^^^»*^^B« ^^"^^-H ■T^"W • " ' ^ f. «>.^^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) .> 1^" ^v^. 1.0 LI 128 125 2.2 us 140 2.0 i i m 1.25 III ,.4 |,.6 < ■ 6" ► j >.-i^> 7 Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STRUT WEBSTER, N.Y. M5M (716) 872-4303 •1>^ iV .§s^ <^ 4 4^ ■ T"^ CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques mmm MM '■■^ m •y^ Technical and Bibliographic Notes/Notes techniques et bibliographlques The Institute has attempted to obtain the best original copy available for filming. Features of this copy which may be bibliographically unique, which may alter any of the images in the reproduction, or which may significantly change the usual method of filming, are checked below. Coloured covers/ Couverture de couleur ^ I I Covers damaged/ D D Couverture endommag6e Covers restored and/or laminated/ Couverture restaurde et/ou pellicul6e Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque I I Coloured maps/ D Cartes g6ographiques en couleur Coloured ink (i.e. other than blue or black)/ Encre de couleur (i.e. autre que bleue ou noire) I I Coloured plates and/or illustrations/ D Planches et/ou illustrations en couleur Bound with other material/ Relid avec d'autres documents Tight binding may cause shadows or distortion along interior margin/ La reliure serr6e peut causer de I'ombre ou de la distortion le long de la marge int6rieure Blank leaves added during restoration may appear within the text. Whenever possible, these have been omitted from filming/ 11 se peut que certaines pages blanches ajouties lors d'une restauration apparaissent dans le texte, mais, lorsque cela 6tait possible, ces pages n'ont pas 6t6 film^es. 1^7] Additional comments:/ |>> Cornmeritaires suppl^mentaires flxJ^ety^ j /mrrata to pelure, nd D 32X 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 .1 ^^"•^^^^^^ ^"^ • ' ' -I .5P 'uMOI.OUlCAL SUl MAP DROWNI ONTHi: WALL KILL THH POCHUNKAND IN SUSSEX CO. hU GEO H.COO EDA.BOfW [f one in utMemU t/u. d ^ ./ / ORAK^E ountVu. —I .•.*''''^*^^^ GKOI.OUICAL SUKVKY OF NKW JKUSI-Y. MAP OF TllH DROWNED LANDS . : WALLKILL AND ITS liKANCHKS K POCHUNKANDWAWAYANDACKEKKS, IN SUSSEX CO. KJ. AND ORANGE CO. NY. GEO H.COOK, Statr Geologist. ED. A.B(JWSRR,Surv«vor . 1871. Scair one inch to one in.lf. rfu smtUL n^uns in theMmiiom's indietit* th» dt/ttA, »f Uie^ mud- ->-> ^^^H^m ^if«MV ^mmm i;i:OI.OGK'AL SriA'KY OrNl'IWJKUSKY MAP OF TlIK DROWNED LANDS . ON THK VVALLKILL AND ITS liKANCH THK P0CHLNKAN1)>VAWAYANI)ACREKKS, IN SUSSEX CO. fU. AND ORANGE CO. NY. GEO H.COOK, State Geologist. ED. A.BOWSER, Surveyor . 1871. Scale one inch to onp mile. r/w am€Ui ngurta in thtHmtdon-s 'Mt. dtmth 0f the' mud. ES iitdicmU the dtpth >«3 Big • \ ^«-^»i RA:^f^LE unttl i-^: ^^^m ■ f^ ■':.i- SUSSEX COUNTY / I "^l*!*"' '^1 -f-' ^ *. -": » *rii N -J 15 would change an unsightly waste into a field of rural heauty ■and riches. The report of Prof. Bowseu, with his map and profiles, is presented here. Prof. Bowser's Report of the Levels and Soundings taken on the Wallkill River and its branches, the Pochunk and Wawayanda Creeks, in Sussex County, N. J., and Orange County, N. Y. A bench, called " first bench," was made on a large maple tree, on the right bank of the Wallkill, and on the left bank of the "canal," at their junction, or "outlet" of the canal, about 800 yards below Hampton. The datum plane was as- snmed 10 feet under this bench. A line of levels was run from this bench up the Wallkill to Lawrence's Bridge, distant in a right line about 20 miles, and^about 37 miles by following the channel; and also up the Fochunk Creek to the second bridge above the mouth of the Wawayanda Creek; and up the Wawayanda to the second bridge ; and benches were located at all the bridges and at intermediate points. The heights along the surface of the river were determined by leveling from these benches. The heights along the bottom were determined by sounding in the channel, and subtracting the depths from the heights of the surface. The heights of the points, both along the surface and the bottom of the river, were measured from the datum plane 10 feet beneath the first bench. By ^amining the profile, it will be seen that the bed of the river, from the first bench up to the lower end of the Drowned / ' .1 l—"^-' • 16 • • Landb, has a rise of 24.6 feet, while the rise from the first bench, to the upper end of the canal — inlet of the canal — is but 14 8-10 feet, making the bed of the river at the latter place 9 8-10 feet lower than it is at the lower end of the Drowned. Lands in the old channel of the river. The bed of the river at the lower dam is 10 7-10 feet, and at the upper dam, just below the railroad bridge, it is 141 feet higher than it is at the first bench. Although the bed of the river from the second dam to the lower end of the Drowned Lands rises 10 1-10 feet, yet owing to the fall of 9 8-10 feet from the latter place to the inlet, the rise from the second dam to the inlet is only 8-10 of a foot, and from the first dam to the inlet it is only 4 1-10 feet. The top of the lower dam is. 4-10 of a foot, and that of the second dam 6 7-10 feet higher than the bed of the river at the inlet. The rise in the bed of the riven, from the inlot to Pellett's Island bridge, is 3i feet, while from the latter up to Willcox's bridge, distant 12 i miles by the river, the rise is only 1 2-10 feet. The bed of the river at Black Walnut Island is Zh feet higher than it is at Willcox's bridge. The bed of the river at Kimberg Point bridge is 4 3-10 feet lower than at Willcox's bridge, and 7 8-10 feet lower than at Black Walnut Island, while just above the State Line, it is 3 7-10 feet higher than at Willcox's, or on a level with the bed at Black Walnut Island. The bed at Bessett's bridge, distant ten miles from Willcox's by the channel, is on a level with that at Willcox's bridge, or 3 7-10 feet lower than at Black Walnut Island, while from Bessett's to Ogden's bridge, distant nine miles following the channel, owing to the increased shallowness of the river, the rise is 11 7-10 feet, making a rise of 8 feet from Black Walnut Island to Ogden's bridge, or 16 1-5 feet from the inlet to I Ogden's. The rise from Ogden's to Lawrence's bridge is 2 7-10 feet. The profile of the Pochunk Creek shows that its bed at the I mouth is 7 4-5 feet loxoer than the bed of the Wallkill at Black I Walnut Island, and that its bed at the Neck bridge, Garner'&l Island bridge and the Pochunk biidge is 1 4-5 feet, 9-10 feet,[ and 3 1-5 feet, respectively, higher than the bed of the Wall- N I from the first bench, tho canal — is but a t the latter place id of the Drowned. 10 7-10 feet, and at idge, it is 141 feet h the bed of the river the Drowned Lands 9 8-10 feet from the second dam to the he first dam to the of the lower dam is- a 6 7-10 feet higher le inlet to Pellett's latter up to Willcox's e rise is only 1 2-10 Inut Island is 3k feet The bed of the river nver than at Willcox's Black Walnut Island, ■10 feet higher than at Black Walnut Island, miles from Willcox's it Willcox's bridge, or ut Island, while from le miles following the ness of the river, the et from Black Walnut jt from the inlet to rence's bridge is 2 7-10^ ws that its bed at the F the Wallkill at Black ^eck bridge, Garner's^ 8 1 4-5 feet, 9-10 feet, 1 the bed of the Wall- / kill at Black Walnut Island. Tho rise in the bed, from the Pochunk bridge to Martin's bridge, is 6 7-10 feet, from Mar- tin's to the first bridge above the mouth of the Wawayanda Creek it is 4 1-5 feet, and from tho latter bridge to the second bridge above tho mouth of the Wawayanda tho rise is 2 9-10 feet. The rise of the bed on the Wawayanda Creek, from tho mouth to Edsall's bridge is 3 3-10 feet, and from Edsall's to the second bridge the rise is 5 7-10 feet. The profile of tho Canal shows that the rise of its bed is much more uniform than the rise of the bed in the old channel. The rise in tho bed from thfirst bench to the lailroad bridge is 2 1-5 feet ; from the railroad bridge to Wheeler's bridge it is 8 3-10 ieet ; and from Wheeler's bridge to the inlet the rise is 4 3-10 feet, and very uniform, excepting a reef about 600 yards above Wheeler's bridge, which is 2 7-10 feet higher than the bed at the inlet. The top of the old dam, 800 yards below Wheeler's bridge, is 28 3-10 feet above the bed of the river at the first bench, or 3 7-10 feet higher than the bed of the old ' channel at the lower end of the Drowned Lands. The rise of the water surface on August 16, 1871, from the inlet to Willcox's bridge, 123 miles, was 6 J feet, and from Willcox's bridge to Ogden's bridge, 9 miles, it was 3 3-10 fiet, ' making a rise of 9 4-5 feet from the inlet to Ogden's bridge, distant 211 miles. Though it was a very dry time, the water from Black Walnut Island up to Ogden's was on a level with the top of the ground. On September 1st, when there had been considerable rain, the rise of the water surface from tho inlet to Willcox's bridge was 7 1-5 feet. Much of this rise was owing to the obstruction at Black Walnut Island, whertf the water runs over a point of the upland. The surface rise from Willcox's to Ogden's was IJ feet, and from Ogden's to Lawrence's it was 3 7-10 feet. The water during this week was from 2 to 5 feet deep on the " Drowned Lands." The rise ^ of the water surface, on the Pochunk, during this time, from its mouth to the Pochunk bridge, was 1 foot ; from the Po- chunk bridge to Martin's bridge it was 3 7-10 feet ; and from Martin's to the second bridge above the mouth of the Waway- 2 -^ anda it was 5 1-10 foot, the water standing 3 and 4 feet deep oi (he meadow. The rise of the water surface, on the Wawayan- da, during the same time, from its mouth to Edsall's bridge was 3 3-10 feet, and from Edsall's to the second bridge on th( Wawayanda it was 5 7-10 feet. The country from the lowei end of the Drowned Lands to Lawrence's bridge, and on th< Fochunk to the second bridge above the mouth of the Waway- anda, was covered with water, in many places 5 feet deep This water remained upon the land over two weeks. Afall of 8 inches per mile would give the Wallkill a velocity o: about 1\ feet per second. If the river from Ogdon's bridge down to the first bench be shortened to 30 miles, which can verj easily be done by cutting off some bends, 8 inches per mih would give a fall of 20 feet from Ogden's down to the first bench Had this been the fall of the Wallkill in the first week of Sep- tember, and the grade at Ogden's bridge 4 feet below its pi' jnl bed, which is now entirely too shallow, the water could scarcelj have remained above its banks for more than two days. < The grade line on the profile represents this new bed. It be gins at Ogden's bridge, 4 feet below the present bed, and fall 6 9-10 inches per mile, following the present channel as it i represented in the profile ; or, if the channel from Ogden' bridge to the first bench bo reduced to 30 miles, the grade wif bo 8 inches per mile, giving in either case a fall of 20 feet froi] Ogden'r bridge down to the first bench. By examining the profile, it will be seen where the grac] runs below the present bed, and where it runs above it. Bessett's bridge it runs above the bed, while 400 yards belc the bridge it runs under it G feet. At Kimberg's Point bridj the grade is again above the bed, while 500 yards below, it ia feet beneath it. At Stewart's landing the grade is 10 feet neath the bed. At Willcox's bridge it is 31 feet beneath bed. At lower end of Willcox's Island it is IO3 feet benea the bed. At the mouth of the Fochunk it is 21 feet bene^ the bed. At the upper end of Black Walnut Island it is | .feet beneath the bed. At the lower end, 7 feet beneath, reaches Fellctt's Island bridge feet under the bed, and inlet of the canal 6 feet under the bed. Following do 19 ig 3 and 4 feet deep on aco, on the Wawayan- th to Edsall'a bridge second bridge on the )untry from the lower ico'8 bridge, and on the mouth of the Wawajr- places 5 feet deep, r two weeks, ho Wallkill a velocity of r from Ogdon's bridge 30 miles, which can very jds, 8 inches per mile 1 down to the first bench, in the first week of Sep- ;e 4 feet below its \u > -jnt the water could scarcely ■e than two days, its this new bed. Itbe- iB present bed, and falls present channel as it is channel from Ogden's 30 miles, the grade will case a fall of 20 feet from b. ! seen where the grade ire it runs above it. At [, while 400 yards below t Kimberg's Point bridge le 500 yards below, it is 8 g the grade is 10 feet be- °it is 31 feet beneath the land it is 10^ feet beneath mk it is 23 feet beneath c Walnut Island it is 9 1 end, 7 feet beneath. It t under the bed, and the he bed. Following down the old channel wo see that the grade reaches the lower end of the Drowned Lands 16\ feet beneath tho present bed, the railroad bridge Hi feet, the second dam 7 feet, and tho first dam 3i feet bi^neath the present bud. It reaches the first bench 7 4-5 feet above the present bed. Following tho canal, whose bed is much more uniform, the grade reaches tho reef 9 feet, Wheeler's bridge 3 feet, and tho dam below Wheeler's bridge 1 foot below tho present bed of the oanal. The cut- ting in the old channel, tho profile shows, greatly exceeds the cutting in tho canal. Tho Pochutik Creek, being a .mailer stream, requires a greater fall. At tho second bridge above tho mouth of the Wa way auda reek, tho P ^ .unk tic prc.iit is entirely too shallow. Its buJ hero should be cat down 6 feet, leaving a fall ' of 191 feet fr m this bridge to