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This proof is sent to you for discussion only, and on tlio express undcrstandiuj; tiiat it is not to bo used for any other purpose what- ever. — (iS'ee .S'«c. 47 of the Constitution). ^anadiaij ^ociely of ^ioil (pngineers, INCORPORATED 1887. TRANSACTIONS. N,R. — Tlii.s Society, as a body, does not hold Itself responsible for the facts and opinions stated in any of its publicationd. SOME APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRIC MOTORS By Fred. A. Bowman, B.p]., A.M. Can. Soc. C.E., A.M. Am.In„i. E.R. To be road Thursday, 26th April, 1894. The intention is in tliis paper to deal with the subject more from the standpoint of the civil or mechanical engineer than from that of the electrical. A sketch of the method of applying motors to different kinds of woik will be !;iven with data regarding tho power o;illed for. Among tho electrical papers that have been read before this .Society, one by Mr. Thi. Vctry gives an historical sketch of tho dynamo, and one by Mr. Luwson de.'^cribes the methods employed and advances mndc in the viirinus )-ystems of electric lightin;'. Tlie writer will there- lore make liis historical notes brief. Tlio history of the electric motor goes back to the discovery by Far- adny, in 1821, of clcctro-niiignetie rotation, and the invention, iu 1823, by Harlow of his rotating wheel. In 1840 Thomas Davenport built a motor in New York, which was used to drive a printing-press. The publieiition of a periodical called Eltctromagnef was begun by him, the printing being done in this press. Tlie iait that one dynnmo used as a generator can be employed to give motion to another eoiineeted to it as u motor seems to have been first discovered at the Vienna Exhibition in 1873. Some of the ear- liest applications of this principle on a commercial .-calc were made at the sugar works in Soimaizo by Messrs Chretien and Felix. In 1878 M. Felix instilled a eliaplot lift in these works for unloading beet root from tlic vessels, by which means a saving of 10 per cent, in labour was effected. In the following yciu' it was decided to employ tho engine at the works in the sl;iek time which occurs during part of tho year in the beet sugar industry, to furnish eleelric power for ploughing the field in the neighbourhood. Tho system ompioycd wns the same as in .steam ploughing, a motor being phiocd on a trolley at cacli side of tho field. The motors worked the drums on which the steel rope drawing the plough was wound nnd unwound, and also furni.shing powcrfor the for- w.ird motion of the trolleys. The speed of the plongli was 55 per minute, and the work done was at the rate of 200 sciuaro foot per minute. This is about the same :is would he done by a 5 or 6 horse-power Fowler stcain-tackl". The advantages of electric nidtors for use in driving the machinery in small industries are efficiency, reduced cost of attendance, cleanliness, reduced tire risk, and economy of power. Small engines and boilers are Irouhlosonie, ealliiig lor an amount of eaie and attention tnat is al- most aconstimt; indopondont of the powcrgo leratcd, the attention given is generally of the unskilled kind that reduces the efficiency of the plant below the low percentage inseparable from small unit-;. Tlie dirt and heiit from a steam plant is always an annoyance and often a serious dr;iwl)!ick. The risk from tire is of course greatly increased in any case by the presence of a steam boiler. The electric motor does not pos.ses8 the.sc disadvantages. As built by the best makers to-d.^y, it has, except iu 1 the crtHO of tlio very small sizos, a very lii-li cffuMni(-y. Tlicro is no iHif, licut or Miicll ; it culls (br a iiiiiiiinuiii oriillciitinn, oucHipics litlle floor Hpaec, or, ii.s will bo sliowii prcsuiilly, iioiio at all. It i^< oconoiiiical of power, »H when stopped lliere is no eon.siiiiiptiouorinoi-L'y. Tl'in-operly installed, it is ab>ohitely sale as re-ards lire risk. In the casooC larjie laetorics with loni: liniw of shaltin,!;, and thoCt distributed ou several floors in separate buildings, there is a irreat loss of power in driving by bcltin;; froni floor to floor and in havinj,' either separate boilers in eaeh buildin;,' or linos of steam i)ipes from a central battery of boilers. Willi electric motors, one or more cm bo placed on each floor, and tints all or only a part of the shafting; can b; driven, accordin.^ as it is eallcd for. In tlie case ol'aceidiMit, a line of shaf'iini; can ho stopped almost in stantly— a matter oftentimes of life or death. Transmission of power by shafting' from room to room necessitates holes in partition walls that are a .serious source of danger in the ease of fire. The ordinary method of driving shafting is by belting from the motor pulley ; but in a lew instances railway motors liavo been used, geared directly to the line shaft in tlic same way as to a car axle, the motor being bolted to the ceiling timbers. In the case of a long line of .shafting, unless it is torerably certain that it will be in constant use tlirougliout its whole length, it is better to divide it into two or more lengths, with a motor to each. If economic handling of material will admit of it, those machines which are least used ean be tlieu p-onped on one motor and those more used on another. This grouping often proves very con- venient and economical where a night shift works on certain kinds of work only, and nothing need be kept running except the machines directly needed. The belt from motor to shaft should be as eaily horizontal as possible, as most stationary motors run at a speed considerably higher than that of the shalting they drive ; consequently, the driving pulley and arc of contact arc small. Light double leather belts will be Ibund most suitable for this work. Ill eases where floor .space is valuable, ur it is impossible to pl;ice the motor niywhere but direeily und-.;r the shaft, it is better to place it on a platform slung from the eeiling by iron rods, at such a height that the motor shaft will be on a level with the shaft to be dri\en. The rods must be considerably largei than is neee ssury to suppi boio, iiiid runs 1,000 revs, per miniitc. Tliedrivon pulley is :)I'/(li;iiii liyH" lai.'e with 2 7-lC" hoiv, and runs 245 lovx. pt-r niinute. The di.>it;>neo IVoiu ocntio to ccndc of pulleys is 15/ imd the lielt runs liiirizoiitally. 'Plio ('ollDwinn c:ise shows what a motor will Htaiid. A 5 horse power Tiionison-Houston shunt wound motor was used to drive 11 No. 4 Sturtevant blower in hlaeksrnith shop, with 18 fires. Both were on a pliitforin sluiip; from the eeiliiisr, the mot^r shaft licins coupled (lireetly to the hlnwcr shaft and running at 3,800 revs, pei micutc. The pla.foiiM was silmo^t directly over a large tempering furnace. 1'ho li(>at, smoke .oid dust to which it was exposed can only be realized liy those wIm have hid oeeasioii lo travel among the roof timbers of a large forge shop in full operation. The field coils and pole pieces on a hot summer's day were too hot to put yimr hand on. A similar 10 horsc-powor in',tor in the same shop wasalso mounted on a platform, but in a somewliai nooler corner. It drove a grindstone, a large pair of JkauJry shears and a Bradley helve hammer. The motor pulley was 'Jii diaui. by G" face with l|'' bore, with a speed of 1,600 revs, per minute. Tlie driven pulley was 32'' diam. by G\'i face, with 2 7-lG'' boio, with u sp>.cd of 442 ivvs. par minute. The bait C'l wide with a ili-tiineu bL'tween centres of 18/ 7,'/ and running horizontally. Ill a e.irpenter and pattern .shop a 20 horse-power Thomson-IIouston motor drives eleven circular saws, two grindstones, eight speed lathes one drill press 5" swing, one 8" .swing, one jig-saw, one moulding machine, one mortizing machine, three planers, two band .saw.s, one engine lathe (J' bed, one sliaper 12" .stroke. These m.iehines are distributed over two floors, the motor being on the lower one. The motor pulley is 10" diam. by 7" face with 2/' bore, and a speed of 1,300 revs, per minute. The pulley on the lino shaft is 48// diam. by H}, / lace with 2 ,•,, ' ' bore and a speed of 264 revs, per minute. The distance from centre to centre of pulleys is 12' C" at an angle of 57 ° with the horizon. .Vn 8/ belt is used. .Messrs. Jtartin & Wariieek's flouring mill at Ottawa is driven by a 100 kilowalt (13.'{ horse-power) motor built by the Royal Klcctrio Co. It is of the four pole type, and is run on a 500 volt, circuit. It is situated one mile from the power station, and runs continuously for 24 hours per day and six days per week, slopping for Sundays only. The iiiulor pulley is 2Ur diiiiii. by 20" face, driving a jack shaft 18/ feet away by mi 18/ bell. The mill was previously driven by a steam engine and the motor is belled to the original jack shaft. The machines driven consist of fifteen sets of 9'' x 24" rolls, four purifiers, three scourers, one separ.itor, four eenlrifugal reels, eight octagon reels 10' long; ill adclitiiiii, there is a grain elevator separate from the mill, 84 high, with a capacity of 1,2(10 bushels an hour. Experiments show that it ie((uires a minimum ot 75 horse-power to drive the mill, when it is once started and rveiytliing going right. T'he extra power is called for when there ('omes a " choke " and for startin"- un IM-elricity has come to be .so largely used as a motive power for freight and pa.ssonger elevalors and hoisis, that several firms in the United Slates and at least one in (Jinada make a specialty of them. The cleanliness, eunipietness an>l easj of regulation of the electric motor adapt il admirably to this class of work, where the floor space available is often if not generally limited. In small shops where an elevator works between two or lliree floors only, a simple siationaiy motor is belted to a eountershaft that drives the drum, tli<^ alUndaiit does not uavel on the elevator, and the ordinary starting iipp.iraliis suffices. Kor the larger pa.ssenger and freight elevalors, iho motor and lioisliiig m.'elianism are all on one bed plate, and eoniieeted to each other by spur or worm gearing. Lately the t^praguel'rait elevator lor high speed pas-enger service has been brought out, in which multiplying sheaves are used as in hydraulic .systems, but instead of a ram a screw driver by the motor operates the slieaves. In other cases motors are used to drive the pumps for hydraulic systems. This partakes more of pumping than elevator work. To cont-ol tlir spoca aii.l tn stop aii'l stilt a liaml lino is generally run up anil down tho sliaft., pusMii'^ tlirouj;)! tin- car ns in other systems, ami niovini; tlio cnntrMlJinL' app:iratus tliioimli Miitvhio fjoiir. Tliis Hystoni lias llio lulv.iiita-.' that lln! clcv.itor can ho wi.ikcd either from thu cur or fVoni ;iny tln„r. Another syst.-iii li.nt can only ho worked hy an iittciidant on tlu; car consii-ts in running two bnro copper wires up and down the slinlt ami to linvn tho current regulator on the car. Slidiii'^' contacts atachcd to the car take tho current from one wire, piss it thion-li tin' rc.iiulnfor and into ho other wire, by wliieh it is conveyed to the motor. I'ortiblo electric hoists should bo carofully considered by .ill who have to handle heavy goods in warehouses or on wharves. They are sni;ill and compact, can he mounted on low truck wliocls, and moved iihout a warehouse floor to wherever a pull on a rope is called for, or run out on a dock to unload cargoes. Tho supply of current is pro- vided for ill a very simple manner. Wires are carried from tho source of supply of ourront to various points in and round tho buildings, and terminate in small locked boxes. The hoist is Invnished mtU a. con- venient length of flexible conduelois which are ((uickly attached by suitable clips to the terminals in tho nearest box. At one of the largest refineries iit Greenpoint, Brooklyn, N.Y., ilicro is a long range of wharf and warehouses for tho reception and .Horago of raw sugar, much of which conies in lighters which have no hoisting gear of their own. Portable electric hoists are used for the unloading of these vessels. Terminal boxes are arranged at suitable jilaccs along the walls of the warehouses so as not to necessitate too great a length o'f- eablo. The cable is allowed to lie Jow on the ground, a board being laid each side of it as would be done with a ho.se, if there is to be much crossing of it with trucks. T>ower is fmnished by a 220 volt dynamo on the premises. The hoists were built l,y the Lidgerwood Co., and fitted with 1(1 horse-power motors. The motor is geared to tho shaft of the drum, and the connection between shaft and drum for hoisting is through a band cliiteli. Tho lowering is done by a br.ike. Tliero'are two hand levers,— one working the motor regulator tho other the clutch. The bnike is workei' by a foot h-ver. The writer lia.l the privilege of making a test run of half a day with the fir.st of these installed at these works and unloaded a lighter of sugar with it. 'J'hreo bags weighing over 3 cwt. each were placed in tho sling at each lift. The lifts averaged lOOd Ib.s. c.ich. There was no gain in hoisting niniv, as the three were just, a truck load lor a por- ter. ^ As tho hold was cleared directly under the hatchway, the hoisting rope with some 20 ft. of chain attached was hauled in to where the bags lay. Tho nncliine had then to haul them to tho hatchway with the chain dragging on the inner edge of the deck before the actual lift began. Only two hitchcsoocurred Mince the hook caught the deck, and the hoist, failing to lift the lighter, started to climb the rope ; the second hitch was due to the drum and friciion clutch being new and a little stitt; and in consciiuence tho rope did not pay out quite as easily as the stevedores wished when being taken back to the hold. So durin- the writer's temporary absence the captain of the lighter carefully jm^serf the/ace of fh, h,u,.l of Ihr dutch. It took some little time to find out why a chiteh tli.it until now had held the heaviest loads with a rca.son- ablopullofonchaml suddenly called for the united strength of both arms to make it take hold at all. At the wharves ol 8aiidei.-.oii .\; Son-^, Brooklyn, where the Wilson Line steamers lie, there are nine hoists in use, of the same pattern a< the one just described. It has recently been stated that the whole bill for repairs on these for 2A years has been 82.75 per hoist. There arc several points that should be carefully looked to ii. Jie design of an electric hoist. The armature of the motor must be water- proof. Tho icsistaiico box and all wires must be .so placed that oil from tlio hcnririfrs cannot drop on them, ns, fulling on tlic formor, it is apt to patch fiio, as the resistances are hot from the pasHnge of tlio cur- rent nnil on the latter it ruins the insulation. This detail of location of parts would appear to be almost scll'-evident, hut is nicntioneii, as the writer had trouble; with both these faults in a hoist built by a lending electric Company, The foot plate of tho break lever should bo of good size; they arc sometimes nw'e ho small that a man with a large foot can- not get it far enough on to apply his weight [.roperly ; it should also ho as near the i-ronnd ns is practicable. In order to work a brake quickly an;', lower the load to just where it is wanted the operator must not have to raise his ibot hiLh. He must bo able to apply his whole weight without raising tho other foot off the ground. Tho lever can be placed aH low as needed, and hinged so ihal it can be raised out of the way when moving the hoist from place to place. Were the advantages of these little hoists more thoroughly realized by cnijineers and contractors, they would soon bu largely used wherever hoisting, pulling and hauling are to be dune. C'oiiipaet, strong and easily handled, they can be hauled about anywhere and u.scd for hoisting material in or out of place, for shifting ears at freight ttheds, or for hauling cars from face to dumping ground in excavation work or quar- ries. Those who have never handled them do not realize what i well built electric motor will stand in the way of overload and general ibuse. Wiien one sees as the writer has a 15 horse-power motor exert a force of 40 horsepower for a few moments, and a 25 horse-power run at 35 horse-power for 10 hours a d.iy for several weeks, he becomes convinced that electric motors have passed the experimecital stage and taken their place as thoroughly reliable machines. Another branch of hoisting work to which electricity lends itself most admirably is that of travelling and jib cranes. Of course the designs of these arc as numci'ous as the builders, but the leading prac- tice in the case of travelling cranes is to employ not less than three motors, I.e., one for each motion. A one-motor crane has very little advantage over one driven by ropes or a s|.sto the lower del uCthe slut, thus inakini.' a quicker hreak tliaii the h mil imitioii II aloie Would, and jiievcntini.' the for Th mil- ere is n sorious ■ tioii ot'nii nil! hetwcen itself anil llio last eonlnct, objoctinn In this inrangenient, for if the operator throws elf this cur- rent with n f|uick jerk, as he often will in rajjid work, iho arm may strike thnniher Olid of the slot with •sufficient foiee to 111 ike it lehoiind en to the oontiiet, and start tie; crane unoxpeeledly. The writer prefers hand levers fur moviiif; the re^iulalors with a tioteluMl (inadriint and pnwlsimilar to the rover^^e lover of a locomotive. One notjh at the ■' off" poMlidt. is ail that i« needed, as when at Work the hand is rarely removed IVoin ilie lev. r ; and if it is, the friction is cnoii-h to keep it in place. Hand wheels are ofien used, and permit of very nice handling of the various motions, hut do not siiffieiently indicate the position of the rcKuhitor. The switihiioard in the ca;,'e should ho made of incomhustihio material, such as slate or niarhle, and should be provided with a double pole switch, so nrranged as to cut off the current from all the motor circuits, f'uitahle salety fuses sfmuld be placed in the circuit to cncli nioter. Magnetic brakes are often placed on the hoisting gear. They are applied by a heavy weight or strong spring, but are hehl off while the motor is in motion by a magnet round which the main current passes on ils way to the motor. In this way anylhini; which intentionally or accidentally iiiieruii.ts tie current to the motor destroys the power of the magnet and jwriDits the brake to act. Mr. II. Ward Leonard piopo.sos .1 system for drivin- erane motors, hoLsIs, clovatoi-s, etc., in which a small generator i.- uh.I for each motor'. The regulating devices, instead of eontiolling the motor directly, alter the field stieiigth of the gen.rator, and thus vary the pressure at which the current is supplied, and, eonse,|uently, the speed of the motor. Reversing is ae<'oui]ilislied by n versing- the niagnetisni of the ■.'cneralor. As exan'ples ollargc cranes may In. mentioned one erected by the Morgan Engineering Co., in the testing house of the (Joncral Electric Cmiipany's factory al Lynn, Mass. The span is45 ft. and the capacity ofthc crane 20 tons. A 10 horse-power railway inolor is used for the longilu.liiial travel of the bridge. A similar motor is mounted on the trolley for hoisting, and one of!! horse power for the cross travel ofthe trolley. There are two eran.'s of 100 tons capacity each, bnilt by Wm. Sellers k Co., in the IJaldwin Locomotive Works. The writer believes that electric jib cranes eould be suhstitiitivl with great advantage for Ihe large steam craii.s now used on engineering works. Take, for instance, a dry dock or Ciuial lock. There will be a track laid all round the work on which ste^nii cranes will travel, excavating the material or placing the blocks of stone in j.laco. Each of these is provided with an independent boiler and one and two engines, and calls for a skilled man lo run it. Somewhere near at hand there will be another lioijrr to supply steam for drills and pumps. All these small engines and boilers are a great source of waste and expense. The crams do a great deal of work that i,< a very light load on their engines, and it is well known that the efficiency of a steam engine at half load is lc.«s than that of an electric motor under the same circ^un- stauccf. One larger engine driving a dynamo eonld supply imwer to all the various machines used. A light trolley wire suspended over the traiik would convey power lo the ciaiKs, and cables would carry the current tn pumps and drills with a fra el ion of the kss there is in carrying steam the same distance by jiipes and iiose.