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'uMOI.OUlCAL SUl

MAP

DROWNI

ONTHi: WALL KILL

THH POCHUNKAND

IN SUSSEX CO. hU

GEO H.COO
EDA.BOfW

[f one in

utMemU t/u. d

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GKOI.OUICAL SUKVKY OF NKW JKUSI-Y.

MAP OF TllH

DROWNED LANDS .

: WALLKILL AND ITS liKANCHKS

K POCHUNKANDWAWAYANDACKEKKS,

IN SUSSEX CO. KJ. AND ORANGE CO. NY.
GEO H.COOK, Statr Geologist.

ED. A.B(JWSRR,Surv«vor .

1871.

Scair one inch to one in.lf.

rfu smtUL n^uns in theMmiiom's
indietit* th» dt/ttA, »f Uie^ mud-

->->

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i;i:OI.OGK'AL SriA'KY OrNl'IWJKUSKY
MAP OF TlIK

DROWNED LANDS .

ON THK VVALLKILL AND ITS liKANCH

THK P0CHLNKAN1)>VAWAYANI)ACREKKS,

IN SUSSEX CO. fU. AND ORANGE CO. NY.

GEO H.COOK, State Geologist.
ED. A.BOWSER, Surveyor .

1871.

Scale one inch to onp mile.

r/w am€Ui ngurta in thtHmtdon-s
'Mt. dtmth 0f the' mud.

iitdicmU the dtpth

>«3

Big

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SUSSEX

COUNTY

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would change an unsightly waste into a field of rural heauty
■and riches.

The report of Prof. Bowseu, with his map and profiles, is
presented here.

Prof. Bowser's Report of the Levels and Soundings taken

on the Wallkill River and its branches, the

Pochunk and Wawayanda Creeks, in

Sussex County, N. J., and Orange

County, N. Y.

A bench, called " first bench," was made on a large maple
tree, on the right bank of the Wallkill, and on the left bank
of the "canal," at their junction, or "outlet" of the canal,
about 800 yards below Hampton. The datum plane was as-
snmed 10 feet under this bench. A line of levels was run from
this bench up the Wallkill to Lawrence's Bridge, distant in a
right line about 20 miles, and^about 37 miles by following the
channel; and also up the Fochunk Creek to the second bridge
above the mouth of the Wawayanda Creek; and up the
Wawayanda to the second bridge ; and benches were located at
all the bridges and at intermediate points. The heights along
the surface of the river were determined by leveling from these
benches. The heights along the bottom were determined by
sounding in the channel, and subtracting the depths from the
heights of the surface. The heights of the points, both along
the surface and the bottom of the river, were measured from
the datum plane 10 feet beneath the first bench.

By ^amining the profile, it will be seen that the bed of the
river, from the first bench up to the lower end of the Drowned

' .1 l—"^-'

• 16 •

•

Landb, has a rise of 24.6 feet, while the rise from the first bench,
to the upper end of the canal — inlet of the canal — is but
14 8-10 feet, making the bed of the river at the latter place
9 8-10 feet lower than it is at the lower end of the Drowned.
Lands in the old channel of the river.

The bed of the river at the lower dam is 10 7-10 feet, and at
the upper dam, just below the railroad bridge, it is 141 feet
higher than it is at the first bench. Although the bed of the river
from the second dam to the lower end of the Drowned Lands
rises 10 1-10 feet, yet owing to the fall of 9 8-10 feet from the
latter place to the inlet, the rise from the second dam to the
inlet is only 8-10 of a foot, and from the first dam to the
inlet it is only 4 1-10 feet. The top of the lower dam is.
4-10 of a foot, and that of the second dam 6 7-10 feet higher
than the bed of the river at the inlet.

The rise in the bed of the riven, from the inlot to Pellett's
Island bridge, is 3i feet, while from the latter up to Willcox's
bridge, distant 12 i miles by the river, the rise is only 1 2-10
feet. The bed of the river at Black Walnut Island is Zh feet
higher than it is at Willcox's bridge. The bed of the river
at Kimberg Point bridge is 4 3-10 feet lower than at Willcox's
bridge, and 7 8-10 feet lower than at Black Walnut Island,
while just above the State Line, it is 3 7-10 feet higher than at
Willcox's, or on a level with the bed at Black Walnut Island.
The bed at Bessett's bridge, distant ten miles from Willcox's
by the channel, is on a level with that at Willcox's bridge, or
3 7-10 feet lower than at Black Walnut Island, while from
Bessett's to Ogden's bridge, distant nine miles following the
channel, owing to the increased shallowness of the river, the
rise is 11 7-10 feet, making a rise of 8 feet from Black Walnut
Island to Ogden's bridge, or 16 1-5 feet from the inlet to I
Ogden's. The rise from Ogden's to Lawrence's bridge is 2 7-10
feet.

The profile of the Pochunk Creek shows that its bed at the I
mouth is 7 4-5 feet loxoer than the bed of the Wallkill at Black I
Walnut Island, and that its bed at the Neck bridge, Garner'&l
Island bridge and the Pochunk biidge is 1 4-5 feet, 9-10 feet,[
and 3 1-5 feet, respectively, higher than the bed of the Wall-

I from the first bench,
tho canal — is but
a t the latter place

id of the Drowned.

10 7-10 feet, and at
idge, it is 141 feet
h the bed of the river
the Drowned Lands
9 8-10 feet from the
second dam to the
he first dam to the
of the lower dam is-
a 6 7-10 feet higher

le inlet to Pellett's
latter up to Willcox's
e rise is only 1 2-10
Inut Island is 3k feet
The bed of the river
nver than at Willcox's
Black Walnut Island,
■10 feet higher than at
Black Walnut Island,
miles from Willcox's
it Willcox's bridge, or
ut Island, while from
le miles following the
ness of the river, the
et from Black Walnut
jt from the inlet to
rence's bridge is 2 7-10^

ws that its bed at the
F the Wallkill at Black
^eck bridge, Garner's^
8 1 4-5 feet, 9-10 feet,
1 the bed of the Wall-

kill at Black Walnut Island. Tho rise in the bed, from the
Pochunk bridge to Martin's bridge, is 6 7-10 feet, from Mar-
tin's to the first bridge above the mouth of the Wawayanda
Creek it is 4 1-5 feet, and from tho latter bridge to the second
bridge above tho mouth of the Wawayanda tho rise is 2 9-10
feet.

The rise of the bed on the Wawayanda Creek, from tho
mouth to Edsall's bridge is 3 3-10 feet, and from Edsall's to
the second bridge the rise is 5 7-10 feet.

The profile of tho Canal shows that the rise of its bed is
much more uniform than the rise of the bed in the old channel.
The rise in tho bed from thfirst bench to the lailroad bridge is
2 1-5 feet ; from the railroad bridge to Wheeler's bridge it is
8 3-10 ieet ; and from Wheeler's bridge to the inlet the rise
is 4 3-10 feet, and very uniform, excepting a reef about 600
yards above Wheeler's bridge, which is 2 7-10 feet higher than
the bed at the inlet. The top of the old dam, 800 yards
below Wheeler's bridge, is 28 3-10 feet above the bed of the river
at the first bench, or 3 7-10 feet higher than the bed of the old
' channel at the lower end of the Drowned Lands.

The rise of the water surface on August 16, 1871, from the
inlet to Willcox's bridge, 123 miles, was 6 J feet, and from
Willcox's bridge to Ogden's bridge, 9 miles, it was 3 3-10 fiet,
' making a rise of 9 4-5 feet from the inlet to Ogden's bridge,
distant 211 miles. Though it was a very dry time, the water
from Black Walnut Island up to Ogden's was on a level with
the top of the ground. On September 1st, when there had
been considerable rain, the rise of the water surface from tho
inlet to Willcox's bridge was 7 1-5 feet. Much of this rise
was owing to the obstruction at Black Walnut Island, whertf
the water runs over a point of the upland. The surface rise
from Willcox's to Ogden's was IJ feet, and from Ogden's to
Lawrence's it was 3 7-10 feet. The water during this week
was from 2 to 5 feet deep on the " Drowned Lands." The rise
^ of the water surface, on the Pochunk, during this time, from
its mouth to the Pochunk bridge, was 1 foot ; from the Po-
chunk bridge to Martin's bridge it was 3 7-10 feet ; and from

Martin's to the second bridge above the mouth of the Waway-
2

anda it was 5 1-10 foot, the water standing 3 and 4 feet deep oi
(he meadow. The rise of the water surface, on the Wawayan-
da, during the same time, from its mouth to Edsall's bridge
was 3 3-10 feet, and from Edsall's to the second bridge on th(
Wawayanda it was 5 7-10 feet. The country from the lowei
end of the Drowned Lands to Lawrence's bridge, and on th<
Fochunk to the second bridge above the mouth of the Waway-
anda, was covered with water, in many places 5 feet deep
This water remained upon the land over two weeks.

Afall of 8 inches per mile would give the Wallkill a velocity o:
about 1\ feet per second. If the river from Ogdon's bridge
down to the first bench be shortened to 30 miles, which can verj
easily be done by cutting off some bends, 8 inches per mih
would give a fall of 20 feet from Ogden's down to the first bench
Had this been the fall of the Wallkill in the first week of Sep-
tember, and the grade at Ogden's bridge 4 feet below its pi' jnl
bed, which is now entirely too shallow, the water could scarcelj
have remained above its banks for more than two days. <

The grade line on the profile represents this new bed. It be
gins at Ogden's bridge, 4 feet below the present bed, and fall
6 9-10 inches per mile, following the present channel as it i
represented in the profile ; or, if the channel from Ogden'
bridge to the first bench bo reduced to 30 miles, the grade wif
bo 8 inches per mile, giving in either case a fall of 20 feet froi]
Ogden'r bridge down to the first bench.

By examining the profile, it will be seen where the grac]
runs below the present bed, and where it runs above it.
Bessett's bridge it runs above the bed, while 400 yards belc
the bridge it runs under it G feet. At Kimberg's Point bridj
the grade is again above the bed, while 500 yards below, it ia
feet beneath it. At Stewart's landing the grade is 10 feet
neath the bed. At Willcox's bridge it is 31 feet beneath
bed. At lower end of Willcox's Island it is IO3 feet benea
the bed. At the mouth of the Fochunk it is 21 feet bene^
the bed. At the upper end of Black Walnut Island it is |
.feet beneath the bed. At the lower end, 7 feet beneath,
reaches Fellctt's Island bridge feet under the bed, and
inlet of the canal 6 feet under the bed. Following do

ig 3 and 4 feet deep on
aco, on the Wawayan-
th to Edsall'a bridge
second bridge on the
)untry from the lower
ico'8 bridge, and on the
mouth of the Wawajr-
places 5 feet deep,
r two weeks,
ho Wallkill a velocity of
r from Ogdon's bridge
30 miles, which can very
jds, 8 inches per mile
1 down to the first bench,
in the first week of Sep-
;e 4 feet below its \u > -jnt
the water could scarcely
■e than two days,
its this new bed. Itbe-
iB present bed, and falls
present channel as it is
channel from Ogden's
30 miles, the grade will
case a fall of 20 feet from

! seen where the grade
ire it runs above it. At
[, while 400 yards below
t Kimberg's Point bridge
le 500 yards below, it is 8
g the grade is 10 feet be-
°it is 31 feet beneath the
land it is 10^ feet beneath
mk it is 23 feet beneath
c Walnut Island it is 9 1
end, 7 feet beneath. It
t under the bed, and the
he bed. Following down

the old channel wo see that the grade reaches the lower end of
the Drowned Lands 16\ feet beneath tho present bed, the
railroad bridge Hi feet, the second dam 7 feet, and tho first
dam 3i feet bi^neath the present bud. It reaches the first bench
7 4-5 feet above the present bed. Following tho canal,
whose bed is much more uniform, the grade reaches tho reef 9
feet, Wheeler's bridge 3 feet, and tho dam below Wheeler's
bridge 1 foot below tho present bed of the oanal. The cut-
ting in the old channel, tho profile shows, greatly exceeds the
cutting in tho canal.

Tho Pochutik Creek, being a .mailer stream, requires a
greater fall. At tho second bridge above tho mouth of the
Wa way auda reek, tho P ^ .unk tic prc.iit is entirely too
shallow. Its buJ hero should be cat down 6 feet, leaving a fall '
of 191 feet fr m this bridge to <he i.iouth of the Pochunk, dis-
tant 11 miles, or 1 4-5 feet per mile. This grade, as the pro-
file shows, reaches tho first bridge above the mouth of the
Wawayanda 51 feet, Martin's bridge 4 feet, the Pochunk bridge
4 J feet. Garner's Island bridge 5 feet, and the Nuk bridge 7
feet below the present bed of the channel. It reaches the
mouth of the Pochunk 21 feet beneath the present bed, or on
a level with the grade on the Wallkill Kiver,

The Map accompanying this report shows the extent of the
Drowned Lands, the exceedingly crooked channel of the
Wallkill and tho Pochunk, and the nature of the surface mate-
rial, whether black muck alone or mi^ed with mud (blue clay).
The figures on the map denote the depth in feet of the surface
material down to the hard bbttom, which is sand or gravel.
The material for drawing the map of that part of the Drowned
La ids which lies in Orange County, was obtained from A. 8.
Murray, Esq., of Goshen, who very kindly lent me a map of
these lands, that was made several years ago, when there was
an attempt made to drain them. The material for making the
map of that portion of the Drowned Lands that lies in Sus-
sex County was obtained by traversing the shore line during
high lyater. The depth of the surface material was ascertained
by running an iron rod down to the solid bottom. Wherever
it was muck alone, the ground was very soft, the rod running

_■ - VA I \

■^

«VHi

down easily. Where there was considerable clay — which was
generally near the banks of the Wallkill and the Pochunk, and
especially near streams runnini; into these channels — the
ground was very firm, the rod running down with diflSculty.
The nature of the surface material in Sussex County, and also
of that portion of the land in Orange County that produces
only wild grass, is similar to that in Orange County that is
under cultivation, and that produces as fine crops as are to be
seen anywhere in the country. There is this difference, how-
ever : the surface material in Sussex County, above Bcssett's
bridge, is not so deep as it is lower down in Orange County.
The number of acres of Drowned Lands in Orange County,
(by Munay's Map), 15,579 ; the number of acres in Sussex,
10,000; total number of acres of the Drowned Lands in
Orange County and in Sussex, on the Wallkill River, and the
Pochunk and Wawayanda Creek, 25,579,

As the amount of cutting in the canal will be far less than
in the old channel, it will be economy to carry the water down
the canal, where it is running at present. If one of the mills
below Hampton could be saved, it would be very desirable to
carry the water down the old channel. Bat as the grade runs
31 feet beneath the bed of the river at the lower dam, there will [
be no possibility of saving a mill. It seems, therefore, that]
there can be no object in carrying the water down the old chan-
nel, when it can be taken down the canal with far leas ex-\
penae. i

AORICCLTURK AND POPULATION.

The United States census of 1870, though only partiallj
published as yet, gives some information of much interest
Jerseymen. The population of the United States and of thd
Sti^te of New-Jersey is given in thd following table, for every teij
years, beginning with 1790. ' The table also shows the percent
age of increase for each ten years :

Ji-^j..^

ible clay— which was
and the Pochunk, and

these channels — the
lown with difficulty,
ssex County, and also
ounty that produces
range County that is
Sne crops as are to be

this difference, how-
anty, above Bessett's
n in Orange County,
ds in Orange County,
5r of acres in Sussex,
e Drowned Lands in
Vallkill River, and the

ml will be far less than
) carry the water down
ent. If one of the mills
d be very desirable to

Bat as the grade runs
be lower dam, there will

seems, therefore, that
rater down the old chan-

canal with far less ex-

'ULATION.

though only partially
ion of much interest to
)"nitcd States and of the
lowing table, for every ten
le also shows the percent-

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