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PREHISTORIC ANNALS OF SCOTLAND. BY DANIEL WILSON, LL.D. I'ROFKSSOIl KW IIISTOUY AM) F,N(;I,1SH MTEllATUHE IN UNIVK118ITY COLLKOK, TOIiONTO ; AUTHOR OF " rUKHISTOlUC MAN," ETC. TN TWO VOLUiMES VOLUMK I. sKcny I) /•; di ti ox Jfoiibon ujtb (famliribgc: M ACM ILL AN AND CO. 1 8 G .3. ) [T/ii' n'n/it o/' Tmnahitiiiii In ivxt-mul . H M71.W7 V. 1 KIJINmTHGI. : T. CONSTAIir.F y ( i TO 'T. Y. SIMPSON, M.D. F.RS.E. VV.IO AMID THE ENCBOSSING DCTTIJS OF PROFESSIONAL LIFE HAS LAKOKLV CONTRIBUTED TO THE PROGRESS OF AHC„^:OLO«V ALIKE IN ITS SCIENTIFIC AND HISTORICAL ASPECTS •« THESE VOLUMES I.ESI.INia, TO SYSTEMATIZE ARCH^OLOCJY AS A SlIEME iN ITS RELATION TO SCOTnsH ANTIQUmES ARE DEDICATED BV HIS FRIEND THE AUTHOR. 559a ,'""*"-»— ^>^, Mf*- 1 ' (>:A PONS AND IMl'I.KMENTH, V. IlOMKSTIC AND .SKI'III,(.|||tAl, VEHSKI.M, VI. I'KIINONAI- OUNj^MKNTH, VIl. HEPL'IX'IIURH, VIII. HKI.IOION, AUTS, AND DoMEHTIC UAIIITN, •2Ui) •.v.\r> 378 40 4 4;»2 47H 48A il^i^USTRATlONS OF VOL. I. Kid, '•AHT I.-TlfK IMUMENAJ, oil STOXK x'Ell lOi). 1. 2. 3. 4. 6. «. 7. K. 11. 10. It. 12. l.t. II. ir». III. 17. 18, li). 'J(». I'l. 22. 2;j. 21. 2/i. 2ll. 27. 2H. 21t. 1 I.ATK 1. — GltKAT Cmr-rr .lu P.. /.I 1 ^ , '-"'^I''^ OF (AM.EHNISII, . <^'lycle Celt, , . . Crotulecli, the Aul.l Wives' Lift . U liale-\ uitebia (Jiip, . . ' Dunbar Standing- «toiic, 'I'lie Cuiy iStono, l^oys Funicular IJoil of (JoM, Standing-St.mc,s,l>itloclnie,'lVr.hshire, tallcniisli Circle, Chambered Htnutnro, CailfrniHli, l'l.ATK J I. -I'lim. AukowIIkadh Flint Fluke, . . • • . Flint Knife, . , ' " " I-oaf-.Sliai)ed Kli,,! Arn.w.|[,.„d, Uarbcd Flint Arrow. Head, i.mge Flint Arrowllend, 'hk of Skvo, Kiilearn Arrow-Hcii |, , ' ' Ntone Celt and Fli,,, n„,,,|„.tN, [ Flttil-Sione, . ' ' ■ ^^timo naninK'r.>i and Axes Wlone Axe-llead, fron. (Viehio, Kint,.re, Stone llatclictN, Dull Ntone .\x,., . " * " Sloi,,. Hall, , '' ' (ilaHNliill .Siune Kail, I'l.ATi; III, -IJi .UM„,, , V. II s. A,,,';;;:;':' * ""■'","■■"■ ''■"" Hone lni|denii'n(H, f^'""-' I'mih, limn the Ulandof |'v,,„ ' Ntoiie I'aler/i-, . _ ' Feruc Monr |,ani|,, . ' ' ' f''ron/ispiecc 1-A..K 5;} 93 96 113 184 138 168 165 167 108 IHI LSI 181 181 181 iMI 18:; 18(1 IHH l!t2 l!U i!i;i i!»;t l!i"» lltt 194 I !)H 20'„' 200 207 21 W .'11. .•17. ;;m. .')!>. II. njA'STUATIOS's. Slmir M,siii, (V,„M l!i„ii,,||, ShHlaiMJ. . I't't ".'IKMIIC, (V.llll V.AHi l.odliuil, lli'iid .SlciicH . ^^ lli"'N<' ('oIlniH, limii (iloiir.iv, .'I.'). .SlollU I'lllKllMlll (»nilU||,.l|(N, (M,Si,.o,,|„, M.,n(i„„„ \'™''■'''•^ '•'''"" <'i«l, KaNt, n.s.,,llaw Knnn, Li,.|i,,h.,,v I l,ATH IV.— illtoilCII OK |,()IIN, ''Aid' II.--TIIK AinilAIC (IIJ IlitON ■i;i. iiiKiii.iii.i itiMoi'ii, i'l.ATI.: \'.--Sr(.,M.; Alu|i|,|,.s, ■II. Nluii.. .\x(-I!Im,I,. niHJ l.aiMc MoiiMh, ir). Sldiii' S|ir,ir .MdiiM, ■Hi. ,S|„iu! I'j||n(,;1vc Mdlll.l, '17. 'rnicjiri^- SI. me Mmild, l>S. l'nir(.r.S(oMo(',.|t MomI.Ih, |{„SH-Nliir.., . Il». Stom'C.li MouI.Ih, |{„NM.slnr,., .''<». I!niii/|. |{i,igN ami .SiiipK-s, .M. Ilroii/,. (•,.!( iVoni .Arliiur'N Siml, .V2. ilroiu,. l„.Mr.H|,„,„.,I Swonl Iron, .\,||„,,'s .Snil" M. Copl"'"' A\.'-lllail.', . M. .S|iik...l ,\x,., , , ' ' ■ W. liiciNt'd .\x(>.I!iailt', . . ■ •V;, r)7, W. itn,,,/.,' I'aiN(,nv,s, •V.t. Spa.!.- HJiap,.,! I'alHtav.., •''<>■ I'-l, (l'.>. ili-...i/r (ViU, . " ' •'•.'t. Itriiimii' l/fvcr, I'cflvciir, til. lliHin/.i' (foii^,'!', •ITk llroii/.f Sjxur. Ijcailh, . fill. l!,.M.|c Miiuizi- iSjH'ar-llniii, •17. lii.in/.r |iaoi,',.r.|lla(!.., . . \ IW. Itron/.r niicklcr, .AvrKliiiv, •1'.'. Uroii/,.' Iiiij.l.'iu.'iil, Uli. ol Skv.., 70, Ilioii/.,. I{.a|iiiig Ij.mlc, 71. IIumi/o IJi'^hu'I's, 7'.'. n.niu,. Cal.lion, li„n. Kimm.liiio Muh», I'l vii \ I. .skiuu iiiui, l'i.rifc.i(v, l'i;i(|()!». (■A(;i, L'l(» •JM 2I<> 222 22;{ 244 250 258 2G9 271 390 330 a4U 3/38 358 358 858 344 345 34(! ;jr>(» ;t.')i ;tr)2 ;tHi ;wi .'181 3S2 .•(H.'l .'IHI \\m 387 :i7 KM) lui 102 ton 112 71 V") 70, 77, 78. 7',). 80. fll. 82. 83. 84. 8r.. 8(i. 87. 88. 8y. •JO. HI. !(2. 93. !il. '.»■>. ',»•;. 97. 98. 9!t. I (to. IIM. 1(12. 103. 101. Hill ol'TiiMck fiiioivirv |',.„, .... Ht'llii^Iviu i'lii, niMH, CroMi II Cist HI i!;.ncli..ry, Kiiicurdiiumliiru, MiiiitroHo I'm, lln. will. i\.,f„rat..l KaiH, Con. ,i Ciiirn at Sl.-al l,oul,, ', HoiMiJclirii! (!(i|)H or Imwim, .... Fiusmiirtlio linin, (Jinoiiiry I'nifi, fnmi Miiimic ami K.illio, IYati.; VJI.-8,:,.,„,<„uAi. Uun, Ha' \Uu.w Monthlaihv, •let Ncukliico, Iroiii 11 Tiiiiiiiliis, IfoHH-nliifo, Shall) Oinamotit, IhIc of, Skyo, .let Kiluilii, (VawfonI Moor, LaiiaikHliiir, (JliiHH nuiulH, callml ' Kruidiail or Aililor JicadB," l:i)'i'(.i,c;, LdciiAU Mdmh, . Npirid (iold Armilla, Lar^'o Itiiy, l'"ili.Hliire, . „i,|i,„|, ,„.„,,„.,. „,^„ '"■"• TT ■ *" ""''"'"■'•'^"- -l«^'IIy l'a».lo«» syBtcm« of "'T';'"' " ""•" ""'"'sc-i in. i,„v,. „i, ,,.„„ ,■„„„„,„,• "" t" m, oxk.,„ ,.,„„,„„v,l witi, ,vl,i..|, f|„. l,„I,|ost of "MSinally ,n ,,.(0,,.,,.,. ,0 ,,„,,„ „.|,i,.h I ,1,,.,, „ii„L,l .■™»™,.s „. |„,,i,.vinj.- luul ,„.ecc,l>.,l ,h,. ol,|,.s,, hi^Ji,,,, ""OH "t liMl„M, .,,,1 No,,l„.,.„ E„, ,,,„ „j,„.., „„,„ ""■ '■"■'; '"'" ' ""■ '•'l""li'i'"l "it;, „. ,.o,n,„.ol„.„«iv,. ""f ';'""■,"''""■' ' ""'"'•"■- -.so,,,.!,, in «l,i„h tho ^"•.■h.-C0l0J,,«t |„l,o„,. |,,,„, i„ |,,„„| „.ij|, „„, „,.,^,, ^^ ^^_^ ••'l'""l"«-t, n, „ol^■inJ. .„„., ..f „,., ,„„„j ,|^,: , . ,^^,^.^^^_ '"7 !"■"' "'"« "*■ '"'"I"" «'i""«.. Tho , , of tins work- '■".vc'inl.,-,.,,,..,,!,,. ,.vi,l,.,,... ,|,.,.iv,,,|f,o,n,,,n,nro„-in -H.,- ,nv,, : b„n Ihniicl tlion,l, it., ,„,„.,« „,., „ tl„. „,. ;;:"■;;■ 7'; ■"'■' ^■""■''- ""-H"» -'■ ■ -n,,,,-, !n,o flMt ,,,„„t l,,„n ,-,.K,ons l,itl„.,l„ |„,„l„,.tiv,. of ,1„. nn„i I"'""";- f;--'- •■'■ Intnnn, .,, : i, will novorth,.!™, I„. ;: :'"l- -i-l™.. «hi..|, 1 ,. In. ,nv,,t ,,„«- ' "": ;"","i"''.V "'■ "-' H"-l« .nany illn,s„,„ „ linn, N.ot,,„|, ,.|n-„ni,.|in..,. No„- „1«, i|,..,t tl„. ,-,.|„tio„s "I ;"el,a,,loj:„.,,l inv,.stin„tion„ tl,,. s,.i,.„,i,i, ,„. ''"""■; .'"■'• i""HiS">'Hy .v,.og„is,.,|. ,1,, „,i,|„ ^„„, "I'™"'""""" "'" i'"l '■" lli«' vo|„„„.s i„ ,w..,.,.,nv to invlnslo,.,. ,„nl |.,v-(V,|,i,. ,.„„„,, , ^„. • .„ ^^. ""'"""■" "'"1 v.'ln,.. TI„.,.,„.,.fnls(„,lvofil„.,„.in,itiv.. :""';i"""'^ "'■ "'i'"'" I l"il"-"nvi,.,i„„,.s„tfo,.,|, '""'"'"'■""■'■• '""•ll'.-"« n.s.lookio I, ,„.„,„ P UK FACE. :>f nalivc lior theo 'Stems of liowcvcr, followed )l(le,st of <*i])pli(^'i- mistiikc »i]>Ioye(l issiniied istoiical • ■e fli(Mi lieii.sivc! licli tlie fist jiud iterest- s w'oi'k o\v ill lie ]>re >', Mild I' most ess li(^ ques- •Jitioiis fit ions if iii- ' fuid lec to .V sig- iiitive fori 1 1 llioic XV remote piMiod, an.l to eni-lier races than any <,f those NV-ith whu-Ji elassic historians have familiari.e.l us, ft.r the ,eginmn,<.s of our insulnr history. Sinee then, lono- .•esu1enc(> on the American <-ontinont, .nd repeated op" l)ortunities of mtcTcoursc with the vM.oriftinc^s of the New Woi-ld, have fan)iliarizeneeived of in studying the chronichngs of Britain's pn^historic centuries. The experience thus acquired in novel fields of ethnological research, have materially aided m,- ,n the revision of opinions originally based ological science. , The Second Volume is chiefly occupicl with subjects <>1 antiquarian and historical research of ,, very recent 'late, when compare! with the essentially prehistoric traces of man. Neverthele.ss they are reph^te with in- terest ,n their bearings on national arts, eustoms, and social progress ; and are of no less value to the historian than those <.f earlier periods have become to the geoh.- K'«t. Jo thos.. also the opportunities for ivvisioii which a second edition supplies have aftbrded means for makim.. »"»Hu-ous additions and alterations, whi.-h 1 ventuiv to J':»l»^;;''''''>^'U>lish ni.nv nearly than f;,rnierly the ambitious aim then set before dio /if ,,.<^.ir i • ' o.ioi, m(,ot establishing a consistent and comprehensiv.. system <.f Scottish Archa-olo.-y Al rehistoric Annals <,f Scotland aims a, more HIectually achieving .1,.. p„,,,„,s„, ,•,,,,,,•„, ,-„ j,^ ^j^,^, xvi I'ltEFAdE. i-coiigravocl from i„nv di-.^vino. • 7'/''^'V '" those I In v. f. , '^^V^^^ , and .„ addition to -' J li.ive to ackfjowledoo the orn.,*- 1;k iv have- n|.„.. 1 ti •^"t'a'wms of Nt.H-ca8tio-upoii-Tyu,. ii«c place,! tl„.,r woodcuts at ray service Tn nonc^ P.„..,„„ «„,„,,,_ G.o:L H v,/; 7 j rHOM,v. m,uest,„„able that Sir Walter Scott wat the /r,t ^ m«.W„ wnters "to teach all.men this truth, which look hke a tru.s„,„.„„ ,et was as good asnnkno;. towSt a c „7t^ •■"'" n"™' '■" ^" '""g'".-that the bygone 'f "^ *'■" r''' ^™-'= »'^to'% filled by living r^L". If, however, the impulse to thepm^uit of Arcluoolo^v „ a sc,e„ce be thus traceable to our own couut.!;, ll „ Scotland nor Engl,,n,l can lay claim to the me -mg been the first to recognise its true character love ..p ,ts fruits. The spirit of anti,p,a,.i,n,is„ 1, t UKkcd, slumbered among „s. It has taken fo p K^« ,urgh, Bannatyne, Abbotsf.n-d, and other li,^! ! 1"1«, „-od„c,ng valuable results for the use of the s -™'. but l.nnting its ,,,„g,. within the A.ediev ■'"'I "I'amlomng to isolated labourers that a,npl,.r fiehl t( h xviii I'I{I'J/'\WI<: TO Till': Ffh'ST KhITIinW I'CHwuvli wliicli cinl tloiiH, lire •nu-cs 111,. IVrhist Olll l^ not to liu-niliirc hut to tl oi'ic. period ,,f xv^- hI \v;i.M not til K' HC,ioilC(> of '<>\VM\vli;it Icoiliijial of llriti •ontiiicntjil Arvliioologists luul c induction iM<-;.|.;d)Irof; thaithoso '"1 \V(>ro contxfiit to for.s;,,lc,. jal «HHo('.i;i<;(! tli('inH(^lv(.,s vvitl •orioua trifliti iiiid I ) ^'Ht.-»l'liMl, tJio .Study on its true f "Wo link- in tlu; ciivlo oCtI ■cncwdd enoroy of j)ur|)o,so t( ooting }iH an indi.spcn.s- Ainid tl 10 H(!ioncc,s. cnowlod«)(> (I "' inoivasing v.^A for ||„, ,„] tlu! 1 «■<', the finic jippcarH to li v.-mocnicnt of 'ioroui>li clucidalion of ] IVC at longtii come f( or ri incval Ai-clifiM>Iooy I , . , ....<», 1,1 /\M-,iiuM>ioov as an •■•";™.nM,„ his,,,,,. ,„•„„,, Tl„. M,.i,,,. A„.:L,„i : "."'.""■■*■;. " '' "••'" « "n«.i,.i .„.,„.,„„ , ' : ';-.».. «l,,,.|, „.,. ,,,,,.,,K.™ ,,,,,,,,,,. A, Musi,,. 7 /'t'''' '■""■'' ''^''''■l''''''-'-i"tWfi,,tv,,i, ; ':;''»■■:'■*'"— ''"'-^-i^. lion, of „„o,„o„„ :'"''■■■'' "''''-'''"•'■'"■g».-''^'i'o,,,,e,,,Kiv»i,,,,i,i,. ,,,.., ,: VREFAaii TO rilK FIRST KIHTION. xix oonicnt of I f'ome f(U' ".Uy .'IS ;iii HHocialion, Ji .strorinr(.i' Mciciifific lie oi-igiii f'll.'Doloov li tli(! ex |-.*«'tic;illy vlioiicver Iiimijiii ive ]i()j)(. ' VoliiMic 'iiioir oil giuiJ n I 'lit Ihu Diii'iiio- K'lnoiivs, poitiint tioii of the BilliHl. JhIcs, were rcturnwl to thc-ir authors without iH'ing rc.-Ml. 'I „i.s i.rogiiarit fact has excited littlo notice liitherto ; l)iit wJien the scientific history of the first half of the iiineteenth century sJiall (!ome to l)e reviewed by those who succeed us, and reap tJie fruits (,f sucli ad- vaiiceiiient as we now aim at, it will not be ovijrlooke.l as an evidence of the exot(;ric character- of much of the overestimated science of th(> age. Through the persi^- vcring v.qxA of a few resolute men of distinguislied ability, ethnology was at l(>ngtli afforded a partial footing among the recognised s.-iences, and at tlie meeting of the Ass(!^ (|ia.tion to be lu^ld at Ipswii^h in I8r,l, it will for tins first time take its phice as a distinct section of British Science. It has fared otherwise with Archicology. Rejccte of the associated S('iences .\rch..eology, however, has suffered from the isolation ; wlnle It cannot but be sooner or later felt to be an in- <'onsistency at once anomalous aiul pregnant with evil, which recognises as a legitimate branch of British science,' the study of the human s})ecies, by means both of phy- siological ani'l •.!.(. (• i I • • . ;-i''^'' ' I'"" I -■■•■'■■ "I Mic".- .■iirn», linvr I „■, o,MM v,l ::;,.'^"-"""' J'-""-'"- I "' ■ ai..i„,„. , : ""'•', '""'"^" Anli,,„i,i,., „l,i,.|, |J,,|, I,, :".'■ ";"■ ; ■^'^•'•''■^1' H» v..,,„„ ,,„ „„. „,„,; "'"'"- •' •••""I'n'iiiil'(l('tl (() <»r Ills •.nrjipliic (oiviuji ii »li(';i(("(l 'I' orini- . Til.. iiiiiiii,s •r 111.. \v;iii- 'III We iisd'fi I'UKFAC.E TO THE rmST EhlTlOK. \\\ Hon ..(• .m." i).)ili.:.i jil, l.'iiHl, or 111,, |„-iiniiJ iiorMi-wcstorn tide of imVrjition IVoni wliidi th<^ oi'iVJii of ulJ Eiiroj,,..,,, liiHtory .laics. It chances, howovor, fnmi vuriou.s ucci- ilciilal cauHCH, ihut Mu' revival of urclia!<;logical rcsc'divJi iii iJritaiii, hiliiuince.] I>y ,„iion,s directly siippli,,! from KS<'an.lina,vian h.mmv.^s, ha.s a teji.lency ' to authenticate Honi.M.f the most fuvoiirit." enora of ol.ler l5ritiHh anti- nce to ll'"f "f Norw,.,^ialls .»r N.M-sem,.,,, shows how c,ompl,>t,.|y •^(•ollish an.l Irish aiili.p,ari,.s liav.. al.and.me.l them ^^••Iv.vM to th,. inllu...,.-,. of K„u|i,sh lit,.,.at„n., ,.v,.„ wh..,v ""' -•'ir'"l"'i.''tirii\ ,,l \\ni|.s ,,n , . ,.,.. i :.'" ! XXII I'lmnvK ro Tint h'lusr iininox. ",""■'',";" '7 '""' I'- 'ill '■ r,tly ,„,,v,,l „, „„,,„,„,,, ": ■;■''■•:•'■■'■'■■•"' •'^'■"''-iMvii,.,fo,-,..s.un,,i, ' ".' '^ wi'«i"'-". •- w,.ii „,s „M,,,..s i„ ,i,„ ,„i, ' „;. ^Im. I>,.M,« „s„„„„.,l in |I„. Ar,-l„rolo.j;„ s„,i;,.„ ,„ ,,„ >Vm,,l„„,v,„n,. „n „l,l,. wHi,.,- h, ,l,„ 7V,,„«„v/„„, „/•,/„- t"-":'"^:'""::. '"■ "- :' »'■'"■'■ - ^-v/^^^^.^^. . un.,,,W,....,i,,.,. ,,,,,, sl,,.,,|,,n,lls,,,,,,,„,i,,, ,,,,,,, '"'•''"■■" "I "llHT wnl,.,-». n,i,,l„ I,,., I ,|(„,|,„J '"I '■"•'" ""■ ^' I"""l""l ■■IT,,,.. ,.„,|,„, ,■„,. ,.^_ "''''■• , "" ""'■■i'"-""i -■ «uiK.,ii,.i„i „,.i,..,-, ,i,;,„ ■-l'm«W.V|««|,|„|,.s|),.i|,,iMsl,i,||„i,„„, "p"" '"■',',"■ "I ""■"•">;- "fin,, |,|i , ,'""■" "'' '' "K"i»l ■■ |.ri„„.. ,, ""'•"I I lai.. ,„l ,1, '' ■"■l-'l»n Ill „.il,vl,i,.,l, ■ .. r,,..k,,i i.v „„,,,,,, ,,,,,^,1, v,,,,,;,,^, , ■*'"' "■""- Hl,„s, .,,„„l(| ,„,|,„, I '., ^.I,,«,,,,, V,,,,,., i,|,. .,,,,, ^, j^^ '"':'•""'■' '■"•*■— I I IT. rii 'M i-,i . ,,, .' "'.«■!' .\.„rt„„ .|,„„,„„„-,,. ,., „|„,^,„,^ 1^,^^.^ Iv\(>n.,|l,|j,t|,,|, ■• pcipctiijil :ii()r(!()vii()lif|ii(; < <|U()t(!(( ildislictl I" h(1'U(S (limcn ! [> show I rolls, I' in i(.s aid to lor (..X- I litis I. iN.'lli. I'UKFAdl': TO THE FIRST EDITION. xxiii HiiuiJai- ("xanipJcs of tJic iiiHucucc of this predorainaiit theory niioht Ik, niultipiio,] from the im.st diverse sources- "<>'• ^a-e even the reeently estahlished areJiajoIooical perio- '-<"'1h, and so long as it remains unsettle'";-'-''l-™t cumber its progress! 'l,a. "l"lo he arch,x.olog,st n,ay derive sonu. hope fron, the ' •".en.brance that astronon.y was once astrology ; , ' ".■""""■^- "-^'^ '""«■ ""- ''I'^l.-".*- ; that geoh g . I ;.■,::;;■'''•:'"•■.' •''^-^'--'''" '■<■■' ''-■■■iMrrun.lJ "« .."t„p,ar,am.sm : and ,h..,i Hhnologv has seareclvve, I'assed llie ealouslv guarded „oivh Tl .1 ^ ,. ,. ■' , •' (-""iiieii Jioleh, as the voun"(wt of ■'" """■™«'"-l !■ I of sister .sciences ' ,, I;; ';::;';'V'^ '.'''■ "■•■'■'' "'■'''^■"'''•'''>-^e,,,,pH,,,ion ■ tie kn,dreds,.„.nees which ■ on ,hc study of anti- '■" "'■"" »- I-I.. .. ..nanged ,. IJ^ X. importance L'aint of by ^' busied in i" orders of 58 curiosity That sucl), lie fault of tonces. It irsuits are the more issumc to IS i)astimo it a direct >q)oration etliuolo- « present L'estricted uceuKsnt, ' pojnilar Mcan- IVom the 0'; tiiat opry lias nvason- ccly y,.( ueration of anti- <'f our Ills ill,. yni[»hi PREFACE TO THE FTRST EDITION. cally and chronologically, would form the most valuable .school of popular instruction that Government could establish ; and no other country rests under the same manifest duty to fonn a complete ethnological museum as Bntam : with lier hundred colonies, and her tribes of subject a H>r,gines in every quarter of the globe, losing Men. individuality where they escape extinction, C absorption .nd assimilation to the European masters. Were an entire quadrangular range of apartments in the i>ntish Museum devoted to a continuous systematic -n-aiigement, the visitor sliould pass from the ethno- gn.phic rooms, showing man as he is still found in the I'niuitive savnge state, and destitute of the metallurgic ai-ts; thence to the- relics of the Stone Periom-t of (be old iJoman worhl, and followe.swoul,l,ur,|,|yjv,,-,,y t|„. luhour oftl ion iiiid piciiisun Tl »^'i'Hm'» llilllOMill (•o|J(.(-| HI llJlJI body of /(.;d,,||M •'III Alvlla'olouj,;;,) i\j llie I.'ihI, hcvc "»ii t'xistH, tliouiili iiit'ii liiiAC Hlrimolcd t to inaintiiiii in OH I cniorceini'iil of di,. i. >'«<'«im ill the Weottisli e,,i,it,d fi 'y Its adininiNlraloi i-'iH aetujited ciiderHon, Esq., the vasnrerH Ifeniem- coii.sh'uetion of Ihe value for ;dl <»l)je,-(s of (| ^ as sli,,uii in Ih.-ir offer (.f [ nil Ih' delivered np lo (| pi"<'<*iou,s inet.ds whicl K'lii, ifH ("jx-ralion I I may ""l»''le relies.' las <)('( •as const jiiitly ''"•■''« •»!" priinilive nrf, asioned (h,. deslruelion of I " '■' ''''^'''" "" ""■^ ■-"l>,i'''-( uiM, w|,i,.|, I I hivoiiivd .1. .1. A. \\ ItV ;iie ( list moiiiHlied |)j ia\'e hcen orsaae, he reinnrl. ""■^'i anii.jnar}', Mr. \S III l)( iiiiiark, in lomiei KIUV IVllVC llllH I "N first iniMislinl, tl 1" uoikinj, „f (),p ,s(,, "■'■" .""nMlo,!. with llu. ha|.,.ir«t .vM.ltH, • 'ttinh law of T rcii- PREFACE TO THE FIlii^T EDITION. xxvii nncH, u hi,l,l..n t,-easvin.s, wh,.n found, belonged t« the king. Jh,.y vvere eulled Danefa. The finder had to Kiv.. them up to the (Vown without any remuneration. I Ih. of eet of thiH wa.s that very few or no anticiuities o gold or Hilv<.r wen; ]>r,..Herved for the Museum [of Norlliern Antiquities at Copenhagen], ns the finders secret ly Hold the anticputien. For the purpose of putting un end to this, a law was passed in the nii.hUc. of last century, in whieh the kh.g declared himself willing to give the full value to the finders, aiid in some eases still more than the value ; hut, at the same time, he ordered all sueh th.ugs to be given up to the public nmseums, and •" ease of concealment the fijiders were to be tried and l>""ishe.l. This law is still in operation. It i.s the ruh' that tlu'JuHhi', in the Htrictest sense of the word, gets the '•^"•"•'"•'•■'iK»n, as th,> king, the ival owner, has renounced l"-s rights to him. Th(^ owner of tlm .soil only g.-ts the vuhie ,f he has or.l,.rc.| a servant expressly to dicr for any such th.ug, or, of course, if he in the finder himself I liiH has prov.l most effective. Another measure which Ims secured a good many objects for the Jiluseum is the payment of the finder a. soon as pomhle. I'oor people '" ''" ":;;|"''^ ^--'-""y "^-. not like to wait i'ov ^"""ey. I hey get ,>asily an.^ious, and prefer to sell the "^'•'i^s h.r a sM.aller price, if they only get the money ;:'^''"»< -'"lay. IM'an now come to this here, that very '<•^vantMluities of goM or silver a.v lost. The peasant. ■mdwork,nen ar.. perhH ly W..I1 aware that they get more Wthe tungsdug u],,at the Museum in (^ipenhagen "an m the shop of ... gohlsmilh. This has been <.fU.eted '•>' '''''''^•''''^''»" "' 'l'»'-''I"'anacs, newspapers, etc., uf,h,. payments given to finders of valuable auticpn'tic" " xxviii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. Some of the wretched fruits of the different system still pursued in this country are referred to in the fol- Io™g pages ; yet with the earnest desire of the officers of the Scottish Exchequer, to whom the enforcement of the present law is committed, to avert, if possible, the destructive consequences which it has heretofore operated to produce, it is manifest that nothing more is needed than to adopt the essential practical feature in the Danisli plan, which gives the actual finder the sole claim to reward, and also holds him responsible and liable to punishment. Until this indispensable change is effected, the Scottish archa3ologist must continue to deplore the annual ch^struction of national treasures, not less valuable to the historian thnn the chartuiaries which are beincr rescued with so much labour and cost from their lon^t neglected repositories. "" In attempting to arrange the elements of a system of Scottish Archa3ology, as a means towards tiie elucidation of prehistoric anna.s, [ have had frequently to regret the want of any national collection adequate to the oljiect in N-.-'. That the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries ot Scotland is one of considera ble value must 1 think b(> m>^'rent, even ft-om the materials it has turnished Ibr tlHH volume. Some private collections, it will Ik- seen add a ft^w more to th,. rescued waifs of Scottish national "»t.qu.t.es ; but tlH. rc^sult of an extensive correspond- ence carried on with a view to obtain the necc-ssaiy i^icts ^vineh no books at presc-nt supply, has foived <,n me the eonviction that, even within the last do.en vears, such a •7"'7 ''^ ^•'•'••■•'l'^' ol'jVers luue be..,. d<.str<>yed as would •': , ^'T' ^"'■""' ••'"""l-'''^""n„..|..us (•,;,.,, omplete Aivlm.logieal Alu.eun,, 11,. ,„.. S.atistieal Aecunts I'RRFACK TO TlIK riRfn' KIJiriON. x.,i.v along with .some peri.xlicab ami other recently ,,ulJi.,he,l vvorfo, contain references to Jiscoveries ma,lo within that period in nearly every district of Scotland. From those J selected „p,va„ls of two hundred of the most intorestino- and raluablc examples, and the result of a laborious eorr." jondence is the estal,li.,hment of the fact, that .seareely fivo per cent, of the whole can now be ascertained to be m existence. Some have been lost or broken ; some thrown nw^ay. sold or stolen.-whieh in the case of ob- jects of the precious metals involves their ab.solute destruction ; iu other eases, the proprietors themselves have ,l.sappeared-go„e to India, America, Australia, or no one knows where. Of the few that remain, the jealous fear which the operation of the present law of treasure- trove excites has reiideied a portion inaccessible, so that a sufficiently meagre handful of so prominent a harvest was left to be reaped. When it is considered tliat in Scotland we have no sue 1 treasuries of the facts on «hieh an arcl.«>olo.ical .^stem must be built, as the Archmlogia. the V^^^Ma Mon,,,u;,u, the Ne,n„ Britannica. J Andent WW dure, and a host of otiier works, supply to the EnWish ■■■y : I la,ve a riglit to e.x,,ect that some forbeai- sho-vn 111 contrasting tliis firet attempt at a ™. ...sive treatment of tlie subject, with the works In I o.h..r countries p„.ssess. I do not .Icsire to offer 'to the reader with an apology, or to .seek to depiwafc. emicism by setting foith ii, array a ho.st of dimculties snrmoniKed ,n- suceuiiibc.1 to. It lias been the work of «..ch leisure time as ,.o„M I,, ,„,uM from less ,.„i,- «eii,al but ,.Mgio.,siiig p„,„„i|,, ,„„i „.;„ ^^ ^^^ '"'""' ' "'"" «"''« K-curreuce to th.. san„. idcls f. XXX PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. SI If winch n, u-ntor is liable who„ only able to tnko „,, l,is theme at mtervals, a.Kl to pu.^ue it amid repeate.l inter- ruption.,. Nevertheless, I have aimed at treating the ■subject as one which I esteem .1 worthy one ought to be treated, and if unsuccessful, it is not for want of the ^e,J w nch earnest enthusiasm commamls. Some new ground I believe has been broken in the search after truth, and as a pioneer I an, fully prepared to see my footsteps er,«ed by those who follow m,.. It will be found however, that truth is the goal which has been ».n>cd at ; an.l if it be but as a glimn,cring that light appca,-s, ,t ,s well, so that its streaks arc in the east, .m,! the clouds which begin to break make way before th,. dawn. It only remains for me to acknowledge some of th,. many fovom-s received in the progress of the Work ■ liough It ,s impossible to mention all to who.se liberality I have been indebted during the extensive c„rrespon,i- enec „.to which I was led while collc-ting „ce,lf„l materials for substantiating the positions assume,! in th,- fo lown,g argun,ent. The want of such res,>„rces as in "tlu.r eo„ntri,.s supply to the Arclncologist the m.-ans ,>f .■onstrnctmg a, system based on tru.stworthy evidence .«s compelld n,e to ,Iraw largely on the "courtesy oi' '"■'™^" ''"■^'"'■«: "'"1 "'itl' v,Ty few exceptions, ,1„. «u.l,al re.spon.sc return,.,l to n,y applications has ivn- dercd the otherwi.se i,.ks,une ta.sk a s,un-ce of picasur,. "ud even ,n sonn, ea.ses the b,.ginniug of vain,.,] fri,.,,!-' ships. The Council of the Society of Anti.,i.anes of S.otJuiHl I'Mve Mrt.mle,! th. utmost facihhes in ,v<...,r,l to thoir im- portant national .-olh-etion, aiul liav. a.cord.d to nic -.n P HE FACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xxxi equal freedom in tlie use of the extensive correspondence preserved in tlieir Library, from which it will l)e found that some curious information has been recovered, not otherwise attainal)le. From my fellow Associates in the Society I have also received tlie most hearty sympathy and cooperation. To the kind services of Sir James Ramsay, Bart, I am indebted for obtaining from Lady Menzies one of the beautiful gold relics figured in the work. To my friend Professor J. Y. Simpson, M.D., I owe the contribution of one of the illustrations, and to Albert Way, Esq., and George Seton, Esq., others of the woodcuts, presented to me is the expression of their interest in my labours ; while I have to thank my friend elames Drummond, Esq., A.RS.A., for drawings from his faithful pencil of several of the examples of ancient Scottish arms, as well as of other relics figured in the work. The many obligations I owe to the freedom with whichCharles Kirkpatrick Sharpe, Esq., has long permitted me to avail myself of the treasures of his extensive col- lection, will appear in some degree from the use made of them in the following pages ; while John Bell, Esq of Dungannon, has oljviated the difiiculties which would have prevented my turning his no less valuable archaeo- logical treasures to a.^count, by forwarding to me (baw- ings and descriptions, from which some portions of this work derive" their ehi.-f interest. Others of the ol.jects selected f.n- illustration are from the collection of W \^ Johnstone, Esq., U.S.A., tlie whole rare and costly' con- tents of whi,.li have, been placed completely at my dis- posal. Nor nmst 1 omit to acknowledge th.> kind assistant \ have n'ceived in various ways from DaA'id Laing, Esq., i f xxxii l'til<:i<\WE TO TIIIC FIltsT KI>JT1()N Will •'•im II. I). 1). •Kh(]., till! iitiv. .IjllllCS iVIjllJ liiim Mjinsliull. I '"'"I'll, l*^«'|.. W. II. F„,| ' (1 ics, which illustnite tli iscover ouncil of the Jhitish Aivh.x>ol i.-i,ve pkeed me uml L^r similai- ohli.ratiojis "gif'iil As8(Jciatioii the \vo,xlcut,s which ilhi,sti-ate the 'i(!r-()-waal in Oiknev Sir George (!|erk, iJart., 1 '6' "I I'oo-ard t( itl 'I «ci)ulchral di.seovei K.'.S o ;; \V(! tJ "ccess t(, the vainal,h> au,l hiohly jntc of iJniLsJi and Koman a.iiti,,ui(ies at I iormed hy (!„> omijient ISeottiHl (lerk. K! privih !t'iifo of resting collecM^n 'enieuik J louse, aiitiquaiy 8ir John Tl lio very great obligations i 1^. W. K. Tl lomas. loll K.N. 'owing pages, though i ^'en(>ros,ty with which the knowIe(I..v •'•"•'Hg his professional e.vph»ra,tion ,.ft| while en iini under to Lieut(Miant IH'Jitedly iiotice.l in the " "" «l»',liiV(^ Juhujuately to tl are re le 11 1 my disposal ^^^ in the A.lmiralty Survey, has I il<'oeii placed Ih ';ivo also to acknowledge the contrihuti iil»l(' information IVc (^hrist oil of valu- >"i my friend Professor iMuncI '•""". ;'Hd from George Petri,., Es,, ,>f j; 1 oC i.^ W(>I1 as kind si'rviei>s rendercl irkwal C'iinrles U,)a,.h Sniidi, Es„. J, »i<' Ml various ways hy i\el '1-, J. V. P»rown, IOs,j., Will 1-^on, Es,j., by niy indefatigable friend lain Jind corres 'poll- PlilCFACK TO TllK riliST EDITION. ...hj aent Jolnx liuchan.n, E.j., of Glasgow, and others re torrod to 111 the course of the work t" me t,c. valu„l,lc Sc„«,i.,|, ,,|i„ f,„„,i „„ j,!,, e„tate - .;ng.-av.., „s tl,« fro„ti«,,i,..,„ t„ V«lu,„e „._aftcr I had de,spa«e,l „f ,„aki„,, anything of ite remarkable Runic r;"'"'"" '^^"'." ""■'■""» ""Pi"^ "Wisingiy furnished. WhateveropunonmaylK. f,,nne,la., jLvalueof the mto.pretat,„n „f it. i„,„,i,uion „ffere,l here, tlie «M^ „n,l ,,hil„l„gist n,ay b„th plaee the utm,„,t e .anee „n the fi,,..Iity .,f the engrave.l tae«i,„ile of thi niterestiiiff nioiunnenf .,*' «J, . i believ . I , ""• "'^^ "* ""■ l^ateography, and, as I l'«.ou. also, of the language of our aneestora Besides >utt.ng n,to the engravers hands a earefully exeeu e, M- «opy nt h,., presence, eontparing it h,ter l,y , un, eheek„,g th,. n.inutest deviations from the -■8 "•.!. it ,s justjy re„,a.rked in the (?»/* to mnhern y',^olo,,, that -in ,.„,,,,;,„ k„,,„ ;„„,,,;,„„„, _ m,ey ,., required ; for a. point, a sn,all, .'earcel/p ■oi't, le l,ne, changes the vaJue „f the lett.-r or oeea -. y adds a letter, which may easily escape no^ « When, however, ,t ,., ad,led that "one of the best helps ." oopymg ]{„nie, an,l in,h.ed all other inscript s i '! n-vledge of the ianguag,. in „.hieh thev at wr t't , ' .•|m,,an,ed to ,p,estion its strict justice/ Most ant^^^^ c xxxiy I'ltKFACK TO TIIK rillUT KDITKhY \ tli(uv is tix! totiil ;il >Hen(H! of knowlodfrc of it th nation is (MitiivJy nt ivst ; uiid the patient Iott(u- aft(ion hy an engr ''"•^•i"<"<' <'<>I)yiiig, tJ.ongii entirely Ignorant of tlu. L, ^^ii.-ige, than in that of the ablest philologist, with 1 head full of ainnl ■i|>eeulationH as to its ineanin g. A direct I»l'" '11 j»')int is found in the (^ardonell or "Thorkel l»niit of th(- lluthwell lis ex- in" '■iiiti(|uary has j>iven inscriptions, where the Scottish rfect <;oj>ies to guide him ; 1 that this inscri|.tion should have 1 ing missed its true meaning with •lit the fact original brooch hy tw >een copiitd from the with the J xuiiic a Ipl o Scandinavian scholars famil lar uihet, without either of them detect- so palpably engraved on it nig the name M an Y, and *"'"»<•'• J nmslators in tli.> -first lin.. being a I '^'•l to 11 new ami iiHelligible reading of the reniaiml Tl le word (//(>/, which I 1 significance as a subslantivi lave rendered uccording to its is also employed as f| le PHKFAC: TO THE FfliST EDITION. XXXV verb to avenge. Ono Gaelic scholar to whom I showed the mscnption, a,ccoraingly suggested as a more char.-.c- tonstic old Celtic interpretation of the Kunes : Mai bntha, tlumjneml, avenge Malfridi ! " The difforence " lio adds, " between the ancient and modern ortliogra,)hv IB not greater than frequently exists between the present Hpelhng of familiar termn, as written or pronounced in two contiguous Highland districts." It is a customary conclusion to a prc.face to crave the forbearam-e of the reader for all faults ami shortcomings: the which, as readers and critics make an equally general custom of paying no attention to it, may as well be omitted. I can only say, that while writing this work witli an honest and c.,rnest desire for th<. discoveiy of truth, I have d.me it no less under the conviction that anytnng I <.ould m,w set forth on the subject must be "^- 'y more extended observations, an.l supersech.1 ere long by works of a more complete character. EDiNiiuiuiir, Jdhuary 1851. If fi PREHISTORIC CHRONICLES. llfTltODUCriOX. .. H of tl„. ,,n,«t Imvc ,n™,.d to „„tisfy the onui„.,„ "1. hat ,„„l,.r „u,.|> l,„nt„ti„„.s tl,o hi»to,im, ,1,..|„ « In, n.,y f„,s,„,.„t,„y i,„rti„„ of „,v„il„bK. cln i,.l,.s. , ': r. " :'"'■ '"" "*■ ^"^"■"'"■^ "'^''--'^ •"" >- -t- "'•■".""'to m,,n; not of „,,tio,,,;'|,,,, of tl,,. ,,,..?; "I n,t,.o,l„,,o,y ,.|,,,,„„,, f„, „„. , .^,„..,; J '™t„,,,.l„„o,. ,o,|,..o,.i,,i„ofl,i„,o,.i,.n„tio„». 1 li"" l>o,.„ too .,.nc.,„lly „«„,„n,,| ,l,„t»,„.|, |,is,o,,. is,, ":7";;'-^''''!' • K in,i,.,„'n,i,.„t of w,.it,. ,, ■ ., I ,.,■,, .„,,,, ,„y,|, „,,,i,,, ,„„,„„, „„. ,. ,,,„,,;^^ ^ »; " , '"""""'• '"'" '■'"l'l".V'l ll.,'.„, fo,. ll,c. u„.,st ■, f„^ ""r,'""'! « 'I''" 'I,. ,.|„,.i,| nof,„,.|,i.,toH ,;, " I'HEIllSTOlili ' ( 'linosu 7, // I Jul Hie infi l""ini';""' "'<' ••"i;-*' of (|„. hislorijiii (I I IVScjiivllcs lie iilt(>(r(.(||,.|. "';'"■ '■"""<■'"■<• on (I,.. ,.fi;,,,M will, u|,i,.|, i,„| l«',V illV llol, \villir»||( iiHlrioiis '•^' ■•"•<" H'nVlllo- („ ,,„,|vs.. ||„. n.yll.M ,virr(r,| I IIk'H" jircdrccHMMi ■^ JIH IliCH! (nl.l,.. XI '■""' "'' iii'iii <'li;ill('ii;r('M rccoiisid •li^r.KV, y o|>nn,rvMl nriM ; ,,,.1 ..,M,rlis wl.iH, <,,,|y ,,' ( I' X' fi;,^!' <.r III,. vvfU-M <"';.(i(»ii Willi cvfiy (Vcsli y !l lr\v ,V«"..r,s„o„.s,.r,n.-,l (nuivn. (o In- ..|..l,n.r,.,l wil'lm, (| ll >IIIU;ili cl;), li.ivv ;|!lV;i(lv I "'•'" ■'^'» IvccMl Ili;i| sum,, of ;<'S|M.,-„|;,(,„„Snr^,.n|u.i,.al .11.1 ;,n.|,a.„|,M.i,Ml ^lit^lll lllcill ,IS III.. iiM.iv WilVI||;iH. S(|C|1('(. Tl <'^ of lis IIKMlcni idlJISCH. "' "'""l• "-'i^l<'iy or III,, story ,,r I Hitll inniv tli;i,i ..,11 lllr.';i,-||,.slii,.ssnri||,.rl -*'■-" Will, ..,..n(i,.,,| .lisrri,„i,,,(io., ui„||,.,.„,i( of'l'l llic H;,n)(' old clii-on !•'•• ("I- III,. i„C;,||( •i'^l'T, lllOI,n|, '""' *''*' ''ln''»iiicliii,n;s. scc-kiiio', ;,« 1 r.M'c OilXo, ' '" llK'liisI (•li;i|.|,.i-s,,r |,„ii,;,n I "'.1^' '''iiiid 111,. ,l;,,I<,i,.ss r,„- ;, I o 1' A ly.iii «'i\ili,siii,.|, ill 1 1 Hi«' lirsi ('s(j||,|iHliiii,.„i ,>r (|„, I ••riiic Nil, Will ICIC, I,) M'sl NV," llljiy, .,, '•'"I isl.'iiid lioi,,,. ,,(• (;,i,.|';,„,| •i«l<>iy : ,»,• sciirli- •i-^I'Mic ,i;,sis: (|„. I,i,.(|, '"■ .^'•i,r,.,.s ,,r III,, |,„|„^^ ,„. Him;iii i;i,.,. ,„, (j„, |,.,„|.^ "son. .......umii. ,„ ,h„ I,,,,,, ,,|,„,,,i.„„ ,,,. kuM,,. ls,,,.,.MN.I,,.,,|,,,,Hi..,.n..^^ '''"' «'' l\U.v|.|,i,M ii.oiiaivliy. and ll„. ,.,„•) wand '"'vrs Iron, ||„. c.^sh-i-n (.r,„lj,. ,,1" icsl <»! recorded yciM-S lU'. illins,.!!. '/'■>• \yr/f;/,'sr/ih/ifi',i\{ lixiiin ll <»ur rac,', sonic L'7| |»I :ui\:\ II. ">'>'",y. ill his J:;,f/pfrHs Sfr/h- in '•'''N.'K't y«'jir, iissioncd ijuii <■. "!•. in other words, Il'd years lielorc ih. '■"'"""""> '"•"'l'l<-'l <"m ol-ihc helnoe; V,., ihis i;,il i^^"niiH)uv,Ti(js\ (!in •''■^'y til,' l(.,,tliH|(,.s of „,.H'|v <| y, in liiH Uh JViciKs-iM ;io,. ,s(.ni(' ICO '.l!H>t<'' Vhnvaun'm iscOVClvd (|;||; lie, vxm'wM Ij.'ick iJi •■Hid Kocldi, /ojj y<'.'irH fiir(]i,;i- into Mi limif lliiiidsstc K'Hx, /i.xcs (li "vv'inn- „ut, „n in(I(!)M;ri(l('jit ]n\M <■ HIIJIK" H<'ri(!,S ()» JUVdH- ni-pn-ioih', for (| )iciMy K' nvjihoji ,,/■ j|, '"'■'•I. iJi iii.s Mancfho und '<^y<'urB.(j. r,702. TIk. world's >/ '*'/;^_ "'>vv univcrHiilJy ;i,(Iniit(<-(|, • <<" i.s jiiHt u\\)H <" Avoj'ld, if M) <'V(;ii (Jii "'•■•'P' Arclil)i,sJ,„j, llHlicr f W(! ill'. ill <'v<'n(,s \vlii,.|, \i f,,ij,^ to Mlf (;o.i, „„i i„ ,1 '•'" •■ to l,e found «*'V<'n names nia|. f,y.f,i„, „r Cni llurml I'JiiansToh'K ' ( 'm:(>xn'ij<:s. lire, ;iii( I clurlciH of Diincim, cii^roHscd jil)ou( llic year I ODT., jiiid Hiill ] nil'' II )r('S('rvi'(i Jinioiiir tli<' iiiiminit'iil,H ol" Dmiiiiiu (^jiMicdml. I'rioi- t,, fl. tilt' llolllJIIIS funiiHll KOIIK^ I OHC "«' l'iirl>!iriiin Pirti. Tim IHhIi aiuiulisl Imt v;ilual>I(' a. iiortli.' : Hlill riclicr hIoiv of early liiHloric, if .. <|U;iri('M of (\>|K'iiliaovii arc himily di !i.vail!il)l(> niJiU'i'iids. Yd, after all iJ whjit shall we make of tjie ] cw S(!aii(,y Holes eoiiecriiiiiir i'i('f S (toiiillbrue I) iiir-'! .iifjiiii 'licli (lie iiiifi- ^ ..iiig for ;i,s into lose are nuisacked. ()ii<^ em wliicli intervene Ix'tween I lie (lis|)(Tsioii of (lie linnian family and (lie |'<'<'P''"M"'ffli"' l5H(isli Isles ^ When di.l (he' jirsf, nnh". jH'ow (ouch (Mir shores? WJio were ifs dariii;^ crew ^ WhriK-e did lannuii.n;e, m;iiiners, iiiUioiiiilily, eivilisalion. !Uid h'tters sprin<>^? All (hese arc questions of (he IS as deepest intiMvst ; but on ii(>arly all of (hem liis(oiy sih'iit jis on (he aiin;ils of Chaos. With revereidial'piety, or widi res(|,>ss in(|iiisi(iveiiess, w<' seek to know some' wha( of (he rude lorefadiers of our island race. N or iiee.l \\y despair ol iinveiliiio- somewhat of the mystery ' '^t' ^'i'"' (hoiit-h no uiideeiphered hieronly f tl leir reiiH liitell lUVII plues, nor writ(en m;iteri;ils, preserve one soli(ary record of the Mr.NKS of (he IVi(ish Isles. t research liiis already accomplislK ^ so mucli, one can prcsuinc (o I'csiivii any |)ast event (o u((er ohlivion. I!e(ween '' the Unj,' Hp.»ken of in (li(> lirst verse of (he IJook called* ( and th(> erea(ion of man. (he im)st huinhle and devout that liinorancc (/tiniuK/, ICIICSIS. of r>il>lical studeid H now acknowledge (he intervent ofaovH. com])ared (o which (h(> dura(ion of Itut as (he |)ro|-ee o >n tl le vn mati'i'ials concerninni' these a,[rcs are comprehended in (he few in(roductorv i^rnobucTioN. f^ wonls of M,. MoHMi,. namuivr, m,,i.I fbr u tmu .nil.mcin.. .•tcncrdii.cr f;„ tl.(, lowoHt computation, ILousuikIh ofyearT HO luoiv was known. But, ull the while th.^ir hLstory ^'•y m I.-ible cliMnict,T,s around the generations who H-o.le,l ti.eni not, or read tiieni wron, the writing of tC, peoj.h. iiu, (hsioeated stra,ta are being p.g.d, ms it wen, an.l |VMrrangv<"'ng noted, and their (h.ubh, re.-.dings transferred to their correct places in the revised history. Tlio wlioh' .accumulations <>f those ages betw.'en ( 'haos and man are' ;•; I'-H^'. I"'ing dealt with by modern science, much in' tl'osM.ne wayas the bibliogrnpher treats some monkish '•'• .'ollcgiate library su.l,l.>nly rescued from the dust and •'oiiiiision ol centuri(!s. K^ is in curious consistency with human nature tJiat wc imd the order of its investigations in the uiverse '■'^ ' "'^'"" •■"'■■'"■<"' t." itself. In the infancy of our ;'"^'^" I'HMi studied the stars, bringing to the aid of their '"•"•.•". sympathies the fancies of the astroh>g,>r to fill the void which Astremomy could not satisfy. "tIic earth i'^Hl grown older, and its IMtriaivhal age was long past ^vlH-n ( osmogony and (lenlngy h.,d their rise. Now at l<;n«M| when the studies of many generations have fur- nished materials for the astronomer, and the history of the cvulhs crust is being pati.M.tly imravelled by num.T- ous ind(.p(.n,lent labourers, some students cf th(> ,,as. iK'vo .mpnred if the annals <,f our own race- may not n so 1« n.cmvrable. Men with zeal no less e.rnest^^than " "' 'V'"*'' ''"'^ <^ '^o "'luch for Astronomy and Cwn- l<\iiy, hav.. loun.l ih..,i ,l,i,s ,w, ^. ,,„„„;| j,,^. ^^,^^^,^. evn.'rations. ivmrded ,„ ,h,,,,,,|ers no h-ss intelli-ible I'liicnisrotin ' cnuoxicuis. '•ml (!<»iit;iiiiinu' M,,, liistoiy „(• ) '" 'iH Mum M„. ,vs;iiiri;ui x'iii.us ii,)( less iiih'ivslin. ■'""*<' W<^ ll,'l\'{! HI|(!('(.(m|('(|. |> '•<'»<'.'iivh('H iM(l('|),.„(l(-n(lv iiiiil I « <»!• iniiiiiiiiodiM, ((» vvl lose iiilicnt,. ^^•'OIOOIHI ,,„,! jM-cIlM ■()!(, nisi j '■<"n <>|)|.(..sit(' points, fJu; |>.'MC(| II olcs. "1(1 (li(> former |„,\v ,| liivc ill; IciintI, „„.( .,mj <;om- •'"'<' Viiliic ill rormalioiis Ionin (o no „M„.r Mlr,i(,i of ([ II iHcovcrH nil interest >y him .is recen/. '<; l"'"<'«'«'^ l>y wliicl, (li.ToekslnveluM.nhuil icn- CO null <'MH reeords of jmv exisleiil jif, K' <'.'ii'tirs cnist. n|), with "'""<«''-'npl<-«lly nCtcr (ho jidvcnt <.t <'(intmu (1(1 '•''■' '<•'•;>• sd-iil;,, ;is i( «-iiii(^s of himiiin slorv (h niiin. Tl lu l»''<»vcs, .-iiv riel, \vith th(! el '""' ( post I roil i- i'oiii IM tliiit sdjiiiuc ( Inr (leci JMore imwilliiinly |»her d lese K'f is Mot stored '•••'■^ory. some of diem uidiiiolv |„it .....1.. (I 1 . , n J ' "« "le eliroiiieles of num, 'J 'X'H' llls(ori(' ehroiioiiiel Areh;eol ""' <<' '••IT'.V iy. indeed, in our 'V\ •">Mii himseK. fe,.|in_o. d,..,|, \^ ways widioiil reason. '»^vn day, has (akeii (he first of d le an ti- le <■••'< h(> was the niere^'ath •'""I waste leaves of th was not nnnierited, so I on<; ''•'''• <'!' shreds from di(> tattered l'"Hf. Now, however, when these "tf "rr '^'''- '""'•''•' '••^•■'''--'-'--i H..(.v oundthat they w..Ilivpay, lie, ^^^ anew eo||(>( '"'■•■""' '''''''l'l'<''Vr. Ihit .\lv||;i>oIo.r . 1 ■ I .' 1 I I ■ (^ iidaiK'v. Li(d (' more Ii;is I iiuiiali !"<' cl.issifv ,1 f,.u- isolated fact ""CM dene for i( ilmn t y '•'^ yet in its o aeeii- ""'.V ICirMllli.- (he MKMIliiio- ,,f d which its records ai ^Ve are indeed !»' several charactc Th V engrossed I'M in "•^t"iy of on,. „f the oldest and sludied Itraiichcs of tl "KtsI faithfiilli '•' science, may allord mi I ( xamjde lyTliOhlJCTlOiV. 1 o us wrH „. (U...„u-M-i..;r assunmcc, lor the wl,„Je. Jn 0J(, the M„n,.,l JcHuil, Father KirduT, puLliHlied hin /.r/.p,,,v Jh,,yi>tmrus, a ,„>„(lcr<,us treati.sc, on Erryptini, Jjieroolyphics, eo^nph-ted in ,six folioH, c.,r,tuining abuu t !c.-.nHno-. nnd no hu-k of confident UHHuranee iMit n.^vera word of Irutli in the whole. It i'h a fair .specimen (.f the l,d.o„rs<.f hieroglyphic stndents down'to l;<'y<'.-.r 17!)!), when M. Jiouehar.l, a Fren.-h offieer of l^^nom,MM-H, in di-irin- ti,e foundation of Fort St Julien <>" ti.e western b.-,nk of tJ.e iNih- l,,.tween Kosetta anut also ,n the enehori.1 or popuh.r Egyptian writing^ .'-Hd HI the (;re<.k e)u,r;„-ter .nd l.u.gu.gv. Here xC, s<'<"nH.d to |,e (i.e h,ng-coveted k.y to the mysterious ••'''^<"'1h of Kgypt. (lasts of it wc>re taken, liicsimiles •'Mgnived and di,>frihuled throughout Europe ; and ex- pcetation, rouse,! to the uhuost pitc-h of ,.xeir,.,nent I'uused tor a reply. |Ju( c-ighleci years elapsed heloro !»•. I honias Young, one of the greatest scholars of his n«v nuisteml the nd.de of (h,> key, estahlish.-d heyoml •<"•'•' riod of •sO'dy dunng whirl, Ih,. attention of many learned '!"■". ''••"^''^''■" <"'■'■<■'<"'• '" llu'c.itieal hm-stigation of "''■. Misenptions of (he ifosetia stone, ami the <-om IMnson ot then' divers,' ,-hara,-t,.rs. i\,.veHhe],.ss, i( was I'';; "'7'""" <•'■ ""' P"i"t <•!• tl... w,..lg„ All that follow,',! was ,.asy in .•,.mparis,.n with it. What has since l„>,.n a.-complish,.,l |,y (h,, ..-holars of Kurop,. in ruKiiisToiih' cnnaNivLMs. ll'<>U<>'|| '<>ll(l;iiy ;ili(i yslciii, w \\x> l^'iHnl,lli<.|,|or;,n-|,a,„|<.^i,.,| i„v...(,i.;.,,i.,„ wIh-.v (Im-v UlK'llVc .scK'liccM. '^ 'I''"; ^''"'■'"'- '" II'" '!nli.-h M..«m„„ |,„^.,.„ «■■' l"nc.« ,,„,t,„„i„j, r,,,,i| ,,.,;,„ „,. „,_, ' Woild <)| w He I (lev m,,...!- 'Pi i . •:":":•• :" •,--'"-' ™-.i.i.^..i..n,i,.i,j ^."" " '••''■''■'«• 'I- *"l|>l":.-.l .il™. ,l,.ili,.. „ "'""•^ '"I'- "Im..|, I„.|„„. ,„ ,,„„ |„„^,„ '—pin;. ,„„l ,„.,|,.,.« „• l„.i„„, "Tl„.„„i,, t'' ":'-'V"' "'""":'" «""l'«-l. wl„.„ i„s,ii„(i ,,' 1 . ■. osv ; ,„„l „, ...,.„„ I,,.,, ,,,„■ ;,„',„,„„ ; -^ oi. MM^.,,,,., ,,,, I,.,. ,,r ,,,,,,., .„, ,f;': : rw,;:'::?''':' '■"'■;■•'■'■ ■^'""■"■'■li^- ."'■••'«'^'i" '!"'."""■■' ','1 ■■' ii«v„i, j.,.„i„„i„,, ,,„„,,.,|,,,| , " ^"""', ;■';"■ r" ^^'-I'^-^'l -." hisM-i.. .i . , ""-'' ' '" '■'•" '«< -«.-&,„/,„„,„„„■,■,, ,,,„,,,,, M.'ll TXTItODUlfTIOX. g Mu«,.,„„, li,„, i,, i„ „„,„ i„ ,, „„„.,^ ,,|^^,j^_,^ ^^ _^^ ^1^ 10 g,.„ „Ki«fc ,l,,«„„t, of, that th. „„li,|„iti,..s |,i,;,:,. „„ to l-vn,«- up the ,:h,.si„,- data of ol,l..,, ,sy.Ht„„,., withtut ■ '''"xo. Il<: lahou™ to huild „r tha,t >„„H. i,„,,„rt,,„t of M the l,.u„cl,,H of ,,al„,.o„tology which pertains to eth- ""loKieal n,ve,t,gatio„H ; ami whiel, wl„.,i l„-.,„„I,t to -' -ity w, 11,,, fo,,n,l ,>ot le«» valuahic a» un eL,c.„t ."^'•l"'" ;'""■' "1 'I- l"«to,y of „ati„„s au,l of „,an- Kn„l, (ha„ t|„, g,,ui,„iati„al „oi,stn,„ti„i, ,m,.ol„g,»t applies to the aee,„„ulated acta p( |„s „„„ «e,„,„e ,|,e same j„-oces„ of i,:,luetive "■a-son,„g wli„-h the (reolooist ha. al,ea,!y emj,!,™,,! with »,i,:h «,„,„.„„ ,„ i„v,.sti,i;alinj,- curlier orders of heinj; l>.>th ,l,.al „-,lh unwriti,.,, hi„t,„y, aii,l aim at the rc- <-"ve,y ol annals l„„g chriaed im'trievaWy erased No,- IH ,t n„.,.ely in a parallelism of process, o. a e, „iin„ity " »ul,jeet, (hat the affinity is t,„e,.ai,le between theni Ihey n„.et on eonnnon «,,„„„!, and .lispnt,. the h^^rMn "' »n.u, of ,,1,1 Time's l„,p,ests. The det.-itns ,.eeoI a,eh,oolo«„-al as well as f,eol„gieal fia^ts. The mo,,. .v«nt .oh.vial sfataai-etl,.. l,.giii„,ate p,-operty„f both '■ "I" • ahov,. these lie the evi,len,.,.s of still later ehan-es ;■" th,M-arthssn,lae,v the .lelnis of su,«,ssive ages The Im,.,, ,.„,,», the entomi,.,! wo.ks of a.^t, ,,„d " tht h'eaps "i ree, ly cl„y, into which ,han,bered cities melt in their ;;;■''" .r.' *l'^- m..li»pn„,l l„.i,.loo,ns of the a.^h.," I",-,|^I. I ,,. yonng,,- s,-,ence treats, it is t,„e, of recent l'"i-„„ls, « !„■„ con,|„ ,e,l with the ,.,,,s of geolo, ical com I"""".""- '""'. "'■ --^ '■-" -ve.' tl-. any of tlC wZe ".■ga,nc ,-,.,na,ns are ,.|assi,i,,| in ,he systems into wl,i,.h he st,.ata, ,,i the earth', , ,„st have 1,,.,.,, e,„,„,e,|. Jim H..« ra,.,. win.-l, last of „|| has p,,,pl,.,l ,i,e f;|„l,e, „nee 10 PREUIHTORW VUliOXWLE^. teoming with ivmg ),eing.s so strnngoly divc.r,sc from nil that now iiihal,it it, i.s tlio race of iimii, whose liistoiy r'nil,i-a(.,es nobler records, and has claims to a deeper interest for us than the most wonderful of all the extinct monsters tliat once " Prone on the flood, cxten.led long and large, Lay floating many a rood." Among recent contrihutors to archaeological science, tiie Danish antiquaries have surpassed all others in the value and extent of their re searches. Occupying as thev <1<> a comparatively isolat<;d seat of early northern civili- sation, where the relics of the primeval and secomh.ry arch^ologicd periods escaped to a great extent th(3 dis- turl.ing influences of Roman invasion, they possess manv facilities for its study. Notwithstanding this, howevei- the mute but eloquent relics of antiquity which abound' there, excited, until a recent period, even less notic'e than similar ones luive done among the archaeologists of Ire- hmd and ^otland, where also aboriginal traces have been httle modified by the invading Legions, whose, niemori ,1s nearly supers.-ded all others in the southern part of the British Isle. The Scandinavian nations held the chief power among the r.ces of the remote north in eai'ly times. Rom(> scarcely interfered with their growino- strength and left their wild mythology and poetfc tradi" tioiis and myths iintinctured by the artificial creed which ^^Tew up amid the luxurious scepticism of the conquerors of the world. When the flood-tide of th<- legionary Hivaders had given back, and \At the scenes of their occupation like the waste lands of a, forsaken shore, the iNorthni«-n were among the first to step into their deserte.l -•on Scandinavian warriors ;-ii island the old northern language still lives, dialects of which were anciently spoken among the Scandinavian races melmbng the Danes of the south, and the Norsemen of tiie Scottish mainland and the Northern I'^les Enduring traces of those hardy colonists Jtill remain to furnish evi,len(-e of the source of much of our national <-hara,cter and hercditaiy customs. The religion of the Angles, the Saxons, the Scottish Norsemen, the Danish Wgian, and Swedish Scandinavians, was similar! Chnstianiy, which supplanted so much else, could not root out the memorials of their wild creed, which pre- of lyr, Woden, Thur, and Frca, favourite deities of the Northern mytlmlogy. In L.eland a large portion of the literature of this race still survives, in the form of inythu^ ^,ngs, sagas, laws, and other historic treasures, lo this the attention of Danish and Norwegian anticpia- lu-s IS now devoted witli untiring enthusiasm, and already we are possessed of some of its fruits These are of immense value to all the nations allied to the '•ommou stock, and am..ng them S<.,tland i-aiiks more f th,. next oldest, mid the Anol,, ivonians of the iveent periods of hist( On like grounds to those hy whiel. iiTivos at the 'tonelusion that the (*elt )rv. ■son in th(! north hy otlu lo'n'sts cone r 1 l^'cn tlie ahoritdual peoj 111- III rejeetinor the id Professor Nil e were ])i'ee(>ded no- aces, Diinisli and Swedish eth ca of the Fins havino- »ce of Seandinavi;.. The oai-liest !!ir!!^!!. "";"'""' '"■' *^»»<1. ^••com,)ani(Hl with the K' introduction IM-unitive eJasM of implements, prior to th of metal ni physical character alike from t] ■S a|)p(>ar to liaAv heionged to a, family ditf ('rillLr ic iiKxh'rn Fin and f ""y of the Aryan rares. Professor Nilsson nft •'xammation of the skeletons of tl I'oin <'!• careful colonists, and are r(!ai ^lily (list eapoc-ially of their ci 10 ahoiiginal Swedish •ania. I'ltants of Scandinavia . , , ,. . «fates that they ■"gu.shed from all th.. sul.s,.quent inha- Tl nve races are snpposc'd to h in Scandina '•ace ; and Mr. \Vi i\ <• succeeded each oti via prior to its coloni^^ation hy the true Su orsaae <'iTor to assume that cert justl y remarks — " Jt J ler ca s a vam Ml most ancient, hecaiise tl am races must iiictmtcstal.Iy ) mentioned in the 1 we ''^v and uiicert >«'y are tli(. first wliici le I are '"> written records which Po-^Hcss. •" llnforlunateiy, exdvniely littl ^vas paid uniil recently f,i tl. ■'"""•■' ^<»"nd ill IHtinh tmiuil atteiit ion CI h< "' «">^'" and form of rh I- Some few •wcver, have been preserveol Xiifuivt //isforf/nf'fh, I' .*' •"'|"»''fa'it additions, "1 i'i(jiiiry into this de "^T. i'J a suhsequcnt chap- rhthHt^'Mn,,^ liy |{, ({. I I'V W. .1. Tl '•"' Aiiil'iir.nrM „/ J),„m,n'H; i.y ./. ,]'. A. \\ iiktii ■•'". M.l». p, r}'2H. IIIIIM, l''.S,A. ,.t. p. i;i:i, iTNiaf, triuiMliiU'ii. i.t( \ LS'TliOJjUCTlON. 1.1 t«M'. To this biaiK-h „r .■videiK'c ^rreutor iinpoi-ttuKr will be attudic'd wlicii ii; lian lic(3ii tliomuglily iiivosti- gnt(>(l, since to it we nu.y ]„ok, with coniidenee, for a di,stin.jt ivply to the inquiry, which other <]epartiueiit.s ot urclia3oh)gieal evi.leiiee suggest, as to the existence of imniitive races in Britain prior to the Celtiw. 80 far as present data admit of general conclusions bein«.- di-awn we find ti-aces, as J (.jnceixv, of more tJian one rac(>' (htfernig greatly in physical characteristics from any of the suc(.'essive colonists of Bribiin within the vm of authentic records. The infancy of all written history is necessarily involved 111 fabh>. Long ere the scattered families have conjoine.l then- patriarchal unions into trilx's and dans, acknow- icMlgnig ^ome common chief, and submitting their diffci- J'lices to tiie rude legislation of the arch-priest or civil head of the comnKmwealth, treacherous tradition has C'onverte manageable in some respects, though m.t always • nor,, trustworthy. lb- n-aches the (-ra" of chronicles records, and, still better, of diplomas, charters, tleeds of gilt, and the like honest d.M'umci.ts, which, being written with no thought <.f posterity by tlu'ir compilers, are the most trustworthy chronicles that ].osb'rity has inh,.rited IhiH historic epoch of S<(.tlaml is involved in vwu more ohHcurily than that which clouds the dim and fabulous •noniing of luost nations. We ].ossess indeed the few I'id invaluable allusi,.ns of b'onian authors siipplviii..tw(-en the lilvra.y ].n/W .puts tins ample then,,., and .levotes liimself cxHusively to the professed object ,,f his investiVation ^vill. only such occasional deviations as might be .-x^ IHM'ti'.l Irom an ecclesiastical historian. hwnoDuariox. j^ With such Ju)).>n„u.s clu-oniclers peering hito the puBt. winch hj fnlly hve centuries nearer them tlian it does to us, there niiglit seem little left for the men of this o^.- p^>ncr.tion to do. Bnt unl.api.ily the very best ot monkish chroniclers must he consulted with caution ("ven us contemporary histcjrians, and scarcely at all as the recorders of what passed any length of time prior to their own day : their information l,eing nearly as ti-ust- wor y m regard to Noah and his ^>«,., ^,, to the t ditums of g<.nerati<,ns inunediately p.e..edh,g their owm L pnrticularly int..resting to the general reader." lill rec,.ntly, the lunei-failing apology for all obscuri tiosa.Hl dei.r,<.n..ies in Scottish history, has been the rape <>t ou.' muniments by KdwaiVl and by Cromwell. The onner spohati<.n supplied for some centuries an excus(> '"• "1 'hv^T,vs o( .gnorance, inconsist<'ncies, or pab>able 'lenders ; and the latter came most conyeniently to hand l"^'- niore recent dalliers in the same pleasant fieM of his- t-rx. rami, bng. Edward and (Vomwell both contributed •; i»<"Ip'Mg hand to the obscurity of S.-ottish history, in ho i.r as they carried off and destroyed national Vecords '';;''--;• »'^"|| «"IV'H (o WW Min.lv of wl,„(, iv,n„ii,r.|. ,,imI I I M ivwdrdcd |»v |||M , IIIAC <'''<'Vrlv ,>| chcMl N.jkIr ,,|- ,|„,s(,y '''7'\''"^''''''l'l''<"'lHnl^,|lHor(M.uril,,. (wriril,. (|,iH,.,.n(,| illHl ln|||'|n>ii||| (•(•Mini ''M. <'(»lllilllllll;i;' liiiiirH <.r ||iH|u|'i( ""':'•"""";"• 'l'l'<'«'-<'■ "';• •^■"'..« anil.ors, |.n( will, ..o ,|,nno|., ,|,,,„ KiNlory would .>vrr.,urMlio„ (|„,,„ |;,, ,|„, ,,,„,, ' ;"' ••""»;'" ••'■^ i'^ ""• 'i''l"l lliMMoiH.n ,o ||„. |i,,,,„,, '•'^^'MnMiy. (l,.s.Mvdl vnv ,Kn(i;dly s.,i.|v .,n.nrs,lo,,oi,,:s ••"''^•' ••' '^"ovvi.mi^v ocd... ,,,,,.,,,,1 ;, ,,,,„. ,,, ,,;^- Mrnvslral .■l.nn ulu.vor ,1.. „v i..;. ...iddlo l.nk. ;• •-. .'nmrd l.,,rk ,1... snp,,os.d linnl.s of ,n„|,,„„; tMlrdonian Inslory r.dly ;, ,|,o„,s,,nd v-.n.s l.,.|;.,v (I.,. 0'.sv.n^,,h..„daun(.dl.o,.dH..nl.,s. ('i,,ln,rrMJ.vo.o,.v H «..'y. V.U.I, ,lM> ,u.:,;,NN,N„ whi.l, w.. .s,i|| ,|,.,sid,.ral<« Mu«l. oos..nn,y ind.vd v...nisl,..s. W. l,.oi„ ,, dis.ov.T "'•'• «li«' Noiihmi and.So.iih.n. I'iris, so ion..' (|„> sni." J«v« ot mys(.,y and r;d.k Nv.v. no oih.T I I.Mn (i.M Vila. • '''"''" ''""^'■''•■^ vvl..>roundod tl..« I )alnadir kingdom u,' i.STiiohraTios. I!» AiXyl'-Mliiiv, mid (iliiin;i(..|y .-..nlrnvd M \vllnl w<'iv (.Illy. •Ill hisli ">M'>i'''ji(lily;iiii;i|M;uniil('(| '7 .'''^''''''''■'''■'■'^••■''''^••'■('.■ri<-i'(.i.r(.s,s),( all coiiii OIKHlrHl," |(,no. |,„xz|,.,| •H<'M<'.' (.r iiiiy ,l«.|i„,,,| (,,.,„,,^ „|- H"ni.'\vli;ii I 'IS <'<)uld ilHaiiiiais l.c nrovcivd." '" "' f'llic few records of Sir I « wlii..|, li.. |,,s |,.ri lor(li,Ui..||M.r'otlierM,'|| <'HH Mlleresl, lo (loll M-'iac. Newton's rejl ec I 111'' ^? "'oinprelieiisive IJioiKdil • M-ciirs ll •T'"'""," "'•" "'•' i"l'"l'i(.-"'l.^ ..r (Ilis uorld ^Ik'I'I diile. sei'iim- |||;|| <' lollovv IM ('le.iriy Jire of a. needle. ,>(,. ••ill arts, as ieirers, ships, |»riiitin«', '"■^'<»''V. The reli.-cl were discovered wilhiii (I It' nieiilory ()(' data il K'" 'M a- very |>i(-i.nan(, <»ne. Th MMoovsis (o „,s ..,,s land-marks of ( NV'H'lii cxlcndiiinand imi,i„o- ( line are we \vi(h (heir aid we niav arriv(> a( •> .'iccoiinl, iC so he ilijii ««>nie (nis(wor(liy sys(ein <• r';'--""'<'^y, wherehy (o (ravel hack towards Hiar d winch w.' conceive oCds (he I !((' in (I »t'i»iniiiii< "■^ iii<|""'y (he lahonrs of the lit lllllU'S. t'l'.'iry an(i(piary "">V|>y.>r /.-alonsly p.irs.K.I. will h„t little "avail '■'•"■hinn' (hedesi,.,.,! poim. The aiK ''••'« l'<'<'n lono. janiiliar widi the el lis III "•■y. (hoiioli (iniiin.",^ (h(«m ( iiis( |m>(i(altl (he hierool '' •'"'•'oiint as. till a v "lon-r the Nile. Th(> | is letters: jnstiv (irst ypliie records irraveii u\\ \\ "|"iiiy, nevertheless, t'lnenls of this older •• very niiicli the same •■y l-eeeilt period, he did K' .uranite tahlets Vfiliie. Karhoinelit.r arts. I races of mankind, lininhh "•«< "t .'irts iiK'iitioned hy Newton '" I'"'"' "'■ 'l',U"i(yanHii ■cs Mid if cfcrttion ])r<'scrv(Ml to ii,s in the M JiHHUining that iiiiiii, hemiinintr with tl we are jiistitied I)y tin? records of osau; luimitive, in o tl f lin-I I'UveH and the coat of ,sl. le woven garment inH, has sJowly progi-cssed 'I'ougJi suc(.'esHive stages to the knowledge of nobh.T irtH, and tlie high(!r wants of an intelligent heiii.r then we I uiV(^. only to establish evid establish evidence of the most [)rimitiv(! .•u-t.s, pen'aining to the primeval race, in order to he .'issuivd that we have reached the true heginnino- i,t whi'h w(. aim. In the g(>n(M-al investigation, iiKfeed idlowane,. must be made for the sp(>edy h)ss of pri- mitive m,-tallurgic arts which would foHow almost of necessity on th(> exo.his of the eai-lirst nomades from then- Kist.Ti. birtiiland, th.mgh preserved p,Th;.ps by Mh" founders of the Asiatic king evidences of a primitive state of society, still abounding in (he midst of modern civilisa- tion, altracted (lu- attention of the antiquary. It was indeed almost a necessary consetpience of the" accumula- |"»'> <•( large collections of aiiti.piitics. The private ii"."d.s ol "nick nackets,""-ii„.hi,ling in general a mis- '•'"ll.'n.'ous assortment of reh'cs of all ages, only sumcient to produc.< a confus(>d notion of us,>less or obsolete arts without creating a detinKc idea of any singl.> era of (I,.' /yTHODucTIOX. i'l pnHt.-n.ay be nptly conipui-cd to tlic c//.s;Vc^« 7y^,;,,6m ot some bouutifuJly-proportioiiod and dccomted vase lloa]-((ed aj,art, the pieces are nearly vvitliout value and to new ])08sessors become even meaningless. But should the wj.ole, l,y sonic fortunate chance, be reas.sembled HI a smgle collection, it becomes possible foi- a skilful ''»"ii,pulator to piece the fragments together- and replace them witii an el(«gaiit and vahiable work of ar(, Thus It has])roved witii more tluui one archteological museum In 1780 the Society of Anti.piai-ies of Scotland was I'stabhshed, and its collecti.m of national antiquities l»<;gnii. A brief but most suggestive paper, read at one ot Its meetings in 1782, and published in the first N'olume of Its Transactions, shows the early results of su obj(Htts foi- their expenditure. The hint was lost, but the accumulation of materials for future students was happily not altogether abandoned. "Al)out forty years ago," says the eminent Danish iinthpuny, J. J. A. Worsaae, writing in 184G, "the general character of scientific jiuisuits was in our country nnich the same as in most oihe,- parts of Europe (Jr.«atpams were spent in c.^He.-ting ail sorts of ol)jects ilhistratrng the changes „f (I,,. o.|„be up.m which we'live and the dishibuli.m and habits of animals and plants—' m short, ail tin; departments of Natural History ; whilst strange to say, jM'oj.le for the most part neglected travel '.'/ nwu, the remains not only of their own ancestors, Init ' •• Am f n,niry int„ H... Kx,u..lk.nt« us.xl Ly th. S...,ts l„.f.„v tl.. I.is.ovo. y If ;'; S f! .: 90 nil Kin STORK ' VIIRONWLKS. iilso ..fjiJI (lu, ,lifr,.rcnt. i-jicch wIk, |,;,vc I,<.,.„ si.ieii.1 (.vcr "'<' worM. TIk' antiquities, with I lie cxccplion <»f tlioHo ••I Itnn.iiii ;m.l (Ji-ock orioiii, uciv ivoanled „s mciv '•nnositu.M, wilii.mt any sciciitiii.- value."' iS^)t\vitli- •stantlnio- all Ih,. x.'a! „r JlntisJi airliio..]<.oists <.f hito .ycnns, s.) nuuth <,f this .spiiit .sliU ivmaiiiH anionir us, that It wouM h(> casioi', iHThaps, cvi-ii now, to Hccuro the ])ur- H.Ms.' I.y H... Trusters of tile J>.ntisli Museum, of a Konian slalu.. or an l^ptian (ahiet, than of vahial.ie relies of Ih'itisli anti(|ui(v. One man has within (he h.st forty y,.jn-s aeeon.plishe.l "•': '<"• Dnuuarlv only, hut for Europe, what the whoh- muted JMhours „f ,.,rlier ar,-h:eolooi,sis f,ile,l to do ■Ahout the y<.ar 1 8 I n, tjie present Danish (\,uneilJor of ^tat,>, V. .1. Thouksen, the s(,n of a niereJiant of Copen- 'JM-vn, was appoint...! S.rretary ..f a Jfoyal C.niniission "'• M'<' IMVservaf ion and .•..lleeti.u. ..f natioj.al anti.juiti.'s. It liad th.'u he.Mi in ."xistonco aonie seven .)r eioht years '"».! (1... whoJe result of its h.lmurs was a f.-w u.is.rlla- "<'"»'« arti.-l.vs, un.-lassiti.'.l an.l uneare.l for, ]yini-itain. This, therefore, is th(i system on which the following data are arranged, subject only to such modi- fications as seem n;iturally to arise from national or local p.-iiliarities ; and with a full recognition of the fact thai in many cases the cLissificati(m into periods must be accepted rathei' with a view to its eouveni ence, than fi'om any conviction of an absolute chrono- logical se(|uence. Nevertheless, when not forcal beyond its legitiniale ai>|>lication, the succession of archa.M»h)- gicid periods will be found a key to inijtortant dis- closures. It is not necessary here to enter on the question, of curious interest and value, as to whether the primeval state of man was essentially one of barbarism, from w hence he |>i-ogressed by slow degrees to social union, arts, civilisation, and (he puliticjil organi/atinn into com 24 PREHISTORIC CIJRONICLEH. t m munities and nations.^ The iiive«tigatioiis of chroiiulo- gist8, the further they are pursued, appear the more certainly tc confer on primitive civilisation a remoter antiquity. At the same time, they confirm the idea . tliat the long accepted chronology of Archbishop Usher, still attached to many English Bibles, cheats the world at the lowest computation, of fully 1400 years of its ex- istence : a trifle perhaps in the age of worlds, but no un- important element in the history of human progress, when, in the interval between the era of the Mosaic deluge and the accession of the Egyptian Menes, we are required to account iov the peopling of Egypt, the establishment of Its socia and political constitution, and the founding of a civilisation, the monuments of which are still amonS he most wonderful that human intellect and labour have produced. The whole question, indeed, of Mosaic chronology, mcluding the inquiry whether the data fur- nished for antediluvian history were ever intended to be literally interpreted into a sequence of annals, chal- lenges revision ; but happily it lies beyond the range of <^ur present subject. Of the primeval inhabitants of our «nvn quarter of the globe, we as yet know only ^ith any <%ree of certainty of the C'elt.e, occupying a transi- tional place m the history of the human family at onc-e the earliest known intruders and the latest nomades ot Euroi,e. It was probably more from their deficiency tlian t uir excess in the (p.alifications whi.-h we expecit fo find 111 the colonists of new regions, that the V^M^ ^vere driven onward in their north-western pilgrimaoe initil their course was arrested by the Atlantic barriers' Nevertheless, they appear now as probably the ohlest li^uropean branch of the great Aryan family of nations, f<' winch so many evi.lences justify us in ^,ssulnin^• a ' Tl.o author ha. nunut.lv .li.s.n..s«e.l thi.s ..u.^Dio,, in his h.luMonr M,n, lu.rarrl„. ,„u, „„ Origin .f rirlU.,,,.,, ;„ „„ nUJ „„/ y, „. „-,,,,/. , s." ' INTRODVCTION. 25 foremost place aiuoiig the gifted races of the world. The earliest literature of our country survives iu Celtic majiuscripts, and, until recently, the oldest of prehis- toric chronicles were believed no less certainly to refer to the same ancient race. But it is no longer doubted that similar records also preserve the history of British tribes, in comparison with which the ancient Celtte must be regarded as of recent origin. " The antiquities of the earlier periods," says a distinguished English anti- quary, " including all remains which bear no evident stamp of Roman origin or influence, claim our most careful investigation. Exceedingly limited in variety of types, these vestiges of the ancient inhabitants of Great Britain are not more interesting to the antiquarian (^ollectoi- on account of their rarity, than valuable to the historian. They supply the only positive evidence in those obscure ages, regarding customs, warfare, foreign invasions, or the influence of commerce, and the a'cl- vance of civilisation amongst the earliest races by which these islands were peopled."^ Perhaps when we have bestowed on those primitive remains the degree of care- ful investigation which they merit, we shall find the vjiriety of types less limited than is conceived to be the case. The arcliaeologists of Denmark justly value the absence of all relics of Roman art and civilisation, from the confidence it has given to their researches into the true eras to which their own primeval antiquities l)eloiig. Such gratulations, however, can only be of temporary avail. The influence of Roman arts and arms furnishes an element in the civilisation of modern t:ui'ope too important not to be worthy of the most <-areful study. When the distinctive characteristics of Roman and primitive art Jiave Ixn^n so satislnctorilv ' Mr. AUicrt Way on " Am'ient Ainiillif n| Col. \ 111. \i. |). ■"),■). \."—AirllflnJn;/l,iil,/,,i,,-)i(l/, 20 PMKinSTOJiH ' CmWNWLE^. est^ihlislied .H to admit of their separates classification without risk of error or confusion, tlie British collec- tions with their anipL" store of Anglo-Roman relics, will furnish a far more comprehensive demonstration «)t national history than those northern galleri(^s which must remain destitute of any native examples of an influence no less abundantly visible in their literature uiid arts, than in that of nations which received it directly from the source. In this re»pe(-t the Scottish jmtiquary is peculiarly fortunate in the ficdd of ol)ser- yation he occupies. While he possesses th(3 legionary inscM'iptions, the sepulchral ta])lets, the sculptures pot tcry, and otlier native products of Roman colonists or invaders, he has also an extensive- and strictly defined ^^\^i tor the study of primitive anticpiities, almost as I'citcctly free from the disturbing elenx-nts of foreicrn ait as the most se.-luded regions ..f ancient Hcandinavla PART I. THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. " Ciiin in'iii'i'iisrinMt pririiis iiiiiniitlia ti'i'ri.., Miitnm el Im-pc piviis, tilnndcMi iitiiiie ciihilia iii-,i|,(,.r Uiigiiilms ct iMiKiiis, iloiii fiirttihus, ntqin. itn purni PiiKMaliiiiil, iiriiiis, ipui' post I'aliiicaviTiit usii.s : l)iitic(' vi'i-liii, (piiliiis vdci's scusiisipio iKitniciil, Niiiiiiimtiue iiivoiK'iv." Uuiia( li, .s■((^ lili. i. ,i. (JHAI'TEK I. 77/ A' PRIMEVAL TRAXSITIOX. rHK closing- c"iM)cli of goolooy, which (>nil)rj I CCS gy, though too extensive to he einhlared in the presijilt review^of its <'i^''n.>iits. This much, l,ouvv,.r. we learn fr..m an ex- •'"•"""""•" "I' 'y of Jiritisii loHsiJ «' 111 ivcciit years ( oiJg' .since cxtiiicf. o complete (Ik iti(»n has been j.aid („ \\ »a-o most deeply inr.Tested '"•'"""■•''■.•> ; ■••nd fhonoh 1 CSS JM'C- to 1)0 witl 'onsid(T('d u' 'iucstion in vvliicli wo are i'« to what porli,„i of (lien, I niau. M iroun. Tl .y<-'t on this also i„t .'IS liavinrr l,e,.„ ,,„„^j^, injumincoiis K' niost extensive d '''■*'«'i"g li,^ht has 1 ivmains and ivcent shell vjilleys l»y whiel, (I, ■•""'overies of ma « .U'enera Jiy »ecn ninialian tal laJ< !ves phie,', aixl J l»i'«'H<'nt draiiiao'e ,,f (j o<'eur alonir tJie •<■ <'oiintrv <^'» I'l.-ire III its physh-al eonf »^'^;^'« wo infer (hat litlle ehan-re | las position. These, I ''"'iioeeros, eave lij ivferrihle to the earl lowover, ineliideth oi'ination since fh,.;,. ^\^ (' IIL I', With other extinct s) 'ininoth, elephant, <*'<»He t)f which we h; Hi;it period i,i ^yj^f,.] K^'i' portion of a I il '<'<'U'M, and an; ' <'|»o<'h, with the very latest st nuc ot •vo alono to d,.al. They |,el • our plaiK.t was pussino- throuirl pivparatK.n prior to it loiiiT to I it,^ •y ">iin ; a, jHTiod racter, and with ^\<''l with diminish,.,! "" \^"""' ••■^'•i'*''^ ill Ihe thouohtfnl «''-»,.r sympathy than all that pr,r,.,h.d """,iii-"|»l'i<':>l dispositi,,!, ,»f t|„, ,,j ll'eo Tl mind a. le ,y'eiieral •'""" "'•■.uIoIh' was then nearly as I-'-'";" "fit. insnlat,.d, as it is ' '""'"- ''' «^''""' l^lj'JT: ^^"'"r^^" '^'""<1 was. .1 ""w- Vet it isof thif rainiliarh»,.alitvtlnt th, o-.l / " " **' ""'^ thisis|.,n.l / !"*"^'' l'"''''""t"l<'«iN( ivmarivs: "l„ ^•"sisl.iml anterior toll,.., leposition of the ,lnfi il. ^••'•- asso,,at,.d with Ih,. ..,e,t exfi,„./f •""•«''<''■•' imi-na,.f(he,.av,w i,. rh T ^ *'«"''' '"■"' «•""' •'•••nnnii.,..,- : ::::'7;'^'-^'f <'^-ni.on "i, II, in\ (ic\(.|,, „,, or, Cr oC di,. i. i • v-'-'.s mammalia, a (eli,.e ani nal I I |, ' "" /"^-/"-l as laro.easth.. tio-., |' j'^"'^'";''"'^- ••istniii„.„tsof,lestru.lioM • . •''"'"'' '•>' "^ ' '"'"""""•••'«'val.T|,.r,.,.Jtv."' It was ICll.M- I'l TUK PRIMEVAL TRAA.^TTION. '2\) witlin. tli(^ opocli (() wliicli thoM! .strange maninial.s belong, iuid \vliil(! Hoiii.^ of thcni, and many other eontenipo- nuKioiis forms of b(!ing, still animated the scene, that man was introduced. Of this the evidence has accuniiil.ited in recent years to un extent which starth-s tlxi most ardent in(|uirer by Its novel r(;v<.la,tions. in the drift gravel of Fi-ance and J^^Hgland the Hint implements which reveal the presence ot man have been found by himdi-eds, in immediat(^ juxtaposition witli the Ix.nes of the fossil nuistodon, I'hmoceros, and odier extinct mammals ; am), as it now {ip|)ears, tlie evidem-.e of this had h)ng since been known, though, nn"siiit,.ri)rcted, until attention was recalled t(i the unheeded disclosures of imi)lemenls of flint in the drift-gravel of Kent aud Suffolk, by recent discoveries of a like nature at Abbeville and Amiens.' The remains of the giganlic fossil elk {Mcjairros JJUhthIcils) have been h)un refus(> left frora human repasts.^ In' the re.-ently explored llrixham cave, on the Devonshir(> coast.^similar remains of the fossil rhinoceros, along with th(! /^:,fNiis nthalhis, tlu> Corrits farainhis, ur rein-deer, Jind several of the extinct caye <-arnivora, lay eml>e breccia M'ith Hint knives;'' and by more .direct and ample evidence it has been shown that the north of Kurope was occupied by the human race at a ' Ar. I Chap. time wl,en not „«ly tjio Ho. p,-i,m,,euins, an,l tl,. Bison jm^us, but the Ursus sp,>hus, cxistcl.' Of the uZ xpAnm, or gveiit cave bear, a skeleton is preserv,.! in the .n«.se„„, of Lnn,l, found in a ,,eat-bog il, Sea:,i 1 . gravel or st.me deposit, alongside of primitive in,ple. n onto rf he elu«e ; and Professor Owe!,, after referring the penod of ,t, existence to earlier geological ..poeh, ;;Jj . as the eonelnsion suggested l,.f,res™t evlCe:; that the genns survivmg, or under a new sj.eeihe torn leappeanng after the epoch of the deposition and dis- l«™on of those enormoHs, unstratiHe,], supcrheial aecu- . m la lons of niar,,,,. and fresh-water shingle and .v,,,vel fM and .Uhninn,, has been conrinne.l durir, gT ! formation o vast tens aii.l turbaries ujion the pivsent surface of the island, and until the multipllea.iin:: advancement of the hu , ,,„,. in(ro,h„.ed a new cause of ex ermination, under the powerful influence of whi..h he B,,,r was hually swept away from the indigeu.nis fauna ol Great Br tan."* To the i,.,ti,. ., n' """« 1„. ...1 1 1 *i I , , native nunnm.ils may « added the roebuck-, the re,l and fallow deer, the wild I'ljar the brown bear, the wolf, the beaver, and the ,.o .rflot which have undoubtedly e.Kisted as wild anim Is Ins country, a_nd oeen gradually domesticated or e. - niputotl hy mail.' ' British Association lor .\(lvaii.'..iii..iit „i- v ,, «'..» Own. I„t, ... xxxiii., ,;, 40.V ""■^'' "• ' '"• ''''•' ••• •■" ■' '•* Owi'h'h Untkh F.H..;i M„mm„ls, ,, 107 ..:.':i;;;:i::i,J!:t;;::;;n;:,:;:;^;:""';„;:! f ■- > ••ilmriM. |.a.tiH. l.imliH. ^A rl wo H n "'■''""«''"' '''""^" i" «i...-.lon>H /AW, ,,• M, //I j. s, 7:"1 ""■•"•"-"-'"..■nf i"nu.l...s a toIn..|.,v .,u..n.siv, To liK r ^ ''• •'•' '''■ <'•"•. -v..„t. tl. ......turv :_.. 1 , : , . ''"'T ■:' ■'"^'"■'•''-' -" in tho ::;c::a::;:^::::;:[^::;:;r•;:t-^^ ^^ :.;^-::;::i;:z IOhak I.] THK PRIMEVAL TRANSITION. ai T]ie most interestirig species for our present inquiry arc tiiose udnpted for doraestieation, umong which tlie Bovithti occupy a promiueiit place. Of these, the crreat tossil ox {Bos immiijenim) is very frequently found HI Scotland. Dr. Fleming describes a skull of one in ns possession measuring 27^ indices long/ and a still icirger one fnmi Rox]>urghshire, now in the Scottish Ajitiquarjan Museum, measures 28 inches in lenoth No evidence leads to the conclusion that any attcmipt was made by the native IJritons to domesticate either of tlie two kinds of gigantic oxen, the bison or great urus, «t .l.ng., .-ur-igigl, ,„• knag (winch i, a f„ull lyk vnto a ..arokct ...• ..arrot w.l,u,n, te.ll,., w.l.Igous.., rn.goMsc., routs, wl.aips. Hhot-wliainH. wo.„lc„k la.k..s. .sparnnvos sny,., l.lakl.ur.l^ .... ...sills, n.ewciH, thrush.., ., T.I, t '^ V ,, , , '"'*'■••• ""-' ''^ M'"" tlit'su nvors, and vnon all till' Odst (.f . Il« ..f groat l.,g„..s. w.th .11 ..rt. ..f ^holl ,isl., a...l .lyvcrs ky,ul« oL2 •nil, WlK.„ vo rc.n..,nl,c.r that this an-ple invont-ry is „f a late .laf -uul -ks n..t only the Oale-lonian l.uU. the elk, an.l "the wil.l-I.oar ki led v ;'.;;'•':"• r. ;; ':'Vf - -<• «-t n.anhood wa^ verie inti.:;v^ Ki J . holnn.Keau-.Mo.r," ,„.t also, in all proUal.ility, n.any n.ore of tl e .^ Ir . H ... the N..wl,,„.y ,.eat-valley, whe.e they we.e to,...d twe,.ty f et k 1 the ,,.e.ent .sn,_fave, ,.sso,.iated with the ,.e,..ainH of the wildd 1. . J^ p T ;.;;;• ;:.. ";f '"'":■ ""- '"""• ^*"- '• ••• ^^^ = >^- ^-^«: vi : !'• I , and (icr//. ^iVr/^. y,, , ... i, ooTl In ,>.. i <• !■ .> •■ , ;:;:; '" ;•■"' ■>'";'"• ' ™' '"^"" ' •■■• "'-"■'--.'«.. '*;:;:'!, !i- 'e oi.t paHH...i , .1. (I, Of li,. f,.,„„ ,,.. !• I 1 •• ♦ .. '\>iiiniji at 1 . ^' "J ". I'e t;.\i....ii'r o| Nkiire , 11 (I., ' ,.ti. it,./ l>„,.i w < vol. ;. p. JJO.'JJ. ' ' "''• (■"'• '"''. '^'•('^ ■ u I: ■ 32 TIIK PHIMEYAL OR STONE PKlilOD. [Chak which the Romans discovered 0,1 first penetrating into the north of Europe ; though both undoubtedly formed a source of food. Mr. Woods refers to the discovery lus on the \Vi tshire Downs, afong witli bones of deer and boars, and fragments of native pottery, in proof ot the existence in this country originally of a " veiy lai^e race of tm^rine oxen, although most probably entn-ely destroyed by the a,boriginal inhabitants before the mvasion of Britain by C^sar." But besides these there was also the smaller native Bos longifrons, the fossil bones of which have been found assockted with those of the eleph.-,iit and rhinoceros, thouirh their more frequent occurrence is in ancient British graves or alono-- side of Koman urns and Samian ware. Thus we le.m of the existence of three species of wild oxen, associated with geological indi.-.tions and fossil remains which serve to demonstrate that they roamed the unmha),ited wastes of northern Europe cn-e Britain had been insulnted i-om the continent ; while we not only ascertain that they «m-vivecl to be the contemporaries of the first colo- nists of the British Isles, but we have abundant evidence of the domestication of one at least, prior to the date of Koman invasiou, and of its perpetuation in later Saxon iim.s Scarcely less interesting is the eviul aJwo ot Its us(! for food. This slight glance at the most prominent indications oi th. prnmnal state of the (.omitry, will suffi.-e to con- voy some Idea of the circumstances under whirl, tl.. ' firilisl, Fmsil MituimnN, i. '.00 Arrhtvitl. Joitr. \;,]. vi. •(•"> ; Vol, X, a [Char !•] THE PIUMEVAL TRANSITION. 'I. K, 33 aboriginal colonists entered on the possession of the Bntish Isles Other portions of the sLe line of Uu- ment, denved frona the fossil mammalia, and the eire nm- Sh'rt' ""^'' "r "^ '"^'^''™-'- -» --« -J- cspecully, furnish interesting and eonclusive evidence of he very remote period of the presence of man i, Seol fonni :;"V"V'Tr"' ■<''"■""■ ^'"■''^»'"')' ^'"i-X onnd ui a fossd state, is proved to luvc existed as a ivi,^ species, both ■„ Scotland and Wales, d.,«-n to he long ,,ftei tuc primitive states of society had cntirelv passed a«-ay, also serve to illustrate the hmg ti, J^ , J l.erio,l of disp leemcut of the older fauna b^ mf The same causes winch exterminated the huge luus ti e cue ear, aud otliei. of the largest and most hitraetal, .f »i d denizens of the British forests, ultimately led to tlie cMnictam of the greater number of those which eiti r i"g.c^s. lln.s we observe, in the economy of nature at one species after another disappeais, t,f make wly newer occupants, until at lenglh the last of ZZ « ...•eadanute races of being give place beftn-e Z S.adud advan,.;enie„t of man to assume possession of erivstrud domiuion But while Ihe novi disclos ,"s of geoh.gy have startled us by the auliquity which thev ■M.l>.'-- to establish for the lium,„i rac , they Id no '•"";;•'•";""- I" the idea that man ent red m ' | '-■ i' ^.tter some tremendous cosmical revolution v made way 1„, „,. emirely new race of beings, bu i unlrary all i,s latest disclosures cu.finn tl,: ,pin o e was ■n.rodu.x.d as the lo,,| „f ,,„ i,,,,,,,^,, ^.„ „ , '^ m possession ol many inlerior ord.as of creali.ai. C'o, "■"'l"™'>»"'"l'"""-liemarl-'!" «';-". to the verge of perpetua b"^L. a T T"-'' "''" P"'*^ *^"" «■'■'-'■'* "fountain uarnei, and exteiuls its ravages witl, tlie le,»,.>r,l tl, pu«tl,er, and the cheetah, int". Bochar t ', ;: cha,„ and mto Siberia, as far as tl,e iiftieth dt ■ cuui asses. j\o clianoc, therefore of oW r trnXT'i'-'*^ ^'"'""""'"'" ''^™'"^™' '--'f • to account for th,. disai,,,e„r„nce of the ln,»e JJritish Y**->. 1*^'^'^"! <^'5 *"^' <'l«>siiig trans tion-poriod of Li: wf :;:,: ?■■"'• r"'- "^ •" "'^'■'- ^->-tioi;;:; l "•-." "" '''"'" ''■■»•« to conside,' som,! traces of then, survived among the inheritor of the new era luTefore a logitimat,. sour,., of in. ,t," th .■.„•,' pu. as among the fossil ni „„|„ f,,,,,,,] j„ „ '"*'' <1^'P.-.I«, wh,.rein so nu„.l, of the eviden e ' ' ;; ™ -enee nn,st he songl.t. It discovers i '■uth , ,.nd n, a new sense shows man, noi as an ' "'"'"* f i i V 1 1" ! I, •/ ; i! I 30 77/ A- PlilMEVAL OR STONE PEllIOD. [Chap. isolated creation, but as the last and best of an order of animated beings, whose line sweeps back into the shadows of an unmeasured past. How icr back man himself is to be looked for in the palaeozoic chronicles uff. .uiei life is a question on which novel issues have been raised since the first edition of this work. In Mie interval, Professors Forchhaminer and Steenstrup have been associated with the distin- guished arcliLt^ologist, Mr. Worsaae, in exploring the Umisli peat-mosses, and minutely iuveriliguiing the con- tents of a remarkable series of ancient sh«3ll-mouiids or coast- refuse -heaps, called by the Daui.h antiquaries hjockkcnmotddinger; the supposed kitchen refuses of the aborigines in primeval centuries. The results of the exploration of the peat-mosses show that the country was covered within the human period wiih indio-enous pnie forests, among which the Scotch fir {Plmts 'sulres- tris) predominated, thcmgh this tree is now unknown .s ci native ot Denmark. The peat has been found to vary ni depth from ten to thirty feet ; and Professor Steen- strup specially notes his recovery of a Hint implement from beneath a burh.,! trunk of one of the fossil pines, ihe age of the pine forests appears to have been suc- ceeded by one of oak, in wLich trees of large growth of the Quercus rohur semjlom predominated. To this succeeded other varieties of oak, along with the alder, bn-ch and hazel: wJiilst throughout the whole historic period the predominant arborescent vegetation of Den- mark has been the beech {Fagu, .ilmtica), which still flourishes there with great luxuriance. There thus a].- pears to have been a succession of periods in Denmark distinguished by their arborescent Negetati<,n : first the age of piiie ; second, the age of oak ;\aid third. thJ a<.e of beec^i, which still <.ontiuues. Such varying su<-ctts- Hions of trees l.nv. already been recognised auion.r the ■: ' I I [Chap. ill! order into tlie or in tho )n v/liicli iitiou of luimnier i (listin- •ing the the con- luids or iqiiaries -'fuse of s of tlie country igenoiis sylves- lown fis to vary Steen- )lement I pines. i3n suc- )\vth of [o this alder, listoric f Den- jh still Ills ap- nniark ■St, tJio he aw iUf'ces- ig the ^ THE PRIMEVAL TRANSITION. .'57 iJieDomen. of the Nmv World, wl.ore tho cle«tn„:tion of the ancient forest is followca by ,h^ growth of entirely different speeies. The change, therefore, does not neees^ saniy imply any essential variation in the climate ; hut IS prohahly chiefly .lependent on alterations of the soil consequent on protracted accimuilations of veoetahle monld. Doubtless, eorresponding reseavehes in thl Seot- isi peat-mosses would bring to light no less interesting evidence of the changes which this country has undei" gone since it was in the occupation of man nit ■;;"* \';^^:7''.^7f "■»' ^>'""g the shores of most of the JJanish islands immense mounds exist composed chiefly of the shells of edible niollus si bu n ei^persed with bones of quadrupeds, birds, and hsh, the refuse of ancient repasts; and also with bone oni, flint, and stone implements, fragments of coai^J pottery, and other rude prodnets of human industry fennilar accumulations of the refuse of aiieient feasts arc. lot unknown on some of the Scottish mainland and ishmd coasts, though they have not been subjeeteil to any sne 1 systematic exploration as those of Denmark, True sli. -moun.s, precisely correspon.ling to the Danish ktclienn„dde„s,lune been noted on difi-cvnt parts of I .Morayshire coast, and especially in the vicinity of .".ghea.l, and along the shores of the Loch of Spynic hcl""f 7""''\f "Xff"'- »l'o,ii,ds, but minglc'l with' shells of the cockle and other edible niolhis,,. In ., ccn-respoi„n,g shell heap at Savroek, in Orkney, inoi.;. {Lmhohm,aU,^ consfitnted the most abundant ,-on- teii.s, though mixed with the oyster, ..scaUop, and whelk -..1 «i. I hones of the whale, deer, ox, liors'e, ami sheep; fe" ne of the latt.-r, and also portions of deorVhor,,, were l=ishioii,,l i„io „up|,,„„„(s: ai„l In the iMorayshiiv „|,ell- """""'" ■^""''="' '■'■'"•■""- li"ve I „ f,„„„|, ii,t„r,„i,„d„d If. \ i ?t ■ 38 TI/A' I'lUmVAL OJt ^TONJ^ PEIUOD. [Chai. With riint-flake.s, knives, and arrow-heads, and with bone, .xf the ox and red deer, broken lengthways, precisely as in those of the DanisJi mounds, with a view to extract the marrow In the recent construction of a railway at Uachnaliarry, near Inverness, a shell-moun.l of the same class was brouglit to light ; and traces of others have been observed on the neighbouring coasts. Now that attention has been directed to this interesting dei.art- nient of archc^ological evidence, we may expect results lio less valuable than those which have already rewarded the mtelligent zeal of Danish arch^ologists. Amono- the mounds explored in Denmark, many have been fSund of enormous extent, and accompnnied in some cases with evidence oi considerable changes on the coast-line, and even on the elevation of the land, since their deposition. But It will be seen from what follows that evidences of .similar changes within the human period present them- selves in bcotland on a gigantic scale ; and that the lu'esence of man; but that some portion of thi^ up- lioaval has been subsequent to the Roman period. llie Danish ar(;Iueolugists estimate for the duration of heir stone-period a lapse of not less than four thousand >cais. I>ut more rec:cnt explorations of the Pfahlbauten lacustrine JK.bitations of Switzerland, have disclosed a ^ast amount of evig,„t sink into insignificance ; and estima- ^-'- f-"""^ - <- H... sn,.c.ssiou of ,,,.„s. H.. progn-t [Chai-. I-] THE I'lilMEVAL TRANSITION. 3i) of uit8, and the clurutioii of time, sim-e man's presence in Scotland, whicJi were advanced as deductions from imperfect evidence, in the fornio]- edition of this work, have already become obsolete in the view of interpreta- tions based on geological calculations of the apparent lapse of time. So far, however, as Scotland is con- (ierned, while abundant proofs suffice to establish the remote antiquity of the presence of man, no evidence has yet come under my notice which necessitates the idea of any break in the continuity of the primeval stone period —embracing the allojjhylian whalers of the Forth and the canoe-builders of the carse of Falkirk and the Clyde referred to in the following pages,-and the succession' ot that primitive age which has left iis its memorials the rudiments of metallurgies arts. The divisions of stone, bronze, and iron periods, require however to be used with g]-eat caution, for they present no analogy to the periods of the geologist. There have, indeed, been epochs of long duration, during wiiich man has wrought in certani localities, and practised many ingenious arts without any knowledge of metals ; or widi only thJ partial mastery of metallurgy which limited him to the workmg ni copper and bronj^e ; and such periods can undoubt(Hlly be traced in Britnin. But it must not be overlooked that the use of flint and stone for missile vveapons and the ruder domestic implements hcis been abnndoned only in comparatively recent times in the nortli of Europe. Future explorations, and cliance discoveries in the jdluvial strata nnd peat-mosses, will doubtless extend our knovA-ledge of the condition of the country in the cai'liest ages in which the traces of man's presence can be de- tected, ijnd may greatly modify the opinions based on such evidence ; l>ut this nuK-ii is aj.parent from the most superficial glance at the geological evidence alrea.h- P'^. ff. \ if 111* * 40 77/ A" I'HIMKVAL ()I{ STOAK nciilOU. I)ro o.rupied by ;;;'-';'von., pnying on llu, herbivorous aninnds, .nd little .<.>Me l.dd m ,lre.d tlu. arnu.d savage wl., intrudn^ :"''"''/'''"'•; ' J'^'^vh.de of those have existed sineet he ''":';'"^'"" VV'h' ,,eat began, .nd therefore furiM-sl. son.e ovidenee o{ t1,e ve.y remote antiquity (o whieh uv niust ;;;' "*' '^':'-"V'^" ^•"•"' -t" ^i"- ^^'^t- that ..ppiy, .« yi l>o soon m subsequent chnpters, an important element ".' "'•; ^'''•'■"'•"•o" <>r l.rinu-liv,. ehronolooy. Upon this ^mgular arena AreI.eology inlorn.s us that lh<> primeval '>n.>M ente,vd, unj..ovided svith any of those appliann. ^■HMvl^eI, tue arts <,t eivilisation arm man against sueh I -t.ele. intelleetunlly, he appears to l.re been in rarly the h,uest_ stage tc, whieh ail intelligent lu-ing ean H.ik Morally, he was the slave of superstitions? tho |?>-ovHmgeharaeter of whieh ean i,e partially inlVrred '••'"; '""■";>'< '""n's of his sepuh-hral rites. Thysieally ''p;'^"---ll'nle in stature from the modern ini.eritors li^c>'.seH|,neal relations: his .erebral developn.ent was ;;;<:;•. I'-.^ lun.ls, an rullowing (liaptcis. [I II.] MiOniaiNAL Th'A(!l-JS. 41 <'IIAr'ri-]|J II. MiO/UaiyAL TRACKS. Tll()U(;ir uc cmmol, ,|„ul,(, i|,;,l, luiii. w;i,s ..icjit.'d an ■"tolli^vnt h.-in^, .■a,.,l,l,> of .'..j.>yi„^r tlio l.iol, f;,,„|,i,, Willi wi.irl, |„. ,,|o,„. „f ,11 tl„> .N-nixcns „f ,,„tl, in <'n(lo\vc(l, vv(, jiavcii.) ,•,,,«„„ |o ;,,ssmn.- tlii.l. Ii,- l,i,"<'<'1'<'<'1' <>nh»' priicti(%-.l nrtH l.y vvlii,;], w,> .-m; ciml,!...! t«. Hatisly uMi.ls „(• wl,i,.li li,- w;,s ,.,,„„l|y „M(.„nseiouH. W(5 know that tli.T.M..xis(.'(l a pcri.Ml i„ ||„, |,is(„ry ,.f ;'"•• rac.s ."IV Zill.,1,, th,. uiC,. of I,m„.,-I,, |,a,| !,.„■„ (o'l.i.n I iil):il~<-!iiii, '• (lir iiistnictor of (.yciy artilir.T in l.raH.s and ii'oi.,' wl„>n men till-.l tl.c f,m,un.l, i,nrsu.'''Hia].,s all M.itioiis have ,mss,.I. \V,. detc.-t, cvidrnc's ••f '< ''"noil- th.. KnypHiins, ,.h| as ||,.. .Ia(r nf ih,.i,- .•ivilisa(ionai.|..>a;s, in Hi.- sloi„. kiiivs ..f (i... ,.|nl,aliii..rs Mdll liv.|n.-i,liy IoiiimI in ih... .-atacomlM. By snch only •'••iild 111.' incision !„• nia.lc in iho side of (!„. d.'i.'l >l";'sH-ivd „„.,,sion. Th.. r.rlin,Lr in whi.-h su.-h a .-ust..!, "iiuiiial.'.l, ansinj.' IVoni Ih,. vn.Tati.m wim-l, apiK-ais lu "'"• 'iiiiv.T«allyatta.'h...l I., what.'v.-r is aii.-i, nt is .asilv ■i i 42 TJ/A' PltlMEVAL OH ^TOyE PERIOD. [Uhap. umler8toc,(l. WliiJe the knife of bronze or iron was treely ^unployed for all ordinary purposes, the primitive stone implement was retained unciianged for Wxi, saered incision in the dead. So also, the stone or flint knife appears to have been used by the early Hebrews in cii-- cumeision. Zip].orah, Moses' wife, took a sharp stone <)r stone kmfe, and cut off the foreskin of her son. Tht' like was done when Joshua renewed the same rite at Gilgal in the east border of Jericho ; while an ecpially remarkable community of feeling with the veneration of tiie ancient Egyptians for the otherwise obsolete imple- ment of stone, is discernible in the retention of the obsidian knife Ijy the priests of Montezuma, as the instru ment of human saciifice, notwithstanrimitive condition. The Fins and Esqui- inaux, the Afri<-an l)ushmen, and the natives of such of the Tolynesian Islands as are rarely visited ]>y Eui'o peans, still .onstruct knives and arrow-heads of flint marine shells, or flsh-bones, an to render their arts well W(.rtln of investigaliun by their des.rndanfs. T.. this II.] ABOHTGLXA L Tit A €KS. 43 primitive eru of Iiiiinnn liistoiy we refer under the name oi IHE 8tonpj Pkhiod. In this state were the Scottish, and indeed the whole British aborigines, at an era much more remote than (•hronoh)gists have be(3n willing to assign for the occu- pation of the island by a liuman population, and for a period wliich appears to increase with every new attemi»t to test its duration. I Thei-e is one point of probaWe certainty in this inquiry into primitive arts which the British antiquary possesses over all otlu;rs, and from whence he can start seemin.dy u'lthout fear of error. From our insular p.^sition, we must eitlier assume th(3 existence of a human population prior to the subniei-gence of the great plain beneath the waves of the German Ocean, and the excavation of the l^nghsh jind Irish (liannels, or accept as our primary postuhite that the first colonist of tlie liritish Isles must have been al)Ie to construct some kind of boat, and have possessed sufficient knowledge of navigation to steer Ills course tlirough the open sea. (V)ntrastiiig the abori gmal arts to whicli we have referred witli the a})plianceH of later navigators, it seems only ivas(.iiable to condude tliat the bai-k of tlu; primeval Cohimbus, who h-d the way from the continent of Europ.. to the untrodth-n u dds of llrilaiii, differed no less from the caravel nf the l>old Uenoese, than that .bd from the British .^hip that now follows in its cour.se. Can we recover the histoiy of such i.rimitive caravels It seems ....t improbable that wc may. Time has (h-alt kindly with the frail fleets of the ub,»riginal Unions, and kept hi store .some curious records of them, not (h.ubting but the.se wouhl at len.'th bo in(pn"red for. '^ Tt is by no means to be presumed as cevfnin that the early navigators cho,se t|„. Straits of Dover as Ww '•••a.iiost paM,s-ig.. lo the new world th.'X were to] ,,!<, ii Both Welsli and D.nisli tmditions point tc a migration rem Jutland, though in reality such can only pLerve the nic.nory of intrusive colonisation long subsequent to tli<3 first peopling of the British Isles. Whencesoever he fii^t emigrants came, Provhieiice alone could pilot their frail barks. Successive migrations, the chances of shiinvreck, or the hke independent causc-s, may have Innded the fathers of th, British race on widely d'ifferent parts of our island coast. It is a well-est.blished fact, that at later periods many distinct and rival centres of population were th.^^ established throughout tlu« iii'itish Isles. Lochar Moss, a well-known tract in Dumfriesshire oc(3upies an area of fully twelve miles in length, by be- tween two and three miles in breadth, extendhig to the feo.way 1^ irth. Its history is summed up in an old poi)ular rhyme, still repeated in the surrounding districts :~ " First a woo], and next a nca, Now a moss, and ever will lio !" r^'ing as it does on the southern outskirts of the Scottish v.ngdom, the track of many successive generations has nui n ong its margin or a,n-oss its treacherous surfac.> Lonea h whidi their records have been fi^om tin.e to tim,: c^ngu fed, to be restored in after ages to the light of day. lo those we shall have occasion ajiain to refer- but nniong them our chief attention is meanwhile attn.rfnl by Its ancient canoes, rep,.ate.lly found, along with h.,-.. trunks ol trees, ha.<.]-nuts, acorns, am] other tra.vsT.f the forest ; and also, a.-cording to tli.' old statist of Tor tionvdd parish. - atM-hors, eabl.s, and oars," the no l.ss olmous he,rl..oms nfth.. ..a. During the last century V^frni lr.mth.8 moss formed almost the soh^ suppiv ••♦'"'•■''•''''•• i''l'.''l»ilnn(8 of DumfrMvs; and Ih. proliv. '">f >•'•< .■ntnvly abandoned, has p.rtially an-onlplishi d "'•^""■^■"' > -'^ "l-'^vl.".v bv svst.M.atic re,s,,,r.l, I ^kv II.] ABORIGINAL TRACES. 45 111 1782 reimant oxamined one of the rude l)arks, formed from tlie trunk of an oak, wliicli he thus de- scribes : '^ Near a place called Kilblain, I met with one of the ancient canoes of the primeval inhabitants of the country, when it was probably in the same state of nature as Virginia when first discovered by Captain Philip Amidas. 'Hie length of this little vessel was eight feet eight inches, of the cavity six feet seven inches, the breadth two feet, depth eleven inches, and at one end were the ixunains of three pegs for the paddle. The hollow was made with fire in the very manner that the Indians of America formed their canoes. Another was found in 173G, ^^ith its paddle, in the same morass. Tiie last was seven feet long, and dilated tc a considerable breadth at one end ; so that in early ages necessity dic- tated the same inventions to the most remote regions."^ In 1791 the irinister of the parish describes another found by a farmer while digging for i)eats, at a depth of between four and five feet from the surfiice, and four miles lV..m the In'ghest reach of the tide, resting appar- ently on tlu! alluvial soil which is there found beneath the moss. ^ Near to the same spot a bronze vessel, ap- parently of great antiquity, was recovered ; and numer- ous relies of various kinds, including what are described as anchors, oars, and other naval imj.leineiits, have l»een found even at a distance of twelve miles from the pre- sent fiood-mark : attest' 'r at once the former populous - ness of the diHtrict, uivl the remote period to whieh «uch evidences of its occupation belong.'- Another canoe of th." sanu" clifn-acter as those already (h-scribed, was dug u|. Ill 1814, at a depth of seven" or eight feet in the Mos« of IJitrnki'lr. Wigtonshire, and has been i)re- -.nved, owiug to is ang converted by the farmer into ' i't'KC'.iit's Ti in', Vol, ii, |>, lt»", -' Si:.>'l;,ir'M ,SV.(/. ,!,•<■. vol i. p. hid. .^Mk 'I 1 1- K! w/A' rmf^vAj. on .iro.iK i-kiiu,,,. iu„„, tile iintel „f o,,,. „f his «,rt.«l,c,l„. Mr. .)o«c.,,l, Tmin m™ ,„„s havmg .seen « a b„ll of ht or bau„.,.k if ,,!,„" weighmM twenty-sevou pounds,- f„u„,l i„ ,],„ ,„oss in,: mediately nbov,> tlio cnnoo, wl,i,0, it may l,c presume,! wasa masso aclipocor... indicating the spot wlLeso l..go amma l,a,l perislied i„ the n,oss : possiblv sinkin.. a ong ,„tl the „Kle vesael tbat lay below' On tle^'.'S mg of C„,|„,wark Loci,, Kirkcudbright, in 1705, a stone am a causeway construct...! on piles of oak, the vestiges "f an u-on forge, and other ..viden,.es of a cranno.e", r ancent lake-dwelling, were l>ronght to light, t'i" vanous ,.a„oes, described, like those of Lo ehar M : nnd^otherstound in Mert«n J,ere,as apparently h,',,,,!!::! . Lochwiu„o,-h in RcnfieHshire, .and the Loch of Doon >•; Ayrshn-e, ha,v„ „t .UBWont jx^riods furio'shed si , i . .^s mtrons of ancient „„va, art. The fall of 1 t^ 1,0 1 Doon ,n 1832, owmg to an unusually protra t 'l™.g.t, l...rm,tted the .vcovery of two .i the,. , .orfec state: one of th.™ „,.,asuring ab.,ut tw. y three tec „, lenglh, foruK.,! of a singL .,ak-(r, " 1, -"l'ngl,t plank h, into „ br.,a,f groove .r "tern, Lunierous a-eli..s.,f sin,ilar ca„oe»"wero fo , I i '"'"■'' '"""■^■""•■I'l -">"lthel„,,dof„n i t «.nl.-Mxe, a ru.1e .,„k ,.h,b, with oth,.- r..n 1 ("rther ,lu,. t., the ..hara.-ter of their buii.h.rs ' ° feir John (Jlerk, w.dl kn„wn as ar. enthusiaslie Seot- <.»li a"ti.|uary of last cntury, describes wit . f ""■'"^■".■»s a vessel foun.l in tl„. Cars., of Kalki I f *'■""" >■'■' '"""•'"'• •■""! »i-^i' 1- p.-noun,.,.s, ivo,,;',;,;! Niiii'kirs S(,tt. Ave vol viii ,, •u\' »• l'n;«htHlu,v. ,.. 155. '• '"'• '■• •'"••' ^'"' '"'"■ ^''■'•. vol. iv. Ki,.k..n,l '• '^- p. ^■••) ; .SiiicU,,.. Sf„f. ..J,.,, vol. xv. ,,. (18, II.] A no RIG TNA L TRA CES. 47 series of superiiiciiiubcnt stratn, to liavc been an atitc- dilavian boat. In the month of May 1726, a snflden rise of the river Carron undermined ji portion of its baidca, and exposed to view the side of this ancient iic)at lying imbedded in the alluvial soil, at a depth of fifteen feet from the surface, and covered by successive strata of clay, sheila, moss, sand, and gravel. The pro- prietor immediately ordered it to be dug out. It proved to be a canoe of ])rimitive form, but of larger dimen- sions than any other discovered to the north of the Tweed. It measured thirty-six feet long by four feet in extreme breadth, and is described in a, contemporary newspaper as finely polished and perfectly smooth both inside nnd outside, formed fr( an a single oak tree, with the usual pointed stem and square stei'n.^ At a later period, a second canoe was discovered in the immediate vicinity of Falkii'k, at a depth of five fathoms.' Nor are traces of the ancient boat-builders altog(;ther want- ing. In the year 1843, a human skull was dug up on the outskii-ts of the same alluvial vaUcy, twenty -one feet below the surface, in eidarging the entrance to one of the canal locks at Grangemoutli. It needed not the discovery of such human remains to prove the former presence of man, where the traces of his arts are so abundant; but in this interesting leb'c- described in a subse(|uent chapter, -it is no improbable ( oiijecture +hat we i-ecover a clue to the ])hysical characteristics of the monoxylous artificers of Britain's i)rehistoric times. The •'ircumstaiices attendant on ti)e recovery of such lon<>'- buried relics, tend to illustrate the extensive modifications \vlii;'li the general surface (.f the country has underoone, since the broad carse land enuM'ged from beneath the waves amid which the allophylian Briton piloted his .anoe. ' ItihlUtHimi Topihi. Hi'itivi, N(». ii, Part iii. p. '24'.', " /ii'tiiifiis i>f Sfntl, I !>il, %•{'], iii. |i. 41(1. 48 THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. > [Chap. Jiut those arc not the only memorials of audent life which modern discoveries reveal to us. M n!l It with such mdisputable traces of the presence of m,n are d„j ,,, ,,„^„^^. ^^ .P o e f aicn, anil suggesting the strange characteristics nf tl,.,t Etort: """■' ''" «'■«''«-■«'• A^ng^^^^^^^^^ iel.cs from the same carse of Falkirk, now preserve,! n the Museum of the University of EdinburXTs^he tusk of a i„s,,il elephant found at Cliftonhall, t L tl of some twenty feet in the boulder-elay durll tie excavabon of the Union Canal. So little\ s tlt°t, !l affected by age, that it was purchased and w^o 'h J an m,ry-tu.ncr, and is now in detatched fra«n u^^ I .t was rescued from his lathe. At higher hn^ Itht vaUey of the Forth, and farther from tie se stHl mire remarl.d,le evidence of the primitive oec:,:.::" T countiy has been fouml ; while its fossil mammals -md .ts traces ofeariie.st hmuan art are so iuterm ^ l^f to leave no reasonable ground for doubt that m'an w s t Ire cntemporaneous with some at least of the e^tin »«Icr» of l,i,., !,„„,,„ „„, ^^ „^ remabts re valued treasures of the geologist. The ingenious opera- tions by which the Blair-Drummond „m.,s la s C converted into fertile Kelds. have rendered it f ,„,,," he aima s oi modern engineering an,l agrlc-ulture , u,a,k,dle traces of prnmrive arts were brought to ftd^l'hl'^''"""?"""'^'''' '■'■■-''■ 'I- '^^^^^^ of ; hi V , ™™™' ""''^^""" "-.ss, thesurfac of hi h stood .some tweiity-tivc. feet above the ful' fde "fthe orth, there was ,lis„o,ered, in ,«,.,, ,|.e ^^, .j:,:t''^lr^■■''7*'■'■"*'''''•■''■'-'f''-rvhornu■ ' ""'' '^- ""■ ' 'I'ly »as examined at ll„. tb,,,: bv i ; [Chap. II.] A nOHWlNA L TliA CE^. 49 sevv^ral scientific inoii, peculiarly competent to the task and It was specially noted that the ceJacoan .^t iully wenty feet above the highest tide-level oT th^ present day.' A few v,.-,rs l.,f .,V t' I a,ul Hi ovcrk.d w,th a thick- 1«1 of „,„ss. Alons- do „f the atte, a„„ti,er e.uuple of the nule lutrp-I "t the Caledomau whaler ,vas f,m„,l ; i„ this inst ince •-'-.....g, o„i„g t., the ptesetvative «, tute of th 1, 2 -me remau.,, the wooden handle l,y which the lo d' nnee of deers-horn was wielded." This primitile elic va« depoBite,! tn the Mnscnn of the Univi^ity of E , '""Hli, along with the lonains of the whale w 1, .ot „„p,.obaUy ..eceivcd the dcath-wou,:! t nl^ ' ll^e situa ,ons of those cetacean remains manifry out alai idant confirmation from other sourec, One lot ,mly tha w.tinn a, con.pa.atiycly recent ooolooic-J "■'"" "'« «''-"™ of the Firth of l.'„rth lu™ C "".twenty to twenty-live feet, but that thi I t k ' , r tl ; ""', """• *« ''•■'™ *''« "low .siltin- Ml, tons of I ," ""■ ""■■'• "'"' ""■ '■'"''"''l- I »kel..- ec ;";''"• ■■" "■"'•■'"■" "^ '''^' '^"■'^'■'"i""-^' "- u y h d ■'" - '""■ r"" " "" *''^ '"■■' "'■ .. v..l. v. ,, .,40 ' ' '"'• ^'' l'''' •^-"- *••'• ' Ofikic, /i',////. /»/,;/. j,„„, ^ , " ^I'lHH, Vol. XIV. |i. |(i_>. 1> IMd 50 THE VRIMEVAL OH STON H PERIOD. [Ouai". footprints Oil its soil. The great extent of the ehanges wrought on this locality by the combined process of up- heaval, the filling up of the ancient estuary, and the growth of the peat, only become fully apparent when we further note the discovery of some of the bones (,f another whole at Dunmore Rock, nearly forty feet above the sea-level, while the alluvinl silt of the district is in some i)laces one hundred feet deej). But the weapons of the primeval whalers are not the on.y traces of ing(>nious art recovered in the course of i-emovmg the JJlair-Drunimond moss. llu> collection of th(! .Society of Antiquaries of Scoth.nd includes a querne or h.-uid-null fashioned from the sec^tion of an o;d<, such '•« the Red Indians of America still use for poundin,-«l. m , ^ early as 1797 a simil.. i Museum;^ and so those i„,p„,tit dis o™ ; ,.os ;;, T""™^ r "*"'='' of i"te,^,.eto,H„„ ,' ,„,„1' ^:" 7.";P'"l--ive scheme ••"HI iu ou le F i ''".''"f'r- '^»'»o «o«tlnv,H,i, ■ /III,/. v„|, xjjj J, .j()4 Emm IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // << U SroM'! rKh'Kfh. [Ci.ai'. II hilcr pfii.x!, lull Htill in ;i (-omlilion of idimiiivc nidc- IH'HM. iii(>i<| ||i,> in(|i(iivr ulicivvcr I lie newer ,sn|terliciiil rnrniiilioiiH (iiv liiid open. In (Ik prntrivHH of iniprovn- iMcnlH on the Kinciihlinc niuHH, rcni.'iinH of ji, .sinjiriiliir rnjidwiiy ut'iv (liscovt'iv.l, iiricr llie peai nio^H luid liccn ivniov.-d to II drplh (.rciM'lii, l*,v(, Scvcniy yM-ds of Mi,. iiiK'ienI viiidiicl w.'iv cxpuHt'd l,,> view, Cnnncd of {.wvh iduuil (wt'lvc indict in dinniclcr. luivin^' l»nin*'licH oflijiir lliiM (liickncMH croHsinjir llicni, iind KriiMliwood cdvciinir llic whole. TliiH vofid crossed the nioHs ol' Kinciirdinc iK'rlhw.ird. IVoni ii nnrrow purl of the Korlli, (owiirdH n \vell-| «'>rd nn Ihe river Tcilli to Cjinielon on (he An-- lonine widl. Thin sin Hijjni'd to kirp np <-onininnie,'i(ion wi(h (he W("ll-known >^(iition ;i( Ardoeh. jlnt (h(> length of !inM> recpiiretl for sogivjit fi ,urowlli o," peiil has ye( to he detennincd. if it does indo(>d he|on_<»- lotho Ixonuin period, we hnvc hen' ('videnei> of the laet llmt in (he second cen(nrv oConr t'lii the Kincaviline nioss wiis .-in pnstid>le and hoj.'^rv Wfistc. which the iuunnn engineer conid (»nlv pJiHs l»y .•ihjMidoin'nu' his favourite and dnralile causewiiy, (or such a road j's niodcrii in^vnuily has revived in (he hacUwooii Mwainps of America. Such are s(.nie of the ancient chronich's of Se(»(laiid. .liariKMvd for us in the caHtern valley of the Korth. The I'iinks of the Clyde have I.een Hcarccly less liberal in (heir discl.isnres. In iTsn. the hrst re(-..rded discovery "f one of the priinitiv.- can.u>s ,)f the V\\i\v was made '•y Nv.Mkmeii «>n,ua,uvd in diu;oin_y the fonn.lalion of Old St. Kiioeh's Church. !( was found at a depth ..f (wenty- (iVi> feel from (he sm-face. and widiin i( lay a no hw intereMino and elo.pient memorial of the simple arts of r iCiiAr, ir. MlonidlKAL TKACIiS. If '■ Clyilp (ill fl3 ;'■•';:;;"'- ^mjk. (w.-.ioni.n fo..!.; Ti.i„ ... '"' • 'l:;;'l"l<-HH y Wl inclu-H in ^rr,.„|(.*Hf. I.ivddtl. , '•n<) iHji|.|MivnMy fonncdof.hirk jrn,.n- ""l"'"'- '' ''^ "OW ill I he |M.HH(',S,si^,n of <'liiirl(.,M\ViiMon.. I5roNvn,KH(|.of Wcniyas, Kriifivw.Mliiiv, linvinM' (IcHccndrd to In'm' rroiii Ji, niiit.-ninl ivl;i,liv,. u|,o .hnncrd ''• '"' |>a«Hin« jit the time of the • .•i.llnniino- w|,,t ,v,H once, ||„. Toll.ood, of ih. '"''f "' . .'";'■•' ""'"'<"•">•'<' iVon. tl... f,m<.i,.,l „,sMo,.i.,tions Wit. whirl, ovni.iH i,,,M rn.lowcMl it, than for (!„, Htrni '•«"-•' in<"H ..I inm.an nn-s.ry wl.i,-!, wen, ifn truo ntfrihutcH ; 'V ■", "•■","'' *■' ''"■'"■"<' '•"<■ "•"■ i"<'l-«.'nt l.nii.iino., '"''•'■'"''' ^^•'<'' ■•'" '•"•'•■"I'' ••iinously d(Vo,,,(„i will, ,.Hni or «To(..H(,ur n.iiMks on ll.r kc-yst <,f (,,,!. ,mv1i" It W.-.H ,>n.,-lr."nn,ti. . thick iH.l of „.n.l, nnothc- p.imitivo IJntish cmuH. u,,H .li,s..ov,.r(.,l, iu.lJowcMl „m uhu.iI out of n smglr trunk of o„k;^ Another is n..t.,i lo h.-.v,. I„rn i.:::;.:;::T:;'::;:,:r^ ^-... ( ll.ll'limil H /»;,/((;•, o/U/ni;,,,!,', jHj.S, p. | .VJ, ' M ■ THJl FRIMMYAL OK UTOXJi PERIOD. [Chap. found about 1824, in StockweU, near Jacksou Street whiie cutting the common sewer ; an.l a fourth, at a mediat«ly behind the prison." In 1825, a fifth eanoe «^ discovered, scarcely a hundred yards from the site of the former at the City Cross, when digging the sewer of London Street, a new thoroughfare opened up r This lit T- f '"™°* ''""'*'''«^ '""g <■""» t» dW Jxh btd' : ^"^ r^T'^ "'"'"' "'Shteen feet in length, exhibited unusual evidences of labour and ingenuity It was built of several pieces of oak, though "vitlioTt nbs. It lay, moreover, in a singular position, nearly vertical, and with its prow upp^rmosl, as if it S foundered in a storm. To those older instances, recent and large additions We been made. The earlier discoveries "point o poi-iod when the whole lower level on the north side o the river, where the chief trade and manufactures of the scT W "7„*™™"f' '> *=>« ««'»'orged l,eneath tiou to the southern bank of the Clyde. Jlxtensive operations wei^ carried on for some yeL for the pm- poe of enlarging the harbour of GhJsgow, and provid- ing a i.uge oi quays on the groun.ls of SpriiUfield correspondmg to these on the okfer Broomielai. f h e about IJO feet from the rners original brink, (he work- men uncovere, an aueient canoe, hewn out of M,e ti-unk of an oak, with pointe.l stem, and the upri.dit .move mnainmg which had hel.l in i,„ place the str,d dit" . Ihe.liscovery was.nade in the autumn of 1847 • and the e,ti.ens of Glasgow hr.ving f„r the most pmt onsonal e convi,.tion ,hat ts lose their value Tp , I""'""" '" tl"-'.- "ge, the venerable ivlic lay for .son.e ' ("liamlK.rit'H Anchnf Sen Murum^,, ,,,,, o„;,.._,„j,. I II.] ABORIGINAL TJUCEii. 55 months unheeded, until at length the Society of Anti- quaries ol Scotland made application for it to the Trus- tees of the river Clyde, and the rude precursor of the fleets that now crowd that noble river is safely deposited in Its Museum. Meanwhile, the excavators proceeded with their labours, and in the following year another, cind then a third canoe of primitive form, were disclosed on the southern bank of the Clyde. One of these, which has been since removed to the Hunterian Museum, measures 19^ feet long, by 3| feet wide at the stern. 2 leet 9i inches wide midway, and 30 inches deep. Ihe prow is rather neatly formed with a small cut- water, near to which is an oblong hole, apparently for running a rope through to anchor or secure the vessel. Ihere had been an outrigger, described by the vvorkmen as adhering to it when first discovered, cmd the holes remain fov receiving the pins by wliich It was fastened. Abort ilm centre are small rests in- side the gunwale for the ends of a cross seat, and others for a broader seat are at tlie stern, both being projec- tions forr^ed by leaving the wood when the trunk was originally hollowed out into a boat. The stern remains neai-Jy m a perfect state, consisting of a board inserted in grooves, beyond which the bottom and sides project about eiglrt inches. The other canoe was chiefly re- markable for a circular hole in the bottom, stopped by a plug eml)edded in very tenacious clay, evidently designed to a.lmit of the water it liad shipped being run off w i^n on shore, liut the most curious, and in- deed puzzhng feature is that this plug is not of oak but ot cork: a discovery suggestive of intercourse with the Iberian peninsula, or perhaps serving to indicate the route pursued by some of the early colonists of the rintisli I si"" ' es. ' MS. Lottoru of .1. Biu-lmimn, K«q. 56 THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. Other examples add to our knowledge of the ingenious de^ace8 of primitive sea-craft. A fourth canoe found at bpringfield, in 1849, at a depth of about twenty feet trom the surface, is hollowed out of the single trunk of an oak, only thirteen feet in length, but on either side o± It lay tvvo additional planks of curious construction, each pierced with an elongated hole, which appeared to have been made with a sharp tool. They indicate some ingenious contrivance of the ancient seaman, not im- probably designed for use when th(3 bold navigator ventured with his tiny bark into the open sea, to be applied somewhat in the way a Dutch lugger fends off the dashing waves from her side. This boat, which diffei^ from those previously discovered, in having a rounded bow both fore and aft, is rude enough to seem m some respects the most ancient of the whole, and cou d hardly accommodate more than one man Its workmanship is. extremely rough, and it bears obvious marks of having be.ai hollowed l)y fire. Yet the wooden appendages foun.l alongside of it suffice to prove that Its mnker was not unprovided with efficient tools, iior devoid of some skill and experience in their use. Since the first edition of this work appeared, additional dis- coveries Iimv.. b(3en made in the same locality, the most novel of which is a "clinker-built" boat eighteen feet ong. J ho base and keel were ingeniously cut out of -i huge oak tiunk, ami to this were attach rihs i.laiik^i and a prow with a cut-water lising a, loc.t above tlie giinwale, somewhat like the' beak of an antique galley ' lims w,thin a comparatively bri.f p.riod this bn,ited area has furnished seventeen ancient canoes, in pi-„of „f the presence of a ma^time population, in the earliest aovs thronging the same rivc.-valley, where now sj.ace fails to accommodat.; the merchant fleets (.f the Cly(h>. ' (>las,/ow Pu^t and Pmriit, vol. iii. \k fiOD, IL] ABORIGINAL TJUCUS. •57 The antiqiPty of the rude British monoxyla, shaped and hoUowed out by stone axes with the help of fire receives confirmation from the discovery in other locahties ot the remains of ancient boats of more artificial construc- tion One of these, dug up, about the year 1830, at l^astlemilk, Lanarkshire, measured ten feet lon^, by two hroad, and was built of oak, secured with large wooden pins j^early contemporary with some of the later disclosures in the valley of the Clyde, workmen cuttincr a dram on the farm of Kinaven, Aberdeenshire, discovered an ancient boat of the same form as most of those pre- viously described, and measuring eleven feet lono- by nearly four broad. It is hewn out of the solid oak,''with pointed stem, and at the stern a projection formed in the piece, and pierced with an eye, as if to attach a mooring cable. Like the Glasgow canoes, it is rudely finished and exhibits the rough marks of the instrument with which It was reduced to shape. It lay imbedded m the moss, at a depth of five feet, at the head of a small ravine ; and near it were found the stumps and roots of several large oaks. Tlie nearest stream, the Ythan, IS several miles off, and the sea is distant many more. A few years previous to this discovery, a similar canoe, of still smaller dimensions, was dug „p i^ t\^^. moss of Drumduaii, in the same county. It is described as quite entire, and neatly formed out of a singh" block of oak; but being left exposed, it was broken by the rude handling of some idle herd-boys.^ Such are a few examples of the aboriginal fieets of ancient Caledonia, found at difibrent dat(.s, and in various localities, yet agreeing wonde. fully in every essential element of comparison. With them might also be noted the frequent discovery i:i bogs, or in "alluvial strata, of tre.Ns felled by artificial means, and accou.panicd ' yi-w tStttt. Ace. vol. vi d (ioi •mi i I 68 THE PRIMEVAL OH STONE PERIOD. [Chap. by relics of the most primitive arts. In 1830 for exranple workmen engaged in constructing a sewor in Church Street, Inverness, found at a depth of fourteen teet below the surface, in a stratum of stiff bine elav numerous large trunks of fossil oak ; and along with' these several deer's-horns, one of which, bearing unmis- takable marks of artificial cutting, is now deposited in the Museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland ^ Here is common ground for the antiquary and the geologist. Ihe rude harpoon left beside the bones of the stranded whale, far up in the alluvial valley of the ^orth; the oaken querne. the wheel and the arrow- heads ; the boats beneath the City Cross of Glasgow the centre of a busy population for the last thousand years ; the primitive sliip, as ;s^e may almost term the huge canoe on the banks of the Carron ; and the tiny cralt found near the waters of the Ythan : all speak in no doubtful language, of the presence of man, at a period when the geographical features of the country, and the relative levels of land and sea, must have differed very remarkably from what we know of them at the earliest ascertaine finds the evidences of ' Hiiilca's Amwh, vol, i. p. 26(i. 60 THE PRIMEVAL OR STOAE PERIOD. [o.iak former changes in tho level of land and sea, but with them stumbles also on the relics of coeval population Lower down he will reach the stratified rocks, includino- the carboniferous formation, stored no less abundnntly with relics of former life and change, but no longer within the historic period, or pertaining to the legitimate investigations of archaeological science : unless in so far as they confirm its previous inductions, and prove the slow but well-defined progress of the more recent geo- logical changes on i\i^ earth's surface. Such reflections are not suggested for the first time in our own day " Nature," says Sir Thomas Browne, " hath furnished one part of the earth, and man another. The treasures of time he high, in urns, coins, and monuments, s(^arce below the roots of some vegetables. Time hath endless rarities, and shows of all varieties, which reveals old things m heaven, makes new discoveries in earth and even earth itself a discovery. That great antiquity, America lay buried for thousands of years, and a Iar4 part oi the earth is still in Wxl^ urn unto us."^ Some of the historic phenomena which such disclosures illustrates required only time to produce them The beds of sand and loam at Springfield, in which the ancient fleets of the Clyde have lain entombed for ages and the shell and gravel from which the Grangemouth' human skull was disentombed, are such as the slow depositions of whiter floods will for the most part account tor, if the chronologist can only spare for them the requisite centuries. Others seem to point to geological changes within the historic era, of a more remarkable mid extensive character. But whatever may be the theory most consistent with the established laws of o-co- logical science whereby to account for such ])henompna tins at least must be conceded : that the lapse of many > Sir Tlionias Browne's IfyilnDlaphhu J my II.] A BO RIG IN A L TliA CEH. 61 ages is required for the changes which they indicate, and we can hardly err in inferring tliat civilisation had advanced but a little way on the plain of Nimroud, or the banks of the Nile, when the tiny fleets of the Clyde were navigating its estuary, and the hardy fishermen were following the whale in the winding creeks of the Forth. I 83 THK riiUlEVAL OR UTONE I'EKIOb. [u„„. ! CHAPTER in. SBl'ULCHHAL MEMORIALS. peuods Ihcir ongiu is to be sought for iu the littlo heap of earth displaced by internTent, which till to thousands sufiiccs as the most touching memorial of the dead. In a rude and primitive age, when the tomb of the great wamor or patriarchal chief was to be indicated .y some more remarkable token, the increase of the little earth-mound, by the united labours of the oom- mmnty. mto the form of a gigantic barrow, would natur- ■ ally suggest .tself as the readiest and fittest mark of drstmction. In its later ch-cular forms we see the rude type of tl.e great Pyramids of Egj-pt, uo less than of tl^ British moat-lnlls and other native earthworks; until at length, when the aspiring builders were rearinc; mi,lT'f "'r"'i"r "^ ^™'^"'y' *''^y constructed! ; A J'lt "^ *'" ™'Sl'l'""™g A.wn.s, the earth- pyraimd of Silbury Hill, measuring 170 feet in perpen- dicular height, and covering an area of five acres and thirty-four perches of hind. P'ionty lias b,Kn given to the primitive relics of naval skill, whicn the later alluvial strata of Scotland supply for reasons sufficiently obvious, and specially pertaini,,,; to the antirju.ties of our insular home. Hut for the III.] SEP ULCHRA L ME MORI A LS. 63 surest traces of primitive arts and a defined prooreHg in civilisation, the arch^ologist will generally turn witi. greater propriety to the grave-mounds of the ancient race whose history he seeks to recover; for, however true be "the words of the preacher," in the sense in winch he uttered them : there is both device, and know- ledge, and instruction in the grave, for those who seek there the records of the doad. This fact is in itself an eloquent one in the evidence it furnishes, that in that dim and long-forgotten past, of which we are seekino- to recover the records, man was still the same, " of like passions with ourselves," vehement in his anger, and no less passionate in unavailing sorrow. No people, however rude or debased be their state have been met with, so degraded to the level of the l>rute8 as to entertain no notion of a Supreme Being or no anticipation of a future state. Some more or less dehned idea of a retributive future is found in the wi dest savage creed, developing itself in accordance wi h the rude virtues to which the barbarian aspires. ; ; • '' ^^^"i^io"« A^i^^tic dreams of the sensual joys o± his Mohammedan elysium, the Red Indian looks orward to the range of ampler hunting-grounds, ..nd the enjoyment of unfailing victory on the war-path. A 1 however, anticipate a corp(,real participation in tan- gible joys ; and, to the simpler mind of the untutored savage, afiectun dictates the provision of means to sup- ply the first requisites of this new state of being Henc.- the bow and spear, the sword, shield, and other imple- ments of war and the chase, laid l,eside the rude cinen.rv urn, or deposited in the cist with the buried chief. Ke- finement, which added to the wants and acquirements <.l the warrior, in like manner furnished new means for aiiection to lavish oji the loved or honoured dead Per sonal oj-uaments were added to the indispensable weapons *.'J«»-." 64 THE I'lUMEVAL OR STONE PEHWl). [Oil Al'. i h^ the aero m.gl.t not only ,,t,md „t no dk„Iv„„t,..„e . m ,1 the novel seeno, into which he had passed but t - nnght al.,« .™„ne the insignia of Jnk .nd Z tuu^tion winch were his right. The feelin.., promodnt to such tnhutcs of affectionate sorrow arf iCto nnd mdestrnctible. They manifest then,selverundcr v-.rie Ural honours, „o less uni-ersal now than in the lo ,1 toisotten era of the tunu-Jns and cinerary „■■» ^ to ™i;' X'""' 1 '^"•' *"'"■■'" "» "'■" »''''•■ i-rti'i'r au,u.acy of which appec ., to he satisfactorilv- homeCut H;..ceff^ted.,rwiUi.;ru;L,':i.S^'';s^^ nuleed offers the same tempting Md for stud v 1 «^Honu,..s«^;;rdi«^:.;titfi::^;;:::t^ <-,.i.,l f IV ,."'""-• ^'"^ "ioi^ recent ohservntioiiH mon" h ,;";■• '"■,""■ '■"'"■'"' "f ""lividuai ,a»,' iiiiong the lest dchned varieties arc- | The l,„„. "!•/""" "' «""ilarity to Hi, inverted howl- 1 Te '";'"«"■;■"»- ^. The twin harrow, ,.onsis,i;„r !t tmio,q(,l ,„ „n(. fo,.se or vallum ; ;,. The ,lnm- '^■O'"^, in..s( Ircpiendy a, long u,o,„„| „r „i,,,,„i, ' "■■"""■^ "-nng on ■, v u.cgalirhic ci::,,,! „ ' Arcfitvtiloffht, xix, |i. 47, [Ciu A p. 1II.J .S'A7- ( LCHHA L MEMOHJA IS. 65 «enes of <.rucifbrm ,aiaml)ers and galleries, eonntructed ot iiuge masses of unhewn stone. The evidence derived Irom various minute observations not only assigns this class of barrows to the Stone Period, but seems to point ^o It as the most aneient of all existing memorials of regular sepulture ;^ while the crania recovered fr<.ni such pninitive catacombs ,)resent, for the most p.rt, an en- tirely different type from those of the ordinary tumuli and cists. Other distinctions appear to be either acri- c ental, or referring to earthworks certainly not sepul- ohraJ. Among tliis last are the "j,ond l.arrows," hereafter ••eterred to as remains of primitive dwellings ; and the conical mounds or moatdiiUs, of which Silbury Hill is probably the largest in the world, designed as the lofty tribunal where the arch-priest or diief administerecl, i'nd frequently executed, the rude common law of the u.H^hern ran.s. The laborious excavations carried out midcT he d.r<>c^ion of the Aivlux3ological Institute during the Salisbury Congress in 1849, seem at least to pu^ "" end to the idea of Silbury JliU being a sepulchral niouiul. *■ Much similarity is naturally to be expecte.l between he primitive anti.p.itic.s of England and ScothuKl, whe.-e the imagmaiy bor,k-r-land that so l„ng formed the maivhes between rival nations ,>resents no real barrier culcuJate.1 to intvi-pose an iinpecb-mcnt to the free int(.r- change of knowledge or arts. NeveitlicK.ss there are many of thos,. .listinctiv(. peculiarities observable in Hcotlan.l well .-alculated to em.uirage further investi- ^jat.on: though, for the puij.oses of a just and h„dcal "" «'oiupreh,.nsive period, note the intimate cor- •24, no, ' ' ' f riima lirilau „•„■„, ,,lHt,.« .1. VOT-. !. K GO ^7/ A- FJmim'AL OH ,TOXH I'KHIOlJ. [CJjlAF. .ii-», uiiHc m (tf.-illlio- with the |.if<„. Q tlie north ,„i,l tl„. „,ufl, f tl , ■"*"1">"'^''* *-'"ii• ™;;i'f n, v.,,1,,,,,. ,,. ,Ci,,, v^ Hrr";r" Mtill to »o H,.,.n in w.-if I • 1 ' • "oaiv, jm< i" «c.oH,,,,a/,,i\'': r ''"- -^ ' 'i'-i<, ,,,.,.,,,. ,'„..ii„„ to,, ,i;r >^^^ i.M>-b„.v,,i,„t, '"'"'" ''"«'■ ■""I 111"'.. »,„„ll,,. „„„„li „,.. [CjlAK ScotJaiiu ixou jiiid kingdom ;ln's, and "ouud to IJ. Iiave yet 'ii.sistino' BiiiTow; JIM tllilt tiindino' (•ircuJai- incntJy '.'dliiin ; I)J'0} )()!•- stoiioH. otJaiid. t tliey CSpOl)- noiuo- iliility tJi it's ', and OfClll- lai'iO)' (llCSC liat 1 I'OWH, iifioii (' in- tii'ivr ii'iir (her .Miir- III.] ^KPUTjnUiAL MKMOHJALH. VP, 1 ■ 07 '•"uaded ly a ai' the shoiv, a h.rge earthwork of pe(aiiiar form, which can hardly be more definitely di- scribed than by comparing it to a coh.ssal ])lum-cake. It rises peri)endi(;uhirly five feet, and is nearly fiat on tlie toj), assuming the form of a greatlv d(>pr(>ssed cone the apex of which is nine feet high. The radius of the whole measures thirty one feet. Tiiis mound, however IS most probably not sejadchral, but ratiier the ].latforn.' ie local peculiarities furnishing the re(|uisite Hup))ly of loose stones. They abound in almost every district of the country, and are"fre(|ueiitlv of much liirgvr dimeiiKons than the earth(>n tumuli, though the ii.ilure of their materials has led \u the destruction (.f ' Hfrlu'i'lM Shvlli n-'. p, 4("(<» '' AvnwHl oj- Hi, I , , U,ir<>,k;»„, \,y .Ihiu.m- Wnllmr. M.l>.. 17(l(l. p. 5N. :0 TUK VUIMKVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [C«a... mnny of theni in tin' progresn of encloHing lands for .mi- cultural purposes. Wo learn from the Book of Joshua ot the practice of raising heaps of stone over the dead as u mark of nidignity or abhorrence. The contents of the f^cottish sepulchral cairns, however, prove for them an .•dtogether different origin, as will appear when we come to review them in detail. They are generally designed on a large scale, and must have ranked at a remote period ;imong th(! most distinguished honours awarded to the illustrious dead. Anoth(>r r(>inarkable, thougli much i-m-er seT)ulchral Hiouument, is the CVomlech, or " Uruidi(.al altar," as it was long erroiK'ously termed, until arclueologists, id.aii- donmg theory for observation, discovc-red that sucii incgidithic structures invariably mnrk the sites of an- <;ieiit sepulture. Himilar primitive colossal works nre tound, not only throughout the whole lij itisli Lsk^s and on many parts of the continent of Europe, but 'they »PPc^•.l• to be no l(>ss common in Asia ; and are occasion- n ly (bscovered, like the slighter cist, entomb.-d beneath tJie earth-pyramid or tumulus, artbrding then^by sinouL.r J-videnc(> of tii«> unostenlMlious lib.Mv.litv with which the lionours of the dead were rendere or tAVo of Mu. nrighbouring isles. Their contents have '■'ivly proved of the sani,> value as tlios,. which have l'<''">i discovered, not only in Aberdeeiislmv, Fif,.shir<. ;'Md some of the southern i.owlan8 of cists, urns, and ancient implements, proVe that the same race once occupied the whole island, and ju-actised shnilar arts and rites in the long-cultivated districts of tlio low country, as in the remotest of the northern or western isles. Extend(Hl ol)servation may hereafter suggest a, more minute classification of the prhnitive sej)ulcliral monu- ments of Scotland than has been attem])ted above, and (jstablish a, ivhitiv(> chronob.gical arraiigement of them on a, satisfactoiy basis ; but with oui- pivsent imperfect knowledge, any theoretic systiMu would (uily embarrass future inijuiry. The Scottish long barrow is geiK-ially somewhat dc- |»ressed in (he c.ntn-. and more elevated towards ,,1,,. <'Md than (he oth.M-. h is now comi.aratively rare, and as (h,. work of a tliiiily-scattcivd population, probably r 72 THE PHIMKVXL OH HTOSK PEIUOJ). [Chap. exaniploa of it were nev(;r very numerous. Of these we may perhaps assume that tlie greater number have been gradually obliterated by structures of more recent date. Ho far as I am aware, no metallic implements have been found in them. Exnmi)les of pottery are also of rare occurrence, and it is doubtful if any of them have fur- nished instances of the presence of the cinerary urn and Its imperfectly burned contents. It is indeed the absence of trac(>s of art or ing(^nuity that chiefiy suggests the assigimient of greater antiquity to this class of mounds. Hut the form of the loug barrow seems in itself to sug- gest an earli(.r origin than the circular tumulus, since it is only an (enlargement of the ordinary grave-mound which naturally results from the displacement of the little Mpa(^e of earth occupied by the body. In this respect it strikuigly corresponds with the most primitive ideas of a distinctive sepulchral mciinorial : a larger mound to mark that of the chief or priest, from the encircling heaps of common graves. In a long barrow opened in the neighbourhood of Port Seaton, East-Lothian, in 1833, a skeleton was found laid at full length within a rude cist. It indicated the remains of a man nearly s(H'en feet high, but the; l)ones crumbled to dust soon after exp.)sure to the air. One of the largest Scot- tish earthworks of this form is that alreadv referred to. situated on the margin of the loch of Stennis, in the vicinity of the cclel)rat(>d Orcadian Stonehenge. It is the only long barrow on the mainland of Orkney, but Its proiM.rtions differ considerably from those c.mmi'only met with : and it seems jirobabje that it owes its origin to \\w same Nc.rwegian source as the neighbouring c(moid <-Hrth-pyramids that tower al...ve the Ixwl barrows of the aboriginal Or('a fun(>ral pile It lias rather been one of the (>iidless l)luiiders springino- from a too exclusively classical educatic.ii, to assume for It a Homaii origin, and to accept the urn as an evidence of Roman iiiHuence and example, even wheiv it was owned to b,. the product of native ai-t. If, howe\ci-, we i 1 74 THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. make sufficient allowance for the poetical preference of the funeral fire and inurned ashes, over the more com- mon rite ; and so reject allusions such as some of those of Virgil and Ovid, as historic evidence of ancient Roman usage : we shall find reason for inferring that the funeral pile should rank among the later introduc- tions of luxuiy among the Eomans. But the sepul- chral honours of the funeral pile, the urn, and the monumental tumulus, are proved to have pertained to a far older period, by the descriptions of the funeral rites of Patroclus and Hector in the Iliad. The whole circumstances are characterized by much simple grace and beauty : the Ijurning of the body during the night, the libations of wine vdth which the embers \vere quenched at the dawn, the inurning of the ashes of the deceased, and the methodic construction of the pyramid of earth which covered the sacred deposit, and preserved the memory of the honoured dead. The testimony of Plmy, on the contrary, is most distinct as to the intro- duction of a similar iDractico among the Romans at a comparatively late period.^ Apart from the consideration of Roman usage, it is unquestionable that the funeral pile must have been in use in the British Isles for many generations l)efore the era of the Roman invasion, if not indeed before tliat of Rome's mythic founder. But the evidence of tlie Scottish tunndi, while it proves the ancient practic-e of crema tion, shows also the contemporaneous (;ustom of iuhuma tion ; nor is it possible, so far as I can see, to determine from \\i^ amount of evidencte yet ol»tained, that one of those was esteemed more honourable than the other. It is not, indeed, uncommon for the lai-ger tumuli to ccm- tain a single cist, with tlie inhumed remains untoucJied ' r,.HM,n ...-.niair apiul Honutuos „..„ luit v..(..ns in.stituti : trna ,„,„lo. Itinitur. — UiM. N„t. lil,. vii. c. -)4, III.] SEP ULCHItA L ME MO HI A LIS. 75 by fire, and around it, at irregular intervals, several cineraiy urns, sometimes varying in size and style, but aU containing the half-burned bones and ashes of the dead. The inference which such an arrangement sug- gests would seem to point to inhumation as the more honourable rite ; but even where either inhumation or cremation has been the sole mode of disposing of the bodies, we stiU detect obvious marks of distinction, and of superior honours conferred on one or more of the occupants of the tumulus. In one of the largest of a group of tunmli near Stromness, in Orkney, opened by the Rev. Chai-les Clouster, minister of Sandwick, in 1835, evidences of six interments were found, aU so disposed on the original soil, and in contact with each other, as scarcely to admit of doubt that the whole had taken place prior to the formation of the earthen mound beneath which they lay. Two large and carefully constructed cists occupied the centre, and contained burnt bones, but without urns ; while around these were four other cists, extremely rude, and greatly inferior both in (construction and dimensions. In such we probal)ly should recognise the cemetery of some distinguished leader : the two larger and more important cists containing, it may be, the chief and his wife, and the surrounding ones their favourite dependants or slaves. One of the most interesting examples of simjjle in- terment ac(5ompanied with urns and relics belonging to the primitive period, of which the details have been (carefully noted, was discovered on the opening of a sinall tumulus in the parish of Cruden, Aberdeenshire. Witliin it was found a cist containing two skeletons nearly entire. One was that of an adult, while the other appeared to have been a youth of twelve or thirteen years of age, in jidditioii to which there were also por- tions of Ml,, skeleton «>r a (]oo'. Beside (he skeletons f ir 7(i THE I'HIMEVAL OH ^TONK PERIOD. [Chap. stood two rude day urns, nJiglitly oiiiaineiited with encircling lines, but containing no incinerated remains • and witliin the cist were also found seven flint arrow- hends, two flint knives, and a polished stone, similar to one described in a succeeding chapter. It is sligl:tly convex on one side, and concave on the other, with small holes drilled at tlie tour corner^,, by wliich it would seem to have be(;n attached, most probably, to the dress, as an article of personal adornment. These curious relics are now in ilie Arbuthnot collection at Peterhead. / tVsar relates of the Gauls that they burned their honoured dead, consuming along with them not only the things they most esteemed when alive, but also their dogs and horses, and their favourite servants and retainers.^ The system of human sacrifices was not unknown among early Koman sepulchral rites, and has been traced in the usages of many nations in ancient and modern times. It is scarcely possible to overlook the evidence which suggests the idea of some such Suttee system having prevailed among the aboriginal Britons, when observing the opening of a large tumulus, as It discloses its group of cists or urns, or of both com- bined. It is totally irreconcilable with the customs or idcfis of a primitive community, to suppose that the earthen pyramid was systematically husbanded by its ancient builders like a modern family vault, or disturbed anr Pagan customs, it was no doubt difteivnt; and regular cemcterial tumuli aiv found, ' Df Bell. Gnll. HI., vi. ra,.. Hi. Ill] .S.VP ULVHRA L MKMOHIA Lti. which must have accumuhited during a considerable period. These, however, differ essentially from the earlier tumuli; and if we are to suppose the whole group of urns or cists in the latter to have been de- posited at once, it is difficult to conceive of any other mode of accounting for this than the one already sug- gested : so congeniid to the ideas of barl>arian rank, and of earthly distinctions perpetuated beyond the grave. Instances do indeed occur both of cists and urns found in large tumuli near the surface?, and so far apart from the main sepulchral deposit as to induce the belief that they may have been inserted at a sub- sequent period, as is still the practice of the Red Indian in the ancient mounds of the New World ; while the large chambered tumuli and cairns indicate essentially different ideas, and may be supposed to have been burial-places of a privileged order, tribe, oi- sept. But it must not be overiooked that the tumuli are not common gi-aves, but special monumental structures for the illustrious dead ; including, no doubt, those who fell in battle, and over whom we may therefore con- ceive the surviving victors to have erected those giganric cairns which are occasionally found to cover a multitude of the dead. But some of the Scottish cairns which have been found only to enclose a solitary cist, must have 0(;cupied the labour of months, and required the united exertions of a numerous corps of workmen, to gather the materials, and pile them up into such durable and imposing monuments. The remembrance how greatly the dead of a few generations outnumber the hving is alone sufficient to satisfy us that the tumuli cannot be common sepul- (;liral mounds. Such a custom universally adopted for a few generations in a populous districtt, would surpass the effects of deluges and earthquakes in the cliano-cs mtmiu 78 T///'J PRIMEVAL OR m)N K J'KRJOJ). [v,^^,.. wrought l)y it on the natural surraco of the ground. Ihe laws of Solon interdicted the raiung of tumuli on account of the ext. nt of land thev occupied ; and the Romans enacted the same proJiib^ory restiictions prior to th(' time of Cicero. We are Tamiliar with the com- mon modes of British sepulture, contemporaneous with the monumental tumulus. Both the cist and u.-n have yim fr(V|uently found without any artificial increase of the siipprncumbent soil to mark the spot where they are deposited. Their inhumation l.eneath the soil, as well as the f4V(pient occurrence of numhers tog(,tiier pomt out such as the common and undistiug^iished grnves ot the builders of the tunudi. But where the tumulus was to be superimposed, interment rarely took I)lace. l^he cist was constructed on the, natural surface ol the sod, and over this, earth- -brought from a distance or occasionally cut axvay from the surface immediately Hurroundmg the (diosen site, s(, as tluTcby to add to its height,— was hea])ed up and mouhled into the accustomed form In its progress the accompanying uins wei-e dis- posed, frequently with little attention to regularity in the enclosed area; nor is it uncommon to find al'ono- With these the bones of domestic animals : the remains" III idl probability, of the funeral feast, hi the later tumuli are oeeasionally fouiKl th.^ bronze bridle-bit and other horse furnituiv, and s.,i„..tim.vs teeth and bon.'s and even the entiiv skeleton of the horse. The skeleton' of the ,Ing is Htill more riv,,uently m.-t witli ; and it is to be regr..(fd that in .Sr„llan.l the fact has hith.-rto •"''''• iveorded wilhout any minute observations lu>ino. attemj.ted on th.^ skeleton, fr.mi which to ascertain i(s Hpceu.s, and ].erhaps thereby true., the older birlhland of '.t. master The" liev. Alexaiuh-r Low, in a commnni.-a- tion h.id b..|ore the Society of Antis a])pear from their contents to be the more important. It is manifest, liowin'cr, that some art was always exercised in giving to the tumulus an .'irtificial form. N.'ither the bowl nor the b(>ll shape is that which earth natui-ally assumes when thrown u]) int(» a heap. The form is therefore a matter woi'thy of further observation, and may yet jn-ove a legithuate basis of stricter dassitication in reference to the era or race. Tlu l)ell-shaped tumuli are not very common in Scotland, but where tluy do occur they are geiu i-ally of the larger class, though not always distinguislicd by any marked ju'culiarity in their contents. The IMack Kiiowe, <»ne of the largest (umuH in the parish ofiJcndale, Ork- ney, was exj.lored in February JH4!> by Mr. (hM.rge IVtrie, a zealous Orkney anti(|uarv, in company wiVli Oa[.tain Thomas, K.N., while engagvd in the "Admi- ralty Survey. Its sliaj.e, howeveV, " was by no means unirorni, and viewed fn.ni some points it ditlered little fnun the common Im.wI barrow, of which it is computed that above two thousand are still to be found scattered * ^m^^ \i 80 77/A' PIUMKVAL OH .STONt: PKlilOJ). [C.u,. over the Orkney IhIhikLs alone, in the centre and on u level with the natural surface of the soil, a small chamlx^r , or cist of undressed stones w;is found, nieiisurino- eighteen l)y twelve inches, and (Containing only an extremely rude cinerary urn, tilled with bones and ashes mixed with clay. Both the Enclosed and the Encircled Barrows are frequently of large dimensions, and some of their con- tents belong to the later era, when the metallurgic arts were in general use. In several instances the cont.'iits ot the enclosed barrow, (n- tumulus surrounded with an ''artli(>n vallum, pertain to the Konian era. In ..ne for example, in the neighbourhood of Kuth.Tglen, Lanark shire, 2G0 f\>et in eir.uimference, a, g;dlery or long ,-ham- l)or was discovered, construete.l of unhewn stones, and containing two brass vessels, which from the description appear to have been Koman putc-lhe. On the hanclle of each was engraved the name of Oongallus or C^on- VALLUS ; and along with these were deposited various native irlics, iiu'ludij.g a perforated stone and three hirge glass beads, such as are frequentlv found in J^ritish tnmuh.' Examph.s, however, are m)t wantino' of the Hume barrow .ith . cmtenfs belonging to an earlier period. An <.n.-losed barrow or ,.airn, (he largest of a grou). which occupied the summit of one of th<" (\Mtlikin nils m the parish of Kilbride, measun-d eighteen feet in •eight and 120 feet in f Scan.linavian origin ; nor .1,, they generally occur in districts of Scotland wiiere tli.^ long residcii.v, or fre.pient incursions of the Norwcxrians woul.l lead us to expect Scandinavian remains. A hir.-v <'«'<-ifH<-d barrow <.mI1,.,j [I„ly ||i||, ,,p,,^^.j j,, jj^.^^^^;^ Old laston, a few miles to the west of h].h-nburgh, con- tained a bron/,. spear-head, along with a heap „f animal Hinrcoal and small fragments of bones, but neither cist nor urn. A solitary stan. ling-stone, measuring about nmeaiid a half feet in height cupi,«s a neighbouni.<. held a little to the east of it. An..tl,cr banou which s(oo,l m>ar the Al.bey of Newbattle, Mid-Lotliian, was <•» -•' •'omcal form, measuring thirty feet in height, an lono- barroNv, termmating in a point at botli ends. Some, examples ai-e also enclosed witli stones, havinc- one of considerable size at each end ; and from their raHty and their I'emarkable resend.lance to the Shih^^iTtnlmie, or ship-bairow of ywe.len, theiv can be little hesitation in assigning them to the same class and oricrin as those described by W<.rsaae, in which have l,eei; found lar.-e Hi.ils and other traces of the Norse ship-builders' art- conhrnnng the accounts givc-n in the sagas, „f the dead' Vikmgs ship being ccmverted into his bi.-r and funeral pde, and Its m.Muorial i)erpetuated i,, tli(. form of th.> superincumbent mound. One example of an encircled s hip-bMiTow was „nly denu.lished a, few years since, on the farm ,.1 (iraifney Mains. DundViesshire, but no re- <•<»••< "f Its cont<.nts has b,.,.n preserved. A much more ••H.'brafcl one, anr his head, as suddenly vanished.- Remains of anei..nt armour were du<.' ui» a tew years ago, <„, the farm ..f Rossie, a little to tlu" ...st <•! eim.vie ; of tln-se, " two helnu-ts, a small hatchet of yellow metal, and a finger-ring, are pivseived in Dun- Rl'lllb House."'' '^ (JmlmiiiV AiilUfiiifhH of Innn, Plato HI. ■' SinAwvH siutUt. A,r. vi.l. xix. \>. 441. ■' Xfii'StoUst, ,|,v, vol. X. |), 717, ^m^^ 84 r///; PRUIEVAL OR STONE PEKJOJ). [C HAP. 1 t The baiTow was not, in all probability, entirely super- seded until some time after the introduction of " Christi- anity into Scotland. Several examples seem to indicate that the Anglo-Saxons were wont to convert an accumu- lating barrow into the general place of sepulture of a locality, mterring the body apparently in its ordinary dress, but without any cist. The tumular cemetery at Lamel Hill, near York, of which a minute account is given by Dr. Thurnam, in the Archmlogical Journal, was of this class ; and so also was a large sepulchral mound, levelled near the beach at North Berwick, East- Lothian, in 1847, in preparing a site for new gas-works. The latter was in the immediate vicinity of what appears to have been used as a general Ini rial-ground probably fill a late medieval era, but its contents were clearly referrible to the Aiiglo-Saxr races iiave been found. This last adaptation of the primitive memorial mound as the cemetery of a whole race, ere it was abandoned along with th(3 creed to which it had been allied, is thus beautifully referred to in the descrip- tion by Dorban, an ancient Irish po(>t, of tlie Reive na Rio(jK t\\ii place of interment of tli(> kings of the Scotic nuM^ of which tlie last Pagan monan^h was killed in the year 406 : — " Fifty tnoitnd.s, 1 coitify, Arc ivt OciKich iiii Crundiiin ; 'I'luTc air tiii.liT ciich hkhiikI of tlicni Fifty line w.irlike men. Kv«ry hill wlii.li i.s at Oonm-li Has iimlci- it heroes and (jiieens. Ami poets and di,strilmtaban, we see an example of the standiug-stone ami <-'mni, the "pillar an,l heap," employe.l as the memorials of a covenant by the Hebrew patriarch. Again, the sepul- ture of Achan and of Absah.m are examples of the cairn (h'scribes one caUed l)rmnlcurhun,ic, on th(^ moor of JJarely, which nu-asures nearly nme hundred fe(>t in cireumfeivnee. An(»ther of •'qui.I dimensions oil the moor of Dranaixh.w, is called ^m^- '' H 1 f»l '- IHI 88 77//; PRIMEVAL OH STONE PERIOD. [Chai.. the Buss, /.(>., tlie hollow, Cairns. It has been partially demohshed to construct neighbouring field enclosures, and by this means a series of cruciform sepulchral chambers has been exposed, similar to those of the English Chambered Barrows, and to the galleries found in several of the gigantic Irish cairns. It measures inter- nally eighty feet in length, from the corresponding limbs of the cross each way, while the galleiy is only four feet wide and al)out three feet high. The stones in Wxa middle of the cairn are very large, and are laid in regular courses, from the bottom to a considerable height, be coming gradually smaller as they recede from the"'ce'ntre. The chamber of the Grey Cairn, on the neighbom-ing Drum of Knockman, closely resembles this in form and dimensions; and various others occur in the district One of these called the White Cairn has also its later historical associations, owing to its having furnished a safe concealment to the Laird of Glencaird and his two sons, when pursued by Claverhouse for harbouring some of the persecuted Covenanters. Some of the stones used in constructing the internal chamler where they lay hid are upwards of a ton weight.^ In the year 1828 a remarkable cairn was opened on Airswood Moss, Dumfriesshire, by a party of labourers, seeking for stones with which to build a " march dyke,'' or boundary wall. It ccHisisted, as usual, of u heap of loose stones, surrounded by larger ones, closely set to- gether, forming a, r.'gular circle, fifty-four feet in dia- meter. Its form, however, was singulai-. For a))out fourteen feet from ili^i inner side of the encircling stones It rose gradually, but above this the angle of devation i'!'ruptly changed, aii.l the ceiilrc wasforniecl into u steep •'Oil''. Directly uiid.Tneath this a <'i,sl was found, lyino "••rtii ami south, <'ompos<.<1 of si.x largr tmli.'wn ston,.,r. ' Niw maliHi. Avx. VdJ. iv, Kirkrudl.iight, |,|,. ], •{'.>. |;{;{ \ .jl Wi i i III] SEr ULCIIRA L ME MORI A LS. 89 f and measuring in the interior four feet two inches in greatest length, with a ticpth of two feet. It contained only human bones, indicating a jierson of large stature, laid with the head towards the north. But the further demolition of the cairn disclosed a curious example of regular internal (;onstruction on a systematic pla n. From the four corners of the central cist there extended, in the torm of a St. Andrew's cross, rows of stones overlapping cfich other like the slating of a house. At the extremity of one of these, about fourteen feet from the central chamber, another cist was found of corresponding struc- ture and dimensions, but laid at right angles "to the radiating row of stones. Another is said to have been found at the extremity of one of the opposite limbs of the cross ; and most probably the whole four were origin- ally conjoined to corresponding cists, but a considerable portion of one side of the cairn had Ijeen removed before attention was directed to the subject. Between the hnibs of the cross a quantity of bones, in a fragmentary state, were strewn about.^ Such a disposition of a grouj) of cists, under a large cairn, though rare, is not without a parallel, and may perhaps be characteristic of a class. The Kev. Harry Robertson of Kiltearn describes one in that parish, about thirty paces in diameter, which con- tained a central cist three and a Jialf feet long, and at the circumference on the east, south, and wc^st sides, three others of similar dimensions. As the cairn was hi this case also imperfect, and partly demolished, it is not inipi-()l)able that a fourth, on tlie north side, may have been previously destroyed.'^ Here, as in the tumuli with cinerary urns around the central cist ; the group of small urns surrounding a, large one in the chambered catacomb • Ihnn/r!,: ./onrnal, .Imiil. 2-1, iSi'S; Ms. ('oiunuii,i,.atiou, Sue. Auti.,. Si.„t. Andrew I'iowii, Es.i., iviiil Maivli !t. US2!t. ■■' Siiicl.iii's S/fiti''.)-2. ■« > i ii ,i»i . m m m ti H 90 77/ A- ritlMKVAL OH STONK I'Kiaoi). |(!nAr. ol'.-i c'lniioii tlic liill of'Dovvn lU'iir |{;mH";' and in inmicr- oiiH otiicr iiiHtanccs: \vr find a siiioiilar aiTaii<;('incut, }il>|)aiviilly i)t by violence, and characterized in s(mie cases by the massive grandeur of jirimcival masonry, such as the classic (Jreek assigned j,, t|„. fabled ('ycloj)s \ it seems vain to attempt to (h'termine the aiiti((uity of monunu'iits, within som(M)f wliich have been found the same kinds of im])lemeids as those which prove the existence of man contemjioraneously with the fossil mammals of the diluvium and drift. It is obvious, how- over, that th(>y belong to diverse peiiods. Until reguhi.r architecture took the place of such imperfect constructive ■ irt, the rud<' memorials of unhewn stone, and pyramidal mounds and cairns, necessarily presented a general cor ivspon(h>nce, not only throughout the British Isles, but wherever the infantile architectural instinct employed ilself on such works. The cairns and mounds of 'the Old and Nt>w World corresix.nd in form and materials; hilt it is by an intelligent cunparison of their varied' contents that we are able to discriminate between rac.s diverse in physical form, in sepulchral rites, and in the style and develo|)ment oftheir distinctive arts; and tla-re- l»y to (h«tennine a rehitive, if jiot a ])ositive chronology. An niteresting natm'al chronometer is of freipicnt •xrurrenct' in connexion with those rud(> memorials of l>nmitive ages, furnishing unmistakable evidence of the ' I'l'iiii.iiit'M Tour, vol. i. |p. |;,(;. ' I ,1 - *mvimt0ijp',-^'^ -p.^^-' Il/.l aS'AV UUJHMA L MKMORIA A,y. 91 r«'niotcm.s8 of the era to wliicli somk, of tJicm bol.m^r, jhkI HU[)plying (hilii, wlii.'h may iKavaftci- prove to bo rediio ibl<" to (lefiiiito computation. Tin, accumulation, not only ol alluvium, but of j)eat-mosH «»v(!r the .structures ol curly a,i-t, lias already bcicn refcrrcMl to in (les(Tibijig tli(! ancjient boats, harpoons, etc, (li.scovei-ed in various localities ; and will repeatedly r.^cur in the course of our niquny m relation to various classes of memorials of the; pMst. The traveller, m passing- from Bunaw Feriy, on Lo(;h Etive, to J^(!r«!gonium, Argyleshire, j.asses over an extensive moor, known by the name of the " Bhick Moss." Oil this, or rather rising up through it, are several large ••Minis, with here; and there the remains of others which ha,V(^ been demolished for the pui'pose of enclosing fields or buillete cromlech, consisting only of three stones. Two of nearly equal length support th(> huge capstone, a. block of basalt measuring fully Kill. a. Till' Anlil Wi,,.«' i.m. eighteen feet in length, by eleven in brea.lth, mid seven m depth. A narrow triangular s])ace remains open be- tween tli(. three st(mes, and through this every straix.-,.,- iH iv(|uiiv,l in pass on first visiting th.-spot, if, accordh.o to the rustic creed, lie w„u!,l cs,-ap,. the calamity of dyin- ••nlilless. [tis not umvortliynf being note.l. that thoiK-h the mte of tins singular cr.mdech is at n.. givat ,>lcvati.m ii sp..ctator standing on it <-an see across the island fnmi Hm to sea ; and may almost at the same moment observe ihr sm..ke from a steamer (.nt(>ring the Kird, .»f Clyde mid irom another below (Jrangvniouth. in th.« Forth From the traces ..f ruin,.,! cromlechs still visibi,. j,, various parts of the country, some of then, app.v.r to Imv,. been eiK^ircled, like a ,.|ass of barrows deMenlw..| 14 i.i 94 TllK PRIMEVAL OR STOXE PERIOD. |C„„.. above, with a ring of .slaiuling-stone.s ; and it i.s probable that many of tlie smaller groups throughout the country designated temples, or Druidical circles, belong to this class of sepulchral memorials. Such is the case with a megalithic groui)in the parish of Sandwick, Orkney, and It IS still more noticeable in the ring of Stennis "where the cromlech lies overthrown beside the gigantic ruins of the cir<-le which once enclosed it. Various other cromlechs still remain in Orkney. One called the Stones of Vea, situated on the moor about half a, mile south of the manse of Sandwiil', though overthrown, is otherwise uninjured. The (capstone measures five feet carried away to any part of the world, It would be found on the same cairn again." The more practical idea suggested abov.i corresponds to that formed by Mr. V. (<. Lukis in a somewhat parallel <.ase though any imiication of artifi<-ial formation in sucli pnuutiye struct ur.-s is of the very rarest occurrence i\lr. Lukis remaiks m a communication to the Arclurolo SicMl Association : --" [ s.^ml a sk.-tch of the c.vmdcch on L'Vncresse (\.nnnon, (Ju.Mi.sey, on which we have dis- eoveivd a string of inth-ntations, probably mad.^ will, n. view to trim th,- sid,. prop t<, the rc,,uired size of the ••<'|>Htone. These are the first appearances of art in anv <»t the primeval monuments, and nowh.'re hav w(. found .'Mythmg of tl.,. kind exc-pting on a n.enhir in tlu' parish ' Airliivul. Slot. V(,|, jij, |,, 4;j_ li ■'■!•' ni SiO r/lE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. of the Forest The u^e of these indents we can only guess nt ; but as tliey follow the fracture of the stone (granite), the early method of breaking stones would be explaine,!."^ The Bonnington Mains Cromlech IS of large si.e. Th.i capstone, which now rests on only two of Its supporters, measures 11| feet in length, and m feet ni greatest breadth. It bears the name of The Witch s Stone, in accordance with the i-ustic lerrend which ascribes its origin to an emissary of the famed old Scottish wizard, Michael Scot. I had an opportunity of ;T,}-'^'"^^'^~i,., Kli,. ;<. -Th,. Wll.liV W,„u., ll„iinliiKl„i, MuluH, Mlill „tl,l,.li, partially exj.l.uing this crim,rt„tl,w, v.,1. iii. p, nfi. III.] ISEPULC/UUL MJ'JMOIUALS. l.l«ck, „,,tte,«l over it.s .surface. (.„e of the«., vvhieh ..a.s l.ee,. supposed to have fonued tl.e eaprto, ,• of l^rge c,„n,leel,, monmv,, is>, l,y jo feet , ve.y « 1 lun.nli. the |,ody a ,, l'"ve l„.e„ gonerallv red in a contnWe , Xtt^ n """ "'■ '" "'•■ ^"■'•""'■' "'" «"H..: "ol r "" " ""■ ^y ' I"''»i- (J i ' h I I ' !»H 77/ A- PRIMEVAL OH ,^TOXK I' Eli 1 01). [Chap. be disi^sed witliiii the straitened dimensions which eustom presei-ilxHl im- the primitive tomb. Tlu; practice may perhaps be traced to tlie ideii i)re\a]ent long after the Christian era, that it was unworthy of a warrior to die in his ])ed. Tlie rude Briton was accordingly interred seated, or lying on his side witli his knees drawn up to his breast, and with his weapons of stone or In-onze at his side, ready to spring up when (Ik; sound of the war- cry should sunnnon l'-.r; to rsnc-/ the strife. Some few cists of full propor.i dong to a period so remote that it is possible sucli .^re in u£\^ prior to tlie adoption of this custom ; Imt it un(lou])te(lly prevailed for ages, and pi-ol)ai>ly did not disappear till after tlic introduc- tion of (Christianity. The short stone cist has Ix-eii discovered of late years in the immediate vicinity of some of tire most ancient (liristiaii churches in the Orkneys ; while exampK's of .i full sized < ist, with the enclosed skeleton exten(k^l at length, are met with under circumstances, and with accompanying relies, which leave no doubt that they belong to both of the earlier l)agan periods. A very general impression long ])revailed that the pri- mitive cists are invariably founcl lying north and .south. J)Ut this is a hasty conclusion, which has been the more readily adoi>ted, from the distinction it seems to furnish in contrast to the medieval custom of laying the head towards the west, that the ( 'iristian might look to the imiiit from whence he expected his Saviour at his second coming. Abundant evidence exists to disi.rove the uni- versal use of any ]»artieuhir direction in laying the cists or interring the dead in the j.rimitive ])eiiod. A few examples will sutlice („ show this. In IHiM u number of cists were discovered in making a new approach to JMair-Drummond Ifcaise, near the river Teith, Stirling- Hhire. They were of ||,e usual diiiracler, varyiniv hi Mmmn ill] tiKP VLCIIRA L ME MORI A LS. 99 ;siA^, \nxt none „f them Inrgo enough to lioM a full-grown >'>^ly l.;.id at length. Some contmne.l urns of various dimensions, with hurnt bones and .-.shes, whih. in others tlie (K)nes hi.d no appearance of having been exposed to hrc Ihe urijs were extremely rude and simple in form mid no metallic relics were discover(>d among tli(>m' Here therefore, we have a primitive place of sepulture 111 a locality alixvidy noted for some remarkable evidences «± very remote population. But the cists lay irregularly in various directions, giving no indication of any chosen mode or prevailing custom.^ In 1814 several cists were discovered m the ,x-.rish of Borthvvick, Mid-Lothian of the ordinary character and proportions, and in some eases ^^iitammg urns, one of which is now in the Museum of the Society of Antiquari(3s of Seotland. Others have since been discovered in the same neiohbourhood at various times, but like those on the banks of th(> T.'ith they were placed without any regai-d to order"- Jn' eonstruc-ting. the new road to Leith, h-ading from the mitre of Lc-llevue Crescent, Edinburgl,, in 182:^ sev.Tal «t«me cists were found, of the usual <-ir,aimseribed dimen- .s.oiis and rude constriu-tion of th,. primitive period, but 1-iiig.^sposed nearly due east and west, were assumed without furtlier evidence to be '' „f eours,> huuv the mtr.,duction of Christianity."'' Anothe,- similar reli,- of he abongmai occupants of the site of the modern S,-of isli cap.fa was fbund in 1 822, in digging the fbunda- lon of a h.mse on the west side of flu, Uoyal Cir.-us ^fn this case the cist lay north ami south, but the head was la.,1 at the south end. The whole sV.,.leton, will, the exception of a few of the tec-th, .-rumbled to dust on '•>>".i^ touehed.' In a ,-ist discovered in ] 7'.)(. under •, ''•"•A^<" .•-•nrn in the parish of Kilbride, the skeleton lav Ai-rhii'ol, Sriit. Vol. iii. ],, i't Avi'IkioI. Sr, thirty cists, disposed in two regular rows, ar equal distances apart, and with the heads towai'ds the north-east. Their arrangement was peculiar, and obvi- ously the result of some s|.ecial de.sign. A line drawn along their ends was nearly due east and west, and from this they de.-Iined obliquely, in tli(> direction .»f north- ' TiH-'s K'lUiriilr, p, '>\;\, [Ohap. Ifl.j ^EP ULVIIRA L MEMOUIA LS. 101 u t mt t,o«. «u-i, otl,«- and i„ the centre of each <,i t abut agauist the sides of tlio adjacent cists ' Anoth > > " " *''" ' ^ "^"'"g "f a long barrow of unu.sua]lv lir«. ,en,s,„n, .n the parish of Strathhlane, D:nh, f- to r? 1 ™ "f ""P"'""'" ''^'" "''«"'y l'^" .-rferred 'H^piaoi. r™:t;;Lr^.tX7/-'rT. rites f„ ti,. » -"'Lutc ot til,. ail.>]>tion of novel urc.s. 1" the systcmat .: ilisiiositiuii of ti, i i ■ Hxeil direction, it i., „r„h.,|,l I't '"''^' '" '' -"1 sHll earlie; eh,, l': , , , ™.™"^ ''T ""'"'"" """■'■ '■•■"■'■i"l iave.s|i:ation '"7 '"' '^"'"""S »f ti.e relation they hear t „ ^ ""' '■'■'■"^''^''' "' l.Hi„i,ive ra,./o « 'XT'^ ;;''-uees of the "f comparing n,,.iv ^ K,, .,',""/''" °lM«f ""ity I 1)1 77/A' riNMi:VM. OU sroXE ri'llUOh. Www I \ less luctiind oi' (lesion ill I he nidc scpulclii'cs of llic carlit'sl Mhoriuiiics, iIimii of those wlm li;i(| loiio- slicllcivd tlu'insclvcs ill (lie oI;ir such it distiiic- (ioii would runiish ;i v.duiiltlc cliroiioloniciil ti,iii(h' lo (he juvhii'olooisl ill the arrimocinciil of !iis iiialciials for pri- iiiilivc hisloiv. The (>arly dirisliaii adapted the position of his o-rave lo the aspirations of his faith ; and a similar practice anions- older racos, in all ))rol>al)iIitv, Itore a kindred relation to some lesson of their I'aoan creed, the nature of which is not yet j)erhaps uittM'ly beyond recall. The ([uestion of divers races is at. least one of compar; (ively easy solution. On this the invest ijjjat ions of the practical otlmolooist uuiy throw niiicli liniit, Ity estal)Iisli- iiiU' proofs of d'stinct (ranioloo^ical eharactcrisliits ])er- tainino- tt) the remains ii^tcrrcd north and south, from (hose jieionoing, as I conceive, to a still earlier ju'iiod, - iK'lore th( i-ude Caledonian had learned to attach a mcanino- to tiic direction in which he was laid to rest, in the a.ris K^'i death, or to disjiose himself lor his lon<>sIee|) will: thoughts which aiiticipatetl a resurri'clion. i f ■ 1 il: i mmmmmm ICllAI-. IV. liWELLISdH A Mi (JATAlJOMns. 103 rilAPTFJI IV. hWKLLIMjH AM) CATACOMItS. I*.KI''()UK )))•( .,'(■('(!! no- |„ cxjuniii.! in ,|,.tjiil tl„. v.-iiicl <-<"'hnls nf ||,„ ScoKis,. i,nn,.li, it inny bo w.'ll to r.l.,„rf. -•" '-;•' ."vmI..,,,-,. wc, possrss of (li,. imhin- „r tli(' Iml.itn- 'i<>i'« iv.ucil ;„,(' '/, or ,.o(s „f ,!,. ('.nri,l from tin, inclcmcn.T of t !«' uvatJKT l.y Louohs <,f tnvs an.l sods of turf"^ Of llu'sr pnmitiv." pit-,lwrllin<.s nnm.rons traces an- dis !'*'''"^»''' '>» l^<'n<-iiar Moss, in tl.. parish of Sk.n.-, and m otluT loralitics of AI.crd,.<.nshiro; on iJu: hanks of l^od. l;yn(., Ai^yh-shiro ; i,i tho ..ounti.-s of invcrnc'ss ••'"d ( aiti.nrss ; and in various olhor dist.'i.ts of Scot- land s(.d nninvadrd hy thr plonoh. Tl.<.v a.v almost M.vanal.ly lounet in dianietei-. Their Aarvincr .si^^es may be ['resumed to indicate gradations of rank, such as we know weie established among the northern Britons at the ])eriod of Ronjan ijivasion. Ihit no ti'accs of Roman arts ]ia\c been discovered to give countenance to this comparatively recent date. On digging within the area of the pit dwellings, a mass of i-hai-red wood oi- ashes, mingled with IVagmeiits of decayed bones and yegvlable matter, are generally found ; and their site is bv(|uently disc<.rnible on the brown heath, or the grey •sloi.c of the hill-side, from the richer giowth ami brighter given of the gi-ass, within the circle saci'ed of old t(» tlie iK.spitable rites of our barbarian ancestry, wheiv I lie ac( innulaled refuse ,,{" their culinary operations have thus siiHic<'d (o enrich the soil. ' .irr/l,rol. ,S,v,/, vn|, II, p. ,-,|, li IV.] DWELL IN an AND CATACOMHti. I ^ 105 'rii(.' iir,st evidence of a sliolit advaiieemeut in the con- stnictive .skill of tlie primitive archit(M-t is discernible in the sti-engtliening of his domestic encdosure with stone. I his IS not mfreciuently accompanied with small circular or oblong field enclosures, as if marking the dawn of civilisation, manifested in the protection of persond pro- perty, and the rudiments of a i)astoral life, in the foldino- of sheep and cattle. Still greater social progress would seem to be indicated in those examples, also occasionally to be met with in various districts, where a cmmandino- site appears to have been chosen for the settlement ; and traces still remain of an earthen rampart enclosing the whole, as on the Kaimes Hill, in the parish of Ritho Mid Lothian. Sucli, perhaps, may be the remains of a British camp, or of a tem])orary retreat in time of war. With the same class may l)e grouped the " Picts' kilns," on which Chalmers, Train, Scott, and other an tiquaries, have expended mu(;h conjecture and useless learning. These are of frequent occurrence in Wigton and Kirkcudbright shires, as well as in parts of the ndo-h- l)ourmg counties. They consist of elliptical or petir- sh;i[)ed eii.losures, measuring generally about sixteen feet in length and seven or eight feet in breadth. Externally the walls ai)pear to be of earth, sometimes standing nearly three feet high. On removing the surface they are found to be constructed internally of small stones frequently l)earing marks of fire. They are popularly believed to Ix^ ancient breweries reared by the Picts for the manufactuiv of a, mysterious beverage called heather ule. Sir Walter Scott suggests, with not much greater l)robabi]ity, that they are ])rimitive lime-kilns. ' They are said ])y Mr. I'l'ain to be invai-ia,()ly constructed o"n th(i south si.le of a hill, close to (he margin of a brook. Mild witli (he door or narrow passage facing the stream. IOC. 77/ A' I'h'IMKVAL ON STOXK PKIilOl). [0 II A 1'. Future fxcavaliouis on their sites uiay |)erliii[)S {iiriiisli more conclusive evidence of their original })ur})os(>. Greater art is apparent in tlii' relies of auorlier class (►f ancient Scottish dwellings occasionally met Avith in dilferent parts of the country. in the IJlack iVIoss, already rcfeiTcd to, on the banks of Etivc, Argyleshire, at various points where sonn; advance has been made in recovei'ing the waste for agii(Ui]tnral pui-poses, the pro- gress of cultivation has uncovered I'ouuh oval Davinns of stone, bearing marks of lire, and frecpiently covered with ointed hazel stakes or p(»sts, the relics, doubtless, of the u|>riglit beams with which the walls of the ancient fabric Mas flamed. Julius (';osar describes the dwellings of the ihitons as similar to tli()S(< of the (Jauls;' ajid these we learn, from the accounts both of Strabo and J)iodorns iSiculus, were con- structed of wood, of a ciivular form, and with lofty tapering i-oofs of straw. ►Sudi ap])arently were the struct ui'cs, the remains of which are now brought to light within the limits of the Dalriadic ]>ossessions. iJul these ancient ('al(!(lonian hearths, now (]uenche(l for so many centuri-'s, are discoveivd beneath an accumulation of from eight to ten feet of moss, undei- which lies a stratum of vegetable mould aliout a fool deep, resting u|)on an alluvial bed of gravel and sand : the original soil u|>on which the large sepulchral caiiiis of the same district have been reared. In so far as such accumu- lations furnish any trustw(»itliy chronometer of inter- vening centuries, they seem to |ioiiit to an era ••reallv more remote than that of the Sicilian historian or the Itoinaii ( 'n'sar. Among the relics of primili\(' donieslie an-hitecture ' ih //.//, <,•„/', III, \. ,.,.k|,, I .J. IV.J DWKLLIXdS AM) CATACOM US. 107 ])roiiglit to liglit ill liitcr times, no cIjish is more rciiuirk- ablc tliiiii tlio wcam, oi- sul)t('ri-aiu'nii dwellings wliieli liavo been discovered in different purts of Scotltmd. Of this class are two struetunis discovered in the parish of Tealing, Foifarshiiv. Oik; of them consisted of several apartments formed with large flat stones without any tiemeiit ; and in it were found wood-ashes, several fra earthen vcissels, and an ancient stone haiul-mill, or (juerni'. The other was a single vault constnicted in the same manner, mt^asuring internally about four feet l)oth in height and width, and contain- ing a bi'oad eai-theii vessel, and a stone celt or hatchet.' Ill another oju'iied in the parish of Moiizie, Perthshire, a stone celt and bron/(( sword were found, both of which arc preserved at Monzie House. (Iialmers sup Jilies a curi(tus list of r.imilar subtei-ranean dwellings discovered at various times in Forfar, IVrth, AlxM'deen, Koss, Suthei-land, and Inverness shires, and in the Ork- ney Islands.- The like structures are noted by iMartin, among the anti(|uities (.f tlu; islands of Walay, Frisca, and Skye ;'' and by I'ennant also in the latl,er island. They are desci'ibed by Martin as "little stime houses, built undei- ground, calle(l curtli /loitses, which served to iiide a few people and their goods in time of war." 'i'lie general name ap|>licd in Scotland to these sub- tei-ranean haliitatioiis is Weems, from the (jiaelic word iKtin/m, a cave : and as this nauK is in use in the low •'ountries, where nearly all traces of the Celtic dialect have lieen lost as a living language. i>robably since tlu^ era of the "Saxon ('on(|iiest,"" it may l>e accepted as no insignificant ev iden<'e of their |ieilaining to an older race. In Alterdeenshire, where tliev have been lound ' Suuhiw'f* Sliiti.i. Air. \„\. i\. |i. ntl. r,iliil,i,iiii, Mil, j |., 117. I';,/, iiInii .v. »• SldHM. All', vnl. vii, KriiI'li'W ' MiirlinV \\'is/,fi) /ilm, ji|l (17> HI. !,"(4. t ^liil'', j>. .">0'J, I'll', KIN li;i Till': I'liiMEVM an sTosK riciaoh. \ <'llAi', in ^Toiler iMiiiihci' iliiin H'vrnon. ir,,„,,,||y known, ,,, in (|,„ |'|,.|,ii,l,.M, !.y"i|„ III iiny odicr siiin|,. disdici, ||„.y iiiiinc i>l' rinfv (i.e., i;,rfh) h All iiilcrcMl louses. vW../m.SW>//a,.' ,„H|,sinn. III..,, M.uiiy MH.n. ''■'V l'.'.'i, l,nM,.|,l ioli,o|,( in (l„.,sMni,. ,liH(,-i..(,. S..v.t,I •'" h.'s,. ,.,,,,,,.,1 „r Vmv .y("Mr,si„S(iM(l„|un,Mv,|..sml,...l vMll'.mvi.l, n,in„(,.,„.,sM ill ll.<'S(,.,(iH(i,,,lA.r„nn(ori|,i,( |.'''"''7" ^^," '•' '''"-■''< "io,„- in ll„.;„|j„inino. |,,,isl,, ,,.,1 ''■"■ ''■';'" """ "*'•' ••''•^"'" <'l' KiMni, ir \vl,i.|,, IVon, '""">• l;„-^v loHsil Invs .|„n n|. i„ i(, ;,,.p,,„.M lo |,;,vr "'I'"; '-"."" ;•^';■-'^iv^lo,vs|. II.. h,....s|, .ssr.nlte. "' ">•>.-<' Niiimih.r lnlMl;,(i..,is,M-r,„-sul,ic|, |,,,m v.( Imt Nv,v- III ;^v,uT,,|. no ..Mon,;,| ;'"'';;"•""' •••'••"••'•^ n... siini,,.,., ,i„.- m (h.ir.iiMn.v.Tv ';'/''''';'''''';;•' "'"'•-••n>'.'. III.' i.svi i..mii. o,- nl,.o,•^„.ii.,• ;'"•''' ,""•>■ '"; l""-'^<"nls ,.o ,,,.,,„„,nn... or l,..,vi,.n. „v..,' •••"•" ^"'il...l l.y (I.,, lun.l or ,n..n. ; ,.,i.| |... .n/.v t,.,- v.'.s,. ,|,.> n,,s,.. nn.il rvny iMhin.l i;,„n,v |,;,s luvom.. ■•'""''••"•'; l"s rv. wiihoui s,iM,H...,ino ,|,„ nii,l..m..nll, •"■^ vm l.rt l„. ,|,„ ,|uvlli„,ns ;,n,l .lonn-HiJ,. n,„nsils of IVIUolc .'mlKillily. Til." AlK>nl,v„s|,„v vv.,,n,s ,,,, ro„sh-ll.|r,| of Inin,. I I IV. hWKL Lisas AND dATACOMIiS. 109 infiHH.-,s of vrv:\\\\U\ fV(-f|ii(.nMy i.lmvc nix fV-d, in |,,ii^Ttl, ; <'"' Htoiics ,.vcH;i|. ,';icli ,.(|i,.i- in succ'HHion, until the inti-i-- vcning' H|)jic,' is sullici.Mitly ivduccd to jidniit of the vnull. I.cinn (M)ni|)I,.|,Ml l.y ;, .single l>|,M-k exten"''><'^ •■•'• >I,V si'parated from the main chamber liy (he tliicl wall, the stones, tli(»ueh pla,-epearance. Similar structures, but of smaller dimensions, have been discovered in Lanarkshire, at ("iirtland (Vaigs, in the neighbouihood of Stonebyros, imd atCairney Castle. In these last were found <|UerneM, dci-rs' horns, and bones. On o|!eiiing one in the parish of Auchterhouse, lA.i farshire, a broii/e ring was found ; and both there, and in another in the same parish, were iishes, Im.iics, and qucrnes.' The ||,.v. Thomas Constable lurnishes a very interesting description of one near liundie House, in the latter county, which was minutely Hurveyed by the emiutMit anti(|uary, Lord llailes. Its coiileiits were of the Usual description, including Htivend ' SJiirl.uiM SliilUt, .III. Viil. xiv. |i. .Vi(J, tl no THE rnniKVAL on stoxk pkiuod. [CirAi- I (lii(>nu'8 alxjiit fourtcH'ii incJics in (lianieter.' So also, in a niinuto ata'ount of .similar Ktructuroa in Caitlmoss juul Sutheii-md, fomnmnicatcd to Pcnuant 1)y the parish minister of Reay, the writei- reniiirks :- " We found in them nothino- l)ut ]jand-mills, or what tlie HighJniKhTs call (luernes, which were only eigliteen inches in dianietei-, and great Jieiij)s of deers' bones and liorna, as tliey (tiie I'lcts) Jived nuich mor(! by hunting tlian any other means."'' Tlie discovery, inch'ed, of the primitive liand- mill ill those ancient dwelHiiga is so frecpient as to be worthy of special notice, and might seem to indicate that tiieir (.riginal destination liad lieen for store-houses or gi-anaries, did not the constant oitcurrencc; of tlie bon. of domestic animals, or of those most prized in the cliase, intermingled with the charred embers of the domestic hearth, leave no room for doubt that they were occupied as places (>f habitation. They agree; very nearly with the description furnished by TaciUis of the winter dwellings of the (jl(>rmans. wliom he represents {IS digging caves in the earth, in which they laid up their grain, and whither they retired in the winter, or on the advance of an .■ lemy to plunder the open countrv.' The entrance to such of those suliterranean dwellings as have been found suiliciently ].erft'ct to alibrd iii(' Afiiilliiis fiirmniiitniiii, <■. It;. IV.] J)WKLfJ.\as AND CATACOMBS. Ill appears, a solitary aperture served most frequently alike for (loorvvay, cliiinnoy, ventilator, and e^'en window, in so far as any gleam of daylight could penetrate into tlu; darkened vault. One is forcibly reminded, while grop- mg ni these al)f)riginal retreats, of Elia's realizations of the sti-ange social state to Avhich they pertain, in his cpiamt rhapsody on C'andle-light, " our peculiar and hamehold planet ! Wanting it, what savage unsocial mghts must our ancestors have spent, \vintering in cav(;s and unilh.minated fastnesses! They nmst have lain about and grumbled at one another in the dark. What repartees cjould have passe.l, when you must have felt about for a, smih', an.l handled a neighl)our's ch<3ek to be Hui-e that he understood it ! This accounts foi- tiie seriousness of the elder poetry. It has a som1)re cast, derived from the tradition of these unlantei-ned nights !" The grave humorist goes on to picture a- supper sc'ene in those uidighfed halls, rich with truthful imaginings, mingled with his curious but thoughtful jests :— ° " Thing's that were lioni, wlicii ikhu' hut tho still night, And his .liiiiil) ciikIIo, saw Wm i>iuchiiig throos." In truth, these dwellings, constructed with such Libo- rious ingenuity in every district of IScotland, seem to throw a strang(> light u])()n that dim and ivmote era to which they ludoiig, giving us some insight into the domestic habits and social comforts (.f a jx'riod liereto- tore (lark as their own uiiillumincd vaults. Adjoining many of the weems small eaithen eiudosures are discernible. »S,.me of these are scpiare, measuring ab..ut lifteen paces each way, with the area somewluit. 1h'I«»w the surrounding soil, and have probably been constructed for (biding sheep uv nx\{\v. Others are circtdar, an"'ai»cliesonr(-es, in whirl, Iho archil, ,.| of Ih.- cvch.p.'an 112 THE PRIMEVAL Uli STONE PERIOD. [Chap. structure dwelt during the brief warmth of summer, while he sought refuge from the frosts and snows of our nortlicrn winter in the neighbouring subterranean retreat. The number of weems frequently found together appeai-s altogether inconsistent with the idea of their construction as mere places of concealment. They are manifestly the congregated dwellings of a social community, though strangely differing from any that have; dwelt in the land within the era of authentic histojy. When we compare these dwellings with the clay huts still common in many a. Highland district, or with sucdi humble Lowland l)iggings as those which have won a new sacredness as the birthplaces of Hogg and Burns, it is impossible to overlook the remarkal)le differences presented by the two states of society, separated not more widely by time than by variance of habits and ideas. How strikino- is the contrast between the artlessness of the Ayrshii'e cottage, that sufficed, with its straw roof, to satisfy the wants of one among the great master-spirits of all times, and the lal)our and ingejiuity cxpemled in producincr those retreats of the Scottish aboi-igines. h\ rudeness of result perhaps both are on a par. The ingenious and methodic skill, however, entirely belongs to the old builders. Their mode of constructing with huge unhewn stones, frerpiently brought from a considerable distance, seems to jtoint them out as the architects of that same remote era, in which the rude monumental standiixv- stones and circular groups of monoliths were reared, wliich still abound in so many districts of the Scottish niainhind and sun'oundijig isles. Similar su])terj'aiiean sti'uctures have been discovered at diffi'i-ent times in Orkney, some of them of consider- able extent, and including various recesses and chambers branching oil' from the chief ciiiitral apartment. y\n unusually minute and interesting acccamt of one in the ' . -h I O h d I) ri tl lu re IV.j D WELL INGS A ND CA TA COMBS. 113 parish of SJinpinsliay is given in tlie Old Statistical Accounts/ by the Rev. Dr. George Baiiy, the historian of Orkney, ni which was found a l.eautiful torquated ring. In 1855, James Furrer, Esq., M.P., effected a tiiorough exploration of a weeni on the Isle of Eday, ( )rkney, recovering from it a variety of implements of stone, horn, bone, bronze, and iron ; among which one of the most interesting is a large drinking-cup (Fig. 4) mad(> from the vertebra of a whale. i l''lii. 4.- Wlilllo-lpoiie Cup. Structures of the siMiie charactei- on the mainland of Orkniy, were explored by Captain F. W. L. I^homas, U.N., m 1848. In the course of his investigation of one of these at Savrock. alx.ut a mile to the westward of Kirkwall, and close to the sea shore, some curious evi- •h'nce was disclosinl, showing th.> pi-imitive arts of its '•>ulrs, and their inability to overcome an obstacle vequirnig unusual skill or etfe.'tive tools. In excavating the site for this subterranean dwelling th.y appear to have cleared awny the soil till ih.y jva. lied the natural rock, which forms the H..or of (he vault. Filhn-s coii- ' SiiK'lair'a Stati^st. Ar,\ vol. xvii p L>;i7 vol.. I. jj ■ ! Hi . 77/ A' PRIMEVAL OR STOSK RERIOD. [Chap. Htructed at irregular intervals admit of the whole l)eiiig eovered by immense slabs resting on them, where the width is too great to be overarched at so slight an elevation hj converging walls. A long passtige leads from this chamber, floored, hke it, with the natui-al rock. In one place, however, an irregular elevation of the strata occurs. Such an obstacle was either beyond the skill of the laborious architects, or demanded more exertion than they cared to expend on its removal ; and the roof has accordingly been elevated so as to admit of free passage by ascending and desct'nding over the irregular surface of the rock. The passag<>s, as in nearly all the structures of this class which have been carefully expl()red, are extremely straitened. Unfortunately this primitive dwelling supplied materials for building a, neighboui-ing farmhouse and offices before Captain Thomas had an opportunity of exploring it; so that what remained was in a, very imperfect and dilapidated state. Portions of the roof still e.«]tire, constructed of masses of unhewn stone,-^one of then) measuring about five feet h)ng, - afforded abundant eviden<'e that no amount of mere physical labour was grudged in the completion of the edifice, and seem to justify the pr(> bable assignment of it to a peiiod prior to the introduc- tion of metallic took In another of these subterranean buildings, however, situated on the Ib.lm of Papey, Captain Thomas observed some doubtful indications of the use of tools. "On the side wall, near the entrance," he remarks, "and about six feet from the fiooi-, then; is a neatly engraved rivvk^, about four inches in dianu^ter ; there is also another stone, with the af»pearance of two small circh's touching each other, cut u|.on it; but it is so common to find geometrical figures upon tlu^ Orkney Hugs, arising from a semi-crystalli/ation of the pyrites which they contain, that I an"i unable to decide whether i II I' BBWi^rsr! [Chap. IV.] DWKLLlMiH AM) VATACOMli^. % 115 these nre natural or not." TJu^ height of the passage wliere it remains jieifect is only two feet seven inches • but nearly one-half of it is unroofed, and heaps of large stones lying scattered about afford evidence of the great extent of tlie building when complete. Within and around the area of this ancient structure abundant indi- cations were discovered of its having been us.d as a dwelling-place. A Lirge accumulation of wood or peat- ashes showed that it must have been occupied for a lengthened period ; and this was further proved by the great quantity of the bones of domestic animals scattered ^.l»out the place. TJiose of sheep, apparently of the small northern breed still found in Orkney, were the most ;nnnerous; but besides these, there Were skulls and bones of horses and oxen, the skull and portions of the horns of a deer, and a large bone of a whale. A thick laj^er of the shells of tlie periwinkle, covered the building aiKl the adjacent ground, mixed sparingly with t\t oyster, the escallop, the common whelk, and other edible niollusca, which had evidently be.n .^onsume.l in great quantities on the spot. Along with those were also ound the antler of a deer artificially severed from the tyne, and a few extremely rude implements, roughly fashioned from the thigh-bone of an ox, and desigmed apparently as handlers for some weapon or cutting iinple- i";;Ut, nu>st probably of shell or Hint. Other Orkney relies of the same class, but exhibiting more conqdetene.i of design and accompanied with attempts at ornament, are described and figured in a subsequent chapter. ins larg,., though very impcu-fect examph, of the du-elhngs of primitive communities of the ancient i.opu- l=«tion of the Orkneys, may be properly classed with tiie Nveen'H of the Sc-ottish mainland, thougii it is not entirely subterranean. The floor is nine feet below the natural siiilac. of tl,..gn>unxplored l)y Mr. George Petrie of Kirkwall tlirough whose kindness I liave been favoured with a minute account of tlie result of his laboivs. In the month of Octoljer 1 849, attention was directed to a lai-ge tumulus or green knoll, which stands about half-way up the westei-n declivity of W'ideford-Jiill, over- looking tJK^ beautiful bay of Firth on the mainland of Orkney, and within a short distance of the Pict's house of <,)uantei)iess, desci'ibed in Parry's Jfiston/ of Orknci/. IS ! w »»jij i 'jw.,^i- ^ ■•■mmmi'»i>m>mmm IV.] DWELLINGS A.VJJ CATACOMBS. ii: Mr. Petrie employed men to make a, section into the mound, and himself superintended and assisted in the operation, which i)roved one of considerable labour, from the large stones and the quantity of clay used in completing the external mound, as w(>ll as in the masonry underneath. The building appeared to have been constru. mixed with the rubbisli, and also some which were su])- posed to be those of deer, but not a vestige of human bones, or any traces of sepulture. The main apartment is an irregular oblong vault, ten feet long, five feet in greatest width, and 7i feet in height from the bottom to the lower edge of the opening already referred to, wdiicli had no other (covering than the outer layer of turf. Mr. Petrie came to the con- clusion, after a thorough examination of the whole, that the rubl)ish found in this chamber was the debris of some later building erected above the mound, the mate- rials of which must have been precipitated througli the narrow opening, as no part of the sul)terranean structure was found imperfect with the exception of one of tlie lateral passages. From the floor to the extreme height of the mound is twelve feet. TIk^ central chamber' is connected by a passage with afiother cell, measuring five feet seven inches long, four feet wide, and six feetliigh, from the east side of which a, galleiy extends a consider- able way, until it is abruptly terminated by the native rock. Directly opposite to a short passage l)y whi(,'li the cell first entered communicates with the central apartment, is the long gallery, forming tJie entrance to the building from the western side of the mound. Nothing found in this chambered structure gives coun- tenance to the idea that it was designed as "a place of sepulture ; though it is possible that'the necessities of a ruder, tliough later age, miglit lead to tlie conversion „f the rifled catacombs of the dead into abodes for the living. The domestic character of all the contents of tlie many Scottish weems, however, aniplv accords with refereiK-es made by Tacitus to corresp„ndin(MHl,ni .stnicliirrM. || is ciirimiM iii«l families; wilh.as^we m.-iy assume, ihe eradnal . level. .pii„.,il ..I' (hose virhien .•iikI aireeli.Mis whi.'h Honrish ..niv ar.)nn.l llie .hmieMlie liearlli. Tlu> lirsi sl.'p in III.' .leseeii.linu seal.- in.li.-alive ..!' |||,' .•liian.loiini.'ni ..!' eyelop.-an aivlii(.-.-tniv Inr simpl.-r ami l.'MM .lur.-il.l.' m...h's o{ .■..nsirm-li,.ii. appears in ,i ,.|.|ms • •r slruelnivs ,.r similar . hara.l.'r I., ih.' "/'/e^' /ti»isrs," '"" iiih'fi"r in their masonry, an. I o.'iierallv smaller III si/r ;,ii,| Ir.s ...mpl.'t,' in .l.'si;.|i. Mxampl.'s hav.- ''"'•'•I f'"'iiM.I III \arietis parts of S.'ollan.l. Tliev aiv ,U.'ii.'rall\ m..re .niirely sultlerian.'aii than the " Vi.-ls" Ii.mis.'n/' aii.l liixe ..liviously I.e.'ii r.tivals of |||,> livjno'. '••••«l not s.'pul.'lir.'l vaults. Th.y ...','upv an iiil,.'r' •ii'"'li.il<' |M.Mii..n I..-i\\.vii ih.- •• j'l.is* Ihius.-" an. I (he w.-.-m. l».-iiiii .-xea\al.-.l for ih.' m..,s| p,rt Ji, ||„, >,i,|,. "I -'I llill. J^'* 11^ l«> a.linit ..f an .llllMIMr |r\r| will, (|„. mi IV. /> If'A'A l.h\(;s A A// ( \l TA COM US. 121 iintiiiKl Tlicy iiiv ;iIh(» foiiiid more rrc(|iicii(|y jn ^r|-,„||,,4, mid lijivc jtn.l.iil.ly Imch ,.;,cIi ihc. dwcllido' j,|,.„.,. ,,f ^ x\\\\i}v ('iiiiiily. Oiikrii i;d'(cr,s ;i|»|>c;ir (u luivc Hiipplicd in ||„.,h,. (|„. I'''"''' "•' '•"' "'"iv iiiK-iciil cyclopcim urcli, mid Mi«- widlH iiiv ociirndly liiiill of siiiidlcr HloiirH. Wccins of IImh iiinrc Cninil,. cliiiijiclcc liiivc Im-cii discovered .-il, I'licHloii, iiciir (;i;iiniiiis. ill K.iDiishiiv ; jil AlyMi mikI llciidocliy' I'eilliMllilc; ,'iiid ill rel.iiycili.-k, Mi(|-L(,| |,i,,|,, ;,« well m '" «»lli''i- l"> (hr iK.ilh uf liKhiiilhill, Inverness shiiv, known in the dislrie.l hy ihc ||..,,||(. of "the steed's slalls.'' Seven eiivular eliailihers are cill in the side ..f a s(ee|. I'iiiik, separaled l.y |iarlilions (.!' alionl twelve I'eel thick. The ||,M»rs are snnk al..,ul Iwiity lect. and .'acli chaniher MM-MMnivs lirt..eii feel in diameter. A loii^r passage of i'l'<»«it four feet wide has forinetl ihecrininal iiinrcss'^ |,nt •'"' '■''■'''•>*. Nvhieh si prohaLly fornii'd the mof, have hmy since disappeaiv.l. and only a very partial eHtiMiufe •"III now he hnnied (.f the appearance piVHenled hy (In sinMiilarehainl.ers wIkmi c(.nipletc. What intervarof ii, liiis elapsed sin. c such priniil i\ c d welliiins oil the nia kind were ilihal)ited it is lint easy t(. deli'miilK- ; hilt the illialonons "hoihan" or hcedlive houses ,.f Lewis and lliirris. occnpi.'d down lo the present dav as the suininer shielinoH of the ll.-l.nd.'aiiM. thonoh acknowh'dLre,| |,v ''"''''"'"•''■'" '"■•'npaiits to he ..f nnknown aiiti(pdty, ' !"■"''■ '"'" '!"^"' '" ">"• -^^n linH-oiiH^nfthnM. sin^iihir lose iine ain- 122 THE PRIMEVAL OR STOXE PERIOD. [Ohap. traces of u barbarous condition of society may prove to be.^ Akin to such suljterranean structures are the natural and artificial caves which, in Scotland, as in most other countries, have supplied hiding places, retreats for an- chorites, and even permanent native dwellings ; and m.iy be described along Avith this class, though ))elonging to many different periods. The natural cave is indeed the most [)rimitive refuge; of savage mnn ; and amid the remarkable (.lisclosures which the osseous ca\erns of England have fui-nished to Buckland, Owen, Prestwich, Falconer, and other paheontologists, the proofs of the presence of the J3ritish Troglodyte and the practice of his simple arts contemporaneously with some at least of the long extinct fossil mammiils, are ouly less couclusive than those already deiived from the Sitottisli alhivium and superimposed moss. Among tiie lich fossil treasures which the Rev. J. MacEnery s I'esearches in the famous Kent's Hole Cavern brought to light, the reiuiiins of man and his works were only noticed to give weight to o-eo- logical theories long since abaiKhtneil. I^n.fcssor Owen refers to it with speci.-il admiration as "the richest (tave- depository of bears hitheito found in Engliind." iMore recent discoveries, however, have recalled attention to the neglected traces of niiiii ; and later cx|»|orerH revert with cver-incrensiug interest to the iinlicatioiis of his presence? ill caverns where some, at least, of tlic extinct fauna, buried beneath its stiiliigmilic llooiing, disputcil with liim the shelter that it yielded. Fragments of older natural l>avings, as well as of the stalactites once |>endeiit from llie ceiling, which mingle with the evieh-ne-es of Iniinati sepultniv. or tli( traces (.f rude arts, in llrixhiini and Ki-nt s ibile ciucnis. i-eiKlcr man's lirst appearance there leHsdeJinite thai) that which is recorded for ns in the ' I'lihiiil. Sill-. And'/, Sfiil. \.i|. ill. |i |i.>7. IV.] dwell:, as aajj catavomhs. 123 i harpoons of the Blair-Dnimmond Moss, or even in some of the primitiNC canoes of the Carron and tlie Clyde. But the hiininn remains discovered in those Derbysliire caves are by no me.iiis the only examples of such. In the cavern of Goat Hole, at Paviland, in GLinioi-ganshire, Dr. Buckland records the discovery of a female skeleton in close proximity to the skull of a fossil elephant, and both embedded in ;i mass of arnillaceous loam. The human skull, unfoitunately, was wanting; but beside the skeleton lay fragments of cylindrical rods of ivory of various diameters, and portions of large rings or aimh'ts of the same material. No traces of metalHc instruments were ol)served, but among the disturbed fragments of hmestone and earth was, what Dr. Buckland describes as "a rude instrument ]'esend)liiig a short skewer or chop- stick, made of the metacari)ai bone of a wolf: shar]), and flatteni^d to an edge at one end, iind terminated at tiic; other by the natural rounded condyle of the bone."^ The aim of tlie autiiorof the AV/yV/^/m' DIJuviamp was to tra(;e the fossil remains of the extinct manmials to the Noahii; deluge, and to assign the human remahis to a subsecpient date. Nevertheless, he ivniarks : — " The charcoal and fragments of recent bone that are apparently the remains of human food, render it probable that this ex])osed and solitary cave has at some time or other been the scene of human habifation. The ivory rods and rings are cer tainly made from pail of I he antediluvian tusks that lay ill the same cave : and as they must have been cut to their jiresent slia])e at a time when the ivory was hard, niid not eruinbling to pieces as it is at present on the slightest toiK h. we may from this ciivnmstaiice assume to them a high aiili(|nity." In Somersetshire, (ijainor- gaii. ('aermarthen, ami Yorkshire caveins. similar traces of man have lieeii found, with rragineiits of his jmple- ' Hili'iii'in iiiiiiriiiiiit . \>, Sj. ll i' 12+ 77/ A' rniMKVAL OR STOM'J V Ell 101). [C„ai-. ments and rude pottery, in the same osseous l)receia eoin- posed in part of luinian teetli and bones, and of remains of the extinct mammals of the drift. In some, if not in all of the cases i-eferred to, the remains of man may have been inluimed at periods long sul)sef|uent to the nsitui-al deposition of those of the fossil elephant or (;ave-bear; but the accompanying works of art in the Paviland cavern furnish remarkable suggestive evidence of tlu; remoteness of the era wIkmi tiiey were wrought, ;ind seem to transfer them to a much older period than the re- rnains and works of man exhumed from the drift of Kent's Hole C'ave. In the lattei- (.-ase, hoAve\-er, the recovery of i)orti()ns of the human skull confer on the discovery a special interest. The skeleton was found lying about eighteen inches below the surface, and under- neath the supei-licial deposits in which traces of human art chiefly abounded. "From the tumliled state of the <'arth," says iMi-. ]\lacEnery, " the admixture of Hags of stalagmite, added to the presence of flint artich's and ]»iecesof shite, it was mauifest that the floor had been dug up foi- the rec(>ption of the body, and that it was again covered over with the materials thrown u[. fi-om the excavation, '{'he «'ai-thy covering consisted of the red soil, coiitainiug fossil bones mixed up with recent mould." 1 The i.resence of slabs of stalagmite iu the rubble, and the traces of the edges adhering to the sides, siiowed that the fhx.r was covered with a c(.ntinuous crust, pn'vioiis to its disturbance for the admission of the body. The repetition (.f similar crusts, as indicated by th(! broken v<\)iy^A at the sides, also showed the recurrence <»f periods of repose dn ring which new Hoors were allowed to iorm, and then were l,<-oken u|., in some cases at least l»y the hand of man. ' ('.»(',,•„ l{,H,u,n-hrH, ,1,:, in th, r„i<,, „r K,;tl\ II, , I,. An. sits for,, .Ir. My tilt' Itcv. .1 MiicKn.Tv, K I'iver i^jsk. No tradition preserves the histo! v or ' .Milili'H'n r>hiihrl!iiii^ itiii/ th'lr 7'iiir!i'ii!/.i, p, |S'J. i I 1 ' 2(1 dill 77/ A' J'HIMKVAL Oil ST()XI<: I'laUim. |(: II. \ I', daU' of Micir cxcciilioii, hiil coiiccil the. chief (lesii>ii of (I iiicnt w.iH ovi(l(!ntly ic cxciiviitorH. Tlicoriuiiiiil IS iiiL-viiionsly miidc ii, (|„. ,sli;ifl of eiitrnjinc we III; HI iMlv III the, «!>"'ters there, whil<- K.lwiird held tl nrcrs niiide (.o,,,! (|„,ii. |„.,„j. le newly fortified ••aMtl.. of Kdiiiiuiroli, iind |||<> w|i,,|,. .smT eoji.st of AiTiiii there iire .several e.ivcs of various dimensioiiH ; one .f which, iit Diiiniiindniin, is noted in the oldc,' traditions of the isliiiid iis the lodoiiijn' of Kin i\|'(\,n| the Kinoid (.f O.ssiiin, dnriiiu' his residence in Arnm' Tlioneh low in the roof, ii is siilliciently caj.ju-ions f >," .•I hnndivd men to sit or |ir in it. [n this, iis 1.*^ Ill •re IV. DWKLLISdH AND CATACOMHS. \2', vious ('XiMni)l(',s, vv" lind evidences of urtificiiil ()])enitionH, provin^r its eoiiiuixion with pei-iods ^rr^atly moie rec(.'nt tliiiii tli(>,s(! with vvliieli we luive cliieHy to de;il in this sec- lioii of iirehftM)logi(!iii inquiiy. In the farther (aid a large d(Mauhed cohunn of rock has a two-handed sword (,'n- graved on it, snnnounted l)y a deer; and on the soutljerii side of tlie. eave a, lunar iigui'C! is eiit, simihir in character to tiiose i'ei>eatedly found (.n the scidptured pilhii-s and (crosses wliich abound in Heothind. It is n ow more fre- (luently styh-d tiie King's Cave, and des(;ril)ed as the retreat of IJohei't tlie Ih'uce, wliile he hirked as a fumtivc^ in tlie Western Isles ; hut, lik e many traditions of the Bruce, this seems to Ix; of recent origin. Others of tlu! (taves in the island of Arran are vari- ously associated with j)o])ular traditions; as, indeed, is generally the case wherever subterranean retreats of any consiih-rahle extent occur. Som(> are the su})pose(l dwellings of old mythic chiefs, whose names stdl live in the traditional songs of the ( Jael. Others an? the retreats which the |»rimitive confessois of Scotland excavated or enlarged h.r their oratoi'ics or cells. Of the latter class are the cave of St. Molio. with its I'unic inscription, on the little ishmd of Lamlash ; those of St. CV>lund)a and St. (V)rmac, on the Aru'vleshii ■e coast ; of St. Is'iiaan. in Wigtonshire ; the ('ai)lawchy ceil of St. Adrian, on the east coast of Fife ; t he cclelu'ated "ocean cave" of St. Unle, in St. Andrews I Jay ; and that of St. Serf, at Dysart, on the same JMicshire coast, from which, according to the Altenleen lireviary. the devil was summarily ex[)elled l»y its saijitly eremite, after he had worsted the intruder in debate. St. Rule's cave consists of two (tlunnbers hewn out of the sandslofie clill's of the exposed coast. The inner apartment is a [»Iain cell, entered from the chaj»el, which is nearly circular, measuring about ten feet in diameter, and has a stone altar hewn in the solid rock 12H 77/ A' riUMl'^'AL Oli STOXK I'KUlol). |(<„a... i i on itH ciiHlt^ni Hide ; Iml, ||„> art ion of tJio hoji Iims of |i,(i, yeiu-H ^ivfiiJy iiijiinMl the v.'iicr.iMc oi'iifory. I'oHsihly tlio Hinoiiliii- (Iw.ii'lic HloiH! of Il(.y, ill Ofklicy, owcH itH origin to ii, Hiinilar.somrc. \ Imn-,. |„;is,s of ,s(|ii;iiv, Hiirid- Htoncroclc, wliidi ii|.|M';ir,s to Jiiivc liiiiiMcd fr,>i„ ;,, ,H>i^|,_ l><»miii,H(',ii(f, lijiM hci'ii hollowed out into (lin-o !ij)jii (incuts, with ;i, (iivpliK'c, vciit, Ktonc IrhI, j)illo\v, (^tc. TIk! tnidi ' tioiiH of Ih,. iHliind pivHcrv.' str;in,i.c, t.-dcs of n y(\'M\l niMJ hiH wife who dwelt ill this ahode, and the Descri/dio /nsii/itnim Oma/iuiii, wiidcn hy Jo. IJen. (,)ohn tli(! licMicdietiiK"). ill l.-i!)L>, adds to th(/acconiit of its internal acconiinodatioii the lollowino' Hoinevvhat whimsica] pro vision for (he .•oinfort of the laKcr, " Tcm.iix.iv caniera- tionis lU'niina omvida fiiil, iil Icctiis (cstatur ; nam ca. pars lecli in <|iia. uxor cnhuit ("llioi(.|,, l,;,l„.t ventri •^•ravidi." Others of (he roek-liewn ora((.ries are parti- ally eoniple(e(l hy means of niasonry, as is the ease with St. Modans diapel, near (he Mull (if (Jalloway, of wiiieh a, ,irn,i„,d.|,|.„i is flrixcn in (he (VianivU-ylsflcs of Old f'/iurr/i Arr/ii(' nn evidence "' ''^ ""'I'- 'I'" lliis principle of ihc Inini.-in mind is elcjiily lr;ic,e;il)le Ihe oii<>in of llic coinnieinoi'iil ivc croc- lions wliich ahonnd wliercvci- in.iM luis lixcd liis restiii<>- place. The niosl, j)iiniitive of lliesc jincicnl nicnioriids aiv (he iinliewn colnnins or sftnu/iin/ sfoiics, ;is lliey aw ('idled, wliicli idiound in nearly every district ol" Sc(»M;uid. Oecasionally they ;ire found in groups, ;ih llie celchrated '* sl;i.ndin<;-s(ones (.r l.undin," unw the ll.iv of l,;irgo, l^'ileshirc, I he l.irovsi ,,(' \vlii(-li measures si.xiccn feet in hciirhf ;d»ove oround. Three it}\\y n,,u- exist, sinoularlv •■ii2.' It hiis since hcen destroyed Iiv tr<'asure- seel(»od iorluncof others ; l«»r in the vicinity have Iieen discoveretl, durino' the pn;- sent t.'ntury, some of the most interesting and v;dual»le anti(|uities ever found in Scoll;iiid. (M sin,nle memorial! stones examples min'ht he cited in nc.irly eveiy Scoiiish piirish ; nor ;trc they w.intino- even ill the Lothiiins. ,'ind in the immcdijiic \icinit\ of h]din- ' Siiii'lMir''. Sl'ir,.!. A,;-, v. J, iv. p .-, |(i I |(!|IAI'. v.] TKMI'LI'li^ A SI) MKMOUIAL STOSEti. 131 I burj^ii, wli(T(! Ih(! pi'cscncc of ;i. Im.sy poiMilatior), ;iiir- gotteii iianu3. \V<- are not h^ft, hovvev(u-, to look upon them as altog<-tlier dunil. and nieaningh'ss memorials. The history of a, peo]*!*; eontemporaneous, it may be, with their huil(U-rs, reminds us how even tiie unsc,ulptured ohehsk may kee)) alive iveords (;ommitt(Ml to its trust, Miid prove faithful to th<.soi>ular tradition. The llair. Hfam: on the IJoroiigh Moor of Kdinhurgh, celebrated in the lay of Marmion as the sup[»(»rt of Seotlands royal Itanncr- " 'I'hl^ lIlUHHivi! stoiu', Wliicli utill in niriiHiry Ls kIiowii," alfords one example of this. Keinhle regards Za luira .sidu, so freciuently mentioned in the boundaries of the <\)(/('X Dl/>loi)n(lirtis, as signifying nothing more than the hoary (.r ancient stone.' lUit an earlier writer, Mr. Wil Ham llami.er, has ehd)orately elucidatiMl the derivation of the name as applied in England, and the use of the MoAi! STONKS,- the mciilidrs, (»r bound stones, as stones of I Airlorol. Jiiuni. v(.l. xiv. II. i:i-'. - Arrlw'il"'!'"^ v"!. xxv. \<. 'Jt. II li ! ■ i ■ " ■ I '■! 132 77/ A- I'RIMKVAL 0I{ STOiW f'^ I'ERIOI). [Chap. iiieinorial, like " the stone of J3ohaii, the son of Reuben," and other ancient landmarks of ]5il)le stoiy.^ As such the " Hare Stane" may be regarded with considerable probability as marking the western boundary of the ancient chase, claimed from time immemorial by the neighbouring capital ; but if so, its name has long sur- vived all popular recollection of the meaning which it bore. The sanu; term, hare, skux's, is apjilied to a cir- cular group of stones near Kirkdean, in the parish of Kirkurd, Peeblesshire. It v/ould appear, however, t(j have been more fi-equently used in Scotland in the most sacred sense of a memoi'ial : judging from examples of its application as the designation of cairns, some of which, at least, and ])robably all, are sepulchnd monuments Among these are the Haer Claims in the parish of Clunie; the Haer Cairns of Blairgowrie and Kinloch, Perthshire ; the Hicr Claims of Monikie, Forfarshii-e ; the Herlaw, a gigantic cairn in the parish of East Kilbride, Lanarkshire ; the more celebrated Harhiw of Aberdeen- shire ; the Harelaw at Lochore, Fifeshire; and another in the same county, near Burntisland, where were found underneath the cairn a cist containing a skeleton with a bronze spear-head lying beside it. Not far from the Hare Stone on th(> Borouaii Moor of F^dinburgh, formerly stood another monolith termed the Camus Stone, occupying the brow of the hill at Fairmile- liead, about two hundred yards south of the present toll-house ; but which, though it gave name to a neigh- bouring estate, and formed the march stone of its eastern bounds, Avas barbarously destroyed within memory of th(> present generation, to furnish materials for repairing the road ! Tliis name, whatever be its true derivation, is attached to numerous Scottish loc^alities. In the exam[)l(' hei-e i-eferred to. as well as in the (Vimus Stone of Kintore, ' Fh'iit. \i\, 14 ; .loshuii xv, (i ; xviii. 17 ; i'rov. xxii. 28. otc. l\ :>3 [Chap. v.] TKMPLEH AND MEMORIAL STONES. 133 Aljerdeenshire, and in that near tlic village of Clanius- town, Forfarshire, vague traditions associated the stones with the name of a supposed Danish chief; but these are probably comparatively modern inventions. The name of Cominist figures among the list of Pictish kings ;' but the meaning of th(i term is i-ather to be looked for in the corresponden(;e of local ])eculiarities, as in Cambus- barron, Cambuslang, Camlnisnethan, etc., where it is understood to indicate a promontory or bank enclosed by a crooked stream, from the Celtic, cam, crooked." • These Carnbus-stones have all probably served as land- marks, or hoar stones ; though answering also, it may be presumed, at times, like Laban and Jacob's Pillar, as the memorial of some liigli contract between friendly or rival chiefs. Other stones are associated with a variety of historical and legendary traditions, altogether modern when com- pared with the periods which our investigations aim at elucidating ; though it must not be overlooked that the associations of a later age may frequently attach them- selves to the memorials of earliest times. Such is the case, for example, with the " King's Stane" of Clack- mannan, associated even in the days of Blind Harry, with a local tradition of the Bruce. According to the authority of an eminent Celtic antiquary,^ the name, Clack-mannan, is derived from a great stone which was there when the territory was called niannon, as the debateable ground on the confines of the Scots, Picts, Britons, and Saxons. Of the same class is the " Witch ' Wyntoiin's Vronyhlis, l)ot>k v. chap, vii, fol. 88. - Gael, cam, crooked ; camwi, a liay. The prefix cam, or crooked, enters into many (Gaelic compounds and proper names. Dr. Reeves remarks (Life of St. Columhu, ]>. 97), " The name cama.s is supposed to be compounded of rnm-ns, crooked stream ; and in Ivohuul there are twelve townlands of the name. In Scotland it is sometimes called mmiix, as in Argyleshire, and sometimes cdmlinn, as in Lanark and Perth." '■' Or. IJeeves, Adamnaii'.'^ Lif' of St. Cohimhii, p. .'tTl. 1.-H TllK VRIMEVAL OR ,STO.\E PERIOD. [Qnsv. Staiio" near Cainibotiaie, PertJisliiro, associated witli local traditions i-cndered world-famous by Sliakspere's great drama ; where, according to an.^ient belief, Maclietli met by night with two celebrated witches to advise on the fate of his kingdom. When C'airnbeddie lAloimd Avas opened, about thirty years since, a quantity of very small iron horse-shoes, with fragments of swords, and other weapons of the same metal, were foand ; so that It is iloubtless the sepulchral memorial of some old and liard- fought battle-held, in which, p, v.] ti<:mplks asj) memorial stonjus. 13.5 a populous centre of the low country, as well as on the lonely liiglilund moor. lUit it is needless to enume- rate them. 'J'he accompanying illustration, Fig. 5, shows one such fine monolith, which stands in massive rudeness in the vicinity of I)unl)ar, amiil scenes associated with Scottish warfare of many widely separated c^ras. In a neighlxmring field a number of rude cists, containing sejmlchral urns, were dug up in the early part of the pre- sent century ; but no local traditi(»n pretends to associate the Dunbar Stone with any definite deeds of (•Iden times.' Proofs, hmvever, <»f the use •)f the rude pillar-stone, as well as of the megalithic gi'oup, as land-marks, stones of memorial, or evidence of treaties and solemn engage- ments, ocem- at- com i»a rati vely recent dates ; though m most cases \\wm are mere reai>propi-iations of the monu- numts of ages l)eyond the memory of man. Tlieir men tion is not uncommon in charters and deeds relative to the holding of courts and the boundaries of lands, as in the foUowing. in the U<'(/isfrt(m Episropatxs Ahcrdoh- cnsis: ' " Thir are the boundis own my lord of Athollis syde, the stannaiide staine merkit like a horse-sho, and the dik ])assande fra the saiiime staine to the burg, an. I .syne be zound the stripe beweste the sniedy of P.ab many." The Saxiim Falcmn's, or •' Hawk Stane," at St. iMadoes, Perthshire, which stands on the marches of what is known to have been the ancient [.ossession of the Hays of Ern.l, and still bounds the parishes of St. Madoesand [n.dituiv, is referred to by I'.oece as existing in his day (I .".uO), and as luiving lu'cn set up immedi iitely after the defeat of the DiUK's in the battle of Lun early, fought i'lm( a.d. !»'.MI. The victory i ascribed, according to a well-known tra»/''<'(<>'*-,"i, ctr.. l>y.If\ui'v liiuiiiiiMmil. i;.S,.\., K.S.A. ^'..'.it,. i I 13G TllE VlilMEYAL OH STONE PEltlOl). [(Ji.a... efter aiie eoimsal was set at Scone, in the quliilk Huy and his sonnis war maid nobil, and dotad, for thair sin- gular vntew provin in this feild, with sindry lan.lis to siistene thair ostait. It is said that h(. askit fra the King oertane landis liand betwixt Tay and Arole ; and gat als mekd thairof as ane fah'on flew of ane mannis liand or scho Jichtit. Tlie falcon flew to ane toun four niilis fra Dunde, called Rosse, and lichtit on ane stane, quliilk IS yit calht The Falcon Stane ; and sa he gat al the landis betwix Tay and Arole, six niilis of lenth, and four of breid; quhilk landis ar yit inhabit be his posterite"' Hei-e it will be seen that th(. " Hawk Stane," which still perpetuates historical traditions concerning the paor.ii Danes, is described as i-ven then stan.ling, the work of"tar old.r generations, appropriated by tiio p(.asant founders ot a, nobh. hne to be a nu-nioriai of their patriotic deeds l.ie sacre.hiess which natural! v atlached to landmarks 111 rarly limes, and of which we have remarkable eviden..' Ill Old Testament references to them, was doubth-ss no less strongly felt in relation to all ston.vs of memorial the enduring parchments of an unlettered aoe AVheii' their speciflc piupose had been forgotten, theii- sacrediiess survive,l ; so that they seem to have been regar.led, lon.v utter the close of pauan cenlu.ies, like the medieval altai" MS the mviolal.le witness of any agreement. The follow- ing cunous evidence of this feeling occurs in a urhood of the Camus Stom; near Editiburgh, formerly stood iwo V(M'y large conical cairns, staled the Cat-staues, untU demoHshed by the same irrev(.'rent utilitarians who had found covetable materials in the rude memorial stone. Undei'neath the cMirns were cists containing human skeletons and various bron/e and iron weapons. Two iron sj)eai' heads found in them are now preserved in the mansion of iMortonhall ; and according to the description of otiier relics fornuM'iy possessed by a neighbouring farmer, they woidd ap])eai" to have also contained cehs and other weapons of bionze. A f(?w yards to the north-west of tiie site whi( li these cairns occu))ied, there still stands the Kel or (*aiy Stone, a. mass of the red sandstone of the district, measur- ing above eirven feet in height. On digging in the neighbouriiood of this primitive niojuiment a (juantity I I 138 THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Ctap. of Imman bones were foim.l, irre.crularly iuterml, without cists 01- urns ; and not far from it are still visible the i-ude earthworks of a British camp. lAInch more extensive mtrenchments of an oval form existed in the immediate iio]gh]H)U]-hood, prior to the construction of the new road nnd are described by (Uaieral JJoy in tracinn- one of th,' Ivoman iters.^ Anothei- monolith stands within the Mortonhall grounds, at about half a mile distant from the site of the ("at-stakes, and two larovr masses Ivino- together m its vicinity aic not improbal)lv the remains las hcen the P'i ...■r*'-.3SiJS5r' Vv..\\. Till' IVIv Ki.mi', of a ruined crondccb. Jlrrc, p.^r.-hanrr ,, Imttle-gn.und of anci.'ul rhicfs, cnnl..ndin..." it may "im" with som.'li..nv inv,,.|..r. wh..se intnid..d arts startl.. us Nvith evidenc.'s Ufa., anti.,uity which s.rms primeval 'h.- locality IS pcrulii.rly suitr.j lor (|„, purpose |( is wilhiiiarcwmil.-sof th.'sca. an,! tl...uu|, ,,„.|os.mI n; an :'«"pl»'<)'«'i«'v of lulls, it is the l,igi,...st g,,HIM.! ,n the mimcdiate neighbourhood, and ll... vcrv spot on which a •••'t'vating host m,u:l,t be e.x,,eete.i o n.alt high. "The Gat'Hc peoph'," says Chalmers,' "did sometimes erec't memorial stcmes ; wliich, as they w t- always witho-it inscription, might as w(^ll have not been set u])." Hur, inde])endently of the fact that these monuments of the remote past have long since aceomjilished (he ori- ginal purpoHc of their erection, it is obvious that some of them can still furnish an intelligibh' response to those who ask, " What m.-an these stones?" Many, howeV(M-, it is true, have waxed dumb in the lapse of ages, and liold a more mvsterioUN sih'uce than that which surrounded the long-guarded secrets of Egypt's memorial stones. Some are ]»<'rhaps the last solitary columns which maik the site where onc(> the "Druid cir'le" and its mystic avenue >^ i-red the plain. Kemote and widely severed stones may thus be |tarts ol" the ^ame systematic design : as is reud«'red suHiciently ])roltable wiien we renuniber t!iat that ol" Avebuiy numbertd even in the days of Stukelcy six hundred and iit'ty stoiu's, though then by no metiM iteiCcct ; and that of Carnac in Ihittany i-xtends or ,; area of eight miles in length. So conunon are I i '.ilitltm'iii, vol. iii. |i. 'IWW. 'h ». 'ri V It UO '/'//A- ritlMKVAL OR ,STOXA' PERIOD. [c„„, they still in Scotland that (liahners, .lispenning with Hs usual la )oi-ioiLs uccuninlaticn of references, contcnUs iiimself with this very comprehensive on,-: "8e(. the statistical Accounts ever tj where !" Other monoliths are probably the Tanlst Stones^ where the new chief or king was elected, and nworn L notect and lead ins people. One at least, the most jimous of Scottish Tanist Stones exists, and still mingles the prmntiv.. elements of our most an.-ient popular elec^.. monarchy, with the- goi^eous cor<,nation i.^iees in Wcvstni.nst.T Abbey. The c.debrated Lia FaU, or S one of Desfn^^ is that which, according to Scottish ^^hi ,mclci-s, (Jatliehis, the Spanish King, a contemporary of Komulus, sent with his s..n when he inva.h.l |,4,nd • i'Hd on c>qun||y trustworthy autliority it is alHrnu>d ii Imve been the veritabK> pillow of the J'atriarch Jacob Nvhich he set up as a, n,em,„ial stone, on the s,-ene of his wonofstus vision ! "A grot stiiiK. tliis Ky^^,^ (li.ui li.ul. That f.)iv this Kyn^qs sfl,. „-,.« „|,„|,,, Ami ll.lldyil,. W,.N a ^r,„t,|,,„;ll,. Wytht-in till- Kyiiryk of N|.;iy,i,. lul.'. TImh Kyii;,' hiu\ thJH SynuHi H 'I'hat st.aiu', .111(1 ill lyl Vriaiid ya. Ami wyii that Iaiif„on,m,,„'r lora/um Inmimtt fnjwlrm, ,'e„mr,' l,;,n,tnr ihi,/n»:"^ '<|aH. yw..;.,,.. a than.., ,H,,ni., I,.. ,,,,,,,,..,,. in. .,„,. If i i [On A I'. v.l TEMPLE H AND MEMORIAL STONES. 141 'I'lie lAa Fail is believed to have served for many ages as the coronation throne of the nionarehs of Ireland ; and according to Irish hardic traditions, to have borne testimony to the divine right of sovereignty by roaring beneath th(! legitimate monarch when seated on it at his inauo-uration ! It was removed to Scotland, and deposited at Icolmkil or lona, for the coronation of Fergus Mor Mac Earc, a princ^c of the blood-royal of Ire- land.' It was finally translated from lona to the Abbey of Scone, when tlie Scoti.-, kings had extended their sovereignity over the anci(uit kingdom of the Picts. In Saxon Scotland it bore the name of the "King's Stone," and was I'egarded as the national palladium, until l^jdward 1. in 1:^06 ordered it to be conveyed to West- minster, as an evidence of his absolute concjuest of the king(h)m." But the evidence failed, and the ohh'r pro- phecy holds gooil that whei'ever that stone rests princes of Scottish l)lood shall i-ule the land ; though the Lia, Fail no Ion o-cr gives audible testimony to the legitimate heir. It can hardly fail lo im])ress the. thoughtful mind, as a singular link between eras so widely severed, not by time only but by every social and political change, that the ru(ie Tanist Stone belonging to a period dindy cognisabh' in the remotest past, still forms a ]»art of thi; coronation chair of the British sovereign in Westminster Abbey. The use of the Tanist Stone, like so uuiny other primitive customs, ajtiH'ars to be of Fastern oiigin. and is traceable to a very reniote era. 'I'hus when Abimeleeh was made king, it was hi/ tin- ftilUw irhlcli was in SlK'chctii ;'^ and when .b'hoash was anointed king by .b-hoiada, the kiitr/ ' Tnnisnr. /,'(»//lif
  • . -^i'l. »„ir. MiKt«('« ix. C. U-' TIfK riilMKVAL OR i^TOSE I'ERWl). mi I [CHAl". till, l.iii »t S OIL. pa.s,.rvcs for „., a meumn,,l of oiu' tJit ,l,n™ of &cotti«l, l„sto„c agos with rites nn,l mstitu- .«n« luhented from i„x.l,i.,toric tin,,..,. From the " ie!t mco of definite traditions, the stanclin.-stone , , ' t have I«cn among ti,e nmst sacred attestations of vev solonm covenant, including that between the elected elic^' . kn,g and h,s people ; an,l hence the superadditi™ those peculiar virtues suiiDosed to -itt.,,-!, L tl «c.,tic Lia Fail. ' ' "'"-'' *° *''" """^t The perlorated stan,li„g-stones ' constitute another .specially nivun.g notice, from curious tra,litions «h .h still survive connecting then, with Pa.van rites -•1 -u'cistitious. s,„,, „,„,„ ,,^.,,^ ,„, »; - eommoii both m Scotland and England The A, 1 : Nixon laws repeate.lly deiiouuce the superstitious r fees to which they were applied ; and the eccle i , , ™ ion ie.s no doubt followed up these by the djl ' .. . 1. abuse.1 monnnieiits of antiquity, so that tliev ne now of very rare occurrence. (.)„e of those pei"- .■atal stones occupies the centre of a megalithic ci le at Ap lecross. 1,1 the west of lt„s.s-sl,i,.e. A„ea,er fon, , o«o ol the .st,a,es of the double cii-elc a( To:, . , . ri.n sn-,ed ^,„o7,c c/„„V «„„,„„ or F,,gals ..ahi,, «,t, .iiid IS eoniniemoialed ni veneraMe lli,d,l„i,d tra- <»."..» as the Stone to which the (V-ltie hco ^..T.^^ I' . le tin V rii.le monolitiis, lising abo„t fif„„,„ f,.,. ■■'"vetesurla.eofthenioor. At .inieh, iu 1! ,h ,t A ... les ine, a i„ouu,nent of the sa.nc class. n.,,rly ' t-t l..gh, bears , he ,, aiue of ry,, ./..,./„,,,,,,,,,., J,' '■'"^'"" "'^'"■" '"""' "'''"""Min of Invclochic, in [Ckap. v.] TKMJ'LES AND MEMORIAL STONJi^. 143 revenge foi- wrongs perpetrated on the l)ri(le of one of liis vassals. 'Wa stone stands on a wild moor, opposite the entrance to Clencoe, and is perforated with two cireuhir holes, lar^e enough to admit of the arm beino" |)assed through them. Along with those Seottisli examples a group in the palish of Maddern, Cornwall, may })e noted, consisting of three stones, the centre one of which is pierced with a, htrge circular hole, through which, Borhise informs us/ I'heumatic i)atients were wont to crawl as a sovereio-n remedy for their disease. I'radition has preserved curious associations of a more modern character with one of the most interesting Scottish examples, Avhich nuiy throw some light on the use to which such per- forated pillars ^^'ere devoted at an earlier peri(jd of our island histcjry. The ceh'hrated Stone of Odin, near the Lo(;h of Stennis, in Orkney, which has had a, new interest added to it by l)eing interwoven with the romantic incidents of Scott "s " Pirate," was one of the remarkable monolithic gi'oup called The Stones of Sten- nis. It forjued no part, liowever, either of the Great Ring of Brogar, or of the neighbouring circle of Stennis, l)ut stood apart, to the north-east of the latter group ; though it can scarcely be doubted that it bore some im})ortnnt relation to those ancient and mysterious structures. The Stone of Odin is described as standing about eight feet high, and perfoi'ated with an oval hole large enough to admit a man's liead. A curious, though •udely executed birds-eye view of the Stones of Stennis is given in tli*- ArrJio'ohxjia Svotica,- fiom a drawing executed b\ the liev. I >r. HejuT, altout the year 178U ; and there a man and W(»nian ar" seen interchaiifdno' vows, plighted by th<' promise of Odin, which Sir Walter Scott refers to ;is " tin most tiered of nt»rtliern rites yet ' IJnrLisc, |i. 177, I'hit.' \i\. ' Arrliiiol, s,nl. vol. iii. |,. I'j'j 1 li 144 r/IE rUTMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. practised aiuoiig us." Tlie vow wiis sworn while the engaging parties joined hands tln-ough the perforation in the stone ; and though it is diffi(;ult to d. ride how much of the tradition may be ascribai>le to modern embelHshment, and tlie adaptation of a genuijie heir- hjom of primitive superstition to the ]ireconceived tlieories of locid antiquaries, tliere cannot be a doubt of the popuhir sacredness attached to tliis sacramental stone. An illustration of th\ practice, adapted to the refinements of a later age, is supposed to be traceable in an ancient Norse custom, described in the Eyrbigo-iu Saga, by which, when an oath was imposed, he by whom it was pledged passed his hand, while pronouncing it, through a, massive silver ring sacred to this cerenioii\ ' The solenniity attached to a vow ratified by so a\Mul a pledge as this appeal to the Father of the 81ain, the s(>vere and terrible Odhi, continued to maintain its inliuence on the mind till a compjiratively recent date. Dr. Henry, writing in 1784, refers to the custom as having fallen into disuse within twenty or thirty years of tlie time he wrote, and adds : " this ceremony was held so very sacred in those times, that the person who dared to break the engagement was counted infamous, and excluded all society." PiinciiJal Oordoi], of \\ni Scots (V)llege, Paris, who visited Orkney in 1781, thus refers to a curious illustration of the latest tiaces of this veneral)le traditionary ndic of Scandinavijin supersti- tion :^ — "A' some distance from the semi-circle stands a. stone 1>y itself, eight feet high, three broad, nine inches thi( k, with a I'ound hole on the side next the hike. The original design of this hole was unknown, till about ' Eyrbiggia Saga ; Ahxiraii llhisl. o/ Xor//i. 470. - Sir Wrtltpr Scott speaks of this (ciciiioiiy as ((Piiliiu'd to tliu lower da.fse.s, at tlic tiino of his writing the I'iratc ; Imt tliis is itradictcil Ity th.' statc- nii'iit of Or. Ili'iiry, aiive that it liail fallen at a iiiueh earlier jierioil into cjisnsi'. II ' Lll [Chap. while tlie erforatioii cidc how modern iiic heir- :onceiveJ a doubt ;ramental d to the ceable in i^yrbiggia by whoui nciug it, ;moiiy.^ so awi'ul >lnin, the itain its :']it date, istom a« rty years Lony was •son who ifamoiis, , of the 81, thus s of this supei'sti- e stands e inches 0. Tile II about I'tT clauses, till' .state- ..1 fall.Mi at ^'•1 TEMPhEH AM) MKMQlllAL ^TONKH. 145 twenty yeai's ago it was discovered by tlie foll(nvino- circumstance : A young man had seduced a girl under promise of marriage, and .she proving with child, was deserted by him. The young man was called befo]-(i the Session ; the elders were pai'ticularly severe. Being asked by the minister the cause of so much rigoui-, they answeied : You do not know what a l)ad man this is ; he has l)roke the j-romise of Odin. Being further asked what they meant by the p]-omise of Odin, they put him I- uind of the stone at Stenhouse, with the i-ound hole in it, and added, that it was customary when promises were made, for the contracting parties to join hands through this hole ; and promises so made wei'c called the promises of Odin.'"' It is possi; , that the awe which th(> vow of Odin .so recently in.spiied may have originated in the use (.)f tli(« stone for more dr(;adful fnii-poses than the most solemn contract, sealed with imprecations derived from a bar- barous Pagan creed ; tliough little value can be attached to a tradition— described by l)i'. Henry as existing in his time,- that human victims destined for .sicrTfice were bound to \\w i.erforated column, preparatory to their slaughter as an accei)table offering to the terrible god. Another stone, on the north side of the island of Shapinshay, bears tlu- name of tlie Black Stone of Odin ; but no definite associations are now attached to it, and its sole value is as the march stone between the grounds of two eontei'jnin..us h.'i'itoi'.s.- A jnore tru.stworthy tradition which ascribed peculiar virtues to tlie St(!nnis Stone, mam'f(!stly corresponding with those referred to by Borla.se in c(»nnexion with one at .Ma.ldern, and de- nounced in ancient Anglo-Sa.xon law.s, is interesting from th(^ proof it afforr o} the ancient suiierstitions. from Land's End |,, the re ' .-In//,/,./. .S>o/. vol. i. p. •.'(•,:}. -■ SuH^laii's Su,n^i. A.;-. v„l wii ,, -T, VOL, I. Jv IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) // 4ss S' 4i. CC^_ ^ 1.0 fM I Z 112 I.I 1.25 2.5 3^ i« 12.2 1L m IIS (10 1.4 12.0 1.6 V] /. ^? ^^^ ^^ J^ J' ^ > /^ ^ v^l/ c /M FhotogTdphic Sciences Corporation 33 WIST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N.Y. MSIO (716) 173-4303 m» m» r I uo THJi! PlilMKVAL OR STOXE PERIOD. [Chap. mote Orkney Isles. According to this a child passed through the hole would never shake witli palsy in old ago. The practice exhiljits a sagacious anticipation of future ills, the hole hciuff too small to admit (jf thi; dy h made availabh remedy uemg made avauaule when most requn-ed. A view of this remarkable memorial of ancient man- ners and superstitious rites, is given in Lady Stafford's Vieivs in Orkney, and on the Korth-easfern Cocist of Scotland, drawn in 1805. But the stone itself no longei- exists. After havina: survived the waste of centuries, until it had nearly outlived the last traditionary remem- brance of the stranoe Htes with which it had onc(! been associated, it was Itarbarously destroyed l)y a neighbour- ing farmer, in the year 1814, along with two stones of the adjacent semi-circle. Had it not been for the interference of Mr. Malcolm Laing, the historian, the whole group of Stennis would have suffered the sanu^ fate, to furnish l)uihling mattsrials for the ignorant Goth's cow sheondenee characterizes the |)riniitive arts found in the north of Kuro].e, in the steppes of Asia, in the ancient tumuli near the Black Sea, and even nungling with the evidences of earliest eivilisation on the banks of the Tigris and the Nile; .iiid reappears in the ingenious handiwork of the Poiy- m'sian and IJed Indian savage. We niusi look, there- lore, for the means of accoufiting for it, to some cause operating naturally at a c<'rtain stage of development 148 THE PRIMEVAL OR HTONE PERIOD. [Chap. ill the Immaii mind. It is tlie first manifestation of man's skill as a tool-making and tool-using animal, and furnishes singular evidence of the instinctive faculiies which belong to him in common with the lower animals; though few and uncertain traces of these remain dis- tinguishable where civilisation has fostered tiie nobler fjiculty of reason, and brought it into healthy and vigo- rous play. It is not unworthy of note, in the exhibition of a more advan(;ed stage of the same development of features pertaining to th(5 human mind in its progres- sive civilisation, that there seems also to have been an epoch in the early history of man, when what may be styled the raegalithic (?ra of art has been developed under the utmost variety of circumstances. In Egypt it was carried out, with peculiar refinement, by a people whose kiKJwledge of sculpture and the decorati\e arts proves that it had its origin in a far deeper source than the men; barbarous love of vast and imposing masses. In Assyria, India, Persia, and throughout the Asiatic continent, this megalithic taste a|)pears t(i have mani- ft'sted itself among many inde])e]ident and widdv severed races. In Central America and rem, nations parted apparently ])y impassable oceans fnun the Old Woi-ld. have left enduring evidences of tin; same psychological phencmienon ; and in the noitli of Euro])e, unch-r cir- (;umstances no less widely difiereiit from all, numerous monolithi(; columns and groups attest the pervading"" idea. In our own island, more especiallv, where now we are content to build a nionumi'iitai obelisk, just as we do a cotton-mill chimney, with auccessivt; tic^rs of stone, rt^o possess some of the most remarkable n^mains of this pccMJiar class. TIk! destructive encroachments of civilisation, and the nilhless assaulis of the ((uarrier and builder, have done much to obliterate those sin- i ■s V-] TEMPLES AND MEMORIAL STONES 149 gularly interesting memorials of primitive antiquity. Already the vast temple of Avebury has all but dis- appeared, like an old ripple-mark of the tide of time. But there still remain, in the huge cromlechs, circles, and standing - stones scattered throughout the land, abundant evidence of the influence of the same pecu- liar taste on the early races of the British Isles, origi- nating, as I conceive, in an unconscious aim at the expression of abstract power. The (3onvenient terms of Druid temples and altars long supplied a ready resource, in the absence of all knowledge of the origin or use of the megalithic circle and cromlech. But the latter has at length been restored to its true character as a sepulchral monument by the very simple process of snl)stituting investigation for theory ; jind guided by indications recovered in the course r-.f similar ivsearch, some intelligent observers have been tempted to ascribe a sepulchral origin to the stone circle also. In some cases, jis in the smaHer circle at Stennis surrounding a ruined crondech, and in others which are still aicompanied by tiaces of the enclosed barrow or cairn, the inference is well founded ; but as a theory of general application, it is unsustained either by evidence or prol)ability. ]VIr. John Stuart ai)pendH to his descriptions of the sculptui-ed stones of Scotland, a valuable summary of the results of investigations made within the areas of Scottish circles, and disclosing abun- (hmt proofs of their selection at some pt'riod as places of sejiulturc' The inl"eren<;e, however, that this was their primary pur])ose is very imperfectly sustained by such (;vi some r(»yal mausoleum or cemetery of the tribe. A people in tli<' condition ' Srul/ihirfd Stnufi o/Scotltiml, |i|i Xll.X.XV. ir>U THE PIUMEVAL OH .STOXK VEUWD. [Chap. indicated by the p.iiiiitive arts and sepulchral rites of early British gi-aves, would naturally select such spots tor interment. They accorini.te(l elucidation of Diui.lism, the subject lias lost Jittle of its original obscurity ; and we follow a Haler, if .t be a less definite guide, in tracing the peculiar ••haracter of the so-called Druidical monuments to feel- ings which appear to have exei-cised so gvneral an in- fluence on the human race. The idea of the origin of these megalithic y .ictures from some; common s,mrc,. seems to have suggested itself to many minds. (\jl„n.^l Howard Ayse, when describing (he gr.-at hypeethral emirt, surrounde.l wirh colossal figur«'s, which stands before the r<.ck temple <.f (J,.,f H„H„,.i„, ,i„. .,„,i^,,^ lutzis, n"niarks:~"Tli." massive architraves ]>laced "1"»' 'I'e t.)p of these figures reminded me, like these "' ^'^'■'''"""' "*■ !^^'n<'lienge ; and it is n..t improbable Ihal, logvlher with relioiuus (ra(b(i..ns. the ,nl of buil.l- I v.] TEMl'LEU ASD MEMORIAL tiTO.\ES. 151 iiio- tcinples may have even reached that phice from To speak, as some writers do, as if the mechanioal and engineering knowledge by which the Egyptians were able to quarry and erect their gigantic monoliths had become even a greater mystery to us than the hieroglyphic legends which they inscribed on them, is manifestly a hasty and unfounded assumption. It is the taste, and not the skill, which is wanting. The modern eye is satisfied with the perfect proportions of the monumental column, without seeking the barbaric evidence of difficul- ties overcome implied in the lifting of it in one mass upon its pedestal. A few years since the workmen in Craig- leitli quarry, near Edinburgh, disengaged a mass of the fine sandstone of the district, capable of rivalling the colossal olx'Usks of Egypt ; but the proprietor in vain advertised the feat, in the hope that some (committee of taste would avail itself of the opportunity of once more erecting a British monolith of primitive mass ; juid he had at last to break it down into cubes adapted to the ordinary wants of the modern builder. When, however, such a feat has to be ac(;omplished af the spaiming of the Menai Straits with a railway viaduct, no lack of engineering skill is felt in C()[)ing with difficubies which niay stand compai'Lson with the most gigantic of the self-imposed feats of the old Egy[)ti.in huilder.^ We may fairly presume, therefore, that we have left \\\o luegalithii! era behind us, no: by the oblivion of former knowledge, but by the pfogr<'ss of the iiuman mind lieyond that stage of d.'velopment when it finds its ' I'l/riiiiiids It/ Ghifi, vol, i. |> "14. " 'I'lic Moiiivi tiiln's, coiiiiMtstMl of ui'(iii|{lit-in)ii iiliitcH, iiu'imui'f ciicli l.")'24 I'l'i't in k-ngtii, .im.! tin- wciglit nf tln' wliolc in cHtiniivtt'il iit l(),r)4(l toim, 'I'liiH (>i)orni(iiiH Ntnicturc liiul ty the liirgcHt sliijis. 152 • THE PRlMErAL OR SmXK 1-KHlOD. [e„.P. higheat gmtificatiou in such display., of rude maffui- hcence and vast physical power, The Stones of Stennis, already refen-ed to as the Orca- mn Stonehenge, are unquestionably the most remarkaWe meg^.thic group m Scotland, and indeed, if we except he great temple of Salisbury Plain, in the British Isks. \\ ithou entering meanwhile into any investigation of the evidence winch various write., have derived ft™, northern mythology or popular traditions, with a view to throw hght on the probable date of their origin or he character of their builder: it furnishes a ration aniong the remams of the Primeval Period, that they h,bit no nuUcation of having been hewn or sha e,^ w.th tools. Unless the perforation of the stone of oE be an oxcepfon the colunms have been set up just as hey were drslo-lged from the earth ; and we l!^. e on y to account for then- separation from the parent stmta ■;;"l'en- erection on the site which they still o.^'; tn th. r..spect they correspond with the more aneiej E.«h.sh ten,ple of Avebnry ratlax than with t " Stonehenge ; which belongs t„ an era when effic en pught ..olunjns by n,ean,s of the mortice and tennon dl dtseoverable amid the ruins of that wonderful monu- ment of ancient skill. We are not altogether without some evidence ,0 induce the belief that the early C-u" . onian did dislodg.- ami cleave into amorph.nr'olum t niciuarried locks with which his nati,.e soil abonnd" "'"•■' ■"■■ned wifh no fitter tool than the stone we,|, , d helbe '";"■ K''""'"'g " series of iudeuta.ion in ''" '""■ "' ''■"'•"»■'■. '•esortcl to in ,hc Oueinscv crom [Chap. ^M TEMPLES AND MEMORIAL STONES. 153 lech of L'Aucrcsse (.'oniinon, jis well as in the Witch's Stone of Bonnington Mnius, apparently for the purpose of reducing such amorphous masses to the desired pro portions ; and other disclosures seem to furnish illustra- tions of the same process. The Rev. James Little, in communicating to Sir John Sinclair an account of the antiquities of the parish of Southwick, in Kirkcudbrio-ht, mentions the discovery, on the estate of Southwick, " in the middle of a large granite stone, when blasted with gunpowder, in a socket exactly fitted to it, of n piece of the same kind of substance, smooth and polished, in form somewhat reseml^ling a rude hatchet, about nine inches long. The virtuosi to whose inspection it was submitted did not hesitate immediately to pronounce it to be a hatchet which had been used by the Druids in perform ing sacrifices ; which conjecture they imagined warranted by the vestiges of a Di-uidical temjjle very near where it was found." ^ The leverend Statist rather inclines to regard it as a Jusuh naturw. A few years later another was found, under similar circumstances, in a cavity of an enormous mass of stone, on the farm of Mains, near Dumfries. It was also of polished granite ; and from the outline of it in the Archaeologia, no doubt can be entertained of its being a genuine stone wedge or celt.^ Still it is not meant to assume from this that all such monuments were erected prior to the introduction of metals, l)ut only that they indicate an origin coeval with the state of civilisation in which the use of metallic im- ]»lements was, at best, but imperfectly known ; and when the massive i^VM of those rude unlle\^•n monoliths al)un- dantly satisfied the human mind, in its desire for a visible shrine adequate to the awful mysteries shadowed forth in the mythology of a primitive people. ' Sinclair's StatLt. Arc. vol. xvii. ji. 1 1(». '■' Airhfi'oloijin, vol. vii. p. 414. 1.-54 THE PRIMEVAL OR STOXK PERIOD. [Oil A p. The site of the celebrated Orkney group is })erhaps little less remarkable than the venerable monuments to which it owes its name. Tlie Loch of Stennis, a salt- water lake into which the tide rises and falls, is separated by a long and narrow neck of land from the fresh waters of the Loch of Harrny, save at the narrow strait of Brogar, where at times the tidal wave mingles with \\\(^. tideless waters of Harray. On this promontory the great circle or Ring of Brogar, as it is most commonly styled, is reared. Judging from the regularity with which such of the" stones as still remain are disposed, the number of columns oidginally forming the circle appears to have been sixtv, on the assumption that they wen; placed at nearly equal distances apart. Of these sixteen remained in situ in 1792, and eight lay prostrate near their original sites ; but now only twenty-three stones remain, ten of which are pi'(vstrate, and the broken stumps of a few more serve to indicate the phices th(3y once occupied. The whole is enclosed by a deep trench, except at two opposite points, where a. level ],reak occurs, affording the means of (mtrance and exit. The diameter of the great circle, from the inner edg(3 of the trencii, measures 366 feet.' It IS possible tiiat an aveiuie of stones may have once led from the eastern entrance to the Bridge of Brogar, as the stepping-stones are styled by which the shallow\'h'an- nel between tin, Lochs of Harray and Stennis is crossed. On the eastern side of this channel one column still re- niains, bearing the name of the Wat(;li Stone : derived apparently from its position on the brink of tli(! ford commanding the passage l)etween the great cii-cle ami the opposite shore; but which may be the oidy relic of an avenue^ once connecting the circles on (iacli side of the loch. Tile smallei- group is now frnpiently designated, li-om Its crescent form, the teniph' of the moon, and the Im-gcr circle that of the sun : but these are modern and [On A p. v.] TEMPLES AND MEMOltlAL ISTONES. 155 spurious dcsigiuitions. Stemiis (•ircle, as tliu smaller group is properly termed, is situated ou a nearly level piece of ground, and its semicircular outline is further indicated by an enclosing mound of earth presenting its opening to the «outh ; whereas the larger circle is en- vironed only by a fosse. This group was composed, at no very remote period, of seven or eight stones, but no doubt can be entertained that the figure was originally a circle, enclosing with its vallum, a Lirge cromlech, the ruins of which still remain within the area. It is de- scribed by Wallace in 1700 as "a round set about with high smooth stones or flags ;"^ so that it would appear to have l)ecn complete at that comparatively recent ]>eriod. It stood upon a raised circular platform, part of which still remains about three feet above the sur- rounding level. Beyond this is the embankment, form- ing a circle, the radius of which, measured from its outer edge, is 1 1 7 feet. The radius of the circle, on the cir- cumference of which the stone columns Avere placed, is about fifty-two feet ; and judging from the space between those still standing, twelve stones may be supposed to liave completed the circle. But though so small a group when compared with the Ring of Brogar, its columns are fully double the average height of the great circle, -and it must have presented, when perfe(it, a far more magnificent and imposing aspect. It is painful to think that within our own time those most interesthig memo- rials of an era far l)eyond X\w date of written records, have fallen a prey to ignorance, in that dangerous transi- tion state when the trammels of superstition are broken tiirougli, without being replaced by more elevated prin- (dples of veneration. An intelligent native of Oj-kn(!y, who appears to have left his home about 1789, remarks in Ills MS. notes accompanying a valuable donation of ' Wallace's (h-hiiiji. p. X^. 150 rut: PIUMKVAL OR mvSE PmiOD. [Ciur. hooks reJatiiig to the nuitliern islands presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland :— " Jf Mr Daniell's sketch of the Stones of Stennis (taken in 1818) be at all accurate, many of them have disappeared, and others tallen to the ground, since I can remember."^ It was in the nnmediate neighbourhood of the smaller circle of btenms that the Stone of Odin stood ; completing alon^ with the adjacent eartliworks alluded to in a former chapter, a group of primitive monuments, whidi, thou^rh inferior in magnitude to the vast temples of Wiltshire or of Carnac in Brittany, are scarcely surpassed in interest even by those remarkable monuments. I am indebted to Captain Thomas, K.N., to whose libera communications of the result of his observations Hi Orkney 1 have already referred, for careful observa- tions and measurements made by him on the Stones of fetennis. of which the following are the most important result. : 1 he Great Circle of Stenuis, or Ring of Bro^^ar 18 a deeply entrenched circular space, 366 feet in di-,' meter, containing nearly two acres and a half. Around the circumference, but about thirteen feet within th,^ trench, are the erect stones, standing at an a^'erao■e chs ance of eighteen feet apart. They are totally unhewn and vary considerably in form and size. The hiohest stone measures 13-9 feet above the surface, and, judoinc fmm some others which have fallen, it is sunk about eighteen inches m the ground. The smallest stone is less than six feet, but the average height is from eight to ten. Ihe breadth Aaries from 2-6 to 7 9 feet, but the aver- age may be stated at about five feet, and the thickness about one foot : all of the old red sandstone formation. " » A Z., a native of Orkney, resident in L..n,l.,n, wlu) under this titl.. , Bented to the Society fron. tin.e to tin.e a cnrion ,„ d v' J.lo !ll ' ; hooU. .elating to the O^ney and Shetland I.and. i:!^:!:^ ; t;;:;:^ MS. note. Bome ot wh.ch eontain touching allu.ion,. to ti fond reco lect cherished hy hun of his native jilace. 't'ontttions v.] TEMPLES AM) MEMORIAL STONES. i5\ The trench around the area is in good preservation. The edges of the l)ank and of the two foot-paths, or entrances, which are phiccd exactly opposite to each other, are still sharply defined. The entrances are formed by narrow earth-banks across the fosse, and have no relation to the true or magnetic meridian, but are paral- lel to the general direction of tlie neck of land on which the circle is placed. The trench is twenty-nine feet in breadth, and about six in depth ; but the surface of the area which it encloses has an average inclination to the eastward. It is highest on the north-west quarter ; and the extreme difference of level is estimated to be from six to seven feet ; so that, as the trench has the same inclination, it could never be designed to hold water. DIMENSIONS OF THK RING ■■! BROGAK. Ilaflius to outer edge of fosse, ..... Radius to inner edge of fosse, ..... Radius of circle on whioli the stones are ])laced, Distance of pillars from edge of fosse, ... Breadth of fosse, ....... Depth of fosse, avereagc, ...... Distance of columns ai)art, average equal to breadtli of causeways, 17"8 Highest column, ....... Lowest column, ....,,,, Average height of columns, ...... Broadest column, stump only remaining, .... Narrowest column, ........ Average breadth, , Av^erage thickness, ...,..., The neighl)ourhood of Stennis seems to have ])een consecrated ground to the ancient Orcadians. Within no great distance there are two circles of standing- stones, two others all the remaining stones of which are pro- strate, and four single standing-stones, besides about twenty sepulchral mounds and eartiiworks of various forms and dimensions. It was long the fashion with antiquaries to receive r.s an estal)lis]icd and aitogetlier iiK'ontrovertil)le position 2 1 -2 '2 feet 183-2 1700 13 2 290 60 , 17-8 l.'?9 5-9 9 7-3 10 5 10 IAS /v/A- riN.u h:\-M. nu srox/.: rhu/n/> | ClIMV IIm' (hMlidicdl orinjii ,,(" ;||| '■*.viiiinr(ii(.j|| Mn,ii|,M ,,r mImimI '•'^•:^(oM"Hi., II,.- Ilnlisl, l.hM.ls. 'Ii,„ M,.„v on.ful n :;T"'"" "'''"'"'• ^^•'■''"••^ '"'•• " ^"Iv l.iHiurv uC II, () flvii.-y tiM.I S||..||;i|„i IsIpm. .'iihI of II •1«V\I<»I| Willi S<-;ili,|i||.,vi;i |)|'io|' In (|„. ('| '"•■■I IVViMJul, ori|,iMO|.i|,io|l: ,,,„| (o,,|| ,,| fiiniihluiiiiinii .i| .1 hiiii.liVil ( I'll' iiiliiii.'iic con ii'if^li;ii! (',•;,. In I IIIonI IliiJM'lH'il '"• ;t S(';il|(liii;i\ i;|| I (triuiii ''' I It" ,H IV;. I Trin|>l,- or Siriiiiis. ;,|„| (| '-'•'••^-M.iin.. slniHinvs i,, ih. „or,|, of S..oi|;,n.l ;i„.| til.' >>.VS|,.,|| JslrM. j{;,nv. liiM„Tl. Srnl "■""""•I' li'Hv r.irli ;iss,iil...| llir ,.M ! >nii.|ic.|| K' iiiinicroiiM oljici' •'"'1. S''«i||, .'111(1 ,M; • '"•llMiddiM,. Ii';, '•"•"ll,!4' JIIKl Jll-llih. " |),. ^1 Miivs Dr. llil.ocH. '•ins vvir|,!,.,i ||„. | Willi wry MJ^iijil Ml .'lll''l<'M Willi I' viillocli. " I'CCSM 1)1 ;||, l.llllllli'l' oj' Tltol' ,..,.,.. ■ ■'"' '" •"'"""•""-^ in .-..|.,M.,| or ijns Mcu.-r lii„. of .^••XmM.ni. I v.nnuv ,o ilnnK. ,1,,,, , |,„„ „ ,..,„,j^,,. NM,;,lni...vi;in ili.-o.v j,,,. |„,. „ .|,„„.,„ , ^^j,, ^^^_, ■^"" ^V^^"' •^'••■'il '- n<.;„vr 11... ,ni,|i ,h,..„ Ins 1.'..,, A'' ./../ '>.v w n.h ih. s.on,sli !l,oi,!;H,.|.,. snil i„oi,i,vs ;„ , '""'^ ''7": ;'■ '"' - ' "•• ''"• 'Inuvli. s.v,ns in U.oW ".'"''"'"'"' "^"'"""> •••■ woishi,, wiiln.i II,.. i„r..,,|i,|,i,. ''!'"'; ^" ■'""'''"'■ ''^"'•'''^""iK.(..riiH.\o,s..,n..,i %oi„.. '" "'"'" ""' I^^''--..! i,.|,ip|.. I.iii s..,M,M.i.,| ni.M.n '•'."Ills ; n.M- I. ||,..,r ui.Hoinniv s„|li..i„,„Iv Mi,.rk..,| ,o |> ^«llor Scon ,,,„,„ k.. ,„ liisAKsin.. o( ,|,.. Kvil.i....,;, N«.Um:' ••lh.>T.-in,.|..o|-Tli.M-is.|.s.,il....| ,,. ;,V,ivuh,. '"'f ;' ''l"'dH,s,o,i... w„li,i, u Inchon.. ,n,.iv..|,n, , m.nUl .1,.- S,on.. ..!• ri,o,-.ul,..,v In.ni.in M..,in,s w,.|v ";"""':"'"' '" ''"" 'l''"n,.l..v|.. i.v |„,,,U„., ,.,, ,,,„,,.,„., tl«'>^iun... .\M.I(l„s.K..,.n,Mi..n,naN .•...,(„„. ,l,os.. .mT V| TKMI'I.I'IS ASh MKM(Un.\L ST(h\l<:s. IflO (|iiiiri('H who ;iiv «liH|K»HC(| Id rrl'rr sik^Ii ciivlcs cxclnHivcly^ l(t llir ( S'hic I lilies, , •111(1 llicir |iricslM, llic hriiidH." | )|-, IMMm'iI Ii.is (|iioi(>(l iIiIm |»iiriiHr;i|,|| ;,s ji rcriiljilioii of tlioHr \vli«» would coiiIcikI llml the Trin|>l(',s of Oilviicy Ii.'kI Ihtii iu"(I ItyCi'hic liihcs, Ih'Ioiv llicy wciv occii- |Mt' skch'loiis ol" struc- linvs which h;i\c oiiHivsMl in.iiiv no less iiidis|iciis;iltl(^ Iciiliiivs of the oriuiii.d pliiii, I'oiiiicd oj' mkmv itcrisliiiMc niiilciiiils. iModcni ;inriciilliir;d opciai ions liiivc occii- sioiiiilly Itroiiuhl to linjil \i'i\ ohx ioiis c\ idcnccs of this. An inlcllieciil oIimci'vci- who resided on the spoi, ;iiiil closely wjilchcd the opcnil ions ol" workmen eniploved in Irciichino' ;illd levellini.' the site (.!' ;i " l)riii(li<-;il Circle ' on Donside. in the |.;iiisli of Tnllynessle, Aherdccnshiir, " Till' l.illiiwiiiji iM llii' piisMMxi' til wliifli Sir Wiiltpr S Mfni^iiiiU'iii fulliiic .miIoi.iii «nii.miici.'n.liim |.ii»>lu>t," ctv, - (hUjrhuj,,;,, S,„,„ ; ii. .1. 'I'liuikrliii, I7,S7; 11. '-'7.) Hut a mil. li iiuuo iniiiiitt' iifi'oiiiit, ih ji^ivcii in an .'miIi.m- portion of t 111' SiiK.», mIi.'i.' 'I'horolt' iisci'itiiinM Uu< ilcNlinnl nit,- of tlir n. w tfiiiiilc liy .■JiMtiii^; il.s «o,mI.h pillars into the n.'ii, an.l iU'.vpting iw llir mii.iv.I N|iot "ii promontory to wliu'h tli.'.v were iMinie l.y t.lii« ti.l.'s. TliiM is tlio .les.ription of tin- .-nvlion. «|,i,li it smU |„. s,...m is soinrtliiiiM .liHeiviit, fi i ii inn.. () TIIK niilMKYAL 01! STOXK rKlilOl). [<• MAP, ll.'lH fui'liiHllcd llic foil Tl ONVIHir fKMUHIllt (.f tJlcir (liscjosi "' ii|»nir|if, Hloncs were luo.sMy o„,i.. f'Vi.liMil M,„t (l.,.y|,a,| ,',U',I.Mc,| ..,, riH in's : VVJIS ''"'"'<«''•• 'I'i'o ^^r.)iii„l (.1. wInVli tl •' ol fl l»ut it bout iifty wjts slopmir, j„„l ^vithiii 1 1 K' temple stood i»y removm^r tli(> (.;„.||| ,,i, tl '<' <'ir<'l(! it had Imm'ii levelled <■• oiinlc, nejii ><'n|)i)er,side, HO jih to piVHeilt iy lK'rp,.ndi,MUai', of not Lvsh tl.an fiv,> tW-i .unulnally (I.Treasiiio- to |||,. ,.;,,st op |o beeaine level. Tl tl le iKinlc. 1^ wer j)art, wlieii it ",' "l>'''«l»^ Htoiies uvre on tli.' too of '"""' ''"' <•''•<''''. in M, soiitli-eaHtei-n diivcti H j»;ived ro;ion, whi.-l end on. NViiH alu.ut SIX y„rd,s widr. Imt nearlv I iinee of at least • 111 (he far! her wenlv vjirds ^vi..- when ,t .•.ppn.aeh.Ml within fifly ya.ils oHI,:. ,:i,,d •'iiid here (h p.'ivinuwas covered \villiasli,.,s. The st were not s.puMvd, I.ul v.-rv neallv Htled oncH n tli(> SI •'oursc o( (||,,s(' op(W'aiions. t iiilo e.ich othei'."' W(» enriouH stone v s were fo,nihrid s se\er,ll c(.||eeiltlic circl es. Tl lere which ;i hasty <>..|„.,.;|| •'><. and even crucijorni •'■•III ,nroup orCallerni.sh. \/.i •'<^ primitive ("hristian art. Hut (lit' whole. ;ind found to ch.aract I' miulii accept a M an evidence (hrounliont Kiiropt. an. I .\,sia. is the I one thinn- common t ''n>^<' similar stniclui o VS lidlie columns; the evidei iii.Ue unhewn inon o OIK' ivmarkahl." j.hase ,.f the hii of which has h "••' not of a sinel,. rreed. hut of in-iii iiiiinl, the inlj Uellce (lie jwii-an Celtic and S.aii.l ' MS. l,oH,-r. ,1 Miot. ono' Mine.- tlisapjuared. |)iv ei'se as were inaN lan creeds, their temj»les '■• ''"I"' xumrt. t;*,, . \l>ohl..,Mi. i,s;i,s ; |,il "• '"^"f, Aiiti -ill [f!..A.., •1 TEMriJiH ASb MEMOniAL SToNliS. 101 iDJiy liJivo hocii oFsiiniliir cliiirictci'; uiid tlic rude. Norse- iiu'ii wlio poHKcsHcd lli('inHelv(!,s of the Orkney iHlandn in tlie iiiiilli ccjitury, I'onrid fjir Ichs difficulty in ndapting tJK', Teiii|)l(! of Stciiiiis to the .shiine of Thor, than the rrotcHtauts of the Hixt(!eiith (tentury had to contend with wlicn tlicy appropriated the old C-atlKsdral of 8t. M; ijHiHis to the rites of Tivshytiirian worsliip. It IH op|)o,se(l to all ])i-oha,I>ility that th(; Gi-eut Circle of Steiinis, witli its rrrand but ludc monoliths, was the work of Nor.se I'overs of the ninth centuiy, long after the Christian missionaries of lona- had waged suceessfnl war with the Pagan creed of the native Orcadians. But llie (|uestioii of Scandinavian origin is ]»nt forest hy evidence of a, direct and conclusive charact(!i'. Professor Munch of Clirisliania, who visited (his country in 1840, with a, view lo iuvesligale (he (races of Norwegian inter- course widi Scodaiid, was gratilied l»y the discovery that (lie name of ilavardstcigr, v/liich was (H)nferre(l on the scent! of Mail IJavard's slaughter Ity his nephew, about the year i)7(>, is still applied among the |)easantiy to the |>romontory of Stennis : (he S(oJie.s of which we may well helieve Were grey wi(h (he moss of cen(uriert ere the lirst Norwegian prow touched the shores of l^oniona.' No tlirect reference (o S(ennis necurs in tin; Orkneyinga Saga, hut the remaikalde passage referred to is to W\ foimd in that (tf Olaf Trygvesson, where it is said : — ' 'I'lit' iiiniii' StfiiiiiH, of Norvvfuiiui origin, wiih olivitiiiHly tlio u|i|MPHili' tic Mrii|i(iiiii HU^;^i'Mti'(l to till' lirwt Sduiiliniivian voyap'iH l>y the (i|i|M'iiriiiifi' dl' the ninniilar iimgiii' of lami, trowncil iiy \U iiicgalitliic ciiclf ; l.nt Uir dcalli of Karl liuvurd, iim mnitioiK'd in tin- Nortlicrii Siigiis. ((.iilVrnMl on it new aHmiciationH nml a (iirnsiMiiiilinji natnr. I'mfcuHor Mnni'li, wliomi niittirni liiaN HM II Norwegian might liavc inclinnl lilin to cliiini tor Imh conntrynii'ii tlif (Mvction of till- (irciit ScottiHli Ciri'lc, r.-nmrkH, in a Icttir to nic:— "StcnniH in til,, (ilil Norn Sf, hiMii,.i, that ix. 'tli(< |.roinontory of the MtimcM ;' ivmt tliiit name it Uow ahvatly wIumi lluvarti IVII. in tlii> licginnin^; of tlif island lu-ing Ncandinaviun. Tlii-. mIioWk timt tin- Niainlinavian HcltlcrN found tiir MtoncH ahvadv Ntan.lin« ; in other vvordH. that the standing »ton(m hclonjicd ti« the |'o|mlation |MiMon« |c> th< Si andniavian M'tlh'ni.'nt. " vni,. I. j_ 102 rilK ftUMKYM. OH WONIi l-KUIOh. [C„ap. " Havanl was then at Steinsnos, in R„s«.y. There was ...cctmg and battle about Havanl, and it was not Ion. re ti,o Jarl fc] Tbc plaeo is „„w called Ha,va.,l»teim-? rt was so called ,n the tenth , entu.y, and so, Mr. fleorse Fctne writes mo, it is still occasionally named ),y the peasantry at the present day. ' tl„.V"T.-T""'*^ "f remarkable, laegalithie structures of the *,cotti,*h mainlaiKl may be noted here. Careful and m.nuto accounts have ahvady been furnish,,! „f those of nvernes„-.shire by Mr. George Andemm „. the Ar.lu,o- l^jm Scouca;' and of these of Aberdeenshiie, Aroyle- shire, and other Scottish .listrict.s, in a series of illustnJed papers ,u the Anhvokyh.^ The varieties a,,pare„t in he.r groupn.gaud structure are such as may «ell justify the conc'lusiou that, instead of being the f,.iniJes of a vauety of ed.hces designed i„ diffi.rent ages for .liv,.,-..,. Skeu. , Aber,h,.„»hn-,, consists of a circle m.asurin.r int,.- mly tl"rty-tour feet i„ .lian.eter, compos,.,! of ,.igi,t bnge stones , ...pose,! ,, ,,„„,„, i,,^^,,^.^,,^ ,,, ,j^^, ^ - this anotl„.r ,.,rele is forn„,l of sn,a!l..r ston,..s, ,n,.asurii,„ o c ,.n,.|cs are d,spo.s,,|. two of tl„.ni l,ai,. g one n"th,.r ami ,h,.,,.,uain,l,.rseparat,,lby,vgul,,ri„t,W A( a shor ,l.s(an,.,. from this gnaip, „im. ,„!,... cir,.h.s ocuipy ,.on„„an,li„g sites in th,. n,.,gl,boui!,„„L (),h,.r exa.,,|,.s ,.(,.,,,, ,|,in,,ti,,,,„ ,■ |,„, „,|„„ , ,„,,„,,,. ^ .« »t, , ,. 1 ,1,1 Hat«ays in (|„. cii,,i,i,fe,ei,e,. „f |1„, ,i,,,|„ .in/iiiii/. .Ski/, y„\ jii ., .ji I ■ I '•'■//„.,/,.,,;.». M.I. xxii. ,, !\r,^ V..I. xsv |, (iij, „(,, v.] TEMPLES AND MEMORIAL STONES 103 ;ire still more common. The grccat temj)l(3 or Clachau of Inches, situated aljout two miles south of Inverness, the largest and most entire in that part of the country, con- sists of two circles, the inner one of which is composed of twenty-eight stones, and measures about forty feet in diameter. The outer circle is now only partially trace- a])le. Fifteen stones remain, including one nine feet in height al)ove ground, and the diameter mejisures above seventy feet. Another remarkable group occurs almut half-a-mile eastward from a stone avenue near the farm of iMilltown of Culloden, which may possibly have been once connected with it. Three con(;entric circles are nearly united to an adjoining one which encloses a group of five cairns, or what mig])t l)c more accurately described as one gigantic cru(;if()i-m cairn 'i'he contents of this singular structure would probably amply re})ay the ar(;ha3ol()gist for the hd)our and cost of exploration. A t'lu. ".■ -UVH Kiiiii.mliii- Koil ufd,,!,!. funicular rod or tore of gold was dug Uj» within the great circle of Leys, in the same district, in .d24, and was produced at a meeting of the Society of A nti(piaries of Scotland as a golden sceptiv. or I'od of office. It is engi-aved here from a, east taken at the time ; l»ut when found it appears to have been more ju'ifect. It mciisured twenty-two inches kmg, and was hooked at ])()th ends ; but one of the terminal hooks, bi-oken off by tlie i)I()Ugli, was retained wlicii the other pcu'tion.s were given uj) as treasure trove.' Tile latest if not the only iii).|iies(ioiiable evidence ' /iirini<.ss r„i,riir, Mmih l.'l. I,S.")1. 1«4 Till': ritlMKVAL OR STONE I'Eh'IOD. [v.uxv. wo po8s«.Hs oi the u«.> of the Stone (!irck;s in not as religious temples, Init as courts of hiw aud l.attle- "•mos, where,], the duel or ju.lieial combat was foudit • though this .louhtlcss had its o,-igin iu the invariable umon of th, priestly and judh-iai offices in a primitive ^tate of society. The several ('oiiccntric circles so fre- .jucaitly characterizing them, add to the probability of then- adaptation to the purpose of judicial or delibera- tive assemblies. Such is ,)ne of the most common marks of the La,w Tings of Orkney and Shetland, and of th(^ iHle of Man. -N,.t unfrecpiently the fences of a tincr were concentric : the intent of wlii(;h was to preserve .•'iixmg the (bfferent personages of the ting a i)roper distinction of rank. The central area was always occu- pied by the laugman, and 'those who stood with him •' and the outer spaces by the laugrettmen, out of whom the duradom was selected, the contending parties, and Hh" compurgators."^ M,-. George Petrie has called my attention to several evidences of this in relation to the Orkney (-ircles ; and no less remarkable proofs appear in various chartularies an. III. - /i''','//.s7, A'ywov-. M„rihii. \,.|, i, p, 7j». An fill ft/, ,v,,)/. Vol. [C^HAP. v.] TEMPLES AND MEMORIAL STOXES. I (>ij of tlic business of the court was to Inquire iiito the titles by wliieh the Bisliop Jield certain of Iiis Luuls, and as lie is summoned as a vassal, and had to protest against the proce(!dings, he is described as standing " extra circnm"' Megalithic grou])s and (circles al)ound on many parts of the mainland as well as in the Western Isles, but Jiearly all are characterized by some peculiarity. Some are enclosed by a trench, others by a fosse ; and frequently the space between the great stones is filled up by an eaithen wall. In several districts in the south of Scot- land single and double ovals are found ; and fragments '.»f ancient groups, mojv oi- less impeif(>ct, are com- Km, 8, Hlflmlliig Hloin-H at Pllliulirif m(m throughout the countiy. The woodcut represents an imposing group in the neighbourhood of Pitlochrie, Pei-thshire. One of the great level Highland moors stret(!hes away bejK^ath the ey(>, like a dark waveless lake, contrasting with the distant heights, among which ilenviackie ivars its pyramidal summit to an elevation of upwanis <)f 4000 feet above tlu" h>vel of the sea. Amid this wild Highland la,ndsca])e tin- huge standing- stones, gi-ey witji the moss of ages, produce a singuhirfy ' Jfflllsf. Miilsni/i. Monir. p. 184. 1«« TUK PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Oka... grand und imposing effect ; and from the idea of lofty iieight which the distant mountains suggest, they con- vey a stronger impression of gigantic proportions than js produced even by the first sight of the giant mono- liths of Salisbury Plain. The i^ost remarkable of the Hebridean groups is that of Callernish, near Loch Roag, in the Lewis, of which an accurate view is given in the frontispiece to this volume from a sketch by my friend, George Harvey. It occu- pies the summit of a ridge of hilly ground, and embraces a cruciform group of monoliths attached to a central circle about forty feet in diameter. In the centre is a. -P.. a- H-. -a... h " 'U /L '4.-::--.~- _;~^ ■ so U Miii iM i iL. , I ■ n {\ ± /'i/*. Fi.). O.-Ciilleniinh Circle. n column measuring nearly seventeen feet in lieicrht — *ch the drcle is formed of fiat cohiimKu: blocks of gneiss. From this an avenue of similar stones s retches two hundred and seventy feet to the north, while single rows placed towar.ls the other Car- olina points complete the cruciform arrangement of the whole. Its greatest length is stated by Logan as 558 feet, and by Macculloch as about 080 feet; but its presen actual measurement, from the most southern tr 'l^;^f-^- -^1 of the avenue, is barely 380 s n. TT'T r ^"'^ '''"^ "^^'''^ ^'> ^'» inter- esting fact, which seems to confirm th.> ick-a, that this nu-galith,e group has been expressly arranged with refW- [ClIAl'. V. TEMPLE a AND MEMOMIAL STONES. 107 of lofty hey con- oiis than it mono- >s is that vhich an volume, It oecu- mbraces central cnti-c is - - "-- - /I height, himnar similar to the er car- of tlie Eis 558 )Ut its utiiern [y 380 ill tor- it this refer- hi ence to the cardinal points by astronomical observation. Mr. Henr}' Callender remarks, in a communication on this subject:^ "That the position Avas chosen and laid down from astronomical observation, can easily be de- monstrated by visiting the spot on a clear night, when it will be found that by bringing the upper part of the single line of stones extending to the south to bear upon the top of the large stone in the centre of the circle, the apex of that stone coincides (^xactly with the pole-star ; this is more readily done from the south line bei'^g on sloping ground, so that looking along the line upwards to the higher level of the centre stone is very much the same as taking an observation through the incline of a telescope." The peculiar arrangement of the Callernisli group, with its northei'n avenue, nnd cardinal rows of columns, strongly confirms the conviction, that we have here a memorial of primitive astronomical knowledge ; of the observation of that one ever-resting polar star, around which all others seem to revolve ; and of the study of the motions of the heavenly bodies in con- nexion with native rites of worship in prehistoric times. Until recently, many of the stones were completely buried in the moss, and of two other circles lying about a mile to the eastward on a low moor, nothing could be seen but a few grey blocks slightly protruding above the heather and rushes. But since the first edition of this work appeared, the liberal zeal of Sir James Mathe- son has eftected the removal of the superincumbent peat from all the three circles, to a depth of l>etween five and six feet; thereby leading to important discoveries. Beneath the moss surrounding the great Callernish circle, the disclosure of a, rough causeway basement, and other equally conelusive proofs, showed that the stones had lieen founded on the boulder clay, apparently before tiie ' Pr<)ci<>il!)ii/s of Sor. Antii/. Scot, vol ii. |(. :\S'2. \ i 168 TllK PRIMEVAL OR STONE PKRTOD. [Cu... growth of tlio peat oomnieneed. This received eonfii- mation from eviden.'e of n, still more com,)rehensive character, by the fact that fallen stones of the smaller circles were uncovered, lying upon the clay, with the whole growth of peat above them ;^ so tliat the com- mencement of the pent-forming epoch appears to date subsecpient to their desertion and ruin. We have thus a snigularly suggestive evidence of their remote anti- quity ; and a ga,uge of the lapse of time since the aban- donment of those megalithic temples : which, thoucrh as yet undefined, only requires some ai)proximate deter- mimition ,)f the annual rate of growth of the peat, to ena >le us to apply it to such puri)oses of chronology. But other dis.^overies rewarded the labours of th(^ exp orers. As the excavations at the great temple i)ro- ceeded a circular stone building was ' disclosed on the east side of the central stone, with its diameter equnl to the radius of the circle, as shown in the a(Hx)m])a,nyino- ground-plan, and containing two (>hambers, the h.ro-f.s't (< Km. lii.-Clmml,.iv.l Sinidun., Cillrr,,!, Of winch nu.,.ures SIX feet nine, inches l,y fbur fVet three inches. W.tinn this, embedded in an unctuous sil stan.-e, consisting apparently of peaty and animal mat-- ' E^tin. Plul. Join: New Series, v,,]. xv. ,,, 2'M\. v.] TEMPLES AND MEMORIAL STONES. 1G9 ter, fragments of human bones were found, which seem to have been subjected to the action of fire/ The dis- closures are altogether replete with interest ; and reveal some novel features in connexion with this class of monuments, which tradition has associated with such unvarying tenacity with the worship of the Druids. Jiut the buried monoliths of the Lewis circles arc not the only examples of such change of level in the slow lapse of time. On various parts of the mainland similar megalithic groups remain i)artially entombed in like manner in the slowly accumulating mosses, the growth of unnumbered centuries. On one of the wildest moors in the parish of Tongland, Kirkcudlaightshire, an ex- ample may l)e seen, consisting of a circle of eleven stones, with a twelfth of larger dimensions in the centra, the summits of the whole just appearing above the moss. Adjoining the grou[) there stands a large cairn with its base doubtless resting on the older soir benenth. With such evidence at command, it is obvious that however vague many of the speculations may be which have aimed at the elucidation of rites and opinions of the Celtic Druids; and have too often substituted mere theory for true archaeological induction : we shall run to an opposite error in ascribing to ji Scandinavian origin structures manifestly in existence long prior to the efirliest Norwegian or Danish, or even perhaps Celtic, descent on our coasts. One other remarkable class of works, the Rocking Stones, remains to be noted. These are found among the ancient monuments of England and Ireland, as well as on various parts of the Continent, and are no less fre- , ]]'2. I «. ! |i i 170 77/A' PRIMEVAL OR STO.YJC PERIOD. [Ch.p. cMmstruotons. So strange u mixture of extreme rude- ness and great mechanical skill appears to be combine^l in these memorials of the remote past, that they excite greater awe in the thouglitful mind than even the im- posing masses enclosing the sacred area of Stonehenc^e or the circ e of Stennis. Nor is such an estimate of them unjust ; for it would undoubtedly prove a much more comphcated prol,lem for the modem engineer to poise the irregular and amorphous mass on its point of equilibrium, than to rear the largest megalithic ,.roup hat sti 1 stands to attest the mechanic.] power ^hich the old builders could command. It has indeed been supposed by .r.me that the origin of Rocking Stones may be traced entirely to natural ean.es ; and this opinion is adopted by Worsaae and other Danish and Norwegian antiquaries/ Such a theory however, seems to stand still more in need of proof than that which regards them as stones of ordeal by winch Druid or Scandinavian priests were wont to test the guilt or innocence of the accused. Apollonius Rhodms speaks of ro<.,king-stones placed on Ihe apex o umiili, and Mr. Akerman refers, in his Arch.ological liKkx to the famous Agglestone Barrow, in the island ot 1 urbeck, as having been similarly surmounted. One such undoubted example would abundantly suffice to overthrow this geological theory of natural formation. It IS a less conclusive, though not altogether valueless argument, tliat some of the most remarkable logan stones ol Scotland are tound in the immediate vicinity of other undoubted primitive ptone-works. The great rockin^- stone in the parish o" Kirkmichaci, Perthshire, fbr ex- ample, has already L.cn referred to as one of a large group of circles, cairns, and other monuments of the same class. Its form is that of a rhom],us, of which ' Primeral A„(i,,uifi,.<, of Dnnimrl; p. I |(). v.] TEMPLE,^ AND MEMORIAL STOXE^i. 171 the greater diagoiuil is seven feet, and the less five feet, and its weight is calculated at about tliree tons and half a hundredweight. On pressing down either of the extreme corners, a rocking motion is produced, which increases until the arc through which its longest radius moves exceeds a foot. When the pressure has been (continued so as to produce this effect, the stone makes from twenty- six to twenty-eight vibrations from side to side after it is withdrawn. A much larger rocking - stone is situated on the Hill of Mealyea, in the parish of Kells, Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Its weight is (estimated at from eight to ten tons ; and it is so nicely poised that it can be set in motion with the pressure of the finger. To this the name of the Logan Stone is popularly applied in the Stewartry, therein correspond- ing with the term used in Cornwall and other districts of England. A second rocking-stono formerly existed on the same range of hills, but it was tlirown down about forty years since. Others remain in the parish of Dron, Perthshire, on a hill in th(3 neighbourhood of the manse ; in the parish of Abernethy, celebrated for its venerable ecclesiastical relics ; and on the north side of the Cuff Hill, in the parish of Beith, Ayrshire. It seems opposed to every doctrine of probabilities, that nature in the course of her ceaseless operations of tlenudation and attrition should in numerous instances have chanced to wear away an amorphous rock so as to leave it poised in its centre of gravity on a single point. But if we adopt the theory that those siugukr "Stones of Ordeal" are accidental creations resulting from natural causes, it is easy to conceive what must have been the surprise and awe with which the motion of their huge masses by such seemingly inadequate force would be viewed. The appropriation of them to specific uses in the judicial system of a ceremonial religion \7-J V/A- /'/;/.|//<;/M/^ („^, STOX/,' r/c/,' /()/). |(!|IAI', w,ij (| l!l\(' '\II1scnl)ed. ( |(!|IAI'. VI. Wh'AI'ON.S AND IMl'Ll'niKNTS. I7;{ CHAPTER, VI. WKAVONH AND I M l> /J<: M K N TS. TiiK cssciilinJ ('.liMnuUonHticH of tlu; Htoiic; piM-iod, tliouo-li ilhislratcd |»y cvciy tnu^c of its jirts, ciiHtoms, iiiid soci.il cniKlilion, nxw ((iuI»(Mlii'(l ;iU(] cpiloini/.cd in its \v»'ii|)()iis :iM(l iiiiplcmciits. Tlicy iiuiik .ilikc in thei,. innlci'iiil and \V(irlorphyry or granite is the mate- rial employed, no natural fi-acture or cleavage aided the operations of the primitive tool-maker ; and the resort to tlie process of rubl)ing or grinding it into shape was mevitable at the very earliest stage of its use;. The significance of the remarkable disctoveries in the London clay and \h(^. Suflblk graNcI beds i-emaiiied wholly um.})])r(!ciated for upwards cf a century aftei- the earliest of this class of dis(;overi(!s, made in (Jray's i>in Lane, L(»n- dou, in 1715 ;' nor was it till correspi.nding diH(;oveiies ill the French (hift had attracted the attention alike ,.f m-clireologists and geologists, that their c.mipivheiisive iM'Mnngs were fully recognised. lUit now that such is the case, the irin('ii)les of tin science, is due to the inteliigt'nee and sagacity of tlie anticiuaries of Copejdiagen, and the admirable facilities alfonh'd by the lil)erality of the J)anish (Jovernnient. The flakes of flint, which are met with in considerable abun(hni(M', appciir to have been struck ofl" fronj a. solid mass. They are ordinarily fbiind from altout one to six inches long, and frequently present a curved Ibnii, owiiio- to the conchoidal fracture of lh(> flint: while they are (tccasioually accompanied by the Hint core IVoni which they have been struck. Sometimes such flakes occur in the simplest state; in olli.r rases thcv arc partiallv 17(5 THE I'lilMEVAL OH STONE PERIOD. [Chap. reduced to their intended form. J]«t rude as tliey are, they are o.f great interest to us, from the insight obtained by their means into the process of manufactory of the pnmitive hmce and arrow head. It is obvious, from the frequent discovery of such among sepulchral deposits, that considerable value was attached to them ; nor must we overlook the fact, that while flint is found in the greatest abundance both in Denmark and the south of England, there are many parts of Scotland where it is scarcely to be met with. Here, therefore, we discover tlie first traces of primitive trading and barter. The flint flakes were, in fact, the raw material, which had to 1)6 ini[)orted from otlier distri(;ts before tlie hunter of the Stone Period could supply himself with the indispensable requisites for the cJiase. A few exam|)lea will suflicc to show the alnindan(;o of such materials, an T I'hev ar<' \er\ proper (up being made into VI.] WKArONS AXD IMPLEMENTS. aiTow-lieuds, Imt none of tlicni ci})p('nr to have been wrought."* Similar relics of early art have been noted at various times in the same district of country :-- " On the alluvial soil near the sea," remarks the author of the New Statistical Account of Belhelvie, " there is a bed of yellow flints, in \\l;ich a numl)er of very well formed arrow-heads are frequently found;" and in no part of Scotland are these primitive relics more abundant than in the landward districts of Aberdeenshire. In the large eairn of Menzie, on Cairn Moor, Ruchan, there lay within a stone cist, "along with earth and bones, a dart-head of yellow flint, most pe-f.-ctly shape side of the hill, some ' ArrhivnI. Sail. vi.l. lii. |i. -KJ. 'i Sruh Minj. Ffli. 7, I'W. VOL I. M 178 Tllh: VIUMHVAL OR STOSK I'KRJOl). [(J„ai. eiigngiHl ill wi(]cMiiig it, exposed ii cist, within W(J]lvlUCli wliicli Jiiy a skeleton with ji ] .-..'.. i..y ,,, hiveieroii witJi JI Jnrge (jium 'iHl chips l,esi(lc it. A distii.o-uisJiea go (iiijintity of fliiit-fliikes |"'UC(] to he in tl utist, wlio hap 10 iicigliboui-hood ut the time of tl discoveiy, lu,s funn-sl,ed'nie with sketches of tli(^ 1 Mc descnhes the fliiit-thdc lis formed ji h(>ap of f ices ocality, IS so nuniei'ous, that they K'ight wlien reiiK.ved from the cist.' I'om eighteen iiKdies to two fecit in The arrow and JaiK-o lieads constructed from tl ic amor- •ous masses of native flint, often hroiight from distant iocahties, furnish evidence of 'xliil»it consi(hTid»l l»;itient ingenuity, and (> variety of form. It is .litficult, indeed, to conceive of the process by wlm.h workmen, provided with su<-h imperfect tools as w<' must presunu- them to have poss(>ssed, Avere able to split the flint int., Hakes, ami re.luce these to such regular foinis. JUit the J"='mifa.-ture of impJem.Mits of obsidian, fiint, and shell art was superse.h.l by the uork<"rs Ml metal, is illustrated by the im.>rporati<,n of tlie ancient fi.nt implements into some of the most i.rc- vaent popular superstiti.ms of (he north. The terms ^I^J - .ult, Llt-shot, or EJlin-arrow, are invariably appli<.d to the Unit arrow-head throughout the Seottish Lowlands. Ju;(..el.c name, ^c/..^/.,r. is completely syn,.nymous ; yinle in Hiedand and Orkney tl..- same i.h,,, suLvst.-d there by ih,- corresponding term Thunderbolt, Js'more f'v<,u,.nlly applied to the sb.ne c,.lt. This variation >•' tile popular mode of o^iving expression to th<. i.lea "f ■■' supernatural orioi,, f„, ,|„,,, p,!,,,,-,;,,. ^^.,. ,^,,^ ••'"xmgthe inhabitants of the mainland an.l the n'.rd,; m. ^les of Scotland, is worthy of passing note, from ^'"'suni(' lint into J>iit the id .shell, >rly pro- encss of I by the ition of o8t pre- ' terms applied wlands. ynious ; L>;H'ested s more ii'iation le idea 'aj)oiis, noidi- ', from I shine VI.] ]1'A:A/'(}XS AM) fMl'LHMEXTS. 17!) weapons wov fully as much ivlics of a remote ].ast, and «'l>j<'<'ts of ])opulap wonder, as now. Tlir name still applied to the LOIf-holt, hy the Norwegian peasantry, is Tordeiiki/cr, or thunih-rstone,' so that we can feel little hesitation in assigning t,) thi; old Koi-se ('oloni.sts of Orkney, ihe ditference still diseernihlc in these ex|)i-es- sions of the same popuhir idea ; and infeiring from thence, what alJ other evidence confii-m.s, that the dose of the Scottish Stone Period belongs to an era many centuries prior to the ol th(> authority of Dr. Hickes, a very ciivumstantial story of Elf-arrows with which Eo'rd Tarbut entertained the Duke of Eau(h-rdale ; and Im- iidds: " 1 remember, my Lord Tarbut dirh.--'« fr- t"opri,:.S: Orvar Odd'% *^ T'' ^'''"" ™«i<^nt manuscript., The he?, f"^"- T'"-'' " ™'™»« evidence of t ,i.s power iu the ; *^"^\"I''» king possessed of n.agi. ''^'Jing, lliese arrows are well imdo ' ' Tf , i, tinnk them to be so/ rephed h W : F 1 V '^ '''"^^ - present of them.' KL not^ -.l. l-^l't ^"^ TI.0 oM u:t'\!,r r.:':,rs'lt'r'""'^ '";r' -me time stan.l in need of tl ™ 'l-t 7\ ""' "" «c^ three arrows, ,U ^.J^^.^l^'XV"^^ ;t uulikoly. it n,ay happen that' G,e. T pt:.' -CSS ; tl„.n th,.se sto.e arrows will avai; C -Me to an „.,ina„u;:: 1:::^:^^^^. the stone arro„.s, which innnediately vanished" Oh. [ClIAI-. of cattle but fskot, and in ugh the flint bolt which e malignant t Scandina ir northern 111 the For- le primitiv(! lanuscrijjt.-, ice of this, three iron I of mngic hospitably nee. "On 3ne arrows hirge and seen any 1 at them, 'ou reiilly make you id Orvar, e arrows.' I will not you pos ou deen, ^'H prove Orvjir ^iig soon inipenc- im will) liussi.'i, of the PLATE II. I KKi. i:i. M(i, II. FI.JNT AliliDW IIKADS. VI.] U'J'JArOA'.S AiVJJ IMPLEMUNTii. 181 legend appears to have been written not later than the twelfth eentury. The tradition, however, is doubtless based on a much (dder belief; so that we eannot err in jisHuniing that at the earliest period of the Northmen ex- ercising an influence in Scotland sufficient to assimilate the popular superstitions, the period to which the flint implements pertain Wiis only known as a state of so(iiety so diflerent from every historic tradition with which the people were familiar, that they referred its weapons and implements to the same invisil)le sprites by whose agency they were wont to account for all incompre- liensibhi or superhuman occurrences. The Elf-arrow continued till a very recent peri(jd to be universally esteemed throughout Scotland as a charm equally effectual against the malice of Elffn si)rites, and the spells of witchci'aft. Dipt in the water which cattle were to drink, it was supposed to be the most effectual cure for their diseases ; ^^•hile sewed in the dress, it was no less availal)Ie for the protection of the human race ; and it is still occasionally to l)e met with perforated or set in gold or silvei-, for wearing as an amulet. Like other weapons of Elfin artillery, it was supposed to retain its influence at the will of the possessor, and thus becam«3 the most effective talisman against elvish malice, witch- ciaft, or the evil-eye, when in the hands of man. Such traditional myths of vulgai- superstition are not without their value, however humble their direct origin may be. They are frequently only distorted images of inqtortant truths, and we shall find more than one (occasion to recur to them for aid in reuniting the broken skein of jtrimi tive history. Arrow-heads are found in Scotland in great numbers, and of a considerable variety of foi'ins. They are for the most part made of ffint, though also met with of agate, coi-neliau, and other native pebbles. On IMate ii. 'I 1X2 THE nUMKVAL (Hi ,STO\M PElUOh. [('„„■. spucimeiis of flint iUTow-h.-ads ;iiv oi,n,],etl, the size ,.f Mio originals, sliowino- tlic i)rogr(;,s8 from the first rude shaping of tiic flint in Figs, n mid 12, to the smull l<>iif-sliape(l and j,i,r1,cd heads, Figs, l;;, 14, ..nj ^^^^, ivniarkahly Jarge exanii.le of the latter, Fig. 15, found in I lie Isle of Skye. I>ennant has engrave.] a'"large eiiieiury urn, diseovered along with three otliers, on openin.v -i ;=mrn on tlie hill of Down, near ilanfi; wl.ieh containe.i Ml addition to the incinerated remains, bone implements and flmt arrow-heads. The largest of them had in it thn-teen of the latter, all of the barl.ed shape, alono- with others (^f diverse forms, from the rude Hint-flake to the most finished weapon that the material is capable of. Among those, the barbed arrow head, while it appears to involve the gi-eatest amount of hd)our and skill in fashioning the niate- I'ud, is also a tyj)e of ^crx- fre- quent oc.nirrence in 8cotlajid. Those already referred to as found, along with an ancient wooden wheel, in the Blair- Di'ummond Moss, aie of the Hiime shape. So also were some o})tained (.11 opening u tumulus ill the parish of Kilk-arn, Stirling siiire : and iixleed they have lieen met with in nearly evorv district of the mainland, and of th- northern and western isl,"s. i.anee and spear hea.ls <'t fhni are also not uncommon, both in the tumuli and .•'luoi.g obje(.ts turned up where th.> scenes of primitiv.^ population are subje<-ted for the first tin.e (o the pluu-di A vrry fine (lint sp.-ar hea.l, fifi..,, inrb.s lun<.- ami '"•"""'"ll.vlinisl,..d. uasd.s.nv.Teda(rwv.aissi;;'r on I'll.. Hi, Kill.Mni AM...n-li,.iiil. [OllAC. VI.] ll'AM/'aV.V AXI> IMl'LI'JMEXTS. 183 the demolition of a ciiini on tli(> estate of Cniiocncrelt, near Stirling. Another of somewhat smaller dimensions, also found in a cairn, on the estate of John Guthrie, Es(|., Forfarshire, about 179G, is figured and described in the Gentleman's Mwjazine of the following year.^ Flint knives, though less abundant than in the diffei- ent Scandinavian countries, and especially in Denmark, are fre(|uently turned up in the course of agricultural oi)erati(ms. In no instance' that has come under n)y notic'^ have implements been found in Scotland exactly resembling the curious lunar flint knives and saws of su(^h connnon occurrence in Denmtirk and Sweden ; yet examples of similar form are familiar to Anuuican arclubo- logists among the singular contents of the great mounds ex])lored of late years in the valley of the Mississippi, • and in othei- districts of the North American continent. These are generally made of slate ; and stone knives analogous to them appear also to have l)eeu used in the Scottish primitive periods, to supply sijuilar necessities. In the Shethmd and Orkney islands especially, stone knives are common ; and in othur districts, knives of flint, styled by the Shetlanders Pedis' knives, ai-e found. These arc shaped like a shoemaker's paring-knife, with the seniicircuLir line wrought to an edge, wliilc the straight side is h.'ft broad and blunt. Othei-s are o\a] or irregular in form, and thinning ott' to an edge round the whole circumference. One of the latter, in the Scottish xVntiquarian jMuseum, formed of a thin lamina of madi-eporite, was found at one of the burghs or i-ound towers of Shetland. It measures 4A by 4 inches, and does not exceed, in greatest thickness, the tenth of an inch. Similar implements, in the collection of the Lon- don Anticjuaries at Somerset llouse,^ are mentioned by ' . •_•()(). - Catftlnijin itj' .in/h/iiitiia, Snr. Aiitiij. I. nil, I. |i. 14. SI \ll riiH I'lUMi'AWL itu sToM-: rHinaii \ <'ll VI' Mr. AIIm-iI \\ 'V. ;iM |ti-()l»!il»ly llir .'iiiciciii MioiK' iiisl III "'<""(s (l;,„M|„,|(r.| (o SllJns..|.|, |!;,„kM Ky Mr. Srn|(„| ''••'^virk. 1,1 Sli..||;,ii.|, nil. I (•..ininiiniciilr,! |,, ||„. S,M'i..(y. •'I'll Wi'lT rniiiid |,\ ;i 1,1,11, ,|j(n,j|,,, iM ••■••li :i. isl'ii. Si\( P''"'- 'II (lir ,,,„is|in| \V;ilkSI,..||,in,i;pI.„.,Ml ivmuImi'Iv "" •■' '""l/nnliil li,,,. nil.l ..vr||;,|,,MI,H ,,„.|| ..(Imt lik,. "'•";'" "I "'•• '■"<•'' "'■ ■•' ll'HiMr. ,,,r|, M|,|,M|i,„. ;,( ,„ •■'"-''' "' '•■'• ''■'"■>• l"V Ml ;. .|..,,||, uCmImmiI six Irrl in "'M'*'" I'lUMs. ,„„| (I,.. |i„.,nrs(u„..s liUi ,.„H( ,111.1 VVrMi ^^"" ""'"ri"-' ''''.i^v I'.W.inlM llir ,.,.,H(, A ro.isiW.T.'lM.. """"'"'•■ "' ""|'l<'"><'ll(,S l.lnsllv uC (I,.. s;,„„. ,.|,,MH, XVdV """"' "" '•"' '•'•■'}■ "ll.lrr III,. ;,„,.i,,„( „„„,,,,^ ,,,• ,,,_,,j,, '•'""""<'>"l "IhI M,.i|<|rUn,H|. Sn„H. of ,„ ;,„, ,.u,„- );7''' "' '^'••"''- ••""' """•'■■^ •'•' •■' ••.'l..|K.H uiVMisI ' ';.'\ •'"■'' ''•"" '""•• '•• '^i^ iii-li-'s Ion- ll;.| ,,„| u,-ll '7'''"'''- ''''"••■" ^V-'' "I-"' .'.Inll.r Willi Ihriii ,, ,„„„|m,,.. , ■';' '''''''^ "•"' ••'^<' Ik.'.Im. sllv ni,|.|.> u\- III,. m;„i„. '';"'' .U'"""-^'""". Tl„. S.ollisli ...ll.rlio .|„.|,„ •••loiiirw.il, ,,v,,„,,|,,, „,' ,,„, sI.wI.umI ■■111.1 OrkiM.y Hlonr ;"■•" """''•' '""'^ •" ll... puiiii. (inisl„..| will, o,v„( ''•"';•''■''•'•■' '""' '''lu-. .■•M.I .'.nH.,,,' lo |,„V.. I „„|(,H.|,,.| '" '"»•• • \\.«<>,|rii llj, 11,11, .,M. '■'•1^- ■MU\ |,,,|,.|,.,,,.. ,„. W..,|o..M. „,,. ,„„„„o ,1,, „„,,, ;''"""•"" "'■ ••'" ''"• 'vii..s „r (i„, si,M... iNTi...i tim'v l'.'N"l"'.'IMl..s.'nV.IV.| II. .■..l.si,|,,,,M,.,|„,„,(i,„,si„,|,„.,,, '^/''•l I';"' "••■^•'•';ilil|ie;ir;Mice (.f lidxHir except '••I III"' « dn(. ; uliilc ulheirt lire eliill'arleii/ed |»y ||ie lli,Ull<'Sl. liliisli iiiid llie lllllKiHldet^ivc <•(" polisli lli;if, the m-Mleni lii|)id;iry eoilld eoiiCer on f licm. The IllMlilier (»r hjll'lilii; lh<' Mtdlie .ell hiis lieeii iimde 1 he si|l»je(;t, (.(" imieh ''"•^'•'I'^'^i Ilioiinh this \a sidlieieiitly ilhi.strfilcd l.y the |"''"'"li<"' <•!" iiKideiii s.iviiec trilicH Htill iisine; vve;i|»(UiH of ■^I'ltie. Viiiiuiis iveeiil dJHe.iVerieM illdiente t hid oiie (if llie e.iiliesi methods eulisisjed ill illHertillo; (he Hint nr ■^1 Wedne into the hiillow |M>|'li(>li u^ ;i Htjin'.S hoill, luiviijM ii |»err..i;ili..ii to iceeive the h.iiidle,' liii|>h' ineiitM l.l'n||M|,l, (Vuiii the ishlllds (.r the I'iiedie illlist fJlte •'IIk'I' .'Hid e(|ii;il|y Miliiph' IlKMles Htill elii|»h>yed iinioijo' iMees ill ;i e(»n'eH|M.ii(| iiin stii,u;(' of |»ruM|v,s,s ; niid ii tool ill <'nimil.»ll use MliK.iin the (lllillli IlidijIIIK shoVVM the mnic ilineiiJoiiM il|i|)|ie.'ili()|| of |j|(> stulK! |)hl(h' ilH illl iid/e liy the cillMte-liiMkers nil the cuiist ttf ( )|ei<(t||.'' Other inclhuds, liowever, hiive Iteeii si|n niaiiiier the ailless rudeness of which could hardly he siir|iassed.' iMiieh more <'lli(ieiit means, however, are lrc(|iieiilly seen em|)loyed in corres|ioii'. 17, Wl„ii,. (Vll,ii„l niiii M,„,.|„.| more prol.aolc implement wlii<-li, wirh (he .-ver-ready ai.l <;t Hlv. suttieed to hew down the oak, t„ split iuid re.hl.'e If into re(juisite (onus fm- (h.niestic uses, or (o shape and liolL.w it nut into sueli ru.l.' eaiioes as have I m herical objects of Hint or stone occasionally found with these, consisfing (»f a grooved ball attached to a long leather thong, which they wielded, like a slung- fihot, with deadly etl'ect.'' A medieval ojfensivc weap(»ii, constructed on the same ])rin('ii)le, bore the <|naint name of "The Morning Star," an epithet no doubt suggested ' SiiR'lttir's .SV«/w<. A/ llir AtiHMhsifiiil, y, 'il[\. 1 I 1!H. r//A' PUIMKVAL On HTUNE PKHIOlK ^t,,,,, l>y its f^>rm; ns it consisted ,>f u U\\ ..f i,on arni.d with mdia^..g spiko^ .ttaoluHl by a .|,,i„ to its handle, i.ikc the ru,lor flail stone, the morn i no-star, when effici- -jntly wielded must have proved a re held. ' ' A Ht,me implement in my own ,>ossession, somewhat nnlai m gT.ieral form to these flail-stones, was f,.mul hoside a group of cists near Nortii IJerwiek, East Lothian hut Its original destination is ohvious. It is made „f' sandstone, of a flaltenee.;n found ,n harrows an.l elsewhere under ground, with l..'.I.^hn,siu..l stom-wedges lying upon thei;: as if the n.ds o lus laborious industry, and his nnaceomplish..! tnsic had l>eni deemed the fittest memorial to lay b,.si,le T^' ^^ *''^"''''^ "" •••"•f "t- the old i^.oan creed that there IS no work nor .h-vic.. in the grave." ]>ossiblv enough the buried celt-maker was expected to resum!. US o.vupat.on and fh.ish hi. axe-grimling in the spirit ."...No sMudar example has yet been nof.d in Scot- hmi'ei-cnt a variety of forms, evidt^ntly designed to adapt them to a considerable diversity of [)ur[)oses. They are therefore; available as evidence in estimating the degree of inventivt' talent manifested in the jirimitive state of society in which they were produced : showing as they do the intelligent savage coping with the intrac- table materials with which he had to deal, and su[)plying many deficiencies by his own ingenuity and skill. Witli these, as with the Elf-bolts of the same period, we find in the reminiscences of early superstition the (ividence of their frc(]uent recui-rence long after all traces of theii- origin and uses had been obliterated by the universal substitution of metallic implements. As we find the litth' fiint arrow-head associati'd with Scottish fo\k-lon' as the Elfin's bolt, so the stone hannH(>r of the same period was adapted to the creed of the middle ages. The name by whicii it was i)oj»nlarly known in Scothuid almost till the close of last century was that of the Pur- gatory Hammer. Found as it frecpiently was within tile cist, and beside tiu moulderinji' bon<'s of its old l*amni posst'ssor, the sini])le discoverer could devise no likelier use for it than that it was laid theiv for its owner to bear with him "uj) the trinal ste[>s,'' and with it to thunder ' Air/i,ii,l. Srot. vol, iv, |i. IS8. - hiiriy's Ilixt. Ui-kti< ij fsliunl.s, >,, '.>()(}. Ij 1 ''{■ ill III 192 7VM' PJiUfj^jrAL OR HTONK pehIOD. ^Ca... .••t tlio gates of purontory till the heavenly janitor n„- peared, that he might ^ "Ask, With huinhle l.civrt that he iinh.ar tlie Ix.lt.'" Stone hammers have been frecpiently found in the older Scottish cists, and dug up at considerable depths HI many localities. The examples figured lu-re illust'at.. i« tew ot \m. most chanicteristic varieties. In 1832 •., fol•m-ser^.^nt, while ploughir,g a fiehl on the farm of Downby, m (3r-kney, strucdc his ploughshare on a stone which proved to be the cover of a cist of the usual con- tracted dimensions. Within it lay a skeleton thnt seemed Km. ]». Slim,' lliiiiiiiicrs anil A\ o uv. b en interi^d m a sitting posture, an g,.,ine,l mi.^a schist, an.l of ., rare It not unupie shape, dug u,> within the area of a nieca itlnc cnvle at (Vichie, Aberdeenshire, .nd presented %o the .Scottish Museum, by the Ear] of Kintore in 18r.r> IS shown on Plate iff. Fig. 20. The name of Axe is, with sufficient .ppropri.-.teiiess |.pplH"d to the douJ.le-edged st, affording striking evidence of their value to the primitive owners. One implement (Fig. 22), })urta,king of the cliararteristics both of tlie hamnh>r and' axe, was dug u^) on the farm of De]], in \\m parish of Abernethy, and is engnived from a sket(;li by the late 8ir Thomas Dick Lauder, Hart. It measures eight inclies m Jength, and w^as fov.nd at a depth of about five fe(>t from the surface, in a soil consisting of two feet of mould lying above peat moss. The cuiious stone mjud already referred to, the form of which is shplement or badge of ofheo, than an instru- ment designed for practical use, unless it may be re- garded as a working tool of the primitive goldsmith. l^nperfbrated spherical stones, generally about the size of an orange, have been referred to along with other ^'onti'uts of 8eottish tumuli, it is not always possible to distmguish such objects, when free fr<.m ornamen- tation, from (he stoije c..niion-balls which continued in use even in the reign of Jan.es vi. The circumstanc-s under which thvy occuj- however, leave no room t.» doubt that they rank among the arti.-l.'s wrought lono- prior t.. so modern an era, ; and were held in esteem by the primitive races of JJritain, ages befoi-e the chemi cal pro])erties of nitiv, sulphur, and charcoal had been •'Uiployed to superse.le older |)rojectile forces. The dis- I: I On A p. I'LATK Iff rill. l!4.~(lliu-sliill St.iiii- lull. Kill. L'll. Sl,.h.' A\r II, ml, IV.Mu ( n.'l.iv. Kliitiiiv. STONl-; IMin.KMKNTS. itfi It Ifil i ft' ■ t I I VI.] WEAPONS AND IMl'LK}n':XTS. lyr, tiriction is further coiifirined ])y tJKar being frequently (iecoratecl with incised es the mortars above referred to, and the pestles or (jriishers wliich are found togetlier in the ))urghs :— " [ have 'seen in fhem numbers of small round hard stones, in th(^ form of a very fli.t or obh.te sphere, of 2,^ inches thick in thr H'ntre, and about four inciies in diameter ; ais.» other round stones, perfectly circular, very jvlaiu and h>V(>l on one side, with a small ris,., at the circumference, and «'l'<»"t a foot in diameter. The intention of both these kinds j>f Htr.nes manifestly was to break and grin.l their grani. Ii„t such ini].j,.nients of homely industry and toil more IVe.piently occmr in the weems or burojis ,„■ ••"I'ong chance discov,.ries in the soil, than in the cairn <»r cist. It may reasonably be assumed that neither the •>'d l.ntish, nor the n.nn. modern Seandinavian warrior deposited under the barn.w of his .-hief, and ah.ngside of Ins well prove.l .-elt ,nd spear, the ,.orn .■rush,>r with which his wives or his slaves were wont to prepar.. the ' Hiiu'laii-'ii HMUt Ave. vol. xix. p. rtU. H [Chap. VI.] WIJAroyS AND IMPLEMENTS. 197 P giiiiii for domestic; use. The decoration traceable on some of the stone btills confirms this idea ; and it is more }3robable that they were employed either in some favourite game of chance, or as weapons of war : like the po(/amogaon of the Chippewa and Shoshonee Indians of Ameri(;;i, some of wjiich consist of sphericsil stones, weighing from lialf a pound to two pounds. These they enchjse in leather, and attach to a thong a yai-d and a half in length, which is wound round tlie wrist, the more efiectuidly to secure a hold. Along with the latter objects miiy also l)e noted roughly-shiiped spherieal discs ot Hint occasionally found with other stone lelics in Scotland, and much more common in Injhmd, where they bear the name of " Sling Stones." Like others of the rarer primitive relies, the spherictil stones have been associated with jiopular su[)erstitions «>1 a later [)eriod ; and have been esteenu'd, alono' with crystal beads, adder-stones, or water worn [terforated pebbles, and the like efhcient armory of vulvar credu- lity, as invaluable amulets or chaiins. Pennant, after referring to the cure of cattle bewitched hy Klf-sliots, by making them drink the water in which an I'^lf-arrow has been dippe,], adds :-" The same virtue is said to be Ibund in llie crystal gems and in the adder-stone ; and it i.s also believed that good fortune must attend ihe owner; so, for that reason, the first iA called Chich lilniai, or the powerful st(.ne. Captain Archibald Campbell showed Uie one, a spheroid set in silver, for the use of which people came altove a humlred miles, and brought the water it was to he dipt in with ihem ; for without that in human cases it wms believed to have no etfect."' To this subject I 'I'ofessor Simpson has recently dev(tted his attention in his '* Notes on some Scottish Magical Charm- Stones or Curing-StoneH.'"- and has illustrated ihe sub- ' I'cnillUltN •/'-.(/C. vnl. I, ji, I Ml, ■' Pliu-nil. Snr, Aiitin >'.'../. v!)!. !V. <'.. 'JM. \i)H i > 1 11 r///-: I'h'iMKVM. (f/: .srox/,- i'kriiu>. |( MAI', J<'C1 Willi llJM llMllill ;l('limcll. Ainolin- (||,,h(. (!i«. h|»Iiciv of rock-cryHl.il ;i|)|M';irM In Imvc l.rcn ivojinlcd willi Hpccijil Ifivonr, !is ill III,' (liH'h-))ii-liral(U'h of the cliicrM of CImii l>oiiii;icli;ii(lli. wliicli li-Mililioti iiaHociiilcH Willi (Ik- vicloiy «•( roil nock 1, 1 1 ni ; ■nnl llir (lnc/iDntn/, «n' hIoiic dj" An! voirlicli, (joniv.l lioiv willi ils hjIv.t ,srl(iiiu' of ciistrni woikiii;ilislii|». (h,. hriiliiiH' iM.wci-M of which luivc Imvii •■■"ll''«l iiilo iv.|iiiHi(ioii in ihcH.imc niiiiinci' jih (he (J/a\ •».,»,■ ,,( AnU.iiilli'li, llms ;ic,'iv.lii,.,| I,, such ivlicsiirc (nuviiMc lo th.' siinic '"""•'' "I'lhonoht which ii.si-iil.cs ihc (.rii-in of the llim "•TOW ;in.l sh.nc cell In the chvs, ||' m|.|.,-;mh |o I.C "'nl\ nii(ui;i| lo the nniii.s|iiicic.lniin.ll..;i,s,sociii(c..l>jcc|.s ^^ '"'■'' '• '■•■>"""'' 'xpl.iin wilh Moni,' invslcrions " iuid sup. ihuniiii. cii.l ; ,,n.l hciic- Ihc sii|,ciMc.lc,i Miiphnicnls "I" .' lonocMinct v'M'v l.,v,uiic the channs :iii,i tali.smjiiis o( ihcir sn|tcrs(iiioiiM sncccssoi-H Our other c|as> ol |.|||,.ilive leli.s ine|||,|cs | he ..ina \\\v\\\>. weapons, an. I |..n|> oj lioin or l.one . Mi.h as the VI. WHM'OXS AX/> IMl'LKMIiXTS. I'J'J I :) l.'iiiccM (»r li;if|)()(HiM iili'c.idy (l(^s('rili(!(| ;is IouikI iilonj^Hidii of the slr;iiioMScssi»in of llic lali' Dr. Traill. It measures 7A iii( hcs loiin, and appears to he made of llie outer half of llic htwer porlioii (»l" llic rii>hl melalarsal hone of an ox. Tl le nolclies c:il oil it are perhaps desiii>n(^d to jjjive a rniiier hold, while I hey also serve the piirposo of rude altcmpis at ornamcnl. Their eUccI, however, is i-rcatly lo weaken llic weapon, and render it liahle to hreak. IN'iinanl has ciinravtul an iinplenn^it of horn, carved and perforated al llic thick end, found in a, lar^c urn under a cairn in Itaiiirshirc; and another, closely correspond iiiy to it, was disco\ere(] in iS'J'.i, in an urn duij,' up in the prttyress of the works rctpiisitc for erect iiiy ihc Dean liridj^ic al MdinlmriL'h.'' A remarkahle cairn which still staiKJs, tliou<;h in ruins, on the summit of oiu; of the nchij llills, on the northcrii houndary of Orwell parish, Kinross shire, hears the name of ( 'airn-a-vain, and an ancient traditional rhyme thus refers to a (rciisun; lielievcd t(t he coiilaiiied in it : " III till" iMvliiiiM well, lu'iii'utli a xtiuii', N (lu'll iJMil lilt' ki'v ii' Cairn H-Miiii. Tlmt \\\\\ iiiak' ii' SiiillikiKl ririi aiic li,v iuic" ' hiHi'y'n llifili'ifi III' l/ii Oiiifii /slmiil'), |i. 'J(l(>, - I'l'i/c /nw/, |i. i!0'2. ' MiiiiKi'M III Siicii't) 111 \ii|ii|iiai iiM of Scnlliniil, 'JTUi A|'i'il IH'JO. 200 THE I'HLMEVAL OH ,rroM': I'EUIOU. [ Chai*. M; '■■'ny lii,ii(liv.l,s .,f aii-t-l,n.(ls uf nUmcs have b.r.i <>.s<- of UnMing f,.,i,.,H, b„t 11,) treasure has yet ^^^n loun.l, thougJi ...ovrJy expeetocl by the workmen. '>'it a i-iuh> stone cist oeeiipicl the centre of the ])ile within wh.eJi lay ,„ urn full of bones an.l .harcoal; unci uniungst these was an implement of bone, about four "H'hes long, very mueh resembling in figure a cri.-ket- ''■••< iiot(^hed on the edges.' Various weapons of hom and bone an; preserved in rJ.e .Scottish collc,-,(ion, some ,.f them so sh-nder as to be ';'»'"'»• IMi.s or bodkins than lances. Deers' horns are alsc. "<''-.^ Miiv.- A deer's horn of unusually large size, fr coHeetion ^"•- «liscoven.d in a cist at (\.cken/ie, in the same countv \ •'""""< '"c.nhons tl... similar discovery of a d.vr's horn ll>''.Ymbol„| ihr lUvourile amusement of the deceased'" lying Im'smIc the skeh'ton, in a sl„n.. .-ist, on the demoli- tum ol a can-n at Craigmills, ilanllshiiv : and on ..pmino "<• rnosi conspicuous of a group of himuli, in th,. parish "I -Mvie, Inverness-shire, a human skeh'lon was observed :;;'<"••'. wifli ■•. pairnf |.,,g,. harts horns hd.l a.mss it.' I" llios<. mslances uiay be added ihe discovery, in Isr.d ".""■*' I""« '••"Lilly descri 1 in a later chapl. r ol' •""•"•III ".'ikcn .•..llins OH ll,.. ('..istl. ImI! of lOdinburgli. a( <" VI.] WEAJ'ONS AM) IMl'LKiJEi\TS. 201 a].s( ) a dopth of twcuty-tive fe,;t from the Hurface, with a deer's skull and horns of unusually large proportions lyinf Itctvveen thoni. It cannot admit of doubt that bone and horn continued to su[)ply the abscinee of metallic weapons to the very dose of the Stone Period, jind to be applied to many useful purposes in later jiges. Nevertheless it suggests the probable anti(|uity of the examples referred to, that notwithstanding the great susceptibility of the nuiterial for receiving ornament, they present so few of those incised decorations conmion not only on sepulchral pot- tery, but on the; pateiu', bead-stcmes, and othei- rehcs formed of the hai'ilest materials. One of the most interesting recent dis(M»veries of this piimitive class of implements was made by Mr. W. Watt, during his exploration of a subt<;ri'anean dwelling or weem jit Sktira, in the Jiay of Scales, Sandwich. A hirgT; accumulation of nslies, bones of domestic tinimids, the tusks of a very large wild boar, scales of fish, etc., indi- (!ated the refuse of many lepasts of its aboriginal occu- pants ; and alongside of it, apparently in coeval rubbish, was found a stone cist, containing, among other remains, about t\v(» dozen oyster-siiells, v:w\\ |iei-foiated with a hole large enough to admit the linger, i'erchance they supplied to their simple owner a collar Jiot less esteemell than the nu>sl coveted Orders of a motleiii peer. A variety of I c implements were discovered at the same tinu'. The larger object to the left in the subjoined woodcut represents a |)in (.r bodkin, formed froin the left melalaisal bone of an o\ of small size, in which the natural form of the joint has been turned to account for forming its head. It measures ;V;t inches long. The smaller i liject adjoininu. als(» of bojie. has one side of ' SiuclHir's ,S7»»/iW. /I.r. vol. VIII. p. ;li'IIIL'lll.n I:' with a mde attempt at nrnament, wliidi, as in the ox- bone dagger, must have greatly imi.aired its strengtii. Along with those were also found a number of cir- cular discs of slate, about half an iiieh Ihick, roughly chipped into slia|)e, and about the si/e of a common *lessert phite. The uk.sI ready idea that can be formed ' TlHMntVrinr articular MM u.vot th.' Im,,,,' has ,s,.|,,uat..l. wlii.li s.i|,|.li,.H . vi.U.iKv of itH haviim iM.n a lainl., nnh.ii not having (ak..,i plaiv ..wiiiK to the yniitli of thi' animal, VI.] n'A'A/'0,V^' AND IMPLEMENTS. 203 of tlic'in is, that tlicy were aetually designed for a similar purpose. Such simple relics of the primitive period may not inaptly recall to us the evidences of another class of occupants of the old Caledonian forests. At the very era when the Briton had to arm himself with such im- perfect weapons, the wolf was one of his most common Iocs. The wild l)oar «'onthiued to he a ftivourite object of the chase long afto- the era of the Roman invasion; though the huge Bos prhniijeriins, whose fossil remains are so frecpiently found in our mosses and marl-pits, hud then nia.le way for tlie Mw hiKjifroits anicd for many centuries, is tlescribed as " ane gret forest, full of hartis, liyndis, tcxhlis, and sic like manner of beistis." Thus is it with all thai is wnej-able: an older still precedes it ; :in<« pjiHt: |,.,„|iMi,. our ll,„uglilH, iiH Sir TlminuH Hn.wi,,. •lunindy, hut dcvcudy cxpiv.s.st'M il, " unio <>M l,|,ino.s mid •'oi.H.dcr;. lions „r ii„u..s 1h.|o,v us, wlim c«vn living ni,-., wciv i.iili,,uilu"s, wlioi, ^\x,^ livii.i.- ,„ij.|it, (.xcurd tli,. ,l(>i,.l .••iKl to ,|(.,,,,ft iluH w„rM ri.uid not Ik, proprrly sidd' ''6^// (rr/ />/^/>r.v, to g„ unl,. ||„. i.,,,ii<.r nunilK'i' ; ;,nd' *'••'"" "P «»iilliou,o|,|s upon llu. An.-i.-nt ,.f d,,ys the ^•'>lu|uarvs tnu-st ol,j,vl, unIo wlu.ni lli,. ddost pmvcls <<f Htonc vphhcIh, of (lifFcrcnt fn find HJ/cH. Iijivc JHMMi found in HcoMjind under dittevonf circuinHlanct'H, l)ut in uiohI of llicni Mic iin|)crf("ct .it- fcniptH af orn.'iincnt, jind (lie whole form iind eli;ir;irter, <'orr(\spond lo Mie rud.-Ht jirtH of Mie Scottish jil.orioinoa Kven .sepulciind urns of tliis dunihle miiteritd iire not, unconunon, e,s|»eeiiilly in the northern and we.stern inles. Walliiee thuH (leHcrihes one found in tlio irtnuid of Stronwa : " It, w.-is ji whole round Htone lik(> ;i hiirrei, hollow within, HhiM|> edovd .,t, the to]), haviufr the hot' toni joined iik(. l,|ie, hottoni (.f a hnrrel. On the mouth wjiH a round .stone."' Froni tiie eimravino' whirh ar; r,oin|)jiin"eH this description, it lUiLy I )v inort^ (M)rr(!ctly (■ompjnvd in form to a, <'ommon flower pot, d(!corate(l with Ji series of pi)r;iliei lines running' round it. In the Museum of the Society of Ant,i(|Uiiries of Lond(,n tj are two rude stone urns, helieved to he tl lere le same exhi !i c.-in-n Ml hitod to tiie Society hy Captiiin .l.'inies Veitch in 1S22, which were discovered on the demolition <»f the islnnd of llycii, Shetliind, idono' with n>;iny simil.-ir urns, mostly hroken, jind nil eont.-iining- hones ;ind ashos. They nre formed of Lapis oUaris, nud jire descrihed in Mr. Alhert W.-iy's Catido^iK" of the Society's Collection, as two rud(>ly-fiisIiioned vessels of stone, or snudl cist '^> ' Wallace's Oiiiii-i/, p. r>t). 20(3 77/ A- VH1MEVAL OR .STOX/-: rKUlOl). |0„ai.. of irregulnr (iua(1mnr,nilar form, one of them havino' a, lai-g(i aperture at the hottoni, chjsed by a piece of stntly constructed of a soft magnesian stone of the nature of the Lcq) is olhtr is. ■•-w.-.- ■■■-^>k.-jj I'm J7. I'ji'.i St..iw I'riiH. (.' The bottom of tlu' urn had been wrought in a separate piece, nnd was fitted to it by nieiins of a circular groove. When f..u; 1, it was fill,.! with bones partly consumed l)y fire."' A fragment of another such uiii in the Scot- tish JMuseum is (lesignatcl by the donor ])art of a vas(( of a steatiti(; kind of ro(;k, found in 1829 within a. kist- vaen on the island of Uyea, one of the most northern of the Shetland gi-r.np. A large sei)ulchral urn, dug up at an (»a,rlier period on the island of Eigg, is described as c(msisting of a round stone, whi(;h h\d lH>en hollowed, with the top covered with a thin flag. It contained' human bones, and was fV)und in a tumulus which tradi ' Kililii'it's Sli,iliin. VII.] STOXK VKSSELS. •jo; vion assigned as the i.u rial-place of St. Doiuum, tJie patron saint of the isle/ In this, however, we can he at no loss to recognise the spurious traditions of an age long suhsequent to that in which the mound was rearwl. The works of many savage tribes suffice to show that such exp(;nditure of laborious effort on the most intract- able materials, invarial)ly precedes the simpler, but more ingenious plastic arts ; and the choice of material for such sepulchral urns or cists, confirms their origin in an age of primitive and unskilled workman .lip. "The}' api)ear to have ])een fasliioned out of the most easily wrought rocks of the district ; though even tlien thtsy F''l(i 2M. Ht.. uiust hiive involved nuu^h time and labour to their rude artifice]', with his imperfect tools ; and were reserved, wc may presume, for the I'are lumours conferred on si)mc distinguished (;hief, uv peivhance, on the Arch-]Jruid or liigh-priest of their long-forgotten faith. Anotlier and much more common stone vessel is a small cuj) ()r bowl (Fig. 28), generally measuring from five to six inches in (liamet(M-, and with a, perforated or ui.lented hiindle proje('ting from one side. I\fany of these are more or less ornamented, chiefly with the same (fhevron l)attei-ns which occur on cinerary urns of i-ud(>st work- niMnship. Tluy have been f.und of all the commoner varieties of Htom^, from tlu easily wrought steatite oi- ' Siiicliiir's SfdHsi. .|,v. v,il, xvii. \>. -^S'. • i?: I.' ,) II.: *, ll •208 THE HILMKVAL OH STO.S K PEIUOD. [Cm.,,.. sandstone to the hnr.lest porpliy.y ; aiul are taniiliarly known tc. tlie aiititiuaiy hy the namr; of Druidienl patera3. Tlie striking analogy presented to them by a class of stone vessels still in use in the Feroe Islands is deserving of noti(.e from tlie very suggestive elements of comparison thereby furnished. Insulated in those remote and rar(>ly visited northern islands, where the themes of the Nibelungen Lied have survived in the trmlitional verse of the native popular songs, it is not difhcult to conceive of arts and usages undergoino- slight changes through unnumbered centuries; and there accordingly the form at least of the ancient stone patera IS retained. The accomjxanying woodcut is engJ•a^'ed Km 29 — Feioe Slime rjiiiip, from one selected from a collec^tion of such vessels hrought^ft.>m tlK^ Feroe Islands, and rna- raentation, and the only special difference from the an- cient Scottish vessel is tiie greater length of tlie handle • an improvement consonant to the inevitable refinement' ov degeneracy as some would (-all it, of mod(3ni pro^nvs.' designed to increase its adaptation for carrying glowin..' embers Avithout injury to the bearer. The correspondence traceable in the simple arts of th(^ i^croe islanders, though there onlv a].j,lied to domestic St [Chai'. Eimiliarly 3ruidi(',nl Bin by a elands, is Blements in tliosc liere tJi(^ I in th(^ t is not lergoing id thero c patera nm-avod vn.j .yy^MVi- V ESSE La. vessels I»y Sir ijile to 3 ^■essel amp or 3nil)ers. n orna- ^lie an- landle ; enient, ■ogress, lovvintr of tlie •nestic 209 uses is in no degree inconsistent with tlie idea implied 1" the designation of the Scottish relies as vc-ssels o'wm- Hly consecrated to the mysterious rites of the so-called i^ruidical temples, or megalithic circles. Certain it is at any rate, that they have been repeatedly dug up within the charmed area of those long-deserted fanes though by no means limited to such localities. In 1828 vvo of them were discovered under an ancient causeway cadingf^^om a circle of standing-stones on Donside, in the parish of luUynessIe, Aberdec^nshire ; both of which are now in the Scottish Museum. A similar relic was found some time before, when trenching the area of an- other stone circle on the farm of AVhiteside in the same ^•ounty; and a third is described, which was dug up withm tlu. famous Hebridean circle of Callernish The v('iy great labour involved in the construction of some of those stone vessels from the hardest whin and granite' seems at first sight to confirm the idea of their orio-inal destination for some special or sacred object. But this IS a deceptive mo,h. of reasoning. Time, which is of so much value m a civiliz(Ml state of society, is of little |nom..nt to the rude barbarian. Captain Inglefield, in Hs Arctic voyage undertaken in search of Sir John rankhn, witnessed the Es.piiniaux on the shores of Whale Soun.l, engaged in the laborious process of hol- ownig out a stone vessel in which to melt their blubber, uith no other implements than stone tools. Dr Eae mWs me that while the Esquimaux of Copper Jiiver make knives and lances of the native copp of that wand haft theniwith b]e the large stone basins found in the cliandx'rs of the celehrated cairn of Newgrano-e in the iieiglibourliood of Droghechi. In some of the'remoter districts of Scotland such ancient vessels were regarded tdl very recently with somewhat of the same awe and dread as is still attached to the Elf-arrow and the per- forate.! witch-stone ; and Mr. f^olin M'Kenzie, in describ- ing the great circle of Callernish, towards the close of last ••ciitury, ViAi'vs to a stone bowl found there, which was altcn-wards thrown, through a superstitious dread, into the hollow round the central stone.^ The Scottish quei-ne, which alwunds wherever the traces of ancient populati.m are met with, and appenrs to have undergone little alteration since its introduction in th.i infancy of agricultural arts, must be ranked amono- the stone v.^ssels em[.loyed for domestic use. The rudely fashioned oaken querne, .»r mortar for pounding grain already noticed among the strange .lisclosures of Blair Hrummond Moss, may be regarded as the ohlest type of the primitive hand mill, coeval with rcniarkal,le traces of human art recovered in the same alluvial valley. It IS simply the section of an oak tree, measuring nineteen inches in h.-ight by fourteen inch.-s in diameter. The centre has been hollowed „i,t to a depth of about a foot, .so as to form a mortar; in which with the help of a stone or woodm ,..Htl,>, its original possessor was ,|oubt l«"ss wont to l.niis.. and pound his nuts or grain, pre- paratory to their conversion into food. JUit^he stone hiind-mill is also an inventi. (»f very jvceiit date, if indeed it be even now totally disused ; jiud examples oeeiir in contact with relics of widely separated ages, i-etaining the same antique foi-ni and simj)le structure unaltered, while the arts of its inheritors have progressed from the inartistic^, rudeness of the stone period to the graceful inventions of the l)ronze worker, and the borrowed refinements of lloman and medieval centuries. The commonest form consists of two circular flat stones, the upper one of which is pierced in the centre with a narrow funnel, and revolves on a wooden or metal pin inserted in the other. The upper stone is occasion- ally decorated with various oinaments and devices. Ojie example ligured in The Roinid Towers of IrehimJ, is surrounded with the chevron, rope, l)ead, and Etruscan frette paterns ; imrtiojis of which have been defiu^ed to convert it into the simple tombstone graven Avith the name of Sechnasach : X\\c priest of Durrow, us Dr. IVti-ie believes, whose death is recorded in the Annals of C'lonmacnoise, in the year 928. In using this simple liand-mili, the grinder dropped the grain into the central funnel with one hand, while with the other ho nmdv. the upper stone revolve by means of a stick inserted in a small hole near the edge. The stone nVNE VA'6'b'ELi>. 213 i I ancient wall of Edinburgh Castle. One type, apparently of the Konian period, in which the upper stone is funnel- shaped, with radiiiting grooves from the central perfora- tion, is engraved in Stuart's Caledonia Romana as .he portal)le hmid-niill of the Roman soldier ; and another of the same type in the Scottish lAluseum, surrounded with a greatly corroded iron hand and loop for the handle, was found to the south-west of Canndon, on the Anton- ine Wall. A curious allusion to the employment of the querne in less remote times occurs in the life of St. Cokunha, illus trative of its daily use in the preparation of grain for ln-ead. When the saint studied under St. Finnian, (-very night on which it fell to his share to giind the corn he did it so expeditiously tjiat his (•(.mpanious alleged he had always the assistance of an angel in turning the stone, and envied him accoi'dingly. At that period, in the early j)ait of the sixth century, there can !)(> little douht that the tinelteiu measure as innlter; and gif anie man contraveins this our prohihi- ti<»ii, he sail line his hand mylnes perpetuallie. " The prevalence of these !*im]»le donieslic utensils in the re- moter districts of Scotland till the close of the eighteenth ccnluiy, shows how inetlectual this law proved in sui)er- seding Ihe (|iieii,c l.y the |Mihlic mill. A more aitilicial, though veiy ancieni form of Innd- iiiill. is whal is called Ihe IN.I (,)uerne, eonsisling of a I 314 77/ A- I'RIMEVAL OR STOSE VERIOD. [Chap. hollowed stone biisin, with an aperture through which the meal or flour escapes, and a smaller circular stone fitting into it, and pierced, as in the simpler topstones, with a hole in the centre, through which the grain was thrown iut(. the mill. The woodcut represents one of unusually large size, found on the farm of Westbank, Gladsmuir parish. East Lothian, and now in the Scottish Museum. It is made of coarse pudding-stone, and measures 17 inches in diameter, and 8^ inches high. It appears to have had two handles attached to it at oppo site sides, as the holes in wliicli they were hiserted still ,,„v-- . --»».; «4^. Kri:. 31. — I'ol gueniii. remain. The iron ring now fastened to it is a modern addition of its last ]iossessor, wlio used it foi- securing his horse at tlie farm-house door. Pot quei-ncH are connuon in Ireland, tiiough somewhat differing in form from the Scottish examples. They are generally mu.-ii smaller and shallower than the one described aliove, aud are made with three, or sometimes four feet. They have likewise a cavity in the centre of I he under stone, into which the upper stone tits by a corresponding projection, so as to l»recbi(h' the necessity for a metal axis. They are called by th' native Irish ('Aovh a rrom'. Kroni the s'anic radical rrn or hrojUwYw. Imi, \\\. to break, and Hignifying grind- ings or bruised grain, is r»si\ fiK the name of \\^r homely dish of oatn)eal still in c(.m- 11 lid VII.] UTONE VES8£:Lii. 215 111011 U8e, but which was doubtless familiar to the Scot- tish peasant long before he had a chance of learning the significance of the French hrouet, i.e., pottage or broth, though both are probably traceable to a common Celtic root. Such pot quernes have been frequently found at great depths in the Irish bogs, and under other circum- stances indicating a very remote antiquity, though they have scarcely yet fallen into total disuse in some districts of the west. lern \i I'lIK PRIMEVAL on STOXK /'A' man. [<-" HA I', ill 1 • 'HAPTEK VIll. r/i/mo.VA I. OIIXA MUXTti. f luxury ,„„1 j,e,.»„„„i ,„iomn,„„t contomnorary witl, ™>u« .l.j,|*..«. ■J'l.eso a,v ,„.„,.coly loss ,a,u„.l„ut tl,„ ' '" '.";"«■* ", l"'«'l'"'' value for us, not only from iv ':.''"";■" " "'" "■"^'"■''■'^ ''"^"">- ""•• "■'■ -1— fe„,a!>. u,Hu,.u.:,. ,n„l „f ,he ,,o»itio„ wou.au MA i„ !'>■ Pnnm.ve so,.,al stale ,vl,icli we ,lesir.. to traee out ,;''"■';"" '"''""=''"'"y l-gi"i.i"s "f '.ur isj„„.l his- l-"y. Ilieiv, nuist neee,s,uily I,,, suu.e u.urrtainty iu ;;;;.V i" '■"i|.. l.. -»!«.. .o tl,e l.o sex™ their just slar.. " .pneredmiheeours ' .lislurhin,. ,h.. nueniti' \'""' "" '■ ^''";. '" »'"l' ^' I'ninitiye slale as we have ,;■'■';"' "■ •■'- I"-". 'I"li«l.l« in ,,ss„n,i„. ,o |,i,„selr 'ZX " "',";",""",'" " '"' "''''•'' '" " '■•' •"Iv'niee.l I.W "I soeial hi,, heh.els a l,i,«l,..r j,raliliealion in •"'.' f "•""""• II " I li"l. lIl.Telore. ,.veite s,u- I"'';"- ,"■'"";"■"""""'■- «l"el ien, .ivilisalion resigns ""•"■'■l^""l"l="'"^.»uehasl,raeel„|s.l,ait|.ins,n:~i • [Chap. VIII.] J'ER.SONA L OHaXAMENTS. 217 ornamonts, and the like, are found mingling with the sword and .spear of the rude; ba.i-harian chief. Still, there jiiv peivsonnl decorations, and especially bead neck- laces, bracelets, and some of the smaller and more de- licate armillai, which vve can hardly err in classing among female adornments. The subj(^ct, however, is well deserving of further attention ; and the more' so, as the evidence which is avaihible in the case of sepul- chral remains is of so satisfactory and decisive a charac- ter when r(!portcd on by competent witnesses. There ••an be no doubt, fi-om the disclosures of numerous tumuli and cists, that the dead were frequently ])uried •' in their hal)its as they lived/' and with all their most prized ])ersonal adornments upon them ; though tinu^ has niiule siid havoc of their funeral pomp, iind scarcely .-dloANs a glimpse even of th(,' naked skeleton tha't crumbles into dust under our gaze. The rudest of the i)ers(mal ornaments found in sej)ul- chial mounds, or in the safer chance depository of the l)ogs, are those fcjrnie.l of bone or horn. But such rc'lics are necessarily of rare occnirrcnce, not only fi-om the remoteness of tl.e period to whi(,-h we conceive thcui to belong, but from the frail nature of the mate- rial in which they have been wi'ought. This, wlieii Hi.s, perforated animals' teeth, and other equally rude fragments .>r necklaces or [.endants ; but very "few of them present much attemj.t at artificial decoration by moans ol nicis,.,! ornaments or carving, such as is found to have lu.en so extensively praetis,,] in a laler acre One <'uri.Mis set of b,me ornaments in the ^r,.\{\4x .Museum inelndrsa pie.v uriv..rv pi.Mved will, a s.,nare IE Ml ■ "i ! )1 ill U h ■ 218 77/ A' PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. perforutioii, and another with a nut or button litting into it : the clasp or fibula it may be of the robe of honour worn by .some ancient chief. Next in seeming antiquity to the traces of human art in the drift, if not in some cases coeval with them, ai'e the numerous implements and personal ornaments eni- b(!dded in the bone-briH;cia of ossiferous caverns, such as the cylindrical rods and large rings or aimlets of fossil ivory lying alongside the skull of the elephant, in Ooat Hole Cave, ( Jlaniorgansiiiro ; or others intermingled with the bones of extinct mammals beneath the stalao- nutic flooring of Kent's Hole cavern. To some of those (mve-relies attention has already been directed ; Init they also fuinish materials illustrative of the pi-esent section, and show at how early a stage in the [>rogress of human arts the ingenious workman found leisure to devote his skill and labour to the manufacture of personal oriui- nients. Near the enli-ance of the famous Devonshin; cavern at 'i'orbay, end»edded in mould which had a( - (piired the consistency (»f hai-d clay, Mr. MacEnery describes his discovery of numerous articles in bone, including not cmly arrow-heads, but also slender, rounded pins oi- bodkins, al»out three inches lono-. and wron-lit to a point ; and a Hat implement (»f j)oMshed bone, broad at one end, ])oint('d at the other, but at the broad part retaining the fo.ai of a coml), the teeth of which had been broken off near their loot. Pursuino' his ic- searches, the intelligent explorci- furthei- .records : — " Towai'ds the second moutii, on the .same level, were fo. .(1 jtieces of pottery. Tiie most remarkable products of tliisgaUery were icund pieces of blue .shite, about an inch and a half in diameter, and a (juarter thick, in the same quarter were found several round pieces df .sandstone grit, about the form and size of a (h)lhii', but thicker, and rounded at the edge, and in the centre VlII.j I'JiliSOyA L UHm\AMEST8. 219 pierced with a Iiule, by means of which they aeem to have been strung together like beatls." The perforated stones of Kent's Hole Cave are more probably the table- men used in games of chance or skill, wliicli come under I'eview on a subsequent page. In their rudest and most pnmitive forms, iiowever, it is not always easy to dis- criminate between them and similar oljjects designed tor personal decoration or for domestic industrial skill. Stone beads wrought with laborious art mingle with other relics of the same common material, in the grave- mounds, as well as in wetuns, and the stray deposits of drift and moss. The woodcut represents examples of perfoiated stone balls, such as aw, frequently met with, to which it may be convenient to apply the name of m Klii. M, lirml-StoUfS. Bead-stones. Some of them are decorated witli incised lines, and may have been worn as marks of distinction, or as personal ornaments held in great esteem; as thev ai'e not ujicommoii among the relics (Uiposited in the cist or cinerary urn. Others of thian more nearly resenil>l<' the stone weights used with tiie distali; and iiavc accord- ingly received in (Jermany the name of SplHiMstein. The S(!ottis.'» whorle, oi- tiy of the sj)inning rixdv, however, is still familiar to us, and only very |)artiallv corre- sponds to these perforated balls. It consists generally of a Haltenetl dis.-, much better adapted for the UK.tion required. Ihit independently of this, those sinqile orna- ments have luvn I'ouml alongside of male skeletons, and :s: J •220 rilK Ph'IMHVAL on STOSE I'KRiOh. |( IIAI'. in such iiumlKTSiis niioJit niMuT indiicc iIk> Ik'HcI' that— whciv they are not the set of tahl (Iccoiiscd \vi (' lllcll \v ith which th( IS wont to licouilc his hours of KMsinv, - thiy • la hadov, oi- oHicial coll.-ir, cstocmcd ns no nic iiiid thistle U' (tourt of the liad foi'nK less honoiirnlile tli;iii the ^ohh'ii links of \yorn by the kiiighfs of St. Andrew a.t tl Scottish Jiinieses. On deniolishino' a ciiirn at Da I pa trick, in Lanarkshire, a few yee.i's a.<^o, it was found t(. covei- a cist enelosino' an lu'n and in the surroundinerforate(l with a .'ircular hole.' IN-rforaled balls and discs of slate are of common occurrence in Porlpalrick parish. Wi,utonshiiv, and are also met with in other districts.- "in one of the Orkney graves," says Ikrry, " was found a mnnlx-r of stones l^M-m.-d into the shape and size of whorles, like those that were formerly used for spinning in Scotland."'' Two of th(>se bi'ad-stones in the Museum (.f the Scottish Anti(piarit's were diseovennl in Dumbartonshire, ahmu with various smaller ones, some of them of glass and undoubtedly designed as ornaments. lUit (7ther ex- amples, more in the form of a truncated cone, are iv- ferred to in a lat.-r chapter as the tabh-men for a. game somewhat simii.ir to that of draughts, and still nill,.,j by the (b'nuans IhrUstelm-. Larger perforated stones have also been iv|.eatedly found. iMr. Joseph Traiji describes several obtained in (Jalloway, five or six inches in diameter, one of which, in his own |>ossession, as black and glossy as polished eb,.ny, had been ])icked' up ill the ruins of an <.ld byre, where its latest use hiid ' Xiir Slalisl. A,r. l,:iiiMik.sliliv, \o|, \ i. |.. "M. ' Ihiil. Wintdiisliiic, \,il. iv. |i. Ml'. ■' Harry "m ndinif, p. -.'(Mi, ICllAP, viri.i PKliSOXA L oliNA ME NTS. 221 no elong to periods coeval with the introduction of metals, and the skill ac(inired in the practice of metnllurgy ; or (!ven to later times when the arts of historic race^ were- eflJicing the last traces of i)rimeval ingenuity. There is juiothcr class of relics, howevei-, which we can h'cl no hesitation in lanking among early remains of the Htcme Period ; though it may sometimes he diffi- cult to determine wlu'ther w(,' should regard them as mere personal ornaments or as charms emplr»yed in the nt<"s of Paga,n sui)erstition : as it is not un(M)mmon to find them used, at a, very recent date, l.y tluur modern inheritors in some of the i-emoter districts of the High- lands and Isles. One relic, for example, hi the Scottish Museum, consists of a flat reihlish stone, roughly i)olish<'d. It measures 4 incli(!s in length, and about 2 i| inches in its greatest breadth, and is notched in a regular form, with two holes perforated through it. It was i>resented to the Society of Anticpiaries in 1 784. as a charm in use among the po].ulation of the island of Ishiy for tlu; cure of diseases. From its correspondence with others of the earliest class of relics, it can hardly admit of a doubt that it belongs to the i)ersonal ornaments (.f the Stone I'eriod, and may hav(> owed the reverence of its more recent possessor to the fact of its discovery within souk; primitive cist, or in the charmed circle of I'.ioursanan, the origin of which is commonly ascribed to su|)erhuman ' SiwShitltl. An\ Kiikciidltrightsliiiv, vol. iv, p. HKi. I •) •> •> Till'] rh'IMKVAL ()/,' >S'7VA\'A' I'Kliloi). |('llAl', powrix It is wordiy of M„t,', iii(|,.(.,|, (|,j,(, (,|„. word hrnidln'uclid is no of llic. MiiliHli unncs, l)ii( 'IH loiiovr jissociiifcd with (lie |u'i<'Hfli(MMl s, l)iif is now (Kily used by \\xv. S(M)(- li llioliliiiidcis iiH ;i|»|)lic;d)l(' to s(.rccry or m.-io-ic. AiioIIkt, l)ti( iniicli less pcifcct. oniniiiciit of jx'i lumicd ••''(Idi.sli Hloiic, ill 111,. siiiiK" collccdon wiMi M,,. ji1m,v<., w.-is found, jilon^r with .s(;v(!rjil Hint; aiTow-liciidH, in Mic isljind sf'ovcrcd, vvitli of IliiiTiH ; jind ;i, tliird, still ruder, wjih di ;i siniiliir iirrow-lic.id, on llic Lomond Hills ol' Fifesli. liut. pcrliups I he most sinonljir relics of lliis cImmh d covered in SeoMiind aro Iwo stoi tli<" cel.'hnited Parallel lloads of (J| is- lo collars, found near iieiirov, and now itre (■•i... n. si,.iii-r,,i|iir -ir-_j« sorv(Hl at the mansion of Tonlev, AI.erdeenshiiv Tlioy mv .vich of the fnll size of a collar udapt.'d to a small Niirhland horse: the one formed of traj) or wliinstom. find the otli(>r of a Hiie-orained red oranile. They are uot, however, to he reoarded as the primitive substitutes (or the more conveni(.nl inat.'rials of later iiitrodn,.tion Oil the contrary, what has been suppose.l to be th(> inntation of the details of a horse collar of common ^"■•;<''nMls IS atttMnpte.1, iiicludino' the foMs of (|„. |,,,t|ier "i'lk buckl.-s, and holes for tyiii- parliclar parts to- Mvther. They are finished with mu.-li .-are and a. liiLrh 'l<'iiT«"e ot polish, an.l are d,>s,.ribe,l as obviouslv the ICllAI'. '-3 VIJI. /'A'/iSOXA A (/UNA MKXTS. nz W()rln>l»!il)ility of Mic, ))cc,iili;ii- rwiturjil fcutinvH of (ilcnroy ii;'-vi?ig |,mI to t|„. H('l(-(;tioi, of Mii.s ;m»|.liiMi(!at,n! for t}i(. HCCFK! of JMlcieilt public, ftuiues ; .,,11(1 iJjut th(!8e StofK! ('olliins niiglif, (M)niinomorat(' tho victor in tlic r-huriot race, a.s Mi.- tripod.s ,s(,ill existing nu-onl the victor in the ('lioragi(- ganicH (»f Atheii.s. Jiut no (;ii-cunistaiices at- <<'ii(ling their discovery are known whicli could uid •'oiijecture (;ither us to the period or purpose of their e-onstruction.' ^ In the year 1832, a large tumulus, on the shon^ of liroadford liay, Isle of Sky e, was levelled in the progress Pill. :I4. Stoiif Oriuimi-nt I'm. :l.'i. HtonK Ornninnif. f>f so;ii.> improvements on the estnt(! of Torry, and was found to cov(M- a i-udely vaulted chamber, wirliin whicli lay a cist enclosing a human skeleton, along with various l)ones of animals, the si)ecies of which wei-e not ascer- tained. Alongside (.f the skeleton an ornament of |)ol- ished pah' green-stone was discov(>red, measuring about 2| inches in l.'ugth, by 2 in<-,hes in bivadth. hs form wdl behest understood by th(> aimexed woodcut (b^ig. :u). It is convex on the u))i)er side, and concave on the'inKlei' side, with a small hole drilled ateavh of the four corners, inid an ornamental border of slightly indented ovals ' Avchivnl. Sro/, vol. iii. p. •_><•(). 'II 224 THE PRIMKVAL OH STONK PERJO]). [C HA I', iiloug one eii.l. It dilt (•l\S ( »nly previously rc.fmvd to, in tli/Arluitl tnincd fr,.ni a tuiimlus at (Vii.len, Alx-rdconsliiiv'' I inensuriiig A\ indies in lonotli. Anotl in th ) of ])olisli(3d o Ml dmiciisions from one mot colJection, ob- )Ut onijunent (Fig. Tccn-stonc ^^'as afterwardH (]is( nriolihourlmod „f tlu- tumulus at Hroadford \ covered nieasui'iiio- about '^), ind ill bivadth at the centre, ])ut inch in luvadtli at each end wl U'M in length, and nearly an inch tin 'ouuh. It ifs oidy a fifth of tiijKiing to al)ou( half an icrc a. small hole is drilled Simple as are the foi-ms of both relics tl ni incli in tin'ckness. dasa whicl 1 ;ip])ears to luive been persomd decorations of the Sf , riuy i-eprcsent n, common amono- the ;ii-ded one Period, whetl icr re virtue which may ha\'e 1 th( lal en m. i>'*;''eiy its ornaments, or valued Ibr some hi.ld "en supposed to pertain t( 111 a sei»ul(hral dejuwit, discovere<)urers cm]»|(»yed in sinki fordshire, about tl iig a ditch at 'i )f tl le year 170:3, th(f rcli •V some 'ling, in Ifert- CS Wei'c ( ntii-cl y le sanie prnnitive class ; and the interment l\nnished nn example in coidinnation of ing early sepulchral lites, as the skel previous remarl KH rciiarc at full length, with legs the legs lay some Mint «>riiaments closelv tl ind l- eton was found hnw.,..,,,,^ ,n i>roa(tior(i l>ay.' Sir -'"V describes objects of similar character, Ibund hliie '<', sonie of which "lid small perforated phites of si in were ni.idf of of slightly varying forma ••oiitents of tile earlier British tumuli. Tl one (,r Hint, '. lire not uncommon anio!i. [Chap. s I'roni one cctioii, oh- isliiiv, but, moiit (Fig. (liscovci'cd ilford I>;iy, 'ly an iiicli uf half ;m ^ is (JiiiJed tln'ckness. (■|>i'('sont a mong tlic lu'tlicr ]•('- IK' Iilddoi )ertiiiii to l)y .some , ill Ilcit- ' ( lit i rely luiiiislicd :s 1 eg; I I'd - • iiiitd l.'iid l)('t\v(!en flic feet lllillcl'iid, ' Sir II. ioiiiid ill made (»f ' <'!' iliiit, iioiig the nro not, he lurnis Hicicnily isf w Im'ii vrii. I'KUSONA L OJiiVAJIAW'JX •>■>; wermvtwitli tiu-ni in the gr.-.ve „f the Mi„-ient n.-.tiv,- <>t Neen dhscovei-ed ui the mounds (»f the great valJiy ,>f the Mississippi/ accompanied with celts, stone hatchets, and other prnnitive imi)lements closely resembling those of tiie British Stone Period ; though also with many moiv so essentially ditfe,-ing, as to forbid the deduction from such chance coiiuddcmces of any fanciful (Mmimunity of origin bet^yeen the AHophylian colonists of Ennmc and the American Mound JUiihh'is. Still ruder aiv the primitive neckluces, formed of the '•ommon small shells of our coasts, such as thci Ni'rUa htondis, and even the P^tvUn n,h,afa, or common lim- iH't, perfoi-ated, apparently, by the simi.le ])rocess of mbbiiig the point on a stone, and then strung together uith a lilMv or sinov. SuHieient space, it may perhaps hv thought, has already been devoted to this infantile period of art ; yet childish as such .hrorations seem, ih.-y ••»•'" fouiid among the relics of men whos.> giant monu- ments have outlived many massive slnu'tures destined by later ages to perpetuate the memory of historic deeds, or consecrated to the services of the all-powerful Church' of medieval ('hristend(mi. Underneath the cromlech or iiHgalithic cist discovered on levelling a tumulus in the I'liujiiix Park at Dublin, in l,s:;8, two mahs skeletons were disclosed, and beside the skull of each lay the per- loi-ated shells {Nrrlfa /Itora/is) of a necklace, which ha.l •loubtless b.vn placed around their necks wh.-ii thev were .l.'posite.l in tilt" simple but graii.l mausoleum that still attests the veneration of the ancient natives for their ••hiefs. A portion of Ww vegetable fil.re with which fh." shelbbeads had 1 n strung together remained ihroimh some of them ; and tin- only oihrr n.|i,,s found in the \,hhi,i Mn,i,.„„„if>„i.iif MuMnxipiii full,,/. |> 'j;);. ^^»|., I. '22G THE inUMKVAL OH STO^E I'EHlOl). [Ohak USUI t„i y nilai- ,I,.coiatioi,8. 1„ „ cist discovci-ucl oi, ot the Echnlmrgl, „ud ,-,„„t„„ r,;,,, , L" rul f t^,^"'-''""" <■"'«»«""'. <»• coekle, of ditfeveu, nng.^, »I..Ie ,„ aimtlKT eist, „,,„„e,I at Orkuev about to.ate,! „„|, a I,„lo .k,,,!,- an incl, i„ dbmet..,'. 1 11 ••; lit III \ w * [Oh A p. LX. VJiANlA OF TllK TUMULI. 227 CHAPTEIi IX. (lltAiXIA OF THE TUMULI. From the evidence adduced in previous ehupterw if has been sliown that we possess pi-oofs, npparently beyond iill disunite, that the first appearnnee of man as a colonist nf tlie British Isliinds dates back to a pei-iod compared with whicli th(! eailiest autlieiitic diita Ixdong to recent times. History, indeed, only deals with the mysterious obscurities of Britain's dawn as the ante C'hristiiin jieriod draws to its close ; and even t'.en with such partial and uncertain <,dinii)ses, that far more is left to conjecture than all which it reveals. Jieckoning-, therefore, by the most commonly received chronologies,-- ISeptuMoiut, Saniiiritan, Hebrew, or English,— we have an intervjil variously estimated by their interpreters, but ;it the lowest computation exceeding by thousjiiirls of years Britain's chronicled era. Of all this, history makes no mention. The most we know is that when— on years B.n.~ the tri,-- historic period of Britain began, tlu in- habitants of the south-i-astern part of the island bore a dose corresj.ondence to those of (ij.ui : and when, in the following century, frecpient and more direct inteiconrse had familiarized the Ronuii.s with th<' barbarian nations I'eyond the khine and the German Ocean, Tacitus con Hider(!d the diverse physical characteristics traceable between the Caledonian or northern I'.rilons, and the tribes of Wales and the south-eastern parts (.f the ishind, \B Hi ;ii! '■^26 THE I'UIMKVAL Oil STUXj: I'EJUojJ. [0„ap. =.s insufficient to .fleet tlie eun<.Iusion l.nsed ou eoiTesr.on- .leuee m lano-uago, eu.toius, and religion, that tlie iJan.l l.opulation had for its common ancestry the Gauls of the neighl.ournig coast. The RonKui historian, imieed, points ou that the country of the" Sihuus lies opposite to Spain, and re^rs to the assumption of their Iberian origin, as to the Gennanic derivation of tlie Caledonians; kit no reft.rence ,s mnde l,y him or any later classical writer to traces of an Ibenan or Germanic dialect in either reoion n the contraiy while the an.-ient languages of J3rit;;nv; Gornwal , and Wales difl'er essentially frouL those of 8cot- JitiKl, livlnnd, and the Western Islands, all belong to tsvo < ms,o.is of a common f .niily of languages, deviating from t - forms o Indo-1 uropean speech in a, way which pre- •lu.les (he ,dea of ,l,.sc.mt from any of the Germ ,nic tongiu.s. Htill k^s can they be supposed to betnty tmces ot an Jb,M-.an or.g.n, since (l.eir affinities to the great Aryan t'lmily ot laug,,age s though essentially diverse from th-.s,- < = f the (.ernunnc group, are no less ch-arly establish,.!. iwo ta.cts a].j)ear to present th.miselves to the in.uiirer n» reference to the o.-cupants of the Ilritish Islanlls M the commencement of their authentic history ;--(n ihomhabitants of tlu. northern, western, and M,utlK,m pwrtsof th,. .sl.n.^XMo,Ue.aUn-es and coh>urof hair; and .h,.p..pulation ot Houth eastern IJntan, was alon.. noted as,. ur..s.o;,di,.o. "' p ysaal .-onlunnation to th.. n..ighbo„nng Gauk Insu-al d,v,.rs,t.es ,,f , d,..i,i,,,l ,haraHer diHtinguished ^';>"'-'>';;.nt. of,|itfl.,.ntp,,^,ot'th.iHlaml^^ «'•'•>. ''-t^.) solar as we know, <.r can legiliMu-t^ !''*'7 ^v a c.u^srnuted the ccunmon chara,.teri.^i..s ,,f the insular djalects or languages, tl,..y all belonged f.. on. or <.th.rof tI..-fw.d,viHion«oftlu>(Vltic: and rhis, on various K«-'.ur.ds, appears to ,.on.pnse «ome of the ohkst h.nguage« f. ::'■../' RJhai'. IX.] CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. 229 (!•) of that ethnic stock which cinl traces all existing European races, with the exception of the Allophyhan or Turanian ftimilies. But, while philological atKnities connect the Celts) of Britain with the great Aryan stock which had extended its ramifications to the south of the Himalayas, as well as to the north of the Alps, before the dawn of history : they entirely de.ich them from the Iberians as represented by the Euskara of the modern Basques. Tf the Silures, or other portions of the first historic iiihabitants of the British Islands could be traced to an Iberian origin, as has been attempted, we should thereby connect them with the oldest and least known of all the ancient j)opulations of Western Europe still represented, in language as well as in blood, by lineal sundvors. But of this there is no proof; iind wliile the diversity of j»liysicai characteristics < onfirms the probability of differ cut centres of origin for tlie population of ;he British Isles, the affinities of hinguage prove the lapse of many (H'nturies during which they had been in the common occupaticm of the s.-ime insular home. But assuming, ;is TacitUH more gent Viilly appears to do, that tin; whole l»opuli)ti(m was derived from the Gauls of the neigii- iiouring coasts; oi', without going so far, that the inhabi- tants alik(> of soiithern and nortlieiji Britiiin were essen- tiidly ( V'hic : what iire the probabilities in favour of tlieii- (h'Hcent from the monoxyhais boiit-buihlers of the lA.rtIi and (Uyde, the troglodytes ot" Keiit's Hole or Banweil ('avern, the pi-imitive whalers of tiie Ciirse of Stirling, or the flint -workcis of lloxne in Sutlblk > Will lh(> four or five thousand yens of modern interpreters of sacred cin'ouology suffice to embrace the oldest of those ]tre- (ursors of Ivoman Britain? and if so, What orounds have we for assuming lluit the Ibitons of \\x, nri, or the (*ale- doni.ins of A.J). 8:>, were the lineiil deseeiidanls of such preiiislorie races ^ None olhei' th.in the hict th;il the 11 "» TJIK fltlMKYM. Olt .SToyn rilHIOI,. [c„a... Jiritoa ami C.lcloninn w,.,v .m„„g tl,,. oljest in.sul.i- uce» knosvu t„ us, till rocent iny.,,tigati,.„s n-vcld «„■ laces oi d, cr „ccujwnf<, co,„,«iv.,l with wlio.u the Celtic bruoiis of Rom,ii. times ui-e altcsethei- „„„le™. Ihc evuleuoe a,l,lueeil in p.-evious pages has l,ee„ ■I'nived ,■«,„ work, of art a,Kl eonstruetion, ami the sepulelnal ntes of prehisto.-ie times ; hut i,i so far as the .•■mten s of aneient cemcteri,.s ,!iselose available materials ■ l"st,at,ve of »uH,e,e„tly re.mote perio,ls, they iuelml,. .-.Is", .ll.istrafon, of the physieai eharacteristies of those whose pr,m,tn-e arts and eustoms have already eiime.ed .mr a«e„„o„. I„ the interval since I first iavfted rt^J.n- 1 to tins neglect..d department of British ..thnologv ' 't has ae.|nnvd son.e a,le,,nate reeognition of its tme value and now furni„h,.s important eontrilmtions to 1 mine arelueology. The physical ,.ha,raet,.ri„tles of a K k,vc m „,at,y cas.« long survived iUn. languag,.. lie Nor,nan on the 1 <„ of the Seine ahandon^d his No so lor ,|u; Rnuanee ,lialect of the ttnnani.ed Gauls, . I .st m a sn.gl.. generatio.,. Again trar.splanted to the l«»ks o he Thnnes his adopte.l language was speedily l«;rse, ed l,y that of older Anglo-Sa.^a.tolonists The <;"- -l'.-.loct of Cornwall has e,.ase,l to he a living seem hastening to hke extinction. Jiut the physical ::;:;:'•"■" " '"; ""' '"-^ ^"s'-i-- --' n..', n sn.viv,. anu,ng those who have nne „f one tongue ■ ■■"' l7^';.''-''l-'''n-,,f IherianorolherfoM™ ; j'".™ Y'l .-«■ may yet he disc-overahl,. indcpend,.nt of pl . .loga.al evKlence. Uy „ucl, nM,,ns we y in '"'"•'•'■"'""■"''•■.""'■'■'■ 'I- plO-i<-al charaCeHstlcs of "'"'■•" ■'■■■"■'■"'" "'^■^"""- I'cri...! : and perhaps also ...;.:;::;;: ;;;:';.:i:':'t:;:;i;!; 'rr- -' '■'""""■■ " -- - [Chap. IX.l CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. TS\ I j • Ic.'U-n wlv'tlici- the Broiizti Period was superinduced on thiit primeval one by internal inipi'ovement, and a pro- gress altogether of native origin ; or if it resulted from the intruded arts of a superior i-ace. This, it is ol)vious, can only be determined by an extensive series of oLser vations ; since physiologists arc generally agreed in ad- mitting that the physical characteristics of races have been modified by e.xternal intiuciuces, as well as by ad- mixture of blood. The New Englander already differs in form and features from the insula i- descendant of the common Anglo-Saxon I'ace ; and more than one of the races of Eui'ope present a like divergence from their iincestral stock. Tlu; nomadic Turk of Asia is charac- terized by the broad-faced, globular, or pyrami(hd skull ; while the long-civilized European Turk has beconui as- similated in those ])oints, to a considerable degree, to the [)redominiint European ty])e. In the latter case, however, the change is no mere; product of civilisation or of trans- t'erence to a new locality; but indicates the influence of fonngn blood, through the Georgian, Cii-cassian, Greek, or Sclavonic mother of his hiter Roumelian home. The con trast I'ecognisable between the head-forms of Turcomania and Roumelia is a striking confirmntion of such craiiio- logical uidic(,'s, and an illustrati(tn of their significance. The precise bearings of all th(! evidence which cr;iniles of each class, the exjierienced eye readily discriminates between that of the ancient jlrifou, the modern Anglo-Saxou, or the iiish Celt. The conclusion, therefore, a])pcars inevitable that if c(|u;dly niiirkcd vin•iation^ of form. s\ sicmaticjillv re- I n \^\ •^■'^■^ 77/ A- /'/.7.I/ATJA OU STOXK rERlOlK [(.„,vp. '^••<'i'»J^- to two nr more dassc-s, occur in tlic tumuli ^^Hinis, and cliainbcred l,arr.)W8, we arc justificl in assum- ing the existence of diverse primitive rac(>s ; anr, ,n comparison with the size of the '"•'"•' '"^I'^'^'tes in th,. ],y,amidal an.l prognathous skulls ■•' '"<;'v ••nnple extension of the organs subservient to' -..sat.on and the animal faculties. Such a configumtion -ndaptcd by Its results, to the condition ,.fh^^ ''imteis. I wo miportant points, therefore, to be M^v- "HHod in relation to the liritish tunmli aiv: Whether the onus and proportions ot .hc skull, of their builders '-vt,\Vhetlier the changes inform arc sudden ami d,- •'.'*'^" ' <>'• ••"••• .UT^Klual, and pass by an undefined transi- "••'it»-<'ni theonetotluM.iher^ 'J^l'<- .•'-vlui..logis(,.s of northern Europe, dealin,. with the ' ■-"s ol lorn.er ages less complicate,! by htter intrusive ;-ts 1.1 tl.se of the Ih-itishlslamU,^ ^<-n,on. I.ve elassi,ie.l ,he p.Mnit.ve inhabita ts ^-hnav,an.,nnnee successive ...,.,,,,H,^ i! rx. CRAM A OF THli TUMULI. •I'iW physiciil ('oiifoniiiitioii, the last of vvjiich tJicy idoiic ivuai'd as of (V-ltic, orioin. Of the ju-ovious a]loi)liyliuii colonists, the learned Swedish naturalist, Professor NiLsson, assigns to the most ancient the short bruchy- cephalic form of craiiiuni, with prominent parietal tuhers iincl broad Hattentd oecijdit ; and this he infers, from their imphjments and oiluu- remains, to have been a nomade race of huntei-s and fishers. To these he (con- ceives succeeded another lace, with a ci'anium of moi-e len;,thened (»val form and ]>r()niinent narr(»w occipu*-, who (levoted themselves, in part at least, to agricultural pursuits. The thii-d i-ace, which Scandinavian anticjua- ries incline to regard as that of the nK^tallurgists by whom the bronze or fii-st metallui-gic period was inau«ru- lated, is characterized by a, cranium haiger than the fii-st and broader than the secoiul, and marked by great(;r pronmiencc at the sides. This younger, but greatly HU[)erior I'.ice, l^-ofessor Nilsson at tii'st conceived to have been of (Vltic oj'igin ; but more extended ol)servatioii has hug-eased his doubts as to the deteiniiiiate form of the true (Vltic cranium ; and in his most recently pub- lished s})eculations he favours the idea of riia'nician influence being the dii-ect source of the Scandinavian as well as the Jhitish nu'talluigie art of the Jiron/e Age. Professor Anders Ketxius and other Scandinavian ethno logists have followed out the sanu; invest igati(»ns with laborious zeal. The idea generally favoured points to the intrusion of the true Scandijiavian race, and th(^ first workers of the native iron ore at a comparatively recent date ; and the further the investigations of north ern areh{c<>logi.-t.s have been extended, their convictions have been the nit.re strongly coufnined as to the traces of extinct races of man, comj)ared with which those supposed t(» be of (V-ltie origin belong to a very modern period. Professor j']sr|iric|if jissioiis fn tlm .'vniiiii fi-nvj. Ml il I f! ! ;it /'///•; /'u/.u/:i\i/, (>u srn.y/.: />/■/,>/(,/, |, M \r llir li.'inuWM 111' Ihr nldcMl h;illi,s|| MCI WrII ii'H iili ;iiii|i|c iiiiil I«'V('Io|mm| ronii. with III.. r„ivli(-;i(| vjMllf.'.l ,111.1 (olcnil.ly M|Kici(>iiH, Mild iJK' II,; i.il !)( H proiniiM il. I .MIV III! (l(''^ '"'V'' Ixvii (j.M.piy ,H,.|. .111.1 (|„. rv.'l.rous .Mv Hiroiii.' (iii.l proiimi.'iK. On,, of Hi,. n„.Hl ivin.-iik.ij.l.. r«'flllirOM of (llJM rJMSM orNklllJM IM |||,.i|' n.||ll.| I pro.'H'liiiio' III ;i Mpli(.|'ic!il iiiiir.»riiiilv. K't't'pl lllr c.tlii'liiMJ.Mi .»nii, iip l^i". I'li. Iiiiitl li(>sil;i((.(| I .» .' •'•I'M'''"'' ''.V S,';ill,|i|i;t\ 1,111 t'lllll.>lo!.i,4|s. ;|ll;i.-| '"Mlly I, to sliohi iiiiporlMiif,. I.. III,. sin.'iJv ;iivlia.n| mi,!.' appiir >'\ i.ii'iicc oil wliich (li,«v ;nv I <»U'it';ii O NO II t\ l.'lll lt;|,s,',l. il, ivni.'iiUs III iv|,.ivihv I,. III." ,|,.,s,.npii,.ii of ih,. skulls ,.1' IIh' lliosl ;|lhi,.||| S,;|||,|i|i;ivi;ill I •arroWH Tl prolKilily 111,. ,'i;iiii;i of ('..lii,. r;i II' V Jir,. t'imlM'ijiiis. Til,, i.tiiilts ,.,.ii( ••''■^ : ill i>.'iiiii;irlv ,tr iiiiiiii>- onijiiiiciils ,ir III, plV,'|,M|S in,'|:||s ;||V |v|',.nv,| |,> ;| |;|( nil,'.M|;i||l ;|s \,.| Vvll.'lll.T lIl.'V l-'htlM- |,, || «'i' itnv ; ImiI il is ;is 111,. |,>nn,.r. ' On,. m;irk,.,| ,| tl 1." s;mi.' r;i<*(. illrrt'ii,.. ,.\isti.,l iiiiiil ivviillv l.,.|u,.,.ii tli,> sys|,.nis of soiii,- of ||„. |,...„|i„,. ''"•"'"•'"'••'I Hliii,>|,.ois|s ..111,1 ||„.s,. of Knnk,n,l. wlii,-h ll;is lllllu,'ll,v,| ill,. ,',.|l,'lllsio|ls ill' ,.;i,||. Wliil,. (II,. I ^('1 ;isi,K> (h,. j,|,.;| ,)t' oiiii,>r >in' pniiiilivc s(,.,k. soiiu' ,)!" tl KMII <'\.>ii assuiuiiio- 111,. 111,1, .p,.,„|,.„| ,.,,.;, (ion ,.r mi,n,.nMiM «lisiin,.t rn.vs o( uwu. \h. IVi, h,ir,| ,.,n,l ,,(|u.r |{n(is|, t'jlm,>l,>ois(s ;iiiu.',l ;i( oiviiio full \v,.i!.| ol «>\tt>ni;il ,ir< iiinsi.in Il t,> ill,, iiillu ,'11,',. Il.-U'ltlt' *'t's III ni.t,li(yiii,olli,. pliysi,.;i| p,.,.,|- i>v w 111,11 i;i,.,.s ;ir,. ,|isim.;iiisli,',|. | royn'ss III rtVllls;|(lo|i IS iu,.vil;iMy ;i,v,.nip;ilii,.,| willi s,Mn(« coviv spoii,liiio- iin|.rov,>m.'ni. ii,.( only in ini,.l|,.,-|ii.il r;i,'iilii,.s. I'l'I "1 ImI.IIs. loo,!. .,11,1 ..,Vlip;,hon. .ill ,.(• Nv|,i,.|, (,.,„| to ;iir,.,t plivsi,-;il ,',tnloiiii;iii,.n. I IS Vi 'l""'""l- ''\''» un.k'r th,. in,>M |';i\,,ni;il.| 'iiu I line. Ii,)\\,.\,>r .' tiiviini .\'iitii>->ll //isti I'll ..1 I/,, I "Vl. si si III li'< ,U''' |('llAI' \.| i'h'AMA (tr Till': TCMIIJ. '*:\rx • I nil ill, .'i|) lllMIOII .'i|t|»iii'- I. \\v nils nl" ■y ;ir(> Ilk (tf .r lli.« il is t' r.'M'c iiiilil .'Mlilio w liicli Miner IIkmii (Tons ^rilisii llt'llt'C ptM'n ss in 'orrt>~ Iti t'S, tiMlil CMT, 'iiin Mlillircs, rni;in> ; iind iill llir ol.Hciv.-d •'"'" ••'" |'l'.\xi<-.ii <'ll l<>K.y <-nn(iiin Mic opinion IIimI wliciv M r.Mv ivniiiins iiiidcr (Ii,. himik- cliniiilic inlliiciic.'M iiniiU'rclcd l.v III,, inlcriiiixliiiv. of (oiviun |,|,„td, i(, '•■irid.lc orj,|Vfil, pliysiciil inipiovcincnl. under pro^nvMHiv*! 'iviliHMlioii willionl \^^mv^ Ks special ellinic (•liurjic(,(!r- IMllCS. 'I'l tlirrrrorc he no |( i«' Nil. Men iiilrnsion of .1 loreinn r.iei! niiisl, <'NM iviidily dis('ernil»le in il, ei'iinill VVI lell lliiiii IVoin lis novel nils or sepnlelnid riles. IIk- liiMl edilion of lliis \v..rl< MppeMiv.l, (he remark was rnll,\ jnshlied llial iiolliino' had then I.een doin^ l.v Scol,- li sli, or indeed h V I5ril ish areha'olouisfM, wijji a \ iew to a seel 1.(111 (lie |t|iysieal eonrornial ion of priinilive nal ive leii ollered as a. i'.t««'H ; iiii'l llii' small eo^ilriliiilion lli licoinninL-' was ioiiiided on | skulls lV(Mii Seot(i,sii Inmiili and eisis had I.een |. reserved in Ihe .Mll.seimis of the Seoltish AllI I'llinh I'lireiiolonieal S(.eielv. .A i<|iiaries and ||i<« Mdin- • 'onipari.son of lliein nirnain with o|lier.s. siieli as those deserii.ed liy Dr. Tl '''""' -•" liiiiiiil.ir eenielerv at Laiiiel Hill, near York, he- '"'\'''' '" I"' <'l" iIk' Anuh,-Sa.\oii period,' ahunda'nily siillieed lo indieale I he eraiiial dillereiKM-s and the phy- sical development of races. Th,. |,.,||er, thouoh ,.!' ||„- "'•'l'<'l'<"«"pl'-''l''' l.vp.', are small, poorly dcvelopei?, low and "•"■'•'^^ '" ""' lorehead, and leii•"■«' iveent, invesli-j^ations have oivjitly e.\- N'lMh'd Ih,' mah-rials lor illiistratiiio' the Iriic |yp(. ,,r the, An,ulo-Sa.\on craniiini. It diU'ers no |,.ss essenlially Crom the compact. Iriiiici I. I.raehyecphalic skulls (if ihc iiMlive r.riiish harrow, than iVoiii the iiaiT(.w. elon- .Uale.l skull occasionally round under pceiiliar circuni- .Irf/hii)/. .lour. \ 111. \ I. I'l' '-'7 .'Id. \'i:\ i:!(i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) % 1.0 I.I 1.25 «4S li^ 1112.2 - lis IlilM 1.4 1.6 ^^ <% ?^ '^^ ^ > *V=!^* 'i 7 r Photographic Sciences Corporation 13 WIST MAIN STMIT WIBSTM,N.V M5I0 (716) •73-4303 #% w V m 9 4fS % \ mj?/ r^. ^ .d> \ ^ \ <^ 236 THE PimiEVAL OH STONE PERIOD. [Chap. Stances, and seemingly characteristic of the chambered barrow-builders. From the peculiar shape of the latter when viewed vertically, 1 suggested for it the term kuml)ecephalic, or boat-shaped ; a name sul)sequently adopted by other craniologists for t]iis type of skull. A similar idea appears to have since suggested itself to the mind of Professor v. Baer, who in his elaborate and valuable memoir on the macrocephalic skulls of the (rimea, proposes the term scaphocephalic to indicate the same boat-like head-form.^ This I believe to be the most ancient type of skull found in regular sepul- «'hral deposits of Britain. To it apparently succeeded the totally diverse bracliycephalic type, with grent pa- llets width, truncated, and frequently flattened o(;ciput. IJie true Celtic skull-foi-m is even now a subject of dispute ; though the era of the race, and its order in point of time, aiv well known. Last of all comes the Anglo-Saxon skull, an intermediate dolichoceplu.lic ovoid toi-in ; and dso including, according to the observi.tions ot Dr. J. Barnard Davis, a low, verticdly compressed torm, to which he has applied tlu; term platycephalic. ^nve I ventured to submit my first ideas on the pnniitive rm^es of the British Islands to the Ethno- logical Section of the J'.ritish Association, this dei)art- •nent of physical ethnology has received an amount of Mttention in some degree commensuiate with its iniport- Hiu^e ; and the j.ublication ])y Dr. Tliurnani and Dr J Mfirnard Davis, of tiie beaut ir.,lly-i||ustrated d,.cades of the Crama Britannica, has sui>pli-d a vahiable ivper tory of truMtworthy data for testing some of the ques- tions, then only pres,.nting themselves to the in"»7/. vii'. IX.] CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. 237 dence, which this and other sources of information suppl}^, has been to show all the more clearly the limited chronometrical range, and the very partinl bear- ing of the data in relation to those primeval centuries which the disclosures of science in other departments are adding to the history of man. Of the numerous skulls figured and minutely described in the Crania Bntannica, a considerable proportion are either directly connected, by the accompanying works of art, mode of sepulture, or by the clear evitlence of inscriptions, with Roman times, or thay belong to the still more modern Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian periods ; and of the remaining examples, more or less minutely referred to in the same work, only a small proportion can be as- signed with any prol)ability to an older period than that which embi-aces the ethnical groui)s of Koman centuries. : Of this latter period the history is chronicled for us, however imperfectly, in the pages of Julius Ca?sar[ Strabo, Diodorus, Ptolemy, Tacitus, and other classical writers ; and arch tool ogic^al evidence at best elucidates or supplements what they have written. ]Jut that Celtic era of Hiitain, though its beginnings are hid from us in the night of time, is modern in conqtarison with the age of races whose memorials havi; been recovered amid the fossil bones of the drift, or on areas which havi^ risen from the bed of the ocean since the last of them |)assed away. We may assume the Celtics Jii-itoii to have been in possession of his insular iiome for a, loiifrcr period prior to the first Roman invasion than the whole subseipient centuries: and yet still h-ave lufoie that, even on the very h)west computation of Hibli('al clirono- logists, another period considerably longer than the Ohristian era, for those centuries in which we have traced the dawn of human history, and lound Jiritain ]>eopled by races practising arts essentially dissimilar 238 TIIK nUMKVAL OH STOXE PKltWD. [(.'hai.. to those i,i which that Celtic Bnto:i had ncquired n reputation for special skill. The previous chapters have lilustmted the arts and habits characteristic of the Stone l^enod, and furnish some evidence to show in how far the people of that primitive era differed from the oldest ot the historic races. In the succeeding section, it will be tound that similar evidence points to a transitionnl stage between X\,<, Stone and the Bronze Period • and dearly indicates that if the latter resulted from the introduction of the arts of (dvilisation by some more gitted race, its advent was not follow*.! by any sudden extermination of the aborigines. For those early nations'' which we describe loosely as primitive, aboriginal, or primeval, Dr. Prichard suo-- gested the conveniently indefinite term " i^llophyliair" whereby to characterize them as distinct from the his- torical and classified races, without meanwhile assuniinir lor them any hypothetical origin. It remains to be •seen whether the archaeologist may not be able to •supply some of the desired hiformation rehitive to the mbits, arts, and soci(d condition of those unknown races Dr. 1 richard remarks of them :— " The Allophylian na- tions appear to have been spread, in the earliest ti.nes through all the most remote regions of the old continent' _- to the northward, eastward, and westward of thelndo- l.uropean tribes, whom they seem everywhere to have pr.;ceded ; so that they appear, in (comparison with these Indo-European (.)lonies, in the light of abori-inal or native inhabitants, vanquished, an our principal guidti. It gives us strong grounds for a belief that their advancement in useful arts had been comparatively small. The primitive ancestors of th<. Indo-European nations were probably ignorant of the use of iron and other metals, since the terms by which these are denoted are ditferent in different languages, and must, as it would appear, have been adopted subse- quently to the era oi separation. Nothing can be more unhke than gold, xpvao^, and aurum ; than silver and aiyentam ; than fen-iim and atS^^o?. Other considera- tions may be advanced to confirm this opinion, that the use of metals was unknown to the earliest (;olonists of the west."' Guided by the charact(n-istics of the least civilized iimong sui-viving European nations which be- long to other than the Aryan stock : Dr. Prichard ascribed to the Allophylians a religion consisting in mere fetisses, chaims, spells, and talismans, in contra- diction to the East( ;n doctrine of metempsychosis, with tlie coincident belief in a system of retributive justice, and a future state : which appear to have been common to th'^ Aryan nations, and to have heen confided among them to a distinct order, caste, or priesthood. Of tlie foi-im-r, the modern Fins and Lnppes, now chissed as Turanian, were regarded as cliaracteiistic exanii)le8 ; and the supposed Turanian affinities now believed to be trace- able in the Euscara of the ancient Basques, discloses un- looked-for relations betwcsen those isolated fragments of non-Aryan races, helping to confirm tlie hypothesis of u preoccui)ation of Europe by Allopl.ylian nations, in <:omparis()n with wliich tiie oKh-st of the Indo-Euro])ean stock are intruders and sup),Ianters. Already the accu- mulated olwervations of arch.x'ologists are throwing un- i'xpected light on the degree of civilisation of the Aryan n.mmdes when they n>ached the western borders of ' yntiinil Jfislurif ifi\\fy coloni/tMl. 'V\\v. invoii|.,i- or Hy,s- ti'iiiiilic. iirrjmnvniciit of (lu^ ciHt, ilic provision lor the futinv ()('(ni))jition uiid wclljirc of llu' (Iccc.iscd, jukI ulJ the poculiiirilics of priinilivc .scpulchrjil rilw, hkhv or loss rlcjirly iiulicjilo not only Uk- jirts and liabils of those by whom they were ])rjie(iMe(l, hut .still mon? the ideas cnlerlained hy them of a, riilurc state ; and as our knowledge of the correspond in' to the c(-iitrcs hotli of his- (oiic and unhistoric races. We have almndant proof that the Jiuman skch-ton, when placed in favourable circumstances, is capable ol" ivsistino- dooay not only for hundreds, but for thousands of years. It is still a, matter of ch.iibt, however, whether wi' yet possess any such remains coeval with the earliest traces of human art. "The bones of man," says Dr. .1. li. Davis, "dilferino- in no essential resju'ct in their structure and chemical comjiosition from those of other mammalia, necessarily undergo the same chaiiuvs when subjected to like physical conditions."' This, however, is a (juestion worthy of further consideration. The state of preserv.-ition in which iiiiplenieiits formed of bone have been fivipiently found in pulchral deposits, where tlu' human skeleton alongside of which they lay has l)een in a state of «'xtreme decay, se«'nis to militate against the iilea that the bones of juan are c(|ually durable with thosiM»f other animals; and the opinion of more than one exp, .'ienced physiologist conlirnis this indication. One distinguished anatomist, Professor (J oodsir of Edin- burgh, assures me his investigations have led him to the ' i'rnnin liritunnim, ihap. v. p. 4!t. IX. (UiANIA (H'' THE TI'MCLI. 241 roiKtlnsioii (lijil llic Ix.ncs of (||(. lower imiiiiiils jij.pcur iiiuKii' .soMic ciiviijiiHtjiiiccH l(» (Iccjiy IcHH nijiirUy tiiiiii tlioHd oj iiiJiii. Tli(( (jjicHtioii is (»ii(i of iiicrcjiHiii^r iiii|)ort- ;iiu'(s now llijit tiiu'cs of lniiiuiii iiH \V\'A) vci'cd urc HO fr('(pi(;n My 111 conlnct with iIki Imoics of (ixtiiK't- fossil nuimiiiJilM, but liilJM'rto uiiiicconipiiiiicd with those of inaii. On tliis point the stiite of tJic skchitonH of dogs, lioi'Hus, mid other ;i.niniids interivd in aneieiit tmnuii us |«irt of the originjil Hepulehral deposit, is more to U\ \y\\('x\ on Ihiin tluit of the !ieeoni|»jinying inij)l(!inentH ; for inde))endently of juiy spcM-ial (h-licjiey of structure • •haracterizing the human osteoiocry, it must not Ix^ over- looked that hone implements finished and deposited in !i <;ist or tumulus, would he vmy pai-tially ex[)osed to inHueiices alleeting the skeleton amid the de(U)mj)osition <»f th(! vascular tissues. IJut the i)i(»portions of tli(! soft organic^ hases, and that remarkal»le eomhination of ])l lOS phoruH and calcium which is a|.parently |»ossil)le only under the iidlu <'nce ot a living organism, vary v(oy consiihirahly in tJie hones of did'erent animals; anil present some important dilfeivnees in which it is not improl»al)le that the influence of doniesticat ation may be traced. In the foJIowing table derived from i'rofessor Owen's eomi>arative analyses,' a wide differenc(f is shown m tlu^ relative pro])ortionsof the hard and soft component parts in th«! hones of the lion or hawk and man ; while those of the ox V(^ry closely correspond t(< the latter : — I'KOPoiirtoNs (.!.■ SoKT Oii.;.\Nir |{asi« am. ok Haiui K.uniiv Salts in tiik Ho.NKH (IK VkUTKHHATK AnIMA',.S. Mini Soft |{ar.'t .•(.•{ ;u;io «r.7o lOO'lM) 10000 lOD-UO ('Wfii's /'(ila-onlohitjii, ji. •.»!».'), \<»L. I, y H,,..—^.^ '242 77//; /7.7.1/AIMA ()/! STOXH I'lililUl). [( II A I', Jn tl If Siilmoii, tlic soft nijitl '•out. ((5()-G2) ; hill, oil the coiK cr cxnccds .sixjy jht Miijikc funiisli resultH rary, the hones of tJic 0V( 11 moio ncjiiJy ii]»])roxiiniitiiiff to the relative iirojxn-tioiis of human hones ll (;il-40). ButMie matter exert a, mvwX \\\\\ laii th f ox I) f the l)(>nes. iiiul l)r<>[)()rtioiis of water and of oil or fatty CO on tlie physical properties uen iK'tween fossil and i'(!cent rcase the ditlieulty of coinpari son t^xaniples. Accord ing to Stark lunian l)on(>s contain more water than those of any oti mammal. The most importjuit of nil the mineral sul \wx Stan tl *c's, to which the hones of vertehrat t- animals owe ii'ir solidity i,nd stren^rth, is the phosphate of lime • in addition to wlii(.h th.! earhonate of linu; is always present, thoiioh in much small(>r quantity. Von Hihra, and Frcmy simw, as the ivsult of theiV analytic re- searches, that a larnvr amount of carhoiiat.^ of lime occurs in the hones of lu-rhivoroiis than in those of « armvorous animals. Th(. ])hospha,t(> of magnesia is i'l«o a constm.t, though minut(> element in the osseous system, deriv.'d fr.mi the plants or grain used for food Hence it occurs in consi(lerid)h> (piantity in the hones of herhivorous animals, while th<.se of carnivorons jHi'inals contain very little, and its present in the Iniman skeleton must vary with thc^ natuiv of man's tliet. It IS importaur also to note that it is found to vary ni a direct ratio with the phosphnte of lime. Kro.n Lelnnann's investigations, compared with those of Las^ HHigne, Do Barros, Valentin, and \^,n liihra, the ratio of the carbonate to th.> i)hosphate of lime in the bon.'s ,»f man and other animals mav he stated as follows -—In a new horn chiM, 1 : .r8 ; in an adult male, 1:5-9 ; and 111 a man aged sixty-three yems, 1 : 8-1 ; i,, the hon l:a-«: in the sheep, l : 4-1 f. ; in the hen, 1 : 84 • in tie tiog. 1 ::!•!>: and in a fish, 1 :|-7. Hut a marked ditlereuce is to he h„>ked for between the hones of the f>. ICllAI'. JX.J I'/i'.lA'/A OF 77/ A' T/'A/f'/J, 24:5 .sixjy JUT IK'S of tJic roxinijitiiif*- lijiii the ox oil or fatty projx'rtics ompjirisoii 1^ to Stark any otluu" lU'i'al sub- imals owe " lime : in i.s always ^on Hil)ra I lytic re- i of ]iin(( tlioa(^ oi" giK'sia, i.s I! OSHCOUH for food. Ik' bones I'liivorous ' in the of man's found (o '. I^Vonj of Las ■ ratio of bones of > : — In a '0 ; and he lion, 8-4; in marked ■< of the a.rnivorous savaoc, an.l ihe fruoivorous or herbiv<»r<.us Asiatic or I>acitic ishmder. In ju.dlhy human bon(^s the |>hos).liate ol Imie rano;<'s fion 48 to 59 jier cent. ; but fhe flu(;tua,tions in the propoHions of the different cliemj <"il constitiHu.ts are considerable undei' varying a<.(, and physiological c..n.lilio„s, and ditterent bones in^the same body pivseiit a marked diversity in tln^ relative amount ot organic and inorganic math-rs. b^hmann deduces trom the best analyses the following average :— Phos- ].hate ol lin.e, n7 ; carbonate; of lime, 8 ; tlu..ri.h. of <"ilcmm, 1 ; plu.sphatc; of magnesia, I ; leaving orgam'c matter, :V.>,. The i-elative (chemical composition of the bones of the; four classes of verttibrata is exemj)lifi(>d by IVolcssoi- Owen in a compaintive ta])le, in whi<;h the •''•■irncal analyses of the boi.es of man, and of thos.. of (he hawk, tortoise, and cod, an; compared, with results stJ-ikingly illustratijig certain jmiiits of diversity, not only in the relative amounts of the carbonati; of magnesia, and the phosphate and carbonate of lime • but also in the gluten, chondrin, and oil ; mid in' 'he sul])hate, carbonate, and chlorate of soda. \^)n Hibra gives the (juantity of carboiii.te of lime in tlu- h-n.ur of the order a/ires as !)-48 ; in Rmninanfh as !»•«r mutilated ob- jects of bone of un.'erfiiin use. Nor was the position of siK'h ovid(M)ces of human arf in any way cleai'ly s«^paratod IX.] CHAyiA OF THE TUMULI. 247 from the fossil remains intermingled in the same alluvial silt; although the broken edges of successive stalag- mitic mcrustations showed that the flooring had been repeatedly disturbed. " In sinking a foot into the sod," says Mr. MacEnery, « we came upon flints in all forms, confusedly disseminated through the earth, aiid mtermixed with fossil and human bones, the whole shghtly agglutinated together by calcareous matter de- rived from the roof My collection possesses an example of this aggregation, in a mass consisting of pel)bles, clay, mid bone, in the midst of which is embedded a fine blade of flint, all united together by sparry cement."* At a depth of about a foot and a half below the surface, in the soil thus intermingling the abundant ti-aces of human art with extinct fossil remains, there lay extended in the ordhiary position of burial, portions of a human skeleton much decayed, including two pieces of the jaw and some of the teeth, with the vertebrte and riljs, of a robust adult. Of those Mr. MacEnery remarks : " As iu the case of the flint-knife mass, already described, there adhered to the jaw portions of the soil on which it lay, and of the stalagmite which partly covered it. 'llie teeth were so worn down that the flat crowns of the incisors might be mistaken for molars, indicating the advanced age of the individual. M. Cuvier, to whom I submitted the fragments in 1831, was struck with the form of the jaw. He pronounced it to belong to the Cau- casian race. He promised to bestow particular notice on it, but death, unhappily for science, put a stop to his labours." The Kent's Hole Hint inipl(>iuents, like others dis- covered under similar circunistanct>s, do not, apparently, • rarer,, Romurh,.,, or, Diirorrrlr^ o/Onjanic Jirmah..,rn„/ nf British a,ul Rnmnn BcliqtiM, in tho Corrx of KnU'^ IToJe, AmiU CW, ,.t<- Bv tlio IJ.-v J. MacRnorv, F.G.S. f if V i ■ ) 1 1 1 > :'48 r///': riiiMMYAL on stkrioi>. [Chap. '"."■'■•■"I.",""',";"' /'"'«■ f»"'"l i" tl- "n,li,st,„.|„.,l .irift o„g.sul„ of t ,., ,o,.es of extinct fonsil mamn,„l« ; l,ut >. u.vn«em,l„ t!.o.„ of tl„, .,„.lU«t l,a„.ow.s ; ,„„l'„„„ h nu h„ pro „l„|,ty that the l,„n,an skofcto,, ,.e,,mu» to .«. 1 itmnont long ,uU,e,|ucnt to the ciest lerHMt, of «.,! '.ones „. the l.cvon»l,i..o cave™. Of ,ike uiccrtl > ..ntiqu.ty arc vanou, crania recovered at diH'crent dep-li. in !«.t-«pses ami bog,,. One of those i„ the eolleeion >f the lvl,n ,,,rg I, Phrenological Society, was fouml in a the Hc ,on ot the peat ; bnt quite Krn, an.l ,,m„„l, though ""l-feet, t has been subjeete-l to co„si,I,.,,,l,l lat™ P.-s".e an,l c.i.,takable traces of posthn- '"""■= •''■ "'•■"^"'""- Nos. 1,1, ,, of Table ,. arc! skulls ceoverecUron, consnlerable depths in a n.oss at Jinton, ee le.sslnrc and N,«. 3, 4 i„ Table „. were obtained hy IJ> b ott ol JvUnburgh, on their ,Iiscov,.,y, ,l,,.plv „ ^ ■ I""'!"""-''"'"!'!-'', they are in,pr,.g„ared w. h the ,lark colourn>g n.at.'er of ,he n,o,ss. N^ :- of ,"''''■ ": .'•" »"""-i^^"'ly ,„.,.f,.ct t „,it of nearly all he rciursite nu.asur,.„,e„,s. The other consists on y of l»-(t"ntal, parietal, nu,l part of ,],„ occipital l,on,..s, m„| s cUactcr,.,,! byn.arkcl narrowness and l.ngth i , the I;"-; •■! n..«.on. The locality fron, «hi,.h (he Two latte skul s « ,.rc r..covcr..,l is o ' great intertsl. Th,. „„« .•"n»U,nl,ng , he n,ain body of |,iu,on Morals overlil e.xtens,vedeposr, of n,ar!, which appca,. , vc be ;;;rT ;'''''"'■'"'■''''■'■ '™ "■''''''''■ '"'I'™ "Hhe^ 11.0 h.wcrlay.rs of peat inch, bun,lan, remains fan "'"■';;'" '"-f "f l.-el, birch, and oak ; I i,enca,h h ;•" "'" ;.'-;l. "'• cubed in i,, have been found I : :","^:" "'•: "T /■'•'■-V/™/.,, ihc beaver, red, ;;;';'"'""1». "ml also apparency of „,„ fil III « IX] CJiAMA OF THE TUMULI, 249 •1k'(1 (liifr iials ; l)ut and con L'l'tjiins to eposits of uncertain tit depths collection •und in a iick from I, though le lateral po.sthu- •e .skulls Linton, )l)taine(l deeply xhur^h- e,i>nated ^Jo. ;? of iirly all only (»f les, and 1 in the o hitter 10 moss I'lies ail •' l)eeii 3 iioeh. ■* of an \\ this, id the deer, inisclf. Ill (h(> mosses of Scotland the lower jaw, and in most of them all the bones of the face, have heen vvantino-. Such are a few cluuu^e-found exaniphts of ancient crania of groat, but uncertain antiquity, which serve rather to suggest th(; probable sources of further know ledge, than to satisfy the cravings of the ethnologist for well-authenticated illustrations of the physic-al character- istics of the early workers in Hint and stone. Jiut, besides such chance deposits of liunian bones, scattered through anciently disturbed soil, or buried deep in morasses and the beds of ancient lakes : we must regard certain of the chambered I)airows, (^airns, and cromlechs, as sepulchral monuments of a m<'galitliic period, jxTtabiing to ages which, though modern comj)a,red with that of the Hint workers of the drift, belong n^'vertheless to very remote and altogether prehistoric ei'iituries. Of the ra(;e of that inegalithic i»eriod some important additions have; been made to our knowledge in reivnt yeai-s. Tlu; results of my first investigations into the ].hysi(;al characteristics of the earliest I'aces of North Jiritain, a)»i)eared to me Humcient to establish the fai^t that the Aryan nations, on their anival, found the country in the occupation of a'llo- l.hylian races, by whom the wilds of Europe had already been reclaimed in part for the use of man. Still further, I was led to conceive, - contrary to the conclusions of continental investigators of the same evidence in rela- tion to Northern Europe , that the earliest Scottish, and indeed Biitish race, diHered entirely from that of Scan dinavia, asdelined by l»rofess(.r Nilsson and others: being «'hararteri/ed by the markedly elongated and narrow cra'^ nium, tapering ecjually towards the forehead and occiput, already referred to here under the name of kumbecephalic, -•r boat shaped skull. It is a tomi by no means peculiar to r.ritaiii, The .same contour of (he c(.ion:il region '•hariicleri/es I he llm Dienunn skull, one of i-ecnji;!!' ^i i 1 1 i'' 1^' I 'JhO TUN rhiMKv.u, i>u srtKXh' r Kino IK ((•„,,. '"<''i'«'>*i in tli(< iMoii iMmIi "• '•':'! vvhi.'h hr. |\|nr| '•'""" I'oll.viiuM. iVon, (|„. iMil.ll.l of oil IH Hlllll (o ||||\(> "'^ ""' ''"Oiplrl,. ..|nlM.|i„„.„( ,,(• ,|„, |., i' hti • ImiiilttMvd Ikii'i "^VH ol' Will.sliiiv iiik) \) •^"•1 ;"' iiikI litihir "' I'oHsil.iliiy ,,r ni,niiri;ui •' '•' 'll.> colli, .MlH of fh,. .^«vn. houvwr. llun .siirh rn.i «*» lln> NiMllll Wt'MJn ''Vnii. h will |„. >"• iH'K Ity no in.vins <'onlin«>(l |"'fiiiolM.,itvoni|iMnii'.l (I ';'«fi>»NVM. onlv NMll, ||„, ,„,|, Sh>n,> l',>rio(l. It " '•'»«'"li<'M i.r Ki,i.|„n.i; winl,. (I l(«V ""••''" •'•^\v. '11 ,iH in tli,< iioi(lH-ni ">iii(i.s(ic ini|.l 'moniM ..f ih,. • !>«' ivnu»rk,iM,> HknII M. '•'^ P,| .|n|i,.|,o,v|,|,..,| ic "voNviv.l l.v Dr. ,S<-hi IH>I* '<»;■<(>. JMiritMl (iv,. |;,,.( '.^'•'^ <.iv.>n. on ll.r |,.(( |,„mK or (I, \''"'.'"'' *' ''"«lo,rh.,s,,n,l o||„-r loMsil I ' l""«"'»' '"^ lon^Mii.l n.im.Nv. ,,n.l '" " <"ViviM. alono' will, Ml,' lloVi'l >0|H'S. IIm I lonlnl |'ix»|.oilion,sin I.Miuili .'in.l I„v,mIiI «'» Hi.il \{ roiivspond.s HI ll l\ninlt,'i(«|t|i;ilir rrjuiiji Mm nivalcsl iv|;i(iv.« <".^<' ivsp.vi.M to Ih,. |;,.i,i,s|, •^*' •''^•"^•'"■'^ ■-"••l« ;>s Ihos,. ^v|,„.|, |,«,| «»<■ tlt.« Klliiis skull I '»>'>- •-urpiis,.u„ I, vv|,„|, ,!,.. ,.|,,, ,,, dni llit> r,>lt l> U\ |||,> (jj ''''^<' woii,|,.|r„||y , |,(i,.,| ,1 »* vv.is Insi iv,,.i\,.,| ''''» ''"' P«.\i.iv.H.s oj" I Ins ,1, .'III, i inv,'iv It' ill, r,'- IVIC'S o|,|,.|' ||,,,„ f^o I.I pill liiis iii«p>iiv. in lis ivkiiion I llio iIm'oiv ,>t' ;| pi',' (',«|| w lii,l ' '" l'^"". ^^llnl ||„. H,,, ,,,| l'<''H>ii«'nl of ;ii','|ia>,.|,.i.i,.„| " .S4«'"l'Mii,al lll\.'s|iu,,|i,„|s/|||;,| "■ '•"•«'"'■ •»''iis|, Kinnl.,.,vp|,.,|i • lion of till >« work »\i».i/,i.,«,. ,„ ff S\%tHt>%l H^sfy NtNtlH ,'(M»<,',| ,^ .1 .,,^ \, >'••( h\ruii\ \,i| >««|'"'>' "I INiiuitiM' i;,, **'*"'"••"* A*'7'.'.#, I Stilt, ,, ij.j '•''•« •'« •>:..'il,.M.I |.n,., |„ih " I ('MAI', ' iMillllli of III (vpo III' i^^ ill liJH ii«'li ivcjiIIh ind istihir- I'liu'iiiri.iii (h (•(■ (h(> It will Im> '> <'li{ili(' Srliiiii'i' Iv ol" (he Willi (lio « In til I. •! I >'<"l;ifi\(' ■) illclics, ' iiriti.sh isc(>V»'|\ It" www- l<'i' (li.tii |>i(| li.'i.s "loi>jrfi| IIS, thill «'«'|>lnili. '^ woii t\,l rUJA/A (fF Tin,: TCMl'l.l y.vi kc <'\(riivii^(iii( iiiK with the K'il rulll- |»ohI 'l|>P<'H'V.I, W'llH .•hMlh>ll^r(| |,y .•.rilicMMHiilil.. "»"' iintnml.lc. in iilrnidy ivonnhMl ,ih .Irjil '•'""•■••r(('nHli..H u\' n |M"..|.i,. uI|..mv(||.t ivc.nl w| |""V,| with Ih,. Drirt-lolk. UImI the Tn.^|.M|y|rH ol PI'<"'«'M«" MOVH. Th,. illCIVMH.. ill Ul,- nilKMlMl. nil.l piVciHiul, olyVKh-M,.. lvh|.iv.-l.>lh..|.|,VMinilr||,irm.|riiHli,.Hnrtl|.. •''I'llrHl MntlHli HMTH wli..Mr |v,„„inH h.ivr Lrrii ivruvnv.l ''•"••' pl««.M.M<.rr,.^,,!,„.Hr|MllllllV. h.lH |,|,|,.r.| III,. ,,||,.Hli,.|, "M 11 V.TV .i.llriviil Ino-iiin r,,„n I h,li which i(, ocriipir.l • VVh.-ll Ihr Uhol.. MVMilMJ.I,. I,„|l.'li...lH W.-IV of tlu' HCIIllirHt «I|-Hrn|.|i„ii. Mii,l it w.iM nu.ii.lv .In.' to thr vrn\ of lh,. l'l"<""n|o^iHl IJml^ ,, Min^hMii„-i..|il SroliiHh nkull iumld hr I'i'h'riHMl to. Not ,.iily ill thr niiminl up,.niti..iiH of tli<> ii;rn,MiltiiiiHt l"'(nlH„i„tlir.h-liI,r,Mlr ivsniivhrs nflhr mvhM.,do^iHl'. ••'■•'iiy hmi.liv.JHorininuhiiTinniH Iiunv I..m.|i .iJHiiilmv.l ''""" i'>l<'IVHlil|u ,,,„,^(i„„,^ involved ill Ih,. IIINTHli- Ji'itioi, would |,roM,,i,ird lill i(H iinporhMi.r was ni..iv fiviieniiiy ivronninrd. A \W r„,,M. howcv-.r. ha.l ,.v,-ii '"'" '"'•'" ""'''•' •■•■'"" >in>«' lo liiiir. soiii,- of whirl,. i„ ll"' id.Mrii,v ,.r n.oiv piv.isr ol.HrrviitioiiM. hrlp.-d |o throw liiihl on Ih,. pliyHi,-,il rhanirtli,.rii '"•'•"I-"' lorts UMiially h|;,|,.,| |,ii,nhs. silimlcl al lhirn|,,,r '".'"• I""''^ ' l^^i'-. Orlvi„.y, was ,.xp|o,v.| |,y (h,",soi. "I lli,< ivMi,|,.|ii ,|,.ruyiMai., wh.n th.-iv was lonnd williii. "" '"''•' " '""""" ^IvlHon. ... ind,. Im.ii.. ,.oiid. ,.r iiiosl l'«^".iiliv,. laHhioii. aii.l pari of a ,hvrs honi. Th,. ,oi,il,. whirh IS now pivs,.rv,M| ill ih,. Miis,.m„,,|' tj,,. s.-o|lish Aiili,piari..M. in limiivd in a siihs,.,,u,.|,l .-hapl.-r ; ii nu-u- Miivs lour iii,-h,.s ill hnnih, ;hm| ronid 11..I iva.jilv he siii- !'"•'''*"' '" •'"■ '"'I •-'' "I' 11^ .oiistrurtioi, or airnnplH at !'*! i T I 2b^ THE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. ornaraont. Along with this curious relic, the skull Wfis forwarded to Edinburgh by Alexander Peterkin, Esq., but it is described in his communication as then in fragments, and has not been preserved. Mr. Peterkin remarks of it, — " Although the upper part of the skull be separated into two parts, you will observe on joining them together that it is of a very singular conformation! The extreme lowness of the forehead and length back- ward, present a peculiarity which may be interestino- to phrenologists."^ * Other observations on the physical characteristics of the remains found in primitive Scottish sepulchres are less definite, but in several of them attention is drawn to the unusually small size of the skull. Alexander Thomson, Esq. of Banchory, remarks, in a communication to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, describing two urns found in a cist on his estate in Aberdeenshire :— " The skeleton was far from entire, but there were frao-- ments of every part of it found. The teeth are iJeifectFy fresh, and from the appearance of the jaws, the skeleton must be that of a full-grown person, though of small size. I was told that the skeleton lay quite regulnr when first found."^ In this, as in other exam[)les of the physi(;al conformation of the primitive race, the sniallness of the head was ])rob!ibly not a precise criterion of the dimen- sions of the skeleton. Another correspondent describes a cist discovered l)y tJie plough on the farm of Farrochie, in the parish of Fetteresso, Kincardinesliiiv, within wliich' wns found a small m-n nnd u]>\Viir(ls of one liundred beads of polished black shale:— "The interior of the tomb mejisured three; feet in length, two feet in breiidth, and twenty inciies in depth. The to]), si(h"M. and ends were (.acji formed of one stone, ;ui, the earliest of the Aryan nations ; the i)r()bable discover- ers <.f the art of working tlie iron ore ; and the oldest of tile historical nations of Transalpine Europe. While 1 was engaged in the investigations on which those deduc- tions were based, another inquirer, Mr. Thomas Hateman, of ].onibcrdale House, Derl)yHhire, had been i»uvsuing ' .N>' It.p. Mr. Williaui Dmi.'ni). i;Uli Ih-ccinlK-r IS.'JS. II E4 I'- II ij I II if i h i.i (1 ; 'I i )'; 'I »! * i,:ll (I 2^4 77/A' PlilMEVAL Olt Sr(h\K PERIOD. [Ohai-. similai- researclies among the annieiit barrows of tlu^ district which had already yielded siieh interesting dis- closures from its cavern alluvium; and soon after the publication of the first edition of these Prehistoric Annals, he confirmed the opinions therein advanced, from his own minute observations of the cranial types of the most primitive megalithic tombs or chambered barrows, and the later tumuli and cists.^ Since then the lid)ours of Dr. Davis (uid Dr. Thurnam, as set forth in the Crania Bn'tannica, have largely increased the evi r may be chissed under four distinct heads: Isf, Su(;h chance-found ci-ania, as have already been re ferrtd to, recovered from mosses, cav(M'ns, niine shafts, and the like deposits of indeterminate anticpiity ; and' therefore ^■uj)plying f.>r tiu,' most part, no other clue to their classification than what may be deduced from the ' Jon))iund ; and the hitelli gent research of recent years has greatly extended the materials for the illustration of this department. Am.-ng tlie ancient sepulcln-al monuments of Britain attention is specially attracte.l to a remarkable clnss <.f chambered barrows and cairns, alieady referred to, con- .stru,;ted internally with great and persevering labour of huge masses .)f unhewn stone. They correspond, in'all their rude and inai'tistic massiveness, to the characteris- tics assigned to the primitive era of megalitlm. art ; and their contents a])pear to have invarial)lv disclos.-d only the implements and i)ei-sonal oi-naments of the Stone J eriod ; unless when accompanied with manifest traces of later intruders. The crypts and galleries of these, cliamlxTed barroAvs an.l cairns may not unfitly l)e com- pared to those of tlie pyramids, in their great size and u ii ' a \ i i ll ■ 2;jG the primeval 01{ STO.VE PKlilOb. [Chap. solid masonry, when the simple arts of their builders are considered ; and all observers concur in assigning to them a remote antiquity. They cannot jje regarded as common places of sepulture, but as the costly and labo- riously constructed sepulchres of royal or noble dead ; and to their conservative protection must be traced the preservation of the osteological evidences of a race seem- ingly essentially different from those of the ordinary eartli- l)arrows and cists. Nevertheless a few examples of the same type of primitive dolichocephalic or kumbecephalic skull have been found beyond the limits of the mega- Pio. 37.— Nether Urquhnrt Skull. lithic vaults, and (>ven in more modei-n graves : as was to be anticipated, if the chambered barrows be indeed the noble sepulchres of a i-ace which preceded the later barrow-builders and metallurgists in the occupation of the British Isles. Of the crania, of the crondechs, too few examples have yet been preserved to determine their typical form ; but so far as means at pref.ent exist for the comparison, an apprc^ximation appears to be tracer- able in ethnical conformation, to that which is suggested by the megalithic character of the tombs. Among the crania preserved in the Scottish Museum is one of this i>rimilive type, No. 1, Tal»lc i., obtained IX.j CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. 257 from u cist discovere,! under a large cairn at Netlu-r Urquliart, Fifesliirc. Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, by whom It was recovered, carried out a series of explorations among the cairns and tumuli of the district to illustrate his " Inquiry respecting the site of the Battle of Mons Crrampms.'" One is described as a very large cairn con- taming upwards of two thousand cart-loads of stones which was found to enclose two chaml^ers or vaults, one ot them six feet in length. Others of the cairns were of still larger dmiensions ; but the researches of their ex- plorer appear to have been mainly directed to the illus- tration of Romano-British history, with which there is httle reason for supposing they had the slightest con- nexion. Another Scottish skull, No. 2, now in the Edin hurgh Phrenological Museum, was discovered in 1782 when a large encircled tumulus in the vicinity of New- battle Abbey, East Lothian, was levelled, and a stone chamber or cist of unusual dimensions c-xposed to view enclosing a male skeleton. The cranium is long, well proportioned, and of dimensions suggestive of tJie un- wonted stature of tlie buried chief in honour of whom the sepulchral mound had been reared. A remai-kable example of the same elongated type, in the Scottish Muaeum, No. 3, was found in a rude cist in the parish of Banchory Deveniek, Kincardineshire, in 1822. The skull is that of a young man, of small size, imperfect, and extremely fragile, owing to the loss of most of its animal matt(u-. On the top of the head is a nearly cir- cular hole upwards of an inch in diameter, caused it may be presumed by the blow of a stone axe, whicli abruptly closed the career of its owner. Li each corner of the cist lay a small pile of fbnt-Hakes, tlie sole evidence of the rud(^ arts of the period to wliii^h it pertained. No. 4 i.sfroma tumulus at Montrose, and also appears to be ' Architol. Sivl. vol. iv. pp. 4;{, 44 li V m 258 777/; PRIMEVAL OH STOSK I'EIilOlJ. [Onxv. that of rt male. Of the remaining Siiottlsh crania of tliis type, No. 5, probably that of a female, was taken from one of thirty cists discovered near Fifeness in 1826, and (lescribed in a previous chapter. Nos. 6, 7, also in the Scottish Museum, are probably both females. They were recovered from a group of short stone cists, opened at Cockenzie, East Lothian. On the fcirm of Stonelaws, in the same district, another group of cists has been ex- posed, from one of which, containing a male skeleton laid at full length, with the head to the east, No. 8 was ob- tained. Since the publication of the first edition of this Vim. :W.-(Vkiiiz.io CiM. work [ explored a, number of rude stone cists, irregularl}- disposed, near the snme locality. The rough skbs of which they were composed appeared to have been brought from the sea-coast, a distance of six or seven miles. But the only rel^^s accompanying the human skeletons were some bones and teeth of the ox and dog ; and 1 was led to regard them as of doubtful antiquity. No. 9, another of tiie skulls in the Scottish Museum,' is that of a man, disc'overed by Captain Thomas, K.N., in exploring a crom- lech (tailed Sornach-coir-Fhinn, or Fingal's Caldron, in the Isle of Harris. To those may be added, as of the primitive elongated type, and found undin- circumstances ^l ■4. IX.] C HANI A OF THE TUMULI. 2r)y coniputiUe witli their ..luHHifi.ution umoug the most ancient British crania, Nos. 10, 11, uheadyUrred to near HnT p' '\. ^"'""^^''^ '"'^'''^ "^ ' 1-'^*— '' near Lmton, Peel)lesshire. To the few Scottish ex- amples thus accessible to me, I have added a well- authenticated series of eleven crania, chiefly from British chambered l)arrows and megalithic tombs, as described n the Crania BrUannica. Throughout the whole of those a general uniformity prevails, confirmatory of the Idea that an ancient race, the builders of the long baiTows and the chambered cairns and tumuli of Enol.nd and Scotland, characterized by a form of head not" less peculiar than the megalithic art to which the preserva- tion of their remains is chiefly duo, occupied the country prior to the essentially diverse barrow-builders of the bronze period. The chambered barrows and cairns are of rare occur- rence, and their massive structure and imposing aspect have tempted treasure -seekers, at least as early as the era of Roman invasion, to despoil them, in the hope of recovering costly sepulchral deposits within their vaulted recesses ; so that the researches of modern investigators have been conducted, for the most part, amid the scat- tered heaps left by their ravishers. Occasionally how- ever the intelligent investigator has been rewarded bv the discovery of the primitive catacomb revealhig for the hrs time its long -garnered secrets to his curious gaze Such was the case with Mr. Thomas Bateman, after repeated unsuccessful attempts to penetrate to the cen- tral vault of the barrow, or chambered cairn of Lonolow 'T T'lT ff^<-^^^- " At length," he ren^^irks,' on the 8th of June 1849, after having expended part of the precling day in excavation, we had the satisfaction of .iiscovenng a veiy lai^e cist or c]n.m))ei-." Withii, this lay human skulls and bones, representino^ at least u 1 H 1 [:| I: 1 1 i :' i' i Ui{ fi i' -1 i H i : ! ! i1 260 77//; intlMEYAL Olt STO.XA' PEHIOD. [Chap. thirteen individiuils of both sexes, ranging from infancy to old age ; and along with these, bones of the ox, hog, deer, and dog; three finely chipped arrow-heads, and many calcined pieces of flint. " This," says Mr. Bate- man, "is tlie first opportunity we have had of exploring an undisturbed cist in a chambered cairn of this peculiat- structure. It is on this account a discovery of unusual mterest, and when compared with the results of previous or subsequent excavations in similar grave- hills, yields to none in importance. The mound, composed of stone enclosing a chamber or cist formed of immense slabs of stone, occasionally double or galleried, indicates, in this part oi the country at least, a period when tJic 'ise of metal was unknown ; the sole material for the spear and aiTovv being flint, which is often cirefuUy chipped into leat-shaped weapons of great beauty. The interments within these cists have in every case been numerous, and apparently long continued. They are marked by a strongly defined type of skull, styled by Dr. Wilson kumbecephalic, or boat-shaped, the more obvious features being excessive elongation, flattening of the parietal hones, and squareness of the base: producing; when viewed from behind, a laterally compressed appearance, which IS enhanced by the sagittal suture beiiig some- times elevated into a ridge.- Crania of a similar type had attracted the attention of Sir E. C. Hoare long before when e^i^^oring a chambered barrow in Somersetshire,' - m 181G, from the striking contrast of their ehmcrated orm and narrow forelieads, as compared to those fami- liar to him m the earth l,ariuv,s of Wiltshire.^ The same form reappears at nearly ry.:^* =k i exploration of the most ancient megalithic tombs, and slowly forces on the mind the predominance of this remarkable type as ; Tm Years' Dlggh,.,.^ in Celtic mul Saxon G'rav. llilh, u ■ Ardnvoloijin, vol. xix. p. 47. 140. [Chap. n infancy 3 ox, hog, iads, and VIr. Bate- 3xploring i jieculiar unusual previous Is, yields of stone, : slabs of 5, in this c use of pear and ped into ;erments inierous, rked by Wilson features parietal I, when sarance, ^ some- iar typo before, ietshire, - )ngated e fami- ' Tiip Uion of rces on ype as IX.] CUANIA OF THK TUMULI. 261 \\\^ characteristic of a race essenti.ally different from the CeltaB. The catacombs of the Scottish chambered cairns have been rifled hitherto without any regard to the value of their ost.jological contents ; and of those of the English chambenid barrows, many have been recovered in too imperfect a state to admit of more being deduced from the fragments than that these conform to the perfect examj^les of this peculiar type. Nevertheless the number already obtained in a sufficiently perfect state to admit of detailed measurement is rema.rkal.)le, when their great age, and the circumstances of their recovery are fully considered. Of this the following enumeration will afford satisfoctory proof Only two perfect crania from the <'hambered tumulus of Uley, in Gloucesteivshire, have been preserved. But in an exploration conducted by Dr. Thurnam and Mr. Freeman, in 1854, portions of eight or nine other skulls were recovered, of which the former states :— " The fragments are interesting, as prov- ing that the characters observed in the more perfect crania were common to the individuals interred in this tumulus. Three or four calvaria are sufficiently com plete to show that in them likewise the length of the skulls had been great in proportion to the breadth."^ Agaui, in the megalithic tumulus of Littleton Drew, North Wilts, at least twenty- six skeletons appear to have been found, from several of which imperfect crania were recovered, and of those Dr. Thurnam remarks :— " Eight or nine crania were sufficiently perfect for comimrison. With one exception, in which a lengthened oval form is not marked, they aie of the dolichocephalic class." ^ So also four nearly perfect skulls fi-oin West Kennet are described as " nu)ie or less of tin- lengthened oval form, with the occi[)ut expanded and projecting, and present- ' Anhixol. Jour. vol. xi. p. .313; Cmiiiu Brikiiinicn, Decade r. plate 5 (5). - f^nmid lirl/ftiininr, DcckU' hi. |ilate 24 (3). f/ar— ■- — —- .- Pi i^^ 2Q2 rilK PUIHEVAL Oil STOXt! VERIO D. [Chap. ing a «tr,)iig e<»ntrust to skulls from the ein.ukr barrows of Wilts au.l Dorset."' To these may be added those of ^toney Ljttletoii, Somersetshire, first pointed out by Sir K C. Hoare;^ and exa,mples from barrows in Derby, fetafiord, and Yorkshire, described by Mr. Thomas Bate- man m Ins Te^i Years' Digyings ia Celtic and Saxon (rmve Hills, nichiding those from Bolehill, Loncrlow ^toney Low, and Eingham Low, Derbyshire ; from the' ^.ileries of the tunmbis on Five AVells Hill ; and fi-om the lorkshu-e barrow near Hcslerton-on the-AVolds. Severn! ot the above contained a nundjer of skulls ; and of the last, ni winch fifteen human skeletons lav heaped to- gethei-, along with a fiint arrow-head, a bone pin, and an iniperfect bead of baked clay, Mr. Batcman remarks — liic crania, that have been preserved are all more or less niutdat.'d ; but about six remain sufiiciently entire to indicate the prevailing conformation to be of the lon also found brachycephalie •'i-ama; bu( m the most ancient barrows the elongated Hkull appears to be the predominant, an.l in th,. maioritv ot casc^s the sole typ,-. It will be seen, nioreove,: that !'<• peculiar class of an,-ie„t (on.bs fVom when.-e thev hav.. been ehiefiy recovered, belong (n no such limiteil ••"•<■■•' "■- to suggest the i.h., Olson,. ,„.-n. iribalprn.li- ' .trifiiioliiiiiii, v(,|. xix, |), .17. • '/•'/' y.vr.' n:./!,!,,,,. ;„ I'.n,,- „>,./ .s.,..,,, a,,,,, imis, ,, o;j„ [Chap. IX CHAM A OF Till': TUMULT. 2(i;5 tirity in this predonuiiant cniiiiiil form. Tliey extend from the extreme soutli, through Dor.set, Somerset, Wilts, Stafford, Derby, and Yorkshire, towards the borders of Scotknd, where this peculiar kumbecephalie tyi)e of skull first attracted my attention. The remarkable Yorksliire long barrow of Heslerton-on-the- Wolds naturally excites a special interest here as the most northern of the class, of which the contents have been minutely ol.)served ; and the opinion finally adopted by Mr. Bateman relative to the prevalence of the same type in the most ancient Derbyshire barrows, as the matured verdict deduced from ten yeai's' minute observation and researcli, has this further value, that it shows the results of his laborious and impartial investigation all tending to confirm earlier conclusions. Mr. Bateman was the first to adopt the term a[)plied in the former edition of this work to the primitive doliiihocephalic crania of the type now referred to. He unhesitatingly assigned the remotest anticpiity to the ciiambered bairows, al)out six of which he had then explored; and of these he remarked: — " Although the mounds of this character have m)t been numei-ous, the interments within the chaml )ers they contain have been many, and apparently contiiuied over some length o ft ime In th "se I he boat-shaped skull has uni formly been found by me, rarely accompanied by any instru- ment, but in one or two cases with arrow pohits of Hint."i 'I'l HIS numerous aic (he illustrations of this remarkable skull-lbrm obtained from what appear to be (he earlies( known examples of regular sepulluiv hitherto discovered in |{ii(ain. That any I'xamples exist ran only be ascribed to the cyelopean masonry of the catacombs which has j'esistcd (he erasihi; toolh of lime, ami (he de\as(a(ioJis ol nian\ re\(» hi( n»ns. heir mtgahlhic sepulchres are Jrrh.lul. .(, M"'. Vlll. \ll. 1), Ml. f,4 1 1 I i ->64 77/A' 7V.YJM'r.^/. OH S'WXE PERIOD. [c„,p. altogether peculiar. In striictinv tliey essentially differ trom the cists and barrows of later times. In their indi- cations of repeated sepulture in the same catacombs, protracted probably throughout one or more generations they disclose rites nnd customs no less markedly dis- tinct, and furnish additional evidence that those are no chance memorials of foreign intrusion, but the national monuments of an indigenous race. Though only a small l'ortir,n of the skulls recovered from the megalitliie tombs are sulhciently perfect to furnish the detailed measure- ments requisite for tabular classification, the correst.ond once traceable throughout so large a number, recovered trom widely separated localities, pr(3ves the prevalence of n i^ce marked by the same characteristic cranial confor- mation at somo remote though indeterminate period of antiquity. ' The difference betu'een this primitive and the succeed- ing cranial typo is no slight or partial variation from some mtermediat. form, but an al.rupt contrast, such ^ we recognise in that of the Pagan Anglo-Saxon or N-oto-Ncandmavian graves, wlum (.»mj.ared with those ol the races on which they intruded. But with this cnrlu-st. as with later prehistori,- races, the tra.rs of a transitional peri.»d hi.ve also been noted. liare ex.m,»Ies <'<'<;m- of the nunu.rous remains of the long-heade.l raee '<'«"g accompanied by examj.les(d' crania of a dili;,vnt ;vp<'. Among those of We„t Kennet long barrow, l)r I (Hunam des.TIlH^s two ,,f h,,ss elong,ded fonn, aiMl other" wise d.rterent, whi.-h appear to hav. been fractured < nnng bf. ThepHu. ..nnceives to have peiWd to shiys slaug hh-red al tl... grave, by eleaving the skull >v.ll. a sword or hat.het, perhaps of stone.' Nor is this ' "s<;l'^'"y.nslan.-..illnslrativeoftlH. de of i„,mo|,„ino ^■"■^•"'■^ m .•M..-...nl ilritisl, (•un,.ral rites. Similar dis ' .\nli another essentially distin(tt ethnical form, as maiks the inti-usion of the Koman or the Saxon into lirifain ; the Arab into Spain ; i,nd the Spaniard and Anglo-Saxon into the New Woi-kl. In the following Tabk', which embraces all erania derived from chambeivd barrows, cromkrhs, or megalithic cists, suffi- ••lently peifeet to admit of detailed measurement, I have not hesitated to include the ivmarkable skull recov(>red in ISr.O, by (•a])tain Thomas, II.N., from the crond.rh of Sorimcli coir Fiiinn, in the Ish" of jbirris. thoiKdi if IS designated by Dr. .1. |J. Dj.vis a N(»rse skull.' Tin- re- sults of Ciptain Thomas's careful researches revealed no trace of ih,. fiiniiliar contents of Scandinaviiin graves;"' and while its proportions essentially dilfer from the bra- chyceph.dic crania of the barrows, th.y very partially ' (V"/i/'(f /iriliniiiini, Dccmli \ |il)itc ."lO. p .V ■' ///((/. Di'ciitit' V. plivti' 48, Proi'iril. Sn,'. Alit'i'i. Si-ol, \„\ !- IIU' m m II 2GG yv/A' PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. correspond to those of well-defined Scandinaviun skulls. It is described in the (jvania Britannica as the skull of an aged man ; and from the aspect of it, as shown in profile, with the peculiar position of the inferior maxil- lary, and the alveolar processes gone, an impression of great age is suggested. But on examining the original, the jaws appear to have been reduced to this conditioji by posthumous fracture. With the exception of a partitil ossification of the spgittal, all the sutures are open ; and the occipital and sphenoid bones are quite detached. As the whole of the available crania from megalithie tombs are purposely given in this Table, in order to avoid the danger of forcing evidence into conformation with a pre-conceived theory, one or two exceptional deviations from the characteristic type tend to detract from the fcn-ce of the mean results. Nevertheless it will be seen that the measurements, as a whole, are no mere averages of miscellaneous crania, but reveal a corre- spondence among those pertaining to what may be fitly designated Thk Megalithic Era, no less remarkable than the contrast they present to the braehycephali(! crania of the earth barrows. The measurenu'nts are : — 1. Lontjitadinal diameter ; 2. Frontal breadth : '•i. Parietal breadth; 4. Occipital breadth; 5. Parietal heixfht; 0. Vertical diameter; 7. Intermastoid arch; 8. Jlorizontal circumference. They supply the tests of length, breadth, height, and circumference, along witli the relative frontal, pmietal, and oc(!ipitid breadth, and furnish a leady test cf the general uniformiiy diHtiii- guishing each class. Minuter elements of craniologi,.;,! '•lassificjition, which are fre(|uently very (.bvious to tlie experienced (ye, are very imperfectly imlicnted by ;iny system of nieasuremenis hith<'r(<) ndopfed. r- ! [Chap. rx.] CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. TABLE I. -KUMBECEPHALIC (JKANIA. 2G( 1 2 3 IXKJALITY. L. D F. B. p. B. 0. B I'. H V. D r. A. H. u. Nether Urquhart Cairn, ? Newbattle Tunuilus, . m. Kincardine Cist, . m 7-5 7-9 7-0 4-5 4-8 5-3 0-6 4-5 4-7 4-8 5-2 4 6 4-5 4-6 50 4-6 62 5 2 14-3 20-2 21-3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Montrose Tiuniilus, . m. Fifeness Cist, . . f.? Cockenzie Cist, . . f. 1^0., . . M. Stonelaw Cist, . . m. Harris, Sornaeh-coir- 7-3 7 7-0 7 7-3 4-7 4-5 4-5 4-6 5 5-7 5 5-3 5-0 5-6 4-3 4-2 4 41 4-6 4-9 5-3 5 5-3 5-2 14-0 13-2 14-3 20-5 196 196 19 5 20-9 10 11 12 Fliinn Cromlech, . m. Linton Moss, . . f. Do., . . M. Parsley Hay Low, 7-4 (5 9 7-1 4-8 4-1 4-2 5-4 4-0 5 4-3 4-6 5-i 149 14-3 14-0 21 2 19 20-2 13 Stone Tunuilus, . m. Uley Chaniliered Tu- 7-5 49 5-7 5-3 4-8 ... 150 21-2 14 mtilus, . . . M. Littleton Drew, Croni- 81 4-7 ; 57 5 51 ... 147 217 \5 l*-'*-"''. . . . M. LangLowe,MegalitIuc 7-7 4-8 5-5 5-6 51 10-2 20-8 1 16 17 Cist, . . . M. Do- s(>pulturc of its royal aiui nol.Ic dead ; while the remains .of the common jn'ople, laid to rest m their sim].l(> graves, or eaiMi-mound.s, have long sim-e returned to dust. The cmlents of (|„. megalitlii,- (oml.s however, show thiil their long-headed Imil.hMs were not <'n(MeIy nnlamiliar will. „ hrael)v.-ej.hali.- race; and if > 1 ; K I !■ * Jd.S Tilt: VlilMEVM. Oli ST llio liilhT iillimiilcly iKTiuuc Micir Huppl.-iiilcrs. (he „|,|,.r i'»'>'in;ii.t riMT. llriMr, pcrlmps, (I,,. opli..ns wjih .sldrllcd hy i .'I <'<'(>}>'ll|Sllll>' )iin<.n,o- llu. In.liMiis of Pjil.MHpu., on,, wlionr fm-r Ixm so .slnkiiio' ii ivsrnil.limcc l(» (he Hinmjr,. Mculpluiv.s hitii l)y liiin wliil.' rxploiini.- Ili(> mined" .itics ..f (\.n(rjil Anicrini, Ihul, jis (Im> h!iv<«ll(«r <>.\cliiimH. " h,. i„iu|,| |,.,\v Ikvii Ijikcu lor;i |ii„.;,| ,I('s,Tii(l;iiil ,,f (|„> pcrislird I'JICC o wlijitovcr cimscs. Iiowcvcr, llu> A^m ■<'""<;iiii it is lli;il ill (lie ('('iidirics iiiimcdiulcl i.Uf niiiy he (r;n't'd, y pfcccdiiio' It' occiipjiiils iilikc ul' (||(. the IxoMi.iiio-IJriiisli cr.i. || iXM-llitTh iitid III,. soutliciM pjirlH ,'.(• (I,,, island '•i>«ra(-(,'n/,.d l.y ii li,,.d „r l.r.iHiy.vpli.di,- prop„r( Jind ollicrwi sc rsscnlially dillrriiio- (Voin ||i{|( ions. rccivciTd V coni- IC I'fU'C 'V<'i»i Hit' »ii,.ojdi(|,i,. (onihs. Mx;iiiipl,.s ,.r i( „, pjiralivrly iilMii.d;.iil : lor llionoh ,,0 such ,.x|,.|iHiv,. «;it;w'oniI.s ;is ilios," of ih,. primilivc doli,-|io,.(.p|,;d iippriir lo li;iv,' Im','11 coiislriiclcd hy llicir .Miiccossor.s, IIk <»i-oloui,.;,i rvid III*' craiiiii of I he |alt>r l»an clK'l', ows niinhl now anioiinl |,» l>ninlivds. or thrsr III,, lolh.wiiio Tahh. rnniisli,.s ll ni('asur,.|iu>nis ,>| a siill|,i,.nl niiiiil.,.r I w ith lhoH,> ,)!' th,. pivvious ly|»,' ; though 1 1 <»r cunparison lion of lioth, w liich niav I K' inij»in,.|ila >,. , llic inl,>llio,.nl iiil,.r,.,s| '•'idhh'iilly anli,Mpat,.d from di>parlin,.|it ,»!' aivli;i>,)l,>Mi,al ivst.aivl now awaken,.,! ivlalive |,t ihi^ '. <•• »l Ijiii to add •«ni,-h piv.-ision aii,l e,.rlaiiily lo ihc .M.iu.lu.sions l.a.sed on su.'h ,.vi,l,.|i,v. In ih,. loMowin-' Tal.l,- (Tahl,. 11.) No. I iN Ihe imp,.rre,-l l.iit hiuhlv in|..r,"sliim skull .•iliva,ly ivIVrivd lo. r,.,-,)v,.|v,l InMii a }'iii,sini>' ires Hccii ft '('(>( I III <>• IX. mil Ch'AA/A ()/'' TIIK TUMULI. '>(;! (jy Iclcniiiiicd, Ihoiioli |.ossil)ly very ivjiiolc ;iii(i(|uit,y, Hut lor its .silc lyiiin- ncjir llic cinlioiicliiiiv nl' ji, n( iiiut (Iicrchy sii«j^«r('sliinr (,||,> |K»sHil»ili(,y ol r<'Jiiii, iM<>i(i recent, iH ji iiijile loeiil (| \vi(li evidences of (lie lU't.s and rites of the aiieieiil jieople whose cranial I'liaracteristics i( illiisl rates. On (he '^, i(s iincieid, found; tioiis proved (o have heen lai is one of ol ail urn four of (he same description found ali(»ul the Itejiiniiino- ol A|uil is:;:', helow the foundation of (he Old Sleeple in Monlroae, lieside (he skeleloii of a human body, (wo of (hem lieinn- a( each side <»f (he head, and two near (he fee(. . . . K.\;ic(ly below (he foundalioii of (he Old S(eeple (he skelelon was discovered, with (he vases ( I is- ' •27U TlIK inUMKVAl OR ^TONk pkHIOIj. [Vmkv. l»ose(l alxuit it. It niousiiR'd six feet in leiio-th The thigh boiioH, wliich woio very stout, and tlie teeth vve.v the only parts in go,xl preservation.'" The skun'is the same here referred to, i,reHented to the Phrenolooi(,d Museum by the Rev. Mr. Liddell. It is a very strikiru- example of the Hritisli brmdiycephalie type \ eompaet m form, broad and short, narrowing rapidly between the parietal protul)e ranches and the frontal bone, but with Ji good frontal development, and witJi traces of eom- pression m the parieto-oecipital region, whieii in more marked examples sufiiees to throw some light on the habits of this long-foi-gotten rae(>. This skull no doubt pertained to some primitive ehief, or arch-priest sao-e it may be, m council, and brave in war. Tlie site ''of Ills phute of seinilture has obviously been ,-lioseii for tlie same reasons which led to its s.dection at a later period for t le erection of the l)elfry and beacon-towc^r of the oW >urgh. It is the most elevated spot in the neioh- bourhood, and here his cist had been laid, and the me- luorial mound piled over it, which doubtless remained untouched so long as his memory was cherished in the traditions of his people. No. '^ was found in a moss iiear Kilsyth, Stirlingshire. It is nearly black and •piite firm and sound, from the action of the peat' Its general chara<'teristics behmg to this second groui) l>.,t It has been injured in parts, and apparently subiec . to great pressure, so as to render some of the measure ments doubtful. Nos. 4 and '. are skulls fouml at diffei^nt tinies, at a considerable depth, in a moss at Lmtoiu Peeblesshire. No. (I is a veiy chamcteristic •"xample of the bracliy.-ephalie, cranium, from a cist dis- covered on opening a tumulus in the parish ..f JIatho Mid Lothian. Alongside of the skeleton stood a small rude clay urn, within which lay several bron/,- rings. ' MSS. I.il.niry S,ic. Aiitiq, Soot. Nov. 28, IS.'M. [On A I'. JX.I VliAXlA OF THE Tl'MI'JJ. 271 No. 7, Fig. 40, is also a good (ixuniplo of the sum*! type, obtained, in 1849, from a cist partly liollowed out of th(' natural trap-rock on the farm of East Jiroadlaw, Linlith- gow. It was covered with two unhewn slabs of stone, and measured internally about six feet long. The skeleton was in gcjod preservation, and lay at full length. Only a few inches of soil covered the slabs with which it was enclosed. No relics were found in the cist, but somc! time prior to its discovery a. bronze (;elt and spear-head were turuixl up in its immediate^ viciinity. No, 8 may rlaim a larg(u- spa(;e for its description here, as the first example of the Scottish brachycephalic crania which Vt:.. til. I,hililh((..w CI:.!. attracted my attention as possibly deriving its peculiar truncated form and flattened occiput from artificial causes. Soon after the publication of the fVjrmer edition of this work, I h^arned of the accidental discovery of an ancient tomb at Junipcn- Green, a few miles to the west of Edinburgh. On proceeding to th(! spot, a cist was found exposed, occupying a slightly (ilevated site, which probably marked the traces of tli(! neai'ly levelled' tumulus, and forming a chamber of unhewn sandstone slabs, measuring nearly four feet by two. The joints had l)een closed with chips, and carefully cementecj with jj, 272 THE PRIMEVAL OH ^TONE PEHlOlJ. [Chap. wet loam or day ; and oNving to the sandy nnture of tlu; soil, and the (iovoring slab projec^ting on all sides beyond the cist, the sepulchral chamber had been effectually protected from the infiltration of snnd or water. Within this a male skeleton lay on its left side. The arms appeared to have been folded over the breast, and the knees drawn up so as to touch tlie elbows. The head had been supported by a fiat water-worn stone for its pdlow ; but from tiiis it had fallen to the bottom of the cist, on Its being detached by the decomposition of the fleshly ligatures ; and, as is cc^mmon in crania discovered under similar circumstances, it had completely decayed at the part in contact with the ground. A portion of the left side is thus wanting ; but witli this exception the skull was not only nearly perfect when found, but the bones are solid and heavy ; and the whole skeleton appeared to be so well preserved as to admit of articu- atioii. Above the right shoulder, a neat earthen vase had been placed, probably with food or drink It con- tained only a little sand and black dust when recovered uninjured, from the spot wh.re it had been deposited by aff-ectionate hands many centuries before ; and is now preserved along with the skull in the Scottish Museum of Antiquities. Two other crania in that collection one from Lesmurdie, Banfl-shire, the other from Kinaldie Abei-deenshire, exhibit traces of the fiattened occiput \ and Dr. J. Barnard Da\is has introduced into the Cmnia Brkanim'a,--\vhciv. other examples, includino- these last, are figured,'- a fourth Scottish example from Newlnggmg, in th," island of Pomona, characterized by traces of the same artificial compression. Of the causes of this peculiar occipital confoimation 1 entertain no doubt, liaving— since I first was led, l,y an examination of tli,- Juniper Green skull, to ascribe it to I 1 "' ■}^ [Ohak IX.] CHAyiA OF THE TUMULI. l>7.'i '7 .some partijil compre,Msion dependent on the mode of nurture in infancy- -become familiar with the same skull- form produced by the use of a ri^id cradl.-board among the Indian tribes of North America. The light which is thrown on the condition of British prehistoric races by the study of the haljits of living tribes in the same con- dition, IS full of interest. Among the flat-head Indians of Oregon and British Columbia, where malformation of the skull is purposely aimed at, the inftint's head is bouml in a fixed position, and retained under continuous pressure for months. But in the ordinary use of the cradle-board by other Indian tribes, all that is aimed at IS facility ()f nursing and transport, and perfect safety for the (thild. It is accordingly provided with a cradle formed of a flat board projecting beyond its head and feet, and with an arch or head-pie(;e so arranged as to protect the ftice and head in case of a fall. Oh this cradle the infant is invarialJy laid on its back, with the head resting on a pilhnv or mat of moss or frayed cedar- bark, and is secured by bandages which hold the limbs m an extended posture, and necessarily retain the head in a nearly fixed position. The child is not removed from the cradle-board when suckling, so that the head is subjected to no lateral pressure at the mother's breast. At other times it is slung over her back, suspended from the branch of a tree, or placed leaning against any •convenient rest, with the head constantly aflected in the same direction. The consecpience necessarily is, that the soft and pliant bones of the infants skull are sub- jected to a slight but continuous pressure on the occiput, during the whole proti-acted period of nursing incident!, to nomade life, and when the occipital and parietal l)ones are peculiarly susceptible of change. The only modifying element is the pillow. When, jis is the prac- tice wiMi many Indian ti-ibea, the cradle-board is covered VOL. I. i^ I ?! ;i U. II 'i i I: (i. 274 77/ A- rHlMF.VAL OH STOXK I'KHIOh. |(:„,v,. only by a thin innf, tl,,. l,e;ul of the i„f,n(, is tln-ou l>aek, iiiul Mi(*Y'onsi'<]m'nt i1iitt(uuiig ,.l,.i,.fly afFoctH IJ II'OWII pariotal bones, J[\xt(Mi(l but wl ^\ mg nearly to tlu^ eoi-oiial sutun , K'i-(i a broad i.iul liigli pillow is used, tlic weidit of the head rests chicly on tl the verticnl oeeiput. Both foi-nis occur in oecipitid bon<', pnxhicini ancien t Bi HlSll oubt as to their crania, ](>avino', in my mind at least, no d source. Nor are those features limited to the JiritiVl Islands. Di-. L. A. G e use of a. flat and rigid cradle produi-Jng tl of tlr efTccts on tl New World toss<^ ponits out, in his Esmi suv in(li(!ations h's Deformatiom ArtificieUr.s du Crdm> the le same Seandniavia and Coaled H'eranial foi-nis of aborigines of the Old and nid refers to the ancient inhabitants of are specially observable.' ist ; and illustrate With even greater f.ure than the rude implements of tlHit and stone found alongside of such artificially com- pressed crania, the exceedingly primitive condition of the British IslaiKhT of that remote era. Such Hattene- ' ' Ih tlirowii iffc'ctH ilic. ill suture ; ;he wcinht pi'oduciiisjf 'lit British us to tlicir he British Esml sur n(li(;atioiis ; the aauw e Okl {111(1 bitjiiits of K'h traces ial Hie of ilhistrntes 'iiiciits of ally com- (lition of Hiitteiied fist to the the ex- itly elon )l)()rtioiis, 111(1 that [3nt form Pound in ! due in national I.- But V source viii. ]). 51 ; IX. •I ill I Ch'AX/A OF Till-: TlJMVhl. •27 r, of cl»nnn(. it is altogetlK.'r inadcjuate to account for the mdieal difterenee betw(.en sueh kuinhec.^phalie crania as tliat ot Uley (•hanihered iiarrow, measuring 81 hy ry7 or of the Newhattle tumulus, iiKuisunng VM) hy 5-G -md' th(* braehyeephalic type of Junip.-r CJreen or Lesmiirdie measuring respectively T'O hy 5-H uid I'li hy c>-2 inches' io the Scottish examples above refVrred to, a series of <«ieyen crania of the same type from l^:nglish harrows, is added in the following table, derived with on(. exception trom the Crania Britannica. No. 24 is from a barrow iit losson, Northumberland.' TABLE 11— BHACHYCKI'HALK; ('KANIA. 1 (i 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 I 14 10! '"I 18 M)! 20 21 22 23 24 7 "4 7 7-0 (i() ()•!) <)-8 7-2 7 7 3 71 ()-8 7'0 7 7'0 7() 7 '4 7 C-8 LOrAMTY. I I,. D. (rrangeiiioutli, . m. MontroHi^Cist, Barrow, m. KiLsyth Miws, . M. Linton Mos,s, . m. Linton Moss, . •> Katho (I' it, . M. Linlithgow Cist, . m. Jiuiiijor (ircen (.'ist, .M. Le.sniur(li(!(Ji.st, . m. New digging Cist, m. Kinaldio Cist, m. BirsayKnowe, Orkney, m. Ballidon MoorBanow, m. Oreen Gate Barrow, m. Arras Barrow (hronze), m. Wetton Hill Bariow, m. Wetton Hill Barrow, m. Codfonl Barrow, . m. End Lowe Barrow , (bronze), y^ | 7.2 Cae.'jgai Barrow, m. | 7 '4 Aeklani Barrow, . m. I 77 Morgan's Hill Barrow, m. ( 7-0 MiddJeton Moor Bar- , »•""'. . V. 7-1 14-5 ro.s.son Barrow, . m. 71 1 51 V- B. K U. 4-5 5-3 3-8 5 41 51 50 5.1 40 4-8 4-8 4'7 5-5 5() O-O 5 3 5 '8 57 :5-5 I 5-8 ' (J 2 I '"*'' o'4 5-5 5« ()0 "• ». P H. I V. \>. 4-8 5 4» 50 ' 5 I 53 5 '2 4-5 4 5 j4<) V8 5-2 4'7 4-8 5] 5-6 51 5-6 15-8 I4« 5 3 50 5-2 5-3 4-8 14-7 I 5^2 47 4G 57 5-1 147 4'8 4-5 i 5() 46 5(i Mean, 7-1 21 476 570 ... 15-2 )'5 :4-4 5 '5 5 2 5-5 6.1 4-2 5 03 4-8 4 9 51 55 150 I 14!) I 147 I 1 55 156 14-8 150 147 15-8 15 4 145 152 ]6'2 16 40 I ... 146 ... 15-5 |15'6 4-88i 542 15'25 211 210 207 200 20() 20-6 20-3 21-5 21 ... I 20-3 i 20 5 I 200 i 2M I 21-5 200 2 12 21 6 213 20 210 20 / / ' P,-i,i\ Sor. Antiif. Sr ,/. vol, iv. p. ()|. /'///■; i'ni.\ii<:\'M, ,,i,' sroxi: i'i:i;n>h. i ClIAC A HHiiiiiiiin' I lull with Hlltll (tl»Vln||,s (liirrlTllccH Im| Wccii "'<• inrujililliic Imnhs mii.I (lul <,C •'"'•'""' I'.'im.UM. Ihr Inniirr miisl !„• ivuanlr.l iis lli,' hIvIiII ,.r „ |.lv|,i,H|olir ,illn|,|,vli.il, ,;,r.. ; I ll ".,||,.s( in|, mI ill '■';"""""• ■^'•'' ^^<' •'• '•'.n;,r.l (|„. |.,M,,r ns lii„| nf (|,r ^ '•'''"'• '' '•1'''^' ■^'•.Viii. r.Hv ornuiilinii |-;iirn|H. ^ This """''"I'l"-"'^ ' <'Ml;il.li,s||r,| l.v rviJriMv of „ ,s||||i ••"•iilly .•oiM|.ivli,.|isiv.' .•Ii.inir(..|- for SOI,,.. (niM(w<.illiv ''''''"•■''""'^' 'I'-" '•'! •-' ivniolr |H.,iioh.oi,;,| ,.|i..,iac(rristics. |;„| (|„,„u|, il ,s,M.n,s a ''-"""•"'' il'lrivii.r |h;,| ||„. I,mcliy.v|.halir r,,.v o,r,| I'"'*' "" '"l''''"r, if liul ;, sriNll,. |,nsi(i,„l il. ivlalinli |o >'"' l"ll- h.'.alr.l l.ilihl,'|s,,ri|,r |„r..,,|i(|,i,. |,„„|,,. ^^ |„,„ \v«' |.as>,.ii to a lahT. hiit still pivhislmir ,.,;,. j,, ,v|,i,.|, 'l'-'l'i'>er|)e(u;iie(| •'•'•■'•'"••I "I" llie eh.'inihered Ion*'' | then' The S|i;inish eolonislM of I he New \V(.rhl, il l»y MUeh evi(h'nee ;ininnn- | he n;il ^'||<'M(,;ln (hMine I he lii.si IVe rjiecs nl" Mexico find n,.| K'r.'ilion id'ler I lie diHcovery •1 AllK'rieil, W(.uld Mppeiir I.. ..criipy ji,s|, Hlleh ;i de|,end- •"I <•!• Mervih. |M,,silin|,. No .•|,|,,i„My, howevr, \h Irace- I ween III,. |5r,ieliyee|,||idi of I he j'.rilish IhIch iili.l ;ii)ie Ik my Hllch eivili/ed r;i,<-e. They .il.pe.ir In ||ii,V(! I JIM A I Kir I M'en III •lllnlJH ;i eolMJllloll ii^ I he rild.'Ml, iMMllildes (.f iJl ""'"■"•■••" loreHl.s ; leiH.rjinl fur ||,e iiK.wl |.;irl of Ihe very knowleduc of nieLds ; nr ;i| I.e.sl in Ihe e;irlie,s|, Mllinv .,(• Ill,.|,||||||ui,. ;,,|s, Lunkinn' |,, (he cliii lifl eliHl Ici "I" (he (VIlie |j,lin||;,n,.M, ..,nd I liei r rel.i I i( .liM I.. Ihe n-reill, Imiiily of ,\ry;in l;iiieii;i..e,s, whieh |.r(.ve I heir l.r;iiie|iin,ir ""' ''■'"" '•"• IihI" l*;iiru|.e;i|i sl.M'k sill.se(|i|e||| |,, (he ''•'^'''"1 •"' "I" llllliier.llM ;ilid lii.iny leims <.!' ;irl euni- '"<"' '•''•'II: III'' (iisl nl' Ihe AryiinColonisIs d' JMiroi.e Meelil l<> he very inilde(|||;i|e|y re|.rese||ted l.y ihe Unieliy- ••''l'l'"li "I" !l'<' I5tili,s|i Slniie Period ; ;iiid'Criinio|onie',i| <'Vide||eelendHloe(.nlirill thedoiihl. 'I'IiIh l.il |er (|lle,^ ion IM. however, slilj ,'illeiided u il h niiiliy dillieidl ie,s whieli IIIUmI reillilin lor rillllle sohllioll. To Ihe killer ly|.e of '■''"'iiim hi.-iny of ihe skulks ,,r Ihe An.i-h.-K'oniiui i.eri.Ml thy hisiorie noe of Celii,. Ilritjiin, iindoiihiedly ,ip- l"'"-^ '••'-•''''• I'lll "II Ihe olher h.illd, Ihe |.redo||iinjinl MklllMoiniH of (he modern Welsh, ihe Iliuhhiii.h.iM of lli«' luoHl innvly Cellie dislriels of Seoikmd, mid ihe •^'''•Illill^l,\ lllllldllller.'ile.l Cellie popillillion of ihr south- % ',' V if'' • ; I: III r!i If ii<\ 278 r//A' t'HIMKVAL OH ^fOSE /'A HI 01). [UHAI-. Avest of hvlaud, all (lifFer I DIVK l)u ■liycop ''"1^* typ.'. !)]■. AikLm's Kotziu i'oin tlu; iuicient Jiritisli ihic \ I'lii^' J>n cxcurHion in Great JJrit; o satisf s vcinark.s :— till, in l.sr);"), I vva!^ for m Ls Hfotland, ])1'(hI( y myself anew that the (lolicliocoplial proper, in Wales, in nnniant in Enirhind . ,, "' '" '''"'""^l- ^'^''•H^ of the ])oli,-l,ocrpl,ali <>t these co„ntr..>,s have tlMM'.- hair l)la(,k, and are very ^mdnvtoCVIts-'^ The insula.- An^lo-Sa^on vaee in 2 A Jj]..n annoeive, mainly hy reason of a i."^<- intermixture of Celtie blood, traceable to the in -. .1 e mt..„narria^e of invading colo.ists, .-hiefly male, ' " .l^'''-'» women. Hut if the (Vltie head he njit^ndly a s ort <,ne, the tendc.uy of such adn.ixture o aces should have heeu to shorten the |^d>rid Ano^^^ ^-- skul whereas it is essentially longer than 1 he ldehM,tehiston:i,,roduein,au.oni then. •^^n.eo (.,|l,e..Saxo,..a,.d|)anishl.lood. It is ,unv t'mo,e,hant'-■ -.n,pa|.ativ.|y .eeei.t hmusion i.C ,|„. '•) n.eh,-st lloman n.vade.-s : nor had Mn.ain ll,, so ••"• "•••'>' isolated prior lo their invasion as lo jusl.lv Ih. . I /•-■// ''' '""'•■'""■'^'''"'-'/"•^•' \of.,r. /I,., i ;„,„.,, ^ ,, 81)0. l("ll.M', , IX. I CHAM A OF Till': TrMUL -'7!) uloa of Its iiii(li.sturl)c,l (K;cuputioii by uboriginul Ueltit-, tribes tlirouoh all previous C(!ntiirio8. But for the cvi- (l<'ne(^ of history, tlio Norse popuJiition of the Orkneys would appear to be uutocJitl.oiies, and the Anglo-Saxons much more aboriniual than tii<" Celtic Caiitii; Regni, or l><'lg.'V. Iniperieet as the evidence relating t(i such rcniote events necessarily is, it suggests the same char .••cteristics aeeoni])anying the intrusion of the Celta) a« <>t then- Anglo-Saxon supplanteis. Gradually the supe- nor i-ace predominated, until at length tiiey made the isli.iid their own in race, h.nguage, creed, and arts; but not without both retaining traces of intermixture with ohier occui)ants wliom thiy displaced. 'I'iie revolution which has b.-en wrought abke in the "I'lnions of arclucologists and geologists iclative to the iintKjuity of man, sin<-e the fii'st e.lition of this work iipjH-iU-ed, i-enders the rece])tion of the idea that the <>ldest historical races of Britain may have been preceded •y prcl.istorir ones comparatively easy ; whatever mav - thought of the form in whi<-h it is here advam-e*!. Hut looking to tl.r present bearings of the evi.h'nce, this !it least IS ..ertain : that when the craniologist att.-mpts to classily the Pagan and Christian Celts subsequent t.. tlH' lioman period, lir is cunipelled to separate them Ji'om the brachycephalie race of the barrows. " 1 have Meen," says Dr. |»ricliard,' "about half a doz<-n skulls f""'"l '" 'li«J<"iviit parts of England, in situations which •y'i"l<"ivd It highly probable that thev belonged to anci.'nt '{ntoiis. All th(.s,. parbM.k of one striking charaet.'ristic, vi/., a remarkabl.. narrowness of tli(« forehead compared ^y^'' ^'" '''I"if. giving a very small space to the ante- '•"•'• I"'-'.-* «>i' the brain, and allowing room for a larov d''v.'lnpm,.nt ..{• Ill,' posterior IoIm^s. Tlirre are som,. "•"d.Ti, English and Welsh hrads t„ 1,,. seen of a similar ' lllxtlhjl Uf Mlllllcillil, Vlll. ii, jL (|0 i*i .i Ii 4r?' lii H li.S() nil-: riiiMKVM, on smxi: I'I'.KHHk ClIAl', '"•'•■III, hill III '"' •■'" "" <>(' IIk' (A|.i(iii (Vlli ,V <'«»iii|i;i(iM(« with |||,. n 'W< <<» M,.n.l" ll'<' h.'.id ..(• III,. A.I ll III." .1, ic urcMl ino- IWIl '■'••I'K' (<• lilt' Alliiiilic () "' 'l-llls;il|,i||,. Kiir,,|„,;,,, |,i,,, ^^.'"""""' '•'"'■-I' Ishi.ds. i.wl„d..s ,,t I ory (■.'.111, .-il ;!ll(l, even VIHK.IIS ;is css.'iili.dlv disi t'liHl, I wo siilidi- A "'"",U tM.'d.Tlllfllli.' llJllioiiM. II ""•! Ji'^ (lie (Jivcks .•Mid I VOIIlilMS. ■^''.•m.liii.'ivifin. jiiid Aiii.|,,.Sj "''<' '« il «t' ciiiniii. ilSSllllU'd ittiioiiijil ••'•liiiii : lull ill vi Hull '" ""•■"'"' '•'■""il iihvadv ivf,.m',l lo. I .'W •'^••IIIC IVIIIJIIIIS ^ivc IVilSOIl I «'."l\ IIIIK- Iniiii ys{ |„..„j I -^1 """'"'"l.ii t.r III,. Aloiiool If iviiiiirks " Hiis|Mr| ihcv |,;,d i„ 'Vliif raiiiilv : " Tli,' ( •"•'"II .••,U;i"i says, wlicii ,!,.( •'■"I ttr Tmaiiiaii iiiar '.iliiiv.s of I lies,. Ivt'.l lif\ aiv la! iiiiii,''- llif |»t't>|«l.' aivsli-oimiv <»(U'sit\ ton. Tl '"' 'I'lilflif. and lilll,. pnuK- I "? I'''^« 'lit' li.'atl nilii.-r ..JoMoaird. an.l || '""' "'■"•'•"^^ •"'•' I"" .sliolillv a.,.|„.,|." Til.' I 1.' •l•o^\ Is "■<■ \ "I III ■■'^^«-.., M'llAI-, llic r<;~ iiic tlic H is (he I .S|M'('i- clcliilrd •. I. \/.t OF rni: tcmcij JSI •^''■'11^1'', -•iikI ImimIiv ; (I ""' ""•^'' ■•mil iiioutli li '<' ''y*'^ •■•"<' iiiiir an; li<.h| Tl l(^ i'. I'nClianI as |||,. (i,,s( ] i« <»ii the ethni(;al lomiH of tiie skull 10- loinark.H It had I ''l'loll""iii'i « he had seen h y f I. Of 1), "'•'" |'i<'lv«'d u|. on an ancient Held '*"•' '"•"■ York uilh another skull of d Th(! iiittei if) ei'c^nt form. was sinall,.r, much . lon^rui,,,!, strai.dit and o'.v. and had evident ly heh.nyvd (,, a, ( 'elt." Tin's iii<|. llleil '' I"' '-Khls, fully salisljed | ),■. |»n,.|,,,,d •■•'iiinienliiin- on ihe (I '*''ii"|"'< ••'11 •'!" which I '"•'<'l'y<'<'|>hali, he reniarl. I h liut wl len ^fiiiiis, Turks, and Sclaves of I'' includes in his oi'(lio«-natl On dili'ereiU allooellier lie <»ccasions, I'om northern iiriii<;- my last a,i;ain divers indivi- nivind from s common in the IS indtn'cnous from a remote ant inns. M""y- I supp„s,. that it has d,.seeii(h'd from the I •"•["■'•''.•'|'slhc|!as,p,es." Thataniarkedlvhracliycc'plial ''*'"' "I l"i"l IS common in the lliuh|,,„d l(» all my own oliservatioii,- yeep is contrary l>iil examples do occur ; >^\ Is i'y iiiiiii ,1 nil rliiniii, )i. ||l .l(ilm«l)iii'N I'hiiaiviil Atliin. i\ 8. SmiilitMiiiioii /\'r/i,ir/, |8,"i(t, 11. 'JA.'J, •2S2 'r//A' PUIMKVAL (,li ST(K\K I'KRIOh. %■ ■ \\'.\ I Oil A I iii.l l.oth ill Orkney niul tlic Hebiides tl ev(> of to l)e Finnic ,. . , ^^' expericiK^ed my friend^ Captdu TJioiii;,,s Jias detected n ■OS, t-'v.rr.;m.«, reim.rks, in reference to the Celtic cranium- ^- 1 consider nothing more uncertain nnd v.i.u.> thm." this denomination ; for hardly tuo ...lUhoi. hnv<;]he saim- <'l'"^-" "I the matter. It would indeed he very desi- ; >J.S ^f, m England, where it might most con.^X H." done, one .-ould come to a proper understandino. i o what constitutes the (N.Itic form of cranium ;^.m -ft mvards impressions of poster of P.ris he taken of s;.H. a cranium as might serve as a type fin- this race.- ^:;;;l---l <'f tiie Swedish naturalist is mo.MW^^^^^ J''"i <"-sdy accomphshed ; and indeed he overlooks to 1-vv great an extent we un.st eonsiKnlls seleetcd Inm, a uumi.er of the same tribe or rciiAi'. rx.] Ch'ANIA OF THE TUMCIJ. ->83 iiuti'.ii, «(, ;,.s to pivsciit ns nearly as i)..«sii,L tlie whole m the Society's Collection." ^ But L', a type of [uires It 1 ire sagacity to detennine the groun.ls on which such )mi)arative ethnography is to be made a selection in < Wilde descrihes the hea.ls of th.^,l,Klern native I 'particulai-]y Iteyond the SI rish, , , - - -innon, towards the west wlm-e tlu. dark, or Fir))olg race may still be traced, n^ distinct from the more gloludar-headed, light eyed, foir- liaired^Ce tic people, vvho lie to the north-easi of that river. - A diHerenre in type marks the northern from the western Scottish Higlilander ; and the Welslnnan does n..t veij cdosely resemble either. How nmch of Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, or oth.r foreign l,lood may have eontnbuted to thes,' changes it is difficult to estimate l>nt the population of the south-west of Ireland is tlic" one that appears to h.-.v. lain most nearly beyond the ••each ..f such intrusiv<. ek-ments of ,.hange within the lHstx>ric peru.1. ^v,],;,,^^ ,,,,^^,,.^..^,.^ the^rania IVom mieient Ihghh.nd distri,-ts where the Gaeli,,- lan..ua<.e Iii.s .-onnmied to maintain its lu.Id : and from othcTs vyhere the cemeteries p.Tlain to the earUest sites of ^ " •^^'" ""^^ •'^''"'- <'^'ltie <..• Pietish Christian foundations I'erhaps as bur an approxinuition may be mad.- to thJ liorthern Celtic type of ,,,n,iun., as to'.nv of the others .•eferiv.1 to. Unless the opinion is niainfaine.l that tl„'. eranunn undergoes nuv.-l (-hanges of .levelopn.ent by ti'<' inm.r,„..s of tim<. and civilisation, without any a,l .u.xtun. ot blood : examples deriv,.! from the eaVliest imtivc ( hnstian cenieterirs must furnish as satisfactory .llustrat.ons of the (Vlti,- type as a^y old.^r barrou" or 'Mst Lven d allowance be mad,- for considerable ad- niixtun. with other ra.vs, Roman, Saxon, or Danish still •' .U-en.'ral apprnxmiati-^n lu tl„. „,.,iiy,. ty,M.-rorm. and its ' l'lll-cilill<,' lOI). ["IIAI'. •'<"ni('ii(,;i,n'(oI„. looked " M,ii;i,lo^-,ni.s ox;mi|.lcH luiioiio- (J,,. [|,.,[ j,„| JMul Africjin liylinM.s of (h,. ;n t.il»it', .-icconliiurly, ,.,„|„., <'\v World. Tli(. foil lan owino' 1111(1 «'H it Heru'H of cniniji ohL-iincd <'!• <"ii-(jiiiii,st;iii(M'H ,sii,oi,(.H|,ivo of Mieir W\ •"it'V.. (V'll,u-j,o,Md;i(ion ;,1 dl." cJowc of fJu" *! oi'iiiiiLf to tJic <>l' ill flic succeed JincH of Ireland and Scothmd m^ir c(>iit;ines, while flu; ('(>]f a,i>a,ii er;i, (Jael 'f' and I'iciisli iril) ic imssioii- \v'«Mv still preactliiiiM' to fhe '« III llieir iiafive f OllffUC \i\IA. '•■ n- V. 11. 1. A no T)-, I4' ... r.r. 1 ■. ^ ir< •2(»-J l.'(»(i !) ! -JO!) •'■•••'■'I 14-8 -io-O l">(» HI !» 14 (J 2(»-7 I.VO L'0-4 4(, 14 7 'liVW •t(i ir>4 '2 1 a 4 5 ... I4-.-) 20 1> ... .'>•.'» ... 20(> .'■'•5 I4\S 2I->I 1 ••• '>•! 14 7 •-'0-2 ... I4;{ 20!) .V-2 i.vr, 21 4 -J ... 14(1 2I-.-. « . Ti'"<'iiivd ilieiu under Jh,. f (»f the I oiia ' si a I dished f,,|' 1 1, I'' llistiliitioii of ollowiiio' cireiin ■ I Scottish dull iiiv<'stioa.tion of the hist oi'V ■*|>CC|;illy anfi- [ihiM'. IX. Ch'AA/A Oh' THE T I' Met J. 7 j L'0-;{ •2 1 •;-> • I 2\\) • L'l-r) 2h: Hc-ot- •ju.tu's, Mii.l ,,,rly lifcmtnr,. ..C Hie IIioh|.,,Hls <,C i.-ms of th(! / 'li(j On H(! lu'iiff uran were l>n.ught to hoht ; and the ruins of its eeelesinHtic.J (Hidiees vivxv. minutely studied. liesenr..h(>H wer(> also pt'oseeut.Ml ui other parts of the island, apart from its ancient (Inistian (vmeleries, with results detaih-d by- Mr. Cire-ory in the following le(tJnei,olo caJhid (JUulk na Druinmch, i.e., the hurial plix'c of the Druids, in which I have caused some deep <'UtH to I.e made. y\n incrediM,. (|uantitv of human hones has I.een found ; and as it is ju-rfectly certain that this place has never heen used as a Christian churchyard, or as a place of intermejit at all, sim-e tla^ cHtal.lishmentof (^nistianity here l.y St. Columl.a, theie can be no doubt of the antiipiity of the skulls now sent. They are by eveiy on,, here tirndy believcnl to be the skulls of the Drui.ls, who were j.robably interred he,v from distant parts as well as from the "neighbourhood on account of lla^ sanctity of the island, which foruKn-ly' 1>ore the name .»f Juius mt l)n,'n,mi'h, nv the Druid's Isle. Tlu' six skulls herewith sent wen^ selected with <'are by myself, from a, much larger mmdxT. One yon will observe is higher in the forehead than the res!. Hut this is an exception ; for T am satistied and others whose attention [ directed to the matter agree with me, that the gen<'ral character of the skulls'is a low fore- head, and a considerable breadth in the upper and pos- t.'rior part of the la-ad, which you will no doubt rea.lily I 286 Hi Tiih: rniMKYAL or sroN/'j period. \ ClIAI-, IKUwiv... Althoiioh, with the exception mentioned, th skulls hiive th sa me general ehai-actei- (as far as I judge), yet thc^re are sufficient dili viduals to make them of lose can erences in the indi '>ii«intiquaiy and a craniologist, it wouhl be Jiffieult to select another authority worthy of equal respect on the points referred to. As, however, the skulls have been aflirme, to be those of Christian monks of the eiohth or ninth centur>^^ notwithstanding the reasons above specrfied iov a, diffi-rent opinion : it is only necessaiy to n-'ca 1 the fact that the brc-thren of lona were Celtic monks, speaking and writing tiieir nativ,^ Erse tongue • o Nvhich may be added the opinion maintaine-l by some" that the TnatluyDo of Ireland were the emigrant Drui^l^ of Romanized Britain.^ Were the assumption, there- fore, well sustained, it could not greatly detract from the y^due of t^ie crania f\,r the present object ; though Mr. Gregory ol.viously intended by the epithet, " Skull -t a JJruid, toindieate that he believ<^d them to have .ehmged to tl.. native population prior to the intro- duction of Christianity in the sixth century, when St. ' Cranio Rri/tiiniiro, Dpcadc i. p. 21. II 'I liik. fX.l CliAXlA OF THE Tl'MlJU, 28; ( "olimiba landed at hmis nan Druul/tcanac/i, or the Isle <)± the Druids, as loiia is (!veii now oceasionnlly styled by the native Highhuider. The group of crania, Nos. 7 10, was reeov(^red from cists of rur circumstances nearly similar to those of Kirkheugh. The liev. Abner W. Brown, vicar of Pitch- ley, Northamptonshire, communicated t(j the Archceo logical Association, in 1816,- an interesting account of the discovery of some British kistvaens there; and since then he has favoured me with his notes, and with careful di'a wings and measurements of the skull referred to. The name of the locality is spelt in l)oorasd;.y l^ook Pihtcs-ka and Picts-lci: terms sutticicntly suggest- ive of the CV'Jtic Picts or F/ichti The venei'al)le cimrch of Pitchley Ixdonged, before the Conquc-.t, to the Abbey of Peterborough, and still i-etains original work of the beginning of the twelfth century. Hadng at length begun to exhibit alarming sym])t(mis of decrepitudet it was carefully repair(>d and rc^stored to the foundations ; in the course of which an ancient cemetery was broul. Jo'ir. vol. iii, p. 1|;{. xiv. |i. I!({). 288 ii TIN': muMEVAL on stom: irEiuoij. [(.■„„, liiid laid its foundati a I'ude eisl, at a depth of Ijttl on, micoiisfious of tlie existence of <' more than a foot behnv. a similar Under the base of anotlier Norman foinuhition, ., „ <-ist, of full length, and shaped to the head and shoul ders, had been hollowed out of the soft fi-ial )Je roe. and 1 unhewn slal)s. Aliout twenty eists covered over Avitl were disturbed ,n all ; the whole of them, with the above exception, formed of unhewn stones, and lyino- east an.l west. They were minutely examined by M^ Brown while still nndisturb(>d : and hi all of them the bodies lay at full length, on thc^ir right sides, with tlie taee to the south, and the arms disposed in a peculiar position : the right arm across the breast, with its hand tou.-lung the left shoulder, and the left arm straiolit across, so that the hand touched the right elbow The Christian edifice had obviously beeir unconsciously founded above the graves of an elder race, and as the work proceeded it became apparent that the ancient churchyard was entirely superimposed on a still older cemetery. Both Norman and Roman coins were found Deeper down lay fragments of .-oarse unglazed British as well as of Roman pottery ; an.l (dose for within one ot the cists, an ol,long amethyst, about an inch hmo-, nn.l perforated lengthways, ^^•as foun-aphical nomen- clature still preserves many traces of the (Vdti(^ languaoe of Its occupants. Mr. Brown infers, from the position of the cists, and other indications of Christian se,)ulture that they enclose the remains of the Christianized Britons before the Saxon invasion. " The skeleton," he remarks, winch we have endeavoured to preserve, is that of -i mus(ndar, well proportioned young man, prob.nblv fiv.'> teet lune inches high. The teeth are fine ; the wisdom- teeth scarcely d,>veloped. Tlu" facial lin(> in some of the •skulls .-.ppear.Ml to be very fine. This skull ..xhibits the :nM'. IX. I ('JiAA'lA OF THE TUMUU, L^8i) peculiar lenothy form, the prominent and iiioh cii bones, and tl e('k- charact(,n'izc the CVdti le reniarkahJe narrowness of forehead whici roniKh^r, hxiYM^v skulls, and th of the Teutonic ti to me, one of the skull e races, and distin«rui.sh them fr om ■lIX'S. From the d niore upright facial line, rawino's furnished . . , „ ^ appears to be marked by parieto- occipital flattening, chi.riy aftecting the parie4l bones. Uie nose is prominent ; the superciliaiy ridges are strongly develope.1 ; and the teeth are sound but greatly worn, feuch are the characteristics of a highly iirterest- mg grou], of eists, with their enclosed remain^ brought o light on one of the most ancient Christian sites. The knoudedge, of them had long passed away b.^fore the ■|ii^iont church of the Seventh century u-as founde.l. below the foundati.^i, though above the level of the kistvaens, there were common graves; in one of them was the skeleton „f a. beheaded person lying at full i«igth, the head placed upon the breast,' one of th.- nock-liones having apparently been divid<^d." Of the other crania, in Tabh> m., No. 12 is a skull ft'om a cave on the sea-,;oast, at the Mull of Kintyre, Argyleshire • ^0. 13 was dug out of the s;.nd on the sea-b^ach, n..n' l^arnahinden, ni the same county. In both cases tradi- tion assoc,at(^s the localities with contests with the invading Nm'semen ; and No. l:i is accordingly marked m fl.e Catrdogue of the Phrenological Sociefv as the skul of a Dane. No. u was dug up at Knockstanoer, Caithness, at a spot wher(, a number of the clan Mackay Nvere mterred, after a battle fought with the 8inclairs in 1437 ; and No. 15, from an ancient cemetery at Cohimb- KUl, County Longford, is among the Celtic crania, in the same collection. No. Ki, the cast already refWred to completes the Table. It i. eharacterized in the printed (atalogueof X\,.^ l^^dinburgh Phrenological Soei.ty as a ' Arr/iitol. Jour, vol, iii. p j ) •{ VOL. !. I ii I lit ' ! I ! III 'J'.KI /7/A' /7.7,I/AT,I/, «/,' ,S"/V>,VA' rr.iaah. lOiur " Loiij.> Ccllic Skull." (iinl (IcHcrilM'd in Ihc rinrnohnjii-iil ,fi>iini(il t\'A nnc »»r ii McricM (»!' mIviiIIm " Mclcc.lcd IVoiu a iinnilicr (tl" llic humic liihc or tiiilioii, ho ;im |o prcMciil, iis iH'inly im |ioHHil»l(>, ii I\|h' oI' I lie whole in llic SociclyH coilcclion. "' To lilt" ViuioMM cxfinipIcM of criini.'il ('oi'ms .'lircMilv , I | ), iVoni llic t»rioiniil in llic ScolliMli IMiisciini. ji wmm lonnd, in IMjii. nciir llic villncc of NcwhIc.'hI, in one ol" it Hciiivs of pils lilicil wilh M.ick Iclid cmlli. inlcr ininulcti willi Iioiicm ol' ;iiiiiii;ilM. Iirokcn ;iiii|tlioric. mor l;iri;i. Siiini;in \\;irc. mhiI oIIht M|tcciiiiciiH of Ivoiiiiin (ill. Klo 41 KoilMii HhiitV \"U iron spc.ir lic;itl \\,is also ivcovcivd iVoin I he hjiiiic pil. TIh' skull is ol uiodei.iic si/c. lull linclv propor lioncd. !iud wilh I he niarkinus of I he niiisclcs sironu and well delinctl. ^^ueh aiv illusi rations of llit- evidcuee iVoiu wliieli some e^Mielusions ol" general in)p.))l have l.ccu d(>duced m n\UJird to the Hneeessiv<> ra<'es that oeeiipi.'d Scotland. and the whole island ol' which ii I'ornis a pail, prior to the era o\' aulluMitic hisfoiie records. In so jar as the dat,i (>Men.l. they aiv valuahleas trustworthy examples ' /*AirN.>/'l M |« III 1. iiilcr iiiiiii jii'l. IC M.'lllH' |ir<>|»t>r- HIU' .■IMil I'll HOIIH' it'cd ill l'Otl,'|ll(l, |irittr 111 .'IS fill vn inpl I'S Ch'AMA OF TUK TI'Mf/J. I I'.'H'I'H. 2!n lirocincd IXJ •»r lln' •'I'.'iiiidI cliiiriM'l.'iiHli.'H of I'.rjiiHl iVoni Vdli.MIM |<„;,llili(.H, illld Hv\vv\vi\ will i;'"''''"' i^^fiM-ory. Tii.Mioi, H(iii („„ r.w (o juHiiiy fi;;. ' ''K'").!!.- flMsrilioii or^vii,.,.,,! inlrn.„,.,.M. (Ii,.y ViiniiHl, ,u, ii(!tivi' oHiircH (»r more ' ll(t view \u ,'IM y '"(.•IVMhll^r „n.| lli^rj.ly MIK^CHli VC luniH fur itl.l lypnlj "'H<'H, Wllicll liillsl ;,v:ii( (j„. ,|JH,.i <'.\(«'ii(|r(| rcsc.'iivli lor llicii- ,.,.iil In Sen! 1)1 lid iini;i(i(»ii nr ivjcclii HI. <'M|«"''i;.llv. dm niiiiM ..f i,i,niv ,, \'o\umn\ '■''•'""''•'•■'''I ' ''il'l diMclusc only M„. drH|M.i|rd' Jilld «'llf.(l('((ll <'lli|»(y ">: -••lid MiMllMlicil il.v„||„t„, ,i|,(i,,,„„i,,|, ,v,,u|| •'""' <"l'll(y liislniicM, |;iii(;,li/.. ||s will • 'ovclrd I lV('(H(|n of til,. Vl.l.'licr ivcuv.'ivd ,.|llv lu l.,< dcMlr,»y,.,| ,M„,.|, ""•'•'''•"••'•viiminsluhrdon.. Lrjuiv ll,,. Hiil.j.rl disnissiMl •'• IIiihHi..,,»1,.|.,,„i Im. ivonrdrd ,,m n,,,- fur ...i.y nhsulnl,. 'lidnclivc iViiMuiimu-. |{„| „„,,„wliilr i„,l ij,,'. |,,,,si i„. '•'•Vsllll!.' iUIIOIIi.' 111,. indi-MliuHM Wlli.ll ,„VMr||| IVMIllls oainl. jirc '"'•"'•''"'''' '•> ll ihllolo^^riMl ;,,m| iJ,,. ,,,•,. |,,,.,,| ill<' rVHiciKM HlHIlldr (VIl.M.. Tlir .liscnv 'X <>| (iii(> or iiioir |ii'iiiiiiiv "' I'.'KTM |t|'i(ir In ill,. cncM o| iv.riii \cirH, ill 111 '''■'•'' "'■ '^''•""■'' •'""' Kiii^i.'md, ill il„. kjo|<|<;.n„i,'ii|,| J l> Wroilnrlll ;, \\,,||,|,.|C,,| ,,j ";'"> '^i • l'''^! vniiiiivd Inin.iiiil.iiii ihJM id (t lllnrc I UK ol I "•",u<' III Ihc iiiiiidM or ""' ''■"■' ' <'"lrri;iiii iiod.Mihl : illld if ciaiiiMl I IIH <';i. "•IIIIS MIC 'vid n'nM|;„||,n,sl||.y.lvlM.|i..v..d In !.... .,,,.1 ,,,,„i„|„.,i,,,,, «'• I>< ol ill-' slinlilrsl v.ililr, wc I '■'ivr IdoolH jilso of 'li''ii- I'liysical iiM orsknll-ronii. ii is ol K'li' HUr- •VIOIIM, jH(>- Hciil II.. nr,„i„..|| iiMMsiiioii. or |„ir(i;il iii.Mlili,,iii,»„s n| prcd '""i""'>l (y|.r : ImH Mil ••Miviii.. doli..|MMM.|,||,dic I ;i '''^•''"' '''''"'I l'V;ilii;ilkc.| I.nirliy.v|.||,di.-..||,. ; Mild wl (ln' An^do Sjinoii iiiirii,|,.M on ih,. o|,|,.r liiMiorir.d dnlic|io('('|>liMli«' I nrni K'll IflCC, il '""> l<'il|.|),'j||S. lull with III.Mlilllll pro. I"""<"<>iis jiiid ;i syi iricid ovoid coiit lIllIM !ll.ril|.l r||;m,r,.s, ,s||,.|, .,si|, ||,r l;i(!, niir, Tl ll'I'C JII'C '!• ca^c Ml.' Iti-ij oi'V r s H) > 292 r/ZA' PRIMEVAL OH ISTONK FElllOD. [Chap. of Anglo-Saxon colonization abundantly accounts for ; and wliicli iii the earlier ones no otlier theory will satis factorily embrace. In so far as the order of succession is established, it either points to the pi-obable recognition of the Kunil)e<3ephali anion/; the prehistoric.', races of northern Europe ; or indicates for Biitain a succession of races different from the primitive colonists of Scandi- navia, as determined by the investigations of Nilsson, Eschricht, and other northern archaeologists and natural- ists. But on points of such comprehensive bearing tlui investigator must be content to add his inductions, as well a,s his facts, to the genera] stock, and await the ultimate revelation of well-established truths. xVs foi- the slight contributions here offered to such accumulating ('vidence, when they weiv gathered the autlior regarded them as the mere gleanings of a futui-e harvest. ° Now that he reconsidei's their l)ea rings, and revises his narra- tive of facts and deductions, Ids work is done on the shores of Eake Ontario, and only in fancy can- he reach across tiie Atlantic to tlie favourite seines of earlier labour and research. But the study of tlie aborigines of the New World in tlieir native haunts has lielped to cnnfirm his earlier reah'/ations of such a condition of society in Scotland's j)rehist.uic ages, and to illusti-ate with singuliii- minuteness the uniformity of tlie arts and social life (.r m;in in his non-nictailurgic era of instinc- tive desion. Jn tJie kundu'cej.haUc and the latter survived the sho<-k, and wen; admitted to share in the superior arts of their concpierors : traces of the hybritl race may still be n.-coverable. To this admixture indeed may be traceable some portion at least of the aberrant cranial forms which render the craniology of the later tumuli, prior hy the Saxon era, so complex. Proof also may be still accessible, by the accumularion of an adequate." numbci- of crania, tending to illustrate th(; change in i)liysical (tonfoi-matioii which must result from th(> a])aiidoumeiit of the nomadic and wild hunter state for a i)astoral lif(> ; ami tlie modifications ].roduced by coniliincl i)hysical and intellectu;d development ac- com]iaiiyiiig j.rogrcss in metalhirgy, agriculture, and the higher elemenls of social l)eing. For all this the valu- able researches of the authors of the Crania Brifaiuuca have already accomplished nnu h. One run her characteristier feature in ancient skulls is the teeth. With tli." Ihitish Allophylian and ("dt, as with all uncivilized nations, (he siniplicitv of tlicii- diet l>rot('cted them from decay. Sir R. (\ il„arc remarks of those of Wiltshire : " Th.' singular beauty of the teeth lias often attra.-ted our attention ; we have sehhun fouiul one unsound, or one missing, except in ihc cases of ap- W il ' I'/Vr /^v■/»;..^. ni, clmim. \xJii, \.\iv, Ill i •', 294 TI/i: I'lilMEVAL OK STONE PERIOD. [Chap. pcireut old age." But tliougii uuaifected by decay, they are niaiked by peculiarities not only distinguishing them from those of modern crania, but also marking in some degree the })rogress from rude nomade life to that of the settled agriculturist. Dr. Thurnam remarks of the Uley-barrow cranium (Table i., No. 13)~that of a man about sixty-five years of ago,— "All the teeth are remark- ably worn down, and the molars, especially those of the lower jaw, have almost entirely lost their crowns. The worn surfaces are not Hat and horizontal, but slope away obliquely from without inwards, there being some ten- dency to concavity in the surfaces of the lower, and to convexity in those of the upper teeth. The former are more worn on the outer, the latter on the inner edge. Altogether the condition is such as we must attribute to a rude people subsisting in great measure on the products of the chase and other animal food, ill provided with implements for its division, and bestowing little care on its preparation ; rather than to an agricultural tribe living chiefly on corn and fruits."^ But while this obhque erosion of the teeth appears to be the constant charac- teristic of i.ie earliest crania, they are rarely so much v'oin down. In the West Kennet cranium (Table i., No. 21) the enamel of the crowns is moderately reduced by attrition, but not sufficiently so to expose much of thi' dentine. TIjc age— about thirty-five,— will only partially account for this ; and the slight erosion is still more noticeable in anotJKM- skull, fro)n Cockenzie, No. (}. The under jaw exhibits tlie wisdom-teeth only partially «U'velo])ed, marking tlie youthfulness of the individual ; and there the jterfectly formed t(>etli arc little more worn than those which had never pierced tljc gums. Jt is otherwise with the crania of th<' later barrows. In many • •r (iien;, wiiilc the crowns of the teeth are worn down l»y ' t'riiHiii Hrifiiniiifo. IX.] CliAMA OF THE TUMULL 295 attrition to a great extent, the surfaces are perfectly flat and horizontal, like those of a ruminating animal. The latter condition particularly attracted my attention in several skulls obtained from a tumular cemetery at North Berwick. It is also observable in an under-jaw found with other remains of a human skull, an iron hatchet, and several large l)oar's tusks, in a deep excavation on the south bank of the Castlehill of Edin])urgh. The same has been recognised as the common characteristic of crania re(;overed from Anglo-Saxon graves ; and ob- viously points to the change of food resulting from agri- culture, and the modes of preparing the grain. This peculiarity in the teeth of the more recent skulls is a ftirailiar characteristic of those of the British sailor, pro- duced by the mastication of the hard sea-biscuit. Thus we trace the savage Allophylian, dependent chiefly on animal food, or miugling with it the nuts and wild-fruits of the British forests. To this piimitive food succeed hard graiijs and other triturating food, imperfectly pre- pared ; and at a later period bariey bread, parched pe.-is, oaten cakes, or the like simple fare, constitute the pre- vailing repast ; with results similar to those eff'ected by the sea-bis(;uit on tiie molars of tlu; English seaman. The inferences to be drjiwn from such c()ni])aris()ns are of consid(M-able value in the indications th(y aflbrd of the (h)mestic habits and social life of races, the hist survivor of which has mouldered underneatii his green tumulus, perchance for centuries before the era of our eariiest authentic chi'oni('les. As materials for comparison such characteristic appearpnces of the teeth fui-nish means of discriminating between an eariy and a still eariier, if not juiineval [x'riod ; and tiiough not conclusive, may be found of value when lakcii in couiiexion witii the other and more obvious jieculiarities of the crania of tiie eailiest barrows. We perceive, at least, that a derided m 't f 296 THE PRIMEVAL OR ,,TOX,j pj^tilOD. [C„.r, change took place in the common food of the country Irom the era when tlie native of the primeval period pursued the chase with the ilint lance and arrow, and the spear of deer s horn : to that recent one when Saxon . and Scandinavian marauders began to effect settlements and build houses on the scenes where they had ravacred the villages of the older British natives. The first class we may infer, attempted little cultivation of the soil • though within their narrow insular limits only a very thinly-scattered population could long subsist on the .spoils of the chase : and the combined labours of the megahthic builders were doubtless expended on other works besides their chambered barrows. Improving on the precarious chances of a mere nomadic or hunterlife we have been led to suppose, from other evidence, that the ancient islan.ler introduced the rudiments of a pas toral hte, while yet his dwelling was only the slight cii- cuhir earth-pit, incovered with overhanging bows and •„ ^'',}^}\'^f' «^ the chase he wouM then add the nnlk ,>f Ins flock of goats or sheep, j>robably with no other addition than such wiM, esculents, mast, or fruits as nnght be gathered witliout labour in the glades of the neighbouring forest. But the social state in the British Isles was a progressive one. AMiether by the LTcadual improvement .f an abongin.l race, or by the incursion ol foreign tribes auvady familial- with the fruits of ao-ri- cultural labour, the wild pastoral or huntc>r life of the nst settlers was exchanged for one more suited to call ^rth the social ^ irtues. The increase of the ,>upulation, whether by the ingress of .uch n.w trihes, or by thJ numerical pn.gressicm of th<; first settlei-s, would of'its.'lf l'»t an end to the ],ossibiIity of finding subsistence by means of the chase. Thus it might be from lh<. inven- hve industry which privations force into activity thai new wants were lirst disPov.,v,|. ,„.u- tastes were created IX.] CRANIA OF THE TUMULI. 297 aiicl .satisfied by the aunual harvests of golden grain. Ihe pUighshare and the pnming-hook divided attention with the svvord and the spear, which they could not sup- plant ; and the ingenious agriculturist devised his oaken querne, Ins stone rubber, or corn-crusher, and at length his simple yet effective hand-mill, which resisted, durincr many centuries of change and progress, all attempts to supersede it by more complicated machinery Dr Petti grew, m communicating the results of a series of oljserv- ations on the bones found in various English barrows, remarks,-'' The state of the teeth in all of them indi- cted that the people bid lived chiefly on grain and loots. The dry, hard oaten cak(. of the .Scottish peasant, wliicli may have been in use almost from the first attempt at cultivation of the lav .urite national gruin It used as the principal food, would jK-obably prove as effective as any of the presumed vegetable foods for producing su to satisfy us that the luxuries which have rendered the servK^es of the dentist so indisj.ensable to the modern Briton were altogether excluded from the regimen of his rude forefathei's. Sir Richard Colt Hoar<> .•ommem-rs the great work which lias s..cured f.r him so distinguish,;] a place among J.ritish archieolugists, with the motto—" AVe .peak fmm ficts, imt tlieory." While seeking to render he./ac^^ of fe..,otlish archioology fully available, it has been my earnest desiiv to follow \n the footsteps of a leader so proved. The inferences attempt.nl to be de- ducegi,.ally to follow from th.-m Still th.y are staled apar( from th,. premis.'s. an.i thosr who /I rr/nrnl, ,J, luir. vol. I. I'. L'TL'. ii:! ' I f! t 298 rjJE PRIMEVAL OR STONE PERIOD. [Chap. IX. have foUovvod thus far ungrudgingly in exploring the primeval sepulchres, wiU find no difficulty in pausing ere they commit themselves to the same guidance in seeking also some glimpses of the native hearth and pastoral enclosures, and of the evidences of that inven- tive skill which succeeded to such simple arts. We would fain reanimate the ashes in those long-buried urns, and interrogate the rude patriarch regarding a state of being which for centuries— perhaps for many ages,— pertained on these very spots where now our churches, palaces, and our homeliest dwellings are reared; but which seems almost as inconceivable to us as that other state of being, to which we know the old Briton, with all the seed of Adam, has passed. PART II. TEE ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. " In those old days, one summer noon, an arm Rose up from out the bosom of the lake, Clothed in white samite, mystic, wonderful Holding tlie sword Exoalil)ur."-JV/orte d' Arthur CHAPTER I. INTHODUCTION OF METALS. The evidence adduced in the previous section fur- nishes the basis of the argument from whence we arrive at the conchision, that Scotland and the whole British Isles were occupied by a human population many ages prior to the earliest authentic historical notices. Of the character and habits of the barbarian of the primeval period we have also been able to arrive at some know- ledge. His dwellings, the remains of which have lain unheeded around the haunts of so many generations, show his domestic accommodation to have been of the .simplest and most humble description. His imperfect tools and weapons furnish no less satisfactory evidence '»f his scanty knowledge, his privations, and his skill Searching amid the records of that debatable land to whi(!h the geologist and the antiquary lay equal claim, we learn that vast tracts of country were covered at that remote era with the primitive foi-est ; that oaks of giant height abounded wher,- now tli(^ barren heath and peat- bog cumber the land ; and that even, at a coinparativelv if II 300 m£ ARCHAIC Oli liHOSZE PERIOD. [CrAr. recent period, the fierce Caledonian bull, the wolf, and the wild boar asserted their right to the old forost-alades, iiie primitive Caledonian was, in fact, an untutored sav- age. The population Wus thinlv scatter-ed along the skirts of the continuous range of forest, occupying the coasts • and river valleys, and retreating only to the heights or the dark recesses of the forest when the fortunes of war compelled it to give way before some more numerous or warlike neighbouring tribe. The vast forests which then occupied so large a portion of the soil, while they confined the primitive inhabitants to the open country along the coasts and estuaries, supplier! them with more valual)le fruits than the unoccupied grounds could have afiorded to their scanty numbers and untutored skill Besides the wolf, the wild b.>ar, and others of the fiercer natives of the forest, we are fomiliar with the remains ot the whale and th^, seal,— the bones of both of which occur among the debris of ancient hearths ;-and with the fossil ox, the Bos prlmigeuius, t\i,. Bos lomjifrons, the elk, the r.-in-deer, the roel)uck, the red an.! failow deer, and the goat, as well as smaller beasts and birds of chase : with all of which we have abundant evidence that the primitive Caledonian waged successful war By urrow, sling, and lance, and also,'iio doubt, with help of gins and traps, tbe hugest and fiercest of tl.eni fell a prey to the wild hunter. The horns especially of the dec^ supiil,.,! hiiu with weapons, implements, ornaments and sepulc'iral memorials. His wants were f,>w his tastes simple and barbarous, jfis religion probably as unspintual as the most base of saN'age cree.ls. In the long wanderings of his nomade fathers across the con- tinents of Asia and Europe, they ha,l greatly .leteriorated fronrthe prnnal dignity of the race ; they had forgotten Ml the heaven taught knowledge of Mm, and had utterly lost the antediluvian metallurgic arts It mav I-l lyTRODUCTlON OF MKTALS. 301 perhaps be asxed if the annals of so mean a race are worthy of the labour require. I in dragging them to lio-ht trom then- long-forgotten repositoiies ? The answer°is tiiey are our ancestry, even though we may question our hneal descent ; our precursors, if not our progenitors From them we derive our inheritnnce and birthrio-ht • nor, amid all the later mingling of races, ,.,n we assume that no drop of their blood mingles in our veins. To the remote antiquity to which the oldest of this aborigmal race must be assigned, science hesitates in the attempt to apply a chronology measured even by thou- sands of years. But there can be no question that tlie race continued to occupy its island home, with slow and very slight progression, for many centuries. 'J^he dis- closures of the latest alluvial deposits have furnished evidence of the appearance which the face of the country presented within the historic era, and leave no room to doubt that vast forests covered so Inrge a portion of the soil e\^en in comparatively recent ages as to afford no great area for the occupation of its aboriginal colonists. Taking into account with this the; abundance of the rude weapons and implements from whence we give that era the name of the Stone Period, and the general uniformity of the ciivumstanees under which Miey are discovered, we are furnished with satisfactory evidence of a thinly- peopled country, occupied by the same tribes with nearly unchanging habits for many iig(>s. The elements, however, of a great revolution were at length introduced, and, as usual in the history of pro- gressive civilisation, they appear to have come from without. The change by which we detect the close of the long era of barl)arisni, and the intimluction of a new and more advanced peiiod, is the discovery of the ai-t of smelting ores, and the consequent substitution of metallic weapons and inq-)lements for those of stone. The foinier I; '/ : 1^1 I' i,! I 302 77//; AliCffAW OR RRONZK PERIOD. [Ciu... presents us with the helplessness of childhood without Its promise ; the latter is the healthful infancy of u vigorous manhood. The insular position of Britain has already furnished a well-defined base on which to rear the argument of primitive colonization. The valuable mineral wealth of some portions of its soil happily supply no less satisfac- tory data for those of its early civilisation. No doubt can now be entertained that Herodotus, in his allusions to the Cassiterides, or Islands " from whence tin is brouo-ht to us," refers to the celebrated districts of Coruwdl, which still abound with the same mineral wealth that conferred on them such ancient and wide-spread fame At this period, which thus furnislies a definite date as the era of the father of history, b.c. 450— while the Republic of Eome was only assuming form, and Athens was just rising into importance, -the Cornish peninsula and the neighbouring Scilly Islands, vaguely known in their undefined obscurity on the mysterious outskirts of that ancient world, were referred to by Herodotus as the source of the rare and invaluable metal, tin. But if such was then the case, it becomes little less certain that the mineral wealth of Britain had been known to the colonists of Gades soon after the founding of that com- mercial emporium eleven hundred years before ihii Christian era. Either directly from Sidon, or from her great western colony beyond the Pillars of Hercules the Phoenicians traded with the British Islands, and estab- lished themselves on convenient localities in their rich mineral districts, while the herdsman still tended hi-- flocks on the Palatine Hill. When Tyre yielded to the supremacy of Babylon, and Carthage succeeded to her maritime power, the seaports of Tartessus still com- manded the commerce of the Atlantic ; and thus Britain continued to partake of the influences of Asiatic ami I-] nxritoDucrioN of mktals. 303 African civilisation, and to be retained by sinoularlv direct means in contact with the ancient centres of population, arts, and religion. By such means the rites of eastern Paganism may have been transplanted directly to the megalithic temples of the Cassiteridcs, and the mysteries of Draidical worship remodelled, a thousand years before they became known to the Romans by whom they were eradicated. Under the system of com- mercial colonization carried out by the Phoenicians, they may have planted trading-ports— the centres of a mixed population,-in the British Isles. To the same Phoeni- cian or Pumc influences may also be traceable an intru- sion of Iberian elements there : such as Tacitus seems to have deemed to be still recognisable in his day, in the hair and skin of the dark Silures, when contrasted with the light or flaxen locks and xanthous complexion gener ally ascribed by classical writers to the Gauls and southern Britons, or the red hair which Tacitus himself assigns to the Caledonians of the north. References in Strabo, Solinus, and other writers, have also been quoted in confirmation of an Iberian origin for some portion of the ancient Britons; but the most definite of them speak vaguely of what could only be an uncertain infer- ence, or a tradition derived from elder times, as in the case of Dionysius Periegetes, who expressly aftirms that the tin-producing Hesperidos were inhabited by Iberians It proves indeed how vague and insufficient are any literary evidences we possess, when the ethnologist is compelled to resort to the hexameters of Dionysfus for indications of the ethnic origin of the oldest historical population of Britain. His Description of the Habitable World was reproduced in two Latin translations, by Priscianus and Rufus Festus Avienus, with more or less definiteness. According to the version of the latter, in the Ora Maritima, when Britain was visited by the ejirly ¥> I ll '^. ijl !i I. •*»<)« 77/A' .»/.V7/.l/r o/,' /lUo.XX/': I'FJfloi). |('„\iv <'.ii'lli;i,yiiii;m vinao.MH. ihr AUnoms »mimi|>I(-.| the |;irf.vr i> Mm.'illcr our w.im |i()ms(>hsc<| l.y (he ,y,v^w lllhvnionni,. In s.. nir. Ii.,wcvtT, ;ih l>;ir.lir inHlilioi'iH or liilll (|CS,M"I11. liiil in Hril.iin il, s,rii)s ol.vioiis ilcii ihe /)'lis(. (IS I,, I K'.^c isjiuids (rom ;iii('i('iil uriln <'V('ii I'liiiy ■s cxisliiicr ill ill W'iis hroijolii, •'-■nil so lit 1 1,. ,,f " "!""•<>" iiliiii|,.d I ■S <'V('ll llloliol, ^v,. ;id,,|,|, I"' Mic ciiicr Hoiircc ,»r Am "•"••ly IS round in Ih,. Kurdisl "•■ '"''iiiy <'<'nlnrKis |, '""' "'" <•'<' "Inst nHcfiil )|„.|,,Ih <'<'|>|»<'r ore iilioiindM tli(.| ' iiKHinliiinH, jind ^nuv nl IVIomil SniJii, lnil no lin is |, •'. ••'« well jis III I hose oflli,. d,.H,.|l, |>!irl of Assyii.i. Il is iii(|,...,i •' «'iny n.d(i,.|iv,., ..|n,r,„,,v |,,,,v,. | 11 K' inincs H'cn one Moum. Iron. uli,-,..... Ty.v dniv.d " Hi.. nii,liii,„|.. ., '■"''"'"' '"" ^^•'' l'"v<' IH. .'vi.lni,.,. in s,i|.,.oii orHu..|i "•.i-vr <|H;iiili|y ,,{• '"".l''<'l>i>VH. (\,n,w,,|i still yi,.|,|s a I til (' o|',. ""I ;iiiyotli,.r localiiy ofth,. ()|,| ,„. \ wliciv if lijiM v<'( licon d •w W Olid Nimiln'i'N wxi, !»2. iHr,,vfivd ; )ind many lli,.iis!ind,^ Vol,. I. '•' I'ki'liif! xxvji, I' ?( •!|ii :!.( Ji It ^ ' 306 THE ARCH AW OR lUiOSZE PERIOD. [Chap. of toils have been expcjiied by mochsru traders to India and China, and to America. Taking all those circum stances into consideration, it seems in no degree improb able, that long l)efore Solomon sent to Tyre for " a worker filled with wisdom, and understanding, and cun- ning, to work all works in brass;" or (,'mployed the fleets of Hiram, king of Tyre, to bring him precious metals and costly stores for the Temple at Jerusalem: the Phoe- nician ships had passed beyond the Pillars of Hercules, and were familiar with the inexhaustible stores of these remote islands of the sea, which first dawn on history as the source of this most ancient alloy. Diodorus and Strabo describe the natives of the Cassiterides at a long subsecpient period as a hospitable race, of peaceful and industrious habits ; and refer especially to their mines of tin and lead, the former of Avhicli they melted into the shape of astragali, and exchanged with foreign traders, along with furs and skins, foi- eartheiiwai-e^ salt, and copper vessels and implements. It is scarcely jjossible to conci'ive of such an intercourse carried on for centuries with nalions far advanced in the arts, and familiar with the civilisation and learning of the oldest races of Asia and Africa, without the natives acquiring thereby some knowledge of the fruits of civi- lisation. From them, indeed, it has be(>n supposed that the liritish miiu'r first learned to smelt the ores, and even acquired the eni'liest rudiments of metalluigic know- ledge. But such an idea iin[)lieH the lauding of chance voyagers from Sidon or Tart<'ssus on a remote unknown shore, their discovery of its mineral wealth in the crude state of oxide or sulphuret of tin and cop|»cr, and their schooling the natives into the industrial arts of ininiug and metallurgy. It sccnis greatly more consistent with probability, that the mineral wealth first b.canie known to the natives ; and that partial tratlic; with the nei«di- 1 • . . ... o bfiu uinig continent revealed its nttrartions to the trad el'S [Chap. to India i circum inipi'ob for " a Ltnd cun- :;lie fleets 8 metals he Phoe- Icrcules, of these I history 3ru8 aiK I t a long 'fill and nines of into the traders, dt, and LTcourse d in the nunor of natives of civi- annot quote his naiTativ(! as any evidence of th(^ actual character of Britain's earli.vst metallui-gic arts, - practised, as we believe, in times not less remote from his day than that is from our own ;--yet the account he gives may very well ai>ply to the earlier working of the tin. " The natives," he says, " procure the tin by skil- fully sifting the soil from which it is obtained. This is rocky, but has earthy veins, and from these they get tlie ore which they purify by melting, and cast it into cubi- cal blocks." In this form the m.'tal was purchased by traders, and exported to Gaul, from whence it reached the mouth of the Rjioiu., or passed beyonarly or later times, (hey were ignorant of thj [I ? U I i ! I ••{08 THE MtCIIAW OR HltONZE VKIUOD. [C„.v,, value of the liative copper ores, or Iiad not iliscovcrcd tor themselves the process of alloying the metals. One example of a pig of tin, preserved in the Truro Museum, is remarkable for its peculinr shape, which, un Ike the cubical blocks described by Diodorus, may be likened to a double canoe. It also bears a stamp which seems to repeat the same form ; but, unlike the Roman pigs of lead. It bears no inscription wliere])y to determine Its origin and true period. Ditfering as it does alike rom the blocks of the Roman period, and those of any later known date, it has been assumed to be of Pha3iii- how little can be safVly fouiuh^l on such negative evi- dence, when it is considered that this abundant metal IS readily convertible into personal or.ij.nients little in- terior ,n beauty to those so abundant in (■oi,pcr and bronze. Roi-lase engraves a patera of tin found at J]os- sens, ,n (Vmiwall, in I7r,(;, rudely inscribed in mixed characters,— \ivivs. MogKSTvs . ^^^x^ . f-ako- mauti.^ Ah.n.r with tl.is were two other vessels of the same metal, ,\t Hcrib,.,! as a patera and vase or pnufericulum ' In s.'ar.-limg for ore in a stream woik, called Hallivi.-h in ti.e same <.ounty, in 171)3, a, tin vidence that tl.is metal was turned to practi- cal account both for use and ornament. iVobably indee.l we shouM inf(M- from the great rarity of reli,.s of the unall,,)ed metals, that they were clm-Hy used before the ' llorlam.-M (WnmtlU v..l. i. ,,. ;n7. n,,t.. xxvrii. '' A ir/„r,>/„,,i,i, vol. xvi. p. |;J7. |'|ut...s ix. x. 1 L-IU'O In I-] I NT RO DUCT 10 S OF MET t LS. iKitive metallurgist l.ad leurned to convert them the w hile more useful copper and bronze were l)oth 30t> into [illoy by which they were supersedt^d imported in ex not 1 )e change for the pure tin. Barter, however, could not „e con mued for centuries, exchanging a metal so readily usible as tm, for wrought materials of copper, whethc.- pure or alloyed, m a locality where the copper ores abound, without the native miner and trader learning to turn their own miueral wealth to account Nor must it be overlooked that the copper ore is by no means confined to the Balerian promontory. The most ancient traces of copper-mining hitherto discovered luve been found, not in Cornwall or Devon, but at Ormes Head, on the north coast of Caernarvon. So recently as 1849, an anci.mt working of great extent was brok.m into at the JJandudno copper-mines. In this were found stone niauls or hammers r,f ^•nri„us si.,.s, weighing from two to forty pounds, which l.ad lu-en used for break in..- the rocky n.atrix and crushing the ore. I,i their rude simphcity these ancient hammers have a strikino- resem- blance to those diseove.-ed in th(> copper-mines tf J. ake teuperior, pertauimg to unknown centuries Uxrt prior to the era of Cohnnbus. Jiut in addition to such, there were also found, in the same ancient working, two ini- iK-rlect bronz,. tools, .-learly pointing (o the early date '^^^^^^ ni'tiv., origin of the mine; and affording altoovther •me oHhe most inter.-sting .Jiscoveries yet made ilkstra- tive of the industrial chara.-tcristics of the British bronze JH'i'iod. I races of ancient mining operations aboun.l in "••mva 1 and Devon, an.l have also I,.,!) f.um.l in Scot- ""ro- racHfs of Hellenic inllneiice, as shown in the discujvery of early coins, point to an intercourse with (3 reek traders, whether through the rhoc;e;in eolony of Massiliii, or by direct maritime traffic, lonjr before tl ic era o f I voman coiKjuest. Siinil;ii' indications also suggest the possible presence of tradi^r Irom Alexandri;i, in tl le era. of th(> I'tol enues. In th( year Is:?:? a bifrontal bu.^t of the Egyptian Isis was dug up in South Street, l':.\e(er.' Accoiding to Mr. W. T. V. Shortt's nvuling of tli(> hieroglyphics i^pon it, it is in scribed with the j.relix Isis, Luih/, Misfn-ss o/t/u- WorhJ. Heneath this has been a cartouche, the greati'r portion of Avhich is unfortunately cut awav. Mr. Shortt conceives it to have been the cailouch(> of Cleopatra Trvph;ena, of the race of (he thirteenth I'tolemy, kv. r. 1 ; but aa there K^ only th(> fragment of one of the i)honetics, this readin<^ IS iu>ce,>s,sarily coii|eefiii'al ; and thedat too near that of the first I c i.s at any rate, koinan invasion t(» influence (»}Mnions in relerence to the interioii earlier centuries between tlu^ Cassilerid rse carried on in cs and the j\ledi- tenvanean. I'lgyptian relies of the era of the later Ptolemies are not unknown as the accompaniments of Roman sepulture both in Ihitain and on the (V.ntiiient ; Ihoug!) such cannot all be a.ssigned to such recent in- lluene(>. In IS;!.") sonic Carl I at .Abbeville, in Picaid lagiiiian medals wc-re found other figure of isis was d It' ; and at Noyelles sur M er, an- iscovered in bron/e, along with statuette of the Ilawkdieaded drilv. or ehh'r Ib.i UH. Collirliiiiiii I'liiiiMii .{nlii/iiii /», iiiiniiiiii'i. .)/.' IIW ,/, /„ Snrirl/' iT Kill uhl liiiil ,/' \V. r. P. sjioift. j.; ■'•'■//<, I 841 -tS, n Roman inlhience beoan to supeise.h' ;,n older style of .■nt. Tlie coins of Cunobelin iiave mcK'ed been })rt;snmed to be the work of a Konian artist ; but both in tiiem, and in those ascribed to Tasciovannus, (h<" supposed father of Cui.obehn, wc; see comininolin^r tlu^ older and newer foreion sources of civihsation ; and the cviih-nce athhiced to disprove the existence of an cai'lier native coinage has been, at best, purely negative. The dislied form, as well as some of the most favourite devices whicii characterize the British tyjH's, prove that tlu; iloman style and lettei-s only super- seded older (Jreek and native" models. The Kev. Beale Post has traced (he Gaulish coinage to some of its primi- tnv Creek (yju's, deiived as he eonceives from the riioeaNins who colonized JMarseillea, about li.c. GOO.^ ITpwards of two centuri<-s and a, half thei-eafter the (Jiiuls adopted as their model the gold coinage struck l»y IMiilip II. of i\|a<-e(lon, and from that (Inrk type, with its reverse of J)iana driving her biga, we may trace the original of all the singular and rude representations of the horse on (he primitive (Gaulish and British gold coinage, which have been supposed to involve so many ' W. T. !'. Shcitt, i:s,|, „f llciivitm', nciir Kxotcr. AiiiUiim Ihnniiouia, I'rct. p. iv. I ■/(/(■ alHo .S'//,'m Aiilli/iiii /.■■•'".■.-:. jTiis, h, Kill-,. ,„„.l,t f,„. ,„. ,„.,,i„ *„ .,,. ' '" "" ■'"" ■'•'1 full of „n...M.ti. 1 V ;,.„•'"''"' '"" ♦'"""' '^"" ^'-^'''^''l "f "'orhill. /W,, I K ,v „ , ;:,i '•'•• " «"""' "^'•'*'"*>' ^vitl, .,1,1..,.. „„„.„„,,„,, 11 / [Chap. I-] INTRODUCTION OF MET ALU. ;U3 Briton liud other sources from whence t(j acquire the knowledge of a, coined circulating medium. In the same locality where the l)ust (^f the Egyptian fsis wa,s «lug up at Exeter, numerous Greek coins have been found of late years, belonging t.j the autonomous Greek cities 111 Syria and Asia Minor ; and to Alexandria in Egypt, including coins of the earlier Ptolemies/ In making a large drain in the Fore Street of Exeter in 1810, at a deptli of twenty feet l)elow the present pavement, an immense (luantity of ancient money was iound, including many early coins of th.3 autonomous Greek cities, and along with them two liritish coins, one bearing the wheel and the other tlie horse.- Coins of Agrigentum, in Sicily, of Hiero i. of Syracuse, B.C. 460 ol Ptolemy i. b.o. 323, and many others, have; been found at various times in Exeter and its neighbourhood. But though such tokens of intercourse with the Phoe- nician and Greek maritime colonies long i)rior to the era of the Romnn occupation of Jhitain ab(mnd, as might be anti(;ipated, only in the lo(!alities wlierc; mineral wealth tempted the sojourn of the ancient trader: y^X traces of the same communication with the elder eni])ires of the woi-ld occur within our more noit]i(?rn limits. Occa sionally Greek coins have bet!n discovered in Scotland • as, for example, a gold didrachm of Philip of Macedon,' three Greek silver coins, including one of his son, and a brass of the Brutii in Magna Griecia, found ,.ii the estate of (Uirnlmlg, in Al.eiih'enshire, in 1824 ; and a, very line gold coin of Alexander the Great, at Eeelefechan, Dumfriesshire;' in the ;ear 1845 a still more remark- able hoard was dis('overed on the farm of Praco, in the ' ,S'////v( Aiitii/Hii /.innii, |i. 7!), l>|jvti. vi. -' //'/'/. ].. !t(). wliciv .1 iiiinuto iipcotint «( thr rdin.s i,s L'iv..|. AIh.. pi. 7(! HS, 01, !»;{, etc. ^ ''■ ' ' i 1 \i \' ait tV '.- Wli i^^: m Tin: AIWHAIC OA- HROSZt: PERIOD. [Vnxv. parish <.f Shotts, Laiiarksliiiv, only a very of which w small portion !i8 roHciiod from the usual fato of sunl cov(>rocl treasures. It iiieludc-d „f Qxva^ of Athens : obv erse A S. A cl( fM-chaic head of Pallas ited 1 re k miiifa, vase. Also one Parthian coin,' The interest vvhi.!i attaches to the detennination of the extent and probable date of the first intercourse of tlie l.ritons with traders from the far east, has led to the anticipation of some points not strictly belongino- to the present section of our in.piiry. This question'' of the existenc,. ot a native coinas well inonts the careful study it is now receivim,; sin;:e no other evidence couhl furnish equally satisfactory proof of early progress in social civilisation. It scarcely admits ot doubt, however, that long before the Greek or Phoe- nician trader had taught the Ccmush miner this inoeni- ous substitute for a direc-t exchange of commoditic^,' he li.-ul lenrncd to (use and work the ri.-h veins of ore with which his nativ.. soil abounded, and to fashion them into a A'.iriety of personal ornaments as well as of w(>anons -Id implements. The Pluenician sought his tin hi order to mix It with the coj.per which he already possessed and t]u>reby to produce bronze weapons combining thJ '''". It i'|»P<^--.s i.ou- altogeth.u- vain to imjuire. The ' Ar.sao.'s x\, ; /■;,•/•/*„/, vnl. i, p. 2r)4. u [('llAI'. !•] ISTliObUCTlON OF MKTALii. 315 'vul(!iice already adhuuMl, liov.'evur, is at least sufficient to justify us in assigning to it a very i-cinotc period, while the more, abundant and f; iful metal. morf! 11,' ii'on, was little known even to the oldest nations along the Mediterranean (u)asts. Worsaae remarks, "There arc gvologieal reasons for believing that th. Bronze Period must have prevailed in Di^nmark five or six hundred ye.rs before the birth of (!hrist."' Denmark, however, had all its metal to import, while the earliest historic allusions to Englanij repnwent her exporting her abundant metallic ores, and bartering them with the southern merchant for the productions of his superioi- skill. Tlu; m(!tallic I'iches of England have not escaped the attention of the int(dligcnt Danish arch;eoh)gist. "It is highly probal)le," he nnnarks, "that the andent bronze, foi-nicd of copper and tin, was diffused from one spot over the whole of Em-opc; ; which spot may be; suppos((d to be England, bi'cause, not to mention the cpiantity of copi)er which that (tountry produces: its rich tin mines have been known from the earliest historic periods to the nations of the south, while in the other parts of Europe there occur only very few and doubt- ful remains of far less important tin mines which we are justified in believing to have been worked at that time."^ When we consider that copper is not only found in a state requiring little smelling to render it fit for manu- facture, l)ut that it is even discovered abundantly in some localities in such a condition of pure ductile metal that we may conceive of its substitution foi- stone imple meiits, long befoie the art of smelting had become known, wc can feel no hesitation in assuming, a priori, that it was the precursor of iron as a material for the construction of weapons and tools. Iron, on th(^ contrarv, bears, in its i' \. y I'rhiiiriil A llliifilllirs, |i, 1 ,^."). - fliltl. \>. t."). I# ''1 m III •Hi; r///'J AUVIIAlc on IlliOSXK I^KUIUII IOuai-. "••'t»«''.i,l Htat.., littK. .VHc.M.l.h.M.H. t,. n nu.(„l, ;m,l is snicHccl by 80 .Iilhcult ;i.i,| |,.,|ious XX ,,n„rHH, (l.,,t;, (.veil i.flcn- its >-ui>'-<'"»l''".s „f Mump |,„li(i,,,| ,r..n<.iny. Tho t.x.ls iind w.-;i|)(.Ms ,.f (Ik, ann,.i,t I\l..iiM(l-|{iiii,l,.rs and of nil Ihc •'•"•^'"'n. IrihoH „f the Amcii.Mn .•..iKJiM'iit, jih well „h nimiyct Mk.so of th,. rivili/.d I\i,'xi,..uis nnd IVnivmiiH, wcivol cop,,,.,.; jiiid \V(> ;iiv no|, wid.out cvidcMico thnl cv(>n (he KuTpliaiis wciv far adviuiccd in (heir ,,,i'ly do\vlo,H"(l civilisalion l.cfoiv iron .siij.crsc.dcHl (h(> old.'r '•'MT;''- ;".d hron/c tools. The .•nvhi(,.r(nml nioninncnts "I (\'n(r;.l .\ni(>ricu .show how )nncli niioht, l,,. accom- I'lisli.'d with such inipcilcct in.ph.nicnl.s.^ i:„tl, i„ (he iu;.o,„li,.cn( work of the Frcn.-h .savant.s, an.l in (he more «"'<'"';'<»' .l.'line.tions of iM. Ko.sellini, Ployptian paint inos niv shown, ni which the in.pl,>n.enls of (he ,s,uilp(„rs are ovi(h«ntly of l.roji/c> or copper, an.l workmen are seen cuttuio- Mocks of oranite and hewino- out coJossal statues Nvilh yeUow tools. Nu.nerons lM-,.n/(> weap.ms, imple- iiiontH, and personal ornaments found in the catacoml.s attest (he use of this alloy by (h,. Egyptians at a c.mi' pnratively lute period. impl,.ni.>nts of copper are also MiMon- the relics found in .some of the aneient an.l l.mu- ''l''"i'l'""'1 (lie great pyrami,l,and prove (hat these mines 'nil been wrought prior (c the early dat.- of his r.-hni. Dr. I.iyard als.. refers to c.)ppcr min.'s .still .■xistino^-n <'"• nmuntams within th,- cnlin.'s of A.ssyria, worked at .•' v.-ry n'm..(e p.Mio.l. pr..l.ahly l.y th,> Assyrians, an.l ns.>d n..| only to supply th.. material for ..rnam.-n(s hut U^IIAf, r-1 IXTh'OinfCTlOX OF MHTALS. 1-1 Ml i-lH<. lor vvouymns ,„mI luuW lint. M..r. is n,.(, w;,nl,i,.... ;• •""•'■•'"1^ <'i'-<'<'f <'vi,l,.n,M: to prove, ||,,,, AhIm, i.n.l l,,.^ !'•:>">'-<• I. •n.Ml .H well .s |.]un,,n. ,,,.1 AlVir... I),- '••';■''••"•<• ••""..•nU "Silv.T .,h1 koI.I,,,, oniMinentH. oi nul<> worknw.MHl.i,,, tl.ougl. in ul.un.lant ,,UMnlity .-nv toun.l ,n 11,. Sihrriun to,nl,,s. Tl... art, of f.l„4l,i,Kr ;»""".i("n(s „t ||„> ,„v,.i„„s n,«'(,,!s scrnis lo I.mv,. nnrod..;! hy J.mny i^cs Mk> „s,> „f i,,>„ in ll,<. no.-Mu'.-n ,vgi,>nH „f Asii.. - A very ,nt,.v,sting .•,c<.,unl is givm in M.c ^rr/..ro/o^/,,M,f ., Unnnln.s opened in tin. n.-iohhonrhoo.) of AstcrnlKHl, „n fh. snulh-(,,Ht(,rn Hl.(,rcM of M... (^.Hpi.n N'.-', in 1841. 11, contuin,.] sovcn.l vchhoIm .-uhI t,w<. N.nuil In.n.pHs, ..,]| uf pu,,- o,,M ; sp,„rH, piK-.s, forks ;'";' <'M'<''- w.-apoMs, indn.jino. ,, wdl-Hlu.ped hannncr mxl liiitrlict ol rcpper, ImiI no triu^'s of iron;' The (Icscrii) Jions of llonu-rpoint out Ih. <.m of M... Iliad and ti„. MyHscy. not ii.d.ed as a l.ronz,. period, hut as one of a (nf l.ron/e, and had n..t y<'t learned t<. sm..|t or work the iron ore. The goldeii age of Sa(urn, and the sue<-ee,hng silver, l.ra.en, an.I iron ages, I, y whieh the Creek l^agas (yp.fy (1... gnulual deeline of n.ankin.l fnmi M. state otpnmeval puri(y an.l happiness, are iu.t („ be rcgarlu, of J/iston/, "crime anil disorder n.a<-hed their height; violence was the eharae- t*'ristie ,.t the rude and giga.iti,- Titans. Their arms were ol rass or bro../c.. Ev.>n in their edili,-es copper was "'"pi<'y.'loii!(i, viil, XXX. II, '24H. I! , f ;■' n 1' ' B ij i ( ■ i m 1^ 11 .118 77/ A' Alien MC OR niiOyZK PEUIOD. \Va\i,v. not tlion known ;' u cii-cuinstancc which must he (3on sidered as strictly Jii.storical, and as charactoiistic of the primitive nations,"' W " Iiave seen, in so far as tlie inii)erfect (hita already referred to, afford trustworthy characteristics of the primitive colonists of Britain, that the race of the first metalluroie era (lilfercd greatly from their elder if not aborjo-iiial precursors. We must depend not only on the united obs(>rvations of British arcluL'olooists for adding to those ethnological (hita, but also on Oon- Hiu'ntai ivsearch for sup]>lyiiig the necessary elements of comparison by whicii we may trace out the affinities of the brachycei)halic race of Scotland, to whom tlu' introduction of the in-imitive mctalliirgic aits may with some probability be ascribi'(l. JJiit wc must limit our dediu/tions by the amount of <'\idence. It would be easy for the theoi-ist to satisfy the demands for such a detinite succession of races as the simpler cthnologv and archieology of Scandinavia have enabled northern anti(pun'ies and naturalists to construct. lUit the isola- tion of Mritain appears to have been far less comi)lctc tluin that of the Scandinavian peninsula, and lu-nce the ethnology of its cjifliest, as well as of later eras, is greatly more complex. Even the (lael and the ('ymry stanll out no less distinctly from one another than the Jiellenic and Latin stocks of northern and sttulhein Italv; and may liave enteivd on the possession of their insular home at p(>riods so remote "rom each other, that satisfac- tory evidence may yet justify the association of the deveh»}»ment of successive stages in the metallmgic arts, prior to the working of iron, with the intrusion of one or other of the British Celtjo up(.!i older Alloj»hylian races. Nevertheless, traces suggestive of the native discovery ^ Mih'gel'K P/iihmphu qf I/ixtovit, I.t'iturc ii. ICilAl'. •] IM'RODl'CTloy OF MKTALK W 1 9 of mctMls are manifold ; foi- Bi-itaiii pmscntcd facilit for siK'h, cioscly cormspoiidiiig to those which led to iiid the opendeiit di.scovi le.s the VH of copper and tin ry of the art of working and alloying anionir th r. - s(!nii civihzed iiatioiiH of th.. New Worl.l. The adoption of the term "Bronze" to desigiiat.; tiie first in(,> tall urgic period of Euro]K'an arts, has led to an un subject, it appears that implements and ornaments of pure coj.p.T j,ave h.-e,, ivpeati'dlv found, Jind are for the most j)art characterized l,y a rudeness of workmanship fully confirming their early date. The collection of Tores in tli(. i8(M)ttish iMuseum includes a massive ring of jmre copj)ei- weighing 2r,i ,>z. roughly hammered into shape, and (h'void of ornament ; l.iul idso fragments of lings of tli(- same unalloy-d metal found in an urn unr.' Out of seven specimens selected from the Scottish Museum in isno, lor the purpose of analysis, one axe rudely cast in sand was of nearly i)ure copper; and of eight weajtoiis of the same class, the analyses of which are reported by .Mr.,1. A. IMiilij.s in the Memoirs <>/ tha Chcinlnd Socictt/, one proved to be (.f "•'•pure but unalloyed copiK-r.'^ A large copper axe of unusual form, found in 182L\ at a drpth f twentv-two feet in Hatlio !',(»g, near Edinburgh, illustrates this sub- ject still more strikingly. It lay emliedded at ;; ",'pth of four fret in the blue clay, ovei which were d.-i>osited ' CaUih'jur U. I. A., v(il. i. ii].. ,ir»i>, .'{02. 44 1. ' Mnn. Cfii'in. Sn, vol, iv. it, "277, ■I ' 4 1 1 i/'' '■).! -J ** , ■ krh>I). ichap, HOVOll foet of SMlld, ;iU(l ;iM accmuuhitioii of nine feet of moss. " It nuist litive hecn deposited," Sir David BrcM'stor ivniiirks, "alono- witli the l)luc clay, prior to tlic formation of the .sii))erineinnl)cnt stratum of sand ; and must have existed before tlie dihivia] o])erations l>y which that stratum was formed."^ The thickness of tlie moss is anotiier <2;aug(^ of a subsequent loner lapse of time, so that - if not artificially deposited at the depth IVom whence it was recovered,— the «reoh)gical features seem to point to an era, for this primitive coi)per axe, exeeedin<>' in its remoteness even that ancient one to which the liorii imph'meiits of tiie Hlair Drunummd Moss must bo assigned. Witli such indications of native metalluroy in a purely rudimentary stage, and pertaining to a period seemingly •'oevai with tin^ earhest traces of nianV, (h'veiojunent, it is altogether gratuitous to seek for its oi-igin in sonu' iuiaginary foreign source. No country in the world presented greater facibties for tlie birth of the metaburgic arts. Tin, thougii found in a condition requiring the iq)]>bcation of some artilicial ]»rocess to render it a\aihd)h'. for practical use, could be reduced to an easily fusible and ductile metal by very sinqde means, it is aU) found along with co]»per and sul])hur in tin pyrites, so that the discovery of the bronze alloy seems ine\ itable ; and its indejH'udent origination in Southern Asia, in IJritain, uiid in Mexico and Pciu, may tin- more readily be jie- counted for. Ihit whencesoever the first knowledge of the metals was derived, it introduced into the British Isles the elements of a change scarcely less momentous than those which later ages trace to letters, the magnet, the i)rinting-press. .»r lh(»se most novel a|>plications of the metals; the railway, the iron steanj-ship, jnid the electric telegraph. The native was no longer conlined ' /•;.//•», /VhV. ./„»;•. Viil, vi. |i, \\W\ : W(/. I'i'llUtiHir ,»/,/,;, vol. i. ji. 'JH'.'. ICiiAr. '■] IXTHUbUCTlOX Of MtJTAIA 321 to hi. lilllc. d«a-ing „„ tlie co,i«t, n,,.- connwlle,! with mto «.«,,,„„., atKl nu,,l,.„,.„t., for the supply of l,i, St t ■' ■ '" '"'" '* '"'"'• '■"'■ ^'"^^ »t»i'» "f ""' ^l'^«'- only v'v '"""i" ""T "''""*'''"• "' '"'«'" '" •■"'t-il-"t«i. >I e',, 1„,„,,„ ,1,1 i„ „„„ ,„„,,,;,., ^ ,1^^ ho kuowl..,g„ „f , „,„ , ,^|,,.|, ^,, »J ' I . '!;• ol'l g.',„.,-„ti„„ would , lie out, m„l 1,.. ou 1 "'" ■'""';■ "■'■'.'-''""'''^■^ "'"J »»'-•. -I'il" th. . m ■ .|l,™.„t tool,, ,„„! w..,-,po„» of ,K,i,. fath,.,., K,.,,,, to th,. H„,U,,,,,,. |,„,||,,.,u ,,M.i,vly ,up™,.,,,,,l by th 2 m. .V o ni„. n,,,t,. n.,ly ,.i. ,u„'p, ,,,„, ™^ I, h,.t .son,. n,,pl,.n„.nt,s „m. novcr .ntirolv „l,un- rr; "";""™. '""'^ '•:'■'• » i-"" nvituin, wi,n. '"■"I.1-- Ih.'lm;-,.,. |,,,n„„,.r,, „n,| ,,„,„, „|,i„n, „,• ,,,„j,,. ;','" "" '.•'••I "'"■"•« Iho ,oosi ,,l,un,l„„t of S,.ottisirp,i,ni- ";,'■ '■;■'"•"• '","1 l'"^" "l'"'"lv n not,,l ,,h,n./vi,|, :"'";': "'■•"■'■■\ "■"■""■'« "l'fl„.|imi«l,|i,-„nz..|'.no,| I" ll.o nm-„.nl worki,,,, ,li„,„v,.,v,l i„ ,|,„ |,|,„„i,„|,„; l'"pp..i- Alnu'sofKoiih \V„h.s AI>"n.hn,l,.vi,h.n,.,Msfonu,li -.hu,,,. „i,h iho.., ""':'■"";""■, 1"'""'K 'I'" "-^w™ f,. Ion. i,,,n,sition. I"";:;;;'; ;'"""«•" I"' i"'-t.ih,. u n,,:, w,.,' 'lli;. ( ^'1 1 1- 1 'I 4 :\2-2 THE Aua/ZA/c on lroszk I'lmioij. [('IIAI'. •-, I' [I l. ) Ml' I," very partiiilly introduced, and were niiUiiCcHtly oHtccnuvl iiH rnro iiiid ])i'0('ious posHossioiis. To this trjinsitioii- ]i('riod should j»r(>li;il»ly bo assigucd tht^ forniittion of inosl of tlu' sinalh'r, eavcfully wroulit varieties of the stone hammer, with whieii we may j)resume the ingenious worker in thi^ newly mastered metals to have wrought, and fashioned into shape, many of the rude but massive gold ornaments found in the tumuli. Krom the number of these relies of the ]>reeious njetals which ha\'e oeen discovered, we are led to the conclusion, which fully •'(•cords with all geological e.xjterience, that gold nuist have been more al>undai»t at that reniote era than it has been within the ])eriod of authentic history. 'I'hough usually found in very small quantities, it is one of the most widely ditfused of all the metals; and the clay slate which iVeciuentlv forms the deiiositorv of noId, silver, and coppor, exists in great aiiundancc through out the Highlands. In the Leadhills of Scotland con- sidt'rable ([uahtities of gold have been |»rocured at no very distant period, while numerous allusions sutlicc to show its greater abundance in forna-r times. The ear- liest of such allusions are modein c(»mpared with the period to which we now refer ; iml they indicate more abundant native sources of metallic wealth, by the notices they furm"sh of unexhauHted supplies remainino- within the era of definite history. In the twi'lfth een tury the Abbey of Diinferndine received a grant from J)avid I. of tile tirlic of all the gold produced by the surrounding .listri"ts .»f Fife aniiii/iriii. |i. It'i - Mi^l•f^. s.iii. NujiiHi (if Mt'icliifrtwn. p. '2'M 'P. -m:{^' [('IIAI'. i-J JXTHODUCTIOX OF METAL Vl'.\ tools of «'()[)|u.r ,,!• |„. >11Z(', ;iii(i to siihstitutd tile oolil tore nji.l nnnilh, for tlic ium-I<1i,c.. „f p.'Hon.KMl h1u-j1 Stono {111(1 ;11mI)('1' llf.;i.ia au,. ...... \....i\i\ \ !. .StOlK f 1 .•iiiihcr luiud.s . wc jirc iii.stil (Ml .s or roiii juiiilooy il,;,( i, ! niilHV oj ti.sh iiiouiii.jiiii Ht, Jirc jii.stilicd in iiSHiiinino' the chiiniH'l,s of tlu! Scot- '•'iiDiH, iinii(] tJK' ,str ilia of wliicli tli( '»'-o lm.s l.(.,,, Inun.l, notoiily \\x,^ oold ,s oi n;.tiv.. ^(,1,1 would 1>,. ....(.nHional.y diHcovenHl i«ii(l wrought, with 110 iH'tter I.m.Ih (Ik.u (ho .stone hanuncr «'»d mivil, nito th(.' pcnsonid ornmncids „r distiiKniishcd leaders ,.r pric^fs. Sh,d,(., in rctiTring to the orent Hiiucrul wealth of Spain, which niiid,- it to the anoi(.nt.s what AiiRTic,;. JK'Ciinie to the Sp.mim-ds Ion- .-dVcr their native inin(>nd treasures were exhmistiHl, ivniarks • "Jn IK. <-..unt.ry ,ire pold, silver, eopper, and iron so id.undant "I'oi .such fnie .p.ality ; even the rivers and ni.mnt;.in streams l>nno- down goi.i in their hed.s, which is found 111 IJieir s,-ind.s." Yel .such a de.scriplion is new .-.s little .;ij.l)hc;d>le (o Spnin „s t.. Scotland. N(^verthe|ess, o„|d IS Htdl met with in sulHcient (pi.intities in vnricus'^lis- tnets to sugg(.st the ])roh..hility of its former ahund.-ince. At (^arnon, n.^.r Trur.., nu-ovts have heen oaihered as hn-ft-e as hazel-nuts; wiiih- mimtter traces of the same metal are common in the tin stre;.m-works of (\.rnwa!' ; ""ther overlooked. I'he purity of most of the gold ornamiints found in the tumuli is such as may perhaps add to the probability of its native origin. This well-known fact has sup[)lied an additional inducement to ti-ansfer to the crucil>le many of the rarest relics of this p(>iiod. Others found alloyed with silver and other metals are in no fixed or uniform proportions, but rathin- accord with the common condition of the; ores and the accidental mixtures Hkely to occur in the opei-ations of the primitive metallurgist. But this, though dimin ishing their bullion value, has not sutticed to save such national heirlooms from destruction. After reposing in tlie safe nnnu"ment chan)bers of their original owners, with l)ut a foot of earth above them, while ancient races have l)eeome extinct, and new colonists have risen to mighty nations above their forgotten graves, these trea- sures have too fre(|uent!y only been restored to light to be immediately destroyed. Keinote as is the period when the noNcl arts of the metalluigist broke in upon the sii»iplt> and unso])his- ticated habits of the British aborigines, some tract-s of the memory of this mighty chang.' still linger amid the popular traditions of England. The usr which Sir Walter Scott has in;idi' of the Herkshii-e legejid of Way- [Chap. ^•] L\Tm/UCVTIOS OF METALS. 32c) land SmitJi lias suxliced to confer a fictitious inteiest on perhaps witliont exception, the most remarkable of all the mythic traditions common to the nations of northern Europe ; and which may be uidiesitatingly received as ttie traditionary memorial of the advent of the Bronze Fmod among the Teutonic races. True, indeed, in the only definite form in Avhich it is now recoverable from the early and medic^val literature of Europe, it is asso- ciated with the later age of iron rather than with that ol bix.nze ; but little importance can be attached to this. Ihe legend is manifestly of an older date even than th^ Edda, that V(>nerable collection of the sacred writincrs of the north. We see in it the hero-worship of the fierce Norsemen deifying their Scandinavian Vulcan, and as- «igning to him a su].erhunian origin as an evidence of their estimate of the divine gift he is supposed to have bestowed. But th... mythic legend finds its prototvpe in the Oreek Daedalus, if not in the Mosaic Tu])ai-Cain. The same legend is incorporated into neaily all the older European tongues with singular uniformity of idea. In the Icelandic the name of the renowned northern metal- urgist IS Vfelund and Vaulundr ; in old high German Wiolant, Wielant ; in Anglo-Saxon, Weland ; in old' Kiighsh, AWIan.i and Velond ; and in the mod.Tu poi.u- l.-'i- dialect, WayliUHl. In the Latin of the middle ages It becomes GuieiaiMius ; and in -.Id French, Galans and <'^«lant. Ir ,s probable that Sj.ain, Italy, and the East j'I'ove all, had analogous traditions, s.mie of which at least may yet be recovered.' Accoi.ling to a singular mid seemingly arbitrary caprice of the niedi. val (ier- infini.^ Iraditions, the forge (»f Weland is sujiposed to be erected in the Caucasus ; and Michol remarks, as a proof I hat there has bi-en a <'oni.ii..n oiigiii of those legends of si;::::t:LT'^ ,, w. . «..,«.., .... .... ........... .. „,,,.., „.,, 1 ! ' i. it*- (Si .'ilM! 77/ A* MiCIIMC OU niiOX/l: riClUOl). {Cnw !f ' tli(! cjisl, jiiul west rcliilino- lo skilful workers in ii'oii : iJiiil sDiiic of the triulitioiis still pivservcd oij tlie hiiiiks of the l^^uphratort pres(^nt tin; siiiue tiiiitn reeorded by the pocsts of the middle ages on the banks of the Jlhiiie.' Hut llinnboldt has justly remarked that " the characteristie features of nations, like the internal construction of plants spread over the surface of the globe, were tlu; impressions of a ])rimitive ty)»e," TJie Aztecs- whose monumenls may be referred to as remarkable examples of considerable civilisation, and tlu^ practice of many- useful and ornamental arts, among a people destitute of iron, had their mythic metallurgist as well as the older races of Euro])e and Asia. Quetzaicoatl, whose reign was the golden age of tlie people of Anahuac, was tlu^ Weland of the Aztecs, W(»rship])ed among them with strange and bloody rites. Their traditions told that he had dwelt among them tAventy years, during which he introduced agricultui-e, taught them to cast metals, ordered fasts, and regulated the intercalations of th(^ Toltec year.- Prominent as the place is which the mythic leg(>nd of the smith god occ,ui)ied in the popular cri'cd of the middle ages throughout he greater part of Europe : the traditi(;n of a gifted workei- in metals is doubtless of eastern origin ; and far more fitly imper- sonates and deities th(> restoration of the metallurgies arts in the primitive lironze Period, than the m-'re transition from bronze to iron, important as the latter change undou])tedly was. The remarka])le analogy of the mythic legends of the North with the ancient Greek fable of Diedalus. has not escaped the notice of n'odern critics, and JM.M. J)e]>j)ing and Michel remark : ' We do not hesitate to believe that it is the historv of this (Ireek artist, altere(l and ' singor's Wiii/lmul Smith, \>. Ixxvi, ••' Hiimlinldt's /i'(.v'i7/v7/«'.v, vul i, |i !)| IChaiv llinrc latter T-l /.\TU()/J{;CT/O.Y OF MFTALS. (lisliguml, juhiptud to tiio nuiniicns and pt'oplc <.f the lioHli of Kurope, wjiicli I (U'ccds () ;{2: f tin tlio 1-oiuajico of Wclaiid." Tlio i-cHcinhlauce I las i«ivi'u riHc to IOW(!V('l', IH scarce \y k'Hs inajiifcst, in many respects, to the l ine smith god 'Hcf>aiaro^, or Vidcaji ; and tli(! wi(h-ly-difrus(!d mythic fahle is far too com))iet(! and iinicpKi to have been transferred dii-ectly from the Crwk to the Teutonie mytJiology, vvhei-e scarcely another trace of similar corre- spondence is discei-j.i])le. Jupitei-, Mars, }l(.rcules, Venus, Orpheus, all fin ". their counter])arts ijuUied, but with' scarce a, shadow of resend.laiKte to (Jassic prototypes, in the wild Scandinavian and old German i)ant!teon ; which may rea^sonahly (jxcite our Avonder, if we assume a, (ireek origin for tlu; Vfdundar Qaida contained in th(! Edda. In the simplest form in whi('h it is still re(;ov(!rable, it is obviously overlaid with spurious additions of a la'tcsr age ; and when it gets into the monkish chronicles and rfmianccs of chivalry, comi)iled in the tw(>lfth and thir- teenth centuries, the; wild faith of the Norsemen is out- d(me by the wilder fictions of tin-, 'IVouveres, till nearly all the symbolic spirit of tlu; oiiginal disaj)pears. Some of these even assign precise; periods as the era of th<- northern smith. Several of the Fren<;h romances men- tion (ialand as the maker of (liarleniagne's famous sword Durendal, whih", otliers describe armour forged by him and weaj)ons inscribed with his name. lUit the most curious notice of this kind occurs in an English manuscript written about the time of Edward i. It ••ontains a descrij)tioii of the sword of (Jauvain, one of the nu»Kt celebrated knights of Arthur's " Round Table," nuide by (Jalant.and liaxing tlic following lines iiiscrihe'd in cdiii'JIo (/Iddii : - - " .Jcii Hii liiitli tri'licli.iiit (■ diiii' ; u;iiit (i.il.iaii iiif tn'rii|p,i c l'\ tli ;" 'i II f . 'fi I It ^ % ir^s 3L\S I.e. THE ARCHAIC (Hi HROXZE VKIiH>D. \C II. \ r am vi'iy sliarj) ami Jianl : (Jalaa II \\\() lilac U; with NH'iy gi-eat caiv ; IVnirhHiu years old was Jesus (Ihrist when Oal furnish with ( urn nie tmnpered and ma( le. » 'ther romances swords of (Jalant's workmansiiij) hoth Jul ...uis vsarand AK^xamh^r the Great, and l.y inheritance from the JathT, lYolemy, Judas Maccabjuus. and the Eni]>eror Vespasiau.' 8ueh spurious inventions, liowever, lack all (he value of the original symbolic- h'ocnd. \^\. i.^ad mdeed, in the romance ..f Fierahras d'Mixandre. of three famous swords made by Galaus and his two brothers • of one t)f whicli it is relatcnl - " Cesara li empertres Tot niaint jor on (loiii:vf,'i.o, Kiigleterre en eonquist, Angoii et Alciuagiic, ]':t KiviMco ot NonufiKlio, Siiisoiu- i-t Ainiitaignr. _ Kt Piiillf ot 1 1 inii^ciic, I'mvoiico ot Mdiiaign..." If this id(>a stood alone, or was conceived in the simple spirit of the 8candinavian Va^lund-Chant, we mioht Muagine it to be desioiied as a synd)olic myth represcait- iiig the advent of the Iron Pc'rh^l and its irresistibl,. {.regress over the north ; but in its general tone th(> romance^ is characterized by th(> usual extravagance of medieval ])oetrv. * The Greeks assigned to the historv of r);i3dalus a very high antiquity, carrying him back to somewhere about the thu-teenth century before the (liristian era; but no writer pretends to deal with him as an actual historical c'haracter. At first the name was, among the Greeks, like that of Weland among the Scandinavians, an abstract term. Aaiha\\ti> meant to work artistically, as Voc/iouh' signirted a smith in oh I Norse ; and DjT3.hdus was, like Wehind. [.roeminently the artist and the workman. The word became a proper name . ;{•_>]. = Ms. ,/, la liih. h\>. Ivii. '^ • m I Chap. I-] IXTHODCCTIOX OF MHTALS. '\ •' '1 IC- '.'/ (irroiieou.s to 13 derived from the iutis For tile .snine ivjisoii. it uppejirs ('([iiully regard the leelaiidic roclund, tie We];md : it is the eoiitrary tliat sliould he aH.smneil. Tii(! woi'd voditnd was in use hefore the liistory of tlie famous smith liad been iiiv(!nt(!d ; just as th(! woi-d aatSaWoj existed ])efore the personiiieation I);edahis had been adopted into tlie myt]ioh)fry of tlie Creeks.' This is no new ich^a. It was obviously from a reeogni- tion of it that King Alfred, when traiishiting th(! De (hnsolatiomt FhUosoj>/n'a' of Jioefhius into Anglo-Saxon, used tiie name of the northern Weland as synonymous with F^ihriaiifs. Mr. Singer has employed theVjreek fabl(> of l);edalus t( restore the cmarkable and intei-esting fact, that while modern h-arning and research have brought to light the most ancient literate forms of this noi-thcrn myth, in the Edda, and the Niebelungen j.ied, it is in England only that it has survived to our own day as a living ])()pular tradition : and it is due to the somewhat grotesque tra- vesty of its rude Bei'kshire vei-sion inwiought into the tragic tale of KenilwoitJi, that it has been restored to the favour of modern Eui'ope. Anumg the old Scandi- ' singer's Winjlinul Smith, p. Ixx. - l)k llm-i),^ '•.> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGtT (MT-3) ^ ^ -^ :/ ^,M !.0 I.I 1.25 ^1^ l^ S lis llllio 1.6 *% *»:? ^> HiotogTcipiiic Sciences Corporation )J WIST MAIN STRUT WnStlRN.Y I4S80 (716) I7a-4S03 <^ \ \ ^ Wr^ O ~l> 4rj %• c? ■n i! 330 TJU' ABCI/AIC OR BliOSZE PERIOD. [Chap. navian nations, and in Iceland, where tlie Wua^e of their runic literature is still a living tongue, as well as 111 JH ranee, and throughout the whole Germanic races of the Continent, all memory of the restoration of this divine gift of the metals appears to have utterly passed avvay. In England only-towards which we see the galleys of the elder inheritors of civilisation winaino- their way in quest of its metallic treasures, with the lir^t glimpse we catch of it as it emerges out of the nio-ht of time,-- the mythic legend has retained vitality till" now How the story of our northern Dsedalus came to be asso- ciated with the megalithic group at the foot of White- Horse Hill, in the vale of Berkshire, it is now equallv vain and useless to inquire. There, according to rustic folk-lore, dwelt the invisible smith. No one ever saw him ; but he who had the courage to avail himself of his skill had only to deposit a piece of money on one of the stones, anc Coumlatum, Philo^ophia' into Anglo-Saxon he thus paraphrases ti.e passage :-Ubi nunc fidobs ossa' Vixhviv.n manent ? Quid Brutus, auf rigichis ( 'ato i " When- «i(. MOW tlio Ikhhm Of the WIN. WcImihI, Till" ;iiil(l,snijtli Foriiiiilv iiHrnt fttiniiiiH ? [Chap. !•] INTRODUCTWy OF METALS. 381 Who knows now the bones Of the wise Weland, Under what mound (or barrow) They are concealed ? " i If little importance be due to the association of Weland's name with the working in iron, not very much more is to be ascribed to the no less frequent depiction of him as a cunning jeweller and goldsmith. Nevertheless, the circumstaiice is worthy of notice in passing, since che working, in gold may have preceded the age of bronze, and in reality have belonged, as already hinted, to the Stone Period. If metal could be found capable of being wrought and fashioned without smelting or moulding, its use was perfectly compatible with the simple arts of the Stone Period, ihis is abundantly illustrated in the metallurgy of the New World, where native copper occurs in incixhaustible profusion in the region of the great northern lakes, and has been wrought from remote times by rude processes oi hammering and grinding, without any development of the true metallurgic arts, independently discovered and practised in Mexico and Peru. Masses of native gold, such as have been often found both in the Old and New World, are peculiarly susceptible of similar application by the workers in stone ; and some of the examples of Scottish gold personal ornaments fully correspond with the pro})able results of such an anticipatf l ni.Mrks of tho tool, which it is nioiv easy lo iniauiiio om« of stono tliaii any moro dolicat.; or' artificial 1m plomout. No Celtic Icgcn.l perpetuates the introduction of the luetalluroi." arts .inionir the anci..nt. eolonints of the Hntish isles. Nevertheless the Scottish llighian(h>rs luive then- native 'H^acaro, also, personified, like the I eutonie Welaii.l, in many romantic h.^cnds. Th.> fame of Luno, tlu> son of I. even, who made the swords of iMiigal and his Jieroes, is preserved in ohl traditional poems, which figure him as a, wild savage Ha-I in a »»'»»Ji'" o^ ^'''"'' ''•*^*^- """^ ^^''
  • ntal and .dassie mv- [hology. nm.arks :-" Fingal is not nn absolute <,riginal iiims,dl. Ilis sw(»rd is the sword of sharj»ness of (h,. Mda, made by Vdcnt ,»r Weyland, the hyperborean Milcan. It IS the wonderful sword Skoffnung, and also Halmung, ami it is the Mi.muung in Ettin l.angshanks Jt IS e,,ually Tyrsing. the fairy blade of Suafurlami ; and It IS also the sword whi,-h .lack beggc. •J /yn'oovcr/oA of .uhtals. TAW •ii It cm-ouificrH or rojuMMccrH, unless in stunc cxlrciiicly inodi- \m\ I (Uin, or il con l(1 tl u; no(;i(!(5 ol' nnu '«• Dnnhiip, in his satiiv of •'The KtMiyrit Kivir of 'I land." Tlii> incident wliieli ^\i\o lise to this wiiinisieai eirnsion «>!' oisr i»rea( ScottiHJi j)oe( ai^^'iinsl I lie lljdian «'liarlalan oeciiired in ir.07 (a year lanKiiis lor (he intro- du('(i(ni of the |»rinlin«r-|iress into Se.olland), and is tlius des(!ril»ed hy |{islio|» Lesley.' Itererrin,«r to an einhassy Hont ((» Kiiinee in thai year, he ivniarks. "This tyiiii' * Ihair wes an(> Italiane with the Iviiiiif. (jiilia. wes maid AMiotl. of Tiinnland, and wes «»r e.iirioiiH in^nyiie. He eansel. die kino- |»,.|irve that he, he iniilt iplyin^c and ntheiis his inventions, wold make line j^r,,|,|,. ,,(• ||||„.|- luettall, (|nhilk seieiie.e he eallil the (|iiintasHenee ; (jiihair- n|)on the kinn; maid oivi(, ,.,»ht, hot all in vaiiie. This AhhotI tiiik in IimikI to Hie with winiris, imd to he in rVaunee hefoir {\n\ saidis ainhass/idoiiiis ; and to thiil elleet. he eansel niiik aiK- jiair iA' -linoiH of feddcris, (|nhilkis heand fessinit, a|Miiiii him, he Hew of the ( astell wall of Strive "linn-, hot shortlie he h'l! to the onuind and hrak his thee hinie. Hot the wyl thairof he ascryvit to that Ihair was sum hen fedderis in the wiiinis, <|uhilk yariiit and covet, the niyddinarcs him to "aiie kino (,|' Yiioinid (tallif l»ladiid." The pnet 's similes are slill more iirrti- nent ; tlionnh since we learn from the Scotlish Trea- surers' Accounts, thill the Ahl.ot of Tniio|;ind w;is pjiid, in IT) I:?, " to pass to the myiie o\' Craw find -moor," which tlie kin<^^ was then working for j^old ; jind from the satire, that he sometimes practiscfl ihe i;i;i"ksmif h's craft : Diinhar could scarcely luive avoide(| ihc uddilion of the Weiand legend to his other similes, hnd it hfi'ii known to Jiim, siinM' the points of resemhlinicc me such, ' HiHli(t|t l.c^lcy'H ///Vw//, Biniiuilyiic i'liilt, It,!., K.linli , IH.'td, p, 7(1. .jj,.Mi_.jii ^^^^mmmimmmmm 334 r//A' ARCHAIC OR HRONZK PERIOD. [Chap. that, with less historic evidence for the truth of the Abbot's history, we might assume it as the rude Scottish version of the Voelunc'ar Quida :— " Sum heia he had bene Dedahis, 8um the Mynataiir mervahiss, Slim Mertia blak smytJi Viilcaniis, And sum Saturnus ciik. And evir the cuchettia at him tiiggit, The rukis him rent, the ravynis him druggit, The huddit erawia Ida hair forth ruggit, The hevin he mieht nocht bnike." [ClHAP. n.] THK METALLUKGIC TRANSITION. 335 CHAPTER II. THE METALLUROW TRANSITION. In the earliest glimpse we are a])le to 'eatcli of the British Isles with the dawning light of historic records, we learn of tL3m as already celel)rated for their mineral wealth. So long, however, as Britain retained its exten- sive tracts of natural forests, and was only occupied by scattered nomade tribes, the tin mines of Cornwall, and the foreign trade which they invitcid to the southei-n shores of the island, might reward the toil and sagacity of the .ancient Cornubii, or other earlier colonists of Cornwall and the Scilly Isles, without exercising any perceptible influence on neighbouring tril)es, or being known to the remoter dwellers beyond the Solway and the Tync. The spoils of war, more probably than any pejiceful interchange of commodities, would first intro- duce the bronze weapons of Cornwall to the knowledge of the northern tribes ; though the evidences of the dif- fusion of the copper of Lake Superior over the whole region lying between the Rocky Mountains and the Atlantic suffices to illustrate how extensively the me- tallic manufacitures might be disseminated by ])arter. But by whatever means they were acquired, iiie cupe- riority of the sword and spear of metal over the oM lance of flint or bone would speedily be appicciated ; and we accordingly find abundant traces of one of the first elements of civilisation, viz., an interchange of comuio- 336 rilE ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. dities and the importation of foreign manufacturer, hav- mg accompanied the advent of the Bronze Period. The rude native no longer confined his aim in the chase to the supply of his own tal:)le and simple wardro})e. The Phoenicians traded to Britain for its furs as well as its metals, and for those the products of a wider district than the tin country would be required. The Caledonian buviter, we may presume, learned to hoard up the skins won HI the chase, to barter them for the coveted sword and spear of bronze ; and thus the first elements of civihsation would pi-ecede the direct knowledge of the metallurgic arts. The advent of the Bronze Period, however, cannot be held to have been fairly introduced until tlie native Caledonian had learned at least to melt the metals, and to mould the weapons and implements which he used ; if not to quarry and smelt the ores which abound in his native hills ; and with skill acquired from experience, to mingle in their true proportions the component parts of the more -useful alloy. It is not, however, to be sup- posed that in the case of eacli workman the latter process had to be gone through. Whether derived from the mining districts of Wales and Cornwall, or from foreii>n sources, the bronze must have been distributed, like the more ancient tin, and the lead of the Roman mines in convenient l)locks cr pigs. A (drcular ingot of copp,.r found near Conway, and now preserved at Moyston Hall, Flintshire, bears in its imj.ress : socio rom.e nat SOL- evidence of the working of the copper mines of Wal(;s by Roman miners. It is n large mass wei ^^alley of the Mississippi, and m the modern arts of the l)arbarous Polynesian. So too IS It with the higiier state which succeeds this. Ihe characteristics of the earlii>r Bronze Period aiv . long since familiar to us. Milton, who accoi-ds equally ' Archm/. Jour. vol. xv p ]r>{) VOL. I. ^. ;{;J8 77/71' AUCJ/AIC on JiHONZE PERIOD. [Ohav. v. P 11^' Htintod honours to Mulciber and to Mammon, by whose suggestion taught, men " BansackM the centre, and with iniinoiis hands KiHed the bowels of their mother earth For treitsures better hid," — refers to the introduction of the metallurffi ■is • i 11 i f ; ii 11 o h-1 w o o h II. Tin: MHTAhij'iiiuv n'.i.ws/r/itx. o f-1 o C) o o « (t) '7''™. ;''ii,r.s ..r iron, |,,„|. ,„,,,,,,, ,„„| otl,.-,- mi,,,:. ;■;''■'"'"•""•'• liotl. tl.r Knnls ami II.Mlml.lM.,nM , •""•"•";;•" wn.|.onM n.ul i.npl.n.rnlM of noTi..„||,uv. ,„..l n..s ln,l,.ts|ortlu>irnlI.H ...IKrIino (|.. o.vs wl,i,.|u„o H<-Htl..v.l n of Tac^iluH." M. M,,,, n,,nisl.rH a .l<.(ail<.l '"*'■;*'""■ "' "'«' »"<''''"!. .hvHM, ("vni dim Lcconiin- nirc • ••"'•I ;•' "•<' l.ivaHl.lu.cU.. or hrooH,, <,r nilvcr or l.raHH." wlii.li a|.|...arH lu l.avi. Cornir,!, Inm. Il.c very .-arlioHl, •"HCH. Mu, n.oHl. lavourih" |„.rH^ .•' <"HH('r Hi/.> '"^ TI... Ii,.v. .lol.n I.mo |{,„.|,ana.i, vi.sil, ii'K M'<.H(. iHlan.lH n.-arly a .-..ntury lalcr, Coun.l (,l,<. Ha,n.,. n.stom.s nn.-liano,.,!, ;„mI ll.r ,,rin.iliv.. m.-lallnr-i,., arln ' A' iiwiu'h iiiiil il^ ItiiiKiiiiH, vol. i. |i 221 ^ MartiVH »V...n* /./,.. ,,..„,. ,7„;,, ;;,..m, Tl... (;i..,.|y,.,. ,., ,, „„, .. 1.. .....I. ,. L..,.,.-w...„. a.u..nlinK t.. th.. tnv.liti..,. .,f II... Mu..,|...„.,„ |J thm f«v..«nt(, (,dti„ ,.rM,u...,nl,, un, ....^-rav..! ,.„ J-|at.,H ,v. an.l xx Tl,„ ;;:;■; '•^""'•"' '''''^'" '^- ••'-"I" - -»- J^-grco t., the cl,.H..n,..,i..ni„ tl.' , II i| •MO TllH A/iOJiA/a OH nUitSZK PHRKH). [(J HA p. ■ H ■■« ' " >■'■ \ I 17!M», Loiulon, ITIKI, \k 87. [Chap. Th( II.] THE M KTA L L V 1{ 8ence of jill division of labour among tlie Hiuii)le isliuiders jit so hit(! a, i)eii()d :— " It is very com- mon to find men v/ho are taiJors, slioeniidcers, stocking- weavers, coo])ei-s, cai-penters, and sawyers of timlH;!-. Some of them einploy tlie piaiie, tlie saw, tlie adze, the wimjjh', and th-y even groove the dt^als foi- chests. TJay make hooks for fishing, cuist-metnl buckles, brooches, anil rings f;)r their fnvourite females."' Tlay were, in fact, at thiit vciy recent jx-iiod prjictising some of the arts which were in use at a time when Irnders from the iMediterranean were still seeking the harboujs of Corn- wall, and exchanging the manufactures of (•arthage, and perhaps of Tyre, for the jtroducts of English niines. On the theoiy of the introduction of metidlurgic arts assumed here, not nltogether without evidence, it is not requisite that we should conceive of the aborigijial Cale donians disturbed by t!ie invasion of foreign tribes, armed with weapons scarcely h'ss strange to tiiem than those with whicii the Sj)anish discoverers astonished the simjde natives of the New Worhl. Tlie changes, however, already noted in the forms and modes of scjtulture ; the abandonment of the h»ng barrow ; thi; introduction of <'remation ; u[' the sitting or fohled posture of the dead, with the coi-respo.idingly abbivviated cist ; <»r of a uni- r<'rm and detined , London. I71».'4, y. 8M. Hull "I I ||i^ ir i' 342 77/ A' ARC// A re OR hliONZK PERIOD. [Chap. style of urchitecturt' : while tlie inroads t)ii the forests to which such changtis led, wovdd luiccssitate the clearing of tin; neighbouring lands pre[)aratory to tlie extended labours of the agriculturist. To the same cause also we may proba])ly trace the origin of many of those extensive tracts of bog and peat-moss which still encumber the limited level areas of S"otland. The wasteful profusion of the natives of a thinly peopled country would lead to the destruction of the forests with little heed to aught but the supply of their own immediate wants. In tlu; extensive mosses of Kincai-dine and Bhiir-Drummond, which have yielded such valuable arcluieological relics,' when the surface of the undeilying clay was exi)osed by the removal of the moss, it was in many places covered with trees, chiefly oak and birch, of a great size. These were found lying in all directions beside their roots, which continued firm in the ground in their natural position ^ and fi-om impressions still visible it was evident that they had been cut with an axe or some similar instrument.^ The like discoveries in other Scottish mosses prove their origin from the same wasteful in- roads of eai'Iy times. The occu})ants of the country nt this period weiv necessarily isolaU'd tribes and clans, with no common interest, and little peaceful intercmise. The aits were therefore practised as in their ].rimevMl servable in a cliiss of mould stones of which examples are preserved in various collections. Specimens from the Scottish Museum are shown on Tlate v., one of which, Fig. 44. exhibits on two sides indented moulds tor rumiin«r in the metal to form the ,simj»lcst rlass <»f axe-blades and a knife or lance-head. Figs. 45, 40 show the more advanced • iouhle mould, for casting spear-heads, and the m(»iety of a corresponding pair Wtv palsta\es ol' iin unusual forni. ' Anhivol. Jour. vol. iv. p. 'MW ; Afrlninlniihi, \i,\, y, I'l, vii. ; f'titaloifiii <>/ Hotjiil hitih Aiiiilnini, Viil, i, |i. 'M)-\, i.(c. ) i I. ^■) V* 344 ?'///; ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PURIUJ). [C iiAP. A iiK.uld „f the earlier class, for (telts of ditfereiit sizes, was iuiind in a eairii near Kintove, Aberdeenshire ; and another of large sizes indented for a dagger-blade and handle, a knife-blado and lance, or other objects,— shown here, Fig. 47, on a greatly reduced scale,— M'as dug up at Trochrig, Ayrshire, in 1851. In these examples there IS no reason to believe that any corresponding half was used to complete the mould. The melted metal was sunply poured into the indented surface, and left to ti^i^ sluipe by its equilibrium on the exposed surface Weapons formed in this way may frequiaitly be detected • while others, full of air-holes, ar.d roughly granulated on the surface, appear to have been made in the still simpler l''i" Jr. ■rn..liii^ t-iiaif M..iil,l. mouhl formed by an indentation in .sand. Otliei- .stone moulds consistcl of paii-s, likv^ tliose of bron/e. A «;unous illustration of thos(. of this descri|)tion was louud a, few years since in the isle of Angloseii, j,nd is engraved in the A rcluvoloiiwul JouniaV'^ It is a culu- «.f hone-stone, nine inches and a <(uarter in length, by lour n.ch(>s in breadth at its widest extremity, kacl'i of the four sides is ind,.nted for casting different weai)ons : two varieties of s])ear, a, lance or arrow-head, and a celt with two loops. Only th.^ one st.,ne was found, but another corresponding one i,s obviously recpiisite, by means of which four complete nxmlds would be obtained. At th" (\>ngressof the Archreologie,d Institute. Ih-M m( ' An/iiinl, Jniir. vol. iji, p. 't'l' . [Chap. II,] 77//; mj<:ta ll uh uic tma nhitwn ;j4r) 8alisbuiy ill I84y, tlie temporary Museum ccmtained H mould of serpentine, from Dorsetshire, designed for castmg spc'ar-heads, and another of granite, found near Amesbuiy in Wiltshire, intended to cast ornamented celts of two sizes. Of the same class are two pairs of eelt-moulds, Figs. 48, 49, discovered in th(3 parish of Rosskeen, Koss-shire. The site of this int(;resting dis- <:overy is about four miles inland, on the north side of the Cromarty Firth, on a moor whi(5h the proprietor IS re(tlaiming from the wild w.-istc;, and restoring once more to the profitable service of man. lu the i)ro- gress of this good work abundant (-vidence demon I'm ■W.-('illM..nl,l«, lin,H.,|,|r,.. strated the fact, that th(! same area, from whidi the accumulated vegetable moss of many centuries is now iH'ing removi'd, had formed the scene of a, busy, intel- ligent, and industrious jmpulation ere the first growtji of this barren |)roduce indici-ted its aLandoiniU'nt to •solitude and sleiility. Near t<» the spot where the Ujouldrt were discovered, there stood liil recently a large sepuhdiral cairn ; and in Ibrming a road through the moss, HcviTal cists were exposed containing human bones and ciniTaiy ui-ns. Amid those evidences of ancient ]mpu]ali..n (he two j.airs of mouhls were dis- <'overed, at a d..ptli of only sixteen inches from tlie surface. They are very . • ^,,^^'{^ and are composed of a J 'i TIIH A/W//A/C (Hi lilWSZH PKIilOlf. [Cii.vf. liiM'd and voiy (rloHi^-graiiu'd Htone. One pair is iiotclu'd and perforated f.lir()U»«;h both luouIdH, so as to admit of their being- exactly fitted and titnl togctiier lor caHting. (MoHe to tlu> sj)ot vvJiore they wc>re discovered, remains of a rude encdosure or buihling of stone were ex])os(Hl, con- taining a l)(^d of aslies and scoritu ; so that liere no(hml)t had been tli" forge of the primitive metalhirgist, from wlience, )>eilia,ps, the nativt\H of an extensive district obtained their cliit-f supplies of weapons and tcxtls. 'I'hese Scottish moulds give evideuce bolh of taste and ingenuity. \\\ one of them is also a matiix for forming a smaller imidemeut, the use of which is not easy to Km. 4!l. Ct'lt M.iul.U. Ilo determine ; while both the (telts are laruv and ele<>anl in form. Fig. (;i, p. ;?H l, represents a celt cast from one (»f (he Ross-shire moulds. in most cases it may be assumed that the carlicsl weapons of metal wt're furuished, as the modern sjiorts- man casts his bullets, by each warrior or craftsman bccduiiug his own sndth and founder; and when we consider the slow and tedious process indispensable foi- the completion of the stone liammer, or som(M)f the more elaborate imjilemenls of flint : we readily perceive that it would he from the scarcity of the metals and not from any |trcfereucc for primitive and more familiar arts, (hat the Hriton (»r the transition-period contijiued to use the i .1* lOllAI'. 11.1 Til K M E TA A A ///,' (,' /( ' TliA XSI TlON. 347 \vi'ii|.()iiH of hirt fiillici'M, or intcmiiiinjini tlicin with the nion; cllicicnt ones vvliidi the innv jirt mipplicd. Still it WJIH prohaUly lono- |„.|or,, ],(. ovcivuniu the (litKculty «»f nlloyiiig l)i.s coj)!.!-!-, or ciiHtiiig mctiil in mctfil, iinii loariKHl to model iind cast liin moiiM instead of Inhori- ously cutting it from atone. In theH(!, an in other stage.M of inijirovenie.nt, we detect, as it were, the (jarlicHt tidivmarkH in the progrtiHs of civilisation. Tla^ nnie chij»-axe im])roveH into the higldy l)()li, shed wedge and celt; this in its turn gives way to tlie Kand-ca,st axe of co])per, or (o the hanuuenul weapon moulded in the indented stojK-. The. more uHefiil hronze next di.spkces the too ducttilc coi)per, and \\\v. celt and s[)ear-head follow, gracefully moulded int(, form in th(( ter to the linding of «tists and cinerary urns as tln^ modern city extended over the sub- urban fields which hiy beyond tlu! ohl North I.och. To- wards the clo.s('of the eighteenth century, when tin; spirit nf agricultural improvenieiif, which has been product ive ofsu.-h imi.ortant results to Sco||an Ic.s.s wide-spread i* %■ ' ' M'^. ' 'i ! 7V/A' ARCHAIC OH liRONZK PERIOD. and eiitliusiastic than has ivsultetl in our own clay from the discovery of tlie Guano Ishmds of the Pacific. Sir Alexander Dick, one of the most zealous Scottish agri- culturists of last century, whose Prestonfield estate is hounded on the north by Duddingston Loch, con- structed a canal in 1775, and prepared a couple of flat- bottomed boats, with the requisite macliinery attached to them for dredging marl. These were set afloat on the loch, and their projector thus dfiscribes some of the most interesting results of his labours', in a letter com- municated to the Earl of Buchan, the found«!r of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, shortly after its in- stitutioji in 1780 : "In the third year of my progress in dragging successfully great quantities of marl, now^ and then in the middle of the lake 1 met with large fragments of deers' horns of an uncommon magnitude. As my operations were proceeding northward, about one hundred and fifty yards from the verge of the lake next the King's Park, the people employed in dredging in places deeper than usual, jifter having removed the first surfaces of fat blackish mould, got into a, bed of shell marl from five to seven feet deep, from which they brought up in th<.' collecting leather-bag a veiy wndghty sul)stance, which when examined as it w^as thrown into the marl boat, was a, heap of swords, spears, and other lumps of brass, mixed with the purest of the shell marl. Some of the lumps of brass seemed as if half melted ; and my conjecture is that there iiad been upon the side of the hill, near the lake, some manufactory for brass arms of the several kinds for which there was a demand."' Rarely has a more interesting discovery been made, ' MS. Letter B(„.k, vol. i. y. 4;j, 1780-81, Lil.r. Soc. Anti(|. Scot. In ii 8iibse(iueiit letter (llnd. p. 70), Sir Alexander Dick deseribe.s several very large deers' horns, in a.ldition to the fragments iirevioimly found. The results of a eareful analysis of some of these bronze relics are given in tin- succeeding chajiter. II.] TllK MET A LL Uli GW TRA N SIT ION. :Wj or one on mi equally extensive scale, illustrative of the Scottish Bronze Period. Some of the most perfect and l)eautiful of these ancient weapons were presented to His JVlnjesty George iir. ; others, doubtless also among the best specimens, were retained as family heirlooms, some of which were afterwards given to Sir Walter Scott ;^ but the remainder, including upwards of fifty pieces of swords, spear-heads, and fragments of other weapons, most of them more or less affected by fire, were presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and formed the very first donation towards the founding of their valuable collection of national antiquities. The royal gifts and nearly all the family heirlooms have dis- appeared, but the whole of those presented to the Society still remain in their Museum. The swords are of th<^ usual leaf-shaped form, with perforated handles, to which Iiorn 01' wood had lieen attached. Some of the larcrer broken spear-heads have been pierced with a vari(;ty of ornamental ptuforations ; and in addition to these there were bronze lings and staples, similar to those found on various orcasiona with other remains of the same period. The vvood(;ut, Fig. 50, represents one of these, measur- ing three inches in diameter, and a hirger one, also in the Scottish Museum, which was found along with several bronze celts and swords, on the estate of Kilker- ran, Ayrshire, in 1846, and more closely resembles the examples most frequently met with, both in style and dimensions. The discovery of gigantic deer's horns and fragments of others, along with the weajjons and masses of melted bronze, would seem to add to the pro])abiIity that the manufacture of such weapons had been carried on, at some remote pi'iiod, on the margin of the loch, and that these were (^ollectcid for supplying them with handles. ' Tlioy ixic li'^nretl in tlif AhlmtKfard Edition, vol. ii. ]i. 10.1. 350 I 'I'l :l ;;J THE MiGHAlC OH liHONZE PERIOD. [CJhap. |{ut utJHT ivli,..s |„.HicleH those which siH^.k to U8 of the n|em«U8 arts of the metalhn^ist, were dro.l.o.l, alon. with he sliell marl, from the bottom of the wl Kefei^ ence has already been made to the discovery of several human skulls ami bones, which from their very blaJk colour appeared to have been immersed in the nfarl for an immense time. Unfortunately neither the skulls nor the horns appear to have been preserved. In this, as in a thousand other mstanees, we seek in vain for the minuter details that would confer so muc-h value on the vngue ghmpses of archoeological truths scattere.l through old penodK-als, Statistical Accounts, and other uns.tt- t'.i_ Km. .W.-Riiiga unci Stllliles. . . f.i.'to.-y sour,.es of inf„rm„tiou. Hore we mi,Hit ,■„■ his tools. It also becomes an mtomsting question to know If the deer's horns exluhited murk's 'f „rtifici 1 '•uftrng as tins wouW go far to prove their use in t e eomplehon of the weapons beside vvhiel-. they lay and .mght further help ns in forming » opinion as o'w earn if t e skulls corresponded with either of the old types of the tumuli, „r were eharacteri.ed by supeH» oerebral development, such as their progress in the at "nght lead us to expect. It is possible that sonre reco li.J 77//; METAUAJUaiV TRASiilTWiS . 351 of those facts has l)ec'n preserved, since the skulls were submitted to one of the most distinguished anatomists of his day ; but I have failed to discover any chie to such, after incjuiries submitted botii to the late Dr. Alexander Monro, and to Professor Goodsir, his successor in the Chair of Anatomy in the University of Edinburo-h. It is probable, that in tiie disclosures thus resulting from the dredging of Duddingstou Loch we have the accumu- lated traces of art which mark tlie site, of one of the ancient Lake villages or Crannoges, for which the locality furnished peculiar advantages, in its vicinity alike to a wide forest chase and to the sea. Fully seventy years after the marl-dredgers had brought to light the remarkable primitive relics of Duddingston Loch, the Honourable Board of Commis- sioners of Her Majesty's Woods and Forests determined 2 77/ A- AitaiiAfc on iiuoszt: i> union. |(!|IAI', whero (,],. iriM^vniKcut "Qnoons Drive." is c,n,icHl aloi.cr iio .stoop Hulo .,f tho l.ill at un olx-vatiou of nourly 300 .'.ot abovo tho Jovol of tho noi.irhhouring loch, -two beautiful loaf-nhapod bronzo Hvvords woro dxm up, in a bed of vogc.tabJo cliarcoa,!, but with no remains which wou d indic-ato its havino- been ., sepulciu-al deposit. Ihe largest ol tho two swords measures 2Ci inc.iios long • he other 24«(. inciies by 1 J inches in greatest breadth." In other rc^pocts they entirely agree, ros.md.ling in figure the usual form of this gracoful woupon, as will bo ob- served from th.' ,,nn«^xod engraving of one of them l''ic:. .VJ. Ilroii/.i. Hworil. Arllmr.Si.iii,. The swords and the largest of the bronze c(.lt8, ficurod above, are now in the Museum o{ the Socit^ty of Anti- guanos. The other €olt and the cup are in my posses- sion ; and as they wer(> obtained from an Irish labourer who showed no little r(.lu(.tanoo to be questioned, it is <'xtremely probable that those are but a portion of tho tn^isuros disoloscKl in the course of the excavations. More recently, when constnu^tiiig ti.^ lower road near the margm of tho loch, a, cinerary urn was found, along with human bonos and the traces of aiK.iont sc^pulture -^ «o tlmt tins beautiful kx-ality appears to abound witli objects of arch.x'ologi„il value Avhorever the s,)ade invades the long undisturbed soil. A natiiral interest attaches to tho inquiry as .o Hk^ source of the numerous bronze weapons of var,..] ,,.d beautiful forms, recovered from time to time from ancient graves or /. .Scot, vol ii. l>. 4'2(». lOrrAi'. "•] THE UKrALlUKon: rilANSmoX. 3M ii<™ Lveii \,y tlKKi^ will) mnv ic aa linlf (lim,i,«,.,l o claim lieroditery right to roll,, of the ti» |T^ ^C Ltr .."^ T^. »""!'•« t'-ry sufficed until ndic of ^ r7tM "'"™«.-''- »'■ "11 Scottirf,, ,„„I, ml :,,i ' ""*"!'"«''»■ Whatovor w,« ru,l, .«ud barbarous, such as uuhcwu standing-Htouo, .,,,,1 1«™ sunk if tl 1 "'"'" ^"'" '''^y "*'""'"1 '" l'"v. i^cl by the bloody rai.,»,onari,« of Koma„ civilisation But ueh ,g„o,.ant assun-i.tion will „„ longer suffice Ml. Worsuao adopts an era extendin., over al,out eleven centuries for the continuation of tl e li^sl br„n.c period. From geological evidence l,e r. v " ' weapons and implements were in use in Denmark fully five centuries before the Christian era. In Britain i oiig after the ( hristian era, when ncighbonring countries uedr ';""",''?""■■:"'" the coininon'and 1Z n'mL^^ti ' ,"" "T?"'" «'-"'l""vian nations, picparatoiy to making their ,,i,atieal .lescents on th, British sliijres: seems altogether improbable and opposed to established truths. I'ppohLci VOL. f. 3;)i THE ARCIIAKJ OR BRONZE PERlUD. [Chap. ''I f> 1 ji The brazen mcc of the Ilesiodic Theogony, eternally figliting, perislied by ea?!> otlier's liand.«, descending nameless to Hades, before iron was known. The ethical poet of the " Works and Days" himself belonged to the age of iron, living, as Grote con«'eives, probably a])out 700 B.C., and between the iron ra(^e and that belligerent one wI}ose anus and implements were all of brass, and to whom iron was unknown, there had intervened the vague heroic age of demigods and poetic heroes ; so old was the knowledge of iron among the Greeks. In the days of Aristotle they were familiar with the proccvss of converting it into steel ; and his (contemporary, the Roman Camillus, we may feel assured was not unfamiliar with metallurcric arts so long known to the inhabitants of the neighbouring peninsida; though it would add little force to the argument to quote his reputed answer to Brennus, that the Roman was wont to I'ansom his count ly not with gold but steel. Certainly in the era of the Punic wars the (Jcltiberiaii iron was known alike to Roman and Carthaginian ; and the allusions of Polybius not only indicate the familiarity of the former with this useful metal, but no idea luiggests that it Avas in any sense rece.nt. And if this was the case with the nations around the Meiliterranean in the later centuries cf the ante-Cliristian times ; the few di'linite notices of the Britain of that period also leave no room to doubt that its iron ag(! was already initiated. No desci'i[)tion by -fulius C'res;ir, or any later classical writer, of tlie weapons used l»y the native Britons, in any degiec corresponds with the familiar form of the bronze sword so freipiently found in the earlier tumuli.' Tacitus describes the Caledonians as "a, jioweifnl warlike nation, using swords • I'/'f/c Ilihl'iDti. To/iiHj. /IrlliDi, vol. ii. I'lirt .'I, tor ii Iciiiiicil controviTNy "On ImisH miiiM miil otlior iiiiti(|uitii's of .ScotliUid," in ii Hcrictt of Inttcru lii'twi'iMi Sir .loliii < 'Icrk ami Mr. (Jiilc. // lii/niir ilaliiiiuv, |i|i. '2'Jt>-'_'.'l'2. [Chap. eternally Bscending he ethical ed to the l)ly about clligcrent jrass, and 'encd the 3 ; so old In the )roctvs8 of rary, the infaniiliar hal)itantH oil Id add ;d answer nsoni his the em of 1 alike to Polyl)ius with this 8 in any le nations 'S cf tlu! 'S of the oiiltt that j>ti(>n by ' weapons (■responds i'(M[uently rihes the ig sworos ('(iiitriivrrNy 'H of lottl'IH n.] THE METALUJRGW TRANSITION. 355 large and bhmt at the point {sim mucrom^ and targets wherewith they skilfully defend themselves against "the Roman missiles." The bronze leaf-shaped swSrd in no respeet corresponds with this. It is a short and small, though formidable weapon, and is not only designed for thrusting rather than striking with,- as a heav;, blunt- pomtod sword could alone be used,- -but was c:vidently adapted for a warfare in which the chief tactics .ff the swordsman consisted in the bold thrust. No ex- jmiple of a bronze sword has been found with a, guard • that simp e contrivance for defending the hand from the downward stroke of the foe. With such unmistaka]>le evidence before us, the conclusion seems ine^'itable that the era of the bronze sword had passed away before the nardy C aledonian encountered the invading legions of Ronie. Nevertheless, while there is abundant evidence ot the native manufacture of the articles of the Bi-(,nze Period, there are no less manifest traces of considerable intercourse throughout Europe during this vnx, fr,mi the near msemblance discoveral)h> in all the bronze articles liie Lritish bronze sword bears a general likeness to those n.)t^only of Denmark, but of Uaul, (Germany, and even of Italy and Greece; but it has also its ix-euliar (•haracteristics. It is broad.T and slu.rter than the Danish bronze sword, swelling out more towards the midd <•, so as to suggest the term leaf -.shaped, by whi.-h It IS distinguished. All int..resting guide to the prol,able ch.sing era of such weajtons in southern Europe is fur- nished by a comparison of some sp,>cimens of Hellenic fictile art with a beautiful vase discovered at Vulci l,y the Prince, of Canin... .tihI des(rib,.d in the Arvlnvohufia^ by Mr. Samuel Pircii. Th.. same subject occurs on tJuve vases, and has been supposed to represent the (piarrel of Agam.-mnon and A.liilh^s. C)n one Vulcian iiydria of ill :\rn\ Tin: .ih'('HA/(' <>/," lu^os/.t: rninotK \v\\\\\ pi leai-slui|H'd swoni willioul m mianl. (hi ji nocojui, »i t'vlix of lattT style tVom llu> (\miiu> (\»ll«>cti(>n. tlit> coin batauts arc armed willi leaf siiajUMl swonU. Iml willi «;iiai>ls; while on the heaiitiliil vase which Mr. Birch refers to as a spceinieu o^ IJreek art contenniorary with thel)ri>stes of .I'isehvhis, lliesame seei ic occurs, Init ll u>as sailaut has sulistilutcil for llie |U'imiti\'e weapon n slrai{t!;ht two cilmnl sword k'^^ modern form. Sucli comparisons cannot be dccnMul witht»nt thcii- \ahie ; ItuI inths(\ the variations in the Itron/e relics of the same tyjio sullice to prove that neither the Hritish anticpiitics «tf Itronze wci'c l)ronii,'ht fnnn henmark. nor the Danish ones iVom Hrilain. Tlw' handles of the lirilish weapon especi ally appear to havi> lieen always of wood itr hoin ; while many ai'c met with in henmarU with hron/e handles, ornamented with a peenliar pattern, and e\ei, sometimes inlaid with o(tld, Iml a'l invariably without a ^nard. It is specially worthy of note in relation to the makers and owners of the la-on/e swords, that the handles arc invariably small. One mirkcil charactcristi'- of the Cu'rmanie ract> is foiiml in the lari;-e hands and feel, in which it contrasts with the Celtic as well as with races of an essentially diverse sto«*k ; as is shown by the fact that many of the old(>r basket hilled llinhland swctrds will scarcely admit the hand of a modern Scotsman of ordi- nary si/e. This characteristic has been repeatedly ob- sci'vcd in j>iimiti\e raecs, and is tlnis noted by Mr. Stephens in reference to the tineicnl temple builders of Via'atan, when describing the well-known synd>ol of the rrd /t((iiicno\is marks, which after- wa rds stared us in the face ii I all the rnin ed huiltlinLs Idi of the country. They were the prints of a red hand, with the thund) and lingers c.xtended, not drawn or H'lIM", lU'MVS il lit> (*«>in Ml witli r. Kiii'li irv Nvitli it llu*iis slriii^ht pjnisoiis priidi'iil 111' smiH' iiiiicH »>r Il 1)1 IS U'S 1 ('S|>l't'l ; wliilc li:iiuil(>H, iiu'linu's ml. iiijikcrM idles lire of III.' jrct, ill r.'icfs nj' ncl Ihiil rds will of (U(li- 'i|l\' ol»- l.y Mr. ildciM of >l of tllc iivity ill h iirici- nildiii<;s d liiiiid, 11 wn or II.] ptllDtc l"il ■^liiiii|Md l.y III., living liiiiid. (I llpoli llies|u|it\ Tllrr.' w .'i.n Hu' ptiliu nhoiil. lli.'S(«|itiiid,s (|„.v of H' |tl'rH,H|in. of lis (.lie slriiviiiM' friiluro W.'icexcvdili^iy Hliiiill. hlilj,,,,. '»'irownM|.r,...|d„v.'r,iiid .'oiMpirlelv liiij (||,.|n."' 'I 1'^ !i pliysicjil cliiinicleriMtir ..f ,.,ir|y lllH I'JICCH well WoKliy of l<*o( (lie ofdi '"";'• Wliile lli.-d.-li.'Ml.' Miiinll Imiid niid .... "••"•'I.V looked t,,,ni, ns nmrks ..f i.inj, |„. |j, l'''^Ny npi'dr.l as iHTlMiniiie' lo II,. iMMl^vl l.wmlv of (I '«'. Hiid jire •''iiiJile jonii, iIk •'IT'»'^''(' ,ire loiiiid niiiDiio (I ""'dlslinrli.msoniiP pure Telllniiie Hl.M.k. ,.| le iiiUMeii iiinieler ii;4)^l'eHM|ve H|M|'i|, '■•^ll«'or(ll.-ireMseiili„lly pi,ie( i,,d „lid •'''"'"''" '''•••<|"<'"lly s.-ei, nioHl, iiinrkedird,.ve|V,,H'dV,i'|'| ■Ai iilin;ini|.iil,i(nrniid inn..,iio„M ,i ImiiieiMii. '.'"■ ;^i;<;"';l'""<"iils, ntid perH..iifd oriiitiiieiii ler VJirielicH of CO •I'llloii III |)rniii„,4 WeiijioiiH, < ; Home wllieli iiiv < lire iiiiUiiowii here, or iiHMiiitie die I Wr lire (;iiiii|i„r '''''<'"' f"niiH; ,,||m.,-h Willi wliiel .""';''"^^" '•• ""• l>""iHll arel,M.o|o..iM| : while |,o(| "' Ilk.' iiiMiiner diMliii^-iiiMhrd Iron, (hoH.- of ( (lie I lire '"'"'''• '"'''■• ""' "'M''!!! of iiilerii(iJ,i..ri,il "idy H(.iiiiieh ;;r('„l,'nii„| i,,,,,,. ,| '''''■'"'''"''' '•'■"(iiri.-H, liiui, i„ (|,„H,. n|,| Ihe ("I eoiiiiiiiiiih-alHiii was "'•<'<•< ill Ihe I Weill h ail. I o in-'tiiin era. as lo piitdu '"••i^lil and experienc,.. er eelllurii-H lielure ee a nioic lapid llllere|,ai,J.re NLcjiIh'iih' Vninlfiii Yii,„l,ni, v..! i ., |: -#, ■MiS THE AIWIIAW OR BULKS ZK PERIOD. [Ohai-. .ifi I *?l ''' '^ The iiiitioiial individuality, Jicconipanyiug such remark- able correspondence to a common type, may therefore be assumed as justifying the (;onclusion that some consider- able intei-course must have prevailed among the different races of Europe during the remote pei'iod to which we refer, which familiari;?ed each with the artistic forms and mecliiinical im})rovement8 of the others, while the arts and manufactures of all were prosecuted separately, and with little or no view to commercial exchanofc. Hence we are enabled to form some definite conception of the characteristics of theii- early and partial civilisation ; while at the same time there is no proof of any such sudden transition as would lead to the conclusion that the bronze relics l)elong entirely to a new people. On the (!ontrary, the eviden(;e of slow and very gradual change is manifest. The metallurgic arts, and the models by which their earliest application was guided, were in all probability introduced by a new ra(te. But the rude stone moulds, the sand-cast (-elts and jtalstaves, and tlie primitive foi-ges in which they were wrought, all point to aboriginal learners slowly acquiring the new art ; while perha])s its oi-iginntors were introducing those works of beautiful form, great finish, and d(?licacy of workmanshi]), which the anti(|uary of the eighteenth century could ascribe to none but the Roman masters of the world. Mr. Worsaae remarks, after i)ointing out the corre- spondence, in many respects, between the bronze relics of Denmark and those of otiier countries of Europe: these " prove nothing more than that certain implements and weapons had the same foi-m among different nations."^ And again, " from these evidences it follows that the anti(|uities belonging to the Bronze Period, which are found in the diH'erent countries in Europe, can neither ' Ih-iinirdl Anthiiiiihn III' Dnnilnvk, p. 41 01). [Chap. PLATK V such reraark- r therefore be )me coiisider- the different to which we tic forms and hile the arts parat(?ly, and nge. Hence option of tile civihsation ; of nny such icliision tliat people. On 7(ivy gradual ts, and the was guided, \\ race. But nd ]>j 1 1 staves, are wrought, ring the new (hieing those . d(?licaey of e eighteenth in masters of it the corre- )nze relics of urope: these •Icments and nt nations."' )ws that the I, which arc ciiii ncithci' Kid iti. Slipli,' S|ic;ir M.MlI.l, ri(i. 111. l'.il»(i,M- Mniilil. •'K' ^1 Nl' Am- lil;i.h' mil Iji Moiilila. STONK MOULDS. f. -y. t f'l •J^ ir.] THE METALLURGIC THAN HIT ION. 359 be attributed exclusively to the Celts, nor to the Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, Sclavonians, nor to the Teutonic tribes. They do not belong to any one people, but have been used by the most different nations at the same stage of civilisation ; and there is no historical evidence strong enough to prove that the Teutonic people were in that respect an exception. The forms and patterns of the various weapons, implements, and ornaments, are so much alike, l)ecause sucli forms and patterns are the most natural and the most simple. As we saw in the Stone Period how people at the lowest stage of civilisa- tion, by a sort of instinct, made their stone implements in the same shape, so we see now, in the first traces of a higher civilisation, that they exhibit in the mode of work- ing objects of bronze a similar general resemblance."^ But are the forms and patterns thus natural and simple ? This argument, which abundantly satisfies us as to the universal correspondence of the majority of tools and weapons of the Stone Period, entirely fails when thus applied to the works of the Bronze Period. The former are in most cases of the simplest and most rudimentary character: the perforated oblong stone for a hammei", the pointed flint for an arrow-head, and the longer edged and pointed flint for a kuife or spear. Human intelli- gence, in its most barbarous state, suggests such simple devices with a universality akin to the narrower instincts of the lower animals. They are, in truth, mathematically demonstrable as the simplest shapes. But the beauty aud variety of form and decoration in the productions of the Bronze Period l)ring them under a totally diflerent classification. They are works of art ; and, though un- doubtedly exhibiting an indefiniteness in the arbitrary ornamentation peculiarly characteristic of its partial deve- lopment, they are scarcely less marked by novel and totally ' Priinevid Antiquit'u's, p, 1,'{8. n If Tf if it If I- 360 '/7/A' ARCHAIC OH BHONZE PEUIOD. [Chap. distinct forms tlian the products of many different classic, niedievid, or modern schools of design. The form of the leaf-shaped sword, indeed, is unsurpassed in beauty by any later offensive wea})on ; and many of the spear- heads exhibit a corresponding taste in their graceful design. We are justified, therefore, in assuming that the general correspondence tra,ceable throughout the produc- tions of the European Bronze Period, affords evidence of considerable international intercourse having prevailed ; while the peculiarities discoverable on comparing the relics found in different countries of Europe compel us to conclude that they are the products of native art, and not manufactures diffused from some common source. We have already traced them as pertaining to the infantile era of Greece, and may yet hope to find them among the indications of primitive Asiatic popula- tion : supplying new evidence in illustration of the north western migration of prehistoric nations, and probably also a means of approximation towards the date of successive steps by which the later nomades advanced towards the coasts of the German Ocean. In the former section, numerous instances have been reterred to of the discovery of canoes, assignable on veiy conclusive evidence to the Primev.al Period. One ex- ample, at least, has })een recorded of a ship apparently belonging to the succeeding era of bronze, and which, l)oth in size and mode of construction, amply accords with the assumed chara(-teristics of the more advanced peiiod, and with the idea of direct intercourse with the continent of Europe. " In this town" (Stranraer), says tile old historian of Galloway, writing in 1G83, " the last yoar, while they were digging a water-gate for a mill, they lighted uj)on a ship a coiisi.hu'able distance from the shore, unto whi.-li the sea at th(. higliest sj^ing-tides •••■ver rom.ss. it u-as transverselv under a bttJe bouii. II.] THE METALLVRUW TRANSITION. 361 and wholly covered with earth a considerable depth • for there wa« a good yard, with kail growing in it, upon the •one enc. of it. Ey that part of it which was gotten out my informers, who saw it, conjecture that the vessel had been pretty large ; they also tell me that the boards were not joined together after the usual feshion of our present ships or barks, as also that it had nails of copper "» Here we hnd remarkable evidence of progress. The rude arts ot the aborignud seaman, by wliich he laboriously hol- lowed the oaken trunk, and adapted it for navigating his native seas, have been superseded by a systematic pro- cess of ship-building, in which the metallic tools sufficed to hew and shape the planks, as well as to furnish the (•opper fastenings by which they were sficured Vessels thus constructed were doubtless designed for wider excur- sions than the navigation of native estuaries and inland soas ; nor must we assume, because the records of ancient Instory have heretofore concentrated our interest on the countries bordering on the illediterranean, that therefore the German Ocean and the British seas were a waste of unpeopled waters, save, perhaps, when some rude canoe borne beyond its wonted shelter on the coasts, timor- ously struggled to regain the shore. Enough has already ..een advanced to disabus,> us of the fallacy, that where no annals of a people have been preserved nothing worth nichng can have existed. naew hat will be gaine-.l if faith can be established .e lact, that deeds worth recording were enacted in britum ni those old times, when no other chronicler existed but the bar not the creations of Phoenician or Koniaii, rather than of a native British civilisation. How n^mote the origin of this transition-period dates we cannot as yet presume to say ; but with our pre- conceived notions, derived chiefly from an exidusively classical education, we are more apt to err on the side of too modern than of too remote a date. Mr. Worsaae, after distnissing and rejecting the idea of a Roman origin for the l)ronze relics of Denmark, adds:^ "Nor in all probability have these bronzes reached us from Greece, although, both with regard to their form and ornaments, particulaily the spiral ornaments, a greater similarity appears to exist between those which occur in the north and those found in the most ancient tombs of Greece. For independently of the fact, that the latter have hitherto occurred but seldom, so that our knowledge of them is extremely imperfei^t, they belong to so very remote a period— 1000 or 1400 years before the birth of Christ,— that we can by no means be justified in supposing that any active intercourse then existed be- ' J'riiiural Aiiliqiiilirn oj Dcinuark, p. 41. [Chap, d zealous not that intiiig to however, ^ prior to } was in- the rude it native, ^^ihsation, lixed the and ini- )erfeetion jrks with ;Jiat they n, rather iod dates our prc- :(;hisively the side Worsaae, an origin or in all I Greece, naments, iinihuity ^lie north ' Greece, tcr have 'ledge of so very he birth tilled ui sted be- IL] TJ/Ji MKTALLUIWW TRANSITION. 363 tween countries so n^niotc from each other." P,ut why not? Active it might be, though indirect; or, what is equally likely, both might derive their mo.lels from a common s.^urcc-perhaps Phc«nician, the apparent source ot Greek metallurgic art ; perhaps from older regions of central Asia, whence both were sprung. We see at least, from evidence which api)ears to be incontrovertible^ tliat at a much more remote period a human population' occupied the British Isles ; .and we shall allow our iudcr- nients to be misled by very fallacious reasoning if v?e conclude that they coald not have attained to any degree of civilisation at the period referred to, merely because no notice of them occurs in the pages of classic writers. I he Greeks and Romans looked with contempt on all other nations. Partly from this national pride, but still more perhaps from a want of that philological ai)titude peculiar to mod(!rn times, they gav(j little heed to the anguages of their most civilized contemporaries, and looked on their barbarian ai-ts and maniu^rs with (;on- tempt. Yet among the harbanans of the Greeks we must inclu, supposes iiiny lx> EuoImiuI. 1 of tho Miitiqiiitics tlieiii.sclvcs, I )1 ologist is Je.l to tho coiu'Jusioii tliat the 1 'roin a, careful coiiiparisou lowi'ver, tlic Diinisli arcliiv- )l'01l/(» () objects were maiiutacturcl in the various (..uutrirs of Euroiu. where tJiey are now fouml, and (liat only the metal was imported from some (Common eentr(>. 'riu> same idea appears at one period to have i.,rn adopted l>y tlu' Rev Dr. Kohmson, an Irish arc-lnologist still more distin- guished for his dev,)tion to astroimmieal science than for his mteliiovnt elucidation of anti(juarian investi juobability of a common origin for \\x^ mixed metal, as for the weapons mto which it has bei^i fashioned. The dilh.r once even in colour and texture is very great, and in some cases still only imperfectly accounted for. Many of the bron/e weapons found both in S.-otland and Ireland are ot a, l.nght yellow colour, like brass, or rather ivsem- I'lnig g,ld<.d m<>lal ; it does m,t tarnish, and, on analysis IS ound to ..ontam no .inc. Others are more of u ...pn,,' rcdour, also little liabl,. to tarnish ,.■ corrode • while a third , •niparisoii sli nntlia?- !o objects ■ Europo, lie till WilS inio idcii the Rev. e (listiii- thiiii for igiitions ; Dinimmi- •48, hIiow iichi.sio!!. i will ])c >l);il>ility for tlie e (lith'i- Jiiid ill Miiny Ireliiii(J, r rcscni- iiin lysis, I (!()|»|»er wliiie a iiK' and eovei'fd <>H(( the oillliioM In.'dysis of liny Is, or of orin of iiixtiire ithiii a I'njtons. III. ] I'ltlMITJVlt: lUiOiSZK. 367 It ritth^ for iise, it would be coiisinrned nnew to the furnace, with such additions to the mixed metals as exjieiienee must soon sugo'est. The same would hoM good even if we au]»pos(i that th(^ native worker used iiii])orte(l bronze. Whether the tin and copper were mixed by riiajnician, Roman, or J^ritisli metallurgists, similar i)ropoitiona.l <*ombinution8 of the two would necessarily be the jrsult of exiKJiienee. It will be seen, however, that the " (Vltic brass" of HriUsh archicologists is neither invariably <',om posed of exactly the same proportions of tin and copper, nor solely of these two metals. One of the most elaborate and valuabbi reports ])ub- lished (m this subject is contained in a comiminication read to the Royal Soeit^ty of London, .Iiine \\ ITlKJ, niid printed in the RhilosojiJiieal Traiisiietions (.f that year. Jt is entitled, "()bservati(»iis on s(.me metallic arms and utensils, with ex])erinien(s to determine their composi- lion," by (ieorge IVarson, M.J)., RR.S. His experimeiils were both analytic; and synthetic, and consecpiently enable us to trace the prolinble experience (»!" the primi- tive metallurgist, before he had ascertained the most useful jirojiortions of the metals for in'acticnl purposes. Native copper, we know, is obtained in great abundance in some localities fit for immediate use. Tin, tlaundi never loiind in this state, oeeurs in England in the same locality with the copj»er, niid often near the surface. It might, therefoii^ even accidentally be i-ombined with the former metal, as in the smelting of tin ]>yrites. The fact of the two jioHsessing, when in eombiiifition, the reciuisite hardness for domestic or warlike purposes, which ni'itln'r of them has when alone, appears to have been i 3(18 '/'//A' AliVllA/C OU lUiONZE PKRIOl). [CriAP. uscertairied at a very rc'iiiote period. In addition to tliis indispoiiBahle property, tiie conibinatioii possesnes the valuable qualities of being more readily fusible and con- tinuing longer in the fluid state. Hence the mixture of two of the metals most readily accessible to the native metallurgist greatly facilitated [dl his other operations. ^ In his comparatiN-e experiments, Dr. Pearson fused fifty grains of tin with 1000 grains of copper; i.e., one part t)f tin to twenty ])arts of coj.per. The result, wh(>n polished, differed in shade of colour from that of three bron^^e axe-heads analysed by him, being much darker. Its fracture showed a colour inc-lining to the peculiar i-ed of coppc'r. One hundred grains of tin united by fusion with 1500 grains of copper : i.e., one part of the former to fifteen parts of the latter, resembled the celt nu^taJs, Nos. 1 and 2 in colour, polished surface, grain, and brown' ''olonr of the fi-acture, the red of the copper being no longer apparent. It was stroiig.^r than the celt metals but not so hard, while it was iiaider than the spear-head' and patella included in his analytical ("xperinients. Is'o very remarkable differences were observable in the com- bmations of twelve, ten, nine, and eight parts of copper with on(> of tin. When, however, the copper was reduced to seven parts to one of tin, the increase in hardiu^ss and brittl(>ncss becam.! very apparent, while the alloy w^as de.'i.ledly paler in colour. The same charactei-istics were still more marked on successively reducing the pro|)or- tions of copp,>r to six, five, four, and tlnve ; and when mi alloy was made of two parts ..f c,,,,,,,,- wit), one i.art of tin. It "was as brittle almost as glass." It is not 'Idli.ult, from those results, to imagine the process pur- siied by the old worker in bronze, who, having ascertained that he could harden his copper by aUoying it with tin Wiuil.l not fail t.) diminish the a.Ided (|uaMtitics of th.' latter till he had secured an eflicient practical admixture Ul] tbi- tli( rHIMlTIVK niiOSZK. .TM) J'm-jx.Hc.s of Iiis iniMiunicfu ivnt from t|„. j,l f>|>l)orrioiiiii('iif, of tl |»l-il(;ti(';il )ov(i ivsnUs, flijil i»! inirr(.(]i,.„f,s ^y. '■•', ill wliicli il is a])|»;i- lU) x'l'iy great nicety of <^oiiehiHi()i, deduced by Dr. | H re(|iiire(]. Hut tin oxi>eninomM WM., tl.at the hest proportions f;,. iii'Hon from tli ie.se factu)-(! of parts of coppci- wcjipoiiH and tools is tl le maiiu one |)art of tin to m"j le 1 Tiio c >i'oiizo reli(>8 tends to show that tl omparison of nunu^rous analyses of , )riniitiV( not ffreatej- { h icir (!ori 'cspond eiice IS nene,. '"-"'I^ Ix' antieipated to aris,- from th, Puionee acqun-ed l,y isolated worko,-s, when denlino ■ Hame metals, with sin.ilar ohjeets in view"! witli tilt The fr vqnent |)resenee of o(| eopper may also, in the majority of cases ) K'l- metals hesick's tin and additional proof of t| \(\ \\ metallurgist; tl ''« this the adiii)tation of the aUov ( )e accoptod as nsystematic proe.esses of the old Tl le results of ])r. p loiigh m sonie instances we probably trace >y to a special ])urpose iiieluded in \\w TabI derived from relics:- 1. A 1 !e <>■ 'Hon's analytic expeiiments, ivcn on a subse(pi(.nt page, we?-(! i'li c.xainniation of the f ituu.*' in the river Witham, J.im-ohisl head of tl oiiowing bronze or mnsieal Mind-instrum(!nt, found lire, m I 7e;ns from its rough surface fi Hpear- it IS as open-grained almost made of cast igmv, texture, •« <*op|>er, and '""■"•'"; "" '■'■ """1" "f I'H'I mc.,„l, „f „ ),|,,„Ki'„|',.) «>r dark-grey colour ;" ; also made of cast metal A )rown sauce handle with •• st '"V" •;^);<»'''l ''nron within it. thought t.» b..' J aiKl. n. I hree celts (Nos. I and :!. wl -pan (KNmiiin patcMa), JH'ii-grained, impressed ..n the •onze scabbai'd, >anish : ""P« ' ■ AIJAT. ; 4. A bi axe -heads, JN the bed of tl lat are now termed <>. 2 an axe-shap...! j.alslave), all found K' liver Wit ha in fii (lie nionlh of August i x i I'loyd in lowering ihe ond some lidiourers em- vol,. I. on ilif I.. I. ..r r "■' ~\\\x\ W ,1 i I I * li 1, nro Tin: MhiiAic (//.' unos'/.K rHuion. \V\\\\: rmiiu'Ufc, ciilK'd lliiikciitluc Hill, iic.-ir S.iwsloii. ('smi- biidocshirc. (jiscovcrcd tlir rciUMiiis ol' ;i Inunjin skdt'loii. nt tlio fi'cl ot" w iiicli stood hvo I;iru,(> hron/c vessels ; the rim of (lie liiro't'sl of wiiieli wms oi'iiMineiited with ;i. row of bosses, iiideiiied fnnn (lie under side. (Mi (lie left side of (lie skele(on were also found iin iron sword -e of AiUoninus IMus and <»f his sucecsHor Marcus Aurelius ; which correspond wi(h (hose of (he li(uiisand one of (he ct'l(s in (he following' (able. Ihi( (he ]»rocess adopted in (he analysis of (hose bronzes is much less sa(isfac(ory than (lia( of |)r. Peai-son, as (he absence of all other metals appears (o have been assumed, and only copper and tin (es(ed for.' A bronze sword, bumd in Krance, jn'oved on analysis (o contain HT'lV par(s of copjier (o {'l'[u\ of tin, \vi(li a por(ioii of zinc so small as not (o be wordi nodcitin-, or eajiable of all'ei (inj^' (he bronze." The analyses of \ariouH specimens of an(i(|Uc bronze, including,' a lielme( with an iiiscriplion, found at l)el|»lii. and mnv in (he i>ri(isli Museum; some nails from (he Treasury of A(reiis a( Myeanai ; an ancient (^>rilllhian coin, and a porti(Hi of a breastplate or cuirass of i'.\i|uisite workmanship, also in the Ilritish iMuseum : are state(l to have alibrdeil about S7 or SM |»arts copper to about I '1 or I ;'. of till/' ' Aii/iiiohtiiiif, vol. xviii. p. 'M'.\. - ^]^)[\<^^'■/., Mi'm. i/c riiixlU. -' .Xrtiric " iil'dllZC," I'nnilJ ('jlrliljnliliil. Vol, V, |i. KIN. |('ll\IV oil. (\'mi- skt'lt'loii, iscls ; lilt" ill) ;i. row 1 I he left )ll SVVOliI ijirsc urn, dcssoi' of snhji'clcd iiuiiciilcd on. The ('(I of HS of tin lo -io iissiufiis in lo the HUCCCHHOI' ■iC of lilt' >l.>. lint ii'onzi's is 111, iis llic ilHSlllllcd, ',<' sword, [••lV|)iirls ' so sin.'ill ilinji,' lli(.' r iinli<|iic II, loiind line ii.'iils I iiiK'iciil n' <'iiir;iss \iiisriiin : Is ('0|»|K'l' lllKlit. Ill] /'U/.u/r/iN nuih\/K. 371 Ml-. .1. A. INlilips ||!,M |„„|v iv.vMllv pilMislir,! 111,. IVHtl Is ol Mil .idionilr siMirs of Mimlvsrs in (lir M,,„oirH "' ""• <"l'<-M.i.-.Ml Sori,.|y;- ,,„.| ,..v..|„| v,d.l,,l.|r ,-oin- ■''•'"KMlioiis on III,, sniii,. siihjrri Imv.- npiH.iivd in llir '•"<''«' ihod.'l.iilM srcivl .|„ii„n. ||„,i,. |j,,,H. The I.imI ••' •l'<-"»«li<'.i in III.' Willi. .r of IHIS. ,iid III. II Dr. Kol.iii .^nnl.'ll hinis..|r,,t |ilK'iiy|,M.oinnnini.;il.. ih.'iKirli.-nh.rM ^vlll<•ll h.' hii.l Im'Iui.' III.' A.'ji.h.|iiv. *'Tli.' V.-SS..I which is now ill (h,. .■..II.M'linii ,.r III,. M,„| ,,r |{oMs,.' ;':'" '■""'■'•' '" •> •"■^ il<-"lli, Kinos ('.Miiily, „.,.„■ Wlii^slioroii.rh, ,M whiil, ,i|.|„.i,is I., h.iv.' Im'.'ii „■„!,...,. of •■i'<;"i'l l...^r. ,il„Mil, .'inhhrii in.-h.'s iM'l.nv lli.< HiiHiMT. Il lscoin|..is..d of iw.. |)i,.,M.H li.'.'illv ,•,,,,11. '.'I. '.I |,y livcls 'I'l"' l"<>M>^<' of whi.-h III.' sIh'..|m aiv loini.'.| |h,ms..hh,.s ; ^"I'''-'I'I'' H.-xil.ilily. ImiI is h,,r.h.r Ih.'.n o.ir or.lin;iry hiviHs, ..iii.l il imisl h,,v.' iv.,niiv.l hiuh nM'l.'.lliiroi,. Hkill '•; '"'■''^'' 'I"'"' •'^" ll'i" .''lid nnilorm. Sii.h vsm.'Im Iima.. '•"''" '"■''" '""""'• '"•' |Im'<-..I||..||(,S .,(■ Il.is ,,,,. jHTllli,,,'. ' Mriiiiiiix n/ I/,, C/ntiiinil Si„i,hi, v.il. n\ p. 'JSH '■' I'i'nrrnlhlilH .l that the iiiiiforiiiity of results in his analy.si's was only uoinpanitivt', and that load had not liccn tested for. t i i\ [On AT. emoving t of the request 3 Ireland Robinson ive been le pedlar provided lien pro- another 3rld was ize arms I. This I I then uniform tion was factures. s of the Biciently !;aged in ^ to me used for ntaining r neai-ly he latter quoted race the •eives to L'uts the ibi-oken. fire ('Ojiicil my, si'ssidii V witli l)r, * WllH Hilly III.] PlilMITIVE BUoyZJi. 373 The spear-heads are the most remarkable as specimens of workmanship. They are of various sizes, and of great diversity of pattern, and their points and edges appear as if they had never been used. They prove, as Dr. Robinson remarks, not only that the workmen who made them were masters of the art of casting, ])ut also that they possessed high mechanical perceptions ; their jjro- ductions showing a skilful adaptation of the material to the end in view. With the desire of testing, as far as possible, the exact bearing of the chemical evidence on this interesting in- quiry in relation to relics of the Scottish Bronze Period, J ol)tained permission from the Council of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland to submit various specimens of bronze in the Society's collection to cliemical analysis. The results are given in the fjllowing Table, along with others derived from various sources ] and will be found to ditfer remarkably from that ideal uniformity which has been supposed to estal)lish the conclusion of some single common origin iov the metal, if not indeed for the manufactured \veai)ons and implements. The ex- l)eriments were made in the laboratory and under the directions of my brotlier. Dr. George Wilson, whose acknowledged ex]»erieiice as an analyst is sutKcient guarantee for the accuracy of the results. In these analyses it will l)e seen th.at the presence of lead has been detected in tli(> majority of instances in greatly varyhig quantities, but in. two of tlieexamph's exeeedino- the tin.' '"^ ' Pivpiirainy to the mimitf iiiiiintitiitivc .•uiiily.si.s, tlio liroiizos wore liiMt wuvfiilly (iiialitiitivcly juialyNoil, ami timii.l to lonnist of cointer, tin, iviid lead. y.hw, hisiiiiitli, antimony, and silver \vir«. carcliilly nonglit lor, lint rould not 1... found. It in piohaMr, liow.vor, tliat a minute traw of the la«t metal, too small toadnm .f detection, was ineaent. not, Imwever, as iin artilieial addition to the alloy, hut as ii natural aecompaniment of the lead. i ' < ■in Tj/£; ARCHAIC on uronzk pkrjod. ANALYSES OF ANC^IENT BllONZES. [C HAP. 1. Ciiiipcr Tin. • — Lead fron. Sihci-. Caldron, . Berwit'kshire, . 92-89 5-15 1-78 2. Sword, Dnddingston, 88-51 9-30 2-30 X Kuttle, Jjerwiekshirc, . 88-22 5-03 5-88 4. Axe-heivl, . Mid-Lothian, . 88-05 11-12 0-78 5. Ciddrou, . Dnddingston, 84-08 7-19 8-53 G. Palstave, . Fifesliire, 81-19 18-31 0-75 ... 7. Vessel, Ireland, . 88- 12- ... 8. Wedge, . »» * • 94- 5-09 01 ... J). Sword, t» . S8-G;{ 8-54 2-83 1(». Sword, M 83-50 5-15 8-35 3 00 11. Litmus, Lineolnshire, . 88- 12- 12. Roman jiatella ' it * 80- 14- ... ... 13. Spear-liead, >» • 8G- 14 • • « 14. Seahhard, ») 90- 10- ... 15. Axe jialstavo, Cumberland, . 91 9- ... ... 1(5. Axe-head, . »» 88- 12- ... ... 17. Vessel, Cand)ridgeshire, 88- 12- ... 18. Axe -head, . Ireland, . 91- 9- 19. Sword, Thainea, . 89 -09 9-58 0-33 ... 20. Sword, Ireland, . 85-G2 10-02 0-44 21. Celt, . 1 » • • 90-G8 7-43 1-28 22. Axe-head, . »» • » 00-18 9-81 2;<. Axe-head, . )» • . 89-3.'i 9-19 24. Celt, . tt 8;i-Gl 10-79 3-20 0-58 2.5. Celt, . King's Co., Ireland, 85-23 13-11 114 2(i. Drinking-horn, >f 1* 79-34 10-87 9-11 27. 28. Celt, . (Jelt, . (Jo. Cavan, „ 8G-98 98-74 12-57 1 -09 0-08 0-37 0-OG 21>. Celt, . Co. Wieklow, „ 88 -.•<(> 10-92 0-10 {(). Celt, . <'o. Cavan, „ 95-04 4-50 0-25 002 il. Sijear-licad, ti 80-28 12-74 0-07 0-31 i2. S|)ear-Iu'ad. ,, 84-04 14-01 ' • • < 1 j;j. Scythe, . Hoscomnion, ,, 95-85 2-78 012 1 -32 u. Sword-handle, M 87-07 8-52 3-37 1 ... t."). Sword, »» 87-94 1 1 -35 i 0-28 • <(). Dagger, . »» * 90-72 8-25 ' (t-s7 <7. Clii.scl, 1 91-03 8-39 i {8. Caldron, , M 88-71 1 9-40 1 00 03 Nos. 1-0. Dr. (ieorge WilMcni, 7-8. Dr. .1. H. (;ihi,„n. U.S. Mint. 9-10. 1'rofeN.ior Davy. 11-18. Dr. I'eanson, /'///AwMy;//. '/'/-(n^.v. 179(;. 19-24. J. A. I'hilipH, M,,H. ('I„m. Sw., iv, \,. 288, 25. 20. Dr. Donovan, t'l,,,,,. (hi-jli,^ 1S.-|(|, p |7(;. 27-38. Mr. .1. W. Mallet. Tr5 In No. 31 is jd.so Col.idt, 09 ; in No. 37, .Antiii Arsenic, -03. imony, -04; ,vn<', in No. 41, [CHAf. in.] riilMITI YK BliONZE. 375 0-37 0-06 0-02 For :;lie analyses of two of the bronze relics, Nos. 7, 8, in the above Table, f ar.i indebted to Dr. J. H. Gibbon «>f the United States Mint ; and to this chemical evi- dence I am able, throngli the kindness of Mr. Bell of ])ungannon, to add the results of experiments made for him by Professor Davy, on jjortions of two l(?af-shaped br()nze swords found in Ireland, Nos. 9, 10. The autho- rities for other examples are given in the preceding note. One important result which those analyses establish is, that the composition of the mixed metal of the Bronze Period indicates no such uniformity as might be antici- pated in nianufa(;tures derived entirely from one source ; but, on the contrary, that different examples of it, l)elong- ing to the same period, exhibit all the degrees of varia tion that might be expected in the work cf isolated manufactuiers, verypartially acquilinted with the chemi- cal properties of the standard compound, and guided, for the most part, l»y the ])ractical experience of the result of their labours. The variations in the proportions of the elements of the bronze are obviously such as to preclude all comparison with any ancient tyj)e. In regard to the favourite theory of Phoenician origin foj- such relics, comparison is impossible, as wo possess no authentic ivmains of Pha^nician ait. An analysis of Egyptian bronzes, however, would furnish interesting results in regard to the ancient practice of metallurgy in the countries l)ordering on the JVlediterranean. Such arts, however, were by no means confined to tlie few historic races, among whom the Phoenicians generally rank foremost for skill in the working of metals ; and, indeed, the conclusion to which Sir ({eorjie Cornewall I • • • Lewis arrived is, that the tin sup[>licd to the nations on tli<' shores of the Mediterranean came ]>y the (.verland (Jaulish louie, and thai tlic l*h. 6, in which the proportions of conner -inrl tin are sriO to 18-31, with a minute addi3 Lad' J^ the Irish eelt, No. 28, with its copper and ti f in the lelative proportions of 98-74 to 1-09, with the acci- d^ital addition of iron and silver, eithe'r derived from the ore, or, m the case of the iron, added in the process 1:^7'") A greatly more limited scale of .I^Z ^^ ould afford evidence enough to establish the certainty of an mdepc.ident manufacture carried on throughout he Bronze Period, by numerous native metalhLst STs'f^^T/"^' r ^'""^""* '' ™^^ p-'-i Pli! ;i7s THE MiVIIMV on llUosy^K VEIUoh. [( riAT, CM A VI VM I V. \VKMH)SS AS I) IMrLEMKST. PiiK works (.f III,. IJn.iizc Pcrio,! posHcsM uu cntiivlv iK'w jiihI (lisiinct source of iiitcn-sl IVoiii lii o.sc wliicli l"-«'«'<'«'»''« tlM-m, III HO Imi- iis M,..y ,.x|,il,it no(, only lli,. "^Iroiii],(,.,| l,y invessity, ImK ;iIso IIk' i.nK'«'J'ul viiricticM of { orin iiiid cl(>('or;i,(ioi (' exercise o wliicli uive evidence of ih,. |,|,.;isii:.mI)I HionolK ,md raiicy. Were we ind,.,.,! I(. select tJK niosl |),>rj;vl iind liiohly iinislicd produclioiis resulting iioin the kiiowlcduv „(• workii.o- i„ metuis, iuid lo i)lii ' (|„w 1 -•..-. . - I doiiuside ,,r ihr iu'st works of ||,c Sloiie Period, we could h.Mi-dly jivoid (Jic coi.clusioi,, alivady ;idopt(.,l I'V iiorlli(-rii ;ircli;eo|oois|s, (h.-u t|„> worl I'l'Ioiio' (,) ;,n riitirelv ii ronze remains. 1 n- «u Mrit lan races in i\ -wJiicli Mr. W,.i .■*a,u. n'iii;ir ks (/ (rriiiitnil All/ any uuMiis lu-liovo that tlu> Hrtiii/o IVrio,! ,| h/iiin,'.-: |,. -241 ..\Vi. ,„„st not I) .yiiu's niailually m- sto|i \>\ st< iiKstc.nl of (lie siin|ilo aiiti unit' (.'volo|io(l itst'lf am till p tint (if tlio Stdiu' 1 lU'in iiii|il.'iiuMits and on Vriod. On the coiitrai'v, wi' iiicot siuitUiilv will and aiiilior. I'oii.s. iin|.K'niciit,s. anil jowcls of l.roii/,o. and ijoid. 'I'lii' t laiinnts of stone, h laiisition !« so iilnnpt that from tlio antiiiuit Olll', wca- siinu'tiuu's iiid,V(i with jcwt-ls ,,f 1 11 nnmluT and variety of hiih'iidid to nmohide that the Hioii/o IViiod mn.st have con tion of a new raee of ,,eo|,|e. pes.ses.sing a iiiVher d.-, tlie early iiilialiitaiitf." les we are enaliled lU'iieed with the irru|i of eultivalioii than IV. 'ICAI'oys AX /J /.l//'AAM/A'.V7V ^70 (lie ('Vi(|ciic,(! ull'cjuly ;i<|(liicc(l of || !'■ very icrn(»t(! iH-riod to vvl.icli M„. ..xislriicc of ;i |,uni;iii |,u|mliiti<.i )>o iiMsi^ri,,.,!^ sccMiH iiloiic 8ii(ficicnl, lo (Ictcmiii iirtiriniilivc tl I iimst l(! Ill Ihc lore (;;i 11 Ik' iio (louhl, thiit Htoiic iiripio nicnlM wciv in use even vvitliin tlic, (V-ltic era,; niid that It was not; l>yjui al.nipf Hiil.sfitution, hut by u gmdual traiiHitioii llial; they vv(m-(! cnliicly .liMpIaf-cd ].y f,l,oH(, of iiK-lal. Jl(.f(.ivnc(! Iia,s already hc-ii made to isonic «lnlce wea])ons. In these we probably see • •vidence of the scarcity of the mentals compelling the primitive workman, while adopting the newer models, to reproduce them in the only material at his com- mand. JVIuch learned but profitless controversy has been carried on res])eeting the wea]»(»ns of the Bron/e Period. Archiwiogical works of last century, and of the early years of the present century, abound with elaborate de- monstrations of the corres])(»nd<'nce of celts and spear- TUB ARCHAIC OR BROOKE VEltlOl). [Chap. lieacls to tliG Roman seciiris, hasta, and pilum. It may 1)0 doubted if more recent attempts to determine the exact purpose for which each variety of bronze imple- ment was designed tend to more satisfactory results. When it is considered that the most expert and saga- cious archaeologist would probably be puzzled to deter- mine the purpose of one-half the tools of a modern carpenter or lock-smith : it is surely assuming too much, wli(;n he stumbles on the hoarded weapons and imple- ments of the old Briton, who has reposed underneath his monumental tumulus, with all the secrets of his craft buried with him, for fully two thousand years, to pretend to more than a veiy general determination of their uses. Much mischi(!f indeed is done in tlie jjresent stage of the science by such attempts at "being wise al)0ve that which is written." I'liost? relics are our written records of the old ages, and it is well tluit we should avoid bringing their chroniclings into discredit by forced in- ter) )retations which thtsy will not legitimately sustain. The ca])abilities of the new muteiial introduced to the old workers in stone, were pregnant with all the elements of progress ; and one of the most interesting features telonging to tlie Arcliaic IVriod is the gradual deveh>j»- ment of skill, inventive ingenuity, and artistic decorative fancy, in the series of liroiize weapons and implements, in which every additional ini]»r(»venn'nt, and every in- dication (»f intelligent relinenujit of form or ornamen- tation, may be assumed as (jvidenue of progress, and therefore of woi'k of a latei- date. rii(> niosl [iiiniitive indices of the new art are the simple axe-heads of puiv co^jjiei', dilleiing only in mate rial from the l>ron/e iniiilemeiits made a|tparently in imitation of those y^'i stone. T(» ihis class jtelond'ed the axes cast in the o|)en shuie moulds already des<-ril)ed : in which tlx'V were fashioned nieielv l»v iHuninn the If; i, [Chap. It may mine the ze iinple- Y results, iiid sa ga- te deter- . modern oo mueli, id imple- neatli his Jiis craft J pretend heir uses, ge of the ove that 11 recoi'ds lid avoid ireed iii- i.staiu. L-'d to the ek'nienls features develo]>- I'coriitivc (Icmeiits, 'veiy iii- •niiiiueii- esH, and are the in mate ■ently in iigecl tlic Heril)ed : I'inu tlic IV.] WKArONS AMJ fMPLEMEiSTS. 381 melted metal into the exposed indentation in the stone, after which it was hammered or ground to an edge.' Others, such as one specimen in the Scottish Museum found in the Moss of Cree, near Wigton, in Galloway,' consisting of a rudely -fashioned blade of yellow bronze full of air-holes, appear to liave bcjen cast in sand. This .simple form, illustrated in Fig. .58, increases in size and assumes better proportions ; exhil)itiiig manifest evidence of the growing experience of the workman. The axe- blade is sometimes finished witli a broad flange along the sides, thereliy securing economy of material with 7 ^ V. I'm. m. nmiizi' Am> HIiKlcii. ightness and strength. Other i mprovements are intro- dc. Fig. f)-,, ioniid on the I\loor of Sluie, near tl river Kindhorn, Morayshiiv, pi'esent.s a stril le kuiir coil 382 THE ARCHAIC on mtONZE PElilOJJ. [(UiAi-. '1 J •i tra-st to the graceful niouldiugs and ijorlbi'utioii.s of the hiter bronze vveapc^is. Ir appears to have Xmni pro- duced in the sinipkist manner by striking the surface with a punch ; and is sometimes wrought over the sur- face with no marked attempt at a definite pattern. The hitter examph's- of which tliere is one in the Scottisli Museum,— confirm the probabihty of their intrt)duction for other purposes than mere ornament. Allusions by some of the oldest Irish writei-s to the employment of poisoned weapons, have l)een referred to in proof even of the Celtic pra(;tice of arts common to many barbarian h'lii. M. Km. or. Ilr«iitr.it I'liUtnvc Km. »», nations ; an(/f//.v^^/>. or its Knglish synonyme fHilfifiirl)ari;iii I V.J ir/;^yvj.V;S' Ayjj implements. hr most itiuji; tlic o rcliiiii Ollicv It forniH IV hiivc kill<;- (lie iioiiynic I iihovc. llMNl'lliii' a groove on .-aeJi si.lc terminating in u stop-ridg., and witJi lateral flanges, designed to secure a liold ^on the handle, as in Fig. 58. In an example engraved here (l^ig. 56), found in the Stcwartry of Kirkcudbright the perforation near the end appears to have been prodiic^cd in the casting. The second palstave (Fig. 57) illustrates a common variety provided with a projecting looj, or ear In some the flange is only on one side, and bent over so as sometimes nearly to meet, and form a holl.nv socket. Ihe general characteristics of this class of implements partake more of cari.entering tools than weapons of wai- ; l)ut in this, as in many other instances, it is difficult to Pill. W. Hnilize Wpml.' «b-aw the disthietion, among objects equally available for both purposes. The same stop-ridge and flangv cliaracteri/e another nnpliMiient engraveable- pattern borders, and ornamented with incised designs and embossed figures on the blade. One of the Scottish examples, engraved as a Roman securis in 8ir Robert Sibbald's Forten, Colon'm, etc., has its blade decorated with the herring-bone pattern, in the same style, and perhaps with the same object as has been suggested for the incised axe-blades of the period. The use of the loop so generally attached to the bronze celt, as well as I ■■■^SU^. Fmj. (to. Hiiinzi' Colin, to one class of pjdstaves, hr.s been the subject of scarcely less industrious speculation than the probable purpose of tlu! implement itself; and the variety of theories it has given i-ise to oidy proves hurpos(' of ories it has )r the most I'taiiity the Tadcastei', >o|), and a eonfiniiiiig ised willi a lit shaft, as Icsign as a means of suspension, or for securing a number together for convenient deportation. The large celt (Fig. 61), measui-ing fully five inches long, is a cast from one of the stone ^moulds discovered at Rosskeen, Ross-shire; another (Fig. 60), now in my possession, was duo' up to the eastward of " Samson's Ribs," on Arthur Seat^ along with other relics of the same period ; and Fig. 62 is from the Scottish Collection. Such are the more common forms of the bronze axe, celt, and palstave. They all appear to be more or less applicable to a variety of uses, both as mechanical tools and warlike weapons ; and an}' very nice attempts at discriminating between the various purposes for which they were designed are more likely to engraft on tlie devices of primitive art a sul)ilivision peculiar to modern civilisation than to throw light on the era of their production. Tlie Indian's tomahawk and knife are equally employed in war or tlie chase, in the mechanical labours or culinary operations of the wigwam ; and at a period greatly nearer our own time than that of the bronze axe and celt, the same implement sufficed the Scottish moss-trooper or the Highland clansman for table- knife, coutmu (le chasse, and dagger. We may therefore assume with little hesitation that the older Briton hewed down the giant oaks of tlie forest, and shaped them into canoes, or wrought them into implements of war and husbandry, with the same bronze axe or palstave which he carried to battle; though we cannot overlook the ob vious adaptation of the diverse implements to .liffereut l)urpo8es, whether of peace or war. It is also woi-thy of notice that the simplest of all means of attaching the axe S(curely to its haiidh^ by means of a perfonition thi-ough the hlade or axe-head, though already in use for the stone hammer, does not appear to Jiave been resorted to by the workers in bronze. No perforated bronze axe, so far as I am aware, has Iummi i>reserved, though the vol.. I, 2 U :i8(i yy/A' ARCH AW on duunzk viuuod. fc HAI\ following (lesci'iptiou Hoeins to i'(!f(3r to siu'li ji discovt'iy, if tlu! strict uao of tho terms nnployed (uui be relied ui)ou : — " On the banks of the Cree, in Galloway, there were several tumuli, [n somc^ of these, when tluy were opened in 1 7r»4, there were found the remains of weapons of bra"ss, which were very nnieh corroih'd. Dne of these was formed like a. halbert ; another was shaped hke a hatchet, having in the bark part an instrument resem- bling a paviour's hanuner. A third was formed like a spade, but of a much smaUer size, and each of these weapons had a ])ro))er a])erture for a handle.'"' IJnfor tunately the researches of the Scottish aich.'Dologist are frecpiently baffled by tantalizing notices, conveyed in (vpially vague terms, and with no accom[)anying iUus- Fill. (I.I. - lliiiii!!!! I,p»ir, Ppltyi'iir. trations to help him to the (rue character of the objects (h^sci'ibed. Numerous other weapons and implenuMits of bronze, all characterized bv the same style of workmanship, ha\-c been found in Scottish tunuUi, or in the chance hoards of l)Ogs, lakes, and alluvial dejxtsits. Wedges and chisels are among the most connnon of those; and axe blades, celts, and palstaves, may be reckoned by hundreds. Of rarer im]»lemenls of the same era, a bronze crowbar or lever, represented in the annexed woochnit. Fig. 03, measuring TA inches long, appears to be unicpie. It was found in IHIO, in a barrow near Tettycur, Fifeshiiv, and is now in the collection of the Hon. James Talbot. It is inti'oibiced in the A rc/KColotjiaa/ Jon ma/, in illustration ' Cill'ifoiliil, vol. i, 11. HI. [Chat. (liscovt'iy, be relied vjiy, tliere thoy were f weapoiiH e of these )ed like ii lit resign- ed like a. of these • Uiifor ►logist arc ivcycd in ^'ing illus- i(> objects )f bronze, ■iliip, iiavc lioards oi" id clnHels Kc biath'H, feds, or ('rowl)ar Fig. (53, . If was Jiire, and ot. It is iiHtralion IV. IV/'JAPOiWS AM) IMrr.EMKNTS. ;}8; of a (M)mmunication by Mr. .lames Yates, (.n the use of bronze eelts in military o])erati()ns, and is described as very strong.' Its longer end, be.it iHTha,i)s accidentaJiy, seems intended to be fixed in a, stont handle of wood, to which itconid be firmly secnred by the, perforated wii'igs. Mr. Yat(!s adds in describing it: "The cii-cnmstaiw-e of Its discox(.ry in a, barrow is an evidence tliat it was used for some military pnipose, for barrows wciv not the tombs of agriculturists, ga,rdeners, masons, or (carpenters, but of c.hi.^fH iind warriors." jiut in making use of such an argument it may be doubted if we are not applying the results of modern civilisa,tion as th<^ standard of ])ri- initive ideas. Most probably the greatest chief of the early Bronze Period was in many cases also tlui Ix^st :-iife^*^SS»lil«l Kid. (U, ma son, carpenter, and military engiiarr, and the, most skilful worker in true king, or most know bett( metals, the literal chief, in fact, and r argument is to be found in the f iiig man of his trilx!. I'erha])s of file bronze celt. There is requent decoration \ sense of fitness hi all minch and nios t surely developed in the [>rimitive stages of ••ivilisation, where it acts intuitively, which tej.ches man to reserve the decorative arts for ()bjects of luxury and |»h>asurable enjoyment, then including war and the ehase, but lu.t to expend them on tools (.f handicraft and implements of toil." With the latter, however, must I ■•im iii,l..|,U..| for this \V(.o(|,Mit t(. th.' C.nncil t.f tli.' .\ivli.M<)l(u'i,...il I tiitc, with tlic r.Mirl.M.UM |„.|rni.s.si(.n .,f Mr. VatcH, l.y wh-mi it iiintriliutcd to tlif Airliivitl,„iivnl .liinrwil. Iimti- Wii.s oiijfiiially Vhli' /t!l,li„l/i 'iicodii tlio (jiKuflo r<:rntr (in intiTt'stiiig corrcsiioiifi- iiMich ink li.w Im'cii N|iill('(l to vury nimiiII inolit. 'j'j ic (M'iu'in iin.l iihc of hron/.. ccltH, on which po M- <(ni'i'fi|M)n<)rnrc inclinli an iicconnl of the sin-nl,ir dixcovfry iit .Alnwick, in I7i>(;, of t wcnty In'oiize MinilMITI WW [}' i 388 r///; ARCHAIC OH HRONZE PERIOD. [Ohap. be classed the gouge, one of tiie rarest of the implements of bronze hitherto found in Scotland. Tlie example figured (Fig. 64) was dredged up in tlie river Tay, where other specimens have been met with ; and corresponding tools are included among the varied treasures of the Royal Irish Academy. The variety of lance and spear heads is no less charac- teristic of the gradual progress of the primitive worker m bronze, from the imitation of the rude types of his obsolete stone weapons, to the production of the large and beautiful myrtle-leaf spear-heads, finished with grace- ful symmetry, and fully equal in character to the finest niedieval workmanship. The earliest examples are mere pieces of hamuLu-ed metal, reduced to the shape of a rude spear-head, but without any socket for attachino- them to a shaft. They manifestly belong to a transition''- l)oriod, m all probaliility before the northern Biiton had learned to smelt or mould the newly introduced metal. Lance and arrow heads of the same form, or slightly improved by being made somewhat in the shape of the barbed Unit arrow-head, are also preserved in the Scot- tisii Museum. A curious example of the spear-head of the latter type, measuring lOi inches in length, engraved m the Archwological Journal, was found in 1844 by some workmen while dref ^^ery rud.' torm, and which the author of course styles Roman was found under a cairn in Gallowav. Another, curi- ously incised with alt(!riiate checkers cf diamond sl.,.p,- IS described as a husta pum, A spear-liead, decollated ■11 the same style, though with a diiferent pattern was iound near JWton, Yorkshire, along with a quantity of ' H is fiijured in tl.r .1 »/;,,»„,•,.. Ahhntsfn.-cl K.lifcion, vol. ij. j, 17.' iffF mmmmK ;r'.;-iii. I ih^ 0\ 390 THE AltCJIAlC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. other bronze weapons, in 1848.* But tlie most singular of all the " several sorts of hastes or Roman spears!' as Gordon delights to call them, is one figured on Plate Li., No. 6, of the Itinerarium, and which may be most fitly- described as fiddle-shaped."^ These remarkable examples have not been preserved in the Penicuick collection. A great variety is now discernible in the weapons of the period. The metallurgist had at length mastered the new art, and was rapidly advancing in taste as well Jis skill. His inventive powers supphed constant novelty in the nmltiplication of new forms and ornamental de- "'"^V '-^«*i«a>--*-'"^"" I \ Vki. 65.— Hrouze Hiicur-IJu;ula. SI vices ; and numerous engravings vould be required to illustrate all the varieties of shape and decoration by which his increasing efforts at refinement and practical utility were maiiifestod. The woodcnits. Fig. GH, re])re ^ent some of the simpler forms of the bronze spear-head. The plain-socketed one, found with others in a moss near Campbelton, Argyleshire, measures nearly seven inches long ; and both it and the accon^panying looped spear-lie:id are of lu'iglit yellow metal. The large per- forated or "eyed"' spear-h(^a(l represented in the same ' ,ft)i:niiil <>/' t/tf Arcliifo'di/ii'dl A'Sttoridtimi, vol. \' ii, ,'}4(). '-' flinirni: Si'jif'iil. \). 117. '/>. [Chap. IV.] WJt:AFO.\ii AND IMPLEMENTS. ost singular spears!' as )n Plate Li., 3 most fitly le examples lection, weapons of h mastered aste as well ant novelty amental de- required to coration by id practical ;. 65, re])re spear-head, in a moss ^arly seven zing looped 3 large per- il the same 340. 391 group, though on a smaller scale, measures fully nineteen mches long. It was found at Denhead, in Perthshire, in 1831, and now enriches the Scottish Collection of National Antiquities. The bronze of which it is made is extremely brittle, and the blade is fractured, thereby exposing a thin rod or core of iron, which has been inserted into the mould to strengthen this unusually large weapon. The union of the metals marks its relation to the late transitional period, when such ponderous and brittle weapons were being displaced by those of the more abundant metal, which ultimately superseded all others in the useful arts. Ihii larger spear- heads now frequently occur, "eyed," as it is termed, or perforated with a variety of openings, sometimes surrounded by a raised border. Indentt'd l)atterns are also Avrought on the blades, as in a, fine example in the Dungannon collection, found near th»i river Dean, Forfarsliire ; and other decorations illustrate the taste and fancy of the designer. Among the broken and half-melted arms dredged out of Duddingston Loch are numerous fragments of eyed spear-heads ; and othei- beautiful and more perfect specimens are preserved in the Scottish Museum, ;.s well as at Abbotsford, and in other private collections. They are extremely various m form, exhibiting such a diversity of design even in the simple patterns, as well as of ornamental details in the more elaborate ones, as amply to confirm the idea suggested by so many remains of the Bronze Period, that they were the products of ikj central manufactory, nmch less the impoi-tation of foreign traders, Init were designed and moulded according to the taste and skill of the local artificer. Of the simpler forms of tlu; eyed or perforated spear, one of the most common is piei-ced with two segmental openings placed opposite to each other, or, more rarely, disposed irregularly so as to i)r()- ly found oint, and a handle )ler, and, cnnig r»t a prolongation of the broad end of the l^ladefor insertino- into a haft. These weapons are also occasionally found elaborately ornamented, according to the prevailing style of the era. They generally retain the bronze rivets: thereby showing that their handles had been of wood or horn, and not of metal, as in many of the swords and daggers of the same era found in Denmark. The an- nexed figure represents a fine example of the Scottish bronze dagger, found at Pitcaithly, Perthshire, and now in the- valuable collection of Mr. Bell of Dungannon. It measures fully six inches in length, l^y two inches in greatest breadth. Kiu. tJ7.--Brc»iuu Uagger-BlaUe. But the most characteristic and beautiful of all the relics of the Bronze Period is the leaf-shaped sword, which has been frequently found with both point and edge as sharp as when it first was used. The examples already referred to, found, in 1840, on the south side of Arthur's Seat, near Edinljurgh, during the construction of the " Queen s Drive," are equal to any that could ])e produced. The larger of the two is one of the finest ever found in Scotland, measuiing twenty-six and a quarter inches in extreme length, and one and three quarter inches at the bi-oadest part of the blade. The form is exceedingly sinq:)le, thmigh gj-aceful and well proportioned ; but a small engi'aving conveys a very imperfect idea of the weapon when held in the hand.' Tlie section of the sword shows the art with which it is ' Anlp, |). .-{.VJ. 1 ;■ I'-J |l?fl 5 i.l .394 TH£ ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. modelled, so as to .secure the indispensable requisite of strength along with a fine edge, the blade swelling in the middle, and tapering ofi" towards the line which runs round the entire blade within the edge. The metal is too brittle to resist vicjlent contact with any hard body ; but if the edge of a bronze weapon is hnmmered till it begins to crack, and then ground, it acquires a hardness, and takes an edge not greatly inferior to the ordinary kinds of steel. Several of the bronze swords in t\w Scottish iMuseuni are broken in two, and some of them ijuperfect : most of such having been found with sepul- chral deposits. One <.f these; was discovered, alongside of a cinerary urn, in a tumulus at Memsie, Aberdet.'u- shire. x\noth.;r lay beside a human skeleton, in a cist under Carlochan Cairji, one of the largest sepulchral cairns in Galloway, which stood on tlu; top of a high hill on the hvnds of Chai)pelerne, jtarish of Carmichael- it was demolished in the year 177G for the purpose of furnishing matinials to enclose a plantation. From such discoveries we are led to infer that one of the last honours paid to the buried warrior was to l)reak his well-proved wea[)(.n and hiy it at his side, ere the cist was closed, or tlu; inurned ashes dei)osit(Kl in the grave, and his ohl companions in arms piled over it the Tumu- lu; or memorial caiin. No more touching or eloquent tribute of honour discloses itself to us amid those curious records of ages long past. The i<:if-b.,it and tiie stone Hxo^ of the older barrow, speak only of il„. barbarian aiituMpalion of eternal wariare beyond the grave : of sivull-beakers and draughts of blooily wine, sm-l. as lli,. untutored savage; looks forwai-d to' in liis dreams of heaven. But the broken sword (.f tlie buried ehi(;f HeeniH to tell of a warfare aeeoniplislied. and of .xjMrted mst. Doubtless the future wl.ieh he antieipafi.l bore (iiitit enough resemblan.r to the " life and ininiortalitv " [Oha p. qui.site of ing ill the liicli ruiiH metal is I'd body ; red till it liardiiess, ordiiiaiy is ill the ! of them ith sepul- aloiigside iberdeeii- in a cist epulehral f a high •michael ; 111 pose of •om such the last )ivak his the cist le grave, le tumii- eloijiieut i curious lie stone larbiiriaii •ave : of \\ as (lie e;ims of I'd chi(!f •Xjiectcd ed bore •rliditv ■' IV.] WKAPONS AN J) IMPLEMENTS. 395 since revealed to men ; but the broken sword speaks in unmistakable language of elevation and progress, and of nobler ideas acquired by the old Briton, when he no longer deemed it indispensable to bear his arms with him to the elysium of his wild creed. This grac(3ful custom would appear to have been pecu- liar to Britain, or it has escaped the attention of northern antiquaries. Mr. Worsaae makes no mention of it in describing corresponding Scandinavi;in weapons, though he refers to a practice of the later pagan Norsenie-n which implies its absence in the iron period,—" Skilliil armour- ers were then in great request, and although in other cases the Danish warrior would hiive thouglit it unbe- coming and dangerous to disturb the iM^ice of the dead, he did not scruple to break open a barrow or a grave, if by su(;h means he could obtain the renowned weapon wlii('li had been (h^posited beside the hero who had wiekled it."' Thus we learn that from the remotest times even to our own day, the northern warrior has esteemed his sword the most sacred emblem of military honour. Jn later ages the leaders of medieval chivalry gave names to their favoured weapons, the Troubadours (U'lebrated their virtues with all the extravagance of llomaunt fable, and still- the soldier's favourite sword is liiid on his biei- when his (-omrades bear him to his rest. Associiitions with these ancient wejqjons of an alto- gether ditferent nature have been suggi-sted, cliieHy in (•onse<|uence of some resenibhiiice of the indented mould- ings on the bronze swords to the ribs and grooves fre- "lueiitly found on the modern Malay (Veess. The design of the hitter, it is well known, is to retniii ])oison, and it has been supposed, not without some appearance of pro bnbility, that such practices wei'(^ not unknown to the aneicnt ('aledonian. This h.is been ;dreadv i-eferivd to ' /• :,:! ,1,.;^,,;,;... ,, 4.,, 396 77/ A' AHCHAW OR BHONZK PERIOD. ' [Chap. as the purpose which perhaps first suggested those ru.le incised hnes ou the earlier axe-Uades, afterwards turned to account as a means of tasteful decoration ; and is abundantly consistent with the practice of nuny semi- barbarous nations. In the ancient Irish poem on the death of Oscar, printed in the first volume of the Royal Irish Academy's Transactions, the spear of ferbre is said to be poisoned, seemingly in no figurative sense. The era of the bronze sword is of an earli.-r date ; but not- withstaiKling the gracef,d symbolism apparent in some ot the sepulchral rites, w.. have little reason for assuming, that there was anything in the degree of cdvilisation of that period incompatible with such savage practices Fewer primitive relics of armour or of personal cover- ing have been found than of weapons of war, as miaht naturally be expected among a pecple whose parSal civilisation could not so far overonie the natural habits acquired in the chase and the sudden foray, as to induce them to helmet were found, and arc now in the possessmn of J\lr. (":,mpbeil, Ihe pn.pri..t(»r .,f (he estate. (Jordon (h'scribes another example f„und in a '•'"'••; """'•/I;'- ^^aterof Cree,(;.IIowav,' b„( it was ho na.-ked and brKth-, an Cll. X. p, , I / . [Oh A I'. IV.] WEAPONS A A'/) n^PLEMENTii. i597 that it fell to pieces on being removed. There is every reason to ],elieve that this piece of defensive armour was not generally used among the native Britons, nor indeed among the Scandinavian warriors of the Bronze Period Unly one imperfect fragment of a bronze helmet exists in the ample collections of the Christiansborg Palace at Copenhagen. Diodorus refers to the brazen helmet of the Gauls, but both Herodian and Xiphiline speak of the Britons as destitute of this defensive head-piece even at the late period to whi.-h they refer. Their matted locks, which they decorated with the large and massive hair pms of gold, silver, or bronze, so frequently found with Kw. I». -HroMzp nuoklor, A)ri.|ilr Other relu-s, nufticed them alike for protection and orna- ment. Jhis custom was probably common to all the northern ra.;es. But the- indi.spenk.ble .h^f.-nsive armour of the old British warrior was his shield, n.a.l,. entirely <>1 bronze, or of wood covere.l with metal, and somc-- times adorned with plates of silver and (.yen of gold lie ancient bronze shield is fre.iii..ntly met u^tli h..tl, m Britain and Ireland, and forms one ..f the most in genious HiHM-inieiiH of primitive metallurgic art. In 1780 a singular onuip of av.* or six br,.nze bu.-klers was dis- covered in a peat-moss, six or sevon feet b.-low the m Mtil 398 11!: THE AUG 11 AW OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. surface, on the form of Luggtomigge, near GitRn Castle, Ayrshire. The shiehls were reguhiriy disposed in a circle, and one of them, which passed into the possession of Dr. Ferris, was subsequently presented by him to the Society of Antiquaries of London. It has a, semiglobular umbo, surrounded hj twenty-nine concentric rows of small studs, with intervening ribs, and measures 26| inches in diameter.' Like all the primitive British bucklers, it will be seen that it was tiesigned to be held in the hand, the raised umbo in the centre being hollow to receive and protect the hand where it grasped the cross-bar, seen on the under side in the annexed engraving. This central umbo is invariably surrounded with a series of rings in relief, with studs between ; and the two pins seen on the inner side have perhaps secured a strap for suspending it to the neck of the wearer when not in use. Two remarkably fine bronze shields of this description, twenty-four inches in diameter, and with twenty-four concentric circles,- - exhibited to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland by Mr. George Wauchope of Niddry, in 1837, and since added to the collection, — were found niTf8iMiiivoiy |iivrticiihvr, M'ith the (•xcoi.ti(ni of the din- innttT, whic-h i« Ntntcil t(i havi' been .ilx.ut l.">| inrhcs, imssilily im ciTor (if trnn*cri|tt." IV.] WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS. 399 Sibbald describes among Scottish antiquities ol^tained on the sites of ancient camps, "pieces of harness of brass : some for the arms and some for the legs. Shields also are found ; som(! oblong and oval, and some orbicular. Some of these are of brass, and some of wood full of brass nails."^ It is probable that many of the shields of the same period were made chiefly of wood and leather, with the central umbo of bronze. In the later Anglo- Saxon grave the iron umbo and other metal portions of the perished shield are of common occurrence ; and in the circular Highland target, still to be met with among collected relics of the clans, we find a curious imitation of the earlier model. Though the Roman fashion of wearing the shield on the arm has been followed by the Scottish mountaineer, rendering the hollow umbo no longer of use, yet it appears to the last in the boss of his t.arget : furnishing another striking illustration of the unreasoning tenacity with which the Celtic race clings to an(tient customs, and perpetuates, amid all the progres- sive civilisation with which it is surrounded, customs and traditions inherited from i-emote pagan centuries. Among the specimens of defensive armour preserved in the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries, are two pieces of thin co])pei', decomted with indented ornaments, which were presented to the Society l)y Sii- (George Mac- kenzie of C\)ull, Bart., in 1828. They are descrFbed by the donor as pieces of copper, supposed to be plate armour, or the covering of a shield, found in a cairn, under jin oak-ti-ee at Craigdarroch, Ross-shire. Various other portions were found along with these, and their appearance sei'ins to justify the suj>position of the donoi". in the autumn of 1849 a remarkable discovery of bronze arms and otiier anti(juities was made in the Isle of Skye. They included swords, spear-heads, celts, and a In-onze ' fiirlix, Ciiloinii. oti". A|i|i. lip. 17. Is. 'II I li m k If HI ilfi u .. 11, , ^ 400 TJJ/<: AHCUAW OH BRONZK PERIOD. [Chap. pin with a hollow (uip-sluiped head .similar to one figured in the Archmloc/icctl Journal: a relic of one of the hisli Crannoges, or ishind strengtlis.^ A gold armilla and other ornaments of the same precious metal are also said to have been obtained along with these ancient remains, and beside them lay the fragments of an oaken chest in which the whole appeared to have been deposited. The most of those valuable relics Avere secured by Lord Mac- donald, but one curious and probably unique implement fell into private hands, and has since been deposited in the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries. In general appearance it resembles a bent si)ear-head ; but it' has a Kiti. 11(1. nrnn/e Implrmpnt. raised central ridge on the inside, while it is nearly plain and smooth on the outer side. Its hollow socket is per- forated with holes for securing it to a handle by means ot a pni. The most probable use for whi(;h it has been . [Chap. IV.] WJiAPO.VS AND IMPLEMENTS. ane figured )f tlie Iri.sli :'milla and •e also said it remains, n chest in ited. The Lord Mac- implement posited in .n general t it has a Eirly plain fet is per- l)y means has been 3 interior trunk of imperfect le imple Hist have les what pruning •th of si.\ 401 feet in a bog in tlie neighbourhood of Ballycrawley county of Tyrone, now preserved in the British Jvfuseum' IS figured 111 the Archmlocjical Journal} Another' engraved in General Vallanccy's Collectanea,' is described jw "a sm(dl securis, called by the Irish a searr, to cut herbs, acorns, misletoe, etc.," and a fine series, varyino- in form and decorative details enriches the collection of the Koyal Irish Aca,demy.'' Among older writers on anti- quities su(,h relics were inva.riably described as the prunmg-hooks with which the Druid priests were wont to cut the sacred misletoe. About the year 1790 an instrument cf this class wa,s discovered at Ledl)ei-/r in the county of Huth.rlaiul, .by some labourers cuttino- peats, and was pr.mounced l,y the Earl (,f Bristol, then bisiiop of Deny, to whom it was presented, to l)e a )riudical prumng-hook, simihir to several found in '.ngland. The examixle here engraved (Fig. 70) was < mlg(Ml up m the liver Tay, and is now preserved in tlie I'crtii Aluseum. Ferhaps among tlu, same relics of I'lnmtive agricultural skill ought also to be reckoned a I'lnious weapon or imj.b.nent of b,-„n/.., occasionally ound in Scotland, two examples of which are shown in '^ig. 71. One of them is from (he original in the Museum •'1 the Hcottish An(i.juai-i.s. Tl.is was Coun.l among the '_ Ar,l,„„l. Jo,,,: vol, ii. |, |,s(; a ^-„, ,;, |,|„^,, ^ ,,.„ J ■ <''7 SiiioliiirV Shiils/. J,v. vol xvi \> "(Hi Ii lit 1- : I f ' f i ■i 402 77/ A' ARCH AW OH BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. remains of many large oyk-trees, on the farm of Rotten- mosB or Moss-side, in the vicinity of Crossraguel Abbey, Ayrshire, and is not inaptly deseiibed by its donor d.s nearly resembling one of the common forms of the Malay Oreess. It measnres fourteen inches in length. The other and more finished implement of the same kind is in the collection formed by the distinguished Scottish antiquary, Su' John Clerk, at Penicuick House. It is furnished with a hollow shaft or socket for the handle. The same interesting and valuable collection includes other specimens of this primitive implement, constructed like that in the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries, with only a metal spike for insertion into the haft. Kf W w i:! Fiii. 71.- Brunstt UtHiieni. Some examples of this relic of old agricultural skill are of extremely small dimensions, measuring only from six to eight inches in the length of the blade, and should perhaps more correctly be deseiibed as prui, ng-hooks or knives. But in this, as in so many other attempts to assign a, use to obsolete im])l('meiit8, the most probable suggestions of their original purpose are at best but guesses at the truth. Such may suffice in illustration of soukj of the most characteristic weapons and iinj dements of the Bronze I Vriod. In the detailed enumeration of specific examples the coui-se of inductive reasoning has been necessarily iiiterrupte(]t'ul details, the argunuMit is in reality presented ?■;! IV.j WE A PON ii AND IMPLEMENTS. 403 ill uiiotUer anpect. For it is iinpossible to compare the variety of design, the progressive details of ornamenta- tion, and the ingenious adaptation of the new materials to many novel requirements, and to contrast them with the few and simple devices of the Stone Period, without perceiving that we are now studying the traces of a greatly advanced intellectual and social condition. Of all the remains which thus illustrate the arts and cus- toms, and give proof of the ingenuity and mechanical •skill ot this period, we can now affirm with confidence that they bear no resemblance to the well-known remains of the Northmen : including as these also do, so many works m bronze, as well as weapons of iron. No less certain is it that they are equally unlike the familiar contents of the earliest Anglo-Saxon graves. They correspond in no degree to the descriptions furnished by classic authors of the arms of the Britons and Cnledonians ot the first and second centuries, or of the neighbouring tribes of Gaul and the Rhine-land. Earlier therefore than the oldest of those periods must we search back- ward into unhistoric centuries for Britnin's age of bi-onze • and if we do detect some traces of its art in barrows of the Anglo-Roman period : it is no more than may be •seen among the long-conquered nations of Mexico and I eru where still linger memorials of arts and customs whicii attained their highest development ages before tlio i)row of Columbus steered into the unexplored west ami abruptly closed the Bronze Period of the New >V^)rld. tsi ? H I 401 77/ A' Ah'CJ/A/r ()/,' lUiONZK rKUlOh. I Chap. CHAPTER V. DOMESTIC AND SEPULCHRAL VESSELS. Along with the wcipons and implements of this period thcu-e have been found at various times drinking cups, culinary vessels, horns, and other similar relics, calculated to throw additional light on the manners and domestic habits of tlie people by whom tliey were wrought and used. Among such, attention is naturally directed to those formed of the precious metals ; and this not only from their rarity and intrinsic! value, but because gold is a metal chiefly found in superficial deposits, and presenting an appearance calculated to attract the notici' of the rude wanderer of the primeval forests ; while at tlie same time it is so easily wrought into the simpler forms of personal ornament that works of gold of massive and rude workmanship, frequently bear intrinsic evidence of their i)rimitive origin. Objects of this co«.ly material are indeed associated with bronze relies ri very diHerent eras, l»ut the workmanship and ornamentation of Ijoth Curnisii an easy clue to the re]a.ti\'e ptjriods of their con- struction. The sepulchi-al deposits or chance disclosures of the Scottish bogs and alluvial strata, have not indeed yielded such treasures of art as the celebrated Danish golden horns, or the beautiful silver cups of a later era, like that taken fi-om the grave of (,)ured onlv to be mm 'iff ii \Cu\r. ts of this s drinkins- ilar relics, inners uikI ■c wrought y directed 1 this not it because josits, and the notice while at le simpler )f massive 3 evidence y material f diH'erent ti of l)oth their con- Hsclosures ot indeed d Danish later era, Danebod, iiting un- ostly nic ll\ to 111' v.] iJOMKSnC AND SEPULGUUAL VESSELS. 40.5 destroyed. On the lands of Gartliland, Wigtonshire, two vessels made of gold, des('i'il)ed in the Romanizing ftishion of hist century as laclnymatorics, were found in 1783/ At the village of Lower Largo, Fifeshire, a treasure was recovered from a sepulchral deposit, suffi- cient, it is believed, to enrich the original finder; out of which the only reliefs that escaped destruction are two armillge of pure gold, rcmar^iable for their elegance and skilful workmanship.^ In 1839, a tenant engaged in levelling and improving a field on the estate of Craigen- gelt, near Stirling, opened a large circular cairn, whicli bore the popular name of "The Ghost's Knovve." It measured exactly 300 feet in circumference, and nearly fifty feet in height, and around its base twelve large stones were disposed at regular intervals. Underneath this cairn a megalithic chanil)er was found, the upright stones of which are about fiv(i feet high, and witliin it lay a skeleton, imbedded in matter ^^•llicll emitted a strong resinous odour, but the bones ra})id]y crumbled to dust on exposure to the air. The gentleman on whose estate this remarkable cairn stood,'' and to wdiom I am chiefly indebted for this description, had given strict (orders to send for him if a cist or coffin was discovered ; but while operations were delayed in expectation of his arrival, one of the labourers plundered the hoard and fled. Many valuable articles are reported to have been found ; among which was a golden horn or cuj), weighing fourteen ounces, and ornamented with chasetl or eml)ossed figures. This interesting relic was purchased from one of the labourers by a gentleman in Stirling, and is be- lieved to be ^till in existence, though I have failed, after repeated applications, to obtiiin access to it. The exact nature or value of the whol(> contents of this ' Sinclair's Htni. Ave. vol. ii. [>. od. - Arr/iii'Dl. JoiiriKil, vol. vi. p. ").'{. ■' John nick. Es(|. of Craigciigult n III j III ll m ' ^^11 li r^ \ I' I M 406 n/e ARCHAIC OR ISROIIZK PERIOD. [c„.p. eaim is not likely ev.u' to be ascertained. The onlv «rtieles secured l,y the proprietor, and now in his possessron, are a highly polished stone axe or hammer. e«ht inches long ronnded at one end, and tapering at he other; a kmfe or dagger of the same material, eghteen mches long, which was broken by one of the stones falhng „„ .t when opemng the cist /and a small gold finger-rmg, chased and apparently originally jewelled, though the settings have fallen out. leveral other caims still remain unexplored at Cratgengelt, some of them of much larger dimensions than the ™e which nrimft T '"'T*'"^ '■™"""- ^"g««l' f™"" ■•'n.l vir r"' '"'™ '"^"^^''""""y finished still more vauable gold rehcs; such as the gold corslet found in Inv ;,"7 '" r" "^"''^ *'"^'=»'"-" G"M'» vessels have also been discovered under simih.r circumstances pa ish, CornwaU which was aeeidentaUy broken into in r™lr T '"'' ^™T','y'"^ '^^'''^ "»« »^P*In-al irtedthel"™/'''"''' ''^'''"'' '""^'■•''' "•'» '"•d selected the mound as an appropriate site on which t« erect an engine-house. Within the cairn was a We negahthie vault, or cromlech, and underneath this ky a flat stone measuring nine feet long by about four fe broad which covered the sepulchral deposit. I, this chamber a thin slab, placed in a shelving direetion against one of the sides, protected it« valuaUe con 2 f^m injuiy. The remains of a skeleton lay extended on he floor of the est, and about the position of the breas" stood an earthen vessel, within which was placed The gold cup. It ,s bell-shaped and rounded belo v, lit 1 c Danish gold cup, found under similar circumstances I'd .ou„a .„„ ti.n,.„. „„ .j^rrxi :rc;:ri *'"" -"""■ |is» [Chap. v.] DOMESTIC AND SEPULCHRAL VESSELS. 407 The only t)w in his )r hammer, tapering i\t e nuiteriaJ, one of the nd a small originally ;. Several igelt, some one which imuli and still more found in 3n vessels imstances, ikenhorne in into iji sepulchral who had which to s a large I this lay >out four 'osit. In direction contents ended on he breast iiced the like the nees and smy oil the alfl corslet, engraved in the Guide to Northern Archceology. The earthen vessel was unfortunately broken by the fall of the stone that covered it, but its fragments exhibited the usual incised ornamentation of the early British pottery. A bronze spear was likewise found with these remarkable relics. The gold cup was claimed for the Crown as Lord of the Duchy of Cornwall, and it is be- lieved to be still at Windsor Castle.^ It would find a more appropriate place in the long desiderated British department of the British Museum. As we cannot doubt that those buried records of primitive native history have as yet been only very partially disclosed : so also we may hope that the rarer and more curious relics of the precious metals are also unexhausted, and that golden horns and silver beakers, adorned with the well-defined decorations of the Archaic era of native art, may still lie safely garnered in the same store-house and registry from whence so many records have been drawn forth, reserved for better times, when their discovery will no longer involve their de- struction. It will be seen from the number and variety of personal ornaments of the same precious metals de- scribed in futvire chapters, that such an idea is no mere chimerical dream. Whencesoever the metal was derived, gold appears to have been used in Scotland to a very great extent, from the earliest period of the introduction of the metals, and to have been frequently laid in the sepulchres of the most honoured dead, with no fear that sacrilegious hands would disturb the sacred deposit. Vessels of bronze are by no means so rare as those of the precious metals. They are not indeed often found in the tumuli, and have obviously been held in less esteem than the weapons and personal ornaments of the same metal. But among the interesting disclosures 1 MS. Letters, W. T. P. Shortt, Esq. of Heavitree, Exeter. 1 A I li [km I ill] r i I.' Ill If t I t ■ it I! ins rill': AiiciiMv (>/,' iini>\/.i,: ri-iiUHK \ ClfAl". M ;'""-l.r (n li^l.M.y Mm' ,In,i.,iMv,.,v,l tl.nn 1 1 iiiv, no icIicH liitv,. I M'Cll -'iii'l (lomcslic ulciisilH (»f I !•' VilllOIIH Cllllllill y >f<>ll>5<', .HVIU'l'Jllly kiinwil l.y Ml, "■•'""•^ «•( IvoniMii (n,..K]K .■ni.l ramp kclll nim- ,lo Uiidoiil.lrdlv lu-l,,,,^- (,, (|„, ^\ •'Ut (lie wliolc i,;tv,.' I P kcMlcM. Some of ii^irl,) |{onij|ii era ; '■•MSI^IU-<'«nij)ahoii of IScodaii.l -'iv iiilnidr.l lOHC wa.s (Miiially hriff ..,,1(1 partial, "orni a very MiiiaJI jn-o I'iiilip Sliir|,>v. h v»/^ itu'ion iifFunii',/, |,y Ey.-ly •^<|- •'<" <'M.iii-aviiiLj IS oivcii ol' •'-■'Idroii. iiiadc willi plalcs of liamiucivd 1 ';'" '''^" Nimc inrlal. lli.- Ii,>ads of wlii«1 loi .'I Miiiniilar <''>iisi(l(-ral.l,> (as((- and skill, ..f y<"i/(-, i-ivclrd (oovllirr willi pins 1 <'iiv conical ill \\v »J'"""I '""'"I- ivo„I.,,iy ,|i,,,„„,,, ,,,.,,^,,, 1^, ^, " "^ l«» secure (li(. v,.ss,>|. Two I l'"«^<<-<«ed to the inside of (|„.,i,nl,v on ""I ^^'<'"l""-<'il wasoMviouHlvdesiniicI to I "*V(>1' the (iiv. Thi,^ •^i.\l\ inch i-eniarkahle relic, w|,ic| <'s III widest eircnmCeren ecoiale as mnvAv riii^^H are »y ornamental staples, >e .suspended I meaHiires «'»', Was dis((»\cred in "^•V'nrKS.TI.,, adepth or twelve feet hehnv tl f;« JHvn fVcpicntlv loimd '••••'^ l"vn already relerrel'e Scottish MuMiini. two of which ( 4nneh,-s in diani,.for) were found alono wifj,"' j) measuriM_n each cai< Iron I lere repivsi'nted. from tli le hronze e Si MinuMisions are twenty five iiicl ■••»d Nixicn iiiclu's in' lieinht. line C(»liection. ||,w "''■•^^ in ^irreatesl diainele.-. No l o ('( ej iro se\' to was inv eirt>iiz(' Jiiiciciil 1. One oiii t»r a. ]i\vm> i,y C'lcll Ihoii/c n. lis inclc.'. I t'xisf I hoMESTIC, AM) SKI'UlA'l/h'AL VE HHKLS. toy -'I 'tH nahyn w<„hn.-,nsliip. Tl„. rinss an.! sl;,pl„,s am "< ■>« y .lrHi^n.,.1, ImK, ni.l.ly ,„.l iinp.rr.c.tJy cant and f'niMhc.!, iin.l nr.. .|."■•; ••' Ilk.' i.i.-iiincr Hudi as have, \,vm fivq,M.„tIu not(.l on <'l>J«'«-tH cf Mm, p„,,nz„ Period, l.oth in UriUiin .n.l on Mm ( "i<"' ••.•.n.p-lv.'tM.-. II was,h,■ '" '"' <•'<" '""^S ^vl.i.■l. .uvnn-Jly ,,,„n<,s iVom sovrii to (uvh,. r,.,l ,I,.rp. Kvi,l..|i..,. nhvady .vfVnv.l '" '':"'•' '"'''*' •'""Husion ll,„| ll..-n.osHon;. o/' .SVr ll7///,o/. \V„//ar,' ivIVts I" *'"' ""••^•^ "^ ""'" iM.p.'issMMr on liom.|,a,'k. and s.. '•■ivc-s us II, n.. doul.t MS to its roii.lifi. n in tl;r rour- . i Tw ; . t f t Pi ' f ! 1 H 410 THE ARCH AlV, OR liUONZK PERIOD. (Chaiv teeuth century. After Wallace and liia jullKM-ents had surprised aji I^jigli.sh garriHoii in the Peel of Gargunuoch, " Yiii bownyt yaim (iiir Forth for to ly.k- ; TIr- moss was strung, to ryde yiiiiu was na but, Wiillaof was wyoht, ami lyclityd on Iiys fiite ; Stewyn of Irland lie was yair gyd that nycht Towart Kincardyii, syne rostyt thar atright, In a forest, that was bathe hirg and wyde, Ry(Oit fra the moss grew to the wattir-syde."' More recently a beautiful (!aldron of Hf)mewhat Hinaller dimensions, but more ornamented, and with the bronze rings attached to its decorated rim, has been adchnl to the Scottish collection by becjuest of Mr. Archi- bald I.eckie of Paisley. No doubt can be entertained as t« the rei^ote era of another bronze caldion already n^ferred to, recovered, with its varied contents, from a bog in King's County, nnd now in the collection of the Etirl of Rosse. Among the smaller examples of Scottish bronze vessels, one found by a labourer while cutting turf in J.ochar Moss, Dumfriesshire, nbout two miles north from (Aindongan Castle, is still moi-(> deserving of notice, owing to the l)eautiful relic of pure native cha- racter which it enclosed. It is a sm;dl bowl of graceful form, measuring six and a half inches in diameter and three in deptli, formed of thin l)ronze plate of tlu; bright <'olour common to many primitive relics, and very skil- fully wrought. Within it lay one of the curious orna- mental collars more particularly described in a later page,'' to which the name of Beached Tore is now assigned. Lochar Moss, where these interesting anticpiitics were «liscovered, has proved a fertile Held for archfeological treasures of many diHerent eras : primitiv(> canoes, native stone and bronze relics, produc-ts of Koman civilisation and medieval art ; while within it lie endtedded the trunks ' Blind Harry's W'tiUacr, book iv. Ti'L '•' The How! nnd Tore are both engraved on I'late IX. ics were DOMESTIC AND SEPULClllUL VESSELS. 411 ol )f giganti(^ oaka and other natives of the forest, which once occupied the area of this ancient and extennive morass Of the more usual forms of tripods, kettles, and cal- drons of bronze, which are commonly assigned to the Romnns, l.oth the circumstances under wliich many of them have been found, and the style of their decorations are sufhcient to show that they have been much too summardy i^assed among foreign pro.lu(;tions. So long as bronze continued to be the rare and precious metal which we find good evidence for concluding it to have been during a transition-peri(xl of considerable duration we may be well assured that neither domestic utensils' nor such implements of common use as the older mate-' nal <'ould supply, would be manufactured of it We liave abundant proof, however, that the supply of the metals kc^pt pace with the increasing demands of pro- gr(>ssive civilisation ; and as this gradually displaced old barbarian habits by more refined tastes, the gratification of the palate would be aime.l at along with the simi)ler desire for the mere supply of animal wants. Hence we may trace m the bronze caldr.m and the tripod evidences of native civilisation, though doubtless of a late period and not improbably, in many cases, coeval with and even later than the era of Reman invasi,>n. Bronze vessels <.t the .h'scription to which we refer, have been frequentlv ound not only in the north of Scotlan1 (lie art of tinning them.' ' i'liiiy, xxxvi. '2'i, ut If, if p ill 4 1 2 TIIR A h'CllA 1< ' Oil IIHOSZE VEIUOI). [Oh A I It ■ i I A ronijirkaI)l( diseoveiy of priinitivc \mmvA\ vvswls was mndo in tl.c ^lutuiuu of 184S, hy «oine laJjourers eiinrnocl 111 tivii.'l.ino- a piece of moHsy oround, .situate.l uiKler a pe(;uliar ]-i,l,ov of i,,,p m.-k ;,'))oiit n, luiJ.; and a, halt due soiitli of North IJerwick Law, on the JJnIironie osiate, the pro])erty „f Sir George Grant Siittie, \\xt. Tlie whole ground, extending to nJ»ove twenty ae.vs, wns formerly a niora.ss. It hns l.eeu partially .Irained of h,t,. years, m consequence of which the menu hwel has .sunk three or four feet. In the centre of this niornss the relics were found, consisting of a huge hronj^e ])ot or .-aldron, several tripods, goblets, and various fragments of thm plates of the ingenuity and artistic skill of the native manufiicturei-, and presenting in every respect ii stiikiim' «' limilc.l iiinount of accurately observed fai'tw with which the Scottish arclm-oh.gist has to deal, to pnicud to classify nito distm.-t jxM-iods the pottery found in the an<-ien"t tumuli and cairns. Many of these ticlilia are so devoid of art as U^ furnish no other sign of advancement in theii constructors from th.' iu..st primitive stale of barbarism, tl'iin such as is indicated by Ih.' pi.-ty which provided I '. [Oil AC. 1/c vcsfsels ' laJ)oui'ei'.s (1, situated mile and a, j Balgoiiio ttie, Hart, acres, was kh] of liltc I has sunk loi'asH tile xc ])()t or frai»inorits h\v of the , and tlic of altoui tlicy had II luiuuh, il'h'H ilhis- hc native I strikino- nan colo- he se])u) iin eai'ller ha.s hccn )ted evi- »i iJriton. ' liniilcd hich \hv > <'lassify iincicnf o (Kn'oid in theii n'hai'isni, i»\ided ;i I'LA'J'B: V[. fM ti'l l''lu ;s nrpiilrhnil < '^ Ml |,)||'|{l>4 sKiTi;('ni;Ai, rviieriitions llian that d (he llehrew pn)|>het " went down lo the potterH h a}' when and liehoM lie wroiiuiit (UlMlV a Woik" on the wheels. w ill of Oi I tlle a (tlia nd>er in the niiiK^l temple of l'JiiIu«, Ix-h inu: \\\^l to the era of the IMoleinies, Kiieph, (he ram headed .ii'od, is repivseiiled seated at a, |)ot((',r's wheel, wiiieh he turns widi his foot, while he fashions th on i( with his hands. Th e mass ot clay leeompanyiiin hieroolyidijcs have lieeii divers(-|y interpreted, l.iit iJiis exaniph! of the empl(»yment of the potter's wheel in Koyptian symholism appears to l»r another familiar illMstra(i.»n of tl idea: (7/(^»,s' transformed to co, ereati\i le same S//A(W l» '}' lie oik; al)S(» lilt( power. The eonteiils of the earliest Egyptian (omits furnish ahiindant evidence of the perfc^ction t which tl le potters art had been carried ; and recent d o is- laris eoveries at Nimroud and aloiio' tlu! hanks of the T ^ disclose no less satisfactory proofs of skill anions- lh( ancient dwellers in iho <.iv;,t river plains of Asia. "^ The i.Unorance. therelore, ot so simj)le a contrivaiute, as the potter's whei'l furnishes no less conclusive proof (»f a rude ind 1 »aii)arons slate of society than the st.( »ne weapons and imi)lemen(s of (he same [leriod. in the one iiist wo sei' the intelliovnt harbariai nice I mii'enioi isly til rnm<>' lo ns very limited materials, and ell ec- the best account 1 tively supplyin^u' ^\\^' \van( of metals apparently from th most inadetpiate res( :irce.s. in (he other, we lasliioiiino- th,. p|;,s(ie elay wi(li far less skil iind h im nietry than the (lirusli or (1 or sym- plays in (he eonstrnciion of iis nest. le common barii-swallow di Tl le rudimentary form of (he true cinerary urn is (hat IS.' V I l>*' UliST/C ASb SICn;iA'llliM, VEssia^s. 417 <»f flic roinnioii ||()\V( ••-|"»', Htilj icluillcd ;iH tl '•""' Hi»npJ<-Ht, h)i.'i|,(! into wjii(;|, tl,,, nlj.Hlic d fHHl..o,HMl. M.nyortli., Im'^r,.,urnHurooi-th,' »tl (;|()He \ mil UHimn., wl.ieli vv;.h \^.xxm\ in tlio usual rnonoJitliH of «■• v.), »nea,surin<,' U(,'aHy "* ori^rinjil i„ ^j,(. ,S(.'ottiHli •• one ol tlie r\ WAV near Kint, I'c, Al»(.'r(l(!en,sl inverted j,o,si- Jt circle at tlx; .Hm.pl.' »l,.,|,,. was «nulMally,l,.v,.|,,,,.,| s^-l,^^^^ • ■• ™r"-l.n.l ,a,,l ,l,,,,.,.ti,^ ,,,,a,.,,, |,,,,n.i ,|,:,,«it,.l vv'Kli the (|e;„| : i <-'»Htly lnl.ul..,sor;ine(;tionat iiurni/);r ||„. „m.j,.,| ,^j^j V fjcs and the '• ••'•vereneo, uv p|.,ced in tlu IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 mmm m m - ft" 2.5 2.2 1.8 U IIIIII.6 P /i /^ /: % ^/7 Photographic Sciences Coipordlion 33 W!ST MAIN STRUT WIBSTIR.N Y. 14SS0 (7)6) •73-4503 «v^ ^'' '^ & i I' r 4ks ri/E AliClIATC OR BliONZK PElUOl). [Chap. (Mghtecn inches in givatcst dianjctei', and when perfect nuLst liave stood nearly two feet hlgli. 'Jl)es(> laro-e cist- urns are almo.st invarial>Jy found invert fid, with tlie hurned bones gathered into a lieap lielow tlicm, and not unfrequently witli a l)ronze spear-iiead, or some otlier reh"c deposited on tlie heap. Otlier urns of a smaller size, and sometimes elal*orately decorated according to the rude arts of the primitive pottei-, most frequently o(!cur in cists, stamling with the mouth u[)ward, along- side of the u'il.u]-ied skeleton. Rut their contents leave no room to doubt the purpose for which they were pre- l)ared. The aslies and bui'iied bones contained in them, ■ arc IVequently acc(jmpanied with the stone, bronze^ or gold personal ornameiits of the deceased ; and suggest the probability of their containing the remains of victims slaughtered at the grave of him wliose body has been laid unburued in the cist, aceompanied by the inurned ashes of wives and slaves. ^ A comphite monograph of the native pottery of th(> liritish Isles, though it could not present anything lil«. the comprehensive variety of classic or medieval lictile wtire, would form a highly instructive contriiaition to prmiitivc' arcluiM.h.gy. JUit here it must suffice to indi- cate the (liN crsity of types. Jn the years 183.S and 1 s:54 several vases of a. peculiar form were disc-overed in stone cists, in the j.arish of Whitsome, I5erwiclv,shire. The c'ists were j.laced north and south, measuring internally four and a half feet in lenglh : and beside the unburn") bones in ("at^h lay an urn of ungla/ed earlhenwaiv, of ;, ti'iangulai- shajH", the original contents of which had' been ccuiverted into black dust ' N.» examph's of primitive fictile ware of this unusual h»iin have come .in/>. [Chap. hen perfect le large cist- 1, with tlie em, and not some otlier f a smaller ccordiiiQf to frequently van], along- itents leave Y were pre- eil in tliem, l>ronze, or nd suofrost ^ of victims y hits Iteeii be inurned :ery of tli(> ^tiling like cval fictile •iliutioii t«t ('<' to iiidi- find 1884 'd in stone lire. The internally le niilaniit wni-e, (»f ii ! hud luH'H is inuisnal be feared ered lo he V.J JJOMJ^J^-rw AM) SEPULOIIUAL VEHSKLi^. 419 d to he tlie eover of a cist of unusually large dimensions, Vw.. r--.. I'nit f..uml :it ll.iT,.li,Mv. lying nearly ,|ue nk. and sw. it was eomposed of .siv slabs o rough u.i.bvssed mica-slate, so arrangc-d that lie skeleton which lay within was bent at th.- pelvis to ht the angular construction of the enclo.sed space It measured mternally, in a straight line, six i\>et, by' two ■■-nd a quarter at the north end, where the head lay, and <»nly one foot ten niches at th.. lower end. Within this <..■ skeleton was disposed in the singular position above described, with the vases on its right si.l,., one opposite N"v. ISl < ; I„l.r. S.K.. Auti,,. S..„t. Tl... .mall ,■„,, (i,n„nl alon/;. o. .X OH., fonn.l on ArtlnMH Seat, n.-ar |.;.li..l.,.,.gl.. . „,/' 1 .'""»' «'*'' t'""""' Ml 111 flPi I l(i Tllli MH'IIMd on nU(K\Xh' I'KUKU). \Vu.\y. the kiKv ;m(l the oUuT iit tlic thi-li-j"iut. Nolhin^^ wuh louiid in thcni Imt sonic sand wliicli liad fallen ni on opening the eist. The larovst inoasitml six \\w\ a hail" inches, and the other five inches in hei<,dit. They are described as " coni]»osed of the common stones of the cor.ntr> ])Ounde(l, orjinite, mica-slate, apparently some moss-earth, and a, litth' clay on the outside. They arc^ wonderfully accurately made, and the patt(;rns meet so well that one would think they had been done in a lathe or stami>ed. Tluiy arc i)erlectly circular, and secaii to have heen (mly baked in the sun." Several ( ists have been discovered in the same neighbourhood, but no other example is known to have corresponded to this either in disposition or contents. The whoh; skeleton crundiled into dust after being exposed for xi short time to the an- ; but it would a|)i)ear to have exhibited the not uncommon characteristic in early grav(>s of a, head remarkably small in proportion to the body. The discoverer remarks :— "The teeth are perfectly fresh ; and from the apl>earance f the jaws the skeleton must be that of a full-grown person, though of small stature." Another example of pottery somewhat simihniy dis posed, was discovered in(»re recently on the demolition .)f the old town-ste(>ple of Montrose. This venerable belfry tower, whi<'li was ascribe(l to the twelfth ccntiny, oe(U]>ied the higlu'st groun;irl, directly underneath the fouiidiitions of the old tower, w;is a, .skeleton disposed at full length in a rude stone ciHt, iind with four urns beside it : two nt the head anil two at the feet,. The skeleton mciisurccl six feet in h^nn-th, and the skull, which has been already referred to, is now ill the l<]diiibur«>ii IMireiiolooical Museum.' Only two (»f (he urns were |»reservi'd ; one of which, now ill the A'iontrose Museum, is Hirured here. The other is in the collection of the Scottish Aiitii|uaries. and is a. neat vessel of comnion form, decorated with ihe usujil style of incised chevron ornanieiits. There is soinethinn; peculiarly interesting in thus recovering inemorials of loiig-forg(»(teu generations, over which l''n;. 7(t. MniilruMi^ I'm. later builders had reared the massive tower unconscious of their presence. The strong old (Jothic masonry, after withstanding the storms of some seven centuries, has decayed and been swe|>t away ; and from beneath its rouiidations we recover the IJagile yet more enduring me niorials of primitive skill pertaining to another era, when an oMir race was just struggling into intelligent youth. Among the most remarkable classes of domestic ]»ot- ti'iy found in the tiiimdi, are those evidently ilesigni'd Ibr suspension, and occasionally provided with a cover or lid made of the same materi.'il. Sonic of them are round on tiie bottom, so as to be unrtted for set- ting on the ground, and it seems no imjirobable infer- ' .(«(/<', |i, 'i't't, N'l, '2, cil' 'i'altit! II, t'laniiil MiiiHiireiiUiiilH. lii M SI* Vll 422 THE ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [CfJAP. ence tliat in these we possess examples of the earliest r:rtificifil cooking vessels manufactured by native skill. They are familiar to Continental as well as to British archaeologists, and are figured in several works on Scan- dinavian antiquities. The example engraved below, from the original in the Scottish Museum, was found in one of a group of cists, under a large cairn, at Sheal Loch, in the parish of Bortliwick, near Edinburgh, and is minutely described by Dr. Jamieson in the A rchcnolo(jia Scotica} It is made of fine baked chiy, burned to an unusually hard and durable consistency, and measures 4| inches in height by about G| in diameter. Five per- I'm 77.— Shenl Locli Uni. forated projections are disposed at nearly equal distances around it, as shown in the engraving, and the inti^rior of the vessel bears evident marks of fire. Examples of urns of this class, perforated or provided with projecting ears for suspension, lia ve bee repeatedly found in Britisli tumuli. (3ne of nearly the same dimensions, recovered from a cist in Wetton Hill Barrow, Derbyshire, is en- graved in the Crania Britannica ; and Dr. J. Barnard Davis remarks in describing it, — " It is made of reddish clay, '- hich still contains some pel)bles, and has received a harder fii-ing than \isual."- The larger ones, with a depth gr(?ater thtui their width, mny b(^ more fitly de- scribed as [)ots or cdoking-vesscls than as urns ; and ' ArchiK)!. Sivi. vol. ii. p. 70. '' ('niiiin lirltnnniid, Deifiile ii. I TMIIWIW [Chap. v.] DOMESTIC AND SEPULCHRAL VESSELS 423 some of them bear considerable resem])lance to culinary utensils maimfactured by the Mandans and other Indian potters of the New World. The examples of ancient pottery in the Scottish Museum include the fragments of a second urn with perforated ears, found under a. cairn in Fifeshire. The opening of another cairn at Crakraig, Sutherlandshire, brought to light a third, seem- ingly of the same class ;^ and other notices, though less definite, prove that such vessels have been repeatedly discovered under similar circumstances. But an interesting disclosure of recent date throws a novel light on the possible use to which some of the vases deposited in the primitive cist were applied. The bronze and earthenware lamp are both of common occur- rence among the contents of the Roman sarcophagus ; and the fancy has been repeatedly revived of the sepulchral lamp, lit by some occult art, burning through long ages to light up the entombed ashes, and only expiring when re-exposetl to the vulgar air. But it seems not improb- able that some such idea actuated the older Briton ; and that his sepulchral pottery also included the lamp, enkindled among the last rites of unavailing affection, that its light might cheer the narrow vault, or the gloom of tlie megalithic catacomb, to which the dead was con- signed. In 1855 three cists of grey granite we»e opened nea? Kinaldie, Aberdeenshire, in the vicinity of a rijde monolith, styled the "Gauk Stone of Lendaugh," and in a distiict rich with primeval remains. On removing the covering slab of one of the cists, ii male ski^leton was ex])osed to view, dou1)led u}*, with the skull lying be- tween the thigh bones ; and an e;n then v;is(3 at the left side. Tlie skull, whi<^h i^ ch.r.'vcterized by mnisually brachycephali*; ])roporti()ns, is figured in the Cnoiia HritantilciU Simihir Viises W(!re found in each of the ' Air/iiioloijiii, vol xix. I'lati' XI, ill. 424 TUB ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. il! cists, all pretty well luirned, reddish, black in their frac- ture, and elaborately ornamented with different chevron patterns. My. A. Watt, under whose observation the cist from whence the skull was obtained was opened, states that at the bottom of the vase examined by him, there was a deposit of black, greasy matter ; and also that the covering slabs of all the cists presented the appearance of a spot marked with smoke on their under sides, about a foot in diameter, immediately above where the urns were placed/ I can see nothing improbable in the conclusion he arrived at, that the vases had held some fat substance, in all probability blubber, such as the Esquimaux burn with wicks of moss, and which had been kindled at the moment of interment. Small shallow cups, without ears, but perforated through the rim or sides, (constitute another variety of sepulchral pottery. Three fine examples in the Scottish Museum are showji on Plate vi. Fig. 78. The central one was found upwards of seventy years since, at Old Penrith ; that on the right, near Dunbar ; and the third was recovered from the foundations of an ancient ruin in the island of Ronaldshay, Oi'kney. At an earher period, it was customary to term such vessels incense cups ; but the perforations for suspension which probably suggested the name, are equally applicable to their use as lamps ; and this I am inclined to believe was their actual design. Similar cups or lamps luive been repeatedly found along- side of the larger pottery in cists and l)arrows, sometimes devoid of ornament, but generally symmetrical, and finished with a degree of art and skill indicative of the progress attained, and j)erhai)s also of changing ideas of the future life, which led to this addition of the lamp to tlie other vessels deposited beside the funeral urn in the nan-ow c]iaud)er of the dead. ' (.'ranld JJrititiiiiirti, Plate xxv. p. 2. [Chap. v-1 DOMKtiTW AND SEPULCHRAL VKSSELS. 42;) It h{is already been imlicated that many of the Scot- tish cinerary urns are so hirge as ahnost to merit the njinie of cists. So far as my opportunities of observa- tion extend, it appears to be more common in Scotland than elsewhere to meet with urns measuring thirteen, fourteen, and even sixteen inches high. In the cairns, more especially where several urns are grouped together, one is frequently much larger than the others, though not more ornamented ; for the pottery of the largest size is geiierally comparatively plain. The woodcut reprii- sents three urns, r.ow in the Museum of tlie Scottish Antiquaries, recovered from stone cists at Lesmurdie, Banffshire, along with crania and other relics ;dready b'lii. 7i*.— Lesmuvilie Urns. refei-red to. The largest of the urns measures nearly eight inches high, and the smallest five and a half Among the larger urns in the same collection is one measuring IH inches in height, found within the area of the modern Scottish capital, in digging iov the foundation of the north pier of tiie Dejm Bridge, that spans a, deep ravine through which the Water of Leith finds its way to the neighbouring port. Another urn in the Scottish Museum, measuring 121 indies in height, wns found near Abden House, in the parish of Kinghorn, Fifeshire, in 1848, l)y workmen engjiged in cutting through the i-ocks on the seii-shore, preparatoiy to the formation of the Northern Railway. Wlien discovered it lay in an I iH ' •120 TUE ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chai'. ' !! I inverted position on the flat suifae.e of the rock, at a depth of five feet, and was full of jishes and burnt bones. In examples discovered under similar circumstances, it is not unfrequently observed that the inside of the urn exhibits considerable marks of (exposure to heat and smoke. Tlie incinerated remains appear to have been <;arefully giithered together in a little heap while the glowino- embers had only partially consumed the bones, und over this the inverted urn was laid, quenching the last fires that glowed within the ashes once ardent with life. None of those examples of primitive Scottish pottery iiave been accompanied by relics whicA w^ould enable us to assign thcni with absolute certainty to the pc^riod when the introduction of the metallurgic arts had stimulated native skill and ingenuity into acition : unless perhaps in the case of the small cup found on Arthur Seresented in the annexed woodcut, Fig. 80, \\'as discovered under a tumulus at Memsie, Aberdeenshire, and beside it lay a bronzi' leaf-shaped sword, lu'okcn in two. It is scarcely a (juarter of an inch in thickness, and otherwise exhibits in symmetrical proportions and durable material the "'4>l n "I i! If. a 11 II 'i V-] DOM EST It' AMJ SKPULClIliAL VESSELS. 4i>y rations. Amid tliu evideiiees of a thinly scattered popidation, examples of it are still of very frequent occurrence, after all the raA^ages of the spade and tlu^ [)lough. In these we trace its gradual improvement, and from thenc(i very effectually discover proofs of th(! progress of their constructors. P'irst in order is the shapeless hand-made urn, merely dried in the sun. To this succeed the imperfect efibrts at decoration and symn;;>trical design, and also the subjection of the moist clay to the process of the kiln. Then comes the impor- tant discovery of the potter's wheel, or some simple equivalent for it, in the train of which many other im- provements follow ; until at length the ethnologist, in pursuing his investigations by such means, discovers in the Roniivn urn or embossed Samian ware, and the oln/ed pottery of the Anglo-Saxon, the evidence of the revolu- tion of races, and the displacement of native by intruded arts. But the older examples preserve the nu'morials of suecesr.ive stages of development unaffected by foreign inriuence, and full of ijiterest not only as a part of Britain's ]»rimeval history, but in their more conqu-ehen- sive bearing on the iimate sources of man's progressive civilisation. In the j>r.)cess suggested as that l)y which the moi'c conq)licated patterns wrought on the native ])ottery were produced, we recognise another element of the ornamen- tal an lirst .simple attempts at combinations of incised lines. The subject will again come under review in a future chapter ; but, meanwhile, it may be noted here as suggestive of one possible source of decora- tion of the rude cinei'ary urn, that its fragile texture was strengthened at first by being surrounded witli a, plating of cords or rushes, which, in tasteful hands, would assume the same arrangement as in the work of the knitting needhis, and thus lead to the i'«'production of such patterns by a, more dui'able process oji the clay. Humboldt describes a similai' practice which came under liis notice at the village of iManiijuarez in South Anieri(;a, where the Indian women fashioned their rude Nessels oul of a decomposed mica, slate, which they bound together with twigs, and baked in the sun. It is certain that veiy many of the indented patterns on Ih'itish pottery have b(^en ))roduced by the impress of twisted cords on the wet chiy : the intentional imitation, it may be, of undesigned indentations originally made by tlu^ [)laited net-work on ruder sun-dried urns ; so simple and yet so natural may be the source to which we nnist htok for the first glinnnering dawn of Iirilish art. Painters have delighted to picture the (Jreeian maiden ti'acing h<'r lover's shadow on the wall, rerchance some Ih'itish artist may not thmk it beneath his [H'ucil to restore to us the aboriginal pottca- mai'velling at the unsought beauty which his own hands have wrought. Along with such evidences of taste and inventive in- genuity as the works of the ]»rimitive potter display, the increa.-iing demands of jM'ogressive civilisation also become apparent in I he adaptation of vessels ((» the various recjuirements of domestic convenience or luxury.* The clay-made pottery imjiroves from theclumsv, frialde, ill baked ui'U, into a vessel of light and durable consist- [OlIAP. v.] DOME^TU; AND SEPULCiriiAL VKSSKLH. 431 (Micy, fittod lor iiU the common pinpows of ficjtilc ware. To tliis extent it was carried during {\\v arcliaic ei-a of native art to which we give the namt; of the Ihonze Period. It will bo seen in a future section thai it I'cceived further imprtwements from native skill Ixdbre it was sup(U'seded by more ingenious arts indii'ectly de rived from Jionian civilisjition. Si I? i ffl i;ii' 77/ A' MH'IIMC OH HHOSZE I'KniOh. \ I'llAI', CIIAPTEU VI. if I'KnsoXA L ORXAMEiXTS, In notln'iio- is tli" siiio-ulnr inoqunlity so ('liariH'hM'i.stic of arehiiic ;irt moiv strikiiicrly appiiiviit tlian in tlio con- trast fiviiiicntly o])si'rv<'il»l(' iK'twccn the rude chiy urn of tli(' Scottislt tiiiuulus or ciiini tiiid llic vjilu;il)l(" and beau- tiful irdics wliich it contains. Many of tlio lattcM-, indeed, are scarcely ad missil.le under any classification of arcliaic art. Tliey differ more in characteristic ixruliarifies of stylo than in infei-iority of dcsion, when cojni>arcd with relics of the vVnglo lionnin period, lieferenc^e has alrea.ly l»t''M) niad(> to the i)i'ol)al»K' .sources from whence the almndant sujyplies of oold were derived l»y the. primitive, ('aledonian metallurgist. !^nt when(u'S(»eve.- they are as- sunuHl to have been jirocured, the fact is unquestionable, that while silver was exc(>edinoly r.„v, if not indeed entirely unknown, until almost I he close of the Bronze Period, oold a[)pcars to liaAC been one of the very first metals wrouoht, and to have been obtained in such abun more easily wrouglit umber, jet, and bituminous •sliale. Beads and nec.klaces of \\u, letter materials are ot very frequent occurrence ; and Avliile some are clmrac- terized by little evidence of taste or ingenuity, many nu)re are the manifest products of experienced mechanical skill and probably belong to a comparativ(dy late period. Ill these especially we dete<;t the evidenc^e of the use of tile turnmg-lathe, an ornaments and relics have been found le-ive no room to doubt that they are productions of unaided native ingenuity. The same materials, however con- tinued to be used during the Anglo Roman period, and to partake of the iiiHuen.'es of Italian art and nu.dianical skill in the latest forms which they assunu-d. It there- tore becomes necessary to exercise the same caie in dis- criminating Ix'tween such products of native and foreicrn fast., m the reli.^s of jet or shale, as in those of the metals, or c,f glass and ivory. Solinus ivfers to jet as one of the articles of .-xport from Hritain ; and Bede de- HcribcH It as abuiulant and highly valued.' But such .'Vidences of its Lder foreign us.- are in no degree incon- sistent with its early adop^tion for the construction of personal ornaments by (he nativ.> liritons, among whom VOL I. 3i; lib ■^H >' \ !\ fl 'in t. in 4" :l| A I 4:u 77/ A' AhrJIAlC (HI IIHOSZE I'ElilOl). L^ ilAT. itH fifiuiss for tins purpose was probal)ly first ret'-ognistHl. The styli; of niiuiy of tlio relics of tliis clitss found in the [)rimitive cists nnd cairns, and especially of those which are presumed to he female ornaments, totally diffi-rs from Anolo-llomanor classic i-emains, and ahnndantly confirms their native origin. A stone cist, discovered in 1841, on the estate of Murgie, in the parish of llalford, Elginshire, contained a skeleton, belit^ved to be that of a, female from the small size of the bones, in a sitting posture, and with the head in contact with the knees. The other contents included an nrn ten incdies high, rudely decorated with incised lines ; a ring of polished shale or cannel coal, two and a lialf inches in diameter; four rhomboidal ])ieces of tiie same material, the largest pair two inches long ; tw(» triangular ])ieces, and about a lumdred large beads, all [)erforatcd for the purpose of being strung together for a necklace. Various other cists have been discovered on the same estate, generally containing urns. A necklace formed in ]»art of similar ornarnchts now in the Arbuthnot collection, ar lVterh(>ad, was found a few years since in a, tumulus in the parish of Cruden, Aberdeenshire, and consists of alternate beads of jet and perforated but irregular pieces of amber. The largest beads measure four inches in length, fi'om which they diminish to alxmt an inch. The oidy other object beside them was a flint hatchet seven inches lon«>'.' Various interesting ]>ersonal ornaments ob(aiae >; beyond no traces irnents of uprise us ve rude plcmcnts the same mes long ks of the n Anglo- e Norse ed shale jsh fort" two line and the nust de- f copper, with a Ige Coal that the used as money" I vaUeys , known ir relics, Scothind, •al term of flat d edges, ianietei'. or more V of the Vf.] rEJiSONA L OHNA MENTS. 439 Kimmeridge Mint was destined, long formed an anti- quarian riddle, which l>aflled the acutest English archaeo- logists ; for the popular name was rather adopted as a convenient term, than seriously regarded as properly applicable to articles so fragile and valueless. One ingenious but somewhat ftmciful theorist did, indeed, attempt to prove these relics to be the work of Phoe- nician artists, designed, not as an actual circulating medium, " but as representatives of coin, and of some mystical use in sacrificial or sepulchral rites !" All such ideas, however, are now entirely exploded, and it is no longer doubted that they are the waste pieces produced in the formation of rings from the shale on the turning- lathe. The fragments of pottery, and other relics dis- covered along wdth tliese curious (.'xuvise of early art, leave little room to doul)t that during the Anglo-Roman }jeriod the manufacture of amulets, beads, and other per- sonal ornaments of Kimmeridge shale, must have been (Uirried on to a (considerable extent in the Isle of Pur- beck,^ liut the same id(!a of the use of such circular pieces of shale as money is found attached to them in Scotland. In the account of the parish of Portpatrick, tor example, it is remarked, — " Circular pieces, from two to three inches diameter, cut out of a black slate not found in the })arisli, are frequently dug up in the church yard, along with rings out of which these pieces seem to have been cut. Both of these are supposed by the people here to have been used as money." ^ Similar reli(.'s have been found in Kirkcudbi'ight and other southern shires : in, Scotland, iiowever, more mysterious attributes con- t'crred (tn sui-h relics a curative virtue akin to that which ' r/(/'' Mr..I. Sydoiiliiiiu " On tlii' Kiinnici'iclgc < 'oal ^{iiMvy,'' Airhnol. Jour. Vol. i. |i. ,'i47 ; ciiul Jiiitr. <>/ tin Art Intnl. Asmu-. vul. i. |i. Wl'i, where ai'cu- liitc t>iigr;iving.s of the "ni.il numi'y' aro given. - .V< "• Sill/!"/, .ii'c. Mil. i\-. Wigtoiisliiip, ]). H'2. M f i UO T///'J Alien AW on liRONZK PERIOD. [Chap. vvcas ascribed to the oliler Elf-bolt ; though in this ease we are not without classic authority for the sui)erstition. In Kirkcudbrightshire, foi- example, the rings and disks of shale retained nearly to our own day the same i)opular estimation for their medicinal virtues, or supernatural powers, as we find ascribed to the ornaments and amulets of jet among the Eomans.^ Mr. Jo8ei)h Train remarks, in reference to a, tunndus at Halferne, in the parish of Crossmicdiael :—" Inhere have been found, at different times, near the same moat, several romnl flat stones, each five or six inches diameter, perforated av*i- ficially in the centi-e. Even within the memoiv of soni(> persons yet alive, these perforated stones were used in Galloway to count<3ract the supposed effects of witch- craft, particularly in h(.rses and black (;attle. 'The cannie wife o' Gh^ngappoch put a, borit stane into ane tub filled with water, and causit syne the haill cattell to ^)ass by, and, when passing, sprinkled ilk ane o' them with a, besome dipped in it.' One of these perforated stones, as black and glossy as polished ebony, is in my possession. It was recently found in the ruins of an old byre, when^ it had evidently l)een i)laced for the protection of the cattle."" Again, Ure remarks, in his Histonj of Kllbnde, " a ring of a hard black schistus, found in a caii-n in the parish of Inchinan, has per- formed, if we believe report, many astonisiiing cures. It IS to this day preserved in the parish as an hicstim- able specifics "'^ Similar proofs of the superstitious rever- ' "Kugat .surpeiitoH ita, iveroatqiu ,iilvtx3 strangiilati,iiu.,s. Deprohriulit ^s<)ntiomn inoWmiii, et virgiuitatfiii siiffif;;. Sloe dicuntir ui; Magi in ea, •liiaiii vocant axiiu)ii,antiaiii : et jm •. H nv^raut. yi evfiitnrmn «it, ,jiio?l ali.in'i.s optot." — I'liiiy, lil). xxxvi. ca]!. .■{4, -'('oinnmni.Nition l,y Mr. .)„soiph Train to tlif y,w Statist. Ac: v.,1. iv Kii'ki'udlii'iglitshiri', ji. 1%. •' I'ro'a Hhst. <,/R„t/ur;i/,'H cii(lix 18, mid I'lati' ill. '-' Uiv's /iuf/ipn/hn :tn,l Kilhrldc, p. 217, and flak' i. ■' SiiicIivir'N Stal'ist. An\ vol. ix. iip. 52, r»;t. % i, ■ ^ m IM k lU t; i I' ( I 442 77/ A' Alien A. 'C on MRiLSZK I'JnUOlJ. [Chap. Across one end lay a stone of about a ton weight, and at the other there was fonnd a stone eist, measuring three feet in length 1)y iwo in breadth. Within it were two urns, one of grey and the other of l)]ack pottery, l)oth apparently filled only with earth, and beside them lay five studs or Inittons of different sizes, formed of highly polished jet. The urns were broken, I'ut the studs were preserved by tlie late Colonel Hamilton. They are convex on the one side, and con(;av(3 on the ther, with knobs left in the lattei, seemingly for attacli- o ing them to the dress. I'he largest is more than an inch in diameter.* The woodcut represents a fibula of the same material, two inches in diameter, found on Craw- l-'iK. *l- .I.'l I'Ml.ulii lurd Moor, Lanarkshire, ;nid mow in die Scottish Museum. Sir R. (■. Hoare refers to nunu'rous exiunples of this class of personal t)rnanients recovered by him. and eiigi'aves one exactly similar found in a b.-irrow at lUiindford, in Wiltshire.^ Mr. l>;iteman lias engraved another in his Vcfifxjcs of the A Nfli i'liiii/iir< . |i|i t>!l. S't. y which such prized objects were diffused by wandering traders throughout the British islands, such comparisons cannot fail to interest the student of primitive history, and to encourage him in the prosecution of his researches among its long neglected records. The rings, which form the most common articles manufactured of shale, have been usually considered as ai'ndets, but it is doubtful if such was their real use. Many of them, indeed, aie too small to admit of the hand passing through them, and rings of similar size and form are discovered of various other materials. One in the Scottish Museum, apparently of glazed earthenware, and measuring nearly tiiree in(;hes in diameter, was found under a large cairn at liogheads, Kintore ])arisli, Aber- deenshire, in 1789, and beside it lay four oblong scpuired pieces of polished shah", the two largest two iiu-jies in length, the otiier two an incji and a half, and an inch in breadth. Between each pair wciv three oval beads of (he same substance, nearly an inch long. They were described, when presented to the Society, as having been sus|)ended from the ling; but it is more ]»i'obablc (hat tlicy formed, as in other cases. ;i se|)ara((- necklace. A nnnibei- «»f cairns, some of them of very large dimensions, still remain for future exploration, on the same exten- siv<' moor, which occupies a considerable area in both the parishes of Ivindlar and Kintore. Another riu"' in the Scottish collcciion. formed of ,1 white translu- reni sh.i,... uas UwwA ,M! \V.'.' K|.,i!drr8 Mo^iH. PerfliHliirc. \\m tit % il ': 444 THE ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. and a third, of hard dark wood, 3| inches in (iiamoter, and If inches broad, was discovered near a cairn on th<' north side of Hathjck, in Tweeddale, on first subjecting the neighbouring heath to the plough in 1784. It has been suggested that these I'ings formed part of the female head-gear, through which the hair was drawn ; and a sculptured female head, found at Bath, is referred to, on which an ornament somewhat resembling them is repre- sented so applied.^ The discovery of such rings along- side of female ornaments, such as the necklaces and pendants already described, seems to justify the classi fication of them among objects of merj j.ei-sonal adorn- ment ; and where found singly, their supposed use in the arrangement of the long locks of their owners fur- nishes a very feasible explanation of one of the purposes for which they may have been designed. Nevertheless, the frequency of their occurrence, under a great variety of circumstances, suggests the idea that th(!se rings may possess a higher value, as records of long obsolete rites and customs, than peitains to the mere objects of pe)-onal ii.lormnent. They have been found accomiiany- ing female ornaments, and ai)parently with female re-' mains; but they have also been served on this subject :—" hi Iceland a K'ss bulky ring for the ratilieation'of enguge- ' <'„ll,rl,i,Mi AiUi,/uu, ('. |{. Ninith. V(.l.^. p. I74, ,.,i#^(^ .:.- VI.] PERSONAL ORNAMENTS. 445 merits was introduced. Within the hof was a division like a ehon^ m a church, where stood an elevation in the middle of the floor, and an altar. Upon the altar was placed a ring, without any joint, of the value of two oras. Ihese rmgs (idly named Druidical amulets) are variously formed of bone, of jet, of stone, and even of the precious metals. Some are so wide as to allow the palm of the linnd to be passed through them, which rings were used when parties entered into mutual compacts. In a wood- cut given in an old edition of Glaus Magnus, the solem- nization of a betrothing contract is represented by the bridegroom passing his four fingers and palm through a, hirge ring, and in this manner receiving the hand of the bride. This is similar to the mode practised in Orkney where contracting parties join hands through the perfora- tion, or more properly speaking the ring, of a stone pillar. In the oath administered to an individual as a test of veracity, it was sufiicient that he held in his hand a rino- of small size, dipped in the blood of sacrificial victims."''' An illustration of the mode of adininisterincr such an oath occurs in Viga Gluni's Saga. In the midst of a weddmg-party Glum calls upon Thorarin his accuser, \) hear his oafli, and taking in his hand a silver ring, wliich had been dipped in sacrificial blood, he cites two witnesses to testify to his oath on the ring, and his having aitpealed to the gods in his denial of the cluirge. Tln^se customs belong to more ivcent centuries than^ tlu; Scottish Bronze Period. Hut it is imposHible to say to how remote an era we must look for their origin, or how long before the tim(M)f the Vikings, the Scaiiditiavian and' (\dtic races, as well as their All.^pliylian precursors, had Ixnm familiar in their common cradle-land in the- far East, with i'it(>s and usages from which the sacrednesHof this sacram.'utal ring may have sprung. ' (»n till' 'rings ..f (liknc.v .■m.l SlirHan.l. Arrh.ml, Srof. yj.. iii. |= \"ii i; I t\m 440 TI/E ARCIIAJC OR IiKONZJ<: PERIOD. [Chap. Viewed in this light, the fi'equont occuiTence of sueli rehcs in the eist, or nuclei' the memorial eairn, may be pregnant with a far higher meaning than the mere orna- mental fibula or amulet. When found with the spear and sword, the ring may indicate the grave of the warrior-priest or lawgiver, — a union of offices so con- sistent with society in a primitive state ; while, in the female barrow, amid the bracelets and necklaces which once adorned th 3 primitive British matron, the curious relic may, with no undue indulgence of fancy, be looked upon as tlie spousal pledge, and the literal wt^dding ring. It seems, indeed, most pr(»bable, that tlie little golden ring with which, in these modern centuries, we wed, is Fill, H4. OliiK.-. BiMuls none other than tlie symbolic memorial of the old sacra- mental ring whicli witnessed the vows of our rude island fathers, and was niadi^ the pledge of their ]»Ughted trotii. This, however, is perhaps trespassing bryond tlie ])ale of legitimate induction into tlie seductive regions of faiK^y, wh«'re anti(juaries have too fre(piently chosen io wander at their own sweet will. In some d(^gi'ee akin to the personal oi-n.-iments of jet and sliale are the large beads of glass, or viti-eous paste, and amber, so well known among the conti'nts of British tnnnili. and associated, even in oiir own day, with the same superstitious virtues ascribed to them in the writings of the philosophic bnt er<'duloiis i'liny. The [Chap. VI.] J'm'SOiVA L OHNAMENTH. 447 very same stoiy, in fact, is told of tiie Adder -stane in the popular legends of the Scottish Lowlands as Pliny records of the origin of the Ovum Anguinum. The various names by which these relics are designated all point to their estimation ji amulets or superstitious charms ; and the fact of their occurrence, most frequently singly, in the sepuh^hrid cist or urn, seems to i)rove that it was as such, and not merely as personal ornaments, that they were deposited along with the ashes of the dead. They are variously known as Adder Beads. Ser- pent Stones, Druidical Beads, and .miong the Welsh and Irish by the synonymous terms of Glainneidr, Gleini na Droedh, and GImne nan Druidhe, signifying the Flu. a"). (lhi»B Ill-mis Magician's or Druid's glass. Many of them are exi^eed- ingly beautiful, and are characterized by atterns, wrought with various colours interwoven on their surface. The specimens engraved here are selected fjoni those. Amouf^ a curious collection of anticpiities discovered in a harrow on Baruham Downs, and e.KJiibited by I.ord Londes- boroiigh at a meeting of the Society of Anti(juaries of London, xMarch 7, 1H50, there was a large ginss bead, ill 1 I' 448 THE AliVllAIG OR liliONZK P Eli 10 J). rCHAP. If r vvliifli lijul l)oen broken and ingoTiioiisly repaired with a. hoop of l)i*onze, a signifieaiit indication of tlie great vahie attaclied to it. Jieads of and)er, stone, clay and porcelain, as well as of horn and bone, are all more or less common among the early sepulchral (h'posits, and may be regarded with little lu'sitation as of native; workmanship. Amber, th(»ugh not indigenous to this country, is of sutticiently frecjuent occiuT(>nc(>. to account for its em])loyment in the manufacture of personal ornaments, without assum- ing its iuiportation from the lialtic, wlunv it most largely abounds. Roth Hoece^ and Camden notice the finding of pieces of extraordinary si/e at JUichanness, on the coast of Aberdeeusliire. The clergyman of the jiarish of reteriiead, in the same county, in drawing up an account of his parish for Sir John Sinclair, nu^ntions having in his possession "a. pretty large j»iece of and)er," recently found on the sea-beach near the manse; and in 17H3, Mr. George Paton presented to the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland two |)ieces found on the sea-shore in the f I • Boooo givos till' follinviiiy ininiiit di'scviption of iiinluT, atfonliiiy ovidoiici.' of till! iiKulo of its iiitiiiiliu'tion, tlioiii;h sullicit'iitly t'xti'iiv.agaiit in tlie Htylo of its theorizing: — "Aniang the rocliis iiiid craggis of tliir ilis growia line maiiiT of oloctiiar ami goiun, lit-wit like gold, and sa attractive of nature, that it drawis stra, tiox, or luMnniis of claithis to it, in tlie saniin inaner aw doix ane adaniont stane. Tiiis gounie in general of see froith, <|uhilk iseasHin up he eontiiu'wal reiiercussion of craggis againis the see wallis ; and throw ithand ni articJes for adoii.iiig and settiiM-' l)roo('luvs, liair pins, an.l other personal ornaments, from the earliest i)raeti<-c, of the j.'vveller's art, until our native tastes and customs were merood, hy iuc'reasino- inter <'Ourse with oth(!r nations, into the <;omm..n eliaract(>rislics of later me diltteult of solution. 'Die most proj.ahie lueansof aecountino- for their intro(hiction to Ihitain is l»y Hie IMio^nieians, or the traders of (Jaiil, and the Massiliansat the mouth of the Rhone, who w.-re in .lirect eommunieation with the ol.h'r ra<-e, who.se ,,,rly skill in the manufaeturi! of ohiss is familiar to us. To the sani.' source, indeed, was in all prohal.ility du<. the initiative suggestions and (>xamj.h's whirl, originated the most important improvements charact.'ristic of the p.TJod now under considt-ration. It is to the traders from Sid,»n, Carthage, aneen obtained also not unfre- qucntly in Egyptian catacombs accompanying relics long prior to the Roman era. Raspe, in his introduction to Tassie's Gems, refers to the so-cidled Druids' bciids as belonging to the same class as the "rich coloured glass and enamels found amcmgst the Egyjttian antiquities;'" ' I'ri's ]{iit?i('r. M!4, Plate i. [Ohai'. nothing 1. If we ins, little irove the L Britain, )f one at •elonging tinguish- in which ^n work icter are Scotland Ijes and 1 a larg(3 arkshire, Roman r similar b blue or Romans of large ieposited ; ancient scovered , iir: ied : ,i . •t unfre- lics long ction t(t )eads iis cd glnss [uities ;'" VI.] /'h'/MO\A L UhWA MKXTS. 4.'51 '"'d (Jolonel Howard Yyse mentions tJiem amono- the lumierous objects found in exploring " Campbell's IWil," ut Gizeh, which appears to liave been constru(^ted durino- the reign of Psammetichiis ii., about b.c;. COO But indeed the most .conclusive and altogether incontrovert- ibJe evid(!ncc of the remote antiquity to which those •smgular and widely-diffused relics beh.ng, is to be found in the fact, that their origin and virtues were the subjects ot tiie same superstitious fables in the age of Pliuy as m the British f.lk-lore of the eighteenth century We need not, tJieref.re, hesitate in regarding these beads as anotiier proof of the extensive, though probably indirect int(;rcourse, by means of whi<'li the north of Europ.- participated in the reflex of southern .dvilisation, many •'enturies Ix-fore w(^ can trace any allusion to the northern mces m tlie worKl's elder literatm-e : unless where the hmd Briton seeks to include his sea-girt home amid "thr ish's of the dentiles" of the Hebrew Scriptures, or dimlv discerns them in the Cassiteri.les of Herodotus. Otlu^ glass rehcs have occasionally been found anumo- the contents of British tumuli, but much too rarely to afford uny countenance to the idea of a primitive native manu- lacture ot glass. One imperfect exainpl(> in the Scottish Museum, found in a cist in th(^ ishmd of W(^stray, Ork- ney, apparently deposited on the breast of the deceased IS des,.ribed by its donor as "the only specimen hithertn discovered .n" glass (u.ntained in these cemeteries." If appears to have been a cup, not improbably of Roman manufacture, the bottom of which is marked u ith con- centric circles in relief Prom the extreme rarity of such articles we may recognise in this another illustration <»f the ungrudging generosity ..f affectionate reverence for the deceased, ,i„ U-ss marked than the more valued sepulchral deposits of the i)recious metals. Of the beautiful gold and siher relics exposed from \M ^ 452 77/ A' AIWIIAW Ok nnONZK I'KltfOD. [Chap N l| time to time on the ojxuiing of Scottisli sepulcliral tumuli, or brought to lidit in the course of airncultural operations, only some few cliimce examples have escaped the clutches of ignorant cupidity. But the few speci- mens that have been preserved are sufficient to excite the deepest sorrow that works of early native art, fre quently characterized by a style altogether unique, and exceedingly beautiful in design and ornament, should be discovered only to be destroyed. Some idea of the great variety of Scottish gold relics may be formed from the examples preserved or minutely described ; but a much greater number might be noted which are known to have been destroyed, without any op})ortunity having been afforded even of accurately ol>serving their form, or learning of the circumstances under which they were discovered. The plain gold armillse from Banffshire, already referred to, and engraved along with the urn in Avhich they lay, in the ArchcBologia Scotica,^ furnish sufficiently rude specimens of primitive personal orna- ments. They have been designed, without doubt, as armillfe or bracelets, yet the difference in weight, and even more in apparent bulk, sufficiently illustrates the inexperience of their maker. Their respective weights are, 1 oz. 5 dwts. 14 grs., and 1 oz. 14 grs. But along with them were examples of the simplest yet most inter- esting class of gold relics discovered in the British Isles. These are des(;ribed in the A rc/uaologia Scot lea as nose and ear rings, but they are simply l)a,rs of gold bent in a circular form, and the extremities left disunited. Two of them are ornamented with parallel grooves along the outer side, Imt they are of unequal sizes, and in no degree differ from the numerous class of penaunular relics designated by most antiquaries as " ring-money ;" though the idea of their use as nose-rings jiad been ' Arclid'ol. Scnl. vol. iv. Plato xii. [CtlAf. PLATE VIII. FIO. 87.— (»(tld PeriJiniiuliir King. !! 111 Fin. Hn. St..li„ r',v«llc llr.mzo Annli'l. OOIJ) AND lUJONZK AltMLKT. ; f I ! VI.] i'i<:iLS(>XA L oiiNA .ui<:m\s. 453 tomiorly .-.(Ivjuiced by (!(,l,m,'l Vall.-.iK'cy,' uiid has Lcen iiioro tJuui om-Ai rcvivea.'^ In a valuabli; artich; l»y Ah-. Albert Way, on the onianiciits of gold discovered in the IJritisli Islands, examples of Uritish ring-money ai-e en- graved, including tlie simple penanuulur ornament, the ereaeent, and beach'd and tor<|'iated rings;^ It is not necessary to enter a,t large on the disputijd question of the use of such r(^lics as currt-ney. Many ingtuiiou.s arguments have been a,ddu(;(!d in favour of their original }»urpose as a circulating UKulium ; though this was in no d(\gree incom]>atible with their use as personal orna- ments. That such lings j.assed for money among the .Egyj)tians is proved by representations of the weighing of gold and silver ring-money .)n theii- paintings ; [\i^, im example, in one of the gi-ottos in the hill of Sh'ek Abd d Qoorneh, which bears the curtouche of Amunoph li. inscribed on its walls. The same metallic currency is obviously alluded to in the incident of the Hebrew patri- ar(5hso:- their tir-st visit to Egypt : " Every man's money was in the mouth of his sack, our money in full wei long after ('im(»belin and ' Col I eel I tit 1(1 ill l,',liiis /liJirniiri.-<, vol. vi. |i. •2'0. - Arr/iiiii/. Jiiiii: veil. vi. \t. 57. •< //,/,/. i, 4,s. I, •> v. •( Ml 1 1 1 '. ; i '7' ' l!f 4o+ 77/ A' AliVUAW on UHOSZE r^HKH). Ciiai', m- otiicr Britisli jHinccs luid souolit to rivjil tin- Roin;iii uiiutagc. Ill tlu' Irisli aiiiiiils tlicic is IV('(|u<'iit niciilioii of gold riiitrs of (lilfciviit si/cs otfcivd at the sliriiics of Ic.olinkill, St. I'atrick, etc. The iiifnior mctids a|»])t'ar iilso to have bccii c.urn'iit in this siinjih' fonu. llings of l»i-o»i>c(', exactly con-i'sjioiidiiig to the gold " riiig-iuoiicy," have been found iji (he I'liiiis of l'ei'sei)olis and (Vrthao-c. as well as in l^igyi>t. They are well known to Irish antiquaries, and are ]>rol>aI»ly more coniiiioti in Seotlajid than is geiiei-ally sui»i)osed. The iinjierfeet bronze rings already refei'red to among (he eon(('nts of a cinerary urn dug u]) in the parish of Ilatho, Mid-Lodiiaii, more uearly resenihh' the so-called gold riug-inoney ; and similar relics are occasionally deserihed among tlu^ contents of weems or subterranean dwellings. In l.S;!,""), ii laro*' tumulus, uear the summit of ('armylie Hill, Forfarshiiv, jiopularly known as the " Kairy lliHock," was iuvaded, and among a de)K)sit (tf half burnt bones and charcoal, several penannular broii/^e rings were discovered, varying in size (V(»m about two inches to (wo-(liii'ds of an inch in diameter. They are (|uite |)lain, as if they had been formed by simj)ly cutting and bending into shape a I'od of bronze wire. This ancient and primitive form of cur- rency which we delect aNtiig with [\\v. first elements of British civilisation, has perhaps never ceased to be used in some parts of Africa sinping tlieni together, and as readily detached when a payment was to be made."' Manillas, as they ai'e now generally tei-med, arc^ regularly manufa(;tured -it IJirmingham foi- the African tradtirs. 'I'iiey are made of coppt'r, or of an alloy of copper and ijon, and ai'e sold at the rate of .£105 per ton for eoi)per, and .C22 for iron rings. Th(! copper ring weighs two and a half ounces, and [)asses current in Africa at a \i\\\\v e(|uivalent to fourpence sterling. The liantfshire gold relics furnish e.\aini)les both (tf jtlain and grooved I'ing-moiiey. Of the former class one of about t'l value, found at Tiree, Argyleshiiv, in 17'.>1!, is described in the Old Statistical Account.'' Mr. l*alon of Dunfermline possesses a gold tor- ([uated ring, oblaine*! in that neighbourho(»d. Another, found in one of the weenis on the island of Sha]»inshay, Oikiiey, " composed, as it were, of three cords twisted or plaite(l together,"' is minutely described in the Statistical .Vccount of the parish;"'' and in the Lon(h)n Numismatic Society's Museum, African gold relics, exactly corres])ond ing to those, are preser\-ed among the |»rimitive types of coinage. Plated rings of similar form have also been dis- (MtNcrcd bnlli in Scotland and Ireland.' which it is more dillicull to((»ncei\e (»f as a substitute lor riurcnl coin, unless we assnnie the pcrNcrse ingenuity of the forger, usually ranked among the vices of modern ci\ ilisalion, to be as ancient as the era of llritish ring nioncw < Mic of (Iu!S(! composite jienannular relics, in I lie Stoiii.^h St.! i ' ' J'itrl ' Airliiiiil, .fiiiir. Vdt \i |i, ,'i{\, ' SiiiilaiiV Shilisl. ,lf'i', \(i|, \, |i Id'.' Ililil, Mil, wii, |i. 'J.'IH, ' I'lihihiiJiK nl III. It. I .( M„. ,11111, \..l II |> .SM, lii / i 45(i TUE AUCHMV (Hi IUi(L\'XH I'KUlOl). [0 HAP. 1, Wiis lound ill the Isle of Skyc. It is of copj HT. M"¥ i ',A \ Mus(!uij covcj-cd with ii tliick pJfitiiio' „f puVc ^old, jiiul vvlieii lu'i-fcct must have ])i(l (K-fiMnce to (letectiou of its internal iiiteriority. It is tliickei- than the usual liug-mouey, so tluit the nu'tal has been forced into folds or wi-iiikles on the inner side in hendino- it into shape.' The most simple <-()ld oi-nanu'nts of larger size found in the Jh'itish Islands are massive rings with dilated ends, disunited, hut geni-rally brought nearly in contact, and for which the name of Dilated Penainiular Rinira is suo- I hey are of frequent occurrence in connexion with the rarer objects of the Bronze Period ; and weiv gen(!rally assume«l to have been worn as armiiho, and to liave their ends disunited foi' the convenience of the wearer. One objection to this supj)osition is to l>e found in the fre(|uent ext( nsion of the dilated edges of the tw(. c'nds to the inner side «,f the ring, in a way that must have rendered them exceedingly urn omfortable if worn as aimlets. This is the case with one of two fine ex amplcs prcsi-rveil in the Scottish Museum, both found III the same cist at .Alloa in 1828 ; and such also ap- pears from drawings in \\\y possession to be the form of s(^Veral of a remarkable group discovered, in 1850, at IJowes, ni'ar Jlarnai-d Castle, Yorkshire. Some specimens occur with the dihition only outward, as in one dis- eovercd near Patcham, Su.s.sex, engraved in tlu' /i iv/kco- loilli-al Jourmil,^ and another almost I'xactly correspojul- iiig in form, but consiih'rably thicker, found in Galloway in 1 784, of which a drawing is j)osHe8sed by the Hociety <'f .\".ti(|uarieH of Scotland. Thes(> rings are generally iiiii«h loo massive and rigid, notwithstanding (lie purity and e..nse(|uenl soflncss ..f the gold, |o admit of their ' Nir l; C. n.Mlv ,|,.Mi|l,cH ;i soMir\\ll,i( miimiI.'H |.|,il,.d ivlir. |u | ,,1 ,1 ' "'"" '"•■" AiMihImi.t. MJchf. «lM| nl.j, .,■(>. of n„|,| A,„„„l W i(ln, VhI i [Chap. VI.] I'lCliSOXA L ORNA J/J<;\"AS. 45', bi'iiifr uiilK'iit lor tlic [uirpose of clasping on the arm, without injuring their form and leaving marks of such u process. In tiddition to this, another though less (ton- cJusive argument against their use as armillas is, that they aie rarely if ever found in paiis. A gold relic, seemingly of tJiis class, was discovered in 1704, on openhig a hirge sepulchral mound at Upi)er Dalachie, Banffshire, popularly styled tla; Green Cairn. " About two feet from the suiface," says Chalmers,' " was found an urn of rude woriunaiishi)), wliicli, when tlie ashes of Mie (U%-id weiv siiaken out, disclosed a, j)iec(! of polished gold like the handle of a vase, three inches in diameter. Kllr Ml). llciUI IVliilMimlul- Hill) and more than one eighth of an inch thick.'" The finder sold (his relic for Imllion, at the ])rice of lliirteen guineas. Where two or more occur together, they generally differ in size and form, as well as in weight. The two found at Alloa— the largest of which is here represented, half the Hize of the original, -vary in all tiiese respects ; and the same is the case with Ihose recently discovered at howes; no two of (he whole six correspond, though lliey all lay close (ogelher. M-ilh what was (liouulit (o lie liK' remams n| ;. K.ig m which llicy had hccn enclosed. A less maf^slNc example of I he .same class of gold orna- ' ( 'nil ilmiiii, \ 111. I, |i, I '_'<( m lip' f 1 ^ : ! h r %':f ' 1 If' ji . ' 4 A 8 77/ A' AliClIAW OR liHOSXE VKUWl). |Ciiai', iiR'iits, t'oiiiul with other relics, in IST)! West lliglihiiids, is sliown on Plato viii. Fipears to bo tlio only spcMiinuni known to have been disitovered in Sec.tland.' The Alloa irold I'olies were fornid alongside of two cinerary urns, on the top of a stone cist of the usual eircums(M'il)(>d propoi- tions, in which lay an entire skeleton, of great si/ce, and i''ii., US. nrooches, belong to the same chiss of ornaments. They c >nsist of a, solid cyliiulrical gold bar, bent into a. semicircle or segmental arc, tapering froni tint centre, and terminated at each end with a hollow cu[), resem- bling the mouth of a, trumpet, or the exj>anded calyx of a Hower. In an Irish example, eiigraveil in the J rc/uco Ivijunl .louni((l, the cu|ts are formed merely by hollows in the slightly dilated ends, decorated witli (he simple linear <»rnaments of most fre(|ueiit occurrence on j»ri- niitive llritish pottery. Another is engraved in contrast to this, found near the entrance hulge at Swinton l*ark, Yorkshire, the terminal cups of which are so unusually large, that the solid iiar of gold dwindles into a. mere connecting liid< between them. Ihit, as Dr. Wilde has shown, a series of gold r( lies may be selected ranging ' S'lir Sllllltl. Ar, Vl.l. V. UlltcsllilT, |l. 'i'.\, -' /'/'lie. .S'lic. .tii/i'/. Sen/, V(i|. jj, ji. 'J7l>. rK i U' I Iff '■ 460 77/ A' ARCHAIC OR BRONZE REIilOJ). [Uhap. from the plain iiiiclosccl ring used as an urmlet, to the first indications of dilated ends, and so onward to the largest calicinated ¥ih\\\iM or mannnillary brooches/ The annexed figure of a very fine example found by a labourer wliile cutting peats in the parish of Cronidale, Invernegs- shire, somewhat resembles that of Swinton Park in the size of its cups. It is from a drawing by the late Sir Thomas Dick Lauder, and represents it about two-thirds the size .riginal. In tracing the gradual develop- ment of ; , v,imple penannular hoop of gold into the '■"II'- '*<■ t'r 'lull' (■uliclniilL'eautiful calicinated fibula, we Uuiy recognise the appli- eation first of tin plain bent golden bar to purj)oses of |>ersonal decoi-ation as an arndet : then the employment of the same as a clasj) for the cloak ; and finally tiie gradual enlargement and ornamentation of the dilated ends alike for use and display. Similar relics have been l>rought to light in various Scottish districts. One found 111 iiM urn iji the north of Scotland, in the year 1731, is described in a letter from Sir John Clerk" to Mr. (Jale, wiilten shoilly after its discovery ; and i,s furtlier illns- ' r„l„l,ui„, n/l/ir II. I. A. .Ulis,!i„l, V..1. II. |.|,. -,4, (iU, [Chap. VI.] I'EHSONA L ORXA MENTS. 461 trated in the Reliqwlw Gideanw, l)y mi eiigrnv(Ml figure the size of tlie original.^ Shortly afterwards, Sir John Clerk writes to his correspondent announcing tlie dis- covery of several valuable gold relics, including two other caliciuated fibulfie, brought to light in consequence of the partial draining of a loch on an estate belongijig to the Earl of Stair. "I begin to think," exclaims' the astonished antiquary, " that there are treasures of all kinds in Britain ; for lately in a loch in Galloway there have been found three very curious pieces of gold : one a bnicelet, consisting of two circles, very artiti(^ially folding or twisting into one another; now in the hands of the Countess of Stair." The other relics are descril)ed as corresponding to an example of the calicinated fibuhi found in Galway, and engraved in the Archwologia:' Onc of these must have been an unusually massive and valual)le example, as its weight is stated to have been 15 oz. Another smaller one, found along with it, more nearly approaches to the type of the dilated })enannular ring, the cup or bull) being covered with a flat oval plate of gold. A bronze relic, of the latter shape, for- merly in the collection of Dr. Samuel Hil»])ert, is now in the Scottish Museum. A discovery of gold relics of this type, was made in the year 1838, on the estate of the late Walter Campbell, Esq., of Sunderland, on the ishmd of Islay, Argyleshire, where numerous tumuli exist, some of which have been found to contain cists of small size, enclosing skeletcms and cinerary urns. At the period i-eferred to, a large standing stone, which had lon,^ been overthrown, and lay prostrate at a little distance fi-om Sunderland House, was blasted with gunpowder and removed, in the pro cess of levelling and draining the ground for agricultural « nihliotlKTa To/ioii. Ihit. vol. ii. ].. 28(» ; Plate vi. Fi;,r. :,, ■^ Arcfiifolouia, vol, ii. riiito in. Fiir. 1, l| ^m Hk -•r i mi 4G2 77/ A' Ah'VUAH' oli llllOSZE mUilOh. [Cmai. [unposcs. Inmu'diith'ly undcrncatli thu (stoiu; l;i,y ji cist containing sevcrnl nido cinoraiy urns, and alongsid,. of it \V('r(! found the o„|d fibuh,,, fio,„.od hero alxiut one- fourth the size of the orioinal ; and an arinilla of ji peculiar type i^uuh' from a l.road band of gold j„>;,,ten out so as to form a, convex (icntro, on each side of vvhidi was a. fluted oniainental border, and a, raised I'im returned at the edge. Unfortunately, the latter ivh'c Avas carri<'d off by a dishonest servant. Mrs. Campbell remarks of It, — " The bracelet was large enough to encircle a woman's arm above the elbow. Of many specinu>ns whick I ex- amined at the IJritish Museum, c^hiefly Irish, there was I'li^ 111, laliiy Cilloini,!,.,! I'iliulii, none like nn'ne, which makes me the more re<.ret its |(»SS. The cuj.dike terminations ap]»ear to have Ixm'u occa sionally jewellerge, which has had a red substance a< I hering to it like cement, as if it had served to fix some kind <} body within the sockets." A similar aj.pcarance is still mor<' markedly observable in an example in the posses- sion of Thomas Hrown, Esq. of l.antine, y\yrshirc. IFpon showing it to an experienced jeweller, he entertained no t! m [ClIAl VI.J I'/'Jh'i^ON.I L OUNA M/iiX'/VS. 4(>;{ Its u))t that (lie .sockets luiil originally contiiiii(!il pcbbK'.s or jewels, in this curious chiss of gold relics we appear thereforo to recover the chisp of the ancient British (ihlaniys, worn by tlu; chief, or arch-priest when robed in his most stately pontificals, and see in it a. native per- sonal ornament which may sliind comparison with the most costly and eleoant of lioinan fibulio. Among the rarer ornaments found in Scotland the gold lunette figured hero deserves a [»romhjent place. t'lu. !!•.'. (ii.lil l.umlli' It was found in 18')!!, on the farm (.f Soulhside in iianarkshiie, and has since been |>reHent(Hl to the Scottish Museum. Its greatest diameter is seven iiichi s, and its weight 1 o/. H dwts. 1 ;3 gr. Similar crescent sha])ed ornaments are of freciuent occurr Galcamv. Sir John ('lerk, writinn- from Edin- \'A ' PI « The drawing is Hiiiij.ly iiuukcd " a gol.l cllar f„„„,t at Jlraidwood Castle, E.l.nl.itrgh8l.irc." l.ut tii.-n. can be little doul.t of its being the same referred to in the text. Tlie a.lditionnl iiarticidars conwrning it have licen cunininni- cated tu ni.. l.y Miss AI)enietl..v, a lady who Iiu.l ..ftcn lieard of this discovery ill her younger rhiys, as one of tlie reniarkaide events of her native place. ^ For achiitional examples of tores and other rehes of gold found in Scot- land, rid,' N,.wSl.,ithl. Arr. vol. vi. p. .'i7 ; vol. xii. p. lOCl ; Sinclair's ,SVa<,V. Arc. vol. ix. p. i>4, etc. VOL. 1. 2 u l;!* \ 400 77/ A- AhU'/fA/C Oh' nh'ifXXh' l'h'h'/(UK [(Iiui'. Imixh in I7H2, n'muriss, "Since my IhmI (o you 1 liiivc H«>««n l\v«> olIuM' lii'ti(M>l«>(M nnd ti. Iiiij^c rin^', louml uw tlu^ tlniiniiijn' of n lnkt* or |tiirl of i(. There iirc tio Iclh^rs or inHcriplion, and lln^ ninke in very rlunisy. Kncli liriuM'Icl in ill weij^lil nix or H(>vi'n ^•ninciiH, iind llieir Hliiipe llniH,' of (wo pieces of gold Iwisted. The ring is Itirgv. -'iiid nhoni It guineji, in weiglit.'"-' Another exiinipii* loMnii nljout fil'ty yt'iirn ago in Argyh'shire wiih Hohl lor ii, Irille to a (liliisgow goldsniilh, and con.signeil to the crncihle.'' In 1 S;i4, Honu' Workmen (|nin'ryingHlones near Ihe liridgt^ over Douglas Water, ('armichael. Iwinink.sliire, discovered u pairorarnullu' weighing Iwcnly-nine HovereiguH, which W(M'e dcMlintMl (o (ht^ name I'ale ; liul lorlnnalely the MaitjUissH of Douglas learned «»!' Ihe discovery in lime fo re|nnvhase I hem ere I hey had heeii converled into modern (rinkels. Mr. Alherl Way illiiMlraies his pajier "On AncinnI ArmiJIio of (Jold." elc, willi an engravinu' of one of a very Iteaiitiful pair, loinid in IMIH on Ihe oslale of !\lr. Dundas of Arnislon, ut l^argo, in l^'ifeshire: and remarks : "These ixMuliful orna men Is arc Wormed of a thin plate or rihand of gold, skillidly twisted, the spiral line Iteing pres(>rved with singular precision. It would he easy to multiply examples of tore ornamenIA more or less similar in type found in this country, and especially in Ireland ; hut non(< that I have seen posscMH an «'<|ua I degree of eleganc(> and perfection of workman- shi|»."* Mr. Dundas furnishes the following interesting note in relatit.n to the discovery : "The gold hracelets wero found last winter on the top of a steep hank which slopes down to the sea. among some loose earth which waH being dug to l»(> carted away. The .soil is sandy, ' Hlhlto. 7\>iiotf. Itrit. Vdl ii. Pliiti< VI, ti^ H, ■'* //'»■lM^lliy. |( WllH lit 11, |l|(IC<- rIoH.. lo III,. Ht'lhMllOIV. <>|lll(ooters to our shores ? Surely some less exti-avagant hypothesis may be suggested thnn that they crossed the ocean to buiy their own gohlen treasures in our sands. It would seem, on the con trary, to afford good evidence of a tumuhis or sej)ulchral chamber l>eing tiie work of natives, or of i-esidont colo nists, when it contains objects of vabie. Only tin? con- fidence inspired by tlie universal recognition of the siicredness of such ch^posits could induce the abandon- ment of them under cover only of a few feet of soil. It was not until a very late period — towards the end of the ninth century,-- that the Noi-thmen established a footing even on the remoter Scottish islands ; while their possession of any but a very small portion of the mainland in the immediate vicinity of their (h-l", nnd nearly as niiiny broad, bounded by distant mountains ; iin o]>cn, Hih'iit, and solitary scene of desolnticm ; an ocean of bliickness and bogs, with a, few pools of water, iUid n long drcny Like." Yet how iimny hucIi evidences •170 77/A' .l/.'(7/.i/(' ON lit^'(h\^h' /'AA'/O/A |('iia|.. ni.'iy il foiilain of mm t>r;i wlicii llu> ScotliMh Ixigs wciv Inxuritinl roioHls. uiul such \v\u'h were |)(MHoiitil oiiiii nicnlH ni' ili,> lumlcrM llinl nurHUcd llir cliiiMc llinnioli (lu'irs\l\;m g'lM(l(>M. (tr of llic nuiidcuM unil luulroiiw who Jiwiiilotl lln>ii' iviuni I Tlio Udmnicli (uniillu in of hhHI- • icnl Hv/v liMMU'iivIo u ImlyH iinn; itiid (li«Miit»'li cNliiliiling iimni.s(,'ilv;ilt|(> IniccH of tlio iinpcrrcclly V('l(t|HM| nrl iiiid tUfclumicMl nlvill of llif Aivlifiic Period, i|H liciuily in siiHicioiil, ill (he cHliuiMlioii til" iln |»rt«H«'iit nohli« owiirr, lo induce lice rivtUH'Mllv lo \vi>iir il idong wilh I lie iiiuiv el;dioriil(> |»rodut'lion,s of llif iiiodcni jcwollcr'HKKill. Tlu' rxh'iil lo wliifli llic nsr of miicIi comIIv |M'rHoii(il onm I'l" I'? Ml rm.l .tiiulllii. MU'lil.s jtivv.iilcd is hIiowii hy (i i( \t diMcovrry in I lie piirisli (.r rn|idiiirl, l']l,!;insliiiv. of llijiiy jnin- lionilirid tort|niit('d iKM'k mid iinii riiiMs. jdl of llic hiiiim' {)\u\ hm illiisiivilcd ill Ki^'. !!(;, pjiilc X.. IVoni ono of jniir Imw in iIh' Scollisli MnHiMini. An tinnilln, oj' n diU'civnl Ivpc, ;ind hcjoiioinir lo ti. Inlcr tiiid nioiv iM-ifn-lly dr\c|o|i(M| <'ni (»r nrl, \v;i.s diMcovcrcd in ihk;. mI SliilHord, nhonl llirco milcH wcsl IVoiii KdiiiJ.nrgli, diirino |||,. coiiHliiiclion • •r liio ('iilcdoni.in IJ.iiiwiiy. Tli«« lii!i(niivr wlio joiind ii dt>f.'iMi|H«d inim.MlinicIy willi jiis |iri/('. 1 1 wiih hIiow ii l»y lliin lo llic 'IVciiHUI'cr oj' Ihc Society of" A III i(|lliili • d" Sfollnnd ; inil while ni'«roliiilioiiH were itcndino {' lis plirchjisc. I he discoverer lon|< rrioh! undc! \\h< ni'.tm •I CM 'or |('llAI'. III oriiM llinnii^li urn \vli(» Ol HI liiliiliiig tiri iind iiiily \H ' OWIH'f, 1(1 IIIUl'l' II. The il oniii ill (il)' 'Hittiriil y|M>, iiM Mow ill I lypc, t'clojx'd , lllioill nictiuii miimI il hIiowii CM |iiiiri 111^ Inl' !l|!|!|(' VI /•A7.'.V0.V,I /. f>/i'.V,|,l/A',Vy\ l?l lnMiHi.tii of htivin^ liin H|Miil \ iHiino.l. imkI Im'Ioiv |||(> '■'"' <'''! •"' nvovi'ivd, it \\n\H iM.iiHi|jii(Ml W) (h,. niching' |>n|. Il WdH jiiMllyili«M(;nl»(>(| liy llic diMl ''•iiliiiiiiiry. Ml'. WorHiiiii'. wliu hiiw il d iii^iiiHlicd IhiiiMli tiriiijtJ' liiM vi«ifi ht ^(•nllMiid. MM (I icli,< ilitil, wiuild liiivo tidoniod iiiiy iniimtMitii III Miiro|M'. lA.i'liiiKilcly n lin-Hiniil.- wiih iniMli> oj' il vioiiM l(» iiM dt'Mlniclioii, .'ind \h now luvMci'vcd In (I HtMtlliMh MllH.'lllll.' hVolll lIllH |||(> I iri>- h oivjjuiiijLJ' «>iij!j;r(iviii;j, IK. !)7. iMd ; Mild lli(< illiiMli'iiliniiH wliicli ilH liiHlury Mll'ordH of |||(> IlliMclli.'VUIIM «t|M>nilio|IH of III.. ..Id S.-.tlliMll Ifiw .iClivtiHinv Ir.iv.' w.-m mil \viili..iil, ih.Mf iiilliiiMi.>i> in I'l-iiijiriiiK td>.iiil 111.. .'Imii^.. whi.-li Ikih win.'.. ..MliiMiMli)<.| in Scoihiiid (1 iMtin|iiv|i(.nHiv<' (iiid lilicnd HyHl.-m Ini' lll.> |•|VN..|•v(|li.»ll «.r Hii.'li Mp.rinH'iiH .»!' iiiitivc nrl. TmvH oj' (I similiir |y|H.. I.TiniMnliiif^ in H.tlid cyliii.li'i.Hl < «l)'H.'i'ih.'d |»y Ml'. I'.iirh mm n.ij, niicM IViivd liy him |.. n |,||,. yrv\iu\, p.iHHiltly Hi.. Iniirlli ..r lil'lll r.'iilmy.' Til.. Itioii/,.. iirmillM. nHHiKiinlil." I.> ili.< Ardi/iit' P.-ri.id fire nioHlly .»!' ii very Hini|il.' .■Iinifirl.r. cinHiMlintJ: .-ill licl' ol HoiKl or pi'iiiinmiliir nii^^n, .m' i v nir.'ly .if n Mijn Mpii'iil li.'ind of III.' mdiil. Tlicy npp.nr. Iiou.'vcr, lo li.- iiiKT in Miiy loini limn iIiomh (.{' ^..j.l. Tli.- lollowinj^r ' <"d of I ill. diHctvcry of ItriicclclM /// m'hi, in lli.. pMriwIi ol Olf'iiliolm, i't'cMcHHliiiv, in poHMi-HHcl .d' p.'.>idifii' in (•'if'Hl ; llmn^di W(i liiivc l.i rc/jricf, m in ho niiiny olli.'i- inHliiiic.'H, I he iiliH.>ni'(< «»r iMon> prc-iHi^ inronmilion. " Tlicic \h II phin l»y llm Hide of ||i.< Tweed on whirji llii-jv lire Hi'vcml nionnlH, iip|i/iiviilly lulili.-i/d. Tlic propiiclor liinl lli.- curioHily l.i .■miihc one of tlicni lo li)< di^gcil, and lli.-iv found \\u< Hl<(l<'ll IHIVV III till' liimHi'NNJoh (if .Mir |'IhIi|i <|i. (Ji,.y Kh..||,„ii. jii r-imnivi'.l in Mi HiujUi'm /Hi Ihmiirii iif Umi' mut linmnii .liilii/niliix. - .inhiriil. Jiiiif, V'i, H. ji, ;fV*' i ii ; ■ti ) ■fsi •11 Ins anus. The body iing, with a stone cover, enclosed 472 27//i' ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. bracelets stone Duu^^xug, »n.ii tt sLuiit; c(->ver, jinti nign mm M'as an urn."^ In another grave opened at Westray in Orkney, a gold ring was found encircling one of the thigh-bones of the skeleton. Similar examples are fami- liar to Scandinavian and German antiquaries.^ The tore as well as the funicular armilla, and other relics of corresponding type, though known to the Romans, were regarded by them as barbarian decora- tions. Like many other characteristic peculiarities of the Celtic and Germanic nations, they are traceable to an Eastern origin. The tore is introduced at Persepolis among the tribute brought to Darius ; and in the mosaic of Pompeii, Darius and his officers are represented wear- ing it at the battle of Arbela.« Titus Manlius Torquatus took the golden tore from which he derived his name, from a Gaul he slew in single combat, B.C. 361 : and its first appearance in Italian art is round the neck of the moustacheJ Gaulish hero, whose head— decorated pro- bably according to the fashion of his country, four cen- turies before the Chrisrian era— forms the obverse of the As of Arminium. Still more interesting is its occurrence on the neck of the dying gladiator, the masterpiece of Ctesilaus. In this historic example of the tore, it is funicular with bulbous terminations, resembhng one seen on the Saivo])hagus of the Vigna Amendola, lepresenting, as is ^believed, the exj.loits of the Romans over the Gauls or Hritoiis. So far then from tiie tor<; being eithei- Roman or Danish, it may be regai'ded as the most ' iSiiicliiii's ShilUt. Ate, vol. iv. jt. 4;{.'5. ■' Xenln /IrltnunUn, p. 70. In the t!>n M reterenoc .8 iu.i<)e to siiniliir (liso)v.>ri«8 in JJennuuk ; and 1 am informal l.y Dr. Lurtwig Heckcr of u skuleton witli H.vt'ral i)eniinMuIar l.n.nz.- rings on tli',. arm-lionoH, found in ii Ijirge tnnmlus ni'iir Miiyenci-. •■' r;,A- Mr. Saniiid niirl,, on the To.v of tliV CrltH, Airhvol. Jo,n: vol. ii I' ;8, iuhI vol. iii, )i, 27. [Chap. PLATE X. Fid. IKi — Unmlmlt llolU Allullhi. I'Md. l;tli. -KIrkiMldlnliflil Ili"li«i' Arinlit m li 1^ AKMI1J,J';. VI.] PERSONA L OKNA MENTS. 473 characteristic relic of primitive Celtic and Teutonic art : familiar only to the Roman as one of the barbaric spoils which adorned the procession of a triumphant general, or marked the foreign captive that he dragged in his reluctant train. In addition to tores, armlets, and other ornaments for the neck and arms, metal rings of va?'ious kinds have been found in Scotland as in other countries, to which, though apparently designed for personal adornment, it is more difficult to assign an exact purpose. Several of these, described in the following section, from their well defined characteristics more probably pertain to the latest Pagan era ; but others completely agree in archaic Fio. 08.— Bronze Head Ring. style and workmanship with undoubted relics (if the Bronze Period. To this class belong various bronze rings, generally with Itroad expanded ends overlapping each other, corresponding to a well-known class of con- tinental antiquities, which northern archasologists believe to have been worn about the head and entwined with the hair. The example figured here is one of a pair, of very rude workmanship, now in the Museum of the Scottish Antiquaries, found a few years since about 30(i yards from ji large cairn, in the parish of Lumphanan, Aberdeensliire, whicJi popular tradition aflirms to mark the spot where IVIacbeth fell by the liand of the Thane of Fife. The dimensions of these rings, are abundantly snfticieut to admit of their oncirclinff tlic licad, and both ends ternii- ilMk,4 474 S' % I- ! A a r//A' AUC/JAIC OH IfUOSZK PKJilojJ. [o,, Al'. uato in broad ftatte.R.,] plat..,, i.r«l„,l,ly .losi„„„,i t„ ,„( 1. 1«. date aud „,„,,. oruanicnh.l character, „„me cf wliicli are refcn-cd to m a future chapter. Smaller jKmonal or,K,n,cnts were also ma.lc of bro„/e Hi occur am,,„g tho works of a later period, frequeutl; eharaetemed l,y great beauty of fonn and deli, Ley of nament. A bronze ring-fibula, of ai,„ple but J„, «hat pccuhar design, and a spiral bronze ring,™ ro- presented >n ftg. 09, both the size of the origin J . Th" ftom Granton Rer to Rlinlmrgh. in a small «toue cist distant only about twenty yard, from the sea-shore It Kiii. ilil.-l.HM.ze Kll.iil,, anil Km,,. eontaincl t«-o skeh.fons, which, from the position of the l.o..es ami the ,„,uare and eircumseribcl f'rn, of the eist =W-™d to ha. I ,„ i„^„„, ,, „ -. Ml ( . Roach bmith engraves a similar bronze fibula, W'. of ruder workn.ansbip, an.ong the numerou^ e..e8 i,er annng to various periods found at Riehborouol, ... Kent:- and Captain Thomas has shown me auothert nearby "j «an,e type such as the islan,lers of Lewis are m the haint ,.f making out of an English penny-„ie,-e Examples of th,. spiral iingcr-ring hav^ bee ,, ,Lte, 1 v found ,n Kr,ta„, will, ren.aius of ,IiH;,,.nt periods! T , are also known (o northein antiquaries among the olde,' ' .l«<;7»,V,V, .,/ Ilkhkn,,.,!,. I!,„l„r, „„.l /.,,„„„, ,,, 8,-,. [OllAl'. VI.] J'/!:Ji','SO.VA L ORNA MESTS. 475 relies of Denmark niul Sweden. Tlii« may indeed be regarded as among the earliest forms of the ring, since it is only at a, (iompanitively late period that traees of any knowledge of the art of soldering among native metallurgists become apparent. A silv(3r ring of the same early type, formed one of the celebrated Norrie's Law hoard, found on the opi)ositt! shore of the Firth of Forth. Hair-pins and bodkins are another class of relics ou- tained in the tombs of this period, generally of bronze, though they have occasionally l)een met with, and espe- cially in Ireland, both of gold and silver, and richly jewelled. Among the rare and more curious forms of the bronze [)in is that with a head hollowed like a cuj) ; one of which has already been referred to, found with other bronze reliefs, in a bog in the Isle of Skyc;, and now in the [)ossession of Lord JVla(;donald. Others have the head decorated with a variety of grooves and moiddings, occasionally perforated, as if for attaching to them some pendulous ornam(3nt. Perforated bronze pins or needles are likewise found ; and the rarer contents of the tumuli o(;casionally include not only the bone- pins, needles, and netting implements, but also fragments of knitted or wrought tissu(>s, woven by the primitive worker, whose bones and implements {dik(? speedily crumbl(> into dust on being exposed. Douglas engraves in the Neiu'a Britanniat interesting examples of such ancient manufactures, of the herring-bone pattern, found on opening some tumuli in Greenwich Park. But by far the most perfect specimen 1 have 8e<'n was procured by Dr. Samuel Hibbert, about the year 1 S38, from some labourers who had found it, on the chance exjiosurc of a, stone cist, while (>xcavating for lailway work, near Micklegate Bar, York. This valuable relic, now in the Scottish Museum, ap|>ears to be a slee\o, or covering 11 I i 17(1 77/ A- Alii] HAW OR liHONZE I'ERWJJ, 'IIAI' ']1}| l.i for the loff ; i\m\ 'wlij inil) by v>g , „„u aoincwimt resciiuDirs tjio iiose worn south-country Scottinh fanners, drawn over their ordi- nary dress as pnrt of tJieir riding-gear. It lias hv.vu Knitted ; a, pro.u-ss which doubtless preceded the art of wcavm- prol,al.ly 1,y many centuries. Th.^ f^U.ric is still strong aiKl, in c.-uvfid keeping, may lonir 8uih,.o to Illustrate the domestic nn.nufa.'tures of t]i(> an.^ient ^nton. lins is one of the examples to which reference iuis hern made in a former chapter, as showing th,^ source to which it is conceived the ornamental designs on early Ihitish pottery may be; tracejible ; though the resemblance is less striking hei-e than in some more iniperl^'ct s])ecimens of such l»roducts of the primitive knit ting-needle or loom. The ac- companying woodcut, Fig. 100, representing a portitm of the knitted fabric, will enable the reader who is familiar with the style of ornauKnitation on the l)ottery of the tumuli, to judge for himself how f;ir this idea is j'ustified by the corresi)ondence traceable between them. In 17SG a much more complete specimen was found seventeen feet below the surface of an Irish bog in thJ county of Longford. It is described by Mr.'llichard Lovell Edgvworth, in a K.epoi-t to t\\^i Commissioners for improving the bogs in Ireland, as " ;,, woollen coat of coarse but ev(>n iK.'t-work, exactly in the form of what is now called a spcMicer." li-on inT.)w-heads, laigx; wooden bowls, some only half made, with what were supposed to Ix' the remains of turning fools, lay ahmgside of it. The Fui. KN).— Kiiilliil Wc.ik. [ClIAl', VI.] I'Hh'SoXA A (} hWA M KN TS. 477 cojit was presontod l)y Air. Ed^ircwortli to llio Socksty of Antiq but J' Liitiquancs, uur, is no longer known to ej^ist. J'oh,siI)I it nipidly dcscnycd, jiw all such rclicn must \w {i]»t to do on oxpoHurc to tlio nir ; or pcrcluiiujc its hiHtory wus lo.st sio'ht of, in which cuhc it.s Viduc wouhl u[»i)(.';ir very wlight in the cHtiniiition of the oiVliiiary ritiHS of (niriitorH. in 1822 TrofoKHor Stuiirt of Alx-rdccin connnuniciitod to the Society of Anti(ju;irieH of Heotliind ;iii intercHting !i(;(',ount of the opening of a tuniuhi.s at Fetterc^sso, Kin- ('iirdineshire.^ Within it was found a .stone cist al)out four feet hi length, containing a skeleton, with th«! Itigs so bent back that the knees almost touched tlu; lower end of the cist. The bottom was strewed with round scii, pebbles from the neighbouring beacii. Above this appeared some vegetabli! substance, in whicli the l)ody had been irrdu'dded, and over that, covering the whok', a tissue f)f wrought net-work, beautifully executed, but which, ah)ng with all the other c(mtents, crund)le(i to dust soon a;ft(;r being exposed. A nund)er of small bla,ck balls wei'e fouml surrounding the body, ])lainly vegetable, and described as closely res(!mbling acorns. At the top of the cist a sod or tuif had been placed, which still i'(!tained the impression of the liead that had been i)i]lowed on it ages before, though no i)a,rts of th(! skull, nor even any of the t(M}th, were found. Sonn; of the hail', however, four or live inches long, and of an auburn colour, re- mained ; and a small ])ox of an oval shape, apparently of wood eh'gantly carved, had lain on the breast; but this also speedily crund)led to dust. * Air/iii'ol(i(/!n SroHra, vol. ii. )>. 402. hi 478 TIIK MiVIIAW on liliONZi: PIJIUOD. \v.hav « :' K; CHA PTKR VII. sKmaiinKs. The tombs of the I various importiint ivspec^ts, fr«.m tlios*; whi.-li ..re ,^1,^,] f3roiizo Period iipj.car to diiTi or, 111 .•issionn)>|i. to cjirlior uml riid IH'cuJiar fcatut ing the circunist vv noes. Home o f tile vs liavc already hceu noticed, in (k-sciil) under wliieh sepulcliral jx.ttery »«"<"ii met with ; but e(|ually cha"- anees and other relies ha\'e I raeteristic peeuliarilies of the first <'i-a ofdr'vej Hid progress remain to be described. To tl lias been abvady obsci-xcd, it must assign {\^(. introiUu^tion of tl opment lis epoch, as seems probabli' that mc le ]>ractice of crem tion ; while the huge cromhiclis and chambeivd I and can >aiToMs lis, appear to have been abamh.ned alono- witi the smipler rites of primitive iiilnimatia- aiK Th 1 that on the small island of iUwv I le county of Mcath, iiiiis ill llrittany, eso gigantic and complicat.'d works app.^ar indeed pcrtani to a transitional period of art, and i.artal to a.connt furiiishcd bv Air |CHAI' VII. SKrClAJllRKS. 479 J. W. J.iikis of tiio ivinai'kabJe Breton struetuio will l)est illusti-ate the pcculifir features of hu(;1i decorated .sepuldinil chanihers. Gavr' Inni.s is a small island, about a quarter of a mile in length, situated in the department du Morhihan, Brittany. It is elevated some- what above the neio],|)ouiii]g islands, and with its tumu- lus, which still covers the structure, forms one of the most consi>icuous objects of the archipelaoo. The tumu- lus is about 30 feet high, and 300 feet in circumfcuvnce. Beneath this a large central chamber and galleiy have been constructed of huge masses of granite, with the entrance on the south side of the mound. "Being fui-nished with candles," says Mr. Lukis, "I entered the cromlech Gavr' Iimis l)y a small openhig at the south end, which is l)etween three and four feet wide, by about the same in height. Having reacdied the thii-d and fourth props, my attention was at once arrested by find- ing them covered Avith engi-ave: ! ( :«-f ( If J m I .so 77/ A- AhVUMC iU,' nuoNZK rNnioi>. \^ ClIAl', K'cii cimrii.vcd in Home «»f (lum (h,. .stoiu's musl, Imvc I prior lo ||i,.ir (.ivctioii, (Voni (he oniniiiciiis oxtoiKlinn round (ho sides which .no now oovoivd hy iidjoininn stonos. Tho soiilptiiivd (h'oonilioiis ;it Noworiiiinv ..,,'". II.) loss ivnuirk.ihlo, jind (ho ohson-jidon has 'T.ooirnm.h' 111 ron-.'ird ((> (lirni ;dso, ilia(, Ww. oiirvin^s inii.s( Ii;i\c Ix'on oxcM'iilcd l.olor,' (h,. s((.nos n|>i>n whiHi (hoy ai-po;, ii.Mtl hoon i.laood ill ihoir |>roHoii(, |)osi(i(>ns. No siirl <'lalM.ra(oly oovorod. Hiirpa.sH in l''i... Inl. f„IUll,.|,|h(..Mr inloros( any of (ho orniiinoidal doviors icCcnvd (,,. |i„t wo sh.ill no( prohal.ly on- in iissioniiiir .,s .Mudoinpo- ••••iiK'oiis works widi (ho nioiv |.rinii(iv.- o.xiiiii|,h.M of Honlpdirod ,v.(aoon,l.s, (ho riidr cisis oooasioimlly found «l<'''<>ra(od widi simiJ.ir.h.vi.Ts. (houoh od.orwiso cidiroly nnhown. Tlir annoxod viow of on,, sii.li iiicisod slal. is • ■ii.ur;ivod from a drawiiin' i.roson(o.| (,, (||,. K»uy,,| Sooiofy ..f Kduihui-h l,y ('oh,n..| lluoh .Moii(n,„iiory of Shi.'l- "lorly, III 17H.^ an.l sul.,so,|u.iidv (ransforrod (o (]„. S..oio(y ,.f And,|uarios. |( fnrmo.i (ho .over of .■. ris( •liHoovorod in ll Hlr A'llii'<'ii(llli. The oriuiM.il orlioM of lh(^ iini shown h(!re, vvhi<-li il, will he seen |)ivse|ils only llie UHil;i| eh;.riic,|'eiiHl,ie,H of plilllitive, sepidein-iij Jiollery. The ,si(,. of ihis nidejy sciilphii-ed eisi, is fissoeijilcd hy |M,|Mihir Imdili.m wilh the, l(-ireiid;iry eponyiims ,,r ij,,. dislriei, ; ;,,„! ;, |.,,(,,,,. dis(;<.very of einemry urns id tii.-, s;iine sj.(,(, h,is heen ilHHinned lo iUllhenliciile „ne of the niuny .Mpoeryphul iv.-ords whieh liisloiy |,i have been able to establish had they known of the older discoveiy on the same spot, and of the mysterious syndxjls tijuted on the sepulchral stone ! Another cist, (leeoratcd with eoncentric ciivJes in a manner nearly similar to the C'oilsfield stone, was ex- posed a few years since in constructing the road whicii h'ads from South Queensferry through the Craigiehall estate. It still ivmains, nearly perfect, in the higli bank on the .side of the road, the end of the cist only having I'll.. lii;l. /iiiinili HtiTi't Hlnm', been removed, and the covering slab left in its ])lace. It contained bones and ashes, without any nrn. In Mr. .1. Walker Ord's IIlsloi'ii iiinf Antiquities of Clerehonl, an account is given of the o]tening of some tutnuli on' Hernaldby Moor, in 184:5, in one (»f which a reniaikably fine cijierary urn was found, sixteen and a half indh's high, lying underneath an unhewn slab carved with rude devices similar in style to tlios(> described above, or the rvme class also is the rude but elaborately engraved slab ligur.'.l here, the drawing (.f whi<-h was nia(K' by (leorge Scott, the friend of Mungo I'ark, who ' l.tiiiil iloiioi, j,t a |»lav,e, ••.•dlo(l Annan Street, uj.oji the fai-rn of Wheathope. TJie 'b'awino- is .h'signated, ).robab]yl)y the original draughts- Jiian, "a Druid stone found at Annan Street, figured with the sun and nioon."^ Liitj,- ,lnubt can be enter- tiiined that it had formed tiie conmt of a cist, though few probably will now be inclined to attempt a solution of the enigmatic (h'vices rudely traced on its sui-fac.e. The .spot where it was found is about half a mih' from tlu^ ••hureh of Yarrow, and ch)se l)y there are two monoliths, aI.out 120 yards apart, which i)o])uliir tradition associates with the combat that has giv(^n "The dowie houuis of Yarrow" so tom-hing a place in th<^ beautiful legendary poetry of Scotland. Thus does the human miiKfdelighl to give a, local habitation to the mytlii(t and traditional »!ha,ra,ctei-s and incidents that takV' hold on the fancy, whether it be the old mythoh.gical smith Wayland,' associated with the cromh-ci. ..f lierkshiic ; the fabulous King Coil, anM, ■184 77//; ARCHAIC OH BRONZE RKRlOh. [Chap. ' : ! i were not produced without the expenditure both of time and labour by the primitive artist, possibly still unpro- vided with metallic tools. To us they are simply of value as indicating the most infimtile efforts of the old British sculptor, and tlie rudiments of the art which was destuied to produce in later ages such gorgeous piles as the Cathedral of Salisbury, and sculptures like those of Wells and York. The parent delights to trace in the prattle of his child the promises of future years ; and the archssologist may be pardoned if tempted at times to linger too fondly on such inftintile efforts, in which he recognises the germs of future arts, the first attempts at symbohc prefigurements, and rudiments of those repre- sentative signs from which have sprung letters and all that followed in their train. The most interesting and characteristic features, how- ever, which the tombs of the Bronze Period disclose, are the weapons and implements deposited alongside of the deceased, or enclosed with his ashes in the cinerary urn. Much variety is traceable in their design; and many interesting glimpses of the conceptions entertained in the rude ages to which they pertain, in reference to death and a future life, are obtained by an investigation of the mode of disposing of those enduring tokens of re\'erenc(' and affection. But we liave already examined them with sufficient minuteness, and found a distinctive uniformity traceable thiougliout the whole ; marking with no doubt- ful features the products of an epoch in which may be disceined the rudiuK^nts of all future progress, and the dawn of that eivilisation the full (]<'Vclo]nnent of which we ai-e now })nvileged to enjoy. [Chap. li of time ill unpro- imply of f the old 'hich was ^ piles as those of ^e in the [irs ; and at times which he empts at se repre- and all i*es, how- ilose, are ie of the 'aiy urn. d many lined in to death •n of the everenec em with iformity doubt - may l)e and the f which Vlir.] RELIGION, ARTS, AND DOMESTIC HABITS 485 CHAPTER Vlll. RELIGION, ARTS, AND DOMESTIC HABITS. In attempting to elucidate the special characteristics of tlie British Stone and Bronze periods, by means of works of art, traces of dwellings, modes of life and remains of the dead, we deal with chronicles of human history the latest of which appear to have l)een recorded before the Christian era began ; while the earliest ones reach away towards that obscure beginning of our race which seems to recede the farther the more we strive to associate it with nny definite epoch by well-authenticated evidence. Nevertheless the record does exist, replete with disclosures full of interest to those who can de- cipher it ; and especially is this the case in reference to glimpses of earliest rites and customs of which we possess no other records than those tluit have been gar- nered in the grave, or chance-found amid lacustrine deposits and peat-mosses in which the geologist discerns many evidences of antiipiity, l)ut from which he has yet failed to deduce any defined measure that will help us to their age. It is of no slight importance to note in refer- ence to the rude productions of the primitive period, that the simplest works of man bear some ineffaceable traces of his intelligence. The sagacious inductions of Cuvier have met with universal acceptation in their definition from a few disjointed bones, of the form, the size, tin* food, :i.hd the ncnoral haunt.-' and haliits of tlio Mccralonvx. a 480 77/ A' ARCH AW 0I{ BHONZK I'ElUol). [0 HA I'. gigantic antwliluvijiii sloth : and h \\k , Ins example luis Hiiice been followed with tJie most eompreliensivi^ results. We need not therefore despnir of learning somewhat of the early Caledonian, of his habits, his thoughts, and even of his faith, when we are able to refer to so many specimens of his handiwork and inventive design; and i-etain some rehcs of his ruined temples, and al)undant illustrations of his sepulchral lites. It is by simple induction, how- ever, that the discovery of such truths is aimed at. No rem is given here, intentionally at least, to fanciful speculatioji ; nor arc any theories advanced but sutth as arc believed to be based on the suggestive aspects of ascertained truths. We have no reason to assume that the aboriginal briton of the Ih-onzc Period ever carried civilisation so far as materially to affect the social (character of tlk- i'ommumly. The patriarchal system of tribes or (;lans we may presume, (continued nearly as we know it to have existed at the first dawn of written history ; or at most was oidy modified by the union of a, greate/or less number of j)c"tty ti'ilx's under some gencrtd chief. Many nnprovements on the accommodation and conveniencies of the native hut and its furnishings would necessarily result from the possession of metalli(; tools. With these only eoul.l the art of the carpenter be developed • and the implements of husbandry and the chase, as well as the wea].ons of war, be m„ul,l,,l into their most useful nnd convenient forms. The clothing also, we have seen was aid d by the ingenuity and skill of feminine arts Ihe skins of th(> deer or the wild bull, a.s well as of the wolf the fox, the hare, and the smaller fur-clad animals wouhl thus be supers(.,|,.d in part, and fasliioned. where t i<'y weiv retaine.I, with surJi improved taste as made them c.rivspond to the beautiful ornaments of the ],eriod Of very luu.'li of this all -vid-'nce has disappeared • but [ClIAl-. VIII.] HELUnON, ARTS, AND DOMKSTKJ JIAIHTS. 187 onough remjijn.s to prove, tliiit i\w, native of the l5roiize Period was no mere painted savage. Whether the in- geiiiouH knitters of the garments, preeious fragments of wliicli have oc.easioiially been rescued from the tumuJi, had K'arned to adorn tliem with any intei'woven parti- eoiours may Ix; (hjul)ted ; but the hnirned Seottish anti- (juaiy, ])r. ,)ami(!Son, has ab-(;ady suggested tlie Gaelic hnxw, signifying parti-eoh)ur(;(l, and breavan, a, tartan [>laid, as ])erhai)S tlie true source of derivation of the name 0(i//ie of attaininior to greatei- definiteness. The iVequento(;currence of what a})])ear to be femah; personal oi'narnents among the con- tents of the S(;ottish tunudi, secims to afford satisfactoiy indications that woman possessed, at that early era, some- what of an e(|uality of social position. Fui'ther investi gallons can hardly (ail to add more precision to oin- ■i8S Tilt: AliVJ/AIV OH liHOSZE I'EHlUl). [Chap .loauetioii., wJiile th.-y may nlsu ^ivatly eiilarg.. Mi,- evidence ,m Nvlii,,h tlioy arc basod. For tlio rest, Wi- infer with more certainty tiiat tJie dog wan tlu> clio.sen companion of iii;,u in these old days, as ho i,s still ; tor the houes of the buried favourite have been iv|)e:.ti«dlv ioiiiid ill the barrow, or j.-dd beside his nmsters urn Doubth^ss his vidue in the ehase was well known, {ind his fidelity fully re.-oftiiised at the hearth. Whether the horse had also become, thus early, man's useful com panion ;n d scivanr, app,>ars still open to further inquiry Irobablynot till the succee.lino- era, had fairly broucrht Its civdizmg mfluenees into full operation, did the iiriton establish his dominion over the noble and intelligent (piadruped which assumed so important a place in the symbolism and mythology of a later l>i,gan creed ; though the investigations of the geologist leave no room to (|ues- tion Its pivsence prior to, if not conteinj.orarily with the earliest colonists of the l^ritish Isles. From diverse points, and by various means, w<' thus seek to cntch a glimpse of those prehistoric eras. JJut, with all sucii uids, our view must be owned to be sulKciently slight and our outline to staml in need of much tiilin<>- i,/ before we can picture as we would wish to do, the intel- ligent Briton of that old time when he was still, perhm.s a baroarian, but had ceased to be a savage : and is there- lore the just object of our earnest sympathy as th,. originator of some elements of progress the benelic-ent results of which we even now inluirit. This first era of civilisation, which succeeded the intro- duction of metals, ami is known as the Bronze or Archaic I eriod, manift^stly differs, in manv essential points, from that piimeval one previously considcivd. It is the epoch to which we must assign th.- origin of agriculture, and the birth-time of native arts wh,Tcin are discernible the possd.ihty of still belter things. There pertains lo it a.. viri.i UAU(,'wx, Ajr/'s, am, i,n,u,sr/r nAnirs. m iiitcnvst iiIt(»,netlK'i- pcciiliiir. Itn j>r()l);il)lv loi ii<'ul(l u( IK) time I i,i,^ oxccvdcd Us mcMiis. ('(,|,|M.r nnd I Mil •r(ni/(> of tlu' facililicM I,) vvlii,-|, ||„. .,|,u„(l ()f iron Jia.vc lor so »<'Ho |.l.'ii(i(iilly,sii|,|,li,.(l lis to .•idniir, illlCC !| Ji tlioro'.joli lJ>i))('llc'd, tiironnlioiit ||„. \vlioI( impJcinciit.s of stone. Still I "»■<' nearly all liis hniki that wi i<'«|iial, hlendiiijr tl works with occasional jwodiictions rivallino' tl irnl taste of the jiolished eras which | ^ W(; detect wJj '' moreover, I Ik; evidences of crein the vahu! of eondiined K' most archaic It! iii.^'einiit,y lUVe succeeded. «'i .social st,a,te learned ; and wl ojK-ratioiis had still to h tioiis of ingenuitv and skill, witi icreisolali..!. h'd to al.niKhint manil "e s ta- med iut ut(^ resu lout |)roducin. W(( dis(;ov le native *'!•, inde(!c stut(! as we know to I 1 a. Hoeiul and poljt le i;ive i)revailed anions Jliitisli tril m the century immediately pivcedincr the (!| when, for the first t »es n'istian era, with the aid of ddinitc, thoucrl imo, we are ahle to look upon tl lem (lisparagi no- narratives of .-lassie hist gh Homewliatprejiidi(rd and oriaiis. M odern as that date is, com presence of n,an in the Ihitish Isles, the insular ni<.tal' I>iired with the remote anti(|uitv <'!' H lurgists may liavc! remained f undisturhed |,y external infl or unnumhered ccntiirie YiH uences, while the scare. cognised progress of each generation was su.-h that f'ould only he appreciated wl ■i.y it leii viewed in the aceuniu- (' . ; as r W{ i -tyo TJIB ARCHAIC OR BRONZE PERIOD. [Chap. lated evidence of ages. Certtiin, however, it is, that whether we ascribe the caiiiest traces of metallurgy to an Allophyliiin or Celtic, Tiibal-Caiii, there is no proof thus far discoverabh^ on whi('h to found a doubt as to the nidigcnious character of British relics of th(i Primeval and Arcliaic Periods. As to the favourite idea of their Danish origin, it is totally irreconcilable with known facts. Nothing is more certainly established in the history of the north, and, indeed, involved in the nature of things, than that, hjng before the Scandinavian races emerged from thi^ir viks and fiords, the Archaic Periods both of Scandinavian and British arts had been superseded by others more compatible with the social stains which such aggressive movements very manifestly indicate. In every step of human [u-ogress tools have been the first requisite ; and efficient implements are so indis- pensable for any extensive culture of the soil that we can liave little hesitation in assigning the l)irth-time of true agriculture to an early epoch in the period of metal lurgic arts. Traces of the first tillers of the soil are indeed as little to be looked for now as the first ripple-marks on the sandstcHie strata formed in the abysses of primeval oceans. Yet with the latter the geologist has lontj been fiimiliar ; and of the former also, as greatly more recent, it is far from impossible that memorials may survive. The half-obliterated indications of ancient agriculture must indeed be assigned with hesitation to any strictly defined period. Yet on the American prairies, and even amid the clearings from which the seemingly primeval forests have been recently swept away, evidence of agricultural operations has been discerned, indicative of ancient industry and skill suipassing anything practised by the Indians; nor have the furrows of oui- matured agricultural science erased e\'ery trace of primitive tillage tVom the British soil. On the uncultivated moors of '^. VIII.] UKLWWX, MtrtS, AND MMESTIC lIMim. 4.JI S^othiud .,Kl EuglaiKl the wMiderer is startled l,y „vi. .le.,ce, „f p,.c,vule„t iiKl.^try pertaining t„ ,„„,e Wton era when a busy j,„,H,lati„n ,„ust have tille,! the w,„t" and earned the labori„n„ eultivation far np the hill-.sides' buch skdl and care extending heyond I,e plain, „d vaUoys ,„to hills whiel. have been left fo. the ,Znn' of floeks, or al,andoned i« vaJueles., within any period of wlneh wo have antlientie aeeounts, seem to poirt to tlle eult vatn,n of every available acre alone sufficed to supply them with bread, The road fron, Port Ellen, Argjdeshire, leads through .. wd hghland d,str>et which has been already referred to for some of the most remarkable disclosures of agneultural operations of tlie Primitive Period Til road passes for a considerable way throuo-h a narrow masses of rock, preservmg evidences of remarkable geological changes many ages anterior to the earlie t oceu,rence within the range of areha-ologieal sd e hundar ev,denees are of frequent oecnrrencc aW these western shores, where now the restless Atlantic i^ dowly but uu,»ash,gly gnawing the rocky coast into wdder and n,oro pietures,p,e forms, while i[ stre s he stolen debns on ,ts ocean bed, to form new strat. .nul cont„>ent. for younger worlds than ouru W t, ' evnlences of change *e have not now to deal. Bu in var.ou» ,l,str ets of the same neighbourhood, and par - cul,,rly anud the scenes on which a new interest has been conferred as t osc in which the poet Campbell pass d some of „s cu-ly years, the curious traveller may l^cn -H' the dcsohde heath- of the poet,' indi;^;;"; the h, 1 sules ot a degree of eultivation having listed at sonu. fonner permd, far Ixyondwhat is exhiWted in that ' Id.ies writU'ii ..„ visiting a seen., in A rgyleahirc. i1 rr iiil 492 77/ A' AliCHAlC OK HHOSZE PERIOD, [('H.\r. i:-.y: ill ill locality at the ]jrfscnt d;iy. 'j'lie soil on the sloping sides of the hills {)p[)eais t(» ha\e been retained by tlvvarf walls, ai. 1 these singular teriaev's oeciu" fiTujueiitly at such altitudes as must convey a remarkably vivid idea of the extent and industry of an ancient population, where now the grazing of a few black <'att]e alone tempts to the claim of property in the s(.>il. Pennant refers to similar aitiricial terraces between Pallinsburn and (\>rnhill, in Noithumberland, under tlie name of Baulks-, and Mr. Robert Ciuunbers, adopting for them that of Daisies, by which thev ar(} known in the south of Scotland, has described more minutely their occurrence in the vale of Tweed and neiohbourino- dis- tricts, at J)unsyre in Lanarkshire, and on the south- eastern slo[)e of Arthui- Seat, near Edinburgh.' They resemble the niodern tei-races constructed on niacy slopes in the llliine valley for the cultivati(m of th(^ vine ; and find their ancient parallels in tlu^ agi-icultural operaticms of the Peruvians of the (Wdilleras before the Conquest, and in traces of the same mode of cultivation marking many a desolate height in the hill-couiitrv where Judah dwelt of old under he/ own vine. On sunnner eveninfrs, whilt! the long shiidows .still linger on the eastern slope of .Arthur Seat, it is .seen to lise from the margin oi' Duddingston Loch to the liighei' valley in a succession of terrace-steps, in some e:.,ses with indications of retain- ing walls still discoverable. it is on the slope thus furrowed with the traces of a lonij-extinct system of agriculture, that bron/e swords and celts, and tiie ancient potteiy already described, have be;'n 7, I vnr.j itKUaiox, j/r/vs, am> domestic i/abits. iri Period had been extensively nianufaeturod on the margin of the loch. Following up the connexion Ijotween such evidences of ancient art and agriculture, Mr. Chambers ■suggests the probability that the l)aiss(-s of Arthur Seat Jind the bronze weapons dug up there, or (hedged from the loch, are all works of the same ingenious handicrafts nien. Thus we perhaps see in such terraced slopes illus- trations of a mode of agricultun- pei-taining to times l)efore all written history, when ii-on had not yet been forged to wound the virgin soil. The apj)ropriation of Arthui- Seat for many centurit^s as a royal park and chase, has doubtless helped to protect from erasure such indices of ancient civilisation in the very centre of the Lothians, the si)ecial arena of modern agricultural progress. Rut in other districts remote from such busy scenes of industry -as in Western Aigyle- shire,— the half-oblitei-ated furrows of the primitive {•lough-share ami the daisses of the ancient cultivator, aie still traceable on heights whicji have been abandoned' for ages to the wild fox or the eagle. Nor are such eviden(;es of ancient populatif»n and industiy confined to a few localities. They occur in many paVts of the c(»untr>', startling the b.-liever in the ujimitigated bar- burism ..f ancient Scotland, with evidence of", state of prosperity and civilisation at some remote ej)och, the chiteof which has yet to be ascertain.'d ; though there iire not wanting periods within the eia of alilhentic history to which some of these may be assigned, such as that cel(;brated iji the beautiful old lyric preserved by Wyntoun, before Alysiiiulyr oiiri' kyiiK wcm dcd.' Tli.it Scdtlfiiid Icil in liiv,. ami Ir ; or perhaps that of the older Triiiob;,ntc,s of the .south, typifitnl in their symbol of au ear of b.-irhy on the gold' coinage of Cunobelin. Uul a simpler e.\plaiiatioii of I'T l!»l /'///; MiVllMC on lih'OX/.H I'lUiKtlK |( MAIV sucli iiiiritMil ploiioli-ninrks li.is sjilislicd lli(> [.opiilar '•Willi, as is ai)|>mviil in (Ii,> appcllaliou of b:il'-furro,(\s. ))• Wlllch I hey .11 »' ('(Hunioiilv known It' picvalcncc of Mim. infallible tokens of fonncr inilnshy was iiolcl l>V (lie Ivt'v. (m'oi'ov iMaxwcli wlicn d lauino' n|) an JU'couiil of III,' parisl, of IJiiitll,., in (Jalloway, (owaids ll • •los(> of last (rntiin. The nc'ic t radii ion' l>y wliidi 1 1 rcNcrt'ntl statist seeks t enltnial skill of f n account, for the oreater an'ii- onner a,n('s, llion_«;li ainnsin^' enonjjfli, is iK't without its value to us iVoisi the proof it all'oids of the extent to which such I laces imisl. have existed when tln'V math' sooivat an iin|>ivssion on the iiopular mind ll is here to Ik' oI •served," he leniarks, "that tl lere ion ;iiv lew lulls in this part of (i;dloway. where cult i vat IS at all pravticahle, thill do not hear distinct marks of the plough. The depths ,.f ih,. | • Icclare that this lilla<»v has no! I urrows, too. plainly ! Keen casual, or mereU cxporimental, hut fiv(|uent and successive. This shoulil ( l><»tli the aneienf ))opulalion and iii.liislry of this of Scot laud in a more f, ivourahle liohf, than thai part which they are usually li(>ld. it .also alfords i)rol>;iI)il !<' !> lraditi(.ii repeated l.y th,. ,.ountry | c.ple t.> ll III itv us • lay : that at a time when Scotland was under ;i I'ap.d interdict, or sentence of .ursine^ from the Popr, i| was •'"iiii'l (hat his ll(.|iness had loroot i,, .uise Hie hills. thon,i;h he had commanded the land, usually aral.h", t.i yield no iiP'rejise; .and thai while this sentence remained, the pn.ple were iiecessitah-d l(. seek lillaoe ..round in* places unusual and improhalih ("I Tl .f ll !'• tt'i'iii (irc/i((i(' has lieeii su^njested as one delinil of the era to whi.h some .it least of tl lion oi' am'irimilive In s issioned r<»iii lis peculiar appli ciihility. in the sense now UK.st /.rmerally atta. lied to it lo (he artistic productions of t|„. Hron/e Period. Th sill, I \u'h Sfiitiit. Alt'. Vol XV li. |i ll.'i. jiccidcilfs of IIK'iHcl (Icconilioiis (.r I lie |i(>M,.|y !i|i| '" l«.-IV." he..., pnuliKM..! Hini|.lv r.y (KiMMilio- twislcMl (.nr,| llll' Holl, clay. Mhiv <-(.lli|.lic„lc(| ,1 miiiinriicliiic. Tlic »<'''ii', ill iiijiiiy ciiHcH, lOlllKJ '■'••'•jiK-iiMy (oiiHisliMnof ,.|„,vr.m, .siKiiv. („• I |>''"«'IM^ uliciv (|i,.y aiv nor inririv 1 1 <'^^ll'nH, iiKtMl, •" '•' <'<»iiil>ina( )r,siic|i lines, have I U'i'niiojic '<• juiiiiiiry rvHiiliH ""•<'iv.'. I.y (he lew aii.l half ae<-i<|<.|,(al ••'•'II Hl|nu(.,s(e,|^ „,^ I "•'•liislrioiiy, female kniiier. j piitleriis of III .'litem II no :sili.n|e (-ase i,s aii\ !'• """'«■ '•'< IIk' iniilalioii ..f a leaf op (I """"••'K •>•■ any ..(her simple nalural mI.j.tIs. j '•'"•'""s, indeed, and n..(eu,,illiv, (o liiid i ower, dl" I,'' ('V< T}' t !•; ice ivlies, lur i( is li <>l imilalive ail is ahsei low eiiliicly li ill l»ri(isli An-I IJIK "' pnillllivc arls, 'I'he ol.jeels I y no iiiciiiis an invariaMe diaiaeleiisli • lira ' iik'iiikIh oI' (Ik^ MiHsissippi. as well HCIIll iiiKl IN'i'ii, dis|)lay, al(.iio' willi (I nit'iils oC Hloiie, llmi, and <.|,sid "'' '"'i'-'ilivr .lesion. . Anioiin- (h,. ,.,,|ies (,(• (I <'.\ieo Guilders nj (•••oSt'ivd li'um llie ■ IS in M I'' weapons and iniple i.iii. iimiK'i.His iiidiealiun,^' M' iMoiiiid lli.'(;ival Valley ("specially, pipedieads, In! •iiJiHks, and a variety of nondescript arl id It'l-i/ed I.y evidences of veiy ('(msideiaM iniitjilive Hidll. II )es. •'H, are cjiai'ac Mniilai' ski Ifiil «' m^eniiity and iiiiil.i(ioii is appai'eiil in nifiny oi llie eaivin^^rs and plaite.l iiiiiniifaelnres ,i| m.d hidiaii I I'iDe The I (III •'I'liviiin poKeiv.coiistanlly moulded ""'"■ ^^■••"''' '"<<• ""• iiiiiiiiiiir loniMor miimals ;" and lli<'Ki'"Jit earth works of norlhen, reni.,ns ..f the Ameri <*ontiiieii( repeal similar forms. 80 ih • iocs this imilali\(- faciillv •veil c;iii loroil^rhly ind,.,,d ••>''"ii'''Ht ilself aiiioil" th native mamilaehirers ..f (he New \V..rl(|, ||ia( •'«•; I'ipe sculptor copies |)o(|i animate and (to l^''-l.^ with an ohservani eye and fveii when pottery or s(raw" hasket- lese are IV not (,nly i)i:iiiimale a reaoy IIKl hill Willi the .simple.-.! lines, il WoiK are decorated •'•{"•'iidy arranged in Till': A/iO/ZA/C on HHOSZK I'lUHOLK [(Jiiap. such ck'liiiite or Howiug p;ittoni8 as Huggost their deriva- tion from flowers mid other objects in nature'. The natives of tlie Polynesian Islands display a similar though perhaps inferior taste iu their clubs, paddles, and malhits, the [)ro\vs of their boats, and numerous other objects, carving them into grotes(|ue imitations of human an,'] other animal forms. The indcHnite and An^haic "liarac,tt!r which marks the oi-nanh'utation of the early British pottery, chai'ax^terizea the most elaborate and costly ornaments of gold. Though the pecuhar form of one chiss of gold ornaments found in the British Isles has suggested a name for it derived from th(! calyx of a Hower, which (he cups of its lings seem in some (h'gree to i'eseml)le: yet no example has been found bearing the slightest traces of ornament suggestive of such similarity having been detected by the old Jiritish gold.smith. Where incised lines aic superinducetl upttn tlie flower-like forms, they ai'e the old ch(>vron and sail ire patterns of the rude clay potterv, though executed with considerable delicacy and taste. It is obvious that ideas of comparison, which enter so largely into tlie s[»irit of modern artistic (h'sign, and also fonn so considerable an element in tlu' more artificial poetic con»j)osition (»f modern bards, wen; altog(^ther nmh'velopcd in these old times. Art was, in fact, the child of necessity, and continued to rercivc the adjuncts (tf adorunu'iit from the same sourc(»s whence if had fir>^t derived its convenient but arbitrary forms. rile Ix'autiful gold "sceptre head," Fig. 104, foiino at ("airnmure in IN'c'bh'sshire, and engraved here about or.;' half the size of the (triginal, is one of the few exani[)leH of define(l (ornamentation t'ound assocMitcvl with objects »mc of wliich admit of bciiig (biassed with those be- longing to this ])!'riod. Th< y aic ;^lill arbitrary, and, strictly speaking, not i.nitativi-, though they apjiroafh lit m is rll iS mi VT[r.| IfKLiarON, ants, AM> /^OJ/AW/Vr IIAHITS. .|!)7 towards lonnH (lircctly iinitativo, or jit Icnst:, dcMiaiuHl t„ l) d(>gr(v tiiosc (.f a class ,.f works in hronzc ilhistratcd in the sc.c.nd volume, ah.iig with other ol)j<'cts of th- lale jr.,.. IN-ri-.d ; but iTk' cx- P<''""Meed cy.. will also delect, in the j.aitially definroof that the ancient Briton lived in the l»elief of a future state, and of some doctrine of prol)ation and of final ivtri- l>ution, is apparent from tlic constant deposition b.'siih- tlie dead, not only of \vea]>ons, imphMuents, and pei-sonal ornaments, but also of vessels which may b.^ presumed to have contained food and drink. Tliat liis i- now referred to belono- t <'arlier ccaituries than thosii of the Celtic Diiiid,^ () cerning whom n)od con- largely to so iirtie purpose. ].)iiiid ei-n anti- dntion, the ai-chiuoloirist ret uci urns with renewed satis- faction to the trustworthy thougii im|.erfect and scanty records which he finds in the relics of in-imit rive mven- lose tion and archaic design. The truths contained in fl n])le dissertations are mostly too few and uncertain t<. leap in be worth tlie labour of sifting them from the I uhi<-ii lh( y may be bnrief cla.ssi(j writers, we may infer that a native priesthood exendsed nn important infUicncc over the hiter Celtic races of Britain, as appears to have been the case among most, if not all the Aryan nations. In the present state of ai-clueological inrpiiry, it would 1)0 presumptuous to assign d(jgmatically the races to which the arts of each period pertain. Still the indica- tions both of archreological and direct historical (,'vidence pomt to the Celtiu as comparatively late intruders, and (empt us rather to seek among their Allophylian precur sors for the metallurgists of tiie Archaic Period. In the kumbecepliali, we may expect to trace the rude workers . iji stone, with their accompanying triumplis of mega- hthic art. Upon that race tiie Hrachyce[)hali intruded, brijiging with tliem, in all probability, some knowledge <»f metallurgic arts, yet etlecting their aggressions by such slow degrees that their arts ai)p(,'ar to liave reached northern jvjrituis long before the rude aborigiiu.'s were called upon to employ them in repelling their ori- ginators. From those as well as other ai-guments W(! infer, that when the earliest Celt!- wanderers reached our coasts, they found older natives already in possession of weapons of bronze, and familiar with some of the most essential ])rocesses of the metallurgist. Whether the (*elt;x3 brought with them any knowledge of iron at the period of tlieir ai-rival in Europe, must have de- pended to a great extent on the natui-e of their previous intercourse with civilized nations of Asia ; but the smelt ing of the iron ore, and the working of the metal to any great extent, are manifestly inc(mipatible with the condition of a ii )made people, migrathig across a continent (he partial <'lcarings of which were already (M-cu|)icd by hostile races. S^.mc reference has been made t.> evidence which an investigation of fhc Ian [Chap. V[1I.] RE LI (J ION, ARTS, AM) DOMESTIC HABITS. 501 giiages of tlu! Iiul()-Eiu-o|)eaii luitioiis funiislics as to the degree of progress to which they had attained at the period of their dispersion. Pliilologieal ti'ac(is lead us to infer tliat they had lost much useful knowledge amid the exigencies and privations of a noniadci life. But, though as ignorant of all the processes of snicdting, alloying, and foi-ging metals, as many a modern emi- grant from old seats of European civilisation, we may conceive of their carrying with them and carefully ti'ca- suring metalK im})lements and weapons : tlu; jmictical memorials of such lost arts ; and, setthid anew wheri; nu'tallic ores abound, these would still he i-ccoverable. (V'llain it is, at any rate, that tiie earhest knowledge we ac(piire of the continental CV'ltte exhibits them as skilled workers in metals ; and even the Jiomans appear to have acquired their principal sup[)lies of iron, if not indeed the art of convei'ting it into stecJ, from th(! Norici, who occupied a, consideiable tract of country south of the Danube, still celebrated for its iron and steel Whati'ver was the ))iecise state to which the nomade Celts had sunk at the period of their earliest intrusion on the Allophyli.in nations of Euro]t.', the supremacy actjuired by them is sutiici(>nt evidence of th(!ir innate suiieriority. Possessed originally of good nuintal capa,city : so soon as they formc(l permanent settlements, it is to be presumed that evidences of their powers would be manifested ; but even in their nomade state they bore with them some of the elements by which the Aiyan trii)eH are held to be distinguishable from oth.T nations. "They had bards or scalds, rates, uoiSol, wlio were sui)i>osed under a divine influence to ceh-brate the history of ancient times and eonnect them with revelations of th<' future, and with a reiined and meta- physieal system of dogmas, which were handed down hoin agr t" age, and from iides ' I'ncliiuds \„l„,;il llisiunj »/ .\/,ui, u. \s~. Vril.] RKUQIOX, ARW, AM) DOMESTW HABITS. 503 and Ireland. Tlie tmces of this, however distinct and uncert are ex tremely m- ain ; and so little evidence does C'elti tradition preserve of the distinction between the refined pantheistic creed of the Aryan races, and the spells and snperstiti.ms of Allophylian aborigines, that the name of Druid is used only by the modern Gael as significant of a magician or wizard. But long before; the hereditary British priesthood had been driven into the northern fastnesses of the island, the proofs whicli we possess seem to manifest that the archaic period of native art had come to an end, and the last great change within the Pagan era, resulting from the introduction of the more al3undant and nior(> useful mental, iron, had begun to oper.i' , When the systematic divisions of archroological periods, which have been thus far employed in methodizing tli<' evidence here adduci!.]. were first s(>t forth, they were applied with an indi.MTiminating zeal which ere long l)rought them into discredit; and it has accordingly become the fashion to slight, or entirely ignore tiiemras the fenciful terms of an exploded theoiy. Since the publication of the first edition of this work, however, 1 have had numerous oi)portunities of intercourse with tribes wholly ignorant of metalluigic arts; and have explored the traces of .•oppei--mining on Lake Superior, where that metal is found in inexhaustible abundance, and was wrought for ages without the use of fire. TJie result of a careful study of the ]>reliistoric remains of the New World ; and a comparison of the rehcs of its ancient ]\Iiners and Mound- Builders ^^■ith the arts still practised by its forest Indians : strongly confirm in my mind the truth and value of the system of archaeological periods, when appli.xl with discriminating judgment. How far they admit of application to the complex traces of the uidiistorical nations of Europe, api)ears fnmi the pre- 'V, % ^ IMAGE EVALUATrON TEST TARGET {MT^3) // ^/ ^ J^^. k ^ fei & ^ 1.0 IfKS I I.I 2.5 £ US 12.0 1.25 1.4 1.6 < — 6" ► <%./ / ^^ cf^Z^ rtiotographic Sciences Corpordiion 33 WIST MAIN VTRilT WCBSTIR.N.Y. MSaO (716) 873-4S03 '^ ^ v^ , proved to be recoverable, in the form of suggestive inferences, if not of ascertained truths, from amid the dim shadows that have for ages covered, as with the pall of oblivion, the history of oui- national infancy, and of its first yourh. KMt or VOI.IMK FIKST. i:inNnrn(iM : t, coNsTAni.r, I'liiNTMii TO Tirn (