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Les diegrammes suivants illustrent le mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MICBOCOW RBOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) A TIPPLED j Mjnp I 1653 Eo.l Hoin StrMt ^ ("6) *»2-03O0-Phon. ("«) 2«a - 9989 - Fo. H339 CANADA DEPARTMENT OF MINES QKOLOOICAI SURVEY BRANCH HofC W. TKMPLIMAN, MiNKTCIt; A. p. Low, Deputt MlMaTKK: R. W. Brock, Uihrctoii Memoir No. 21. THE GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS or PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT, BRITISH COLUMBIA Br O. E. LeRoy O T T A W A GOVERNMENT PRINTING BUREAU 1912 Ml ITS 8359—1 LITTXB or TRANSMITTAL. To R. W. Brock, Esq., Director Geological Survey, Uepartinent of Mines. giR^_I beg to submit the following Memoir on the Geology nntl Ore Deposits of Phoenix, Boundary district, British Columbia. I have the honour to be, sir, Your obedient servant, (Signed) 0. E. LeBoy. Ottawa, February, 1911. TABU OF OONTUfTI. CHAPTER L Pice Introduction j,' General statement ..'..'.'......' n Field work and acknowledgment! 12 Situation and meant of communication 14 Hlatorr '.'.'.'.'.'.'..".'" 14 Prevloua work '.................... I6 Blbllograpbr ........! ........ 17 CHAPTER n. Summary and conclualona ]9 General Keoiogy ]9 Ore depotiu 20 Future of district 22 CHAPTER III. General character of dlatrlct 23 Topography 23 Regional 23 Local ][[['[ 2* CHAPTER IV. General geology 26 Introduction 26 Summary deacrlptlon of formations 26 PalBOiolc 26 Knob Hill group 26 Att« jod series 26 Mesoiolc 27 Jiir' jlo? 27 Ten fi. V 27 ; formation 27 , ill- Icanic group 28 Qna' rr.. 28 Table ot , jns 29 Detailed descriptions of formations 30 Pal«eosolc SO Introduction 30 Knob Hill group SO Distribution 30 Thickness 30 Lithology 30 Cherts 31 Tuffs 31 Porphyrites 31 Structure 32 8359— li OEUUKJY AND OUR DBPOBITS Page. Carbontftroutt J' Attwood ••rt«i *' Introduction •■ Brooklyn formation •' Dtatrlbutlon " Lltbolonr " LlmMtone 33 Diitrlbutton " LltholoKT >• Chemical compoiltlon '* Btrnctur* '* Zone of Jasperoldt ^* Dtitrlbutlon '♦ Llthology '* Macroicopic character '5 Microscopic charactw 3* Origin of Jatperolda and cherte 37 Tuffa and arglllltea '* Lltbology 3* Compoaltlon '* Igneous rock* '^^ Mlnerallied lone <" Rawblde formation *^ Dlitrlbutlon '•<' Llthology and atructure *0 Meaozolc Juraaalc? *' Igneous rocks ** Distribution <* Llthology *^ Tertiary *' OUgocene ** Kettle Hirer formation *2 DlstrlbuUon ♦* Llthology and structore *^ Origin and age *^ Miocene (?) 44 Midway Volcanic group ** DIstrtbuUon ** Augite trachyte ** Llthology ** Microscopic character *^ Chemical analyses *5 Structure ** Age of lara ♦'' Augtte porphyrite *1 Distribution and occurrence *" Llthology *'' PUOKKIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT S Macrofcoplc ch«r«ctar 47 Microicople charactar 4S ChamlcRl analriM 41 Pttluklu porphyry 49 Dlitrlbution 4g Lithology 50 Ukcroicoplc cikar«ct«i' 50 Microscopic character CO Chamlcal analyaaa 61 Summary 52 OHAPTKR V. Economic geology fiS Phoenix mineral lonea &3 Introduction 63 Geological relation* 63 Distribution 66 Orraby tone 65 Brooklyn lone 66 Stemwinder tone 66 Monteiuma lone 66 out Edge wne 66 Qold Drop lone 67 Character of ore bodies r>7 Fissure system !>>i Character of ore 60 Mineralogy 61 Metallic minerals 61 Natlre Cl Copper 61 Bttlphldei 61 Chalcopyrlte 61 Iron pyrites 62 Pyrrhotlte 62 Oxides 62 Hematite 62 Magnetite 63 Umonlte 63 Carbonates 63 Aiurite 63 Malachite 63 Non-metallic minerals 63 Silicates 63 Spldote 63 Zolsite 64 Garnet 64 Actinollte 64 Tremollte 64 OEUUMtV AND URK PKitMiTR Pag*. ■wteiu 14 Chlortt* u OildM U Quvti (6 CarbonatM ts Calcite «fi PhoapbatM «8 ApatlU 66 Origlb }f ort dapoaiU m Ag« oi or» dapoaita M Futur* ot Pho«Dli camp 70 . ORAPTER VL Datailad daacrtpUon of mlnM Tb« Oranby CouicUdatad Mining, Smalting, and Powar Com- pany, Umltad Introduction Liocation HIatory Production Ora raaarraa Dlvidanda Bqulpmant and tranaportatlon Matboda of mining Oanaral daralopmant Compoiitlon of tba oraa Oranby amaltar 71 71 71 71 71 72 72 72 72 73 73 74 7-J 74 74 7< •'8 7'J 80 80 81 81 81 81 88 1 mlna 83 Tbe Knob Hill-Ironaldaa mlna Location Davalopmant and aquipmant Oeological relatlona and character of ore bodlaa FlMure ■} 4tam Igneoua rocka Cbaractar of tba ora Tba Gold Drop mlna Location DoTelopmant and aquipmant Geological relatlona and cbaractar of tbe ora body. Cbaractar of tbe ore Tbe Oold Drop No. Location Derelopment . Ore body Tbe Curlew mine . Location Ore bo'y 83 83 83 83 83 l-liUKNIX HOI NUAKV |ilnTI(l(?T 7 l>aRe. Tba MoDart-h mlo* 83 Location and d«v«lopmMt tn Cbarai'ter of the or* bodiM K t Cbararter of the ore m Th« Ur«y l£acl« mln* 84 Location 84 Davalopment 8( Character of the ore 84 The ant Edge claim 8& Future |)os«lbllltlea 8% The Coniolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited. Introduction History Production The Snowihoe mine Location Development Equipment Method! of mining (ieological relation! and cl^aractar of ore body South ore body Character of ore North ore body War E!agle mine Location Development and equipment Oeologlcai relations and character of ore bodies New Dominion Copper Company Limited Location History Production Equipment Methods of mining The Rawhide mine Location Development and equipment Geological relations and character of the ui .' jody Igneous rocks Character of ore The Brooklyn-Idaho mine Location Development and equipment Oeologlcai relations and character of the ore bodies. Character of ore Future possibilities Sit M 86 86 86 S« 86 87 87 87 87 90 »U 93 ».< 9:l 93 94 94 94 95 95 95 97 97 97 98 98 98 98 100 101 8 OEOLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS The Stemwlnder mine ... P^e ^<«tlon 7* Development.. " joj 102 Index ILLUSTRATIONS. ««te I. Phoenix, looking aouti:. 1908- Ph., v **•«•• glory holes, and main t^,^; ^^"'"K'aPJ* Bhowa the .. the Grant; ConsXatT" °' ''' ''"'•'^« """^ «" ill ^u"*"'* ■'«' Greenwood Frontispiece • m T, °™"'°<"""«'«^e8t 2< - -sfj^r;-"-— Lr " : ™B°°^c„':r."-»-"- VII. (a) Brooklyn mine .■.'■ 94 (b) Stemwlnder mine. 98 drawings. """ i:srkirmr2ioTr°r''°-'''«-« '"3 3- Diagrammatic sketch .h„ f *™ve limestone ,- and argl?,,te " "'"'"'"* •"*«='' '•"'""K of Jaspe;old «. Claim map of Phoenix. B.a.' 38 6. DlagrammaUc sketch showing' ,«„„;.,' • , 64 „ , and lightly mlnerallzXr h- "'a"omi of ore . «. Knob Hlll.lronsldesr"r300 frrevr*^* «9 limestone, ore. and ouart. 'J^f "*'"*"' """""^ .. replacing limestone *"*• ^rphyry. Oro ■ '"■»'S,r.-rr.rrutr •■■■■■'■■■■■ 77 PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 9 Page Pig. 11. Knob Hill-Ironaides mine. Section across ore bodies, show- ing ore gangue, Jasperoids and tuffs, and stopes 78 12. Gold Drop mine. No. 3 level— showing portion of ore body. 82 13. Snowshoe mine: ipart of main tunnel 88 14. Snowshoe mine: section of ore body 89 16. Snowshoe mine: vertical projection (1903) 91 16. Snowshoe mine: section of north ore body showing ore gangue rock, Jasperoids, and augite porphyrite 9: 17. Rawhide mine 9g 18. Brooklyn-Idaho mine: generalised vertical projection 99 Maps. Map 1135.— 16A. Topographical map of Phoenix, B.C End Hap 1136.— 16A. Geological map of Phoenix, B.C End THE GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS OP PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT, BRITISH COLUMBIA BT 0. E. LeRoy. OHAPTEB I. INTRODUCTION. 0«neral Statement. The Boundary district entered the ranks of the copper pro- ducing centres of British Columbia in 1900, and ever since has held the leading place in the Province, and for some years has been the premier copper producing district in Canada. Accord- ing to the annual reports to the Minister of Mines of British Columbia, the ore mined and smelted in the Boundary district during the first decade (1900 to 1909) of production, contained 247,895,303 pounds of copper, as well as an important amount of gold and silver. The principal mines of the district are : the Knob Hill-Iron- sides, Gold Drop, Rawhide, Monarch, Snowshoe, and War Eagle, situated at Phoenix; the Oro Denoro and Emma at Summit; and the Mother Lode and Sunset at Deadwood near Greenwood (Fig. 1, p. 13). Phoenix afforded exceptional facilities for the study of the relations of the ore bodies through the extensive underground development of the several mines, and a detailed survey was made of the camp during the summer of 1908. The primary object of the survey was to secure all available information regarding the enormous low grade ore bodies and their geological relations, which, when properly correlated, it was hoped mig^t 11 12 OEOLOOT AND ORE DEPOSITS be of material assistance to mining development at Phoenix. It was also hoped that the broader relations could be applied with benefit at other mines, operated elsewhere in the district, where the ore bodies had similar associations. In a measure it is felt that such practical results have been obtained, and that much of the general information relating to the ore bodies may be used to advantage elsewhere in the district, in the case of mineralized zones similar to those occurring at Phoenix. Field Work and Aoknowledgmeoti. The particular area studied at Phoenix and in the vicinity is about 2 square miles in extent and includes all the principal mines of the camp. This report is based on the results of 3i months field work in 1908, supplemented by information secured during brief visits to Phoenix in 1909 and 1910. The topographical work was in charge of Mr. W. H. Boyd, the resulting map being published on a scale of 400 feet to an inch with a 20 foot contour interval. The geological work, both areal and economic, was in charge of the writer, who was assisted by Mr. C. W. Drysdale. The tnapping of the areal geology was controlled by transit and stadia surveys, while the mine plans of the several companies served as a basis for geological work underground. Acknowledgments are due to the officials of the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power Company, the Con- solidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, and the Dominion Copper Company (now the New Dominion Copper Company), for their courteous and willing co-operation in per- mitting free access to all the underground workings, and the use of all available information connected with the mines. Per- mission was kindly given by ihe officials to publish such mine plans as appear throuphout the report. The writer wishes to acknowledge his especial indebtedness to Messrs. A. B. W. Hodges, 0. B. Smith, and C. M. Campbell for helpful suggestions and criticisms during the progress of the work, to Mr. Charles Biesel who placed two houses at the disposal of the party for the summer of 1908, to Mr. George Rumberger for information relating to the early history of Phoenix, and to the Messrs. McRae for permission to reproduce two of their photographs (Plate I, Plate IIA.) PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 14 OEOUX3Y AND ORE DEPOSITR Situation and Mmuu of Oonunnnioation. Phoenix is flituated in the Boundary district of British Columbia about 6i miles north of the International Boundary and 118 5 miles west of Nelson via the Canadian Pacific railway (Fig. 1, p. 13). In an air line it is a little over 200 mileH inland from the Pacific coast. The city has an elevation of from 4,300 to 4,fi00 feet above tlie sea-level, being about 2,000 feet above Greenwooil and 2,700 feet above Grand Forks where the smelteries are respectively situated. The population at Phoenix is about 2,000 and is en- tirely dependent on the mining industry. The Canadian Pacific railway entering Phoenix from the east, and the Great Northern from the west, give ample transportation facilities. The Phoenix map includes the whole of the city and com- prises an area of 1-9 square miles, part of which is in the Green- wood and part in the Grand Forks Mining division (Fig. 4, p. 54). Hirtory. The earliest known mining operations in the Boundary- dis- trict were conducted in 1862 when portions of the bed of Boundary creek were worked for i lacer gold. Between 1862 and lfc?l little interest was taken by prospectors in this district and few claims were staked. In 1890 the discoveries of gold-copper ore bodies at Rossland stimulated prospecting over extensive areas in southern British Columbia, and in 1891 prospecting was actively carried on in the vicinity of Greenwood, at which time the Mother Lode, Crown Silver, and Sunset were staked. During the summer of that year the prospectors crossed to the present site of Phoenix, and the first discovery was made by Henry White who staked the Knob Hill claim on July 15, on an ore-cropping near the south end of th^ present 'glory hole' on that claim.' (Plate I). White's partner, Matthew Hotter, located Old Ironsides, which adjoins Knob Hill (see claim map, Fig. 4, p. 54) ami named both claims, the former after a gun boat which figured in the Civil War of the United States, and the latter after Nob Hill, a residential quarter of San Francisco. ' Personal communication from Mr. G. W. Rumberger. I'HOKMX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 15 During the seaaon of 1891, moat of the ground which hu Rince l)een found to contain valuable ore bodies waa located. The Stemwinder was staked by James Attwood and James Schofleld about July 25, and the fraction between it and Old Ironsides, two days later, by Edmond Lefebvre. It was known as the Silver King, and after being allowed to lapse was relocated by Robert Dengler as the Phoenix from which the city was named. The next discovery was made by Joseph Taylor and Stephen Maugott who located the Brooklyn on July 31. A few days later Ro* -rt Dengler and William Douglas located the North Star, (now the Idaho), and about the same time Qeorge Rumberger discovered the ground at present covered by the Snowshoe, Raw- hide, and Monarch. He, with Taylor and Mangott, staked three claims (600 x 1,500 feet), on which considerable surface work was done, but the assessments were never recorded and the claims were allowed to lapse. The War Eagle was located by Dengler and Douglas during the latter part of August. In 1891, when the first locations were made, the Mining Act of British Columbia permitted the size of a claim to be 600 by 1,500 feet, with extra lateral rights. In 1892 thTS Act was repealed and the size of the claims changed to 1,500 by 1,500 feet with vertical side lines. At this time the base of supplies was Marcus, in the State of Washington, about 75 miles distant. Tlie pack trail followed the valley of the Kettle river, connecting with the Dewdney trail at Grand Forks, from which a branch trail was built into Phoenix. In 1893, Thomas Humphrey and James Keightly located the Monarch; Robert Dengler, D. Mclnnes, and William Gibbs the Rawhide; Dengler and Gibbs the Snowshoe; and Joseph Hetu the Gold Drop. In 1894, the North Star was relocated by John Me:er and George Rumberger as the Idaho, and the Red Cloud was re- located as the Standard fraction by Thomas Johnston. The Vic- toria was stak^.l vn August 1 by John Stephens and the Aetna on August 25 by Georg Rumberger. During the early years considerable surface work was done in trenching and sinking shallow pits on the outcrops of the several ore bodies. The prospectors, however, were much dis- couraged when it w^as found that the values in copper, gold, and silver were so low, and owing to this, many claims were allowed 16 CnSOIXXlY AND OM DEPOSITS to lapie which were afterwardi relocated by others. A renewed activity was the outcome of the discovery that the ores were prac- tically self fluxing, which, combined with the apparently enorm- ous size of the deposits, began to attract the capital necessary for proper development. It was recognized at an early period that it was no poor man's camp, nnd that a large amount of time and capital must be expended in developing the ore bodies, and in the building of smelters, before the properties could be placed on a paying basis. In 1896 the Miner-Oraves syndicate commenced develop- ment work on the Old Ironsides-Knob Hill ore body, and pre- parations were made later on for the building of a smeltery at Grand Forks. By purchase and consolidation the original com- pany became the Oranby Consolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power Company, controlling the most important group of mines at Phoenix, with a smeltery and converting plant at Grand Forks The first shipment of ore was made in July, 1900, and the first furnace blown in on August 21 of that year. Other consolida- ticns and purchases of the remaining valuable properties at Phoenix were made by the Consolidated Mining and Smeltbg Company of Canada and the New Dominion Copper Company. The above three Companies, therefore, control all the ore deposits of economic value in the area of the Phoenix map, detailed descriptions of which will be found in another part of this report (Chap. VI, p. 71). The camp was known as the Greenwood camp until 1898 when the first post-ofSce was established at Phoenix ; the latter name, however, has had a partial recognition since 1895. It was incorporated as a city in 1900. The Canadian Pacific railway extended its line into Phoenix in 1898, and the Great Northern in 1904. PreTions Work. In 1901, Mr. R. W. Brock of the Geological Survey Staff made a reconnaissance survey of a portion of the Boundary dis- trict ; and in 1902 geologically mapped a belt about 13 miles wide along the International Boundary extending from Grand Forks west to Midway, comprising an area of over 200 square miles. Dr. R. A. Daly, geologist for the Boundary Commission, at a later date geologically examined a 5 mile belt along the Inter- m PHOENIX BOUNOART DISTRICT 17 national Boundary. HU report, however, haa not yet been publiahed, but in Hated in the bibliography below. Bibllographj. The following list of references contains the moat important papers and reports bearing on the geology, ore deposits, and mining and metallurgical methoda in vogue in this district. Brock, R. W. The Boundarj Creek District. Sum. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Canada 1901, pp. 51-69 A. Preliminary Report of the Boundary Creek District. Sum. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Canada 1902, pp. 92-138 A. Map. No. 828. Ore Deposits of the Boundary District. Jour. Can. Min. Inst. Vol. 5, 1902, pp. 365-378. Campbell, C. M. Granby Mining Methods. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 11, 1908, pp. 392-406. Daly, R. A. Geology of the North America Cordillera at the Forty-Ninth Parallel. (To be published by the Boundary Commission.) Emmons, S. P. The Ore Deposits of the Boundary district, B.C. Genesis of Ore Deposits, 1901, pp. 759-761. Hodges, A. B. W. Handling Three Thousand Tons of Ore per day at the Granby Mines and Smelter. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 11, 1908, pp. 408413. The Importance of Low Grade Boundary Ores in the Copper Production of Canada. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 12, 1909, pp. 441-444. Keffer, F. Mining and Smelting in the Boundary District. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 7, 1904, pp. 42-46. Notes on the Cost of Diamond Drilling in the Boundary District. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 11, 1908, pp. 385-391. 8359—2 18 UROIiUOY AMI ORK IlKltMITs Uthe, K. K. Itcoent Uevelopinent at the Oranliy Smelter. Jour. Can. Min. Inrt., Vol. 13, 1910, pp. 273-287. Ij«doux, A. R. The Production of Ore in the Boundary Dirtriut, B. C. Jour. Can. Min. Inst., Vol. 5, 1902, pp. 171178. itcports of the Minister of Mine*, 'rovince of Ilritish Columbia. From 1894-1909. Stukes, Ralph. Mines and Minerals of the British Empire. Chap. 23, pp. 344-355. Weed. W. H. The Copper Mines of the World, pp. 217-220. Ore Deposits near Igneous Contacts. Trans. Amer. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 33, 1902, pp. 715- 747. PtIOKNIX mi-NtMRT DtBTMCT It OHAPTEB n 715- 8UMAIARY AND CONCLUSIONS. Otatnl OMlogy. Falaotoic. — The olUent ro<'k» (Mvurriug at l'hu<'iiix which have bet n termed the Knob Hill group, coniiit of b complex of varioui elastic rocka of igneoua origin, porphyritea, and a minor development of aedimenta and limestone. The rocks are massive throughout and there is an absence of structural features such as bedding and banding indicating stratigraphic sequence. The group is placed in the Palfeozoic without a fixed position in the time scale in that era. The Brooklyn formation overlies the Knob Hill group and consists of I jn-fossiliferous crystalline limestones, tuffs, and argillites. A very large portion of the limestone and most of the tuffs have been replaced by silica, giving a zone of jasperoids. Another portion of the limestone has been replacod by the lime silicates epidote, garnet, etc. The formatioi, therefore, admits of a threefold division : the remnants of crystalline limestone, n Bone of jasperoids, and a zone consisting essentially of lime silicates, the latter containing all the important bodies of low grade copper ore. The Rawhide formation overlies the Brooklyn conformably and consists entirely of argillites. These two formations have been grouped together as the Attwood series, and tentatively placed in the Carboniferous, though direct evidence as regards age is lacking owing to the absence of fossils. As no marked break occurs between the Brooklyn formation and Knob Hill group it is possible that the latter may be but little older than the Attwood series and, pos- sibly, also of upper Palaeozoic age. Mesozoic. — The Mesozoic is represented by a few small in- trusions of syenite and syenite porphyry, which from field re- lations are supposed to be connected with the granodiorite batholith of Jurassic ( T) age. so widely developed elsewhere in the district. Tertiary.— The earliest rocks of the Tertiary are sediments, 8359—24 i 20 OBOUMV ANP 0*K OltPO««ITI» of OliBocene ue, terme.l the Kettle Rlter fonnttion, -nd over- i l^^kTn formation unconfonn.bly. They coj^ of conglomerate., «»nd.ton«., and rt.alc «>me of the J^t" ~° fining plant remah- altered to iRnit... a. well " »"» rj"" of llirrite. The continuity of the formation, once wldeq>read, ia nowCen a. the re-nlt of eroaion, and the atrat. now occupy iiolated areaa, one of which occura at Phoenix. Overlying in part the Kettle BiTcr formation, and m part the BrS^Sn formation and Knob Hill group, are the lavM of 1 Say ^ olcanic group, the age of which i..«PP-do be Miocene. The lavaa range in compoaition '^"^ J^ Y^*" J '.aaalt, and. like the Kettle River formation, occurred aa con- tmuou. and wideapread expo«ire,. J"* '".-VJkTi and iwlBi '. area., one of which occur, at Phoenix, ^y^^''^^' ^ rtock. of pulaakite, porphyry (alkaline ayen.te porphyry), and TX P^Siyrite :l i!.tru.ive in all the rock -- i»J^-^"J the lav« The former i. the younger, an^ repr^nU the lart phaM) of igneou. activity in thi. portion of the diatnct. On Dtpodta. Phoenix i. the moat important copper camp i" Carn^* -^f the mine., up to July 1, 1910. have produced and .hipped over 7.000,0«W tona of ore. _^„*. The ore bodie. occur in a mineralized zone wb.cb tepr«en1» a portion of the Brooklyn limertone replaced by ep.dote. garnet Z The zone is separated into ;«'»''t«^.°'^" iJ^Fir 10 trough-like ba«n. in the jasperoid. and limestone. (Figs. 10, ^^■^ The ore bodies lie at different horizon, in thi. zone thou^ BPneraUy favouring the lower and outer portions, and may be c3e^ simply L portions of the mineralized zone in wh.^ tircopper ore has been «ifflciently concenlxated to form workable deposits. The ore bodie. range m .ize from lenje. Iw iSo feeTl -^g and 20 feet thick to extenaive masses like TJ^oT^yot the Knob Hm-Ironside inine -Ji^h^^^ about 2,500 feet long and has a ™«i«^r/^^TL.t,drei tnd a k^iown width of 900 feet. The altitude «f »> ;-^^^«; varies in different bodies, and at different po'>ts la the same ;^;'/;;^\,ertical to almo^ horizontal. There is a pronounced I'HOBNIX BOUNOART DUTRICT 11 e h » is et es ae ed iUttening of the dip with dept^ The foot-wall it usually jup- eroid, occMiouUy Umeitoue, uid, in one inttAuce, the quiirtzoee roeki of the Knob Hill vroup. Ai a rulo, the comniereial foot- wall eoincidet with the ttructural. The haoging-wall ii aliuoNt invariably a commercial one, though the pay ore ia usually sharply marked off from the lower grade by a gouge-flUed fissure or 'slip.' The ore throughout is remarkably uniform and is almost self fluxing. It consists of fimly disseminated chalcopyrite, with pyrite and hematite (specularite), in a gangue composed essen- tially of epidote, garnet, quartz, calcite, and chlorite. Magnetite oocars in distinct masses, or lense-like bodies, both in, and along the borders of the main ore bodies. In the case of the Monarch depodt magnetite forms one of the main ore bodies. The chal- copyrite carries all the copper, gold, and silver values, the aver- age ore containing from 1-2 to 16 per cent of copper with about $1.00 in gold and silver to the ton. The mineralized zone com- prises a portion of a zone of contact metamorphism in the lime- stone ot the Brooklyn formation. In the absence of any closelv associated masses of igneous rocks, the hypothesis is advanced, that the metaaomatic replacement of the limestone, and the deposition of ore have been brought about by solutions, derived from some unit of the granodiorite batholith. The solutions, given off at temperatures above the critical, and carrying silica, alumina, and ferric iron with copper and iron sulphides at a later stage, traversed the limestone in lateral and lateral descend- ing directions, gradually replaced the limestone by epidote, garnet, etc., and deposited the ore uniformly over extea8i> ) areas, thus forming the large low grade bodies. The overlying rocks were subsequently removed, which left portions of the ore bodies outcropping at the surface. The fact that the ore bodies are comparatively shallow, and that they give out rather sharply with depth, tends to confirm the view that tue solutions were descending rather than ascending. The probable age of their formation is provisionally placed in the Juraraic. In the commercial development of the ore bodies the initial work is done by diamond drilling by means of which the broad ontlinea of the bodies are ascertained. The ore is mined by a system of glory holes and quarries along the outcrops, and by the pillar tad room method in the underground workings. 22 OEOLOOY AND OBE DEPOSITS Fntore of Diitrict. The mineralized zone of Phoenix has been well prospected and by such methods as to render it impossible that any large body remains undiscovered. The main ore bodies of the camp have all been located, though closer intervals in prospect drilling may result in the discovery of smaller bodies, which, if favour- ably situated, may be worked to advantage. In other localities throughout the Boundary district where limestone occurs associated with a mineralized zone of similar character ore bodies may yet be found by intelligent and scien- tific prospecting. They cannot, however, in the initial stages, be attacked by the ordinary tunnelling and shaft methods, but should first be proved by diamond drilling, especially as it is known that some bodies do not outcrop at the surface. The average prospector has not the capital necessary for developing ore bodies of this class; this must be left to companies of large capital who can aflford to prove or disprove areas of apparent promise. PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 23 OHAPTES m. GENERAL CHARACTER OP THE DISTRICT. Topography. Regional. The Boundary district of British Columbia as far west as Kettle river lies within the Columbia system of the North Am- erican Cordillera.' In subdividing the Columbia system into groups, Daly includes under the term Midway mountains that portion of the Bo'indary district lying between Grand Forks and the Kettle river, the east and west boundaries being the North fork of the Kettle, and the Main Kettle rivers respectively. (See Fig. 1, p. 13.). The Midway group is characterized by comparatively low mountains wliich usually show uniformity of summit levels, at a general elevation of 5,000 feet. When broadly viewed, they appear as rounded ridges or dome-shaped summits, the crests of which are below the limits of intense alpine erosion (Plate II, A. p. 24). According to Brock% this uniformity of elevation is believed to be due mainly to the wearing down of the once more rugged and lofty peaks and ridges by processes of erosion, which, above timber line, arise from rapid and extreme changes in temperature — hot days succeeding cold and frosty nights — act- ing on rocks not protected by soil or vegetation. The rocks thus broken into fragments of varying size are movd down the slopes by gravity, with intermittent assistance from rainfall and snow slides. This process leaves the upper portions of the ridges and peaks bare and covers the lower slopes with a heavy layer of rock waste, which assumes a grade proportional to the size of the fragments. As the peak or ridge is worn down to the base of the zone of rapid erosion the processes work more slowly, and the ' R. A. Daly. Nomenclature of the North American Cordillera between the 47th and 53rd parallels of latitude. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 27, 1906, pp. 586-606. ' Brock, R. W. Sum. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Can., 1902, pp. 93-94-A. 84 QEOLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS consequent lag permits other and higher peaks and ridges to be cut down to approximately the same level before the former ones have retreated much below it. These processes have also been considered in some detail by Daly and have been brought forward as an alternative to the peneplain hypothesis.' This regularity of ridge form has been further modified by lava flows during the Tertiary period, and by glacial erosion dur- ing the Pleistocene. The valleys of the district form a well-marked longitudinal and transverse system, the former being of the broader U-shape. 24. ">'•*! PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 25 prominent ridges gfrouped in the form of a compressed crescent open to the west. The ridge to the south culminating with Knob hill attains elevations from 4,800 to 5,200 feet above sea-level. Montezuma and Deadman ridges, the north and northeast rims of the basin, are between 4,800 and 4,900 feet above sea-level and are separated from one another by the pass at Dead- man gulch. A low pass separates Deadman from Knob Hill ridge through which the Canadian Pacific raUway enters the city. The basin itself is relatively narrow and its slopes com- paratively steep. Except for some short stretches along the length of the basin there is an entire absence of level ground. The minor inequalities of the ridge slopes give a kind of subdued ruggedness to the area, intensified locally by low escarpments, due primarily to geological structure. The ridges and basin were densely wooded when the first prospectors arrived, but the early demand for timber for min- ing and building purposes, and the ravages of forest fires, have reduced the available reserves to small limits. The chief woods are pine, tamarack, fir, and spruce. The climate of Phoenix is exceptionally fine, the altitude having a moderating effect on the extremes prevalent in the valleys. In summer the temperature rarely exceeds 90 degrees, and on account of the dryness of the atmosphere the heat is never oppressive, while during the winter zero temperatures are infrequent. 'T*' f h oeoiiOOY ANn ore deposits OHAPTKBIV. GENERAL GEOLOGY. Introduetion. The geological formations developed iu the Boundary dis- trict were first classified by Brock and outlined in a preliminary report in 1902.' In subsequent work by Daly, the results of which have not yet been published, certain correlations were made connecting some of the rock groups with others occurring to the east of the Boundary district. The detailed work at Phcenix has afforded no add. ional information regarding the ages of the several formations developed there, and the general classification is based on the broader work of Brock and Daly. Attwood, Kettle river, and Midway are names used by Daly in his general work and by the writer, when applicable, in the Phoenix area. Summary Deicription of Formations. Fal^gozoic. knob bill qsoup. The oldest rocks at Phoenix form the Knob Hill group, which comprises a complex of highly altered rocks of igneous origin with minor developments of sediments. Porphyrites, tuffs, brecciaS; and cherts with small lens-like masses of argillite and limestone are included in this group. The main alterations have been due to complicated faulting accompanied by shearing and widespread silieification. The group on the whole is essentially siliceous in character. A definite position as regards age cannot at present be given to the group but it is possible that it is not much older than the immediately succeeding series. ATTWOOD SERIES. The Attwood series adnits of a division into two forma- tions in the Phoenix area. The lower or Brooklyn forma- tion consists essentially of limestone and its altered equivalents 'Brock, R. W. Preliminary Report of the Boundary Creek Dla- trtrt. Sum. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Canada, 1902. pp. 92-138 A. Map No. 82S. ■Ml PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 27 (jasperoids and epidote-garaet rock«), with aome tuffa and argillitea. Economically it is the moat important formation and contains all the principal ore bodiea. The upper or Rawhide formation overlies the Brooklyn conformably and con- sists entirely of argillites. The Attwood series is considered by Daly to be, possibly, the equivalent of the Carbonifeious aeriea ill the Rossland mountains, and has, therefore, been so placed provisionally. The contact between the Brooklyn formation and the Knob Hill group is not marked by a stratigraphical unconformity; the jasperoids of the former lie on the cherty rocks of the latter, and the two appear to have been welded together by the processes of silicification, although lithologically, the line separating them is usually quite distinct. Mesozoic. JURASSIC (t) The granodiorite batholith of Jurassic ( T) age so exten- sively developed to the north and west of Phoenix, has no typical representative in the immediate vicinity, though it probably underlies the area at no great depth. A small mass of syenite and dykes of syenite porphyry which are here intrusive in the Palaeozoic rocks, have been referred to this period from their similarity to masses and dykes which occur in association with exposures of the batholith elsewhere in the district. Tertiary. The early Tertiary (Eocene) was probably a period of vigorous erosion during which the lofty mountains of the later Mesozoic time were reduced to mature forms, possibly not diflPer- ing greatly from those of the present time. KETTLE river FORMATION. The earliest rocks of the Tertiary are a sedimentary series deposited in the rivers and lakes. The formation, once extensive through the district, is now exposed only in isolated patches, one of which occurs in the Phoenix area, resting unconformably on the Brooklyn formation. The rocks are conglomerates. ■5»*^ I, ( W OKOLOOT AMD ORB DKrOSITS unditonea, and ihalei, with interbedded tufh in cortain locali ties. The aandatonea and ihales, locally, contain tmall Mams o impure lignite and plant remains of Oligocene age. MIDWAY VOLCANIC OROUP. To Miocene time is referred the period of wide-8prea< volcanic activity when apparently a great part of thi Boundary distr>''t waa covered by a varying thioknen o successive flowi of lavas which range in composition fron basalt to trachyte. East of Midway the lava cap is representee only by scattered, isolated exposures one of which occurs a Phoenix, overlying unconformably parts of the Knob Hill grou] and Kettle River and Brooklyn formations. This group, as wel as all the older rocks, is cut by a series of dykes, sills, and stock of alkaline syenite porphyry (pulaskite) and augite porphy rite, the former being the younger of the two. They appear t( be genetically connected with the lavas and are apparently th( intrusive equivalents of certain types of the extrusive rocks Warping and faulting accompanied and followed the period o: lava flows. QUATERNABT. The Phoenix area is comparatively free from any great thick nesB or continuous mantle of drift. The thickest deposits are ir the basin of Twin creek and have not been found to exceed 31 feet. Boulder clay was not observed, the material being re sorted glacial drift consisting of rudely stratified sands, clays and gravels, the latter containing pebbles chiefly of local rocks Along part of the north border of the area of the map and in th< northeast comer, sands and gravels predominate. The stratiflca tion becomes more distinct and better developed in passing to the west, down the valley of Twin creek. The ridges are glaciatec to their summits, though later weathering has obscured the dis tinctness of grooves and strie which show the ice movemeni locally to have been in the direction S. 26° E. The deposits an of little importance and have not been closely studied. on locali- ■eami of de-apread of the ikneu of ion from presented occurs at [ill group p, as well nd stocks porphy- ippear to ently the ve rocks, period of eat thick- its are in >xceed 35 being re- ds, clays, sal rocks, nd in the itratifica- ng to the glaciated 1 the dis- aovement losits are Qttatamarjr. Tertiary. PHOENIX BOUNDART DISTRICT 29 Tablv of f ormatioaa. Olaelal and Modifled drift, clajrs, laadi, Recent gravels. Miocene? Oliffocene. Meiocolc. Juraaalc? Palaosolc. Pulatklte porphyry (alkali syen- ite porphyry), dykes, and •ills. Augite porphyrlte In stocks, dykes, and sills. Midway Volcanic group. Lavas. ; Basalt, andeslte, trachyte. (Only trachytes occur at Phoenix). Kettle River formation- Conglomerates, sandstones, shales. Carboniferous? Attwood series. Augite syenite, and syenite por- phyry in dykes and masses prob- ably connected with main grano- dlorite batholltb of the district Rawhide formation— Argillites. Brooklyn formation- Crystalline limestone and cal- careous shales with some ar- gillites and tuffs. In part replaced by silica forming Jasperolds, and in part by lime silicates. Knob Hill group — Porphyrites, breccias, tuffs, siliclfled ash rocks, cherts with small lenses of argillites and limestones. In the group is included a few later dykes and sills of hornblende and augite porphyrlte. Illl ^^ OEOUKiY AND ORE DEr08|T»t Dttailad OMoription of Pormatiou. Pal^cuzoic. inthoduction. The Pnlffozoii- is represented in the Phoenix area by Knob Hill group ami the Attwood stricM, the latter being ■ divided into the Brooklyn and Rawhide formations. The K Hill group has not !)een assigned a definite position in the t soale though it is probable that it is but little older than Attwood series, which is provisionally placed by Daly in Carboniferous. No stratigraphical unconformity was seen any of the exposed contacts between the Knob Hill group and Attwood series. The ro\ luh; ap|>ear to merge into one another and their individual determinations depend largely on microscopic examinations. • Cherts. — The cherts comprise the greater part of the group and show but little variation ifi type. They vary in colour froi; dark grey to black, and occur in both masNive and lirecciated forms; not distinguished except microscopically. In the cores of the diamond drill holes there is apparent uniformity in composi- tion for hundreds of feet as evidenced by rough determinations of the silica content, which averages about 90 per cent. Microscopic- ally, they are seen to be made up of rounded and irregular, in definite areas of chalccdonic quartx associaiod with ouiiie black indeterminate maf trial which evidently gives the colour to f'n darker types. Minute veinlets of quart/ and some of calcite with pyrite traverse the rocks in an extensive and intriOMTII in eolonr from th« Urge amount of chlorite which uiua •ppean to be the predominant mineral conatituent in ha qMcimena. They have reached an extreme atagv in alterati and under the tnicroaoope are leen to consist of a masa of 1 •econdary minerala chlorite, calcite, quartz, epidote, magneti and pyrite in which ocoaaionally crystal outlines of forir pheno'^rj-sts may be seen. The later group of porphyrites are also much altered, I their discrimination in the field is an easy matter. They i intrusive in the cherts, tuffs, and older porphyrites as dykes a sills. They are dark grey to black in colour and arc distinci porphyritio, with the phenocrysts, originally of pyroxene, weal ering oat in high relief. Pyroxene, brown hornblende, and plag claae feldspar were evidently the original essential constituen but in their present altered state the rocks are largely compos of epidote, calcite, chlorite, magnetite, a little colourless mica, ai quartz. In mapping they have been included in the Knob H proper. Their age, however, has not been satisfactorily flxt and, although they have not been found to cut the rocks of t Attwoo, brecciated lime- stone! bSs) and massive limeshone ((s). The relation of the limestone to the jasperoid is furtl shown in the accompanying figure (Fig. 2), where the repla ment follows the zone of brecciation in the former rock. On lower side of the massive limestone the jasperoid is in rati sharp contact having replaced the brecciated portion. Microscopic Character. — Under the microscope the jasper is F.m to be composed of oval, rounded, oblong, and sub-angu a^^ egates of eryptocrystallino or chaleedor.'e and microcrys I'HOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 37 joint, and tongue-like ement also vhole mass eeous solu- ! planes of i shown in h relief on 'el ne- is further the replace- ck. On the 8 in rather le jasperoid sub-angular licrocrystal- line quartz in a matrix of calcite with some granular mosaics of quartz, and small amounts of pale green chlorite and tufts of a colourless mica (sericite?). The calcite is the predominant min- eral in the matrix and may represent part of the original lime- stone which has been redeposited. The siliceous aggregates are oval, rounded, oblong, or sub-angular individuals with smooth and crenulate borders. Some show tongue-like extensions in- dicating directions of growth and these occasionally form con- necting links between two individuals giving irregular and rude dumb bell forms (Plate III). A few aggregates hold small granular clusters of calcite grains as inclusions. In some slides quartz crystals of good form have developed freely in the cal- cite portion of the matrix. Pyrite is a secondary constituent of usually some prominence, especially in the rock adjacent to the ore bodies. Jasperoids, which were originally medium grained tuflfs, possibly more or less calcareous, show in addition to the above mineral constituents, grains and phenocrysts of plagio- clase feldspar a few of which show evidences of secondary growth, and fragments of i^orphyrites, porphyries, aplites, and effusive types of igneous rocks with a partially altered glassy base. Minute faulting of two or more periods is common in the jasperoids: the displacements never exceedOlmm and the plane are filled by veinlets of quartz and calcite. In the transitional types between the limestone and jasp- eroid the replacement of calcite by silica follows cleavage and contact planes of the calcite grains, the minute grains of quartz occurring as solitary grains or in clusters in the first stage. From this stage all types showing gradual progression towards the typical jasperoid may be seen. Origin of Jasperoid* and Chert*. The siliceous rocks of the Brooklyn formation and the Knob Hill group (jasperoids and cherts), probably have a common origin as regards the source of the silica. It would appear that the source was a deep seated one, and that the siliceous solutions may have been derived from the main granodiorite batholith during its early stages of in- vasion. The limestone wherever an examination couM be made is seen to pass downward into jasperoid, and from tne relations of the two, both on the surface and in the underground workings, 38 QEOLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS the conclusion appears evident that the siliceous solutions w ascending, and no doubt followed the more favourable zones faulting and brecciatiou in the original liiiustone. ( Fig. 18, p. 9 The massive limestone appears to be less readily attacked on extensive scale, and in it the chemical action progressed m< slowly along cleavage and minor planes of fracture. The pr able porous character of the ash rocks of the Knob Hill groi presented more favourable conditions for an even and wi spread silicification, which accounts for the great thickness cherts. Tuffs and Arolltitas. Lithology. — The tufifs and argillites are so intimately relal to the jasperoids and pass so insensibly into them that they hi been included in that zone. The tuflfs are fine grained green grey rocks some of which have preserved traces of origii bedding or banding and probably have occurred as interbeds the limestone. They are essentially quartz and quartz feldsj tufh and usually show partial replacements tending towards 1 jasperoid type. The chalcedonic quartz forms around nuclei original quartz and feldspar grains. o<\" , O o o o oeO""poo°0 CgOoOoCVjOo. p " "^ « I ... m A » %°0/^.= j°^'\fo 0„0o-\>o ° ° ^''o\°'o'r O ( ° ^, ■0 ° "a.' ^ + XL o o o o ... .;. 1- -.*■•«. ..o,. ' •V " o ° " o o o r\ f. ■flto° if •'_ ' il 'ir-. ^o ,.'.°\''' +^t-;.'i.ro /°.0^'oi'oO"o°o"o-#^^ \ ° O n o O O I ■ > .. p - - u ;••- y '••(•',> o - o < r" Fig. 3- Diagrammatic sketch showing blocU fiiulting of jasperoids(J) and argillite(a). The argillites were noted chiefly in the underground woi ings. They appear to pass insensibly into jasperoid at tim PHOENU BOUNDARY DISTRICT 39 utions were )le zones of g. 18, p. 99). icked on an •eased more The prob- Hill group, and wide- hickness of tely related t they have ed greenish of original nterbeds in Iz feldspar ;owards the d nuclei of OlOs a r ' o = = ° '< '" "" l. c o c ° 0° 0° . ° o J 0< o" Co'' O c '' O ^ a )rind work- 1 at times, % I while at others the contact is sharp and marked by a gouge flUed plane. The blocky occurrence as a whole, however, is distinctive and suggests faulting between the two rocks (Fig. 3, p. 38, and Fig. 7, p. 68), of the character indicated in the accompanying figure. They are extremely fine grained greenish grey rocks, oc- casionally banded but usually massive. Some types are reddish brown in colour from the alteration of finely disseminated pyrite to limonite. It is quite possible that part of the argillite may be extremely fine grained tuffs or may have been originally derived from such rocks by the sorting action of water. They are brittle, with a sharp conchoidal fracture, and a fine system of jointing causes the rock to break up into small rhomboidal fragments. These numerous planes are filled with calcite and a little pyrite thougu the latter is not invariably present. Microscopically they are seen to be composed of shreds of kaolin, with some microcrystalline and cryptocrystalline grains of quartz, and a little chlorite. Throughout the rock are areas of turbid calcite up to 0-75 mm. in diameter which are sponge-like and hold minute inclusions of the other constituents. Pyrite is present in well formed minute crystals and the slides are traversed by veinlets of clear calcite of three generations. Composition. — Two rough determinations of that portion of the rocks insoluble in hydrochloric acid were made by Mr. F. G. Wait of the Mines Branch. These gave respectively 5611 and 63-35 per cent of silica, and 26-38 and 20-78 per cent of alumina, which show the essentially argillaceous character of the rocks. They probably represent the more impervious portions of the original rocks of the Brooklyn formation which resisted the action of the processes of silicification, that so extensively affected the more soluble limestones and porous tuffs. Igneous Rock*. Certain types of porphyrites which are associated with the jasperoids and included with them have been exposed in the underground workings of the several mines. They occur, as a result of faulting and shearing, in detached blocks and lens-like masses. They p.obably occurred as dykes and sills contemporaneous with the tufb of the Brooklyn formation, or 40 aEOUHlY AND ORE DEl'DSITS they may belong to the same period as some of the earlier p phyrites of the Knob Ilill group. They are highly altered « in hand specimens are usually sheared, rarely massive, d green in colour, and essentially ehlnritic in composition. A roscopieally they consist of chlorite, epidote, calcite, quartz, ra netite, and pyrite. In this granular mass of secondary minei an occasional form of an original pheiiocryst may be discern Th« Mintrallzcd Zone. The mineralized zone occurs in interrupted or isolated ai lying in trough-like basins with jasperoid or limestone as floor. It is essentially a replacement of limestone by epid garnet, etc., in a zone of contact metamorphism in which oc all the low grade ore bodies at Phoenix. Owing to its associat with the ore bodies this zone forms one of the main subjects treatment in the chapter on economic geology to which the rea is referred for detailed descriptions here omitted to avoid nc less repetition. RAWHIDE FORMATION. Distribution. — The Rawhide formation has only a limi exposure in the southeast corner of the Phoenix area and over conformably the Brooklyn formation, here locally represer by the zone of jasperoids. The exposure is an erosion remn of a formerly more extensive development and has a maxim thickness of rather less than 100 feet. Lithology and Structure. — The formation consists whoUj dark grey to black slightly caroonaceous argillites in beds vt ing from 3 to 18 inches in thickness. A fine lamination pan to the bedding planes occurs in some beds, the laminae be alternately light and dark grey. At the contact with later trvsive dykes of augite porphyrite a narrow marginal zone of argillite is partially altered to hornstone. Some of the basal I have been replaced, locally, along the structural planes by peroid in narrow tongues and lenses. The beds are either aln horizontal or dip at low angles to the northeast. The two principal sets of joint planes are almost vert and strike N. 60° E. and N. 15° W., respectively. These c bined with minor planes cause the argillite to br^ak into rh i'ltOENIX BOUNDARY OISTRICl' 41 earlier por- altered and issive, dark ition. Mic- luartz, niag- iry minerals e discerned. ulated areas itone as the by epidote, nrhich occur i association subjects for h the reader avoid nced- y a limited and overlies represented ion remnant a maximum its wholly of 1 beds vary- tion parallel iminse being ith later in- 1 zone of the le basal beds anes by jas- lither almost lost vertical These com- c into rhom- , boidal blocks. Shear zones similar to those in the lower forma- tions occur in all directions and with varying angles of dip. They are filled with gouge from crushed and decomposed rock. Mesozoic. JURASSIC (t). Ignceua Reeka. Distribution.— A small mass of augite syenite in the north- east portion of the area, an' three dykes of syenite porphyry, two of which occur on the Snow-shoe claim and one underground in the Rawhide mine, are the only representatives of the grano- diorite batholith in the Phoenix camp. They are referred to the Jurassic period from their lithological similarity to dykes and apophyses occurring elsewhere in the district, which are directly connected with the main batholithic intrusions. At Pl.penix these iutrusives cut the rocks of the Knob Hill group and the Brooklyn formation. The granodiorite batholith is extensively developed through- out the Boundary district and probably underlies the Phoenix area at no great depth. The rock i3ually occurs in irregular masses, bosses, and dykes, and in its typical development is a light grey granitoid rock, which varies mineralogically from a granite to a quai tz diorlte, with hornblende or biotite or both as the chief ferro-magnesian constituents. More basic types of the same in- trusion include hornblende gabbro. Lithology.— The augite syenite is a dark grey granitoid rock of medium grain, consisting oi dark grey feldspar and black pyroxene. The rock is very extensively sheared and fractured, the planes being filled with calcite, slightly tinged by yellowish limonite. It weathers to a rusty brown. Microscopically it consists of individuals of orthoclase and plagioclase feldspar, pale yellow augite, brown biotite, quartz, and magnetite with secondary chlorite, limonite, and calcite. The feldspar is too turbid for determination beyond recognizing both the potash and soda-lime types and perthitic intergrowths of the two. The augite is also largely altered to the secondary products chlorite, limonite, and calcite. OIOLOOT AND ORB DBP0SIT8 The syenite porphyry dykes are not over 12 feet wide a only traceable for a short distance along their strike. In t hand specimens the rock is pink when fresh, weathering to a lig brownish grey with a rather vague porphyritio texture. T dykes have been much sheared and fractured, with calcitc fiili in the planes. Under the microscope the rock is seen to be co posed of very turbid orthoclase and plagicclase in small tabu] and lath shaped forms. The bisilicate has disappeared, its foi remaining and filled with an aggregate of chlorite, limonite, a bonates, magnetite, and quartz. The base is almost cryptocryst line and consists of an aggregate of quartz and feldspar throu which are sponge-like areas of turbid calcite. Numerous mini planes traverse the rock, which are filled with calcite and qua either together or alone. TXITUBT. ouaooxOTE. Kettle River Formation. Distribution. — The Kettle River formation is exposed Phoenix as a relatively narrow band in the central portion of t map. The exTyosure is about one mil*, long with a width varyi from 40 to 9' ' 'let. Along the western margin of the outci the formatiou overlies the mineral zone of the Brooklyn fom tion and possibly over small areas the Knob Hill group. To 1 east it is covered in part by the lavas of the Midway Volcai group (General map, section A-A). Lithology and Structure. — The fcnnation consists of c< glomerates, feldspathic sandstones, and compact cherty shales which some are carbonaceous. The trend of the strike is nor erly and the dips are prevailingly to the east and vary from ] to 60°, the average dip being about 35°. The maximum thi ness of the formation as dettirmined from logs of diamond di holes is about 260 feet. A fine jointing perpendicular to 1 bedding is general with slight shearing along some of the plan in which pyrite has subsequently been deposited. No eviden of faulting, so common elsewhere, were noted in this isolat exposure, though faults may occur in the portion overlain by 1 lavas of the Midway Volcanic group. The massive conglomerates are light grey in colour, a taining pebble* of the rocks of the Knob Hill group, a t'llOEMX BOUNDARY DMTHICT 48 t wide and K. In the g to a light ture. The Jcitc Ailing to be com- lali tabular id, ita form aonite, car- fptocryatal- lar through oua minute and quartz ezpoaed at rtion of the Ith varying :he outcrop :lyn forma- ip. To the ly Volcaaic Bts of con- by shales of ie is north- y from 10' mum thick- imond drill alar to the the planes, o evidences bis isolated rlain by the iolour, eon- proup, and numerous others of a grey quartz porphyry which intruaiTe roi'ks hus not been foui d in situ in the vicinity of Phoenix. The pebbles raiiKe in si/o from a fraction of an inch to 5 inches in diumeter and are usually fairly well rounded. The matrix is .urgcly felditpatilic with subordinate quarU. The feldspathio jandstones, in part massive, are connected with the conglomerates by gradual transitions. They are composed of angular and rounded grains of the feldspars with quartz and bleached biotite in a matrix of tiie same minerals together with kaolin, ealcite, and liraouite. The lower beds are rather coarse but pass upwards into finer grained types and finally into the shale horizon. The shales are compact, some beds being finely laminated, and are usually cherty, especially the darker types. The colour ranges from a dark grey to greenish grey, the latter weathering almost white. The darker beds, in a few places, contain frag- ments of plant remains which have been altered to lignite with partial loss of original structure. The light coloured beds are very fine grained, and under the microscope are seen to consist of minute grains of quartz, shreds of kaolin, chlorite, limonite, and spicules of partially bleached hornblende; they represent the consolidation of an extremely fine clay. The shales and to a certain extent the sandstones, have been replaced in a slight degree by chert, along the planes .of bedding and jointing. No definitely determined ash rocks were found in this exposure although they occur el-«where in the Boundary district. Origin and Age.— The formation is the result of lake and river nentatiou, the deposits occurring in the valleys and basins lormed during the period of erosion of the early Tertiary, At Phoenix the evenly bedded character of the rocks above the conglomerate horizon, the absence of false bedding, and the fine- grained character of the upper portion of the formation, in- dicate that deposition took place in quiet waters, possibly along the outer margin of a delta. Subsequent erosion, however, has destroyed the original basin and nothing is known of ita local extent and importance. The material, however, is in great part foreign to the vicinity of Phoenix and was transported from other localities, the situation of which has not yet been determined. From plant remains found in similar rocks to the west of Phoenix, the formation can be referred with certainty to the Oligocene 44 OEOLOOV ANU ORK DEP081T8 peritwl' and may l»e equivalent Dawion in the Kamloopi area. to the Coldwater group Miocene (1) MIDWAY VOIiCANIC OROUP. Distribution.— The lava flows of the Miocene (I) per probably covered the greater part of the Boundary district, \ have been separated into isolated areas by subHcquent erosi The exposure at I'hoenix parallels that of the Kettle River 1 mation and lies above and to the east of it. The lavas also o\ lie parts of the Knob Hill group and Brooklyn formation, i also have been found to occur in lateral sheets within the Ke River formation injected along planes of bedding. The exposure has a length of a little over a mile and vai in width from 1,100 to 2,000 feet. To the south of the Canad Pacific railway, the lava is inconspicuous as a topographic fi ure, but to the north along Deadman ridge it presents st slopes with slight escarpments on both east and west flanks. ' thickness compiled from the logs of diamond drill holes va from a few inches to 200 feet, and is probably over 300 feet parts of Deadman ridge. Auglte Trachyte. Litliulogy.—Tlie rocks of the group range in composii from basalt to trachyte, though at Phoenix, the rock so fai determined is an augite trachyte or u losely related t; Vesicular and amygdaloidal types occur locally l>iit are not c mon. The cavities are from 0-25 to 04 of an inch in length are of irregular oval or dumb-bell form, filled with concen layers of calcite, chlorite, limonite, and quartz, the former J eral being on the outer zone and the latter occupying the cer A rude flow structure is apparent in the amygdaloidal ty The texture is porphyritic, the phenocrysts being embedded finely crystalline or dense glassy base. T'he colour ranges f light brownish grey to almost black, the phenocrysts of feldi being light grey to almost white. The types of rock at Phoi 'Penhallow, D. P. A Report on the Fossil Plants from th< ternatlonal Boundary Survftv for 1903-1905. collected by R. A. I Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., Third series. Vol. I, 1907, pp. 318-327. fiiOCMX BOI'NDARV DIsTRirT 45 group of (t) period liatrict, but ent eroiion. 5 River for- ui also over- ination, ami 1 the Kettle : and variea le Canadian raphic feat- esents steep flanks. The holes varies 300 feet on composition ck so far as elated type, are not coni- 1 length and h concentric former niin- g the centre, loidal types, ibedded in a ranges from 3 of feldspar i at Phoenix from the In- 7 R. A. naly. 27. all appear to Ih- of the one flow, the main difference Iteing one of texture. The principal type and the most widely expost-d as well u the freshest, is a light brownish grey porphyritic rock with white weathering phonocrysts of feldspar, dark pyroxenes, and plates of brown biotitu in a fine inicrocrystalline base, which contains noticeable grains of pyrite. Microscopic Cliaractprs.- -Both orthoclasc and soda-ortiio- clase are present in phenucrysts and individuals up to 25 nnn. in length. They all show the effects of corrosion and of later growtli, giving a crcnulated border to most. The plagioclase is andesiiie and the phcnocrysts are usually surrounded by a shell of orthoclase. They are finely twinned according to the albite law only. The feldspar is fresh with but slight incipient kaol- inization along the cleavage planes and irregidar cracks. Slight strain shadows are general. The augitc individuals vary from 05 to 15 mm. in length and show a slight approach to idiomorphic form. The mineral is pale yellow; most of the individuals show slight alteration to chlorite along irregular cracks, while a few are completely altered to chlorite, calcitc and magnetite. A few oblong brown biotites from 0-4 to 08 mm. in length occur and have as inclusions closely crowded grains of magnetite which have developed along the planes of cleavage. Larger grains of magnetite up to 05 mm. in diameter are generally surrounded by a narrow rim of biotite. The base consists of laths of orthoclase and plagioclase feld- spar, rounded idiomorphic individuals of pale green augite, and irregular plates of biotite occupying angular interspaces between the feldspars. The augite and biotite are but slightly altered to chlorite. Magnet <;, no doubt titaniferous, is in rather large amount, mainly as inclusions in the coloured constituents. Apatite occurs in small amount as stout hexagonal and slender prismatic forms. Calcite is in rather large amount as patches in the feldspar and as a filling of fracture planes in the larger individuals of feldspar and aupite. Tt has probably in great part been introduced into the rock by circulating waters and de- posited. No free silica of primary origin was noted in any of the slides. Chemical Analyses. — An analysis of this "wik was made by 46 QEOIiOOT AND ORE DEPOSITS Mr. M. F. Connor of the Mines Branch. It is given under column I. Column II contains the analysis of an augite trachyte from Bauza, Columbretes islands, Spain, analysed by R. Pfohl. * SiO, . A1,0. Fe,0, FeO .. MgO . CaO . Na,0 . K,0 .. H,0 + H,0- CO, .. TiO, . P.O. . MnO . SrO .. BaO . I. II. 5264 3312 2069 2048 254 513 1-82 150 161 1-88 393 429 484 620 599 4-88 223 225 028 075 064 a25 041 043 007 a2i 060 9925 100^59 The augite trachyte at Phoenix is closely related chemically to an intrusive rhomb porphyry of probably the same period, which occurs west of Phoenix near Rock creek. The description of the rock has not been published, but will appear in the report of R. A. Daly'. According to the quantitative classification of igneous rocks the calculation of the norm places the augite trachyte in class Persalane, order Russare, rang Viezzenase, subrang Procenose. Structure. — The lava exposed at Phoenix shows no evidence of faulting with displacement, though, as criteria for its detec- tion are absent, there may have been such faulting. Jointing in several directions is a prominent feature, causing the rock to break up into irregular angular blocks. Basaltic jointing is ~^ '^iaWngton, H. S. Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks. U. S. Q. 8. Prof. Paper, No. 14, pp. 262-63. ^,, ^ 'Geology of the North American Cordillera at the Korty-Nlntn Parallel. (To be published by the Boundary Commission). raOEKIZ BOUNDART DISTRICT 47 I rare, and was seen only in a rock out on the Brooklyn spur near the Canadian Pacific Railway station. In contact with the under- lying rocks a foot or so of the lava is brecciated and in this zone are fragments of the floor rocks which have been caught up and cemented with the lava breccia by more fluid portions of the flow. Age of Lava. — A period of erosion intervened between the deposition of the Kettle River formation and the lava flows, and the former was in great part removed during this interval. The lava is, therefore, unconformable to the Kettle River formation, and has been referred to the Miocene period. It may be con- temporaneous in age with Dawson's Volcanic group in the Kam- loops area^ AUOmS PORPBTBrrE. Distribution and Occurrence. — The augite porphyrite occurs in dykes, sills, and stocks and is intrusive in all the older formations, including the lava flows. Exposures are general throughout the map area but have their greatest development in the northern half. When traced underground, they are found to follow very irregular courses and vary greatly in attitude, with sharp changes from vertical to almost horizontal (Fig. 6, p. 61). The rock has an irregular system of jointing which occasionally develops normal to the border of the body. Faulting with actual displacement was only noted in one instance. Lithology. Macroscopic Character.— The rock, when fresh, is dark grey in colour and consists of phenocrysts of dark grey feldspar, dark brown to black pyroxene and hornblende and black biotite in a fine grained base composed of the above minerals. The rock weathers to a light grey with a brownish tinge, the feldspars becoming dead white. Finer grained varieties decompose readily to a rusty sand. The dykes cutting the ore bodies are in part much altered, with a development of pyrite and calcite which locally form small veins in shear planes parallel to dyke walls. The pyrite is prominent in its occurrence as feathery branching aggregates distributed through the calcite. The borders of the dykes present dense porphjrritic selvages with dull pitchy lustre. 'Dawson, O. if. Geological Record of the Rocky Monntaln System In Cuada. BuU. Oeol. Soc. Amer.. Vol. 12, pp. 80-82. c 48 OEOLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS They are composed of calcite-chlorite aggregates from the altera tion of augite in a base partly crystalline and partly dark brown glass. Microscopic Character.— In the typical rock the feklspnr phenocrysts occur either singly or in clusters of large and small tabular, lath-shaped and square forms and irregular individuals with smooth or interlocking borders. The tenuinal faces arc rarely clear cut but are generally jagged or crenulate, indicatnig incomplete growth of the phenocrysts. The plagioclase is pre dominant over orthoclase in the larger phenocrysts, and tlu former is on the line between andesine and labradorite. It ii twinned according to the albite law, occasionally combined wit! Carlsbad twinning and more rarely with pericline twinning Some individuals show bent and broken twin planes, the lattei being slightly faulted. A few are partially surrounded by a rin of orthoclase. The feldspar, on the whole, is fresh with onl; slight alteration along cleavage and fracture planes. A fev individuals, however, are almost completely altered to turbi( aggregates of kaolin and carbonates. The augite is pale yellw and occurs in sharp and rounded forms and as irregular in dividuals up to 3 mm. by 1-5 mm. in size. Some show corrode. borders now surrounded by a rim of biotite or its alteratioi product, chlorite. The larger individuals are fresh, but many o the smaller ones are altered to ..-hlorite, turbid carbonates, an magnetite. Biotite and brown hornblende alternate in different e? posures of the porphyrite ar.d have much the same mode of o« currence. The biotite is in relatively larger amount than tli hornblende, but occurs mainly as small oblong forms an irregular plates throughout the base and as inclusions in tl plagioclase and augite arranged parallel to the twinning an cleavage planes respectively. The base is microcrystallme i great part and largely feldspathic. Quartz in small anioun magnetite, and apatite ('omplete the list of minerals. Chemical Anah,ses.-An analysis of the augite porphyri by M. F. Connor of the Mines Branch gave the results plac« under column I. For comparison, under column II is placed t analysis by W. Hampe of a quartz augite diorite from Lampei 3 PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 49 dorf, Silesia.' Column III gives the results of an average of 20 quartz diorites.' I. II. III. SiO, 55 90 55 54 59 47 AljOj 15 52 15 64 16-52 Fe,0, 1-22 119 263 FeO 522 713 411 MgO 470 484 375 C^O 5 79 567 6 24 Na^O 289 317 298 K,0 445 228 193 H, 60/ 2^3 1-39 CO, 014 040 TiO, 90 1-24 64 P2O, 046 45 26 MnO 08 SrO 009 9936 10048 99-92 According to the quantitative classification, the calculation of the norm places the rock in class Dosalane, order Germanare, rang Andase, subrang Shoshonose. PUt.ASKITE PORPHTBT. 2?w02, p. 10< A. " R. A. Daly. "Average Coi position of Igneous Rock Types," Proc. Amer. Acad, of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 46, No. 7, p. 220. 8359-4i 52 GKOLOOV AND ORE DEPOSITS The rock is slightly more basic than the average and Rossland pulaskite and may be considered as a transitional t between pulaskite and monzonite. From the calculation of the norm the rock is referrec class Dosalane, order Germanare, rang Monzonase, subrang H zonose of the quantitative classification. BUUHABT. The igneous rocks of Tertiary age occurring at Pha are closely related both mineralogically and chemically, are probably differentiates derived from the same ma basin. No published statement regarding the number of flows in the Boundary district has yet been made, but it app that there were several periods of flow, the oldest being oli basalt, and the youngest some variety of alkaline trachyt which the augite trachyte at Phoenix is allied. The intermec flows were andesites and dacites. The pulaskite porphyr considered the intrusive equivalent of the trachyte, while augite porphyrite may bear a similar relation to the andet though in the latter case no data are to hand to confirm this ^ PHOENIX BOUNDART DISTRICT 63 OHAPTEB V. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Phoenix Mineral Zone. Introduction. The eztenaive deposits of low grade copper ore, which have given rise to the important mining industry at Phoenix, occur in a mineralized area of the Brooklyn limestone which has all the characteristics of a zone of contact metamorphism. This zone is composed essentially of epidote and garnet, together with calcite, quartz, and chlorite. Actinolite, tremolite, zoisite, sericite, and apatite have been noted microscopically and, with the exception of the first named mineral, occur in very trifling amounts. The type of gangue rock most in evidence is one in which epidote is the predominant mineral. The rock is dark green or dirty yellowish green in colour, and is usually massive, though oc- casionally banded. It contains small irregular cavities filled with calcite which has weathered out on surface exposures, leaving the cavities lined with minute crystals of epidote. Bands and masses of reddish brown and pale brown gai'net are less common on the surface than underground. In the aggregate garnet occurs in large amount, and is nearly always associated with epidote in those portions of the zone where the latter is the predominant constituent. Lenses and masses of calcite with or without quartz occur generally throughout the whole zone. Little surface de- composition has been effected since the zone was glaciated, though here and there, owing to the sulphide content, the gangue rock has disintegrated into a reddish brown sand. The metallic minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, hematite (specularite), and magnetite, and these have bepn depcited in certain favourable areas in this zone so as to i^ rm extensive bodies of workable ore. OEOLOOIOAL RELATIONS. The mineralized zone lies in relatively wide and shallow troughs floc'ed by jasperoids, in steep narrow troughs in lime- stone as shown by the form of the Brooklyn 'glory hole' (Plate VI), or along the contact between jasperoid and limestone, and If A OEOIiOOT AND OBB DEPOSITS PHOENIX BOUNDMT DI8TU0T IB i 1 I betweei jaaperoid and the quartzote rocka of the Knob Hill group. The zone ia conaidered to have been originally in great part limeatone, which baa been replaced metaaomatioally by lime ailicatea chiefly epidote and garnet. In part the zone ia overlain unconformably by the Kettle Biver formation, and in part covered by the lava of the Midway Volcanic group (General map, aeotion A-A). Both the zone and the included ore bodiea are cut by dykes, ailla, and stocka of augite porphyrite and pulaskite porphyry, which intruaive bodies in- creaae in number with depth, aa noted in the mine workings. Certain older dykes of baaio porphyrites occur in apparently frag- mentary masses, but so great haa been their alteration, that their origin could only be determined microscopically. In the ore bodies they represent barren areas and were evidently not favourable localitiea for ore deposition. Distribution. This mineralized zone, probably once continuous over an area greater than that now exposed, haa been separated by erosion into a number of detached areas, which for convenience have been termed the Granby, Brooklyn, Stemwinder, Gilt Edge, Montezuma, and Gold Drop respectively. The Oranby Zone. — The principal mines with one exception are situated on the Granby zone, which surficially is semi-ellip- tical or horseshoe shaped (See General map) in form. The west limb is 3,200 feet long and 1,000 feet wide; while the east limb is 2,250 feet long and from 350 to 1,000 feet wide. The curved connexion to the south is 2,000 feet long and from 200 to 700 feet wide. The actual horizontal dimensions, however, are much greater, aa a very considerable area is overlain by the sediment- ary and igneous rocks of Tertiary age. The thickness of the west limb along an east and west axis varies from 160 to 350 feet with a gradual thinning out to the east (General map, section A-A). Along the north and south axis of the same limb the maximum thickness in the central portion is about 350 feet, and from that point the zone gradually thins out in both directions. The jaaperoid floor of the zone is broadly rolling (with local sharp high rolls), and has the form of a double trough or basin with half of the eastern basin lacking (General map, section >^1 56 OEOIiT V AND ORE DETOSITa A-A). The contact between the mineralized and jasperoid zonea ia aharp and uaually marked by a fissure from a fraction of an inch to 7 feet wide, filled with a gouge of disintegrated jasperoid. The Brooklyn Zone. — This zone, on which is situated the Brooklyn-Idaho mine, lies to the west of the Granby zone and extends across the valley of Twin creek, crossing the lower town of Phoenix. In its central portion, vhich coincides with the lowest points in the valley of Twin creek, the zone has suffered considerably from erosion, with the consequent removal of an important part of the original ore body. Along the central por- tion of the valley it is covered by sands and gravels, and the surface limits have, therefore, been projected from the under- ground workings. The zone has an elongated pear-shaped form, broad and shallow to the south, narrowing and becoming steeper to the north until it is enclosed by almost vertical walls of limestone, as shown by those of the Brooklyn 'glory hole' (Plate VI), or of jasperoid to the east, and limestone to the west. The floor is mainly limestone with some jasperoid in the southern part (Fig. 18, p. 99). The length is about 1,850 feet, and the width varies from about 400 feet in the south to less than 50 feet in the extreme north. Stemwinder Zone. — The Stemwinder zone is a small lenti- cular body, about 600 feet long and from 8 to 60 feet wide. Ite attitude is about vertical, with brecciated limestone forming tin east and jasperoid the west wall (General map). In its south, extension it is known to be underlain by jasperoids. One r > - only, the Stemwinder, is situated on this zone. The Montezuma Zone. — This zone occurs on the Montezuma claim and lies on the southern slope of the ridge of the same name. It is cut off to the north by a mass of augite porphyrite. Its south and east boundaries are rather indefinite, as the whole area is very shallow and gradually thins oct towards the border- ing and underlying jasperoid. ^ i is of no commercial ijnportance. The out Ed— Zone.— The Gilt Edge lies at the head of Deadman gulch a is probably an elongated pear-shaped area. The actual limits, however, are concealed to the north by drift, phoea;x boundary district 87 and the zone is overlain to the paat by the rocka of the Kettle River formation, and those of the Midway Volcanic group. To the weat it is cut off by an intrusion of augite porphyrite. Its known length is about 950 feet, and its width varies from 20 to 400 fc>et. No workable deposit of ore has so far been discovered in this area. The Oold Drop Zone. — The Gold Drop zone is situated in the nortiieast part of the claim of that name, and is about 150 feet north of the eastward extension of the Qranby zone. It lies in a flat shallow basin in the jasperoid with some quartzoae lime- stone, and is partly overlain by the lava of the Midway Volcanic group. It is a little over 300 feet long, about 200 feet broad, and has a maximum thickness of about 50 feet. It contains one ore body known as the Gold Drop No. 1. Charaetar of tha Ora Bodies. The ore bodies are broadly lenticular in form, and lie in basin shaped troughs in the jasperoid zone and crystalline lime- stone of the Brooklyn formation. The irregular lenses are either simple or compound, the latter type occurring in the Knob Hill-Ironsides body which is the largest deposit in the camp (Fig. 10, p. 77). The size of the bodies varies from about a hundred feet in length and from 20 to 50 feet wide, to a body like the west lens of the Knob Hill-Ironsides mine which has a length of nearly half a mile, a maximum thickness of 125 feet, and a known maximum width of 900 feet. All the larger bodies bear a distinct relation to the topography, and their dip or pitch approximately coincides with the local slopes of the ridges. Jasperoid, with occasionaly crystalline limestone, forms the structural foot-wall, which is, as a rule, the commercial foot also, though in limited areas bands of barren gangue from a few inch- es to a hundred or more feet in thickness separate the pay ore from the structural foot-wall (Fig. 9, p. 76). In some bodies the dip is flat, not exceeding 20 degrees ; but generally the dip is high along the outcrop, ranging from 45 to 80 degrees, with a pro- nounced flattening with depth (Fig. 10, p. 77). The hanging- wall is usually a purely commercial one except in the cue of small bodies, and the narrow terminal portions of the main ones (Fig. 9, p. 76). The ore body either gradually becomes of lower OhX^lOOY AND OBE DBPOBTTi and lower grade, oi U. [.ay ore terminate! auddenly againut a gouge filled flnure. Fitture Syttem.- -Tho ore bodiea are traverwd by a ■yrtem of fiiiures locally t. '-n ! Jpa.' They run in all directioni and at all attitude' fro i verti » to horizontal. They vary in length from eeveral • r.u U^t down to almort microKopic dimenmoM. Th. i"" W*' > P«* >nto rtill finer fracturea, in and between indi li :. L^fti >• nf the gangue mineral j. The main fiKiures are appr^ ImtM paraLel t'. the foot-waU of the "re bo«ly in which th ,v K' . . ' ig. 8, ;• 75), and vary from a few incheatoTfeetir. Willi u-.r-n-ul, ', 'ed with gouge. Many pasB into the cop ♦rv nvk In - ^ loot-wall, a« well as up- wardi and outwa-. - nu '■'..■ ■'<■ <■• of barren gangue rock ad- jacent to the ore bo ies. The fiamirea a- • not al f lame age, but Mong to three or more generatioi^,. They are fr- aion fractures in the main and have probably bed sul)sequent to the forma- tion of the ore bodies and ia probably of the same age aa the fault qratem of the Midway Volcanic group. rregular wedge ahaped maasM or ribs of almoat barren gangue rock occur in all the ore bodies, and are of varying im- portance aa obstacles in mining. Along parts of the main ore bodiea, and in some of the nmaller bodies, th« continuity is FiftS-Diagrammatic sketch showing general relations of ore (o) and lightly mineralized or barren gan^e(^. broken and the ore occurs in wedges or ribs, separated from one another by complementary ribs or barren gangue or 'waste' (Fig. 5, p. 59). 60 OROLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS The boundariea are fissure planes of varying width, filled with quartz and calcite or simply with gouge. Depending on the relative amount of ore and barren gangue, these bodies are Btoped out or left standing; as the ore is so uniformly low grade, much admixture of barren gangue would bring it below the ship- ping grade. Charaetcr of th« Or*. The average ore is almost self-fluxing in character and of such a grade that the average copper content ranges from 12 to 16 per cent. The metallic minerals are chalcopyrite, pyrite, and specular hematite which are uniformly though sparsely distributed through the gangue minerate, along fractures and cleavage planes, and interstitially between m- dividual grains. It is generally found that the ore adjacent to the fissures is of slightly higher grade than the average, but gradually fades out into normal ore. Magnetite occurs in large and smaU isolated bodies generally at or near the border of the mineralized zone, or at different horizons in the ore bodies, and rarely occurs as a disseminated ore. Azurite, malachite, and in one instance native copper are found in the zone of oxidation, which is BO shallow as to be merely superficial. They are of com- paratively rare occurrence, and are quite unimportant as ore minerals. The leaching of a shallow surface zone by oxygen bearing waters was not followed by any secondary enrichment at lower leveb.. The copper in solution was evidently earned be- yond the limits of the ore bodies and thus lost. The gangue minerals are epidote, garnet, actinolite, quartz calcite, and chlorite. Tremolite, sericite, zoisite, and apatite are quite rare and were only noted in thin sections. In the main mass of the ore bodies, the predominant minerals are the first named group with the exception of actinolite. Along the borders, where the walls are limestone, the gangue is composed essentially of quartz and calcite which directiy replaces the Umestone, ac- companied by the deposition of the chalcopyrite and other metallic minerals (Pigs. 6, p. 61). Banded ores occur adjacent to the Umestone as in the north end of the Brooklyn mine, and abw where no limestone now exists, as on the surface along the northern portion of the Knob HiU- PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT <1 Ironsides body. Underground the banding varies in distinctness and is somewhat indefinite. It may represent structural planes in the original rock prior to its replacement. The banding, how- "■» p ' " ' " "- ^Ezj^* 25 reek FiG.6.-KnobHill-lronsides Mine,300Ft level. Limestone (Is), ore(o) and quarbzaugite por- phyrite(p). One replacing limesbone. ever, is only of local occurrence, the massive type of ore pre- dominating throughout. Mineralogy. Under this heading only the minerals associated with and composing the mineralized zone, and the ore bodies will be con- sidered. METALUC MINERALS. Native. Copper. — Native copper occurs on the Gilt Edge claim as minute scales and arborescent plates along fracture planes in the gaiigue rocks. It is secondary, and has probably been reduced from copper bearing solutions by the action of organic acids. SULPHIDES. Chalcopyrite (Sulphide of copper and iron). — Chalcopyrite is the most important and valuable metallic mineral and contains not only all tlie copper, but the gold and silver values as well. It occurs as narrow veinlets and threads filling minute cracks, 62 OEOIOOT AND OBB DEPOSITS fractorea, and cleavage planes, in epidote, garnet, calcite, and quartz, and as grains and branching aggregates developed in- terstitially to individuals of the gangue minerals or at points where several fracture planes intersect. In the magnetite it fills in the spaces in the skeleton octahedra, as well as occurring interstitially. The more prominent grains in the disseminated ore average about 1 25 mm. in diameter. Many are surrounded by a rim of hematite (specularite) , and a few by a rim of pyrite. It occurs in larger masses, and pockets, and in many of the fissures is interbanded with quartz, calcite, and chlorite. Iron Pyrites (Disulphide of iron) .—Pyrite is very widely distributed and occurs almost invariably with the chalcopyrite as grains and veinlets. It often presents crystal forms, the cube and pyritohedron being the most common, combinations of the cube and octahedron being comparatively rare. The crystals often form in series arranged in clusters or in lines. In the ore bodies near the foot-wall, pyrite occurs in a few instances as small lenses a few feet long and from 1 to 4 inches wide, composed of a granular mass of crystals and grains. It has a wide range in time of deposition occurring both prior to the chalcopyrite, and as the last of all the minerals to crystallize, being found developed on the faces of calcite crystals in druses formed in some of the more open fissures. The pyrite as a rule carries no values whatever either in copper, gold, or silver. Pyrrhotite (Magnetic iron pyrites) .—Pyrrhotite is very sparingly distributed and was only noted on two occasions, when it occurred as minute grains in altered porphyrite which was associated with the ore body. Oxide*. Hematite (Sesquioxide of iron).— The hematite occurs as the variety specularite ; it is associated intimately with the sul- phides, and was deposited at the same time as the chalcopyrite. It forms in grains and plates, often arranged in rosette or radiate clusters. It occurs in minute plates or scales along cleavage planes in calcite, along fracture planes in quartz, and as veinlets in the ore body which are faulted and cut by later ones of calcite. PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 63 It has practically the same range as the chalcopyrite, and is fotmd in many of the veins filling fissures. Magnetite (Magnetic oxide of iron). — Magnetite occurs in bodies and masses of considerable size near the foot-wall of some of the ore bodies. On the Monarch it forms by itself a very ex- tensive ore body. It also occurs sparingly and irregularly as smaller lenses and masses in nearly all the ore bodies. It varies from fine to medium grain, and the polished surface shows the granular aggregates to be made up of a series of skeleton octa- hedra, with the interspaces filled by chalcopyrite, pyrite, quartz, and calcite. It is apparently earlier than the chalcopyrite, and is probably in great part contemporaneous with the lime-silicates. The magnetite of itself contains no values beyond its iron content. Limonite (Hydrous sesquioxide of iron). — ^Limonite, in light yellow or brown colours, is found as streaks or irregular and narrow bands in certain fissures which have been channels for surface waters. It is derived from the sulphides by oxidation, and occasionally occurs in soft incoherent crj'stals after pyrite. CarbenatM. Azurite /Blue copper carbonate). — ^Azurite, with deep blue colour and rather dull lustre, occurs with limonite in the surface zone of the ore bodies. It forms incrustations on the chalcopy- rite with botryoidal and finely stalactitic surfaces. Malachite (Oreen copper carbonate). — Malachite, of pale green colour and earthy lustre, occurs with the azurite and has similar associations. NON-HETAUjIC minebals. Silicates. Epidote (Lime-iron — aluminium silicate). — Epidote is the most prominent individual constituent of the gangue minerals. It is rarely found in bands or masses of »ny size by itself, but is usually associated with calcite, quartz, and chlorite, with or with- out garnet. It occurs in mosaics of polygonal and rounded grains traversed by fine fractures which are filled with the metallic minerals. Towards the calcite it presents good crystal forms up to 0-1 mm. in length. The crystals are dark green and olive green with brilliant lustre, and arc often found in clusters em- bedded in calcite. Twinned individuals are comparatively rare. M QEOLOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS Shearf>J portious of the massive epidote show slight alteration to chlorite. Zoisite the lime-epidote was only noted microscopic- ally in a couple of instances, occurring in minute colourless crystals. Garnet (Lime-iron silicate).— The garnet occurs generally through the mineralized zone and quite often in rather pure bands and masses. The colour varies from reddish, greenish, and pale brown with rather dull lustre, to more brilliant wine col- oured crystals. It is probably essentially andradite, with pos- sibly some admixture of the grossularite (lime-aluminium silic- ate) molecule, as indicated from partial analyses of types of the garnet gangue. It occurs in mosaics of rounded grains and poly- gonal forms, and also as distinct crystals varying in size up to 0-4 inches in diameter. The usual forms ore the rhombic dode- cahedron and combinations of it with the tetragonal trisocta- hedron. Microscopically the garnet usually shows optical anomalies though in part it is quite isotropic. In the more massive types the growth of the crystals was interrupted, and the grains are more or less rounded from interference. Towards the calcite the garnet almost invariably presents sharp crystal forms. The intricate system of minute fractures throughout the mineral, is filled with the metallic minerals along with quartz, calcite, and chlorite. The latter mineral is an alteration of garnet along the minute shear planes. ActinoUte (Magnesium-calcium-iron amphibole). — Actino- lite is comparatively rare and is as a rule only distinguished microscopically. It occurs associated with the other minerals as pale green fibrous and felty masses, and in lath-shaped in- dividuals with frayed terminal faces. A considerable proportion of the chlorite may have been derived from actinolite. Tremolite (Lime-magnesia silicate).— Tremolite is rare and was only distinguished microscopically. It is colourless or turbid from minute dust-like inclusions, and occurs in oblong forms with frayed terminals, or as irregular sheaf -like aggregates. Sericite (Hydrous variety of muscovite mica).— Sericite is also very rare and of microscopic occurrence. It appears in col- ourless plates and leaves which are usually bent or crumpled. PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 65 Chlorite (Hydrous silicate of variable composition). — Chlor- ite is prevailingly present in varying amounts in all types of the gangue rocks. It varies in colour from green to brownish green, and appears as platy aggregates and fibrous mats. It surrounds grains of quartz and calcite, and is also found as rounded clusters of scales included in them. In the later vein filled fissures, the chlorite usually forms the outer zone of the banded vein. A very small proportion of the chlorite is derive;^ from the alteration of epidote and garnet, and a large proportion may have been derived from the alteration of actinolite, but there is little de- finite data on this point. Oxidn. Quartz (Oxide of silicon). — Quartz in light and dark grey tones occurs in lenticular and rounded aggregates both micro- crystalline and chalcedonic. It also appears in angular and rounded grains, and in crystals with double pyramids, in calcite and chlorite. It is in great part of the same age as the calcite and when together both show mutual intergrowth, and an ir- regular interlocking liabit. With calcite it fills fine fracture planes in the other gangue minerals, and occurs banded with the former in veins occupying the larger fissures. Carbonate!. Calcite (Carbonate of lime). — Calcite, of milk white, light grey or pale pink colour, is one of the most abundant of the gan- gue minerals, and with quartz was deposited, in part at least, later than the lime-iron silicates. In the more open portions of some of the fissures it formed druses with crystals up to 3 inches in diameter which are combinations of the rhombohedron and prism (Plate IV A). More generally it occurs in small angular and irregular grains and individuals up to 3 5 mm. in diameter, and in sponge-like masses of indefinite area which include small grains of all the other minerals both metallic and non-metallic. It is in part contemporaneous, and in part later than the quartz, and probably represents the residual uncombined portions of the original limestone. Phosphatat. Apatite. — Apatite is extremely rare and was only noted 8359—6 66 OEOIiOOT AND OBE DEPOSITS microBcopically in two instanceB where it occurred in minute crystals and needles embedded in graina of quartz. Orioin of the Deposits. The eopper-gold-sjlver deposits at Phoenix occur in that portion of a zone of contact metamorphism, characterized chiefly in its mineral composition by the abundant development of epidote and garnet. Iq a genetic classification of ore deposits by Weed,' those of the Boundarj- district, British Columbia, have been referred to the Cananea type owing to the importance of the ore mineral chalcopyrite. The original limestone, which appears in fragmentary ex- posures adjacent to, and in contact with the ore bodies, and as residual masses included in them, is comparatively pure and con- tains with the exception of silica only minute quantities of iron and alumina (see analyses p. 34). The metasomatic replace- ment of the limestone by epidote and garnet with minor amounts of actinolite, tremolite, and zoisite has evidently been brought about by the introduction of ferric iron, alumina, and additional silica. The contact between the replaced and original limestone is usually sharp, but thin sections show the development of epi- dote and garnet at considerable distances from the actual con- tact, in the main bodies of the limestone. Calcite and quartz are invariably associated with the lime silicates, usually filling interspaces between the grains of the latter. The solutions carrying the ferric iron, alumina, and silica were probably above the critical point (365 degrees temperature, and 200 atmospheres pressure for water), and consisted mainly of water gas strongly ionized. A certain quantity of the lime- stone passing into solution, combined with corresponding quanti- ties of the ions of the material already in solution, which resulted in the formation of lime-iron and lime-iron-aluminium silicates according to physico-chemical laws. This general molecular re- placement in large masses of limestone would also result in the liberation of large quantities of carbonic gas and carbonated waters, which would pass out and beyond the zone of mineraliza- tion. ' Weed, W. H. Ore Deposits near Igneous Contacts. Trans. Amer. Inst. MIn. Eng., Vol. 33, 1902. pp. 716-746. PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 67 The formation of magnetite wa« probably conteraporaneoiu with that of the epidote, garnet, etc. It occurs in isolated masses (some of which are important as distinct ore bodies), at various horizons particularly at or near the edge of the mineralized zone. When the formation of the epidote, etc., had been well advanced the general character of the solutions changed somewhat and chalcopyrite,pyrite,and hematite were introduced, and deposited in, and along the numerous minute cavities and fractures, the general circulation of the solutions being guided primarily by the system of fissures developed through the whole zone. This zone of contact metamorphism, which includes the crystalline limestone and the mineralized zone, is characterized by the absence of closely associated igneous intrusive bodies of sufficient importance to cause the extensive metamorphism which has taken place in the original limestone. The nearest outcrops of graqpdiorite lie from one to two miles away, and exploratory drilling, extending to a depth of at least 1,200 feet below the base of the contact zone, has encountered no important masses of igneous rocks. It has been assumed, without, however, any direct evidence, that certain intrusions of the granodiorite batholith oc- curring in the district, have been the cause of the metamor- phism of the limestone, and the source of the mineral solutions which have metasomatically roplaced so large an area of the limestone by lime silicates, followed by the deposition of the metallic minerals. If such is the source, the mineral bearing solutions given off by the igneous masses sought out the more favourable beds of limestone, which at that time would be deeply buried under an unestimated thickness of overlying rocks, but still situated in the zone of fracture. The solutions would traverse the limestone in lateral directions, and in cases lateral descending directions, replacing the limestone by the lime silicates, and later on de- positing the ore. This view appears to be confirmed by the ore which terminates gradually or sharply with depth finally giving place to limestone or jasperoid. In the accompanying figure (Fig. 7), and also in a previous one (Pig. 6, p. 61), the ore is seen terminating against limestone, and also against the tuffs 8359— 5J >1 M 68 OEOIiOaY AND ORR DEPOBIT8 of the jasperoid zone, where the limestone has been completely replaced. l». •..■.•,■..;.■.;..>>' X •^ + :.• -1- h > -^ ' *" •••- + X >! SOfeek ■+ + •*■ ^ AT Fis.7.-Knob Hill- Ironsides Mine, 300 Ft. level. • TuFFslt), limeshone(ls)and oreCo). Ore rc- p'-'cing limestone. The granodiorite, as noted by Brock', and also by the writer on the Laxie claim near Phoenix, has locally been replaced by garnet, epidote, and actinolite. This condition may be due to an early solidification of the magma in certain areas, which were later attacked by so'ntions given off by more recent intrusions considered in the above hypothesis. Syenite porphyries supposed to be connected with the plutonic rocks of the batholith cut the mineralized zone and no doubt represent the final phase of the long extended intrusion. Granite and quartz porphyries occurred at levels relatively higher than Phoenix during early Tertiary, and a great pori;ion of the sediments of the K-ittle River formation overlying part of the zone of contact metamorphism is composed largely of dis- integrated rocks of the above types, none of which is found out- cropping in the vicinity of Phoenix at preF> ut. These may pos- sibly represent the hypothetical intrusives. With regard to the origin of such a zone of contact meta- morphism in limestone formations there is considerable diversity of opinion among many of the more eminent authorities. On > Brock, R. W. dum. Rep. Geol. Sur. of Can., 1902, p. 109. PHOENIX BOUNDABT DISTRICT the one aide it ii maintained that the reaulta are brought about by the metamorphism of impure limestone, at and adjacent to the contact of igneoua intrusive roclta, with little or no addition of material from the latter, while on the other side, the view is advanced, that foreign material from igneous sources has been introduced into the limestone which has caused the metasomatic replacement of the rock.' From the great diversity of and variation in deposits in contact zones of this character, it would appear that broad gen- eralizations cannot be made from a few or even from a great number of isolated examples. In certain instances pure lime- stone bands only are replaced, while in other cases the impure bands alone have the lime silicates developed. Besides the char- acter of the replaced rock, the composition of the magma of the intrusive rock is probably an important factor, as well as the size and attituO of the igneoua mass. As far as the ore deposits and zone of contact metamorphism at Phoenix are concerned, the foreign material believed to have been derived in great part, if not all, from igneous sources, played the most important part in the replacement of the lime- stone, as well as in the formation of the ore bodies. The evidence derived from a number of similar zones in other districts, shows that the deposits do not occur at the actual contact between igneous and sedimentary rocks, but may be hundreds or even thousands of feet away from such contacts. At Phoenix, however, evidence of this character is entirely want- ing, erosion has removed all traces of igneous rocks, if they originally existed in association with the mineralized zone, and even the latter and tlse ore bodies themselves have suffered con- siderably from the same agencies. Age op the Deposits. The age of the deposits cannot be definitely placed with refereni;9 to the geological time scale. If the hypothetical as- • Kemp, J. V. Ore DeposlU at the ConUcts of Intrusive Rocks~and Limestones. Econ. Geol., Vol. 2, 1907, pp. 1-13. Llndsron, W. The Relations of Ore Deposits to Physical Con- ditions. Econ. Geol., Vol. 2, 1907. pp. 105-127. Llndgren, W. Copper DeposlU of the Clifton-Morencl District U. S. G. 8. Prof. Paper 43, pp. 160-164. Barrel], J. Physical Effects of Contact Metamorphism. Amer. Jour, of Science, Vol. 13, 1902, pp. 279-296. 70 OKOUMY AND ORE DEI>08m ramptioii regarding the origin of the ore diicuiaed iu the fore- going paragraphs be the correct solution, the formation of the ore bodiei occurred in wme period aubaequent to the initial invaaion of the granodioritc batholith of the district, and prior to the intrusion of the final phases of the batholith, as indicated by the dykes of syenite porphyry which cut the mineralized zone. The provisional age of the ore bodies would, therefore, be placed as Joraaaio (t). PuTUBE OK Phoenix Camp. The exploratory and development work on the different deposits, and in the mineralized zone generally, has been of such a character as to prove almost conclusively that all the large ore bodies occurring in the zone have been located, and their size and importance approximately estimated. More detailed work, such as diamond drilling at closer intervals, may lead to the discovery of smaller and more or leas isolated deposits, which may be mined to advantage. It is also possible that before the main ore deposits have been exhausted, other conditions may arise that will permit of the extraction of the lower grades — not considered aa ore at present — on a commercial basis. If such should be the case the life of the camp would be prolonged for a period not readily estimated at the present time. PIIEONU BOUNDARY DISTRICT n osA?m VI. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF MINES. Th« Oruby OoniolldaUd Miniiif , SmtHiiv, and Powtr Oompuy, LiBJiUd. Introduction. Location.— Th9 vaiatM of the Oranby Conaolidated are iitu- ated in and adjacent to the city of Pboenii. The Company owna 43 claims and fractions, comprising in all 1,050 uures. Of these claims 14 are located either wholly or in part on the mineralizctl zone. They are the Old Ironsides, Knob Hill, Victoria, Aetna, Grey Eagle, Aetna fraction, Missing Link, Gold Drop, Gold Drop fraction, Monarch, Curlew, Phoenix, Fourth of July, and Gilt Edge (Fig. 4, p. 54). Hiatory.— The best known claims are the Old Ironsides and Knob Hill, which "vere originally operated under the auspices of two financially connected companies namely, the Old Iron- sides Gold Mining Company, Ltd., and the Knob Hill Gold Min- ing Company, Ltd. With these was connected the Granby Con- solidated Mining and Smelting Company, Ltd., the three being known as the Miner-Graves Syndicate. The latter Company built a smeltery at Grand Forks on the North fork of the Kettle river about 24 miles from Phoenix, for the ♦rtatment of the ores from the above-mentioned mines. Systematic development was begun at the mines during the winter of 1895, and on July 10, 1900, the first shipment of ore, consisting of 300 tons, was sent to the smeltery. The first fur- nace was blown in on August 21 of that year, and from then to the present, with the exception of a short period at the close of 1907, both mines and smeltery have been in continuous ' operation. In 1901, the above-mentioned companies, together with tlic Grey Eagle Gold Mining Company, Limited, were consolidated into the Granby Consolidated Mining, Smelting, and Power Com- pany, Limited, with a capital of $15,000,000. The holdings at the time were 11 claims and fractions at Phoenix, and the smelter. Jk Ill 72 OEOUWY AND OU DEPOHITS converter, and power plsnU at Orand Fork*. Since that tini«> the holdinga have been increaaed at Phoenix, the naoit important additiona being the Monarch mine, purchaaed in 1904, the Odd Drop group in 1905, and the Curlew in 1!>07. The smeltery htm alao been enlarged and the daily capacity increaaed from 6(X) tone in 1901, to between 4,000 and 4,500 tone in 1910. About 460 men are employed at the minea and 350 at the ameltery. Production. — The total production of the Granby minea to July 1, 1910, amounted to 6,263,091 tona. In addition, 214,544 tona of foreign ore, and 13,614 tona of foreign matte, were amelted with the Oranby ore, giving a total of 6,491,149 tona. From thia tonnage the metal retuma and values were :— Oold, 401,280 ounces $ 8,025,662.22 Silver, 2,690,055 ounces 1,533,555.36 Copper, 161,017,120 pounds 23,203,005.46 Total $32,762,223.04 On Reierves. — In the last annual report of the Company, Mr. 0. B. Smith, superintendent of the Granby Consolidated Minea, stated that the amount of ore blocked out in October, 1910, amounted to 6,429,169 tons, of which it is expected that 90 per cent can be extracted. The average contents are : copper 1-25 per cent, gold 0-043 ounces, and silver 025 ounces per ton. Dividend*. — Dividends have been declared from time to time during the past seven years, the first being in December, 1903, the last in December, 1910. The total amount paid to the shareholders has been n,928,630. Equipment and Transportation. — The ore from the mines at Phoenix ia handled by four separate units, namely, No. 2 and No. 3 tunnels and the Victoria shaft for the Knob Hill-Ironsidea .mine (Plate I, Frontispiece), and the Curlew tunnel for the Curlew, Gold Drop, and Monarch mines. Each unit is equipped with crushers and ore bina With the exception of No. 2 tunnel unit, where the ore drops directly into the bins, belt conveyers are used from crusher to bin. The combined capacity is about 600 tona per hour. No. 3 tunnel ia connected with the Great Northern railway, the Curlew with the Canadian Pacific, while No. 2 tunnel and (!.) Knob Hill-Ironiideg mine, north tnd of main glory hole, 1800. 9-p. 72. PHOKNIX BOUNDABT DISTRICT 78 the Victoria shaft are connected with both railwaya. Thia en- Burea uninterrupted shipping facilitiea in case of individual accident, either to the units or the railways. The ore is shipped to the smelter in 30, 40, and 50 ton cars. Electricity is used throughout both for power and light. The high tension power lines of the West Kootenay Water and Power Company, and the British Columbia Construction and Distributing Company, are capable of deliverinfr 7.000 H. P. at Greenwood. Their lines, switching apparatus, transformers, and generators are in duplicate, which practically ensures continu- ous power. Air power is supplied by two cross compound duplex, 60 drill tandem, air compressors. Methods of Mining. — The methods of mining have altered as the ore bodies were developed, and their size, attitude, and character were more fully understood. The ore bodies are mined along their outcrops by large open quarries or 'glory holes,' and underground by a system of tunnels and shafts. Timbering the stopes by the square set system has Iour been abandoned as impracticable, and the pillar and room method is used entirely in mining all ore below the levels of the 'glory holes.' Generally two or more tunnels are driven with the strike of the ore body. From these raises are driven every 45 feet at an angle of 45 degrees, connecting with each other at 30, and 60 feet, and with the level above. The size of the pillars, and their number, depend upon the character of the ground traversed.* The preliminary proopecting work is done by liamond drilling and is kept well ahead of the regular development work. Oeneral Development. — The total development in all the Granby mines to the end of 1909 in tunnels, drifts, and cross-cuts Amounted to 73,679 feet (lineal) and the work is progressing at the rate of about 1,000 feet per month. The total length of the diamond drill holes to the same dat« amounted to 43,684 feet. • Campbell, 0. M. Oranbr liinliiK M*Uiods. Jour. Cv>. Mm. Inst.. Vol. XI, 1908, pp. 392-406. II 74 OEOIiOOY AND ORE DEPOSITS Composition of the Ores. — An average analysia of the Oran- by ores gives the following percentages : — * SiO, 35 Pe 13 CaO 17 AI.O3 8 MgO 3 Copper 1 2 to 1 6 The chalcopyrite is the only copper bearing mineral, and it also carries all the gold and silver values. Oranby Smelter.' — The smelter at Grand Forks consists of eight blast furnaces capable of treating from 4,000 to 4,500 tijot of ore daily, and 13 converting shelii- with a total annual capacity of about 36,000,000 pounds of blister copper. About 12^ per cent of coke is the average charge with the ore. About 85 per cent of the values is regularly recovered, the percentage of copper passing into the slag varying from 0-2 to 25 per cent. The matte at present contains from 35 to 40 per cent of copper, which is converted to blister copper 99 per cent pure carrying the gold and silver values. It is cast into 220 pound bars and shipped to New York for refinement. Tub Knob HOiL-IitoNsiDM Mine Location. — The Knob Hill-Ironsides Mine is sitoaied in uid to the south of the city of Phoenix, and comprises in its workings a group of 5 claims, namely, the Knob Hill, Old Ironsides, Vic- toria, Aetna, and Orey Eagle. (Fig. 4, p. 54). Development and Equipment. — The mine is developed by a aeries of 'glory holes' along the outcrop of the ore body (Plate J, Frontispiece, and Plate IV B), and by six levels, the upper three being Nos. 1, 2, and 3 tunnels driven on the strike of the ore body, and the lower three being the 200, 300, and 4 foot levels with shaft connesioM to the surface. The Victoria shaft is an incline three compartment connecting the three lower leveU. All ore below the kvel of No. 3 tunnel is conveyed to pockets ' Latiie, r. E. Recent Devclopmenu at the Oranby Sm«lt«r. Jour. Cu. irin. Inst, Vol. XIII, 1910, p 280. ' Lathe, T. t. Recent Devetopmenta at the Oranby Smelter. Jour. Can. MIn. Inct.. vol. XIII, 1910, pp. >78-287. PHOBNIZ BOUNDARY DISTRICT 75 Ii aiOLOOT AND ORB 0KP08IT8 UJ i \ s^ , lA ui -- ; £ ' - 1 ? ' PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRIOT 77 I ■'B 78 CeOUMT AND ORE DCPOSITS below the 300 and 400 foot levels, and hoiated through thia ahaft in 5 ton akipa, averaging about 1,000 tona per 8 hour shiTt. No. 1 tunnel haa been abandoned as an avenue of outlet, and all ore mined from between surface and No. 2 is carried out on that ;i:pv fH -41 "o P 0, o o i * o o o ^ « o o o op O O o O nonwt Fi«.lt.- Section D-Cacrossore body. Knob Hill -Ironsides Mine. Ore(o),gangue(X),jaspercNdsand tuRut 187 feet (Pig. 10, p. 77). In ita aouthern extens- ion thia compoaite ore body appeara to break up into aubordinate riba or wedges of ore (Fig. 5, p. 59), aeparated by complementary nba of almoat barren gangue rock, and a aimilar condition alao appeara to occur to the east of the main ore body, wliere a rather flat lying zone, consisting in part of pay ore, has been found on about the same level as No. 3 tunnel. The general strike of the outcrop of the ore body u N. 10" E., with dips to the east ranging from 45 to 60 degrees. The dip flattena with depth and on the lower levels averages from 15 to 30 degrees. The general pitch of the ore body ia about 18 degrees to the northeast. The vertical range of the ore body from the south end of the main 'glory hole' to the lowest working level is 675 feet. The ore body lies in a bnsin-sliaped trough, the floor of which consists mainly of the rocks of the jasperoid zone of the Brooklyn formation, with local areas of Brooklyn limestone (Fig. 9, p. 76) and the siliceous rocks of the Knob Hill group. In the main, however, the jasperoids form the structural foot- wall (Figs. 8 and 9), and the ore body is usually in sharp contact with it, except locally where bands of gangue rock from a few inches to a hundred or more feet in width intervene (Pig. 9, p. 76), thus introducing in part a commercial foot-wall. At the north end of the west ore body, the rock adjacent to the ore is a grey siliceous crystalline limestone which extends from the 200 to below the 400 foot level (Pig. 9, p. 76). The hanging-wall is a purely commercial one, and the ore either grades insensibly into barren gangue, or is sharply bounded by a gouge filled fissure (Pig. 9, p. 76). Fissure System. — The ore bodies and the adjacent rooks are traversed by an intricate system of fissures ('slips') which run in all directions and dip at all angles. The major fissures tend to preserve a northerly trend with dips either to the east or to the west (Fig. 8, p. 75). They vary- from those hundreds of fcH long down to those of microscopic dimensions. They had a mfMt importMtt influence on ore deposition, since they formed an in- tricate and reticulating system of channels for the ore bearing solutions, which p«naitted the uniform distributioa of the on. M -ft OEOUMT AND ORE DBP0BIT8 SO eharactcriatio of the depoait. Many of the fiamuM have been filled with ore and banded quartz and calcite, and it ia a notice- able feature in places, that the ore adjacent to them ia rather above the average grade. Some of the fiaaurea remained open in certain portiona, and large and beautiful druaea of calcite cryatals were formed along their walla (Plate IV A). No noticeable diaplacementii accompany the flaaure aystem except along the major fiaaure traveraing the ore body, which haa a throw var>-ing from zero to 120 feet. The atrike of thia fault ia N. 12° E. and the average dip of 55 degreea to the weat (Figa. 8, 10, and 11). Igneoua Rocka. — The ore bodiea are cut by dykea of alkaline ayenite porphyry (pulaakite) and augite porphyrite of Tertiary age. In the underground workings none is found above the No. 3 tunnel level. They increaae in number with depth. It waa not poaaible to trace them continuoualy for any distance, except in the caae of one dyke of augite porphyrite on the 200 foot level (Fig. 9, p. 76), which is apparently persistent from back to the foot-wall, to a croaa-cnt near the Victoria ahaft. They are conaiderably altered by ahearing, and by the develop- ment of aecondary minerala. Narrow veinlets of calcite and feathery pyrite occur filling some of the more prominent planes. Character of Ore. — The ore consists of chalcopyrite, which with pyrite and hematite in grains and granular aggregates, is finely and uniformly distributed through a gangue, composed almost exclusively of garnet, epidote, calcite, quartz, and chlorito. The pyrite is usually in small grains, streaks, and crystals, and the hematite (specularite) in platy aggregates. Magnetite oc- curs in maaaes and irregular lenses of varying size at intervals through the ore body, but they are relatively unimportant. Banded ore occurs in the aurface zone and at different points in aome of the lower atopes. Adjacent to limestone the ore has usually a greater proportion of calcite as a gangue mineral with a noticeable increaae in the pyrite content. Occasionally thin bands of very siliceous pyritic ore are developed at or near the foot-wall. Lenses and pockets of more massive and higher grade chalcopyrite are frequently met with, but they are small and re- latively unimportant. The average content of the ore is : copper PHOENIX BOUNDART DISTRICT 81 1-25 per cent, gold a04 ounce, and silver 03 ounce p«r ton. The value* are entirely in the chalcopyrite. Along the outcrop the ore haa Buffered from the leaching action of oxygen bearing waters, which haa in placea produced an ore of lower grade extending to a varying depth, without any noticeable aeoondary enrichment at lower levela. The Gold Drop Mine. Location.— The Gold Drop mine is situated on the east slope of Knob Hill ridge about one mile from the Knob Hilllronsidea mine. It adjoins the Rawhide and Monarch to the south, and the Snowshoe to the east (Pig. 4, p. 54). Development and Equipment.— The mine is developed by three 'glory holes' aloiij; the outcrop of the ore body, and by No. 3 and the Rawhide drift tunnels driven on the strike of the ore body (Plate V.). No. 3 tunnel or the Monarch drift, with five parallel drifta to the east of it, divides the ore body into oblong blocln. The Monarch drift is the main avenue of transporUtion, and is connected near its southern extremity by a raise to the Monarch mine. Near the north end a long raise conneota the mine with the Curiew tunnel. All ore won from the Monarch, Gold Drop, and Gold Drop No. 1, is dropped down the Curlew raiae, and is conveyed through the Curlew tunnel, to the terminal on the Canadian Pacific railway. Electric haulage is used throughout. Geological Relations and Character of the Ore Body.— The Gold Drop mine develops only part of an extensive and practic- ally continuous ore body, which outcrops on the Gold Drop claim, swings down and across the Rawhide and Curlew, and terminates on the Snowshoe claim. The whole, when broadly viewed, haa, on a horizontal plan, the form of a compressed crescent with north- ward trending horns, broken by the occurrence of the detached ore body of Gold Drop No. 1 and the north body of the Snowshoe. The ore body rests on a floor of jasperoids, and in the Gold Drop proper there is an entire absence of Tertiary intrusives, or remnants of the Brooklyn limestone. The ore body of the Gold Drop proper is developed in the southeast part of the Gold Drop, and northeast part of the Monarch claim. The strike varies from N. 13* E. tfl N. 32° E., with an easterly dip, which averages 8359—6 ill M St OEOLOOT AND ORE DKPOSITR about 40 dein-ees, but flattenit to about 25 dogrees Ih>1ov lli<« level of the Monarch drift. To the northweat of the drift, the foot-wall ateepena to 7^ degreea and over, owing to a narrow wedge of jaaperoi'l, which breaks through to the ivirfac-e, and ^^ -'> ".-'^ • P m • • • * -.--•.■.■ '.*•.•;■.■ ■■.■.■■■.■.•■.■.■. ■■'.•.';:%••• I • '•.,:.-.^v:r^- ■■■■■-■■•■ ■■■■;• v-;:;> •;;^-:-^- ^ •;:,■..-„•.'••• • F*. 12 - Gold Dmp Mln*. Na 3 l«v«l Shewing portion oF ore body. 0r«(«), ganguafg), and jaaperaid (J). locally divides the ore body into two forks. The hanging-wall is a commercial one, as well aa parts of the foot -wall, and the pay ore is usually bounded by more or less well marked fissures (slips). The average pitch of the ore body is 7 degreea to the north and northeast. The known lenf^h of the ore body along the strike of the Monarch drift is over 750 feet, and its width to the boundary of the claim is about 315 feet. The thiekness probably averages about 30 feet, the diamond drill logs showing a range from 7 to 55 feet (Fig. 12, p. 82V The system of fissurcn (slips) common to all the ore bodies is well developed in this instance. The ore body is not uniform throughout, in it« metallic contents, and ribs or wedges of the gangue minerals occur in several parts of the mine, which, de- I'llOEMX BOUNDAHV DISTRICT 83 pending on their lize and MJtuation, are either itoped out or left standing. Charavtcr of Ore. — The average orea do not ahow any varia- tion either in gangue or nietalliu minerals from the usual types. The values n.n dctorniined from assays of the drill cores give from 112 to 3-2 per lent copper, 002 to 007 ounce of gold, and 0-2 to 00 ounce of silver per ton. (JoLD Drop No. 1 Mine. Location. — The mine is situated in the northeast part of the Oold Drop claim, nlMuit 600 feet north of tlie Gold Drop mine. Development.— 'i\\a mine has l)een opened up by a tunnel with two cross-cuts, which have delimited the ore body in all directions on that level. The tunnel is on the same level as the Monarch drift of the Oold Drop, and the former is connected by track and trolley to the Curlew cliiite. Ore Body. — The ore body is comparatively small and of elliptical form, with a length of 300 feet, a width of 90. and a thickness of 25 feet. It lies in a rather flat basin, the floor of which is composed of the rocks of the jasperoid zone, and in part by quartzosc crystalline limestone. It is overlain in part by the lava of the Midway Volcanic group. The ore is of average grade. The Curlew Mine. Location. — The Curlew mine is situated on a fractional claim of the same name lying between tho' Rawhide and Snow- shoe fFig. 4, p. 54^. The ore has been developed by raises from the Curlew tunnei. Ore Body. — The ore body is only a triangular section of the main body which extends from the Oold Drop to the Snowshoe, via the Rawhide claim. The Curlew portion is about 220 feet long, and up to 180 feet wide. witl. an average thickness of about 25 feet. It dips noith into the Snowshoe at about 35 degrees, the foot-wall rocks being those of the jasperoid zone. The Monakcu Mine. Location and Development. — The original Monarch mine is situated in the northwest quarter of the claim of that name, and has been opened up by an incline two compartment shaft 100 feet deep, with a sniali amount of drifting on that level. 8359— 6J MIOOCOrY MSOWTION TBT CHART (ANSI ond ISO TEST CHART No 2) ^ APPLIED IN/HGE ^Sg"- 1653 Eatt Main Street ^= (716) 482 - 0300 - Ption. ^S (716) 2M-5M9-FO. 84 QEOLOOT AND ORE DEPOSITS During 1909, an important ore body not outcropping at the surface was located by drilling some distance east of the shaft. This has been developed by a tunnel connecting with the old workings at the shaft. A raise from the Monarch drift of the Gold Drop mine to the main tunnel of the Monarch allows the ore to be conveyed to the Curlew terminal. Character of the Ore Bodies. — In the vicinity of the shaft, a shallow open-cut exposes an area of the mineralized zone in which narrow bands of magnetite occur with chalcopyrite and pyrite, and veinlets of the sulphides with hematite (specularite). The gangue is largely epidote and coarsely crystallized grey calcite. The calcite is often interbanded with magnetite which holds in- clusions of the former. The banded ore varies in thickness from 18 inches to 3 feet. Along the west side of the open-cut the ore is much broken with considerable oxidation of the sulphides. The same general conditions prevailed in the old underground work- ings, there being no localization of the metals sufficient to con- stitute an ore body of any size. The main ore body east of the shaft from present develop- ment is found to be roughly circular, with a diameter of about 140 feet and an average thickness of 30 feet. It is rather flat lying and dips at low angle to the southeast. Character of the Ore. — The ore is largely magnetite, and carries 1-17 per cent copper, 0-03 ounce of gold, and 0-4 ounce of sib er per ton. The ore body is the largest of that type which has been discovered at Phoenix up to the present. The Gret Eaole Mine. Location. — The Grey Eagle mine lies to the south of the Knob Hill-Ironsides mine, and adjoins the War Eagle of the Phoenix Amalgamated Group to the east. Development. — The ore body has been prospected by dia- mond drilling, and developed by open-cuts and stripping, which has exposed a body of magnetite in places 30 feet thick, with a surface extent of over 4,000 square feet. It lies in a shallow flat floored basin composed of the rocks of the jasperoid zone. Character of Ore. — The ore is a dense massive magnetite con- taining disseminated graind and crystals of pyrite with very r;iOEKIZ BOUNDART DISTBICT 85 ■mall quantitiM of chalcopyrite. Garnet in maaea and crystals occuTB as inclonons in the ore. Owing to the comparatively small size and sitoation of the ore body, and its trifling copper content, it has not been considered featdble to mine the deposit at present. T^x Qii;r XDOx claim. Tie GUt Edge claim Ues to the north of Phoenix at the head of Deadman gulch. The exploratory work, consisting of a shal- low shaft, some trenching, and a few diamond driU holes, hu failed to discover any body of workable ore. The mineralized zone as exposed is of slight superficial extent. It is cut off to the west by an intrusion of augite por- phyrite, while to the east it is overlain by the Tertiary sediments and lavas. Northwards into Deadman gulch it is drift covered. The ground to the east inside the boundaries of the Tertiary rocks might be tested, but the structural conditions give little en- couragement for the discovery of any large ore body. FUTDBX PO88IBIUTIE8. The large area of the mineralized zone comprised in the Gnnby holdings has now been prospected by numerous diamond drill holes, and the ore bodies have been developed by extensive underground workings. The work throughout has been of such a thorough and ?y»(ematio nature that undoubtedly all the large ore bodies with- in the limits of the Company's property have been discovered. No doubt, in the further development of the mines, combined with diamond drill prospecting at closer intervals, the limits of the present known ore bodies will be extended in places, with pcvibly the discovery of smaller bodies in the adjacent ground, bo situated as to be profitably mined with little additional dead work. Bands of mineralized gangue rock, between ore bodies, should be tested by drilling both in horizontal aid vertical direc- tions for the discovery of minor bodies or ribs of ore. Outside of the areas occupied by the main ore bodies, smaller bodies will undoubtedly be encountered, but so nituated that ^.^eaent con- ditions would not permit of their profitable exploitation. I 86 OEOLOOT AND OBE DEPOSITS The Oonsolidated BUidng and Smeltiiig Company of Canada, Umitod. Introduction. History. — This Company has been operating at Phoenix since 1906, when a lease was taken on the Snowshoe gronp, fol- lowed by the purchase of a group of 11 claims to the south of the Granby holdings known as the Phoenix Amalgamated. The Snowshoe group consists of the Snowshoe, Pheasant, Fairplay, and Alma fractions. The ground covered by the Snow- shoe was first staked by G. W. Rumberger in 1891, but the claim was allowed to lapse. It was relocated in 1893 by Dengler and Gibbs, who bonded it in 1897 to P. Clarke of Spokane. In 1899, it became the property of the British Columbia, Rossland, and Slocan Syndicate of London, and in 1901, after about 5,000 feet of work had been done, it passed under the control of the Snow- shoe Gold and Copper Company, Limited, of London, whic"h Company still owns the property. In. 1906, the Snowshoe was leased to the Canadian Consolidated, who have been operating it since that time. Production. — According to the last annual report of the Canadian Consolidated the total production of the Snowshoe to July 1, 1910, amounted to 520,092 tons of ore, containing 12,750,718 pounds of copper, 35,993 ounces of gold, and 137,978 ounces of silver, the gross value being $2,913,361. The War Eagle of the Phoenix Amalgamated has only made trial shipments amounting to 249 tons, which yielded 2,214 pounds of copper, 7 ounces of gold, and 44 ounces of silver, the gross value being $451. The ore is shipped over the Canadian Pacific railway to the Company's smelter at Trail. The Snowshoe Mine. Location. — The Snowshoe mine is situated to the east of Phoenix and adjoins the Gold Drop mine to the west, and the Rawhide and Curlew to the south. The four properties are prac- tically on the same ore body. Devehpment. — The mine has been opened up on- the out- crop by a series of six open-cuts and 'glory holes' or quarries, and underground by three tunnels and two shafts, with a sub- i < II' 8359— p. 86. ^^ PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 87 ordinate syatem of. drifts, rai. s, and cross-uuta. In all, over 10,000 feet (lineal) of work has been done in developing the ore body. The main tunnel runs across the ore body and passes into the foot-wall rock, the main drift turns oflf from it at right angles and connects with the main shaft and the upper workings at the north end of the mine (Fig. 13, p. 88). The main shaft (three compartment inclined) intersects the main level 97 feet below the collar, the second level at 197 feet, and the third at 212 feet. It will in future only be used to hoist ore from the two lower levels, as the main tunnel furnishes "n avenue of outlet, for all ore stoped on and above that level. Equipment. — Electric haulage is used in conveying the ore in two and three ton cars from the chutes, to the terminal bins, situated above a spur of the Canadian Pacific railway. Air power for drills, pumps, etc., is supplied by one-half of a 30 drill Rand compressor operated by steam power. Methods of Mining. — The methods of mining are similar to those previously described, namely, a series of 'glory holes' for the surface portion of the ore body and pillar and room stopes for the underground. During the past two years (1909 and 1910) much of the ore has been won from the surface, par- ticularly from the main 'glory hole,' where an electrically worked scraper is used to pull the ore down into the pockets. Oeological Relations and Character of the Ore Bodies. — On the surface there are two ore bodies separated by upward rolls in the (jasperoid) foot-wall rocks. They are conveniently de- scribed as the north and south ore bodies, and both are connected by the lower workings (Fig. 16, p. 92). In 1908 the lower workings — second and third levels — were filled with water, and the information regarding them has been derived from mine plans, sections, and personal consultations with the superintend- ents. The South Ore Body. — The south ore body is a continuation of the one developed in the Curlew, Rawhide, and Gold Drop mines. It is broadly considered as one ore body, though br . Is. wedges, and ribs of slightly mineralized gangue rock brea ts continuity. These are removed or left in the stopes depen. ag on their size and structure. Along the Snowshoe-Curlew bound- !'■ 88 OEOLOOY AND QBE DEPOSITS 1 ^ 1 < i li 1* • ' ■•:'• ■• ■■'i... i'J. ; til L c^ S - W !! C B M 1* s (n a <£! « IS 1 PUOENU BOUNDAIIT DISTRICT ary the foot-wall dipi north at about 40». To the wert it then haa a curving strike to the north with easterly dipa ranging from ■"ik o o o o °'»;:.;-.';'.V,-;;-.v.v;:.^* o o o • > o • o •■■V .-■:">% _ o ... ' ~o O Vc . ■ : : . > J 200 feet Fi« H.- Section of Snowshoe ore body. Ore (o) , ^ngue(g),^ngue minereliied (*T, ' "' . - '-^••:■•VJL••: raOENM BOUNDARV DIHTHIOT fg Knob Hill group. The dip it t . the loutheaat from 22 to 65 degreee, averaKing about 45 dexreea. The ore in thia portion of the body waa of a higher grade than the average mined in the cairp, particularly in the copper content. Tbb Wab Eaolk Mine. Location.—The War Eagle mine of the Phoenix Amalgam- ated group ia aituated south of Phoenix, and adjoins the Aetna and Grey Eagle claims of the Granby Conaolidated (Via 4 p. 54). •• ' Developmeni and Equipmenl.-Tiu mine hasbeen developed by a two oompartment vertical shaft . nk to the 100 foot level, wmch level has been connected to the Surface by a 340 foot tunnel driven in from the south. The ore bins are 300 feet south of the portal of the tunnel, and are connected by a gravity tram line with a ^ur of the Canadian Pacific railway running in from Hartford junction. The surface work consists of a large amount of trenching along the outcrop of the mineraliwd zone. Air for power is suppUed by the first half of a Rand duplex compressor whic. la driven hy one 80 horse-power horizontal tube boiler. Geological Relations and Character of tht Ore Bodies —The main (100 foot) level Ilea below the mineralized zone in the country rock of jasperoid, except at the north end of No. 2 north croaa-cut, where the ore was first encountered dipping at a low angle to ;he west and north. It consists of finely disseminated chalcopynte and pyrite, in a dense epidoUtic gangue, intermix., irregularly with coarser bands of ore in a gangue «• uny caL\ - and quartz. A diamond drill hole through thia ore bo .^y showed a vertical thickneaa of about 29 feet. Sufficient woik has no- been done to demonstrate the size and importance of this ore body. In cross-cut No. 1 north a body of magnetite occurs about 33 ^t above the main level, which is also exposed in surface cuts. From the present development the apparent dimensions of this body of magnetite would be about 135 feet along the strike, a width of about 160 feet on the dip, and a thickness of 35 feet and over. The dip is to the north at a low angle. The ore contains little or no copper, but pyrite is present in considerable amount. 94 GEOIXKIT AND ORE DEPOSITS In the northeast comer of the claim, trenches Nos. 1 and 2 show a body of massive magnetite with pyrite. The surface width varies from 30 to 50 feet. The majority of the open-cuts show only lean ore or barren gangue, in places, marked by an abundance of massive olive green epidote containing pyrite and ealcite. As the ore bodies of the War Eagle are at or near the border of the mineralized zone, it is probable indications go to show that they will be relatively small, and separated from one another by barren wedges or ribs of the gangue rocks. The main ore body or bodies, if existing, will be found in the northwest corner of the claim, where the mineralized zone attains its greatest thickness on this property. New Dominion Ooppor Company, Limited. Location. — The Company owns the Brooklyn, Idaho, Stand- ard, Stemwinder, Montezuma, and Rawhide claims situated in and in the vinicity of Phoenix, comprising in all about 177 acres (Fig. 4, p. 54). History. — The Stemwinder was located by Attwood and Schofield about July 25, 1891, and the Brooklyn by Taylor and Mangott a few days later. The same season the Idaho was staked by Douglas and Dengler as the North Star, but was allowed to lapse as also was the ground covered by the present Rawhide located originally by G. W. Rumberger and his associates. In 1893 the Rawhide was relocated by Mclnnis and Gibbs and the Idaho by Rumberger in 1894. In 1898 it appears that Mackenzie and Mann secured a large interest in the Brooklyn, Stemwinder, Montezuma, and Standard and the following year the Dominion Copper Company of Canada was formed to develop the above properties, to which were added the Idaho and Rawhide. In 1894 this Company passed under the control of the Montreal and Boston Consolidated, who had, previous to this time, purchased the smelter at Boundary Falls with a capacity of 600 tons per day. In 1905 a reorganization was effected and the mines and smelter became the property of the Dominion Copper Company. Limited, of New York, who worked the mines intermittently until August, 1908. This Company was reorganized in 1909 as i,he New Dominion Copper Company, the controlling interest of which is I'LVTK VI. Brooklyn glory hole, 1909. S3">!l-I>. iM- PHOENIX BOimOAKV OffiTRICT W held by the British Columbia Copper Compsny, who are, next to the Granby Consolidated, the most important producers of copper in the Boundary district with producing mines in several of the adjacent camps and a complete smelting and converting plant at Oreenwood. Active mining operations were inaugurated on the Rawhide mine in June, 1910, and the mine has again become a steady shipper producing about 4,000 tons per week. Production. — It was impossible to secure accurate data re- garding the total production of the mines or the values in copper, gold, and silver. The best approximation available places the amount of ore mined and shipped at about 350,000 tons to January 1, 1911, of which about 180,000 tons were produced by the Rawhide mine. Equipment.— The equipment with the exception of 30 drill duplex tandem compound Rand compressor and some of the pumping appliances is somewhat out of date and unsuitable for handling a large tonnage at a minimum cost. Under the pre- sent management, however, the plant is being entirely mod- ernized. Methods of Mining.— The Brooklyn, Idaho, and Stemwinder are so situated that a system of tunnels and 'glory holes' capnot be used to any great extent, nearly all the levels requiring shaft connexions for hoisting. The Rawhide is more favourably situated and can be developed entirely by tunnels and 'glory holes. ' In the Brooklyn and Idaho, square setting of stopes has been superseded by the pillar and room system which has been used altogether in the Rawhide underground workings. The Rawhide Mine. Location. — The Rawhide mine is the most important of the properties of the New Dominion and is situat«d to the southeast of the Gold Drop and south of the Snowshoe mine (Fig. 17, p. 96). Development and Equipment. — The ore body has been de- veloped by five 'glory holes' and six tunnels which are in the A GIOLOOT AND ORE DXPOBITS nature of cro«s-cuta and ran in a westerly direction. The differ- ence in elevation between No. 1 and No. 6 is 241 feet. About 3,500 feet (lineal) of work has been done in tunnels, drifts, cross- cuts, and raises (Fig. 17, p. 96). The ore bins are on a spur of the Canadian Pacific railway and are connected with No. 6 tunnel level by a balance gravity tramway. No. 1 tunnel is on the same level as the top of the ore bins and is the avenue of outlet for Nob. 3 and 4, the ore PBOENIZ BOUNDARY DISTRICT 97 being dropped through a vertical raiae. One ton cara have been uaed, and man haulage on the level grades, which will be niper- aeded shortly by horses on the upper levels and electric haulage on the lower or No. 1 level. Geological Relations and Character of the Ore Body. — The mineralized zone occupies the western part of the Rawhide claim, having an approximate area of 14 acres and a thickness ranging from a few inches to 75 feet. The main ore body is a portion of the Gold Drop-Rawhide- Curlew-Snowshoe body discussed in a previous chapter (p. t08IT8 railway cut and apparently continue* aa far ai the 160 foot level. The strike of the ore bodies is northerly with foot-wall dip- ping to the east ranging from 85° to 30°, the dip invariably flattcniriK wit>< depth. The hanging-WHll is steeper throughout with (lips o' <5° and upwards. The pitch is to the south on the Brooklyn side and to the north on the Idaho side (Fig. 18, p. 99,. The foot-wall rock is crystalline limestone except in the ex- treme south when it is replaced by jasperoid. In the flatter por- tions the ore body rcMts on an irregular surface of limestone (Plate VI). The hanging-wall is limestone, jasperoid, tuffs and argillite or their sheared equivalents. Intrusive dykes and sills of alkaline syenite porphyry (pul- askite) and augite porphyrite cut both the country rocka and ore bodies. Dykes of the former rock are more numerous and in- crease in number with depth. They occasionally form a struc- tural wall which may or may not be the true one and in mining it is always advisable to break through them. The system of fissures running through the ore is similar to that already de- scrilted under the r-aneral description (Chap. V, p. 58). Character of Ore. — The ore exhibits considerable variation depending on its locality. It becomes lean on approaching the hanging-wall and also sAonf, portions of the foot-wall when a change in dip to a flatter grf de occurs. Along the limestone foot-wall when the dip is steep the ore is banded and preserves the structural (joint) planes of the country rock during the processes of replacement with ore. It consists of disseminated chalcopyrite and pyrite in grains and treaks with some hematite (specularite) in a granular quartz- calcite gangue. The richest ore mined came from the foot-wall side of the body in its northern portion. Usually, though not invariably, the chara''*er of the ore changes within a short dis- tance from the f' .11 with a lower copper content and a gangue composed o jarnet and epidote with calcite and quartz containing a greater proportion of hematite (specularite), an average analysis giving silica 39, lime 17, ferrous iron 14. PUOENIZ BOUNDART DIHYRICT 101 The ore in the louthem part of the Idaho occurring in the tunnel and open-cuta appean to be very low grade, probably below the mining and shipping point. Future PotisiBiUTiEii. The main Brooklyn-Idaho oie body has been atoped out in great part and 't is questionable if any ore boJii'M will be found in adjoining ground of suffluient importance to warrant the re- opening of the mine under existing conditions. Towards the north end of the Brooklyn, ore occurs back p! tfi foot and hanging-walls proper in small isolated bunches of almost solid chaicopyiite. So far, however, no body of com- mercial importance has been discovered outside of the walls. Beyond the ore body "roper in the north of the Brooklyn, pyrit'c crystalline limestone occurs in a raise from the 150 foot level. A sample wai taken across the 'ace and an astay made by H. A. Leverin of the Miixea Brand, which gave 03 ounce of gold and 04 ounce of silver to the ton. It is possible that a considerable por- tion of this zone may be considered important enough to stope. The only ground that might be considered worth diamond drilling is a block suuth of the 250 foot stopes and west of stopes Nos. 8 and 9. The horizontal diamond drill hole 411 feet long drilled west from the 350 foot level is not conclusive, as it is at too low a horizon to expect ore. The present development of the mine has, however, shown the vertical limits of the ore bodies. The Stemwinder Mine. Locution. — The Stemwinder mine is situated in the central part of the city of Phoenix and to the east of the Brooklyn. The mine has been idle for several years, and being filled with water it was not possible to examine any of the workings except the 'gloiy hole' and tunnel. Little information was available re- garding the property, and the following, for the most part, has been taken from the annual reports of the Minister of Mines for British Columbia. Development. — The mine has been opened by a 'glory hole,' tunnel and incline shaft stated to be 400 feet deep. At the 100 foot level a cross-cut was run for 75 feet and a winze stated to be 102 OOUiOOT AMD OBI DBTOMTt rank in on for 25 fact. At Hi f«et anothor enwMint wm ran whkh ii lUUd to hair* out two on bodiM, the widths on that level being 18 and 30 feet req;>eetively. The tunnel it aonthwest of the ebaft and about 250 feet below the eoUar. It out* a band of lean ore 6 to 8 feet wide about 90 feet in from the portal QtoUtgieal R«Mion» and CAarocfer of tkt On AmImji.— The ore body is situat i along the western border of a lens of crystal- line limestone (See Oeneral map), which is much brecciated and in part replaeed by epidote and quarts. The ore body appeared to have been practically vertied with a north strike, and in mining it, a 'glory hole' 110 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 30 to 40 feet deep has been stoped out. It cannot be stated whether the ore oocurring at lower levels belongs to this surface body or occurs in isolated lenses in the mineralised sone. Character of th« Ore.— In specimens taken from the dump, the ore is seen to consist of ohalcopyrite in large graiiis and lenses up to an inch or so wide and sevenl inches long, associated with hematite (speoularite) and pyrite. The gangue is essentially grey calcite with small amounts of epidote and quarts. The sur- face ore, in part, was stated to be comparativdy rich, particu- larly in its gold content INDEX. A PU*. ActlDollU in PkoenU minwal ion* <0, t4 Aatna elalm 16, 71, 74 " fnctton olalm 71 Alma claim M Analysli, auglt* trmchyt* 41. M " Onnby orM 74 " UauMton* 34 " puluklu porphyrr 61 Apatlta nn In Phoanli mineral lona CO, 66 Aaaajr o( Brooklrn-Idaho ora 101 Attwood, Jai 15, 64 •ari«a 1», 26, 81 Auflta porph.. At* 47 A--/^ta 60, 63 Barrall, J., contact matamorpbism 69 BlbllofraphT 17 Blaial, Charlat, aMiitanca acknowledged 13 Boundarr diitrict, detailed detcription o( formation! SO " " hlatorr of mining operation! 14 " " large copper producer 11 " '• tcbia of formatlona 29 Bo7d, W. H., topograpblcal work by 13 Britlih Columbia Conetructlon and Di!trlbuting Co 73 Brltlah Columbia Copper Co 95 Brlti!h Columbia. Roisland, and Slocan Syndicate of I^ndon 86 Brock, R W., geologlijal formation! ciuelDed by 26 " origin of ore deposit* 6f " reconnal!!ance survey by 16 " report on Boundary dUtrlct referred to 61 " topography of Boundary district 23 Bi-ooklyn formation 83 " glory hole 53, 66 mine 16, B6, 94, 95 " analyels of Ilmeitone from 34 •one 66 Brooklyn-Idaho mine 98, 99 " future poeelbillties 101 103 104 QEOhOat AND ORE DEi>OSIT8 Page. Calclte, occurrence of 65 Campbell, C. M., asitatance acknowledged 12 " Granby mining methods 78 Chalcopyrlte, Brooklyn-Idaho mine 100, 101 " depoBltion of 67 " Grey Eagle mine 86 " Knob HiU-Ironsldee mine 80 " Monarch mine 84 " Phoenix mineral zone 63, 60, 61 " Rawhide mine 97 " Snowshoe mine 90 " Stemwinder mine 102 War Eagle mine 93 Chlorite in Phoenix mineral zone 60, 65 Clarke, P 86 Climate 25 Connor, M. F., analyEls of auglte trachyte 44, 48 " " pulaskite porphyry 51 Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada 16, 86 " " " " acknowledge- ments to 12 Copper, Boundary district 11 Gold Drop mine 83 Granby smelter 74 Knob Hill-Ironaides mine 81 Monarch mine 84 ore, Phoenix, character of 21, 60 Phoenix mineral zone 53, 61 production at Granby mines 72 " Phoenix 20 " Snowshoe mine 86 War Eagle mine 86 Crown Silver mine 14 Curlew claim 71 mine 72, 83 Daly, Dr. R. A 16 " " composition of igneous rock types 49, 51 " " effect of erosion 24 geology of Boundary district 26 subdivision Boundary district 23 Dawson, O. M., geological record of Rocky MounUin district referred to 47 PHOENIX BOUNDART DISTRICT 106 Page. Dengler, Robt 16, 94 and Olbba ' gg Diamond drilling at Pho«nlx ...... .21, 22 Dittrlch, Dr. F., analyila of pulaakita ' 51 Dominion Copper Co. Ig " acknowledgements to 12 " formation of 94 Douglas, Wm j5 94 Drysdale, C. W., assistance of acknowledged 12 E Electricity for mining purposes 73, 78, gj, g7 Emma mine ' ' n Epldote In Phoenix mineral sone 60 63 Erosion, effect of at Phoenix ' 69 " in Brooklyn zone 66 W Falrplay claim gg Fissure system at Knob HiU-Ironsldes mine 79 Fourth of July claim 71 Q Oangue, obsUcIe In mining 59 Garnet 5, in Phoenix mineral sone 60, 64 Geology, economic ' 53 general .....19, 26 Gibbs, Wm 15 ^^ Gilt Edge claim ..!......!!!!.!!...!!.!"!... 71' 85 " «>n« ' 66 Olaclation 28 Gold, Boundary district .11 14 " Gold Drop mine ' 83 " Knob Hill-Ironsides mine gl Monarch mine g4 " Phoenix ore, average value 21 " production at Granby mines 72 " Snowshoe mine 86 War Eagle mine 86 Stemwluder mine 102 Gold Drop claim 71 " FracUon claim ■■..^^.......... ...... 71 ™''»® 11, 15, 72, 81, 82 ' " No. 1 mine gg " «>ne ......^......'.'.'. 67 106 OEOIiOOY AMD CRB DEPOSITS Pace. Oranbr Consolidated Mtnlns, Smelting and Power Co 71 ,1 •< •• " " acknowl- 12 edgementa to <. << '• organlia- Uon of *? holdings, future poaiibllitlea of '"» 55 •one Greenwood camp • " Grey Eagle cUlm "• I* Gold Mining Co "^ mine ** Hampe, W., analysis of quarts auglte dlorlte <8 Hematite, Brooklyn-Idaho mine ^^ deposition of " Knob HllHronsldes mine 8" " Monarch mine ** Phoenix mineral sone 53, 60, 62 Snowshoe mine *' " Stemwinder mine ^^* Hetu, Joseph J^ Hodges, A. B. W., assistance acknowledged 1* Hotter, Matthew Humphrey, Thos I Idaho mine (See also North Star) 94. 95, 98 Igneous rocks **' *J Introduction ^ Iron pyrites '^ Irrigation, necessity for 24 14 16 Jasperoids 34,40,53,56,57,81,87,89,93,97,98 Johnston, Thomas ^5 Kcightly, James 15 Kemp, J. P., ore deposits *' Kettle River formaUon 20, 27, 42, 55, 57 Knob Hill Gold Mining Co 71 " group 26, 30 " mine 14, 71, 74 PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTBICT 107 Page. Knob HllHronBlde* mine 11, 16, 20. 57, 61, 68, 74. 75. 76, 77. 78 " •• " " analjrBis of limestone from 34 " " " " prominent fault at 69 Lathe, F. B., developmenta at Granby smelter 74 Laxie claim 88 Lefebvre. Edmond '^ Lererln, H. A., aasay of Brooklyn-Idaho ore by 101 Lignite 20 Limestone 33, 55, 56, 57, 60, 66. 98. 101. 102 " metamorphlsm of 67, 69 Llmonlte 8* Llndgren, W., e deposits 69 M Mclnnes. D •' 15, 94 McRae, Messrs., assistance acknowledged 12 Mackenzie and Mann, mining Interests at Phoenix 94 Magnetite 21. 45. 51 " formation of 67 Grey Eagle mine 84 Knob Hlll-IronsIdes mine 80 Monarch mine 21. 84 Phoenix mineral zone 53, 60, 63 Snowshoe mine 90 War Eagle mine 93, 94 Malachite 60. 63 Mangott. Stephen 15, 94 Map, Index, of Phoenix 13 " Claim. " 54 Meyer. John 15 Midway volcanic group 28. 44. 55, 57 Miner-Graves syndicate 16, 71 Mineralogy 61 Mineral zones, distribution 55 Mines, detailed description of 71 " principal In Boundary district 11 Mining claim, size of 15 " method of at Phoenix 21 Missing Link claim 71 Monarch claim 71 mine H, 15, 72, 83 •• " magnetite at 63 108 OEOLOOT AND ORE DEPOSITS Page. Monteiuma claim 94 " cone B* Montreal and Boston Consolidated 9< Mother Lode mine 11, 14 Nephellne Bl New Dominion Copper Co 94 North Star mine IB Old Ironsides claim 71, 74 Gold Mining Co 71 Ore bodies, character of B7, 60 Ore deposits, age of '9 " " origin of *• Ores at Phoenix self-fluxing Oro Denoro mine 11 Penhallow, D. P., report on fossil plants referred tc 44 Pfohl, R., analysis of augite trachyte 46 Pheasant claim 86 Phoenix Amalgamated 86 " camp, future of 70 " " surrey of 11 claim 71 future of the district 22 " history of camp 14 mine IB mineral zone 53 " situation, population, etc 14 Pulaskite porphyry 49, 80 Pyrite, Brooklyn-Idaho mine 100 " deposition of 67 " Grey Eagle mine 84 " Knob Hill-Ironsides mine 80 " Monarch mine 84 " Phoenix mineral zone 63, 60, 62 " Snowshoe mine 90 " Stemwinder mine 102 " War Eagle mine 93, 94 Pyrrhotite 62 PHOENIX BOUNDARY DISTRICT 109 Pace. Quarti Quarti calclte In Phoenix mineral zone. 66 60 Railway eztnnilon to Phoenix Ig Rawhide formation ^Q " ™*"« 11. 16. 94/95, 96 " production at 95 Red Cloud mine jj Rumberger. George, asslatance acknowledged 12 discoverer of mines at Phoenix 15, 94 " Snowshoe claim staked by ' ge Schofleld, Jas j5 j^ Serlclte rare In Phoenix mineral xone 60' 64 Shales .» Sliver, Bouudary district •■'.....!.....!.!!!!..!..!.. 11 " Gold Drop mine go King mine j5 Knob Hill-Ironsides mine 81 " Monarch mine 8^ Phoenix ore, average value 21 " production at Granby mines 72 Snowshoe mine gg War Eagle mine gg Smelter. Boundary Falls 94 Orsnd Forks .jl ^^ Smith. O. B., assistance acknowledged ' J2 Snowshoe Gold and Copper Co gg Snowshoe mine '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. !ii; 15,' ge! '8g,'g9; 91, 92 prominent fault at 59 Specularlte. See Hematite. Standard fraction 15 94 Stemwlnder mine .'.'.'.■. .■.7.;.;.;.'.'.V.;.;.i5,'56; !>4,'95,'l01 zone gg Stephens, John j. Sunset mine jj Taylor, Joseph ik oj Timber i^^^! '!!/!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 24*25 Topography of Boundary district 23 Tremolite rare in Phoenix mineral •> jne 60 64 Tuffs and arglllites 3g 110 (itOl/aOY AND ORE DEPOSITM Page. V Victoria Claim ^^' '*• '* W Walt, F. G., analysM, llmMtone '* determination, tuffi and arglUltea 3> War Eagle mine 11. 16, 86. 93 Washington, H. S., analysis of Igneous rocks referred to 49 Weed, W. H., classlflcatlon of ore depcslU 86 West Kootenay Water and Power Co 78 White, Henry, flrat diacovery at Phoenix 14 Z Zolsite rare In Phoenix mineral zone — •© I TOPOGRAPHY 'Btjfixiixitttt iff jlitti OCO lOOICAt tuw vtv HoNWTininKMAN.MiHitTtii: A.PLow.Oci R.W.InecM.OiiiceTM. inu rfjiiitff lURVCV i.PLow.OcnrrvMiHitTcii: ICCTM. BRITISH COLUMIIA LEGEND Cnlturv iU -rr^ mitil wingi BGnv tuiuwls r> WaMrunka r 1 Gknybolro Water ) L-:r K N OS M I LL rOSntrrml.tirw^n^Amfajui *lut*' M AP 15 A raoENix BRITISH COLUMBIA StmU : M MiUt «• / •VL-^ « Scale . ijiaa 400 PKCT TO I INCH I Kriiri' Mur*tU .'tit*** UrprraaiMi rantaun M^mtmr dbi^wMWw <«*■ " «* ^'^'J IX MHIA TOPOGRAPHY w.Maoro.dHcwtmi) i»ot a e. AinttM. compiLt» NCH la aevomfujy ttt mm rSm. 21 V ''^■\i -T? immm&^Jun "^°^' ■'■ (lii'Mrtjlffi Cto Drpai oco kii Ctb U.>ium 1IIIOI..1 .1 ••■■• l->'l .Siittfiiifiil ■t, ,1. I,..r>.>. GEOLOGY >- ae < 3 O X c UJ 2 in o I.K(iKM> rUv. MHutl unit itt'Hvi'l IhilitMkiif |i«ri»liyi:y KcMI*- Itivri' I'liflUNli'HI : can Clb Ki-'HikKii I'oriiiHIifiii Cla lli'iioklvii rtiiii.nli"" V v- '^""tA Drpartninit ififtinrs OCOLOOICAL UMVCV ^ if 8*ort. e'en Ob Cti e«^ Miiriiiiiil •fi'lhiii 'iliiMit IliK* AB H. .>■ l...n*»M*^t H Wk BRITISH COLUMBIA I.KIiKM* I iihiii'i- tt».i>Uii«t»>-ll'l'-htc •! Kl*>« I Ixtil'liMi:- Mllir lltlillrl^ lV«l«|»eM» - -V; "- VICTpRIA is [.:•'] -««j«..-.»«* wuMp |iiiiyl t ttW SvMhoiii « ^M>*M# iilii < 1 MAI> KiA POOK>IX BRmSH COI.IMHU GEOLOOY »'*«»oi- TOPOORAPHY Sealr . uioo ::AinreN. commitm =.aL ^r P L I • I Water r^ 3 K^ H»tt»r 1 -] ttiiiii I *m I ini._ ftna^MM «Im«v Ai^pte 400 ftIT TO I INCH ■ MrmmrXm. HI