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Maps, plates, charts, etc.. may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely Included in one expoaure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand coi-nar, left to right and top to bottom, aa many framea as required. The followinq diagrams Illustrate the method: Lee cartea, planchea, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fllmto A dee taux da rMuction diffdrents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un seui clichA, it est filmA A partir de I'angle supArieur gauche, de gauche h droits, et de haut en baa, en prenant le nombre d'Imagas nteessaire. Les diagrammes suivants lllustrant la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 ^ BRITISH COLUMBIA. r A DIGEST -OF — RELIABLE •:• INFORMATION -REGARDING- Its Natural Resources and Industrial Possibilities. By R E. GOSNELL, Commissioner of thb Provincial Exhibit Association. "I think British Columbia a glorious Province- a province which Canada should be proud to possess, and whose association with the Dominion she ought to regard as the crowning triumph of Federation."— Lord Duffkrin. VANCOUVER, B.C.: NEWS- advertiser PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY. 1890. i i BRITISH COLUMBIA. A DIQEST -OF- RELIABLE>INFORMATION -REGARDING- Its Natural Resources and . ' Industrial Possibilities. ') By K. E. GOSNELL, * Commissioner of thb Provincial Exhibit Association. "I think British Columbia a glorious Province-a province which Canada should be proud t» possess, and whose association with the Dominion she ought to regard as the crowning triumph or Federation."— Lord Duffkrin. VANCOUVER, B.C.: NEwa-ADTrr.RTisER printing and pcblishino company. 1890. Br,.^. C^umha, ,U ^.MIHU. of «,Kick or. not U. te »„^„. j ^>>^ of an, ^,.,ury in A. ^U; an4 of iu ,„^^ u cannot be found-'- a people u,Uh. " BRITISH COLOMBIA. T In order to inform himself thoroughly of the horticultural and agricul- Reliable tural capabilities of the Province, and the various, conditions which affect the *"'<'"»«'"©» husbandman's occupation, the writer prepared a series, of questions, forty- eeven in all, in the form of a circular, which was sent through the valuable n.edium of the Fruit Growers' Association, to representative men in every Krt of British Columbia. These questions were so framed, as may be judged , the nature of the replies, as to elicit information that would convey to the mind of the practical man, as nearly as possible, a trae idea of the actual state of affairs, forming an almost absolutely safe guide to those whose actions in regard to British Columbia as a fanning country might be affected thereby. Unfortunately, only a small proportion of those to whom these circulars were sent, took the trouble to respond. However, as will be seen, a suflBcient number realised the importance of what was desired, and one reply at least was received from each of nearly all the principal districts. Those who were kind enough to respond did so, except in a few cases, very fully and satisfac- torily, andf in almost every instance they are representative farmers and fruit- growers in the districts in which they reside, many of them occupying respon- sible positions, as members of Parliament, reeves, justices of tlie peace, etc. , etc. Although the object at first was to write from the answers, using them as data, it has been deemed advisable to compile them, using, as nearly as possible, the exact language of the informants, without exaggeration or de- traction, a course which will be found much moie satisfactory to the person desiring uncolored, reliable information, and productive of knowledge not altogether uninteresting, even in the le^iiconic form presented. The aim has been to give a 1 lir, unvarnished impression of British Columbia, based on actual results, and without any resort or approach to "booming," so much and very often disastrously practised. The facts, it is believed, will be found sufficiently eloquent in themselves, and oa.nnot be deceptive, ina&much as they represent conditions as they exist. The preface to the circular in question was as follows: " Below you will find a number of questiods, to which you are requested to reply in so far as they relate to your district. The object of this circular is to obtain from practi- cal, experienced men, a knowledge of the resources of the various parts of the Province, and suggestions as to the best means of development, with a view to making these more widely known and aiding in the achievement of these objects. " The information in regard to the Province, as a whole, which is lacking in the reports received' and printed herein, it has been the endeavor to supply with the same adhesion to fidelity and reliability that charactt rises them, and with the same end in view. SOME NECESSARY REMARKS, To outsiders and to many new comers in the Province, there is much that A requires explanation, and many things that sesm strange from numerous Remarkable points of view. The conditions that exist here are somewhat different from ^'■°^'''*'®- those to be found in what is known as the North West of Canada, the East- em States and Western States. In this respect the Pacific slope forms a dis- tinct longitude, British Columbia peculiarly so. Had Great Britain and Ire- land remained in an undeveloped state up or nearly to the present time could we imagine it thus, something like a parallel would have been ob- tained. An atmosphere humid with the vaporings of the ocean; a climate beautifully tempered by the sea currents; a vast extent of mountainous sur- face, int^ersected with numerous rivers and rich sheltered valleys; a regeta- tion necessarily rank under such conditions, producing enormous forests and Kmrw prolific crops; a remot«ne8S from the rest of Amgrica, and until recently a commercial isolation; ah unJeveloped and almost inaccessible interior; a rugged exterior, rendering communication difficult; a country of long dis- tances and divides; a mining Province primarily inhabited by gold-seekers; a now West; possibilities opened up for the over-populated East — all account for n'any things, which people of olcf settled, level and developed communities are unaccustomed to. It is the old and the new; the past and the present; the vast and prodigal in nature and the ordinary and " uninteresting meeting rather unexpectedly on tht shores of the Pacific. AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES. ' The reason for taking the interrogatory course was that, owing fx> the ex- tensive area of the Province and the difficulty of intercommunication, com- paratively little was known, except in a general way, of the resources of the Province, by the people of the Province, much less _ by those beyond its .imits. With large agricultural resources, owing to the lack of development, there has been a lack of uniformity of methods, and comparatively little data upon which to base general or particular conclusions. BritlBh Col- It must be remembered that prior to the Canadian Pacific Railway, which umbla as It ^^g Q^iy completed to Vancouver in 1886, practically speaking, the whole of ' the Interior was a sealed boolr, and so far as farming was concerned, it W6w impracticable. Because of the lack of communication, thera was no outlet for the products of labor; hence no incentive. The population was limited and principally confined to the cities of New Westminster and Victoria, the supply for which came from the immediately adjoining country or by steamer from the South. Therefore, although British Columbia was prominently before the public of America thirty years ago, and because her agricultural and horticultural capabilities are just beginning to be known, it must not be concluded that her people are nc c progrerfS've. Thirty years ago this Pro- vince had a large population, the result of the gold fever. Men flocked in over the Rocky Mountains, by boat from San Francisco, and along the slope by way of Blaine, but in their mad race for gold, they did not take note of the great wealth that industry alone would develop, the favorable conditions for which had to be supplied by railway communication with the East, now consummated. As a matter of fact, British Columbia is only five years old, and, considering all the difficulties that surrounded pioneer development, her development has been most remarkable. It is true that before the Canadian Pacific Railway was opened, which- by the way, by its effects upon this Province, amply justified its undertaking as a great national enterprise, there was a considerable export in gold and furs by the Hudson's Bay Company, seal skins from Victoria, canned salmoh from the Fraser and lumber from Burrard Inlet; but in that sense, Britisn Columbia was utilised in much the same way by capital as Alaska is; the rich islands of the sea and portions of Africa; a depletion rather than a develop, ment. And now that a railway has reached from ocean to ocean, from an inter-provincial point of view, it has only rendered further development pos- sible by the construction of other branch lines to tap the fertile portions of the Interior. The main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, like railways in many other parts of thewjrld, was built chiefly to reach objective points, and runs through the most unproductive region.s. Hence a traveller riding over it is unfavorably impressed in his initial journey westward to the Coast. Many fertile sections are yet practically isolated and accessible still only by the cayuse over pack trails, canoes, boats oi small steamers and along wagon Branch Line roads. However, the branch line policy of the C. P. R. has been vigorously Hallways, inaugurated, and soon, by this means and other railways which are seeking ingress and proposed independent short lines, every part of the Province will be reached and opened up. This year the rich wheat and pasture lands of the Okaaagan and Spall- umcheen valleys will be connected with the main line of the C. P. R. by a railway from Okanagan Lake to Sicamous; and a railway in the mining region of Kootenay, the trade of which the Americans are most anxious to capture, Effect of C.P.R. J 18 under conBtniction; a short line from Nelson to Sproat's Landing, will, by utilising the Columbia River to Revelstoke, direct the mineral wealth and the consequent trade of that country to the cities of the Coast, Another railway is being projected from tlie far-famed Cariboo, the quartz mines of which will far exceed in returns the palmy placer days of that district, to Kamloops or Ashcroft, giving an outlet to an immense area of pasture, farm- ing and fruit lands, as well as extensive minertxl deposits. The C. P. R. has also under contract a branch line from the Mission to *'"•■• R**'- the boundary line to connect with an important line of American railways. **i"' This will pass through one of the best agiicultural districts of the Province, being the easterly part of the celebrated Fraser delta lands, probably not to be surpassed in the world foi productiveness. Then, running from the boundary this way to New Westminster, £he New Westminster Southern, which may have its ultimate terminus in Vancouver, opens up a large tract south of the Fraser. There are various other lines for which charters have been obtained for railways and electric tramways that will supply all the facilities of communication only necessary to make this Province the garden of Canada. As a number of references is made in the replies to the want of rail- Jtarket for ways and other communication in order to secure a market, and as that Pi^ice. accounts for many present conditions, the above explanation in regard to rail- ways seems necessary. At present the market for produce from Kamloops to Vancouver along the C. P. R. is produced by the latter. South of the Fraser is what is known as the Lower Fraser Valley, the great fertility of which has already been referred to. The farmers living within an easy distance of the river, find a market at the various steamboat landings for their produce, which is conveyed from there to Vancouver, New Westminster and Victoria. The rich islands of the Fraser, Lulu and Sea, which are connected with the Mainland by bridges, and the important North Arm settlement, find a market in Vancouver by way of the North Arm road. Apart from the Okanagan and Spallumcheen valleys, and the pasture British Col- lands of the Interior, British Columbia is not a farming country in the same u!"bia oa a sense as other provinces are said to be; that is, while the soil and climate are country capable of producing anything that can be grown in Canada, and in the tem- perate zones, and to a degree of perfection unsurpassed elsewhere, all other conditions are not equal. British Columbia is a country for gardens and small farms, upon which will luxuriate all kinds of fruit and vegetables, large and small, and such specialties as hops, sugar beet, sorghum, tobacco, mushrooms, cauliflower, nmlberries, flowers and ornamental trees and shrubs, flax, etc. , etc. Cereals will everywhere, in good soil, surpass the product per acre in the best parts of Canada, but the area of land is more limited for this than other purposes, as the clearing of land must be taken into consideration. Land once in a state of cultivation, however, is equal to anything to be found on the continent for productiveness. In a few years the arable lands will be all well cultivated. Trees of smaller growth for purposes of shade and orna- mentation will take the place of the present giants. Farms will be smaller and much better tilled, as a consequence, than in Ontario, though probably two or three times higher in price. Improved farming land is already much higher than in the Eastern Provinces, but relatively is no dearer. This fact should not be lost sight of. A good farm of 100 acres in British Columbia is worth two or three times a good farm of the same size in any other part of Canada. The farmer has a double protection for his products: (1) the more limited area, and (2) the greater distance from competitors. With the tariff considered, the British Columbia farmer has practically control of the home market, which at present is not inconsiderable and rapidly expanding in its demands. What that demand is and its probable future dimensions may be ^"cnl judged from the fact that by a statement prepared by the Secretary of the " * Vancouver Board of Trade, one million and a quarter dollars worth of goods, products of the farm, garden and orchard, was imported into this Province in 1889 for home consumption. •^^^f' 6 ol^'anS ^ '^.^ ""Kro"! nl^ "^1^^ hrea.htntFn. provisions, trees, oggs, vegetable., •tc., etc. Broni 26 to 50 and in nuuiy cases even 100 per cent, to Eastern prices .nay l,e a. hied for British Columbia. Therefore, any disadvantoJe S the way of putthig la.ul into a sinilar state of cultivation to thTfounKse where, is more than compensated by the aclvuntages obtained in plaS pro- sSini '?n r'^"- "'"^ '!'' ''■»'tfV'»-« »f the soil. A man is. coCratively 2SfoR th^^fl'?"'"''*""^' "^'t^ '''.\^'^'' >">P«-"^'^'l '^"'l well situated; well ott with fafty acres, and rich with 1(K) acres. A man with 500 acres would bo a lord of the country side. The remark, conce nTng he cost of £rKhrfi?P ^'° f"»-«red lan.l and partly timbered land.LtTt isquaH f- lur •■ ^'""^ * \*''«*' P*''"'''^" °^ t^*" agricultural lands of the ProWnce Sm£ro7vS;h:n P*^*'y r^"?- A garlv token up.^'^'^'"'"""* ^''"'^' "^"'''"^ ""' P'-^^**"* ^'^^J'"» «^«y reach have been Up to the present there has been a prevailinir imoression thnt IL-ifiaK ColumW has no aKricultural lan.ls worth speaking Sbouf,™ is very i ffi cult to convince otTierwise even those who c-ome to the Province themselvS As stated previously, this is largely the result of the impression "cJived W coming through to the Coast for the first time. But it may be sSted wi^^h confadence, though, perhaps, surprising to many, that Britis}^ Columbia has a r„;"' .ro"*" "f ^""t-K'o^ing r«'^ *^»*» "^ny P'""* ince in the Dominion In Br Lh Col S/"- »;"V wherever cultivation is posdble, the soil and iate a fcapable of excelent results. So true is this that it might be termed the Eon e of all the small fruits, pears, plums and cherries; peaches ttrapes nee tanne«, qmnces, apricots, melons and tomatoes (the fattei tw? sStimes classed as fruits) vnry i„ success according to local condition^ It is thoSt possible that tea, rico, Mandarin oranges tnd persimmons and diffe ent Hds alride';"T;' ""*' '-"" '^ cultivated with sifccess. and alreai^ expeJim^t The object of making the enquiries will be quite evident to practical fniif growers. For instance, the success of peaches and grapes was Slematica S'v^nf%'^-^""*'*^ '^*'"* *^^.^''^ '^'y *»^'l been cultivates ^Hencn oba- bihty of their success m many districts was inferred from the fact that melons ?atir''r''''llfvr%''"^^ "P^"' ^V'^'"g ^^'^'^^ti^ i" horticultue that when the latter do well the former are almost sure to do well also. Cool nkhtsaro usually unfavorable to their cultivation, but the absence of w luls and extreme colds act as a compensating advantage, and on Southern sZes an Wheat ««P«««^"y "1 the interior, all doubts as to results have been Sicalfv aban Wheat doned. Another question, "Does wheat ripen hard?" has^bLTconsicted 1 i some quarters that the wheat hi Riitish r\.l„.v,v>;„ ;„ ^ t^ xl y\^,\-^^*^^^^ m Milling poses. ■_^™e ,„„.e™ that thj wheat ,,, BVSc^l.ia "'. 't™ STZ ECpV" The answers are very explicit on this point, but as additional proof we ^wfoffn ''''™"^y "^ the secretary of the Boa^d of Trade, wh^ ii fl™ be J. mng of the present year obtained samples from all parts of the ProvinceTnd r^LTvSls^We giv^n.''- ^^'^^^^' '''^"^^^^^- '''■ ^^""^^^ ^P'y. -^ich wat "1. Minnesota Fife-If this was for Minnesota Red Fife, your climate must have totally changed its nature, or was what is known as vTiite F^fe ami 18 not a desirable wheat to sow. o«Ji "^ ^r<^"» Australian seed, shows well, and must have improved in vour wheat" '"' ■' '' "" '""^h superior to the average sampfe of lustraS "S. "Ladoga"— Originally a Russian wheat. If it has been sown in your climate for some years it shows that it holds its own fo strength ^d Z most desirable for strong bakers' flour. Burengtn, and is of a sottJ'^Sre.'''-^^''''' "'"' ^""^ " "°' «° ''^'^'^^'^ ^' ^'^^ ^'^-' being. Red Fife- is not very satisfactory, it has deteriorated into soft Samples are very fine, this wheat will make splendid pastry xjlimatf Zl J.t w!''' T i' ^^7 Y'^}^'''' "°*" ^ ^""8 «" *»»• "*"*« •«« "»^** *"'^ «'•" '"''J^* «o° the average r.mple of Austranan. «' rt lP RpK f fr rl" °^ «L««?t "''ture and very much tagged by smut. '< fi Rp?n F*"^t«''t' *"^ ^^i» make a good me.lium bakers' flour, nrnv J K„ 1 1 ^ heat-Is a ^ood sample and looks as if it had im- Sour ^ "^ '"''^" "' y°'''' •"" *"^' ^"'"'^t^- I* ^i" '"'^J^* * good stroli " 17. Australian— Looks well, but is of a flinty nature respmhlina wKo^* IS known as "Goose Wheat," and 'will not make sa^tisfactoSr Tur ^ ^*' .. All !\-^'°"'] sample and will make good strong flour. lian rhuL^,? Jn!"! PV *'"* V^'^V^^ """"P^"" y°" ««"* »"« g'-'^^n ^om Austra- lian, Ihilian and China wheat, have improved by youT soil and climate a« S^^tdr^'S'ieTed Ph- *'^ nTr/"^ ^^« /^'^^ grown ttratov" tK-i 4 ^,"^/"'^^" China, and IS, Spring wheat, I am of opinion ar« iaf i«fi„ 1 'V^'', ^"^ ''i'^^^. ,™''''*»«- Your samples from ChHian wheat I am satisfied will make splendid flour, and the yielcf of flour will be ve^y large h«ff»/f[ ^ T^^"' ^ "'".'^H^ satisfied with the samples and find they are much better than I expecfed. I have also had the samples examined by our Gov ernment Inspector, who agrees with me in the above report*. ^ n«r r^tlT ^ -1 ^^^ /'« .^^le to Say that the samples speak in the highest man- nov'sK milt^tv and'T^--'' «7T^ "'r* ^' '^"^y qucstion^r^mainrng nov. 18 tfte quantity, and I smcerely hope that within a very short time th.5 you will be able to show good results in this respect. " ^ * of BFTShTohlmWa ■"'''^ ^"^ """■" ''"'^^''^ ^'■°'" *^^ ^^"^^^"S ^^eat districts The Sample 1. ;;Minnesota Fife," by M Lumby, Enderby, 40 acres yield 92.300 lbs. 2. 'Australian," same, 31 bushels per acre. ' ' r i.'wu-/'^ii'/TT' i^ P«"ntl8 sown, yield 3,700 pounds. 4. "White Fife "J Lyon, Vernon, 36 bushels peracre. 5. Not named, W. Duteay, \^' hite Valley. j^' " A. L. Fortune, Enderby. 7- " D. Mathison, Salmon River, n ..T, '1 X,.,. "^^ ^- I^nox, Okanagan. ?b. «?mfteSau7^^"^' ''^^^ ^^'^^y' '' ^"«^«'« P«' --• 13. "Aastralian," James Aird, Nicola, 2,000 pounds per acre. 5 "fSA^W" V TV V'-nH' ' ^^'t. ^t^^' ^^ ^"«hels per acre. IP .<7.^- \.r^.**' ^- ThirkiU, Lulu Island, 50 bushels oer acre 16. Chma Wheat " J. J. Wilson, Maple Ridge, 35 bus& per acre fn r"^^- Australian "Donald Graham, Spallumeheen. ^ '''• 8. 'Russian Lodi," H. T. Thrift. Surrey, 25 to 60 bushels per acre 19 Not named J. C, Calhoun, Ladner's Landing, 1 to UtoSp^Le The names are those given by the grower. ^3 i-ons per acre The samples which the report deals with are not picked ones bnt „r« exactly as they came from the threshers. picKea ones but are CLIMATE. -.H Rnil and climate are the two essentials upon which the rii/v.«q« r.t agriculture must be depend, some general remarks may W advisable. It t 8 ^g|j'*«"<'8» generally conceded that British Columbia has a climate superior to that of on ma e. ^^^ other part of tho Dominion, and mijjht also be said that of any part of the United States, possessing however in a modified way, the general character- iatics of the Pacific Coast. It is essentially inild and free from extremes and comparing it with the Pacific slope generally, though a humid atmosphere, it has not the rainfall of western Oregon or the dryness and heat of California plains. The wet season in winter, though disag reeablo to strangers, is prefer- able to the cold winds, snow or ice, while the summers are delightful. It must be understood thau no remarks of a general nature will apply to th& whole of the Province possessing such an immenae area as it does and such a variety of physical conditions. Mountain ranges have, it is unnecessary to state, a marked effect on climate and produce local effects, and as a non- sequence from its extreme southeni boundary to its extreme nort'i, and from the ocear eastward, there are several distinct zones of climate. At the Coast, general mildness and humidity prevails ; as you approach the high lands of the interior, the atmosphere is more and more stripped of ito humidity, and becomes drier, until a point is reached 'vhere little rain falls and the winters, are cold and the summers hot. The one great factor in British Columbia cli- mate, is the ocean currents Behring Straits are so narrow and shallow that not much of the icy Arctic Current flows along the British Columbia coast; on the other hand the effect of the Japan Cv.rrents is felt even in the remotest interior. _ The Rocky Mountain3 running north westerly keep of the cold north winds. Along this coas*, there is very little snow, which rarely ex- Meteorolo^i- ceeds a few inches. At Victoria, Vancouver Island, in 1889, the minimum returns. temperature by mouths was :- 24, 25, 30, 32, 37, 37, 40, 41, 34, 36, 30, 27. The total rain fall was 18.56 inches, rain fell ninety -nine days, snow fell on three da>s; the record of maximum temperature" was 52, 57, 64, 66, 79, 80. 85,77,73,67.58,51. At Westminster, on the mainland, the maximum and minimum tempera- ture for the year, seven months, showed as follows, respectively : — 84,46 ; 90,51 ; 84,48: 79,44; 71,39; 60,31 ; 46,20; mean temperature for year 51.; rain fall 46.16 inches ; days rain fell, one hundred and iifty-niae; snowfall 16.5 inches; days snow fell, fourteen. In this connection it may be stated that the winter of 1889, was the mcst remarkable experienced for so/ue years, in regard to the amount of snow that fell : it was in other words, an unusual winter. In other respects it was an average year. Everywhere the climate is salubrious and the Province is justly enjoying a reputation as a health resort. The interior is especially healthful, and invalids in search of a mild and ix*-' the pame time invigorating climate, can fin'i no better place to go. There are also numerous Hot Springs from Banff west, which will ulti- mately enjoy a popularity greater than many now celebrated iu other parts; of America. SOIL AND GENERAL CHARACTERJSTICS. As to the soil and general characteristics, a good general, avjcurate and care- fully written description is (wntainetl in the handbook of information recently published by the Dominion Government and it is transfeiTPd "^o these pages as being as comprehensi/e, consistent with brevity, as the writer could possibly hope to make it. It is compiled from the bejt sources of official information. "Or the west coast of Vancouver island little arable land is found. The principal settlements are upon the south and east coasts, ivhere the soil is ex- ceedingly fertile >m<\ the climate enjoyable and favorable to agriculture rnd fruit growing. A margin of comparatively low land, varying from two to ten miles iu breadth, stretches betwten the foot of the mountain slope," and tha southern and eastern coa«t lines. '3'he northern end of the island also is low. The streams are bordered, in some instance, for considerable distances farther inland, by narrow flats. The above low land, which is chiefly along the east- ern coast, south fr-.-r" Seymour Narrows, has a rolling suvface, with no eleva- tions rising to a greater height than 80<> ct 1,000 feet. In xnany parts l' ia Health i-etfort. Yanoouver l!>land. I to that of ny part of character- •emes and sphere, it California , is prefer- ;htful. It )ly to th& ind such a jcssaiy to i as a Holl- and from the Coast, 1 lands of Ldity, and he winters umbia cli- iUow that b coast; on 5 remotest )f the cold rarely ex- minimum 36, 30, 27. )w fell on 66, 79, 80, I tempera- T :— 84,46 ; year 51.; ; snow fall 8 the mc3t snow that it was an 'rovince is especially ivigorating will ulti- )ther parts; 3 and care- in recently 36 pages as d possibly rmation. und. The soil is ex- iltare rnd two to ten ^ and the ilso is low. ces farther g the east- no eleva- )artB l' ia •^w^^'-^- Nr comparatively level. The hills are craggy, but often present small areas of SCu. covered with fine, short but thick grass, excellent for pasturage. The country is wooden, but with many grassy swamps of from a '^ Pfjches i extent tJ many acres ; and fern patches studded with clumps of trees, or with single trees, and frequently adorned with bosses of rock. ^. „ ^, . g.:, ^^ " The soil varies considerably. The land capable of cultivation is chiefly that *><>"' • which is covered with drift deposits of .lay and sand, and lies at no great ele- vation above the sea. The sandy gravels prevail on the higher levels, and produce Wge timber and coarse grass. The clay occurs ge^^^^lly^^^^^^^gj- tive subsoil on the open undulating grounds, and m hollows and swampy bot- toms Over these sands, gravels and clays, sometimes graduating downwards to^h^m Xewhere separaid by a rather sharp ?ine from thehi, there is found . for the most part a brownish black surface soit two feet to four f eet m Mm*- ness apparently containing a large proportion of vegetable matte .Rich foams S in many places,Vticu1arly in the Gowichan Comox Alberni and Salmon river districts, in th- neighborhood ot the limestone rocks. AUu- ^^aldfp^Hs" re not extensive in ^^ancouver island, the streams bemg short ''**'' Thrrtck valley of the lower Eraser, or New Westminster district,. is the -H^eF^er largest compact agricultural district in the Province. It is on the jiainland shore, opposite tht south-eastern portion of Vancouver Island. The surface of the lower part of the valley is little above the sea level. -Westminster district is the oi.iy large mass of choice agricultural land anywhere on the mainland of the North Pacific slope, that lies ^etufj' upon tJIocean, with a shipping port in its midst. A '^^'''^^^^^''^1,^^^ J^^ through, which is sheltered at its mouth. Some parts of the dxstrict are heavUv Wooded with Douglas fir, Menzies fir, giant cedar, western hem ock, rende7^al8am,poplar,%irch. and large-leafed maple; but there are large Trls of open land Fn^different places, cafised, perhaps, partly by the actio, of fires and the occurrence of floods m the past. _,„^ „^,„w ;+, vrViol^i ex- "=* '<>"»»- '« The New Westminster district probably rests over nearly its whole ex ^.^^ tent on soft tertiary formations. The soil in general in the sea-shore mumci- vTaluJM vx oomnosed of vc v modern delta deposit— deep black earth, with ft e Ust paTa cfayluW. There are large^ tracts of alluvial soil farther up the rrase?, and aUg some of its most important ^nbutaries such as P^tt river Sumas river, etc. Clay loams occur m pares, and aiso light sanely SamV-re latter chiefly up rfver. These soils are aUnost uniformly f erti e. though some of them, no doubt, would be more easily exhausted than othei-s. The fi^-^st crops may be seen ia all parts of the district. , tm«« i^nH "The delta lands and the clay loams can hardly be equalled for strength and Helta Land. richness. Very great yields are realised with comparatively careless cultiva- '^"^ T^TlXroUhe bunch-grass region of the interior is a combination of BunoMra- long narrow river-valleys, with terraces, knolls, hills and slopes risnp to regio mountaiiis^f considerable altitude. The undulating surface aad the roll ng, Stly wooded hills, crossing and recrossing making it a Pictm;esr« '^Xu "The vallevs are in general narrow, with here and there low flats. Back from the rivers are the benches or terraces, and numerous hills of all sizes ris- ing above the extensive slopes. Scattered over these here and there lovmg gently the gravelly opens, and so far apart as in no way to interfere with XTee travel L all dfreo^ions, is the peculiar tree of the ^istr^f • --^^^J called yellow pine-rP«"tscon-a tree well known to litam^ts, and which it is needless here to describe. " Over very considerable areas, far exceeding in the aggregate the arable The Interior areas of ^he coast region, the interior it, in parts, a farmmg conntry up to 2 500 to 3 000 feet, so far as the soil is concerned, and the soil has Proved to be a^ fertneas the best on the coast. The climate, however is so dry in the summer that irrigation is necessary, except in a few favored localities. Culti^ ri^n is restricted, as a rule, to tL valleys_and terraces The soils cons^t commonly of mixtures of ciay ana ^ud, v«i jmg_ -VtIvD ...e -i* local formation, and of white silty deposits. They everywhere yield most Putnro area New Oaledo- aia. An import- »nt distriot. The Peace Rirer <3ountry. sTtS'^Se^^nSL^^^Lct roote. when favorabljr ^"^l-^^^^r irnitf, thrive iaihiio^^ir'ir^^' ^"^P^^ *"^ H hardy and doubt, as soon as there is an fivtl;«„i ? /"*"y ^^^«- Fruir irrowinff no dustriea both in this InLtLT^ o^e ?; ^^" ^' T °^ ^»>« P-^no^al S- the interior are cultivated in some diSnW« ^TT' ^^^ ^igher^plateaux of frosts owing to their height. ^"*'*''^"* there is danger of sumnier enced jMeTnoTon^^^^^^^^^^ i. ^ the opinion of experi- nayregiolrCSes'LdUr'S » the Columbia and Koote the more westerly soXntted^r'breSh^r","^?*^*^*^^?^^^^^ "In the northern nart of th. il ,'' *^« Columka and Eraser riAers %%«^ten«ive low comit?y Vhich ttmZf''''^'^^ ^"««^ Columbia there s of Scotland, was called, fomeriv Sew r.l.r""^^^"'^.^ "^ "»"«h of it to parts Hudson's Bay company. luTes^^fl; narftT.u^ f." ^''''^^ officers of the S'al^'T' "r'"' »" <^he basin rt£e&ahoo l^^^u^'^ Pu*^^"^' ^«d ^elt of 18 almost umformlv ,„+ -r* *°'''' *"" other tributai-M tu^ T scrub pine andXrS Un iKeTll^. ^f■"^^^y wo^d^dTwUh we tS mate may not be found entire WlS^l^' *r^^^^ off. tTe c£ distence at present from comn^^xn "aSs thir*^^-^ P.""P°«««- oW c^ ts pied for these purposes soon. l"ie nr^vfjl,- '■^^'°° '" '^°* "^^ly to le ocou grass species, but chiefly rod fo . ^ !i u','"'^. ^'"^^^^^ are not of the bnnl of hills having a soStS ^pt't"^ "^^ »^^- J°-*. -*h pea-vine1n*tt slopS gateau^ Jy MjyVxTen^'l ttSTviHt^1*^ w^S w1ilcVcts2s%7?^^^^^^^ Ztijf^t ^^^^^^^^ be e.sdy cleared, and th^Te open space?™"' "^"^ ""^' °^ *^« d-*™"-n British &X^T;w%CoTtSl^''l""y ^ and clearness in the^Snce of Dr ^B±^ mountains, is described ^hJorcf ;^;^^tSul,:Si^pX''^™•^;;'i^„'S^.°- .^»'-' « »»' -ten. d to™ most fevorable to 8«,ce J Jn *hS "'l™' *"" ««'' POMesses oon- blighte elo. g„<,^ , thin/S ; fS, ° , °'°' ''^''"'='' »' ■'■"»' pests Mi duomg io« elsewliere, i. ^^rv^are iSjl fT '""' "V of the iS Z thB country is th.rimo.t EluT. d^'iT" "'A'"* *ief reoomraendSrof m peaches, or black knot and currjlio S, nl.^L"'''^*?'^ ''^^^^ P^^ts. Ydlows perfection, are yet .,.»lrn"^ T^^,, "* ?'".""•' which grow hfir« m ;ZZ?y.^ .. ^^^„, „^,,,^ j^^^^ ^^^ feported Wt noTS t ■f 11 absolute certainty. Caterpillars, cut w/rms and vegetable vermin are tioted ^occasionally, but speaking generally, '.he Province so far is in an approximate decree free from those insect pests and diseases, against which fight in older settled countries. Whether they will come with hortioultural development or not, remains to be seen. One thing which points to the natural direction in which a large propor- Native tion of ener^ may be profitably lent, is the great luxuriance and ^gor with '^**"- which wild flowers and fruits and grasses grow, wherever the ground is clear of forest. Professor Macoun and other naturalists who have collected in British Columbia, testify in glowing terms to the rich fields for exploration it affords. Vegetation of all kinds and varieties found in the temperate zone, tarives here. Ferns grow to an enormous size in great profusion and beauty, and wherever the locality favors, arbutus, spirea, roses, clematis, lupms, syringa, honeysuckle, lilies, buttercups, violets, daisies, etc., etc., are found flourishing and beautiful. Sabnon berries, blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, -ranberries, wild plums, wild cherries, and many other native fruits grow everywhere and to a remarkable degree of nfirfection, and on bushes and trees astonishing for growth. The richness of the native flora suggests better than the most learned thesis, the possibilities of the Province in the cultivation of their respective allies in domestic kinds and vari- eties. As a nursery, a flower and vegetable garden, or an orchard, it has the elements of as great a success as probably any known part of the world. All experiments and results so far go to verify this conclusion. NEEDS OF DEVELOPMENT. By irrigation in the interior; by the dyking and draming of the over- flowed lands of the Fraser and ocean tide flats; by the extension of good roads, the building of branch railways, improvement and increase in navigation and the systematisation of methods in handling produce, and the other benefits in- cident to internal expansion of industry, all of which are naturally gradual and the result of the expenditure of capital and intelligent effort, the Province has prospects, agriculturally speaking, equal to any part of the Dominion or even the famed California. The pioneer farmer, as it is in every other country, what to has no royal road to success. No man, whether he be a farmer, mechanic, expect laborer or capitalist, should come to this Province dcluc' ' by the false hope of finding bonanzas and enjoying an Eldorado. It is tru. here are chances of making riches quickly and easily not found in older places, but 'industry, in- telligence and application here, as elsewhere, are about the only patents for obtaining wealth. This much, however, can be promised with confidence to all good common-sense persons, that in no new country is the return for the judicious investment of capital and honest industry more assured. Such would be the verdict of nine-tenths of the population, than whom a more con- tented and prosperous people, man for man, cannot be found. The double protection already referred to, which they enjoy in their home Protectton market, is also enhanced by the geographical situation of their sea-ports lying *<'*'»*'*"»•'' as they are in the line of the new short route of the world's trade and com- merce and in touch with markets east, west and south. The Province, too, possesLOS ia contiguity the elements ' which enter into Elements of great manufacturing enterprises, which have made England rich j,nd re- "ucc^ss. nowned— iron, timber, coal and other minerals— and has, too, unlimited food resources in her fish, farm, fruit and grazing lands. She has structural ma- terial to no end. Most of these are still undeveloped, but point to a future which requires but two things to be achieved— capital and industry. And above all she has the advantages, which add zest to the acquirement of wealth j" — J..J.,,.. ,,,., tfuff.iui aiivi ajjiccauic uiiiuan;, tnc nncsi ana grandest scenery under the canop v ol ethereal blue, unlimited opportunities for diversified enjoyment, advanced educational, social and political institutions and the aegis of the British flag and supremacy. 12 Sealing. Pacific Coast Fi8b. Deep Sea Fishinjf. Sardines. Oysters, Lobsters. Fish Oils. Dairying. Condensed Mill!. Sheep and Woof Canning, Picltling, etc. i INDUSTRIAL POSSIBILITIES. gre.^et:\JrZS'''i\rreJro^^^^ '^ *^« greatest factor of an industrial nature towaXXciroaDLl^^^^^^ ^W^ many things of trie«. in which the field is alrrdy preX te 1 o^^^^^^^^^^ ^\^^^ ^''"'' ^"^"«- canning. Statistics of these are given dsewherf^^^^i,*''' i""^^*" ^"^ «*'™°° expansion. ^ elsewhere, and they show a remarkable more?oTtheXiJ'4iVoT^^^^^ -*de still I^ndontoOeshipped^blcrin'r^fnutZer^^^^^ ""''"" *'^ ^'^°' *^ great^a^p^os^fSst^^^^^^^ and here a one, which a glance at the map will veHfl .S -1 ^"^"^^'^ '« an extended but, skil (black cod) our suSt^tP for th^' .^ '*^ '^''!^''^ ^''^ ""^^ ^^^h hali- riug, bass, skate, soUsaSs smelts n^^[" mackerel, cod, salmon, her- fish, clams, crayfish cVabs and';,„'™/^^^^^ other Sll fiT'T, ^^^''S^^"' ^^^^ ior waters are white fish, trJu? S Terch etn wf i "^^'i^^ *'^« ^^*«* poise also abound, all of which a?eofaS;. Whales, hair seals, por- Wat present have a locritLmnptoT;^'^^^^^^^^ ^*^"« ^^^ '^^"-d. compiSrve'b^nrgiS -^ --1 fishing a large scale, will vet ho nn {vvTJ^ «ry"lg» curing and exporting of fish on sardines, lar^e-sfzld S rLhl^flaZ^TlS'*'■^ '^^^ ?^^.** abundance of that of France. ^ favored, should create an mdustry equal to «. be „„ reason why .no„s.':S'l'ZoT. Zl^/^^'^^S^ ^£7 that favorable locations fw thT3„S^\Mon J.m'II'^'' "'. '^'S'*™ »«y= ■u-tiflcial hatcheries, such as aii at prSMi«S? . w '°°?.'',- "^ '"«™ »' cSS^'Xat-Te-rS'sS^^"*^^^^^^^ o.erp^!;t-r^-1„^aXtSir&fe^^^^^ o*.. etc.. which the country is admirably adantfd I fK.f f^"^'' .proportions, and for grass and the numerous p^e mountain stJpnmf ,°^, ^^^^^"^8-. The rich bunch tain a never-failing supply of S and drLr^^^^^^^^^ ''""^'^ ^^^^^ «°°- AUied with this a?e condensed milk«Tn^ T^^ ^a^ ^""^^^ requirements, of which are equally proSg ' *"** ^'^''^^ "^^**«' *he possibilitiea form mXLltr^^J^trt^^T^ti^^^^ *^^ ^^T -^"^ ^» ^^ these ing home consumption ^ ' ^' "^^^ *' supplying an ever-increas- utilist\rl^egSJl^a7d'^^^^^^^^^^^ Westminster t. an abundant Icope for using urtheLrnl.^^^ '"'1^*^^°* districts. There is. grades for canning, evaSin? ielUer^Sl '"'"'^ intermediate and poorer As already stated,°thisProS'is^admtra^f?' T,T' T^^^*^^' «»der, etc. able fruits, and in the Sred vegeSblVs^^ ^°' "^" ^^^^^^^ "^ «»it- flower, cucumbers, radishS, and Sim it is^aua^ °°'«»«. P^PPers, cauli- industry has reached the highes? Kgre'e of suTel TZ ^^ ^'^^ir^^^^ '^' of the land, but the character of thf soil cnmatr„nJ f?^«' "«* the extent qua non. Therefore, the comparatfvdy iSed ar^„ cultivation is the sine Frasor Valley and the soutWn 7n7 «!! A . '^^ °^ ^"^""^ ^ the Lower Island, i. capLe of hSn^^SlZl ^^^ ^^Z^!:^^^.JSi^f''' °' ^*°''°»^- and or sustaiuing a very farce nonulati^ .."^rTr /^ i, . ™^ a"<^ gardens, »o™ extensive aia „, LA Zt'SoSTr^L' "iS Tf oe^^if ^^ 1 \ •^^•j^ + 13 t grosser foodstuffs, not only to sustain our own population, but to form a lucrative export trt.de. It is not beyond the limits of the possible or probable that there will, with these favorable conditions, be firms on the Pacific Coast that will rival in fame and the magnitude of their business, the celebrated Crosse & Blackwell. ««!«.*. British Columbia has a peculiar advantage in her situation towards ""^ ""«» finding a market for her natural and manufactured products. She has the largest, most fertile and compact area of unbroken land in the world, tne immense future population of which, mainly engaged in the cul- tivation of cereals, to supply, viz., Manitoba and the North West Territories. On the other hand, the latter will find a compensating advantage in British Columbia, which, m the near future, when she competes with Oregon in the foreign export of flour and other products, will find here an outlet in the mills built for that purpose in the cities of the coast. Turning westward and south- ward, there are the opening fields of Japan and China, India, South America, Australia and the Pacific islands. Thitherward lumber, manufactures, flour, canned goods, fruit, salmon, etc., will flow, finding an illimitable market. In fruits, for instance, the developments in methods of cold storage will make it possible to ship safrly to any part of the world. The probable success of hops and sugar beet in almost every part of the Hops. ProArince reported from, seems to be undoubted. Here are the elements among the varied elemencs of industrial wealth, that promise much. Apart from the successful experiments with hops Vithin the Province, what has been accomplished in Washington, a state almost similar to British Columbia in its physical characteristics and resources, is sufficient indication of what is pos- sible here. There hop raising is an industry of considerable magnitude, and has had wonderful development. The following quotation is apropos: " Hops is the staple crop of Washington Territory; already their annual production is 8,000,000 pounds. " The crop of 1881 was 6,198 bales; of 1888, 40,000 bales, and last year it was estiroated that 4,000 acres produced value equal to $1,125,000, all springing from beginnings of so late a date as 1875. The average yield is 1,600 pounds per acre." . Now, as to sugar beet, the success of which, if nothing else, proves the Sugar Beet richness of the soil, a number of experiments were made a year or two ago from seed distributed for that purpose, and the results were most gratifying. Th3 beets grown were tested for saccharine qualities by analytic experts in Vancouver, Scotland and California, and the report of the Board of Trade of 1889 says: " According to these reliable authorities, our experimental beets have, in many instances, even without proper attendance, or treated by ex- perienced hands, yielded a percentage of saccharine matter which is totally unknown in the 'Old World.' When a sufficient area is under cultivation, the success of a sugar beet refinery would seem beyond doubt." The same re- port places the gross yield at $100 to $120 per acre, and estimates the area of land from Harrison River to the Pacific Coast (only a small corner of the Province) that would be capable of producing beets at 400,000 acres. Flax can also be grown in abundance. The vast extent of timber land has created a lumber industry of large Manufaotur- proportions, which is developing rapidly. There is considerable export in ""af- rough lumber to all parts of the world, and that in manufactured stuffs is on the increase yearly. Furniture and woodenware manufactories are being in- augurated, having the home and foreign markets in view. There are several flourishing tanneries, supplying/ ' >oal demand, and native barks are being tested as to their tanning propert. !S. Woollen mills, manufacturing home- grown wools, have been established for several years in New W^estminster with success, and are importing Australian wools. Paper and pulp mills are talked of, with good prospects of being realised. A flour mill at Enderby, in the Okanagan district, is doing a good busi- ^o|»™8r ness in ail parts of the Province, and, as alreauj" intimateM, it is onij a iT!Ri..,sr •• of a year or two at the outside when rolling mills equalling in capacity any in Canada, will be erected on this coast. The attention of Messrs. Ogilvit & < Sugar Refln erieg and Jute Workg, Malting and Brewing. Smelting. Iron. Earthen w' re Quarries, etc. Shipb'Idingr. National ooncems. u ^^^''liClT^^ — ^^ been favorably direo,.d to such a„ concern bKfrg74^^^^ the shareholders of the Victoria has also voteda bonus in fl^ I ' 5^°°*'"«a and British Columbia tages for a sugar refinery situated at a Pa^?/'"'*^"- . ^he natural Idvm- transcontinental railwa/are obrions V«.f -^^ P""*"* *°^ ^^^ terminus of » Sandwich Islands. AustraHa Tnd nfhi. °« '" commercial contiguity with the direct trade connection with the pSfLT «"«.*''rr«- For simUar™ ous SLT-1S5^«LTan^^^^^^^ bar4"Xi.t?ottTy"T^^^^ f^ crop returns is a fruitful "T::tri^:rm~^^^^ " existence. One at Vancouver th-^tvS !" t> ^9 smelters are alreadv in burned^down shortly afL ^^^T^' ^^StS.^^^ ^ZT' K/J ^^^tept^e-r^r^^^^^^^^ New Westminster their development as soon as the conditfens of th«lil^ furnaces will follow Pottery works is another thine thatTaH! . "*''''* *'"" ^*^«^»ble. there are clays in the District Tncw w.^!^^'*^^ attention and for which burning of lime on a large scaleL^V^i.^ J^^^^^' ""'boWy suitable Th« with largely increasing futpu Ttreftr/'^l,*'! ^^" ««tablished industries had and quite accessible. Quarries are Lw^ V^'^^ *°^ '"^d granite to be Burrard Inlet with good reaii]f« p^^ °^ worked on the North Irm «* • demand for crafts of all kinds and rfim.^^ ^ °m,*''''° *°d wood and the arJLf dustry equal to that or approaSwrarr?h7'S/!\'^^^^^ build up aS soon come when steamships wifnofonl/t ?^^^' *"^ *be time must supply the wants of navigaEL/i'tLsiwSers "^''^ ^^ound the Honi"to thePacSrcI^bSXTorkrAlVT^^^^^^^^ s-i-political nature such as cations etc., of theVeatestlZSi whSh ? ««^^««' I^Perial ortifi! which do not come within the scopeTatr^tl^ ?^ realisation, but economic conditions are feSlffor succ'sT' '"^ ^^^^''^^ "^^^^ mSt of iS CONDITIONS. jH- velopme'S^^*re°,>^e^'oreTsS^^^^ "*^ ^^-''^ *'' -t«rfere with de eomtM.raf.,V«K, «^p,i" •,. V 7^**®°®*™«ssoflahor and th- - ■ °® r J^ "JfSs.kiug, limited population. "'°®^ "• th« n * i %. 16 f Both of these will right themselves, the influ? of eastern workingmen The «»en- equalising the economic conditions of production, and the population *•*'"• increasing rapidly. Two things above all others will tend to rapidly bring about the necessary change,— the development of the mines, which since the railway era has begun, promise a boom, ere long, and that of the farming resources which as already stated are capable of sustaining a very large farm- ing poi>ulation. One of the principal needs of the Province at present, from an agricultural and horticultural point of view, is the systematic handling of the produce of the fruit farms. A large amount is grown that never finds the market, products which the market demands and is supplied by firms outside, from the fact that business interests of grower and dealer have not so com- bined as to establish a definite ratio between supply apd demand. In other words, fruit growing and farming have not yet become a busmess industry as well as an occupation. This has been much discussed by the Fruit Growers' Association who have devoted much attention to it with prospects of a satis- factory solution. Like all commercial problems, however, it will find a natural solution in the adjustment of supply and demand. SuflBcient has been shown in the above hurried enumeration of industries Jjresent, prospective and possible, to answer the question conclusively, so requently asked by persons visiting coast cities, " what is at their back, what is there to keep them up?" a superficial enquiry resulting from a lack of knowledge of the various resources possessed by the Province. t i s Bureau of Enquiry. ^ The information contained in the following was obtained by enquiries in various parts of the Province as explained elsewhere and from most reliable sources. The places from which reports were received are fairly represen- tative, and taken all together v/ill give the reader a general idea of the condi- tions which exist. AGASSIZ (Yale and N. W.) Station on C. P. R., 70 miles from Vancouver, in Harrison Valley, site of Dominion G .-em ment Experimental Farm. Apples, pears, peaches, plums, cherries, quinces and grapes and all Fruits, varieties of small fruits do well, except a few tenderer varieties of apples, the great trouble being to keep the trees from breaking down with fruit. AH kinds of vegetables do well; e. g. 1 ,000 bushels of turnips have been Veiretables gathered on one acre. Tomatoes ripen, musk melons do pretty well; peaches and giapes succeed, peaches do remarkably well; all kinds of cereals are grown. Wheat, 30 to 50 bushels to the acre; oats, 40 to 60 bushels; potatoes, 200 Crop Yields. 400 bushels; hay, 1 to 3 tons. Wheat ripens fairly well. Soil, sandy loam; cultivation, only settled withm four or five years; land »b^« ^o«W be to get the hop. PrioeofLand 120 an acre; add $30 to $50 for clearing, ALBERNI (River Bend). best " °^ ^'■"•*' *■'" «''°^"- ^'^«'""««' P«»" »°d -man fruit* are the VegretablM. . Vegetables of all kinds are raised to perfection notatop. an ^nn ♦« aw» bushels to the acre, and carrots 900 bushels P*"®''"°°' V°^^' go 400 to 600 ^-^^^^P^^ Both tons ' '" ^°^ ^*''**' «°°^' P^^ ^'^^' *"™'P« «^t™; ha^Two to three Wheat ripens better than in any part of Vancouver Island five y^^T^^^Zu'X"''""'- «""''" ^'P* "' »"'°'' 'hree fe.t one. in ?w/f„ v- «™?''»' '=»''*• »«'iio'" "s™; greatest heat, 90 to 100; niithts wamie? £rthi,^^Sdi,ro'ipS,"""°"-'°'"'°''"""''y -»-. -e™^ r.0 mofd or ml"' " '"' "'"=' ■'"'' "^' '^'' '»™' ■"> Wight except in pe«„ More industrious families, railroad and a good saw mill Victoria and Nanaimo; pork, 10 to 12 cents ner tt»- hoof' T +^ o ^ ^; potatoes $20 to $30 per'tL: eggs, 25 tolSceSS ^r^^l'J MarVef coSd be improved by good and regular communication. ^^ Some seventy to eighty are improving their land, others are not tivat?dTofdv?ntgr^""^*^'^^^^^'^^'«"«-»'-^«-'^^ fl- -'^W be cul- Price of land, $10 to $50 per acre. Yields. Soil.Cultivft- dimate, Ke«dfl. Sfarket, Hops. PriceofLand Fruits. Vegetables. CACHE CREEK. A Post Office District oa Cariboo road, six miles from Ashcroft. Apples, pears, cherries, grapes and all small fruits. All kinds grown in the temperate zone and equal to those of any country Tomatoes ripen in the valleys, melons equal the full average of Ontario. Grapes have been grown, peaches not tried. Crop Yields, Wheat, barley, oats, peas and a little corn. Wheat, 30 to 50 bushels to the acre; oats, 1500 lbs; barley, 1800 lbs; peas, 2000 lbs: Potatoes 3W r Jts hard.""^'' ' ^^^=-^1^*^^. « tons ; timothy, 2 tons. Wheat 4. 1.1 '^^ T'^ ^^ T"^^^ ^^*'?'' ^^^ "^ sections is adapted to all the fruits, veee- tebles and cereals grown m the temperate zone. The area of land cultivated depends largely upon the supply of water that can be obtained. CultivatSn Fair dry sometimes windy. Greatest depth of snow, twelve inches • greatest cold 25 below ; greatest heat, 100 in shade, nights are cool S> wet seasons ; wmd prevails spring and fall. ' ' moss^"***'' ^"^^' ^'■^^^^"PP*^^ *°<^ ^*SPS J no Wights, vegetable mold or • .J^^^ ^'■*®^®^ «^°^- 1^? timothy, red clover. Alfafa and Sang foin. f!i.ct"s j« the most common wild flower. ^ " — Soil, etc. PMta. H i t t r <5 -€ ill 17 "■'■ ' If i ^A ^'^^ consumption forms the principal market and produce is mostly all Market. fed. Artesian wells are the need of the district, towards development (irri- gation); prices vary but generally low. The market, which is limited, could be unproved by the development of mines and consequent increase of population. Ine land is generally cultivated. Hops would succeed very well, have been tried for years ; sugar beet also Hopii. very good. No land is cleared ; would be too expensive. COWICHAN DISTRICT (Pender Island.) In Vancouver Island, 36 miles or ae from Victoria. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, quinces, peaches, grapes and all small Cereals fruits to perfection. Average crop every year. Turnips, potatoes, mangolds, carrots, cabbage onions, with good results. Tomatoes ripen, melons can be grown, peaches and grapes can be grown Wheat, oats, barley and peas. Wheat, 20 to 40 bush.; oats, 30 to 90 bush.; barley, 25 to 60 bush; peas fields, to 50 bush; potatoes, 8 to 12 tons; turnips, 25 to 40 tons; hay lA to 3 tons! Wheat ripens well, especially "ninety-day" wheat. Brown to black loam in valleys and on side hills between rocks; well Soil, etc ^dapted for mixed farming. The general state of cultivation is about average. About 10,000 acres will produce if cleared. Population, 16 settlers; hundreds if developed. Climate, best in B. C. ; greatest depth of snow, six inches to one foot; Climate, greatest cold, 20 degrees of frost; greatest heat, 90 degrees in shade; nights inild; wet season, three to four months; dry season, 8 mouths, varied by occa- sional rains and heavv dews in dry weather. Valleys are well sheltered. No insect pests, blights or vegetable mold; moss slightly. Kentucky blue grass, red top, orchard, timothy and clover yield to perfection. Land boomers, energy, capital and women; there are lots of eligible Needs, bachelors. ^ Victoria, Nanaimo, New Westminster and Vancouver reached by C.P.N. Market. Co. 's steamers and the steamer Rainbow. The produce is mostly delivered and sold by the producer. Could be improved by more population and steam- Doat competition. Probable success of hops and sugar beets, good. Price of land, $15 per acre; to seed down to grass, $30; to thorouchlv Priceof Land cultivate, $100. Easiest parts are chopped, seeded and cultivated by degrees. The Island is of a sandstone nature (one quarry blue sandstone has recently been opened up. ) It is more adapted to sheep and game. At present labor is too high for fruit raising. CHILLIWHACK MUNICIPALITY N. W. D. Apples, pears, plums, peaches, grapes, cherries, gooseberries, raspberries, F'uits- blackberries and currants; apples, Russetts, Northern Spy, King of Tompkins Baldwins, Twenty ounce, Gloria Mundi, and all leading varieties of apples do well, both early and late; pears, all kinds of plums, early peaches, cherries and grapes all do well; small fruits do extra well. In twenty years' experience, with -common care, results have always been good. The Russet apple, "my pride," the writer says, has borne every year and every other year very heavy. "My trees," it is added, "were taken up at three years old with extra good results." * Vegetables of every kind are grown and to a very large siz*, viz., pota- Vegetables, toes, turnips, cabbage, carrots, parsnips, beets and onions, always with good results. * Tomatoes ripen fairly well; musk melons do fairly well with common oare; early and medium peaches do well; grapes, to judge from two years' experience, will be a success. Some person^ -re from two bundi-ed to three Jiundred vines out, and are well pleased witi t year's success. . ^ *!J ^iii 18 Oeronlt Yieldii. Ml. AnA. OHmate. Needs. Market. I«nd. lYuitB and Vegretables. Soli. Ar6&» Climate. Market. Hops, etc. Cereals: Wheat, oats, barley, jwos. Wheat, 25 to 40 bushels per acre; oats, 50 to 100 bush. ; barley, 60 to 80 bush.; corn does well, but not grown in large quantities; peas, 25 to 60 bush., and as high as 75 bush. ; potatoes, 150 to 300 bush. ; turnips average 10 to 30 tons; hay, 2 to 4 tons; five tons have been cut in two crops. Wheat ripens fairly hard; Fife wheat ripens hard. Clay loam, some parts muck, and some sandy loam, but nearly all rich. Chilliwhack Municipality contains about 10*2 square miles and is nearly- all capable of cultivation; conmiencea at the mouth of the Sumas river and follows the :^raser river up stream about seventeen miles to Cheam Indian Reservation, and runs back to the Mountains, averaging about six miles in depth. The general state of cultivation is good; population, 3,000. Depth of snow, thirty inches; greatest cold, four below zero; greatest heat, 90; nights, nearly always cool; wet season, four months ; no length of dry season; occasionally showers through summer; winds do not prevail ; once in a while a squall from south-west in summer and a few days north-east wind in winter. Caterpillars affected the vegetables a little last season; no blights, mold or moss. Timothy, rye grass, and clover do well; not many wild flowers; rose the principal. Dyking and draining. Good; produce handled by stores and wholesale and commission mer- chants; prices at landing: hay, $10 per ton; oats, $22; wheat, $28;, peas, $22; barley, $22; market could be improved by the establishment of a good market place, as at present the farmer with good produce can get little more than the farmer with inferior produce, whereas if he were brought into con- tact with the consumer he would get a price according to quality. ^e land taken up is generally improved; not much held for speculation. Hops and sugar beets would do well. Price of land, improved, $30 to $100 an acre ; unimproved, $10 to $25 ; cost of clearing, $5 to $40. HOPE. In the Tale district, 91 miles from Vancouver on the C. P. R. All common fruits are grown and all successfully. Also all common vegetables with fair success. Tomatoes do well, melons have indififerent success. Peaches do well,, cereals, all common kinds; hay yields from two to four tons; wheat ripens hard. ^ Sandy loam; cultivation poor. About five thousand acres by going five miles west, and one mile east of the town, with the mountains forming natural boundaries on all sides. Good for fruit; greatest depth of snow, five feet; greatest cold, five be- low; greatest heat, one hundred in shade; nights cool; wet season two months, dry season six weeks; "skookum" (Indian for good) winds prevail. Tree and cabbage worms, very little blight or vegetable mold; moss, exists. Timothy and clov r go three tons to the acre; abundance of wild flowers, ' hues and roses. Home consumption; prices are: Grain, 2 cents per lb; apples, 2^ cents per lb; potatoes, 1 cent per ft; could be improved by better cultivation and more produce grown. Land is being improved slowly. Probable success of hops and sugar beets very good. Five to ten dollars per acre for uncleared land, cost of clearing $50 to. f 100 per acre. There is very little farmiag or fruit growing in the district in question^ no one inakmg it his sole business; more attention is paid to stock-raising, prospecting, etc. " We are settlers clearing our land and growing a little of almost everything for our own consumption. " '} ■t i 1 19 Cer«ft]ii Yields. SoUareft, eto. Climate. JOHNSONS LANDING ^N. W. D.) All ktTTi'"T\ '" *'• ""7 >Ve,t„,l..«ter DIrtrlct on the Fr..e, Rive,. require to be pronped yp"'^*'"*'^''* "'^^ «*" yo»ng. but bear bo heavily that they Wheat, oats, barley, peas. Wheat will harden if sown in good season. unde?c:miVtiottri?e'::wirse'ttiiT '?r"" '^^'^ ^^"^ •« -^ --»> in .hade, nights cool ■ knrtf rf «, if,' "■">« Wow zero ; greate.t lieat, 95 =t ^^ -- ^^ - -- -« s^e :^s';^^^r t^^o^sj and Ircabbage'irsl' SacVthrcaTh ^•"' "^^"/^ ^^« P^""^« -<^ "^PP^-. blights, vegetabi mold or moss '''^'''^' "°^ '"™^P« ^"'"^ seasons^o great'^riSj'ofwM'flXeTs' ''"'^^•"^' ^'^'^ *"° *°^«- ^^ ^here is a ?he' maTettlSTnVl "*•/^'^^^'•"e '''' '^' "^^^s of the district, ine market is local and limited, being reached bv rail or 8tuttinhn«.t lb- ,^"f ,7/P'''^"',\"'\Senerally speaLg as foCs - wta^ it per .ultivat K ttareZeJ "'" "'° '"'^"' ^ '"^'^^ ^* *^- ^^-^ -d wiU flax c^X &rgro'v^^ ^^'^'^^ °" *^^ ^°-*' ^^^^ ^S- ^eeta grown look well ; Hops, etc some'onr"' "' ''"^ " '^'"" ^'^ *° ^'' ^' ^'-' -d $50 additional to clear Lar.ds. LILLOOET. Seventy-sevon miles from Ashcroft Station, on the south «ide of the Fra.er red atS^tf^^i^^^ tKLt-lr-- ^^"^^ "^^P^- -- oultit?£.tTdLm/^"TTe^:XSXe\^^^^^ ^^^ o^^^'^-^ Lillooet district, consist of abot^2^*SSt "^^^^^^^^ -* *^« ^*"- Dry and clear; greatest snow. ^ innbe«- We? te-t crld To " i Market' 80 TomatoM woro slightly affected laat year by the tomato warm; no blights, mold or moss exint. Timothy, red top, hay, yield good; wild flowers exi«t in great variety. Needs of district, artesian wmla. Market. Miners' coimuinption; produce generally disposed of for cash to miners; prices, wheat, barley and oats, 2 cents per ft>; hay, IJ cents; putatoea, 1 cent; market coul ij'ii early; melons do well. A few grapos succeed. Wheat, barley, ca*^ ;, ^taa and 'ye and nearly all the artificial grasses. and clovers succeed. Wheat, 40 to 60 birhcl' . oacs average 60 bush;-barley, heavy crops; peas; extra enormous crops; noi^atoes, enormous yields; turnips, good; hay fair. Wheat ripens hard, second to none. Clay, sandy vegetable loams, etc. , adapted to roots, cereals and small fruits. Tiic cultivatioii is vciy good; every one aimo at jiseping up tue i«^ '^^^ --h^injury; no vaJrKiw £;ravrfS '^"'' «^'"^' '"''^'''^ «^«' ^'^'^^ -"' — ^ Development of coal fields, artesian wells and a line to C. 1' R Need*. K.^rlJ^'' ' '^"i«"«8t "urselves; market wanted; wheat, two cents; 'oats and Market. h;nro;.;n'''"*';.P"^'°'''^^P.r*»^^^^^ hay. »20 per ton: market could be unprove.! l«v erection of a good flouring mill and a brewery. i.and IS well unproved, but cultivation limited to demand. Jirst class prospects for hopn, and sugar beets are certain to succeed and "«P« *»<» return largely. Sujfur Iieet, Land is chiefly prairie; $10 to $16 an acre. ♦h«,•™T**''*'^''!u'"•^^''"'' charming; trees keep green and don't mature their wood or cast their loaves until hard frost comes before the snow and. there is a danger of freezing the sap in the wood. NORTH ARM. A settlement on North Arm of Fraser. six miles from Vpn-ouver. «nrrm,?? ™pSw^' ^^K^^'i .P®*?^^^' ^'''^F^. prunes, cherries, gooseberries, Fruits, currants, raspberries, blackberries, strawberries. Asparagus beets, beans, cabbage, carrots, cauliflower, celery, corn v * v. ZZhT' '^"^«"«>/'^[/i?- !«""««. ?-•:?>"?«• P«^« P°**t°«-. r'adish!Thuba E: '"''"''''''* squash, turnips and all do exceptionally well r , , u, varieTr'^Advai"*''°'°"^*'^^" ^'^'"^"^ "^"^^ ^^*^' '88 5 J"ly 12th, '89; Peaches and grapes havs been grown successfully for several years. Wheat, Imrley, oats, petvs, and rye. ^ Cereals Wheat, 2000 to 4000 lbs. per acre ; wheat does not ripen hard a^.r.fni'T 11 li'^^^^y ?^ ct' ' '"^^ ^'''"^^' ^'^^^ ^^^^^y ^^am, and is well Soil, adapted for a 1 the vegetables named, and barley and oats. All the land is Sffracte?. "^ ' ^^' ^^It'^ation generally speaking is indifferent rrr^J^f climate is hea,lthful and agreeable; greatest depth of snow, 18 inches ; Cimate. greatest cold, zero coldest noted in 8 years; greatest heat, 106; Aights gen- t^n^L. •' 7^^ '^''"'" five months including winter; dry season seven Ti! ' 11^ "" ^"'"'"^.'' """t ^^""^ ^^^ ^«8* ' in t^e winter from the east. Pesta «.««»/!.„•? T"^™ i^ *^^ '^°"*' n° b"g^t«' vegetables mold slightly, moss to a considerable extent. o . e , ii"^iy> murlJ^r'^f''""''^^ '''T *J« P'-.inciPi^l need of the District. Vancouver is the Market. Cit ' P -"^ PF."'^"''*" ^«^ng disposed of principally through commission H«Zlt Z ' ^°^^^«'•' *r« uncertain, and could le improvelby the estab- lishment of a regular market place (now being provided for ) Land is largely held unimproved. millefTdZrlfi^^rf • v^-^T^^^i§% °^ ''?""^'' °f ^"^"^^ ^««*- dodder com Hops. etc. millet and more fruit of all kmds could be cultivated witTi advantage. Price of land :— $o0.00 per acre; $200 to clear. ^ Priceof Lantf PORT HAMMOND AND PORT HANEY, Twenty -six miles from Vancouver, New Westminster District. frn;ftn&P^*''^'i?^"T' .«i\^''"«»' Peaches, grapes and all varieties of small Fruits. frmt succeed so well as to mduce people to go more extensively into fruit cul- Anything from radishes to pumpkins ""*" Tomatoes ripen, but melons not successfully, with good success. •x Pill produce a profitable crop. Vfigetabieu. Peaches and grapes are grown 22 Climate. Market. Hops. PriceofLand Fruits. Crop Yields. Wheat average 35 bushels; barley, little grown; peas, 40 bushels; corn, not much grown; potatoes average .300 bushels; turnips, 2C tons average- hay average, two and a half tons. Wheat ripens hard. Soil, all kinds. Cultiva- tion rather rough. An area of 50,000 acres, with abuit 20,000 acres meadow, to be reclaimed. Population, 2,000. u .^;^'^*^?^^'^^P*'? ?^ ^"1°^: *h^®^ ^««<^; graate^t cold, two below; greatest heat 90; nights cool; length of wet season, three months; seldom A'inds. Blights exist siight^v; no vegetable moid, plenty of moss. All varieties of gn sses yield three to five tons; plenty of wild flowors. especially wild rose. Needs toward development : creamery and reclamation of meadow. Vancouver and New Westminster; produce so? ^ direct to dealers at vari- able prices; m,■<, ■^ . fluence of the^North and Z^lr^o.^i^'^ ^^t /KroXr ''* *'» °°"- grownT^tTfat™:;dfsTltrt\;Tea:^^^^ ?ranbe„ies, melons; pears are Fruits. not say as to peaches and graphs Vhi^^^^^^ success; can- great success at Ashcroft ^° ''®" ^° P'^oper situation; water prevents it bemgculHvater °' "'°''"'"' '»»''' >"" ^d'y of tache. "^r^S'ilXi tlU'TrSt h°e^t ^1=' ^P* «' »=»w. eight varies as to lengtli; no winds «""""' ''««■'. «>; niglit., warm ; wet sealon ™bje''errbti5,lT"d''v'a°ie£™Vfrt. Te? ??!f '"' ,? ^^^k-- «- Kamloops and stations along the C V Ti hi 1' ^ steamers; hay, baled brines SRl'? n<) «L 1' J ^ /*^^ *"^ sometimes bv market could^be improvrdVSXporLrT?rnr '"^ f ""* '^"^ «^°^ P^'' ^^ Proo V°/ '^"It^^ation is generally cultivated do we^!?nrcetn^r|eT;f "*' ^'^^^ ^^^ luxuriantly;, practical man^ould apple?:verL^ScS!\h1t'^^^^^ ;Sn^?theV'^^ ^-^^ --«- «^ most favorably with any Eastern Pro^vTnce "''"'''^ ''^"''^^ ^^^P^^'' ST. MARY'S MISSION. 45 miles east of Vancouver, main line C P R on th P' make *" "LllXlylaS Ughtnp^'tra"™!!"" "'"" '"""=' "'«'="'"' " t" "^"M"- Yields. Soil, etc. Climate. Pests. Market. Hops. 24 -Climite. Market Hops, etc. PriceofLand Froits. Vegetables. Cereals Yields ;^il. Area, etc. 'Climate. 10 tons per acre ; turnips, 25 to 30 tons per acre; hay, 1^ to 2 tons. Corn is not a safe crop. Wheat, especially east . of the Cascades, ripens hard, but west varies according to season. As great a variety of soil is found as in any place in the world, and is adrpted for all the products mentioned. From Stave River to the Hatzic, a stretch of twelve miles on the north side of the Fraser, extending back north three or four miles, there is com, paratively little land that cannot be eventually cleared and cultivated. At present the cultivation is not very thorough. Taking tojvnship after town- ship, there are very few vacant lots. Greatest depth of snow, fourteen inches, greatest in fourteen years; greatest degree of cold, on 3 below zero; greatest heat, 80 or 90 above; night deliciously cool. Wet season, from Ist November to 15th February; dry season, no marked dry season : sometimes si:! or seven weeks during July and August. Winds sometimes in winter from the east, from five to ten days cold, bracing wind; sea breeze from S. W. generally in summer. Insect pests exist to no extent; green fruit and vegetables are compara- tively free, blight to no extent, vegetable mold very little, and moss to a moderate degree on fruit trees. Bees do well. Markets: Vancouver and N«w Westminster; fruits, vegetables, roots, butter, eggs, poultry and game are the principal products. The market could be improved by establishment of local mills to use up breadstuflfs and stopping importations of flour and cornmeal. Settlers are improving as fast as means will permit. Hops do well and sugar beet also, though not experimented with yet, but " between the cedars of Lebanon and the hyssop on the wall," the writer says, '* there ai-e, no doubt, many things that could be introduced yet to ad- vantage. " Price of land and cost of clearing: $5 to $50; from $30 to $100 per acre to clear. SUMAS. In the Chilli\Aht;ck municipality, ."iS miles from Vancouver, on Fraser. Apples, pears, plums, cherries, prunes, peaches and all kinds of berries and small fruits, grow to perfection. No one has gone into the business ex- tensively, but farmers are gradually awakening to the fact that fruit growing will be one of the best paying pursuits, with proper management. All kinds of vegetables that grow in the temperate zones succeed well. Tomatoes do well in sandy soil; melons are not grown extensively; nights are too cool. Peaches and grapes are grown, but the climate is not warm enough to give them the luscious flavor of the California fruit. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas and corn. Wheat, 65 bushels per acre; oats, 50 bushels; barley, 40 to 90 bushels; peas, 30 to 75 bushels; potatoes, 300 to 450 bushels; turnips, 60 to 70 tons; hay, 2 to 5 tons. Wheat ripens hard when sown early. The soil is a loam with clay sub- soil. This section is well adapted for all fruits, vegetables, roots and cereals. The Sumas Valley is more or less tiubject to inundations j,nnually from the Fraser River, consequently thera are very small sections that can be safely cultivated, dairying and stock-raising being the principal business. It is mostly open prairie, about 30,000 acres in extent, which, if dyked, would be capable of producing unlimited crops of everything. Steps are already being taken to inaugurate a scheme. The population is about 1,500. Greatest depth of snow, 2 feet; greatest cold, 2 above zero; greatest heat, 90; nights are cool; wet season, six months, including winter; winds, in fall and winter. ^ { 35 Fruits of all kinds are affected, some by insects, regetables a little, cereals a little, no blights, vegetable mold or moss. Timothy is the principal grass, yielding as high as five tons per acre. The rose is the principal wild flower. The needs of the district for development are dyking and drainings Needs. Vancouver, Victoria, Westmioster and Nanaimo; produce ia disposed Mi^rket. of principally through commission merchants, being sold principally at home and delivered at the nearest landing place. Prices of late have been advanc- ing all round. The present system of marketing has not been satisfactory (and much attention is being paid by the Fruit Growers' Association to the subject. ) Laud generally is being taken up, but large quantities are being held un- improved. Sugar beet woi^Jd be a grand success if cheap labor could be secured. Sugar Beet. The informant says that producers, as a rule, do not tak« that care in grading and packing their products that they should in their own interests, especially when competition is so sharp with the American neighbors, who take greater care in packing their fruits in nice boxes, and so on with grain and vegetables. SURREY MUNICIPALITY, N. W. D. Apples, pears, plums, peaches, grapes and all kinds of small fruits have prujtg. all been very successful. On trees two and a half years from planting, over one bushel of apples were gathered. Vegetables grown elsewhere can be grown with good success. Tomatoes ripen, also melons; peaches and grapes have both been tried Vegetables. with satisfactory results. Wheat, barley, oats, rye, peas, millet, etc. Wheat, average 40 bushels; oats, 100 to 140 bushels; barley, 75 bushels; y^'f?'*' corn only grown for home use; peas, one and a half tons to the acre; potatoes, "^ ^' 260 to 800 bushels; turnips, 1,000 bushels; hay, two to three tons. Wheat ripens hard. High land, loam inclined to be sandy, and in some places gravelly. Soil, area, The corporation of the district of Surrey contains one hundred and twenty '***• square miles and about one-half is adapted to cultivation, the balance being timber lands, but of good quality of soil. In some settlements the land is in a good state of cultivation; population about 1,400. Very healtful ; greatest depth of snow, one foot; greatest cold, zero; Climate, greatest heat, ninety; nights cool and comfortable; length of wet season, two months; with two months more showery, very seldom winds. Except a few grasshoppers, no insect pests, no blights, mold or moss. Grasses : all cultivated kinds, timothy, clover, red top, blue point, etc.; a large number of varieties of wild flowers exist. Construction of railroads projected; opening and clearing out of Serpen- Needs of de- tine and Nicomen rivers; construction of Boundary Bay canal, and opening up velopment. of wagon roads. Vancouver, New Westminster and Victoria; it costs $2.60 to $3 per ton Market. to carry produce to market. About one-half of the land is occupied and the balance is held unim- Land, proved and as timber lands. Hops would succeed well, also sugar beet; tobacco do«s remarkably well. Tik-e of land, $5 to $100 per acre; the same for clearing. T1:ii 'Lstrict is well adapted foi fruit, especially small fruits, if it had the facilities for shipping. VERNON. A settlement in Okanagan Valley (Kootenay District), on east side ot Okanagan Lake, 49 miles from Sicamous, on the C . f . B. All varieties of fruits, large and small, all do well when properly culti- Fruits, yated. 26 Vegetables. Yields. Soil, etc. Climate Lands. Cereals Yields Soil, etc. oultiSn"""^ """■■ «"""""*» ««•» ; abou. 25,000 «,re» „, hnd capable of varying at times. Winds 5o not prevail ' "" '°°""'» "' '^y 'eMon, -Ud aowre ; all c^Mtj^tZSt ^S " ' *'""' " " '"^e variety of «.r.« -'4r' °'"- '"""°'' """"' °°™-'-"™ (»»- being ee,»bli.l,ed, Province is. *^ "'^ °^ anything that any other part of the VICTORIA. r.,rr.a.,* i. "' Vancouver, 60 miles from Vancouver Citv ^^S-1^^^^-^'-^^-' ^PPle. peaCpen-es. plu., etc. re^arKr/n^f^^^^^^^^^^ Very temperate; greatest depth?! snow fl^rr^^- ^V'*"'*' •'^^'^• three below; greatest heat, 88; wet season dZ'Jk'1 "i?^*"' S^ea^^^st cold, greatly prevail. ' ^'"'^ '^^^°°' December to March; winds do not mom:rr^£t'''''''''<''^^'^^-^^^^rom a small slug, no blights, vegetable cups^^daTier^ ^"^^ "^"^ -"^ fl-ers; Camassia. lupins, roses. butter- Only requires population for development. YALE. Anr.l.« ., ^"r'°""^'''^'^- ^••^02 miles from Vancouver ^w^^^nirixzuXi^^^^^^ rf ^-i*v ^'^'"^^ -^«*- of yield enormously ; the tre;s are Xg tLrl^ .-^^r " •' «'»'^" ^^ite wards produce magnificently. ^ commg mtn bearing but after- great';rrs';flSis:?,fsys Ji^^'oL'™"'™'' »- - ^-o- with Tomatoes ripen in the middle of Ai,m,=+ gwj, witb eneeeas, peacbes bat Ittfnl 'ied-S g'trX™!;": - AH ordinary cereals are grown not Sfgrofn'? ^.tf^oo^te^g*: '"pJ^'tV 'f '»^,' ^ '° "> b"* ^ -™. good average ; bay, on; to two and SlKa Wh' ''.''°^'' '"""'S« i '""■ip^ _ Tbe.soi.iealight»ndyl„„n,witbd'ltr;,,rbr„/'7'j'"''-, .X.OI1 truics, vegetables and grains Cultiv'ft^-^r • " ''^ adapted to com- district IS chiefly a stockraising oi^e and farmer.. « ""^7, "^"fficient. The vidmg winter forage. ^ ' tarmers confine tlieir eflPorts to pro- Fruits and Vegetables. Climate. Fruits. Vegetables. ^ 27 There are many thousands of acres capable of cultivation if it could h*> ungated The district includes the South Thompson River from Savonas ^ Bright and dry ; greatest depth of snow, eight inches in low levels • creat Clim^t. est coTd thirty below zero occasionally ; greatest heat, 100 In shade Ste cool ; wet season, uncertam ; dry season interminable /winds do not prevail t.bli'* TH°PP'"' ""*ir!:?'' ^""*^T ^"^ «*»^«'- P««t« interfere with vege Pe«te tables. There are no blights, vegetable mold or moss. ^ . . fimothy orchard grass, red top, clovers, Alfafa, etc., yi.ld heavilv under irrigation. There are many wild flowers, ^ ne&vny under The need of the district towards cultivation is irrigation by canals and ' ditches for the utilisation of numerous running streams ^ The market is local and limited, quantities of fruit and cereals can bfi rli, a- >, * posed of at from one to one and a half cents per lb cereals .can be dis- J„.rket. The greater part of the land is used for stock-raising purpo' es Hods do t , well. Lands are generally open and improved, places Vith Lilities f or Lh gation are held high in price wild lands $.5 an'acre. The chie draw-back to fruit growing on the North Thompson are the sudden changes of tem«era ture m the winter time. These affect the trees considerably *«™P«™- New Westminster District. • P^,*^^^«.^*^."*i one of the most important settled portions of the West- ^ ,, . minster district is the mun cipality of Richmond, and is made up of Lul^and " ''• Sea Islands at the moiith of the Fraser river. Sea Island is aU ^settled wTth prosperous farmers The so 1 is first-class alluvial deposit and abnost inex t,n LiV" '*' "'*'^- 1 ^''" i'h"'^ '='^'^*^^"« ^^«»t 4,000 acres aUagrfcul tural lands, upon which are raised excellent fruit, apples pears nlumnhp latter being exceedingly prolific, and yielding onoU?Cly^ The ^orcVo^s . ^ut^KlS^f^e^St^^SiSo^^SS^ Si- poses, the beef and dairying interests being comp.rati?eTy important ^ A pat deal of dyking has been done on the water's edge, but aXe overflow rarely exceeds a few inches it has not been expeirsi;e o^ difficiilt An electric tramway is projected through this island from Vancouver Abe .and lying between Vancouver and New Westminster tTirl «n f>,Mf ;. included in this tract of land may be termed an un^reSd dis/r L ! . • -^^ .""^''f ^"■ mg as it does outside of the two Lies of which it caif boast! f w e tLTs ^d ' no municipal government. It incbides an area of probably GO^O^O acres most of It heavily timbered, some lightly interspersed here and there with swamn« and beaver meadows, rich in soil and only requiring drainage to make ?tT for cultivation and nearly all adapted for fruit culture, priifcipally apples and pears and cherries. A great portion of it is l)urned laml and easily cbared This well-known heal h resort has given its name to a sS but feftu " " valley so valuable indeed that it was selected by the director of\« 1 • «T«°'^ mental farm Prof. Saunders, for the location o^f the Sel or exirinVSi ""'^ farm for British Columbia, after a great many parts of the Provin^^e h^ hion Sp'T^tf TheyajieyexlenasfromAgassizstationto the foot~of Harr ^on lake, a distance of five miles. It is four miles wide at the base and sradualW tapers to a point on the lake. The soil is a rich alluvial rl™,-+ S^^^"*".y »d part Ughtly timbered, but the whole oUt hJt t 'keZ'^d 'iJbSI The Expert mental Farm. Kanaka Prairie. Sumaa. 28 settled upon, at present containing about a dozen farms. Excellent fruit of all kinds is grown in the valley. A small portion of it adjoining the Fraser is subject to overflow. Immediately adjoining Ay. jsiz station are five hundred acres of reserve selected by Prof. Saunders as an experimental station. Operations, plough- ing and clearing up have already been started, and the construction of large fine buildings will commence in the spring. The Harrison lake is a beautiful expanse of water fifty miles long by seven miles wide, surrounded by heavily timbered land. Large timber leases have been taken up here, and the lumber industry promises to be an important one in the future. The salmon spawn- ing grounds are all along the Harrison river between the lake and the Fraser river. Nicomen settlement of Kanaka is a long prairie and stretch of bottom lands running up to Sumaa, twelve miles long by about two to four miles wide. It is all well settled and taken up. The principal occupation of the farmers here, who come as a rule frora Ontario and Quebec, are dairying and general farming. All are starting out orchards. They grow oats, peas, pota- toes, etc. On the south side of the Fraser running east from Matsqui are the Sumaa mountains, at which a good many applications have been made for coal lands. At the eastern extremity of the mountains begin the much talked of Sumas Prairie, which extends fifteen miles southwest and about four miles east and west. The southern end is principally occupied for dairying and stock pur- poses. At its northern pomt is the limit for net fishing. And here is reached Chilliwhack. the far famed settlement of Chilliwhack, which for apples, vegetable productions and general farming purposes, can scarcely be excelled anywhere. The estimated population of the municipality, which covers an area of about one hundred and eighty square miles, is 3,000. It is connected by daily water communication with New Westminster some fifty miles distant. The soil is very rich and grows crops of all kinds in great abundance, and is particularly adapted for fruit and roots. It has held agricultural shows for the last fifteen years. Game and fish are plentiful, gold is found in small quantities on the bars of the Fraser river and several ledges have been located. Extensive timber limits lie to the south of the settlement and have been acquired by a large milling company whose logging camps will operate it in the future. This is the best farmed portion of the Province, and is thickly settled with prosperous farmers. Coming down the river on the south side of Matsqui is the Mount Lehman settlement and Aldergrove on a high land. The land is well taken up but not much improved so far. The settlers, however, are going in for fruit and improving their land rapidly. The Mission, on the north side of the Fraser, is a flourishing settlement, with a school of twenty-five or thirty children in attendance. The high land on the opposite side of the river has a settlement of forty or fifty, all settlers within the past two or three years. This settlement extends two or three miles back, forming a semi-circle of about three miles radius. This is a point in addition to its agricultural importance, at which the new bridge of the C. P. R. is built across the Fraser to connect with the new railway to Seattle. A new townsite has been laid out at the junction with the C. P. R. Burton's Prairie settlement is farther up the river and farther back, and extends back as far as Stave lake. This is rapidly settling up. Langley ranks among the oldest and most important of the municipalities. It has a population of over 2,000, covering an area of one hundred square miles, lying along the banks of the Fraser for about ten miles. It has a daily steamboat communication v/ith New Westminster, and extends to the Ocean in a southwesterly direction, reaching within two miles of the American boundary. Stock raising and dairying are the chief industries at present. The soil is a very rich loam with a clay subsoil. Nearly all the land has been taken up, but partially improved lands can be purchased at from $2S to $30 per acre. There are several good roads leading through the municipality Mt. Lehman and Aldergrove. The Mission. Burton's Prairie, Lp- gley. -* ^ . T— -Jtt 29 -« ^ and new ones are opening out all the time. Langley is drained by the Ser- pentine and Nicomekl rivers, which contain delicious trout. The scenery in parts 18 very fine and Mount Baker in Washington Territory commands ^ easy view. AH the products of the temperate and semi-tropical zones are possible here. To sportsmen the facilities for enjoyment are excellent Maple Ridge lies along the Fraser, directly opposite and north of Lam? Mnni- um— &adiria^S°"p'^f °' ''^"llT "^'''^ "" the^rivJr^and is intersected by th'L "'" '"'^ oilf^t'%SZ^Lt^^^v"^'l^'''r^^^'^^^^^^^ '^"^ " population ot 1,50U or .,000, healthful climate, advantageous situation, and ceneral agricultural purposes it is a very desirable place of residence. Port H^nev is the prmcipalpomtm the municipality. There are several large brick-wd" in its vicinity Fruit does extremely well in this locality and as a sample of Its root products 600 bushels of potatoes to the acre have been growHr the vicinity of Port Hammond. On the Lilooet river a few milS from Port Hauey are some fine timber lands which will contribute largely to the material interests of the locality for the carrying on of the lumber industry Pitt Meadows, containing about 35,000 acres of prairie, as fine land as wff m ever lay under the sun, but requiring dyking to bring^it under cultivation ""do^^*"- The Delta municipality has a name very suggestive of its capabilities and tk t. ,* Its productiveness is a standard by which the fertility of all o.heV p^rts of the ^' ^^'*^ district IS compared. All the land in this district has been takS up! bu? farms n.ay be purchased at from $30 to $100 per acre, according to improve- T 1h;i« The unimproved lands are free from timber and ready fof cultivation. A little dyking is necessary m some parts. Fruit grows luxuriantly, as also do llfoT ^''t'^ ^""^ ''T- ^^^'"t '^^ '^^ P'-"^"^*^ «f this munidpality are phenomenal; hay goes three to three and a half tons per acre- wheat 30 to 7^ kshels; oats, 75 to 90 bushels, and root crops from 4W) To sJo bSsheff turnips weighing forty pounds were exhibited at'^the local fair at Ladneft last year, and oats going 55 lbs to the bushel. The municipality fronts on the Fraser river and on the Gulf of Georgia. The settlement comprises about 40 000 acres of rich delta land of deep black earth with a clay bottom. There is a good road through from east to west, and the whole is one vast field of prairie lard. Wild fruit, in the form of the. cranberry and blueberry are found in great abundance. Game, especially wild fowl are to be fou^'d [n vast numbers in the fall. It is the chief^salmoS. camiing poi^t on tL Fmser river, seven factories being situated thereon. i- "ji wie i^raser Deitf "'extend Ww" it r^"'^*^?"' ?^ t'^f'^' ^''^''^ "^^^ ^"'l the Surrey. JJeltd, extending from the Fraser river to the boundary and has within its vT/ll 1 '^P?'^*"* *"/ x^rosperous settlements of Hall's Prairie, Clover Valley and Mud Bay, and comprises 120 square miles of area. The munlcT- pahty has a number of good roads and is drained by two navigable Ws the Serpentine and the Nicomekl. About one half is prairie and^the rest is timbei^d. The soil is very rich and vegetables grow ko an enormous size and ground yields prodigiously. Fruit growing is a%rominent industry Much of the land IS known as the " Muck Land " noted for its great richness Game abounds and at one time oyster beds were talked of at Mud Bay 30 Tlefcr>ri^ DistriPt. Esjquinialt Metohosin. Swke. Vancouver Island (•tter I'oint Saanich. oals opnng Island. southern part is the oldest fett ed disSt fnl ^ p ^f^^^ "'' ^'^^V ^^^^^- The capital, Victoria, both historic and Dictu^^^^^^ ^^.^^^nce and possesses its pearance of the coast is broken and Ked S ' t 'S^"""" '^^^ g^"^™' ^p^ would appear rock-bound, though on rfelriV ^t^ ^^^ ^^ t^e stranger discovered, disclosing bays andfnlS ^«T '^PP!:?'^,''^, numerous openings Ire chorage. The harbors on the wStoo«r "^ "^^"^ ^^^^^ the b^est olan lU'''.rT"".^^^f^''^«*^«'-'«onL^^^^^^^^ «- different schoon'eJs withthelndianhunters, whoreturnTnTlflf I ' ^^o™ which they sail out ^. Victoria district contains K?."'^.'''''''"'"^^^* the end of the season Victoria City, the (Jorge Cadborn V *^;'''-'^^" ^l"''^''^ ^iles -and include; shore, Gordon Head, £nrSmieaS"ri''^'^^,', ^^^^ *'«°g the eXn are many excellent drives, especSv to rSl^' ?"• ^'"^^ Victoria there- a view of the straits, is very Ct fnf t?T ^'-^V' "^^^re the scenery, with larly in the neighborhood of SSnilaSV: if'* ^S"*"^^ ^''^ '"^^^ P^^W country IS picturesque in the exreme aboutw^'^ . '^^" surrounding lake. The roads are noted for thei> eKcelTence^ " '" ^"^ ^'''"' ^^"«y *nd njaltSS^!^^?.^^^^^^^^^^ west of Esqui- many prosperous farmers in these diSts ^^S'^'^nd, north. There are roach^e^Y^^^^^^^^ T^^^^* ^-- ^^^^ori, district, there being extensive cattk and sheen ran Jl "' ««^«"«ally a farming This action is particularly noted forl^'SLi^g^rner^^ ^^ settSr^^hfsiS^^^^^^^^ Victoria, is a thriving September, having attained a LfgTt of five'feT^^^^ 7"^ ^""^ ^^'^-^ -^ ^ 3S THE GREAT INTERIOR. Country. The object of this pamphlet is not to deal minutely witli British Columbia as a whole, but simply to give u tjood general impression of the now accessible and populated districts near the line of tne V. P. R., and on the Coast near the centres of population. But a few feinarks regarding the large areas us yet unsettled, may eidighten the reader and suggest to him a possiljle future for the country as influenced by these extensive areas. This district extends from the Fraser liver on the south-east to the CJiikotln. Coast range of Mountains, about 10,000 square miles in area. It isprim ipallv speaking undulating, beautifully picturesaue, covered almost entirely with grass with httle forest, well watered. The general altitude is ai)out three tliousand feet, hence the climate is dry and clear ; the snow fall is light winter short but severer than on the Coast. The country abounds with large game and is a rare sporting resort for si)ort8men of leisure. Al hough the valleys in the southern portions are suitable for agriculture, on the whole the district IS a pastoral one and admirably adapted for ranching, being a rich grazing country and enjoying a fine climate. It will be tapped by a proiected railway from Ashcroft. j i J This takes its name from the Horse Fly lake, from which in the south-east it Horse Fly extends to the Cariboo road on the north-west, in area about sixty square ^ — *"" miles. The general altitude is about 1500 to 2000 feet and possesses a more moditied climate than Chilcotin, though in most respects similar. The sum- mers are delightful, autumns and winters dry and and clear, and the springs tempered by the celebrated Chinook winds ; rain fall light, but irrigation is not necessary. The Horse Fly is essentially a grazing country, splendidly watered lands, consisting of plateau and valleys. The valleys are prairie very rich in soil, and the hills are lightly timbered and covered with burch grass. The grasses are very rich and nutritious and grow luxuriantly This when opened up will be one of the finest stockraising and agricultural district in British Columbia. It is also rich in minerals. Is about GOO miles away from the Canadian Pacific Railway and was first The Black explored in 1865 for the construction of a telegraph line, to extend from San 'I'vernnd 1 rancisco to Bchring Strait, to connect there with the European .system which r''^^*'^ was not proceeded with after the succes-ful laying of the Atlantic cable The ^°""*''-''- area of pastoral and farming land included is very extensive, though practi- cally unsettled as yet. From Decker lake to the Skeena river is considered the finest belt of agricultural land in British Columbia, and the valley which 13 m places forty miles wide, contains an area of three hundred square' miles ihe climate is excellent and though the winters are cold, winda VivA blizzards do not prevail, and altogether is as well adapted for agriculture as any part of Manitoba. The soil is very rich, and grasses, wild fruits and vegetables of all kinds grow luxuriantly. All through this country there are numerous rich valleys, and game and minerals abound. Xo irrigation is necessary When this country will be opened by railroads depends upon the rate of pro- gress m development achieved by the more southerly portions of the Province. Is well known and its merits have been much discussed politically and 1 by travellers. It is very extensive and largely suitable for stockraising when the conditions of the Province will justify it. Its adaptabilities as an ^ agricultural country are still in doubt. Quoting from a recent publication : Ihis country might be called an immense rollinc plateau, made u^ of hills valleys, prairies and woodlands, intersected by numerous lakes and streams' embracing hundreds of thousands of acres of fertile lands, which if it were <; Peace ■ iver ountry. The Oknnu- Kootenav. The Main ColumWati Valley. 34 great roaourceg. regarded in any event aa a territory of The .liatrict of grouteat iminodiato pronusf, in PrJtJ.i. n i . • . the answers given elsewhere. .SpJakinj of Tf Mr l''^ '"'"" '■"^"'■'•^"' *" '" cIo.it of that .liHtrict. aaya: '' a' cSl eati'n.^ff r'T/'^' " f""""'"'""* reai- huul tributary to the ShuawaplcuSa'^'tRa "^ ^'^ .''"'"'"^y of arable Farwell, (1 lI, who w.« sent y ho ffincia^ r^ '"'" '*'"" ""^''^ ''^ ^^'•• month exploring the country 1^8/61,0^^11*."^''''.'',''*^"* '""' «P«nt a acrea, anil «.ention8 that tw^olar«earca«h"^^^^^^ the arable lan.l at .'loo.OOO unable to yiait and are not incBe, Tu tS retort 'Tr"p^ "''"' *"' ^^'^« roughly estimated the grazing land at I Tm ruw, ^ . ^'"'■y- «"gi»eer, country ia open pra rie, iSr' p rt ' w^t^^uToV .^«'^^^ "^ *»''« luinber required for building, fSnoing Id fin ' nl^' f/''"'« '^^ *^« ■pnnjja, atreama and numerous lakea T]lJl}i^' ., '" '^*''' watore.l by aubaotl of unknown depth of JZeuU^^cCZ^Z Xu "'"^ ^"""' "'^^ able to most of the land ia wheat which if V>LiT. , """" «'''»P 8»>t- sown in proper aeaaon. I have Se^'er kno;.. trbTr'^iE!;:^.''"' ""' '^^^''^'^^ write?irjXirr\ir.X 7tJxS'rT ^'''^ p-^--' ^he remarks contained in Meaara. Shlron A Lt* m '^. P''^"" «"'"« "^ t^e speaking of Kootenay,g.Kis on to say * McLachlan's pamphlet, which, tance o! about forty miles is 4rv rmlh a. ?»5 l^?°*«"»y .^^i^er for a dis- the Columbia and Kootenay likes a Ztai 1 nf "V*'"?*^"'- J^"* ^'•«'" ^'^re to is principally prairie, and well a.Lnted fn ?. V '^"* *'^° ^^i^dv'.d miles, it the choiceat'lJndia that ai Jimd he^u i^^^^^^^^ L ^e ' The^l '-""l ^^T'^^-^'' '^"* nication to these waters, which extemKl f. r f« r- 'iT'^^if. steamboat cominu- the Canadian Pacific Railway Tohl'Z i vir Jm " ^f^' '' '""'" *°^" °" been found in its vicinity, and coinnanio?h„, i i^'^" ^'f *'"'^"^* ^'^l^i^ have Should these be succeasfi;'! i wSrS^e onrof the rM'^'^i^"'"}^ *''^ «'^""'- Province. ^ "'"' "^^ *"** richest districts in the aome'™hL"r£s'ahtTy"L:i^SiS ?oVtr' ^"^^'^^^'^ ^°^ -*"« ''--''-, still large tracts waiting L set leS One oTt^'P^'': '^^'^^ '^""-^ ''^''^ position, lying as it does between the Cana^?.nP-fl ^'^"^ 'ijlvantagcs is its railwaya. It can be easily rrached from el£ ^C %r\^''''^'''"' ^^''^^^ particularly healthful, ihe winters are ndldanVv, ^'' '^""''*" '^ ^'y ^'"' warm, making it a favorite resort for invalids. '"""""'" moderately folloZttSllSSitn'ol^^^^^ -iles, and through the First Arrow Lake. whichTs sib,./ 7 ^r'"!"":, • ^''''^ "^^'' A-^^a north of the International bJiuU y L J ' ^'^ ^'^.'^ '""«« *" the Upper and Lower, form a beautifnl ^hlif / "® *wo , Awakes, namely the Betweentheseand^onnectiVtCmi arve. o Tk*"", '^ '""^^^^ ""^^^ ^""g- the head of the Upper Lake there^s a ^0';.? f ' ^'T.^' "^ ^'"'^h and ft 8 lightly timbered; from here followlnj tl'e Snn,!^'''''' ^""'"2 1*»^1 ^vhich the coiuitry is heavily timbered, m,Tof whic^S'^^^^ "' ^f^t^^^^^^' lumbering; the soil is, however, not first-dassth^lifn T^ ^'-^l^able for raising. >rom-Revelstoke to St. Crdn's Sil 1?^ '"^n" ^'^''^P*'^'' ^"^ fr"it- width, in some places, of 30 miles Se soil XS • ''•'''"•?y' 'P''^^^^ ""* to a described, but the timber is no so good tnnnllt^ V^'t t'^' Previously 10 the Rockies the land improves^ colSeSlv^- ij^"^ places, though generally an open countrx- n™ • ^ ^^^^^ timbered in Canoe River enters the ColumC, whTch i C 3 frn"'lV'"V^- ^''' *^^« KS^S^^STarttTndS^ The climate differs soin;what fct£ '^S^'^^S "^l^^ \ k-JlW- W M. 3i> J^inpttrvdy^a "i'li,""""' ''•*^ '^ "^°^"* ««>d humid atmosphere .nd MC agricultural purposes. t 1 S6 Statistical and General Appendix. ^kii FISH, SALMON PACK Fraser river, 16 canneries ' *^'^^^- Skeena river, 6 canneries 303,875 Rivers ink i, 2 canneries.. 58,165 Naas river, 3 canneries 25,704 Alert hay, 1 cannerv . 19,410 Total pack. 7,140 YIELD AND VALUE OF FISHERIES. 414,294 Salmon, in cans II fresh . II salted smoked . .lbs .lbs bbls .No Sturgeon, fresh ..,.'.".".".'.'.". ^^ Halibut, „ Herring, „ .' .'.'"'■■ " ' " ] ' ' " ; ' ' ' II smoked Oolachans, „ II fresh II salted lu'i" Trout, fresh.... ''^^ Fiali, assorted Smelts, fresh Rock Cod ' [ Skil, siilted , , , Tooshqua, fresh . . .'.■.■.■.■.■.■. Fur seal skins Hair „ „ " ' ' Sea otter ,, ' Fish oil Oysters.. " Sf^ Clams '..'.'::;.■;;;;: ^^^^ Mussels. . . Abelones..... /--^^ isingias ■..■;;;. ^"^^« Esti.natod fish consumed in 'the Province ^ bhrnnps, Prawns, etc Estimated consumption by Indians: fealmon Halibut Sturgeon and other iah Fish oils 20,122,128 2,187,000 3,749 12,900 318,600 605,050 190,000 33,000 82,500 6,700 380 14,025 322,725 52,000 39,250 1,560 268,350 33,570 7-000! 115 141,420 3,000 3,500 250 175,000 100 5,000 5 00 Approximate yield $2,414,655 36 218,700 00 37,490 000 2,580 00 15,930 00 30,152 50 9,500 00 3,300 00 8,250 00 1,340 00 3,800 00 1,402 60 16,136 25 3,126 00 1,962 50 18,720 00 13,417 50 335,700 00 5,250 00 11,500 00 70,710 00 5,250 00 6,125 00 500 00 5,250 00 500 00 1,750 00 100,000,000 5,000 00 2,732.500 00 190,000 00 260,000 00 75,000 00 §6,605,467 61 ^u 37 ■'■-Jv*- The salmon hatchery at New Westminster has turned out the following^ numbers of fry for distribution since beginning operations: The year 1885 1,800,000 The year 1886 2,625,000 The year 1887 4,414,000 The year 1888 5,807,000 The year 1889 4,419,500 The year 1890, about 8,000.000 , — COAL MINING. By far the largest mining industry in the Province is the production of coal. Prospecting has been successful in locating beds in many widely separ- ated parts of the Province, Tliose at present operated are in the Island of Vancouver in the vicinity of Nanaimo. Following are the returns for 1889i WELLINGTON COLLIERIES. TONS. Foreign shipments , 196,510 Home Consumption *. . 70,524 Total .267,034 Number of men employed, 900. UNION COLLIERIES, (SIX MONTHS.) TONS. Foreign Shipments • 27,551 Home Consumption 100 Total 27,651 Number of men employed, 450. NEW VANCOUVER COAL CO. TONS. Foreign Shipments 179,953 Home Consumption 38,000 Total 217,693 Number of men employed, 846. EAST WELLINGTON COLLIERIES. TONS. Foreign shipments (estimated) 35,000 Grand Total 548,503 The Government returns <^ive the coal outnut for IfiRQ xsi 579 830 !;on3 the estimated value of which is $2,5000,000. 38 SHIPPING. Victoria ^^88 i889 New Westminstfer! ^^^ 740 Nanaimo 242 357 Vancouver ^^* 442 „ '*P 751 Total - — - Tonnage. ^^^^ 2290 ■" 698,511 1,072,6 7 The returns of foreign vessels arriving are as follows: Victoria ^^^8 jggg New Westminster.... ...".' ^®^ 585 Nanaimo^ * 10 Vancouver. . . ' ' " ' 229 373 271 283 TRADE AND COMMERCE followsr^^^^''^'^ °^ '''- '-- «^°- ^^e returns of imports and exports as Exports... SsJ7oLn ^^^^ 1889 Imports . . : : ^If'f' \3,928.077 $4,.334.306 3,047,852 3,509,951 3,763,127 «ho^'llLTows:'^'""°'^^P^^*^^- *^« ^- 1889. by elassificatiou, is The Mines.. ^ ^889 iggg Fisheries . . 852,377,052 $1,889,721 Forest *.'. 993,623 1,163,014 Animals and theii- produce.' .' t^n q«o ^^''^^^ Agricultural -^90,369 315, joj Manufactures ^^'^^^ 37,324 Miscellaneous ^^'^^^ 19,294 22,:j58 1.309 «*.289,859 3^858^ 39 Colum- <> *.i* 1)8 as M BWTlaH COLUMBIA IMPORTS FOR YEAR ENDING 30th JTOE IS89 Of s.oh „Mo,e, ., „, i„ J^great^e™. oap.M. of betag pro^^e.'. Cattle Horses. Sheep. . Swine. ANIMALS. Quanti'y BREADSTCFFS, ETC. Beans 'Bna. Biead and Biscuit .. lbs.* Oats and Product . . Wheat Bran Buckwheat Meal & Flour Oatmeal Rye Flour ..lbs. Wheat Flour Aha.] FRUIT, OREEN. Apples, U.S Bis Cherries, U.S Qts. Peaches, U.S lbs. Plums, U.S Bus. Berries, U.S Ots Grapes, U. S. . N. E. E., U.S .'." I' China 551 241 33816 2819 4470 470527 152317 830 27990 FRUIT, DRIED. Apples, U. S Currants, G. B. u. s. ...;■.".■ ■ Prunes and Plums, G.B. .. U.S „ ", . ri China Simdnes, U.S lbs. II China Fruit, Canned 5029 34149 134815 2333 35153 218367 74760 11760 7390 312 59479 4298 60735 19006 150363 Hops, U. Lime. . . . Malt .Bis. .Bus. 11981 2251 38881 Value. $ 17906 17874 63067 21304 120121 6999 16515 2072 7561 25951 678 4815 3728 114078 182397 15627 4219 5461 4498 2185 8856 3156 268 44270 5246 649 278 72 10284 157 5638 694 7919 30937 1710 2251 28745 Duty. $ c. 3581 90 3574 80 12607 35 4207 08 23971 13 670 49 3303 10 2560 00 1524 23 5190 30 4*? i3 754 49 419 25 13859 68 Value «nd Duty. « c. 21487 90 21448 80 75644 35 25241 08 TOTAL. 2832/ 58 143822 13 7669 49 19818 10 2632 00 9085 23 31141 30 724 13 5569 40 4147 25 127937 58 144092 13 208724 68 210724 70 4367 35 636 75 53 60 5057 70 1495 21 117 60 73 90 2 00 3874 83 42 98 607 35 190 06 3505 17 9909 10 49327 70 6741 21 766 30 351 90 74 00 14158 83 199 98 6245 35 884 06 11424 17 49327 70 40856 10 718 00 2428 00 450 20 2701 20 5832 09 34577 09 40846 10 2428 00 2701 20 34577 09 ■ 40 B. C. IMPORIS— CONTINUBD. PROVISIONS. Butter, U. S. . . . Cheese, G. B. . . ri U. S . . . . II France . . ' Lard Pork, G. B II U. S II China Beef, U. S Mutton, U. S . Poultry, G. B . . . . ' " " M U.S... l" China . . II Meats II II II France c'nd&pre'rdG.B. U.S. Chi. )> Jan. Quanti'y Value. Duty. 224679 435 11982 3 341888 569 729023 527 19240 138759 Sugar. G. B.. .. U.S.. II China. Syrup It G. B... .. U. S. . . 135986 9964 316 42093 1650047 17870 12240 124' i 276228' 44726 133 1925 3 37303 101 78805 67 1132 10775 645 2469 1606 29 334 14187 1426 10 Value and Duty. 195676 1917 98770 592 800 22 8894 8987 24 13 60 359 48 09 6838 07 11 38 14421 07 10 54 192 40 1387 59 129 00 494 00 321 20 5 80 28 24 2719 72 199 00 6 20 36124 52 1302 31 59321 13 474 95 503 25 7 87 5430 45 67039 97 53713 24 146 50 2284 48 3 09 44141 07 112 38 93226 07 77 54 1224 40 12162 40 774 00 2963 00 1927 20 34 80 362 24 16906 72 1625 00 16 20 TOTAL. 482426 80 23 J 800 52 231800 52 TREES, FRUIT. 3219 31 158091 31 1066 95 1303 25 29 87 14324 45 178034 96 Apple Cherry ' Peach ." Pear Plum Other .'.■■■ Currants, etc., G. B... U.S... trrapa and vines 178034 96 Clover & grass s'd, G. B. U.S. 3670 00 IF r ML. C 26 80 i; i * ■> 52 1 96 1 00 00 28 IF 41 B. C. IMPORTS— Continued. Value and Duty. TOTAL. Tobacco unmanufact'ed. Egga Doz VEOETABLKS, Potatoes, U. S bus Tomatoes, U. S » Tomatoes, c'nd, G.B, .lb I. n U.S. . >. .. Chi , . II M Fr Sundries, G. B U. S '.". II China Sundries, including sweet potatoes, Jap. Sundries, including sweet potatoes, U.S 58040 169800 14790 854 4896 52483 5261 50 $ 2218 43 434 45 97 92 1049 66 105 22 1 00 10 50 210 50 1168 40 5 00 2016 00 I c $900040 2» 31875 00 34196 OO 23789 7317 08 7398 43 2217 45 896 92 3259 66 241 22 36 00 52 50 1052 50 5844 40 25 00 10082 00 31106 08 31106 08 XAA t • u^ ' 997217 36 Add freight, say $ 50000 00 Added to this may be considered : • 17000 bbls Manitoba flour @ $5.50 « aonr^n nr. 200000ms Manitoba butter @20cents :.•.•:;:::: ^ S SS 150000 lbs Eastern cheese tVXX^ ^ isooood Easterneggs@25cents::::::::::::::::::::;::::-; jj^jg w„ 1 X I- . $1229217 36 Canada ^ '"'''' *'^'^ *°^ ^'^'^OO pounds of sugar from eastern WAGES. Wages in British Columbia is regulated mainly by unions which are stronir about as follows the nine-hour system being geSlyi™^^^^^^ ^°' ^''°' '^ Stonecutters, stonemasons and bricklayers. ... $4 to «.'^ Their laborers ^ i "-V V "iA j*^ Plasterers £'flJf?n^^'^."'^ Carpenters and joiners ■;.■;.•. i^' lo to $3 75 ^^' ^^ Ship carpenters and caulkers $5 to'^K " " Cabinet makers and upholsterers....... *,'.'.'.*.'." '^3 to $4 " " Shoemakers'. ■.■.;■.■.■.;■. ■.■.■.;; *^ftSJ°ft " •' Tailors . .^Z to ^6 . „ TaiWsses .$3.50 to $3 „ „ Bakers, with board and lodgine Hk^l,. " Tu Butchers (cutters) .« . ^.•.•.■.•.•.•.•.•.•.$75 to $fS ^T Zlt CigarmakCTB ! JK.'knf'l'' """j"" 42 Printers ... ak x ^ ^,. Wagon-makers *'^"*^ *° ^^iL^"*^ Per 1000 ems Tinsmiths, plumbers and gasfitteM ." fJ^n In 11 ^^^ ^^^ 'Longshoremen 83.50 to $4 per day FVsmale domestic' servants. ■.■.■.".*;. kVo'tn ^9^^^ ^^' ^°^^ Milhnen . *^" *o ^25 per month Farm Hands ".■.■.■.■.'.■.■.■. Wok" 'tniii{ ' '^^-''^ \Z^^ ^^'^ ^*y !!?^ to $30 per month and board PRICES OF PRODUCE. sents^h'e ave'rlSrielS^^^^ ^"^ ^'^^^^"-^ ^-- '- ' ' • --nd renre: ?f supply. To''thr;zai p^rirs 25rso'° ''"'"^".-' - --"s instances may be added for the retail Zrket PrFf ''"*•, ■"''«' '" ««>"« and sometimes lower, varvine with /k.! =/ ? ""^^ ^''^ "^^^^^ inwch higher "'''teoe's " ^"^«^"S^to be ard^^^^^^^ ^'^'^ ^^'"-J. but a fair ye^ly Oats. . ..■.■■. $20 per ton Barley.... $22 „ „ Wheat • $22 „ „ Butter .■.■.■; $30 „ „ Eggs ". ■ ' 25 cents per lb Peas ' 25 cents per doz Hay ^^^ P®'' *"n Cheese ' " $15 per ton Nectarines ^^^ cents per lb Pears (same as peaches Peaches. . ..'.'. • $1.25 a box Grapes "..'.'.'.'.'.',". *^-^ P®'" 20-lb box Strawberries ' /_ ^ cents per lb Raspberries ] ^ " m n Cherries * ' 8 „ „ „ Plums ^ " " " Prunes I\ 5 „ „ „ Fish ^ " ir II Chickens 8 ,, „ „ Ducks f ^ P^^' dozen Apples •• $9 I, „ Onions -■........ ^^^ *° ^^"^^ P^^ 501b Cabbage $05 per ton Peas and Beans $'^'' n n Tomatoes 6 cents per lb Cauliflower .........'.'.'.,', * ^^-^^ per 251bs Turkeys ^' P^"" dozen Geese $3.50 per pair l»0 Kfi • $-4.00 per pair PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM otheJSrCL:tS:r^^^^^^^^^ probaMy. to any Ontario The main difference consists in ?hpfn l^uK^^^' '^'"^ ^^ *hat of under the direct control of tL Go™ent H *^^*. '^^ t^e schools are provided for by a direct vote of thrProWnllt J^'^t^nance of which is non-sectarian, with uniform text LksSl^^^ .^^'y ^'^ ^ee. and have a local control in the appointment of T t"'^"^ ^^ *^« P^^P^^ schools, but all accounts are paid dl??ct bv1^L°^T^*'^^'?^''« ^""^ conduct 'of which IS under supervision of I uSZrLfX ^"P.^',^'"^"* of Education, llZ^r^ ^' ^*^™^^ ^here there ar^«Lnp„pns^X*l"''f^- ^^^""^ ^^'«- tees three m rural and six in city d strict?^ TV, ""^ool age, and trus- f\t;'S «-Vr-d and third d^s.^'Squtin. I'^^lL^Vl^'^^T.^'l. °' irom the Department. High schools may le fo^ed in ly St? upon JEe !l 43 Srti?rihp!?^fn"^:?^ ^"'"'*.'^?"'"*^'^ °^ P"P"« ^ *he entrance examina- InT^^fT- ^ , ','"^'"r'°" ,*° *^« «'^"^«- ^»« third of the cost of mainten- erT^lnW '"^r^" w*""'"," ^'^ ^^" "*'^*' '" ^^hich they are located. Teach- IrJfjj' '""'^^^nifeniaJe, range from $50 to $100 per month, according to grade. Universal suffrage for the election of trustees prevails. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT. rrir,J^^ m»nicipal code is very much similar to that in vogue in other pro- Snp'nT . ?'^ ^^ '"'* t''^^ conditions. The cities are each governed^ independent charters, which vary somewhat in their provisions. The people formldTnt f ^'*^ inay when there is a population of 30 males or over^ ™if^,- f '^T"''P'']-*y ^"^^ the purpose of managing local affairs. The un- organised districts are directly under the control of the Government. yr^cJ y''.°^'"«« h*8^a Legislature controlling its own affairs with thirty-one Tn FvT„&T '''^'' Tr '■"'""i'y '''^^''^^' ^ Lieutenant-Governor? and n^l!„ tL ^°""'''^ ?^ ^^^ members, complete the Governmental parapher- naha. There are seventeen electoral districts. One year's residence in t^e Province and registration are the qualifications for exercising the franchise. PUBLIC ORDER Is most exemplary. In very few respects does British Columbia partake of the character o the '' Wild West. » While legislation is norpuritanLally restrictive, there is at the same time little disorder and less crime "^^''^''^y Outside of the crimes (mostly petty) incident to a large Indian and Chinese population, no Province stands s6 well as this. Ther? are excellent facilities for enjoying all the social, educational, religous, political and other advantages, peculiar to a high state of civilization. P"""cai ana otner COST OF LIVING. Board varies from $4.50 to $10.00 per week according to the class of boarding house or hotel. The general cost of living is enhance? about twentJ five per cent, as compared with that of the east. twenty PRICE OF LAND, LOTS, ETC. The replies elsewhere give and idea of the price of farm lands in the Province general y. Acre property in the vicinity of Vancouver, Westmhister TJJr^ T- '".'*^J f ^°' "l^"^?* S^''^^"^' ^*» ^^ °bte»^«d from $50 to^y per acre and is steadily on the rise. ^^ +o «.S^ ^°*/' f ^^o^.^i^g ^ nearness to the business centres, range from $2 ' down ?),f r .*• -F^^P^^^^, ^ *^ *.h« price of real estate along the Soun^ ^d •down the Coast, city property is still very low. ^ "u »ua LAND RETURNS. 1882. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. S^H^Pf °" /•^''°''*^" 72 200 308 345 311 303 548 496 Certificates of improvement.. 29 60 77 82 69 ms n? Certificates of purchase 201 328 604 305 369 361 355 587 Crown grants 129 374 406 306 374 320 332 481 Total acreage deeded : 23,609, 54,637, 146,197. Acreage leased for timber cutting: 128,811,50.472. Acreage covered by coal prospecting license. TIMBER, LUMBER, ETC. The trees of the forest are:-the Douglas fir, spruce, white pine hemlock Cottonwood, maple, vew. orhutua ^h^rr" -p-l-r 4.^~-,'-\- i^ ' '^®"'i°*'*» but the principayare the Douglas" foand^'c^frV^^^^^ Bize. There is between 50,000,000,000 and 100,000,SS,^ feet of cE 44 timber already in sight in the explored reKions Government returns regarding this industfy i-\ The following is the latest GOVERNMENT TIMBER RETURNS. MILLS. LOCALITY. Moodyville Saw Mill To /« i t , °^"^^ capacity. Hastings Saw MiU Co ^^vl''"'^ ^"'"*- > " " • • ^05,000 feet. Royal gjty pianSg^Miiia.- .' : ; ; ; ; ; '''''T'' ^'Z " Royal City Mills /v„ \xt \ ■ 30,000 „ Leamv & kyle (^ew Westminster.). . 110.000 „ W. riiSayward Vancouver 50,000 „ Wm. Sutton. .Victoria 40,000 „ J. Martin & Son nV * ' uw' • *f ' ' V^■• ' " ^^'^ " Haslam & Lees ^ W estmmster Dis. . 25,000 „ Ross & McLaren Lumber Co' " K«w w T? •. '^^'^ " Knight Bros. ^^"^^^ ^o- • -New Westmmster. . . 200,000 „ Shuswap Milling Co " v i ^^'^^ " MuirBros. ^ /*/« 32,000 „ Brunette Saw Mill Co k'.'^iw.' " 1 ^^,000 „ Fader Bros New Westminster .... 30,000 „ t T> iivnr ,, CBWUIU8 Cariboo 20,000 7,000 J. B. Nason Indians » i„„.. t> ' '""^ Cunningham & Co. pJ^}V • ^^ ^'^ " G. WiUiscroft. Port Essnigton 80,000 „ Indians, ^?''g«*.of 12,000 „ Vancouver Lumber Co -Kmcahth 3,000 „ Victoria Lumber Co Vancouver 35,000 „ North Pacific Lumber Co • Chemainus 50,000 „ G. F. Slater Wouver 100,000 „ Vancouver 30,000 „ Aggregate daily capacity j '^ TIDAL RANGES. 000 feet. Rise of high water- Average rise. 7.6 8.1 feet 14.5 16.2 10.7 11.6 9.74 10.1 7.6 8.1 4.4 4.8 Victoria . . Annual, spring, Port Simpson. ..'.'.'.'.'..'. ,?• J ^®«*> Nanaimo " y-^ Vancouver . \^-^ Port Town«end! ; ." ' ^J?^ San Francisco [[', ^'^ o. ^ MINING RETURNS. About 4.500.000 tons of coal have been mined since the year 1874. SEALING. Following canned salmon, the important item tei'Uf' T^^ of fisheries, was the^xp*ort of 3 »^45,000. The sealing industry is centered at Vict of ships annually market their catch of ap«.l Vi„+ • l j"-° " in the exports for 1889 .000 seal sKins, valued at been are both fur and hair seals, ™- „v. J x„3,. jrear, over nail ot whom were Indians Tn !?^.?°°.^".T"«d Jn Victoria, guite a number of Unrt!.^"'s.„S. vhoii u-tttwi there. There are both fur anrl »,»;.. „„„i- - m- in addition to the ships mar&isi- irf-'^«Sfi«(iis«i?r»«,at*w*^«BV™- 46 , 'MINING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. By Andrew C. Lawaon, Ph< D. Ab a mining country, British Columbia is known to commerce and the Siiocesa in eastern world chiefly for its placer gold and for the coal of Vancouver Island. *^^ P«"* The success which has attended these two kinds of mining in the thinly popu- lated and undeveloped condition of the country in the past, is but an earnest of the greater success which awaits the future exploitation not only of gold and coal but of the majority of the mineral substances of value to mau. The history of the Province, since attention was first drawn to it by the gold ex- citement of thirty years ago, shews that nearly all the exploration to which the country has been suDJected, up to within very recent years, has had for its object the finding of placer gold. Other mineral deposits have been ignored and pussed by as of little account, and it is only within the past five years, since the realization in fact of the vigorous railway policy of the Do- minion Government that there has come into existence in the Province a class of prospectors and explorers who appreciate the value and importance of minerals other than the gold of the placers. This new movement in the ex- The new ploration of the country has very naturally set in from the south, and may movement properly be regarded as the advance guard of the army of hardy pioneers which *" mJnlnjc has already won its tribute from the Oordilleran ranges of Nevada, Idaho and Montana, and now puslies northward into Kootenay, Okauagan and Nicola, *• iger for fresh conquests. Placer mining as it has been carried on in the past, cliiefly by the cradle Decline in and the shovel, is steadily shrinking in importance not only relatively to P'acer other kinds of mining, but absolutely. This fact comes out clearly from a """"'"S^ review of the figures for the yield for any series of years. The placers of the Province have yielded in all gold to the amount of $54,697,727 since they were first worked in 1858 to the close of 1889. The maximum yield was in the feverish days of '63, for which year it approximated four millions of dollars. Since that date the annual winnings from the gravels have steadily diminished. The yield by decades for the last 30 years is as follows: — Yield, 1859-69 , $27,983,106 M 1869-79 16,332,731 1879-89 8,061,818 The yield for the last year was only about half a million of dollars and is Openings for the lowest yield yet recorded. To those unacquainted with the condition of b.vdraulic the country these figures would seem to indicate an exhaustion of the placer '"'"'"*^ deposits. But this is far from being the case. The mining of the last 30 years has been almost entirely the manual labor of individual miners, whose only capital was their " grub-stake " and whose plant consisted of a shovel and a cradle or half a dozen of sluice boxes. This mechod of working is only applicable to an extremely limited portion of the auriferous gravels which form the banks of the Fraser and other gold-yielding streams of the Province. The ground which has been actually mined forms but a small fraction of a per cent, of the gravel vi'hich it would probably pay to move by modern hydraulic appliances. It is noteworthy of the times that concomitant with the decline in the importance of placer mining in the small way by individuals and the increasing interest which is being manifested in other kinds of mining, there is considerable inquiry being made as to the possibilities of work- ing auriferous bench lands on the large scale by hydraulic processes. There can be little doubt that there is a large and safe field for the investment of capital in this direction, and once this class of mining is fairly inaugurated it is entirely probable that the yield from the placers will far outweigh the results which have been achieved by the enterprising but slow and costly pro- cess of the past. Another feature of the wane of the placers as hitherto worked, is that Search for the attention of prospectors is being drawn more and more to the sources origin of ■ piacer *For detailed and more extended information, the Annual Reports of the Minister of mining Mines for the Prnvinoe and the vajiniis pijhlit-ntinns: r-.f the Pominion Geologicnl Sufvcv -jlouid be consulted. Much of the information contained in the present brief sketch is drawn from these sources. -r V 1: 46 from which the gold now founJ in the gravel, was originally minecl A^ praTen7?he enquirj is directed chiefly to quartz ^en^B and ,b charac cri«tic o the well known placer mining districts of Cariboo and ^^1^«"«'- . JVoll of the all imorobable. however, that this is only one of the sources of the gold of the D lacTrs and thit the conglomerates of the oMer geological f..nnation8 wdl, tcar"fUlyprospecte,aw $ 428,466 «., VT- The new prospecting and mining movement which has been referred to 'S" kJo- as setUngT^ from the^South of the Province is at present most active m the tenay. Rootenay district and has already resulted in the discovery of a great n um- ber of veins of lead-silver or copper- nlver ores, many of which are undoubted- ly rich and will yield large profits when mined. Mining properly speaking can scarcely be said to have begun yet in the district except in a few cases owing to the difficulties of transport which ha.e hitherto existed ProsDecting. however, has been very active and many of the leads Tre well stripped and opened into: so that with the increased ship- ping facilities which have been established this year on the Arrow Lakes and the stretch of railway now under construction between hproats Landing and Nelson, it is confidently anticipated that r.ext year will see extensive mining operations and heavy shipments of me. The prin- cipal mi--aing camps in the Kootenay district are Toad Monntam where copper-silver ores prevail ; Hot Sprinys on Kootenay lake where the dominant ore is argentiferous g-xlena, with native silver ; i/e^^^ry^, also on Kootenay lake, and Ilkcikimct on the Canadian Pacific Rail.vay, tiie ore at the la^t named oamp being also chiefly a ga ena ore. A I these camps are with the -.w transport facilities tributary to Revel- stoke on the Canadian Pacific Railway. This fact is generally recog- niSd and has resulted in the establishment of a well equipped Smelt- ine Works at this centre, at which a thriving young town is bcmg built UP and is already commanding considerable attention as bemg prospectively one of the largest distributing, trading and manufacttring pointii oi the in- terior Nelson on Kootenay lake is another mining town which has sprung into existence on Kootenay lake and bids fair with the development of the mmes to grow to a place of importance. Ii n The most important deposits of iron ore at present known in British Co- lumbia are on the coast. Good qualities of magnette occur at various places on Texada Island, and at one of these, on the southwest side of the islands Ihe ore ha^ been mmed and shipped to Irondale on Puget Sound where on being mixed with a local bog ore, it is smelted by the Puget Sound Iron Co The close proximity of these deposits to the coal of Vancouver Island affords an invitini opening for the establishment of smeltmg works at Nanaimo or Comox Other considerable deposits of iron ore on the coast are at Sooke on I V ined. At teristic of is not at ;old of the tioiiB will, in gold to :it prcBent [)R 1889. ,542 ,150 ,0()0 ,200 ,910 ,700 ,300 ,364 1,500 ;,800 !,466 •eferred to ctive in the ijreat num- undmibted- y speaking ii few cases ;o existed. the leads eased ship- rrow Lakes n Sproat's t year will The prin- itain where where the ryx, also on iil>vay, the ore. All to Revel- •ally recog- iped Sinelt- bcing built rospactively its of the in- 5 sprung into of the mines British Co- riou3 places the islands 1, where on id Iron Co. land affords Nanaimo or at Sooke on i \ the vicinity „f Ho,,o^.^rSZ" rtl"rTR'v i^^h"^■• 'T" '?"'"' '" Ilkoilew«eta„,lKooten»yl'Z "^ "'°'"'°''"'"°"' I""-"™l«'-ly »t FioM, be. J'-lbt'The-Lr' SZZ Ye 'X^ tS7 '"^f ^"""'^ "" ""'"- .n/ever .i„oe,%„rS„gT on'The'rhefSVZli"^ and has steadily grown in imnort™™ tin If i ' •!*' '" '""" ""'"gs eonsiderable prjpoftio™ Zrr^^^Z^l'lTch'iJll'to^^T'r'''- °' Coal mining i, confined entirely at l.resent to the ea,t .^1/1^'"™- ver Island, the measures from which (he coal ii w™ k' . °' ^"i":""- theCretaceouswhichforrasanarrow«ri„ ,1 II '"? " formation of disturbed co„ditioilthrolderroXTl,^S*'"' f°°? '^'"S '" » "'tie (aeeot400orS00fUo„ araverai and LT " '■* '^io^ft'^'om the sur- mo, Wellington and c7mox, bT c"ai wTlf uKXdf:"bTfo,r! ?* ^="^•^^■ quantity and quality in many other poSnrof thS last an/ tL '" ^W^ ;rcrg\rtTKeTnti^^^^^^ be"weil"rewa;ded "' "^^"'*'" '" ^""'"^^^^^ P^^^^P^^^ ^^uld VoKi; \ ' f\ / \ ; Alphabetical Index. / .A. Airrlcaltural Retsurcei 8 Ajrasslz 16 Albernl Ya'.n^ Ald^rgrove 28 Aceaa 16-20.00 Awessinent oo Brltiih Columbia, m It wm... 4 Brewing n Bees !."!.'!oo Burton's Prairie js Blaclt River District [aS a Cache Creek in C.P.R., its effects !...;". 4 " time table . . I^aclc cover Climate, influences a " record 15-20 Condensed Milic ]2 Canning "12 Conditions .' 14 Crop Yields is'-'io Cowichan 17 J^'rf,?'"^. ■; .■.■.5; 15.20 Chilli whaclt 17..28 Cedar ; .'. _ ^i Comox 31 ^°f} ■■ 3i;37V47 Chilcotin 33 Columbia Valley '. 34 Cost of living ...4:i Development, needs of . .11, 15.20 |^»fy'"ff- 12 Delta, land 9 " municipality ........... 29 Experimental Farm . . , 28 Esquiraalt , ''•J^j Eartheaware '..'!.'.'.'!.'! 14 ^^ Farming, B .C . as a con ntry f or . . 6 " advantages on " imports 39-41 Fraser valley 27.29 Fish, kinds ' 12 " oils J 2 " hatchery.... ;;;;;. ■;.■.■;;; 12 . deepsea ^g «'»t<^h 30 returns 36-37 Flour, Valley Mills !.'."... 13 " imports '""41 Flax .■.■.■■"00 Flora, native 11, i:.20 Fruit, prospects q kinds is'.M a- Grass, Bunch 9 n"u H",*^^:; ''■.i5.26 Graham Island 32 Gabriola .'.!.'! 31 Government kind .43 " Returns .' .' .'44 Health Resort, aa a. . , g ""!'» IsVifi'.'ii Hope _ ig Harrison Hot Springa ! 27 Horse Fly County .' ."33 I-T Industrial tjo83ibilltie8. 12.14-16.20 . Juto Worke 14 ' Indian!*