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N«« Yortt 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phon* (716) 288-5969 -Tan ■' t "■^^^ •'^ Supplement to weekly bulletin OKTHK DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE ^ --- REPRINT OF ARTICLES DFALINIi WITH RUSSIAN TRADE PRELIMINARY REPORT By MR. C. F. JUST Canadian Sjieriul Traih t'oiiiminsionet: Published by Authority of Sir George E. Foster, K.C.M.G., M.P., Miiii«lif •'( Tfiilr iiiul Cnmm' OTTAWA (iOVKRNMENT PIMXTINC, liCKDAr /. t SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY BULLETIN urTHB DEPARTMENT OF TRADE AND COMMERCE REPRINT OF ARTICLES DCALINO WITH RUSSIAN TRADE PREUMINARY REPORT By MR. G. F. JUST Canadian Special Trad* Comtnitiioner. Publlsi.. . .y AiithM-ity of Sir George E. Potter. K.C.M.G., M.P., Miniiier o/ Tradt and Conmerrr. CANADA N-.TIONAL U2-.\:?Y Gov::r^NMCNT puducati:-.3 |{ CCLLCCTION I PUnilC'.TIONS DU G0UV "Nt:'1ENT M OTTAWA eOVERNMENT PRINTING BUBBAU 1016 89339— 1—R * ^^^'/ f}/\ « 9Z343t mTBODUOnON. Thu ijrcat interest luuuifcstcd by Caimiliuii niaiiufacturuni and men of buaiiiMa in tho prospect* for trade with Uunfia hits sUKReiitod the reproduction in a form con- venient fur reference cf the various contributions on the subject of RuMian trade which have appeared from time to time in the Weekly Bulletin. The information given has been revised and rearranged and frc«h material ha« been added with a view to fncilitutint; the study of the rctiuirenientK nnd capabilitieii of the Ruieian market for Canadian product:). An endeavour ha^t bci'ii mnde to outline the tpecial conditions under which trade is conducted and the steps wtiich should be taken to meet and over- come those condition!). Lnportant changes uf detail may be expected to occur both before and pfter tho close of the present wnr, but it is ho|x!d that the data provided by this supplement will be of assistance to Canadian producers in a petition to con- sider trade with K' '■•. An intelligent study of the fundamental matters relating to Russian trade i!> 3 recommended. W339— ]A— R TABU or OOVTBITI. Paok. I. Oenenil Rurvf'y . n. P«trt«nd anit North Kuwia (with map) 19 III. Ifoacow ami Central KtiMia fwlth map) 21 IV. Odwwa and South Ruiwia ' i\ • if, Kharkov. Kontnvon-Don) (with map),. 29 V. Th« Caucaiui (with map) .IB VI. Siberia — Qeneral Survey ^2 VII. Western Siberia (Omnk) (with map) 45 Vm. Eartem Siberia (Vladivontok) (with map) 51 IX. Trade Method* of T'ompetinir Countrien 55 X. Appendirei — (a) Kutsian Market for Hardware SpecialtiM 59 (6) Machine Took liaw-millinft Machinery, Sa*» Oft (r) Binder twine. (d) Russian Import* from (lermany 72 (f) Russian Weights and Measures 80 (/) Trade Statistics, etc g2 Commercial Intelligence Service. 95 Enlarged Canadian Trade Intelligence 9^ Publications of the Department of Trade and Commerce 97 REPRINT OF ARTICLES l>KAI.IXli wrxH RUSSIAN TRADE QE5EBAL SUBVET. lu submitting this preliminary report on the prospects for Canadian trade in Russia it is desired to claim the indulgence of those whom it concerns in view of the cxceitii.iiiil circnmstances under which tlic investigation was conducted. The hazards and fortune of war are as incalculable as they are unexpected and it IS inevitable that many changes, administrative and economic, must occur before the close of the war to modify the outlook and recast the recommendations for lines of action which to-day may seem the best for those who are contemplating the Russian market as a field for future activities. POLAND AND THE BALTIC PROVINCES. Out of the present situation two or three factors emerge, which are peculiar to Russia and which will have their bearing upon the trade outlook. It may be pointed out that the peoples and the areas which have mainly suffered so far the waste of war are not true Russians and truly Russian. They are the border districts and the border races— the Poles, mixed Slavs, Russian-Germans, Letts, and Jews. Moreover these districts with their commercial classes, have hitherto served as the advanced base of the German economic penetration of Russia, where also the financial and indus- trial interests are either directly German or controlled by Germans. Warsaw has been the German gate of Russia, and Lodz a German Manchester, and Bialystoka, a Bradford in Russia. The non-German foreign imports into this region have passed for the most part through German commission import houses. It should take some years for Poland and the Baltic provinces to recover from the devastation of war and from the dislocation of trade and industry. A visit to these parts was impossible. Rl'SSIAN POWER OF RECrPERATION. On the other hand the real Russian and the real Russian people have remained so far untouched. It is doubtful whether any conceivable scale of waste and destruction of life in the present war on the side of Russia will affect that country's economic position for any appreciable period if the past be any reliable guide in such matters. The recuperative power of Russia has invariably proved equal to every call. She has tried with impunity, economic experiments which would have seriously affected most other countries. Wars and political and social upheavals have seemingly had but little effect. Russia internally is rich and prosperous; her national resources are very great and of infinite variety and her present population of 171,000,000, constitutes an important factor in the production of woulth. Apart from agriculture, in which 7 TRADB AVD COMUBHOB u..Umific„t output in «I.tion to thTcSJy'8 Xm ''I^'^T' ^"'""^ '""'^ «» lack of the ipirit of enterprise aiMn.,^hr 7 f- ^'' "***'•• *^<" *•>« I^ition the ^«.u^ut output m relation to the countpv'. .^h,-! -.j VT * *"™"° "niy an lack of the ipirit of enterprise «Mn.,^hr 7 f- ^'' "***'•• *^<" *•>« I^ition the onsible. On the othelw. El p«S%^'^'*L"'''*^''^ » "*«» *» ^ ed men for n.odem indu.tri;i 'StronJf.Tin; if"*"*'"" "*^ *»'-»•< »' A SHARE FOB CANADUN INDU8THIE8. tujutl^for inltf:r^^2rt w^^^^^^^ '"'"'."•^ -•«'•*-• of «.e.t oppor- side with opportunities foTSJorts Tn an ^^^ • """^ ^''^' " "* ''«'«1' ««»« by Russia's indurtrial growth w 11 ™Vko, *• f***""''^ K«>e, with the certainty that for with the ^H^htesHi'J i„l'e?i'l;Jr tfort^o^"^ ^,^ '^''^''' "^ -^"' industries can hardly expect to meet the d^rn-^^Ti '"''^ ". ^"^^ Population home Primarily these factorsXuW S R,Lta ^ . "1°"* '" * "^^ '"•"^^ y««"- rurhtly studied and understo.^ CanadirinS '?"''?S«»d .« the conditions he the,rp«Hlucts which are ad«i^i„r;\''„"^^^^^^ by the nature of ing country like Russia, may reawMbTv .x^.? -•*•* ^qyirements of a develop- •Mrket "^ reasonably expect to participate in the trade with that rORKIOK COUNTRIES AND BUSSIAN DEVELOPMENT. Ta Jn^'but dtSe mantf'o^ ''*'k'^ ""^'^ *« f°«'«° countri^ in a ««stance of the la^ Seman-Russ^rLl T'°"/* ^f ''~*''"'*^' '^^ -'»»» *»>« been associated with^nwst™ enTlTnTof ™'^ directly across the frontier, has engineering, electrical lightii and l^r^ T^T"^' •""* "*'*""y "'^h «^n«"»l Britain has shown main* a^UectLfor «± f ^'"'^ '"'** •'^""""^- «•*»* Belgium has been largely idenS ^7 ;«I»t'^, ***''* '.^"*'"^«' ^''•««y "^nin?- steel works, street railways and 11ic3 u^lTt' ^•'**5'"««. ^^Pe^ially iron and for Russia and has absorbed the st^te and mfn^" I*?' ^"""^ '"»' '^« *»■« *>««*« but safe return on the investment With "X''' J""" •''"^' •"'"*^"* '''"^ « !»'' IS known for her specialities of a^icultn J ^1^^° °*^" •^"ntries. the United States harvester companieVhave establish their ir^T'^' ""i" °°"'''"" "^ ^^' '«'«'i»8 the United States have been a potent for^ TtK J^ ' T' ^''*^'"- '" *»••« ''i'^^ion Canada, although associated whh the Sd Stafr ^^"'°* n ^""''"' agriculture, direction, is by „„ m^ans an unknown q-nnt^v VnP •" * ^T"*'' ^1« »' the ^ame mery exports to Russia, however T«, K^ ' / Tf' ^"^ indentity of her mach- SUtes and notwithstan^dinrthe"' « "pomLX^^at'n:^^*'."^ ''"" *^^ ^^^^ official statistics. Possibly also their hrZ^*- .""* »"* treated separately in the Hamburg has been responsib^Vr^Hs'cTul1i:." ""'^ ^'"'' *'^ ^'-^-^ ^ --^ TRADE METHODS AND GERMAN SUCCESS. she had 52 per cent of the import trade o her c3 h„ . "'''^''"^ i ^''^ ""• ^l-^" and capacity of the market. The suc^ of olrTn i, l*'^'"°"'*"*«^ *^^ soundness prise based upon a thorough underst^X^ o? 1^1'' ^ ^^ Principally due to enter- ■^ation. Financial support fromTh?Germ«n K^^t- "'*•*'' "^^ ^"^^^ ^^ '^"^^^ organ- mterested in German industries ha^enT^i 7 "'^*'*"tJ"n«. ^hich are so largely commercial invasion. notablyTn the grLt?„g of L^. ^'^' l'-'^''"'^ *''« ««™»n contracts. On the whole, however it shouM ^o^^-.fl'*!'"'*^ '" *^"'"« important organization have been the chief dVerminiit ^ctf«'-^i,*''"* """"'"' ^"^^'P"'* ""d ei aeiermining factors m that country's success. There 8VPPLSMBNT TO WEEKLY BVLLETIN 9 is nothing aecret in those methods; they are not necessarily the possession of any one nation, and they may be elaborated and adopted by any of the allied countries. In reply to inquiries as to the best way in which Canadian trade may be furthered, the advice has invariably been that Canadian tradtrs should organize on the basis of a close, intelligent, personal study of the requirements of the Russian market and supply those needs on the terms and conditions demanded by the local customs. Most important of all, they should arrange to keep in touch with the consumer through a local house or agent, so that they may always know how their goods are suiting, and how they might be varied or improved under changing conditions. They should remember that the consumer is the best teacher, and that they can also learn from him information concerning their competitors which it is important to know. When- ever possible stock should be kept in London or if necessary in Russia. They should be prepared to give longer credit, and should bear in mind that a wise selection of clients will tend to bring the average length of credit within reasonable limits. It is not unreasonable to assume that the reckless competition in granting long credit practised in the past is not likely to recur. One might safely give credit and laijfo credit in RusHia. but ns in most other countries the granting of credit calls for discretion, and when granted under such conditions it is likely to be safe. The highest authorities in the banking and commercial world in Petrograd are unanimous on this point. THE PERSONAL FACTOR — AGENTS. As in every other relation of life in Russia so also in business the personal element is an important factor, which cannot be sufficiently emphasized. For the purposes of foreign trade the agent plays an unusually prominent part in Russia. The character, judgment and ability of a firm's representatives therefore are of the greatest conse- quence. An agent who has been found satisfactory should be highly prized and abso- lutely trusted — and hot parted with lightly. The objection on the part of Canadians to deal through agents and their endeavours to get into direct touch with the consumer, excellent as it may be elsewhere, should be modified in developing business relations with the Russian maiket. The all-important question of tht" Icnguage, the pitfalls and difficulties associated with the introduction and handling of business, the intrica- cies of the custom-house clearance and of transportation, tend to make a trustworthy and efficient Russian-speaking agont indispensable. Other things being equal the agent should be of British nationality by preference (Jewish firms are best avoided owing to the legal disabilities under which they live in Russia) or if a Russinn be taken then one possessing a knowledge of English and of British commerciiil hi:bit8 and customs. Such an agient may be obtained, but not easily, and if with the agent there could be associated a practical responsible Canadian, either permanently or periodically, for the purpose of supervision and of keeping in personal toucli with the Russian business the arrangements should be attended with satisfactory results. COMMERCIAL LAW. Russian commercial law is being developed. New laws for the recovery of debt?, and a general bankruptcy Act have been drafted and fully discussed and now await the final acceptance of the Imperial Duma. The law relating to contracts, and to pay- ment by instalments have been brought already into line with the best modem practice. The commercial courts are often slow in performing their work and it is generally advisable to endeavor to settle by arrangement without having recfjurse to lawsuits. If is on such occasionel that the value of having a good agent is felt, as more often than not, he will be able to save the situation by his knowledge of the circumstances and by tactful but effective pressure. 10 TBADB AND COMMERCE HOW TO TftiOI WITH BU88U. •weMive. The Mner.1 on^™^,« „* • i ^ "'' conductinsr busineM are reUtirelj independently, as to do so in ofl probJStv wo fw ^f'" ^™ 7^""^ ^"^ ^ "» their particular articles were I kelv frkl V ^^ ^ .*° ''*""* '"''"^ej "nless always «!• M to DMke the inUiaTZenst a ±t- ?.'T«^ "" """^ *« """"""d such a the «nall .ingle firm i. thatTe„ Kusra o„' "V^'^'^^r* ^°°*^«' ''<^'- ««"»«* best authorities on the qu^ti^n thfr^?o.^ T /^u '"' ,''"'"' ^^ " '"«« «'»J«- The •yndicates of powerful firW whose p^^ot^T''"/''" "'"" °' "«"^'«*«» »'<'"P«. »' to each other. Syndicate^f ThrcC«?e,it t^ """T** ^* '" complimentary of success. Obviously under thew co^dit?or ff •' T^^'' ^^'^^ '^"^ ^'' ^'^^^^ participator would be considerably iSfr? '"i'^"'™.''^ "^ ^''^ '''^'^ *»' each in* up an efficient organSon in the ciw I'J"'^ "^T' ""*' ^''^ ^'^'^ «f »>"iid- js the German plan^f abroach a^dts 7u'st'fied"7t^^ This It has also been of great ^i^tancerinerain alvSn^V""^^^^^ """'"'^• ducts m Russia. isc"waiiy m advertising German industrial pro- ASSEMBLINO AND AUXILIARY WORKS. for iLtRria1stcLTpll&,tf ' "J-^ T?''-'^' ^^'"^ -untry „„d is permanenfly in the maXT " '"''''" '^^ ^''' P"'^'>'««' '" the RUSSIAN FOREIGN TRADE. a.e vl^ti'tU t yrrfdilr' """.r""^ ""^^'^ ^''^ *''''' ^''^ ^o^"' -- year of Canadian trade ^ ^' ""* ^'"''*^'" ^"'^ '^^ ^^'e for 1913, the record The following figures are supplied by the Russian Customs Department:- TABLE OF RUSSIAN TRADE. Exports. Imports. Year. ,* I 1908 """■ ■<""'■ 1909;: iSf'""" 366,000 1910.. .. ?"•?»» 370.000 1911.. IVA"" traHe of Canada was at once a high tribute to the energy and enterprise of her i>copIe and to her well balanced economic system. A detailed analysis of Russian imports is reserved until later. Tables of Russian trade statistics are printed in the appendix and .ay be useful to Canadian firms who desire to study the situation. DIVISION OF PRESENT TRADE SURVEY. For the purposes of the present survey of the trade outlook in Russia the subject so far as possible will be dealt with by main territorial divisions of the country, corre- sponding to the several consular districts in charge of the Britialh consuls general, vii.: The Petrograd district, extending to the Urals; the Moscow district, including Central Russia ; the Odessa division and South Russia, and the Omsk and Vladivostok divisions, covering 'Western and Eastern Siberia. 12 TKADB AVD COMMKtmK II WTEOOaAD Airs THE HOBTHEWf DI8TMCT. i-. '^^iVXhe'iS^ii^rt; z r i/?'^ "^'^^ *'-- -»-. •t'-tch. the U™l.. The main^e of ^'e'^lTy t sTl^rif f"''"* '^ ''"^ ^"^-^l *» T b-* * .-r '<^1 -/ o«i^ <» »'«'*'* _c'r , c e «j*J|]_ y M y i XaJi rT X rNPTT- 70,000 inhabitants. This featnrA nf ♦!, u PRIMACY OP PETROGRAD. ceon.tral^.'^^^Jfrrt^J---^^^^^^^^^ Petro^ad as an administrative has influenced every possible ^M^^nZlI^ciSlt:''"^ "^ Kovernment in Russia aace IS initiated or settled .ithont .Jr tmov^^J^ S^KLSi BVfPtKMtST TO WBSKLT BVLIETIV IS •tretch- langel to sni base. are not 2,000 to rhole total tive, ssia ort- cial omnisatimra which are grouped or which centre in the cnpital. Banli«, boardu of the great undertaking!, industrial and mining, of shipping, and tlie represimtatives of foreign interests have invariably their headquarters in Petiognui. Here their plans and policies are originated, discussed and given effect, their purchases controlled and carried out. In short, Itoero is no other plaee where the pulse of the whole Empire can be more surely felt than in the Russian capital. Fetrograd sets the fa^on and dictates the taste of llio country in a degree that oven Pari* does not achieve. It pui-chases the bebt goods and pays the best prirjs. Money commands and obtains r^erything that is desirable within the four quarters of the globe. Moscow may be more national — it is called the " Moujiks capital " but Moscow, like the smallest city, looks to Pctrograd for inspiration and guidance. Every average Russian visits Fetrograd, if ho can, to gaze on her palaces, to worship at the magniiicepnt «hrines ond to taste the pleasures of the city, the " window looking out upon Western Europe " which its prescient founder, Peter the Great, created amid the swamps of the Neva for the advancement and li'"hin« iii.cl„„„ „,j „„ ' WKnf «i 1- . 'uriiier increases are not "lot tho future mav havn .„ . • • soems rerfain that nil the allL .-^ '* '* '"P"^*'We to conjecture Tf » . s- '»-. -- ^=^:;LXtr ts-bS' ^3 War coxtracts KWD OP ARTICLES REQIIBED. ll'o requirements of thePetmirrnJ /n . ■ . be a rca«,nable expectation of trad? ^^ '''"'" f"'^"''*'"' ■" -hioh tLre sS The relaf • """"'"""^'' *'*^"'-»v aso .mp,.emexts. nnp-e.entl'iSrn'S^Vt^.^^^^^ a-ultural .ach,_ .„, however, with Rim .nH TJi. ""' ^^^ aouthern Russia. In the R-if "■ B.«. «.d lahau .s ports of entry, where cteJi:'^?^^^ fUFPLKMBST TO WEEKLY BVUETIX f^ MOTOR CARS AND LOMRRS. :* , t ^"'« *'"'• "i"' "] f *" '«>-'"'«-ro^vor would be oL ta ^tnil hV $■ >C0 A wel -known German firm did a large busines. in this model. They were Kene'rill gold ::r TasTen f"m "lo'lo lo""* "'?''' "' l-"^' ""'' ^^^^ aKenTrcorn"S.t^ of he car It r,«,H \),t ^' "'"'' '"'°''''''*^ '" '*•« ''^'""' «"«' ««"«"! character AUrLn%he\Vca?'li h'" h:T«frro"^^^^^^^ '""'^°- *", •'"'I' " ^°'""" S^i^^^ ^-er^orpi^VS^^^^^rSr aT^iS Xan the GermnnU-^ • * and more co».,paet type of oar is however required RAILWAY STOCK AND LOCOMOTIVES BOILERS, OIL SIOTORS, GASOLENE ENGINES, LIFTS. For boilers of special types there is probably a market Th^ w„=.- •Th. Im^oru In" len w.r, valued at I.TSI.OOO rouble TMADM AMD OOMMMtOM uuimtHnr. eu«lS^LrJ;l^;SSjLT^^;ls^: '-r•"^ *»"'•»"»- ««« wood. n-chineor o.„ hope for .ucLTr^^i^' Z^"*'''"' »»"» ^ »>W««rt ckTof loffue. Price U not the dIt.™i«!--T!: "^ "' **"• »'•■• '»"> M UliutritJd «.». t.. del ve, p«,mptly. The bu.SiT"TJrJ?^'\ »"*«»»• "^ '»«'• •". theiwii «>.«oh.ne^ Sweden h.. been theTJL;!,!!??^ • '" *"'•"'" ""^ wood-workin. uriUin. It ii (tated that the ohan.. - owden. In mining maohinerr flM-i in the ITral.. i.e.. from ..^.Vi^i? ""T/JIT^ »« *« the ohal^ILt^ ofX^mfn", «ent of tot-lly new cl.«e.TS.i" ^l^^ "!'.""* » "««"iUtin» the eS' drilU. etc., m thi. regard .hould tlM^T^. n!l Canadian apecialtiei like rock Ru«.on corporation., like the DeiiJ^fe "Z 8^* " ""^-^--itT- The I^t n..n.„g companie. are controlled fromPefr^d^ Shouvalolf. and the foreign^oJI^d OBA.N EL,VATOB «,t,.M,NT AND APPUANCW. .•nterS'oft^ 2.:n%f.r'rnd^„7X"::l '" ^"^ "'^'^'^ - P"-'-* both the "lone Contract, have l^n^ie^STdiTi^''^..'-'' '"'""'«' '»' ^-thea.t R„„ia can be wen in a muwum which h-.t ^^J"^'"' J^'' '^•'f"' of the equipment •"■J''."«ftb«-dvance..wherelSn;"S£rrtf "^ ^*'°»""» ^^ *be SUteKk und in.pected. "* •"°<'*'« "d the vanou. appliance, can he .tudiS ELECTRIC POWEB AND LWHTINQ. - Ju^^'Si^rca-^Sn^^.'" .'•>« e>«tric power and lighting industry ar." f - -"-trie. hasTtra t"^ SS^'^^^S^^^^^ *^« ^-ture. Canadian tfe^ a«ked a. to the possibilities of Canma^^!Z^ T ^' """^ "Jueotion. were repeatedly «nd traction scheme., which are more thin r^^'"" '" " """»^' "^ electrical nowef tor other important centre, in E^r^Z Ruwia ' "°* ""'^ '•" ^^*"'«'-hoe>,.-The import* of boots and shoes are large and as thev are mainlv had aiS l3.l:^fX s^x:rrf:;e trwrbv'TT f f- r - -iz TMADg AXD OOMMBItOa tori« in the country. Th- ««,^i u^JIT ^l' *?* '•'«"* »««»* ■'«' •»«»• '•« to .t*,T. but would f««fc.n, blZrtr^i^ J •/'^''''•" '•^ '"•« »°' »"'y «"»' for well-to-do pwiSi i L, th^ fo,T. "* *'"''••:»»»'«>"«•« «« wa. an .rtid. 10.W rouble.. «,d of boou fZ mTo fo r^uSl t!:^ 'r'i"- ^•'°** '*'•'■"•* "' Information of * "'"-'"'y P'ob- hv^b<«n intere.tcd Z Canadian jLLlTTf^ 'S ''"'''" '" ^''"'^'»'^ ni.Kht L,> mode a popular nlTeSveT^th^TS^ i '^ ?' '^'r*^ »^»t 'bi. artide -n.e,i in ^„t nuanti.ie. in Pe oLt^ n„H .>" '"'">' "/ "'"""'^. '-hioh i. con no.ti.,n «l,h mlitnry .entrap "' ""'^ '^"*' ""' ^"^^"^ .-'<>'>H.iliti.., in co,.- ti«e f;;rthit:tt;t^ri?oL\Tt's;^ '-r^^^i'*'' -^--"^ -^ - »>- be.m allowed to drift iniforeiS hLcL ma^fT ^"'^^'^'"'^ bu.ine^ of Ru«.ia ha. trolled the position. It ha. bee^ at^end^d w f i^^^ "■""; ,"'"' ^'"''^ Pro-'tically con- began. Any development of SadTan trld! it^^'•'''''t *'''P"'"» ""•^'^ the war ■nfluences. and should be in Canadian hand. t7- ^"'^"'/^""Id be free fR>m .uch warding agencies lie. the "nstrument for thi. n " '"'"f '}^' '" '^'^ ^""*«»''"' ^<»- for Canadian purposes in Russia is Vlil, T'^'':, ^ ^"•'*'" "^ *''^'^ '"'"'"ts reached. And if ^the u.u« foLJ T •"""' '[ ''"^^"rf"! "^^Its are to be ing facilitie, for smal tranSln^ wftf the ^ZT' '""T T^ "^ -'"•'"-•^ ««"'^ banks, the means for financing a re^^tlbl'^* '"PP^'* "^ ^^^ Canadian chartered Russia, on the lines of the extended cSwhil^T! "^ ^f"^" '" "^^ »«^«^««« ''^th matically provided. In this way one^h!^- ?"/ I?"''^ .<=«"» ^or could be auto- moting trade with Russia mfglt be th^ Tn • '^'®"" *'"' '" *'"' P"** "^ P'*" «x chief centres of distrihutinn in EuSl c^ull 1 'TT"'"^ opsonization at the delay, with the co-operation of the exU fn^*! ^ ^1'" ^P- "" *''"^ ""«" without possessing long local experien« " *'"**''°'t''y B"««b forwarding houses Kr^UKMBltT TO Wntlf BVLLBTI\ ^ • uw OPKXWM m niK rimum tutmn. Apkmllnnl maehlMry and ImpltnMMt. Aluminium eoohlnc uunolla. AabMtoa. Bkll bMrliv. ■leyelM and bleyel* ■rrmoiin ■•d«i for cold Mwa. ■loww*— ■andblAM •pparatiM. Beat motors. Beala, motor, ■ollor flttlM*— ■ttam dido vmlvtt. Blow-oir ooilu. ■tram sripo iiolatlnc Talyw. Water lovol ndleatora. Boot pollahts. Boot!. Brushra for dynamo*— Carbon bruahM and contacta. Brurtica, hair, leoth, elotliM Calculatinc machlBM. Caah roBlitara. Olluloao faotoria* InatallaUoM for— Woodcrlndlnc planta. .Machinery for pulp manufaeturaa. o^lla chalna. Link chalna. fhamot fabtldi. (Chemicals. Chucki for lathaa. circular aarwa Combustion anclnet, IntamaL Cotton tooda Cruil* oil anclnaa. Cutlery and itaolwar*. <*uttera. mllllnr. r>or)ia. floatlnf. Drawing Ink. Initrumauta. •• paper. Dredceri. Dreiilnt planta. nnila and drilling tool*. DruB». Dry drediera Duplex pumpa Dynamo (overnora. Dyna.noi. • ICconomlMra RdKe mllla Electrical apparatus. Klectrle IlKhting acceaories. hiectrlcal machinery. Electric meaiurlnif Instrumentn. railway Int allatlon. tools and artleUa Elooi'rlcltrme^.rs""' '""'"' '""»"«"o" El»ctro-motors. Emery. wheels. Enamelled ware. Engines, Arc. Exhausters. Extln»ulshin« apparatus Are. Feed pumps. " water meters. Fertilisers. Files. Fire-brick goods. Fire enclnes. 80339— 2 J— B Fitllnta— ^ad apparatus and Aitinta Boiler nillnaa KIttlnw for gas pip* haallng planta Biaat furnacs srrsaaorlsa Caat steel Rlttngs. Water nttlnga Friction couplings. Furnace a — •lusting and hrrdsning. Tempering. Furniture. Oas metora " purifying plants. " suction fana • llasa and chinaware. Olovea Uovrrnors — Shaft govsrnora Tempsraturs rsgulatera. Revolution govsrnora. Qraphlte. •'Mn*. rlAes, revolvers, stc. Haberdsshsry. Hammsrs. pneumatic. Hardware and toola Hata Hoists. Horse-powrr Indicators. Hydro-extractors. Ink and drawi .g ink. " ribbons for typswrltsra Jswellary. Knitting machines. Lamps, are. lathes. t'Aunches. motor. Laundry machinery. Lead, rolled, leather and leather gooda bclta. Lifts— Prrss-button apparatus. Hoisting machinery. Blast-furnace lifts. Paternoster works. Linen collars and shirts. Liquid meters. Lock, locomobile. Lubr: ting oils and greaacs. Machine tools for metals. ", toothed whecia u • , " wood. .Makers' name plates. Manometers. Material testing machinea Mining machinery. Motor cars. Motors petrol. Musical instruments. ^fn '■•'"! ".""«* railways of all kinda Oil cooking stovea ■"""■• Oil factories, machinea for. Optical Instruments. Packings, stuffing box. Paint brushes. Palnta Pelton water wheela Pena Photography, requisites for. 90 TRADE A\D COUMRRCE TBADE 0P«N,N08 IN THE RUSSUN f^Mnm.-C oncWded. Pipe llna»— Sheet metal tubea. Flttln,B for pipe llnea. Colled pipea ploSh.'; risfm:*""^ •""•"•• """"•'•'• Preaaea. Preaaure vauirea D., r. '■edudnsr valvea. Printing machlnea. Pulley block*. Pumpa. Punching machlnea. _ Pyrometera. ■ Rawhide greara. Ready-made clothina Reamera. Ri-fuee deatructor furnacea. Riveting machlnea. Ropea. """^^^4!^^' ""■ """'^"old and hoapltal pur Rulea. Saw-mill machinery. Sawa. Solentlflc InatrumenU. Separating machlnea. Separator., magnetic and electro-magnetic. Sewing machlnea Sheaves, rope. Shaet lead. ;; metal working machlnea. tin. Shoea 2it"J5'"*Ill'* »■•'■'' '"•Ullatlona. Soap, medical and toilet. Speed Indkmtora. Sporting requlaltea stationery. Steam trapa. steel wire. Stop valvea Street roller*. Surgical Inatrunient*. Tannery machlnea. Textile*. Textile machlnea. Thread-cutting machlnea. Turbine pumpa. Turbine*, ateam. _ " water. T>T)wwrlter*. Umbrella*. Watchea and clock*. Woollen and cotton underclothing. \ SVPPLEMEXT TO WEEKLY BVLLETIN III MOSCOW AHD CEHTRAL RUSSIA. Central Russia, with Moscow, the ancient capital of the Czar, as its focal point, '/ J*'*'-,"''!'^** ""J^ *•>« "»"'♦<■ thickly populated part (0:i-73 to the square mile) of the Empire. This region contains eighteen Roveniments covering an area of 4SO,000 square miles, less than one-half of the Petrograd district, but with more than twice the population, viz., 45,000,000. It is roughly two-fifths of the total area of European Russia and stretches from Minsk in the west to the frontiers of Sibera and of Central Asia, a distance of 1,500 miles. A clearer idi-a may be obtained if Central Kuiwia Ui compared to an area equal to Germany, France, Switzerland, Belgium. Holland and Denmark, and a population wpial to that of the Tnitcd Kingdom. As may be expected, the cities and towns in this ri-gion arc both largi-r and more ntimen)us than else- where m Russia. Moscow had, in 1912, a population of 1,«17,(KX), and there were al«) at least ten cities with populations ranging from 40,000 to 8s.'nt war may lie exi)eott>d to accelerate railway building. MI>S<(IW A BISINESS CESTHK. As a place of business Moscow occupies a uiiio„n,„k„„,,. Enamelled ware. — Must be Vttrht Tui l i i . suitable for the cooking stoves Z, aJdtood "firing ' '""*' "'"'" ^^ '^^"'" "■^"- Agricultural machineru. — This is ^ar^oKi.. t ■ j ^ ■ of machinery supplied by the Un ted S^ «„H p"'*"^"'^' ''1*''"*'°''' '^- I'f^l't type ploughs are new. but promising ilrticiSlrTv i.K -2:"'^" u' ^^"^ '' '«'»'>^- ^"t'"- The firm ip question Zndles as oxiiS"^ South-east and in Siberia, vodka distilleries' for — Sal Les "p r^irt ""'T"' 'T' °''' '^^^^ f-"' flax, bristles, carpet and wools ^ ' ^^^^^'^' ««"'. dextrine, hemp an.l o.e S^^uTsS nr.!toTid'STai^d°atr'''"^ ^ "-^^ °^ "*'«^'- " -^"i ' Canadians had not as^ii^d to do tLs but h 'd £1°*^"'" *''"'" *°' '^^P"'^- "ith-rto except in a very few lines, like agnculturll mtt^"" '""*""* ^^^ *''*' J'^'-'"' "'"•"■'• but that the Russian market was ^Targe iri'''^',,'*"- J^"^ ^^' "» I"-"*-" study the processes available resecting the rrov^^^fntl- ?"*' '""^* "* *«''*'" »" Kivrng of unconsidered credit. (^naZ .s must '^t w'^^ 1 '° "'""'^^ ''^«'"^' *''^' just as the Germans have done, for if hev dTJV ^^"'•^- '"'"''^•"r- i.i a spc^-ial way resuUs. The principle of firms comLn 'gin g'ounToT".^".'*""^ "'''''''' ^•■'"""' the Russian market was a good one but thL wiT f ^1'"*'^'. ''' "'^^^ *" «<>''^ co,;er over and investigate for themselves Sn. t, • !?• *° '"/''^ " ^"'^'••^«« "'"«t httle avail. In any case catalogues In Russ?anandrr ^'"".V"^ ^^"'"'« -«« "^ currency of the country were indispen^ble tLV Vu^^u' ""*' '"^''«"«'« «"8 was reaped with them. Canadian boots and shoes should sell well for town wear. Prices are about double the Canadian retail price»-a #4 urtiolo seUing for 16 roubles and a |5 for S?() roubles. .News and printing paper should be able to compete in South Russia with the Finnish product. If Canada could turn out the KuMian kind of door furniture, handles and locks, and other similar articles thit might be a substantial business. Canadian butts and hinges should also soil. For metal laths and for s»oel ceiling plates there should be a future, but tbi» trade would require to bo pushed with intelligence and persistence. These materials had bt-a employed with effect and had given full satisfaction. The enamelled ware in use was all German and Austrian, of good quality. The (^anadian article must be ec|uallv ?ood in order to obtain a sale. The old competition would not have to be faced in iuture. It 18 the opinion of this gentleman us well us that of many others, that the Russiim will resume business with ficrmnn firms, if the same conditions are oifen> price and buys from the man who on tli. whole is cheaper. The tariff is not likely to be modified, the reduction of duty is not of so much consciiucnce to Canada as an advantage over German competition. It is to be feared that the purchasing power of the nation will be reduced after the war. Trade credits have, he thinks, been exaggerated. With the best and most reliable people, who must be sought out. a reasonable length of credit can generally be arranged. At present, cash payments are very general, and this will not be without its effect when general business is resumed. ni SSIW MARKKT For AOHICI LTl RAI. MAIIIINKHV. The use of agricultural machinery "nd implements in the Moscow distri.t con- tinues to grow very fast. This feature is common to European and Asiatic Russia. It has been promoted and stimulated by every sort of government eiicourageine.it, educational and financial, while the provincial councils, (Zemstvos) and co-operative associations have also done their share. A progressive iiu-rease may therefore be looked .for. The manufacture of simple agricultural machines and impl. inents is, as It should be, the greatest single manufacturing industrv of Russia, but notwith- standing the constant multiplication of the works the industry is (ii.itc unable to keep pace with the constantly growing demand. IMPORTS OF AlJHlCll.TrRAI, MACIIIXERV. The imports of agricultural machinery have st. '<]y risen for vears, and for the last three years were „f the averaw value of .50,0' roubles annually. Thev were less than 20,000,000 roubles in IM".. The i.rports uttle less than the tot. 1 value of the home production of agricultural implements . . machines. That the character of these imports is changing can be trace-ingiiiK up. csperiallv in Siberia- and as Russiar .rks are only able to turn out the stone mills, the trade is worth cultivating. ,o C.ermany and Switzerland .iid the bulk of this business. Great oritain, how? iriiig to some ' »'i'nt. n TRADE AND COUMERCE THB AUEaiCAN COMPETITION. The American combine for harvesting machinery, known as the International Harvester Company have opened large works in the neighbourhood of the city which, for the arrangement of shops, equipment, and methods of manufacture are quite remarkable. When in full working order, probably in three or four years' time, the output, it is estimated, will take care of one-sixth of the Russian annual requirements in harvesting machines. Backed by enormous capital, the company is able to adopt methods of business which, it is thought, may prove a serious competition both to the older native works and also to foreign importers from the United Kingdom and Canada. The company became entitled to the government bonus of one rouble per pood (36 pounds) on complicated agricultural machinery made in Russia. The bonus came into force in 1913, and it is estimated that the bonus earned by the company in that year was aUnut one million roubles ($500,000). This su-j at, say, 30 rouble* per machine represents an output of 35,000 harvesters alone. The position of the works from the point of view of the cost of auxiliary material, coal, iron, etc., is not as good as might bo desired, but there are compensations in the supply of labour and shipping facilities. The company imports from the various works concerned in the United States the parts of these machines, and the Moscow plant in this way is to a considerable extent an assembling works. CANAOUN ALXILIARV WORKS. In view of the possibilities for Canadian agricultural and other machinery in the Russian market, and for the purpose also of safeguarding the existing trade, it seems that the establishment of some sort of auxiliary or assembling works in Russia is a subject worthy of the attention of Canadian machinery interests and their financial associates. It has been ascertained that the Russian Government is seriously con- sidering ways and means for encouraging the settinjt up of additional works of the type of the International Harvester Company referred to, and that any serious pro- posals of this kind from Canada will receive generous consideration by the Govern- ment. ruRS. Moscow has always been the chief fur centre for Russia, and the tendency towards a transfer to Moscow of the business of subsidiary fur maikets, like the Irbit and the Nijni Novgorod fairs is steadily growing. Canadian fur dealers will probably be interested to learn of the movement, which has been initiated by the fur section of the Moscow Chamber of Commerce and Industry, to render the Russian fur inda«»try in future independent of the Leipzig market. Leipzig has hitherto taken the main supply of Russian raw furs; has treated and finished them and resold the finished product again to Moscow. In future, Moscow purposes to do more of the finishing process herself and is endeavouring also to get into touch with London, New York, and other important fur producing and fur importing centres, for the purpose of direct business dealings without the intervention of Leipzig. The president of this section desires it to be known that the committee will be glad to hear from Canadian fur interests and will gladly furnish information that may prove of material interest and tend to forward the objects which the chamber has in view. Moscow can supply finished furs such as required, squirrel tails, ermine, marten, stone and baum marten, hares, Persian lamb, etc. Russia is a very large buyer of fur goods. THE ASSISTANCE OF INTERMEDIARY FIRMS. The Russian banks are greatly interested in the determination of Canada to enter the Russian market. The directors were unanimously of the opinion that the grouping of suitable Canadian firms with their own representatives in Russia was to be recom- mended. They were equally agreed that su«h undertakings would find in the good \ ', SOPPLgMBNT TO WKBKLY BVLLETIV V interaiediary hoBM. the most effeotire instrument for pushing business through- **S - ♦ L^T'; ^ tj-t^holj, this method WM to be -preferred to intermittent efforts to grt into tou<^ with the laige firms, which might buy once in a while, but whidi would be more likely to buy reguUrly. if the selling firm, interested were in the hands of regular agency houses. These intermediar> firms a- qv.te characteristic of Moscow trade; they facilitate business and are able to adjust differehces and over- come difficulties with customers to a degree, of which their principaU have Uttle con- ception. The banks promise every assistance in suggesting suitable bouses and in giving helpful advice whenever needed. The names of a certain number of firms of this character have been collected at the various centres visited CHAUBEB8 OF COMMERCE. That Russian business circles are feeling their way towards a c'oser relation with K V v.Tk p** " t!"*,^ ^^i^? formation of various organizations such as the Russo- British, the Russo-Itehan and the Russo-French Chambers of Commerce. These have been foUowed by the formation in June of a Russo-American Chamber in Moscow under influential auspices; on this occasion, it is understood, steps were also taken that will ensure the creation of a strong Russo-American banking institution. Rus- sian economists and commercial men instinctively feel that in the United States may be found that support of which Russia stends so much in need, and which must be forthcoming if the development of the country is to not be be seriously arrested The position of Germany, whatever the result of the war. will probably never be the same again in Russia, owing to (1) her economic exhaustion. (2) her inability to relyTp^n the foreign money markets to finance her foreign trade on the old system; and (3) to the burdens of heavy taxation which will impair her power of competition. With so much of the wealth of the civilized world flowing into the United sVates L a con sequence of the war. that country will be in a position to give this support More- Z";, 7 " -'" ^:^ "^^ '^"'•*^* P'?"*'*** ^V^n^ce and enterprise as well as the means for seismg the opportunity, and thus to redress the balance upon lines wh ch are likely to be mutually beneficial. In this event. Canada may e^ect to b^S indirectly owing to her transatlantic position and to her internal coitions, which ofiFer to Russians the best opportunities still available for emigration and Ltt em^nt withm the British Empire, to-day Russia's best friend and ally. «««Jenient LIST OP CANADUN ARTICLES FOR THE RUSSIAN MARKET. MaoMnery Uanufactura Agricultural machinery. Implementa. Threahers. Tractors, steam and gaiolene. ■Cream separators. Binder twine. Automobiles. Motor lorrlei. " accessories. Rolling stock. Pressed steel frame (cars). Locomotives. Steel rails and fastenings. Bolts and nuts. Boilers, on motors. 'Carbide of calcium. Acetate of lime Acetone ■Sulphate of ammonia. „ " soda. iPatent medicines. Marine gasolene engines. Hoists. Machinery— Saw mills. ■• Flour mills. Mining (rock drills). Oil well drilling. '■ Woodworking. " Electrical power and llgthing. ' Switches. " Switchboards. Transformers. Stumping machines. Wringing Washing Orain elevator equipment. Steel pipes for oil-well pipe lines. Chemlcali. Coa' tar products- t*itch. Carbolic acid. Creocote. Drugs. Tanning extracts. * TKADE AND COMMSKOB Un or CAKADUN ATTICLM ItW THE RIMUN UMUn-Cwtinutd. Arttelf of Coniumptio*. Canned applei. 5™ * "S?- . Ev.p<,r.t J .ppl„ ,n rlnw. 5^41. '"^*- ' ■un-drM, whole or In qiiar- Ijird. Canned v*(eUblei '*"" Abbatoir producta— „ •■ flah. pink aalmon. r..i„-? ' '■"'"*• •»••>■"»•• Coddih. CaalniTB. JftooelinncoM ManHfaeturtt. Leather for uppera, Chrom*— Patant Carrtaie leather. Harneaa L««th«r belting. Boot! and ahoea. Beltine— Balata. Duck. Brooma and bruah (oodj. Celllnca, mMal and steel. Expanded metal (bulldlnO. Metal latha. Bnamelled ware. Hardware— Butldera-, furniture, carrlaae. locka Hafea and ateel doora. Fttlnca, Bte»ni, water, caa Pullvya, wood apllt. Electrical nttlnss and !;iinp». Omct requisites. Fllnc cablneta. Orsans (pipe). Pianoa. Palnta Asbestos Boods. News and printinc paper. Rubber footwear, overahoes. Coraets. Radiators. Typewriters. Hewlnr machines. Furs. (Hue. flsh vlue, liquid (lue. Handlea for toola. Tools, axes, etc. Bka'ea. Aluminium and aluminium castings. Blllrts, blooms, rods, bare Wire nails. Nickel. • irBphlte. MttaU. etc. Babbit metal. Wire of all kinda. Barb<>d wire. Cobalt. Corundum. LIST OF DRU08 AND CHBMIC.*LS IMPORTED BV RUSSIA FROM OER.MANV. Acetanllld. Acids, Aceto-Salicyllc Carbolic, Citric. Oxalic PyroKalllc, Salicylic powder Salicylic Crystals Tart Crystals and Pulv. Argent viv. (Spanish). Argent Nitraa Crystals. Kuaed. Aspirin. Aurl Chlor. Balg, Copaibie Altered. t>I>t. B. P. and Peruv Bismuth Carb. Sallcylas and Subnlt (afrein. Pur, and Clt-as B. P Cassia-Fistula. Cassa LiRnea Quill. Carmine Pur. Caroyph. Chloral hydrate. Cocaine. Codela Crystals. Hydroch.. Phosp. and 8ulph Cremor Tart, pulv. Kssenoe Bergamot, etc. Ouarana. HydrarR. Creta Ammon. Oxid. Rub., I'erchlor. Subchlor. Alcohol, absolute. Aloes, cap. opt. AgHr-agar. Ammon. Bromid. Carb. lolld. Anttmon. Antlplrln. Hydrogulnone. Ichthyol Ammon. Iodine dry and re-subllmed. Litharge Lichen. Magnes. Carb. L^vis. Menthol. Morphia, Ace«., Mur. Sulphate crystals. Musk, China and artificial. Opium, Tky.. I'ulv. B. P. I'eisinn Opt. Oss Sepice. Phenateclne I'iperaiine. Plumb Acet. and Carb. Potass Cclor. crystals. Pulv. Iodide, Permang. Crystals Pav. Protargol. Spermaceti. Strychnine Crystals. Sulphonal. Vaseline. Synthetic Oils. etc. r;,aJ£ o;ciiT:;7o„tj?:"'"'* ^"^ *'''^" '-"" « ^^^^ '"""^' ^^^ ^•^^ ^"«'- ^ aVPFLEMKXT Tr, WSKKLY BVhl.KTIJI IV. OOEMA AVS MTTTE VSWlk. The OdesM consular diatrict coiiipriMm thirteen govemmenta, coveriuK «n ami of 825,000 square miles, and a population estimated at forty-one millions. The district divides naturally into a continental and a maritime division, but tin- general physical aspect of the country is that of endlesa rolling plains, inclosing in the western parts towards the Austrian frontier and in thelower valley of the Dnpi|H-r the most important hardwood forpsts of Russia. Great interest attaches to the prodi- gal variety and richness of the local natural resources. This is the famous "bln<-k earth" region of Kussia, which grows such wonderful crops. Agriculture gains indirectly by the prominence given to the sugar beet, and almost the entire sugar eon- sumption of Kussia is produced here. There is also tobacco growing, which induHtr>' is widespread, fruit of great variety, oil and the vine. The Donetz basin contains the greatest coal measures of Kussia, which are being actively developed, and around which has grown up the iron and steel industry on a great scale, mainly with the help of foreign capital, with well developed engineering, metallurgical, chemical under- takings and a multitude (»f co-rt>lated industries. In the east and south-east are important salt mines, the great petroleum fields and manganese deposits, the greatest in the world, and the highly mineralized ranges of the Caucasus. The largest cities are Odessa, with a population of 610,000, and Kieff, with 590.000. As to other important centres, there are three cities each with populations of about 25O.0(X), thrw of 120,000 to 160,000, six of 70,000 to 90,000, and at least twelve of 50,01)0 to 60.000 souls. Lastly, there is the Black sea, lined with busy and growing ports, with valuable fisheries, the one great outlet of Russia in " warm " water, over which the bulk of her exports find their way abroad. rOl'R CGX'TRRH FOB TRADE. For Canadian purposes, Southern Russia is a more complicated proposition than the other great divisions already dealt with. No one city in the region can be suid to serve as a common centre, as do Petrograd and Moscow. There are rather four such centres for the four districts into which the region moat usefully divides — two maritime, two inland— Odessa and Rostov on the Don, KieflF and Kharkov. These p<>int» were visited. The primaoy among them falls to Odessa, the chief all round port and strong financial centre, with important diversified industries, serving a fertile hinterland tilled with the most progressive agricultural population which Russia has to show. THE VBIQriTOUS (SERMAN. For the products, which Canada has to offer, Odessa is an excellent centre in itself, with this drawback that here more than elsewhere is the pressure of Gemiuii influence to be felt. Odessa has been largely a German commercial outpost, and it has been greatly helped to this position in the past by a mistaken railway policy, now happily being corrected, which bound the town and its fortunes more closely to Austria and Germany than to Russia. One-third of its population are Jews, and there are, or v,'ere, 30,000 foreigners, mainly Germans. It is not difficult tr> imagine, in these circumstances, that the imports of manufactured goods have been mainly from Ger- many; many of them are of the cheap and showy class which suit such a market. The lack of well developed, regular lines of steamships with the Black Sea has acted as an additional handicap to Jreat Britain and the remoter countries. TKdDM A\D OOMMtMOM ^ "^IHjiaiiMC-^. •--■ '^***ilcteSaJiHb»««,i?, aVPfLKMKVT TO WKKKLT MCLLKTIS tl CHAIUCTKIIimCt or tlLATK ■■« nAOS. Tht nplanation in part ii that tho tnide of th« Black w. moTcf in one direction only, naaM^: outward*, and that the character of that trade, namely: itaple imdueta. tucb M rrain. ores. etc.. suit only the tramp data of ahippins. The ihippinc (tatietict of Odem for 1913 fife inward cargoes of 350.000 tons and outward cargoes of 1.900,000 ton., and this is a favourable proposition compared with the other rival ports along tho Black MM and Aiov littorak. An analy«i« txf thcfio import* is intereatinff and will illiirtrBtc the point that is being made. Of the 350,000 tons of cargo actually received at OdcMa. 800,000 represented coal; 40.000 tons fruit, oranges, lemon*, etc.; 40.000 tons various raw materiaU for the soap, candle, chemical and other primary local industries; 6.500 tons tanning materials; 890 tons mineral pigments and colours; 890 ton* white lead and nnc; 174 ton* tinned iron and enamelled ware; 300 tons scythes, sickles, etc.; 660 tons hand tool.; 2.370 tons agricultural machinery; 1.460 tons locumobiles and other machinery; 360 tons spare machinery part.; 150 tons paper: 4.734 ton* iron, sheets, hoops and other fashioned iron. The exports were briefly 1,000,000 ton* of cereals of all kinds; 65.000 tons of raw beet sugar; 100.000 tons of timoer including staves, and about 5,000,000 gallons of proof spj It. IMPOBTR OF FARM MACHINERY. The Black Sea basin takes more foreifm agricultural muchinery than the rest of Kussia. The great bulk come* from tho United State* in whole cargoes by ships on time charters— hitherto arranged by a Hamburg firm. The ship* arrive between the rionth* of January and March and discharge mainly in Azov port*, the goods being distributed from there. INTEBMEDIARV FIRJIS. Odessa is a veritable hive of agenoy and commission firms which are well organu.Hl for their business. It is commonly report.-d. however, that an undue pro- portion of firms are of doubtful financial strength, and that the war is only too likely to affect the standing of many more. Caution will therefore l)e required in entering upon engagements for this as well us for the general reasons ulready mentioned ACItlCULTLRAI, IMPI.EMKXTS AND MACHIMillY. A large and constanUy growing trade hitherto has been done from this centre in h..rvestmg machinoo-, horse rakes and tedders, in whi.-h Canadian makes have had tho.r fair share. The peasant class is solvent and unusually intelligent and enter- prising, and the prospects are therefore encouraging. In ploughs and other simple machines, the Russian works handle the bulk of the trade. The British Consul t.eneral states that Germany had formerly done a good business in ploughs, both single and multiple, probably among the German-speaking colonies, which were founded under >.iehola8 I. and even eariiei— and further that American and German manufac- turers held the trade in seed drills and corn planters; local factories, however, were now making large quantities. Harrows of the disc pattern have met with approbation, and are being supplied by the United States and by Cnnndinn and German finn.s The better class of chaff and forage cutters come from the United Kingdom and Germany, but local factories are now turning out large numbers of an inferior quality. A good business is also to be done in pumps. Steam pumps come mainly from Germany, hand pumps from the United States and Germany. * TB4DK AND CnHMKMCK An American infnriMnt hat ciippliMl the followiiur iMrtirular* on mi*r«>ll«nfrtKd from the Ignited Htatii.. France and Enir land; they ranire in price. acfonMn* to •{«>, ttt,m •1.9(> each to »H.2S a doien. Then i« a irrpBt demand for foriii in beet pulture a»iii|r quantitic. and are u«ieillar" tyiie have nl»o iMH-n introduced and arc quite effective. AN IDEAL PLULUHINO oLTriT. The miichincry cxiK-rt of a firm of En(tli«h traction engine engineer*, who ha. had expenence with all kind, of power plou«hg. .tatwl that the i'lci.l -louKhitiK .utftt for South RuMia was a 60 h.p. crude oil traction engine, and an h mg plough- it <-ould Ih> handled well by three men. and should plough with ease 10 dessiatine. (27 acres) a day. A de*.iatine an hour was what the Russian landowner now looked for. nie st.'am tractor, it wa. admitted, was more elastic than tl»e oil-driven engine and |>erh«i»* better suited to the labour conditions avaifcible; the oil ei^fine. however, had the mlyaiitage of fuel, and the fuel <,uestion. it was thought, must ultimately govern the solution. Straw for fodder is now growing in appreciation; it was previously burnt, and complaints were hearn worn more erenly by tlw trdio than alMwlMrt in RuMi.. owiu, to th. ch.r«rt« of the fam, w^on. employed, .nd motor o.r. h.», tbmfor* ]«M to fear from the •hoeki of rouffh trarelHnff. The rich farmert are becoming purch.iert of can. and the maricet therefor* in distinctly wideninR. OHKMICAL) AND MVOa. The fowinir mm of fertiliaen thowi that eren the "black earth" haa iti limiti in fertil.ty. The iugar region, in the Kieff divi.ion .1«, require larga tuppliet of fcrtiliMrt annually. They have oomo previouily via Riga and Libau. and alio via OdeiM, from Bremen and Hamburg. Thoma. tlag and sulphate of ammonia should interest ( anadiau producers in the Maritime Provincee. For the other ponl tar derivntives. carbolic acid, creosote, pitch, eto., there is also a market. For drugs and pharmaceutical preparationn. largely in German hands hithorU Odessa IS an important market; the consumption has trebled in the last ten ycnrr and IS valued nt 3,600,000 roubles annually. Patent nK>dioines sell well. TANNING llATERlALfl. Tanning materioU find a ready market in the local industry wWoh is lar». "u"rS" «t roci." "°* ' " *"" ***"* """''""•'y explained, but mainl, " de^T to tl« heavy du^.""** "'"^ ^^ '""'""" ""' *""*'"• ''"* *''*^ ™"'" ^ ""'"'*'"• •'"^'"'» Americui. boot, uud shoes, here us cUewhero. arc rapily growing in favour for town use, and dealers will be pleuseil to consider tho Canadian article as Austrian and (lermon products will have to be replaced. Odessa has a large departmental store, not un hke the one in Moscow, and this shouW serve for the general introduc- tion (.f tonadian articles for tho household, ond along hardware lines, etc. PBINTINO PAPCB. News and priutiiig paper i« supplied by Finland. UctU-r classes of printing come iron. Jho south o I- rune.., via Marseille Tho commonest newspaper cosU 8 To kopecks per Ituss.an pound delivered in uormul times, but is selliS now nt more than double that pnco. It is believed that direct shipmenU at rea«,n«ble freight rates should enable Canadian mills, favourably placed for export, to compete in tho iJlack hea ports. TYPKWUITER8. A cheap typwritcr would suit this market. American makers of standard macbiius ha^o rcH..cnt y arraiigod to put one on tho market, which is identical with those now tn This ™ T ''' ""ff 'T "'''*^T' "'^''^^ "" «°^'«'"'^ ''^ ""-y P«tent?;„Tro;«Ui^ Ths machine is offend. ,» a dilferent style, at 50 roubles under the standard article tTilIwri'STuX ° "" °^"'''"' "" *'" """=••'""* "''•^ ^° ""-»» " «» «- ->«^' SewiiiK machines have come largely from Germany. The fu -ire should hold oppor unites for Canadian makes. Only those worked by hand are in demanA It is believed that the success of Canada in the Black Sea region will largelv depend upon dire<,t shipping facilitiw. a point which will be dealt with la7cr KIEV. re«uUrfn*VK' "*/*"'! '"POrtW't point gave, on the whole, not greatly dissimilar results to those already mentioned in tho preceding remarks. Financially Kiev is in a specially strong position. The native Russian purchasing and intermediary firms 89389—3 M TBADE AXD OOMMSBOa are euergetio and well organized; the Jewish element, although influential, is no( large. Oennan competition has held a strong position in this place in the past, and German engineering and German capital had a good deal to do with equipping the great indnstiy in this district — the sugar industry. SUGAR rAOTOBT SUPPLIES. This special feature of Kiev suggests that for Canadian firms engaged in the manufacture of sugar factory requirements and supplies there might be an opening here if their specialities were introduced through the right local houses. The same remark applies to the special machinery and implements used in connection with the cultivation of the beet, to which the region is so largely devoted; and. there is further the market for fertilizers, which are imported in great quantities. Consider- able amounts of red and white lead are also annually required for the hundred odd sugar-making establishments, belting for transmissions, paints, etc. STEEL SECTIONS. The supply of many machinery parts and castings for sugar machinery, which require renewing, is also an item to be considered, especially the steel cutting or slicing sections, for which an alternative source of supply to Germany is much desired. Of the last named some 250,000 are wanted annually— at the price of about one rouble each. Particulars and samples have been secured for the information of Canadian manufacturers who may be able to tnter the market. KHARKOV. Nicolaieff was visited, for a few hours. This city is a ilourishing port on the river Bug, a few miles above the point when it discharges into the Black sea. The city has 125,000 inhabitants. Here are the naval shipbuilding yards of the Govern- ment, where war vessels of the largest types are under construction. Openings were pointed out for the supply of the smaller electrical motors for the battle cruisers and other ships, for which Germans had originally contracted. Nicolaieffs other chief industry is the export of grain, in which the port now surpasses Odessa. Like several other ports on the Black sea, NicolaiefF has become independent of Odessa, and this circumstance explains the relatively slow growth of Odessa in recent years. HININO AND AOBICULTURE. Kharkov, the administrative centre of the coal and iron mines of Southern Russia, is at the same time the great agricultural fair centre of the south. Four important fairs are held here annually. It is a place, therefore, for supplying the varied needs of the contiguous, wide-flung, close-settled, rich agricultural region*, of which the Kharkov and Voronesh governments are the best. A number of large manufacturing houses of agricultural and general machinery, hardware, etc., have their headquarters here. It is unnecessary to reiterate details of the openinp^ for articles, which are common to other districts. In passing, however, the promising outlook for tractors, particularly for ploughing, may be mentioned, and the room there is for improvements and simplification in the construction of these machines, which may tend to make them "fool " proof. The trade is, however, difficult to finance, and requires an efficient staff of experts. Agents, therefore, look for a liberal backing from the manufacturers. American boots and shoes are making progress, and business seems to be possible for the Canadian article. The motor ear habit is growing, because ears have stood the bad roads better than was expected. On the country estates they are becoming numerous. i le possiblo ids better aVPPLBMBNT TO WEEKLY BVLLEtlH FUTURE COMPETITION. 3» 1 There was a feelmg of apprehenBion abroad aa to the outlook for Canadian and other rival agrricultural harvesting machinery. aft«r the American combine had perfected their arrangements for output. It was considered that Canada's remedy would probably bo found in equipping auxiliary works in the country possibly with the co-operation of English makers of machinery of other non-compoting types. In other machine^ specialities Canadians, it was said, would do well to co-operate, and so reduce the eiT-.. .„i -rnense of entering the market. There was probably disappointment ahea f -r the iiulivi.!,, \ firm, except in rare cases. The view of ono leading dealer regardir ■ future Oomai, - -mpetition was that it would necess- arily bo formidable, owing to .it .o.ition .,hi' > the Germans had held for vcnrs. the class of goods which they hai supplied ,vhi. . will also correspond to the reduced power of expenditure of the Ruo^Ia,. ^.,^ . „ ter the war. and perhaps most of all to the support of the middleman the Jew trader who has no nationality, and whose interests hitherto have been chiefly pro-German. Allied countries, U wa, sTat^ would require not only to be in a preferential position as regards tariff, but aS.' the Ceirf 7*""* T ""'^i'.^'" ""'.^^'^ ""^- ^' ""' "^""^Jy concei;able tha? tJio Oerman trade position could be entirely superseded. ROSTOV. r.. ^''?«"'f '''f' position and the enterprise and the energy of iU population are responsible for the rise of Rostov, in Southeastern Russia, within the last thirty yea™ trom a straggling Cossack viUagc to one of the best built of modem cities, with 250^ inhabitants It is the natural outlet of the fertile grain growing and stock raising region of South-eastern Russia, which is drained by the Don and Donetz rTvew Improvement works, including locks, on the Donetz recently completed, have brought trnnirtt' ''''^'i?^''^"'*'^./" '^^' '>>'^' basin within reach of the seaboard, by wate fn^rr l.""V ^}^'^ o''^"^ '^**"'"^' oon^'^'King at Rostov, tap the hinterland including the Northern Caucasus, and it only remains now to link up. by a shori ^r theTn: Z"'*"" rr ^'\ '^^ ?""• " ^°'^ ^^^^^ >« *° ^^ resumed immediately after the war. to compete ideal conditions of transportation for Eastern Russia in Europe, and to add to tlie good fortune of Rostov. LEADISO MARKET FOR FARM MACHINERY. Rostov is the largest centre for the agricultural implement and machinery bu ness in Russia. Half a mile of continuous showrooms and warehouses whTch ine both sides of the handsome Sadovaya (Garden) Boulevard, filled wthfore^n machinery and imported goods, demonstrate the importance and variety of the tr^e urnover. Branches of these firms and a con^plete organization of ajnts are main! a.ned throughout the dependent districts. Rostov's business houses^ave a reZ-^ trade with Astrachan and supply goods to the Trans-Caucasian dtricts andTven Hi .^-7 ./?/"''?• ^' ',' ,*^" ^"* ^°°' ""'^'=* '» S«"th Russia; it purchases and o- he^ uth IhTK Zfwl l^^^^T^"^ T'^ '"^^ '"^'•- and "DLstr-" oo"s 89339—3} as TRADE AND COMMERCE A great portion of the agricultural machinery sold never reaches Rostov Imported at a period of the year when the sea of Azov is closed by ice, the machiiicrj goes to ^I'ovoroeisk in the Black sea, and is distributed thence. During the sumiP'^r boats drawing not more than 24 feet can enter most of the Azov Sea harbours. << Dun is now being dredged to that depth as far as Rostov and in the meantime mi. o\ lighters effect the discharge and loading of the larger vessels, which cannot now ctitei the river. Canadian farm machinery is well t' iiu fore, but there are openings for furthei capable and reliable firms. The importing firms are, on the whole, well known to >•< financially strong, and they buy on open account. As a consequence a stock oi machines must always be on hand, the firm paying as it sells. Credit to purchasers varies from six months to one year ; heavy machinery from two to three years, payable in certain agreed proportions, with interest at 6) to 7 per cent. An opportunity has now arisen for supplying the reaper sections and the steel attachments hitherto imported from Germany in large quantities. The prices givei were 41 to 4J cents each for sections, and 2j cents for the attachments. Both are dutj free. BINDER TWINE. The scarcity of binder twine has been a most difficult one this year, and has seriously interfered with the feale of binder machines. The price of twine is threefoli •he usual price, i.e., 20 to 24 roubles per pood (36 pounds), as against 7 and 8 roubles 'i he Government is reported to have made contracts with iin American Company fo from three to seven million poods of twine, delivered in New York. Enquiry as to the prospects of Canadian manufacturers engaging, more extensively in the manufacture of this article was repeatedly made. Apprehension regarding the future of the harvesting machinery trade was general among the dealers in Rostov; the competition of T'''nited States firms was a matte- of general complaint; it being felt that the war had only postjionrd an awkwan j.osition. FLOCR MILL EQUIPMENT. Flour milling macliinery in small units is ako in good demand, as well a; gasolene and oil motors for operating them. The Diesel oil motor tyi)e seems to hold the market. German and Swiss makes predominate. There is an opening for a goer two-cylinder motor, a cheap one to compete with the Benz make of from 3J to 30 b.li.p. and also for one of the Diesel type, for larger power users. For country purposes th( question of fuel is all important, coal and oil being dear and in uncertain supply Competition has been keen in Rostov in this line and at least twenty firms were carrj- ing agencies before the war. FISHING NETS. An article in which Canada might take an interest is fishing nets, hitherto sup- plied from Germany. The measurements are 25 to 75 meshes broad, made in meshef of 10 to 44 millimetres wide, of hemp or cotton of vario\is thicknesses. Annual piir chases amount to 75,000 pieces, 160 metres each in length. Larger nets l.iO meshes broad, in meshes 10 to 57 millimetres wide. Annual pur chases, 325 tons. miners' lamps. The coal mines administration in the Donetz basin are looking for an alternative source of supply for the German-made miners' lamp which is used, known as tht " Wolff " pattern. A suitable' lamp of similar design burning mineral oil could bo passed and adopted. The " Wolff " lamps ^ere supplied at 3.50 to 4 roubles each. i^ ■ BVPPLBMEXT TO WEEKLY BVLLETIN 37 Efforts to make them in Russia liave not been conspicuously succeggful, at the enhanced price of 5 roubles. A sample lamp is beinp; detained for the Department. Thirty thousand are dispo^od of annually. The previous 1 tes respecting motor cars, leather and leather articles, chemicals and drugs, etc., may be taken as applying equally to this point. There is, however, a good local demand for aluminium gof)d«, household utensils, spirits and paraffino stoves (of the Swedish varietj), lanterns, and especially for hur- ricane lanterns. GRAIN KLKVATORS. Of special interest to Canada is the extensive programme for the building of grain elevators upon which the Russian Government is now embarked. The objects in view are to facilitate the movement of the grain crops and at th- same time to afford the farmer some assistance in warehousing and disposing of his crop, without the losses and sacrifices to which he is now exposed, owing to the absence of anything like adequate storage and owing also to unscrupulous middlemen. The scheme for Southeastern Russia comprises no less than 110 elevators of various sizes, which are to be complett-d by 1920. Twenty-one of tliese elevators are to be in the Don territory, exclusive of two of 25,000 tons capacity to be built in Southeastern Russia under the Department of Trade and Finance. The Vladikavkaz Railway Company let a contract, just before the war, to a German firm for a larger elevator on the riverside, but this has now been cancelled, and the comiwny are look- ing for other competent contractors for the work. One modern elevator only exists at present in the port. It was completed quite recently and is a suction elevator built by a firm in Dresden, but it does not seem to have been the success expected— which local report attributes to faulty construction. Particulars of the Government elevator scheme are to be obtained in Petrograd from the Commission des Maffaxinn a (iraim of the State Bonk, which is charged with the financing of the elevator programme. PROBLE.U OV SIIIPPIM; F.UILITlK^i. The problem of Ci , -ade development with Southern Russia on anything approaching a satisfacto- ippears to be largely one of direct shipping facilities between Canada and the J .. .,ea. The existing lines making connections for cargo are practically speaking, wholly indirect, and involve transhipment, either in the Thames, Hull or a Dutch port. Transhipment is always a handicap, if it does not ultimately kill trade, freight charges being thereby almost doubled. It may be urged that if a direct service with the United States has not proved possible, what chance can there be for a Canadian steamship service direct with Russia. A purely cargo service however, does not preclude utilizing and developing the opportunities for Canadian trade at intermediate ports, and there are at least two if not three such points m the Mediten-anean, which, both in going and in coming, could be made to serve that purpose and thus help to maintain a direct service with the Black sea. When investi- gating the possibilities of the Western Mediterranean for Canadian trade some years ago. It was found that the prospects of freight for a line of steamships were by no means discouraging, and with the Black sea now added, the position would appear to be very materiaUy - iproved. The route suggested might be somewhat as follows: «arceloiin. Piraju., .myma or Constantinople and O.lossa. and a connection with Aovorosisk. There might be a slight variation according to circumstances on the return voyage. Outward freight would consist of agricultural and general machinery manufactures, dried cod-fish, wheat and flour, pulp and paper, sawn lumber, coal dis- tillation products, pitch, carbolic acid, creosote and sulphate of ammonia, chemicals, ct.-^; return freights from the Black Sea. raw beet sugar, as the main st^in.lbv. tobacco hides and skins wool, liquorice root, salt, hemp, etc.. with fruits, dried andfresh and other products from the Mediterranean. 38 TKADB AND COMMERCE A monthly service at first, with boats of from 6,000 to 0,000 tons should suiBce. Manganese and ore shipments- from the Black Sea would be inadmissible except for tramp vessels. FA88EN0EB SERVICE FOB EUIOaATION. It is believed that the problem would be probably solved if it were decided to organize a passenger service, from the Black sea with Kuasiaii emigration aa a basis. There is every possibility of a large emigration from South Russia after the war, and it is well known that Kussian emigrants invariably prefer to travel by other than Russian ships. The line might connect with an Italian port for the same purpose and for freight. It is useful to recall here the intention of the German lines to organize a service of this character from the Levant, shortly before the war, which is not likely to be revived. i SVPPLBMEyT TO WEBKLT BVILBTIN 30 THE CAUCASUS. The following notes on the Caucasus, which was not visited in person by the writer, have been assembled with the aid of the British consul r ofccers, and from other reliable sources. They will serve as an indication of the general position and the possibilities of that market for Canadian manufacturers. ^ "' »* so" «• e** »• F. 0. N?529e. Ordjuirf^ <^m^,y Orfu-r Sou'Juimpton.tBH. Skftch Map of the Caucaaug. The Caucasus r^on covers an area of some 250,000 square miles and is divided into two districts of unequal size: the Northern, which is the larger, with an area of 146,000 square miles, is of great agricultural importance; the Southern, consisting of the foothits and ranges of the Caucasus, with much mining, great petroleum fields and valuable '-^rests. IMPORJ'S INTO THE CAUCASUS. The chief foreign imports into the Northern Caucasus are agricultural machinery and implements. The whole trade is in the hands of foreign firms in Rostov on the 40 TSADB AND COMUBROB Don, who have branchea in the province of Kuban and Terek and the Gk)Teminent of Stavropol. The bulk of these imports never see Rostov, but are shipped direct to Novorosisk, its winter port on the Black Sea, and distributed thence, The United States possess the lion's share of this trade, but Canadian machinery enjoys a reputation, which secures for it steady growing sales. Figures of the total imports are at present unobtainable. Those, however, received from the United Kingdom alone in 1913 were 3,500 tons of agricultural machinery, 3,290 tons of locomobiles and threshers. There were also 1,OSO tons of machinery and parts, 425 tons boilers and fit igs, 105 tons motors and fittings, 250 tons hardware, 15 tons leather belting, 14 tons hair belting, 24 tons crucibles, 1,040 tons Bessemer coils, steel wire, 950 tons sewing machines, etc. ENtX>rRAOEMF.XT GIVEN TO IMPORTATION OF MACHINERY. The climatic conditions of the countiy, which are considered the best in Bussia, the extremely fertile soil, and the labour position all favour an increased employment of machinery. The local Zemstovs do everything to encourage a high standard of farming. They maintain implement and machinery stores, and furnish the latest and best implements to the peasants on easy terms of payment. MOTOR PLOUOHS. Motor ploughs are being introduced and are believed to have a great future. The chief supply of ploughs came from Russian works, but Germany and the United States have dirposed of a good many modern ploughs, as well as pulverizers, machinery for small grist and flour mills, and the oil motors for driving the same, iron shovels, forks, etc. OIL WELL SUPPLIES. With reference to oil well supplies and machinery for the oil fields, the greater poition of these come from abroad and are handled by local dealers and agents, although it is understood the English companies sometimes obtain their more import- ant machinery direct when ro agency has been granted locally. In an American Consular Report published since the beginning of the war, it is stated that " a large business is done in oil and water drills. The American rotary drilling system has recently been introduced and is rapidly becoming general; also pumps from the smallest size for household use to the large centrifugal pumps for irrigation find a readv sale, but the supply on hand is low. Grist mills, com shellers, milling machinery, oil presses, rice hullers and dressing nuchines, screw cutting machinery, compressors, lathes, and belting are always in demand." PROSPECTS FOB SAW-MILL MACUIMERY. For Canadians the prospects for 6aw-mill equipment and supplies demand special attention on account of the great future of the lumber trade in this district. The above-mentioned authority also states " there are 250 to 300 saw-mills in operation in the Caucasus, employing 3,000 men; all these are run by water-power. American circular solid-tooth saws are chiefly used." Hydraulic motors for utilizing the power of the numerous rivers and streams in the Caucasus have also an important future, according to the Chief Government Inspector for Factories at Tiflis, who invites correspondence in that regard. , SlllPPiSa FACILITIES NECESSAKY. The trade with this region would be greatly assisted were the direct shipping facilities with the Black sea of a more regular and satisfactory character. The only i SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY BVLLETIH 41 direct service to Batoum from America before the war was that of the American Levant Line, sailing under the British colours, which required improving in order to become really effective. The British Consul at Batoum is of the opinion that with the introduction of regularity in sailings there is every likelihood of expansion of direct traffic with the American continent. It is well known that the Hambu.v American Company in the spring of 1914 set about competing for the traffic offering on this route, and commenced to run such a line between the United States and Batoum in opposition to the British service in question. This project is now necessarily in abeyance. Hitherto goods have had to find their way to and from the American continent with trans-shi.iment at French, German or Dutch ports. 42 rXAOf AVD OOMMWitCU VI 8IBISIA. OmnUI. SITUATION. For the purposes of trade development, Siberia falls into two separate divisions, vi«.: Western and Eastern Siberia. In the western division, stretching from the Urals to a line drawn through Irkutsk, the local trade conditions and their controlling influences may be assimilated to those operating in European Russia. In Eastern Siberia, including the Trans-Baikal province, however, special geographical and economic factors tend to make this remote region one apart, and the trade of this district must therefore be dealt with by and for itself. Siberia, as a whole, may be said to be peculiarly dependent upon foreign trade exchanges for her prosperity. The population of the country, now 13,000,000 is being constantly recruited by migration from European Russia, the net migration for the fifteen years from 1808 to 1912 having been no less than two and three-quarter millions. It is a fact moreover that the producing and consuming power of this population 'a relatively much higher than that of any similar proportion of the Russian people in the rest of the Empire. EXPORTS. The following figures for 1911 are characteristic of the exports of Siberian produce :— Poods. Value In RoubiM It«RM— (lpood=361b.) (1 rouble =6f6 cants.) Careala 44,500,000 30,000,000 Butter 4,000,000 60,000,000 Hlde» 6,000,000 JJ<»1-- ■ i,000,000 Meat, poultry and game 2,500,000 7,000,000 Animal fata 500,000 3,000,000 E«a 100,000 Cattle head. 05,000 2,500,000 Of this trade the greater part must be credited to Western Siberia. lUPOHTS. The following figures show the principal imports into Siberia: — "*'"•— (lpood=8Slba.) Pnr sooda 1,100,000 Orocerlea and haberdashery 2 000 000 Pt*-tron and steel «!60o!o00 Ket«' manufacturaa 8,000,000 AsrlctiPwal machinery and implemenu 5,600,000 5"*'" 2,00o!o00 Chei-itcala *»id colour merchanta' materlala 2,000,000 *•"* I,50o!o00 It is worth noting that in several of the above groups such as metal manufac- tures and agricultural machinery, Siberia already is but little inferior, as a consumer of imports, to European Rusm. HOME TRADE. During the last ten years, the home trade of Siberia has grown from 60 to 150 million roubles annually. In the Akmolinsk province in 1911 ,the 106 fairs and \'-^,^ BCPPLKMMNT TO WtSKKLt BVLLBTIV 49 iBArluta oarriad on biuincM to tbe estent of orer 100,000,000 touUm. Trado ezpan- •ion ii al«o shown by a number of rital factors such as the canjinc trade returns of the chief centres of distribution, the growth in the number of banks, forwarding houses, insurance offices, etc., and in the extraordinary activity of the building trade. There is eveiywhere an increasing tendency toward intensive and advanced methods of exploitation of the chief products of Siberia. The growth of the butter and egg exports has been phenomenal, when one considers the problems of trans- portation and of markets. Bacon, a more recent article of export, is rapidly becoming a trade of first-class importance. The census figures of 1910 in regard to factories and their production, are significant of the general movement in progress. These statistics gave the number of factories as 14,160, with an output valued at rouble* TS.nOO.OOO, an increase of 75 per cent in the number and of 160 per cent in production ovei the position in 1900. (The Russian returns class as factories all small industries employing hands.) The i-hiei" increase in these establishments has been in connection with flour-mills, saw-mills, breweries, etc. Practically the entire equipment of these and similar undertakings was imported from abroad. Apart from the agricultural wealth of Siberia, there are the forest, mineral and fishery resources, whose development presents great trade possibilities. It is estimated that one-half and the best half of the forests of Asia lie in Siberia. Four-fifths of Russia's gold output comes from Siberia. The yield there of pure gold has risen from 1,794 poods in 1900 to 2,732J poods in 1911, and it is stated on good authority that with the completion of the Amur railway the present annual yield should easily be doubled, and this despite the restrictive character of the government mining regula- tions. Silver is widely disseminated, but little has been accomplished in silver mining because of the depreciation in the market value of the metal. On the other hand, copper deposits of great value have been proved, and are in course of development. Coal, moreover, exists in abundance throughout Siberia and is actively mined. The presence of iron deposits in the Steppe country and notably in the Maritime province of Eastern Siberia in juxtaposition with coal, is also an indication of the openings for trade, which the country must offer even under the present moderate rate of develop- ment. VALUE OF TRANSPORTATION FACILITIES. , Q?°®. "^ *^* ™*"* essential factors in the commercial and industrial development of Siberia, ha« been the facilities of distribution by railways and the developed water routes which are availallo. The whole hydrographic system supplements the trans- Sibenan railway, and supplies for literally thousands of miles, north and south of the line, the most splendid means of cheap acces*. to vast areas during the greater portion of the year. These facilities are being continually increased by the construction of new railways and by river improvement works, which are aimed at connecting the whole river system of the country for practical transportation purposes. TKiDS ASD CiiMMERCS 1 ^.. ■to HVfnKMKST TO WKKKLT BVUBTIS iC VII WXtTEBir 8ZB11IA. Siberia beinf practically without manufacturinir indmtrica, it follovro that then It a Urge and growing market for almott all kindii of manufactim^d artiolea. of whK-h agncultural machinery and implement* stand caaily at the head. In oomplicstcd mflohines. mrh lu wlf -hinder.. n'at»>n, mowceg and nik.>». the «alt>s of the International Harrciter Company'. Mokmw works dominate the poaition, end are supplemented by imports from the United Sutes and Canada. These arrive via the Baltic and Black Soa ports. PlouKhs are now mainly of Rusaian manufac- turc. rouirhly but stronRly finished, all patterned after the Sack or Eckert (German) types. The walking plough is used almost entirely, combined with a sower, which drops the seed mto the open furrow, the next following share covering it in Two Hml three furrow ploughs of this dwcriptioii sell for $17 to $21, four to seven furrow with scMler, $20 to $44. Germany has sold a great many ploughs of the better class, a triide which is now worth capturing. The shortage of ploughs in Western Sibt-ria IS nlready considerable, and dealers at Omsk were anxious to learn what Canadians ooiild do in supplying the mnrkot. especially in single and double ploughs of the •hack type (original model or improved). Disc drills and disc harrows have ^•orae popular. In disc drills, a good article is manufactured by the large Anglo- Russian factory at Ekatcrinoslaf (EUworthys). which suits the soil conditions of hibena. The discs are fitted at small intcr\al8, four inches instead of the usual six inches; they are also adjustable, an arrangement which is regarded a* an additional advantage. In this particular the Russian dioc drill is held to excel the im. orted article, a point to !« duly noted by Cnn»dian manufacturers. Potato diggers are also m demand; they should be lighter than the ordinary American pattern and should be provided with a more stable delivery table. In regard to cultivators any miprovement in construction which would render the teeth less liable to be clogged by weeds, would be welcomed and ensure good sales. TIIRESIIINa MACHIKE8. Sinall threshing machines, with horse gears, are used in great numbers and are generally in short supply. They are being successfully imported from Great Britain III eompetition with the local make. The prices at factory for the 4-hor8e-power size are 120 roubles; C-horse-power, 140 roubles, and 8-hor8«-power, 160 roubles. Freight from factory to Omsk i. about 50 roubles. Power threshing outfits onme mainly from f.ngland and Germany. ■' PORTABLE EX0IKE8. Of late the competition of Gcnr^any, especially in portable engines, had become a serious factor. Oil tractors are preforrd as the prevalence of alkaline water in Western Siberia is against the steam-driven engine Lightness is a desirable feature- he heavy engines with their narrow wheels pack the sbil and prevent growth of veite- tation. Tractors of the " caterpi.iar " type have been introduced. A few gets of these for plougluiig have been disposed of among the larger land owners and the prospects for increased business are good. The country, however, is still relativelv I)oor. and the general use of expensive farm machinery must be a matter of slow TIUDt AVD OOMMWMCa rUKIK MIU. MACMmUT. Flour miU machinery (roller prooeee), to grind one thouMuid to three thouiand pood* of grain (600 to 9,000 buiheti) in twenty-four hours it in inoreawd demand. aa well aa the oil enginea of the Dirndl type, of from 30 to SO horae-power, required to operate it. Extra heary fly wheela are preferred. GUAM IIPiUIATOIU. The rapid riao of the dairying induatry in Weatem Siberia is retponaible for a large demand for M'paratora, which have hitherto been aupplied by Germany and Sweden. rABU WAOONR. Farm wagona, built of aah, with oak huba, in three aiiee, are needed in large numbers, the old sourcei of supply, in the Caucasus and Northern Russia being quite unable to meet the present requiremenU, as Russian firms am engaged on war oontraota ; prioea range from 75 to 80 roublea each delivered at Omsk. It is to be obserred thot these prices are exceptional, and not likely to be maintained in normal times. The freight charges on carloads from Black Sea ports averago S roublo* per wagon. HARDWARE, TOOLS. In regard to general hardworc, tools, etc., visit-) to the lorgo gctirrnl storcj ot Omsk showed that goods of German origin nrc carried, if not exclusively, at least to a surprising extent. Stocks everywhere are beinR rapidly depleted, and the question of replacing them is causing anxiety. In one typical store, with a business of 3.000.000 roublea a year, the following articles were noted as being urgently required : Common cutlery, skates, razors, barber's hair clippers, pumps (hand pumps eHpecially), screw cutting lathes, stocks and dies, bolts and nuts, pulleys, valves and fittings for radiator*, ole-nanic>i, lenthor bolting, common oil burners, clothes wringers, drills and tools, files, frame saws, hand sows, drilling machines, common shovels and locomotive shovel", freezing mnchines, scythes, hay forks, enamelled ironwore, tools of every class and builders' hardware. 8EW1N0 MACHINES. There is a promising market for sewing machines; outside of those made in Rua.sia by a well-known American company, the greater number sold are of German iriain. Supplies of the latter are now exhausted. The machines are bought en the basis of extended monthly payments. The following normal prices of these mnchin'--;. delivered, duty paid at Omsk, are as follows: "Ix)ng shuttle," 17-71 roubles; "Ring shuttle," 24 roubles; "Central spool," 25 26 roubles; "Vibrating," 19-60 roubles. These prices are for machines with covers, or if without, 2 roubles cheaper. Terms are nine months' acceptance from the date of shipment, duty and freight to be paid by the purchaser. TRADE METHODS. As has been previously stated Moscow merchants control about 50 per cent of the trade of Western Siberia. These firms have branches in the principal centres, but the purchases for their stores are made in Moscow. The growth of the country and the establishment of strong local independent firms however are gradually bringing about a change and direct buying must ultimately become a general practice. Most of the foreign firms doing business in Russia pay little attenti-->n tn the Sib^'rian market and seem unaware of its importance. They are content often to hand over their repre- sentation for the whole of Russia to a single firm in Petrograd, with the result that their interests suffer. The practice of the agent is to appoint a sub-agent for Siberia, i: *4-. MtJPPLBUmT TO WBMKLT BVlLtTIS 4r •od arm raitpMioc tbe iMt-naoMd to b« aa MtiT« mImiuui, Um f*ni that both int«r< iiM«li»riM arc looking for ■ lubitantial profit on any k.usin<>M effected. inorea»e« the cost of the article to iueh an extent that mIp« are rcntrictcd if not r»'ndpr«>.l impoiiiible. German houiea hare nbnndonrd thin practice for icTeral yenm. By trade trroupinir, howe?er, and by tcndiiiir remilarly rompctcnt travpllen, speakinii th.' Iniiirunffn, and carryinir a full line of lamplen to the chief centre*, they have hee\\ able to build up a direct trade on a tatiifactory baiii, by thm ffettinir cloae to the pt>n»umer and meetinR hit wants. BXTIRDKD CREDIT. The granting of extendn] credit ha* also been an important factor in securing business in Siberia. There is little liquid capital in a country during the early stages of colonization and agricultural development. In practice, therefore, the foreign exporter must be prepared to carry on business with his own capital. Although the Western Siberian market is extensive, it is intrinsically safe, if care in the granting of credit be exercised and operationa are limited to selected solvent customers. TIADR GROrpINO AND LOCAL AQCNTa. Financial strength to carry on trade is a greater necessity in Western Siberia than in European Russia, and trade grouping by outeide firms wishing to enter that mMket is of first importance. While the profits are great, expenses are also high, and It IS a wise policy to share them in testing a new ronri«et and its possibilities. The commercial penetration of Siberia by Germany has been remarkable. The German language easily takes precedence there for business purposes over English and French Germany has been greatly a88iflte Cream separators Churns Wheels (wagon) Wagons Fire engines (pumps) Welghins machines Sickle and scythe grinders Axes Forks .'.' 89839—4 Number. Value. (Roubles.) 35,794 832.544 4,198 188,460 1.934 131,085 497 24,084 1,010 25.330 2S4 &2.001 473 fiS.524 2.966 429,477 2,962 185,341 1,206 29,S49 3,023 507,465 S.104 589,648 1,160 454,357 1.234 721,181 1.845 409,289 6,205 240.434 347 83,529 676 46,169 154 21,696 374 14,830 68 4.468 16 2.845 .... 34,949 343 28.453 173 4,671 1,514 24,870 2,891 268,565 45 12,113 454 17.91S 1,801 23,877 7,218 7,232 3,271 1.811 60 TRADM AVD OOMMMBOM DTATBliENT OF 8AU8 OF THE OOTKRHIIEMT IMPLEMENT DEPOTS IN SIBERIA IN 1013— Cofl. Number. Valu*. (Rouble* > Shovels Bcythca Lubrleatinc oU Varlooa cleuilng maebliMa Textile articles Wire and staio sieves Beltins (leather) '• (woven) Roonns sheeU of Iron and steel. Binder twine (poods) Tarpaulins, sacks (number).. .. Grain and other products Seed trains 1M2 (17 3,ll* 1,611 24.169 7a.4»7 t,6t9 1MS9 7,109 4,6tS lt.(l« 6,199 11.005 17,711 21,061 11.1(1 114.191 6<7,97( 11.164 1(6,600 106,067 109,414 61,676 61.401 111,2(6 ^ 8VPPLWUENT TO WEEKLY BVLLKJIH St vin EASTEBN 8IBEBIA. From Irkiitok eastwards, the continuity of Rusflian territory to the Pacific suffers by the intrusive mass of northern Manchuria, which thrusts the frontier far to the north. The trans-Siberian railway is thereby forced to take a circuitous route in order to reach the coast over Russian soil. This portion of the line (the Amur railway, now all but finished) will open up rich agricultural, mineral and forest re^ons. The direct communication with Vladivostok is across Manchuria by the Hanchurian rail- way, which is leased by and under the militaiy control of the Russian Oovemment. Eastern Siberia has a population of nearly two million, the grreater part of whom are located in the Maritime and Amur provinces. Systematic colonization, under Government direction, has already done much to create the foundation of permanent settlement, which must precede any successful opening up of the country's natural resources. Geographical position is also largely responsible for rendering the trade position in Eastern Siberia subject to foreign influences, by way of the Pacific coaat, to a degree unknown in any other part of the Empire. These influences, hitherto chiefly European, and German at that, may be expected to undergo ch iges and will be sup- plemented by North American contact, notably from the eastern, industrial portion of that continent. This is made possible by the opening up of the Panama canal, the new economic factor, which Canada enjoys on equal terms with her American neigh- bour. VLADIVOSTOK. The harbour of Vladivostok was crowded with vessels some of as much as 18,000 tons, which had passed through the canal The significance to Russia of the port of Vladivostok during the last twelve months has attracted much attention to Eastern Siberia, and to the trade opportunities in that market The interest thus aroused is not likely to disappear at the close of the war. The 'Russian Government moreover has made provision for the improvement of Vladivostok, and of other ports on the coast, and for steamship intercommunication, including a service on the Amur River. The relatively liberal tariff policy in force in Asiatic Russia, where the duty-free importation of a large range of articles is permitted, presents anothei favourable feature for trade. The Imperial Railway Administration have also recently agreed to put into force, at the end of the war, reduced through rates on merchandise shipped on through bills of lading via Vladivostok to points in the interior. SPECIAL TRADING FEATURES. The sp«ial features of the trade of Eastern Siberia are ite detachment from exclusively Russian influences and traditions, and its concentration in a relatively small number of strong firms, technically Russian. These firms have a strong foreign outlook, owing to the geographical situation, and they conform generally to foreign business methods. The largest of them are in the nature of departmental stores, with headquarters at Vladivostock, Nikolsk, Nikolaevsk, Blagovefetchensk, Zeya-Pristan Stretensk, Nerchinsk. Tchita, Irkutsk, etc. They all do both a wholesale and retail trade, and act frequently as contractors for large undertakings, public and private, of a varied character. Their financial strength is unquestioned. These firms are supplemented by foreign firms carrying specialities, required for the development of 8033»— 4i 80 TRADM AVD COMMBROM BVPPLBMEKT TO WEEKLY BOLLETIH 53 the country's reaourcea, and alao conducting a general import and export trade on a commissiun b&sis. Many of these latter were German and have now been closed up, and it is for enterprising firms of other countries to replace them, and their activities. RANGE or IMPORTS. A surrey of the range of the imports in 1909-1911 at Russian Pacific ports is .applied by the statistical table which will be found in the appendix. It should be iulded tlint the trade in 1913 was on a much more extended scale, but the figures are not yet obtainable. Interviews with the leading merchants, and an inspection of the larger depart- mental stores, seemed to indicate encouraging prospects for Canadian trade, provided business be handled along the lines which have been already suggested. Stocks of imported articles were everywhere low and the necessity of replenishing them wac urgent. The old (German) sources of supply being stopped, there is every desire to trade with allied countries, which are able to supply the market with alternative products, and the present time, therefore, is undoubtedly opportune for investigating the position, and creating the organization for closer intercourse in this section of Russia. SUOQESTED OPENINGS FOR CANADA. Thr progressive settlement of Eastern Siberia must ensure a growing demand for agricui iral machinery and implements, and for dairying appliances, flour mill equip- ment, ditching and stumping machines, pumps, etc. Stocks, however, must be carried at the chief centres so that the local dealer can display them. The Colonization Department is the largest buyer for the official depots, which are maintained in the country in the interests of the settlers. Saw-mill machinery, hitherto mainly obtained from Germany, is an article that has a great future if well pushed, as increased attention is being given to the exploitation of Siberian forests. Lumberman's tools could also probably be introduced with success. The largest firms operate free technical advisory bureau? which help in the selling of all kinds of machinery. Hand tools have a large general sale; machine tools are only used for industrial establishments and Government works. Small hardware has been monopolized hitherto by Germany, but certain classes of American hardware are now firmly established, such as locks, hinges, butts, etc. In axes and hntchetfe, the American axe is preferred to the Russian model. Japanese manufacturers are actively canvassing for business and samples of their goods are being offered in every direction. In many of these samples the quality leaves much to be desired, and although prices are low, it is doubtful on the whole, whether this competition will continue. A collection of samples of various staple articles is being obtained, to enable Canadian manufacturers to look into the question of producing a line of goods as regards use and price, suitable for the East Siberian market. UI8CELLANE0U8 MANUFACTURES. The activity of the building trade and the character of the buildings suggest openings for certain Canadian specialities, including metal ceiling plates, metal laths, galvanized corrugated culvert sections, electric fittings and fans. Moreover, light iron shovels, suitable for the coolie labourer, and miners' shovels of a local pattern are needed. Another article for which there is a market is steel carriage axles. Cheap iron bedsteads, strung with a wire mattress, supplied hitherto by Germany, is in considerable demand and in short supply. Sewing machines, which came from the same country, are wanted, as also are domestic labour saving appliances, such as wringers and washing machines, freezing machines (Swedish) and ice-boxes (refriger- ators). Germany previously supplied the better class with cooking stoves of an American model which are still required. Light enamelled ironware is also purchased in large quantities. n M TMADB AXD OOMUWMM The cheap piano (upright) came from Oermany but might now be replaced bjr Canadian makea. For pipe organi there ia no demand. Wire, barbed wire, wire naila, are all to a large extent imported and the Cana- dian article ia favourably known; bolta, nuta, and riveta are also eonaiderable items. Radiators and fittings were imported by German agents, who kept a skilled staff for their erection. UUTHIR aooM. Leather for footwear purposes should find a good opening, although the same cannot be aaid of carriage leather. The former should be packed in small bales to avoid damage in transit, and the hides should be stamped in indelible ink, with the maker's name and with the quality of the hides. Light boots and shoes for town wear are in demand and the American shoe is gradually superseding those of German and Austrian manufacture. White deerskin shoes, moreover, for summer wear and other varieties with white canvas or drill uppers and deerskin sole have also been lately introduced and are good sellers. Purchasers would be pleased to hear from reliable Canadian manufacturers. PRINTma PAPEB, PAINTS AND DRUGS. The news and printing paper business is unfavourable for Canada owing to the high duty and the competition of the Russian mills in the Urals. There is a good demand for dry colours and for paints, which must be unmixed, the importers having their own mixing mills. Dry copper oxide is an important com- modity, which comes mainly from France. It is used for painting roofs. Bed and white lead, zinc white, acids (sulphuric, hydrochloric, carbolic), creosote, carbonate of ammonia for aerated water, the chemical ingredients of explosives, and calcium carbide are also saleable in Russia. The usual range of drugs are in great demand, and these it was pointed out should be supplied in " flakes," and not in " crystals." Tanning materials (e.g., hemlock and chestnut), etc., are also wanted. THE FRUIT UARKET. With regard to fruit, the importing houses in Vladivostok spoke encouragingly of the opening for fresh apples and pears from British Columbia, and for evaporated apples in rings and quarters. Canned (gallon) apples should also sell. With the assistance of the regular steamship service, maintained by the Russian Volunteer Fleet, with Vancouver, a satisfactory trade in fruit could probably be built up. The market lies in the urban centres in the Maritime and Amur provinces. These dis- tricts are too remote from Turkestan and the Caucasus, whence Western Siberia draws its fruit supplies. BVPPlMMKJiT TO WKKKLT BVLLKTIS DC TSADI METHODS 07 COXFETIHO OOTJirTRISS. The main charaoteriatiot, oonditiona and oiurents of trade with Ruaaia hare been outlined in lo f ar aa they are considered to be of special interest to Canada. A concluding note may be deroted to a review of the various trade methods which have been adopted by leading competing countries in regard to Bussian trade, and also the possible alternatives for Canadian manufacturers and exporters who desire to obtain a share of this trade. The principal countries from which Russia derives her imports have been Germany, Great Britain and the United States. QEBUAKT. German manufacturers, after due trial, have abandoned the practice of establish- ing branch houses in Russia; it proved unprofitable. They subsequently took up and developed the intensive working of the market with travellers, who covered not only the chief cities like Petrograd, Moscow, Riga, Kieff, Odessa, Rostov-on-Don, etc., but also the larger provincial towns. These travellers carried elaborate collections ol samples of a wide range of articles, representing often diiTerent industries, and, above all, catalogues printed in R' s' ian with prices set out in Russian values. They quoted f.o.b. Russian port or a Rusu^an frontier station, and were ready to meet the provin- cial wholesale dealer and the local stores by quoting similar terms with duty paid, and, if pressed, indudintr delivery at the local station. As a further accommodation they conceded extended credits to suit the individual customers with the support of the German banks. German success in Russia was much helped by their ability to supply cheap articles for a market consisting so largely of a peasant population, who are any- thing but fastidious. Moreover they were also able by the circumstances of their com- petition and the clever adaptation of business methods to securG gradually the Russian market for better class articles. OHEAT BRITAIN. Twenty years ago Great Britain practically monopolized the Russian market in manufactured articles, but she has since been overtaken by Germany owing to the disinclination to aUow the long credits given by that country. Ultra-conservative methods of business and unwillingness to quote in Russian currency and weights and measures, or to follow the German example of quoting delivery at frontier with duty paid, hampered progress. It is said that th j use of travellers in order to keep in touch with customers was neglected, and that British manufacturers declined to entrust their interest to export merchant houses. Thus the direct business became limited to the largest dealers in the Russian centres, and it might be said that the business Great Britain was doing in Russia until recently was due largely to the fact that British goods were actually demanded by customers, and not to their being actively pushed. Evidences of a salutary change in this regard are now at hand. That British trade with Russia is still as large as it is should be taken as a tribute to the intrinsic excellence of the goods supplied. 0" TKADB ADD COMMBBOB DMITBO BTATn. *i. 5^* "f ••^ employed hitherto by United State* manufacturer have been one of Uw two following: — EitLor to appoint a sole -elling agent for Ruwia and Siberia, or to entruat their export tradb to exportiug nwrchant houses in the United States and Hamburg tbia •eoond method appeuing to be most in favour. United Sute* manufacturert' have obtained better resuiu with the Hamburg firms than with those in the United State* 88 the former worked Bussia somewhat intensively with travellers along the German lines, indicated above. For the American house thus relieved of Ruasian credit nsks the business was easy and convenient, but it was necessarily of restricted proportions, the growth of which the manufacturer could not influence. Moreover the advantage was not derived of the high prices obtained in Russia. The chi»f concern of the German firm was to give his Russian customer a wide choice of goods from all countries, as this ensured sales, and therefore he had no special reason lo push the articles of any particular firm. Like his English colleague, the United States manufacturer was opposed to the granting of loi.j; credits and as a consequence the market was left to the German, who constantly improved his position. THE ALTERNATIVES POR CANADA. Having regard to these facts, and in view of the new position that has arisen whereby German competition has been largely eliminated, it is of interest to inquire mto the possible methods open to Canadian manufacturers nroposing to share in Russian trade. They may be stated as follows :— 1. By correspondence. Business may be done in this way, but it can hardly be recommended as satisfactory. Correspondence would have to be in Russian or French- catalogues printed in Russian would be indispensable, with prices in roubles c.if' Russian port or on railway car, i.e., including sea freight and duty. 2. Through export merchant houses, Canadian, American or English. Business may be obtained in this way, the advantage to the manufacturer being that he takes no credit risks. The disadvantage on the other hand lies in the higher price, which is quoted to the Russian wholesaler, and the fact that the export house, as a rule, represents more than one manufacturer making the same articles, and is thus not particularly interested in any one manufacturer. This plan of action is only of interest to the manufacturer, who has no particular aim in increasing his Russian business and who withes to avoid the risks and trouble which a more profitable but direct business would involve. 3. By appointing Russian firms, or available local British firms as agents. This is undoubtedly a much more satisfactory plan than the export house. First, because the prices to wholesalers will be less, and consequently the volume of business will be greater, provided always a solvent, energetic firm of agents be found. Agents are of two kinds : — (o) Those who work on a commission basis, some of whom are ready to undertake a full or partial guarantee of accounts for a corresponding additional commission. (b) Merchants doing a wholesale business who take the financial risk and quote such prices as they think necessary. There are many such agents in Russia. Before the war. the majority of the more desirable already represented manufacturers and were not free. It is believed that now the difficulty of recuring suitable representatives may be overcome, although a great m-ny of the best agents, who were of German nationality, have left the country. 4. A resident representative of grouped industries co-related but not intercom- petitive, or of industries making similar articles, which have agreed to pool orders for the Russian market. This plan of a trustworthy Canadian representative equipped I aVPPLBMMNT TO WKBKLY BVLLSTIS 87 with a twhnical knowledge and buainoM experienoe of th« artiolM he ia to introduce, offera perhapa the moat aatiafactory aolution of the problem. While the initial expenditure for auoh a representative would be large, by being shared it would full lightly on the individual firms intereiitcd. After the arraiiRcinoutK for agonpjc* in the centres had been made, and were in working order, a periodical supervision ut longer or shorter intervals should then suffice. There are two oxmnple* of thi« method in Russia which are working satiafactorily, one American and the other British. The former represents a combination of hardware and tool manufacturent for export, which included at the outset twenty firms, and has since been increased to sixty-two co-related firms. The organization is financed by n pnimiiipnt New York banking house, to whom all payments by their agenU in Russia are made. A repre- sentative visits annually the fifteen centres nt whieii the combine maintain tiieir agento, who are mainly merchant houses buying on open account and not on commis- sion. The British concern referred to handles, in addition, general machinery, and maintaina their local representatives, who are Russian-speaking Engliahmen having a technical knowledge of engineering. DISTRIBUTION OF rORKION IMPORTS. The distribution of foreign imports into Rut^sia is entirely in the hands of two or three classes of wholesale merchant houses, all of which are grouped in a few of the chief cities such as Petrograd, Moscow, Riga. Kieff, Odessa, Kostov-on-Don, etc Moscow is pre-eminent as a centre of this character, and it is hardly an exaggeration to say that nearly fifty per cent of Russian foreign imports are handled directly or indirectly through that point. The general character of the imporU handled by Moacow are of a class which appeals to a peasant market, and are represented by the cheaper qualities as against the business transacted from Petrograd, where the trade is of hijrfi standard and where Government purchases and contracts are exclusively settled for the whole empire. In the first instance, there are then in these large cities whole- sale merchant houses, which employ travellers who work the surrounding provinces. The orders as received are combined and transferred to the foreign manufacturers concerned, the merchants themselves carrying very little stock. Wholesale houses in the provinces are few in number and of relatively small account. The wholesale dealers referred to, sell direct to the provincial retailers. The sellinii firms in question belong to the class which offers exclusively the goods of the foreign manufacturers they represent. Another class of wholesalers have no travellers, and rely upon catalogues; they have their regular clientele throughout the provinces, mainly r»»*-ilcT8, who effect their purchases by correspondence or in person, when they visit the various centres. A few other firms have their branch heuses in different towns in Russia, which send out travellers in their respective district to deal directly with uocrs, but these firms specialize as a rule in a few lines. All wholesalers do a large retail trade with users of good«>, such qb factories, railway?, etc. Travellers for the provinces carry ample collections of samples, together with catalogues. Their catalogues are of two kinds; some houses issue only a retail catalogue, and sell at these prices, less a certain discount ; whereas others publish and issue a wholesale catalogue only at net prices to provincia! dealers, these wholesale catalogues being restricted to the trade. As regards foreign goods for Siberia, the trade is controlled Inrgcly by Moscnw firms., who send out travellers to the main points only, if at all, and usually have one sub-agent or buyer stationed at Omsk, which is the chief centre for Western Siberia. The rapid development of Siberia, however, is leading to the establislmient of independent local wholesale houses of undeniable financial strength which do both a wholesale and a retail trade, and deal directly with foreign manufacturers without intermediaries in Moscow; this i.s a factor to be duly noted and catered for. * TMADM AMD OOMMBMM •pada^iMd btt.in«M. wd not touoM h, the oidinuy RuMiim hou.«. ThJ S»I r!!i •«»dinc out tnTeUcn wbo eoTer the wboW of the Far Eut Two rftfi. ho««, in Mo«ow. .nd the fonnw d«, . hon» in London. It i. woonuniided ttZ Canadian manufaeturara on the grouped plan ahould be rapraaented in VladiToatok. cuom. coNDiTioiia or patmbnt. In Ruuian dealinga the queation of erediu ia of great importanoe and calb for cwd t m practically all line.. Thi. credit period rariea. and n«y extend up to twZ ZlJS ^.V/"; '^^T""* ""& »' "y "P »» twenty-five or thirty per cent i. the !^«! 71- u. T^ "•**' ^""T"' *•"* ''»>«>J««>« » «tiafled if hi. client will pay railway freight Mid expenM. to de.tination, although he uaually triea to inabt ona c.od payment to corer hi. own outlay for Ma freight and duty. For thia reaMn to do buaineaa. My for MTenty-five per cent of the coat at factory. They ihould to th. .ISl °'^'1'^°»^'' ^ «"«« '»' three, .ix. nine or twelve months according to the arucle and the reapective cuatomer. Thu. the foreign manufactuKr ia a.ked clott ^ ""^^ "lu'J''*"' '" ^^^ °"^"'*^ »' *»•• wholeaale dMler. have not aXeS thrSL r^ '°' their unporf until the ultimate UMr. of thcM good., in the S the pewant conaumer. i. able to diwharge hia obligationa to the retailer; which h! wl'^il**'.?' '^'^'^ "* ••" ''"'P-- Aa hM been Men. t^Q^^^ou^ were Mauted by the cooperation of the bwxlw in meeting the .ituation. Ca3 mve.t,gat.on of the credit position of wholesaler, i. therefori of unSTmporS even m the c«« of the large buyers. In this connection, the po.ition of JewKS ber. of that race labour in many reapects in Russia. Jewish firm., however are to SalTthrtel^or^orSllLr^' '* ^^^ "^« «^-- ^- ^— • -' -H" uvelLrr^^^^lfl^^rs^^ J j^e!iL;:tx Ru«ian courte. while just and sure, is slow, but a good deal . and ^ reffectod 5^^ i^li^'^*"'* '^^ compromise. An excellent bankruptcy Act ha.^ t^ On trt T"'/"**, ^"^ ""doubtedly be veiy Mon placTupon the sTuU^JTok 2lS 5" ^^' "^'* °"'?,'^ "" **•« P'"° °f P"^*"* by instatoento are to te con- sidered safe and are generally adopted in case, of transactions for machinen^ ete which remain the property of the vendor until the last cent has been paid ' ihe building up of an export trade is at beat a slow nm<>«» .r,A\,^„ a market Uke that of Russia will have to P^:j^;^TZZ'iZ":^^i^ Bu^ there 1. no question that with ordinary caution and judgment it sS^^ possible for them to make solid connections, and develop gradually a stiple and profitable busmen ^ the Russian market in some of the ve?y many iLi of sunrj which are indispei .ble to the Russion people. •uppjie. MOfPlBMBNT TO WMBKLT BDLLKTIH APPENDICES Certain additional infonnation on varioua subjects of interest to Canadian trade and commerce has been assembled in the course of this inquiry with the assisUnee of Russian trade experto and from other sources. To this information and to the tables of statistics of Russian trade which are appended, the attention of interested persons is specially directed. APPEirDZZ A. ntOAM MAUEXT FOB HABOWABS SPXCIAIITIES. Although there is a number of factories in Ruuia makiiur hardware of all kinds, as well as many peasant industries, etc., producing hardware by handwork, the total itussl-n production is small compared with the demand, with the result that Russia and Siberia offer an almost unlimited field to foreign manufacturers, who have been supplying the country with roughly 75 per cent of iu requirements The principal lines are as follows: — BVILDRRS' HARDWARE. Of the heavier kinds, such as stoves, window and door hardware, etc., the bulk ia manufactured in Russia, and there is conscfiuently very little scope for the foreign manufacturer. The lighter sorts of builders' hardware, such as various fittings hmges. locks, door checks, etc., have been largely supplied by Germany, although a considerable proportion of this class of goods is of American origin, such as Yalo locks, special locks and door checks, the business having hitherto been mainly handled through German firms in Hamburg. In the industrial district around Moscow there are some factories and many thousands of persons doing handwork and manufacturing, for instance, stoves, stove ftttings, doors, as well as the heavier kinds of hinges and the more simple forms of locks, door bolts, etc.. which make it difficult for foreign countries to compete success- fully. It IS probable, however, that Canadian builders' hardware, even of the heavier kmds, could be sold in Russia, provided prices be reasonable. During the last few years there has been a great improvement in Russian building methods, better fittings are being used, larger houses are being erected, and more money being put into them than formerly. Another point is that the Russian climate more nearly approaches the Canadian than that of the rest of Europe, and although there are many diiferences in the habits of th<- people of Russia and of North America, yet the result is that the requirements cf Russia are often similar' to the American. At the same time it should be borne in mind that Canadian builders' hardware of the heavier kinds is under a cert.un handicap in comparison with that from the continent of Europe owing to the types and designs being different in many instances. In this connection windows might be mentioned. In Russia they invariably open inwards, i e of the casement type, being double, whereas in North America the majority of the windows are of the up and down sash type. There is therefore no demand in Russia for sash ^^•y^J^. ' ''""• •*"•• *•«* *• "«l"«'«> ^ng > metal rod. flat on one tide. •xtendinR from ti... .ttom of the window half up. and there atUehed to a knob, with another •imilarnHi uttaefaod to the knob extradinir to the top of the window, m> that when the knob >» m d the lower rod Is puahed downward, into a «)ohet flji.^1 to th«. window led«« an.' ! upper rod ia pushed upwnrdu into another aocket, BATtlKOOU arppUKM. To take another ' rtunt line, bathroom* and cloaet luppiiiMi, the Konrml ten- dency ,n RuMiu ' ■ u.: ,. iMt ffw years ha. been for better and improved e.|uip- mcnu, and m tl < !.,t t Idinjn thwe iittinRs are u.unlly of the whit, ehumelled type. A large r .. <„, - :,creforo be done, and ao far thit has boon »»on. or !*>»» in the hand. . ■ (,.,„. u:„gii,h and Swedes. A considerable n miitity han also been pror .. , ., »,•♦• .{.. p„rtcd smflll qunntiti.^, but «houl,l be ..bio to do a larger tra, - . It , iaf rt>. . ..ote that one reason why Germany has been to succewm II. .. In I. . ,f •„ Kusaian manufacturers of bath., plumbers' fittii.Ks etc.. iwve been .f lurriu, . .ality ond origin, and have therefore naturally bee. inclined to obtain Sur e• ^ objected hot this would entail considerable expense, but it would be sufficient for manufacturer* to get into touch w. h a few of the leading lumber and saw-mill concerns m the North Russian Caucasus Ural and Siberian timber districts. If the saws were introducej ^ni*"^ T *^ °^ ^^'^^ '\ '''°"^'* ^»y '■'^ foundation for future business, a- ^AAA,t^. compames consume large quantities of these saws annually. It might be added that England does a good trade in cross-cut saws, some of their saws beFna popular in Kussia. "=•"» MACUINE S.VW8. As regards machine saws, for woodwork, it should be mentioned that t!je Amen can-made are superior in quality and design to anything produced in Europ* . but tl.ar at the same time the prices are sometimes two and two-and-a-half times h.i-ber thai ttVU-LMMfHT TO WMBKLT BDLtKTlN t1 tbi« of other oountriM. On tht other band the uraal method of Mttia* mwi in the United State* i« to awage the t«>A, inatead of aettinf them at an angle (apring-aet). Some firma have already done ■ good amount of miaaionarjr work in introducing American iwaged aawa, and a number of the milla hare of lato ahown an adinowledged tendency to change all their aawa for the awage type, many of them being prepared to pay the difference in the pricea of aawi. It ihuuld be added that the quality of rteel of swage aawa is much anperior to that of apring-set aaws. At the same time, howerer. the milts will have to be taught how to uae these special aaws. and what is more imporunt still, how to use the special tool* used for swaging the teeth. A* it is, the mills are somewhat afraid to use the tools, not properly linowing their use. From the foregoing it will be seen that in order to bring nbout tlM univoraal use in Kusaia and Siberia of American saw* missionary work must be done, and when their use has been well *h.»wn nnd tantrht, their sale c-ould be switched ovrr to thf dealer-, who would then carry stocks, whcroaa it is impossible to persuade the ordinary Ruaainn dealer to stock an article for which there ii not at least a gi od demand. As regard* aawa for metal cutting, there is very little to b« done, at any rate through the deslera, a* although there i* a considerable number of cin-iilnr nnd bnn.f saws used in Kusaia, m«nhin< -driven, the typi** and aiiea are so various that hardly any can be atocked. It might m nddcd that the demand at present i« umall, although there are indications of it* gro-wing. lUHUI' -i, HATIHRIs AHU ANV1L8. The majority r>f the hammers. Imtohets and nnvila are manufactured in Ru'^sia. but a liumber are mported, many being supi>Ji.-.l by Amcricn i.e., those rrrjuirfHl for siiccial smrposea or of the fii.cr grades. Then- is a fair opening in Russia for this line, hue price* should be kept low to do a rcaH.,nabl6 amount (,{ business. LKVEI.B, BULKS, TAPE AND 8TEBL LINKS. The majority of leveU, rules, tape and *teel lines arc -tupplied by German but U9 they are also produced in North Ameriiu. mur ifucturer^ should be able to .io a good trade therein, the main reason for tii.ir non-su<-e.>as itherto being the hijrb prices demanded. llEaatBlNQ TOOLS. Measuring tools, such as calipers, micrometers, g ige> taps, , , are handled in Kussitt both by hardware dealers as well ..s by machsce t. -.1 dea,. r.<. Both kinds of dealers have been handling both the cheaper German mea^ iring t ols as well a* tbe more expensive Ameri, .in. It i.iay be said that the sal. m American fine measuring tools are important, and thai not much cui. Le done u. increase the turnover. A number of wrenches and screw -drivers of Ameri-- There are two factories in Kuasir laking iios and rasp-, i.e., the Putiloff in Petrograd and Thomas Firth, in Kiga. a large ..umt»r of files are sdao imported from abroad, and up till a few year* ago the Ei*li»! m^ were considered the best on the ICussian market. Not long ago the Ameri ans tarted to sell files also, and owing to their e.xcxllcnt quality thc60 iiics hive u«» i*ct.i vrrj pi.j.uiar, the only trouble being that the American prices arc high, even hisrher .lan the Kngli-ih. Tlie result is that the majoritv of the American files sold arc fh. uaik ■ sizes, tbe larger being bought either of Russian make or supplied b.v Enji mI particularly thu former. TBADB AVD COMMBRCB but S'Jrl" *?!!!?". "^^ ^ P^ '«"«* "»<> »«««* viw aw made in RumI. «»™. «rf ~ . nJ. .„ .„ch .. «, b. u«d on «„ »,d„ of nrfj;^ 21. ccTLnr. hare wXrTll*^ W * T*'"^ 'o P~<»"«?> i" R««^ «»d the import, from Gernumy «?S„!Z if^.^^u ''**7- ^"^^^'y "' •»**«»' *>«*"tj is alw supplied by Ftelwd ■re Mnt teck to the United Kingdom. American and English ■afetTMmr. »«, «iZ ^?Hi:T"^'i" »•««. but owing to the fact that t£^„>?f ZIZT^ tlh^rwM- "^t^^- P^'^^?^^y imitations of the well-known mdces. and owiS to S^,^^- ^^ '"'^""*^ •** •'"'^ •°>'^*>''» "'f^^ »«>» •«> supplied to Russia SBZLT 00008. mmwrnmi ENAMELLED WARE, TINWAnE, ETC. The simpler kinds are to a large extent manufactured in Russia but durinir thp last ten years the finer grades have been getting more and more poSr toother wlfh fz'o:z::r "" """"•^ ^"'^^- '^°'' °^ *^- haverh^t-'^tm^nS m the latter country they are more usually adapted for use with gas stoyeTd^ to^ dency being therefore to make them with small surface oAlZtZ, whl^^as^hiS: 80PPL9MBNT TO WMBKLT BVLLETW $3 SllS,^Jl.«'T*l5^ '*^''^.^^ »«>» yrt ""ch ««^ Canadian manufacturer, HOUSE ruRNnniNo ooom. Iw.wT'^k''"''"!'*"*' ^' -T** *" '^'^^ «'*''<^««'' f°°,;r in this line iswidr and LtirpHr;:r'^ "^ '-'''-' ^•^-^ --'« coHectionVLtdS CABINET nARDWARR. resul^'S.llfti'"'^""'' !)'•*'^f ' ^^'^ '!"' ^'^'''^' ''""^^- •'"'•' ■■« ""do ^"•'""y. with the result that there is practically no business for outside manufacturers to obtain. LAMPS AND LANTERNS. i^n^^ZLV^"^^^ are made locallj-, but large quantities of miners' lamps, hurri- cane lamps, gas burners and spint lamps ha^e hitherto been imported from Germany. There is a great future for these goods in Russia "trmany. ABRASIVES. .Ire^nrL'"*'"'',?- 1 ^*''^™n"^'"". «>rundum and emery wheels and stones have Sri^\I ?°*'°'^"^«' ^ «"."»' '"•«»<'»'«« »f i-'d-'^try as use them in Russia, and „vJ fj. • / «>anufact -rers before the war. while other firms will now take The ^les'tnri^thi Z ^'"»'^«?t»«" «8 were formerly represented by Germans, tiieir «?« Zl .r*^ ^ continued, as Ameri-an-made goods have depended for their sale more upon their quality than upon the manufacturers' representTtivos. SMALL TOOLS. t.r.r.t "T?""^". «™«" *r'*' ""*'•' "« "•'""« '•»«''«'. twist drills, reamers, taps and tapping dies, chucks, arbors, tool holders, machine t.,ol vices. calip..rs. m cn.moters Russ7/a tr'"- '^- I''"'"" ^. '"'^ *■"»* ^'•"« •'' ""* «"<•'' * la^Kc disti.?ctTon n Russia as there is in other countries between the hardware trade and machine tool trade as far as these tools are concerned. Hitherto moat of the small tools have been supplied by Germany. The desiirns however, are practically all American, the German tools being for the most part S The principal reason for this is that the largest German houses handling Amer can machme tools and small tools had branch offices in Russia, and whilst th^y were 'S'Zr ^"'^Vr-*'*^ of American tools proper, they at the same time estab! trtSirK, 7 '"*'^"^,."» «f'™'"?y t» '""ke small tools, sending them into Russia tholi^ r^ 2 '?T^ -^^'If *'"'" i" '^'^ '^"""^'^ "* practically the same prices as those made in the Un.t«l States. They thereby obtained a greater profit on Their sales being able to produce the tools cheaper than in the United States It was ther^ 'nlo'^MT" -^.^«»V'«^,\P"«>' tho Oerman-made tools rather than the America^ can Im-n till ^ °"*' however that the majority of the best makes of Ameri- can small tools are very popular in Russia and are well known, especially the finer too s conneet«^ with machine tools. Thi. .uocess is mainly due to thTfaorthat t)Z tool, are handled by machine tool dealers rather than the ordinary hardware deale^ the former selling direct to the consumers. That the Oormans^,Sl7; of late years have been able to do a large business therein is due large^r to Xfact •* TKADS AND COMMBROB that the machine tool trade haa been to a certain extent in the handa of the Buaaian brnnche. of Germ«. firnu. who. a. explained .bore, erentually SiZith^T^ factories for manufacturing tbeae small tools. -• /!i'mi°"^*']* *^^ *^* ^ ^f*"*^ menufacturen do a fairly good business in tw«t dnlls and reamers, but outside of these lines they seU nothii ofLpoi^ lUBDWARK RAiCnXD » RD88U. «,m«^l-5T'°**"%*fr^'' *™ ^^^ ^VOTUa hardware and machine tools has eompjed the two foUowmg suggestive lists of articles for which Russia offers a Urge Articles of North American manufacture which are known in Russia and for a larjcei sale might be obtained through energetic representation:— Parallel vices. Rivet-fumaoes. Scissors for cutting metals. Braces. Drills. Spring pincers. Tube cutters " Barnes." Hinge (joint) pliers, flat-jawed. Oas tube pliers. Bolt c -.tters. Spoons for ladling lead. " Armstrong " holders. Automatical pimches. Polishing machines (lathes). Grinding apparatus. 1 which " Irwin " hand-drills. Clark's centre-bits (cutters). Tooth planes. Wedges. Oil-stones " Washita." "Arkansas." Pumps " Worthington." Knife-files. Saws. Planes. Smoothing-planes. Jack-planes. Squares. Screw-drivers. Grinders. «r,A iJ t °^^°'*^ American manufacture which are not yet known in Russia, ^t^ilL^t ^"«\^'^^ ,".t '^'"* '* energetically introduced. The article in nalioH are those which should be particularly successful in competition with the goods Locksmiths' an. fitters' hammers. Punching machines. Drilling tools. Screw-plates. Smiths' vices. Ventilators. Plier8. "Whitworth" screw stocks. Nut-keys (spanners). Tube cutters. Soldering lamp*. Soldering tubes. Reamers. Axle-lathes. Grinding machines. Circular saws. Saw-sets. Clamps. Nail pullers. Punches. Pipe wideners. Pipe cutters. Pumps " Allweiler." Oil-cups and lubricators. Eibbon steel. Jacks. Connecting screws. Differential pulleys. Hulling putteys. Ships' lamps. Garden scissors. Various locks. t SIPPLKMEXT TO WF.F.KI.T BVLLETIX APPENDIX B. MACHIHE TOOLS. SAW-MIUIHO MACHI5EBY AW) SAWS. MACHINE TOOLS. working „,«ohi„e,y is alL Incrud^t'IiVtrm"''- ^* *''« «""« ^'--^ *»>« finer wood- by a'ir^r.rp'ofTaiirt th2'hr„m'"^ r%^- '""-•"^ - «--•- distinction in their methodrof w„rkr.r i o 7 ^T"^ hardware, and there i.s a goods direct fron, the iorei,r:L:n:tTj;i;iVu''SZ ITI '"'"' °^'*""' *''^'' avo.d.nK intermediaries such as ex,K,rt hou^ oro.!^ *" the '•onsumer, thereby export firms. The machine tool trad, dcmanl iS^l .(Hamburg) import and ^npession of the ordinary Russian ^^^::::ir^t^Z:7}Z^i:^ t2 M.\I>S OF T0Or.S REQI IHKD. pln.n and screw-cutfng lathes (Irt-inch a nd ' 1 '^ ^'1" '''' ^"^ ™"" «''^fs of tnrront lathes, si.es from 3 to 2 'nd csam ,, J- ".h -^wnij?). pla.n and screw-cutting an,l fittings for same. s„ch „■. -."mJli "p ;:' r'Vw "'" '''r'"" ''^^^ for anything else, and tl ptionalv .lu.« ,r ,' !,? ■ J ," ""'-^ ''"'" <'<''"""'l due to the fact that i„ Russia her^arc Iv ur/ ■ ■'" ^"^ \'"^^ '""'■'"■'"' '"oU is machine tools, and their outpu " f, i^ «... ""' ^■"''^' "'-"tioning m.nking |^luired.especially„ttl,cpre.o„ tLr O^; lo Ik^'"""" "'•*'' ''"- """"^''-^ ■n the proximity of hostilities is practtdiv mml 1 to n ^I '' '" "T"*^" ^'"^ «'*""t«l It should Ix^ stated that there h„. f 1 I i '^r "'"'' «"y^»'ing. produce locally the simpler „;!;:• ;tlUti::;r;;.t^ '•" «-•« to l"i.(? sure to result in factories being sfnrtc/l 1 n , , i M-? "' '""^'""'•■•t is k-fore situated in the Donetz field nndS l> " t. i. S''" 'f" *'"'* ^^^'^ -'" »- K.C..1 centres of Russia. The cre.-tion f " h fnc .'rl •,. '"" ','""'■'""' ""-t'-H-r- anse for all kinds „f machine to,^"n^Z^TZr^:/^?''-'^'"'" '''■•""■"' -'" ment.oned, and in this line Canadians . ,i«|,?|,'ii V i "'■''.''' "^ *'"'^" "'••"■•'- same soon as the redistribution of agencies hL t kc",!;, l^ fhe raTe 'T'l *'"* " 89139— 5— a ""^ '"*" °f exchange .is •• TKADE AVD OOUMKKVt! more normal, enabling SoMian dealers to purchase stocks, those lines will be pushed. As leKards the redistribution of agencies it should be remembered that they hare been taken nway from German firms owing to the latter having been compelled to kUn> bnainess. Furthermore, it should be pointed out that the Qerman dealers in Rnasia have in most '-ases made their reputation on the merits of the respective makes of the machintfi they i^prc-sented, so that the sale thereof should continue undiminished, whilst it is to be pointed out that as with small tools the North American designs have been copied by Gt-ruian manufacturers, the factories of some of the latter being started by German fii-is who were originally simply dealers in machine and small tools imported from the United States. OPENINGS »X)R NEW BUSINESS. It is further of importance to mention that whilst the American designs are very popular and suitable as a rule to the conditions in Russia, there are still a few designs not made by North American manufacturers which if supplied by them would in all probability find a ready sale. Reference is here made to such machine tools as could be instaUed by smaller mills and smaller concerns. Mention for example might be made of the European designs of turning lathes of all sizes, which in Europe are made with gap beds. In expknation it should be said that the gap in the bed of the lathe enables the user to turn long small diameter work, and to use the gap whenever he is called upon to turn o;- face large diameter work. These machine tools have hitherto been obtained from England and Germany. Again, most of the so-called engine lathes made in North America are .^-^rew-cutting, whereas there is a large demand for simple turning lathes without any screw turning mechanism. Similarly there is a demand for facing lathes, very few of which are made in North America. DEMONSTRATIONS BY EXPERTS. After the war it will be necessary for Canadian manufacturers to make special efforts to supply the demand for machine tools in Russia. Whilst the dealers will be capable of carrying the necessary stocks of machine tools in Russia and of making the sales, nevert' eless in order to increase the sales the manufacturers should send out their travelling experts, not only to put up the machinery, but to demonstrate its working and also to teach its use to the Russian workmen. The factories in Russia have up till the present been in the habit of avoiding the use of some classes of Ameri- can machine tools, for instance automatic tools, principally as they were afraid that the Russian workmen would not be able to make these machines work properly. It is only right that the workmen should first be shown how to tool properly automatics and get the maximum capacity out of them. WOODWOUKING MACHINE TOOLS. Woodworking machine tools in Russia as stated above are considered to also belong to the machine tool line in general. The main uses fo. these articles are m saw-miUs, shipbuilding, railway repair shops, agricultural implement and machin- ery making, furniture factories, veneer mills, cooperage factories, box factories, pattern shops, etc. It may be said that the simpler kinds of woodworking machines are principally made in Russia, whilst the bulk of the saw-mill machinery has been supplied by Ger- many, Sweden, Finland and Russia. On the other hand, the joinery and other finer machine tools have been bought principally from Germany, with United States manu- facturers also doing a small trade. The Russian railway repair shops have been using a lot of English and American manufactured machine tools of this type, at the same time purchasing wood planers of larger sizes mainly from Sweden. 8VPPLEUEXT TO WBEKLY BVLLBTIX gf in /l^.*'h'ir^^""?W 'r «°' "«'^*-''''* "-l^^e tool, to .ttain suece... cem^ S:S„?;.,rd'^^iJ«/„^7^°^^ r--;ng miU ^uipment i. con- band «W8. I^Sd of «^ Td 1!^ -f ?,. An;^"««n /actorie, and mills is to use Europe, and -iSu^h d^ the ZTtn ^1^'"'^^^^^'^^^^ "*°P*^ "' introduce North A^riZ J^nd «w? A ^^J T,""'' ^ ^^ *'°°« •" ^°»"'» »" is considerable ^1^^ tr'k "utfrdo '"''"^ """^^ ^' ^ '*^-'^' »^- NortlT.ent^ZZrikrL^v.'^-^J^f »»-* ^^i^ «!-* opportunitie. for sellin. working Unlye^^^fZt'ZTemZ^trfi:' the Joinery and other finer wood- consumer be ^ucan4 As r^S^f? '^' ^«v/»'« /"«>«. '«l"irement being that the that the fin.t wZfc A • '^^ tl^e saw-mill trade it is now an accomplished fact SELLINn CONDITIONS OF MACHINE TOOLS. never stipulate any particular date of pSm»«t in their nomlT "Z'^' " *^''^ German machine tools have been sold so successfully mainlv owJn„ ♦„ ♦i. r . that the manufacturers have always allowed their Sr^^LSi^bSi^ln »1^"" dealers have thus always been willing to take acceptances ^ payment S olIn^T the long credit granted by the manufacturer, i* has often oocurS tW thtn T »- been able to collect his money from the Russian consumer ^fo^ it w«rc^f"^r^ to the German manufacturer. "»uiiier oeiore it was actually due United States manufacturers, on the other hand, have hitherto Y„^„ ..^ , • TRADE ASD COV MERCK in mIm on the one hand, but alao make it a rery fair proposition, aa spcakinir generally the Buasian dealer is honest and reliable, whercai aa matters stand now, the Russian dealer selling North American machine tools has to take the greater financial risk by being compelled to give much longer credit than he himself gets, aa well as having to wait so much longer for his money. PACKmO. As regards machine tools it is suggeitted that the packing be sufficiently heavy not only fur ocean transirartation, but also for the Kussian railways, where the froight as a rule is handled rather carelessly, and at present there are few cranes and other loading devices in use. It thus happens often that cases which have gone from the manufacturers' factories as far as unloading port undamaged tiave arrived at the con- sumers' warehouse smashed and broken, or badly damag(>d, the contents in many instances also suffering. It is especially recommended that the machines be well braced inside to keen them tight with heavy planks on the one hand and secondly that the machines be suffi- ciently knocked down. Also it should be understood the heavy smooth castings, especially steel castings, heads and cylinders of hydraulic presses and similar material require no packing what- ever, and may be shipped loose. Parts of machine tools and ordinary hardware should wherever possible be well packed in sawdust, and all non-painted parts of machinery and tools should be covered with anti-rust compound of a thick nature. Furthermore, the smaller parts and fittings of machine tools should be shipped together with the machine and be placed in a small box, the latter being well packed with sawdust and then placed inside the case containing the whole machine. SAW-MILLING MACHINERY. There is apparently a very promising field in Russia for trade in appliance!^ and machinery necessary for the proper development of the great timber resources of the country, and also for the various local woodworking industries. There should, for instance, be good openings for North American logging locomotives, cableways, stationary engines, tractors, hoisting cranes, and for machinery for saw-milling, cut- ting shingles, and for the various details in woodworking operations. The machinery for logging and aaw-milling has been supplied principally by Germany, Sweden, Finland and by Russia itself. RUSSIAN- LOGGINO AND SAWISO METHODS. Generally speaking the methods employed in making use of the great reso\irces of Russia in standing timber, are antiquated and uneconomical. It has been esti- mated, that if any of the estates or companies, controlling the vast timber trncts between the Volga river and the Ural mountains, should attempt with their present logging and sawing methods to ship any of their splendid timber abroad, they could do so only at a considerable loss. If such timber can be used at all, the use is usually restricted to felling it for conversion into charcoal for blast furnaces. There are Inrpo stretches of country in Russia and Siberia covered with timber, which is merely wasted. The natural forest resources would seem to afford the only reasonable opportunities existing for any development of the land. The owners of such coimtry would he glad to work it but under present methods, they would only suffer losses. It would seem prohnhle, however, that if .\T7ierie«n methods could be introduced, it might be possible to export profitably the timber by various rivers and sea routes. It is the ordinary practice to fell the trees by hand and haul the logs by horse power, a great number of horses having to be used and also a large amount of track r SLPPLEHEyT TO WBSKLr BVLLETIX ^ equipment, while numben of men are also needed in the worit Thn .... ™;iu -j to w..te .bout 45 per cent of the material through bid eminJCr^ If "•'"'' SmTm "ou^ of'St: *" '''^' •^"^•"•'^' -'^"' "^ «»«• '-»-' -nd to^t tho THE ADOPTIOX or MORE PROriTABLE PRACTICES. «nd ^^^i^f^ -^^ =;^ rs'T = TsarSfn^!^ S"^ American band-«aw outfit in Russia was recently completed at itT/nlf^'T ? '" "r'- •!'"^ '" """^ '" *"'•'' «"«-«'fi'l operation that much of the R," ^^ '"??:''^, *" '*• '^^'' ""y "^"l* "' the complete revolution^ of the Human sawm.ll industry. With one mu-h example airily in exirn.'e ft becomes ...s.er to promote C.nuuli.n n.othod. as rtvard. everj- featu^ of the iild-^^ir^! I'REI.I.MI>-ARV PHOPAdANiDA REQIIRKI). h« Z" j'""'r i!'^*^^***.*''^ ^'"^ °^ '"*" "««* ^y >'""•"•'■ I'omimnics in Russia wiU be found under the head of " hardware specialties." in Appendix A. It "i Fb^ "oT^ 2 w "a V" ''"'* »»^"t »''« ^-"•l u*' of North American saw mllUng rtflu and woodworking machinery in Russia and Siberia, it would bo neoZ»^ Tf campaign of education be conducted amongst the own^L o7l„^,e t ^W pToper" L" ^1^^ ^'"^ ]rj^'^^' out&ts, however, can be installed they should s.>^e as ob ect ZZ R '^""TT " '^'r"^- ''"*" «"^'' '1*^«"J '•"" be created. tTs useleS to ine manufacture™ The Russian dealers are not likely to be very interested in Vor.l. ^reTnT" .T"""",^"^ ""''f'' ""*'' '^''^ '^'^-^^ ^hat owners^of tiiXr proj^rt" "temHk^ firms''",,"",' ""''• ''^ •"'*' '''""• ^'^'^' ^"'■'' " ^-'^ iTTceompSS turer"! ' "'" ^ "'""""' *" '""""" ^"'^^h ''"'^^ ^^^ Canadian mrnufac- FOREST REWriHKS OF THE RISSIAX KMPIRE. 39 pe?cenTof '^he!.l"'''f T""'"' "^ •''" ^'"""" ''•'""''''' '* '"">• '- """■t-n'-'l that R„«^ r f ^ "^ *'''' ''°""*'y '" estimated to In- under forest. In European Poland J'noJ;;^ ""' "".'""'."^ 474.0nn.OO«. ncr... in Finland 50..50<1.J(W acreHn a^r^ excl^ro/lTl^;"'^ T n' r "r^"* ''•"""••'^ "^•'^'^- « ^"'"l ^^ 549.800.'o^ „^r'- rr lu "■ •'" "'" ^ "•' I'fvin.-i^. f„r,.sts cover 7(, per cent of the area, m the northern provinces rt8 per cent, and in the four lake proving 57 ir cent It IS estimated that in Western Siberia alone ther^ are 40.-.,4.000 Tres oTviS n in the Amur region, a total of 947.686,763 acres \ W t -^ ^r c, ! f ^ 2'^ "''"*? belongs to landed proprietors and 9 p;r cei"t the ^a:',,!; "' *''' '""^ '""'* W TKADK AyO COMMERCr. SAWS. Aa practical]^ no *awi are manufaotnrad in RuMia. the latter ia oblifed to import all required, and the article tteing one in large demand, there ia a favourable oppor- tunity for enterprisinf manufacturera to place their gooda on the roaricet Up to the war Ruaaia received her auh>liea of sawa approximately aa followa :— 40 per cent from Qermany. S8 per cent from France. SO per c<«t from England. 10 per cent from United Statea. 6 per cent from other countries. Oermany had the preference owing to her granting longer credits, cheaper prices, and to her showing greater readiness to manufacture saws suitable for Russian needa and requirements. Furthermore, Oermany and France hare worked more directly, i.e., manufacturers have sent out repreaentatives to the large towns, thereby aelHng direct to wholesale dealers who are principally located in Moscow. England has pre- ferred to sell by correspondence or through English export agents. The United States manufacturers have up till now sold almost exclusively through Hamburg import merchants. OPEWDia FOR CANADA. It will thus be seen that good business could be done by enterprising Oanadian saw manufacturers through sending out a travelling representative to Moscow, Fetro- grad, Kieff, and Odessa to push this article in conjunction with other hardware. The question of speaking Russian would present no difficulty, although it would be useful for the representative to have a knowledge of Oerman. It would be neccAsary to give credit, say, up to six or nine months. KIND OF SAWS IN DRMANO. The saws mostly in demand in Russia are as follows: Circular and handsaws (ribbon-saws), machine driven for sawing wood, with prices about rbs. ».10 for cir- cular saw 20-inch diamster, and rbs. 0.17 cope, per foot for handsaws 1-inch broad. Circular and band saws for sawing metals are also required. Prices are as follows: Rbs. 14.80 for 20-inch diameter 3m/m thick, and rbs, 0.48 per foot for band- saws 40m/m broad and 9m/m thick. A market is ako present for curved saws (4 feet long, rbs. 1.40), and hand saws, ordinary (10-inch broad, 5J feet fong, rbs. 4.35 for best quality, rbs. 4 for quality 1). There is also a large demand, which up till now has been supplied exclusively by Germany and France, for: Potato-cutting p^.ws, used to cut or saw potatoes for the making of vodka, starch, etc. Some thirty or forty of these are fixed to a revolving dnun worked by a motor. The usual saw used for this purpose (mainly starchmaking) is ' m/m broad and 29 c/m long, price rbs. 6 per 100. ' All of the above prices are retail, warehouse Moscow, duty paid. It may be aAdnA that the wholesale dealers sell and stock all kinds cj saws, both hand and machine ariven, so that the number of dealers to be visited is fairly limited. HLP/'LEMEXT TO WEEKLY BILLET IS APPEHDZX O. BDTDIB TWm. m- JiT " " V "P^'"' *"' J*'"^*' »*>"• in KuMia and Siberia, aa ao far RuBuan ^^tl?- T" I" ^^ "?•"* *" P"*"" ■ •"•»""« "*•«'«• P'octically th« only nS^- !^ which RuM,a import, binder twine are the United State, and the United KiiMPJoin, m the i»roportiona of about 90 per cent and 10 per cent re«pectively. .« . •^?"'«* ""»''• PO'fted out that about 65 per cent of the binder* wid in RuMia !^- In ♦ • ''^■'■W American company who. having their own twine mill., as a « n., i. T'"* ^ u?^ ''*■'*" """^ '«^"*'' "'"' *""«^'« ^l**'' »>''«'•'•• The remaining t.i^ r? * iu '"'»<'«'".•«' »*«'"'«1 f'om foreign manufacturer, who do not make tl «!* -v '°' *••« """J^nience of their customer, some of theM^ companies al«> sell * 7 ^ "^ ™ manufacturers of this article. tl.« t!^r ^"*"*n '»*''"'"''*"«'" «n«' R'W'wn fluently, m.n^^.^V^"*/'^"*?.'^ ?' *''® harvesting machine business in Russia. Such a man should be paid a small salary, a moderate allowance for travelling expenses, and the numerous estates which abound in Russia. .t J- iff P"l"y understood that the difference between the cost price and the price ti^t ! "Jt" *** ^"*'""* '^^'^"' '» """"P-wtively speaking very high, and that forlt^" "°* rJ^° ""^T*" "^ "**"*• '^''^'^ "« "till, therefA excellent openings J^™T rf'^*'^»'«": It would be useless, however, to send out a represenUtive «^S J A '^' T*^*°» opjy *:n«"«J». " he would be ignorant of the Russian market, and secondly he could only visit the large towns, which are by no means centres for twine, as the article should be sold direct to the provincial dealers. Simil- arly a large im^rt house or ordinary commission agents in the large towns would be of httle avail. What is required is a travelling agent, preferably a former traveller in KUMia for one of the harvesting machine manufacturers. The cost of sending out «uch a man would not be a large item in comparison with the high margin of profit securable and the medium of the binder manufacturers would be avoided and their profit which 18 b.y no means small would be obtained by the twine manufacturer ihis margin should far more than cover the expense of an agent, apart from the con- sideration that a competent man could secure three or four times the amount of business. Binder twines sold in Russia are manilla hemp and sisal, Ihe price to agents and dealers being about 7 roubles (3.60 approximately), per pood (36 pounds English) f.o.b. oar BaUic port The price varies from year to year according to the price of the raw matenaJ. Credit must be given, the usual terms being about 30 per cent co.d. (which 18 collected by the railway authorities, who hand the money over to the forward- ing agents at the port), and the baUnce July. August. September, according to the time of the harvest and depending on the degree of ktitude. Binder twine is admitted into Russia free of duty. TMADM 4XD COM MM MOM i S \\ i\ J p im ^ << ma _ i Si =« 8 Biiti- -fass" n Ru- ^ a 1 en •« a lisisa Rstzism c ca e • bfllllHII -5 |1isil ;5 .• if 1 1^ §1 is of? I I 8 - ■ ^ >;«' ^- i^o.^ £ « 11 I § • ** > *» :S :* ill So ^e? S -8 HS :l^i 9 .S^ II c o — -^ ■■y u svpneuBNT TO WBKKir BVLieris 73 i lit w s}| \m -' -r as ?«»«39«si5s«Rajia sssR-o "-« -r ••sRjjsna «"«««« ea SiR.-:«!3«3flssRses rsrrs it.-, as zscsases s&t;tr.8 $r-<.2.i. « H TMADM AUD §§§ 3 1 si .■ I ii i III liii liiif.1,111 i ■s.S '"'hi 5 : = : :^ a •c— P £ 2 i — « ill S 3 * *" .^ ■= -- llll^llfll •"3 J ■'4 ^1 s|-^-S-«r='lll-S§3|JJc3rga.||sl S £ x I'E e I- : lb St » . I X SVPPljgMBNT TO WaSKLT BCILETIV ii ^^ ^1 ! I! ^ ^P^ s ^ ^s§s §§§ § gi sg 5^ I j* |- |-if|g g g mi m 4 » S ill £iS9 77 ^ 2» o* «n 91 V S" K tS=5 " S S-RS — « 2 sss; IS S$ $& S z$ S SSas 3 $ 9»fcs egj s jo f jjj ■« =S s' .1 §1 § §iii i I §§i§ III i . I i$f s s ii II IS I i§ I nil i »- X -r w gSSS fiSS S H s ;; ^ 4 >! ■! « S5SS s a a?5S fi?» s II p p. h ^A 5 pji 5 s ill! ill i . 8 psj .. s _ :ii : S II is --.S •3 5 s o 5 ^^ UK I *= = is » n ? E « * i-o ? A ,^ ,- B : a OS b c - |i* .SB '< s » S.S : = i -=.S ■ ■ E ?■■: ■ tt- ■.= «t 5 • 1-; oi s>^^ej riV*' — •* X I b I ■f. ? T, • a"' > •-=-B w Ill ' i t b «». »►. «•. 78 TRADB AND OOMMtBOB 1 •s I 05 1 e .a" s 5 .a I Mil "8 J l-i ILi i § a r ^ 9 "a S?S2* as a 552 25- s&s s zssse Sis e ^igs SSS2 I »5 a- §§ II * 'A 1 1 g 2 s S s J i il« •- ,s - = = <5 2""!; " •" I -r w 1- III l§2 III ii§§i §1 § ill §i§ ^^1 mr'"' a '•^tiri-f ^»i "If £.=■ I - " r > If > » SVPPLEMMNT TO WBKKLT BVLLETIV ss s a*"* SS S g« S iris =s 1 "■ s" »'t fi M »' m' 11 i §11 <;£ *o I& »4 -^ TBADB AND COMMBKCB APPEVDZZ E. VUmOAB WEIGHTS AVS IDBASVBES. The unit of Ruiaian currency ia the ruble, valued at $0,616, whicli is divided into 100 kopecks. MEASURES OF LENUTII. 1 verschok 1 arshin (16 verschoks) 1 sazhen (3 arshins) 1 verst (.500 sazhens) 1 verst 1 Torst 1 verst 1 yard 1 yard 1 mile 1 mile •=1'76 inches. = 2 feet 4 inches. = 7 feet. = 1,1601 yerds. = 3,500 feet. = 1,066781 kilometerB, = 0.6620 mile. = 0.428671 sajshens. = 1.286714 arshins. = 1.508671 versts. = 7.'-.4.285714 sazhens. i^'ARE MRAHIKK. 1 square arshin = 5.44 square feet. 1 square sazhen = 5-44 8(]uare yards. 1 dessiatine ==2-7 acres. 1 dessiat ino =^1.0925 hectares. 1 morgn = 1-3 acres. 1 square verst = 0.44 square mile. 1 square .vard = 0-183673 s<)uaro sazhen. 1 acre = 0-3704 de.-siatinc. 1 square mi'e = 2-275n7 Miuare versts. 1 square mile = 237061224 dessJutiiM-s. fl HI* MKXSIHK. 1 ciibio vorschok ^^5-359375 cubic iwcb*-;. •1 cubic vpTschok ^=!*7-819tifil ,Mibiv cctitiiiM-teTs 1 cubic arshin = 0.4705 cubic yard. 1 cubic arsbiii = 0-.3.'')97 cubic meter. 1 cubic ■'azhcu = 12-7037 cubic yards. 1 cubic ■"azbcii = 9.7171 cubic meters. 1 cubic vard r=rO.OTST17 cubic sa/licu. 1 cubic vnrd = 2-12-"i cubic iirshins. WKI(;ilTS. 1 doli = 0-68.'-.7GKrain. 1 di)li = 0-0014286.ii troy ounce. 1 znlotnic k (96 doli) =: 0-15047 avoirdupois" ounce. 1 7.olotuick =^0-137152 tro.v oiuice. 1 funt (96 zolotnicks) =13-l(;(!.")!t:! trov (Jiiuces. StiPPLBMKNT TO WMMKLY aOlMMTtS SI 1 f uat 1 rie«d (40 fuBU) 1 pood 1 lot (8 tolotniolu) 1 konec «B fiS^MW ttoy otuM*. == 86.1127 aToitduyoi* pvmia =3 0.49 aroirdupoU oua««. a» 210 tveinlttpoit pounds. CMfACITV MIUmin»trjr. = 200 ruhic foot. 89330— « I ...T»*OM.A^it VOilfiBKcs ■••* • ••* F. Bvsniir tBAOE sTAnsncs. STATt««NT Of the Value of ImpprU into European l{.««ia f,«„ y„iou, countri- dunn« the yeara 1911-13. "uw™ From. 'iamukay UniMdKiniidoiii. United SutM... Pimooe. Finland Ao*tm.Hun(r»ry. *RMt IndMn NetbcrUnda . ... Turkey lUly. 8w«idcn •China Denmark Norway BelyiuDi |«y.p» Spain Hwitaerland Portugal Roonania •Persia. ,87^O0O 10U;8llkOOO ««,i7a,ooo 40,003,UOU S3,7M,000 24,414,000 17,4I«,000 »,4S2,O0O ir.socooo U,7g8,O00 12,S»i,000 7,687,000 8,*WI;000 8,881,000 7,844,000 I,)<3S,000 7,i»i,aoo 3,417,000 2,6S4,000 183,000 24,984,000 Kln>. 891,114,000 138,280,000 8^687,000 BM8H,000 42,71&000 82,083,000 35,603,000 IB, 140,000 15,613,000 18,640,000 10,871,000 18,754,000 8,446,000 10,251,000 7,357,000 3,123,000 2,4r,000 :i,164,000 1.4)W,000 i,iHA,ono 134,000 24,064,000 KoiibWa. MI,7S«,000 17^300,000 74,171.000 68,018,000 6»,984,000 34,683,000 2»,)W7,000 21,540,000 18,898,000 16,711,000 18,125,000 1\260,000 13;848,000 ».87^0llO 8,60A,00(i s,<8»,oon 6,688,000 &,63\000 1,480^000 1.411,000 131,0M) 23,378,000 *Exeiaaive of trade aeraae Aeiatio frontier. . MVPnwMnr to wmkkit BOLuriy H » f- I ! I i t t i FM* «J?I ¥ T wm i^ t4 9i 5 I i ||}|! f III ij m i m mmm : ^ - i ; i ii 89330- II I ! g TMADB AND COMMBMCM i mn Ml ^ gj*!«gll : t| i"n * }i ! a !«!!! If?' iniP •4 «4 s f4.!f .~' 4Stt I eg firt - nr ^•»f ^1 1 1 ^"w: M:\si .5»» '• rf IF" i III I 2 I ^W X -rs »*?C ^r? SC^ I- n ^ •- iMfw iS'»f TUT Mi -rnr pp i'j mu fi *■ -■ gOmgMMKT TO WBBELT BVllBTin mm n 15 1^ ifm II « H •I? •}' sf jf-^ rig" tf ^ "1 * XI !l!IS ! ««ii!l i W Sl|! i fi ! i If ^1 isfipifiTjir Si ^ titw i i mm I ij MI~imTI ^1 W ^»^ ?i iji M^ V ITOTMir^ l?^«lf ^it ill i^Si^^ii'i ' * ■ V . i 'to 5 i^^ t-i ■ r Si.s x-r 8»339- * : J ^ 1? u r * k •s t _ sF 2. c 3 If II I ■ s ;i .fi 'i i£ 1 *.° '3 -a £ ii i 51 '5 * £ ? s ■ e '' ■I" ;i i 3 i ..„ . itofHil r«iOff AMD OOHmMKOB 4 1 i i f a 8 I I n jsr , SISI||ilJi»i J i m^^i sg ITSpflPH f« m\i\ s'-'J MofnMMnr to wmbklt bwlmtiw Hr»j|s;;:Hi»3|» "5*5 9 «« ^m. wrp^^%? ^! i^i -'•frf- f^W : 111'^ |||**|||*P»^I 1 1 ni^% titt ma ^^w^^ww^^^M sills — ■«■.-;■»! »f nmm^ ■ 5 S • : MKMMorr moumoN tbt omii (ANSI and ISO TIST CMAUT No. 2) I.I 1.25 US . itt u 11* 1.4 |Z5 122 IZO 1.8 1.6 A /APPLIED IM/TF I "•"Jwt Uoin SItM 88 TBADB AHD OOMIiERCB I a S.1 'I t s c I 2 S I 2 I -• g(l ^sC i^ts iMiMiiiiiiriP" i •a "»?68 55 m m St 1Il5f5fIIIISniW I 2 I » I £. I S I UliiSlIIIIIIOIir itfirf'^i-rrf -i'i-4' pf HOlOl "liiMiiiniiriiir , iioiomiisiiiiiiioiiF 1 1"^§ III it tmiMimm ittt. (2 --* " s . lIOHriiillllWiliillFIIIi a - I x . C a 3. 5S * so** of 1 "riiriiooiifiiMiiiioiii I ef ii 5 ac ~ c e '-il ■g • it S- S S i! C- *T =J: i 6 c ■ Ss':gS.£||ll^&S8.gSS|.|£jo Jill Hi SUPPLEMENT TO WEEKLY BOLLETIJf Si 89 e£frf 5 s-;f s -^ Tiiririiriifriirif Sf v«r irmiiii «'l is-S S Fiirioii'iiiril' j5 ^]S'= 5fK S'£? S"-' 1^ |§ rfff ^tn Si OS irf" pf Ik- 1 ' sT V »£r i irTsmimriri t* V oiir: Ti ^ «f s" -fi~ nsi 2 2 *S CI •^'- »1 __ . t-. t* n e — ^ w w 5 ill gi lis iiil IJi m i m it life ifii? sXi P TRADE AKD COMMERCE 11 to s- SI I ^S S§!|S3 I -3 - - Illlf mm (9 s f5llfi . Jli iiitt ■ ^ s. K H fc3 I T5« iss ll'll 3 i «f- mt I §1 ss •2 tel f m§ I ^ 8'« -i: ^ I IN i - J 8 ■'. t 5 _ BUPPLBMSyT TO WEBKL7 BVLLBTIS tS CoMPAiATiTi Table of principal artidet of import by sea from foreign oonntriM into RuMian Pacific Ocean ports during the yean 1909-11. ABTK'LOI. Aniniltunl machinery, not »|iecifl«d ton*. Aluionda uid niita . Animal fat. ' Aiphalt and tar ■■ Basket and plated ware* •• Bean* and peiu Beer and •tout. ft"- Beltiuf, hemp and tntton ton». BindinK twine " Boilem, iron and ileel, and boiknnaken wurk. ■< Boots and »lioeii •• Cables, ropes and twine, vegeuUe Cast-iron wares " Cattle head. Ceramic and potter's ware touM. Cereals in the grain " Children's toys pwt. Coal t«n»- Coke •• Condensed milk • " Condiments, e.g., soy, pickle, iriustard, trumen. etc. Ciipiier Cosnratics and aromatic substances Cotton- Scutched and carded Yam Tissues Dynamo electrical machines and electro mo- tors.. Ejfg", fresh Klectricsl Hwitche*, communica'crs and vari- our appliances Electrical ■ncandt'scent lam|>s Klectric-tecbnical measuring appliances Fancy and toilet articles . Fire-bricks and tiles Fish, oysters, etc Fishing nets Fiuur of all kinds except potato flour Flour mill machinery Fruits and berries, fresh and dried . . (>la>sware Hair and bristles Hand tuols Harvesters, reniiers and binders Iron- Cast Flat, bar and assorted Rails Sheet, "1" beams and shaiied Iron and steel manufactures — Forged, stam|ied and moulded Iron not otherwise mentioned Knitted wares and trimmings Leather l)elting Locks Locomotives and trollies, locomotive steam wagons Machines and apparatus of cas: iron, iron and steel Machines and apperatus, parts of Meat, freah » salted and smoked, and sikusages ... . Musical instruments Nails, forced N'aphthnhne .. . IWB- 7H2 m> •i,UM) 87« 3!l B,7«1 ft tt 134 21! )HW 774 l(i,4Hi' 2H8 454 30 •A6(tt M< 4t«i (ilO 52 12 71 2H 101U. inn. 7!> 22 41 5H2 81 74 4,4H3 18 8,27,9tn ^«23 U,704 222 mio 3,l!7» m 4,0«il l,!Ni5 1,!»72 7,649 :i,498 80,883 37,.12l' 471 20,224 1,120 t,; 42,320 16,133 4U,:i!tl 17,789 ;«, 81 3,703 l,IU«i 4,268 2,06<; 14,80(1 :«.274 81,814 707 IT08 1,817 295 2,134 918 1,864 3,233 1,092 273 36,285 12 2&0 778 4 787 1,939 34,229 486 2,486 4 77,566 354 808 847 .58 9 112 28 U 176 2,.567 42 ii 4 3,249 108 79 1,259 3,0l!» 20 736 6ti0 302 8,629 4,2i: .5,02 im* i; 19 153 20 94: 2.075 2,777 97 I'i6 52,5811 M07 ;,7«o 17,905 9,066 1,501 1,211 1,517 4,220 12,210 .•,213 24,745 27,842 131,275 3,6^8 14,tl85 1,555 72,089 899 26,206 2,898 4,081 3,660 7,461 :<,804 2,760 9,431 56,981 8,400 3,8.'»l 1,361 3,.517 3,010 4,4 I 9,0.18 11,652 96,282 .M,153 1,435 :«),967 13,749 9.17 01,r.20 28,759 .17,641 11,332 74,745 7,092 2.768 3,577 1,.590 2 ',681 96.738 tH,875 3,134 2,238 !»79 569 •4 rtUDM AWD COMMBMOM OoMPAUTiTB Ta»li of prinoiptl utUim of inport by Ma, ta.—C»ntmtud. Aanous. Panffln «on». Pi|iM (nwUllic) ct all kind* PklUflM Portobl*cninti«« POtatOM . . " PuniiM, band and lln lUt HojrtbM, •hovrla, nkra, He >< Mewing machiu«. Hodn and potaih ' HpirituotiK liquor*. — fcal. Htcam rnirinw ton*. Anortod, in billet* and wrap Sh»rt Tanning inaW-riala ThrMbinir nUK!him«. < Vegetable oils and glycerine « Vegetable* Weighing ncalee Winnowing machines Wire nails and barbed wire Wooden manntactiiica I9W. li 422 MIT 287 itn n 2«,M7 2M» S»l lam H3,313 13 137 H7 13 Ml 0,227 3« 1.327 144 tl,723 \4H0 11,340 40A 4IM 7N000 ^3Wl 7,«IS 3ll,4»t 704 7i'8 61H W) ll.WW »5,4liO 2,24 lOCXH INWM 13,032 10,087 0,007 1.037 2.870 940 4111 3H,23U S,23l» m 47,334 1)),27» 1911. S4«t 1,174 214 sn 2,4«7 70 IM,1<« au 380 2.09) 26.1)13 134 648 411 1.% m 1.221 7,648 103 :«{ .%33» 337 11,814 18,946 4,147 94,uao 7,843 9,397 111.881 18,0(9 1R,90» 11,43a 11.S74 .^874 3,200 S.O0O 1,808 1.28ft 33.8KS .%.081 0.682 1,873 47,334 10.7S7 OOMMESOZAL ZXTELLXOEITOE SEmVXOE. Canadian Trad. Oammhalanaft and Commarclal AftnU ahwild b« kapt .opplUd with caUlaguaa. priea llaU. dtacwint rata*. •U., and tha namaa and addraaaaa al trada rapratanUtivaa l>y Canadian a«partar«. CaUlaguaa thauld ttaU whathar pricaa ara at faetary paint, f.a.b. at part af ahlpmant, or which la prafarabla, e.l.f. at laraign part. CANADIAN TRADE COMMIMIONER*. Ar^antlna Rapublte. H. R. Pouncttc, RMonquliU. No. 46, Butnoa Alrei. Vohlt AMrt—, CanMHoa. Auatralia. D. H. Ron, Stock sacehant* BulMlnc, Melbourne. Cahla Aiirtn, Canadian. Britlah Waat Indlaa. E. H. 8. Flood, Brldaetown, Barbados, aaent alao for the iBermudai and BrVttah Qulana. Cat)* Addrttt. Canadian. China. J. W. Ron, IS Nankinc Road, Shanahal. Cable AddTf, Concoma. Cuba. Actina Trade Commlsfioner, Lonla del Comercio, Apartado 1290, Havana. CoW» Addrtit, Cantrooem. Franca. Phlllippe Roy, Commlaatoner Qeneral, IT and 19 Boulevard dea Caipuclnea, Parii. Cable ilddren. Stadaoono. Japan. G. B. Johnaoii, P.O. Box 10». Tokobanuu Cable AddrtM. Oanadkm. Halland. Acting Trado Commlnloner, Zuldblaak, 26, Rotterdam. CoWe .Iddren, WattrmUU Nawfaundland. W. B. Nichotoon, Bank of Montreal Bulld- ina. Water atr.*!. St. John a. Cable IddreM, Canadian. Naw Zaaland. W A. Bwldoe, Union Bulldlnaa, Cuatoma ;Kre;t.^cklind. Cable Addre.., CaM- dUtn. South Africa. w J Eaan. Norwich Union Bulldlngi, Capi Town. Coble Addren, Conlioco.ii. Unltad Kingdom. Actlna Trade Commlnloner, Sun Bulldlnf, ail!* street. Brlatoi. Cable Addrc... Canadian. J E Ray. Central House, Birmingham. Cablt Addreea, Canadian. Actlns Trade Commlnloner, North Biltlsh Buffdina, East Parade, Leeds. Cab!. / - " ' jnadian. V -dike. Canada Chambers. J« ' ,ns, Manchester. Cable Ad- .j , ■ ttconi. J ^',., mWh. Fruit Trade Commls- ^da Chambers, 36 Sprlna aar- o .nchester. J T UthBow, 87 Union street, Glasgow. Scotland. Coble Addrees, Contracom. Ha^'Sl.n Watson 73 ^Baslnghall Ur.et. liondon, E. C, England. Cable Addren, Slel0lkln0, London. SPECIAL TRADE COMMISSIONER. Lumbar. H. U. MacMlUan, visiting Europe, Africa. Australasia and the Orient. C. F. Just, Ruula. 95 CANADIAN COMMCROIAL AQENTS. •rittoh WMt InrflM. Wrmr Trtnp, Port of ■pain, Trinidad. Caklf Aiitnm, Omm»Mt m. 11 H. Curry, NaaMO. Bahanaa. ••uth AlrlM. I>. M. MrKlbbon. Room t4, Pwman«nt Bulldlnca, HarrlMm BtrMt, Johannca- bur*. K. 1. Wilklnion, P.O. Bos «TI. D<>