reach the mouth of the great Gardner Inlet. 212 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The sail up this discloses the most wonderful scenery on the route. The shores are thousands of feet high and aln.jst perpendicular, lending a grandeur and impressiveness to the scene almost indescribable, while magnificent waterfalls and glaciers are to be seen. Perhaps there is not on the whole western coast of America scenery which quite equals it in its way. Captain Vancouver, who ex- plored this channel over a hundred years ago, described its beau- (.nrdncr Inlet, ^j^^ ^^^^^ graphically. At its head is situated the Kitlupe tribe of Indians, after whom the Inlet is sometimes called. Almost parallel with Gard- ner Canal is Douglas Channel, the extension of which is known as Kitimat Arm. At the head of this arm there is considerable good land and a pass into the in- terior. Kitimat Arm is similar in the massiveness and beauty of its scenery to Kitlupe Inlet, but differs in the character of detail. The shores, which are wooded with hemlock, spruce and cedar, are not so abrupt, but are bounded with lofty ranges of mountains running parallel to each other. Going out of Gardner Canal we enter Grenville Channel, which is ninety miles long, passing along Pitt Island. Here the scenery is extremely picturesque, with adjacent bare walls of rock and high distant peaks. At '■■'"' " Lowe Inlet, off the channel, is an Indian station and a cannery. .in( scape. 'pj^g general effect of so many mountains rising one above the other, renders Grenville Passage one of the most beautiful landscapes on the coast, and is equalled only by Klemtoo Passage. It was omitted to state that on Gribbell Island, at the mouth of Gardner Inlet, is a very fine hot spring. Through Grenville Channel, on Pitt Island. China Hat is passed. This is an Indian village, with the usual missionary and trader. Lowe Inlet is the residence during the fishing season of the Kitkahtla In- dians, whose chief is the far-famed Sheiks. Chief Sheiks has a monopoly of the fishing here, and with a seine net in the bay, often hauls in from ;2,ooo to 3,000 salmon a day, for which he gets the highest market price. We have already passed Hartley Bay, where there is a sawmill and an Indian village. And now we are at the mouth of the Skeena River, and take Telegraph Passage, passing the well- known Standard cannery. The Skeena River, the mouth of which we have entered, is the largest river on the British Columbia coast except the Fraser, and takes its rise several hun- dreds of miles in New Caledonia, near Babine Lake. It is the route into the gold country of Omineca. The scenery up to Hazleton and beyond is not unlike that of the Fraser, and in some places quite equals it. Its rugged canyons and fierce rapids require skillful navigation. It is to the Forks of the Skeena where oiic of the alternative surveys for the C.P.R. was run, and here in 1866 the West- ern Union Telegraph Company reached with a line which was to connect over- land, by crossing Behring Straits, with a Sib2rian line, when ' *'"" the news of the Atlantic cable being laid was received, and the scheme was abandoned. We, however, only explore the mouth of the wonderful river as far as Port Essington. In it are located a number of salmon canneries and three sawmills, the timber used being red cedar, cypress, hemlock and spruce. There is an Indian village here and a church. The view from any point here is very fine, and there is a great deal to interest tourists. The shores are heavily wooded, with mountainous back-ground, and potatoes and berries of all kinds are very plentiful. Leaving the Skeena, we pass out into Chatham Straits, and, rounding the Tsimpsean Peninsula, soon arrive at one of the mo? noted places on the coast, Metlakahtla, a very prettily situated Indian village aoout twelve miles from the Skeena. This at one time used to be a veritable beehive, under the management of Rev. Mr. Duncan, a missionary sent out in the early days by the Church Mis- nery, a brickyard, a hoys' home, a girls' home, an industrial school, and many sionary Society of London, England. He had a sawmill, a woollen mill, a can- other means of keeping the Indians employed. Later on the Home Society sent out Bishop Ridley (the Bishop of Caledonia), to take charge Metlakahtla. ^^^ j^^j^ ^^^^^ ^j^^ Society's interests. This caused a strife be- tween two factions, which arose, some siding with Duncan and others with the Bishop, which ended in Duncan leaving with his adherents for a new settlement I I! B. C. MAMMALS IN PROVINCIAL MUSEUM. A 70-lb. Salmon, landed with Hook and Line (in Cannpbell River by Sir Richard Musgrave.) II ni '1 , 1 'f I r ::i ^ i i ■ 1 , :-Uf i\ ' > -ill' 1 1 '1^^ Hi h h < U 0. D O z Q Z D O > < OQ < < Q < X -1 h < U o z 5 z < OQ (!) Q. O -1 UJ* % I z < Q -1 O AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 215 ^I'f :'^€': some thirty miles above Fort Simpson, called New Metlakalitl.i. 'I'lio boys' and girls' homes are still running, and tlie industrial school is doing good work. Their houses, until lately, were all built in one style, a loity two-story building, which, if divided u lid tain abf)Ut eifiht Fort Slinpson. won I one has a nice little garden p.ilcii laid out in fruit trees and veKetai)U's, which have been much neglected of late, but, nevertheless, gooseberries, raspberries, currants and strawberries thrive here wonderfully. The (!liurch of iCngland, built by Mr. Duncan, is a beautiful piece of work, and is the largest and most Anglican in appearance in the I'rovince. The Indians are very musical, and have a brass band, and in almost every other house is an organ. The ciiurch organist is an Indian. Metlakahtla is situated on the great Tsimpsean I'eninsuia, inhabited by the once mighty Tsimpsean nation of Indians, of wlioui those at Metlakahtla and Fort Simpson arc notable examples. A few miles farther north, the ciiief of the Hudson's Bay Company's trad- ing posts, is a populous Indian village, situated on an excellei'* !iarbour, which was once also an aspirant as a terminus of the C.I'.R, by wav oi tlie Forks of the Skeena. Even here there was an incipient boom in town lots, looking in the direction of another railway. The Hudson's Bay Coin>''^iiy have a large stt»re here, where anything can be procured, from a needle *' the latest pattern Win- chester rifle. There is also a wharf, about a ([uarter of a mile long, and a warehouse at the extremity. The harbour here affords excel- lent anchorage at any dei)th up to tliirtv fathoms, with good mud and sand bottom. The rise and fall of the tide is from eighteen to twenty feet, and on this account considerable of the shore is dry at low-water tide. The Met- lakahtla Indians are first cousins to tlie Fort Simpsons, with whom they inter- marry. The latter, however, are Methodists. They have a church, houses, a fire hall, two stories witli a tr)wer, a two-story drill hall, door factory, a shingle mill, worked by water power, a turning mill water power, a boys' home, a girls' home, also an excellent mission a hospital. They have also an excellent brass band. Bidding good-bye to Fort Simpsf)n. we sail past the mouth of the Nais River, where there are seveial canneries and impf)sing views, across Chatham Strait, around Cape Fox, into Dixon's entrance and into .Maska. On the way up we sail by Tongas Islands, the home of the Tongas Indians. In Tongas is where Mr. Duncan has established his celebrated mission. New Metlakahtla. On the way up we visit Sitka and Juneau, and circle around among Into Alaska. numerous channels, and enter several noted glacier bays. This is the land of the midnight sun. a:ul a great attraction to .American tourists. However, for diversity of scenery, for beauty, and for interest, apart from ice- bergs and glaciers, it contains notliing which will outrival, or. some might even say, compare with the route just passed over, wholly in British Columbia waters and in Canadian territory. Here ends the journey and the homeward trip is made. two school a sash and worked by house, and NAXAIMO IN i860. 2\(i YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA MAMMALS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. THE folIowiiiK list was taken from tlic Rullctin of tlic Xatiir.il History Society of British Colunil)ia, and was prepared hy Mr. r'anniii, Curator of tlic I'l >• vincial Museum, and is consecjucntly authentic. No comprelicnsive check list of the mammals of North America has ever been published, and the follow- ing is the careful work of the best authority in British Columbia in this line. From a sportsman's point f)f view this L'rovincc is decidedly an interesting field as well as a very rich and wide one possessing: as it dons ■many varieties of game and presenting by reason of its extent and rugged exterior those physical obstacles to success which are the real stimuli to the true sportsman. Notwithstanding the somcwiiat stringent game laws which have existed there has been an indis- criminate and wasteful destruction of. especially, big game. Ow- ing to wide extent of practically unorganized territory with sparse population and the number of Indians, who slaughter for the heads and hides, the law is diffi- cult of enforcement. One element of protection exists in the fact that the rugged and mountain- ous interior affords a retreat for game which only the most adventurous sports- man can hope at times to reach. Mining development will tend to dispersion, but it may be safely premised that it will be many, many years to come before prospector and miner, to whom no spot on earth may be said to be sacred or inaccessible, will have dislodged it. DvNtructlon u( BIr (illllK*. CHECK LIST. American Elk, "wapiti' (Cervus Canadensis) — At one time distributed over the southern portion of the mainland, now extinct there. Still tolerably abundant on Vancouver Island chiefly through the Interior, West Coast, Comox District and to the northward. Woodland Cariboo (Ranifer caribou) — Through the interior of the mainland from the Columbia River to the northern limits of the Province. Abundant in many places throughout this range. Moose. (Alee americanus.) — Confined almost entirely to the Arctic slope of the Province. Peace River and Cassiar. Black-Tailed Doer. (Cariacus columbianus.) — West of the Cascades from Washington to Alaska, including all the larger islands except the Queen Char- lotte group. Abundant. Mule Deer. (C. macrotis.) — ^Mainland, east of and including tlie Cascade Mountains from Kootenay to Chilcotin. and ranging into the wooded portions of the Cariboo district. Verv abundant. AND MANUAL OF PFiOVINCIAT. INFOFUIATION. 2iy WhltP-Tnilrd Door, "roninmn Dcor." (C. virffiiiintnu.)")— Confined to :1ie Bouthern portion of tlic Provinrc, cast of the Cascades. Okanawan and Kootenay. Antclonc Cioat. "White (Joat." (Ma/ama montana.)— Found on nearly all the mountains of the mainland, its alnmdancc ccntcriny along the suniniit of rlic Coast range. Very ahundant. Bighorn. "Mountain Sheep." (Ovis canadensis.)— The mountains of 'he mailand, except the Coast range, from Kootcnay to Cassiar, Similkamcen, Bridge River and Chilcotin. Abundant. Flying Scjuirrel. (Sciuroptcris orcgonensis.) — The mainland at large. No- where common. Richardson's Chickaree, "Squirrel." (Sciurus Hudsonius Rrichardsoni.)— Ii terior of the mainland. Abundant. Douglass' Chickaree. (S. Hudsonius Douglassi.) — Mainland west of the Cas- cades. Common. Vancouver Chickaree. (S. Hudsonius Vancouverensis.) — Vancouver l^ia id. Common. Townsend's Chipmunk. (Tamias Townsendii.)— \'ancouver Island, and the mainland west of the Cascades. Columbia Chipmunk. (Tamias quadrivittatus atfinis.) — The mainland east of the Cascades. Parry's Marmot. (Spermophilus.) — Southern portion of the mainland oast of the Cascades. Hoary Marmot. (Arctomys caligatus.) — The mainland and Island. Abun- dant. Sewellel. "Showl't." (Ap.odontia rufa.)— From the Hope Mountains through the interior to the Rocky Mountains. Beaver. (Castor fiber.) — At one time distributed throughout the greater portion of the Province, now fast disappearing, except in the unsettled districts, where it is still fairly abundant. Not uncommon on Vancouver Island. Musk Rat. (Fiber zibethicus.) — Mainland east and west of Cascades. Tol- erably common. Western Porcupine. (Erethizon epixanthus.) — The mainland at large. Tol- erably common. Little Chief Hare. (Lagomys princeps.)— The mainland chiefly in the in- terior. Abundant. Northern Hare. (Lepus americanus.) — Interior of the mainland and north- ward to the boundaries of the Province. Abundant. Western Varying Hare. (L. Americanus Washingtoni.) — West of the Cas- cades. Oregon Gopher. (Thomomys talpoides Douglassi.) — Southern portion of the mainland east of the Cascades. Panther, "Puma," "Mountain Lion," "Cougar." (Felis concolor.)— This animal is said to range as far north as the 6oth degree, but there is no record of its occurrence in British Columbia above the 52nd degree. It is very rare any- where in the interior of the mainland. It is tolerably common west of the Cas- cades, but its centre of abundance seems to be on Vancouver Island, where it appears to hold its own notwithstanding the numbers killed annually. Canada Lyr.x. (Lynx canadensis.) — The mainland at large. Abundant in northern portions of the Province. Rare on the coast. Red Cat. "Wild Cat." (L. fasciatus.) — The mainland west of the Cascades. Tolerably common. Gray Wolf. (Canis occidentalis.) — The Province at large. Common along the coast and some portions of Vancouver Island. A black variety of this animal is also found both on the island and mainland. Cayote. "Prairie Wolf." (C. latrans.) — Open country east of the Cascades. Tolerably common. Red Fox. (Vulpes fulvus.) — With its colour phases, "Black," Silver Gray," and "Cross." The mainland east of the Cascades and ranging northward to t' £ boundaries of the Province. Nowhere abundant. ll fr' I'l ;!;l| ^ rf m ill' '[! 2l8 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Black Bear. (Ursus americanus.)— Common along the coast and through- out the wooded districts of the mainland, Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Grizzly Bear. (Ursus horribilis.) — Confined to the mainland, where it ranges sparingly over its entire length and breadth. It is probably more abun- dant on the north-west coast than anywhere in the interior. Raccoon. (Procyon lotor.) — The Province west of the Cascades, including Vancouver Island and most of the larger islands. Abundant. Land Otter. (Lutra canadensis.) — Vancouver Island and the mainland. Chiefly coastwise. Skunk. (Mephitis.) — The mainland at large. Common. Little Striped Skunk. (Spilogale phenax latifrons.) — The mainland west of the Cascades. Very abundant on the coast. Mink. (Lutreola vison.) — Vancouver Island and the mainland. Abundant. Weasel. (Putorius erminea.) — Mainland at large. Tolerably common. California Bat. (Vespertilio nitidus.) — Vancouver Island and the coast of the mainland. Mririiii. (Mustela caurina.) — The Province at large including Vancouver and some of the larger islands. Fisher. (Mustela pennantii.) — Found throughout the greater portion of the mainland. Wolverine. (Gulo luscus.) — Irregular through the interior of the mainland. Also along the northern coast and Vancouver Island. Sea Otter, (Enliydris lutris.) — West coast of Vancouver and Queen Char- lotte Islands. Fur Seal. (Callorhinus ursinus.) — Ranges along the Pacific Coast into the Behring Sea and Northern Pacific Ocean, in the islands of which it has its breeding places or rookeries. Hair Seal. (Phoea vitulena.) — Common in all the waters of the coast. Of little commercial value. Sea Lion. (Eumetopias Stelleri.) — Found commonly in the northern watars within the Arctic Circle. English rabbits and hares have been introduced, but do not apparently thrive. So far they give no evidence of multiplying witli that rapidity which fol- lowed their transplanting in the Australasian colonies, or indeed of multiplying at all. Note.— It is net cl.iinied that the foregoing is by any means complete as regards the smaller mammals, concerning which there is probably much yet to be known. *-«,!& ■ ■ -W^'tw-i , ■ ; : nuNTixc; iiic, iioKN on .\bh.nc)i,.\ mountains. 1 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. !I9 1 BIRDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Local Characteristics. TO the ordinary lay reader, apart from those varieties whic afford sport as g?ime, a check list of birds will be rather uninteresting, more especially as the scientific nomenclature must be a conspicuous feature. It is how- ever, inserted for the purpose of reference for those who may desire to consult it. It is practically a complete list, revised and corrected to date. The list is reproduced from the one prepared by Mr. Fannin, the Curator of the Provincial Museum, and published by the Government. Biologically, of course, the animals of B.C. differ from the same varieties in other parts of the world in the measure that local conditions have affected their development, and the differentiation in many instances is marked. Speaking generally, it may be said that tilings are on a larger scale on the western than on the eastern slope of North America — higher mountains, larger trees, bigger animals. Compared v/ith similar latitudes, tiie epvironments, perhaps, are more favourable to growth. With reference particularly to birds, though it maj be questioned to what extent plumage is affected by local conditions, the distinction is noted that the forms are larger and darker than in the east. The humidity of climate and the density of forest no doubt account for the fact. One special feature may be noted, and the circumstances referred to are quite consistent, and that is the absence of singing birds. There are comparativ'ely few native songsters. An effort is being made to introduce foreign varieties, and as the country is opened up and culti- vated conditions will become more favourable. Few forms of bird life are to be met with in the deep woods, these being mainly found in the open stretches on the Coast and throughout the Interior. As might be anticipated from the irregular and deeply indented sea-coast and the extent of streams and lakes throughout the Province, there are numerous water-fowls. There are no native pheasants, but the one variety introduced from China (Phasiamis torquattts) has thriven and is quite abundant in the southern end of Vancouver Island. They have, however, many enemies besides man, the worst of which is the owl. During the latter part of 1896 and early in the present year owls were unusually abundant, having prob- ably been driven from the north by the early severe "old. GREBES. Western Grebe, (^chmophorus occidentalis.) — An abundant resident throughout the Province. Breeds round the lakes of the interior of the Main- land. A winter resident along the coast. Holboell's Grebe, "Red-necked Grebe." (Colymbus holbcellii.)— The Prov- ince at large. A winter resident along the coast. Horned Grebe. (C. auritus.) — A wintei resident on the coast. Breeds in the north, American Eared Grebe. (C. nigricollis californicus.) — An abundant resi- PheasantSi Wl i :vM. }'^ M dent. Winters on the coast. Breeds in the interior. Pied-billed Grebe. (Podilymbus podiceps.) — A resident. Breeds both on the Mainland and Island. LOONS. Loon, "Great Northern Diver." (Urinator imber.) — The Province at large. An abundant resident. Black-throated Loon. (U. Arcticus.) — Not common. Pacific Loon. (U. pacificus.) — The coast of the Mainland and Island. Red-throated Loon. (U. lumme.) — Rare. AUKS, MURRES, AND PUFFINS, ETC. Tufted Puffin. (Lunda cirrhata.) — Tolerably common along the coast. Breeds on the islands of the Gulf. Cassin's Auklet. (Ptychorampus aleuticus.) — West coast of Vancouver Island. Ancient Murrelet. (Synthliboramphus antiquus.) — One specimen taken at Cape Beale. Marbled Murrelet. (Brachyramphus marmoratus.) — An abundant resident along the coast. Breeds. Pigeon Guillemot. (Cepphus columba.) — An abundant resident from Race Rocks to Alaska. California Murre. (Uria troile californica.) — The same distribution as last species, but not nearly so abundant. GULLS AND TERNS. Ivory Gull. (Gavia alba.) — One specimen taken at Dease Lake. Glacous-winged Gull. (Larur. glaucescens.) — An abundant resident. Breeds on the islands. Western Gull. (L. occidentalis.) — A resident. Very abundant on the coast during winter months. Breeds in the interior and probably also on the coast. American Herring Gull. (L. ar/jentatus omithsonianus.) — An abundant resi- dent Breeds on the coast and interior of the Mainland. California Gull. (L. californicus.) — An abundant resident. Breeds in the interior. Ring-billed Gull. (L. delawarensis.) — A winter resident on the coast. Breeds in the interior to the northward. Short-billed Gull, "Mew gull." (L. brachyrhynchus.) — A winter resident on the coast. Heermann's Gull. (L. heermanni.) — Not common. Breeds. Bonaparte's Gull. (L. Philadelphia.) — Distributed throughout the length and breadth of the Province, and an abundant resident. Summers in the interior. Arctic Tern. (Sterna paradissea.) — Only recorded from Dease Lake. American Black Tern. (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis.) — Taken at Burrard Inlet and Shuswap Lake. ALBATROSSES. Black-footed Albatross. (Diomedea nigripes.) — From c^ast of California to Alaska. There is no record of this bird on the B. C. coast. Shon.-tailed Albatross. (D. albatrus.) — Tolerably common on both coasts of Vancouver Island. J AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 221 1 PETRELS. Pacific Fulmar. (Fulmarus glacialis glupischa.) — Taken at Chomainuv Slender-billed Shearwater. (Puffinus tenuirostris.) — One specimen taken oflf Albert Head Forked-tail Petrel. (Oceanodroma furcata.) — A winter resident along both coasts of Vancouver Island. Leach's Petrel. (O. leucorhoa.)— Confined to the west coast of Vancouver Island. CORMORANTS. White-crested Cormorant. (Phalacrocorax dilophus cincinatus.) — From Race Rocks to Alaska, all along the coast. Tolerably common. Violet-green Cormorant. (P. pelagicui robustus.) — An abundant resident. PiiLICANS. American White Pelican. (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos.) — Not common. Said to breed in the Chilcotin country. California Brown Pelican. (P. californicus.) — Not common. GROUSE. The grouse family is well represented and is widely distributed. Canadian RufYed Grouse. (Bonasa umbellus togata.) — East of and in- cluding Cascades, abundant; Gray Ruffed (Umbelloides), Rocky Mountain Dis- trict; Oregon Ruffed Grouse* (B. umbcllicus sabini), abundant west of Cascades). "Blue Grouse," Sooty Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus'), abund- ant west of the Cascades; Richardson's Grouse (Richardsonii), abundant east of Cascades. Franklin's Grouse/'Fool Hen." (D. franklinii.) — Abundant resident tlirough- out wooded interior. Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus), Dea:.e Lake; Rock Ptarmigan (L. rupestris), summits most of the mountains, abundant, White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. leucurus), summits mountains Mainland, except Coast Range. Columbia Sharp-tailed Grouse, "Prairie Chicken." (Pediocaites phasian- ellus columbianus.) — Abundant east of the Cascades. Mountain Partridge, "Quail." (Oreortyx pictus). — Common on Vancouver Island, introduced from California; California Partridge (C. californica), on \'an- couver Island, also from California. The Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) has been taken at Osoyoos Lake, but considered accidental. DUCKS. Of these birds there are numerous representatives, about twenty-six species being noted. American Merganser (Merganser Americanus) genv::rally distributed but not common; red-breasted (M. serrator) and hooded (Lophodytes cucuUatus) both abundant residents. m m "m m :V'A '\i\ I *Thi.s Grouse is locally known as " Willow Orouse." 11 222 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA River Ducks — Mallard (Anos boschas), widely distributed and abundant; blue-winged teal (A. discors) rare; cinnamon (A. cynanoptera) rare; green winged (A. carolinensis, very abundant; gadwall, ''gray duck" (A. strepera), rare; American widgeon "bald pate" (A. Americana); shoveller "broadbill" (Spatula clypeata), abundant Mainland east of Cascades; pintail, "sprigtail" (Dafila acuta), abundant; wood-duck (Aix sponsa), summer resident, not common; redhead ■'pochard" (Aythya Americana), not common; canvas-back (A. Vallisneria), no- where abundant; American scaup duck "blue bill" (A. marila nearctica), abundant resident; lesser scaup duck (A. affinis) not common. Ring-necked duck (A. col- laris), not common; American golden-eye (Glaucionetta clangula Americana), abundant; Barrrow's golden-eye (G. islandica), abundant; buffle-head "butter ball" (Charitonetta Albeola), very abundant; Old Squaw "long-tailed duck" (Clangula hyemalis), abundant resident on the coast; barleciuin duck (H. histrionicus.) breeds abundantly on the coast; American scoter (Oidemia Americana), rare; white-winged scoter (O. deglandi), abundant resident; surf scoter. (O. perspicillata). abimdant resident of coast waters; ruddy dnrk (Erismatura rubida), common in interior. GEESE. Lesser Snow Goose (Chen hyperborea) — A winter resident on the coast. Tolerably abundant. Ross's Snow Goose (Chen rossii) — Occurrence rare. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambeli) — An abundant resident. Breeds both on the Island and Mainland. Canada Goose (B. canadensis) — A very abundant resident. Breeds through- out the interior of the Mainland. Hutchin's Goose (B. canadensis hutchinsii) — A resident. Tolerably abun- dant on the coast. White-cheeked Goose (B. canadensis occidentalis) — Taken at Chilliwhack. Cackling Goose (B. canadensis minima) — A winter resident along the coast. Black Brant (B. nigricans) — An abundant winter resident along the coasts of Island and Mainland. Breeds in the far north. SWANS. Whistling Swan (Orlor columbianus) — A winter resident in the southern portions of the Province, and very abundant in summer in some portions of the Mainland interior. Trumpeter Swan (O. buccinator) — Seen in Cassiar, where it appears to be not uncommon. HERONS, IBISES, ETC. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna) — Only two specimens taken in the Province. BITTERNS. American Bittern "Stakedriver" (Botaurus lentiginosu?) — Common through- out the Province. Breeds east and west of Cascades. Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias) — Abundant throughout the Province. Snowy Heron (A, candidissima) — Rare. CRANES, RAILS. ETC. Little Brown Crane (Grus canadensis) — B.C. at large, especially in the in- terior of the Mainland. Sandhill Crane (G. niexicana) — B.C. at large. Tolerably abundant. Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus) — Mainland and Island. Not common. Breeds. Carolina Rail "Sora" (Porzana Carolina) — Mainland and Island. Common east of Cascades. Breeds. American Coote (Fulica Americana) — An abundant resident. J ab th< sp: C05 chi the wh der tol( Re! cor kar Ba: aro thr Bn the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 223 PHALAROPES. Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius)— Chilliwhack and Burrard Inlet. Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus) — Abundant along the coast. Wilson's Phalarope (P. tricolour)— Taken at Chilliwhack. SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) — Island and Mainland. Tolerably abundant. Resident. Breeds in the interior of Mainland. Long-billed Dowitcher "Red-breasted snipe" (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus) — Tolerably abundant. Island and Mainland. Breeds in the interior. Knot "Robin Snipe" (Tringa canutus) — Abundant during migrations, along the coast. Pectoral Sandpiper (T. maculata) — Not common. Baird's Sandpiper (T. bairdii) — Chilliwhack. Least Sandpiper (T, minutilla) — Abundant along the coast during fall and spring migrations. Red-backed Sandpiper (T. alpina pacifica) — A very abundant resident on the coast. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus) — East of Cascades. Western Sandpiper (E. occidentalis) — An abundant resident Sanderling (Calidris arenaria) — Taken at Fort Simpson. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa) — The whole of British Columbia. Breeds chiefly east of Cascades. Greater Yellow legs (Totanus melanoleucus) — An abundant resident along the coast during winter. Yellow-legs (T. flavipes) — Tolerably common. Solitary Sandpiper (T. solitarius) — Found throughout the Province. No- where common. Cinnamon Solitary Sandpiper (T. solitarius cinnamomeus) — Summer resi- dent in the interior. Wandering Tatler (Heteractitis incanus) — The Province at large. Breeds; tolerably common. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subroficollis) — Tolerably common. Resident. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) — The Province at large. Nowhere common. Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longirostris)— Breeds at Okanagan, Simil- kameen. Hudsonian Curlew (N. hudsonicus) — Taken at Fort Simpson and Cadboro Bay. PLOVERS. Black-bellied Plover (Charadrius squatarola) — Abundant, during migrations, around Victoria. Aynerican Golden Plover (C. dominicus) — A common summer resident throughout the Province. Killdeer Plover (.^gialitis vocifera) — Occurs throughout the Province. Semipalmated Plover (M. semipalmata) — Not common. SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. Surf Bird (Aphriza virgata) — The coast line of the Province. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres) — The coast line. Black Turnstone (A. rnelanocephala) — The coast line. Tolerably common. Breeds. THE OYSTER CATCHERS. Black Oyster-catcher (Haematopus bachmani) — An abundant resident along the coast. i i h I m J 224 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA PIGEONS. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata) — Irregularly through the southern portions of the Province. Summer resident. Tolerably common. Mourning Dove (Zenaidura macoura) — Mainland and Island. Nowhere common. AMERICAN VULTURES. California \ ulture (Pseudogryphus californianus) — Probably accidental visitants. Turkey Vulture (Cathartes aura) — Distributed throughout the Province, but nowhere common. CO de FALCONS. HAWKS, EAGLES, ETC. Marsh Hawk (Circus hudsonius) — Abundant chiefly on the Mainland east and west of the Cascades. Sharp-shinned Hawk (Aipiter velox) — Abundant, chiefly west of the Cas- cades. Cooper's Hawk (A. cooperi) — Rare. Western Goshawk (A. atricapillus striatulus) — Tolerably common through- out Province, especially west of the Cascades. Western Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis calurus) — Very abundant. East and west of the Cascades. Red-breasted Hawk (B. lineatus elegans) — Not very common. Swainson's Hawk (B. swainsoni) — Island and Mainland. American Rough-legged Hawk (Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis) — Taken at Burrard Inlet and at Chilliwhack. Rare. Golden Eagle (Aquila chryaetos) — The whole of British Columbia, but chiefly east of the Cascades. Bald Eagle (Halijeetus leucocephalus) — The Province at large. A resident. The most abundant bird of prey we have, especially along the coast. Prairie Falcon (Falco Mexicanus) — Taken at Chilliwhack. Duck Hawk (F. peregrinus anatum) — Tolerably common east and west of the Cascades. Peak's Falcon (F. peregrinus pealei) — Not common. Pigeon Hawk (F, columlaarius) — Common east and west of the Cascades. Black Merlin (F. columbarius suckleyi) — A common summer resident along the coast. Richardson's Merlin (F. richardsonii) — Not common. American Sparrow Hawk (F. sparverius) — Distributed throughout the Pro- vince. Very abundant. Breeds. American Osprey "Fish Hawk" (Pandion haliaetus carolinensis) — An abun- dant summer resident throughout the Province. Breeds. OWLS. American Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsonianus) — Rare. Short-eared Owl (A. accipitrinus) — Abundant, Island and Mainland. Great Gray Owl (Scotiaptex cinereum) — Rare. Saw-whet Owl (Nyctala acadica) — Not common. Kennicott's Screech Owl (Megascops asio kennicottii) — An abundant resi- dent throughout the Province. Western Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus subarcticus) — Abundant resident throughout the Province. Dusky Horned Owl ''B. virginianus saturatus) — Abundant west of the Cas- cades. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea) — Resident northern portions of the Province. American Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula caparoch) — A resident east o. Cascades. Breeds vallev of the Similkameen. Ca rcj we ou th« Ca Ca Ve res vet of me Ian AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 225 resi- ident Cas- Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea) — East of Cascades. common. Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium gnoma) — Common throughout the Province. Not dents. CUCKOOS. California Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus occidentalis) — Rare summer resi- THE KINGFISHERS. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle Alcyon) — An abundant resident. WOODPECKERS. Northern Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus leucomelas) — Eastern Cascades and Rocky Mountains. Common resident. Harris's Woodpecker (D. villosus harrisii) — West of Cascades. A common resident. Gairdner's Woodpecker (D. pubescens gairdnerii) — A common resident west of Cascades. Batchelder's Woodpecker (D. pubescens oreoecus) — Very common through- out the interior. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus) — Cascade Mountains. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus) — East of and including the Cascades. Resident. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. americanus dorsalis) — Mountains east of Cascades. North to Cassiar. Red-naped Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis) — Common east of the Cascades. Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. ruber) — East and west of Cascades. Common. Williamson's Sapsucker (S. thyroideus) — Taken at Similkameen. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophlceus pileatus) — Common. Lewis's Woodpecker (Melanerpes torquatus) — East and west of Cascades. Flicker "Higholder" (Colaptes auratus) — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Very rare. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer) — East of Cascades. Common. Northwestern Flicker (C. cafer saturatior) — West of Cascades. Abundant. GOATSUCKERS. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus) — East of Cascades. Summer resident. Western Nighthawk (C. virginianus henryi) — West of Cascades. A summer resident. SWIFTS. Black Swift (Cypseloides niger) — A migrant. Vaux's Swift (Chaetura vauxii) — East and west of Cascades, not on Vancou- ver Island. HUMMINGBIRDS. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus Alexandri) — Mainland; both slopes of the Cascades. Rufous Hummingbird (T. rufus) — West of Cascades. An abundant sum- mer resident. Allen's Hummingbird (T. Alleni) — Eastern Cascade and Rocky Mountains. Calliope Hummingbird (T. calliope) — East and west of Cascades. TYRANT FLYCATCHERS. Kingbird (T. tyrannus) — East and west of Cascades. Gray Kingbird (T. dominicensis) — One specimen taken at Cape Beale. Arkansas Kingbird (T. verticalis) — East and west of Cascades, chiefly Main- land. Ml 'b\i 226 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Say's PhcEbe (Sayornis saya)— Ditto. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Contopus borcalis) — Ditto. Western Wood Pewee (C. richardsonii) — Ditto. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difticilis) — Ditto. Trail's Flycatcher (E. pusillus trailii)— New Westminster, Mt. Lehman, and Ashcroft. Hammond's Flycatcher (E. hammondi)— Chiefly on the Mainland, east and west of the Cascades. Summer resident. Wright's Flycatcher (E. Wrightii)— Taken at Chilliwhack. Summer resi- dent. LARKS. Pallid Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris leucolaema^ — In and east of Cascades. Streaked Horned Lark (O. alpestris .«'.rigata) — West of Cascades. Nowhere common. Dusky Horned Lark (O. alpestris merrillii) — Chiefly east of Cascades. CROWS, JAYS, MAGPIES, ETC. American Magpie (P. pica hudsonica) — .A.n abundant resident. Breeds east of Cascades. Steller's Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri) — An abundant resident. Breeds on Island and Mainland. Black-headed Jay (C. stelleri annectens) — East of Cascade and Rocky Mountain districts. Oregon Jay "Whiskey Jack,'" "Hudson's Bay Bird" (Perisoreus obscurus) — Abundant resident. Northern Raven (Corvus corax principalis) — A resident throughout the Province, Northwest Crow (C. caurinus) — Chiefly west of Cascades. Very abundant on coast. Resident. Clarke's Nutcracker "Clarke's crow" (Picicorvus columbianus)— A common resident east of Cascades, West, but rarely, Vancouver Island. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. Cowbird (Molothrus ater) — Similkameen. Yellow-headed Blackbird (X. xanthocephalus) — A rare summer resident. On Mainland, chiefly east of Cascades. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phceniceus) — Chiefly west of Cascades. Breeds on Vancouver Island. Common. Western Meadowlark (Stumella magna neglecta) — East and west of Cas- cades. Abundant. Winters on Vancouver Island. Bullock's Oriole (Icterus bullocki) — East of Cascades only. A rare summer resident. Brewer's Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus) — East and west of Cas- cades. Breeds. FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. Western Evening Grosbeak (Coccothraustes vespertinus montanus) — East of Cascades, straggling west to Vancouver Island. American Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator canadensis) — East and west of Cascades, except Vancouver Island. California Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus californicus) — An abundant summer resident, chiefly west of Cascades. Breeds. Cassin's Purple Finch (C. cassini) — East and west of Cascades. Tolerably common. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor) — An abundant resident. White-winged Crossbill (L. leucoptera) — Mainland and Island. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Lc costicte tephrocotis) — Rocky Mountain dis- trict. li AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 227 Hepburn's Leucostictc "Gray-crowncfl Finch" (Tephrocotis littoralis) — From the coast to tlie Rocky Mountains. Redpoll (Acantliis linaria) — The Province at large, American Goldfinch (Spinas tristis) — Chielly Mainland. Both slopes of the Cascades and Rocky Mountain districts. Pine Siskin, "Pine Linnet" (S. pinus) — The Province at large. An abund- ant resident. SnowHake (Plcclroplicnax nivalis) — An abundant resident. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus) — The Province at large. No- where common. Macown's Longspur (Rhynchophanes macownii) — Chilliwack. Vesper Sparrow (Pooc:etes gramineus) — East of Cascades. Abundant sum- mer resident. Western Vesper Sparrow, "Bay-winged Bunting." (P. gramineus confinis) — Chiefly west of Cascades. Vancouver Island. Sandwich Sparrow (Ammodramus sandwichensis) — An abundant summer resident west of Cascades. Western Savana Sparrow (A. sandwichensis alaudinus) — Summer resident on the coast. Intermediate Sparrow (Zonotrichia intermedia) — Very common east of Cas- cades. Gambel's Sparrow (Z. gambeli) — West of Cascades, especially on the coast. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Z. coronata) — An abundant summer resident. Western Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola ochracea)— Chilliwack. Western Chipping Sparrow (S. socialis arizonjc) — An abundant summer resident east and west of Cascades. Brewer's Sparrow (S. breweri) — Eastern Cascades and Rocky Mountain districts. Slate-Coloured Junco (Junco hyemalis) — Chilliwack. Oregon Junco, "Snow-bird." (J. hyemalis oregonus) — An abundant resi- dent west of the Cascades. Rocky Mountain Junco (J. hyemalis shufeldti) — East of the Cascades. Rusty Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata guttata) — An abundant resident, chiefly coast. Vancouver Island. Sooty Song Sparrow (M. fasciata rufina) — An abundant resident, coast of Mainland. Lincoln's Sparrow (M. lincolni) — East and west of Cascades. Forbush's Finch (M. lincolni striata) — A doubtful species. Townsend's Sparrow (Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis) — West of the Cas- cades. Common summer resident on Vancouver Island. Spurred Towhee (Pipilo maculatus megalonyx) — East of Cascades. Oregon Towhee (P. maculatus oregonus) — Abundant west of the Cascades. Black-headed Grosbeak (Habia melanocephala) — Summer resident east and west of Cascades. Lazuli Bunting (Passerina amoena) — Abundant summer resident, chiefly east of Cascades. Louisiana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana) — An abundant summer resident. Breeds on the Island and Mainland. SWALLOWS. Purple Martin (Progne subis) — A common summer resident, chiefly west of Cascades. Cliff Swallow (P'jtrochelidon lunifrons) — East of the Cascades, where in some localities it is very abundant. Barn Swallow (Chelidon erythrogaster) — Abundant summer resident throughout the Province. White-bellied Swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) — Province at large. Abundant. Violet-green Swallow (T. thalassina) — Abundant summer resident through- out the Province, Rough-winged Swallow ((Stelgidopteryx serripennis) — Common all over the Province. :!!! 228 YEAR BOOK Ol- BRITISH COLUMlilA WAXWINGS. BolK'iiiian \\'a\uii\)^ (Ami)c'lis k-iituIus) — Chiclly cast of Cascades a.i.l Rocky MoiiiUaiii districts. Cedar liird (A. cedronini)— A coniinoii siiiiiurt resident. SIIRIKICS Nortlicrn Shrike, "Butcherbird" (Lanius borcalis) — Province at large. No- where common. / Wliite-rumped Shrike (L. ludoviciaiuis excuhitorides) — Cliilliwack and \ an- couver Ishmd. VI R EOS. tains. Red-eyed Vireo (V^ireo olivaccus)~I',ast of tlie Ca-;ca(U's and at Chilli\v:tck. VVarI)linK X'ireo (\'. gilvns) — luist and west of Cascades. Common sum- mer resident. Western Warbling Virco (V. yilvus swainsoni) — Coast to the Rocky Moun- Cassin's \'ireo (\'. solitarins eassinii)— East and west of Cascades only. Plumoeous Vireo (.V. solitarins plumbcus) — Cliilliwack. WOOD WARBLERS. All the warblers are summer residents. Orange-crowned W^arbler (Ilelniinlhophila celata)--East and west of Cas- cades. Lutescent Warbler (II. celatu lutesccn.s) — Chielly west of the Cascades. Abundant. Yellow Warbler (Dendroica lestiva)— East and west of Cascades. Abundant. Myrtle Warbler (D. coronata^) — Abundant, chielly west of the Cascades. Audubon's Warbler (D. auduboni) — Very abundant over the Province. Black-throated Gray Warbler (D. nigrescens) — Not common. Townsend's Warbler (D. townsendi) — East and west of Cascades. Not common. Hermit Warbler, "Western Warbler" (D. occidentalis) — Chiefly west of Cas- cades. Grinnell's Water-thrush (Sciurus noveboraccnsis notabilis) — Taken at Duck's. Macgillivray's W^arbler (Geothlypis macgillivrayi) — Throughout the greater portion of the Province. Breeds on Vancouver Island. Western Yellow-throat (G. trichas occidentaMs) — Throughout the Province. Pileolated Warbler (Sylvania pusilla pileolata) — Chiefly west of the Cascades. American Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) — Southern portions of the Prov- ince and interior as far as Barkerville. Nowhere common. WAGTAILS AND PIPITS. American Pipit (Anthus pensilvanicus) — East and west of Cascades. Abund- ant. DIPPERS. American Dipper, "Water Ouzel" (Cinclus mexicanus) — Mountain streams in the Province. W'RENS. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis) — Common east and west of Cascades. Summer resident. Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus) — Rare on the coast. Common east of the Cascades. Vigor's V/ren (Thryothorus bewickii spilurus) — A summer resident, chiefly west of the Cascades. A fine songster. 8 ANT) MANUAL OF !'RO\'I N'CI AL INFORMATION. 329 I I'arkmaii's Wreti Crroylodylcs acilon parkiiianii)— Summer resident east aii'l ui'st of tl'c Cascades. Western Winter Wren (T. Incinalis pacitknis) — Chiefly on the coast. Abund- ant. Tulc Wrtii (Cistotliurus palustris paludicola)— Fast of tlic Cascades. Abund- an'.. CRILFl'FRS. California Creeper (Ccrtliia faiuiliaris occidentalis)— Fast and west of the Cascades. NUTHATCH FS AND TITS. Slender-billed Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis aculeata)— Common east of Cas- cades. Rcd-I)reasted Nuthatch (S. caiia''''il"s cyanorcplialiis)— Interior Mainiand. Sonoran Kcd-winn HlacUI)ird (Anelaccns i)li(cniccus sonoricnsis)- -Chilli- Haris's Sparrow (Zonotricliia (lucrula) — Victoria. Western Lark Si)arrow (Cliondcstes tj;ratTiinaceus strigatus)— Sicamous. Bank Swallow (Clivicola riparia) -Last of Cascades. Anthony's Vireo (Vireo luittoni obscuriis)— Victoria. Calaveras W'arblei UI«-"ltnintliopliiIa rnticapilla gutturalis). Ma^jnolia Warbler ( iJendroiea maculosa) — iMcld. Wilson's Warbler (Sylvania pnsilla) — iMold. Rocky Mountain Creejjer (Lertliia fatniliaris montaiia) — Nelson. Columbia Chickadee (I'arus hudsoniius columbianus) — Nelson. Oiive-backed Thrush (.Turdus ustalalus swaiusoniij— Nelson. CI'EN CUT ON THE CONSOI.IDATEU ALBERNI GOLD MINE. iland. :hilli- FOREST WEALTH. NATURALLY in the consideration of tlic rconoinic products of British Co- lumbia comes tlic timber wealth. Apart from minerals it reiiresents the most important and most readily available .esnlts. British Columbia may now be said to possess the greatest compact area of merchantable timber on the North American Continent, and if it had not been for the great forest fires that have ra^cd in the interior in the years pone by, durin^^ which a very large portion of the surface has been denuded of its forest, the available supply would have been much greater than it is. This was an e.\i;;cncy, which, in the unsettled state of the C' untry, could hardly have been provided against, if at all. However, as the coa>l possesses the major portion of the choice timber and that which is most accessible, the ravages of tire have not had. by reason of the dense growth and the humidity of the climate, any a|)preciable effect on that source of supply. As far north as Alaska the coast is heavily timbered, the forest line follow- ing the indents and river valleys and fringing the mountain sides. Logging op- erations so far have extended to Knight's Inlet, a point of the coast of the mainland opposite the north end of Vancouver Island. Here the Douglas fir, the most important and widely dis])ersed of the valuable trees, disappears altogether, and the cypress, or yellow cedar, takes its place. Nortli of this, cedar, hemlock and spruce are the principal timber trees. It will be of interest to know that Douglas fir {Pseudo-tsuga Douglassi) was named after David Douglas, a noted botanist who explored New Caledonia in the early twenties of this century. It is a very widely distributed tree, being found from the coast to the summit of the Rocky Mountains and as far east as Cal- gary and as far north as Fort McLeod. On the coast it attains immense propor- tions, is very high and clear of imperfections, sometimes towering three hundred feet in the air and having a base circumference of from thirty to fifty feet. The best averages, however, are one hundred and fifty feet clear of limbs and five to six feet in diameter. This is the staple timber of commerce, often classed by the trade as Oregon pine. It has about the same specific gravity as oak. with great strength, and has a wide range of usefulness, being especially adapted for construc- tion work. It is scientifically described as standing midway between the spruce and the balsam, and in the opinion of Prof. Macoun. the Dominion naturalist, is a valuable pulp-making tree. Perhaps the next two most important representatives of our forest wealth Duugtiis Fir i § 1 m m 2.32 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I I! Red and I'cllow Cedar. are the red cedar (Thuya gigantea) and the yellow cedar (Thuya excclsa). The former is found all over the Province, but reaches its j^reatest development on the roast, where it out-girths all others. In addition to its conunercial value for shingles and finishing purposes, it is the friend of the settler, inasmuch as out of its straight-grained logs he can build his house, make his furniture and fence his farm, and that with the use of the most primitive of tools only — an axe. a saw, and a froe. It is especially valuable, however, for interior finishing, being rich in colouring and taking on a beautiful polish. For this purpose it is finding an extended market in the east of Canada, and no doubt its merits will soon find ap- preciation far beyond these limits. Important as tlic red cedar is, the yellow cedar, though much more limited in area and (|uantity, is still more important, and I was going to say useful. It is very strong, comparing with the Douglas fir in this respect, is wonderfully durable, finishes to perfection, and grows to great dimensions. Lying farther north, it will not be probably as soon in demand as the more ubiquitous red variety, but is already occupying attention. During the past year an extensive timber limit was disposed of in England, and a company has undertaken its manufacture. The cypress, which is found in great quantities in the interior of Vancouver Island, and on Mount Benson, near Nanaimo, comes within 1,200 f'?et of the sea. Towards the end of the island on Queen Charlotte Islands, and ^n the north coast of the Mainland, it is found lower down and is very plentiful. It is out of the cedar that the Hydah Indians build their celebrated war canoes, some of which have an eight-foot beam, are sixty feet long and can stem the heaviest seas of the coast waters. Coming next in usefulness — and, economically considered, this may oe taken exception to, as there are many who will class it as the most useful of all our tim- bers — is the white spruce (Picca Sitchcnsis). Its habitat is principally low, swami)y and delta lands, usually interspersing the forest of fir and other trees, but in no place is it found in very large or compact bodies. From its comparative scarcity and the many uses to which it may be put, it is commercially more valuable th.in the Douglas fir, to which it is first cousin. It attains a circumference almost equal to the latter, but does not grow so tall or so clear of branches. It is utilized largely for making doors, finishing, salmon boxes, barrels, fruit cases, and many other similar purposes, being, as it is, the best adapted for these uses of all the native timbers. It is par excellence, too, the wood for pulp manufacture, which some d.iy or other will be one of the most important industries of the Province, and con- cerning which more may be said at a later date. It increases in (|uantity as you go northward. H'^mlock (Tsiiga mertensiana) is a common timber, and up the coast is found in considerable quantities. It is a useful tree, and answers about the same purposes as the Douglas fir. For that reason it will not be in general demand until the latter has become to some extent exhausted. White Pine (P. monticola) for cabinet purposes and general utility is very valua1)le, but is limited in quantity. Balsam (A. grandis) is widely distributed, being found principally in river valleys, but is commercially of little value, except ior pulp. With the exception of the yew {Taxiis brei'ifolia) and tamarack, of which there are several varieties, principally (L. occidenlalis), the foregoing are the representatives of tlie family of coniferous trees. Of deciduous trees, the large leaf maple (.leer .^facrofhytluin) . vine maple Other Timbers. , ^'I^ .; V>'^w t'. >i: 1. British Columbia Forest. 2. Logs at Mill. 3. Loading Lumber for Export. ! I li AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 235 (9 til 0) CO <0 03 (Acer clrcinattrn), alder (Alnus rubra), crab apple (Pirns rlvularis), oak (Quercus Garryana), two varieties of poplar or Cottonwood iPoptilus balsamifera) and (trichocarpa), aspen poplar (Popnlus trcmuloides), arbutus (Arbutus Mcnciesii), birch (Bctula occidentalis), willow and juniper are the principal. The maple, alder and arbutus make first-class cabinet woods, though they art not abundant enough to be extensively used for this purpose. They also make popular finishing woods. Poplar, or, as it is more commonly called, cottonwood, has been principally used in the past for the manufacture of "Excelsior," but its greatest use will be in paper-making. The aspen poplar is common in Vancouver Island and the northern interior of the Province. It is also a good paper-maker. The oak is mainly con- fined to the southern end of Vancouver Island. It is a stunted, gnarled species, of little use, but very picturesque. Crab apple is plentiful in swampy places around ponds, beaver meadows and along river banks. The hard woods are usually found in bottom lands, and indicate fruitfulness of the soil. • There is no part of British Columbia where the timber supply is not sufficient for local demands. The principal timber limits and the great bulk of the timber are located on: Vancouver Island, running up the valleys of the Cowichan, Chemainus, Nanaimo, Englishman's, Little Qualicum, Big Qualicum, Comox. Oyster, Campbell, Sal- mon, Adams, and Nimkish Rivers, and French and Black Creeks, and along other streams and tributaries of the foregoing rivers, and in the Alberni Valley; in Westminster District — along the Eraser and Pitt Rivers, on Burrard Inlet, in South Vancouver, and on Howe Sound; the principal inlets of the coast as far as Knight's Inlet; and on the islands in the Gulf of Georgia — notably Cracow. Valdez and Harwick. North of Knight's Inlet, as already stated, comes the cypress and considerable spruce that will yet be largely utilized in commerce. One feature of the forests of the Coast is their density. As high as 500,000 feet of lumber have been taken from a single acre, which seems almost in- credible to a lumberman of the east, whore 20,000 is considered not a bad average. There are over eighty sawmills in the Province, big and small, with a daily capacity of about 2.000,000 feet, mainly on the coast. l)ut this limit has never been reached, the annual cut running between 50,000,000 and 100,000.000 feet. Various estimates have been made of the amount of timber in sight. These range be- tween forty billion and one hundred billion feet, a guess that is Timber Limits. Only practicable as showing the possible limits of supply as ex- tremely wide. The acreage of timber under lease is about 1,175 square miles, and the total area of forest and woodland is put down by the Do- minion statistician as 285,554 square miles, but this must not be taken as all of commercial value, as much of this is covered with small trees, suitable only for a local supply of fuel and lumber. For some time the lumber industry of the Province has suffered a severe depression, but at the present time the indications are favourable to a revival. The future of the lumber industry is very great for British Columbia, and when foreign demand fully revives, and the Nicaraguan Canal has been cotn- pleted, it cannot fail to receive an immcn.se impetus. As it stands at present the Province will be the last resort of the lunibcnnan on this continent, and those who own timber limits will reap rich harvests. Perhaps not the least remunerative will be the by-products, and particularly that of pulp. ^'i 230 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA The following list of trees beionging to the Province has been taken from the Report of the British Columbia Board of Trade. Victoria. The distribution ;tnd economic use and value of the principal of these have been referred to in the foregoing: — UOTA.N'ICAI. N.VMl';. IvNC.I.ISH NAMK. HOTANICAL NAMIC. iCNCiLKSli NAMK. Abies aniabilis White fir. " grandis i Western white fir. " subalpina Mountain balsam. Acer macrophyllum . Large-leaved maple. " circinatuni .... Vine Maple. Alnus rubra Red alder. Arbutus Menziesii . . Arbutus. Betula occidentalis. . Western birch. " pupyrifera . . . Canoe birch. Corntis Nuttallii .... Western dogwood. Juniperus Virginiana Red cedar. Larix Americana. .. . American larch. " Lyalli Mountain larch. " occidentalis . , Western larch. Picea alba White spruce. " Ivngelmanii ,. West'n black spruce. " nigra Hlack spruce. • " Sitchensis .... West'n white spruce. Pinus albicaulis White-bark j^ine. " contorta Scrub inne. Pinus monticola .... White mount'n pine. " Murrayana . . Black pine. " ponderosa .... Velio w jjine. Pirns rivularis Western crab-apple. Populus balsamifera Balsam ijoplar. I " monilifera . Cottonwood, " tremuloides .-^sijen. " trichocarpa Cottonwood. Prunusemarginata. . Cherry. mollis PseudotsugaDougrsi Douglas fir. Quercus Garryana . . Western white oak. Salix lancifolia Lance-leaved willow " lasiandra Willow. Taxus brevifolia .... Western yew. Thuya gigantea Giant cedar. A'ellow cypress or " excelsa cedar. Tsuga Mertensiana . Western hemlock. " Pattoniana . . . Alpine hemlock. Free Grow III. Economically, the value of the forests of British Columbia could be greatly enhanced by diversification. There is such a wide area unsuitable for any other growth than trees and grass that there is almost illimitable opportunity for the seeding and planting of trees on the summit of hills and the sides of hills and mountains, introducing nearly all the deciduous trees of the temperate zone. The climate is favourable to tree growth, and the experience of the Dominion Experimental Farm goes to show that the range of successful'y acclimatized trees and shrubs is verj' wide ind'jed. When we consider the statement of Mr. E. D. N. Southworth, Chief of the Forestry Department in Ontario, that the annual growth in that Province — theo- retically, of course — is fifty times the annual consumption, we can at least im- perfectly imagine the tremendous future possibilities of a coast line so extended and deeply indented, to say nothing of the vast interior. Mr. Southworth's esti- mate, which, as already stated, is a theoretical one. or, rather, is based upon mathem.'iiical conditions of growth, is endorsed by Sir Henry Joly. of Quebec, a reputable authority on the subject. Of course, practically, the increment of forest growth is subject to condi- tions of check, which are obvious, and materially modify actual results. Industrial conditions have so altered of late, and arc so rapidly changing, tl'.at this possible annual growth is of the greatest importance. The increasing demand for wooden ware, manufactured from various products of wood, and the variety of uses to which wood is being put, places a premium on every stick to be grown for all time to come. The value of the younger trees in the manufacture of pulp out of which so many things are liiade, gives a value to our forests they never before possessed. It will be possible hereafter to regard forestry as a branch of agri- culture, and to speak of the wood crop, to reap which it will not be necessary to wait a lifetime. The subject of forestry, as an economic science, is one to which very little attention has been paid in this Province, and there is little to be said so far as a special 1 nowlcdge of the conditions that exist, or of the possibility of develop- ment is concerned, except in so far as the experience of other countries may apply. 1 t :^. 1 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 237 ^ 1 It is one that will yet demand the most serious consideration on the part of the authorities. Not only is the conservation of the forests a matter of very great importance, because the timber is an asset of great value peculiarly subject to depreciation and waste, but of perhaps even greater importance is the utilization of the timber supply economically and advantageously in an industrial way. There is annually a very large waste going on by forest tires, in clearing land and in other ways, and in view of the many uses to which wood and products of wood are now being put, it is a matter of some concern to determine if methods could not be adopted both to minimize waste and turn it to useful account. The manu- facture of wood pulp, of indurated ware, of cabinet woods, of turpentine, of varnish, of tannin, of cordwood, of second rate structural material, of charcoal and of other _, by-products, which enter into modern industrial requiro- ConsideraTiuns. ments. are all matters worthy of attention. Tt is not improbable that a careful study of the economics of forestry would develop a system in connection with tree growtli and forest clearing that would ultimately equalize supply and demand and render the abso- lute destruction of wood as at present unnecessary. It is diflicult to realize the value of forests until they arc gone, and until some chca]) structural material shall have been obtained to wholly take tlie place of wood and fulfill all its uses which does not appear likely to be obtainable, the demand must continue to increase, and British Columbia is of all countries naturally most favourably situated to supply it. As a speculation nothing in the way of national enterprise can ei|ual the desirability of husbanding the natural resource of timber, because it nnist inevitably grow into inestimable value. If in Canada, with a population of 5,000,- 000, the present annual cut of timber is a subject for anxiety as to the future, what consideration will attach to it when the population has grown to 25,000,000? A careful estimate of t'ne aggregate cost of tlie mills in operation places the amount at $1,500,000. This docs not include all the capital invested necessary to carry on the industry, which would increase the amount to $2,000,000. The investment in timber limits is additional to this. Sawmills in British Columbia cost on an average $700 per i.ooo feet of daily capacity, ten hours' running. Of the eighty-five mills constructed not all are in operation, and the greater number are of limited capacity. Although the conditions are hardly ripe for it yet. one of the most promis- ing industries in store for British Columbia is that of the manufacture of wood pulp, and when we consider the opinion of Prof. Macoun that Douglas fir, as well as spruce, is a good pulp tree, the possibilities of the industry, in a Province where Douglas fir is the dominant and most widely distributed conifer, are obvious. A paper mill was started and ran for some time at Alberni, but under conditions not favourable to success, and although it met with failure reorganization on a better and successful business basis, is confidently anticipated. Incidentally, it may be pointed out that the exports of pulp wood of Canada since i8qo have been: — 1891 5i,'^S,(.9S 1S94 .^92,262 1S92 . 2 ;9.45S i,S95 ?46S.^,59 1S93 3S6,( 92 1S96 627,865 The pulp industry is rapidly increasing in Canada and a great many mills are engaged in it. The export of pulp during the past six years has been: — 1890 ..$lhH, iSo 1891 2So,6i9 1892 555. .1"^ 1893 4.S5-895 1894 I547.217 i«95 .590,874 i''^96 675,777 The British demand for wood pulp is largely on the increase. The imports for 1895, for example, were of the value of .£i,574,40o( 297,0118 tons), an increase of ,£150.000 over 1894. The United Kingdom imported in 1895 unprinted pai)er to the value of £2,046,106, and straw boards, mill boards and wood pulp boards to the value of . '--548,254, The exports of paper from the United States were of the value of about £500,000 sterling. At present Great Britain looks chiefly to Germany, Holland, Sweden and Belgium for her imported unprinted paper. ml i I> i 238 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA DOMINION T'MBER REGULATIONS. Timber Licenses. ALL licenses to cut timber are disposed of by public competition. Parties ten- dering are to state sum per square mile wliicb they will pay over and above ground rent and royalty, and cheque to accompany tender. The highest bonus will be accepted. The length of any berth is not to exceed three times the breadth thereof. The licensee to pay a ground rent of five ($5.00) dollars per square mile, except for lands situated west of Eagle Pass, British Columbia, in which case it will be five (sc.) cents an acre. Within one month after obtaining a timber berth the licensee is to pay a year's rental in advance, and if not then paid, the said rental shall bear interest at six (6) per cent. per annum until paid. The licensee is to pay a royalty of five (S) per cent, on sales, or on the value of lumber in the log. If on the latter, it will be calculated on the average price of lumber for the three months previous to payment of dues. Timber from the berth must be manufactured at the sawmill of the licensee. The royalty on lumber, etc., made from burnt timber is two and one-half (2J/2) per cent. On the first day of May of each year licensee shall send a sworn detailed statement to proper officer, appointed for that purpose, of the number of pieces of timber, lumber, etc., and the correct measurement of same, according to Scrib- ner's Log Rule, cut in the previous twelve months. All shortages, or dis- crepancies, between amount of the sales and the said statement are to be ac- counted for to the Minister of the Interior, and the licensee shall pay five (5) per cent, on the value of the deficiency, said value to be based on average price of lumber for the previous six months. Licensees are to furnish each year a ground sketch of exact locality of berth, and within one year from date of such notification from Interior Department, to have and keep in operation a sawmill capable of cutting one thousand (1,000) feet, board measure, in twenty-four (24) hours, for every two and one-half (2j<^) square miles of area licensed, or shall establish such other manufactory of wood goods acceptable to the Minister of the Interior. The licensee cannot assign or transfer his berth without the con- sent of the Interior Department. The licensee has no claim to renewal of license except by an Order-in- Council. In unsurveyed land the party to whom a license is promised shall, before the issue of license, and before any timber is cut, make a survey by a duly quali- fied Dominion Land Surveyor, and he shall be liable for dues on any timber cut subsequent to ten (10) days from tlie date of the award of berth to him. Dues not paid at maturity to bear interest at six (6) per cent., and cut timber on brirth may be seized and sold to satisfy same. All cut timber is liable for Crown dues wherever found or in whatever condition. The licensee has no right to cut timber of less diameter than ten (10) inches, except for roads and to facilitate taking out merchantable timl)er, and shall have no right to interfere witli "Land Settlements," but may within sixty (60) days alter notice of such, remove all timber over ten (10) inches in diameter. This license shall not prevent individual homestead settlers holding free permits from cutting and removing building timber, fence rails, firewood, as such permit ir.ay set forth (and the Government may grant such permits;. ] AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFOR.\JATIO\. 2J9 Licensee may take from every tree cut down all the timber fit for use and manufacture the same, and is to prevent unnecessary destruction of timber from men or fires; to make stated returns of all lumber and its value, sold in any shape; to pay five (S) per cent, on returns of sales, or on ^r^ount Conditions of gf |ijniber in log. unless from burnt timber, which will be two Ucensc. ^^^^\ one-half {214) per cent, (all in addition to ground rent); to keep correct books, subject to inspection of collector of dues; and to the right of the Crown to deal in minerals, etc.. in timber berth, and to make roads for transportation of such, paying licensee for all timber thus used; and to forfeiture for infraction of any one of these conditions. The license c:innot be transferred without the consent of the Minister of the Interior. Permits to cut timl^er. subject to dues hereafter specified, arc granted by public competition. exce'.)t to actual settlers, who can cut timber for his own use without competition. Cordwood 25c. per cord Cordwood of dry or fallen timber, over 7 inches diameter, cut by set- tlers for their own use lOC. per cord Fence posts. 7 ft. long and 5 in. at small end ic. each Fence posts. 8 ft. long and from 5 in. to 9 in. diameter 2c. each Fence rails (poplar) and 5 in. at butt end $2.00 per 1,000 Rails of any other woods. 3 in. at butt end J/aC. each Building logs of poplar. 12 in. at butt end y>c. per lin. ft. Building logs of any other wood. 12 in. at butt end ic. per lin. ft. Building logs of oak. elm. ash, maple, 12 in. at butt end ij<;c. per lin. ft. Shingles 40c. per 1,000 Telegraph poles, per ft. over 22 ft ic. per ft. Telegraph poles. 22 ft. long 5*-'. each Railway ties, 8 ft. long 3c. each Square timber and saw logs of poplar $2.00 per M. ft. B. M. Square timber and saw logs of pine, cedar, spruce, tamarac and other woods $2.50 per M. ft. B. M. Square timber and saw logs of oak, elm, ash, maple $300 per M. ft. B. M. Pickets $350 per M. Piles I K'C. per lin. ft. Shingle bolts 50c. per M. All other products ten (10) per cent, ad valorem. Dues on burnt timber are five (5) per cent, on sales and fifty (50) cents per M. in lieu of rent. A fee of twenty-five (25) cents is charged for each permit. The Minister of Interior will instruct issuers of permits as to quantity of grant and dues to be deposited. Additional dues may be levied for surveying, etc. The pains and penalties of the Dominion Land Act apply to a breach of foregoing rules. Trees are to be cut without waste, and the refuse piled together. Timber permits on school lands may be granted, provided they do not impair the value of the land. Persons exempted from dues are, miners, pros- pectors, travellers, scientists or explorers. Homesteaders may obtain permit to cut 1.800 lineal feet building timber not over 12 in. at the butt end, 400 roof poles. 2.000 poplar fence rails. 30 co'ds dry wood, burnt or fallen timber for fuel or fencing up to 7 in. diameter inclusive. Homesteaders in possession of farms having timber or wood lots will lot get free permit. An order-in-council was passed 3rd of January. 1896, stating that the dues on timber sold in the Province of British Columbia and exported to Manitoba and the North-West Territories will be 5% royalty on the sales and that the dues on lumber otherwise exported from the Province will be at the same rate less a rebate of 40 cents per M. m i li fi |i 240 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA CROWN LANDS. I^HE Crown Lands are surveyed into quadrilateral townships, containing thirty- six sections of one mile square in each, by lines running north and south, crossed by others running cast and west. These sections being in turn divided into quarter-sections of i6o acres each. Unoccupied and unreserved Crown Lands are open to pre-emption for agricultural purposes only throughout the entire Province. Any pcrsoji being the head of a family, a widow or single man over the age of i8 years, and a Brit- ish subject (or, if an alien, upon making a declaration of intention to become a British subject), may become a pre-emptor. A.n/ incorporated company may be- come a pre-empto" by special permission of the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. To the northward and eaptwaid of the Cascade or Coast Range of moun- tains the size of a pre-emption claim may be 320 acres; in the remainder of the mm^ :~ - \ I . Province it: is limited to 160 acres. The procedure to l)e rc-erapti«ii. followed in the acquiring of a pre-emption record is set forth at length in the "Land Act," and is made as simple as possible. The pre- emptor is entitled to a Crown Grant to his land upon paying $1 per acre there- for and (jhtaining a certificate of improvement, the rcciuiremcnts for this pur- pose being: ist, a continuous bono fide personal residence of the pre-emptor, or of his family, on the land recorded by him for the full period of two years after the record; 2nd, permanent improvements on the land to the value of $2.50 per acre; 3rd, if the record be of unsurveyed land, a survey in accordance with the Act; and 4th, if the pre-emptor be r.n alien, his becoming a naturalized British subject. Crown Lands for the purpose of sale and purchase are divided into three classes, and may be purchased in tracts not exceeding 640 acres upon compliance with the Act, under the following classification and prices: ist urc asc. class, agricultural and natural meadow lands, $5 per acre; 2iid class, lands cultivable with the aid of irrigation, $2.50 per acre; 3rd class, moun- tainous and rocky lands, $1 per acre. Timber lands are not open to purchase. Grants of land purchased must provide that in the event of any of the lands being divided into town lots, one- Timbur La d fourth of all the blocks of land shall be re-conveyed to the m ur nn s. (^rown. A purcl.ascr in order to become entitled to purchase a second tract must improve the lands already purchased by him to the extent of $5.00 per acre if first, $2.50 per acre if second, and $1.00 per acre if third-class land. Leases of lands not exceeding 160 acres in extent may be obtained of meadow lands by holders of adjacent land tor a period not exceeding five years at a rental cf 10 cents per acre, and of lands for the openin, or working of quarries, or as sites for fishing stations, for a <.eim of twenty-one years at a rental to be fixed by the Government. Lands held by the Crown Leasts. within a city may be leased for any term not exceeding t«n years; and agricultural lands which have been surveyed into lots of twenty acres or less may be leased to British subjects upon building conditions, and upon a stipu- lation that the lessee shall, at the end of the term, if he has complied with ilo lease, receive a Crown Grant of his leasehold lot. The right to cut timber on Crown Lands may be obtained in several iD'jthods, the simplest of which i? tht taking out of au annual license, upon pay- ment of $10, entitling the holder to cut timber as a hand logger Crown Lands, ^p^^^ Crown Lands, not being limbei limits, without any reser- vation as to area. The timber cut under such license is subject to royalties to the Crown. . ^ *' V /N • r-.\^: r"Vi. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 241 A special license may be obtained, valid for one year, tor $50, entitling the holder to cut timber upon a specified tract, not exceeding 1,000 acres, subject to the paynent of royalties to the Crown. Ti-nber leases a. .« to be put up for public competition for periods not ex- ceeding twenty-one years, and may be granted to the tenderer who offers the highest cash bonus, in addition to an annual rental of 15 cents per acre and the eayment of royalties. A rebate of 5 cents per acre on the rent may be obtained y erecting a saw mill appurtenant to the leasehold. The royalties payable to the Crown amount to 50 cents per 1,000 feet board measure on all timber: 50 cents per cord on railway ties and mining props; 50 cents on every 200 running feet of piles, and 25 cents on every cord of wood. There is reserved to the Crown a royalty of 5 cents per ton on all merchantable coal obtained from lands held urder Crown Grants. This reser- vation of royalty does not apply to land held under earlier grants in which the coal was not eitiier reserved to the Crown or made subject to a royalty. .'I THE LUMBER CUT. STATISTICS of the timber and lumber industry are not available prior to the year 1888, when the reports of the Inspector of Forestry began to be published. Since that time a very complete annual statement has been included in the report of the Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works. However, a careful estimate of the cut of timber in the Province, since the commencement of the industry, made from available data in various years gives the following result: To 1871, 250,000,000 feet; from 1871 to 1888, 595,000,000 feet; from 1888 to 1896 inclusive, 654,986,465 feet, or in the aggregate, 1,500,000,000 feet. Taking into consideration annual growth, and assuming that effective measures for a reasonable protection of the forests from the ravages of fire could be maintained, the timber supply, at the present rate of consumption, would remain perpetual, so that the conservation of forests becomes one of the most important subjects that can engage the atten- tion of the legislators; but forest fires, the clearing of land, and the reckless de- foresting for lumbering purposes, are having appreciable effects in reducing the supply. The following is a statistical statement of the lumbering industry since 1888:— !#; Year. No. Daily Capacity. ACREAGK Lumber Cut. Mliyl^S. feet. UNDER Lease. feet. 1888 25 769,000 135,063 31,868,384 1889 30 1 ,089,000 179,224 43,852,138 1890 41 1,343,000 225,526 79,177,055 1891 57 1,796,000 273,428 83.108,335 1892 57 1,752,000 386,122 64,186,820 1893 60 1,785,000 496,956 60,587,360 1894 66 1,786,000 524,573 64,498,227 J895 77 1,815,000 495,346 112,884,640 1896 85 1,903,000 496,746 112,957,106 The value of the exports of lumber since Confederation is shown in the table of exports given elsewhere. 1*1 f 242 YEAR BOOK. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA * I LU OQ D O H Q« X c/i < •T C> C^ "1 ^ lAi r^ r N "1 t>. >=2 o m ■s|,iss.<_\ -ox — — — 1-1 M 00 00 r; ■ u-i o 'O -t C. "1 ri in in in ''I o^ >-• *f t so JC oc s >n -jO SO 8^ o PI t^ t^ <• 00 rj^i . ^3 ge r; « ' l< r^ S! H ¥* sx «/> 1 • _ 9.^ ■SJOSSO^ -Olli; N --It N t ui t>i r^ Q ii: 5; ^ § »> CA is .3 * PI M 00 Cli t^iS V S t-». 'I ^5 •1 M q^ m pT i8 •spssDA -ox in M ""'0 ro l-CI i>5 0^ '■n in cw • ri 00 t-l »-« t^ »>. PI - « fo 1^ I - - O r^ 00 O !> - — 0^ O PI ro d^ -f 00" o 00 P4 00 - a^ 1^ -i- VO I-- in — KO - mx r^oo ^ X t^X X X On — INI X I O PI -•o m Cv X Q "•n <7 vO Ov ■^ r^ •* "ISO t ttx rn in>o — \0 c — in P) PI r", ON'O — in rf 'o" d^^-D — l-C — — P4 — "■1 X PI sjossOyY Miij — \r,KO '■'t — PI — — — P|r<~TtP| ~pV o o o^ pr«t t~, o O — — r^i C^ O O t-» O O PI r^ ir o t^ PI -t rn r^ ro — X O '■O ■* - 1^ O C^ '■n 1^ — O X \0 1^ X tT rn 1^ - t f n ri vO vO rn — PI 'n X PI Tj- o C^ 1^ i/^ — ^ — vo — '^ t^^O m t>. t O i» X f O — — PI — — PI I O m i Pl_ PI I ri in I ri X PI PI PI rt ha V >^3 aj 5 Ox - C O I. "C 'O rt - = . - •3 E~ cO- c "■' 2 r r>. ON X o £ ■j: 1-1 «2 X ■s I T r^HE British Columbia Coast of tlic Pacific Ocean extending iroiu llie 49rli parallel to Alaska is extensive and deeply indented. Vancouver Island and Queen Charlotte Islands, standing out seaward, are separated from the Mainland by numerous channels and thousands of islands jjrouped in minor archipelagos. Stretching inland are many long inlets, the whole contig- ufcition being irregular, but exceedingly picturcsqup and rich in food fishes. From the time the Strait of Juan dc Fuca is entered until the farthest point north is reached, with the exception of Queen Charlotte Sound, where the ocean swell is felt, and a few tide rips, it is one continuous, glassy reach of water, which offers no obstacles to navigation, and renders coasting deliglitfully easy and [)Ieas- ant. The conditions on the whole are most favourable to conducting the fish- ing industry. It is for the purpose of portraying the wealth of these waters, whicli, with the >ne notable exception of salmon canning, have been but faiiitly exploited, tiiat this chapter is penned. From time prehistoric the Indians of the coast in their primitive way pursued the almost sole means of livelihood, fishing, and with a temperate clime and an abundant supply of this food at all seasons, existence was, except in so far as tribal warfare endangered it, in no sense precarious. Says Mr. Ashdown Green, a local authority in piscatorial science, "Unlike the Indians of the plains, whose lives depended on their exertions and who had to roam over a vast extent of couiilry to obtain meat enough to put up for winter use, the fish-eating Indians could count securely upon their winter supplies com- ing to their very doors." Those on the Mainland coast had immense supplies of salmonid-e in their seasons, which for winter use they dried, smoked or other- wise preserved in unlimited quantities. Those on the western coast depended upon the halibut and cod, which, too, were without limit as to numbers and within easy reach. These were cut into strips and dried, and were edible to even more cultivated palates than those of the natives. To take the fishes first in the order of their importance, we have the salmon, of which there are several varieties, enumerated as follows: Quinnat, Chinook '.roperly within the Federal jurs- ciction, the experience of years has gone to s'low. judging by results, that the efiect on the quantity or quality of the salmon entering the river, is inappreciable. The only practical solution of the problem, however, is the utilization of the offal as a fertilizer, by m ' i; I 254 YEAR BOOK. OF BRITISH COLUMBIA 8. No seines shall be used witliin the distance of 500 \ards from any j^oint in any direction wliatever from an imaginary line drawn across tlie niuuth of any river or stream in British Columbia, and the points between which the said line shall be drawn shall be fixed by the Inspector of Fisheries. 9. No one shall fish for salmon from Saturday morning at 6 o'clock until the following Sunday afternoon at 6 o'clock. (Heavy penalties arc imposed for violation.) ID. Before any net or fishing boat or other fishing apparatus is used, the owner or person interested in such net, fishing boat or fishing apparatus shall cause a memorandum m writing, setting forth the name of the owner or person interested, the length of the net or boat, aiid ihe description and size of any fishing apparatus it is the intention to use, and the place wlierc it is proposed to use the same, to be filed with the Inspector of Fisheries, and if no valid objection exists, the Inspector of Fisheries may. subject to si'^h instructions as he may receive from time to time from the Ministe: of Mp.r .e nd Fisheries, issue a fisi.c.y license for th( '.ame. (Violations subi* ,1. to h- a," p nalties.) i,. Ail nets and : ■ bing bo.il. -.'taW be numbered, and every boat shall have its number and the name of its oxvncr paiiiied on it in a conspicuous manner, and every net shall have the nann^ of us ov. /nr «^r owners, as well as the numbers, legibly marked on buoys of wood uv met li r-aintcd white, and lloating on tlie viater, attached to each end of the net. and such names and numbers shall be per- manently kept on such nets and boats during the fishing season. ;ia aiiy younq: of the salmon such as fry, parr, smolt, or grilse, und'.M" tiiree pounds in weigl.t, and if any such young are cauglit by acci- dent in nets or o^^her fishing apparatus, they sliall be liberated alive at the cost and ri.sk of the owner of such net or ap .iratus. 24. Holders of licenses for aoing nets to catch salmon trout and uiiitclish in t' i lakes in the Province of British Columbia may use gill-nets, such nets not to exceed one thousand yard, in lengtii, with the meshes not less than live inches extension measi"-"^. The fee for a license to catcli salmon trout and whitrtish shaP be tin duliars ($5). 25. No one shall fish for. catch, buy. sell or possess in the Province of Brit- ish Cokimbia any salmon trout or whitofish from tlie first day of October to tlie 30th day of November, both days inclusive. j(>. No one shall fish for, catch, kill, buy, sell or possess any brook trout of any kind, or speckled trout, between the 15th day of Octoi)cr and the isth day of March, both days inclusive. But Indians may at any time c;'"h such trout for the purpose of providing food for themselves and tlicir famil- . -^ for no other purpose. 27. No one shall at any time fish for, catch or kill !• ok any kind of speckled trout by other means than angling with hook and n, , ui •! this restric- tion shall apply to Indians. 28. The use of firearms of anv kind, explosive matt-rial, spears of any de- scription or torch or other lights to kill fisli is proliibited ir tlie I'rovince of British Columbia. The following provisions are contained in the I'ishc ■ Act, C. 95, K. S.: — Every dam, slide, or other obstruction across or in any stream where the Minister of Marine and Fisheries determines it to l)e necessary for the public interest that a fish-pass should exist, shall be provided l)y tlie owner or occupit-r with a durable and efficient fisli-way, which shall be maintained in practical and effective condition, in whatever pUice and of whatever form and capacity will admit of the passage of fish through the same; and the place, form and capacity of the fish-way may be prescribed by any fishery ofticer by notice in writuig. Every one who violates the provisions of the foregoing section shall incur a penalty of four dollars for eacii day during which any such obstructi(jn remains unprovided with a fisii-way, after three days* notice in writing to the owner or occupier thereof. Fish-ways shall be kejjt open and unobstruc'.ed, and shall be supplied with a sufficient quantity of water to fulfill the purposes of this enactment, during- such times as are required by any fishery officer. No person shall injure or obstruct any fisli-way. or do anything to ' or hinder fish from entering and ascending or descending the same, or injure .jr obstruct any authorized barrier. Sec. 14. ss. 2. Seines, nets, or other fishing apparatus shall not be set in ;-uch a manner or in such places as to obstruct the navigation with boats and vessels, and no boats or vessels shall be permitted to destroy or wantonly injure in any way any seines, nets or other fishing apparatus lawfully set. No one shall catch, kill or molest fish when passing or attempting to pass through any fish-way or fish-pass, or in surmounting any obstacle or leap, — or shall use any invention to catch, kill or molest fish in the mill-dams, fish-w.iys, mill-heads and water courses appurtenant thereto. Nets or other fishing apparatus shall lot be so used as to impede or divert the course of fish in any small river. Every one who throws overboard ballast, coal ashes, stone or other pre- judicial or deleterious substances in any river, harbour or roadstead, or any water where fishing is carried on, or throws overboard or lets fall upon any fishing bank or ground, or leaves or deposits or causes to be thrown, left or deposited, upon 'a ;i3 250 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA the shore, lieach or ba ->f .my water, or upon the beach between hiffli and low water mark, inside of an.- dtlal estuary, or within two hundred yards olthc mouth of any salmon river, remains or offal of tish, or of marine animals, or leaves de- cayed or decaying fish in any net or other fishing apparatus, shall be liable, for each offence, to a penalty not cxccediiii? oiil- hundred dollars, or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months; Provided always that such remains or offal may be buried ashore, beyond high water mark, ?nd at establishments situated inside of the mouths of rivers for carrying on dee|>-sea fisheries, the same may be dropped into i>erforated boxes or enclosures built upon the beach, or under stage-heads, in such manner as to prevent the same from being floated or drifted into the streams, or may be disposed oi in such other manner as any fishery officer prescribes. Lime, chemical substances or drugs, poisontjiis matter, dead or decaying fish, or any other deleterious substance, shall not be thrown into, or allowed to pass into, or l)e left or remain in any water fieiiuented by any of the kinds of fish mentioned in this Act; and every one wlio throws or allows to drift into any stream fie(|uented by fish, saw-dust or mill rtil)l)isli shall incur a penalty not ex- ceeding one hundred dollars. (The Minister of Marine and Fisheries may exempt from the operation of this sub-section, wholly or partially, any stream or streams in .espect to whicii he considers that its enforcement is not requisite in the pub- lic interest.) The tidal boundary for salmon net fishing within the estuary of the Fraser River to be from a line drawn from the mouth of Sumas River to a point due north across the above-named stream. In the Naas River, from a line drawn across said river, at right angles from a place known as Rocky Point, on the right bank thereof, immediately above Fishery Bay. In the Cowichan River, at a line drawn from Cowiohan Wharf due nortli. In Wanuck River. Rivers Inlet, from a line drawn north-west from the Vic- toria Packing Co.'s wharf to the opposite shore. In the discharge of his duties any fishery officer, or other person or persons accompanying him or authorized to such effect, may enter upon and pass through or over private property without being liable for trespass. Disputes between persons relative to fishing limits or claims to fishery sta- tions, or relative to the position and use of nets and other fishing apparatus, shall be settled by the local fishery officer. Gurry grounds may be designated and defined by any fishery officer. The use of nets or other apparatus for the capture of salmon shall be con- fined to tidal waters, and any fishery officer may determine the length and place of each net or other apparatus used in any of the waters of Canada: Provided, that no one shall fish for or catch salmon with swing nets in any of the waters of Canada. The Minister, or any fishery officer authorized to such e(¥ect, shall have power III define the tidal boundary of estuary fishing for the purposes of this Act; and every one who, without the special fishery lease or license above provided for, fishes for salmon above the actual limit so laid down, except vvith a rod and line, in the manner known as fly-surface-fishing, shall be liable to a penalty not ex- ceeding one hundred dollars, and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding two months. AND M.\NUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORM.\TION. 257 A QUESTION OF JURISDICTION. IN tlie special case referred by the Governor-General-in-Council to the Supreme Court of Canada, and intituled "In the Matter of Jurisdiction over Provincial Fisheries," reported in Vol. 26. Supreme Court Can. Reports. 444, the Court held:— {a.) That the beds of all waters, except the beds of public harbours vested in the Dominion at Confederation, belong to the respective Prcjvinces in which they are situate, without any distinction between the various classes of waters: (b.) The Dominion Parliament cannot authorize the giving l)y lease, license or otherwise, the right of fishing in non-navigable waters, nor in navigable waters the beds and banks of which are held by the Provinces. The legislative authofity of the Dominion is confined to the regulation and conservation c. sea-coast and inland fisheries under which it may reciuire that no person shall fish in public waters without a license from the Department of .Marine and Fisheries, may impose fees for such license and prohibit all fishing with- out it, and may prohibit particular classes, such as foreigners, unconditionally from fishing. The license as required will, however, be merely personally conferring qualification, and will give no exclusive ri^ht to fish in a partic- ular locality. HATCHERY— DISTRIBUTION OF FRY. ^! M A HATCHERY was established in British Columbia and put into operation in 1885. Additional accommodation for hatching purposes is promised. Re- cently shipments of lobsters and oysters were made from the Atlantic and planted in British Columbia waters. The result of these shipments is yet unknown. and is looked forward to with interest, as, if the conditions are favourable, the extent of sea coast would materially augment the fishery wealth of tlie Province. The following is the record of the hatchery up to the present year: — 1885 1886 1887 1888 1,800,000 L>,6l'.'),000 4,414,000 .■),» .7,000 1889 IMlK) 1891.... 1892 4,41',i,000 f.,t) 10.000 :),r,o:i,soo 6,o0O,iJOO ' \».y 199.920 (K) 35,115 'X> 35,642 00 72,157 00 103,991 00 7,300,299 00 92,175 CM) 298,604 50 1,164,718 00 298.921 50 2,160,612 50 $4,314,857 00 $45,912,686 30 ♦Kstininted. fNovn Scolin $i'l4,43o,q4J 00 fNcw Ilniiiswick • 8,y?y,H55 00 f I'riiicc Kdwnrd Island 24,270,5^0 00 fQuebec 44,557,212 00 toiitnrio $26,192,44200 tMnnitoba nnd N.W. Territories. . s,75o'o(m 00 fVnlues for iSy6 estMr.,ied on b.isis of'prfeediiig years. I From 18S6. VALUE OF FISHERIKS' PRODUCT OF BRITISH COLUMBL\ By years compared with Canada. Fishery Output. British Columbia. 1 Canad.v. i 1 Fishery Output. Cc^SSi^a. CAX.n.. 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 $ 104,697 00 583,433 00 925,767 00 631,766 00 713,335 00 1,454,321 00 1,842,675 00 1,644,646 00 1,358,267 00 1,078,038 00 1,577,348 00 j $11,117,000 00 12,005,934 CX) 13,295,678 00 13,529,254 00 14,499,979 00^ 15,817,162 00 16,824,092 00 16,958,192 oo| 17,766,404 00; 17.722,973 00: 18,679,288 00 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 $11,914,293 00 $168,215,956 cx> 1,974,887 00 18,386,103 CK) 1,902,195 00 17,418,510 00 3,348,067 00 17,655,256 00 3,481,432 00 17,714,902 00 3,008,755 00 18,977,878 00 2,849,483 00 18,941,171 00 4,443,963 00 20,686,660 00 3,950,478 00 20,719,573 00 4,401,354 00 20,199,338 00 4,314,857 00 *20,500,000 cx> *5,ooo,ooo 00 *2i,ooo,ocx) 00 $11,914,293 00 $168,215,956 00' 1 $50,589,764 00 $380,415,347 I'O ♦Estimated. AND MANUAL OF PROVINXIAL INFORMATION. 259 iiig DO tX) CX) GO GO UO OO OO OO OO OO OO C)0 SCHKin'LK OF CANNKRIKS, 1896. Nanu' of CHiiiierv. SKKKNA KIVKR. Carlisle Carlisle racking Co., Munii, Holland & Co. Sandanl Victoria CaiiniiiK Co. I.d. Inverness Turner, Heeton & Co. Halinoral Turner, Heeton & Co. Windsor B.C. Canning Co.. Ud. North I'acific) . ,. -a ,, ''t';r^''".". ) " ''^" '""'« s' ^°- SkeenaCann'ry Cunninj^hatn & Son. Royal Canadian Royal Can. Packing Co. NAA.S RIVKR. Naas Harbour/ i Federation Hraiid Can- Mill Ray ( [ > ning Co. RIVKR.S' INI.KT. Brunswick Brunswick Canning Co. (;ood Hope H. Bell-Irving & Co. Victoria / < British Columbia Can- Rivers' Inb't.f } ning Co., Ltd. Warnock Victoria Can. Co., Ltd. I.owe Inlet; Cannery .... CunninghaTU & Rhude. Alert Bay Can- nery S. A. Spenser. Naniu Harbour Cannery . . . . R. Dranie. Clayoquot Can- (iClayoquot Fishing & nery '( Trading Co. XootkaCann'ry West Coast Packing Co. FRA.SKR RIVER. Kwens A. Ewen & Co. . Westhani Isl'nd McDonald Bros. Westminster . . Sam Tung. Name of Cannery. Pacific Coast. . . Federation. . . . Mai comb & Windsor . . . . Star Fishermen's . . . John A. Hume . Sea island . . . . Imperial Canadi<«n Pac- ific Delta Harlock. . . . Holly Wellington . Terra Nova. . . . .\tlas Richmond. . . t Beaver ji' Provincial Anglo .\meric'n Brunswick Boutillier Phoenix Britannia. . .. Wadham's . . Canoe Pass. . British Amer- ican , B.C. Cannery . Industrial . . . Alliance Dinsmore I'd . McPherson's. . Fraser River.. Owners or .\gents. N. H. Bain. Walter M(»rris. Malcomb & Windsor. Costello & McMoreii. S. Hinchcliffe. J. A. Hume & Co. Munn iS: Co. Short & vSquire. Canadian Pacific Can. Co. Victoria Canning Co., Ltd. Rowen Bros, Hobson & Co. J. H. Todd & Son. Provincial Canning Co. E. Pen/er. Brunswick Canning Co. Boutillier & Co. H. Bell-Irving & Co. P. Birrell. H. Youdal. R. Colquhoun. Goodmurphv & Co. McPherson.ilickev &Co. M. Costello. THE ANNUAL PACK (since the beginning of the industry). Year. Ca.se.s. Year. 1876 1877 9,847 67.387 113,601 61,093 61,849 117,276 225,061 196,292 141,242 108,517 161,264 j 1887 1888 1878 1879 1889 1890 1880 1891 1881 1892 1882 1893 1883 1894 1884 1895 . . ' 1896 i l88s 1886 ' Case.s. 204,083 181,040 414.294 409464 22^,470 590,229 '^94,371 566,395 601,570 iHi! 26o YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA I . THE SALMON PACK, 18^7. BELOW is given a list of the packs by the different Frasei River canneries and the aggregate of the pack of the Northern canneries this year. The Fraser pack, which is larger by a great deal than any previous year, is estimated at 840,000 cases, and that of the Northern canneries 200,000 cases. The returns, which are approximately correct, are as follows : — WESTMINSTER CITY. CASES. Cleeve Canning & Cold Storage Co 20,000 Ontario Packing Co. (Brennan's) ic,cxx) Boutillier & Co 10,000 Sinclair & Co 12,500 Western Fisheries Co 12,500 Westminster Packing Co. (Lam Tung) 20,000 NORTH ARM. Provincial Canning Co 9,000 Alliance Packing Co 6,000 Terra Nova Cannery 15,000 McPherson 8 Hickey 20,000 Sea Island (Munn & Co.) 32,000 Dinsmore Island Packing Co. . . 9,000 Richmond (Todd & Son) 18,000 Welch & Co 12,000 SOUTH ARM AND CANOE PASS. Westham Island Packing Co. (McDonald Bros.) 15,000 Anglo-American Packing Co. . . 18,000 Currie & Mc Williams 22,000 Gulf of Georgia ... 50,000 Star (Costello) 22,000 Light House (formerly Federa- tion) 25,000 London (formerly Lulu Island). Hume & Co. (English) Pacific Coast Packing Co. (Bain) Colonial Canning Co Beaver (Todd & Sons) Canadian Pacific (Hennessy). . . Fraser River Industrial Society Ewen & Co ' Deas Island Cannery Fishermen's (Hinchcliff) Victoria Packing Co Harlock Delta Wellington Anglo-Britisii Can. Packing Co. British Columbia Phcenix Britannia Canoe Pass Wadhams' British-American Brunswick Canning Co. (Canoe Pass) Brinswick Canning Co. (Steves- ton) Northern Canneries (no details at hand) CASES. 21,000 17,000 25,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 II,OfX) 39,oi.)o 27,500 21,000 19,000 25,000 12,000 i6,(.oo 33. '"'^ 31,000 20,000 28,500 20,0<)() 25.000 22,000 2893. Cases 1892. Cases 1891. Fraser River 356,984 107. 46S 100.140 14.649 10,395 5.107 3.987 2,840 400,368 58,579 67.797 19.550 8,681 3.320 3.000 5,vx> 363.967 39.351 61,151 19.587 8.315 2,000 457.797 38.659 59.683 15.190 8,724 3.700 6,476 80,215 15,126 89,780 25,434 8,161 !j'.598 6,156 228,470 178.954 34.924 78.135 10.323 8,031 650 3.876 Rivers' Inlet Skeena River Naas River Lowe Inlet West Coast, V.I Namu Harbour Alert Bay Gardiner's Inlet 601,570 566,395 ; 494.371 590,229 314.893 AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 261 Numbet of men employed and capital invested in Fishing Plant and Fur Sealing Industry of British Columbia aud Dominion of Canada for the year 1.S95 : — British Columiiia. Can.m, \. KlSllKKIKS. SK.M.I.VC. No. Value. No. 1,642 12,47s 61 217 4? I Vahie. No. 9,804 61,530 1,221 34,26« Value. No. of fishermen in vessels •i6s " " boats " vessels " boats 119 $2i;,4io (X) 2,600 106,050 00 1389,200 00 2I,7<*) 00 10,525 00 j2,3lS,2iji 00 4,2oH,3ii 00 Other material ISi^iS'J <*o f 1,664,010 Oo 1 $421,425 00 J9.a53.M8 00 Total invested in H.C $2.0^5,435 00 Since the year 1895, which is the last year jjivinj^r official returns, the capital invested in British Columbia fisheries has increa.std one-third ot the total amount and the approximate value is now (1897) 52,780,580.00. n PACIFIC COAST FISHERIES. i ;es 954 924 135 323 "31 650 S76 893 FOR the purpose of comparison, tlu statistics t>l'the whole Pacific Coast are given, as extracted from the reports of the United States Fishery Commission, riiibr- tunately, although the latest report was issued in 1895, it does nut contain information subsequent to 1892. That year, however, may be taken as a fairly average one ; and while in the United States the outpu*^ has not materially increased since 1892, that of British Columbia has in a most important degree. The enquiries of the United States l-'isheries' Commission disclosed the fiict that in 1892 the number of persons engaged in the fisheries of the Pacific vStates was 16,929; of whom 5,403 were in California, 4.332 in Oregon. 4. 3ioin Washington, and 2,884 in Alaska. ■ The aggregate capital invested was found to be $9,002,314. The shares of the different States were, f2.52b.746 for California; $2,272,351 for Oregon ; $1,593,567 for Washingtor.. and j.2. 609.650 for Alaska. The value of the catch was $6,245,192; a sum representing the products as landed by the fishermen. Of this amount California is credited with $3,022,991; Oregon with $872,405 ; Washington with $93i,568.^and Alaska with $1,418,228. The extent of the industry of the Pacific Coast in 1892 is shown in the follow- ing figures, the numbers for^ British Columbia, Oregon, Washington and Alaska being separately given : l}l i !t I 'I if Jt)^ YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Plack. 5-2 ^ B liritish Columbia 5.177 California 222 (~)rf^'oii i,5'o Wasiiingtuii S^i Alaska 1.399 ■j: 59 6 22 1.1 15 Total Investment. $1,771,352 00 135,000 00 1,433,000 00 889,750 00 1,560 90 00 2,327,981 00 1,809,820 00 2,407,4.56 00 2.240,964 00 2,679,069 00 2.107,500 00 I43.585.790 00 m > r i o r m m H i? I 'k: ' J 1 li 1 1, 1 1 1 ' 1 h, J, #1 ''xl 1 » « Hi t ' I I ! r r. A Ci/^APTER IN SEALING LIFE. $tl SCtLINO.' AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 26s THE ALASKA SALMON PACK FROM 1883 TO 1893 ; Yrar. 18H3 1884 1885 1886 36,CKX) 45,(xxj 74.850 120,700 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 190,200 298,000 675,000 641,449 1891. 1892. 1893- Number of Cases. 808,908 468,970 636,427 SEALING OPERATIONS. THK industry of sealing has had many vicissitudes larj^ely arising out of the international issues involved. For some ye4;rs it was very hcrative. but !a"- terly owing to the low prices of seal ski is, and the complications and lusse- arising out of the Behring Sea question the industry has suffered severely. It is confined, so far as the Province is concerned, pn.^cipally to Victoria. The iniijorl- ance of the industry may be judged by the following particulars: There are sixty- five schooners of a net tonnage of 4.292 registereo, valued at $614,500. VAy^d hundred and seven whites and nine hundred and three 1 idians are employed. Tin.' annual cost of outfitting is about $135,000, and some $,v'o.oer annum .or tlie past three years, of which $500,000 is the product of Behring Sea. A CHAPTER IN SEALING LIFE. The plate on page 264 entitled, "A Chapter in Sealing T-ii-- plete and suggestive than anything that could be written about it from j)hotographs taken by Mr. Maynard on Pribyloff Islaii' grounds in JBchring Sea of the seals. The first shows a herd beach disporting themselves on the sand: in the second they in great numbers to the slaughter grounds; in the third the yru clubbed to death; in the fourth view the seals are being skin are spread out in great numbers. This industry is carried on - mercial Company as an exclu-sive monopoly. . IS more ci>ni- The views are 1-^, the breeding i' seals near the e being driven seals are being i. and the ^kins he .Vlaska C-itn- .SKAI.INO OPKRATIONS IN BRITISH C(JI.UMUIA SINv i iSqo. 9 10 1895- Niiniber Vessels 64 Tonnage 4,096 Value j f4'9.3*'o Number Whites 1 705 " Indians R54 " Canoes 421 Uoats , 210 Value Uoats $31 .sz? Catch 70,739 Value I 1707.390 1894. 59 3,866 386,600 888 .S78 259 26^) $33,075 94.474 J944.740 >893- 55 3-743 1384,200 84f 432 204 256 $30,700 68,231 1843,984 180 6t) 4.45<^ $513.(100 g6i 57" 250 28 1 J28,i( 46,3 $60^,701 1891. $4 5« 3.378 .8,606 716 336 $57,900 52.995 I794.925 1S90. 29 2,042 $2.-.S.250 678 250 107 $10,825 54,853 $5i'>.5n job YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLL.vlBIA I 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. SEALING CATCH. THE CATCH KOR THE PAST EIGHT YEARS HAS HKEN : 35.310 1893 70.592 43.325 1894 97.474 52,365 1895 74.124 49.743 1896 55.677 LIST OK TlIK CI.AI.MS KOR COMI'KNSATION IN RKSPIXT (>r TIIK SKIZCKKS 1)1' IIKITISII VKHSKI.S IN HKIIKINc; SKA IIV THE AUTHORITIKS OK TIIK rNITK.I) STATKS. YEAR. Vksski.. Amount I Claimed. ' Total. 1S86. Caroleiia J.'^S.oSO 25 Tbornton ' 42,163 04 (iiiwanl 45,570 10 Favourite 6,20200 Black Diamond... 10,68700 f W. 1'. Say ward $47,9H4 y6 Anna Heck 54,30908 ] Alfred Adams 20,746 00 1887 .-i Uolphin 68,897 71 I Grace 64,498 25 I Ada 61 ,003 07 Triumph 5,32550 i 1142,711 39 YEAR, 1889. VKSSH... ' ^momu I t„,,,. 322,764 57 1890. 1892. Jitanita ... $32,481 I'atlitinder 34,622 do iniack Diamond.. . 41,901 00 Lily 34, ,'^74 00 Minnie 40,41)70.1 Triumph 40,95000 Ariel 20,001 00 I Kate 22,384 00 ' Wanderer ''^,^97 <>o il'athfinder I Henrietta $21,404 10 Oscar and Hattie. 11,3651x1 Winnifred 6,63305 {Costs Sayw'd Ca.se $286,277 JX) 3,70000 3y,4'>2 15 62,847 12 Total $857, 7"2 23 Interest on above at the tate of 7 per cent, from dates mentioned in the pavticularN until payment. THE BEHRING SEA QUESTION. I ! A S intimated in a former part of this book, the Beliriiig Sea Question, whicli is intiirately connected with the sealing interests, grew out of tlic old and hi.storic subject of boundaries on the nortliwest coast of America, and is one of the brandies of liic diplomatic dispute originating prior to the Russian Treaty of 1.S25. The Oregon boundary, the San Juan difticulty. and the .Vlaskan Bound- ary Question are limbs of the same tree. It is not necessary Origin ..( the j^gj.^ ^^ discuss that phase of the subject. Like the Alaska boundary the Behring Sea difticulty is directly the outcome of tiic treaty referred to. Historically, the origin of the presini dispute lies in the possession of .Maska .'uid the islands pertaining thereto by the Russians, and the subscciucnt transfer of this territory by Russia to the United States, the Government of wnich ac>! Arlii- tration which met in Paris in Aici.;,, 189J, was composed of distinguished jurists and all parties to the dispute were ably represented by coun- sel, agents, commissioners and experts. It would be quite impossible in limited space to indicate even meagrely the whole ground traversed. Briefiy, the questions at issue submitted to the arbitra- tors included: (1) The extent of the exclusive jurisdiction of Russia in Behring Sea and the nature of rights exercised in regard to tiie seals; (2) The extent to which Great Britain recognized such jurisdiction and rights; (3) As to whether Behring Sea was included in the phrase "Pacific Ocean" as used in the Treaty of 1825. and what exclusive rights were exercised by Russia after the Treaty; (.4) As to whether all the rights possessed by Russia passed unimpaired to the United States; (5) The right of property of the United States in the fur seals out- side of the three-mile limit. Article VII. of the Treaty of Arbitration also pro- vided, in a certain event, that the arbitrators should determine what concurrent regulations outside of the jurisdictional limits of the respective governments, were necessary for the proper protection of and preservation of the fur seal in or habitually resorting to the Behring Sea. In the arguments of the United States counsel the claim to the exclusive jurisdiction over a portion of Behring Sea was practically abandoned, but an ingenious claim, presented with great force and ability, was set up, that as the^ breeding grounds of the fur seals were on the Pribyloff Islands the United States had exclusive property m the latter wherever found, and that tiicir indiscriminate killing was contra bonos mores. In other words, that the seals in a "craTra.""" peculiar sense were domestic animals, bred on, and periodically frecjuenting. islands exclusively the property and within the jurisdiction, of the United States, and that if it were possible to brand or other- wise distinguish them with a property mark, that wherever found, no matter in what waters, they still remained the property of that nation. Pelagic sealing, which, as the origin of the word "pelagic" suggests, is killing seals in the open sea. it was strongly urged, should be prohibited as in the interests of seal life. In The Pari!) Arbitration. .■'.I 268 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUl^tliA Hritish Conten- tion!) Sustained. view of the interests involved, and the uectdiar pDsilion of the United States in relation to the sealing; (lucstion generally, the subtle skill and delicate finesse exhibited by the advocates ol that nation before the Paris Tribunal arc worthjr of all admiration, and. while all the points at issue were decided in favour of the British contention, the etTect of their presentation of the case was evident in the regulations which forimd a sort of codicil to the main Award. It is needless to say that the contra case was sustained with great ability as well, and the general issues submitted and nreviously referred to were definitely and forever set at rest. It was decided that Russia had not exclusive jurisdiction or rights beyond the ordinary limit of territorial waters: that Great Britain did not recognise or concede any such jurisdiction or rights; that Behring Sea was included in the phrase "Pacific Ocean" as used in the Treaty of 1825: that all rights of Russia passed to the United States at the time of the purchase of Alaska; that the United States had no property rights of protection or property in the seals outside of the three-mile limit. As already intimated the effect of the United States aral Road. AS President Cleveland would say, it is a condition, not a Uicory, that cnnfrf)nts the farmer of British Columbia to-day. TIk theory is that the soil is par- ticularly fertile and the climate equable an 1 mild, peculiarly adapted for ' perfect fruition. Both assumptions are quite correct. Conditions, however, somewhat modify the theory. Farmincr in TVC has not been the success that might naturally have been anticipated under circumstances which appeared so favourable. 1 have lieen asked to write an article on the "present tendencies, needs, and possibilities'' of agriculture in British Columbia. The farmer of Ontario, who I consider enjoys the very Eden of .America, if. indeed. suc!i a spot in agriculture can be said to exist on this or any other continent has had his cup full of woes, California, of which the cornucopia might most appropriately be chosen as an emblem, has sufifered much. In fact, the farmer everywhere * * has had "a hard row to hoe, " more particularly in the Golden \Ve>t. 1 heretore, it is not with the intention of giving a "black eye" to the industry ihat the broad statement han been made with reference to farming in our Province. Ten years ago, although agriculture was but slightly developed here, the highest hopes oi succes.s were held out. On the face of it the conditions were most favourable— comparatively limited area of agricultura! lands; protection by tariff and freight rates lro.ni outside competition; generous, even extraordinary, yield of all kinds of crops: freedom from blights, parasitic diseases and the like; sure crops, and a der.:an4 for farm products, which brought high prices and imports per annum amoumang to between ;?i, 500,000 and $2,000,000 in the aggre- gate. The drawbacks were those, ot course, incident to a new country — imperfect cummunication, immature nietiiods, the diUiculty and expense (in our case pecu- liarly so; of bringing the accessible land into cultivation, and all the rest of it. On the whole, however, tlie advantages were clearly in favour of the farmer who could reach the market. For a lime he prospered, or should have prospered, like a grt-en bay tree. Just about the time referred 10 g».«jd lann lands began to be at a premium. Knowledge of the The " I'ros ■ iinil " Cons.' I Thi-s article was written tor ami appeared in the Chi-itmas IvUtion of the r,oiidon (Out.) KariMers' Advocate, 1896, at tht requestor the llditor. 2-0 YRAK BOOK OF BRITISH C(^I.L MBI A On cents and $i per dozen, good butter 33 cents to 50 cents per pound, eastern apples $0 and $7 a barrel, meats and all other pro- visions on a similar scale, and a splendid climate and fruitful soil, faith in the future seemed to be well founded. It is the unexpected that usually happens. The first drawback was that farm lands became "real estate." Every available piece of land was either bought up or i)re-einpted — not for the purpose of farm- ing. Ijut to hold for a rise in prices. .Ml of us. more or less, had the making of from one to a dozen "good" farms. The farmers themselves rapidly grew ricli. or. at lea.'-.t, fancied themselves growing rich, and speculation was rife. There was little production, but mucli activity in buying and selling. Values went up until la.d th.it never saw an axe or ;i plow was held at from $50 to $75 an acre, and the more favourably situated. ."?ioo to $130. and. in some instances. $200. Where it liad residence prosjiects (suburban property) it was not unusual to ask $,^00. $300. and even $1,000 an acre. We lived gloriously in a fool's paradise. 1 speak with due humility. a.s well as rcsiKct for those wlio luxuriated in it. because only lack of means, per- haps, prevented me from "plunging" like the resi. It did not occur to U'^ until tf)0 late that farm land can only have a value determinable by the earning power of it> products, and tliat 110 land for ordinary purposes could earn a dividend on such a cai)ital investiiient f(jr fully imiiroved lands, not to speak of virgin acres that refjuired as much more to put them into cultivation. However, we are all wi.se alter the event. Lands suitable for farming were held unimproved: specula- tion led to mortgaging; .irrcars of i)ayment and taxes began to pile up: ;•. world- wide dei)ression set in. accentuated 1>y the crises in .\ustralia and the United States: over-production in the States 01 the Pacific Coast (California. Oregon, atid Washington) sent down the prices of produce and created serious competi- tion: with cultivation came the pests which are general in the east to worry and hamper the producer: lloods came and wasted the fields in the Fracer \"alley; se\era] bad seasons followed each other in succession — these and otlier tilings quite unexpected, and nmst of them unusual, contributed to the disappointment we all feel in not having had our ardent anticipations even partially realized. 1 may be wigged well for doing so, but as I see no ;, ood reason for not telling the truth. I have to state that the farmer in British Columbia has struck rock bottom, .\lter a \igorous descent, however, he has reached sure footing and can fearlessly begin to ascend again. He has learned much and has dis- abused hi. mind of many lalhicies which were current a few >ears ago. He has found out tha: there is no royal road to fortune, except by pursuing farming as a business on a business ba«i£. By the work of the Fruit-Growers' Association, the influence of the Dominion Experimental Farm, the educative efifect of farmers' meetings, and the dissemination of agricultural intelligence by means of the several Hepartnients nf .Agriculture and other agencic-'. considerable development ■«a. ''■>-:;J*B»i .-**t, ' .J**.' ■ «■■■ o r o 0) 00 c 3 CO ■o C di E o u c (0 CQ c 0) ■o u -s I £ ■^ I'.t ', • Hi t ' i, , /- ^' 4 ii) i i! IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 4 ' 1 I i! ^ 5 2 O r > z p < o H O X :i!ii AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. ^11 KetUr Mcthuds. ha? taken place on right lines and knowledge greatly increased. Farming is really on a better basis than ever it was, because the difficulties in the way of getting along are understood and the necessities of the situation more fully appreciated. It is understood now that better and more improved methods of sowing, reaping, and selling are required, and that eternal vigilance and industry are the price to be paid for success. Present tendencies, therefore, are in the direction of systematic effort rather than the slip-shod and happy-go-lucky ways that prevailed in the past, which have been described by one writer as "playing at farming." and by another as "scratching the earth in places" instead of cultivating it. Tendencies are, to be more definite, in the direction of smaller holdings, proper clearing and drainage of land, better care oi orchards, co-operation for dairying purposes, improved methods of marketing, and generally an attempt to supply the home market in butter, eggs, poultry, fruit, meats, and the like, and in a way to attract the buyer. For years, for instance, it was common to see British Columbia fruit displayed in large, uncouth boxes made out of split cedar, filled in with all sizes, kinds, and varieties. When placed along side of the neatly packed and uniform packages from Oregon and California it had only one effect, and that was to make customers for the imported article. Latterly, too, much has been done in the way of improving dairymg. Three or four creameries, with excellent demands for their products, have been established. There is a decided improvement in fruit-growing in every particular, and this prom- ising industry will yet assume large proportions. Much remains to be done: everything, in fact; hut a start has been made. As to the needs of agriculture in the Province, that opens a wide field which cannot satisfactorily be traversed in one article. Local conditions, too, vary so much that no particular remarks will apply to the whole. On the lower Main- land, for instance, dyking and draining is a problem for solution; while in the upper Mainland irrigation is a prominent need. All along the coast the cost of clearing and the necessity for fertilizing wooded lands when cleared are worthy of every attention. Everywhere roads giving easy access to railway or steamboat communication are required. Cheaper lands and cheaper money arc desirable objects. Railways giving communication with the mining districts are of the greatest importance; and so on. The list is a large one. For easy classification I should enumerate them as follows: — I should advocate a form of government, or corporate assistance, whereby settlers would be enabled to buy lands in blocks of ten to fifty acres in extent at reasonable rates, being permitted to pay for them in twenty-five annual instal- ments, interest at four per cent.; all improvements in the way of drainage, fencing, roads, etc., to be chargeable to the land. This is not a Utopian scheme. Its feasibility has been demonstrated in West Prussia, in Great Britain, and in a modified form in New Zealand. It is a perfectly business-like and practical proposition. The only mat- ter to be looked after is that the settler or farmer shall invest enough of his own money to tie him to the land. When a man has to buy land in British Columbia at its full price for cash, bring it into cultivation, and live on it until his holding becomes reproductive, he must either have a lot of capital or go deeply into debt, which means failure to begin with. This includes direct communication by rail with the mining districts of British Columbia. Yale and Kootenay, and with Northern B.C., too, when that Cheaper Lands nnd SmaMer HoldlnKs. fc'i: 'it! il t: I •i i! 1 ■mdi r 274 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA is opened up. Ronds and Rnllway Coni- municatlon. A railway by way of Hope, with a direct line through Westmin- ster District south of the Fraser, and the ranching district of Yale through to Crow's Nest Pass, would make the whole of the farming regions tri!)Utary to the mines and aft'ord a profitable market. This road, however built, should be so safeguarded as to rates that our fanners could ship their products cheaply to the interior and send their fruits to the North-West, which is their natural and ought to be tiieir most profitable outlet. Atiother need is tin; conservancy of the Fraser Valley from floods. That is essentially an engineering problem, and belongs largely to the Dominion Gov- ernment. However it is attempted, it should be on a comprehensive plan, and in my opinion should be undertaken as part of the railway scheme Fr.aser'vaiic'v' referred to in the foregoing. From 150,000 to 200,000 acres of the best land in America is atTected by the periodic overflow and high water, which might be converted into a valley as famous for its fruits as the Annapolis. Of even greater importance is the problem of irrigation in the interior, where large areas could be made to blossom like the r(jse. Reference has been made to Utah. There the Mormon colony was planted by the master mind of Brigham Young, right in the heart of arid America. Whatever we may think of the system of theology he established, he certainly promoted the greatest and most successful colonizing enterprise the world Irrigation. ^^^^ ^^,^^. i^^q^^.„ * * * What irrigation and industry have done in Utah can be done in the interior of British Columbia. The three great principles which governed the Utah colony were that no man should own more land than he could cultivate, that lie should not speculate, and that he should not go into debt. They were part of his religion, and no doubt the conscience clauses have accounted for the phenomenal success of Brigham Young's experiment. Co-operation in dairying, fruit-marketing, road-making, and in other direc- tions in which a farmer's isolation is his weakness, is required. I do not mean to say that farmers should become Grangers or Patrons, for in the present state of society the few-er societies the better; but that they should co-operate for busi- ness purposes. This is especially a need of British Columbia at the present time. As I liave already intimated, our farmers, all along the Coast districts especially, require a knowledge and appreciation of the economy of fertilization. A cheap and readily available manure is one of the great requisites to success. I do not now refer to the bottom or prairie lands, which are abundantly fertile, by careful cropping for some time, but to that characteristic and predominant brownish, gravelly soil of which our wooded land is composed. FertMizim:. It is largely destitute of potash and lime — two essential elements. I have advocated strongly the utilization of the fisli offal, some 6,000 tons of which are annually dumped into the waters out of which the salmon are taken, to the detriment of the fishing industry. There are millions of tons of kelp and other seaweed on our coast for the gathering. This, mixed with the oiTal and composted with lime, would furnish a "dirt cheap" and invaluable fer- tilizer, available to all. * * * L^;^tly, I shall refer to the desirability of cheap money. I mean a low rate of interest. Interest charges are eating our farmers up. The Government can borrow money at three per cent. : the farmers in British Columbia are paying from eight to twelve per cent., and nearly every farm has a mortgage. The dispropor- tion is too great. The system of agricultural credit banks is what is needed. They are growing rapidly on the Continent, and in Great Britain have had re- markable expansion. Those who want to know all about them should read Wolff's "People's Banks." The principle is that any number of reputable persons may organize as a credit bank, the capital of which is the joint credit of the members, each person being jointly liable with his fellows for all the debts of tlie bank. It then borrows a small capital at say four per cent, and Bankinu. lends out at Say five per cent., and also invites deposits, paying the same rate of interest. The borrower has to furnish two sure- ties and the object for which he wants the money has to be approved by the AND MANUAL OF PROVIN'CIAL INFORMATION'. 275 directors. Both tliey and the sureties watch the borrower to sec that tho money is used for the purpose specified, and call it in if it is being improperly used. If the money is spent for anything insurable, insurance is effected to further secure the loan. It is designed especially for those who need only modest sums— $25 to $50 or $80. Farmers and others who borrow large amounts can usually arrange for the same by mortgage or through established banks of discount. The agri- cultural credit bank does a business that ordinary banks do not usually touch. As it succeeds in a small way its operations can be extended. It also offers all the advantages of a savings bank or a co-operat.'ve bank to those who wisli to invest their small savings from time to time in a way to earn four or five per cent, interest witiiout risk. I have always been sanguine of the future of farming in British Columbia, and never more than at the present time, notwithstanding the reverses of the past few years. The conditions are not less favourable than ever. The opening up of the mines of themselves will afford an outlet for all kinds of farm produce at paying prices. Our farmers will not have a monopoly of this, but will work under healthy competition. When the lands revert from the hands of the spec- ulators into the hands of users; when the terms of payment and the rate of interest will enable a settler to pay and yet live; when the farmers have easy communica- tion to markets, and the lands now lying idle are brought into cultivation by means of clearing of land by machinery; when mixed farming for'-a'rni'nK. becomes general and special attention is devoted to the growing of fruits best adapted to the market and for industrial purposes, to the growing of hops, flax, sugar beets, tobacco, and other special products for which the Province is adapted; when the surplus of products (especially fruits) becomes so great as to force the farmer to seek a market in other lands; when industrial products can be manufactured cheaply enough to compete witli those of England in the markets of China and India and Australia; when, in short, the Province becomes fully developed and its resources are utilized to their great- est extent, the position of agriculture among other industries will be pre-eminent, and what now occupies a very secondary place in the Provincial economy will be established as the basis of our wealth and possess a permanency which cannot be shared by any of the other natural resources of the future ol whicli wc now speak so hopefully. J > ^ ■ ¥\ 111. ! Hi I I ; I-, DREDGING ENTERPRISE. ANNUALLY, at uncertain periods, ranging from the beginning of April to the end of August, the Fraser River is in freshet. The date on which the maximum height is reached is as uncertain as is the height itself. Thus in 1876 there occurred the highest freshet then on record, reaching its maximum height about the beginning of July. In 1882 this record was surpassed by thirteen inches, at Mission, and the height was considered phenomenal. In 1894, to the astonishment of all, a freshet occurred on the 6th of June, which exceeded that of 1882 by some two and a half feet at Mission, while in 1896 one almost equalling that of 1882 reached its greatest height on the i6th of July. The rising of this river is due to the large quantities of snow that fall on the various mountain ranges of British Columbia during winter, melting as the ? '-H l^ If ' !' 1 1, -; L'. 276 YEAR ROOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. The Friisfr In Flood. At AKiissu. warimr weather of spring and summer sets in. The river in this coiulition while flowing through the narrow valleys and canyons of the mountains, though rising often as much as sixty and eighty feet above its normal height, causes little or un agricultural damage till as it enters the wider valley of tlie Lower Fraser, ■i the district of Westminster, at a much lower level here, the result is very different. In this district are found large and detached areas of low. Hat land, which, in this condition of the Fraser. become flooded, and. though the soil deposited by these freshets enriches the land flooded, the immediate effect is to destroy all agricultural efTorts of the year. Many areas sul)ject to the flooding are, for the present, at least, not worth reclaiming owing to the high cost of the work, compared to their value, such, for instance, as some of the numerous islands of the river and of a few narrow strips on its banks. There are. however, several large areas of land which can be reclaimed with advantage for a comparatively small sum per acre. Some of these are already reclaimed, others are in process of reclamation, and the day is jirnbably not distant when the remainder will be taken in hand. Leaving out the large Indian reserve of Maria Island, the first important area of flooded land is the flats of Agassiz. They lie on the north bank of the river and consist of about 5,500 acres. The northern half of th. area is practically dyked by the embankment of the C.P.R.. which runs through Agassiz, leaving necessary only the insertion of a flood-gate in a stream running through the bank to the Fraser to complete the reclaiT ation. Previous to 1894 there had been a gate in this stream, but dur- ing the freshet of that year it had washed out. The reclamation of the balance of the Aga'isiz flats is not at present under consideration, but when taken in hand will be effected by a dyke of small average sectional area. Ct-)ntinuing down stream on the south bank of the river are tlie flats of Chilliwack, consisting of about 22,000 acres. Excepting certain ' ^w stretclies, most of these are only subject to overflow in high freshets. The flats of Chilli- wack lend themselves admirably to dyking in sections. A small portion of Chilliwack is in process of reclamation by private enter- prise, but no scheme is as yet in contemplation for the balance. Nor can one . be very successfully devised till the question of controlling the iiiiiiw.-ick. channel of the Fraser has been settled. This the Dominion Gov- ernment has in contemplation. A party of engineers is engaged in makinvi the necessary preliminary examinations. The lower flats of the Chilliwack Municipality, known as Lower Sumas, have iiad under consideration for some time past a dyking scheme in conjunction with Upper Sumas, a tract of low land separated from the former by a lake of the same name, which in its normal condition is a shallow stretch cf water of about 9.000 acres in extent, fed chiefly by the Vedder and Upper Sumas Rivers, and discharging into the Fraser by a channel supposed to be a continuation of the Sumas. and known a'.so by that name. The two Sumases contain about jo, 000 acres of flooded land, and from time to time various schemes have been devised for their reclamation. Latterly the question has been left in the hands of com- missioners appointed under the Act by the settlers, and through their instrumen- teility a very complete study of the question has been made, resulting in the opinion that the most effective and apparently only practical way of accomplishing the task would be to run a dyke from the east side of Mt, Chilliwack — a hill standing on the banks of the Fraser — up 'the western side of the Atchelitz — a small stream running across the flats — to a point on high ground; also a dyke from the west end of the same hill along the Fraser to Miller's Hill, Van "v. "^'i the banks of the Fraser; and a dyke from the west end of that hill to Mt. Sumas. a mountain of considerable size, which is at the river end of a chain of hills separating the Sumas flats from the Matsqui. This would necessitate a large gate being built in the River Sumas, and, inasmuch as it would be impossible to handle by pumping the accumulation of water in the < A BRANCH OF CHERRIES. ot lies, illi- t cr- one the rOV- tlie nas, tion : of • of ers. 1 of .000 ^ scd )ni- en- ioii the hill lall om [ill. hat at lui. ich the 1 1 1 A BUNCH OF PLUMS. ^l ' ' • . ••'•1'-' V --H^^^:*.-' .;4il^l^' ' '■*" \' in Winier. »•>. ' * i"t MS I / ISii ii 1* SVil ( I >■ u -I < > fifi u CO < flC (t. !i __ AND MANUAL OF PkOVINCIAL INFORM ATIOX. 279 iS < > X u CO < X A Serious I'rolilcni. lake supplied by the Vcddor and Sumas Rivers combined, it was piDposcd to divert the waters of the former at a point where this river e'lnerges from the nionntains into the channel of tlie Luk-a-kuk, which orij^inally had piobably been one of the m my channels throuKli which the Veddcr at some past period flowed. It \va< assumed that a laree portion of the remaining water-; entevini? tin- lake and spreading f>ver it.- area would evapor- ate, and it was intended to pump tl;e balance. This, so far as the reclatnation of the Sumas lands was concerned, would have worked adniiral)ly. but the turning of the Vediler into the Luk-a-kuk is a serious problem arTec'.ins otlicr interests, and when tiie^e. as veil as tlie lii;.rli co>^t of the undertaking, were considered, as compared with the val.ie of the land reclaimed, it became for the present imprac- ticable. Lying on the north side of the river is the large island of Nicomen, con- taining about 3.600 acres. This island is separated from the Mainland by a cl'aii- nel of the Fraser known as Nicomen Slougii. It, too. at present remains un- reclaimed, owing to the cost of reclamation being high compared with the value of the land. Following after Nicomen. on the same side of the river, are the tlats of Dewdney. These containing about 5,.?oo acres, are, like Agassiz. divided into two districts by the embankment of the C.P.R. That north of the line, which includes Hatzic Prairie, was reclaimed in tiie year 189.1 by using the C.P.R. em- bankment as a dyke and inserting a tlood-gaic where it crosses Hatzic Slough. It was intended to utilize Hatzic Lake as an evaporating reservoir, and pump the balance during high wa er. In 1894 the tlood-gate gave way. an ^ the damage has not yet been repaired. The southern portion is not yet reclaimed and has no scheme in contemplation. Tlie flats of Malsqui. consisting of about 10.000 acres, lie a little further down streaiui en the opposite or south side of the river, and are i)rotccted by a dyke running from Mt. Sumas to Mt. Lehman, on the Fraser. This dyke was built as far back as 1880; it proved effective during the ycir iSSj. but has been unsatisfactory since. In each of the two main sloughs no fewei than four different sets of gates have been built. Three of these have been destroyed in succession. Tiic fourth, which is designed on a novel plan compared to any hitherto made in the Province, has not yet been sufliciently tested to prove its efficiency. The next large area of tloodcd land is the flats o" the cast and west of the River Pitt, a large tributary of the Fraser entering it from the north. Progress- ing up the Pitt are the dyked meadows of Maple Ridge: they lie on the east of the river and contain about S.600 acres. The embankment was ineffective in 1894 and is now being raised and strengthened. To the north of Maple Ridge and separated from it by the Lillooet lie two areas of meadows dyked under commissioners. These small tracts consist of 2,500 acres and are separated by the North Lillooet. Their embankments suffered very seriously during the freshet of 1S94 and have since been completely repaired. On the west of the Pitt are the two areas of Coquitlam separated from each other by De Boville Slough and containing 3,600 acres, and north of these is the little area known as the Wilson, consisting of only 400 acrc~ and Co(iuitiani. protected by an embankment put up by private enterprise. Un- fortunately during the freshet of last year the gates of the Wilson, through some unforeseen cause gave way. and have not, up to the present, been replaced. The dykes of the meadows average ten feet in height, and have been erected by means of dredgers with material taken from inner ditches, which latter are now used for drainage purposes. Ample protection has been made for the discharge of this water by means of flood-gates, and each section has been provided with a pumping station which acts during high water when the gates are closed. The dykes on the Fraser, like those of other large rivers, are exposed to great risks. Up to the present they have in many respects proved unsatisfactory, but the Government is contemplating taking over the entire management, when the most approved method of protection will be adopted, and the greatest care taken to keep the works in a state of efficiency. .Matsiiul Flats. !li 11 :i 2Ho YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Tlic cost of the erection of the protection works executed by cMlll.\. t(i I'.iinlisli Bluff. The cost of this section will amount in the aKK^^gatc to proh- ably $<»f),ooo when finisherl, the two sections referred to practically conii)leting the protcitioii of Delta Muiiicii)ality from tidal aiul hiah waters. Lulu Island is almost comi)letely surrounded by dykes, p.irtly hand built and partly the work of dredgers. The latter begins near the mouth of Nelson Slouch, on the North Arm of the I'raser River, extending to tlie corner of the <.io\ernmenl reserve, in the vicinity of New Westminster City, and crosses the Island at that point with an open cut to the opposite corner, and from there is continued dowi\ tf) tlie corner of Lot 27, opposite Tilbury Island, a distance in all of seventeen miles, which, in- chuliiiK ii fh"" 'ind ^ drainage ditch, cost in the neiKlibourhood of $52,500. The other portions of Lulu Island, as well as Sea Island, were dyked by hand work, done principally by Chinamen. Westham Island, which is included in the Delta Mmiicipality, and is one of the most fertile spots in the New Westminster Dis- trict, is also entirely surrounded by hand dykes. In Surrey Municipality there is what is known as the Serpentine Flats 3D c m r H > Jt-Si. Flax Growina. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 285 the business. This was due largely to artificial rather than natural causes, includ- ing the low prices referred to. It may not be amiss to state that the hop industry is one in which expert knowledge and experience are required, not only in the preparation of the soil and cultivation of the plants, but in the varieties grown and in the process of cu'''ng and marketing. Hops would no doubt prove a remuner- ative crop if exploited by men with r. practical knowledge of their cultivation and the full requirements of the market. In the Agricultural Report of 1897 it is pointed out that it is essential to know the varieties most irsed by English manu- facturers, and the suggestion is a valuable one. With regard to flax growing, this has been recommended by several per- sons, notably Mr. H. T. Thrift, of Surrey, who has been engaged in a series of experiments with a view to testing the adaptability of the soil and climate for the production of flax, both as an article of feed for cattle and for industrial purposes. Mr. Thrift says that Hax has been grown in Westminster District for several years with most gratifying results, the (|uality of the fibre being equal to the best produced elsewhere. Samples have been exhibited at various local exhibitions. There are thousands of acres of land in the district, suitable fo"* its production. The industry, however, has heretofore been con- fined to a series of experiments. The fibre produced is long, fine and peculiarly silken, and yielding from two to three tons per acre. Tlu- price usually paid in Eastern Canada is $12 to $14 per ton, including the seed. Mr. Thrift regards the conditions of development in this Province as pe- culiarly favourable to this industry on account of the demand, which is rapidly on the increase, for products such as ropes, twine, fishing gear, grain and ore sacks, etc.. and which is likely to reach very large nroportions, especially <>ii ac- count of the grow<^h of the fishing and mining industries. In addition to local requirements, on a'count of the facilities possessed for shipping the prepared fibre to Europe, to the linen manufacturing centres of Great Britain and the Conti- nent, the cultivation of flax for that purpose ought to prove a profitable branch of husbandry. The value of flax compared with other crops, as an economic product he considers as consisting in the amount of labour involved in its pro- duction, and is one in which settlers with large families might profitably engage by utilizing their own help to assist in its cultivation, harvesting and the after- processes necessary for its preparation for the market. Mr. Thrift points out many other advantages in connection with the carrying on of this industry, which constitute it, in his opinion, as peculiarly applicable to the dominant conditions obtaining on this Coast, included in which is the manufacture of linseed oil and oil cake. Its cultivation on a large scale would naturally lead to the construc- tion of flax mills, thus adding an additional industry to the list of manufactures in the Province. Through his representations, largely, the Department of Agri- culture has distributed seed among a nurnber of farmers in various districts for the purpose of experiment. That flax does well in British Columbia has been proved beyond doubt by several years' test, and among others by the manager of the Experimental Farm at Agassiz, whose experience and views on this subject are of value. However, the opinion is expressed by some practical men that for practical reasons the in- dustry is not one which is likely to be engaged in to any large extent in this Province, either in the way of the manufacture of oil or fibre. One view e.v- pressed is that the area of land available for crops is much too limited and too costly to warrant it being undertaken on a scale necessary to in- sure its success. The fact is pointed out that a large amount of agricultural products has been and is being imported into this Province for the purpose of supplying local demands, and in districts con- nected with mines, if the development reasonably anticipated is realized, the in- crease of population consequent upon mining activity must necessarily increase this demand. The people engaged in other than agricultural pursuits must be fed, and they can be tmore advantageously supplied by farmers in the Province, who are as a rule well-posted on the requirements of the market. The farmers will naturally, therefore, extend on lines in which they are already engaged instead of leading out into untried fields, which, as a rule, they are very reluctant td do. OpposiOK Views 'M \{'>- ill 286 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ' Fr I 51 as witness the efforts and expense for years put forth to establish beet root sugar factories, both in Eastern Canada and the United States. It is argued that if in the older and well-settled countries where there is a sur- plus of produce, these extraordinary industries, such as llax and the growing of the sugar beet, are difficult lo establish, the chances are still greater against success in this Province, where conditions are new and local demand for other products very much greater. The solution of the problem, in any event, would seem to lie along the line of natural demand. British Columbia is, of course, favourably situated for shipping by sea and in regard to the important and growing industries of mining and fishing, etc., in which twine products are largely used; and. if. in the future, the demand for flax and the area necessary to produce it can be found sufficient and the industry made profitable, under such conditions, no doubt efiforts will be turned in that direction. It is difficult, therefore, while natural conditions may be ever so favourable, to come to any definite conclusion as to the outlook, which must be determined by experiment and the character of industrial expansion in the future. Reference has been made to forestry, which, in a comprehensive sense, is included in the field of agriculture. The opinion was expressed that forestry in tliis Province, owing to the natural conditions of growth, could be greatly di- versified by the introduction of economic woods and fruit and nut Forestry. growing trees. The experience of the Dominion Experimental Farm at Agassiz has shown that this is quite possible. From the re- ports of that institution it is seen that English, American and Japanese walnuts; American, Spanish and Japanese chestnuts, hickory, butternut, ash, elm, maple, «tnd, in fact, all eastern timber and nut trees, do very well if planted where they can be given a little attention. Mr. Sharp says that a large number of the most valuable forest and nut trees have been planted and are growing on the mountain sides where they received no attention whatever, and many of them are making very fair progress. He points out. however, that they are planted in open spots here and there among the fir, maple and birch, where exists as well a luxuriant annual growth of ferns. Under such circumstances it will be a few yeats before they become very conspicuous, but at present they are well-established and doinu: fairly well on land that could scarcely be used for any other purpose. The con- ditions, for obvious reasons, were not made too favourable, as in thit cusc the results would not be fairly indicative of what the country generall/ is capable. The success of these experiments goes to show that rocky places, hill and moun- tain sides which constitute at present very large waste space, the usefulness of which mainly consists in scenic effects, could be utilized for the propagation of large and economic forests. If to the cultivation of forest trees were added the experiments which the writer has on other occasions advocated of seeding down waste places with clover, and many of our natural grasses, which, on ac- count of the humid climate, grow luxuriantly in almost any place where soil of any character exists, the area of pasturage would be tremendously increased, while the danger from forest fires now so great would to that extent be minimized. Prof. Macoun has pointed out that if the land adjoining the railway lines through the Province were seeded down in the way recommended so thai the grass roots would give strength ai'.d cohesion to the soil, mud and rock slides. Waste places, which are so frequent, would be largely avoided; and if in ad- dition to this the vicinity of trails leading in various directions and particularly to the mining camps, were similarly treated, pasturage would be created for the feeding of cattle driven in and out and for pack trains, otc. It is iiiv.loubtc-lly true nisc iliar in this way many 'i the barren st.'etch.es cf la"d along tlie coast could be utMized f( r sheep raising, affording a supply cf m..iti. gecured, commanded the hillsides and commons, and these even if not leased or purchased, were often deliberately fenced in and occupied. In this way, the pastoral and agricultural lands have been secured in large allotments and the settlers are far apart, unfortunately surrounding the question of further settlement with peculiar difficulties. In the Okanagan Valleys, however, many of the landholders are cutting up their holdings, seeing the inutility under changed conditions of endeavouring to retain unproductive property and the wisdom ot parting with portions, to others who will improve them and add value to what remains in their own hands. There is generally a growing inclination in a simi- ?! ii 2yo YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA )-. lar direction, among landholders in British Columbia, but a great deal still requires to be done before the possibilities of settlement are achieved. Climate is, of course, a factor which always affects the agricultural condi- tions of any country — is, in fact, in itself one of the main factors. Elsewhere, this subject has been dealt with fully. As will have been seen there arc several distinct climatic zones in the Province, and the treatment of agriculture must be divided on corresponding lines. On the coast, where the direct effect of the ocean is felt there are; A decidedly humid atmosphere, a good ciimatk ^oifs. ^j^^j ^^^ ^^-^^ during the winter months, no extremes of heat and cold, a long growing season, cool nights, and profuse vegetation. It is scarcely necessary to explain the general effect of such conditions — tree growth is generally greatly stimulated; roots and vegetables flourish; the softer grains, such as oats and barley, yield largely and grow to great perfection; grasses are abundant; fruits, such as pears, cherries and plums and all small fruits, are practically indigenous to the soil and yield enormously; flowers, especially roses, and all the good old- fashioned varieties, are profuse bloomers; and shrubbery is dense. It is a country of great growth, and where fertile soil deposits exist no better results can be obtained anywhere. Unfortunately, the beneficial effect of the climate in con- tributing such favourable conditions is accompanied by corresponding disadvant- ages in the creation of dense forests and thick and heavy undergrowth, in encour- aging the growth of weeds, and in the propagation of insect pests and plant diseases once they have found a foothold. Under average conditions., to clear a farm for cultivation requires much more labour than it does keep it in a clean and healthy condition. Eternal vigilance is the price of immunity from weeds, second growth and insect pests. On the other hand, intensive farm- ing gives wonderful results. It is no ccantry for a lazy or indifferent farmer. Adverting to insect pests and plant diseases, these have been of recent import- ation, coming with nursery and fruit shipments from the East and South. Pre- vious to that the farmers enjoyed peculiar freedom from insect enemies, blight or disease. Once here, however, they made rapid progress. In their eradication and prevention the Board of Horticulture has done good work, and as a matter of fact industry and proper treatment are all that are necessary as preventives. Owing to the character of the Coast climate already referred to there are other crops, which do not do so well, and as a general rule do not pay to raise. These are: Wheat, which though yielding heavily and producing a fine-looking^ kernel is too soft for milling purposes, and in limited quantities is mainly valuable for feeding chickens; fruit and vegetables requiring plenty of heat and sunshine to mature them — grapes, peaches, nectarines, almonds, tomatoes, Co'nsHercd. water melons, and the like. These all do well some seasons, but except in favoured localities, are not generally well suited and do- rot ripen properly. Apples, which are perhaps indi.gcnous to more rigorous cli- mates, do fairly well, and generally speaking succeed on the Coast, but their suc- cess is subject to exceptions which materially modify the experience of growers in Ontario. In colour and size apples of all varieties excel in British Columbia, but in quality they do not equal the most successful varieties of that Province. Of such varieties those that succeed are limited. In fact, the apples that have been developed on the eastern side of America as distinctively American, do not as a rule succeed best on this Coast. Experience has shown that Old Country and Continental varieties, some of them hundreds of years old. are better adapted to this climate. Most of these where tried are succeeding admirably; and this fact is in accordance with well established laws of development. It may be stated as axiomatic that, while the general principles underlying the science of horticulture obtain, the experience of fruit-growers "Experkiii^"''" '" Ontario in matters of detail does not apply in British Colum- bia, and many of their methods and theories in practice demand revision. It may also be added that in this Province trees bear quickly and wood rapidly, and in this exists the greatest drawback. Young orchards, if not care- fully watched, over-fruit and exhaust themselves before maturity is reached. In the interior of tJie Province, which is characterized as the Dry Belt, conditions are somewhat reversed. The Pacific Ocean still exercises its beneficent: t ■ I- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORNLATION. 291 I Cnnd'tlons Not Unlforni. FartninK in its Infancy. influences, but the atmosphere is stripped of its excessive moisture by the inter- vening mountains. In summer there is jjreatcr h^ai. more sunshine, and in winter greater degree of cold, with mucli drier and cUarer atn'osphero. Given good soil and facilities for irrigation, where necessary, and the conditions for production are perfect, and. within the capabilities cf the temperate zone, tlicre are no limits to what may be grown. In this zone arc found all that the Coast produces and those other crops referred [n for which the environments seaward are not favourable. It must be understood, however, that local modifications ..'ire important factors, and conditions are not by any means unifi.^m. Irrigation, for instance, is not everywhere required: local winds in exposed localities have sometimes a disastrous effect; and in winter m places the sudden barometrical dips render orcharding iireoarious. Exceptions to any general statement of conditions are numerous, and an adecpiate knowledge of individual localities is only obtained by experience. Stating wliat may be regarded as applicable in the average: Wheat ripens and mills well. In many_ places peaches, grapes, water melon"-, and tomatoes mature fully ;ind aro prolific in yield and excellent in quality. .Apples, if we except sucli localitie-; as ha\-e been referred to, do remarkably well with careful treatment. It would be difficult to find more beautiful or better specimens in any country than those exhibited at fall fairs from the interior districts. They are so good, indeed, as to give a probably exaggerated impression of the ext'.Mit and character of fitiit- growing generally in the Province. All other fruits, subject to similar exceptions, do equally well in the interior. These remarks are based on preliminary experi- ence only, because, so far, fruit-growing, as well as general farming, is only in its initial stage. This is largely true of the whole of the Province. Many orchards have been planted out and are bearing, some of them ([uite old; but the care, or rather lack of care, exercised in their cultivation, and the pro- miscuous character of the fruit trees, purchased, without know- ledge of local requirements, from unscrupulous agents of foreign nursery stock, afford but little indication of what would have been possible under ordinary skillful management. Strangers to this Province, who have for a long time heard of its fruit-growing capabilities, would undoubtedly be surprised that more has not been accomplished under conditions so favourable; but the truth is that the industry began wrong, and has practically to be re-created in order to obtain desired results. The selection of proper varieties in due proportion, the preparation of the soil, the husbanding of the trees afterwards, the i)icking. and, what is equally important, the marketing of the fruit, are all features of the indus- try requiring attention and each is essential to ultimate success. Hop and flax growing are referred to elsewhere. Tobacco does well. It has been tried in the Okanagan district with good success and an official report on the quality of the leaf grown speaks highly of it. Sugar beet, from experiments made, would undoubtedly succeed. The yield of all roots is exceptionally large, and some specimens tested for saccharine qualities were favourably reported upon. Apiculture has only been tried in a limited way. but with suf- spcciai Products, {^(^ig,.,^ succcss to demonstrate that as the cultivated area extends, bee-keeping is well within the limits of practical and profitaljlc husbandry. There is a diversity of soils in the Province, as there is of climate, and any, even a limited area of land, is apt to exhibit many variations. This is. indeed, so true, that it is difficult to describe with any degree of accuracy what are predom- inate soils and what are not; sub-soils vary quite as much as surface soils. This diversity is, of course, due to the action of water and glaciers, and a series of physical disturbances the conspicuous evidences of the force of whicli we see in the entire Cordilleran region, and the explanation is found in the study of its geology. The most prevalent and what may be regarded as the characteristic soil, is a brownish sandy and gravelly loam with gravelly sub-soil. This fre- quently gives place to clay loam, clay, coarse gravel and granitic wash. The sub-soils seem to have no definite relation tc the top-soil, ranging from sand and gravel to heavy clay and not in- frequently an agglomerate, often very hard. The brown soil is largely character- istic of heavily timbered and up lands. The river bottoms and valleys are usually made up of alluvial deposits, known as "black muck," very fertile when drained. Soils and Sub-Soils. m ti 202 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ' t ':■} The land skirting the foot-hills and mountains is principally granitic wash. Of the forest land the best is what is known as "alder bottom." upon which alder, maple, willow and some cedar grow. The heavily forested land is not the richest soil, as in the case of Eastern Provinces, where heavy timber is indicative of fer- tility. The conifers return little in the way of leaf irould to the soil, and the thin layer of vegetable deposit is usually burned off in clearing. Sucli land is deficient in humus, but when brought into cultivation and fertilized grows sur- prisingly good crops of vegetables and fruit. The atmosphere, which is a humid one, contributes greatly to plant growth and grasses and. especially leguminous plants, which assimilate nitrogen by bacterial processes from the air, do remark- ably well. Clovers, which grow luxuriantly. i)lay a most economic part in such land. Flxpcriments have shown that hill and mountain sides are capable of culti- vation to an extent that will ultimately greatly increase the area of arable lands. Undcrdraining is one of the essentials of most of the land under cultivation, and the best results need not be anticipated where it is neglected. .'\s previously pointed out. irrigation in the interior is one of the problems to be dealt with. In many places the facilities are excellent, and. in individual instances, have been successful, though particularly for fruit care is necessary as to the time for irri- gation and the quantity of water to be brought on the land. For considerable areas, however, there are not only engineering but other difficulties in the way of inaugurating a comprehensive system. In some cases the question of water rights is involved; in others the height of the land above the water level or dis- tance from a source of supply places the accomplishment out of reach of indi- vidual enterprise, while the large allotments of lands and the distance between settlers render co-operative efforts unavailing even if the inclination existed, which in too many cases is absent. The remedy seems to be in the sub-division of lands into smaller holdings, and the union of effort on the basis of the betterment sys- tem. Large ranches under present conditions are necessary *frrU! .Hon"' ^'^^ stock-raising. but with small holdings, cultivated and irri- gated, so as to render winter-feeding with ensilage or stored hay practicable, and, if necessary, ranging in common, an increased beef supply and generally better results would follow. More settlers with fewer stock, each, would be infinitely better for the Province than few settlers and large bands of cattle, as at present. Closely associated with the subject of cattle raising i.s that of cold storage. It is stated on good authority that there is sufficient beef in prime con- dition standing on the ranges in November of each year to supply the Province until the following June, by which time the pastures would have tim to renew themselves. With no market except the regular consumption of the cities, cattle have either to be held over and fed at a large expense, or allowed to winter on the ranges, subject to much loss and depreciation. With public cold storage at one or two points on the railway, to which cattle could be driven and slaughtered. Smaller Hoidin){.s there would be a tremendous saving to the farmer as well as to the Desirable. Province. Farmers by such a system could also draw on ware- house receipts and realize on a portion of their stock early in the season. The economy of such a system is too obvious to require further comment. It is one, too. that is bound to force an appreciation of its merits on the attention of those vvb.ose interests are involved. The raising of horses in the interior has been carried on to an extreme, and of the large bands many have become wild and constitute one of the greatest nuis- ances there are in the way of animal pests. Horses of that class, owing to their rapid multiplication on the ranges, are a drug on the market. Reports from all (juarters state that the supply exceeds the demand. Recently, however, since the Klondyke excitement began, a new demand has been created, and hundreds of animals have been shipped north for the purpose of packing in goods and miners' outfits. First-class stock, however, has never been too plentiful. Sheep-raising has had some attention, but so far has not proved remunerative. There are several reasons for this. In the absence of woollen mills there is a limited market for Ho « . 1 sh- ^^'°°'- ^" t'^^ interior the raising of sheep is discouraged by ctp. ranchers engaged in cattle-raising, as the sheep destroy the pas- turage by too close cropping and injure the grass roots with their sharp trot- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 293 ters. Tlic cxperii'iice has been that cattU- aiul sheep do not do well to^!;othol• and for this reason a statntory limitation lias been placed on sheep-ranging. In addi- tion, the coyotes are destructive, killing large numbers annually. On the Lower Mainland the conditions are not favourable, the lower meadows tending to foot- rot, and the heavy rains in winter months being detrimental, On the Islands. there exists i)robably the best opportunity for success, but so far sheep-farming has not been carried on extensively, and will not until they are more largely cleared and settled. Wherever wolves exist they will work havoc with the slieep. On Vancouver Island, in the Cowichan District, the industry has been carried on to a larger degree than elsewhere, but there panthers are numerous, and although harndess in respect to the settlers themselves, are very destructive to sheep and pigs. Generally speaking, the natural conditions throughoiit the Province are rather favourable than otherwise to sheep-raising, but its success "* *■ depends ui)on improved methods and better breeds. With respect to sheep-farming on the Island of Vancouver and adjacent islands, a very great improvement has been efYected in the breeds, largely owing to the efforts of the Flock "^"^usters" .\ssociation by the importation of thoroughbred rams. One dis- couragiiig feature, so far as this industry is concerned, lias been the low price of Washington and Oregon mutton, which forms the chief sowrce of supi)ly. though this has been perhaps less harmful than the iianthers. Poultry and pigs, in small farming, arc probably the most promising of live stock, but notwithstanding the general demand for dre*sed poultry, eggs, pork, bacon and hams and the high average price, these have not been raised largely or with any degree of system. The situation affords a curious anomaly, inasmuch as while there has been more than sutificient fresh pork to supply the market there have not been enough hogs raised to make a packing establishment pay. A noticeable improvement lias been observed of late, and the prospects are quite in favour of a much greater share of attention being paid to this class of farming and its ultimate success. Cattle raising naturally should occupy a greater relative importance than it does in the scale of agricultural productions, but it. to(.. has languisiied. Refer- ence has already been made to the condition in the Ui)i)er Country, where the industry is coiitn)llcd by the larger cattle companies and stock ranchers, who are able to supply the markets regularly and in large (piantities. Cattle Kiiisini!. ^^ ^j^^ disadvantage of the smaller men. who by the inexorable laws of commerce are at their mercy. In the Lower Country, the supply being too limited for marketing in sufficient ((uantities at all seasons, the dealers buy almost wholly from wholesale sources, a condition that obtains as a law in com- merce; hence the farmers, though near to the centres of demand, have difficulty in disposing of their animals. This was true for a long time in regard t • l)utter, eggs, fruit and vegetables until local produce became sufficient to form a regular supply for dealers: but that condition of affairs is rapidly disappearing, and im- ported produce is becoming relatively less, except for products out of season or those not raised in the Province. A similar result will follow in regard to the meat supply. Tiie establishment of a local farmers' market is contributing to that end: and not the least important factor is the demand created by mining activity. Dairying, which is an im.iortant adjunct of cattle raising, until recently was in a very unsatisfactory condition, and relatively but little ""ranch" butter found the market, and much of it was of indifferent character. A great improvement has taken place within the last two or three years. The revival of tlie industry in the East, and the efforts of several Departments of Agriculture, a r> ii«. Dominion and Provincial, have acted as a strong stimulus to the farmers, and the creamery question has been taken up with great zeal and energy, and as a result about half a dozen creameries are in operation and the local out- put has been greatly increased. British Columbia possesses every element to con- stitute a great dairying Province, the products of which should include cheese and condensed milk. There are extensive areas of pasture lands in the interior, while increased cultivation in the Lower Country will give the necessary feeding ground. With a plentiful supply of good water and luxuriant and nutritious grasses there is every re(|uircd facility added. It may be remarked in passing that the bunch- : : f 294 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA .ii jjrass ranges of tlie interior liavc l)een ovcrpasturcd l)y stock, and aro bciii^ ex- hausted in many places. A knowledge of the nature of buiicliuirass will readily sugffest the reason for this, and unless steps are taker to allow the raiines to renew themselves the result will be a serious one. The inridental obstacles and drawbacks of insect pests and i)!aiit disi-ases have been referred to. There are also noxious weeds in plenty and of animal pests there are in the outlying districts wolves, panthers, coyotes, and wild horses. Blue jays and robins are complained of by orchardists, and owls l»ru»T.B"i«>. sometimes infest the poultry yard. In the interir^r irrigation is a problem; and on the Lower Mainland dyking and draining .i.re important considerations. The dil'ticulty and expense of clearing land have not been overlooked. Indeed, the more heavily timbered lands cannot be economically dealt with for farming purposes, until mechanical means can be devised to reduce the labour involved and cheai)en the cost. The expense, which varies from $150 to $.^oo an acre, is a burden on the land, which under tiie most extensive fanning, cannot return interest on the investment. The financial pnjblem is one which affects the farmer in British Columbia as elsewhere. He lias had, and still has, his share of troubles. The wider problems and depressing trade inlluences which extend over the whole of the continent affect him. too, though in a lesser degree. Leaving out. however, the financial aspect, which is certainly improving generally, the local ciicumstanccs affecting his welfare will be and are being overcome by patient, persistent and intelligent effort, without which no avenue of industry can be smoothed, and, comparing all his prospective advantages with Advantnac"." 1^''' pi'^scnt disadvantages, the outlook is more promising in agri- culture here than in perhaps any other Province of the Dominion. The very physical obstacles to be overcome, considered in connection witii the comparatively limited area of farming lands, will zi'licn overcome constitute a positive advantage to the tiller of the soil. A rapidly growing population and the enormous expansion of industry bound to ensue as a consc(iucnce of the develop- ment of immense natural resources, together with a contiguous great future mar- ket in the northweste'Mi and northern territories of Canada and a rcm;irkable vantage ground on the sea-board, will yet create a demand, local, interprovincial and foreign, that will tax the agriculturist to Mis utmost to supply. Having con- trasted all his advantages fairly with his disadvantages, it is not an over-sanguine view, taking into account his remarkable situation and the balance in his favour, conditional upon the application of scientific, practical and business methods, to predict for the farmer of this Province a great and prosperous future. Readers may perhaps be inclined to regard some of the incidental criti- cisms in the foregoing as too severe and as a reflection on the methods of the farming conimunity as a whole; but those who understand the situation from local experience and observation will, it is confidently assumed, generally sub- scribe to this chapter, and farmers themselves will appreciate honest criticism and a candid statement of facts rather than flattering encomiums that are rarelv sincere. Much that has been stated is intended to apply to a past rather than a present condition of affairs. The Province is enter- ing on a new agricultural era, and a large number of farmers arc making earnest and diligent efiforts, under many difficulties, to re-create the industry on a sound, economic and healthy basis. Progress so far is not measured by many or conspicu- ous mile-posts, bi'.t looking back over ten years a decided advance has been made, and in ten years hence the change v.'!l have been marvellous. Tlie time may reasonably be anticipated when the adjacent forests will be cleared away, the valleys fertile with waving grain, the hill-sides vine-clad, and the landscape dotted with farm houses nestling among orchards and clusters of home-born trees and shrubbery, with long vistas of hedge lines and roadways to guide the eye — a pleasing picture to which the mountain background of native grandeur and the reflection of summer skies will impart a rare charm of scenic beauty and an air of pastoral and picturesque repose. Looking furn-ard. i tn AND MANUAL OF PkOVIN'CIAL INFORMATION'. 295 LEGISLATION AFFECTING AGRICULTURE. AGOOI^ dial ftt attention lias hiiii i)aicl to tlic sulijcct of aKricultuie from ;i statutory point of view, .-md ilio interests of the farniin^{ eoininiinity have heen carefully looked after, the leRislation atTectii\K thcni bcin^ developed, as in tnc case of other interests, as their recpiirenicnts were trade ai)pareiU from time to time. Tlic provi.iions for the regulation of the Department of .XRriculture and for defining the powers and duties of the Minister of Agriculture and other otiicers of the Department will be found in the "Department of Agriculture Act." The Act also contains provision for the appointinent of a Statistician, and for the col- lecting, abstracting and tabulating of statistics and information of public interest; a general report being presented to the Minister at the close of every year. .Ml Aurirtiitiirni pcrsons engaged in agricultural, horticultural, and pastoral pur- Kepiirtmcnt. suits. and the officers of all societies dealing with these and allied subjects, are re(iuircd to supply to the Statistician, in reply to his official eiuiuiries. details, statistics and information regarding the matters within their cognizance to which such enquiries relate. Provision is made for the interchange between the Federal Authorities and the Provincial Departtnent of information and statistics relating to the subjects above mentioned,* For the prevention of the running at Lrge of certain animals and tlie pre- vention of injury by and to domestic animals, the Animals Act contains provisions restricting the running at large of certain animals, and provisions to prevent in- jury by dogs, and for the arrest and sale of animals unlawfully at large. It is also enacted that in any action brought to recover damages for injury caused by animals of a domestic nature it shall not be necessary to prove that the owner of the animal knew or had the means of know- ledge that the animal causing the injury was of a vicious or mischievous nature or accustomed to do acts causing injury. These and cognate subjects are dealt with in a series of Acts to which only the briefest reference is here possible. In regard to dairying, provision is made by the Dairymen's Association Act for the formation (a) of a Provincial Dairymen's Association having for its ob- ject the general advancement of dairying throughout the Province; (b) the local Dairying Associations known as cheese and butter associations for the purpose of carrying on the business of manufacturing cheese and butter and certain objects incidental thergto. or which may profit ably be combined therewith; and (c) the establishment of creameries on the co-operative system, which, when so established, may, on complying with the requirements in the Act contained, obtain Govern- ment aid by way of loans to the extent of a sum equal to one-half the actual cost of creamery builaings. plants and fixtures, such loan to bear interest at the rate of five per cent, and to be re-payable in three installments, the first at the expira- tion of two years and the remaining installments yearly, so that the whole loan be paid with interest within four years. By the Milk F"raud Act, 1895, careful provision is made for tlie prevention .Animals. Dairvinu nnd Cattle Farming. ; !, ago YI'AK BOOK OF HHITISH COLUMBIA ll If! i I :i; 1 Milk FrniHl anil Cnltlf Art*. of thr adulteration cif milk ami tlu' funiisliinK of adulterated or deteriorated milk to dairies and creameries. In regard to cattle, ti'c Cattle I'armiuK .\ct makes provi>ii(»n wlicrehy the owners of cattle may entrust iluin to a farmer under renistired agreement for the purpose of securing their care and increase, the efTect of the registered a«ree- inent beinj,' to protect the entrusted cattle from all claims against and liabilities of the farmer to whom they are entrusted. The cattle lien Act confers upon apjisters of cattle and animals and keepers of livery stables a lien upon cattlf and effects left witli them for the value or price of any food, care, attendance or accommodation furnished such cattle and animals. The Cattle .\ct contains elaborate provisions for the protec- tion and marking of cattle. RegardinK the establishment of rewistrics for and tilt mode of registration of biands and marks upon cattle; provides penalties for contravention of the .\ct; provides a nuxle of transfer of the brands and marks; for the inspection of hides (it beinw provided that no slaughter of cattle shall take jilace except at a definite and recognized place of slaughter); and also provides for a record for cattle shipped from cast of the Cascades into the remaining por- tions of the Province, so as to guard against the stealing of cattle; and by the Breeding Stock Act and Cattle Ranges .Act and the Act respecting island pas- turage, provision is made for the ])r(>tiiti<>n and preservation of cattle ranges and for their being rendered available 7 inilk whole of tlu' Provincf, :iinl also for tlio ainalKamation oi" t!\i' I'ruit firo\v«r»* Associatifni, or any «'xistin^f agricultural association, with tlu- Central l-'ariiuTS* Institute, for tlic purpose of carrying on the work n| hotli in conjunction, if deemed desirable. Authority is taken under the Act liv tin- Lieutenaiit-tlovcnior- in-Council, to frame Rules and ReKuiationi, wliicii ilel'iite in greater detail, the work of the Institutes nul the system umler uhicli tliey may operate, in con- nection witli this Act, which is larwely liastd on .\ci> in < )ntario and .\l.initoli:i, an important departure has been made as loilows; - Upon application to the Minister ten or more residents urn! l<<^ihi ll'ie farmers may engage in and carry on, on a co-operative basis, any of the folhtw- ing, viz: (uch applicants be published in the "Rrit- ish Columbia Gazette," for wliich .' fee of ten (lollars shall b*- charged; (/>) Th.it no subscriber may hold or hereafter acquir'. more than one-tenth of the stock allotted by the Association ; ic) That twenty-five per cent, of the capital stock be sul)- scribed at the time of making application. One important feature of legislation i- the Act providing for the cre;ition of a Board of Horticulture, which has verv comprehensive powers with respect to the inspection of orchards, imi^ortod nursery stock and fruits. The I'.oard is composed of three members, one repteseiitiiig the Island of Inspection. Vancouver, one the Lower Mainland, one the Interior or I'uper yuarantine, Etc, Country, with the secretary, who is also the Deputy Mini-ter of Af;riculture, and the Minister of Agriculture, acting ex officio. The Board has been in existence for several years and the members have been very active in the performance of their dii.ics of inspection and quarantine, and their efforts botli in an educative and preventive way nave been largelv successful. In respect to the Dominion regulations for this Province relating to the in- spection of stock entering Canada which are contained in an Order-in-Council promulgated on the 25th of January, IiSq;, they are too elaborate to be given here. Suffice it to say, complete regulations exist governing all classes of stock entering the Province and are capable of very rigorous enforcement. Under the Canadian Customs tariff, the following free goods are admitted: 'AV'earing apparel, household furniture, books, implements and tools of trade. occupation or employment, musical instruments, domestic sewing machines. live stock, carts and other vcliiclcs and agricultural imi)lements in ust,- by the settler for at least ''ix months before his retnoval to Canada, not to .ctters . fc s. j,-,(>]ijci(> niachinery or articles imported for aiiy use in any m.iiiu- facturin,"? establishment or for sale; also books, pictures, family plate or furniture. personal effects and heirlooms left by bequest: provided that any dutiable article entered as settlers' effects may not f)e >o entered unless brought with tlie settler on his first arrival, and shall not be sold or otherwise disposed oi without payment of duty until twelve months' actual use in Canada: Provided, al>o. that under regu- lations to be made by the Controller of Customs, live stock, when imported into Manitoba or the North-West Territories by intending settlers, shall be free until otherwise ordered by the Governor-in-Council." The following is the authorized number of live stocl ported unle the conditions of the excerpt above quoted: Horses, one to every ten acres, sixteen in all allowed sheep, one to each acre; 160 in all allowed; swine the same. allowed to be iin- cattle the same: M ' -ji ;; ( 298 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA LAND CLAUSES CONSOLIDATION ACT. Ill ' II- i .('1 Complete Procedure. Bif an orflinance known as tlie "Vancouver Island Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, ih'63," taking effect on the 25th of February, 186.3, the English Lands Clauses Consolidation Act. 1845. was applied to the former colony of Vancouver Island, with necessary adaptations to render its provisions applica- ble to local institutions and circumstances. This ordinance was consolidated as Chap. 65 of the Consolidated Acts, 1888, and remained in force in Vancouver Island until the passing of the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1897. This latter Act applies to die whole Province, and contains the provisions of the English Act of 1845, with the necessary adaptations introduced in the ordinance above referred to. and with such further amend- ments as are necessary to insure the proper working of the Act under the local conditions as at present existing. The Act contains a com- plete procedure relative to the acquisition of lands required for undertakings or works of a public nature, as well by agreement as by the exercise of statutory powers of eminent domain, and its provisions are, by the Water Clauses Consoli- dation Act, 1897, expressly made applicable to the procedure upon the exercise of any of the powers relating to the acquirement of lands and property thereby conferred upon municipalities and incorporated companies. The "Crown Franchises Regulation Act, 1897." makes provision for deter- mining the rights to charters, franchises and offices held from the Crown. Pro- ceedings under the Act may be instituted by the Attorncy-Gen- Ouo Warrants ^^.^j^ ^^ ^^ ^j^^ Attorney-General with the leave of the Supreme Court, on behalf of any person desirous of bringing proceedings under the Act, termed a "Relator." In any action brought under the Act, the Supreme Court may adjudge: if: If t| 'i '\ il (a.) That any defendant be ousted and e.xclnded from any office by him usurped, intruded into, or unlawfully held, and that sucli defendant dc'ii--er up to the per.son, and within the time appointed by the Court, all property, books, documents, papers, and effects, in his possession, custody, or power belonging, relating, or appertaining to the said office ; and that such office vest in the person oy law entitled thereto, or that tlie procedure by law provided for the vesting of such office be fol- lowed to ascertain the person lawfully entitled thereto : (/'.) That any person or persons be restrained from doing and exercising acts as and the powers of a corporation without being legally incorporateil ; i\ That any corporation has, by any act done or omitted, surrendered or forfeited its corporate rights, privileges, or franchises, and that such corporation be dissolved and wound up under the Statutes regulating the winding up of corporations ; or that any corporation be restrained from ■contravening or offending against its Act of Incorporation, or against any Act or Acts under the provisions of which it has been incorporated ; or against any Act or law for the time being in force in this I'rovmce ; or (d.) That any corporation has surrendered and forfeited its powers, privileges, and franchises through non-user during the full term of tl'.r^fe years. The Companies Clauses Act. 1897, relates to the constitution and management ■of joint stock companies empowered to carry out undertakings of a public nature, ■and embodies the provisions of the English Companies Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, an Act apparently in force in this Province so far as applicable by virtue of the Statute respecting the application of English law. On the second reading of the Act, during the last session of the Legis- lature, it was stated that the Act wa? brouglit forward with spe- cial reference to the provisions of the Water Clauses Act, 1897: and in this last- mentioned Act it is provided tiiat iw company desiring to avail itself of the powers and privileges therebv conferred and created must be specially incor- porated so as to be exclusively governoi liy the Companies Clauses Act. Companies' Clauses. the AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 299 WATER CLAUSES CONSOLIDATION ACT. THIS is an Act passed during the session of 1897, confirming to and declar- ing to be vested in the Crown all unrecorded and unappropriated water and water power in the Province, and making provision for the acquirenient and regulation of water rights for the following classes of objects, namely, ordinary, domestic and agricultural purposes; mining, including milling, ^Tv^rTo'li's' concei.. rating and smelting; the establishing of water works Purposes. Systems by municipalities; the supplying of water to municipali- ties and unincorporated localities by companies; and the appli- cation of water power to electrical, industrial and manufacturing purposes by power companies. It repeals the provisions relating to the acquirement of water rights of the Mineral Act, 1896, the Placer Mining Act, 1891. and the (Crown> Land Act. The first part of the Act, after declaring the rights of the Crown, provides that no right to the permanent diversion or exclusive use of water can be ob- tained by prescription, and that the Lieutenant-Governor in Council may pro- mulgate general rules and orders fixing anc' providing for the collection of rents,^ tolls and royalties for the use of water; these .ire to be fixed for a period of three years, and to be thereafter subject to triennial adjustment. Then follow parts 2, 3 and 4 of the Act respectively, making provision for: (a) The acquisition of water by record for domestic, agricultural and min- ing purposes; (b) The supplying of water by water works systems to cities, towns and incorporated localities; and, (c) The acquisition of water for electrical, industrial or manufacturing pur- poses by power companies. The principle of the Act is to render the water and water powers of the Province av ilable to the fullest extent in aid of Provincial divtlopment; to limit the amount of water held under any record to an amount actually necessary for the carrying out of the object for which the record is obtained; to give priority where necessary to applications for the obtaining of water for domestic an T. ('.. Karl, T.ytton T*. R. Pearson, New West- sociation ;* it;. Hutcherson, ! [minster. B.C. I'ruit Exchange Society t Ladner's Landing. T. R. Pearson, New West- Lower Vraser P'ruit t'nion. -New Westminster W. J. Moggridge, | [minster. Kraser Valley Kruit I'uion,' Hazelmere A. Malins, N.Westminster Ltd ' <;. W. Henry, Hatzic (J. .A. Catherwood, Chilliwack Valley l-'ruit j Mission City. Crowing and Shipping I Association, Ltd .A. S. Vedder, Chilliwack.. ijos. Ogle. Maple Ridge l-ruit In ion J. C. .Metcalfe, Port HaneyJ. W. White, Port Ilaney. Victoria District l-'niit (".row- ers' .Association Victoria J. Lamberton D. D. Dove. V.L I-lockmasters' .Associa- tion Capt. !•;. Barkley , B. ('. Dairymen's .Associa- WestholmeT. A. Wood, Quamichan. tion ". W. 11. Ladiier, Ladner O. H. Had wen, Duncan. Cowichan Creamer v.Associa- tion Duncan W. P. Jaynes A. R. Wilson, Westholme. Delta Creamer V Co., Ltd W. H. Ladner, Ladner's p.o. A. H. Fawcett, Ladner. Li M Bi Fi T; O D M AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 301 COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS. 30th June, 1S94. Value. Live Stock j $238,041 00 482,824 00 651,206 00 198,786 00 10,729 00 16,748 00 659-^43 00 164,177 00 Meats, etc. BreadstufFs, and products of Fruit and Vegetables Trees and Shnibs Oils Dairy Products Miscellaneous 30th June, i«95. Value. I159.573 00 495,671 00 650,664 00 169,309 00 3,187 00 11,742 00 513,767 00 157,386 00 30th June, 1896. Value. $282,401 CX) 445.706 00 642,099 0(J 187,267 (X) 3,158 (XJ 22,011 00 579,221 00 200,435 "o Total I $2,422,354 00 $2,161.29900 $2,362,29800 I, Ill'i II i I 302 o U < o u (- O UJ < 73 C/3 rt t/i Ml .5 o 01 a c o u n o c CI t3 (LI Vi u O YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUiMBIA a. t^ S 0^ 1 u ^ t < Vr^ ^ 1 0^ CO ■4-1 ^m u -' = o a s a •"= X! t- -5 -S .- 'J P ^^^^ re c8 rt , , Sii-o •£ s s s 5 •- CreiuOOOOOg 'X bo. •O so o -■ X Hi ^ AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. .m H O o r 2 n > n I n n n 3 3 5 o u 3 2. n 3 - TC 3- 2. n 3* t/2 »5. (/I V^'.>r"^WWwS_--^ www W c o H -J o o 1 i. ^ 2 B 3 '^i 2 o o ■£, C - X O 1 c C 1 X x S. 3 •< s 5 2 s; r - - r_ 1 = a- ■3 ^ X 1^ ft a' X 3- 5.^ — o -3s o „ 2 o •fl 5 E. r 2 p X i. 2:o " X ^ -I — £• "^ M X £. i. » » 1 ' 1 — —. 3 -^ < — . •T n S ' < - 3 O £ 3" 't' O '< O n V » » 7. e (A ft n o 3 S = - =>• 5L b o ■ -I c S % n, -1 3 o S. J ft ^ -• o ^fc X -. rt » 1^ 3 r. o £ 5, 5 ^ = = c ■ ^ " o ^' I I 'X. o V m !-• cn 1 o _ 3" » K 3 » — 3 ia rr' n " X -. C O 3 3 -I X JT II " ? -■ a =: ■/■■ X ^1 c* -. '^ 3 « 1^ P /^ Si •< =; £ 3 3 ri 1^ ■C B 3 =1 '". ;; w - ■J. B X' ^ 3 T i, "* 5. c" 2 X C — _ - 2. o C 3 X K5 1 — X iT^ s X B S. 2 S3 5- '* 2 - .?^ c -' 3 O _ X - p o 00 W = 2 ^ *■ 2. r 2 '* a~Sv X O —1 a re X a. 3" P o • ' ? Z. 3* B 3 3 W " -I 2 ^ X O X- P ^ p I- r* C/) -• C O V" 3 III n n 5' 3 2. x_ I a 5< O H X 5^ 5 -i -. i JCiC W a' u' 3 3- ■^ O 3 ';;■;;■ S- s B a - -^^"xFr; Bt T3 o tr2 • : . „ ^^ X £-^-=?: S.r: ar X 3 B *< 3 3'< o •^ •— P f^ r* r* P B'*^ P 3*.^ 3 3 o- 3 >> 5" r* •• X r* < O rs's-^'t 3* 3 3 3 3'* ^ "^ IT. ^ n* ^ 5' •' nt. Si* "^ r* Pl-H 3 P o 3*: p . "1 • &• X • o >^ w : c ■ X • p a X P , •> •^ '^ ^"'5 £ 2 '^ "^ ^ "^ c 2> 33?. 3 S?* li s 3 " ts o n o % 1 CO 3 S 2 2 5' 5' WW 2.2. 0* X T n n X X n n u B X X o o 3'3' B P B B 3^ p B :^ '•'♦ 3 3 r St i '— > I V. r. 3 P 3 1 P B o B -t 3 1^ re r» II }','■■;■ t.i!i ^1 T 304 YEAR BOOK OF HKITISH COLUMBIA ENTOMOLOGY. I liii BRITISH COLUMBIA being wonderfully rich and varied in its flora is con- sistently profuse in its fauna, and is therefore a grand field for the entomolo- gist. Thousands of species representing all of the different orders, are to be found within its boundaries, eacii succeeding year bringing to light new species, and occasionally new genera, though a very few of the lepidopterous insects to be collected in British Columbia are identical with those found in Great Britain, amongst them being I'tDicssa antiopa, Pyrauicis atalanta Xcw Genera. and cardui of the Rhopalocera (butterflies), and Scolioptcryx liba- tri.v, Thyatira dcrosa, Hibeniia defoliaria and Arctia caja uf the Hotcrocera (moths); nearly all the species of lepidoptera to be obtained in British Columbia are indigenous and characteristic of the Pacific Coast fauna — the beau- tiful McUtaca iaylori is peculiar to the lowlands of Vancouver Island, and Chion >- bas gigas also occur there in its home amongst the mountain peaks. Possibly the geographical format' jn of the Province, combined with its varied climate, is tlie main cause for so diverse a fauna existing, for as each plant has its own special habitat, so each of the larvre of the various insects requires its own particular food-plant, and is to a large extent dependent on this for its own limits of distri- bution; hence it is that on Vancouver Island where the oak (Q. Garryana) flour- ishes is found Ellopia somiiiaria and on the mountains of the Mainland Parnasiins snuiithcus, and other butterflies occur, the handsome Parnassius Elodius flies on Mount Finlayson and the surrounding peaks. The caterpillars of both feed on species of sedum. British Columbia is so favourably known as a good hunting ground for collectors of all kinds of natural history objects that visitors are con- tinually arriving from all parts of the world for the sole purpose of capturing the rarities indigenous to it, both in the valleys and in the mountains, for one must climb high into the latter to procure chinobas gigas and must penetrate the lux- uriant forests in the valleys to obtain others. Among the rarities to be found in the interior are various species of the handsome genus argynnis, as Xcvadaensis, curynome, Lcto, chitonc, char idea and Frigga. While the number of species of the butterflies occurring in the Biitish Isles is but sixty-five, in British Columbia there arc about 150. The moths are, comparatively speaking, in the same ratio. The beetles have Collectors. been probably studied more than any other order and many treasures have been secured. In Queen Charlotte Islands the Rev. J. H. Keen has discovered many new species, several of which are named after him, as Haida Kccni, Platycenis Kccni, etc. Among the greatest varieties are Cychrus tuber culotus. Liparocephaltts brcvipenuis. Agytcs loiigulns. corymbites spcctabilis, and singularis. On Vancouver Island the Rev. G. W. Taylor has made extensive collec- tions in all orders including beetles. A complete list of his Hymcnoptera has ap- peared in the "Canadian Entomologist." Energetic collectors are also Mr. W. H. Danby. of Victoria, and Mr. C. dc B. Green, of Osoyoos, in the Okanagan Valley. The immense increase during the past ten years in the number of insects which feed upon vegetation, popularly known as "injurious insects," or insect pests, has proved a fertile source of damage and expense, especially to fruit grow- ers, and here, as in other fruit producing countries, the science of economic ento- mology has been called upon to assist in checking their ravages. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 305 , Prcdaccous Insects, llomoptcrous insects, nearly all of which are more or less injurious to plant life, have been notably numerous and active. The increase of their favourite plant foods, due to the extensive planting of fruit trees, combined En'tmiioioKy. ^^'^'^ ^'^^ favourable conditions furnished by our long, dry sum- mers for their propagation, especially in the case of the various Aphides or plant-lice, is largely responsible for this condition of affairs. Most of these "injurious insects" are of imported origin, and the natural checks upon their increase, in the insect world were not imported with them, hence again the economy of nature was disturbed. Frequent reference is made by "old timers" to the days when fruit trees flourishd in the Province without in- sects to plague or bother them, while at the present, surviving fruit trees of "early days" planting usually are found to furnish homes and food for countless numbers of bark-lice (mytilaspis ponwrum), woolly aphides (scliicoiicunt lanigcra), and green aphides (aphis mali), from which newer orchards become infested Spraying has become generally resorted to by commercial fruit growers to hold these and other pests in check, and the number of what are termed beneficial insects, being predaceous, or parasitical upon, the injurious forms arc also be- coming more abundant, and in future there is a reasonable prospect of a more even balancing of the respective numbers of both classes. Of the predaceous forma, we now have in Diptera. tlie Syrpliida, or syrphus flies, in Neuroptera, the Chrysopie. lace-winged or golden- eyed llics, and in Coleoptera the Coccinellidte, ov lady-birds, all well repre- sented, and proving of valuable assistance to fruit growers and agriculturists. Tent caterpillars and all larvai of Lepidoptera are subject to the attacks of members of the Ichneumonid;e. The success attending the importation and distribution of beneficial insects of the Coccinellidie family in the States to the south of the Province, indicates a useful field for operation in the same line to the advantage of our fruit growers. In practical entomology much good work has been done by the officers of the Provincial Department of .\griculture. Mr. J. R. Anderson, Deputy Minister, and Mr. R. M. Palmer, Inspector of Fruit Pests, have taken an active part in protect- ing the fruit growers of the Province from the attacks of many pests of the orchard. Their thorough work in preventing the introduction of the codling moth has been of great benefit to the Province. The plum aphis, hop aphis, and other pests have been fully described in the annual reports of the Department with instructions for applying the proper remedies. The San Jose scale, the most per- NewPesu. nicious enemy of fruit trees, iias twice been detected in the Province, having been brought in on imported fruit trees, but has been promptly eradicated when discovcied. The apple fruit miner, a new fruit enemy, the caterpillar of a small growth, which during 1896 did a great deal of harm, has been successfully reared to maturity by Mr. E. A. Carew-Gibson, of the Department of Agriculture. Owing to the profuse manner in which insects are produced in the charming climate of British Columbia some species occasion- ally occur in vast numbers and are the cause of wide-spread devastation. The oaks are occasionally defoliated by the larv;c of lillopia soiniiiaria. The California tent caterpillar in like manner sometimes strips the wild roses and other shrubs of their foliage, and pines and spruces are much injured by the caterjjillars of Neophilia Mciiapia. a pretty black and white butterfly, and of Halisidota sobrina. re- spectively. As is usually the case, however, in other parts of the world, as soon as any insect appears in undue numbers it is suddenly brought down again to its normal occurrence by parasites. They are also subject to diseases of fungous or bacterial origin. ill i ■■■' m 305 YEAR BOOK OF DRITISH COLUMHIA NATIVE FLOWERING PLANTS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. 1r is not claimed that the following list of tlie wild Howers, shrubs and trees of British Columbia is at all a complete one, but it is believed that it includes UK^st of the species of common interest likely to be collected near the larger centres (jf population both near the moist sea-coast and in the dry ."'.nd mountain- ous interior. The latter district contains a large proportion (jf species, especially of the alpine f(jrms, well-known in ICastern Canada and even in Europe, whilst the former, or coast region, is inhabited by a flora which includes a larger proportion of species found in the coolei parts f)f Oregon and California, and a few that are also inhabitants of Asia. The al])ine forms cm the Mainland and the Islands closely resemble each (jther. Fuller information can be obtained by consult- ing Prof. Macoun's Catalogue of Canadian Plants, published in Montreal, especi- ally concerning the grasses, sedges and other large and interesting families. Anemone nuiltifida (Poir) — V.I. Anemone Oregana (Gray), Wood anemone — Throughout British Columbia to Vancouver Island. Anemone occidentalis (Watson). Western anemone — Mountains of Southern Brit- ish Columbia and Rocky Mountains. A(|uilegia forniosa (Fisch). Columbine — Throughout the Province and Queea Charlotte Islands. Aquilegia flavescens (Watson), Yellow-Howered Columbine — Rockies, Kootenaie Pass, Selkirks. C!lematis ligustifolia (Nuttall), Virgin's Bower — Spence's Bridge, Lytton. Kam- loops, in the dry country. Clematis douglasi (Hooker). Douglas's clematis — West side of Rockies, etc. Delphinium ^lenziesii. D.C., Larkspur — Common near Victoria. Cypress Hills and Wood Mountain on Mainland. Delphinium scopulorum (Gray), Rocky Mountain La-kspur — Rocky Mountains. Delphinium variegatum (Torr & Gray), Variegated Larkspur — Yale, Spcnces Bridge. Caltha leptosepala (D.C.), Marsh Marigold — Cariboo Mountains, Selkirks. Coast Range, etc. Ranunculus aquatilis (Linn), White water-crowfoot — Common near Victoria, Spence's Bridge, etc. Ranunculus multifidus (Pur.'h), Yellow water-crowfoot — Common everywhere in. stagnant pools and ditches. Ranunculus occidentalis (Nuttall), the Western crowfoot — Mostly confined to the West Coast. Ranunculus Eschscholtzii l^Schlecht), Mountain crow-foot — Near the region of perpetual snow. Rocky and Selkirk Mountains. Trollius laxus (Salisb), Spreading globe-flower — Higher summits of the Rockies and Selkirk Mountains. Trautvettria grandis — Cowichan River. Trautvetteria palmata (Fisch & Mey). Var. occidentalis (Gray), False bugbane (worthy of a better popular name) — Base of Mount Finlayson. V.I. Berberis repens (Lindl.), Rocky Mountain Grape — Vancouver Island and dry slopes on Mainland. Berberis aquifolium. Oregon Grape — Common on Vancouver Island, also at Yale and Shuswap Lake. AN J MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INI-OKMATION. 307 Aclily^i tripliylla (D.C.), WL-stcin May Ai)ple. "DccT-loot (Irass"— Cniniiioii on \'ancf)uver Island. Nupliar i)olysepaluni, l^njrlon). Wcstcrii Water-Lily — Coininoii near X'ictoiia, ,it Sliavvniiran Lakt and r)n Mainlainl Ictwocn McLood's River and the iMas^r, (Jueen Char'ottf Islands. Nupliar advena (Ait.). Coninioii Yellow Water- Lily— Columbia Valley, Mainland of Hritish Columbia. Dicentra tormosa (D.C.). Dutciiman's Hreeelus — • Mirnon over the south of \'ancouver Island. Port Mondy on the Mainland. Nasturtium palustrc (D.C.). M.irsli' Cress — Vancouver Island and valley of the I'^raser. Nasturtium curvisili(|ua (Nutt) — Common near \'ieto.-i;i and near New West- minster and ^'a!e. Cardaniine olij^osperma (Nutt). Hitter Cress — Common around- Victoria. Cardamine an>;ulata (Hook) — Around Victoria and Now \V estminsier. Capsella divaricata (Walp). Shei)herd's Purse — Spence's Hrid^!;e. Viola i)alustris (Linn). Marsh Violet — Generally distributed in wet swamps. Flowers i)ale lilac. Viola blanda (Willd), White Violet, and var. renifolia — In cedar swamps. Mowers white. Viola i)almata (Linn). Common Blue X'iolet; var. ciicullata (Gray) — Cienerally (listributed. Viola canina (Linn). Doif Violet: var. longipes ( Nutt)— \'ancouver Island south, Columbia River X'allcy. etc. Viola glabella (Nuttall). Western Yellow Violet — Rich moist woods X'ancouver Island and Mainland. Viola sarmentosa. Yellow Violet — \'ancouver Island. I'raser River, Selkirks. Silcne antirrhina (Linn.), Sleejjy Catch-tly — Vancouver Island and Mainland, on rocks and sandy soil. Silene Mcnziesii (Hook) — X'ancouver Island and Mainland. Lychnis apetala (Linn). Cockle — SummiVs of Rockies and Selkirk Mountains. Lychnis elata (Watson) — Kof)tenaie Pass. Arenaria verna (Linn): \'ar. hirta (Watson) — ()n dry rocks near Victoria; also on summits of the Rocky Mountains, at Stuart Lake Mountain, etc. Arenaria laterifolia (Linn). Broad-leaved Sandwort — On swamjjy Ki'f'nnd every- where. Arenaria peploides (Linn). Seaside Sandwort; \'ar. oblonjjfifolia — Straits of [•'uca and Georgia. Queen Charlotte Islands, etc. Stellaria nitens (Nutt). Chickweed Star-wort — Vancouver Island. Stcllaria umbellata (Turex.) — On the Rocky Mountains. Stellaria crispa (Cham. & Schlecht) — Victoria. X'ancouver Island and Selkirk Range. Cerastium arvense (Linn). Meadow Chickweed — X'ancouver Island and Mainland. Sagina occidentalis (Watson), Pearl-wort — On rocks near the sea, Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Huda marina (Dumorl). Sand Spurry — Salt marshes along the coast and inland. Lewisia rediviva (Pursh) — Thoniiison River, Nicola Valley, etc. Claytonia. Spring Beauty — About twelve sijccics found in the Province. Calandrinia Menziesii (l-|of)k.) — Vancouver Island, on rocks. 'Hyi)ericum Scoulcri (Hook.). St. John's Wort — Vancouver Island and Mainland in dry soils. Sidalcea malvacflora (Gray) — Near \'ictoria and on Mainland. Erodium cicutarium (Hook.) — Victoria. Cieranium Richardsoni (Fisch. & Mey). Cranesbill — Vancouver Island and Main- land. Geranium incisum (Nutt.) — Rocky Mountains. Nico'a Valley. Spence's Bridge. Limnanthes Macounii (Trellase) — Margins of pools near Victoria. Oxalis oregana (Nutt.) Wood Sorrel — Woods on Lower Fraser. l*"lowers pinkish. Ceanothus velutinus (Douglas), New Jersey Tea— Home Lake, \ancouver Island, above Preston Bar and at Stuart Lake. Ceanothus sanguineus (Pursh.)— Mainland, coast to Stuart Lake. Slimy. f. •( !:£i 3o8 YKAK BOOK OF UKITISH COLUMBIA Rhamnus Purshiana (D.C). 'Rucktiiorn, "Cascara Sa:4racla*'— Damp thickets in Vancouver Island and Mainland. Acer macrophyllutn (Pursli.), Broad-leaved Maple —Common on Vancouver Island and in the lower valley of the Fraser River. Acer circinatum (Pursh.). Vine ^laple— Has the same distribution as tlie la"^! species. Acer Klabrum (Torrey)— Valleys near springs, west side of Rocky Mountains to Vancouver Island. Rhus diversiloha (Torr Ik Gray). Poison Oak— Dry open places on the Mainland. Rhus Toxicodendron ( Linn)— Mainland at Yale. etc. Lupinus littoralis (DoukD. Lupin. "Chinook Licorice"— Southern coasts. Ruot edible. Lupinus microcarpus (Sims) — Near Victoria. Lupinus Nootkatensis (Donn.) — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. I'ort Moody, etc. Trifolium microcephalum (Pursh.), Small-flowered Clover— Close to shore. \'an- couver Island. Trifolium mepacephalum (Nutt.). Great-headed Clover — Mountains of Sciutlura British Columbia. Trifolium involucratum (Willd)— Vancouver Island. Astragalus lentiginosus (Dougl.). Milk-vetch— Mainland. Vicia Americana (Muhl.), Vetch — Mainland. Vicia gigantea (Hook.). Giant Vetch — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. And twelve other species. Lathyrus maritimus (Bigel.), luerlasting Pea — Coast of B.C. Lathyrus Nuttallii (Watson), Nuttall's Pea— Common in thickets. Vancouver Islands and Mainland. Hosackia parvitlora (Benth) — \'ictoria. Prunus Pennsylvanica (Linn), Bird Cherry — Mainland. Prunus Virginiana (Linn), Choke Cherry — Valley of the Fraser. Prunus de missa (VValp.), Wild Cherry — Mainland f»f British Columbia. Prunus emarginata (Walp.). Cherry; and var. mollis (Brewer) — N'ancouver Island and Mainland. Nuttallia cerasiforniis (Torr and Gray), Oso Berry — Vancouver Island and Main- land. Spiraea Douglasii (Hook), Spira-a; and var. Menziesii (Hook), Hardliack — Com- mon along the West Coast. Spinca betulifolia (Pallas), Birch-leaved Spir;ca — Northern British Columbia and stmimits of Selkirks. Spinea aruncus (Linn). Goat's Beard — Queen Charlotte Islands and Mainland. Physocarjjus opulifolia (Maxim). Nine Bark; var. mollis (Brewer and Watson) — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Rubus Nutkanus (Mocino), White flowering Raspberry or Thimbleberry — Van- couver and Queen Charlotte Islands and Alainland. Rubus Arcticus (Linn), Arctic Raspberry — Northern British Columbia. Rubus pedatus (.Smith). Creeping Raspberry — On mountains of Mainland Rubus triflorus (Richards), Dewberry — Mainland north. Rubus strigosus (Michx.). Red Raspberry — Mainland. Rubus spectabilis (Pursh), Salmon Berry — Along the coasts of islands and Main- land. Rubus leucodermis (Dougl.) Raspberry — Islands and ^lainland. Rubus ursinus (Cham & Schlecht), Blackberry — Islands and Mainland in Columbia River Valley. Rubus nivalis (Dougl.) — On snowy ridges of Rocky Mountains, Purshia tridentala (D.C), Chapparal — (Dsoyoos Lake, Kootenaie, etc. Geum macrophyllum (Willd), Large-leaved Avens — Island and Mainland. Geum rivale (Linn), Purple Aven,s — Mainland. Fragaria Virginiana (Duchesne), Wild Strawberry — Mainland from the east to the Coast Range, AM) MANUAL OK PROVINCIAL I N rOinL\ TION. .W FniKuria Chilcnsis (Ditclu-siu-). Western Strawberry — On shores ni i>laii(U and Mainland, and found in the interior to the west of the Coast KatiKC. V'a-. Scf)uleri (Hook) — Qneeii Cliarlotte Islands. I'ursh). Ci ■ M: ind Ih nith fotentilla ar^u Potentilla gracilis (i)fniv?I.) — Islands and Mainland. Poterinni Sitchense (Watson), Hnrnet — N'ancouver and (.Juecn Charlotte Islands, Mainland. Rosa pisocarpa (Gray)— Abundant on Vancouver Island and Mainland. Rosa Nutkana (Prcsl.). Nootka Rose — Queen Charlotte and \'anc). Black C.irrant. berry sinuutli. dark — Nurihcrn Mainland. Ribcs ccrcuni (DoukI). Currant, berry rcdrlisli, sweetish— .Mainland. Ribcs viscosissimum (I'ursli.). Currant, berry black — Cascade and Selkirk Moun- tains. Ribe> sanKuinenm (Pursli.). Berry blackish, bitter — \'aiu-nn\er l-land and .Main- lan(l. Sedum stenopetaluni (I'ursh,). Stone-crop — N'ancouvcr Ishmd and .M.i.nl.md on Rocky slopes. Sediini spathulifolium (Hook.) — .\bundant on Vancouver and Queen Ch.irlotte Islands. Scdum Nhodiol.-i (D.C). Rose Root — (Jueen Cliarl )Uc Islands ami N'ortliern Maudand. Sedum orcK-nuim (N'ult.) — llorne Lake and Mountr.in-i of N'.mcouver Island. Orosera rotundifolia (Linn). Round-leaved Sun dew— Vancouver and (juecM Ch.'irlotte Islands. Maiidand. Drosera .\nKlica (Hudson) — Ilonie Lake. Vancouver Island and Mainland. Myriophyllum spicatum (Linn). Water Milfoil — Maiiiland. (fil)puris vulfjari.s (Linn). Mare's Tail — (lenerally distril)uted. Kpilobium aiiKi'stifoliuni ( Limi). ^ire-weed — Generally distributed. Epilobium luteum (Pursh.), ^'ellow Willow Merb — Selkirks and Northern British Columbia. Epilobium alpinum (Linn). .\li)ine Willow Herb — Higher summits of the Main- land. 'Enothera biennis (Limi). Common EvjniuK Primrose, and varieties; \'ancouvcr Lsland and i\Iainlatul, 'Enothera strij^ulosa (Torr and (jray) — Near N'ictoria, \'ancouver Island. Godetia auKcna (Lilja), (iodetia — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Godetia epilobioides (Watson) — Vancouver Island. Clarkia jnilchclla (Pursh). Clarkia — Mainland. Circ;ca alpina (Linn). Enciianter'- Nightshade — In damp, shady woods. Circ;ea Pacitica (Asch. & Map.)— -viountain ranges on Mainlancl, Megarhiza Oregona (Torr). Big innt. Wild Cucumber — Lslands of Gulf of Georgia. Upuntia fragilis (Haw), Prickly Pear. "Cactus" — Shores of Gulf of Georgia, common on dry rocks on sonic of the islands. Sanicula Menziesii (H. & A.), Black Snake Root: N'ancouver Island. Sanicula arotopoides (H. & A.) — Queen Charlotte and N'ancouver Islands. Cicuta virosa (Linn). Musquash poison; var maculata (C. & R.) — Islands and Mainland. Osmorrhiza nuda (Tofrey), Sweet Cicely — Vancouver Island and Mainland. CEnanthe sarmentosa (Presl.) — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Succulent stems, eaten by Indians like celery. Angelica Dawsoni (Watson), Angelica — Passes in the Rocky Mountains. Arcliangelica Gmelini (D.C), Archangelica — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. Peucedanum utriculatum (Nutt.) Hog's Fennel — \'ancouver Island and Mainland. Roots eaten by Indians. Heracleum lanatum (Michx.), Cow Parsnip — Northern British Columbia. The petioles are chewed by Indians. Daucus pusillus Michx.); var. microphyllus (T. & G..), Wild Carrot— Islands of British Columbia. Aralia nudicaulis (Linn), Ginseng, Wild Sarsaparilla — Mainland of British Co- lumb la. J ANU MANUAL Ol- l'U()\ INCIAU I N lOKM ATION'. .Ill of mountain'* Mainland of -V'ancou- Fatsia liorrida ( lU'tith. & Hook.). Dovil's Clul)— TslaiHh'. and Mainland, (■"irnns N'nttallii (Anilnlinn), I.arMn- Ddvcwnud Isl.uids and M.iinland. (.■'•rnn^ Cinadi'iisis (Liini). Duari Cornol. lUnuh Hcrry -N'aiu-onvi'r and yuccti CliarlDttf Islands and Mainland. Cornus pubosccns (Nntt.) — \'anc<)u\rr Island and .Mainlantl. S.inilinons raci'tnosa (Linn). Urd-hc-rrifd Lldi-r — Islands and .Mainland, Samhuius ^lauca (Nntt.) — V'anconvir Island and Mainland, Sandiiuns iiu'lanocarpa (dray) — C'olnnihia Kivcr X'allcy ;ind Si-lkirUs, Viburnum paucitlorutn (Pylaii-). .\rro\v Wood— Northern parts of the Mainland. Linnaa Ixircali^ ((ironov, ), Twin Flower — Islands and .Mainland, Syn))ihori(.-arpos mollis (Nntt.). Snow-hcrry — Island- and .Mainland. Symi)!ioricarpos raccino.sus (.Michx). var. paucitlorns ( kohhins) — Saino hahitat as till- last. Lonicrra ciliosn ( Poir). Ffoncysnckk' — Islands and Mainl.ind. Loniiira his|)i(lnla ( Donnlas) — Vancouver Island. Loniccra involucrata (Hanks) — Islands and Coast Ranui' of B.C. Lonicera c.i'ruloa (Linn), Mountain HoucysuckU' — I liKhor ranges on Maiidand. dalinm tritlorum (Michx.). Three- Flowered (ialium— Islands and R,C. Sweet scented when drying? like the ICurf)pean "Woodruff." Galium Horcale (Limi), Northern lied-strasv — Northern Maiidand, X'aleriana syUatica (Ranks). \'alerian — .Moin\tains of Mainland. \'aleriana capitata (W. LTd.)— Mainland of B.C. N'alerianella connesta ( I), C. )— Islands. Valerianclla niacrocarpa (T. & G.) and ValeriancUa sainolifolia (lloesk)- ver Island. Grindelia scpiarrosa ( Dnnal)- -Mainland. Grindeli ■ inte^jrifolia (l).C.) — Vancouver and (Jneeii Charlotte Islands. Solida^o mnltiradiata. Golden Rod — Cohunhia Valley and Selkirk Kanjj;a SoIidaK') confertitlora ( D. C.) — Islands and Mainland. SolidaKo Icpida (D. C.) — Islands. SolidaKo elon«ata (Nntt.) — Islands and Mainland. Solidajff) Canadensis (Linn). Common Golden RofI — Generally distributed. Aster conspicuus (Lindl), .\ster — Islands and Maiidand. Aster Douglasii (Lindl.) — Islands and Mainland. Aster falcatus (Lindl) — Rocky and Selkirk Ran^J;es. Aster occidentalis (Nutt.) — Vancouver and Mainland, Aster peregrinus (Pursh) — Vancouver Island. Aster foliaccus (Lindl.) — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and parts Mainland. Erigeron tilifolius (Nutt) — Mainland. I'rigeron compositus (Pursh) and varieties — Mainland. Lrigeron salsuginosus (Gray) — Queen Charlotte Islands and Alpine summits mountain ranges on Mainland. I'.rigeron Philadelphicus (L.) — Islands and Mainland. Antennaria racemosa (Hook.), Everlasting — Alpine woods on Mainland. A.ntennaria Carpathica (R. Br.) — .\lj)ine summits of mountain ranges. Gnaphalium Sprcngelii (Hook. & .\rn.). Everlasting. Gnaphalium palustre (Nutt.) — Islands and Mainland. Gnaphalium purpureum (.Linn.) — V^ancouver Island. Adenocaulon bicolor (Hook.) — Generally distributed. Franseria bipinnatifida (Nntt.). Franseria Chamissonis (Less.) — Shores of B.C. Balsamorhiza sagittata (Nntt). — Mainland on dry grassy slopes. Balsamorhiza deltoidea (Nutt.) — Islands. • Helianthus annuus (Linn). Sun Flower — Dry interior of B.C. Psilooaruus Oreganus (N;;tt.) var. — Vancouver Island. Madia Xuttalli (Gray), Tar Weed — Woods. Island, and Mainland. Helianthelia Douglasii (T. & G.)--Mainland of B.C. Eriophyllum caspitosum (IJougl) — Islands and Mainland. Gaillardia aristata (Pursh)— Interior of Mainland. of of IP I ' '11 I ! 1? r 'I If J I !!! I 31^ YEAR BOOK OF BRITIS}! COLUMBIA - 'J Achill.Ta Millefolium (Lmn) Yarrow — Generally distributed. Matricaria discoidea ( D. C). Wild Chamomile — Islands and Mainland. Tanacetum Huronense (Nutt.). Tansy — Coast of B.C. Artemisia dracunculoides (Pursh), Wormwood — Spencc's Bridge. Cliilcotin, etc. Artemisia Canadensis (Michx.)— Sea beaches, lake shores, and river banks. Artemisia tridentata (Nutt.) — On arid soil in the interior of B.C. Luina hypoleufca (Henth.) — Barclay Sound. Cascade Mountains. Petasites palmata (Gray). Sweot Colt's Foot — Vancouver Island and Mainland- Pctasites sagittata (Gray) — Mainland of B.C., in swamps, etc. Arnica cordifolia (Hook.), Arnica. Arnica latifolia (Bonyard). Arnica foliosa (Nott.) — Mountain regions of B.C. Ainica Chamissonis (Less.). Arnica amplexicaulis (Nutt.) — Queen Charlotte Islands and Mainland. Crocidium multicaule (Hook.) — Near Victoria. Senecio aureus (Linn.), Groundset and varieties — Mainland. Cnicus undulatus (Gray), Western Prairie Thistle — Kootenay Valley, Spence's Bridge. Cnicus edulis (Gray), Thistle — Island and southern parts of Mainland. Hieraceum umbellatum (Linn). Hawkvveed — Mainland of B.C. Hieraceum Scouleri (Hook.) — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Taraxacum officinale (Weber). Dandelion; var. alpinum (Koch) — Mainland of B.C.; and var. glaucessens (Koch); var. lividum (Koch) — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Prenanthes alata (Gray), Rattlesnake Root — Queen Charlotte Islands and Main- land. Kalm's Lobelia — Near sources of Columbia River. Venus' Looking-glass — Islands and Mainland. Bell-Flower — Cariboo Mountains and Northern Lobelia Kalmii (Linn), Specularia perfoliata (A. D. C), Campanula lasiocarpa (Cham.), B.C Campanula Scheuchzeri (Vill.), var. heterodoxa (Gray) — Queen Charlotte Islands, etc. Campanula rotundifolia (Linn). Blue-Bell, Hare-Bell — Kootenay Valley, etc., and var. Alaskana (Gray) — Queen Chrrlotte Islands and Vancouver Island. Campanula Scouleri (Hook.) — Southern parts of Vancouver Island and Mainland. Heterocodon rariflorum (Nutt.) — Vancouver Island. Vaccinium uliginoseum (Linn.), Bog Blueberry; var. micronatum (Herder) — Mt. Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island. Vaccinium c^espitosum (Michx.), Dwarf Bilberry; var. cuneifolium (Xutt) — Near Victoria. Vaccinium myrtillus (Linn), Whortleberry, Bilberry; \-o.-. microphyllum (Hook.) — Alpine woods on Mainland. Vaccinium myrtilloides (Gray); var. membranaccum (Dougl.). and var. rigidum (Hook.) — Damp Alpine woods on Mainland. Vaccinium ovalifolium (Smith), Blue Huckleberry — Vancouver and Queen Char- lotte Islands, and Mainland. Berries large and edible. Vaccinium parvifolium (Smith), Red Huckleberry — Same distribution as last. Berries pale red; edible. Vaccinium ovatum (Pursh) — Southern parts of B.C. Berries dark purple, with- out bloom. Vaccinium vitis Idsea (Linn), Mountain Cranberry — Islands and Mainland. Oxyococcus vulgaris (Pursh), Cranberry — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands,. and Mainland, in sphagnous swamps. Chiogenes hispidula (T. & G.), Creeping Snowberry — Rocky Mountains; sources of Columbia. Arbutus Menziesii (Pursh), Madrona — Coasts of Vancouver Island and Southern Mainland. Arctostapliylos alpina (Spreng), Bearberry, Kinnikinnick — Generally distributed. Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Dougl.) — Southern parts 01 the Province. Gaultheria ovatifolia (Gray), Aromatic Wintergreen — Cascade Range and Mt, Arrowsmith, V. I. Fruit scarlet, aromatic. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 313 etc. Gaultheria Shallon (PiirslO. Salal — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and western parts of Mainland. Fruit purple, becoming black. Cassandra calyculata (Don.). Leather Leaf — Northern B. C. in bogs and swamps. Cassiope stelleriana (D. C), Cassiope — Northern coasts. Cassiopc Mertensiana (Pallas) — Upptr wooded slopes Mainland mountains. Andromeda polifolia (Linn) — Peat bogs ^nd swamps. Bryanthus empetriformis (Gray), False Heather — Vancouver Island (Nootka)^ Rocky Mountains. Bryanthus Grahamii (Hook.) — Mainland mountains. Bryanthus glanduliflorus (Gray) — Summits of Rocky and Selkirk Mountains. Kalmia glauca (Ait.), American Laurel, .ind var. microphylla (Hook.) — Queer* Charlotte Islands and mountains of Northern B.C. Ledum latifolium (Ait.), Labrador Tea — Peat bogs and marshes. Ledum glanduloGum (Nutt.) — High plateau near Nicola, at 5.000 feet. Rhododendron Kamschaticum (Pall.). Rose Bav- Ranks Island, etc.. Northern B.C. Rhododendron albiflorum (Hooper), Mountain Rhododendron — Rocky and Selkirk Mountains, Cariboo, etc. Rliododendron Californicum (Hook.) — Mountains between Hope and the Skagit River. Menziesia glabella (Gray) — Alpine woods. Menziesia ferruginea (Smith) ---Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, and higher woods on Mainland. Cladothamnus pyrol?ef!orus (Bong.) — Woods on Islands and Mainland. Pyrola minor (Linn), Wintergreen — Agassiz, Observ .tory Inlet. Rocky Moun- tains. Pyrola secanda (Linn) — Woods on Islands and Mainland. Pyrola chlorantha (Swartz)— Northern B.C. Pvrola elliptica (Nutt.) — Damp woods in the Selkirk Range. Pyrola rotundifolia (Linn), Round-leaved Wintergreen, and varieties— Gener.illy distributed. Pyrola picta (Smith) — Nootka and Victoria, V.I., and at Yale. Pyrola aphylla (Smith) — Somenos and Mt. Finlayson, V.I. Monescs uniflora (Salisb.), One-flowered Wintergreen — In shady and mossy- woods. Cliimaphila umbel'.ata (Nutt.), Prince's Pine — Dry woods. Islands and Mainland, Chimaphilia virgsta (Torn & Gray) — "slands and Mainland. K motropa uniflora (Linn), Indian Pipe— Damp woods. Islands and Mainland. Montropa Hypopitys (Linn.) Pine Sap — Queen Charlotte and Vancouver Islands. Montropa fimbriata (Gray"* — Little Qualicum. Mts. ^lark and .\rro\vsmitli. V.I. Armeria vulgaris (W. Ud.), Thrift, Sea Pink — Seashores everywhere. Primula Mistassinica (Michx.), Primrose — Rocky Mountains. Primula farinosa (Linn.), Bird's Eye Primrose — Rocky Mountains. Often pro- ducing thirty flowers in a capitate cluster. Androsace occidentalis (Pursh). Androsace septentrionalis (Linn.) — Mainland. Douglasia nivalis (Lindl.) — Sources of the Columbia at an elevation of 12.000 feet. Dcdecatheon Hendersoni (Gray), American Cowslip — Victoria, Yale, etc. Dodecatheon Jefifreyi (Muore) — Kanaka Bar. Fraser River. Dodocatheon frigidum (Cham. & Schlecht) — Mt. .\rrowsniith at an altitude of 5.700 feet; also near Victoria. Trientalis Europ.xa (Linn), Star-Flower : var. arctica (Ledeb)— Cariboo and Sel- kirk Mountains, Mt. Finlayson, V.I. Var. latifolia (Torr) — Near Victoria and Comox. etc. Centunculus minimus '^Linn) — Kamloops and near Alb^rni.V.I. Steironema ciliatum (Raf.), Loosestrife — Abundant near small ponds. Glaux maritima (Linn), Sea Milkwort — Salt marshes in the interior of B.C. and along the coae*. Apocynum androsremifolium (Linn.), Spreading Dogbane — Borders of thickets everywhere, Kootenay, Donald, etc; var. incanum (D.C.), Frasef Valley. tyti 3'4 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA i i:.- * n. Ml A]i()cyniini cannal)ituini (Linn.). Iiulian Henii); var. liyper^i folium (Gray) — In grassy thickets. Its bark yields a fine and tough bark fibre (Gray). Asclepias speciosa (Torr.). Milkweed — Shuswap and Thompson River. Gcntiana Amarella (Linn.). Gentian; var. acuta (Hook.) — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and Mainland generally. Gentiana propinqua (Richards) — Alpine swamps in Rocky Mountains. Gentiana Douglasiana (Bong.) — Queen Charlotte Islands. Cassiar. and Northern B.C. Gentiana glauca (Pall) — Alpine ranges on Mainland. Oentiana platypetala (Griesb ) — Qi een Charlotte Islands and Northern B. C. Gentiana sceptrum ((jriesb.) — Vancouver Island and mountains ot Southern B.C. Menyanthes trifoliata (Linn.). Buckbean — Swamps near Victoria. Menyanthes Crista-galli (Menzies) — Queen Charlotte Islands and Northern B.C. Piilox Douglasii (Hook.), Phlox — Rocky Mounfains and Kootenay Valley. Piilox longifolia (Nutt.) — Southern British Columbia. Phlox linearifolia (Gray) — Eastern parts of the Mainland. Collomia linearis (Nutt.). and C. gracilis (Dougl.) — Vancouver Island and Main- land. ■Gilia liniflora (Benth): var. pharnaceoides (Gray) — Kamloops. etc. Gilia tenella (Benth). G. squarrosa (H. & A.). G. capitata (Dougl.). G. inconspicua (Doug!.) — Dry slopes near Victoria and Southern B.C. Gilia aggregata (Spreng.) — Near tlie Similkameen River. Flowers large and showy, usually scarlet. Polemonium confertum (Gray). Greek \"alerian — Passes in Rocky Mountains. P. micranthuni (Benth.) — Victoria, V.I.. Boston Bar, etc. Hydropliyllum capitatum (Doug!.), Water-Leaf — Rocky to Cascade Mountains. H. Virginicum (Linn.) — In rich woods at Goldstream. V.I.. Mainland. Nemophila parvitlora (Dougl.). Nemophila. Nemophila Menziesii (Hook.) — Near Victoria. Flowering in early spring. Phacelia circinata (Jac(i.) — Rocky and Selkirk Mountains. Phacelia sericea (Gray): Franklinii (Gray) — Rocky Mountains. Phacelia Menziesii (Torr.) — Nicola and Thompson River Valley. Spence's Bridge, Lytton, etc. Cynoglossum grande (Dougl.). Houndstongue — Thick woods in Southern B.C. Echinospermum fioribundum (Lehm.). stickseed — Spence's Bridge and Northern B.C. Echinospermnni dollexum (Lehm.) — Rocky Mountains. K'ynitsia Californica (D. C); K. Chorisiana (D. C. ): K. Scouleri (Gray) — Near Victoria. Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. &. Meyer; A. lycopsoides (Lehm.); var. bracteosa (Gray) — Coast of Vancouver Island. Myosoiis verna (Nutt), Forget-Me-Not; var. macrosperma (Chai)in.) — A small form near Victoria. V.I., and near Cache Cr^ek. Lith.ospermum pilosum (Nutt.), Gromwell — Spence's Bridge, etc Lithospermum angustifolium (Michx.) — Nicola. Lytton. Cache Creek, etc. Cuscuta salina (Engelm.). Dodder — Saline marshes on coast. Nicotiana attcnuata (Torr.). Tobacco — On sand hills from Lytton to above Spence's Bridge, along the Thonqjson River; viscid and stinking; used bv Indians (Gray). Collinsia granditlora (Dougl.), and var. pusilla (Gray) — Common on grassy and gravelly hillsides in early spring near Victoria. Collinsia parviflora (Dougl) — Rocky Mountains. Southern Vancouvci Island. Pentstemon Menziesii (Hook.), Bean, Tongue — Rocky ^Fqv;ntains; and var. Scou- leri (Gray) — Rocky and Cascade Mountaii Mitstemon confertus ( Dougl.) — Columbia Rive •ntstemon venustus (Dougl.); difTusus (Dougl.) — Higher mountains. Vancoi North V. I., etc. Crow's Nest Pass, etc. r Island and Mainland. AND MANUAL (JF TROVINCIAL IXFORMAtlON. 315 Scou- Mimulus Lcwisii (Pursh). Rose-coloured Monkey-flower — Wet ground near springs on Mainland at high altitudes. Miniulus luteus (Linn.), Yellow Monkey-flower — Islands and Mainland generally. Miniulus alsinoides (Benth.). Small Monkey-flower — \'ancouver Island and Main- land. Mimulus moschatus (Dougl.). Musk-plant — X'ancouver Island. Gratiola ebractcata (Benth.). Hedge Ilysoj) — Ditches and wet places near Victoria. Veronica Anagallis (Linn.), Water Speedwell; Veronica Americana (Schwein): Veronica scutellata. Marsh Speedwell — Brooks and swamps. Islands and Mainland. Castill'eia miniata (Dougl.), Painted Cup — Vancouver Island and Mainland. C;istilleia parviflora (Bong.) — Islands and Mainland. Castilleia pallida (Kunth) — Rocky Mountains. Castilleia breviflora (Gray) — Arrow Lake, Osoyoos Lake. Orthocarpus bracteosus (Benth.); Orthc'^;arpus attennatus (Gray); Orthocarpus castilleioides (Benth,); Orthocarpu" pusillus (Benth.) — Vancouver Island. Orthocarpu.s luteus (Nutt.) — Chilcotin River and Rocky Mountains. Pedicularis Groendlandica (Retz), Lousewort; Pcdicularis racemosa (Dougl.) — Mainland of B.C. Pedicularis bracteosa (Benth.) — Cariboo. Cache Creek, Rocky and Selkirk Moun- tains. Pedicularis Langsdorflii (Fisch.); var. lana (Gray) — Mountains of Northern B.C. Rhinanthus Crista-galli (Linn.). Yellow Rattle — Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands; Rocky Mountains. Melampyrum Americanum (Michx.), Cow-Wheat — Coast Range. Aphyllon uniflorum (Gray), Cancer Root — Abundant near Victoria, Kootenay Val- ley. Aphyllon fasciculatum (Gray) — Nicola and Spence's Bridge. Aphyllon comosum (Gray) — Coast near Victoria. Aphyllon Ludovicianum ((jray) — Vancouver Island. Okanagan Lake. Boschniakia Hookeri (Walp.) — Mts. Finlayson and Benson, V.I. Utricularia vulgaris (Linn), Bladder Wort — Ditches and slow streams on Islands. and Mainland. Utricularia intermedia (Hayne) — Selkirk Mountains. Pinguicula vulgaris (Linn.), Butter Wort — Wet i)laces, Milbank Sound, Coast Range. Columbia Valley, etc. Verbena hastata (Linn.), Vervain — Spillimacheen, B.C. Verbena bracteosa (Mchx.) — Spence's Bridge and Kamloops. Teucrium occidentale (Gray) — Spence's Bridge. ^Mentha Canadensis (Linn), Canada Mint — Wet places along streams Lycopur. Virginicus (Linn), Bugle Weed, and — Lycopus sinuatus (E. U.) — Wet woods. Micromeria Douglasii (Benth.), Verba Buena— Shady woods, Vancouver Island. Monardo fistulosa (Linn.), Oswego Tea: var. mollis (Benth.)— Rocky Mountains; Spence's Bridge. Scutellaria angustifoiia (Pursh.), Skull-cap-— Victoria, V.I., in moist ground; alsa near the sources of the Columbia River. Physostegia parviflora (Nuttall), False Dragon Head— Shuswap Lake, Thompso't River. Brunella vulgaris (Linn.), Self-Heal— Islands and Mainland. Stachys palustris (Linn.), Wound- Wort— Wet ground everywhere. Stachys ciliata (Dougl.) — Islands and Mainland in soutli of B.C. Plantago macrocarpa (Cham. & Sehl)— Alberni and Qualicum, V.I. Plantago maritima (Linn.)— Gulf of Georgia, etc. Plantago major (Linn.) — Kootenay. Ahronia latifolia (Esch.). and — Abronia umbellata (Lam.)— Growing in sand along the seash(jre, Atriplex Alaskensis (Watson) — Orache. Atriplex zosteriefolia (Watson) — Sea ctjast. i \\ 310 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -Higher slopes Atriplex patula (Linn.); var. littoralis (Gray)— Sea coast. Chenopodium hybridum (L.), Maple-Leaved Goose-foot — Islands and Mainland. Clienopodium rubrum (L.) — Islands and Mainland; Kamloops. •Chenopodium Fremonti (Watson) — Kamloops. Salicornia ambigua (Michx.), Glass-Wort — Muddy Hats along the seashore. Sujtda depressa (Watsonj, Sea-Blite — Spence's Bridge. Oxyria digyna (Campdera), Mountain Sorrel — Sub-Alpine. Polygonum amphibium (Linn.). Knot-Weed — Fresh water ponds. Polygonum paronychia (Cham. & Schl.) — Sandy cliffs near Victoria. Polygonum minimum (Watson) — Griffin Lake. Kiiinex paucifolius (Nutt.). Sorrel — Kootenay Pass, Telegraph 'frail. Asarum caudatum (Lindl.), Wild Ginger — Islands and Mainland. Ei:egnus argentea (Nutt.), Silver-berry — Spence's Bridge. Rocky Mountains. Shepherdia Canadensis (Nutt.). Soopolalla — Islands and Mainland. Arceuthobium Americanum (Nutt.), Mistletoe — Growing on Pinus contorta, Van- couver Island and Mainland. Arceuthobium robustum (Engelm.) — Growing on Pinus ponderosa. Kootenay Valley. ■Coinandra livida (Richards), Bastard Toad-Flax; and — Coinandra pallida (A. D. C.) — Mainland of B.C. Euphorbia glyptosperma (Engelm.), Spurge — Thompson River. XJrtica Lyallii (Watson), Western Nettle — Old Indian villages on Islands and Mainland. Uriica holosericea (Nutt) — Nicola, Okanagan, etc. Myrica Gale (Linn.), Sweet Gale or Bog Myrtle — Along lakes: common on Van- couver Island and the Mainland, especially to the north. .Alnus rhombifolia (Nutt.) — Mainland. Alnus rubra (Bong.) — Islands and Mainland. Alnus incana (Willd.), Common Alder; var. viresccns (Watson) of Rocky and Selkirk Mountains. Rotuia glandulosa (Michx.), Dwarf Birch — Vancouver Island and Mainland. Betula occidentalis (Hooker), Western Birch — Common on Mainland, in the Val- ley of the Columbia, to the Selkirk's summit. Betula papyrifera, Canoe Birch — Mainland, generally distributed. Corylus rostrata (Ait.), Beaked Hazel — Southern parts of Vancouver Island and Mainland, Sicamous and Shuswap. ■Qucrcns Garryana (Dougl.), or Jacobi — South-eastern pi^rt of Vancouver 'Populus trichocarpa (T. & G.), Cottonwood— Columbia Valley; Selkirk tains; Lower Eraser Valley. 'Populus tremuloides (Michx.), Aspen — Northern forests. .'Salix balsamifera (Barratt), Balsam Willow — Nechaco River. Salix Barrattiana (Hook.) — Alpine swamps of the Rocky Mountains. Salix Candida (Wild.), Hoary Willow — Peat bogs. Northern B.C. Salix oordata (Muhl.). Heart-leaved Willow— Islands and Mainland generally. Salix desertorum (Rich.), Prairie Willow — Columbia V^alley, Cache Creek, and on Mainland. Salix tlavesceus (Nutt.), and var. Scoulcriana (Bebb.) — Common. Islands and Mainland; var. villosa (And.) — Selkirk Range to Fort McLeod. Salix herbacea (Linn)., Herb-like Willow — Summits of Rocky and Selkirk Ranges. Salix lasiandra (Benth.), and var. lancifolia (Bebb.) — Islands and Mainland. Salix longifolia (Muhl.), Long-leaved Willow; and var. argyrophylla (And.) — River bottoms Northern B.C. Salix myrtilloides (Linn.), Myrtle Willow — Mainland, in peat and other bogs. Salix prolixa (And.) — Near Victoria, V.I.; Spence's Bridge. Salix reticulata (L.); var. nivalis (And.) — Summits of Rocky and Selkirk Moun- tains. Salix rostrata (Rich.), Livid Willow — The most common species from tke Coast Range eastward. Salix sessilifolia (Nutt.) — Eraser River Valley. .Salix sitchensis (Sanson), and var. angustofolia — New Westminster, Quesnelle, North Kootenay, Rocky Mountains, etc. Island. Moun- AND MANUAL OI- PROVINCIAL INFOkNLMION. J17 slopes Salix spfciosa (FT. & A.) — Mountains of British Columbia. Salix commutata (Bebb.)— Gold Range, B.C. Salix vostita (Pursh.) — At high altitudes in the Rocky and SclkiiU Mountains. Salix conjuncta (Bebb.) — Rocky Mountains, Selkirk and (iohl Ranges. Salix macrocarpa (Nutt.)— Near Victoria. V.L Empetrum nigrum (L.), Black Crovv-berrv — Queen Chariottt- IsIatuN and North- ern B.C. Abies amabilis (Forbes), White Fir; Vancouver Island and Mainland. Abies grandis (Lind!.), Western White Fir — Confined to the vicinity of the Coast; Balsam Fir. Abies subalpina (Engelm.), Mountain Balsam — Rocky and Selkirk Mountains. Juniperus occidentalis (Hook.), Western Juniper. "Red Cedar" — Islands and .Main- land. Juniperus sabina (Linn.), Creeping Juniper; var. procumbens (Ph.) — Kicking Horse Lake, Rocky Mountains. Juniperus comnnuiis (Linin.), and var. alpina (Linn.) — Vancouver Island and Rocky Mountains. Larix Americana. Tamarach — Rocky Mountains. Larix Lyallii (Partat), Black Larch. Larix occidentalis (Nutt.), Western Tamarach — Rocky Mountains, Selkirk and Gold Ranges. Picea alba (Link), White Spruce — Rocky Mountains, Picea Engelmanni (Engelm.). Engelmann's Spruce — Throughout interior of B.C. Picea nigra (L.), Black Spruce — Northern B.C. Picea Sitchensis (Carr), Western Si)ruce — Coast of B.C. Pinus albicaulis (Engelm.), White-barked Pine — Generally distributed on high elevations. Pinus contorta (Dougl.), Scrub Pine — Everywhere on the Coast. Pinus Hexitis (James), Rocky Mountain Pine — Southern Rocky Mountains. Pinus monticola (Dougl.), Western White Pine — Plentiful southern interior. Pinus Murrayana (Balf), Black Pine — Characteristic tree of interior plateau. Pinus ponderosa (Dougl.); var. Scopulorum (Engelm.) — Central and southern dry region. Pseudotsuga Douglasii (Carr), Douglas Fir — Generally Distributed; greatest per- fection on Coast. Taxus brevifolia (Nutt.), Western Yew — Vancouver Island and South-Western Mainland. Thuya excelsa (Bong.), Yellow Cypress — North-Western Coast and on Vancouver Island. Thuya gigantea (Nutt.), Western White Cedar — Southern B.C. and Coast gen- erally. Tsuga Mertensiana, Western Hemlock — Southern B.C. and Coast generally. Tsuga Pattoniana (Engelm.), Hemlock — On Eraser River; Yale. Calypso borealis (Salisb.), Calypso. — Generally distributed: abundant in shady woods. Corallorhiza innata (R.Br.) Coral Root. — At liigh altitudes. Vancouver Island and Mainland. Corallorhiza .Mertensiana (Boug.) — In rich shady woods. Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and Mainland. Common near Victoria in July. Corallorhiza multiflora (Nutt.) — In woods. Vancouver Island and Mainland, flowering in May. Corallorhiza striata (Linn.) — Vancouver Ishuid and Mainland. Cypripedium Montanum (Dougl.) Lady's Sli])per. — Southern parts of Vancouver Island, Columbia V^alley. Okanagan Lake, etc. Epipactis gigantea (Dougl.) — Osoyoos Lake, Mainland of B.C. Goodyera Menziesii (Linol.) — Rich woods throughout Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands. In Selkirk and Rocky Mountain ranges. "Goodyera repens (R. B.) — Cool mossy woods. Habenaria hracteata (R.Br.) — Columbia \"alley. B.C.. also southern parts of Vancouver Island. Habenaria di'.atata (Gray) — Common in the Rocky ^lountains, in swamps. 1; m^ ^'wn ^i|^^^H m 31H YEAR BOOK OT BRITISH COLUMBIA Island Island Pnget Sound of Shawnigan and and by and near Victoria; llabcnaria tIcKans (Roland) — SoiUlicrn parts of Vanoouvcr Island. Uabonaria gracilis (Watson) — Vancouver and Queen Cliorlotte Islands. JIabenaria leucostachys (Watson) — In swamps. Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands and Mainland of B.C. Ilabenaria Unalaschensis (Watson) — Rocky Mountains and Southern \'anc<>u- ver Island, on gravelly soil. Ilabenaria IIyi)erborea (R. Br.) — Rocky Mountains and Selkirk Ranges. Ques- nelle. etc. Listera convallarioides (Nutt.). Twayblade — Mountains of Vancouver Mainland. Listera cordata (R.Br.) — Common in mountain woods. Vancouver Mainland. Orchis rotundifolia (Pursh.) — McLeod's Lake. etc. Spiranthes Ronianzoftiana (Cham.), Ladies' Tresses. Iris tenax (Dougl.) — A doubtful resident, but found near Douglas. Sisyrinchium Californicum. Blue eyed Grass, etc. — Shores f)thcr lakes on Vancouver Island: flower small, yellow Sisyrinchium grandifiorum (Dougl.) — Common in early spring flower large, purple. Si.syrinchium mucronatum (Michx.) — Generally distributed throughout the Prov- ince; flower small, purple; later than the last. Allium acuminatum (Hook.). Wild onion, garlic. — Common near Victoria, as are also the next three species. Allium cernuum (Roth.). Allium Geyeri (Watson). Allium Nevii (Watson). Allium reticulatum (Fras.). A. stellatum. (Fras.). A. tricoccum (Ait.) — Are found at considerable heights above sea-level on the Mainland. Allium Vancouverense (Macoun) — ]\Iount Arrowsmith. V.I. Brodiaea Douglasii (Watson); Brodiaea grandiflor-i (Smith); Brodiaea lactea (Watson). — All three reported from the neighbourhood of Victoria and the south of Vancouver Island. Calochortus elegans (Pursh.). var. nanus. (Wood) — Rocky Mountains. Calochortus macrocarpus (Dougl.) — Lytton. Kamloops. Kootenai Valley, etc. Camassia Leichtlinii (Watson). Camass. Camassia esculenta (Lindl.) — Both found on Clintonia uniflora (Kunth). Clintonia — Cool. Mainland Erythronium albiflorum (Hook.). Dog's Tooth Violet — Abundant throughout the southern part of Vancouver Island. Locally known as "Lent Lily." Erythronium Smithii (Hook.) — A pink variety rarer than the last. Found at Alberni. Comox. Cowichan and Sooke: all on Vancouver Island. FZrythronium giganteum (Hook.) — Flowers large, bright yellow. Coast Range and Harrison Lake. B.C. Erythronium minus (Morren.) — Bright yellow, usually one flowered. At high altitudes. Vancouver Island and Mainland of B.C. Fritillaria Kamtschatcensis (Ker). Fritillary — Generally distributed along the sea- coast to the far north. Fritillaria lanceolata (Pursh.). and var. floribunda — Southern B.C. Fritillaria pudica (Spreng.) — Mountain slopes. Lytton and Spence's Bridge. Lilium Columbianum. (Hanson) — Common on dry soil in southern Vancouver Island. Lilium Philadelphicum (Linn.) — Columbia Valley. B.C. Maianthemum bifolium (D.C.). Lily of the Valley; var. diiatatum (Wood)— Com- mon in low woods from Victoria to Port Simpson and the Queen Char- lotte Islands. Apparently confined to the west coa.st. Prosartes Hookeri (Torn) — Mainland of B.C. Prosartes Menziesii (Don.) — Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island. Prosartes Oregana (VVatson) — Near Victoria. New Westminster, Coast Range, etc. the southern islands of B.C. shady woods. Vancouver Island and AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 319 high sea- ouver Coni- Char- e. etc. Smilacina raceniosa (Desf.), False Solomon's Seal — Near Victoria, Sonienos, etc. Smilacina sessilifolia (Nutt.) — Southern Vancouver Island. Frascr Valley, etc. Smilacina stellata (Desf.) — Rocky Mountains and Columbia Valley. Stenanthium occidentale (Gray) — Mountains of Vancouver Island and Mainland of B.C. Strcptopus amplexifolius (D.C.). Twisted Stalk — Wet thickets, (generally di.stri- buted. Strcptopus roseus (Michx.) — Rocky Mountains, Selkirks. Cariboo, etc. Tofieldia glutinosa (Willd.). False Asphodel — Cold bogs and borders of mountain lakes and rivers. Islands and Mainland of B.C. Tofieldia occidentalis (Watson) — Selkirk Range and Queen Charlotte Islands. Trillium ovatum (Pursh.), Three-leaved Nightshade— Rich woods in southern parts of Vancouver Island and Mainland of B.C. Veratrum viride (Ait.), False Hellebore — Generally distributed on mountains slopes and river valleys from southern B.C. to Queen Charlotte Islands and the Stikine coutnry. Zygadenus elegans (Pursh.), Zygadene — Columbia River Valley. Donald. Zygadenus venenosus (Watson), Poison Camass — Common in southern parts of Vancouver Island and through the Selkirk and Rocky Mountains. Lysichiton Kanitschatcense (Schott), Skunk Cabbage — Common on the islands of B.C. up to the far north. Also on the Mainland in the Selkirk Range. LIST OF FERNS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA. Adiantum pcdatum (L.), Maidenhair Fern— In rich damp woods, pretty generally distributed. Var. rangeferinum (Burgess) — Base ofAIount Finlayson. near Victoria. Aspidium aculeatuin (Swartz)— Port Simpson, B.C. Var. Braunii (Doell.) Nootka. V.I., and sources of Columbia River. Aspidium Filix mas (Swartz). Male Fern — Selkirk Range. ' Aspidium Lonchitis (Swartz) — Rocky. Selkirks and Gold Mountains. Aspidium nutnitum (Kaulf) — An evergreen species: common on the islands in- cluding the Queen Charlotte group, also on western Mainland. Aspidium Oreopteris (Swartz) — Wet ground on mountain slopes. Selkirk Range and Port Simpson. Aspidium rigidum (Swartz) — Growing in tufts amongst rocks on Mount Finlay- son, near Victoria. .A.spidium spinulosum (Swartz) — Partially evergreen. Generally distributed. Var. intermedium (D. C. Eaton) — Same range as last. Var. dilatatum (Hook.) — General. In places this forms almost the whole under- growth. Asplenium Filix-foemina (Bernh.) Lady Fern — Generally distributed. Growing in moist places. Asplenium Trichomanes (L.). Maidenhair Splecnwort — Crevices of rocks Van- couver Island, west coast of Queen Charlotte Islands, also in Coast Range, Selkirks and Rocky Mountains. Asplenium viride (Huds), Green Spleenwort — Moist shady crevices of rocks in, various parts of B.C., Port Simpson, Queen Charlotte Island", Rocky- Mountains, etc. Chcilanthes gracillima (Eaton), Lip Fern— Southern Vancouver Island, Harrison Lake, Spence's Bridge, in fissures of dry rocks. Cheilanthes lanuginosa (Nutt.)— In matted masses on exposed rocks. North Thompson River. Ashcroft. Banff, etc . Cryptogramme acrostichoides (R. Br.), Rock Brake. Paisley Fern — On bare hills in many localities on Vancouver Island and Mainland. If 'I : I JJO YEAR BOOK UF BRITISH COLUMBIA Cystopteris fragilis (Bern,), Bladder Fern — Universally distributed, g'owing on shady rocks and in rich woods. Very variable. Gyninograinnie triangularis (.Kaulf), Gold Fern — Crevices ol rocks near Victoria. Lomaria spicant (,0^^''^.) — Abundant along the coast in rich cool woods reaching as far as the (Jueen Charlotte Islands. Onoclea Struthioplens (liolTm.) — A tall species found in the valleys of the Fraser J^^iver, in the (Jold Range, etc. Palhea atropurpurea (Link.), Cliff Brake — Crevices of locks in Rocky ^lountains, Kootenaie. District, Nicola aiu' I\.,\niloops. Palla^a densu (Hook.) — A rock spe.u: trowing in exposed places above Yale within tlie Cascades Mountains, Sicamous, B.C., and Mt. Finlayson near Victoria. Pella:a gracilis (Hook.) — Kicking Horse Lake, Mt. Stephen, Kootenaie Dis- trict, etc. Phegcpteris alpestris (Mett.) — Cascade, Selkirk and Gold Ranges, B.C. Phegopteris, Dryopteris (Fee), Oak Fern — Rocky Aloui. tains, southern Vancouver island. Queen Charlotte Lslands and Port Simpson. Phegopteris polypodioides. (Fee) — Sources of Colmbia River. Port Simpson. Polypodiuni falcatum (Kellogg) — Common along the coast of Southern B.C. Polypodium Scoulcri (H. & G.) — On exposed rocks close to the sea west and north coast of Vancouver Island. Polypodium vulgare (L.) and varieties — Common in B.C. Pteris aquilina (L.). Brake: var. lanuginosa (Boug.)— A common fern on Van- couver Island and the Alainland of B.C. Woodsia obtusa (Torr) — Amongst loose rocks at Port Simpson and west side of Rocky Mountains at sources of the Columbia. Woodsia scojiulina (D. C. Eaton) — Growing in dense passes on rocks and in their crevices, chielly in shade. Mt. Finlayson. V.I., along the Thompson and Fraser Rivers from Yale to Sicamous, etc. Woodsia Oregana (D. C. Eaton) — Fraser and Thomiisfin Rivers, Kamloops, etc. Woodwardia radicans (Smith) — Texada Island, Straits of Georgia, in moist places :ti- ST. ANDREW'S I'RKSHY fKRlAN CHDRCH, VICTORIA. Y. M. C A. BUILDING, NEW WESTMINSTER. Dis- MINES AND MINING. A Source of Disappointmunt. IN dealing with the general conditions of mining in British Columbia, the ques- tion has often arisen in the minds of outsiders as to how it was that a Prov- ince so long known to the world as a mineral country, so much and so con- tinuously talked about, and one tliat. in fact, sprang to lite on account of auriferous wealth, discovered so many years ago, has in the past proved such a source of disappointment to those who looked for development on a large scale. It is true that in the early period of the history of the Province much gold was taken out. In fact, its placer diggings proved to be very rich, but they were, so far as gold could be produced by primitive appliances, soon exhausted, and, despite all expectations, the output after the first few years continued to steadily decline, with no compensating development of new fields, or progress in lode mining, until very many began to question if, after all, their faith in mines was not largely founded upon myth. Writers and speakers since the first had declaimed on the immense possibilities of the mineral resources until it became a monotonous strain; new hnds and new ventures cropped up with unvarying regularity, and a great deal of local capital from time to time was invested in the various schemes; but all without returns. Hope was oft deferred. Foreign capital, that jewel oi great price, eiuueu an Ltturts to entice it into assisting the most favourable propositions. The few ven- tures in which it embarked in a preliminary way were doomed to misfortune. So on it went, year after year, the close of each seeing bright hopes for the next, which were never realized. The public grew skeptical. The writer remembers, not longer than eight years ago, that the opinion was expressed by many not incompetent to form one on such subjects, that Brit- ish Columbia was a doubtful field for mining, and that even where local deposits of value existed conditions rendered exploitation extremely unfavourable. No quartz mines up to that time had been worked, hence nothing had been demon- strated; and without demonstration no number of "indications" could furnish proof to experienced mining men and capitalists. Much was heard at that time about "broken formations" and "refractory ores," which in public esteem rendered the rich surface exposures extremely unsafe as a criterion by which to determine what might lie underneath. There was no doubt of the extensive coal measures which existed, but the value of these was restricted by a limited demand. Analyses had demonstrated |he quality of iron ores, and examirfcition of lodes had placed their magnitude beyond question. Here, again, lack of access to markets and the conditions of labour forbade the possibility of blast furnaces in the near future; so that even in the matter of coal and iron, where, with the contiguity of ;l . t !! m m y 'i 322 YEAR BUUK UF BRlilSH COLUMBIA wood, the natural conditions wcif iicrffct. tliere was tlu- absence of otlur and luces- sary conditions. In tlie meantime otiicr countries — Australasia, tlie United Slates, and South Africa — were Koii'K ahead and attracting capital by the millions It :om( The Gxplanntlon of It. secmecl as tliou^li liritisii L,oiumi)ia s time would never The explanation of this unsatisfitctory state of affairs, which, as has been stated, did not fail to excite comment, may be j^ivcn in three words — LACK OF COMMUNICATION. No one who has not lived in British Columbia, and especially who has not travelled in the interior, can properly appreciate what that means. It is a country of enormous distances and of rugged exterior. Without developed resources to start with, it was next to impossible to induce capitalists to build railways at unusual cost and under unusual difliculties. On the other hand, the resources could not be developed without railways to assist. The situation was a pet-plex- ing one and the obstacles many and dilticult to overcome. The C. P. R. as a through line furnished an avenue of traffic only — a way of getting in and out of the Province. Strangely enough, it uncovered no mineral veins of any promise tliroughout its entire length. It did not connect itself with those wonderful chains of interior lakes, which are great natural high- ways. It re(|uircd, therefore, not only a main line, but branch lines to reach these waterways, and independent lines from the South as well; but even after the arterial system was established, a smaller network had yet to be accom- plished. The mines which lie up steep mountain sides and in other compara- tively inaccessible and im])assable places had to be reached by trails, and tram- ways and roads, and short lines of railway. Prospectors must have communica- tion with the base of supply; afterwards miners must be able to haul in machin- ery; then the ore must come out and be transported at a rate cheap enough to produce a profit, the sine qua non of all mining operations. Lit- tle by little, after the construction of the main line of the C.P.R., all this was brought about, at least to a degree which has ren- dered development in its present stage possible. It appeared slow to those who were in a hurry to get rich, and to those who desired to see long cherished hopes realized before they died; but, in reality, in the face of the many difificulties to encounter, it has been wonderfully quick work. It is, indeed, astonishing thct so much lias been accomplished in so short a time. The C. P. K., it must be borne in mind, was completed within the past decade. Much has been done, but in respect to communication the Province has but entered upon the threshold of the possibilities that have been afforded thereby, and through its efforts in the past has only demonstrated the needs of the future in rendering available the opportunities which so wide and richly endowed mineral areas suggest. It was fortunate, and, in fact, this gives the key-note to the great activity in mining matters in Kootenay at the present time, that the lodes discovered on Toad Mountain, in the Slocan District, and at Rossland, were so rich in character that at the outset shipments of ore could be made at such an enormous cost, owing to the lack of facilities of transport, and at the same time return a handsome profit. Ore that brought from $50 to $200 a ton at the smelter, and was known to exist in large and well-defined lodes, at once solved the problem of communication and set at rest the future of a country so rich. Capital hesitated no longer. Splendid I'roKrcss. ANU MANUAL Ol' PROVINCIAL INl-ORMATlON. 333 *EARLY HISTORY OF MINING. Oregon Territory. HOW recent the knowledge of niir mineral wealth is may be judged from the fact that Robt. Greeiihow, in 1S44, wrote as follows: "Oregon, indeed, con- tains land in small detached portions which may afford to the industrious cultivator the means of subsistence, and. also, perhaps, in time, of procuring some foreign luxuries; but it produces no frrcioHs metds, no opium, no cotton, no rice, no sugar, no cofTee; !ior is it like India, inhabited by a numerous population, who may easily be forced to labour for the benefit of the few. With regard to commerce it offers no great advantages, present or immediately prospective It contains no harbour in which articles of merchandise from other countries will probably at any future period, be de- posited for re-exportation; while the extreme irregularity of iis surface, and the obstruction to the navigation of its rivers, the removal of which is hopeless, forbid all expectation that the productions of China, or any other country border- ing on the Pacific, will ever be transported across Oregon to the Atlantic regions of the continent." Oregon as it was then known and the Oregon about which the above was written included all that vast region of the coast from the Columbia River io Alaska, or more widely speaking, what now constitutes Oregon, Washington and British Columbia, exclusive of the New Caledonia territory. Greenhow was argu- ing in connection with what was then a live subject of dispute between Great Britain and the United States, viz.: the Oregon boundary question, and was point- ing out that from material considerations the possession of this vast country would be of no particular advantage to either country, and. except for political reasons, was not worth striving for; but, apart from that, he was an exceedingly well- informed man of his day and wrote conscientiously. How far he was mistaken on every count, it is not necessary to indicate here. In no one statement was he more mistaken than that there were "no precious metals." It is true that the celebrated David Douglas, the botanist, unfortunate as he was gifted, in the early twenties discovered the well-known ^^lue Bell mine on Kootenay Lake, now the main base of supplies for the Pilot iiay smelter, but that was an a'xidental circumstance that told the few little and the world nothing. Just how, when and where gold was first discovered in British Columbia is not easy to state with precision, notwithstanding the many accounts we have of it. it ^ -k Ai The early discoveries of gold in small quantities range between the years 1850 and 1857. In 1850 specimens came from Vancouver Island and Queen Cha-- •The above, from the pen of the author, appeared in the Christmas number of the "B.C. Mining Record," December, 1895, and in succeeding issues. f* ' ' - : 1 !■ "1 - if ' 1 1 .:i 334 YEAR BOOK OF DRITISH COLU lA I'M lotte Islands. An incipient mining boom took place at Queen Cliarlottc Islands in 1851 and 185^. Dr. Dawson says that from one little jxickot <»r scant f)f Kold in Gold Harbour, Moresby Island, between $20,000 ami $75,000 Di«rov«ric» lit ^^^^ taken, or were reported to have been taken. It is also yuetn tlinrlniu- , . i , l ■ . isiniKit. stated by otlicrs that more was lost in the iiarbour jn the opera- tion of mining than was recovered. However much or little, the "find" ended there. About the same time Indians from up tiie Skeeiia River brought pieces of gold to tlie Hudson's Bay Company's fort, but tiie several expe- ditions to find it in place met with failure. In the Interior gold was found in the Natchez pass and Similkameen as early as 1852, and in 1854, Colville Indians were known to have had nuggets in their possession. It is stated in Bancroft that Chief Trader McLean i>rocured gold dust from Indians near Kamloops in 1852. Various autliorities place tiic first finds at various places. Hov/ever, between 1855 and 1857 discoveries were made on the Thompson, on the Frascr, on the Columbia and at Colville, and the news of these discoveries, together with the despatches of Governor Douglas soon at- tracted attention to British Colunil)ia as a possible gold field. Exploiting for gold was stimulated by the California excitement, and the discovery of any new field was sure to produce a rush. Several parties prospected and worked on the P'raser and Thompson Rivers in 1857 with good success, and the news caused the Eraser River excitement, many of the participants in which are still living. It is an old story now of how the people from Sau Francisco rushed into Victoria by the thousands and set up their tents; of how they rushed up the Fraser River, often crossing the Gulf of Georgia in open boats; how others came up the tableland of the interior; how they crossed the Isthmus of Panama, and rounded the Cape; how they entered from Whatcom and plodded wearily overland from Eastern Canada. Victoria became a city in a day, and the Main- land solitude was converted into a Crown Colony in a year. The vicissitudes and hardsliips of the eager throng as they pushed their way up the turbulent Fraser with facilities of transport limited, provisions dear as gold itself, an unknown region to penetrate, and each a stranger among a strange crowd of adventurers, constitute a chapter of history in itself somewhat foreign to the history of mining development. We iiave to do with results rather than incidents. The Kush uf Coal Mlninu. COAL, Still the predominant wealth producer in minerals in this Province, was known to exist at a much earlier period than was gokl. It was discovered at Fort Rupert in 1835 and was used in small quantities. The Indians are credited with making its existence known to the whites, the circumstance being ascribed to an accident. Some development work was done at Fort Ruper/ by the Hudson's Bay Company, but the mines there were aban- oned in 1851 for those at Nanaimo, which were discovered in a manner somewhat similar to those at Fort Rupert. The Indians had observed a blacksmith using coal and had informed him that there was plenty of such black stone at Nanaimo, which, upon investigation, proved to be true. The work of mining was begun in 1851, and has never been discontinued. Coal is said to have been found at Burrard Inlet in an outcropping on the I AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL I NI-OKM A lIoN. .US shore, and TLM.S. "Plumper" obtained enough of it there to steam the ship to Nanaimo. No subseciuent indications have been reported. Borings m the vicinity have proved iinsucccsstul in revealing a paying deposit. The coal l)eds of Queen Charlotte, now attracting some attention, were discovered as far back as 1852, and anthracite was known to exist. The finding of coal at Departure Bay by the late Hon. Robert Dunsinuir and its subsc(|uent development by hitn into the great industry it is at present, and the fortune it brought with it, are too well-known to rccjuire detailed mention here. From 3,000 tons in 185.^ the output has gradually risen to 1.000,000 tons (in round numbers) per annum. Ki'sult!* of " New Find!i." UP to 1858 nothing but preliminary work had been done, and little was known of the mineral resources of the Province except those revealed by the frag- mentary discoveries of Indians ;iiul ol't'iciais of the Hudson's Bay ( om- pany. It was in iHj.< that gold miniiiK' really began, and from that period dates tile history of mininj^ in this Province. The increase in the produc- tion of gold was rapid, and from .$705,000. wliicli is a rou.i^h estimate of the out- put in 1858, it rose in 1868 to $3,013,563. This latter amount came largely, if not altogether from the Fraser River and its tributaries. In following the somewhat irregular and uncertain course of mininK in British Columbia, we find that there were series of excitements, all followecl by "rushes" to new camps, and that interest in mining was proportionately stimulated, each of these being marked by an increase in the mining output for the time bcintr. Thus we have a decline from \Ht)j to iX/o, then an iiu'reasc, then a docrease to 1873. then a jump in 1875 to $2,474,000. since which there has been a decline until the present mining activity beg.m. which, roughly stated, was five years ago. The effect of the activity of the last four i,r five years was not shown until last year for the reason that it was mainly directed to development of quartz veins. From this time onward we may expect to sec the output steadily increasins:. Coming back to the years 1858-9, during which time the work of mining was mainly confined to the Fraser River as far as Yale, we find that the saine restless spirit which actuated miners in Australia and California was present here, and that daring prospectors had penetrated far into the interior. In 18') 1. after labourious and hazardous journeyings. Williams and Lit^htning Creeks, Cariboo, two of the most noted gold producers of British Columbia, were discovered, and in this and the following years most of the other rich creeks in Cariboo became known. Then began that rush which is the most notable event in the history of British Columbia and one which has had the nnjst lasting effect in determining its future. The finds were very rich and the lucky prospectors who became owners of claims amassed large sums of money in a very short space of time. These discoveries caused a second immigration from the outside world, which continued to grow until the year [864. It will be remembered that the first immigration to Victoria, in 1858, from California, estimated at between 23,000 and 30.000 persons, was followed by almost as rapid an emigration, owing to the disappointment experi- enced by the greater number in not finding the gold ecjual to their expectations. The second period of inflation was the result of letters from miners and ! , 326 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA II ^1 others to papers in Great Britain. Eastern Canada, the United States. AustraHa and elsewhere, principal among which is a rather remarkable series of letters to the London "Times." One of the direct results of accounts pub- Ercitement. Hshed in outsidc papers, was the celebrated overland party which came from Eastern Canada in 1862. A numbe: of persons now living in British Columbia formed a part of that party, a..d their trials and tribu- lations in making the long and weary journey will ever remain an interesting chapter in our annals. Up to 1866 the principal operations were confined to Cariboo, but there were, in the meantime, several lesser excitements, notably the discovery of rich pKcer deposits on Wild Horse Creek in the Kootenay district, in the extieme southeastern part of the Province. Then the Leech River excitement in 1864. in the soutliern part of Vancouver Island. And again the Big Bend excitement of 1865. The deposits of the last named place were found to be rich, but the inaccessibility of the region, the total lack of facilities for b-inging in provisions, and the great hardships consequent upon prospecting and mining in this district, proved too great for continued success, and the excitement quickly subsided. It is quite probable, however, tliat the Big Bend country vill soon again excite the interest of miners and prove a rich field for them. Shortly after the discovery of Cariboo goM mines, the restless prospector began pushing his investigations further north, and in 1869 the Omineca country was reached, where an excitement of not inconsiderable dimensions took place and numbers rushed in. These mines were fa'rly remunerative for a time, and ha- e been more or less operated ever since, but in 1872 the rich northern mines of the Cassiar District at the head waters of the Dease, were brought to light, and the second most notable mining epoch was effected. Out of this district some five or six millions of dollars in gold were taken. True to his instinct, after the first richness of the Cassiar creeks was exhausted, the prospector pushed further and further north, until finally in 1880 gold was found in paying quantities in the tribu- ■ , ^ . taries of the Yukon. Ever since that time, this district, which Cassiar and the , , , , , , ,• • r . n • Yukon. extends further north than the extreme hmit of the Frovmce, to the land of the midnight sun. has been the field for miners and prospectors, and though not meeting with the returns with which they were re- warded in the Eraser River, and Lightning, Williams and other creeks in Cariboo, the returns have, nevertheless, been sulificient to attract them year after year. At the present time (Dec. 1895) the Yukon is a prospectively rich country, and during the last year or two. many adventurers have gone in, and the success of their efFf^'ts has been such as to attract tlie attention of the Government of Canada, the field being considered of sufficient value and importance to justify its borders being protected by detachments of the North- West Mounted Police. Great hopes are entertained of this most northerly mining district, and when easy communi- cation by rail or otherwise is established, it is anticipated that results not second to Cariboo itself will be achieved. [Which is proving more than true, as the pre- sent excitement is the result of even greater finds than those of the early Cariboo days. — Ed.J In 1885. Granite Creek, a tributary of the Similkameen, afforded evidences of rich piacers. and a small "rush" occurred, and although not so ich as was supposed at first, it has ever since occupied the attention of prospectors, and during the past two years has experienced very considerable exploitation. o P ci tl AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. .U7 Quartz Mining. The period between 1858 and 1885 may be now regarded as an lustorical one, the events relating to which and the development being tliose associated witli placer deposits, and the machinery beinj^ sucli as is employed in the primitive cradling of the rocker and the more anticjuated modes of hydraiilicing. Since then attention h?s been directed to ([uartz mining, in which, if we except tlic somewhat notable quartz excitement of Cariboo by whicli a number of worthy citizens of the Province lost money, nothing heretofore has been done, and with- out means of communication nothing indeed was possible. The latter period is one to which we will devote more particular at- tention in future articles. It may be called the railway era of Brit'sli Columbia. The extensions of railways and the bianch liner, in the various mining districts in the southern portion of Kootenay has made possible the developmerc of which we hear so much to-day, and whicii promises in the near future to give us rank with the great mining countries of the world. As to the earlier period referred to a great deal is given in Bancroft's His- tory of British Columbia, more particularly with reference to the excitement <»f Cariboo. Dawson, from whose pages much of the foregoing has been condensed, says that the details there collected may be consulted with advantage, and have been frequently referred to in connection with localities mentioned in later pages of his report. It must be added, however, that many of the statements quoted by Bancroft must be accepted with caution, having been derived often from news- papers of the time and other sources not always trustworthy, but which it has naturally been impossible for tlie compiler to check, and many of which call for an intimate knowledge of the country to properly correlate. Dawson, in the report referred to. in concluding his historical summary of events up to the time when it was wriuen, says: — "While it may now be safely affirmed that gold is very generally distributed over the entire area of the Province of British Columbia, so much so that there is scarcely a rtream of any importance in which at least "colours' of gold may not be found, tlie enumeration of the principal discoveries of mining districts shows very clearly that most of these are situated along the lys- tems of mountains and high plateaus which comprise the Pur- cell, Selkirk, Colorado and Cariboo ranges, and the north-west continuation lying to the south-west of the Rocky Mountain range, properly so called and parallel in direction with it. C)f all the gold pror four years, however — tliat is. since the new de- velopments made in the Kootcnay district — Cariboo has shared, in common with California, the attention of capitalists, and money for mining development in and ;irotind 'Old Baldy,' the scene of the gold supply of tlie Fraser valley, has been gradually flowing in. .\t present if- is being diverted to the development of the deep placers in the district and the washing out of the gold which has b(in released in times jiast from its native matrix in the rocks and is lodged in the beds of the living and dead rivers. Perliaps some day capital will branch out and attempt one of the most gigantic engineering feats of the ages — the piercing of 'Old Baldy'- -in search of the veins of the precious metal now concealed from the miner's gaze by t.ie forest growth and tlie dense lining of moss nnderlying it and covering the entire face of the country, excepting in such places as the miner has removed the placer deposits in his search for gold. Such veins are supposed to be ribboning the famous peak and to have yielded, through the elemental erosion of ages, the metal which en- riched the gravel deposits. "The new era of mining development in Cariboo is manifc^.ting itself on all sides around the base of 'Old Baldy.' It was started five years ago under the direction of Sir William Van Home, president of the Canadian Pacific Ry., with the view of developing mining properties that would serve as valuable feeders to the railroad, besides paying a fair interest on whatever capital might be invested, opening up new territory for capital and industry, and thereby furnishing freight and passenger traffic for the road. The services of J. B. Ilobson, a mining engineer of long experience in this State, having been associated with deep-gravel mining in the vicinity of Gold Run and Dutch Flat, were enlisted, and as a result extensive purchases and locations have been made, more particularly on the forks of the Quesnelle River and its tribu- taries. "The latter developments made in Cariboo indicate strongly the presence there of the same kind of auriferous dead rivers as mark the flanks ol the Sierra in this State and extend into Southern Oregon, and to which have been applied the name of the Blue lead. The properties which Hobson secured on the Horse Fly and the South Fork of the Quesnelle for the syndicate he represented, com- posed largely of Canadian Pacilic Railway ollicials, bear all the characteristics of the Blue lead of California so far as the operations already Horsciiv Hydraulic couductcd shovv. Under Hobsou's management something like Mine. $6oo,ooo lias been spent in the development and equipment of the Horse Fly hydraulic mine and the Cariboo hydraulic mine, the former being situated on Horse Fly Creek, four miles north of the discovery claim of James Moore and his associates in 1859, and the latter tour miles east of the town of Quesnelle Forks. The operations in both properties have been on a gigantic scale, establishing beyond doubt the theory which possessed every one of the early prospectors in Cariboo that only with the use of unlimited capital was it possible to develop the wealth of the district. The C.l'.W. Interested. I •< D X > C r o z o > 30 DO o o I -< D > c r o z o > o o ■mn !1 4 \. [: t I 11 I. ; to the I (lu; invl in ingj the I rt-t floe perl ROSSLAND. * f. I: TRAIL. * V AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL I N !•( )l<.\L\TlO.\. 'J3 "Two thousand miners' inches of water was hrou«ht from Mussel Creek to the Horse Fly hydraulic mine, through twelve miles of ditch, six feet wide at the boilom, eleven feet at the top, and two and a half feet deep, and two and one- (juartcr miles of thirty inch steel pipe. The pipe line is laid c i the plan of an invetted syphon, and carries this lar;j;c body of water over three deep depressions. "The giant has been introduced into these latter-day hydraulic (jperations in the Cariboo district, and volumes of water (|uitc as lar^je as any used in Cali- fornia in the best days of hydraulic minin'j; here are beinj; handled during the 'open season.' There is no anti debris law in that Province to interfere with min- ing operations, nor arc there any farminti: lands in daiujfer of bein^ Hooded from the overflow of the rivers. The I'Vaser an(l all its tributaries llow in deep beds „ ^. . , between iiigli banks or benches where the level or prairie coun- Condltions of . • . . , ■ ■ i .1 ^ • try IS traversed, and in narrow, rocky gorges where the mountam " ""■ ranges are pierced. The navigable waters of tlie I'raser are too remote from the scene of mining operations to be affected by them, and the fierce floods of spring and summer scour the river channels and keep them at their nor- mal depth. Hydraulic mining is, therefore, possible of the highest and most perfect development in the Cariboo district, with nothing to hinder or to interrupt it except the long and severe winters, during which the snowfall is measured by feet and the thermometer drops often below the freezing point of mercury and sometimes touches a record quite as low as what any Arctic explorer has expe- rienced in the far North. "Almost all of the 'pay dirt' in the placer deposits o. Jariboo resembles the material contained in the Blue leads of California. It is a sticky, compact con- glomeration of highly washed gravel, sand and clay, with whicli every placer miner is familiar, and from which when found he always htjpes to reap that rich reward for which he is in search. In the Horse Fly hydraulic mine the dirt hith- erto worked has been a free-washing gravel, but during last season it changed to a hard, compacted, cemented gravel that must be crushed before washing to win from it all the gold it contains. Since this change presented itself in the face of the pit only a small portion of the gold contained in the gravel piped off has been recovered, chunks of the cemented gravel being found at the foot of the sluices, unaffected by the pipe or tlie grinding in transit in the sluices, A ten-stamp mill, with a capacity to crush from 100 to 120 tons per twenty-four hours, will be installed on the prem- ises. Mr. Hobson estimates it will cost from $1.50 to $1.75 per ton to mine and mill the cement, which working tests show contains froin $4.82 to $5.56 per cubic yard of gold. The mill will be operated during summer with water powei and during winter with steam, as drifting can be carried on winter and summer alike. "The vastness of the deep gravel deposits of the Cariboo district is shown. in the pit of the Cariboo hydraulic mine. The company controls about three miles of the ancient river channel, which is a thousand feet wide between the rims, and the bank of auriferous gravel rises from 350 to 400 feet above the head of the sluices, while it is estimated that from 80 to 100 feet more pay ast Years ^j^.^. jj^^, between tlie present workings and the bedrock. The lat- "'''"' ter cannot be touched until the upper stratum is worked off. This is the mine that yielded during the last season $i-\S,ooo worth of gold at a total cost of $85,000. An early setting in of winter is said to have deprived them of the means of taking out from $50,000 to $70,000 additional. There were four giants in operation last summer. Two more giants will be put in operation this year. "How puny the efforts of the hydraulic miners of Cariboo of the sixties were, when they wo-ked with canvas hose and one-inch nozzle pipes, compared with the operations now going on in the district, is shown by the fact that the canal and reservoir capacity of this mining company amounts to 10,000 miners' inches of water delivered from the big nozzles of the largest giants manufactured, and there is nothing superior to its system of pipes, canals and reservoirs any- where on the Coast. "Everything has drifted into big companies in the way of mining in that district now. The Miocene Gravel Mining Company, of which R. H. Campbell is manager and whose claims cover four miles of the Horse Fly to the mouth Cemented Gravel. ■ V ii 3.^6 YEAR iiUUK Ul' BKlTiSli COLUMBIA i ■ ! of Bcavcr I.akc Crcuk, liris a paid-up capital of $.vx).fxx), ami Campbell has just k'fi San l-'rancisco to hi'nin oprratioiis for oponiiiH up the property systotnatically, "The Harper claiii) on tlie same creek is owned by a San Francisco syndi- cate, and it is to be worked by a hydraulic elevator. About $50,000 has already been spent there in the construction oi a ditch and pipe line. "Seven miles soiulieast of the town of Quesnelle Forks is carried on one of the most Ki^antic placer mining operations ever attempted on the Coast. It is at a point where the ^reat (Juesnelle Lake empties its overflow waters into the South Fork of the Cjuesnelle. There the tiolden^TTiver Quesnelle Company, Limited, of London, is emplovin^j now about 400 white men and 100 Chinese in excavatiiiK for an immense waste weir that is intended U> divert AiK.tiuT jIj^, ^yjitj-r^ fp„„ their natural outlet. When this waste weir and tntrrprise. ^j^^. necessary gates are completed, the construction of the dam, to hold back the waters of the ^?reat Quesnelle Lake, which is 100 miles long and from one to five miles wide, will be commenced. The overflow waters which it is intended to divert cover a space 300 feet wide, and are now at the lowest stage of the river — tlowing eight to ten feet deep. As the water in the lake rises six or eight feet each season, it can easily be seen what a gigantic piece of work the company has undertaken. "It is estimated that the dam will cost $228,000, and probably $350,000 or more will be expended before the company completes the work and gets ready to clean up the gold from the bottom of the South Fork River, eight miles of which it controls. It is expected that all f)f this will be worked out before the lake over- flows the dam erected to hold it back. "But the attack on the auriferous deposits of Horse Fly and Quesnelle Forks represents only one side of the base of 'Old Baldy,' the supposed source of Cari- boo's golden wealth. On all of the creeks taking their rise in it — Keithley. Snow- shoe. Cunningham. Harvey, Willow. William. Grouse. Antler. Goose, Lightning, ard other water courses equally familiar to old-timers — new efforts on a corres- pondingly large scale to those named are being instituted. The Carilino Gold Fields & Exi)loration Comp.'iny, organized in London, with a capital of £1.000.000. have purchased nearly all the old claims on the famous William Creek at B-^ •'.xervillc. in tlie Cariboo dis- trict, and have expended several hundred thousand dollars in bringing up a bed- rock drain tunnel to relieve the deep-gravel claims of the water that caused the former owners to quit work. A la.ge ditch is being brought from Jack of Clubs Lake that is intended to deliver the water to the hydraulic elevator under a pres- sure or head of 900 feet. "The old channel of Antler Creek, for which unremitting search has been made fcr over thirty-five years, is claimed to have been discovered at a remote point from the present stream, and extensive operations for working the dead river channel are being made. A Canadian company, with a capital of $2,000,000, has taken up twenty miles or more of Lightning Creek from its junction with Cottonwood, intending to hydraulic it. "A Seattle and New York company has been organized by Colonel Fish- beck, in which the Goulds are said to be represented, with a capital of $5,000,000, to work twenty miles of the bed of the Quesnelle River. A French syndicate and a Montreal syndicate, the latter with a capital of $2,500,000, $500,000 of which is to go at once into reservoir and ditch construction, are also operating at Ques- nelle River. These are only a few of the big companies with large capital that have recently entered this old-time and supposed to be 'petered out' mining dis- trict. Even the beds of the Fraser and the Quesnelle. which cannot be reached by pick, shovel or hydraulic monitor, are being attacked by dredgers in hopes of winning the golden contents of their sands. The Cariboo miner of thirty years ago looks on and marvels." More recent developments in what may yet prove to be still the richest district in British Columbia, are described in the following, for the information contained in which the author is largely indebted to Mr. W. Carlyle. Provincial Mineralogist, who had. at the time of writing (October of this year), just returned Cariboo Gold FleIdH Co. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 337 ''fll has just sttrnatically. ii^isco syiidi- lias aln-ady d on one of oast. It is rs into the Company, Chinese in fl to divert e vvoir and ' the- dam, Tules long ters which tlie lowest Jake rises •e of work 350,000 or s ready to of which lake over- due Forks '■ of Cari- ■y, Snow- 'Rhtning, a corres- ed. The nized in early all boo dis- l> a bed- ised the if Clubs a pres- as been remote le dead 000.000, n with I Fish- KX).000, idicate which Ques- il that g dis- :ached pes of years ichest ation incial irned The Vucinclle River. HydraultcliiK EnterprUcit from an official visit to Cariboo, and wlio was kind inouKJi to anticipate in his remarks some of the material of liis fortlicominK annual rt-pori Cariboo, so far as mining at present is concerned, is divided into two districts — (Jucsi.clle and Uarkerviilc. In tlio Qucsncllc district work is beiiiK done on tlu' ancient river cl'.annels. Here tiie Cariboo Hydraulicinpf Company has one of the finest mining propositions in tlit" Province and has probably in hand one of the greatest hydraiilicing enterprises ever under- taken in any mining country in the world, which is a large but justifiable claim. The company has a very extensive concession and in opening the mine has already obtained about $400,000 from the upper sixty to eighty feet of gravel, which is 200 feet in depth. It is necessitating the expenditure of a very large amount of capital, but Mr. Hobson, the manager, who is a very capable and practical mining engineer of extensive experience, is doing splendid work. Under his direction* $6^,000 has already been expended, water being conveyed by a ditch seventeen miles long. Next year it is proposed to construct a new ditch twelve miles long, which, with a dam across Moorehead Creek, will cost $150,000. At the mouth of Quesnelle Lake the Golden Rivers Quest. elle Company is building a dam to throw the river back into the lake for as long a time as possible, so as to exploit the bottom of the river, from whicli already a large amount of gold, by Chinamen and others, has been won. The company will expend about $400,000 in this enterprise, which is a bold scheme, but well worth the trying. On the Horsefly, the Horsefly Hydraulic Company has erected a ten-stamp mill to crush the layer of cemented gravel lying next to the bed-rock, refciied to in Mr. Hobson's article in the foregoing, the bank of gravel, 100 feet high, being cemented too hard to hydiauiic in the ordinary way. No results of the crushing are yet obtainable, and the merits of the proposition are yet to be determined. About $300,000 has been expended in this enterprise, the water being brought by piping, ditching, etc., a distance of thirty miles. On the Quesnelle at Harper's Bar the Horsefly Gold Mining Company has spent $100,000 in putting in a steel pipe line for water and two hydraulic elevators but the lack of water has prevented any decided results being obtained as yet. Near by, Senator Campbell, of California, has been exploring the same ancient river channel exposed by the modern river at Harper's liar, and has sunk a shaft 250 feet, 200 feet in gravel, w'thout striking the gutter, or bed-rock, where rich gravel is expected. Many other properties are lying idle, waiting for, and dependent for de- velopment on. the results of the enterprises referred to in the foregoing. No placer mining is carried on, except by Chinamen. At Barkerville the old-time operations, which won so much wealth long ago have practically ceased. Only desultory placer miniiig is carried on in the old creeks. However, mining enterprise has taken a new direction on the line of modern methods. The Cariboo Gold Fields Co. has spent about $300,000 in ditches, pipe lines, sluices, and hydraulic elevators to work out their leases on Williams Creek below Barkerville. Min- ing will be begun next spring and success will greatly depend on the supply ot water. On Willow River, Mr. Laird, after sinking a shaft and driving a drift through the bed-rock to tap the lowest point of bed-rock on Willow River, is about ready to explore the gravels. In the neighbourhood of $40,000 has been spent in this work, which is peculiar in character, but necessaiy owing to the com- posite and unworkable nature of the ground overlying the bed of the river. On Slough Creek, also, a company is preparing to reach the bottom of the channel, 280 feet deep, in a similar way. If these companies succeed it will encour- age the undertaking of a great deal of mining in the district, as only parts of the famous creeks therein could be worked in the early days. There are many quartz ledges on which considerable work has been done, but with no results, no pay shutcs having yet been found, although there is little Barkerville Division. b \ t. f , f I; I r ' f 338 YEAR HOOK OF HKITISII COLUMBIA Orluin of til* (iuld, doubt that the k'filU y Dr. Dawson some years ago. that Cariboo would yet reinstate itself as a great wealth producing district and attract a population, dependent upon its mining and other resources, outrivalling that of its palmiest days, and with this advantage, that the industry, although of a less stimulated (jr excited cha/acter, will be on a m.rways have been utilized in gaining access to the many points where mining _ , is now begun. West Kootenay is singularly favoured by reason Transportation, ^j ^^^ ^j^^ Columbia River and Arrow Lakes, {b) the Slocan Lake, and (c) Kootenay Lake and its arms, and of the comparatively easy passes for railways from one to another. Otherwise tliis very rugged and mountainous country would have presented great difficulties that would have retarded for a much longer time prospecting and mining, but now, however, none of the mines are any great distance from these highways, and readier access is being gained by the building of trails and waggon roads.' The Provincial Government lias followed a plan of assisting, as far as pos- sible, the building of roads and trails to the various new cainps, and though it has been impossible to accede to all of the many requests for aid where so many v.cvr parts are being opened up by fresh discoveries in many different directions, still the assistance given has been valuabie, and has aided materially in the opening up of the country. West Kootenay is now easily entered from two directions, and almost any part important can now be reached with despatch and comfort, an agreeable sur- prise to all entering the country lor the first time. First — From the north, at Revelstoke, on the main transcontinental line of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Montreal, Winnipeg and Vancouver, on the Pacific Coast, a branch line runs down the Columbia River thirty-two miles to Arrowhead, at the north end of Upper Arrow Lake, whence (a) a small steamer runs up to the north-east arm of Evansport, the port of entrance, to the Lardeau and Trout Lake Districts; (6) the large stern-wheel steamers of the Columbia and Kootenay Navigation Company run as far south as Trail, connecting- at Nakusp with a hrancli line of the C.P.R. into the Slocan and at Robson with anotlier branch of tlic same com- pany into Nelson, along the Kootenay River, and at Trail with the Columbia & Western to Rossland. Second — Itoiii the south, from Spokane. Wash, whe-e direct connections are made from the main trunk lines of the Great Northern and Northern Pacific Rail- ways to all parts of the United States, the Spokane Falls and Northern Railway runs north to Northport, a few miles soutli of the boundary lino, whence (.i) this road, known as the Nelson and Fort Shcjipard Road, follows up the cast bank to Waneta and Sayward. in Canadian territory, and thence across to Nelson, connect- ing directly with the Kootenay Lake steamers at a point five miles east of Nelson, whence the road switch-backs into the town; (b) from Northport another branch, or the Red Mountain Railway, crossing the Columbia by large ferries, runs to Rossland; (c) while daily steamers run up the river to Trail, from wliich point again Rossland is reached, or the steamers taken for Robson, Kakiisp and Arrow- head, as detailed above. Third— (a) Tiie Nakusn and Slocan Railway, operated by the C.P.R., runs daily from Nakusp on Arrow Lake into the Slocan as far as Sandon. (b) The trains of che Columbia and Kootenay Railway run daily between Robson and Nelson, connecting with boats on the Columbia River, (c) The Kaslo and Slocan Railway runs trains daily from Kaslo on the Kootenay Lake into the Slocan, af- Lincs of Coinniunic.-itlon. ! '. ij 342 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA hi fording an outlet eastward from Sandon. (rf) Several steamers ply on Slocan Lake stopping at Roseberrry, New Denver, Silverton, Brandon, Slocan City and other points, (e) Three commodious and rapid steamers, tlie "Kokanet',"' "Alberta" and "International," run daily each way between Kaslo and Nelson, stopping at Ainsworth, Pilot Bay smelter. Balfour or other points along this route when called for. Other smaller boats traverse t'le lake from the upper end down as far south as Bonner's Ferry, stopping, among other places, at the terminals of the trails into East Kootenay. Generally, if retiuired, a small •'teamer can be engaged to go to any point on these waters. On all these steamboat lines every v;ncie.ivour is made to assist the pros- pectors, miners, etc., by willingly stopping at any point where signalled or re- quested to land or take on board men, pack animals, supplies, ores, etc., and this accommodation is simply invaluable. On the swift waters of the Columbia River, the very clever navigation exhibited there is admired by all travellers, as great skill and steady nerve are railed for at several points along this river, especially in the season of low water, when these boats have to contend, in going up stream, with a powerful current whicli, in the late autumn and winter seasons, compels the use of Steel hawsers fastened to the bank or rocks and the steam capstan. Large scows on the Columbia River line, which are fastened directly in front of the steamers, and capable of carrying eight loaded railway cars, are used between Arrowhead and Robson, on which loads of 370 tons of coke for the Nelson smelter, loaded from the cars at Arrowhead, have been brought down this fall, but if necessary loaded cars can be thus transported from the main line of the C.P.R. on to these branch lines running in at Nakusp and Robson. As a direct result of the mining development, the need of greatly increased railway communication has become apparent, and capitalists have not been un- mindful of their opportunities to promote lines in the directions Projected j^^ which natural routes and prospective trafific suggest as the RaUway Unes. ^^^^ desirable. The demand for these railways is great, and the question of how best to supply the required facilities has been recently much dis- cussed as a policy of both Dominion and Provincial statescraft. Mr. Carlyle in his report remarks: — These new lines, while having engineering difficulties to overcome, should open up a large area of the southern part of British Columbia now lying practically dormant, and make not only possible the development of resources now almost inaccessible and valueless, but known to exist, and the easy assembling at large smelting centres of the different classes of ores and fuels, but also the fostering of a large demand for agricultural produce, for which no better market can be found than in these mining centres. Of the new lines projected there are: — (a) the Crow's-Nest Pass Railway, connecting with eastern lines, thence passing close by the deposits of coal in the Crow's-Nest Pass of large extent and fine coking qualities, through East Koote- nay, with branch lines to the Kootenay River and along the west shore of Koote- nay Lake to Nelson: (b) A branch of the C.P.R. from Slocan City to a point on the Robson and Nelson line: (c) The extension of the line from Arrowhead into the Lardeau and Trout Lake districts to the head of Kootenay Lake: (d) The extension of the Columbia and Western R.R. from Trail, up the west bank of the Columbia to a point opposite Robson, and thence west into the mining districts of the southern part of Yale: (e) A railroad from the Columbia River west, through the southern part of the Province, to ; point on the Pacific Coast. From the fore}.coing it will be readily seen to what extent Nature, aided by the enterprise of combined labour and capital, has rendered available wealth which exists in lavish profusion. The conditions which exist, and as they will be im- proved by continued development, suggest an era of extraordinary activity within the area afTectcd. The concentration of energy and capital in their various forms. it is needless to say. will attract a large population and create important urban centres. As a field, therefore, for exploitation for some years to come it and the Province as a whole will naturally afford opportunities which will be unequalled in any other part of the world. II AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 343 le pros- or re- nd this River, eat skill in the with a the use AINSWORTH MINING DIVISION. IN this, the pioneer mining district of West Kootenay, in which Dr. Dawson, in 1889, found mining being actively carried on: this industry for some time back has been quietly progressing, but not with that advance the success of the pres- ent mines and the mineral indiccitions would seem to warrant. This is due to sev- eral facts, one of which is that many were attracted to the high-grade silver-lead veins of the Slocan, whose early prospectors of 1891-92 flocked in from the towr; of Ainsworth after Eli Carpenter and John Scaton, making their difficult way up Kaslo Creek, located the Payne claim September, 1891. Again, many good prop- erties. Crown-granted, owned by men who can afiford to wait, now lie dormant, like others that carried ore of such a grade that was in earlier days hardly profitable, but now, with cheaper rates and easier means of shipment, should pay well if developed. Disastrous forest fires destroyed several good min- ing plants on claims on which work had fairly started, but has not since been resumed, and again, many have had ftn unwarranted lack of faith in the probable permanence of these veins and ore bodies, especially of those in the limestones, which have been considered as merely "pockets" and local, but to one who has worked in silver ore-bodies in limestone, as in Colorado, this pocket theory is not so alarming a bug-bear, as the general experience is that when one ore-shute is found others are almost invariably discovered on prospecting further along the line of break, up and along which have come from greater depths, the ore-bearing solutions that have impregnated the country rock in favourable places and formed ore-shutes. The fact that at Ainsworth (or Hot Springs), where most work has been done, good veins of very profitable ore are found in all the different geological horizons, and also that while many seem to be conformable to some extent to the stratification of these rocks, many cut through these formations, should strengthen one's belief in the probable persistence of these veins, and give greater confidence in beginning work on a good and liberal scale. The tide of prospectors is spreading over this district, and from the terri- tory at the north end of Kootenay Lake, along the Lardo and Duncan Rivers and their tributaries, and from Crawford and Hooker Creeks, and White Grouse Mountain, back from the cast shores of the lake, came reports o! locations of veins of high-grade ore, while at Ainsworth itself new properties are beng found and opened U]). By the way. it will be seen that this district embraces a wide territory, and that in reality but a small part of it has become familiar to the pros- pector or explorer. With large smelting plants in British Columbia, the demand will vastly increase for dry ores, or ore carrying a small or no percentage of lead to mix with the galena ores: and such dry ores as are found at Ainswortii will be in special demand and command favourable smelting rates when sliii)ped in bu'lx, i. e., not sacked, and there will be yet shipped large quantities of low grade ore now not very profitable. All the formations of the series detailed in the foregoing are found in this district, and in each formation of this series have been discovered valuable ore- bearing veins and deposits, mostly of silver or silver-lead, but also of gold-silver ores. ,H i'i' 344 ) YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUiMBIA ORES AND ORE-DEPOSITS. In the immediate vicinity of Ainsworth, and at the Blue Bell mine on the other side of the lake, many of the veins or ore-deposits appear to be conformable in most part with the very marked stratification of the metamorphic rocks but many others cut across the formation, and in many cases the veins present the usual characteristics of the typical cavity-filled fissure vein, while in others, as at the Skyline and Number One, the deposits have been formed by the impregnation and replacement of the country rock by ore and quartz, and sometimes by calcite. However, on none of the mines west of the lake has there been done more than a comparatively small amount of work by which to form positive opinions doubtful of the permanence of these ledges, and certainly not enough yet to con- demn them as being likely soon to play out, for even if one shute should be ex- hausted, further work on this horizon, nearly always indicated by slicken-sided walls, a narrow seam of gouge or other evidences of a fault fissure, will, in very many cases, disclose other ore-shutes. Ores. — There is a considerable variety in the dififerent grades of ore, there being: — (a.) Solid galena ores carry a good silver value, as the Little Phil, Black Diamond, Highland, Tariff, in which there is not enough zinc to bring the per- centage above the smelter limit, or ten per cent. In some of the properties not now being worked, can be seen a large amount of blende that concentration would remove : (b.) In the Number One, there is little galena or blende, but the chief and important sulphide is iron-pyrites, with white quartz and calcite, a very desirable smeltmg ore: (c.) The Skyline ore is again different, being a quartz and lime matrix, car- rying silver compounds, but a very small amount of sulphides: (d.) In some claims the sulphides, as galena, are not found solid, but dis- seminated, usually through quartz, and in the case of the Silver Glance and the Wakefield veins, with presence of gold: (c.) From Crav.fcrd and Hooker Creeks, from samples seen and by report, the high silver-gold values are carried in tetrahedrite or grey copper in quartz with galena: (f.) At the Blue Bell mine, these large low grade ore-bodies consist of a calcareous matrix, with a small percentage of galena, iron and copper pyrites and pyrrhotite. cl vl si tJ COSTS, ETC. Mining. — The cost of mining is small, i.e., for drifting or tunnelling $6 to $9 per foot; of sinking, $10 to $16 per foot. (b.) Labour and supplies can be got at the best figures, or about the same as in other parts of West Kootenay: (c.) Transportation of course is immensely aided by the main water-way of the lake, and from nearly all parts waggon roads or aerial cable trams can be built to the water front: (d.) Smelter charges for the dry ores, i.e., with little or no le;id. run from $4 to $7 per ton. the maximum price being on account of an occasional excess of zinc; for the purely lead ores $12 per ton, with a freight charge on all classes of ore to smelter of $8. Of the lead 90 per cent., and of the silver 95 per cent., are paid for at New York prices at time of settlement. For gold all paid for, if at least $2 in value are present. There are a number of properties in the hills above Ainsworth upon which large development has taken place and from which shipments have been made with good results. Tlic principal of these are N'.imhcr One, the Skyline, Neosho, Tariff, Highlander. Little Phil and the Canadian Pacific Mining and Milling Co.'s properties. Several concentrators have been erected. Speaking of Number One, Mr. Carlyle says: — AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 345 "While some first-class ore is shipped direct, most of the product of the mine goes to the mill, the capacity of which is 18-20 tons per twenty-four hours, concentrating 8 to i, yielding concentrates that average 295 to .500 ounces in sil- ver, 4-8 per cent, lead, and usually less than 10 per cent. zinc. Experiments have shown that ore assaying 15 to 20 ounces silver per ton can be mined and concen- trated with a good margin of profit. * ' * "Cost of transportation of ore or concentrates in sacks, 160 tbs. each, to the lake landing at Ainsworth is $3 per ton; from thence to the smelter in the United States, $8 per ton, while smelting charges arc $6.50 for crude ores, and $4 per ton for concentrates, with a zinc penalty of 50 cents per unit over the 10 per cent, limit." And of the Skyline: — "During the past year the ore has been shipped partly to the Pilot Bay and partly to the American smelters, and at a lower rate of transportation to the lakeside, by reason of the larger quantity of ore hauled, than for the Number One ore, although a mile farther up tlie road. The smelter returns from seventy-four lots, or over 2,000 tons in 1895-6, assayed from 35 to 149 ounces in silver, or an average of 54 ounces per ton, and less than five per cent, lead, and of the large amount shipped during 1896, the silver value varied from 51.5 to 74.5 ounces of silver per ton, or an average of 58 ounces per ton." BLUE BELL MINE AND PILOT BAY SMELTER. i t % ii''y Neither the Blue Bell mine nor the Pilot Bay smelter was visited by Mr. Carlyle, as mining operations had fecen suspended, and the smelter was not in blast; however, the following information is given as it may prove of interest to many. In the Summary Report for 1895, p. 33, Mr. McConnell states: — "At Hendryx. the Blue Bell is in active operation. This mine is situated on a band of crystalline limestone interbcdded with the Shuswap schists, which has been fractured in various directions. The ore, consisting mostly of low-grade galena and pyrrhotite with some blende, iron and copper pyrites, and their de- composition products, occurs either pure or disseminated through a calcareous and occasionally a silicious matrix. "It occupies irregular chambers in the limestone, some of which are of huge dimensions. The ore body being worked at present, including some large horses of limestone, measures approximately 70 feet in width by 200 feet in length and 150 feet in height. Forty tiiousand tons of pure and concentrated ores have been shipped from this mine during the year, and prodigious (luantities remain in sight." PILOT BAY SMELTER. ' ■■« This plant is located on a small peninsula on the same side (or the east) of Kootenay Lake as the mine, but about eight miles south. There are three main buildings, the roast house, smcltor and con cntrator, besides the smaller ones for offices, laboratories, \vorkslio])s, etc., witli a smcltini? capacity of about 100 tons per day. The ore is brought down from the mine on large scows and then hoisved up on an incline plane to a point whence it can be taken to any point desired. Mr. Hendryx states (see Minister of Mines Report, 1895) : — "Since commencing oper- ations to the finish of the works, July lotli, 1S04, to December 31st, 1895, the Kootenay Mining and Smelting Company has expended in cash for purchase of machinery, labour, ores, etc., a sum exceeding $650,000. During the year 1895 the company has employed daily on the average 200 men, and has paid from their office on labour account, $170,000; for supplies, $85,622; for duties, $70,000; for freight, $92,500; for ores purchased, over $150,000." The above-described Blue Bell property consisting, in part, of the Blue Bell, Surprii^e, Black Hawk, and Silver King claims, and the smelter plan:, equip- ment, etc., are the property of the Kootenay Mining & Smeiting Co.. Ltd. Capital stock. $2,300,000; general manager, A. B, Hendryx. Pilot Bay, B.C. !h If .Mfi YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Although the Pilot Bay smelter has been closed down, on account of in- ternal business causes, it is understood tiiat a re-organization has been effected and the smeitor will resume operations almost immediately. SOUTH FORK OF KASLO CREEK. N'.M.P... D.'.yliyht. Grand, Rose. Thistle. Shamrock. while the Brittania. Eureka. Y. M. B.. Daylight, Grand, Rose, Thistle. Shamrock, Bid and Jessie are locations close by on the gold belt, in the same geological formation. The ni;iin group of four being '-<: greatlv, from i or 2 feet up to the maximum, so far shown, of 50 feet. Ore. — The ore may be graded i. > t\\ 'asses: (a) iiito that carrying a high percentage of value-bearing sulphides, 'c v V lower grade country rock impreg- rated with a much smaller amount Tn •■he upper workings of the mine, down through :i rich zinc zone in the sliuiv, t. " re consists of bornite, or "peacock cop- jer," with .;o?..e tetrahedrite, also cppe, and iron pyrites, and a small amount of galena and blende. THE ilALL MINES. To the discovery of the Hall Mine in 1888 on Toad Mountain, by the Hall Brothers, is probably due a great deal of the present activity in mining in West Kootenay. It gave an impetus to prospecting, which gradually at first and after- wards extended more rapidly to the whole of the district. The local history con- nected with the finding and development of this important mine, which is coin- cident with the history of Nelson itself, has recently been the subject of much discussion, but with that phase of the subject it is not necessary here to deal. The initial stages were marked by many vicissitudes, and development was slow and unsatisfactory. For some time there were partnership disputes and litigious con- tention, which greatly reta/ded operations, in addition to which the lack of shipping and treatment fa:ilities was a drawback. Finally a settlement was effected, and a company iormed in England with :. large capital, sufficient to acquire the property, continue its development and ere ' ^ smelter for the treat- ment of the ore, all of which have been successfully catr out. The Silver King, which is the principal claim of the group associated with it, has now a productive capacity of 200 tons a day, and 150 men are employed by the company in con- nection with its works. Two main tunnels on the ore shutc have been worked to a depth of over 500 feet below the surface. The long Hallidic tramway, forty- four miles long and in two sections, is one of the most remarkable of its kind, and is now doing excellent work, easily handling the daily output. THE SMELTER. The smelter, which is part of the plant of the company owning and operat- ing the mines and worked in connection with it, is now equipped with probably the largest copper bh.st furnaces in tlie world, being 44x144 inches at the tuyeres and having a capacity of from 200 to 250 tons per day. A refining plant of rever- beratory furnaces has been added to the plant and is now in operation. The matte is refined to blister copper and sent to Swansea for final treatment and the extraction of the silver. Recently the local press record with justifiable pride, the first shipment, making a full train load of the output. II m YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA During the year 1897 the ore of the Silver King has developed into higher grade, and recently, aljo, the snu-lter company has declared its first dividend on preference stock. No authoritative returns are to hand as to the output of the present year. WAGES AND COSTS OF MINING. The number of men engaged at the mine was 160, bu* on completion of the buildings this was to be reduced to 120. For lo-hour shifts miners are paid $3.00; topmen and rustlers, $2.50; bosses, $4.00 to $4.50; blacksmiths, $3.50 to $4.00; engi- neers, $100 per month Cost of driving tunnels, $9.00 , to $10.00 per foot: cost of breaking and de- livering ore at upper terminal of aerial rope tramway, $2.50 per ton; cost of trans- port of ore by tramway, including cost of rf)pc, wear and tear, Sic, 75 cents to $l. FUEL. Both American and European ef)kc are being used, and of the latter quite a large quantity has been imported this fall. (0.) The American coke, from Wiikin^ton, Wash., contains, as nearly all similar coke made from the coal measures of tlie Cretaceous, a large amount of ash, or 18-19 per cent, and costs, delivered at the smelter, $13.40 per ton. (6.) The Welsh or Cardiff coke is being delivered at the smelter for $15 per ton, and over 4,000 tons were in stock. In the furnace on an average 11 per cent. of this required. {c.) 70J-600 tons of Westphalian coke has been imported and landed at the smelter at a little less cost than Cardiff; these cokes having been sent out by sea to Vancouver. Fluxes. — A very pure limestone, crystalline, is brought down on scows from 9 miles above Kaslo, on Kootenay Lake. f TRANSPORTATION AND SMELTING. tral coi ord ass to I act ab| 8tC th^ toi (0.) The C.P.R. has a spur up to the smelter, by which cars can be run to the main line that leads out to Kobson, or to the wharf, where the steamers from the Kootenay Lake land: (6.) The Nelson & Fort Shcppard R.R. is about one mile distant, to which will be built a waggon road, as by this railroad ore can now be shipped direct from Rossland. Custom Smelting. — This smelter has now entered the market at Rossland for the gold-copper ore that can be brought to this point. Also by means of the new furnace with removable crucibles, and especial Hues to be erected for the condensation of lead fumes, it is intended to undertake the treatment of the silver- lead ores, and thus make this one of the smelting centres for Kootenay ores. iOLD CLAIMS. The Poorman ^roup consists of six claims, in gold-bearing formation, the Poorman, Hardscrabble, White, Myemer, Hardup and Electron, of which the first is Crown-granted, the others mineral locations. Location on Eagle Creek, 6 miles westerly from Nelson, and about 2 miles south-east of the Kootenay Kiver and the C.P.R. The Poorman vein has the usual characteristics of quartz fissure veins in eruptive rock, being persistent, but very irregular in width, varying from a few inches to 5 and 6 feet of milky-white compact quartz, now holding a considerable amont of sulphides, or copper and iron pyrites, with, in parts, a little galena. In the upper workings the ore was found to be very free-milling, and several thou- sand dollars worth of magnificent gold-bearing quartz was taken from a part of the vein 5-6 feet wide, but now, as depth is attained, the ore has become less free- milling, and the va'ue is going more into the sulphides that are saved by concen- AND MANUAL OF PKOVINCIAL INFORMATION. J5I tration. About $100,000, it is reported by tlie owiilts, liave been taken from the comparatively small area of vein so far woriers which descend from this range. "The principal geological boundary in the district between Slocan Lake and River and Kootenay Lake is the sinuous line separating the granite area from the bordering slates. Starting from Four-Mile Creek, on Slocan L.ike (at Silve-- lon), this line follows that stream in an easterly direction for ten miles, then bends to tile nortli across the range separating Four-Mile Creek from Cody Creek, and following the latter stream in a northerly direction for a couple of miles. From Cody Creek the granite border runs almost directly east of Twelve-Mile Creek; after crossing this creek the line becomes more irregular, as several spurs leave the granite area and penetrate for varying distances the group of mountains lying between Ten-Mile Creek and the south fork of Kaslo Creek. At the latter stream the granite recedes a couple of miles, then bends arouid a deep embayment of slates, and continues on in an easterly direction towards Kootenay Lake. Four miles from the lake (now in the Ainsworth Division) the line of junction turns abruptly southward, and continues in this direction until near Balfour, where it bends more to the west and crosses the outlet of Kootenay Lake, about four miles OcoloHicnl Foriniitlon. b( Ci II AND MANUAL OF PKOVIN'CIAL I N ToUMATK ).V. M,\ below Us head. Inlicrs of slate in the jiianite oirur at tlic lu-ad of I'.iKlit-Mile Creek (Slocan Lake), on Four-Mile Crtck, and al citlur placis. wlulf bosses o( granite, separated from the main area. l)reak tlirou«h the slates at I'addy's Peak, Reco Mountain, and north-east ot New Denver "The up|)cr series of stratified rneks. consisting mostly of dark, evenly bedded slates, with some limestones, is largely developed in the Sloean country, and is well shown along the Kaslo wagr'^n road from iMft^en-Mile llousi- west- ward, to a point a couple of miles west oi Three l'"otUs, where this sines is enc off by an are.i of eruptive rocks. Southward the si.ites di this series strike into the great granite mass which occu|)ies the centr.il part of the district, and are .ill cut ofT. with the eMcptmn ol i iiarm \ strip whiih skirts the granite nij the east, as far south as the west area f)f Kooteniy Lake." I. There are fi.ur distinct kinds of veins in the Sloean: - I. The argeiilii'erous H'lle'na, with zinc Mend, and some gny-coppcr in a gangue oi matri.x of (juartz and spathic iron. These veins cut across the strati- fied rocks, and throngli the dykis of erui)tive rock, where, in \nany cases, there is a good hody of ore, and they also occur in the granite area, and with even the limited ainoinit of ptospceliiiK. some have li.tii lf;ued irom ,< (hk) lo 4.000 feet along the strike, and one for nearly two miles. In the Slocan slates it has not yet been proven that as the vein cuts through shales, slates, limestones or quart- zites, that anv one of the series has been more favourable to the formation of _. -^ Y* ore-bodies than another, as in the ditTcrent veins it will be seen '" "^^ ""' that good ore shutcs may have the wall of atiy of these rocks re epos ». mentioned. The ore has been deposited alouR fissures, both in the open fissure cavities and by impregnation of the country rock, and in the cavity-filled veins can be soen the banded structure dcscribcvhich may be of sucii grade as to i)ay well for concentration: and already there are tl ree concentrators, the Alamo. Slocan Star and Washington, doing very satisfactory work, and the Noble Five mill almost completed, with the erection of two, at least, contemplated this year. The product or concentrates is silver-bearing galena, but any value contained in the decomposed material that may enter the mill, will in all probability not be saved, likewise that in much of the grey copper, which apparently slimes bajlly and escapes. The ore is shipped as "crude," or the solid or unaltered sulphides, or as "carbonates," i.e.. the decomposed ore. consisting of oxides and carbonates of iron, lead and silver, the mass having a reddish-br(>wn colour, with more or less yellow material; those carbonates with a soft, velvety feel, assaying highest in silver. All material about these veins should be carefully as:^ayed before being relegated to the waste-dump, wlierc ^nod ore. unsuspected, has already been thrown, especially soft, iron-stained, decomposed rock or vein matter. It might be well to be on the looko-u tor gold, remembering the good gold values found in the galena ores of tiie Moiiifor mine, which yield from $2 to $14 in gold per ton; one lot of twenty tons of cruc'e ore assaying $20 per ton in gold, while the "carbonates" aver.'i;^*:. $13, the smelter paying for all gold above S?. or one-tenth >! in ounce. The "carbon- ates" seldom are as high grade in siLer as the unalte-t'l. or crude ore in the vein, but in some mines this class of ore is ■■•, ry valuable. I'H n 1 w ;! I ■1 ( i I .■ i u 354 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA While most of the veins are not wide, the riclincss of their ores greatly compensates, as may be '^^' 'n from the lead and silver values as per smelter returns from a few of the mines, us: — Ounces Silver Per Cent, per Ton. Lead. Slocaii Star 80 to 95 70 to 75 Reco 83 to 730 19 to 67 Good Enough 167 to 507 15 to 67 Noble Five 62 to 543 30 to 73 Last Chance i.?5 <•> -M8 35 tu 78 Wonderful 1 13 to 133 70 to 76 Ruth 40 to 125 15 to 73 Monitor 142 to 367 32 ♦© 57 Wellington 125 to 328 10 *r, 55 Whitewater 72 to 326 10 to 65 Dardanelles 14910470 i5 to 55 Enterprise I55 to iHo 18 to 30 Two Friends 248 to 380 38 to 52 Etc., Etc., Etc. The other Slocan mines have ore of the same character and high grade. The lowest values in the above indicate the lowest smelter returns on ore that is classed as "carbonates.' The average value of all the ore sold has been given above. In most of these veins the zinc blende carries a small silver value, and is sorted or concentrated out of the ore, so that ve-y little ore sent tc he smelters has over 10 per cent, zinc limit. But in the Ento'-prise mine, on Ten-Mile Creek, the best silver assays are said to be got from the zinc blende, • which is more valuable tlian the galena. As is to be expected, small lots of very rich ore are mined, lots that will yield from 1,000 to 2,000 ounces per ton, but the average figures already given will indicate the importance of these veins that are now being mined in both the granite and stratified rocks of this district. ^ 2. The veins of argentiferous tetrahedrite or grey copper and jamesonite and silver compounds in a quartz gangue. These veins can be seen in the granite exposure on the Best and Rambler mines, and in the stratified rocks on the London Hill property, from which very high-grade ore has been shipped. 3. The "dry ore" veins on Springer and Lemon Creeks, in the granite, with a quartz gangue containing argenite. native silver, and gold. These veins are now attracting much attention, as high assay returns have been secured as per smelter returns; sorted ore of this character from the How- ard fraction yielding 163 to 206 ounces of silver per ton, and $16 to $26 per ton in gold. The Chapleau recently received the smelter returns on four tons of sorted ore, from which 3.6 ounces of gold and 94.7 ounces of silver per ton were re- turned, netting to'the owners $102 per ton after deducting freight and treatment charges. 4. The gold-quartz veins in the southern part of the grarite, such as those reported to be on the Alpine group. The values and characteristics of the last three mention :d classes of vein will be better known later on, as the work now begun yields re; ults and informa- tion. DESCRIPTION OF CLAIMS. Mr. Carlyle groups the mines^ j s follows, beginning at Sandon, on the south fork of Carpenter Creel-, now the distributing and main shipping centre in the Slocan : — (a.) The mines and claims on the mountain range south of the creek are the Slogan Star, Ruth, Wor-lerful, Canadian, and Adam's groups, Ivanhoe, Yakima, Alamo, Idaho, Cumberland, Queen Bess, Monitor, and adjacent claims: W as Si. ^.^ AND MANUAL Ol- I'U()\1NCIAL IXruRMATlUiW J55 (h.) The minos and claims on tlio south slope of the niouiilaiii ratine run- ning east and west, nortli of the creek, as Lucky Jim, Payne, Sloean Hoy, K. E. lioy. Keco, Good KhoukI'. '^'ac. Bird. north sh)i)e as Northern Cene, Darda- W'.ishinj^ton, etc.: Lcc. Last Cli.'.ncc, Nohk' hive, American etc.. with the claims in the basins on tlie nelles, Rambler. Ikst. .Snri):ise. .Nntoine, (c.) Tiie mines and claims north of the K. iS: .S. R. R., a^^ llie Whitewater, Wellington. London Hill, etc.: ((/.) The mines and claims on the creeks tributary to Slocan L;ike: (c.) Cla'ms on Caril)oo Creek and its trd)Utariis: It is nut contemplated to give i>;irliculars of the various mines and claims, as beiiiK imi)ractica.>le m the space avaiial)le. but ;i brief description of the Siocan Star as the reprej>entalive mine of the district is here inserted: — ex- the lO' SLOC.NN ST.\R. * Tiiis property had not only paid a larger aniount of dividends, or $300,000 at the date of NIr. Carlyle's l\e])ort, than .my otlicr mine in I'.ritish Columbia, .ipart from the coal and placer mines, but has proved itself to l)e tlie largest silver- lead mine so far develoi)ed 111 the Province. It was discovered October I7tii, 1891, by one of the present owners, Mr. Hruce White, and others, who, following up Sandon Creek, discovered in the bed of this stream, a mile above its junction with the south fork of Carpenter Creek, the site of the town of Sandon, a vein thirteen {<■ et wide, of quartz and spathic iron interspersed with galena, zinc blende, and angular i)icces of the sl.itc country rock. Prospecting to tlie west in ;i dense forest of heavy limber along the strike of the vein, at about f^ mine li;is paid .f.joo.ocK) 111 (IivhKikIs. This group of claims, al) Crown Granted or Crown Grants api)lied comprises the .Slocan Star, Slocan King, Silversmith, L.i Plunta. Wind'^or, Shogo, Emma, and Jennie, of which the Slocan Star, Slocan King, and Silversmith, ape.x claims, are located along the trci. ■ of the vein for about 4.(XJo feet. It is owmd by the Byron N. White Co. — President. .A.ngus Smith, Milwaukee, Wis.; General Manager, Byron N. White; Superintendent, Bruce White, Sandon. Capital stock cf the company. 1,000,000 ■shares at 50 cents each. Ore Body. — This vein cuts across the ^teej), heavily timbered mountain side and nearly at right angles to the well straiitied slates, (juanzites and silicious Imic- Etones of the Slocan slate series, with an east and west strike and a dip of 54° >') the^outh. A large porphry dyke runs iieirly parallel with the vein and in places in the mine is found in it. but evidently alTeited by this tis-ure. It is doubtful if two well-defined walls can be traced in this mine, for while tlii^ hanging oi' ti^sure will is very distinct. {'<<• ore merges into the country rock tou.ird- the supi)OSC(l foot-\\;ill. but tnr)re time c mid not l>e spent in very careful observation. In the mining of this one large ore shute as has been opened up and ixj)loited upon the .'^'ocan Star, the ore body has lieen found to vary from a few feet to 25 feet in width of mixed l)nt pay ore. and a large amount 01 ore has beeii mined from bodies ..' to X and 11 feet wide of solid galena. Ore. — {(I.) The first-class ore consists of the nearly pure galena, both fine ami coarse-grained, carry in.g some grey copper and some blende, but not enough to pass the excess line, or in per cent of zinc. Average value, 95 ounces silver per ton, " J to 75 per cent le;id. This ore is sacked and shipped direct to the smelters, the smelters. (h.) The concentrating ore consists of the mixed ore or the spathic iron quartz gangue with galena, with a little grey coppe- and in all the ore there are evidently some of the silver sulphides. .Average value of concentrates, 80 ounces sil\ er per ton, 70 per cent load. The Slocan Star possesses the Iargc.>t ore l)ody in the Slocan, being from 25 to ,30 feet wide, with ten feet of solid rich-bearing galena. The lowest tunnel. No. 5, has struck the same ore shute 200 feet below the upper workings. The ore is sent to the conce.itrator, which has a capacity of 150 tons of ore per day. or equal to the daily product of the mine, by tramway. .About too inen 356 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA are employed. The concentrates are shipped to the United States smelters for final treatment. Timber and water are abundant for mining purposes — the timber being of large size, and immediately at the mine, where the stopes are timbered up with heavy stulls and lagging. A steep waggon road from Sandon climbs up past the mill to tunnel Nos. 3, 4 and 5, but all ore is sent down to the mill by the 3-rail gravity tramway, about 1,600 feet long, covered where necessary by snow-sheds, the concentrating ore being automatically dumped into the mill bins, the sacked first-class ore being loaded into ore waggons or sleighs, and drawn, also the concentrates, half a mile to the railroad at Sandon, at a cost of 80 cents per ton. Number of men em- ployed, 83, of which 55 were in the mine, and 10 at the mill. COST OF MINING. I ill Mining. — (a.) The cost of driving tunnels and drifts varies from $3 to $9 per foot in stratified rocks, and from $7 to $10 in the granite: {b.) The cost of sinking shafts from $IJ to $20, but so far little work of this kind has been done: (c.) The cost of stoping was not ascertained: (d.) For labour the average paid miners is $3.50 for ten hours, or $3 for 8 hours; timbermcn, $3.50 for 10 hours: sliift bosses. $4 to $3 a dav: blacksmiths, $3.50 to $4 per 10 hours; trammers and topnien, $2.50 tu $3 lor 10 hours; (f.) For supplies, No. i giant powder costs about 18 to 22 cents a lb.; No, 2, $9 per 50-ft). box; drill steel, lO cents a lb.; candles, $7 a 40-tt). box; cordwood, $1.50 to $2.50 at the mine; rough timber, $u to $12.50 per M. I he cost of food and other supplies is now very reasonable. Transportation.- -(<;.) The cost of packing down ore on horses in the sum- mer time varies from $5 to $8.50 per ton to railroad. In the winter time, by rawhiding, $2,50 to $3.50 per ton: (b.) By waggons or sleighs, $1 to $2.50 per ton: (c.) Cost of transportation from shipping centres to the smelters in the United States, from Sandon, $7.50; from Slocan City, $11. Treatment. — The treatment charges depend upon whether tlie ore is crude or "carbonates," and on the latter according to the percentage of lead. On the crude ore, or nearly pure galena, the smelter charges vary from $15.50 to $18 per ton; on the carbonates from $g to $15 per ton; the $9 rate being given in one case where the lead did not exceed 20 per cent. The smelters pay for 95 per cent, of the silver and 90 per cent, of lead, assay values, at the New York quotations at time of settlement. For zinc, 50 cents is charged per unit — above 10 per cent. The duty on lead in the ore entering tiie United States is j4. of a cent per lb. The cost of trail-building in most parts is not high, as only in some of the deeper valleys and gulches is there much heavy timber, and if carefully super- vised should average from $80 to 'S125 a mile for a good ordinary mountain trail, and if possible there should always be a down-grade to facilitate the transport of ore by "rawhiding." The cost of the mountain waggon road varies from $800 to $1,200 a mile, with a safe average of $1,000 per mile, complete. In the winter time temporary tra'ls and roads are often easily made when the snow has fallen to some considerable depth. SLOCAN LAKE. This beautiftil lake, lyinc- in a deep valley between the valleys of the Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, is 23 miles long and about one mile wide, and in the val- leys and on the ridges that trend away from it to the east, mines of very great promise are being rapidly opened up, and new finds of value are being made as prospecting is more thoromrhly and widely carried on. On the south slope of the range dividing the south fork of Carpenter Creek from Four-Mile Creek, on the north slope of which are a series of mines, from AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 357 .•Iters for being of up with inel Nos. tramway, entrating Dre being i\i a mile men em- $3 to $9 rk ol this ■ $3 for 8 cksmiths, b.; No. 2, ordwood, It of food the sum- time, by the Slocan Star to the Idaho and Alamo, are the Mountain Chief. California. Alpha Group. Reed and Robertson. Jenny Lind. Ottawa Group and Fisher Maiden, all of which were visited, except the first two, and soutli of the Four- Mile Creek are the Thompson Group, Vancouver Group, and the Hewitt claim. Four-Mile Creek, for ten miles of it.s course, forms a dividing line between the Slocan slates and the granite, although small areas of each cross the river in places. TEN-MILE CREEK. An excellent waggon road has been built from the landing eight miles up this creek, through a valley of fine timber, to the Enterprise mine, and thence ttails pass over to Springer and Lemon Creeks and back to Slocan City, and also farther east to the head waters of Kokance or Yuill Creek and the south fork of Kaslo Creek, where a great deal of prospecting has been done during the past season, with good results. SPRINGER AND LEMON CREEKS. From the rival towns of Slocan ;ind Brandon nt the foot of the lake, trails lead off to the country drained by Twelve-Mile, Springer and Lemon Creeks, and in this part of the district many locations ha\e been made, some on galena veins, but many others on the "dry ore" veins and the gold-bearing quartz leads, all in the granite. Much prospecting was being done and considerable development work; but as many investors have recently been securing bonds and options on many locations, the past season has seen much greater activity. rs in the is crude On the o $i8 per one case :ad, assay duty on Tie of the ly super- tain trail, nsport of K) a mile, ade when le Arrow I the vai- ery great made as ter Creek nes, from TRAIL-EARLY HISTORY. Early History EARLY in the sixties the placer mines on Wild Horse, Findlay and other creeks in East Kootenay ha\ ing been discovered, resulting in the rush there of min- ers and the constant demand for supplies, as there was no means of com- munication between the coast and this district, except through the United States, with vexatious delays at the customs, Mr. E. Dewdney. now the Hon. the Lieu- tenant-Governor of British Columbia, was ."nstructed to survey and construct a trail entirely within British territory, throur;h the southern part of the Province, as a passage to the north had been proved to he net feasible. I» i86s this trail, since known as the Dewdney Trail, was finished, and in its course it passed about one mile south of the present town of Rossland on its way down Trail Creek to the Columbia River. Hence a means of ingress was given to this region, and indications show that early pros- pectors were attr:.':ted to the iron-stained cappings that have now attained such importance and value, as a five-foot liole on the Le Roi and other openings testify, but the low-grade surface rock discouraged them, while the means of getting such ore? to smelting centres seemed ciuite out of reach. However, in l88o. Joseph Bourjouij located the first claim, the Lily May. near the Dewdney Trail, which in 1890 was recorded by J. Bordau. In this year J. Bourjouis located the Centre Star and the War Eagle, while the Virginia and Idaho were staked by J. Morris, his p'^rtner. They also discovered the Le Roi. but. forbidden by law to stake more 358 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ir than one claim on the same vein, this piece of Rround became the properly of Mr. E. S. Topping hy his simply payinjf the rxpcnsos of recording. In November. i8<)o. Mr. Topping met at Colville two Spokane attorneys, Mr. George Foster and Col. Wm. Rt.upath. showed them samples of Le Roi ore. and offered to soli onc-hali' interest in the claim tor $,p,o<';o. These gentlemen became interested in tliis property, went to Mr. Oliver Durant, a gentleman of long mining experience in the West, in whose jndgmcnt they had had lull contidcnce, and h'. also impressed with the ore, finally secured a workin;4 b-^nfl on sixteen-thirtieths of the property for six months, with the proviso that during that time he should .spend $3,000 on the claim. Although he knew good mining men had condemned the ore deposits of this region as of altogiher too low a grade, Mr. Durant came up at once, examined the claim, taking from a shallow cut if a road uj) Trail Creek from the Columbia, the conditions of the camp were at once made more favourable. With the coming of the financial crisis of iSy,}, Mr. Durant, whose unceasing and determined efforts had overcome many difficulties and disappointments, and demonstrated that the properties he had so faithfully worked at were good, was forced to suspend operations until 1895. when he resumed work on the Centre Star, now organized into a stock company. In the winter of 1893-94, the Le Roi, that had shut down upon the expendi- ture i)i the nroceeds from the sale of the treasury stock, was able to ship by «!eighs iver the Trail Creek road the ore that had accumulated upon the dump. and ti\is netting a (.jood profit, active mining operations were begun, and the fast increasing (;re shipments, as detailed elsewhere, bringing handsome returns to Early Development. "operty of attorneys, jt ore. and ;n became ng mining e, and li'. -thirtieths he should andcmncd rant came allow cut s that re- 5 the En- with the 3m which 3 Marcus, lyed from , ten tons where the ed to the per ton per cent. nd in tlic ipping to n formed ith many onsly be- >ut tinally ;t bought feet of 3rk that le need id again d up the lat place, ering the ns of the cial crisis avcrcomo es he had mil 1895. company. expcndi- 1 ship by he dump, i the fast eturns to AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. .^5y Shlprnvntii Made. those who pluckily stuck to this claim, the Le Roi was fairly launclied upon its successful career as a rich dividend paying mine. In the meanwhile. Mr. J. A. Finch and Mr. 1*. Clark had been attracted to the camp, Mr. Finch getting a bond on the War ICagle. whicli he relin- quished ;::ter expendin^^ several thousands of dollars prospect- ing; after which Mr. Cla'-k, who had thrown up his bond on the Josie, obtained one on the War Eagle. In the work hithert(» done on this property, a large shute of low-grade pyrrhotite averaging $14 to $16 in gold to the ton, had been more or less explored, but on going farther west a few hundred feet, by trenching, the top of a splendid body of good ore, averaging two and a-(iuarter uuiices in gold, nearly itx* ieet long and v-ight to twelve Ieet wide, was unco\ered. and this mine took its place am(iii>4 the best in the camp, paying shortly aUerwards its tirst dividend, I'ebru.iry is,, i8»J5, of $32,500. Another strong lactor in the rapid i)rogress 01 the camp is the connection with it of Mr. Hein/.e and .\lr. IJ. C. Corbiii, jjresident of the Spokane Falls and Northern Railroad. Mr. Ileinze, the head of a smelting works in Butte, Montana, sent in tw(( men to go over the ground, with the result, after much negotirtiii.n. liiat he made a contract with the iiiaiiageineiit ■>{ the Le Roi mine tiiai tiuy siio.ild supply him with 37.500 tons of (jre on the dump, which lie v.ould I'.iy ior after the sliipnient and sampling .'(' cacli loi. deducting $11 per ton for ireij^nt and treatment RaHttHj!. ci^arges; and also .57,500 tons on wiiich the cliarge^ should be at asH Fi.tt..r. tin l,,\vest rates obtainable in the open market. With this amount of ore contr.icted for a land grant from the I'rovincial Government and a boms of $1 per to/i smelted »rom the Dominion Government, Mr. Heiiize erected the Trail Smelter and built t''e tramway frtjni the smelter to ihe mine. .\lr. Corbin, who has iwti.'iidetl his road from Xorthport to \'els(tii, ^iipijlied also witii a Pio- vnicial charier and land grait, has pushed liis road up Sheep Creek from tl^e south to Rossland. Thus coi stantly as the conditions improve whereby the cost of mining, shipping and treat ng the ore are material'y lessened, does the limit decrease at which the ore ceases to be protitable. and iiuk!i more of the lower gade ore now in sig.it is made a\aiiable. ^UE ( )RE DKI'OSIIS. Mr. R. G. McConnell oi the Geological Survey of Canada, after a short visit in 1894, reported* the country about K'ossland to be "an .area of erui)tive rock, mostly dioritc and uralite porphyritt logical survey has yet been made, 1 general description can now be attt is evidently diorite, although it pr' and structure, varying from a fii ut by many dykes." but as no complete geo- any reported lithological study, only a very ited. The m.iin mass of all the country rock nts many difTerent gradations in composition .,'rained aplianitic rock with \ery little horn- blende at one extreme to nearly massive hornblende at the otlier, often showing mica and pyroxene. Much of it h .iks like a basic syenite, and samples have been taken for microscopical examination and later report, but the main i)oint of interest is the fact that these or. bodice or veins traverse the diorite. although cores from t! i; mging and foot w.alls of the Le Roi shiite will be examined veil as samples from either side of the Centr<» "''"' ' Star ore shute ^c well definefl in the clifT running up Centre Star Gulch, to ascertain whether these samples are all of one class of rock or two. In go ng over this regie n the vari.iiions ;ire ^een to be \ i ry marked, in some places the rock being stratifie^outh >-trike. but with noapparuu *Siiiinii.'iry rt'.iorls of tlif Ceolojjical S irvey ofC.Ttiada for iS^) y:. ( :i! {. I i J l' 360 YEAR tiOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA dislocation of the veins which they cut through; indeed, at six such points of in- tersection the ore seemed to be concentrated, and even to follow along the dyke for some distance, but this must be made clear by further underground work. A careful geological survey will reveal very interesting facts relative to the formation of these ore deposits. In this Rossland ore much prospect work has sliown clearly that there is a large system of lines of fracture with an east by west and north-east by south- west trend, and a persistent northerly dip, along which more or less ore has con- centrated, either as bodies of solid sulphides or sulphides scattered through the country rock. Some of these fissures can apparently be traced through several i,SOO-foot claims, and alonjar them are the large ore shutes now being mined or developed, the maximum width of pay ore so far being about 35 feet, and maxi- mum length 310 feet. Many of these fissures have been or are now being pros- pected, and in many instances with surface indications of the most unfavourable character, the improvement lias been very marked in tlie increase of the amount of ore and its value, and the great probability that more rich ore shutes will be found by following these fissures has made all such property valuable, and is deciding the commencement of extensive exploratory work. Again, large shutes of low-grade ore, mostly the coarse-grained magnetic iron pyrites or pyrrhotite, assaying from traces to $6 to $8 in gold, have been found and are being explored for better grade ore and so far with some success, but development, except on a few claims, has hardly yet begun and so far only the shutes that have been ex- posed at the surface are being worked, and it is yet impossible to foretell how much extensive underground mining will be rewarded. The surface of tiiese ore shutes is covered with the typical iron capping, or reddish brown sintery mass, and experience enables the prospector to distinguish between disintegrating sulphides, and barren diorite heavily iron stained by the oxidizing of the bisilicates or the iron pyrites nearly always present in this rock. Although it is dilVicult to prospect such rock which may be much iron stained but with no vein whatever in the vicinity, nearly all work is done along o"e wall, and the ore appears to follow along one wall, where the rock is not too full of fissures that disguise true conditions, but it is doubtful if more than one wall ever really exists, although a parallelism of lines of fracture may for T*^"i * short distance seem to prove the contrary. Wherever the ore ron :ipp ns. jg found to consist almost of pure sulphides, it will be found lying along and parallel to such a wall, after which ore is disseminated more or less through the inclosing rock, often following along small fissures that in some cases form small veins of good ore that run for a considerable distance away from the main deposit. In all the mines the ground is faulted, thus dislocating the ore deposits and stringers and complicating the search; but these slips will be better understood as work progresses, although much development work will have to be done by driving steadily ahead along the general course of the veins and cross- cutting, for the good rule of following the ore is seldom possible for any distance by reason of these dislocations. THE ORES. ! J 1 The orr-; at Rossland, with the exceptional free-milling gold quartz of the O. K. mine, may be divided into three classes: — (a.) Those I;irgo deposits of coarse-grained massive pyrrhotite. locally known as the "iron ore." in which very little or no value in gold is carried. (b.) The ore found in many claims on the south l^elt, as the Lily May, Home- stake, Mayflower, Curlew. Goplicr, R. K. Lee, etc., in which the sulphides are not pyrrhotite but iron pyrites and mareasite (white iron"), witli. in some <>i these mines, much arseiiopyrile, and also zinc blende and even .galena, in which case the silver value exceeds the gold, and the percentage ol copp.r is very small or nothinj^. (f . ) The typical ore of the camp as sold by the Le Roi, War Eagle, Iron I AXlJ MANUAL ()F TKOVINXIAL IM-f )im ATK ).N. ^Cn Mask or Josie, is divided into first-class and second-class. The tirst-class consists of nearly massive fine-grained pyrrhotitc and copper pyrites, sometimes with a little magnetite, or mispickel. with more or less quartz and calciti-. In this class of ore, as got from the lowest workings of the Le Roi. the aniDunt of quartz is much higher, the smeltei returns giving 41 to 52.870 silica, and 20.6 to 26.8% FeO., but this is proving the best ore in the mine, the average smeller returns being on i.joo tons, j.6 oz. of gold, 1.8 oz. of silver, and 2.5'}'o of copper, or $53-05* net, per ton while some siiipments went as high as 4.06 oz. in gold. The second-class ore, and the bulk of the ore of the camp shipi)ed will be most probably of this character and value, is a diorite witli a comparatively small percentage of these sulphides, but the value is still very good; 1,800 tons of the Lc Roi, second-class, y\;"iding by smelter returns an average of 1.34 oz. of gold, j.a oz. of silver, and 1.6% copper, or $27.97* net, per ton. Mr. Bellinger, of the Trail smelter, kindly gave the average analysis of this ore to be FeO. 22''/c. Si02. 42.5% CaO. 7%. MgO. 3%. AI2O3 18%: copper, i.s'/o, S. 6%. TREATMENT. The destiny of the mining operations of this part of the Province will de- pend, to a very great extent, upon the means of transportation, and then upott the cost of metallurgical treatment, for a l;*rge amount of low-grade ore is prom- ised, and the possibility of treating such mes at a low figure to leave a fair mar- gin of profit must attract the best endeavours of the metallurgist. The ores contain- ing a high percentage of sulphides will be verv desirable, and should command the lo'vest smelting charges, but in all probability the great bulk of the Trail Creek ores will be of the mixed class, or diorite with a comparatively small proportion of sulphides, and hence a low percentage of copper, while again the amount of arsenic, abundant in some of the ore, will be an important element. This ore ha', now been shipped to man- -m he American smelters, such as at Tacoma and Ev»;r- ett. Washington, and G: : tt I- ills. West Helena, and Butte. Montana, and now much will be smelted at t/v u.nv works at Trail, to be described. The erection of smelters at Rossland, in the immediate vicinity of the mines, is being seriously contemplated, but it is yet too early to make any definite statement. TKe cost of freight and treatment is now about $10 to $14 per ton, when 95 per cent, of the assay value of the gold and silver is paid for, and 1.3 is deducted from the per- centage of copper present. Of course the possibility of other processes being suitable to such ores is being tested, such as the cyanide and chlorination processes, and the results will be awaited with much interest as some such process may prove very successful, and all judgments should be deferred until the conclusive experiments have been completed. Note:— All the foregoitiK relating to Trail is taken from Mr. Carlyle's report. •Not deducting freight and treatment charges. of the LE ROI MINE. known THE area of the Lc Roi claim is about twenty-one acres, and is operated by the Le Roi Gold Mining Company, of Si)okane: President, W. W. Turner; Gen- eral Manager, George Turner, and capitalized for $2,500,000 in 500.000 shares at $5-00 each. The Company own the Le Roi, the Black Bear and the Ivanhoe, or seventy-two acres in all. On this claim tlie large surface exposure, six to fourteen feet wide, of the rusty-red iron-stained rock, or the typical iron cap, that 3<'^ VKAR HOOK OF UUllLsll LOl.l'MMIA on fracture proved to be the covering of a larwe body of sulphides, mostly pyrrho- tite, with s(jnie chal'opyrite, oituhl be easily seen for Joo to .v^o feet in a north- east by south-west direction, when at tlu west eiul of tiiis ore shute the vein seems to branch into two or even three smaller veins that diverge. The first shipment was made in 18^)3 of "oo tons. In the sjirini, of iS()5 a contra'-t was made witli the Trail smelter for the delivery of "5.(X)o tons of crc. Over 5().(XM) tons have been delivered under that contract. The Company |>aid its first dividend of $_>5.ooo in October, 1895, and has paid up to date over $5_'5,ooo, and is announced to pay $5o,fxx) a month hereafter. The main sh.ift has been sunk throUKh a solid body of ore to a level of 600 feet, with e.vtensive Iriftin^; and tunnelling Enormous ore bodies have been opeiu-d in all the d.ifts. In the west drift on the .4501001 level the width of the ore body reached twenty-eipht feet. the vein contracting;: at tlie 500 foot level, and auain dosvn to witliin twenty-five feet of the fioo-foot level at tlie uniform width of seven feet, when it be>.;ins to ex- pand, and on the Cjoo-fooi level the i)ay ore is twenty-two feet wide by actual nieasurei.ent. Seven feet of it averajjed $80 per ton in Kold and ten per cent, copper and fiftern teet of it $.^3. There are ^00 men emi)loyed in and about the mine and .?oo tons ol ore a. c beinu raised every twenty-four hours. Tlu- pay-roll amounts to $_'.ooo a montl . transportation charges $15,01x3 a month, treatment charges $50,000 a month, and it is anticipated that the mine will ultim;ilely pro- duce over 1. 000 tons of ore a day and give employment to Soo men. The owners of the Lt Roi mine ;ire Innldin.u a smelter at N'orthport for the reduction of their own ores. Thi- has given rise to an agitation tor an export duty on ores in order to encourage the smelting of (jres on the Britisli Columbia side of the line, but what effect it will have it is impossible to say. Tllb: WAR RAGLE MINE Next to the Le Roi, the War f*!agle is the largest mine in the district, and was recently sold to a Toronto .Syndicate, of whic'.i Messrs. Ciooderham and Bhickstock are the principal siiareliolders, for $7OO.(X)0 cash. The cl'iim was lo- cated in July. iSqo. by two French-Canadian prospectors, and in the fall of 1804 it was bonded to Spok;.ne parties for $17,500 and a Company organized. Under new management the course of the tunnel was changed and a big ore shute struck ten feet wide in places, which made the mine famous at once, and early in 1895 a dividend of $27,000 was declared. There have been 4,500 feet of tunnelling done on the mine, and since the projierty was first worked 30.000 tons have been shipped, returning $900,000. Dividends to the amount of $250,000 have been paid. There is said to be 75.000 tons of ore in sight. .\t the present time no shipments are being made, the management devoting itself to the work of development and blocking out ore, in which work about ninety men are employed. I t p Till'. TRAIL SMELTER. The Hritish Columbia Smelting and Refining Comi'any own tlie sm^dter at Trail Creek, of which the President is V. A. Heinze. who also owns a smelter at Butte, Montana. On securing the large contracts for ore from the Le Roi mine Mr. Henize obtained the present excellent smeltei site, on the bluff over- looking the Columbia, at the mouth of Trail Creek, where has si-ynmg up the town of Trail. This smelter was erected with greiU ra^)idily in spite ui inclement win- ter weather and great difliculty in securing supi)lies of building material and im- porting the plant and machinery; l)Ut although work was begun October loth, 1895, the iirst furnace was fired up in l*"ebruary. iSX). and now five furnaces are in full operation, with further extensive and important additions being rapidly pushed to completion, additions that should greatly improve present conditions and treble the capacity of the works. Besides that with the Le Roi. contracts have been made with the War Eagle. Iron Mask and Crown Point The sme'ter has a capacity of 4(X) tons per day. and the management contemplates extending the same in order to me<'t the demands of the district. AND MAXUAl, OF l';^:( )\l NCI AI. I N l( )K M A I'lON. .If.? SOUTir BFCI.T. Oil Lake Mountain, soiitli of Russlaiul, and in tlu' intorvcniiit^; vailcy, alv) on the east aiul ';onth slopes of Deer Park Mountain, all of wiiicli. with I-ookont Mountain farther east, may he known as the South Belt, the same system of east and west fissure*; obtain, and. with the comparatively little work done, tlie results are such as to encourage the much more extensive investigation of many of che claims. With the exce|)tion of the Crown Point and Deer Park, the ore bodies have not yet been found of l.irge size, but the fissures are very persistent, and the the average ore is of. so far. fair value, tlie ore on most of these properties being different from the rest of the canin in that there is very little ityrrhotitc, but much iron and arseno-pyrites, with some zinc blende and galena, while the .silver vabi* is higher t'lan the gold. Hut pyrrhotite ore is also found, as will be detailed below. The construction of the tramway through the centre of tliis belt his rerdered easy the shiiuiient of ore. and alreaily the Crown F'oint and Mayllower are shipping. GENERAL CONDITIONS AND PROSPECTS. MR. C.\RLYLJC. in discussing transjxirtation and comimiiiii ation. says: "Four years ago only trail> led into this |)an. the Dewdney trail having been built in iS'65. but now a waggon road runs (o Triiil. an the camps already csUiblished elsewhere in Lhis part of »hf Province. The restriction to the more or 1' >s same clas< of are, •ss it be of a mo-t favourable character, seldom got or maintained. i-> genor- |l| 'iflji^ .?'. .» Hi I 11 304 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA ally not at all cciu-f set m. it will ho difruiilt to d . ivoiuahie indiiatioiis that warrant tlie belief that on further extensive, systematic exploration other shutes of ^old ore will be uncovered, i^rospecting has disclosed these many parallel veins, varymv^ in width, when exposed, from an inch to several feet, and it is believed tliai many more ore shutes will be found wiuu these most proinisniK surface iiiduatmns are thoroughly exploited, lor it is (luiie iinprobai>le that the large shutes of rich ore that have been shewn on the surlact. bv denudation will be found {<> be tlu only ones. "This district has now reached that stage when persistent, plucky development work, sustained by ample capital, must be done to prove up these many veins and surface showings, but a sufficient ainouni oi working capital is dem.inded. (o) because much of die rock is very hard to mine, necessitating good maclimery to make proper progress, {b) consideiable or even i .^tensive development wnrk must be done in the search for tnore pay shutes. (c) while the more or less faulted nature of the ground, though not serious, will complicate this work. While the present mines were opened up with comparatively small capital by reason of the mines producing pay ore shortly after work was begun, or ore that was ve\v profitable as soon as roads were built over which it could be sent to the smelters, still any enterprise that is now undertaken will require strong financial sui)port, and already seveal powerful companies are it work." Tcj the aliovi' may be .idded tiiat Kossland has now five or six well deter- mined inines, and new ore shutes ate being opened ip. as systematic development progresses. There is little (loulit that ni.iiiy of the other properties on whi.h a little work has been done, with suriicient capital, will \ ct reach tin stage of ship- ping mines; but a large amount of capital is reipiired. The cam]) has decidedly made great progress during the present ye.! . allhougii the feverish activity of some months ago has subsided. Henceforth, as the speculate. i- element has i>een eliminated, mining will proceed on the basis of its merits and sound business methods. The construction by the C.l'.R. of a line from Kossland to t!ie (Joluinbia River where cheap fuels will be easily obtainable and new smelting facilities afforded, will lie of immense benelit THE BOUNDARY CREEK DISTRI THI*- Boundary Creek portion of the Kettle River .Mining Divisimi i,\ \;i\t\ two years ago, meant a territory of about 150 square mile^ in extent, drained by a small .streatn which joins Kettle River from the north at Midway, where the river first crosfcs the International Iioundary. I'o-day the term "Honndary" has lost its special significance by reason of the rapid extension of the area in which valuable minerals are found, to points far distant from the nucleus which first gave the district its reputation. *Kiiriiishfil by S. S. lM)w!cr. .^.1!., IvM., Nelson, for tlie Mini -iter nl Mines Kfport. \'< IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ik^ '^ «> 1.0 I.I Uijm 12.5 1-25 nil 1.4 lllii^ p /2 vl ^;. ?»■ j^ '^' y Hiotographic Sdences Corporation i\ ^v a>' rv o^ ^(^>' 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '9>'' I i .^66 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA TOPOGRAPHY. i' II i> I I l« The topc>^raphy of the district, wliilc it affords a considerable diversity, is not very different to that of all the Rreat interior plateau of British Columljia. Whilst mountainous, its highest points seldom exceed 5.500 feet in altitude above the sea, and the greater numiier of its many well-rounded mountains do not exceed 5,000 feet — Kettle River, at the mouth of Boundary Creek, being about 1,800 feet above sea level. The ruggedness and nakedness of many parts of Koocenay are not at all in evidence, for these rounded hills are splendidly forested to their very summits, witli a very great variety of coniferous trees. The eastern, southern and western slopes are open and afford a prolific growth of bunch-grass, and along the valleys are many ranches which are specially adapted to diversified farming with the aid of irrigation. GEOLOGY. The geological features of tliis region are varied and interesting. Not having made a special study, and without assuming more than a general under- standing of them. I may say that for several miles east of the North Fork there is an area (jf .\rch;ean gneisses and siliceous and micaceous schists, which are the basal rocks. West of tlie Nf)rth P'ork we come into an extensive series of mcta- inorphic schists, (|uartzites, crystalline limestones and some clay slates, all of which form a large i)art of the ridge lying between North Fork and Boundary Creek. This series is apparently repeated through a distance of three or four miles west of Boundary Creek, when these probably pre-Cambrian rocks are found to be overlain by Devonian or Devono-carboniferous limestones, which form the summit and western limit of tlie Boundary Creek watershed, within that part of the latter at least, wliicli is best known. West of this summit is a series •f Cretaceous sandstones and shales continuing to Rock Creek, eight or ten mil?s. Through this series the last-mentioned limestones may be seen protruding at points along Kettle River; but after crossing Rock Creek the schists and quart- zites again appear in the vicinity of Camp McKinney, and these in turn are suc- ceeded, on nearing the valley of the Okanagan, by a rectirrence of the Arch.-ean rocks first mentioned. Throughout this extent of territory these stratified rocks are found to ;^e penetrated by, or underlain and overlain by, eruptive rocks of different ages ind diverse natures. These eruptives are all more or less intimately associated with the mineral deposits of the district, and a thorough knowledge of them (to be derived only from a comprehensive and accurate geological survey) is much to be desired. Avoiding more technicalities than are necessary, these eruptive rocks *n- clude granite, syenite (?), felsite. trachyte (both often porphyritic) and "diorite."' The felsite and trachyte often pass under tlie name of "porphyry." The "diorite" is meant to signify all those basic, heavy, hard and dark-coloured rocks which, scientifically, may properly be called by other names: the term is much burdened, a-; porphyry has been for many years, but it is convenient and not inexcusable. The granites are probably the oldest eruptive rocks hereabouts. They are found in th.e valley of Boundary Creek, about eight miles above its mouth, and from therv' northward. Diorite. including the lighter coloured varieties, is 'he predominant eruptive rock, and occurs throughout the region in dykes of greatly varying width, with a strike somewhat north of west. Tliese penetrate the gran- ite and all the other rocks, except possibly the more recent limestones and por- phyry, as at the head of Copper Creek. The porphyritic rocks are prominently associated with the limestones and the Cretaceous strata. Besides these, considerable areas are known to afford schistose rocks, >.csentially comi)osed of magnesian minerals, such as chlorite, hydro-micas and ta'c, •ogether with serpentine and dolomite. Large parts of these rocks are probably alterations of an eruptive original, and they are especially in evidence in the south- ern part of Boundary Mountain, as at White's and Attwood's camps. AND .MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL I NF0R.\L\T10N. ,^67 ORES AND ORE DEPOSITS. The Boundary District is essentially a gold district. The great bulk of the ores is a mixture of the various iron sulphides witii copper pyrites, all more or less auriferous. This class of ore is notably associated with the basic eruptive rotks, which are of so widespread occurrence in southern British Columbia, and with the older metamorphic rocks near or at the contacts of these with the former. The magnesian rocks above referred to also afford this ore. This mineral mixtu'"e occurs in bodies which at times are so elongated as to give the impression that they occupy fissures, and again at others it occurs in api)areiitly isolated shutes of limited horizontal e:.tent; finally what seem to be well-defined blanket deposits hold the ore. The croppings of several of these deposits consist of very large masses of (frequently polaric) magnetite, through which are disseminated copper and iron pyrites. Where denudation and wearing action have had sufficient opportunity these cappings have been removed, and calcite. specular hematiie and quartz appear as the normal accompanying gangue. This class of ores has a wide range in value, but, excluding the extremes, may be said to carry about $15 in gold, with two or three ounces in silver, per ton. and five per cent, copper. It is exemplified by many of the prominent properties of the district, among which are the Emma, and Oro Dinero in Summit Camp; Stemwinder, Gold Drop, Knob Hill . nd Snowshoe in Greenwood; Winnipeg and Calumet in Wellington; City of Paris, Lexington, Golden Rod and Oro in White's Camp, and the Mother Lode, Sunset and Great Hopes in Deadwood Camp. In the granites along Boundary Creek and in the siliceous rocks by which they are flanked — in other words in the more acidic rocks — fissure veins of vary- ing width are found, which afford quartzose dry silver ores and some large bodies of presumably partly free milling gold ([uartz. In the former case the minerals present with the quartz include small amounts of galena, zinc blende and iron pyrites with ruby silver, etc., as in the Skylark Camp; and in the vicinity of Long Lake, beside the above, tellurium and tclluridos of gold and silver, with more or less free gold at the surface, are found. All these dry silver ores contain gold. Their veins are from a few inches to five or six feet in width, and the greater part of the value is often concentrated in a narrow pay streak. An idea of the values of this material is had from the statement that in 1894 a shipment of eig'ity-fi/e tons of sorted ore was made from one property, and tlie metal contents were 16.947 ounces silver, loi ounces gold, and 7.836 tbs. of lead. .Small shipments from otlier claims have been made, showing gross values of about $100 per ton, but the average value of unsorted ore may be placed at about $50 per ton. These ores are found over a considerable part of the district, and notably on the Jewel and Dinero Grande claims in Long Lake Camp; G.A.R. and D..\. in Providence Camp; Skylark. Crescent and Last Chance in Skylark Camp; None- such, Boundary Falls and Ruby in Smith's Camp, and the No. Seven and Lincoln in Attwood's and White's Camps, respectively, the latter affording grey copper as the principal source of value. The milling ore ijientioned above occurs on the O. B. and Big Ledge claims, south of the D..^.. It affords values from $15 to $40 per ton. The Devonian limestone, which extends north and south frorn the head of Copper Creek, is cut through by several dykes of porphyry and felsite, and along the contacts of these with the limestone are bodies of copper ores. In the south- cm part of this belt the mineral is copper glance and copper pyrites, the latter of which in places seems to be a constituent of the felsite. In the Copper Camp the ore is entirely in the contacts, has a quartz gangue, and is almost entirely copper glance, oxidized at surface and partly again reduced to metallic copper. Tliese ores, while they carry only a small amount of the precious metals, some- times give assays of over thirty ounces in silver. The copper tenure is about seven or eight per cent, only, but this grade could probably be improved by wet concentration of the sulphide. This class of ore is found on the Copper Mine, King Solomon, Copper Queen, etc., in Copper Camp, and the copper pyrites and some copper glance aru found on the Bruce, Texas and other claims in Graham's Camp, four miles v.cst of Midway. , ( m .•;68 YEAR BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA Of course, the chief want of Boundary is cheap transportation. Even the high-grade dry ores of the district can do little more than bear the burden of sixty or seventy miles of waggon haulage when added to the other necessary expenses. So much the less then can the low-grade sulphide ores be profitably exported. With a railway system in operation it is doubtful if a well-equipped smelt- ing plant adapted to the treatment of these ores could not be profitably operated in the district; for with the certainty of abundant ores of varied character, as pure limestone as can be deSired, and an apparently excellent metallurgical coal at hand, no other material is needed. But the railway under ordinary circumstances will wait until the production of tonnage, either directly or indirectly dependent upon the mineral resources. To those who are already interested in the Boundary District the necessary tonnage seems to be in sight, but whether this has been proven to the satisfaction of those upon whom the railway builder is dependent remains an open question. Thus again we are brought face to face with the immediate necessity of an ample and well-directed mining capital, which is certain to meet with its just reward. [The lack of railway communication to wliich Mr. Fowler refers is not likely to long remain an obstacle to development, as by the action of the Dominion and Provincial Legislatures during their recent sessions adequate assistance has been afforded for either the extension of the C.P.R. line by way of Crow's Nest Pass, or the construction of an independent line from Robson to Penticton, which will traverse this mining district and give access eastward to the smelters of Kootenay, and also by way of Vernon to the coast. Ultimately, too. wiien the projected short line is built to the coast by way of Hope, it will have alternative and direct communication with the seaports of B.C. No doubt one or more of the American lines will push up from the south, and one is already talked of to traverse the interior plateau of B.C. to Alaska, a long talked of and probably quite feasible route. In tliis way the facilities of Boundary Creek will be exceptionally good. -Rd.l M w o; ha SOUTHERN YALE MINING CAMPS. Camp McKinncy. THE three most important camps in Southern Yale or Boundary District are Camp McKinney, Fairview Camp and Central Camp, in which a number of claims have been recorded. Of these, on account of the development on the Cariboo-Amelia mine. Camp McKinney is at present the most important. It is situated between 3,500 and 4,000 feet above Okanagan Lake, betveen Okanagan and Kettle Rivers, fifty-six miles east from Penticton on the main stage road and thirty-two miles westerly from Midway. The history of the camp dates back to 1884. when the first discovery was made. It was not until 1887, however, when the Cariboo vein was found, that anything was done. The ores of the camp are. as a rule, free milling, consisting of white quartz containing some sulphides. The principal claims are the Cariboo-Amelia, Al-ce and Emma, Maple Leaf, Le Roi, War Eagle, Dolphin, Fontenoy, Vernon, Vic- toria. Minnehaha and Old England. The quality of ore on the Cariboo-Amelia, which is the representative mine of the camp, has increased with depth, the total yield being from $15 to $20 per ton from the lowest works. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 369 likely The mine consists of two claims owned by the Cariboo Gold Mining & Milling Co., with a capital stock of $800,000. Three shafts have been sunk, of which the present working shaft is 175 feet deep, with tunnels and drifts. So far over 20,000 tons of ore have been mined, and dividends to the amount of $160,000 have been declared. Fairview Camp is located two and a half miles -veit of Okanagan River, and is twenty-eight miles south of Penticton by stage, twenty-nine miles west of Camp McKinney. and twelve miles north of Osoyoos. The claims lie on the eastern side of a low range of mountains separating the Okanagan and Similka- meen Valleys, along a series of foot hills 700 feet above the Okanagan Valley. The geological formation and character of ores are very much similar to those of Camp McKinney, although it is difficult at the present time with the limited p^i . - amount of development to say how far the values of the ores n rv ew amp. correspond. So far the milling value has not proved so great as that of the latter. In this camp are located a number of promising claims, such as the Morning Star, Stem Winder, Tin Horn, Smuggler, Silver Crown, those of the Strathyne Mining & Milling Co., the Joe Dandy, the claims of the Con- solidated Fairview Gold Mines Co., Winchester, Comet, and Western Girl, i Iij Tin Horn, Big Horn and Fortune are owned and operated by the firm of Dier, Davidson & Russell, f)f Fairview. and are being actively developed. Not much ore has been shipped, but 2,700 tons of Morning Star ore yielded about $12 a ton. Central Camp, a'.^o known as White's, Douglas' and Atwood's Camps, at the head of Douglas Creek, eight miles from Midway by trail and five miles from Boundary Falls, lies at an elevation of 4.000 to 5,000 feet. In this camp there is a variety of ores, gold and silver-bearing quart/C. gold-copper cn ra amp. sulphidcs. and argentiferous gray copper. The principal claims here are Golden Rod. Mabel, Number Seven, Norfolk, New York, Rob Roy, St. Maurice, City of Paris and Oro. Development work has not been carried to sufficient extent to fully demonstrate the ore values or extent of the veins. With respect to the three camps referred to, the general character of the ore is similar and largely free milling. The quartz veins seem to lie in large bodies, and are what might be called low grade ores. Hence their development as a mining district depends largely upon cheap transportation and communication being established. At the present time communication is sornewhat difficult and expensive, and consequently these camps will not become shippers to any large extent until such facilities are provided. There are limited supplies of water, and, as a rule, plenty of timber, if not on the claims themselves within easy distance of them. Sufficient is already known to justify the conclusion that this will be a very important mining district, and will be a heavy yielder in gold. EAST KOOTENAY. ON account of the building of the Crow's Nest Pass, or British Columbia Southern Railway, now under construction, the prospects for the great min- eral wealth of East Kootenay being explcitcd are very good indeed, and in anticipation of this line prospecting has been \- ry active, and several very fine properties are being developed. Official information respecting this district is contained in the Minister of Mines' Report of recent years, but particularly in Mr. Carlyle's report of 1896 from which the following is condensed: A short examination was made of those parts of East Kootenay where mining was being actively carried on. but with the exception of mines such as the II 370 YEAk BOOK OF BRITISH COLUMBIA North Star, Moyic L;ikc Mines, and tlic placer mines on Wild Horse Creek, little work other than assessment work was bcin^ done. However in tlie s'^i'*hern part of Fort Steele District the prospectors were very bu.sy durint^ the past season. both in the Selkirks and Rc^cky Mountain Ranges, and a large number of claims were staked off in close vicinity to the North Star Min< and on the St. Mary's Kiver, Bull River, Perry Creek, and tlieir tributaries. Hitherto means ol communication have been such that considerable time had to be consumed in reaching any part, and prospectors and mining men have been attracted to other uaits more easy of access, but with a more extended steam- boat service on the rivers, new roads and trails, and with keener interest aroused by the progress of mining in other parts of Kootenay, the Divisicni of East Koote- nay is on the eve of rec(.'iving much greater interest, with every probability that her latent resources will prove very valuable. TOPOGRAPHY. Running north and south for over two hundred miles, Hanked on the east and west by the towering ranges of the Rockies and the Selkirks, is the wide and beautiful valley through which Hows the Columbia River to the north, and the Kootenay River to the south, to join waters at Robson in West Kootenay. This valley is ten to thirty miles wide, .'uid gmtly rises to the foot-hills along the main ranges, which are often bold and craggy and rise in lofty peaks. TRANSPORTATION. Stkamicr •..— F^■om Golden, on the C.P.R.. a very comfortable steamer of the Upper Columbia N. Si T. Co., Capt. F. P. Armstrong, leaves for the Upper Columbia every Tuesday morning wiien navigation is open, and runs for most of the season as far as Mud Lak'^ Landing, 113 miles, where passengers and freight are transferrod by a horse tra;.i, four and three-ciuarter miles, t(j the Upper Co- lumbia Lake, where aiiother steamer runs to Canal Flats, about fifteen miles, z.Ad thence by the stage to Fort Steele, forty-six miles, stopping over night at Han- son's, at Wasa Creek, twelve miles from Fort Steele, one of the best hostelries in Kootenay. When navigation ceases a weekly stage runs between Golden and Fort Steele, carrying the mails. To the south steamers of the same navigation company run down the Kootenay River from the North Star Landing, six miles above Fort Steele, to Jennings, and at high water these boats go as far north as Canal Flats or about four miles from the steamer landing on the Columbia. Anticipat- ing a large influx of men and supplies from the south during the present year, Captain Armstrong intends establishing a daily steamer seivice, as long as the depth of water will permit, between Fort Steele and Jennings. Roads. — A good waggon road extends from Golden to Fort Steele, whence roads radiate to Wild Horse Creek, Perry Creek and St. Mary's River. North Star Mine, Cranbrook, and to Tobacco Plains and across the border to the south. TuAii.s. — (n.) The Dcwdney or Moyie Trail runs from Cranbrook southwest past the St. luigene Mines, on Moyie Lake, to the landing on Kootenay River, where stop once or twice a week steamers on the Kootenay Lake service. This was the trail traversed by the placer miners in the early sixties. (/;.) The Toby Creek Trail, or Well's Trail, starts a few miles .north of Win- dermere, and crossing the Columbia runs up Toby Creek to the Divide, thence down Hamill Creek to Argenta, at the north end of Kootenay Lake. {c.) From Carbonate, south of Golden, a road for part way and trails lead up the dififerent branches of the Spillimacheen River ar.d into the McMurdo Dis- trict. Of course there are many other trails, such as over the Crow's Nest Pass. etc., etc. Ork. — Shipments are made by the steamers on the Kootenay Lake south to Jennings in the United States, and thence by G.N.R.R to the smelters. The smelter at Golden has never yet been blown in, as no ore h.as so far been obtain- able, but the development of the northern part of the Golden and other districts may yet supply these works, which were built rather prematurely. AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 37i NORTH STAR. The representative mine of the district is tlie Nortii Star. This valuable property comprises the North Star, O. K., Dreadnaught and Buckhorn, Cro», n-granted; and tiie Rowan. Daffodil, Cromarty, Notre Dame, Dorval, Maverick, Good Luck, Canton, Full House, Brandon, Stcmwindcr and Ontario, mineral locations, owned by the North Star Mining Co., Ltd., Montreal. President, D. D. Mann; Secretary, H. S. Holt, Montreal; Business Manager, N. W. Curran, Fort Steele. These claims, 1,500 feet squar^", are located on a gently sloping mountain one mile south of Mark Creek, and twenty-three miles by waggon road west of the North Star landing on the Kootenay River six miles above Fort Steele, and 2,600 feet above the landing, or sixteen miles directly west of the river. This lode was located in June, 1892, by Jos. Bourjouis, the locator of the Wur Ergle, Centre Star and Lily May, at Rossland. and since that time it has been so devi-loped as to expose one of the largest bodies of silver-bearing galena ore yet uncovered in the Province. GEOLOGY AND ORE-DEPOSIT. The rock enclosing the ore found in these and adjoining claims is dark gray with a fine-grained, hard and tougli texture, appare.iliy of igneous origin, except for slight evidences of bedding i^kines on the Sullivan Group, indicating the probability of its being very highly altered stratified rock. In the mine is rock looking much like the typical miner's "porphyry," running in places as tongues into tlie mass of solid ore, as if a dyke were there, but this might be simply the country rock altered near tlie ore-shute. The Ore. — (a.) Is primarily a veiy clean, solid, argentiferous galena, rather fine-grained, with only a small amount of zinc blende, while underlying it along the foot-wall is the "iron-ore." or iron and manganese oxides assaying about twenty ounces in silver per ton. The assay value of the ore as per smelter re- turns is: — , Silver. 23.5 ounces to 45.3 ounces per ton; lead 53 to 68%. ib.) The upper part of the ore-shute has been decomposed to a mass of red- dish-brown, black and yellow oxides and carbonites of iron and lead, with beauti- ful specimens of moss-like metallic silver and crystals of cerussite. There is a large amount of this ore, and unlike the "carbonate ore" in the Slocan it carries a higher silver value than the crude or solid galena ore, the values from smelter returns being: — Silver, 52 to 60.8 ounces per ton; lead, 49 to 57%- In shipping ore a mixture is made of both kinds of. ore and then sacked in jute sacks (made in Montreal) so that sixteen sacks of the ore weigh one ton, and this is not low grade ore by any means, as is shown by the smelter returns) on between two and three thousand tons sold during the past season, when the net or yield values averaged per ton: — Silver, 30 ounces; lead, 55%. Such ore was worth $52.40 per ton, and left a very good profit, after deduct- ing costs of mining, transportation, smelting and duty. Ore Body. — The existence of the ore body was betrayed by the large amount of galena float on the surface, but it was not until mucli prospecting wo-k had been done that the magnificent ore body was found, the value and significance of the decomposed material first found apparently not having been appreciated until proven to he the richer carbonate ore overlying the unaltered galena. The ore body varies from eiglit to twenty feet in thickness, and during the present year 2,000 tons were shipped to the smelter. Anotlier very large body of ore has been discovered this year 1,200 feet north, similar in size and quality. Ten men are engaged on t'lis prospecting, waiting for railway facilities. Timber and water for mining purposes are somewhat scarce. (a.) A waggon road has been built from the Landing, 23 miles, to the mine, at a cost of $11,000. and in sumrner time a fotir-Iiorse team will take down five to six tons of ore a day, and in winter six to eight tons, at a contract price of $5 per ton, horses being changed at the stables, half-way between the mine and the river. i " il2. YEAR BOOK OF liRITISH COLUMBIA (h.) The steamer carried the ore to Jennings Landing at a contract price of $4 per ton. (c.) The freight cliarges to the smelter at Gnat Falls, Montanr. from Jennings was $4.50 per ton. while I.c smelter or treatment charge was $17 per ton for crude ore and $15.50 for "carbonate" ore. The cost of labour was the same as in the Slocan District. oti-ii:r claims. Other claims in the immediate vicinity include the Sullivan Group, on Sullivan Hill, iiorth of Mark Creek, near the North Star. On tliis group t' are large surface showings of mineral, not only of soi.d lead ore. but of con trating galena ore. for which purposes the very ample supply of water and water- power (jf AL-irk Creek, 4,000 feet distant, will be easily available. The Quantrelle, Utopia and Stonewall Jackson, Midnight, Deanc and Ail- Over, in the immediate vicinity, have all been more or less developed and disclose ore bodies. On the south side of Moyie Lake, 2,}^ miles south-west of Fort Steele, reached by the Dewdney I'r-iil, is an important group of claims extending south, up the mountain side from the lake, consisting of the St. Eugene, Peter, Loretta and Rose (the last two fractional claims). C)n the St. Eugene a very fine body of ore has been disclosed, similar in quality and extent to that in the North Star, and there are several thousand tons of ore on the dump waiting foi shipment when the railway is put through. The Moyie, Oueen of the Hills, the Lake Shore and other claims are in the vicinity, and are awaiting railway communication for development. On Tracy or Wasa Creeks several veins have been disclosed in the moun- tains of the Rockies, and also nearly as far south as the Boundary Line, on which work is progressing. GOLD PROPERTIES. Considerable excitement was aroused by the discovery and location of several very large quartz ledges on the north side of Perry Creek and west of Saw Mill Creek, which flows into Perry Creek, a tributary of the St. Mary's River, rr.d i strep'.ii much washed in the seventies for placer gold, two or three miles above v, !.ich placer ground, or by roads and trails 25 to 30 miles westerly from Cranbrook, these quartz leads are now located. For five miles west and two miies east of Ellwood Creek, a small branch of Perry, the country has all been located along the course of three, if not more, quartz ledges which have proved to be auriferous, but to what value had not then been determined. On the tributaries of the Wild Horse Creek, famous lor the production in the past of its placers, many mineral locations have been made, on one of which, the Dardanelles, mining was being done. The ore is roasted in heaps at the mine, then rawhided down to a new arrastra near by an overshot wheel, the ar- rastra being 9 feet in diameter, 2 feet 4 inches deep, with 5 to 800 pound drags, and equipped with three copper plates and blanket sluices. An English Company, the Invicta Gold Mining (Placer) Co.. Ltd., Eng- land, having secured about one mile along Wild Horse Creek, from which much gravel had been washed during the last thirty years, during the 1896 season began the installation, under the superintendence of Mr. J. W. R. Young, M.E., of a requisite plant, sluices, etc, for the hydraulicing of u. large bank of gravel. About 70,000 cubic yards were moved, that yielded, according to the annual report of this company, 7 cents per yard. The Nip-and-Tuck Gold Mining Company, a placer mining company of Vancouver, has rights over the placer ground below the Invicta ground, on the south side of Wild Horse. There is a ditch about five miles long for the water supply. CRANBROOK. Owing to the construction by the C.P.R. of the B.C. Southern Railway through Crow's Nest Pass, Cranbrook. which is finely situated, will become an important divisional railway point, and is the most central and suitable for smelt- ing purposes, and smelting facilities are certain to be provided. s I f. 3 2 ii ct price r, from $17 per oup. on up t' ^ ■* con id water- and All- 1 disclose t Steele, \g south, , Loretta fine body )rtli Star, shipment ns are in lie moun- on which ication of d west of t. Mary's ) or three 5 westerly west and ry has all hich have ed. iuction in of which, ips at the the ar- nd drags, -td., Eng- lich much son began M.E.. of of gravel. >ual report mpany of id, on the the water Railway )ecome an for smelt- AND MANUAL OF PROVINCIAL INFORMATION. 373 WINDERMERE, GOLDEN AND DONALD. , Some prespectihK' work was done during 1896, most of it on the Selkirks, but also some on the Rockies, and from the very fine samples of ore seen, and the reports of the characteristics of the ledges, a large and rich section of the country is awaiting easier means f)f access and t!ie transport of ore to smelting cent.os. Tiiic Thunder IIii.l property, I'S miles west of Upper Columbia Lake, was standing idle, the ore having proved unsuitable for concentrating, .'or which purpose a mill was erected on tiie lake, but recently tliis property has been -.ested for its gold values, but with what result is not known. The ledge is reported to be very large, and if it contains gold in paying ((uantity it should be thoroughly exploited. Bugaboo Creek. — Six miles west of the Spillimaclieen Landing or Galena, Mr. F. \V. Aylmer of Golden, wn-; working the '"Balrath" group of two claims, on which, crossing the slates and ([uartzites, was a wide vein strike. N.W. and S.E. dip seventy degrees, about 16 feet wide, of which eleven feet were solid fine-grained opaque (|uartz, and five feet broken slate and (luartz stringers. A cross-cut tunnel, 150 feet long, cuts the vein, where is nine feet of