IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) €^ # ^. .'!'/ A -^ y ^ 1.0 I.I |50 '"^" Hi 13.2 2.5 1.8 L25 11.4 111.6 P: :h other material/ Reli6 avec d'autres documents Cover title missing/ Le titre de couverture manque n Pagination incorrect/ Erreurs de pagination Pages missing/ Des pages manquent Maps missing/ Des cartes g6ographiques manquent D Plates missing/ Des planches manquent D Additional comments/ Commentaires suppl6mentaires The images appearing here are the best quality possible considering the condition and legibility of the original copy and in keeping with the filming contract specifications. Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la netteti de I'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol -^•(meaning CONTINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. Un des symboles suivants apparaTtra sur la der- nidre image de cheque microfiche, selon le cas: le symbole — ► signifie "A SUIVRE", le symbole y signifie "FIN". The original copy was borrowed from, and filmed with, the kind consent of the following institution: National Library of Canada L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de I'^tablissement prdteur suivant : Bibliothdque nationale du Canada Maps or plates too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper Inft hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes ou les planches trop grandes pour dtre reproduites en un seul clich6 sont filmdes d partir de Tangle supdrieure gauche, de gauche d droite et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Le diagramme suivant illustre la mdthode : 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 6 6 r LATIN / \' LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR ADAPTED TO THE CAPACITIES OF CHILDREN. ANI» FOR THK USE OF PARENTS IN THE WORK OF HOME EDUCATION. BY ANGUS DALLAS. Toronto : HUNTER, ROSE k COMPANY. 1878, Entered according to the Act of the Parliament of Canada, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight, by AN0U8 Dallas, m the office of the Minister of Agriculture, I and ster COISTTENTS. PAOK. Iktroduction 1 PART I. Preliminary Instruction in English 6 1. Of Principals and their Conjunctions 8 2. Of Personal Principals 9 3. Of Explicatives 4. Of Accidences 9 5. Of Sentential Conjunctions 10 6. Of Explicative Forms 10 PART II. Conversation in English 11 PART III. Latin Declensions and Conjugations 15 The Structure of Compound Words 20 PART IV. Reading and Conversation in Latin 23 Digestive Formula 32 Exercises on the Foregoing, for Translation 72 Formulas for the Declensions 74 1. Principals and Explicatives 74 2. Explicatives 74 3. Numeral Explicatives 75 4. Degrees of Comparison 77 5. Persoiial Principals 77 6. Irregular Principals 78 7. Regular Prodicative Conjugations 79 8. Irregular Prodicative Conjugations 83 9. Paradigm for the Active Conjugations H6 10. The Conjugation of Being 87 11. Accidental Conjunctions 88 Dictionary '. 89 INTRODUCTION. Thk acknowledged .lifficiiltics which attend the study of an ancient or modern language originate, not in the nature of its original elements, nor in the general law applicable to the structure of its part?* ; but, to a purpose, however suit- able for the earlier stages of society, had been long outgrown by the progress of civilisation. The most ancient literary records of every nation are poetic. And among the Greeks, in j)articular, whence our grammatical formularies have been derived, the rules for litei ary composition were intended for poetry and eloquence, Which accounts for the extraordinary devotion of the ancienc Greek grammarians to the poetic and oratorical requisites ot liquids, mutes, breathings, ac- cents, diphthongs, enclitics, pleonasm, aphaeresis, metrical versification, or scanning ; which, being now superfluous, are a perpetual source of annoyance to the classical student. Had the philosophical thinkers of Greece exercised control over the designation of the two classes of sounds in the alphabet, they would, no doubt, have named the one semaic and the other asemaic ; for interpretation was the purpose to which they conceived the alphabet should be applied, either in poetry or prose. The education, however, was controlled by the Sophists, and correspondingly the form in which thought should be expressed took precedence over the substance of the thought itself. Hence, in the classification of the sounds of the alphabet, they named those of the one phoneenta (vowels), and of the other sumpho?ia (consonants). This, at the outset, is an evidence that the alphabet, like the musical gamut, was intended for the ear, to influence the feelings. And so it happens, that the general nomen- clature is altogether arbitrary ; and conveys no definite no- tions of the significations intended. But, as the rules of language and grammar, in these early times, corresponded with the circumstances then existing, licence for criticism is, on this account, scarcely permissible. The Latins afterwards adopted from the Greeks all their 2 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. grammatical rules. But, on this head, criticism is here again precluded ; because poetry and oratory were the earliest distinguishing characteristics of the literary condition of the early Latin race. But that lingual rules, adapted to the circumstances of a primitive state of society should exist, in ail their force, after the circumstances have changed, and the rules are not only not appropriate to the altered conditions, but consti- tute a formidable impediment to the perception of that which is required in a progressive and advanced civilization, is what calls for comment. We have no Greek or Latin dramatic writers in modern times ; and what excellence there is in the compositions of our best authors is couched in the existing vernaculars, which make no pretension to the phonic technicalities peculiar to our Greek and Latin grammars. It seems, therefore, somewhat unaccountable, why these technicalities should still be retained in the clas- sical curriculum. For the foregoing reasons, the ancient grammatical for- mulas, though no doubt adapted to the requirements of the age in which they were practically used, are objectionable, chiefly on the ground that they are opposed to the natural processes by which, in cogitation, the thoughts arrange themselves. A learner's progress is dependent altogether on the method in which the lesson is presented. Which makes it imperative that the formulas should correspond with the natural method of presentation, so as to be adapted to the capacity of the learner, aa well as to impress his mind at first sight with their validity, as thi? readiest, surest, and most sufficient guide to be followed. In making search for a method less objectionable, we turn naturally to the philosophers of the ancient world, truly designated such ; and more particularly to their interpreter, Plato. And, astonishing as it may seem, we come at once on a series of formulas unexceptionally adapted to meet all the requirements of a system of teaching either of dead or living languy.ges, in the shortest and most efficient way. In the Dialogues named Phaedrus and Cratylus, Plato lays down in the clearest and most intelligible manner, the rules to be followed for the purpose of reading correctly the sentiments of an author. In the first place, the subject is to be com- prehended in its entirety. In the second, it is to be divided INTRODUCTIOK. s into its distinguishable parts. In the third, each part is to be sub-divided. And this process of sub-division is to go on still further until the elements are reached. Correct inter- pretation being, of course, the object, the collateral condi- tions are the logical articulation of the parts and definition of their verbal symbols. Now, it is evident that, in adopting these rules for the teaching of Latin or any other language, the first demand is for a right nomenclature. The philo- sophical noun is not permissible when it does not represent the philosophical noumenon. Neither is the verb, which, as a word of motion, cannot represent the static signification of being, in the conjugation of sum (I am). So with pronoun, adjective, article, participle, adverb, preposition, nominative, genetive, dative, vocative, and ablative ; which are not ap- propriate, for they have to be supplemented by arbitrary definitions, which do not comprehend the purpose they are intended to serve. Nothing perplexes a beginner so much as the impossibility of reconciling these names with the functions they are said to stand for. And without a me- mory extraordinarily retentive, the outlook at first is of a most desponding nature ; to be followed soon by the convic- tion that the time bestowed on the particular study has been wasted. A more formidable obstacle still, is the confusion attend- ing the arrangement of one's thoughts ou the scale for de- clension. Herein it is the arrangement that is at fault, be- cause it is unnatural. The method, in itself, ought to sug- gest the collocation of the different parts of speech. These old Grecian and Latin formulas, which are still re- tained, cannot be altered so as to be made less objectionable. They have to be displaced. In effecting which, we have a ready substitute in the ancient Platonic system ; the sub- stance of which may be described in brief as follows ; — 1. In the nomenclature, the classes of words are de- signated by their functions. For example, words that are capable of forming the theme of a sentence should take the name of principals. Those which express attributes of the theme should be called explicatives. Words that express time, place, or other circumstance of what is predicated con- cerning the theme, should be named accidences. And words that join sentences or parts of sentences, should be called conjunctions. « LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. 2. Every compound sentence is to be divided into ita simple sentences. Which latter, according to their rank, are to be distinguished as principal, explicative, and inci- dental sentences. The sign of the explicative sentence, expressed or understood, is who^ which, or what. And of the incidental sentence, the sign is an accidental conjunc- tion, which conjunction appears always superfluous, unless as the indicator of an incidental sentence. 3. Every simple sentence is to be divided into three parts, namely, theme, prodicate, and accidence. Each of which parts, in addition to its conjunction, is not to contain any other kinds of words than principals and explicatives. 4. Compound words are to be divided into their simples ; and the etymology of each simple word is to be determined. 5. The formula for the declensions is arranged horizon- tally, in place of being vertical as in all existing grammars. And, in their connections, the parts and words take definite places, as if by mechanical contrivance, thus : — Theme. Explicatives and Principals. Prodicate. 1 Explicatives and o 4-> Principals. U fl S "5" o O v > • f*< •*a 6 1 V fin 41 A ■tJ •M O 4> O a 1-^ Ph Accidence. g j Explicatives and o I Principals. •5" -a -0 1) o The sentential conjunction is placed before the second and following simple sentences of the compound sentence ; the prodicative conjunction before the prodicate ; and the accidental conjunction, before the accidence. By this natural arrangement, the theme is placed first ; what is said concerning the theme next ; and time, place, and attendant circumstances last. INTRODUCTION. The simple words of a language are fcv.-, and easily re- membered without resort to a dictionary. The trouble, in the existing system, is with the compounds, which are infi- nite in number ; and in which the simple etymologies are generally disregarded or perverted. On this head, Plato states, as a universal law, that simple words when com- pounded are invariably to retain their simple etymologies. Which law, if observed, should enable each student to define the compounds for himself, without the necessity, as at present, of resorting to a ponderous dictionary, wherein the definition of each compound is, for the most part, arbitrary and various. The spirit of the Platonic method has been adopted, in all its details, in tliis treatise; has been submitted to a practical educational test ; and is placed before the public, with some confidence hat it vill fill an acknowledged blank in the educational curriculum. In conclusion, it is necessary to remind parents and teachers that, on no account, is a child to be required to sit with book in hand, to commit a lesson to memr- '. The teacher must take the place of the book. Aided ^ ' iiple diagram on the blackboard, the Latin preliminary coLUiie is to be so conducted ; as should be the case in most other branches of juvenile instruction. The use of the book is to prompt the teacher. The use of the teacher is to prompt the child. Books of general principles, rules and formulas are necessary ; but not for children. It should be always remembered that success in teaching depends on the manner in >vrhich the lesson is presented ; that the living voice and accompanying manner possess a virtue which no amount of book drill can ever equal ; and that the capacity of a teacher consists in his ability to im- press the lesson at first sight, so as to be comprehended, without the necessity of endless repetitions and qircumlocu- tary explanations afterwards. 6 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. . PART I. Preliminary Instruction in English. Language, from the Latin lingua (the tongue), denotes one mode for the expression of our thoughts. Grammar, from the Greek gramma (a writing or any figure or figures described on a smooth surface), signifies another method for the expression of our thoughts. As language preceded grammar ; and, consequently, the sounds of letters and words preceded the written letters and words ; so the signification of letters and words, single or combined, are derived from their sounds. Language, therefor, precedes grammar, as thought pre- cedes language. And, on this account, learning to speak should take precedence of learning to read. Because the Latin is uniform in its structure, and the letters do not vary their sounds, it is the easiest of all lan- guages to learn, both in theory and practice, either for speaking or reading. Of Sounds and Letters. The Latin alphabet contains twenty-five sounds, and, therefor, it has the same number of letters. Nineteen of these are named semaic (significant), because they are derived from the old Asiatic languages, wherein they had originally, and have still, determinate primary and commcu significations that have nevier varied. They are B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, K, S, T, V, X, Z. The remaining six, namely. A, E, I, 0, U, Y, are named asemaic (insignificant), because they have no primary or common meanings. Each letter has one sound. And every letter is sounded, The asemaic sounds are : — A, as in fat. . ' ' . E, „ bet. PRELIMINAEY INSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH. I, as in pity. 0, „ oven. U, „ rule. Y, not being properly Latin, and appearing for the most part only in Greek names of places and things, as in Syria, Pyrenaeos, Python, pyramis, pyrolus, pyrus, may take the Grecian sound as of i, in the English word win. But, on the whole, it may be advisable, in the following lesson to exclude Y altogether. Lesson L For the pronounciation take the alphabet blocks, and range all the semaic and asemaic letters in two separate columns, thus : — B A C E D I F G U H J K Then take A, which place beft^re B, then before C, and so on down the semaic column ; giving to A, in each case, the same broad sound. Next, place A after B, then after ; and in like manner down the whole column ; taking care that, placed either before or after a semaic latter, the aound of A is unvaried. The others, E, I, 0, U, are severally to be placed before and after each letter of the first column, in the same manner, without change of sound. Other combinations are then to be given, to fehow and to impress still further, that the one sound of each semaic and asemaic letter is to be preserved in full, without variation ; such as, ACE, AGE, ICE. UBI, ITI, VIAE, JUSTITIA, NEGOTIO. And this lesson is to be continued, until the pronounciation becomes clear and uniform. Lesson IL There are five kinds of words, namely : — 1, Principals ; as, house, ship, John, virtue, justice. And 8 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. all such words as admit of the before it ; thus, the house, the ship, the John, the virtue, the justice. 2. Personal principals ; as, I, thou, he, we, you, they. 3. Explicatives ; as, good, wise, pleased, seen, gifted. 4-. Conjunctions ; predicative, as, love, teach, read, think, is, was ; accidental, as, in, to, through, from, out ; sentential, as, and, or. 5. Accidences ; as, well, lately, ahvays, often, seldom, very, energetically. On the blackboard, with a chalk, draw the diagram for a sentence, thus : — 1^ 2^ 3^ No. 1 is th'j theme. No. 2 the predicate. No. 3 the accidence. These names, and their order, are to be l<;arned. At the same time, the above five kinds of words, and their places in the sentence, are to be illustrated by familiar examples, in English, as follows : — 1. Of Principals and their Conjunctions. Mary Poter Mamma saw Jane left Richard bought cakes with Maggie, at home, for tea. With a rod, point out how the first word of the prodicate, in each sentence, is a conjunction, that joins the prodicate to the theme. And, in like manner, liow the first word of tlie accidence, in each sentence, is a conjunction that joins the accidence to the prodicate. Tlien shov/ how, by a simple question, the principal of the theme is to be found ; the principal of the prodicate is to be found ; and the principal of the accidence is to be found ; thus : — To find the principal of the theme, put who before the predicative conjunction ; as, Wlio saw Jane ? The answer is, Mary. Who lelt Richiird ? " ^' Peter. Who bought cakes ? *' '• Mamma. To find the principal of the prodicate, place whom or what after the predicative conjunction : — , ' PRELIMINARY INSTRUCTION IN ENGLISH. 9 The answer is, with Maggie. " " at home. " " for tea. Mary saw whom ? The answer is, Jane. Peter left whom I " " Richard. Mamma bought what ? " ** Cakes. To find the principal of the accidence, put whom, at what place, or tuhat, after the accidental conjunction ; as : — Mary saw Jane with whom ? Peter left Richard at what place ? Mamma bought cakes for what ? Let the learner now take the rod, and point out, first, the parts of the sentence and their order ; second, their princi- pals ; third, their conjunctions. And then apply the rule, as here stated, for finding the principal of each part. As the object, at the commencement, is to distinguish the three parts of the sentence, with their connections ; and the secret for learning any language with facility lies in the ca- pacity to make this distinction and to preserve it constantly in the exercises, the teacher is to make this the principal concern. 2. (3f Personal Principals. I He We visited her pushed me saw t}i£m with him. towards them. with it. The personal principals are to be pointed out ; and the rule for finding each is to be applied, as before. Additional examples may be given. 3. Of Explicatives. Little girls Bad boys The house love good girls choose im'ong amusements has four rooms for their companions, at most times, with a good kitchen. In addition to the former exercises, which are to be re- peated occasionally ; the intimate connection of the explica- tive with its principal is to be explained ; showing how the one qualifies the other. 4. Of Accidences. I Julia They see him acted her part visit their friends often. loell. seldom. 10 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Exercise as before ; and explain that when the accidence concists of a single word, its conjunction, explicative, and principal are, nevertheless, implied, though not expressed separately ; as, often implies, at many times ; well, in a fitting manner; and seldom, on rare occasions. 5, Of Sentential Conjunctions. John reads correctly arwZ (( writes i( He may eat beyond measure or (( (( <( sparingly. The two first sentences are joined by and. The two latter by or. 6. Of Explicative Forms. The broth dr oj the boy yaw another oftlic hoys at the door of the school. Want of means is one of the privatmis in a life of misery. The {jreatest of poets were those of Greece in the earliest period of its [history. In the first of these sentences, brother is the principal of the theme ; the explicative of which is the. Of the boy is an explicative form of boy, as a principal. The theme may be so constructed as to convert the explicative form into an explicative ; as, the boy's brother. And, in either case, be- sides being an explicative form of boy, is an explicative of brother as much as the. The other explicable forms of the three sentences are explainable in the same way. Lesson III. There are two numbers, the singular and the plural ; as boy, boys ; man, men ; girl, girls ; apple, apples. There are three genders, feminine, masculine, and neuter ; as, woman, man, town ; she, he, it. There are three persons. The first is the person who speaks , as, /. The second is the person spoken to ; as, thou. The third is the person or thing about which ^he other two persons are conversing ; as, she, he, it, CONVERSATION IN ENGLISH. 11 PART 11. Conversation in English. The following questions and answers are to be learned, and to be repeated daily, until they are c(»mpletely mastered. They embody the general form and rules for the structure of Latin. And, therefor, prepare and familiarise the learner with the whole spirit and routine of the Latin exercises, which are to follow. As well as for the learning of any other language afterwards. They are, besides, the best intro- duction to the art of dictating, either by the voice or pen. Sitting before the blackboard, the teacher and learner, each having a rod, when asking or answering a question, are to point to the proper place on the formula of each part of the sentence, and of each word belonging to said part. This is what is called suiting the action to the word. 1. What formula is this ? It is the formula of a sentence. 2. How many parts are in a sentence ? Three ; namely, the theme, the predicate, and the accidence. 3. How are they joined '/ The predicate is joined to the theme by the predicative con- junction ; and the accidence to the predicate by the accidental conjunction. 4. What are the essential parts of a sentence ? The theme and the predicate. 5. Why are they called the essential parts ? Because a sentence cannot be formed without a theme and a predicate. 6 . What is the third part called ? The accidence. 7. Why is it called the accidence ? Because it expresses the time, place, or other circumstances of what is said in the predicate, concerning the theme. 8. Give an example of a sentence ? In the beginning God created heaven and earth.* * Transcribe this sentence on the blackboard ; thus ; God W4 " preated heaven in the beginnina; " «artli <• " '^ 12 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. 9. Is that a simple ov compound sentence ? It is compound. 10. How do you know it is compiand ? By the sentential conjunction, and. 11. Does and, expressed or understood, always imply an addi- tional sentence ? Yes. 12. Divide this compound into its two simple sentences ? In the beginning God created heaven. In the beginning God created earth. 13. The first simple sentence here is, " In the beginning God created heaven." Which part is the theme ? God is the theme. 14. Which part is the prodicate ? Created heaven is the prodicate. 15. Which part is the accidence ? In the beginning is the accidence. 16. Which is the prodicative conjunction ? Created is the prodicative conjunction? 17. Which is the accidental conjunction ? In is the accidental conjunction ? 18. How is the theme known ? By the answer to the question, Who created ? — The answer is, God. 19. Decline God ? God is a principal, in the singular number, masculine gender, and third person. 20. How is the principal of the prodicate known ? By the answer to the question, Created what ? — The answer is, heaven. 21. Decline heaven ? Heaven is a principal, in the singular number, neuter gender, and third person. 22. How are the explicative and principal of the accidence known ? By the answer io the question, In what time 1 or, when ? — The answer is, in the beginning. 23. Spell beginning litterally I Beginning. 24. Spell it syllabically ? Be-l-ginn-f-ing. 25. Spell it verbally ? . Be+ginning. , 20. Spell it semaically ? Beginning is a compound of two simple words, namely, of the accidental conjunction be, which signifies to or at, ^nd of the principal ginnina which signifies generating. EV- tri CONVERSATION IN ENGLISH. 13 27. What are the number and peraon of created ? Created ia in the singular iiumber and third person. 28. Why is created in the singular number and third person ? Because the principal of the theme is in ihe singular num- ber and third person. The rule beinjj that tho piodioa- tive coniunotiou always .igrees in number and person with the principal of the theme. 29. IVow transpose the parts so ab to put heaven in the theme and God in the accidence ? Heaven wap created, by God, in the beginning. 30. Which is the theme ? Heaven is the theme. 31. Which is the prodicate ? Was created ia the prodicate. 32. How many accidences are there ? Two ; bij God is one ; in the beginning is the other. 33. What is the prodicative conjunction? Was is the prodicative conjunction. 34. Which are the accidental conjunctions ? By, is one. In, is the other. 35. What kind of a word is created ? It is an explicative. 36. Decline created ? Created is in the singular number, neuter gender, and third person. 37. How do you know it is in the singular number, neuter gen- der, and third person ? Because such are the number, gender, and person of its principal. 38. Which is its principal ? Heaven. 39. But heaven does not appear in the prodicate. Why 1 Because it is implied in the prodicate, by the explicative created. The rule being that every explicative has a principal with which it agrees in number, gender, and person. 40. Is heaven, then, the principal of both the theme and the pro- dicate ? • Yes. 41 . By w^hat rule ? That when the prodicative conjunction is of being and not of action, the principal which is expressed only in the theme, is always implied in the prodicate ; and the principal that is expressed only in the prodicate ia im- plied always in the theme. Before each repetition of the above the learner's memory 14 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. and ^^- "" ^''fi! '^""^"?' '^^^*^""" ^^^ ^hen alternately to ask allv «1'''''T^^''''' in English should be repeatea occasion- LATIN DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS. 15 PART III. Latin Declensions and Conjugations. Lesson L Sitting before the blackboard, with the printed formula for the personal principals* and that for the prodicative con- junction amareY (to love), the teacher is to explain how the parts are joined. And the learner is to repeat, word for word, the whole of the two formulas as the teacher conju- gates them, through the singular and plural of the imperfect and perfect active, ai^d the passive, of each mode. It is surprising with what facility a child, seven years old, is able to learn this lesson. Ego amo.3; Tu — as. Ilia, ille, illud —at. Nos — amuB. Vos — atis. Illae, illi, ilia — ant. Lesson II Continue the previous lesson, with the addition of the personal principal in the prodicate. Ego amo te. Tu — as me. lUa — atillam. Nos — amus vos. Vos — atis nos. Illae — ant illas. * p. 77. ;}: See the interpretation at p. 86. + p. 79. 16 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Lesson III. Continue as before with the prodicative conjunction in the passive and the addition of the personal principal in the accidence. Ego amor a,t te. Tu — ans a me. Ilia, iUe, illud — atur ab ilia. N08 — amur a vobis. Vos — amini a nubia Illae, illi, ilia — antur ab illis. Lesson IV. 1. Putting domina (a dame) in place of ilia (she), the teacher, pointing to the diagram, as usual, and making use of the formulas, is to express in English, and the learner to repeat in Latin, as follows : Sins'. I The dame f Dumiuae ( The dames PI. amat dominam lovea the dame amaiit dominas love the dames cum domina with the dame cum dominabust with the dames 2. So with the masculine dominus (a dorainy). «.•*.« i Dominus ^*"^-iThedominy PL Domini The dominies amat dominum loves the dominy amant dominoa love the dominies cum domino with the dominy cum dominis with the dominiea { 3. So with the neuter dominium ( a dominion). Sing. I g { PL Dominium dominion Dominia Dominions creat dominium creates a dominion creant dominia create dominions in dominio in a dominion in dominiis in dominiono. Lesson V. Place an explicative before the principals of the above ; such as bona (good), mala (bad), magna (great), parva (small). * a (by) before a semaic, ab (by) before an asemaic sound or letter. t The termination abus is exceptional, and takes the^ place of the regular termination is, only when the feminine and masculine accidences plural have the same ending. LATIN DECLENSIONS AND CONJUGATIONS. 17 " { A t,'oo(l (lame PI. Honae ddiiiinae ( He } (l( >c)d (lames PI Siny. PI. amat bnnam dominam cum bona d >mina lovBH a good damo with a ^'ood dame amant bonaw dominuH cum boniH dominabuH lovo good dames with good dames amat boniim dominnm cum bono domino loves a good doiuiny with a good doininy amant bonos dominos cum bonis dominis love good dominiea with good dominies Bonum dominium creat bonum domini- in bono dominio um A good dominion creates a good do- in a good dominion minion ( Bona dominia creant bona dominia in bonis dominiis ( Good dominions create good dominions in good dominions. ' ^. ( Bonus do-.ninuH "''^' \ A go. ( B< • U.T( od dominy Boni domini Kid dominies Explain the agreement, as in the foregoing examples, of the number, gender and person of the explicative with its principal, in accordance with the rule following : — Rule I. — Every explicative has a principal, expressed or understood, with which it agrees in number, gender and person. i ,. Lesson VI. The second, third and fourth conjugations are now to be introduced, with exercises on them analagous to those in amare. But not to be committed, as with amare, to memory. The subsequent practice will sufficiently impress their for- mulas on the memory, without oppressin-i it. The following rule, governing the relation of the prodica- tive conjunction with its principal, is to be here explained, and be accompanied with exercises. Rule II. — Every prodicative conjunction agrees with the principal of the theme, in number and person. Lesson VII. The third * declension is to be explained. By the for- mula, the Latin sign of its explicative form appears as, is (of). Direct the learner to look in the dictionary, at the end r this grammar, for the Latin word actio. There it will ^ seen, actio is followed by its explicative form actionis ; ? p. 74. B 18 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. then by f.. indicating the feminine gender ; thus, actio (an action), actlonis (of an action) f. For the predicate and accidence, in the singular and plural, and also for the plural theme, cut off the final is of the explicative form ; and add, to what remains, the terminations in the I'ormula ; thus : — Sing. Actio PI. ActionQ^ actionem acfto/ies actione, i * ac< ionibus. So, for nubes, nuhis, f., cut off" the is, and then add the terminations of the formula. For lapis, lipidis, m., cut off* the is, and add the terminations. For dens, dentis, m., caput, capitis, n. ; iter, itineris, tern/pus, ternporis, n., proceed in the same way. Only observe that, in all neuters, the prodicate takes the themic termination, in the singular and also in the plural. Lesson Vlll. Exercise on the explicatives /mec t (this), ea (that), ywae (which,) una (one), duae (two), and tres (three), with their principals ; as : — „. ( Haec puella ^'"^•i This girl p, ( Hae puellae ^'- \ These girls Sing, -j ^jj.{,jj boy Sing. I ^iJh boys Put questions and sentences, in English, as usual, and let them be answered in Latin. The formulas and dictionary are now to be referred to, before that the assistance of the teacher is to be offered. Lesson IX. An explicative form may be of a principal, personal prin- cipal or explicative. Whichever, it does not vary with its place in the sentence ; and therefor, is always the same, whether in the theme, predicate or accidence. And is un- * When there are two terminations in the accidence, the second BiguifieB ad (to) ; as, actioni (to an action). tp.7. amat earn puellani loves that girl \mant has puellas love those girls. legerat uniim librum had read one book legerant duos libros had read two books cum altera puella with the other girl cum alteris puellis witli the other girls in eo tempore in that time in his temporibus in these times. LATIN DKCLKNSIONS AND CON.iU(;ATIoNS. 10 affect'Ml by the r.umber, gonrler or person of iU principal. The t()lh)vvinj;,' arc uxamplcs : — 1. The explicative form ilonUnae, of tlie principal domina. ^ DommwH ilomi line videt dominum '/«»a- cum (loinino ifnmina^ J Tlu' miny of a mu: with the is ; and persona tertia, ad quam colloquium pertinet. the person third, to whom the colloquy pertains. 8. Lege sentontiam priinam a libro / Read sentence the first from the book / Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Gaul is all divided into parts three. 0. Nunc digere hanc sententiam per formulam i Now digest this sentence by the formula ? 10. 11. Omnia Gallia All Gaul pars part est visa, is parted. Est hsBc sententia simplex aut composita i Is this sentence simple or compound ? Hoec sententia composita est. This sentence compound is. Quse sunt sententite simplices ? Which are the sentences simple ? di parte, from part in tres partes, into three parts. Omnis Gallia All Gaul pars part est visa is parted est visa is parted in tres partes, into three parts, di parte, from part. 12. Sententia simplex prima est — Omnis Gallia est visa The sentence simple first is — All Gaul is parted in tres partes. Quae pars est thema ? into three parts. What part is the theme ? Omnis Gallia thema est. All Gaul the theme is. READING AND CONVERSATION IN LATIN. 27 n, te t id 13. Quae pars est praedicatio ? VVhich part is the predicate i Est visa praedicatio est. 7s parted the predicate is. 14. Quae pars est accessio ( *.Vhich part is the accidence / la tres partes accessio est. Into three parts i lie accidence is. If). <,»uae est conjunctio praedicabilis ( Which is the conjunction prodicative. A'6< conjunctio praedicabilis est. Is the conjunction prodicative is. l(j. Quae est conjunctio accidentalis { Which is the conjunction accidental i Conjunctio accidentalis in est. The conjunction accidental ht, is. 17. Quomodo dignoscitur thema ? In which mode becomes known the theme ? Per responsura ad interrogationem — Quae est ? Ad quam To which By the response to the interrogation — Vy%at is ? Onmis (Pallia responsu'n est. All Gaul the response is. 18. Quod est principale / Which is the principal ( Gallia principale est. Ganl the principal is. ■ 19. Declina Gallia ? Decline Gaul I Gallia principale declinationis primae est. Thema Ganl a principal of the declension first is. The theme praedicatio et accessio, feminino singulare — predicate and accidence, in the feminine singular Gallia, Galliam, Gallia. Formae explicabilis Galliae. The form explicative, 20. Quod est explicable 1 Which is the explicative ? - Omjiw explicabile est. - * All the explicative is. 2S LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. 21. Declina omnia. 1 Dbcliiie all 1 Ovinis explicabilu declinationis tertiae est. All an explicative of the declension third is. Thema praedicatio et acoessio, fominino et The theme prodicate and accidence in the feminine and maacnlino singulare, omnin, omnem, oinne, formac masculine singular the form explicabilis omuls ; plurale omnes, omnes, omnUms, explicative in the plural formae explicabilis omnium. Neutro sin- of the form exidicativo [n the neuter sin- gulare, oi.tnc, omne, omnt, formae explicabilis gular, of the form explicative omnifi ; plurale omnia, omula^ omnibu.s, formao I in the plural explicabilis omnium. explicative of the form 22. dignoscitur cxplicabile explicative of Quomodo In which mode becomes known the praedicationis ? prodicate I responsum ad interrogationem the respimse to tlie interrogation — Is what i Responsuni ad quam visa est. response to which parted is. the Per By -Est (piae 1 The 23. Declina visa ? Decline parted ? , Visa explicabile declinationis primae est. Thema prae- Parted an explicative of declension the first is. Theme pro- dicatio et accessio, feminino singulare, visa, visam, dicate and accidence, in the feminine singular visa, formae explicabilis visae ; plurale visae, of the form explicative ; in the plural visas, visis, formae explicabilis visarum,. Masculine of the form explicable In the masculine singulare vmis, visum, viso, formae explicabilis visi ; ' singular of the form explicative plurale visi, visos, vi»is, formae explicabilis in the plural in the form explicative visomm. Neutro singulare visum, visum, viso, In the neuter singular formae explicabilis visi; plurale visa, visa, of the form explicative in the plural visis, formae explicabilis visorum. of the form explicative. READING AND CONVERSATION TN LATIN. 29 24. Quod est principale praedicatioTiis i What is the principal of the predicate ? Principale praedicatioiiia^ Gallia est. Tlie principal of the predicate Gaul is. 25. Sed Gallia in prr-^dicatione non apparet. Quare ? But Gaid in the predicate not appears. Why ? Ter prop ea causa quod Gallia, a lina Crossingly for that cause in that Gaul, by parted significatur. becomes signified. 20. Per rpiam regulanx ? By what rule I Per regulam priniam. By rule tirst. 27. Qu|ie est regiila ? Wnat is the rule ? Ut quod que (quod) expHcabile habet principale, cu ra That what and what explicative has a principal, with quo. in numero, genere et persona concordat. which , in number, gender and person it concurs. 28. Est Gallia igitur principale utriusque thematis et Is Gaul therefor the principal of both the theme and praedicationis I predicate i Est? ■ It is ? 29. Per quam regulam I By what rule ? Per regulam quartam. By ruib fourth. 30. Quae est regula ? What is the rule ? ' Ut quum conjunctio praedicabilis sit essentiae That when the conjimction predicative may be of being et non actionis, quod in them a solum expressum ^^' and not of action, what in tlie theiae only expressed est, in praedicatione semper implicatur ; et is, in the predicate always becomes implied ; and quod est expressum in praedicatione solum, in thema what is expressed in the predicate only, in the theme • ; semper implicatur. Et transmutabilia sunt, always becomes implied. And transmutable they are, 80 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. nisi thema species, et praedicatio genus not if the theme a species, and the predicate a genua sit. may be. 31. Conjuga est ? Conjugate Is ? 32. Quare est conjunctio praedicabilis eat in numero VVliy is the conjunction prodicative in the number singulare et persona tertia i singular and person third / Quod principale thematis in numero singulare In that the principal of the theme in the number singular et persona tertia est, per regulam secundam. and person third is by rule the second. 33. Quae est regula ? What is the rule ? ^ L't quae c^ue (quae) conjunctio praedicabilis cum That which and (which) conjunction prodicative with principale thematis, in numero et persona, the principal of the theme, in number and person, concordat. concurs. 34.*Digere divim ? Digest divide ? Divisa compositum duorum simplicium verborum est, Dhide a compound of two simple words is, Nominatim, conjunctionis accidentalis di, et Namely, of the conjunction accidental from, and explicabilis visa a vido, quod in Anglica (I part) the explicative from which in English pellatur ap. becomes put to. ?5. Digere agricultura ? ■, Digest agriculture ? Agricultura, compositum duorum simplicium verborum est, Agriculture, a compound of two simple words is, Nominatim, principalis cultura ; et formae Namely, of the principal culture ; and of the form explicabilis agri ab ager. explicative of land from land. 36. Digere exsequi ? Digest to execute ? * 34, 36, 36 to be postponed, till reqmred in the reading of the text. UEADING AND CONKEUSATION [N LATIN. 31 Ux^iequi coinpoaitimi trium aiinplicium vorborum ost, To cjrecute a C(>iiq)ouncl of tlireo simplo words is, Noiuinatiin, conjuiictionis accidontalis ex, Namely, of the conjunction accidental out accessionis principalis personalis si% et of the accidenoe of the [irincipid personal .sdf, and formao inipersonulis conjunciionis praedicabilis of the form impersonal of the conjunction prodicative qui a qnaero. In Anglica, ex.s«?(/ia (to execute) to reach from / reacli. In Ei;gli«h, est, ut ass('(iui ant (t(hequi (to ask) est. is, as or ii. The principal and explicative of the accidence of this first sentence may be declined ; and the second sentence 1 e treated in accordance with the foregoing process. j^fterwards, while each successive sentence is to be treated i'.i the same way, separately, the aforesaid questions and answers will be found to contain all the requisites for the purpose of translation, and also for conversing in Latin. With reference to the explicative forms, they may be explicable forms either of the principal, explicative or pro- dicative conjunction. For example, the explicative forms, in the singular and plural, of the principal word Deits (God), are Dei (of God) and Deorum (of the Gods) ; of the expli- cative word bonus (good), are boni (of the good) and bonorum (of the good); and of the explicative word ammis (loving), are amantis (of loving) and amantium (of loving). The sign of the explicative form is (of). At the same time, the explicative form of a word func- tions as the explicative simply, of another and different word. Af in the accidence of the second sentence in the text of Caesar, namely ; in unam partem quarum (partium.) Here quarum is a plural explicative form of qiuze ; and par- tium is a plural explicative form of pars. But, at the same time, they are both explicatives only, of partem. So that the principal partem of the accidence, has one explicative unam placed before it, and two quarum and partium placed after it. The one placed before, explicate the numerical limitation of partem. The two placed after, explicates that the three divisions of Gaul are those in which partem is comprised. 32 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. DKJESTIVE Omnia Gallia eot visa, iirnvB) (( (( di (parte), in trea partes. Bolijae colunt (iigruni) " imam (partem) qua- rum (partium) , Aquitani «« ti '* aliam (partem qua- rum partium) ; ap (Galloa), qui (Galli) t( ti in tortiam (partem quarum partium), Celtae pellantur lingua ipsorum. Galli it ** nostra. Omnes hi Galli ferunt (( (( dif (Gallia), ter in se lingiia, institutis, 9 legibus. Flnmen Garumna vidit Gallos di (Gallis) (( (( *' *' (proprioa) ab Aquitanis ; " Matrona it t< di (Gallia) <( (( (( (( (( a Belgia ; et " Sequana i( (( di Gallia <4 «( (( (( (( a Belgia. Belgae 8unt fortiasimi (< ;ai- li) omnium hciruni « Gallorum, ter pro ea (causa) ^ 1 ' " * J- " quod ■ - ,1 longiasime a cultu ■' que 1 ■ at ab humanitate * pro- vinciae, ; que mercatores meant com 1 ad eoa (Belgas) minime aaepe que at portant ea (bona) in (suos fines) DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 88 ^y:)Umula. '„ All Gaul is parted, (part) (< (< from (part), into throe parts. The Belgians cultivate (the land) in ono (part) of which (parts) ; The Aquitanians (( (< " another '* «* to (the Gauls) which (Gauls) (( ( in the third (part) of which ([);irts) Celts become put in the language of theinst'lves, Gauls <( (( in our language. All these Gauls bear, (( <( from Gauls, crossingly in tliemsulves, in language in institutions in laws. The river Garonne parts Gauls from (Gauls) " " Marno and " •' Seine The Belgians the Gauls (pro- per) from the Aquitanians; Gauls from (Gauls) the Gauls (pro- per) from the Belgians ; Gauls from (Gauls) the Gauls (pro- per) from the Belgians, are the strongest (Gauls) of all these (( t< Gauls and and merchants and (( crossingly for that (cause) in that most lengthily from the culture too from the humanity of the province. bear 1 together " to those (Belgians) least often too carry those (goods) into (their frontiers) 84 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. quae (bona) • tinent qu'j (Belgae) sunt proximi ^- qui (Gennani) colunt (agrum) que Belgae Holvetii u aut aut u per ad animos *efFemi- nandos ; Germanis in (finibus) trans Rhenum, cum quibus <'Ger- manis) *continenter. De qua causa quo (uegotio) prae *reliquos Gallos virtute ; quod con cum Germanis fere ■''■quotidianis prae- liis, , ., cum nibent eos (German- ^^) pro suis finibus gerunt bellum cedunt tendunt ipsi gerunt bellum Una pars (eorum finiuni), et et I; i' !; in finibus eorum Ger- ^ „ manorum. Gallos, est dictum, tinere quam (partem) ob (alteras partes eor- capititium in ""^ ^™^)' tinetur ' ^Zt" ^^^'^'^'' " flumine Garumna, " oceano *' finibus Belgarum iam at flumen Rhenum, a Sequanis " Helvetiis ; ad Septentriones. ab ^extremis finibus Galiiae ; (u tingit vergit oriuntur tinent , DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 35 smi- Jer- llos ae- rer- !or- la. n )iis which (goods) hold and (the Belgians) ar.'a the nearest through to minds to become effeminated ; which (German.) c JS\the land) inCttfafS; across the Rhine, and the Belgians bear war the Helvetii {( (t either ' ' or themselves with which (Germans) continually. From which cause in what (negotiation) <« U u '' before the remaining Gauls in virtue ; in that together with the Germans mostly in how many dailv battles, ' holdthose(Germans) fortluhdr frontiers bear hold bear war One part (of those frontiers), it in the frontiers of those Germans. the Gauls, is said, to hold which (part) against (other parts takes a bearing ^/^ *^^««- ^^ntiers), from the river Rhone becomes held and and The Belgians touches bends rise hold together by the river Garonne " the ocean " the frontiers of the Belgians even at the river Rhine, from the Seciuaniana Helvetians ; to the seven (Nor- thern stars), from the extreme frontiers of Gaul • through ' 86 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. il i et Aouitania et quae (pars oceani) et Orgetorix et et Is (C et (Helvetii) spectant tinet est spectat (Hel- fnit nobilissinms (Hel- vetius) ditissimus vetius) ductus fecit jurationem no- bilitatis suasit ad *inferi()rem par- tem fluminis Rheni, in Septentrioues in Orientem Solem. per a flumine Garumna ad Pyrenaeos montes ' • earn partem oceani ad Hispaniam ; *er in casum solis 00 (terram) in Septentriones. longe apud Helvetios (( <( irent esse facile (se) potiri Marco Messala Marco Pisone consulibus, in (jurationem con) cupiditate regni, con per civitati ut ex de snis finibus cum omnibus suis co- piis : per cum perio totius Gal- liae im (provincia) cum t,^ DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 37 par- eni. 1. la ites ani and Aquitania and quae (part of the ocean) IS spies and Orgetorix and That <( and and has swayed (the Helvetians) should bear to the inferior part of the river Rhine ; spy into the seven (Nor- thern stars) into the rising sun. holds through from the river Ga- ronne to the Pyrenees moun- tains " that part of the ocean at Spain ; crossingly into the fall of the sun against (the earth) into the seven (Nor- thern sta: 3). has been long the noblest (Hel- vetian) among the Helvetians the richest (Hel- vetian) " '' " with Marcus Messala " Marcus Piso for Consuls, born into (a swearing con) by a covetousness of the rule, has made a swearing of the nobility together through to the state that co- al- out from their frontiers with all their copious- nesses : thoroughly to be easy (themselves) to become possessed with the power of the whole of Gaul in (the province) when 38 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Holvetii que (jue qui (Rheiius) et et starent Id (negotium) suasit tinentur vidit (pai-tem) ** agrum Helve- tium quae (Jura) est et qui (Rliodanus), vidit (partem) " nostram *pro- vinciam fiebat vagaren ir possent ferre bellum homines cupidibel- landi ficiebantur f>t prae omnibus (re- liquis"* Gallis) virtute. per hoc (^consilium) eis facilius, quod con di una parte natura loci : ex una parte flu mine Rheno latissimo " at " altissimo " di (parte), a Germanis : ex altera parte monte Jura '' altissimo ter in Sec^uanos in Helvetios : ex tertia (parte), lacu Lemanno flu mine Rhodano di (parte), ab Helvetiis, His rebus ut minus late in finitimis minus facile : de qua causa af (patientem) magno dolore, Autem, pro multitudine ho- minum pro gloria bellandi DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 39 The Helvetians might stand (Orgetorix) has swayed the Helvetians become held and and which (Rhine) before omnibns (the remaining Gauls) in virtue. That (negotiation) thrf)ugh, this (coun- sel) in thorn more easily in that together from one part by the nature of the jilace : out one part by the river Rhine "the broadest " too *' the deepest " from (part), which Jura and and and parts, (part) " tho land Helve- tians from the Germans : out another part by Mount Jura " the "the highest ^3 crossingly into the >Sequanian8 into the Helvetians : (out) the third (part) by Lake Geneva ... _,, ^ " the river Rhone which (Rhone) parts, (part) from (part), " our province from the Helvetians. By these things became made that could wander less widely might be able to bear (it) (Helvetii) men covetous of war war became made and in the frontiers less easily : from which cause to bearing with great grief. At the same (time), for the multitude of men for the glory of war- ring 40 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. que arbitrabantur se habere angustos fines, at " " fortitudinis et et et qui(angu8tifines)patebant milia du- centa quadraginta pas- suuni in longitudinem, et et centum octoginta ** in latitudineni. His rebus ducti ad ( jurationem con) moti per auctoritate Orgeto- rigis, scituerunt con parare ea (bona) com qiije (bona) tinerent per ad ficiscendum pro (suis finibua) ; quam emere CO maximiim nume - rum jumenturum (maximum nume - /■ rum) carrorum facere maximas se- ; quam mentes ut copia frumenti peteret sup in itinere ; (quam) firmare pacem con ' ' amicitiam con cum proximis civita- tibus. Ad eas res ficiendas con duxerunt sibi biennixim esse satis DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 4] and to(J " " " of forti tude (they) judge themselves to have narrow fron . tiers which (nan-ow frontiers) bore one thousanc two hundred 1 and f(jrty of paces one hundreus) in tcrtiuiii annum, de (Helvetiis) ad eas res ficiendas con. BUB sibi ad civitates. In eo itinuro per Castico, filio Catamanta- ledis, Sequano, in Sei^uanis ob (alteros Pefjuanos) (per) multos annos, ap (quem patrem) a aenatu populi Ro- man i, ut in sua civitate oc (alteros Seijuanos), ante. per item (consilium) Dumnorigi, ^duo, fratri Divitiaci, qui (Dumnorix) tinebat principatum in (sua) civitate eo tempore, oc (alteros vEduos) erat ceptus conaretur idem (ne- gotium) ; plebi maxime, ut DIGESTIVE FOIIMULA. 48 «) 3), firm the making to be becomes licenced they Oigetorix That Orgetorix Orgetorix the fatlior of whicli (Casticus) had held the rule has taken the legation sways by law, forth (their frontiers) into the third year. hoiu the Helvetians to those things to be- come made together, over to himself to the states. In that bearing through to Casticus " the son of Cata- mantaledis ** a Sequanian and And friend (he) his father (he) in the Sequanians against (other Sequa- nians) (through) many years, to (which father) was put by the senate of the people of Rome,, that should take the rule in his state against (other Sequa- nians) which rule had held sways which (Dumnorix) held the principal (place) and was taken he should try that same (negotiation) ; before. through such same council to Dumnorix " an ^duan " the brother of Di- vitiacus in his state " that time, against (other -^duans) too to the people , most greatly, tnat 44 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GllAMMAlt. !' I que dat suam filiam Conata ei (Dumnorigi) in matrimonium. ficere per habet pro illis esse " facile fectu per; ter ■« pro ea causa (plod ipse osset tfiiiturus perinm suae ci- ob (alterrjs HelvetioB) vitatis, im (sua civitate) ; dubium non esse quin Hclvetii poaaent plurimum (populum) totius (populi) Galliae ; firiiiat con se suis copiis que esse "'''conciliaturum sue *exercitu regna illis. (Hi principes) ducti ad (jurationem con) hac oratione dant fidem ter in se et *jusjurandum ; et regno cupato oc (alteros principes) * per tres potentissimos populos c sperant posse sese potiri totius Galliae. a per tres Jirmissimos populos, Ut ea re^ est nuDciata e DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 45 and (he) (he) himself if elveti^na he ar givo8 his daughtor Trials to make holds to be " to become made might be about to hold to that Dumnorix into iiuirriago. thoroughly forth to them, easily thoroughly ; crossingly for that cause in that (These princes) born ffive faith against (other Helve- tians) the power of his state in (his state) ; a doubt not to be in that might be the most able (people)of the whole (people) of Gaul ; firms together himself with his copiousnesses with his army to be about to *conci- liate the rules to them. and and and a judicial swear- ing ; (they) hope to be able themselves to become possessed of the whole of Gaul if the (swearing together) by this oration crossingly in themselves with the rule taken against(other princes) by the three most powerful peoples too by the three most firm peoples, that thing is nunciated out As 40 LATIN LANOUAOE AND OllAMMAR. Orgetorix que et quo (et) civitas per diciuiii in Holvetiis, egonint CO, suis moribuH, ( )rgot.origem dicoro causan' ex vinculis. Ut croniaretur igni oportebat poenam qui se damnatum. Die atitna dictionts causae con, egit omnem suam familiam CO di una (parte) ^tm a (( ad decern millia homi- num 1 • j_ ad judicium ; duxit con oinnes clientes eodera " " suos *aer(l)ato8ob habebat magnum numerum quarum ; ripuit se ne diceret causam. citata conaretur qui suum jus, que magistratus gerent multitudinem hominum co. per eos (clientes) " " (aer(l)atos ob) e Cum in ab eam rem ex I se, armis Orgetorix est mortuus; ex agris, nrOESTIVK FORMULA. 47 they (he) Orgetorix and and and (and) (( the state have l)(»rn ^rcetorix to say the cause by a sign in " the Helvetians, together by their manners, out chains. That should become biirnt by fire behoved the punish- ment to reach by itself the damned. On the day stated of saying the cause together has born all his family together from one (part) to ten thousands of men to the judgment ; has bom 1 together all clients to that same " * ' his brass born against had a great number of which ; through those (clients) (( " (brass born against) has forced himself out m.ight not sa\ the cause . When moved in agaiast that thing might try to reach out its justice through itseir, by arms, and the magistrates might bear a multi- tude of men Orget orix is dead together, out the lands. 48 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GKAMMAR. 1 ■; I i -.'I que ('s)picio • sus (mortuum) ne est ab (sensu con) ut Helvetii arbitrantur quin ipse sciverit mortem con sibi. Post mortem ejus (Orgetorigis) Helvetii conantur facere id (negotium) mirus nihilo quod (negotium) stituerant con (bacere^ ut eant ex suis finibus. Ubi jam sunt arbitrati se esse paratos ad earn rem cendunt (ignem) in omnia sua oppida, numero ad duodecim ; (in) vie OS ad (|uadringentoa ; (in) privata ficia aedes liqua re ; burunt com omne frumentum, ter prae quod " erant porturi cum se ; ut spe ditionis re (ad) domum lata sub, essent paratiores ad omnia pericula eunda sub; mio jubent quem ferre ef dome ^ DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 49 and id a spying over (the death) act is from (a sense together) the Helvetians judge as in that himself may have known death together to himself. After the death of that the Helvetians try to make that (Orgetorix) (negotiation) less in no speck which " (they) had stood together to make, that (( may bear out their frontiers. When now (( are judged themselves to be born to that thing (( kindle lire in all their towns in number to twelve ; (hi) villages to four hundred ; in private made houses left back ; (( b\irn together all the fruit, crossingly before what " <( were about to carry with themselves ; that with the hope of bear- ing back to home born over, (they) might be born more to all perils to become born over ; << order whom to bear out the home D ■hhmi 50 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. sibi molita cibaria trium mensium. Suadent per Rauracia fiuitimis et et que usi Tulinguis " Latobrigis " uti, eotlem consilio, suia oppidis ustis ex (( vicis ficiscantur pro una (plialange) cuin iis (Helvetiis). •1 ! Que et qui (Boii) Boios coluerant (agrum) ierant :iue pugnarant ceptos sciscunt SOC108 Duo itinera erant unum (iter) possent ire et anguatum (iter) ^^difficile et singuli carri ducerentur ; mona altisaimua pendebat in (finibus) trana Khenuui trana in agrum Noricnm, op Noricam, re ad ae ad " sibi. omnino, quibua (itineribus) ex domo : per Se(iuano3 ter in montem Juram flumen Rhoda- num, qua (parte) vix autem im (itinere), DIGESTIVE FORMULA. 51 They and and and the ground food of three months. to liiuiself sway used (they) And which (Boii) and and (they) Two bearings (they) one (bearing) and and single carriages the highest moun- tain through in the Rauracian fron- tiers " theTulingia- fron- tiers) the Latobrigan (frontiers) that, to that same counsel, with their towns burnt out, (with) their villages burnt (out), forth in one (phalanx) with those (Helve- tians). in (the frontiers) across the Rhine across into thelandNoricuni, against Norciam, back to themselves (< (( tt (I in all . , , , , , by which (bearings) might be able to bear out the house ; through the Sequa- nians a narrow (bearing) "difficult " , crossingly into mount Jura into the river Rhone make the Boii had cultivated (the land) had born had fought taken know sociates were could become born hung in which part scarcely at the same (time) in (the bearing), 52 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GKAMMAll. (ita) lit pauci (Sequani) possent hibere(Hulve- tios) pro (JUO alter um (iter) per : per nostram *proviu ciani, multo, facilius (iter) *expeditius " , at ter pro ea causa quutl llhodanus tiuit ter in tines Helvetiorum et " " All(»broguni, I h (jui (Allol)rogi qu3 is Rhodanus erant pacati non itur nuper ; trans nullis locis vado. Geneva est*extremum oppi - duni Ailobrogum que " proximuni oppidum Ailobrogum tinibus Helveti Pons tinet per ex eo oppido ad Helvetios. Istiniabant ex sese vel (esse) suasuroa per Allobrogibus non viderentur quod duiu bono anirao in Ronianum lum ; vel sese (esse) acturoa eo popu- 1^: DlfiESTIVE FORMULA. 53 another (bearing) and (so) that a few (8equanians)naight be able to hold the Helvetians forth thoronghly : throngh onr province, in ninch, a more easy (bear- ing), too a. more expeditious (bearing), the Rhone flows and which(Allobrogians) were pacated and that Rhone Geneva and A bridge (They) eitlier (They) or crossingly for that cau.se in that crossing!}' into the frontiers of the Helvetians " the (frontiers) of the Allobrogians lately ; becomes not born across in not many pl;ices by a ford. is the most extreme town of the AUo- broges, " the most near town (of the AUobroges) to the frontiers of the Helvetians, holds through out that town to the Helvetians, stood out themselves to be about to sway through in the AUobroges, in tliat might not become seen yet in good mind into the Roman peo- ple ; (themselves) to be about to act together by force that i i 1 54 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. paterentur eos (Hel- vetios) ire per suua fines. omnes Helvetii Is dies et dicunfc diem veniant erat (dies) Omnibus rebus pa- ratis com ad fectionem pro, qua die con ad ripam Rhodani. ante quintum diem ' ' kalendas Aprilis, Lucio Pisone, Aulo Gabinio Consulibiis. Cum id (negotium) esset nunciatum eos (Helvetios) Caesari, conari facere iter per nostrara ^provin- ciam, le maturat ticisci pro ab urbe, quam maximis itineribus potest, tendit con in ulteriorem Galliam venit per ad Genevam ; • perat quam im; % maximum toti *provinciae numerum omnino una legio militium ; erat in ulteriore Gallia. Jubet pontem ad Genevam qui (pons) erat (pons) scindi re. rjbi DIGESTIVE FORMULA. Si (( iuiglit bear those (Helvetians) to bear (( say a day all the Helvetians may come That day was Cthe day) that (negotiation) might be nunciated to Ctesar, those (Hulvetianfi) to try to make a bear- through their fron- tiers. With all things bom together to the making forth, in which day together to the bank of the Rhone, before the fifth day " Kalends of Ap- ril with Lucius Piso *' Aulus Gabinius for Consuls. When (he) and and he one legion (he) which (bridge) ing matures to make is able holds comes may bear the greatest number of soldiers through our province, forth from the city, how by the greatest bear- ings together into further Gaul, through to Geneva ; how in to the whole province in ; in all was in further Gaul, orders a bridge was '' '' at Geneva to become split back. When 56 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Holvetii Numcins et Verudoctius qui Numeius et " Verudoctius dicerent, ne esse sunt facti certiores do ventu ejus (Caesa- ris) ad (Genevam) rnittunt legates uobilissimos civitatis ad eum (Caesarem). tinobant *principcm- locuni cujus le- gationis ob (alteros Helvetios) Ciosar (pie et que sibi in animo ficio ulloiuale, si (conantur) facere iter per *provinciam5 ter pro ea causa ({uod n haberent ulhim a- liud iter ; sibi rogare, at vohintato ejus (Cae- saris), liceat sibi facere id (iter). (juod tenebat memoria consuleni L. Cas- sium (fuissc) cisuni oc, ^exercituiu ejus (L. Cassii) (fuissc) pulsum ab Helvetiis, jugnm (tuisse) niissum sub *exercitum, non putebat ceden- dum con ; ne *existimebat ut homines, in ^inimico animo, facultc data facun- di iterinis per *provinciam, DlfJESTIVE FORMULA .)7 (they) (they) the Helvetians are made more certain from the coming of that (Cf(jsar) ,,, . to Geneva, (they) send legates, the most nohle of the state to that (Ctesar). JVnmenis and Verudoctius held the prinoipalagainst the other l»laceof that lega- " Helvetians ti(»n which Numeins and " Verudoctius might say, to themselves lie esse in mind with making any bad should try to make a bearing through the i^rovinco, crossing ly for that cause in that might not have any other bearing ; to reach to themselves that by the will of that (Cfusar) may be licenced to themselves to make that bear- ing. in that "*^' '■ 68 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Hi populi Helvetii et et que ^dui septimo die ill [lies Vocontiorum iilterioris provinciae; in (venit) de (finibus Vocontio- rum) in fines Allobrogum : ab Allobrogibus (fini- bus) dneit exercitum in Sequasianos. sunt primi (populi) tra provinciam ex trans Rhodanum. duxerant suas copias trans jam per ani^ustias Sequan- oriim venerant per fines (of the Se- quarum), per in fines jEduorum populabantur agros eorum (iEduorum). cum nonpossent fendere se de iis (Helvetiis) que (( (( (bona) mittunt legatos auxilium (esse) rogatum : se esse meritos sua ab " ad Caesarem, ita omni tempore, de Romano populo ut pene in spectu con nostri^exercitus (sui) agri non (ha)buerint vas- tari de (hostibus), DIGESTIVE FORMULA. (t ami and and on the seventh day into the frontiers of the Vocontii of the farther province ; in from the frontiers of the Vocontii (he comes) into the frontiers of the Allobroges ; from tlie Allebrogian frontiers bears the army into the Segusianians. These peoples are the first (peoples) across the province, out across the Rhone. across now through the narrow- nesses of the Sequa- nians through the frontiers of the Sequanians, through into the frontiers of the ^Eduans, The Helvetians had born their co- piousnesses had come The ^duans (they) and peopled the lands of those (.Eduans). when might not be able to fend ther selves from those (Helve- tians might not be able to fend their gootls from send legates aid to be reached : themselves to be merited (their) lands to Caesar, such in all time from the Bonian peo- ple that mostly in the spying together of pur army may not have had to become wasted from (enemies)^ LATIN LANGUAGE AND ORAMMAB. (sui) liberi non (ha)biierint duci ab seae . . . , in servitiitem, (sua)oppida " " pugiiariex. -iEdui Ambarri Eodem tempore (qui " sunt) * necessarii (socii) ^duorum 1; '< V h ■> que et •" •• 1 c sanguinei " con, faciunt Caesarem cer- tiorem, agris populatis de Helvetiis, sese non hibere vim hos- tium facile • • pro ab oppidis : Item Allobroges qui " habebaut vicos trans Rhodanum <( (( ** possessiones " " , fuga, cipiunt se re ad Caesarem, monstrant, de (se) sibi, hilum ni esse liqui re, ter prae agri solum. Caesar ductus ad quibus rebus non statuit sibi (s)pectan4um ex, dum omnibus fortunis sumtis sociorum con, flelvetii venirent per in Sari tones, DIGESTIVE FORMULA. fl Their children may not have had to become born from themselves into slavery, '< towns may not have had to become fought out. In that same tuna the iEduan Am- barri (which Aeduan Am- barri) are the necessary (sociates) of the iEduans and (which ^duan . Ambarri) arethe8angumou8(soci- ate8)oftho^Eduan8 together, make Caesar more certain, with their lands peopled from the Helvetians, themselves not to hold the force of the enemies easily forth the AUobroges which " and " and the lands Caesar had villages had possessions take themselves show a speck not to be left born has stood not spying the Helvetians might come from the towns. Such same across the Rhone, it (I <' in flight, back to Caesar, from themselves to himself. back, crossingly "oef ore ^ alone, to by which things to himself, out, while with all the fortunes taken of the sociate** together, through into the Santones. 72 LATIN LANGUAGE AND f}RAMMAR. !."i Exercises on the Foregoing, for Translation. The Belgians cultivated the hind, in one of the three parts into which Gaul was divided. The Aquitanians culti- vated the Lmd in another part. And the third part was culti- vated by those Gauls to which, in the lanjiuage of themselves Celts became put, in our l-'iiguage Gauls. Crossingly in themselves, the languages, institutions and laws of all these Gauls differed. The (xauls proper were parted from the Aquitanians by the river Garonne, and from the Belgians by the Marne and the Seine. Crossingly for that cause, in that they were most lengthily from the culture and humanity of the Romans and of the province, the Belgians were the strongest of all these Gauls. Merchants bore to them least often and bore in those goods which hold through to minds to become effeminated. And these Belgians were nearest to the Germans, who cultivated the land in the frontiers across the Rhine, with whom they bore war continuously. And the Helvetians, from which cause, in what and in what, pre- ceded the remaining Gauls in virtue ; in that they contended with those Germans mostly in daily battles, when either they held them forth their frontiers, or they bore the war them- selves in the frontiers of those Germans. One part of those frontiers, the Gauls proper to hold which was said, took a bearing in from the river Rhone, was held together by the river Garonne, by the ocean, by the frontiers of the Belgians, and even touched at the river Rhine from the Sequanians and Helvetians. The Belgians rose from the extreme frontiers of Gaul and held through to the inferior part of the river Rhine. Aquitania took a bearing in from the river Garonne and held through to the Pyrenees Mountains and to that part of the ocean which is at Spain, and spied crossingly into the fall of the sun against the earth and the seven stars. Orgetorix was the noblest and the richest among the Hel- vetians. That Orgetorix, born by a covetousness of the rule, made a swearing together of the nobility. And, at that time, with Marcus Messala and Marcus Piso for consuls, he swayed through to his state that the Helvetians should bear out from their frontier with all their copiousnesses. DIGESTIVE FORMULA. ™ With a little variation of tho text, which the teacher can supply, these exercises may be continued, in a copy book with a black lead pencil, as far as the digestive formula ex- tends. And afterwards, to the end of the first chapter, the text and its variation may be continued in a similar way. The same rules being applicabh; to the reading of all Latin books, and the same method of using the simple words in their compounded forms, together with the same method of filling in the ellipses, the learner, through this compendium, may be said to master all the essentials of the Latin language. 74 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAIl. FORMULAE FRO DECLfNATIONIBUS. (FonniiliiH for the Declensions.) 1. PkINI'IPALIA et ExI'LICABILTA. (Principals and Explicatives.) Fonnae Explicahiles. FtJiiiiH Explicative, [Mas. \^''Z, 2.-! I Ni'xf i *'"•"• —""' frat. {*^' — a 3. \ (Fem.,t-j SiiHj. — I Man. \ FI. — es [Neut. { ^;^- ~ ( Sin(i \pi: j Sin \Pl. f Sin \PL —am -a, ae — ae —as —IS —arum — um — -i —OS —18 — onim — um —0 — i — a ~1H — drum —em —68 — ibus —is — umf — -f-e , i —is — a Fan. Mas. If cut. 5. < Fan. n(/. mg. -us lis -UR -us -um — ibus -Ul 01' o —OH or us — ibus -u -ua — um -us — u — ua ( S. Res (a thing) rem \ PI. Res res -U, Ul -ibus - u — ibus re, rei rei)U8 2. EXPLICABILIA. (Explicatives.) 6. Mas. {g«9- Neat. ^^'''^- a -ae — US — i \Pl. -um -a —am — as — um — OS — um — a — a, 1 — is — o, i — is — 18 — um — us or i — orum or uum — us —uum — u — uum rei rerum —lUS -arum — ius — orum — ius — orum * A very few are masculine, + The plural of the explicative form takes turn. ,f. When the theme of the neuter ^nds in e, the accidence takes i only. FORMULAS FOR TUE DKCLENSJONS, 75 ve. um ^''^- \ PI. Mae ,, ( S'uKh Hie ^^«''- i PL Hi »r J ( .S'//IJ/. Hoc Naut. \p,f ,f,^. 1J Fern. Man. Neat. Fern. ja K/. Id. ( Pi. Ea ( Sin;/. C)uae ) P/. Qiiao ( .S'. Qui 01' ([\m \ PI. (iui ( Sin II. Quod ( PL Quae tiaiu: haH huuc hoH hoc haec earn tMim cos id ea • luani (jiiaH (lueni fjuoa (juod (l"aae hac, liuic liiH hoc, huic hiH hoc, huic hirt ea, ei iiw or e\H eo, ei iirt or eis 60, ei lis or eis qua, cui hujuH hanini hujuH horuin hujuH liorum ejuH earum CJUH eorum ejus eorum cujus quibuB ()?MiueiH quarum quo, cui cujus quibus or quels ciuorum (juo, cui CUJUH quibus or (jueis quorum As an explicative of a theme, quae, qui or quod, expressed or under- stood, indicates an explicative sentence. Fern. Dime d\ias duabun dnarum. Two I Masc. Duo duos duobus duorum. Neut. Duo duo duobus duorum. 3. EXPLIOABIIIA NUMERORUM. (Explicatives of Numbers.) ly. Cardinal, Ordinal, Distributive One, tivo, Ct. First, second, Ct. One by one, Ct. 1 Unus. Primus. Singuli . 2 Dno. Secundus. Bini. 3 Tree. Tertius. Terni. 4 Quatuor. Quartus. Quaterni. 5 Quinque. Quintus. Quini. 6 Sex. Sextus. Seni. 7 Septem. Septimus. ^, Septeni. 8 Octo. Octavus. Octoni. 9 Novem. Nonus. Noveni. 10 Decem. Decimus. Deni. 11 Uiidecim. Undecimus. Undeni. J 2 D^odecim. Duodecimus, Duodeni, M LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. m ii 13 Tredecim. 14 Qnatiiordecim. 15 Quindecim. IG Sexdecim. 17 Soptendecim. 18 Octodecim, or duodeviginti. 19 Novenidecim, or undevigiiiti. 20 Viginti. 21 Viginti unus, or Uniis et Viginti, 22 Viginti duo, or Duo et Viginti 30 Tri-^inta. 40 Qu Iraginta. 50 Quinquaginta. 60 Sexaginta. 70 Septuaginta. 80 Octoginta. 90 Nonaginta. 100 Centum. 200 Ducenti. 300 Trecenti. 400 Quadrigenti. 500 Quingenti. 600 Sexcenti. 700 Septingenti. 800 Octingenti. 900 Nongenti. 1000 Mille. 2000 Duo millia, or Bis mille. Decimus tertius. Decimus quartus. Decimus quintus. Decimns sextus. Decimus septimua. Decimus octaAms, or duodevicesimus. Decimus nonus, or undevicesimus . Vicesimus. Vicesimus pri ■ as. Terni deni, or tre- deni, Quarterni deni. Quini deni. Seni deni. Septeni deni. Octonideni, Noveni deni. Viceui. Viceni singuli. Vicesimus secundus, Viceni bini. Trigesimus, or tri- cesinius, Quadragesimus. Quinquagesimus, Sexagesimus. Septuagesimus . Octogesimus. NonagesimuB . Centesimus. Ducentesimus. Trecentesimus. Quadringentesimus. Quingentesimus. Sexcentesimua. Septingenteaimus. Octingentesimu a, Nongentesimus. Millesimus. Bis millesimus. Triceni. Quadrageni. Quin(iuageni. Sexageni. Septuageni. Octogeni. Nonageni. Centeni. Ducenteni, or duceni. Trecenteni. Quater oenteni. Quinquies centeni. Sexies centeni. Septies centeni. Octies centeni. Novies centeni. Milleni. Bis milleni. The cardinal numbers, except unus and mile, want the singular. From quatuor to centum inclusive they are indsuiinable, and *rom cenhim to milk are declined like the plural of bona. Mille is either a principal or an explicative. As an expli- cative it is indeclinable. As a principal, it is declined in the plural as foll'^ws : — Mill -ia, -ium, -ihus. ' . l: FORMULAS FOR THE DECLENSIONS. 77 3ni. he e, of 1- n Grx\dus Comparationis. \j (Degrees of Comparison.) Most explicatives have two degrees of comparison. One of which, is primary ; the other, is ultimate. As of dura, lis, um (\ ard), the primary is durior (harder) ; and the ulti- mate is durissinia, us, um (hardest). The ultimate degree of comparison conforms to the first and second declensions. The comparative is declined as follows : — Fern. <£• ( Sing. Durior duriorem duriore or i durioris. Mas. \ PI. Duriores duriores durioribus duriorum. jy- , ( Situ/. Durius durius diiriore or i durioris, ( PI. Duriora duriora durioribus duriorum. The omission of quam (than), is indicated by the principal, with which the comparison is made, being in the accidence, thus : — Lapis est durior ligno. Stone is harder than wood. Lapis est durior quam lignum. Stone is harder than tvood. Principalia Personalia. (Principals Personal.) 1, 3. Sing. Ego / PL Nos We me me nos us me, mihi by me, to me nobis by us mei of me nostrum or nostri of us Sing. Tu Thou PL Vos You te thee vos you te, tibi by thee, to thee vobis by you tui of thee vestruin of you (Sing. Ilia jj, ) Thee \ Tltey — am her —as them — a, i by her, to her —is by them — ius of her —arum of them (Sing. lUe I They — um him • OS them O, 1 by him, to him --is by them —ius of him — orum of them (Sing. lUud TV < ^^ ^' \ PL -a V They -ud it o,i by it, to it - ius of it — a thcM — IS hy thnm — orum of them (Herself, hiviself, itself. J 'Sing. se, sese herself, ci. PL 86, sese se, sibi sui by. to herself, ct. of herself, ct. se, sibi \ct. sui tlie 'IveSfCt. by, to themselves, of theraaehes, ct. y ''I ■1^ 78 I.ATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Principalia Abnorma. • (Principals Abnormal.) S. Kespublica Rempublicam Republica, Rei- i^RespubIioae Respublica. R^liSSicis iZ^o^. P 'tZT^'^T J"^J'}™ndum .Turejurando Ju^rSjiirandi P. Jurajuranda Jurajuranda Juribusjurandin JuruSandor- -S'. PaterfamiliaB PatremfamiUas Patre and patri PaSfamilias familias ( Sinff. Vis t PI. "■ Vires vim vireB ( Sing. Bos ( PI. Boves boves bovem boves Si\ip. Jupiter Jovem VI viribus bove, bovi bobus or bubus Jove, Jovi VIS virium bovis bourn Jovi ' if i ii.\ (I CONJUNCTIONS PRODICATIVE NORMAL. 79 CONJUNCTIONES PRAEDICABILES NORMALES. (conjunctions PFvODICATlVE NORMAL.) First Conjugation, Amavi. — avisti — avit — avimus — aviatis — averunt, avare. Aino — as — at — mus — amatis — amant Amabam — abaa — abat — abamua — abatis — abant Amabo — abis — abit — abimus — abitis — abunt Amem — es — et — emus — etis — ent Amarem — ares — aret — aremus — aretis — ■ — rent — Ama or amato — ate — ate or amatote — anto Amare, Amavisse. Amana, — atura — us-um Amandum, -dum, -do Amatum. — atu. Amaveram — averaa — averat — averamus — averatis — averant. Amavero — averis — averit — averunus — averitis — averint. Amaverim — averis — averit — averimus — averitis — averint Amavissem — avissea — avisaet — avissemus — avissetia — aviasent. Amor — aris, are — atur — amur — amini — antur. Amabar — abaris, abare — abatur — abamnr — abamini — abantur. Amabor — aberis, abere — abitur — abimur — abimini — abuntnr Amer — eris, ere — etur — emur — emini — entur. Amarer — arevis, arere — aretur — aremur — aremini — arentur. Amare or amator — ator — amini — antor. Amari Amata-ua-um, — anda-iis-um. 80 i 'M :i;! i 1 III !^: \l I A TATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Secoiid ConjiKjation. Doceo Docui Doceor — es — uisti — eris, ere — et — uit — etur — emua — uimus — emur — etis — uistis — emini — ent. — uerunt — entur Docebam Docueram Docebar, — ebas — ueras — ebaris, ebare — ebat — uerat — ebatur — ebamus — ueramus — ebamur — ebatis — ueratis — ebamini — ebant. — uerant ~ ebantur. Docebo Docuero Docebor — ebis — ueris — eberis; ebere — ebit — uerit — ebitui' — ebimus — iieriiuus — ebimur — ebitis — ueritis — ebimini - ebunt. — uerint — ebuntur Doceam Docuerim Docear — eas — ueris — earis, eare — eat — uerit — eatur — eamus — uerimus — eamur — eatis — ueritis — eamini — eant. — uerint — eantur. -^ Docerem Docuissem Docerer — eras — uisses — ereris, erere. — eret — uisset — eretur — eremus — uisaemus — ereniur — eretis — uissetis — ereuiini — erent. — uissent — erentur Doceo or doceto. Docere or docetor. — eto — etor — ete or docetote — emini — ento. — entor. Docere. Docuisse. Doceri. Docens. , Docta-us-um. — tura-us-um. — enda-us-um, Docendum, -dum, -do Doctum. —- tu. 1 : CONJUGATIONS PRODICATIVE NORMAL. 81 CONJUGATIONES PRAEDIGABILES NORMALES. (Conjugations Prodioative Third Conjugation. aTjego Legi — - is — isti — li — it • — imuii — imus — itis — istis — lint — erunt, ere Legebam Legeram — ebas — eras — ebat — erat — ebamus — eramua — ebatis — eratis — ebant — erant Normal.) Legam — es — et — ■ emus — etis — ent Legam — as — at — amus — atis — a,nt Legerem — eres — eret — eremus — eretis — erent Legero — eria — erit — erimus — eritis — ei"int Legerim — eris — erit — erimus — eritis — erint Legissem — isses — issct — issemus — issetis — issent Lege ire Lege or legito — ito — ite or legitote — unto Lecisse Legens Lectura, -us. um Legendum,-dum, -do. Lectum Legor — eris, ere — itur — imur — iniini — untur Legebar — ebaris, ebare — ebatur — ebamur — ebamini — ebantur Legar — eria — etur — emur — emini — - entur Legar — aria — atur — amur — amini — antnr Legorer — ereria, erere — eretur — eremur — eremini — erontur Legere or legitur — itor — imini — untor Legi Locta, -us, -um Legenda, -us, -um — tu m LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. Fourth Conjugatioti. !! I' Audio Audivi Audior — is — ivisti — iris, ire — it — ivit — itur — irmis — iviinus — imur — itis — ivistis — imiui — iuiit — iverunt, ere — iuiitur Audiebam Audiveram Audiebar — iebas — iveras — iebaris, iebare — iebat — iverat — iebatur — iebaiiius — ivoraraus — iebamur — iebatis — iveratir, — iebauiini — iobaut — iverant — iebantur Audiam Audivero Audiar — ies — iveris — ieris, iere — iet — iverit — UitUT — ieiinis — iverimus — iemur — ietis — iveritis — iemiui — ieiit — iveriiit — ieutur Audiam Audivorim Audiar — ias — iveris — iaris, iare — lat — iverit — iatur — iaiuus — iverimus — iamur — iatis — iveritis — iamini — iant — iverint — iantur Audirem Audivissem Audirer — ires — ivis3es — ireris — iret — ivisset — iretur — ireuius — iviss'^mus — iremur — iretis — ivissetis — iremini — irent — ivisaent — irent ur Audi or audito Audire or auditor — ito — itor — ite or auditote — imini — iunto — iuntor Audire Audivisse Audiri Audieus Audita, -us, -um — itura, -us, -umj — ienda, -us^ -um Audiendum, -dum, -do - -' ">■ . ■ Auditum ■' ■ ■ -. ,i_;. ~ tu - ,-. . \ ■- i ■, . i CONJUGATIONS PRODICATIVE ABNORMAL. 83 CONJUGATIONES PRAEDICABILES ABNORMES. (Conjugations Pkodioative Abnormal.) re )r Sum Fui Es Fuisti Est Fuit Sumus Fuimus Estis Fuistis Sunt Fuerunt Eram Fueram Eras Fueras Erat Fuerat Eram us Fxieramus Eratis Fueratis Erant I'uerant Ero Fuero Eris Fueris Erit Fuerit Erimus Fnerimus Eritis Fueritis Erunt Fucrint Sim Fuerim Sis Fueris Sit Fuerit Simus Fu erimus Sitis Fueritis Sint Fuerint Essem Fuissem Esses Fuisses Esset Fuisset Essemus Fuissemus Essetis Fuissetis Essent Fuissent Es or esto Esto Este or estote Sunto Esse Fuisse Futura, -us, -um Eo Ivi Is Ivisti It Ivit Imus Ivimus Itis Ivistis Eunt Iverunt Ibam Iveram Ibas Iveras Ibat Iverat Ibamus Iveranius Ibatis Iveratis Ibant Iverant Ibo Ivero Ibis Iveris Ibit Iverit Ibimus Iverimus Ibitis Iveritis I bunt Iverint Earn Iverim Eas Iveris Eat Iverit Eamus Ivei-imus Eatis Iveritis Eant Iverint Irem Ivissem Ires Ivisses Iret Ivisset Ireuius Ivissemus Iretis Ivissetis Irent Ivissent I or itc Ito Ite or itote Eunto Ire Ivisse lens Itura, us, um Eundum, -dum, do vj' Itum . } Itu 84 i ;vi,i; LATIN LANGUAGE AND GKAMMAU. Foro Tnli Feror Furs Tulisti Ferris, ferro Fert Tulit Fortur Feriraus Tulimus Ferimur Fertis Tulistis Ferimini Ferunt Tnlernnt Feruntur Ferebaiu Tulcram Ferebar Ferobas Tiileras Ferebaris Fcrebat Tulerat Fercbatur Furebainus Tuleramua Ferebamur Ferebatis Tuleratis Ferebamini Ferebant Tulerant Ferebantur Feram Tiilero Ferar Feres Tuloris Fereris Feret Tulori'. Feretur Feremus Tulerimus Feremur Feretis Tuka-itis Feremini Ferent Tulerint Ferentur Ferani Tulerim Ferar Feras Tuleri.s Feraria Ferat Tulerit Feratur Feramus Tulerimus Feramur Feratis Tuleritis Feramiiii Ferant Tulerint Ferantur Ferrero. Tulissem Ferrer Ferres Tulisses Ferreris Ferret Tulisset Ferretur Ferremus Tulissenuis Ferremur Ferretis Tulissetis Ferremini Ferrent Tulis>jent Ferrentur Fer or ferto Ferre or fertor Ferto Fertor Ferte or fertote Ferimini Feruiito Feruntor Ferre Tulisse Ferri Ferens Lata, -us, -um Latura. -us, -um Ferenda, -us, -um Latum -i J :.. 1, ' ' '^ Latu ■•;;,,..■ ( CON.TU(}ATIONS PRODTCATIVK ABNORMAL. 85 Volo Volui Fio Vis — uisti Fis Vult — uit Fit Volumus — uimus Fimus Vultis — uistis Fitis Volunt — uerunt Fiunt Volebani Volueram Fiebani — ebas — ueras Fiubaa — ebat — uerat Fiebat — e bam us — uoramus Fiebanuis — ebatis — uerutis Fiebatis — ebant — uerant Fiebant Volam Voluero Fiaiu — es — uoris Fit's — et — uorit Fiet — emus — uerimus Fieuius — etis — utritis Fietis — out — uerint Fient Velim Voliierim Fiam — is — uf.'i'is Fias — it — uurit Fiat — imus — ueriinus Fiamus — itis — ueritis Fiatis — int — uerint Fi;int Vellem Voluissem Fierem — es — uisses Fibres — et — uisset Fioret — emus — uissemus I'ieremus — etis — uissetis Fieretis — ent — uisseut Fierentur Fi or iito Fito Fite or fitote Fiunto n Velle Voluisse Fieri Volens Facta, -us, -urn Facieiida, -us, um Factu " For nolo and mala, substitute no for vo in the one case, and ma for vo in the other ; except in the imperfect present time of Qiolo, which is formed thus, nolo, nonvis, nonvult, nolmnus, non- mdtis, nolunt. 86 LATIN LANGUAGE AND OHAMMAR. PARADIGM FOR THE ACTIVE CONJUfJATIONS. A(;tive. Imp. Action. Fcrf. Artion. AnsOI.UTE MODK. (Present Time.) I have loved. • Thou luiHt loved. He luiH loved. We hiive loved. You liiive loved. They have loved. (Past Time.) I liad loved. Thou hadst lotted. He had loved. VV e had loved. You had loved. They had loved. ( Fntiirc Time.) I will have loved. Thou wilt have loved. He will have h)ved. We will have loved. You will have loved. They will have loved. Conditional Mode I may have loved. Thou niayest have loved He may have loved, We may have loved. You may have loved. They may have loved. I mi^'ht have loved. Thou mightest have loved. He might have loved. We might have loved. You might have loved. They might have loved. I h)ve. Thou Invest. He love.H. We love. You love. They love. I loved. Thou lovedfit. He loved. We loved. You loved. They loved. I will love. 'I'hou wilt love. He will love. We will love. Yon will love. They will love. I may love. Thou mayest love. He may love. We may love. You may love. They may love. I might love. Thou migh test love He might love. We might love. You might love. They might love. Passive. Imp. Action. I become loved. Thou hecomeHt hwed. He becomes loved. We become loved. You become loved. They become loved, I became loved. Thou becamest loved. He became loved. We became loved. You becauie h)ved. They became loved. I will 1)ecome loved. Thou wilt become h)ved. He will become loved. We will become loved. You will become loved. They will become h)ved, I may liecome loved. Thou mayest become loved He may become loved. We may becouie loved. You may become loved. They may become loved. I might become loved. Thou mightest become loved. He might become loved. We might become loved. You might become loved. They might become lovel. Love thou. Let him love. Love ye. Let them love. To love. Loving, About to love. the loving. Imperative Mode, Become thou loved. Let him become loved. Become ye loved. Let them become loved. Impersonal Mode. To have loved. To become loved. EXPLICATIVES. Loved. To become loved. The Explicative as a Principal. — the loving, — in or to the loving. The Impersonal as a Principal. To love. To love, or to be loved. CONJUGATION OF HEING. 87 S. s. s. iiiij I am. Thou art. Ho is. Wo aro. You are. Thty are. M.I was. < 2. 'J'liou wert. ( 3. Ife was. i 1. We were. '* You wore. d 1, They wei'e. I will be. Thou wilt be. He will be. ''"Ve will 1)0. . 2. Vo\i will be. ( ;}. They will be. ^l 1. CONJUGATION OF HEING. ). Sfatr. Per/. State. AllHOLlTTE M()I>K. (Pres,-nt Timv. ) I have beet). Thou hast been. He has been. Wo have b( > ii. You have broii. They have been. (Fast Time.) J had Ijceii. Thou hadst been. He hatl been. We had been. You had been. They luul been. ,' FiUiire Time.) i will have been. Thou wilt have been. He will have boon. Wo will have been. You will hav'e beei). They will have beo)i . Conditional Modk. 1 . 1 may be. 8. ( 2. Thou niiiyest be, 3. He may be. C ] . We may be. P. < 2. You may be. ( 3. They may be. M . I miQ;ht be. S P. \ 2. Thou mii(htest be. ( 3. He mi'rht be. 1. We might be. 2. You miglit be. 3. They might be. S. j 2. Be thon. ) 3. Let him be. To be. ■ . About to be. 1 may have boon. Thon mayest have been. He may have been. We may have been. Yoii may have been. They may have been. I might have been. Thou mightest have been. Ho might have been. We might have been. You might have been. They might have been. Imperative Mode. p j 2. Be ye. I 3. Let them be. Impersonal Mode. To have been. Explioatives. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) i^j F^^'^ iS 'i*. %> Q> '' I ' 88 latin language and grammar. Accidental Conjunctions. 1. Those which require the accidental termination in the accidence, are : Ab, ap, a, From. Cum, With. Ex, ef, e, Out. De, Dis, dif, In, im, Pro, Of, from. From. In. For. 2. Those which require the predicative termination in the accidence, are : Ad, at, at', To. Ante, Before. Apud, A mong. Circum, About. In, im, Ob. oc, OS, Per, Post, Traus, Into. Against. Through. After. Across. 3. Those which take either the accidental or prodicative terminations, are : Prae, Sub, Slip, sus, Before. Over . ii 1 DICTIONARY. 89 DICTIONAKY. ABBREVIATIONS. aC accidence. ac. conj.. accidental conjunction, conjng. . .conjugation. c. d com])arative degree. expl explicative. f feminine. irr irregular. A. Ab, or a before a semnic sound or letter ; ac. conj. From, by. Acriter ; ac. SharpI//. Acta, us, um ; expl. Acted (from ago.) Acies, ei ; f.,5, A sharp ed(/e or point, a battalion. Actio, onis ; f., 3 (ex ago). An. ac- tion, a bearing. Ad, ac, af, ag, al, am, an, ap, ar, as, at, ; ac. conj. To, at. Adolescens, tis ; f. and m. ; (ex ad + oleo vel olesco). (rrowinr/ to maturitj/, a yoanfi woma)i or man. Adolescentia, ae; f. , 1. Youth. Aedes, is ; f . , 3. A house. Aegerrime ; ac. Hardly, with dif- ficulty. Aequa, us, um ; expl. jiJqnnl. Aequata, us, um ; expl. Equalised, matched. Aer, aeris ; n. , 3. Brass or cop- per. Aestas, atis ; f., 3. Summer. Ager, ri ; m., 2. Lund, arable land. Ago, Sre, egi, actum : 6 conjug. / bear, I act. Agor, 6ris, agi, acta ; pass. / become born, I become acted. Agmen, minis ; n., 3. A a-owd, a Jlock, an army. Ala, ae ; f., 1. The wing of a bird. Alacritas, atis; f., 2. Alacrity, gaiety. Alaris, e ; expl. (ex ala). Of the wing or flank of an army. m masculine. n neuter. pass passive. pi plural. sing singular. s. conj sentential conjunction . ct and other. Alia, us, ud ; expl., (3. AnotJier, other. Alo, t5i-e, ui, alittun et i^Itum ; 6 conjug. I nourish. Alor, i ; pass. / become nourished, Alta, us, um ; expl. High, deep. (c.d. ior, ius). Altera, alter, alterum ; expl. , fi. Another, other. Altitudo, inis ; f., 3. Height or depth. Amentia, ae ; f. , 1 (ex ab + mens). 3Iadness. Arnica, us, um ; (xpl. Fri-'udly. Arnica, ae; f., 1. A friend. Amicitia, ae ; f., 1. Friendship. Amicus, i ; m. , 2. A friend. Amor, ors ; m., 3. Love. Ampla, us, um; ex))l. Ample. An, s. conj. Or. Animus, i ; m. , 2. The mind, soul, life. Augusta, us, um ; expl. Naii'oio. Annus, i ; m., 2. A circle, a ring, a year. Annua, us, um ; expl. Yearly. Ante ; ac. conj. Before. Antiqiui, us, um ; ex])l. Ancient. Aprilis, is ; m. , 3. April. Apud ; ac. conj. Among, with. Aquitania. ae ; f ., 1. The part of ancient Gaul, south of the Rhone. Aquitanus, i; m., 2. An Aquit- ania n. Arbitror, aris ; a c oxpl. Bold, audacious. Aiideo, Gre, sus, Hinn ; e conjiig. / dare. Augeo, rre, xi, ctum ; e conjiig. I au'jment. Aut ; H. conj. Or. Autem ; ac. At the some time. Avaritia, ae ; f., L Avar ire. Avus, i; in., 2. (rrandfother. Auxiliiim, i ; n., 2. Aid, help. B. ]3arbara, us, um ; exj)!. Barbarous. Bel'^ae; m. ])!., 1. The Belgians of Ancient (hiiiK Bello, are ; d conjvig. / loar. Bellinn, i ; n., 2. War. Bene (c. d. melius, optinie) ; ac. Well, f/oodl/h Beneficiuin, i ; a., 2. A benefit. Beo for liaben (in de + beo) Bidiiuni, i; n, 2 (l)is + dies). The .spore of turn dajiK. Bienniuin, i ; n., 2 (1iiM + annus). Two iiear.s. Bipaititi ; ac. (bis + pars). Intivo partif. Bona, us, nm ; exi)l. Good. Bonitas, atis ; f . , ',i. Goodnens. Brachium, i ; n. , 2. The arm. Brevis, e ; oxpl. Sho't, brief. Buo for habeo {in tri + buo). 1 hold or hare. Buro, ere, bussi, bustuin ; 6 conj. I burn, in conil)uro. C. Cado (oido in the compounds), ere, cicidi, casum. 7 fail. Calamitas, atis ; f., ',i. Gahimitii. Candeo, ere. / .s7u'/)ie. I kindle. ('apio (cipio in the com, ounds), ftre, cepi, captum. I take. Capior, ci\\A, captus ; pass. / be- come taken. Captiva, us, uni ; expl. Captured. Carrum, i; n., 2. A ca>t or ca- . Carrus, i ; m., 2. A cart o>- car. Castellum, i ; n., 2. A castle or fort. Castrum, i ; ii., 2. A castle, camp, armif. Casus, us ; m. , 4. A fall. Cator, oris ; ni., 2. A reachcr (in precator /ro//? (piaero). Causa, ae; f., 1. A cause. Caveo, ere, vi, cautuni. I caution, I heed. Cedo, fire, cessi, cessum. / bear, I ()0. Celeriter; ac. Qnirklii. Celtae ; m., pi., 1. A people of Ancient Gaul ; Gauls. Cendo, tire, di sum. / kindle. Cens, tis ; expl. Kindled. Censeo, ere, ui, sinn. / kmdle. Centurio, onis ; m., 3. A captain over a hundred foot soldiers. Ceps, cipis ; f., m. ,3. Taken (as in princeps). Cerno, ^re, crevi, cretum. / sift, I I part. I Certu, us, um ; expl. (c. d. ior, ius). : Certain, sure: i Certissinia, ns, um ; expl. Most ; cS'tain. I Certo, are. I quarrel (from cerno) ' Cesso, are ( a cedo). I fall, I bear. ( 'ibarium, i ; n., 2. Fooil. ( 'ilio, are. / heal (as in eoncilii.s). I Cilium. i ; n., 2. An as^ivinhlu for ' healina {as in concilium). Cingo, ere, xi, ctum. T i/iid. I Cipalis, e ; expl., 3. Taken {as in princi])alis). Cij^aliter ; ac, Takin;ily {as in prin- cipaliter). Cipatus, Tis ; m., 4. Taken (as in principatus). Cipita, us, um ; expl. Taken (as in praecipita). Uii)ium, i ; n 2. The taken (as in princiiiiumj. Cipue ; ac. Takinf/lif {('■t in prin- cipue). Circino, are. / circulate, I make a circle. Circinus, i ; m., 2. A compass or pail of compasses, • ■ Cito, are. / more. Citor, citari.s ; pass. / become moved. Citra ; ac. On this side. Citro ; ac. Hither. Ci vitas, atis ; f., 3. A city or state {from capio). Cultua, UH ; m., 4. Culture. DICTIONARY. Clamo, are. / clamor. Claro, are. / char. Cliens, tis; f.. m., 3. A client. Cludo, 6re, si, sum. I shut, I close. Coepio, fere, pi, pturn. / heyin (from capio). Cohors, ortis ; f,, 3. Jlock, crowd, or band. CoUis, is ; m., 3. A little hill. Colo, 6re, ui, cultum. / cultivate. Color, coli ; culta, us, um ; pass. / become cultirated. Columis, e ; expl. Whole, safe. Cr.n, com, col, cor ; ac. Tor/ether. C )natu.s. us ; m., 4. A trial. Conor, are. I tr// (conqueror— con +quafcror). Consul, sulis ; m., 3. A consul or chief officer. Consulatus, us ; m. , 4. Consulship. Copia, ae ; f., 1, Copiousness, plenty. Copiosa, us, ura ; expl. Copious. Cor, caii. I reach {as in pre + cor a quaeror). Comu, nu ; n., 4. A horn, thetoiny of an army. Credibilis, e ; expl. Credible. Creo, are. / create. Cresco, 6re, crevi, cretum. If/ro^o. Creta, us, um; expl. Lifted, parted. Crinir;. is ; m., 3. The hair of the head. Cro, are. / rtach {as in obsecro from quaero). Cruciatus, us; m., 4. A crossing or tonnent. Crudeliter; ac. Cruelly. Cum ; ac. conj. With. Cuum ; ac. When. Cun for cum. With {as in qui- cunque). Cunctatio, onis ; f., 3. Tan-yimj, Ungering. Cunctor, ari. To turry, to linger. Cupata, us, um ; expl. Taken {as in occupata). Cupida, us, um ; expl. Covetous. Cupiditas, atis ; f. , 3. Covetousness. Cupio, 6re et ire, ivi, itum. I covet, I take. Cur for quare ; ac. Wherefore. Curo, are. I care. Cursus, U8 ; 4. A coursimj or rtin- nin(j. Cuso, are. / reach {as in recuso from quiero). Custos, odis ; f., m., 3. A keeper or watchman. Damnatus. us ; m.. 4. Damnation. Damno, are. I damn. Data, us, um ; expl. Given . De, di, dif, dis ; ac. cttnj, Frym, off, of Debeo, ere, ui, itum. / hold from (de + liabeo). Decurio, onis ; f., 3. A captain over a company of soldiers. Dem ; expl. {indeclinable). Same {as in idem). Demum ; ac. At lenyth, at last. Denae, i, a ; expl. pi. Ten. Denique ; ac. Finally, at last. Desuper ; ac, Over from (de + su- per). Deo, ire, ivi or ii, ittmi. / bear. Deus, i ; m., 2. (rod. De.xtera, ae. f., 1. The right hand. Di, dif, dis, de ; ac. conj. From, Diana, us, um ; expl. Dady {as in ([uotidiana). Diano ; ac. Daily. Diciimi, i; n., 2. A showing, a sign ("s in indicium). Dico, fcre, xi, ctum. / show, I say, I dictate. Dico, are. / say, I show. Dicta, us, um ; expl. Said. Dictio, onis ; f. , 3. A saying, dic- tation, showing. Dies, ei ; f., m., 5. A day. Dis, (litis ; f., m. (dite n.), expl. 3. Rich. Disco, 6re, didici. I learn. Ditis, is ; f., m., (dite n.), expl., 3. Rich.. Ditio, onis ; f., 3, A., bearing. Diu ; ac. While. Diurna, us, um ; expl. Daily. Diutius ; ac. Longer in time. Do, are, didi, datum. I give. Dolor, oris; m., 3. Gi'ief, sorroiv, ache- Domicilium, i; n., 2. A domicile or abode. Domus, us or i; f., 4. A house, a home. Dono, are. / give Dubitatio, oni. ; f., 3. A doubting. Dubito, are, / doubt. 92 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR, t; ! iP i ,1 Dubium, i : n., 2. , A doubt. Duco. <5re, xi, ctmii. / hcfi7\ Ducor, i ; pass. / heromc horn. Ducta, lis, um ; expl. Born. Dulgeo, ere, dulsi ; / caress (as in indulgeo), I)um ; ac. While, yet. Dux, cia ; f., m., 3. A bearer, a tcaie7'. E. E, ef, ex ; ac. conj. Out. Egregia, us, um ; expl. Er/rcfiious. Emo (imo in the compounds), ere, C'liii, emptum ; / take. Eraor, emi ; enipta, us, urn ; pass. / become taken. Empta, us, ura ; expl. Taken. Eo, ire, ivi, itum. / hear. Ercitus, i; m., 2. Force (of exei- citus, out force, army). E(iuester or equestris ; f.. m., (eipiestre u.); expl., 2. Eques- trian. Eques, itifi ; f., m., 3. A horse. EquitatuH, us ; m., 4. 7'he cavalry. Ecjuito, are ; / ride. Equus, i ; m., 2. A ho^'se. Et., 8. conj. And. Ex, e, ef ; ao. con. Out. Exercitus, i; m., 4 (ex + arceo) ; the force employed forth or beyond the Roman commonwealth proper. Expedita, us, um ; exp. (ex + pes) footed out, free from restraiat. F. Facile ; ac. Easily. Facilis, e ; expl., 3. Easy, facile. Facinus, oris ; n., 3. A deed or act, (a facio). Facio, (ficio in the compounds), ere, faci, factum ; / make. Facta, us, um ; expl. Made. Factio, onis, f., 3. A making, a faction. Facultas, atis; f., 3. Ability or poiuer to make. Familia, ae ; f . , 1. Familiaris, e ; expl. , 3. Fas ; n. (indeclinable). tice, right. Fatigata, us, um ; expl. Fatigued. Fatum, i ; n. 2. Fate. Faves, ere, favi, fautum ; I favour. Felicitas, atis ; f . , 3. Felicity, happinesss. The family. Familiar. Piety, jus- Femino or foemino, ftre ; I foemin- ate. Foeminor or foeminor, an ; / he- come foeminated. Fendo, 6re, di, sum ; / fend or fence {as in defenso). Fera, us, um ; expl. Fierce, loild. Ferax, acis ; expl,, 3. Fertile. Fere ; ac. Mostly. Fen, , ferre, tuli, latum ; irr. Ihcctr. Feror, ferri (lata, uh, um) pass. / become born. Ferum, i ; n., 2. Iron. Ferta, us. um ; expl. Horn. Fes^a, us, um ; expl. Wasted, languid. Ficiscor, i ; / make {^is in proficis- cor. / make for. ) Ficium, i; n.,2. from {ncio, a deed 01' act {(IS in bene -t- ficium). Fides, ei ; f . , 5. Faith. Fido, fere, di, fisus ; / trust. Filia, ae ; f., 1. A daughter, Fingo, 6re, nxi, ictum ; I fix. Finis, is ; f., m. , 3. The end, limit,. frontier. Finitima, us, um ; expl. Frontier. Finitas, atis ; f., 3. The end, {as in infinitas). Fio, is, fieri (facta, us, um) irr. pass. I become made. Firmissima, us, um ; expl. Firmest. Firm, are; Ijix, I firm. Fixa, us, um ; expl. Fixed. Flagito, are ; I demand. Flecto, 8re, xi, xum. I bend. Fleo, ere, evi, turn. / iveep. Florens, entis; expl. Flourishing. Flumen, inis ; n., 3. A river (a fluo). Fluo, 6re, xi, xumet ctum. I How. Fore, (a defective prod, conj.) To be about to be. Fortis, e ; expl. 3. Strong. Fortuna, ae ; f., 1. Fortune. Fortitudo, inis ; f., 3. Fortitude. Fossa, ae ; f. , 1. A dike or ditch. Frango, gre, fregi, fractum. / b>'eak. Frater, tris ; m. , 3. Brother. Frigus, oris; n., 3. Cold, chilli- ness, winter Fraterna, us, um ; expl. Brotherly. Frumentaria, us, um: expl. Fruit- ful. Fruraentum, i: n., 2. Fruit, (as corn and other grain. DICTIONARY. Fuga, ae ; f. , 1. Flight, Fugitivus, i, m., 2, A fiujitive. Furor, oris ; m. , 3. Fimj, madness. Fusa, us, um ; expl. Fused. Futura, us, um ; expl. Future. G. Gallia, ae ; f,, 1. Gaul. Gallus, i; m., ^ Gaid. Garuuma. The Garonne river. Generalim; ac. Ocneralh/. Gemiauus, i ; ni., 2. A German. ■Gero, gre, gessi, gestum. Iijenerate. Geror, geri (gesta, us, um), pass. / become horn. Gesta, us, um ; expl. Generated. Gladius, i ; m., 2. A sword. Gloria, ae ; f., 1. Glonj. Glorior, ari (gloriata,' us, um) / gloi'if. Gnita, us, um; expl Known (as 111 cognita). Gradior, i ; (gressa, us, um) pass. / become born. Gratulata, us, um ; expl. Grain- latcd igr&tia + lata). Gratia, ae ; f,, 1. Grace. Gravis, e ; expl. , 3. Grave, sombre. Graviter; an. Gravel i/. Gressa, us, um ; expl. Born; (as in progressa). H. Habeo (hibio in therompomids), ere, ui, itum. I haic, I hold. Habeor, eri ; pass. / become held. Habito, are. / hold, I habit. Haec, hie, hoc ; expl. This. Hemlo, ere, di, sura. I take (as in prehendo). Hiberna, orum ; n., pi. Winter quarters. Hiemo, are, I unnter. Hilum, i ; n ., 2. A speck (as in nihilum). Hiapania, ae ; f. , 1. Spain. Homo, inis ; m. , 3. Man, mankind. Honor orhonos, oris ; m.,3. Hanoi', honesty. Hortor, ari (hortata, us, um). T hearten. Hospitium, i; n., 2. Entertainment. Hostis, is ; f., m., 3. A foreigner, a I enemy. Hue ; ac. Hither. Humanitas, atia ; f., 3. Humanity. I. Ibi ; ac. There. Ibuo for hibuo, ere, ui, utum. 1 iMve (as in contribuo). Ictus, us ; m., 4. A stroke, a blow. Idem ; expl. (is + dem oj'id + dem). Th/it same. Idonea, us, um ; expl. Fit, proper. Idus, uum, idibus ; f. pi. The Ides of a month. Ignis, is ; m. , 3. Fire. Ignor, ari (in + nosco). / knownot. Ignoror, ari (uta, us, um) ; i)ass. / become not known. Igo for ago, 6re, egi, ectum. I bear (as in exigo). Illic : ac. I'hirc. Immortalis, o ; expl., 3. Immortal. Impedimeutum, i; n., 2. Impedi- ment, hindrance. Impedio, ire, ivi, itum. limpede. Impedior, iri ; pass. / become im- peded. Impedita, us, um ; expl. Impeded. Imprimis ; ac. In the first place, fi'Ht of all (im + primis). Improviso ; ac. tlnforcseenhi. Impune ; ac. Impunity, without punishment. In and im; ac. conj. In, into. In (a si^in of the ne(iatire), not. Incredibilis, e ; expl,, 3. Incredible. Inarrais, e; expl., 3. Unarmed. Infera, us, um (c.d.inferior,intimus); expl. Unborn. Tnfidelitas, atis ; f . , 3. Infidelity. Ingens, tis ; expl. Lan/e, huge. Iniqua, us, um ; expl. Unequal. Tnimicus, i ; m. , 2. An enemy. Injuria, ae ; f . , 1. Injury. Innocentia, aej f., 1. Innocence. Inopia, ae ; f., 1. Want, need (in + copia). Inopinans, tis ; expl., 3. Unthink- ing (in + opinio). Insciena, tis; expl., 3. Ignorant (in + scio). Insolenter ; ac. Insolently. Integro, are. / bear crossingly in (in+ter + gero). Interim ; ac. In crossingly in, in the meantime. Invita, us, um ; expl. Inbidden and unbidden. Ipsa, e, um. (A personal principal) herself, himself, itself, is declined it l' ) ■■[' 04 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. I ji'i like ilia, on///ip8a/?«aipHum where ilia has ilhul. Ira, Jie; f., 1. An(jer. Iracuiula, lus, urn; expl. Amjrt/, if ate. Iracurulia, ae ; f., 1. Atujer. Istinu), are. I stand. Ita ; ac. Ho, mrh, Ita, us, um ; expl. Born {as in prauterita, us, um). Item ; expl. Such same (Ita + dem). Iter, itineriH ; n. , 3. A beariny, a journey. Iterum ; ac. A'jain, a second time . Itium, i; n. (a ire). A bearing, [as in initium). J. Jacto, are / throw. Jactor, ari ; pass. / become throw'n. Jacta, us, urn ; expl. Thrown. Juha, ae ; f-, 1. The inane of a. horse or other beast. Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum. / order. Judicata, us, um ; expl. Judtjed. Judicium, i ; n., 2, Judijmeiit. Judico, are. I judge. Judicor, ari ; pass. / becomejudged. Jugum, i ; n., 2. A poke. Jumentum, i ; u. , 2. A labouring beast. Juncta, us, um ; expl. Joined. Jura, ae ; f . , 1. Mount Jura. Juratio, onis ; f. , 3, A swearing. Jus, juris ; n. , 3. Justice. Justitia, ae ; f. , 1. Justice. Juvo, are, juvi, jutum. Aid, help. K, Kalendae, anim ; f. pi. 1. The ca- lends of a month. Lt Iiaboro, are. / labor, I vjork. Lacesso, 6re, ivi anrf 1, itum. I la- cerate or tear. Lacrima, ae ; f. , 1. A tear (in weeping). Lacus, i and ti? ; m., 2 and 4. A lake. Lapis, idis ; m. , 3. A stone. Largiendum, i ; n., 2. Largeness, liberality. Largiter; ac. Largely. Largitio, onis; f., 3. Largeness, libertdity. liata, us, um ; expl. llroud, wide. Late ; ac. Widely. Latitude, inis ; f., 3. Breadth. Legatif>, onis ; f., 3. A legation. Legatus, i ; m. , 2. A legate. Legio, onis ; f., 3. A legion, a re- giment of soldiers. Lego, Cre, i, lectum. / lighten, I lecture, I read. Leniannus, i; m., 2. (kneva. Lenitas, atis ; f,. 3. Lenity, smooth- ness. Levo, are. I lift. Lex, legis; f., 3. A law. Libera, er, um ; expl. Free, liberal. Liberalitas, atia ; f., 3. Liberality. Liberi, oruiii, ; m. pi., 2. Chitdem. Libero, are. I liberate, I free. I/ibeitas, atis ; f., 3. Liberty. Licenn, entis ; expl. 3, Licentious. Liceo, ere, ui. ituni. I license. Liceor, eri ; (licata, us, um) pass. / become licensed. Ligata, ii.s, um ; exi)l. Bound. liigo, are. / bind, I tie. Lingua, ae; f., 1. The tongue, lan- guage. Linquo, fire, liqui, lictum. / leave. Liquum, i ; n., 2. A rcmnnat, (as in reliquum). Liciaa, us, um ; expl. Left, (as in reliqua). Loco, are. I locate, I place. Locus, i, m ; 2. A place. Longa, us, um ; expl. Long. Longe ; ac. Lengthily, far. Longinqua, us um ; expl. Long. Longitudo, inis ; f., 3. Length. Luna, ae ; f., 1. The moon. Lux, lucis ; f., 3. Light. , M. Magis; ac, More, (as Magisquam= more than). Magistratus, us ; m., 4. A magis- trate. Magna, us, um ; expl. Great. Magnopere ; ac. With great labor (magno + opere). Mala, us, um , expl. Bad. Male ; ac. Badly. Mandatum, i ; n. , 2. A mandate, order. Manus, us ; f., 4. A hand. DICTIONARY. 95 Matara, ao ; f., 1. .4 trpcar. Mater, iuatfi« ; f.,3. Mother. Matrinioniuiu, i;n., 2. Marriayt. Maturiuie ; at;. Mutitrety Matiirt), are. / mature, ripen. Maxiine ; ac. Most 'jreathi. Meatus, us; m., 4. A bearlny, IJOUIIJ. _ Mediocriter, ac. Modtrtitely. Memoro, are. I mind. Mens, mentis ; f., 'A. The mind. Mensis, is ; ui., 3. A month. Meu, are. / Unr. Mercator, nris ; ui., 3. A tMrc/uirit. Merces, edis ; f., ;'.. Hire, wagen, Mereo, ere, ui, itinn. / merit. Meridies, ei ; m., 5. Midda//. Merita, us, um ; expl. Merited. Merituni, i ; n., 2. Merit. Miles, itis ; f.,in., '.i. A Soldier. Minima, us, uni ; expl. Leant. Minime ; ac. Minutefi/. Miniscor ; pass. / heeome minded, {a.s in comiDiniscor). Ministro, are. / min ister, serve. Minus ; ac. Less. Minuta, us, um ; expl. Lessened. Mira, us, um ; expl. Marvelous. Miror, ari. / marvel, loonder. Missa, us, um ; expl. Sent, put. Misera, re, um ; expl. Miserable. Miseror, ari ; / mourn. Mitto, ere, misi, missum. 1 sent, put. Mobilitas, atis ; f., 3. Movableness. Moda, us, um ; expl. Measured. Modo ; ac. In a measure or manner. Molestia, ae ; f. , 1. Molestation. Molior, iri, itus. / move. MoUio, ire, ivi, itum. / soften. MoUimentum, i ; n., 2. A softening. Molita, us, um ; expl. (Jiound (through a mill). Molo, 6re, uti, itum. 7 (jrind. Molor ; pass. I become [/round. Mons, ontis ; m., 3. A mountain. Monstro, are. / shoxc. Monstror, ari ; pass. I become slioum. Moror, ari. I stay, tarry, linger. Mora, tis; f., 3. Death. Mortua, us, um ; expl. Dead. Mob, moris; m., 3. Manner. Mota, us, um ; expl. Moved. Moveo, ere, vi, motum. / inove. Mulier, eris ; f ., 3. A woman, a WMid. Multa, us, um ; exj)l. ; f., 3. A multi- ims Many. Multitudo, tilde. Miuiio, ire. / mesaure ( acv}i little and little. Pax, cia ; f., 3. Pe((ce. Pecco, are. / sin, fail, commit u fmlt. Pecto, are. / .tp.'/, (from apecto, aa in expecto). Pedes, pt'ditia; f., ni., 3. Foot soldiers on the march. Pedita, ua, um ; ex])l. Footed [as in expedita). Polio, Cre, jtuli or pepuli, pulaum. r put or thrust. Pollor, jtellari ; i)asa. I become put. Peudo or (pendHo), t're, pependi, penaum. / tvei; h, I think. Pene or paene ; ac. Mostlg. Pentina, us, um; expl. (as in re- I)entina— / ^veigii, hack). IV'r ; ac. conj. Through, bg, Perdo, ere, didi, ditum. / lose. Periculum, i; n.,2. Peril, danger. Perio, ire, peri, pertum. / bear (as in rjperio). i Perior, iri, ertua ; paaa. / become born (as in reperior). Perium, i ; n. , 2. A bearing (as in imi)erium). Perita, ua, um ; expl. Born (as in iniperita). Per> ), are. / bear (as in impero). Perta, ua, um ; expl. Born (as in experta) Pea, pedis; m , 3. A foot. Peto, gre, ivi, itum. I reach. Petro, are. I reach. Phalanx, angis ; f., 3. The body of the army. Placeo, ere, ui, itum. I please. Planitia, ae ; f., 1. A plain. Plebs, plebia ; f., 3. People (mob, rabble). Plexa, ua, um ; expl. Folded. Plicium, i. n.,2. A folding. Plorator, oris ; m. , 3. A reacher (as in explorator). Plures, plurium ; expl. pi. , 3. Many, a great many. ;» DICTIONARY. ' 97 ?< f s Plurima, us, um ; expl. 3/os^ Poena, ae ; f.,1. Pain, puniiihment. I'oUicidr, eri, itufl. / promise. Poiido (orpendeo), Sie, di. Bum. / wei'jh. (In respondo.) Pono, 6re, 8ui u ivi, itum. I put. Pons, tis ; ni., 3. A bridye. Populata, us, um ; expl. Peopled. Populatio, onis ; f,,3. Peopling. Populor, ari. 1 people. Populus, i ; m. , 2. People. Porto, are. / benr or can p. Porter, ari ; pass. / become born or carried. Portorium, i ; v., 2. The duty or, goods imported. Posco, fire, poposci. / ask, demand. Possessio, onis ; f., ;^. Possession. Possum, potes, jjosse, potui ; irr. / fim able. Possideo, es, 6re, sedi and sidi, ses- sum.. I possess. Postera, us, um ; expl. After. Postulata, us, um ; expl. Jiom after (post + Jata a fero). Pi'tentia, ae ; f.. 1. Power. Potestas, atis ; i. , 3. Power. Potior, iris mid eris, iri, itus ; pass. / become possessed. Potior, ius ; txpl., c.d. Morepotent. Potis, e ; expl. Able. Potissima, us, um ; expl. Moat ab'e, Potita, us, um ; expl. Possessed. Prae ; ac. conj. Before. Praelium, i; n., 2. A b"ttle. Praesens, tis ; expl. 3. Present. Praesentia, ae ; f., 1. Presence. Praestrtim ; ac, Especi-Hy, chiefly. Praeses, idis ; f., m., 3. One viho presides or sits if/o'C (pne + sido). Praetor, oris , ra. , 3. A general. Precis, em, e ; pi. preces, ibua. A pray 6' (a pre + quaero). Pretium, i ; n., 2. Price. Prin ; ac. Fi'St ("S in princeps). Pristina, us, um ; expl. Ancient. Prius ; ac. Befoe, sooner, rather {as in prius quam). Piivata, us, um ; ixpl. Private. Pro ; ac. conj. For. Pro. pros ; ac. Forth. ProDo, are. / prove, I hold for (pro+habeo). Prope ; ac. Near. Propinqua, us, um ; expl. Near, ntigkboring. G Propior, ius ; expl., c. d. Nearer. Propria, us, um , expl. Proper. Proxima, us, um ; expl. Nearest, next. Provincia, ae ; f.,1 (pro + vinro), the country conquered forth or jeyond ""; Roman commonwealth proper. Publica, us, um ; expl. Public. Publice ; ac. Publicly. Pudor. oris ; m., 3. Shame. Puef, i ; m., 2. Boy. Pugno, are. I fii.iht. Pulsa, us, um ; expl. Pulsed, (as in repulsa). Purgo, are. I purge, or make pure. Purgor, ari ; pass. / become purged. Puto, are. I put. Quae, qui, quod ; expl. Which; who or what, Quaero fquiro in the compounds), fire, sivi, situm. I iC'dt. Quaeror, i ; pass. I herome reached. Qualis, e ; expl. What like, (quae + 8imilis). Quam ; ac. Than, (as magisquam —more than. ) Quaie;ac. Wherefore, lohy. Quarta, us, um ; exp). Fourth. Quati , fire , ssui, ssum. / sliake, J shatter. Que ; s. conj. And. Queror, i, (questa, us, um). IqueS' tion. Quin ; ac In that. Quor, qm,cnt\im (in the rompounJs) ; I reach, (as in serjuor). Qutit ; ac. How many. Quotidiaiia, us, um ; expl. IIoio many " doy, (quot + dies). Quoties ; ac. How many times, Iww often. B. Radix, ici3 ; f. , 3. A root. Rapina, ae ; f., 1. Rapine, robbery. Rapio (ripio in the compounds), Sre, ui, ptum. I force. Ratis, is ; f. , 3. A raft. Re ; ac. Back. Recens, tis ; expl, 3. Recent, new, fresh. LATIN LANGUAGE AND (IRAMMAR. f i; !' .1 i^ Kedimn, ere, emi, emptuin. I re- deem ; (r«j + emo, I take hack), Regtnim, i ; n., 2. The rule. Repento ; ac. Sutldevlii. Repudio, are. / repudiate, refuse, reject. Rob, ei, f. , 5. A thing. Rheda, ae : f., 1. A chariot. RhenuB, i ; m., 2. The Rhine. RhodamiB, i ; m., 2. The RImie. Ridicule ; ac. Ridiculously. Ripa, ae; f., 1. The bank of a river. Rogo, are. I reach. Romana, uh, um ; expl. Roman. Rumpo, 6re, rupi, ruptum. i break. ILxinnmand rursus; at. Turnedhack, again, (re + veraus). Rota, ae ; f , A wheel. ft. Saepe ;ac. Often. Salio (silio in the coiupuuudH) ire, ni (inctivi, Bultum. I leap. SuhiH, utis ; f., 3. Health, safety. Hanguia, iiiis ; in., 3. Blood. Snncio, ire, ivl, and xi, itum an^l tuni. / sanction. Sanitas, atis ; f. , 3. Soundness, health Sarcina, iiiis ; n., 3. ^l truss, pack. Hatiu ; ac. Enauyh. Scando, 6re, di, miuh. / mount, climb. 8celu8, eris ; n. , 3. Wickedness. Scic, us, mn ; expl. Kmnon. Sciens, entis ; expl. Kmrwiiuj. Scientia, ae; f., 1. Science, ktww- ledge. Scio, ire, scivi, turn. / know. Soindo, gre, acidi, sciscidi and seaci- di, sciHSum. 1 cut, split. Scribo, 6re, psi, ptum. / scrape. write. Scisco, 6re,ivi, itum; (scio-f quaero) 1 reach at knowledge. Scutiuni, n., 2 ; 1. A shield. Se, aese. Self. See formula. Secius ; ac. Less. Secretum, i; n.,2. A secret; (se-f- cemo). Sed ; ac. But. Semel ; ac. Once {as aemel et iter- nm^onee and again.) Sementis, is ; f,, 3. A sowing. Semper ; ac. Always. SenatnH, uh ; m., 4. Thi senate if rum setiex). Sfiux, is and iciM ; f., m , 3. yiti iild man or woman. St ntentia, ae ; f., 1. Amntence. St'ntio, ire, hi, num. I feci. Soparatim ; uc. Separately (av + paro). St'ptt-ntrio, onii4 ; ni., 3. The north. tookiny to the seven starx. Hc[)»iltura, ae ; f., 1. Intombmt nl. SeqiianuH, i; m., 2. A Sequanian. Sero, fire, ui, Hcrtum. I snv: StirvilJH, e; expl., 3. Serrile, slariiih. Servitns, tutw ; f., 3. .Serrit>(dc, slavery. SeivuH, i ; m., 2. A servant a slave. Ses, sidis ; f., m., 3. A sitting (in iihni'H and praeses). Si; ac. //. Sidium, i ; n.,2. A sitting. SigniH, e ; uxpl.,3. Marked. Signo, are. / mark. Silio, iie, ui and ivi, «ultum. I heal (as in coneilio). S?lium, i ; n., 2. Healing {as in conrtilium). Silva. ao ; f.,'l. A n-ood. a farest. Sinini ; ac. Similarly, at the sam> timt. Sini;ula, u.s, um ; expl. Single. Sinistra, ae ; f. , 1. The left hand. Sisto, fere, stiti, stituni. I stand, stay. Socer, eri ; m., 2 Socius, i ; m., 2 panion. Sol, is ; m., 3. The xna. Sola, UH, um ; expl. Whole. Solata, us, um ; expl. Healed. Solum ; ac Wholly, alone, only. Solvo. gre, vi, utum. I loosen, free- Soror, oris ; f. , 3. A sister. Sors, tis ; f., 3. Lot, fortune, lot. Specio (spicio in the compoimds), Sre, xi, ctum. I spy. Specto, are. / spy. Spectus, us ; m. , 4. A spy my. Sporo, are. / hope. Spiritus, us ; m. , 4. The spirit, the breathing. Sponte ; ac. Spoataneously. i Spuo, gi-e, ui, utum. I spit, spue. Statim ; ac. Straightway. , Statue (stitiio in the compounds), lixe, I ui, utum. I aet. A father-in-law. A sociate, com- ^ DICIUONARY. 99 Statuor (stituor in the cnmpounda), ui, pivHH. / become net. Htipendiuria, uh, urn ; expl. Stipen- fiary, trihutari/. Stipendiuin, i ; n., 2. Stipend, wnt/€n, pay. Stituta, UH, uni ; expl. Stationed, set, pi (iced. Sto, are. 7 stand. Stricta, us, um ; expl. Slruvg, strict, bound. Struo, fire, xi, ctum (Hto + rego). I set ri(jht. Studeo, ere, ui. / studi/. Studiuin, i ; n., 2. Study. Sua, U8, um ; exj)!. Hei; his, its. Snadeo, ere, hi, sum. I sway. Sub, Huc, sup, Hug, sum. Over, aborc. Suo, gre, ui, utum. / reach (from (juaero). Sueo, ere, suevi, Huetuui. / reiwh {from (juaero). Suesco, fire (as sueo). Sul (in comnoundH). Whole, heal (as in insula, cop ' •). Sum, esse, fui. / ' Summa, usj um ; c JJiffUcst. Summum, i ; n., 2. The top. Sumo, fire, psi, ptum. 7 ta/ce. Sumpta, us, um ; expl. Taken. Superbe ; ac. Superbly. Supplicium, i ; n., 2. Supplication super + plico). Supra ; ac. conj. Abore over. A table, board, A little T. Tabula, ae ; f . , 1 . register. Tabernaculum, i; n, . 2. shop made of boards. Taceo, ere, ui, itum. I am silent. Tacita, us, um ; expl. Silent. Talis, e ; expl. , 3. Such (ike (tarn + similis). Tarn and tan ; ac. So, such. Tamen ; ac. Such same (tam + dem) , at the same time, still. Tametsi ; ac. And if so (tam + et +si). Tamdiu and tandiu. So loni/ (tam +diu). Tango (tingo in thecompounds),^re, tetigi, tectum. I touch. Tanta, U8, um ; expl. So many, to much, so great (tam+multa). Tantopere ; ac. With sn much force. (tam + (luanttnn + 011.-'). Tectum, i ; n., 2. A cover a roof. TeloH, eos ; n. An end w aivi. Ttlum, i ; n., 2. A dart, ant>u', javelin. Temere ; ac. Eashly. 'i'emperantia, ae ;f., 1. Tempera nee. Tempero, are. 7 temper or time. 'i'emi)UH. oris ; n., 3. Time. Tenclo, fire, tetendi and tenti, ten- sum and tentum. 7 hold. Tendor, i ; 7 become held. Teneo (tineo in the compounds). Pre, ui, turn. 7 hold. Teneor, eri (tentatus, um) ; pass. 7 become held. Tento, are. I try, tempt. Ter ; ac. Crossingly. Tergum, i ; n., 2. The back. Terra, ae : f., 1. The earth. Terr«o. ere, ui, itun). 7 terrorise or fear. Territa, uh, um ; expl Terrwised, feared. Tertia, us, um ; expl. Third. Testimonium,!; n.,2. TesHmoinj. Testis, is ; f . , m. , 3, A witness. Tinenter ; ac. Holdinnl/i. Timeo, ere. 7 fear. Timeraria, us, um , expl. lta.th. Timor, oris ; m., L». Ju'ur. Tolero, are. 7 bear. ToUo, fire, tuli and toUi. 7 bear. Tota, us, um ; expl. Whole. Traho, ere, xi, ctum. 7 dravf (tI•iln^< + veho— 7 bear across). Tragula, ae; f., 1. A javelin with a barbed head. Trans ; ac. conj. Ati'oss. Trema, us, um ; expl. Tlu' tiutst crossimjly (in extrema). Tres, tria; expl. Three. Tribunus, i; m.,2. A tribune. Tribuo, ere, ui, utum. J hold aiross, (trans + liabeo). Tribus, us ; f., 4. A tribe. Trina, us, um ; expl. Three. Triplex, icis ; 3, expl. Triple, threefold (tres + plico). Tristitia, ae ; f. , 1. Sorrow. Turn ; ac. Then. Tumeo, ere, ui. 7 swell. Tumelia, ae; f., 1. Sirelliuff (as in contumelia). [ Tumulus, i ; m. , 2. A mound, a I hillock. 100 LATIN LANGUAGE AND GRAMMAR. I , Tuinulri!8. rs , m., 4. A tumvlt. Tuor, tui, tutiia or tuitus. 7 look. Turbo, are. / trouble. Turpis, e ; expl. , 3. Foul, filthy, natty. Ubi; ac. Where. UUa, us.um ; expl. Any, anyone. Ulciscor, i, ultus. I become avenged. Ulterior, c.d. ; expl., 2. Farther. Ulterius ; ac. Farther. Ultima, us, um ; expl. Farthest. ITlta, us, um ; expl. Avenged. Una, us, um ; expl. One. Uuquaro : ac. At one time than at one time (una + quam). Uro, 6re, ussi, ustum. I burn. Uror, i ; pass. I become burnt. Usque ; ac. ^«,rfas (ut + que). Usta, us, um ; expl. Burnt. Ut ; ac. That, as. Uti; ac. So that, (ut+ita.) Utor, uti, usus ; pass. I become used. Utra, uter, utrum ; expl. Which of the two. Utrimque and utrinque. On both sides (uter + que). Uxor, oris : f . , 3. A wife, a married woman. V. Vaeo, are. I vacate. Vadum, i; n., 2. A jord. Vagor, ari. / wander. Valeo, ere, ui, itum. / value. Vallum, i ; n. , 2. A wall or trench. Vasto, are. / waste. VaticJnatio, onis; f.,3. Soothsay- ing. Ve; 8. conj. Or (as in sive, si + ve, or if). Vectigal, alis ; n. , 3. Toll m' tax levied. Vehem enter ; ac. Vehemently. Veho, gre, xi, ctum. / bear m' carry. Vel ; 8. conj. Or. Velio, 6re, li rt«