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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Un dee symboles suivants apparaitra sur la derniAre image de cheque microfiche, selon le caa: le symbols —^ signlfie "A SUIVRE", le symbols V signifie "FIN ". Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre filmte d dee taux de rMuction diff Arents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, ii est filmi d partir de I'angia supArieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut 9n bes, en prenant le nombre d'imagas nAcessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mithode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 .:-V - ' \, yk. r A SUMMAKY OF CANADIAN HISTORY: FQOM THE f ime of €urtttr*« giscokrg to ilje ^xmtd gag^ WITH C)^^ i. -.' ■ ■. •- 1 .<"-' ¥■ Jr ^- I PEEFACE. Many histories of Canada have been written, but there is not one which, while comprehending in brief space the story of our three historic centuries, is not either confused and fragmentary in arrange- ment, or disfigured by gross blunders ; while some are remarkable for a union of both defects. To supply a deficiency, therefor^, the present little summary has been written. It aims at giving, in small compass, a full as well as accurate and con- nected relation of the chief incidents pertaining to Canadian History, from the time of Cartier's dis- covery to the present day. Many omissions have been supplied, many superfluities retrenched, many errors corrected, which deform popular text-books on this subject. The general arrangement adopted is that which has been naturally suggested by the progress of events. The questions appended to each chapter will be found available in the school- room. It is hoped that a book has thus been pro- duced which will mainly serve for the instruction of Canadian youth in their country's history, and may be useful also as a manual of reference to all classes of readers. Toronto, August^ 1860. yy, ■ COITTEKTS PART I.— CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. OnAPTEE PAOB I. — From the Discovery of Canada to the Founding OF Quebec, T II. — From the Founding of Quebec to the Death op Champlain, 15 III. — From the Death of Champlain to the Erection OF Canada into a Royal Government, . . 23 IV.— From the Erection of Canada into a Royal Government to the Overthrow of French Dominion, 30 PART XL— CANADA UNDER THE BRITISH. I. — ^From the Overthrow of French Dominion to the Division of the Province into Upper and Lower Canada, 57 II. — ^From the Division of the Province to its Re- union UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT, 69 III. — From the Re-union of the Canadas to the Present Time, Ill ■' » , SUMMARY Of « OAITADIAE" IIISTOET. »' • Part I.— CANADA UNDER THE FRENCH. CHAPTER I. FROM THE DISCOVEUT OP CANADA TO THE FOUNDING OF QUEBEa— EARLY VOYAGES. I. — Our Continent was discovered by John and Se- bastian Cabot^ who, sailing from Bristol under the pa- tronage of Henry VH. of England, landed on the Lab- rador coast in June, 1497, seventeen months before Co- lumbus reached the mainland of tropical America. In 1524, Verrazzano, a Florentine navigator in the employ- ment of Francis I. of France, sailed along the Atlantic seaboard from Florida to Capo Breton, and appropriated the whole in iho name of his master under the title of " la Nouvelle France." Ten years after this, Captain Jacques Quartier, (or, more commonly, Cartier,) made his first voyage from St. Malo, in France, to the New World, and explored the north-eastern and western coasts of Newfoundland, (previously discovered by the Cabots.) He then proceeded to the mainland, entered the Miramichi river, sailed on to a large and picturesque bay, which ,;a3 called ^' Golfo de Chaleur," by reason of the unwonted heat there experienced, and after run- ning along the Gaspe' coast, erected a cross bearing the 8 BUMMAKY OF CANADIAN IIISTOnT. inscription, " Vivo lo roy do Frnnco." Unving thus taken j)()ssossion of tho country for Frarcis I., Cartier returned home. DISCOYERY OF CANADA. II. — Cartier, commissioned by tho Ivinjr, pct out with three ships and 110 men on his second voyaj^e, in AEay, 1535, when ho was destined to discover Canada. Ilis little fleet cn«t anchor in a small hay on the Labrador coast, on the 10th of August, and this day being dedi- cated to St. Lawrence, tho voyagers styled their placo of harbourage " la Bayo St. Laurent." This namo was afterwards transferred to the great river of Canada, and to the oceanic gulf into which it empties. Cartier next discovered the island of Anticosti, which he named " Assomption," and, sailing to tho west, ho entered tho river St. Lawrence, which was greeted as tho long- sought path to China and tho East Indies. Tho wish to realize this single object dictated all tho early voy- ages to America, and therefore, hopeful of success. Car- tier pressed on till ho reached tho mouth of tho Sague- nay. Hero ho found several bands of Indians engaged in catching porpoises and other sea-fish, and was inform- ed that tho country of Canada lay beyond. Along the whole course of the river, the Commander discovered and named numerous islands, and among tho rest. Isle aux Coudrcs, (from the abundance of fdherts it pro- duced,) and Isle do Bacchus, (from here having first seen grape vines,) now called the Island of Orleans. Having reached this point, Cartier was visited on tho Tth of September, by Donnacona, Lord of Canada, so-called, who received the French in a most friendly manner. The vessels were moored in the St. Charles, (then named " Sainte Croix,") in close proximity to tho resi- dence of Donnacona, wliicli was in a village called Sta- DISCOVERT OF CANADA. dacon6, built upon the sito of the lower toWn of Que- bjeo. Many visits and presents were interchanged be- tween the strangers and the natives, and at the request of the Chief, Oartier discharged 12 pieces of artillery, now first heard by the amazed Indians. III. — The name Canada was understood and used by Oartier as applying simply to the country adjacent to Stadacon6, under the authority of Donnacona. But it is very probable that his use of the Indian terra arose from a misapprehension of the savages' meaning. The Indians signified by this word any town, or village, or collection of huts, whereas Cartier supposed it to be said of the district. It is uncertain at what time " Can- ada " began to be used in its present extended «onse. IV. — Notwithstanding the endeavours of the In- dians to prevent Cartier from penetrating farther into the country, he set forth (September 19) in two boats and a pinnace, bound for Ilochelaga, a settlement high- er up than the river. This place he reached after some danger and difficulty, (October 2,) and was hospitably entertained, according to custom, by the inhabitants. Hochelaga was a rudely-fortified Indian town, consist- ing of about fifty houses, sheltered by a beautiful moun- tain, which so delighted Cartier that he called it " Mont Koyal," a name yet preserved in the corrupt form Montreal, assigned to the city at its base. After gain- ing some information respecting the country, he return- ed to his station at Sainte Croix, (October 11,) where he determined to winter. Unprepared to withstand the severity of the climate, and unprovided with proper food, scurvy broke out among his men, and cut off 26 of their number before its ravages could be stopped. On May 3, Cartier erected a cross, 35 feet high, with a shield bearing the arms of France, and the words : — "Franciscus primus, Dei gratia Fraucorum rex, reg- 10 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY, 1% nat." He seems to have doubted as to the friendliness of the natives ; this suspicion, however, cannot excul- l>ato him from tlie charge of treachery in seizing Don- nacona and four of his Chiefs, and setting sail for France with the captives on board. This occurred three days after he had taken formal possession of his discoveries ; the unfortunate Indians died soon after their arrival in Europe. After touching at the northern point of Cape Breton, and sailing along the southern coasts of Newfoundland (thus completing his circumnavigation of the island), Cartier arrived at St. Malo, on July IG, 1536. VOYAGES OF CARTIER, ROBERVAL, AND DE LA ROCHE. Y.— The attention of the French King was awakened by Cartier's narration of his adventures, and by sundry interviews with the Indian Chiefs, and he nominated Jean Francois de la Rocque, Lord of Roberval, Viceroy in the countries of Canada, Hochelaga, and Saguenay, and Cartier was subordinated to him as Captain-Gener- al and Master-Pilot. Five ships were prepared at St. Malo, and as Roberval was unable to accompany Car- tier at the time appointed, the latter, a third time in command, sailed forth, on May 24, 1541, to resume his explorations. Delayed by tempestuous weather, the expedition did not arrive at Ste. Croix till the end of August. Cartier told the Indians of Donuacona's death in France, and then moved a few leagues up the St. Lawrence to a more convenient harbour, now known as Cap-Rouge. Here he laid up three of his ships, and dispatched the others to France, to inquire respecting Rob'^rval. He built a small fort in the vicinity of his ships, and another on the top of the overhanging cliflP, and named the place Charlesbourg Royal. In the neigh- bourhood were found minerals resembling gold and sil- VOYAGES OF OARTIEE, ROBERVAL, AND DE LA ROCHE. 11 ver, besides abundance of so-called diamonds, which afterwards gave name to the bold promontory, Cape Diamond. Oartier spent the autumn in exploring the river above Hochelaga, under the belief that a district said to be rich in minerals and precious stones, could be gained by this route. On the approach of winter, he returned to Fort Charlesbourg Royal. An attack was anticipated from the Indians, whose dislike for the French was daily increasing. Nevertheless, spring came without any bloodshed on either side, and Oartier, despairing of effecting any satisfactory result without Roberval, upon whom he depended for muni- tions and stores, resolved to return. YI. — On his hcrnoward voyage, he put into the har- bour of St. John, Newfoundland, where he found Rob- erval with three vessels. These contained 200 souls, men, women, and children, thereby showing that it was the intention of the Governor to begin the coloniza- tion of the country. Roberval desired him to return, but for unexplained reasons, Oartier declined, and to prevent any dispute, the latter weighed anchor during the night, and continued his course. The discoverer of Oanada died soon after his return to France ; to his heirs was granted the exclusive privilege of Canadian trade for twelve years, which, however, was revoked four months after its bestowal. YIT. — Roberval, seemingly not discouraged by los- ing the experienced Oartier, prosecuted his voyage up the St. Lawrence as far as the commodious harbour of Oap-Rouge, where he disembarked. He repaired the partially-ruined forts which Oartier had thrown up eighteen months before, and occupied them during the winter. Justice was administered by him strictly : it is recorded that one Frenchman was hanged for com- mitting theft, and that several were thrown into irons, 12 SrMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. r or publicly whipped on account of other misdemeanours. The scurvy attacked his settlement, and about fifty died from its effects. In the spring, he set out with a select party to explore the Saguenay district, but after losing a boat and eight men, he was obliged to return. The same year he sailed back to France. Being engaged in the wars between Francis I. and Charles V., Roberval took no farther interest in Canada, until 1549, when he and his gallant brother, well-accompanied, embarked for th€ New World. But the whole expedition perished at sea, and every hope of an establishment in America was abandoned for nearly fifty years. , , VIII. — Henry lY. having at length consolidated France, which had been rent asunder by civil and reli- gious wars, gave to the Marquis de la Roche authority, as Lieutenant-General, to form a settlement in his trans- atlantic possessions. This nobleman accordingly gath- ered together a numerous body of settlers, partly drawn from French prisons, and embarked in 1598. Little is known of his proceedings save that before returning he landed fifty convicts to colonize Sable Island, a sterile sand-bank off the Nova Scotian coast. Seven years afterwards, twelve of these were found living, and be- ing'^brought back to France, were pardoned and provid- ed for by the King. ESTABLISHMENT OF TRADING-POSTS. IX. — The fur-trade of Canada had begun to attract attention in the commercial emporiums of France. Merchants of Dieppe, Rochelle, Rouen, and St. Malo, were gradually establishing temporary trading-posts, chiefly at Tadoussac, near the mouth of the Saguenay. Henry IV. regarded with favour the opening up of such communications, and in 1599, he entered into a contract with two distinguished traders, Pontgrav6 of St. Malo, ESTABLISHMENT 07 TBADING-POSTS. 18 and 0^^ la of Rouen, whereby they engaged to trans- port anc ijettle 500 emigrants in return for a monopoly of the St. Lawrence fur-trade. Captain Ohauvin being appointed Lieutenant-General, made two voyages, brought out sixteen colonists, whom the kindness of the natives afterwards saved from starvation, and died in 1603, leaving, as his memorial, a house built of stone and mortar, the first erected in Canada, of which re- mains were lately to bo seen at Tadoussac. His death put an end to the scheme. ■ ■a X. — Commandeur de Chaste, Governor of Dieppe, was the third Lieutenant-General, and organized a com- pany of merchants for the purposes of trade and dis- covery. He engaged the services of Samuel de Cham- plain, a bold and sagacious naval officer, who had gain- ed a reputation in the West Indies, and with him was conjoined Pontgrav6. These two were sent in com- mand of an expedition to Tadoussac, and instructed, moreover, to ascend the St. Lawrence as far as possible. They accordingly passed Hochelaga, now dwindled into insignificance, but found themselves stopped by the Sault St. Louis, now known as the Lachine Rapids. Here landing, they uade observations on the country and river. "With these Champlain hastened to France, where he learned of De Chaste's death, and the de- rangement of the entire scheme. He explained, howev* er, the results of his investigations to the King, who remained pleased with his diligence and success. XI. — The conduct of the company, together with a monopoly of trade, was now transferred into the hands of Pierre du Guas, Sieur de Monts, whom the King ap- pointed Lieutenant-General of New France, in 1603. De Monts and Champlain turned at first to Nova Sco- tia ; they explored nearly all its coast-line, in 1606 and 1607, and were the founders of the colony of Acadia. 2 14 8UMMAEX OF CANADIAN HI8T0EY. Ohamplain then induced De Monts to direct his atten- tion to Canada. Two vessels were accordingly fitted out and entrusted to Ohamplain and Pontgrav6. The latter remained to foster the fur-trade at Tadoussac ; the former sailed past the island of Orleans, and select- ed a spot at the base of Oape Diamond, called by the natives Quebeio or Quebec,(meaning thereby a strait, or narrow passage,) as suitable for the site of a town. On the 3rd of July, 1608, Ohamplain laid the founda- tion of Quebec, the future capital of Canada. This was the earliest permanent settlement in America with the exception of Jamestown, in Virginia, which was found- ed in the previous year, 1607, by the English Captain Newport. . ^" ^ ^ ■ > > QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER I. - J < U I. Who discovered America? In what year and under v hose patronage was the discovery- made? Where did Verrazzano Bail? What title did he give to his discoveries ? Who sailed after him ? What discoveries did Car- tier make ? II. When was Cartier's second voyage ? What did he discover ? Explain the reason of the name St. Lawrence ? To what was it applied ? What name was given to Anticosti? What was the ob- ject of the early voyages to Amer- ica? Where did Cartier first meet the Indians ? What Islands were named in the river? By whom was Cartier visited in Sep- tember ? Where did the Indian Chief live ? What is now built on its site ? Explain what passed be- tween Cartier and the Indians. III. In what sense was " Cana- da" used by Cartier? Wliat did the Indians mean by the word ? IV. Where did Cartier next go? Describe Hochelaga. Explain tho name Montreal. Where did Car- tter winter? How was the win- ter passed? Describe the cross which was erected. Of what act of treachery was Cartier guilty ? What Island did he circumnavi- gate ? When did he reach home ? v. How was tho King's atten- tion aroused ? Who was the first Governor of Canada? To what posts was Cartier appointed? How many voyages did Cartier make ? How long did ho occupy In the 8rd voyage ? Where were the first forts built in Canada? \Vhat was the place called ? What were found in the neighbour- hood? How was the autumn occupied ? Why did Cartier re- solve to return ? VI. Where did Cartier meet Roberval? IIow many people did Eoberval bring with him ? How did Cartier act ? What was grant- ed to Cartier's heirs ? VII. Where did Eoberval dis- embark? What did he do on landing? Give instances of his severity. How many settlors did he lose, and in what manner? When did he return to Canada? What prevented him from re- turning before? What became of his second expedition ? What effect had the loss upon France ? VIII. Who next received au- thority to form a settlement in Canada? From whom? Whence ALLIANCE WITH THE HUE0N8 AND ALQ0NQUIN8. 15 were his settlers partly drawn? "When did he sail ? Whore did he land a colony, and with what re- sult? IX. What had begun to attract attention t Who established tra- ding-posts ? At what place ? With whom, and when did the King enter into a contract ? Ex- plain the nature of their contract. What was Chauvin's success ? What memorial did lie leave ? X. Who organized a company of merchants ? Whose services did he engage ? Who commanded the expedition? How far did they ascend the St. Lawrence? Wliat did Champlain learn on reaching France ? What did he do notwithstanding? XI. Who was placed at the head of the company ? To what office was he appointed ? Where did he flrst turn? When was Nova Scotia explored? Who founded the Colony of Acadia? To what place was attention next given? Who was sent out to Canada? Where did Pontgravd remain, and for what purpose? What was Chamnlain's object? When was Que Dec founded? What was the first permanent settlement in America? By whom founded? , j/»* i.\>'" i^^K CHAPTER II. PEOM THE FOUNDING OP QUEBEC TO THE DEATH OP CHAMPLAIN. ALLIANCE WITH THE HUEONS AND ALGONQOINS. .i I. — Stadacon6, like Hochelaga, had dwindled away since the arrival of the French, and the few inhabi- tants who remained, lived in great part on the bounty of their European neighbours. In 1609, Champlain as- cended the St. Lawrence and met a band of Algon- quins, a large Indian tribe with w^hom he had formed an alliance at Stadacon6. Their territory stretched along the northern bank of the St. Lawrence, as far as the Ottawa, which was called the river of the Algon- quins. The remainder of Canada to the west, was oc- cupied chiefly by the Hurons, or Wyandots, who were extended from the Algonquin frontier to the great lake which now bears their name. Hochelaga was their chief village, as Stadacon6 w'as that of the Algonquins. These two peoples were united and in constant hostility with the Iroquois, whose country lay to the s6uth of the St. Lawrence, from Lake Erie to the Richelieu,'' which was known as the river of the Iroquois. This 16 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. }\ ii I I r 1 * ; tribe was called by the English the Five Nations, being made up of the Onondagas, the Oayugas, the Senecas, the Mohawks, and the Oneidas, who formed one grand confederacy for offensive and defensive purposes. On the arrival of the French, a hereditary war was raging between the Huron-Algonquins and the Iroquois. It was necessary to take sides with one party or the other to escape the contempt of both ; the French therefore chose those tribes nearest them, while as a natural con- sequence, the Iroquois allied themselves, in subsequent wars, to the English,^ with whose settlements they were conterminous. The Algonquins had guaranteed to Ohamplain a safe passage through the country, pro- vided he agreed to assist them against the fierce and hostile Iroquois. They now called upon him to fulfil his promise, and Ohamplain, fetching a reinforcement from Tadoussac, accompanied them up the Richelieu, which opened into a spacious lake, now known as Lake Ohamplain, after the name of its celebrated explorer. A smaller sheet of water (now Lake George) was next entered, and here they came upon the barricaded en- campment of Iroquois. The allies gained an easy vic- tory, on account of the fire-arms of the French. On his return to Quebec, Ohamplain learned that De Monts' monopoly had been abrogated by the King, in com- pliance with the petitions of numerous French mer- chants, and this action involved his own return to France. IL— De Monts managed to arrange with the traders of Rochelle and other cities, that in compensation for his affording them the use of the buildings at Quebec as a depot, they should assist him in all plans of settle- ment and discovery. He was thus enabled to dispatch Ohamplain to " Nouvelle France," as the country was now called, in 1610, with fresh supplies and reinforce- ALLIANCE WITH THE BUBONS AND ALGONQVINS. 17 ments at his disposal. After a remarkably rapid pas- sage of eighteen days, Ohamplain reached Tadoussac. On arriving at Quebec he again complied with the in- vitation of the Algonquins, and joined in an attack upon the Iroquois, in which the latter were defeated. He shortly afterwards left for France, on hearing of Henry IV.'s assassination, but returned in 1611, to fix upon the place for a new settlement higher up the river than Quebec. This resulted in the choice of a spot adjoining Cartier's Mont Royal, which he cleared, sowed, and enclosed by means of an earthen wall. III. — The colony at Quebec was flourishing exceed- ingly ; the cultivation of the soil had been successful ; the labours of the settlers had been unmolested ; peace and prosperity satisfied the wishes of all. Ohamplain now formed plans with his Algonquin friends for more extensive schemes in the way of discovery and coloni- zation, and therefore returned to France to furnish himself with the necessary resources. De Monts had resigned his appointment, and was succeeded by Count de Soissons, as Viceroy of the country. The latter en- tered into the plans of Ohamplain, whom he constitut- ed his Lieutenant, with the right to exercise all those functions which pertained to himself. But very soon after, the Count died, and the Prince of Cond6 was created Viceroy (1612). He in like manner became the warm supporter of the enterprising Ohamplain, and delegated to him the sam^ powers as those conferred by his former patron. ' Ml^^fii OHAMPLAIN, GOVERNOR OF CANADA, 1612. ■Av. IV. — Ohamplain, as Deputy-Governor, and with the delegated authority of Viceroy, sailed for the col- ony in March, 1613, accompanied by several French merchants. In a previous expedition, Ohamplaia had 2* 18 SUMMAKY OF OANADIAN HIBTOBT. ! I ' •■ t named that part of the river above the St. Louis rapids, La Chine, believing it to lead to China ; he was now induced by the story of a deceitful Frenchman, who had lived among the Indians, to undertake a laborious journey up the Ottawa, nearly as far as Lake Nipis- sing, under the impression that he would thus reach the North Sea, and discover a North-west passage to the East Indies. Having been undeceived by the In- dians, he returned by the same route, and sailed for France to further the interests of the colony. He found no diflQculty in equipping another expedition from Rouen and St. Malo, which came to Quebec in 1615. This had been joined by four fathers of the R6collet order, who were the first priests in Canada. Cbamplain now engaged in a long tour with his Indian allies, — up the Ottawa to Lake Nipissing, and thence to Lake Huron. They next turned to the South, and reached the shores of Lake Ontario, (then first discov- ered,) and subsequently, crossing the St. Lawrence, came upon the main object of their expedition : an Iroquois settlement defended by palisades, which they prepared to storm. Ohamplain, however, was twice wounded in the leg, and the allies were forced to retreat. The Gov- ernor occupied the winter in exploring, and did not reach Tadoussac till the spring of the following year, whereupon he sailed for Honfleur, in September, 1616. V. — ^He found the Prince of Oond6 disgraced and imprisoned, in consequence of his share in the disturb- ^ances during the minority of Louis XIII. After much controversy, it was settled that the Duke of Montmo- rency, Lord High Admiral, should purchase Condi's of- fice of Viceroy for 11,000 crowns. The associated mer- chant company, formed in 1610, was prevented from embarking in further operations by disputes between Rochelle and the other cities. Attempts were also CHAMPLAIN, GOVKENOB OF CANADA. 19 made, but in vain, to degrade Champlain from his high position. At length everything was quieted, and Ohamplain with hia family sailed in 1620, for the land of his adoption. He learned on arriving, that an Indian conspiracy against the French settlers had been sup- pressed by one of the missionaries. The total number of the colonists, notwithstanding all his exertions, amounted to no more than sixty. He found that the various settlements had been neglected, and proceeded to strengthen that at the Three Rivers, by erecting a fort. He was disheartened also by the information, that certain adventurers from Rochelle, in violation of the company's privileges, had bartered for furs with the Indians, heedlessly giving them fire-arms in ex- change. The Recollets were now busied in erecting their first convent on the banks of the St. Charles near Quebec. The first child of French parents was born In Quebec, in 1621. The same year, most unexpected intelligence reached Ohamplain. Montmorency had de- prived the merchants' association of their privileges, and had transferred all colonial trade to the Sieurs de Oaen, uncle and. nephew, of whom the latter was com- ing to assume its personal superintendence. Ohamplain was thus superseded and subjected to the control of an- other. In July, De Oaen arrived at Tadoussac, and act- ed in the most harsh and arbitrary manner, seizing the vessels belonging to the merchants, and disregarding Ohamplain's remonstrances. His violent measures re- duced the colony to forty-eight, the rest returning to France, whither De Oaen soon followed. Ohamplain now managed to effect a temporary treaty of peace be- tween the continually-warring Indians. After this he busied himself in erecting a stone fort named St. Louis, at Quebec, and on its completion he departed to France in search of farther aid. 20 SUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOIiY. VI. — Meanwhile, in tlie mother country, a sort of union had been formed between the old company and the De Oaens, but with so little cordiality on either side, that Montmorency was glad to relieve himself from trouble, by disposing of his viceroy alty to the Duke de Ventadour. The sole object of this energetic religion- ist was to diffuse the Roman Catholic faith in the New World. In 1625, ho added three Jesuits and two lay brothers to the R^collets already in Canada, and laid illiberal restrictions upon Protestant worship. Dissen- sions were now breaking forth again between the Iro- quois and the Algonquins ; Champlain exerted himself to the utmost to avert the threatened hostilities, but in vain, and war recommenced with barbaric fury. VII. — The De Caens were Huguenots, and, withal, more interested in profiting by the fur-trade than in developing the resources of the country. Cardinal Richelieu therefore superseded their consolidated com- pany by another, known as the Company of One Hun- dred Associates, to which a charter was granted in 1627. This company undertook to send out a largo body of settlers, and to provide them with all requisites for three years, after which time land, with enough corn for seed, was to be given them ; the colonists were to be Roman Catholic Frenchmen ; and, moreover, to each settlement, three priests were to be allotted, who should bo cared for during fifteen years, after which, glebes were to be assigned to them sufficient for their support. In return, the King made over to the com- pany the fort and settlement at Quebec, and all New France, with power to appoint judges, confer titles, and generally to administer the Government. It received a monopoly of the fur- trade and other branches of com- merce, the cod- and whale-fisheries excepted, which were reserved for the benefit of all subjects. The OlIAMPLAIN, GOVERNOR OF CANADA. viceroyalty was now suspended, and Champlaia was oppointed Governor of the colony. VIII. — Richelieu's famous scheme was interrupted by the brcakin^f out of a war between France and England. Sir David Kcrtk, (Anglice Kirk,) a French Calvinist refugee in the British service, was commis- sioned in 1028, by Charles I., to conquer Canada. He intercepted some of the company's ships, burned the village at Tadoussac, and then summoned Quebec to surrender. Champlain refused, and Kirk retreated for the time being. In 1029 his brothers Louis and Thomas Kirk, with a squadron of three ships, sent by him, ap- peared before Quebec, in which place both provisions and ammunition were well-nigh exhausted. On their proffer of honourable conditions, Champlain felt himself justified in surrendering Quebec and all Canada into the hands of the English. The settlers (at this time not much outnumbering one hundred souls) who wished to remain were allowed so to do ; those who preferred to go were permitted to retain arms, clothes, and baggage, and were provided with a passage to France. Cliamplain hasten- ed home, and so influenced the cabinet of Louis XIII. that the restoration of Canada was stipulated for in the articles of peace which were being negotiated between the two powers. The peace of St. Germain-en-Laye was signed on 29tli March, 1032, whereby New France was handed back to the mother country. IX. — It will not be deemed extraordinary that both England and France regarded with indifference the loss or acquisition of Canada at this time, since the only settlements were comprised in a fort, barracks, and some houses at Quebec, with a few fishing- and trading- huts at Tadoussac, Montreal, and Three Elvers. The year of the peace, two Jesuits came in a ship of their own to the work of evangelizing Canada, of whom Paul 22 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN BI8T0BY. le Jouno has boon styled *' tlio fatlicr of Jesuit missions." Richelieirs company was now ro-invested with its priv- ileges, and Cham plain again appointed to his former office as Governor. In 1083, a fleet was pre!>ared, whicli carried out more property than at that time ex- isted in the colony.^ Prosperity was in some measure checked by restrictions laid upon professors of the re- formed religion, ever the most enterprising colonizers ; while Roman Catholicism was more firmly established by the erection of religious and educational institutions, under the control of the Jesuits. Schools for child- ren were opened in Quebec, by Father Laleraant. A son of the Marquis de Gamache, Ren6 de Rohault, who had joined the Jesuits, founded a college at Quebec for the education of youth, and also an Indian school, to- wards the close of 1035. X.— On December 25, 1635, Champlain died at Quebec. His remains were interred in the settlement he had founded. Ilis nai ic stands in the annals of our country, equally illustiious with that of the discoverer, Cartier, as the one man who gave success and perma- nence to French colonization. He identified himself with the progress of Canada for nearly thirty years, and by his untiring enerj^y and perseverance, overcame the apathy of French courtiers and French merchants, more eager to enrich themselves than to disseminate the blessings of civilization and Christianity. QUESTIONS TO CIIAPTEE 11. I. "What places had dwindled away slnco the arrival of tho French? What did Champlain dotiu if'Oy? Name tho principal I-idii'Of. bcsiuCanado. Where "Wiij !>:>!-! A'/r. ,Guin < nintry sit- ustfd? f«;uiie their irver. Give tL? limifti ?»f the Hui- mis. Name the hief villages of both. What nations were always at war ? Give tho Iroquois boundaries. What did tho English call this nation, and why? With what party did the French side ? What was the arrangement between Champlain and the Alponquins ? Where did ho accompany them ? For what purpose? What did Champlain learn on his return? II. Wiiat arrangement did Do OnAMPLAIN, aOVERNOR OP CANADA. Montfl nmko ? "What wa- Tanoda nowcullody Whiitwoath. b^ngth of his pasango in KUO? Wlmt difl ho do on ttrrivingy Wl re was tho i)laco for a new sei cnJcnt chosen ? In wlmt yciir ? III. What wna the c( -litlon of thinjm at Quobcc? What plans dirt Ohamplain now form ? vVlf) succeeded Do Monts? Who fol lowed htm? How W!,W . gw. wW't ' yiigw^Mit ' w w iwiw i a www JEA.N DE LA.USON, GOVERNOB. 27 picions of the other- four Iroquois tribes, and 400 Mo- hawks in consequence attempted to intercept the party of French ; they only succeeded, however, in pillaging a few canoes. The same band of marauders attacked a body of christianized Ilurons, working on the island of Orleans, and carried them off into bondage without any attempt at rescue on the part of the governor. At length Iroquois insolence became insupportable, and the French determined on war. Dupuis and his little colony, meanwhile, managed to escape with great ad- dress from their critical position, and reached Montreal safely in fifteen days. PIEEEEDE VOYEE, YISCOIJNTd'aEGEXSON, GOVEENOE, 1658. y. — A succession of changes now took place in the government : de Lauson was succeeded by his son, who in turn gave way to the former governor D'Ailleboust, who was superseded in 1658 by Viscount d'Argenson. The very day after he landed, the Iroquois massacred some Algonquins under the very guns of Quebec, and escaped from the 200 French that were sent in pursuit. The same year the Mohawks met with a severe check in an attempt to surprise Three Elvers. In 1659, the indefatigable Francois de Laval, Abb6 de Montigny, arrived at Quebec to preside over the Roman Catholic Church as apostolic vicar. On the erection of Quebec into an episcopal see, fifteen years later, Laval became the first bishop. I. .3 PIEEEE DU BOIS, BAEON D^AVArOOrE, GOVEENOE, 1661. YI. — In 1661, Argenson was relieved by Baron d' Avail gour, who by his representations to the King seems to have saved Canada from abandonment by the colonists. He pictured to Louis XIY. the helpless state 28 SUMMABY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. of the country, and induced him to send M. de Monts to investigate the state of affairs ; 400 troops, more- over, were added to the colonial garrison. The govern- or having permitted the sale of ardent spirits, in spite of the protestations of the clergy, disorder arose to a deplorable height. Laval hastened to France, and by his remonstrances succeeded in obtaining such powers as were necessary to check the fatal commerce. On his return he founded and endowed the Quebec Seminary in 1663 (now Laval University). In the same year, a remarkable series of violent earthquakes, recurring two or three times a day, and continuing with slight inter- mission for half-a-year, agitated the entire surface of Canada ; it is singular to learn that no loss of life or permanent injury was occasioned by these repeated shocks. VIL — An attempt at peace on the part of the Iro- quois was frustrated by an ambuscade of the Algon- quins, who intercepted and killed the deputation. The Iroquois had about this time procured fire-arms from the Dutch at Manhattan, (they first received them from the Dutch on the Ohio in 1640,) and thus acquired an incontestable superiority over all the other aborigines. They now attacked those tribes who had given refuge to the Ilurons, and commenced by driving the Ottawas into the islands of Lake Huron. They next engaged in a desperate struggle with the Eries, wlio were finally exterminated, leaving no memorial of their existence except in the lake that bears their name. YIII. — Baron d'Avaugour was now recalled, part- ly on account of the liquor-traffic, partly on ac- count of complaints against his stern administration. Louis XIV., influenced, it is said, by Laval, and second- ed by his able minister Colbert, resolved to rescue Can- ada from misgovernment, and to render every assist- , BAEON d'aVAUGOUR, GOVEENOE. 29 anc6 necessary for the well-being of the colonists, at this time numbering 2000. The Associated Company resigned all their rights into the hands of the King, who transferred the same, with like conditions, to the West India Company, whose powers were yet kept in abeyance for some time. Heretofore all civil and military anthority had been vested in the governor^ The executive function was now separated from the legislative. Canada was transformed into a royal gov- ernment, with a Council of state nominated by the Crown to co-operate with the Governor in the adminis- tration of affairs. This sovereign Council was to con- sist of the Governor, the Bishop, the Intendant, and five (afterwards twelve) leading residents. Courts of law were established at Quebec, Montreal, and Three Elv- ers, and the laws of France, the " Coutume de Paris," became the legal code. An Intendant was appointed, who combined the duties of Minister of Justice, of Fi- nance, of Police, and of Public Works. Grants of land continued to be made, in the form of Seigneuries, by royal edict. Questions of feudal law were subject to the decree of the Governor and the Tutendant. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER III. I. "Who sncceeded Champlain ? What religious institutions wero establla^ied ? Who thought of founding a Seminary in Canada? What was the tiito selected, and when ceded ? By whom and when was Montreal founded ? To whom was Montreal given in 1604 ? II. What wa3 the condition of Hnrons and Alffonqnins? Why- was a fort erected at the mouth of the llichelieu ? What eflPect had it? Why was Montmasny Removed? Wlio succeeded him, and in what year? Wliat did Marparet Bourgeois found, and Where ? III. What was the effect of 3* Jesuit prenchinjr amoTiff the In- dians? What distinguished the village of St. Joseph ? What did the Iroquois resolve on in 1648' Describe the attack upon St. Jo- seph. At what time did commu- nication pass between the British and French colonists? AVhatwas the purport of it, and how did it end ? Describe the second attack of the Iroquois. Wliat was its effect upon the Ilurons? Where is a remnant of the Ilurons to be found at present ? AVhat was the relative position of the French and Iroquois? What commerce h;id been introduced at Tadous- eac. and with what result? IV. Who and what was the Iv/ 80 fiUMMAEY OF CANADIAN HISTORT. li next Governor? Why did the Govornor of Montreal repair to France, and with what result? "What Induced the Iroquois to sue for peace? What did the Ononda^as desire ? How did the Governor act? What was the eflFect among tho other Iroquois tribes? Describe the conduct of the Mohawlis. What became of Dupuls' cohmy ? v. Mention tho official changes which took place in the govern- ment. Give the occurrences of 1658. Who was first Apostolic Vicar in Canada, and when did he arrive ? To what place and in what year was the first bishop appointed in Caiiada? VI. W ho succeeded Argenson ? What did he do for the country ? What induced Laval to Prance? What Institution was founded In 1668, and by whom? What occurred in tho same year? VII. What frustrated peace with the Iroquois ? From whom and when did the Iroquois first receive ftre-arras ? What was the subsequent effect of this acqui- sition y and excninlify. VIII. Why wfiS Avaugour re- called? Who co-operated with Louis XIV. in his Canadian schemes ? What was now tho number of the colonists ? What company succeeded the " 100 As- sociatef^"? Describe theconstl- tii'Jonal changes made In the government. What were the In- tendant's functions ? How wore grants of land made and ques* tions of feudal law decided ? to * I m ill I CHAPTER IV. PEOM THE ERECTION OP CANADA INTO A ROYAL GOVERNMENT TO THE OVERTHROW OP FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA. AUGUSTIN DE BAFFEAY-M^SY, GOVERNOR, 1663. I. — Augustin de M6sy, appointed in 1663, was the first Governor under the new regime. He was a man of haughty and obstinate temper, and having quarrelled with his Council, he took upon himself to send back to France two of its principal members, — an arbitrary act which procured his own recall. He died at Que- bec, however, before the dispatch arrived. ALEXR. DE PEOUVILLE, MAEQUIS DE TEACT, VICEEOY, 1665. The Marquis de Tracy arrived in Quebec in 1665, as Viceroy and Lieutenant-General ; De Courcelles was named "nder him as Governor, and Jean Talqn as In- tendant. The Viceroy brought with him the whole regiment of Carignan, who had acquired renown in Hungary against the Turks. With these came likewise MAEQUI8 DE TRACT, VIOEEOY • > 31 a large body of settlers, bringing sheep, cattle, and horses, (now first introduced into Canada,) so that the colony in a few years of immigration received an ac- cession of numbers exceeding its former population. Prompt measures were taken against the Iroquois, and three forts were erected on the Richelieu so as to cover the French settlements : one at Sorel, one at Ohambly, and the third nine miles higher up the river. Three of the Nations speedily came to terms, but the Mohawks and Oneidas kept aloof sullenly. De Courcelles first took the field against them, and afterwards the Marquis in person, but the Indians never risked an encounter, and the French, after traversing about TOO miles of country, were obliged to content themselves with burn- ing the various villages they passed through. Most of the officers belonging to the Carignan regiment settled in the country and received grants of land with Seig- neurial tenure from the King. Having placed the Col- ony in a state of defence and established the authority of the "West India Company, the Viceroy returned home in 1667, leaving De Courcelles at the head of the Gov- ernment, and ruling over a population of 4312. Before his departure, a peace was concluded with the Indians, in 1666, which lasted for eighteen years. This noble- man's term of office Is further memorable, from the fact that trade-monopoly, so fatal to all colonial enterprise, was abolished during his administration, chiefly at Ta- lon's instance, (with certain exceptions in favour of the West India Company,) so that the colonists were per- mitted freedom of trade with the Indians, and the mother country. DANIEL DE REMT DE COURCELLES, GOVERNOR, 1667. II. — This Governor by skilful diplomacy sverted a threatened Indian war, and in the interval of peace ■ J'»4 ^M 1 N 82 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. the enterprising Intendant, M. Talon, dispatched Nicho- las Perrot to visit the distant western and northern tribes. This bold traveller penetrated 1200 miles into the wilderness, as far as the great lakes, and induced Indian deputies from all the neighbouring Nations to assemble at the Falls of St. Mary, between Lakes Su- perior and Huron. There the assembled chiefs were met, in 1G71, by Sieur do St. Lusson, who persuaded them to acknowledge the sovereignty of his King, and erected a cross with the arms of France. The Governor had fixed upon Cataraqui, on Lake Ontario, near the present site of Kingston, as an eligi- ble point for the erection of a fort, his object being to protect the fur-traders, and to check Indian incursions. He visited the spot in person, but was so much injured in health by exposure and hardship, that on his return to Quebec he desired to be relieved from the burden of office. About 1670, the small-pox broke out with the utmost violence among the Indians, and many tribes were all but exterminated by its terrible ravages. LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALUAN AND DE FEONTENAO GOVEENOR, 1672. III. — The Count de Frontenac assumed the govern- ment in 1672. He caused the fort at Cataraqui to be built immediately, and gave it his own name, Frontenac — a name still applied to the county in which King- ston is situated. In 1674, the West India Company was suppressed by Louis XIV. During Frontenac's administration, an extensive scheme of exploration was planned by the Intendant, Talon. News had reached him from the Far West re- specting a vast river which flowed in a southerly direc- tion. He entrusted to Father Marquette and an adven- turous merchant of Quebec, named Joliet, the danger- COUNT DE FRONTENAO, GOVERNOR. U ons task of ascertaining the truth of this report, They set out with two canoes and six men, and aftv many adventures these explorers discovered the mighty Mis- sissippi, and sailed down its stream past the mouths of the Missouri, Ohio, and Arkansas. At this point they turned and commenced a homeward journey. Marquette remained among the friendly Miamis, at the extremity of Lake Michigan, and Joliet alone reached Quebec, where he found that Talon had departed for France. A young Frenchman, named La Salle, was fired with Joliet's narrative, and in the hope of being able to reach China in this way, he departed to France to organize an expedition. Being joined by the Chevalier de Tonti and under the patronage of the Prince of Conti, he embarked for Quebec with thirty men, in" 1678. He had received from the King the Seigneury of Cataraqui, and after his arrival, rebuilt Fort Frontenac of solid stone. Accompanied by Father Hennepin, who was the historian of the voyage. La Salle's party hastened on to the "V7est. Above the Niagara Falls, La Salle constructed a vessel of 60 tons and carrying 7 guns, which he called the " Griffon ; " this was the first vessel built on Canadian waters. In this he sailed to Lake Michigan, where he established a trading post, as he had previously done at Niagara and Detroit. The Griffon was sent back, laden with rich furs, and bound for Niagara, but ne^^er being heard of subse- quently, it is believed she foundered in a storm. La Salle, meanwhile, was pressing on undauntedly, and having embarked on the Mississippi, he followed the windings of that river to its outlet in the Gulf of Mexico. He took possession of all the country along its banks in the name of his master Louis XIV., from whom it was styled Louisiana, and after an absence of more than two years he regained Quebec. 84 8UMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. IV. — Frontenac, though talented and energetic, was self-willed, suspicious, and domineering, and as may be thought, he was engaged in continual disputes, of which the chief were with Laval and the clergy on account of the liquor-traffic, and again with Duchesneau, the Intendant who had replaced the illustrious Talon. The home government in consequence decided on recalling him, and likewise the Intendant. LE FEBVEE DE LA BABEE, GOYEENOE, 1082. In 1682, M. de la Barre arrived as Governor and M. de Meules as Intendant. At this time the F* .^nch population of Canada was about 10,000 souls. War was now threatening to recommence between the French and the Iroquois. Since Kew York had passed into the hands of the English, these Indians found it more for their profit to leave the French traders and to carry their peltries to an English market. They even bought up the furs of all Indians in alliance with the French for the same purpose. Grievous complaints were made by the Canadian Colony, but the Iroquois, being assured of British support, entirely disregarded them. This astute race soon began to perceive the means of giving influence to their own position, by re- maining as far as possible neutral, in the rivalry which was now becoming manifest between the two bodies of European colonists. This state of affairs was reported on by a general assembly convoked by the Governor, and a memorial was transmitted to Paris. At length La Barre, on the arrival of a detachment of 200 soldiers from France, was prepared to administer chastisement to the perverse Iroquois. He marched up the river to Lake Ontario, where was appointed a place of meeting be- tween him and the Indian deputies. Notwithstanding his high resolves, he found his army, on arriving at the MABQUIB D£ DENONYILLE, GOYEBNOi^ • place, so reduced by sickness and want of food, that he was obliged to accede to the demands of the deputies, withdraw his army, and retreat to Quebec. Here ho found to his mortification that a fresh reinforcement of troops had arrived, bearing despatches from the King, relative to the conduct of a triumphant war against the Five Nations, JACQUES RENfe T>E BRISAY, MARQUIS DE DENONYILLE, GOV- ERNOR, 1685. V. — In consequence of dissatisfaction felt at his want of success. La Barre was replaced, in 1685, by the Marquis de Denonville, who had been specially selected on account of his distinguished valour. He saw the necessity for thoroughly humbling the haughty savages, and laid plans for building a fort at Niagara, to inter- cept the communications of the British with the Iro- quois. In 1686, he received a warning letter from the Governor of New York, informing him that the Iroquois were the subjects of England, and therefore under that kingdom's protection. In the following year, a large reinforcement of 800 men, under the Chevalier de Vau- dreuil, arrived from France, whereupon the Governor dishonourably seized a number of Iroquois chiefs, whom he had plausibly induced to assemble at Fort Frontenac, and forwarded them to France to labour in the King's galleys. After a skirmish in which the Iroquois were repulsed, the Governor erected a fort at Niagara, and garrisoned it with 100 men. A fatal disease shortly after cut of^ nearly all the garrison, and the survivors abandoned the post, which the Indians soon destroyed. The French fort at Ohambly, on the Richelieu, was attacked by the Iroquois, apparently instigated by their English neighbours. The assailants, however, were repulsed, though they devastated the surrounding set- 86 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. tlemont. Fort Frontenao was with difficulty sustained against tho samo indefatigable foes, who blockaded it at all points. Strange to relate, the Iroquois at this juncture proffered peace, which the Governor accepted with humiliating conditions. Some of the Ilurons, however, who wished the utter destruction of their hereditary enemies, managed by sundry acts of dissimu- lation and treachery, to break up the newly-formed peace. 1400 Iroquois instantly laid waste the island of Montreal, slaughtered all who opposed them, and carried off 200 prisoners (1689). The French were filled with consternation, blew up Fort Frontenac, burned two vessels, and abandoned tho Western Lakes. At this crisis, French Canada was virtually reduced to the forts at Montreal, Three Rivers, and Quebec, with the post at Tadoussac. i LOUIS DE BUADE, COUNT DE PALUAN AND DE FRONTENAC, GOVERNOR FOR TOE SECOND TIME, 1689. VI. — When affairs were at this extremity, the gov- ernment was entrusted for the second time to the expe- rienced hands of the Count de Frontenac, who returned to Canada in 1689, and brought with him the Iroquois chiefs whom his predecessor had so basely entrapped. By restoring these captives, the Indians were for a time pacified ; but the Ottawas and other allies of the French began to make overtures to the Iroquois, in order to enjoy a share in the English trade. The Governor thought it now a prudent stroke of policy, to prevent this union, by showing to the natives that the French were superior in power and resources to their rivals, the English. There was at this time war between the two monarchies, in consequence of the Revolution of 1688, when Louis XIV. espoused the cause of the out- cast James II. The Count de Frontenac therefore COUNr DE FUONTKNAO, QOYKBNOB. at organized three expeditions to invade the British set- tlements. The first marched from Montreal in 1C90, sur- prised Corlaor or Sclienectady, the frontier town of New- York, pillaged, and massacred the inhabitants, and burned tLo fort and houses. The second expedition mustered at Three Rivers, and fell on the village called Sementels (or Salmon Falls) in New Hampshire, which it demolished, and in returning fell in with the 3d division, made up in part of Acadian troops, who had mustered at Quebec. Joining forces, they assailed and gained possession of the fortified village of Kaskeb6, in Maine, which lay upon the sea. A large convoy was now despatched to Michilimakinac, to strengthen that remote western trading-post, and tu conciliate, by presents, the Ottawa and Huron chiefs. The Governor thus secured the fur-trade of a wide region, and re- stored the influence of the French. Vn. — The New Englanders now resolved on re- prisals, and besides sending out a small squadron which took Port Royal and therewith all Acadia, they planned two expeditions against Canada : one by sea from Boston, against Quebec ; the other by land from New York, against Montreal. The latter, under General Winthrop, failed through want of necessary stores, con- joined to dissatisfaction among his Indian allies, and fell back without accomplishing anything. The naval force consisted of 32 vessels and nearly 2000 marines, and was led by Sir William Phipps. Several French posts on the coasts of Newfoundland and the lower St. Lawrence were taken with impunity, and the fleet had reached Tadoussac before Frontenao was warned of his danger. He hastened from Montreal, strengthened the defences of Quebec, and refused the Englishman's sum- mons to surrender. Phipps landed about 1500 troops and some field-pieces, but through the activity and 4 m SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. I \l :| courageous zeal of the French he was ohliged to desist from his attempts. Considering the enterprise hope- less, he re-emharked the soldiers, leaving his cannon in the hands of the enemy (1690). In Quebec a church was built to commemorate this deliverance, and dedi- cated to " Notre Dame de la Yictoire." Unfortunately it was set on fire by the bursting of a shell, and burned to the ground, during the siege of Quebec by General Wolfe. The French King, on receiving the intelligence of success from the gallant Count, caused a medal to be struck with the words " Francia in novo orbe vic- trix ; Kebeca liberata, A.D., M.D.O.X.C." In the following year a large body of Iroquois, as- bisted by the English, advanced along the Richelieu to attack Montreal, but they were repulsed by de Calli^re. The Governor was now engaged in strengthening the fortifications of Quebec, so as to make it the most for- midable stronghold in America. In 1694, the Iroquois were decidedly inclined for peace, and allowed the Governor to re-establish the fort at Oataraqui without hindrance. Still further to impress the Indians, a grand expedition was led forth against some refractory tribes, who, nevertheless, managed to evade the pursuit of the French. The latter, after contenting themselves with burning villages and destroying grain, returned to Montreal. VIII. — A discussion had now arisen between the Colonial and Home Governments with reference to the advanced trading-posts in the upper parts of Canada. Tho Court maintained that they were of little use, and were besides a constant cause of war, and proposed that the natives should bring their furs to Montreal, while the attention of the colonists should be entirely devoted to agriculture. But the Governor objected that this step would throw their allies into the hands LOUIS HECTOR DE OALUtEE, GOVEENOE. 39 of the Iroquois, and that all the trade would pass into British channels — while, moreover, a general confed- eracy of the tribes against France might be reason- ably dreaded. His reasons prevailed, and the monopoly of the northern fur-trade, which ensured ample profits, remained with the French. The Colonial war, known as King Williani's War, was now settled by the treaty of peace between England and France, signed at Rys- wick in 1697. In the same year, Sieur de R6v6rin formed a comp iny, and established a fishing station at the harbour of Mount Louis, half-way between Quebec and the Gulf. LOUIS HEOTOR DE OALLlJlEE, GOVEENOE, 1699. IX. — In 1698, the old veteran. Count de Frontenac, died at Quebec, aged 78, and was succeeded by M. do Calli^re, Commandant of Montreal. In 1701, a tem- porary pacification and alliance of all the Indian tribes was effected by him. In the same year the "War of the Spanish Succession broke out in Europe, in which France and England were engaged on opposite sides, and the latter soon conceived the magnificent design of annexing to herself the whole North American Con- tinent. ^m PHILIPPE DE EIGAUD, MARQUIS DE VAUDREUIL, GOV., 1703. In 1703, de Calliere died at Quebec, and the colo- nists petitioned for the appointment of the Marquis de Vaudreuil, which Louis XIV. willingly granted. Soon after his accession to power, a deputation from some of the Iroquois formally acknowledged for the first time the sovereignty of France, and claimed her protection. The number of French now in Canada was over 16,000. It was at this time that the King increased the number 40 SUMMAEY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. 4; of sovereign councillors to twelve. In 1708, a council was held at Montreal to determine on the course to be pursued against the English, who were intriguing with the Indians. The result was that an attack was made by 400 French and Indians on a border fort, named Haverhill, which they carried, and effected a retreat, though not without some loss. In 1709, Col. Vetch laid before Queen Anne a scheme for the conquest of Canada, which was approved of, and a fleet of 20 ships prepared for executing it ; but they, being called off to Portugal, never crossed the Atlantic. The English meanwhile had formed a chain of forts from New York to Lakes George and Champlain, on which lakes they then erected forts with a view of covering their descent on Canada. Failing, however, to obtain the co-opera- tion of the Iroquois, who found it most for their inter- est to remain neutral, they relinquished the design and burned their forts. In 1710 another abortive expedi- tion was undertaken against Canada. A fleet under Sir Hovenden Walker, with seven regiments of Marlbor- ough's troops, was sent from England to co-operate with General Nicholson, who marched, at the head of 4000 militia, from Albany towards the frontier. The fleet, being driven among islands and reefs in the river, was almost entirely destroyed, and Nicholson, hearing of this miscarriage, retraced his steps. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed at Quebec, and on the rumour of another invasion in 1712, the merchants furnished the Governor with 50,000 crowns to strengthen the fortifi- cations of the town. A new enemy now entered the field against the French, in the Outagamis or Foxes, who undertook to destroy the fort at Detroit (a station established in 1701). But the French, assisted by In- dian allies, defeated them in a succession of sanguinary engagements, and almost annihilated the tribe. The MARQUIS I>E VATJDRETJIL, GOVERNOR. 41 war, which had been raging continually on the boun- daries of the Colonies, and is commonly spoken of as Queen Anne's war^ was brought to a close, and the alarm of the colonists quieted, in 1713, by the Peace of Utrecht, by which Louis XIV. ceded Acadia, New- foundland, and Hudson's Bay Territory, together with all claims over the Iroquois, to England. Canada, how- ever, was retained by France. X. — ^After the treaty, Canada enjoyed a long period of tranquillity, in which her resources were greatly developed. In 1717 a court of admiralty was estab- lished. In 1720 and 1721, Charlevoix, a noted French traveller, visited the colony. Quebec, in the latter year, contained 7000 inhabitants, and Montreal 3000 ; the population of the entire Colony numbered 25,000, of whom 5000 constituted a provincial militia. The land along the St. Lawrence for some distance below Quebec, was laid out in Seigneuries, and tolerably well cultivated. Above Montreal, which was rapidly rising in importance, there was no extensive settle- ment, but merely forts at Cataraqui, Niagara, Detroit, and Michilimakinac. In 1722 the Governor, Bishop St. Valier (who succeeded Laval in 1688), and the In- tendant Begon divided the country into 82 parishes. About 1717, the Iroquois confederacy was joined by another tribe, the Tuscaroras, from North Carolina,, since which time it has consisted of Six Nations, and is so named by English writers. Vaudreuil, after a rule of twenty-two years, died at Quebec, October 10th, 1725. CHARLES, MARQUIS DE BEAUHARNOIS, GOVERNOR, 1726. The government was administered by the Baron do Longueuil, a native of Canada, until the appointment of the Marquis de Beauharnois, in 1726, who held oflBcd^ 4* . , W 42 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HI8T0BT. h li for twenty years. He diligently promoted 'the interests of the Colony, and Seigneurial farms were extended along the whole distance from Quebec to Montreal. The Indians generally were now becoming conciliated, both by the suave and obliging manners of the French, and by frequent intermarriage. In 1736, the Colony contained about 40,000 inhabitants. XI. — The Governor of New York having erected a fort and trading-post at Oswego, with the view of pro- curing the commerce of the lakes, Beauharnois obtained permission from the Iroquois to construct a French fort at the entrance of the Niagara River, more efficient than the former stockade. The Governor also built a fort on the commanding position of Ticonderoga, and another at Crown Point, on Lake Cham plain, which secured the frontier-line. A large annual fair was opened at Montreal, and this place became the centre of the fur-traflSc. In 1745, France and England were embroiled in the "War of the Austrian Succession, and colonial war followed in consequence. This, however, was confined chiefly to Nova Scotia, and its pernicious effects did not mar the prosperity of Canada. The Marquis de la Jonquidre, Admiral of France, was ap- pointed Governor in 1746 ; but, on the outward voy- age, his fleet was intercepted by Admiral Anson and Rear-Admiral Warren. The French were defeated in the engagement which ensued, and the new Governor of Canada was made prisoner. Upon the capture be- coming known in France, the Count de la Galissoniere was commissioned to fill the vacancy so created. ROLAND MICHEL BAREIN, COUNT DE LA GALISSONIERE, GOVERNOR, 1747. This nobleman arrived safely in 1747 ; and although ruling for little more than two years, he thoroughly studied the position of Canada and proposed a measure, COUNT DE LA. GALI880NIERE, GOVEKNOR. 43 on returning to France, which marks his intelligence. He recommended that the frontier, instead of being kept a wilderness, should be peopled hy 10,000 peas- ants fom France, who would thus act as a check upon the invasions of the British. His advice passed un- heeded, and the peace of Aix-la-Ohapelle in 1T48 ter- minated hostilities for a time. Just before the peace the Governor dispatched M. C<§leron de Bienville with 300 men, to define the boundaries of the French Colo- nial possessions. A line was assumed from Detroit run- ning south-east, to the Ohio, and thence along the Apalachian Mountains; leaden plates, with suitable inscriptions, were buried at intervals to mark out this limit. While La Galissoni^re was tampering with the Acadians and exciting a revolt against British author- ity, the Admiral de la Jonquidre was released. In 1748 Francois Bigot was appointed Intendant of all the North American possessions of France. "a .m JACQUES PIERRE DE TAFFANEL, MARQUIS DE LA JON- QUlijRE, GOVERNOR, 1749. XII. — La Jonqui(^re reached Canada in 1749, where- upon the Count resigned his trust and returned to France. The new Governor took an active share in Kova Scotian affairs, and stopped for a time, by arbi- trary seizures, the trading of English merchants on the banks of the Ohio. To neutralize the influence which the English acquired by Fort Oswego, (built in 1722,) he constructed a fort on Lake Ontario, in 1750, called Eouill6 (the name of the Minister of Marine) or more frequently Toronto, which occupied the site of the present capital. In the same year Commissioners met at Paris to settle the North American boundaries be- tween England and France, but the French were so exorbitant in their demands that the conference was broken up, without any arrangement being concluded. iia l\M »lsi:i 44 SUMMARY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. I i \ In this year the number of colonial inhabitants amount- ed to 65,000. A great and growing evil now became manifest in the Canadian Government. The salaries granted to the oflScials by the Home Government were so scanty that they had every inducement to peculation. Incal- culable dishonesty prevailed in the Indian trade, and the finances generally became involved in disorder. The Governor monopolized the sale of brandy to the Indians, and thus realized enormous profits, which gratified his avarice ; while the Intendant, Bigot, fp;m- ed out trade-licenses, and having, moreover, the distri- bution of public money for military service, he man- aged to accumulate during his career fraudulent wealth to the amount of £400,000 sterling. La Jonquiere's avarice provoked complaints on the part of the colo- nists, and fearing an investigation, he demanded his re- call. Before a successor could be appointed, the Gov- ernor died at Quebec in 1752, and was buried in the Recollet Church, alongside of Frontenac and Vand- reuil, his predecessors. He was replaced temporarily by Charles le Moyne, Baron de Longueuil, (son of him formerly mentioned,) then Governor of Montreal. In this year (1752) two ships laden with wheat were sent to Marseilles, and this was probably the first exportation of Canadian grain. MARQUIS DUQUESNE DE MENNEYILLE, GOVERNOR, 1752. XIII. — Before the end of 1752, arrived as Governor General the Marquis Duquesne, who encroached more decidedly than any of his predecessors upon British ter- ritory. He first attended to the military resources of the Colony : the Quebec and Montreal militia was or- ganized ; companies of artillery were formed ; after- wards the militia of the county-parishes was carefully inspected and disciplined. He then equipped detach- L MABQUI8 DUQUK8NE, GOVERNOR. 45 tnents, who fortified peveral posts upon the Ohio and the Alleghanies. The Governor's object was to keep up free communication between Canada and Louisiana, as well as to deprive the English traders, who formed the Ohio Company, of all share in the western fur- trade. The Governor of Virginia thought to check these hostile designs, and sent a body of militia to hold the forks of the Ohio and Monongahela. This company had already commenced the erection of a fort when the French drove them from the position, and completing the fortification, named it Fort Duquesne. Fort Neces- sity was soon reared in the neighbourhood by Lieuten- ant-Colonel George "Washington, at the head of the Virginia militia. The Iroquois, at this time, equally courted by English and French, endeavoured by every means to remain neutral in the contest. But finding this impossible, they fluctuated from side to side, ac- cording to the success of the opposing parties, till final- ly it became clear to the majority of the warriors, that their interest would be best promoted by adhering unwaveringly to the British flag. In the course of hostilities which ended in 1754, "Washington was forced to capitulate to M. de Villiers. Thus began, originating from a question of disputed boundaries, what is com- monly called the FrenrJi War, in which England and France subsequently participated by a formal declara- tion of hostilities in 1756, — a date marking the com- mencement of the European Seven Years' "War. XIV. — The English Government notified their colo- nists to unite for common defence, and a Congress was accordingly held at Albany, where a general confedera- tion of the British Colonies was proposed by Benjamin Franklin, but without any practical result. Meanwhile, the Governor of Massachusetts planted forts on the Kennebec river, to secure the north-eastern frontier, and at his solicitations two regiments were ordered 46 SUMMARY 07 CANADIAN HISTOKY. i from Ireland to unite with the colonists in resisting the encroachments of France. Major-General Braddock, being appointed General of all the British forces hi America, arrived in 1755, with strict orders to march upon Fort Duqnesne. These he prepared to fulfil in concert with two other expeditions planned by the Council at Albany : the one against Niagara, under Shirley, Governor of Massachusetts ; the other under "William Johnson against Crown Point. France had now prepared a fleet at Brest under Admiral de la Motte, having on board Baron Dieskau, (who had gain- ed renown under Marshal Saxe,) at the head of six battalions of veteran troops, forming in aU 8000 men. Two of these battalions were to be left at Louisburg, the rest were destined for Canada. The Marquis Du- quesne, having requested his recall, with a view of re- entering the naval service, was succeeded in 1755 by the Marquis de Vaudreuil-Oavagnal, Governor of Louis- iana, and the last French Governor of Canada. PIEEEE EIGAUD, MAEQUIS DE VAUDEKUIL-OAYAGNAL, GOV- ERNOK, 1755. This nobleman, son of a former Governor, and born at Quebec in 1698, was appointed in compliance with the wishes of the people, who remembered his father's happy administration of that high office, whereof pop- ular favour had likewise made him the incumbent. De la Motte's fleet reached Quebec with the new Gov- 'ernor in 1755, having lost two of his ships, which were captured off Newfoundland by Admiral Boscawen. The whole Colony was now under arms and agriculture was neglected. Provisions became scarce and prices i:ose enormously, while the fur-trade w^as declining. Notwithstanding this, the Intendant, Bigot, and his creatures shipped off wheat to the "West Indies, and MARQUIS DB VAT7DBEUIL, GOVEKNOB. 47 received large profits. The Governor sanctioned these proceedings and others equally infamous, and soon lost the respect and con^'' >nce of the people. Xy. — Meanwhile Braddock's expedition had set for- ward, but it became entangled in the Alleghany defiles, and was cut to pieces by a Franco-Indian ambuscade, (1755.) The General was mortally woimded, and Wash- ington conducted a masterly retreat. The British frontier was now unprotected, and was ravaged fero- ciously by the French and their Indian allies. Shirley's expedition against Niagara accomplished nothing be- yond strengthening Fort Oswego, and erecting on the opposite side of the river a new fort, named Ontario. Johnson took the field with 6000 militiamen and 300 Iroquois Indians, over which i^eople he exercised al- most supreme influence. lie erected Fort Edward, near Lake George. The French had entrenched them- selves at Ticonderoga, and were reinforced by Dieskau, with some of his regulars, as well as Canadians and In- dians. The Baron attacked the British position on Lake George, but was repulsed with heavy loss, and he himself fatally wounded. The French left their General on the field, and sought shelter at Ticonderoga ; while Johnson built Fort William Henry on the com- manding position he had occupied. The campaign of 1755 had, however, on the whole preponderated in fa- vour of France, and many Indians were on this account forsaking the British, and casting in their lot with the winning party. XVI. — In 1756, the English Government appointed the Earl of Loudon as Oommander-in-chief of its Amer- ican forces, and the Marquis de Montcalm was nominat- ed to a similar post by Louis XY. ; regular troops act companied each General to the scene of action. In August, Montcalm gained possession of Fort Ontario a 48 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. ? ! * ! I and Fort Oswego, and caused both to bo demolished. This brilliant success was stained by' the barbarous murder of many English prisoners by Montcalm's Indians. On the western frontier, innumerable murders and massacres of English colonists were being continually perpetrated by the savages, aided by scarcely less sav- age Canadians. In the whole campaign success remain- ed on the side of the French ; by destroying Oswego, they gained the unhindered control of Lakes Ontario and Erie, and the English forfeited the Indian trade and commerce of the western lakes. After an ineffec- tual attempt by a brother of the Governor Vaudreuil upon Fort William Henry, it was obliged to capitulate to the victorious Montcalm. Again, in spite of the Gen- eral's efforts, the blood-thirsty Indians fell upon the English garrison and slaughtered over 1000 men (1757). This important fort was dismantled, and all the English vessels were destroyed on Lake George, the command of which passed into the hands of the French. Even Johnson's entreaties could hardly restrain the whole Iroquois Kation, at this juncture, from going over to the side of the victors. XVII. — A change of ministry occurred at this time in England, and the great Commoner, William Pitt, was placed at the helm of Government. In 1758 the first operations were directed against ITova Scotia and Cape Breton, which obtained signal success in the cap- ture of Louisburg (the key of the St. Lawrence) by the exertions of Admiral Boscawen, General Amherst, and Brigadier-General Wolfe, A squadron was then sent round to break up the French settlements on the Gulf and River St. Lawrence. Many fishing-stations were destroyed, and among the rest that at Mount Louis. The current of war, with one exception, now set in favour of England until the close of the contest— an auspicious MARQUIS DE VAUDUBUIL, OOVEBNOB. 40 change for which gratitude is due to the energy of the great war-minister, Pitt. The IneflBcient and vacillating General Loudon was recalled, anO the chief command fell to Ahercromby ; the British ct.binet pledged itself to repair at any cost the losses of the colonists, and called upon them to come forward in the common cause — a summons which was willingly obeyed by all. The second expedition was planned against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. The largest army seen in America, consisting of 6350 regulars and 9000 militia, assembled at Albany, and advanced towards these strong positions, which commanded the chain of waters leading to the St. Law- rence and into the very heart of Canada. Montcalm, therefore, resolved to defend these " Gates of Canada" with all his resources. Abercromby, after Lord Howe had been killed in a skirmish, drew his army aside with some pusillanimity, and attacked the French encamp- ment at Carillon, close by Ticonderoga. Here he was terribly defeated and 2000 of his men slain. This great misfortune was in some measure repaired by the ad- venturous Bradstreet, who captured Fort Frontenac, containing immense stores of provisions and ammuni- tion for the supply of Fort Duquesne and the western forts. This post v/as laid in ruins, and then abandoned by the British. The third and last great expedition against Fort Duquesne was led by General Forbes, in November. This stronghold was not in a position to resist ; the French Commander therefore abandoned it, and floated down the Ohio to a friendly settlement. The British thereupon took possession, repaired the fort, and substituted for its former name that of Pitts- burg, in honour of the celebrated minister. This con- quest was of great advantage in protecting the western frontier, and in reviving respect among the Indians, 60 BUMMAltY OF CANADIAN IIISTOKY. who began to proffer help in some cases, and in others, neutrality, to the British. In fact the reduction of tho two forts Frontenac and Duciuesno, insured to England the whole territory from the Canadian lakes to tho Gulf of Mexico, for tho possession of which this war had arisen. On tho news of this campaign reaching Eng- land, Abercromby was superseded by Amherst the con- queror of Louisburg, as Generalissimo of tho Anglo- American troops. XVIII.— In 1759, Pitt's scheme of uniting the French territories in America with those of England, thus creating one vast range of dominion, was drawing nigh its realization. A comprehensive plan, similar in its general features to that of the previous year's campaign, was arranged, whereby Canada was to be attacked si- multaneously at three different points — Niagara, Mont- real, and Quebec — by military and naval operations combined. But this plan was subsequently modified, in- asmuch as its execution was found to be impracticable. The Marquis de Vaudreuil perceived that tho object of England was the annihilation of French power in America, and issued a proclamation to quicken the zeal of the Canadian militia. He directed that all males, from sixteen to sixty, should be enrolled as soldiers, and ready to march at tho shortest notice. The result of a census showed 15,229 as the number of those capable of bearing arms, but a large proportion were neither serviceable nor trustworthy. Tho rapacity of the government in seizing the colonists' grain, to profit by the sale of it, had brought on tho greatest distress, and indeed absolute famine, so that horses were used for food in Quebec and Montreal. M. de Bougainville was dispatched to France to crave succour and rein- forcements, but returned without success. Montcalm strengthened, as far as possible, the various outposts MARQUI8 DE VAUDUEUIL, GOVEBNOU. 51 and outlying sottlementrf, and oppointed liis officers to their several commands. XIX. — In July 1759, General Amherst moved against Ticondorogu first, and then Crown Point, both which after sharp fighting were evacuated by the French, who retired to Isle aux Noix, which command- ed the Richelieu. Amherst occupied the fort*, and was hero delayed until winter stopped all proceedings with- out being able to attack the enemy, for want of trans- ports. In the same month. Brigadier Prideaux and Sir "William Johnson (knighted for the victory over Baron Dieskau, 1755) with his Indians, marched against Fort Niagara. Prideaux was killed by tlie bursting of a mortar, but the investment was carried on skilfully by Johnson. He defeated the army of relief under d'Au- bry, and this last chance of succour having vanished, the garrison capitulated on honourable terms (July 25). In February, a fleet under Admiral Saunders sailed from England for Quebec, and to Wolfe, now raised to the rank of Majf " ucncral, was assigned the chief com- mand. Tho\ touched at Nova Scotia for reinforce- ments, so tliat finally the number of land forces on board was about 8000. On June 27th the troops were landed on the island of Orleans. "Within Quebec was the valiant Montcalm at the head of 12,000 French and Canadian troops. A British brigade under Monckton was now shipped across the arm of the river, and drove the Canadians from Point Levi, opposite Quebec, whence heavy ordnance could be played upon the besieged city. Strong intrenchments were thrown up on the western extremity of Orleans. The British fleet then opened their guns upon the enemy's lines between Quebec and the Falls of Montmorency, and under the (fover of the fire AVolfe landed on the north shore below the Falls, and intrenched his position. 'ji-!'') 4 bT 52 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HI8T0BY. ?: But there was no ford across the river, and an error had been committed by Wolfe in dividing his small army. While Saunders occupied his original position off Or- leans, a squadron under Holmes had been sent up the river to harass the French above Quebec and to recon- noitre. Wolfe had now been five weeks before Que- bec, and as yet no important result had been gained. He then attempted the desperate measure of forcing the French intrenchments above the Montmorency at Beauport, but he was beaten back with a loss of 450 men. XX. — While Wolfe lay on a sick bed, a council of war was called, and Colonel Townshend proposed the skilfully-audacious plan which was adopted by all. Above Quebec, a narrow path had been discovered winding up the precipitous cliff, 300 feet high ; this was to be secretly ascended, and the Heights of Abra- ham gained, which overlook the city. Part of the Brit- ish fleet, containing that portion of the army which had occupied the northern shore, sailed past Quebec to Cap-Rouge (Sept. 12), and there joined Holmes. The rest of the troops marched up the south shore till they arrived opposite the men-of-war. Here embark- ing in flat-bottomed boats, they dropped down the riv- er the same night to Wolfe's cove, and almost unoppos- ed, division after division scaled the heights. When morning dawned, Wolfe's whole disposable force, in number 4828, with one small gun, was ranged in bat- tle-array upon the Plains of Abraham. Meanwhile, Montcalm had been completely deceived by the tactics of the British General. He had dispatch- ed M. de Bougainville with nearly 2000 men to oppose the British at Cap-Rouge, where he thought they in- tended to land ; while he himself watched the move- ments of Saunders, who made a feint of landing at MAliQUIS D£ YAUDBEUIL, GOYEBNOB. 53 Beauport. Moreover, in the French camp, there was a want of unanimity : half-famished Canadians were deserting every day, and mutual distrust had arisen between Montcalm and the Governor. On seeing the true state of affairs, the French General crossed the St. Charles, and seized by some incomprehensible impulse, determined to meet Wolfe in the open field. He ac- cordingly attacked the British force (Sept. 13) with 7520 men, besides Indians, and two pieces of artillery. In the desperate struggle which followed, both Wolfe and Montcalm were mortally wounded ; but complete victory at last remained in the hands of the British. The loss on the side of the conquerors amounted to 55 killed and 607 wounded ; that of the French is uncer- tain, but was probably about 1500 in killed wound- ed and prisoners. Scarcely was the battle of the Plains of Abraham over, when Bougainville appeared with his forces, — but only to retreat with great precipitation. Four days afterwards, a flag of truce came from the city, and the day following, (Sept 18, 1759,) Quebec capitulated. Before night, floated from the walls of this American Gibraltar the broad banner of England, where it has ever since remained untouched by an en- emy's hand. The garrison was allowed to march out with the honours of war, and was then to be embark- ed and sent to the nearest port in France. Wolfe died on the field of battle ; his remains were conveyed to England and interred in Greenwich. Montcalm died on the 14th, and was buried within the precincts of tlie Ursuline Convent at Quebec. XXI. — The remains of the French forces, with the Governor, had meanwhile assembled at Montreal, and Chevalier de Levi assumed the command. In the spring they moved down to attack Quebec, upwards of 10,000 strong. General Murray, who commanded at Quebec, 5* tf^ 'Sri I t" If 64: SUMMARY OF CANADIAN niSTOEY. unwarned by Montcalm's fate, met this force on the Heights of St. Foy with scarcely 3000 men. He was defeated with great loss, and retired within the walls. Levi prepared to besiege the city ; but on the approach of the British fleet, he withdrew. Lake Ontario was now cleared of French cruisers ; and the combined British army, nearly 10,000 strong, under Amherst and Johnson, moved down upon Montreal, where the strength of the French was centred. Murray, with 2500 men, sailed from Quebec to co-operate with Am- herst. Colonel Haviland, also, with over 2000 troops, who had driven the French from Isle aux Noix, now bore down upon the same fated town — so that 16,000 British were before Montreal. On the 8th September, 1760, the Marquis de Vaudreuil, on terms similar to those granted at Quebec, signed the capitulation which transferred Canadg^ from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the unknown western wilds^ into the hands of England. Canada was formally ceded to the British crown by the Treaty of Paris, Feb. 10th, 1763. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTEE IV. i I i I. Who was the first Governor under the new regime, and when appointed? What procured his recall? Where did he die ? Who succeeded him, and with what titles? What other ofl[icials ac- companied the Marquis de Tracy ? What regiment now came ? In what year were sheep and horses introduced ? What measures were taken against the Iroquois, and with what effect? Describe the French expedition against the Indians. What became of the ofiicers of the regiment ? What did the viceroy do before returning? Who was the next Governor, and in what year ? What was the population in this year? What peace was conclu- ded, and how long did it last? II. What travels were now un- dertaken, and by whom ? With what result? Where was a site for a fv>rt fixed upon ? Why did the Governor resign ? What dis- ease broke out among the In- dians, and with what result ? III. Who followed M. de Cour- celles ? What fort was built, and how named? W^hatscheme of ex- ploration planned, and by whom ? Who discovered the MississlJ)pi ? What Induced La Salle to go to France ? What did he effect in that country ? What did he do on arriving in Canada ? Who joined his expedition, and in what ca- Eacity ? Describe the first vessel uilt in Canada. Where di^ La Salle establish trading-posts ? What became of the Griffon? QUESTIONS TO CUAPTEK IV. 55 How far did La Salle journey? What country did he take pos- session of, and in whoso name ? IV. Whfit v»as Frontenac's char- acter ? Why was he recalled ? By whom succeeded, and in what year ? What was the population now ? What circumstances gave rise to hostilities between the French and Iroquois ? Why did the Iroquois disregard the com- plaints of the French? What policy did this people endeavour to pursue ? What reinforcement did the Governor now receive? What did he determine upon ? Describe his expedition against the Indians. What mortified him on reaching Quebec ? V. By whom, and why, was La Barre replaced ? How did Dcn- onville act? What letter did ho receive in 1G86? What dishon- ourable action did he commit? ■ 'ere Avas a fort erected, and iv. it became of it? What at- i-vcks did the Iroquois make? What interrupted the peace ? What resulted ? What were the Virtual limits of French Canada at this time ? VI. Who was made Governor in 1389 ? How were the Indians pacified? Why did Frontenac make an attack upon the Eng- lish ? What war was now going on between France and Enuland? Mention Frontenac's expeditions. Describe their results. Where was a convoy sent, and for what purpose ? VII. Vrhat expeditions were undertaken by the New England- ers? Give an account of them. What commemorated the deliv- erance of Quebec ? How did the French King act on receivmg news of the victory ? What ac- tion occurred on the part of the Iroquois? Describe the French expedition against the Indians. VIII. What discussion had arisen between the Colonial and Homo Governments? State the arguments which prevailed. By what name was this war com- monly spoken of, and how was it ended? Where was a fishing- station established,and by whom ? IX. Where and when did Fron- tenac die ? By whom succeeded? What war now broka out in Eu- rope, and in what year? What occasioned the Marquis do Vau- dreuil's appointment? What re- markable Iroquois deputation came to him ? Give the number of French in Canada. Why was a council held at Montreal ? What was the result of its deliberations ? What plan was laid before Anno in 1709, and by whom? What was the efi'ect? Where had the English formed posts ? How did their design result? Describe the English expedition of 1710. How did the merchants show their enthusiasm at Quebec? What new enemy had the French ? What success had they ? What was this colonial war com- monly called, and how was It ended? What did Louis XIV. cede at peace of Utrecht ? X. What was the condition of Canada after the treaty ? What traveller visited the country, and in what years? What was the population of Quebec, and of the whole colony ? How many mili- tiamen? What settlements above Montreal? How long did Vau- dreuil govern ? When and where did he die ? What change took place in the Iroquois confeder- acy? Who was the next Gov- ernor, and who administered till ho arrived ? Where were furms extended ? How Avere the Indiana becoming conciliated? What was the population in 1736? XI. Why was a fort constructed at Niagara ? At what other points were forts built? How was the fur-trade promoted ? What war broke out in 1745 ? In what place was the colonial war confined? W^hat prevented La Jonquiere from fulfilling his appointment in 1746 ? On iiis capture, who was appointed ? What measure marks La Galissonl're's intelligence ? By what, peace and in what year was the Avar ended? What did the Governor do just befoie the peace? Give the boundary as- sumed by France. With what people did the Governor tam- Ier? Who was now appointed ntendant ? i 'SJl m IP Pi I ! 56 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTOEY. XII. Who wfts the next Gov- ernor? What were Lis acts on arriving? What fort did he con- struct, and for what reason ? De- scribe the events at Paris. What was the population now ? State the orrcat evil in the Canadian Govf ' ment. Exemplify it. Why- did t - Governor ask for his re- call? When did he die ? What What changes did Pitt produce in American affairs ? Sketch the second expedition. How was Abercromby's defeat in some measure repaired ? Against what place was the third expedition ( rected? How did this fort get the name by which it is now known ? Wliat was gained by re- ducing Frontenac and Duquesne ? Governors were buried in the Who replaced Abercromby, and RecoUet church ? Who governed temporarily? Mention the first exportation of Canadian grain. XIII. Who encroached on the British territory ? To what did he ilrst give attention ? Mention circumstances. Where d' T ho fortify posts, and with what ob- jects ? Who opposed him, and in 'vhat way? Describe the erec- tion of Fort Duquesne. What fort was built in the neighbour- hood, and by whom ? State the policy of the Iroquois. To whom did Washington capitulate ? From what did the French war origi- nate? What European war be- gan in 1T5C ? XIV. For what purpose was the Albany congress helci ? What scheme was proposed, and by whom ? What did the Governor of Massachusetts effect? Who was appointed British General, and when did he arrive ? What were his orders? What other expeditions were formed? What help came from France? Who was the last French Governor of Canada ? Why was he appointed ? When and how dii he arrive ? Exemplify his bad government. XV. Give the results of Brad- dock's expedition. What did Shirley efl^ct? Describe »Tohn- son's campuign. What was the position of attairs In 1755 ? XVI. Who were the colonial commanders in 1756 ? What was Montcalm's first success ? What were the results of thi^ cam- {)aign? What fort was next ta- Len? What followed? Give the general results. XVII. What change took place In England? Where were the operations begun? With what success? How was the Mount Louis fishing-station destroyed? In what capacity ? XVIII. What was Pitt's scheme ? What was the pro- posed plan of operations ? What were tue measures of the French Governor ? What was the num- ber of Canadian militia? To what state was the colony reduced? How was Montcalm employed? XIX. State General Amherst's movements. Who led the expe- dition against Niagara? With what success? When did the English fleet sail, and under what commanders ? What was the number of English troops? Of French troops in Quebec? What f)laces were occupied by the Ens:- ish? Where did Wolfe land"? What was his error ? What des- perate measure was attempted ? With what result ? XX. Who proposed the plan finally adopted ? State this plan. How was it accomplished ? What was the number of Wolfe's men ? How had Montcalm been de- ceived? What want of unanimity was then in Quebec ? When did Montcalm attack, and with what force ? Who gained the victory ? What loss on both sides? What was the battle called ? Who ap- peared after it was over? When did Quebec capitulate? conditions were granted garrison ? Where were and Montcalm buried ? XXI. Where did the French assemble? Who took the com- mand ? What were their move- ments in the. spring? Where Avas Murray defeated ? Why did Levi withdraw ? What forces now bore down on Montreal ? When was the capitulation of Canada signed ? When was Can- ada formally ceded to land? What to the Wolfa Eng- ENGLISH DOMINION IN CANADA. m Part II.— CVNADA UNDER THE BRITISH. CHAPTER I. FROM THE OVERTHROW OP FRENCH DOMINION IN CANADA TO THE DIVISION OF THE PROVINCE INTO UPPER AND LOWER CANADA. I. — On the capitulation of Canada in 1Y60, the French population was estimated at 69,275 (excluding over 3000 soldiers and others who had gone back to France) and the converted Indians at 7400. The Brit- ish guaranteed to the colony the free exercise of the Roman Catholic religion, and the preservation of prop- erty and privileges belonging to the religious commu- nities ; but this was refused to the Jesuits, the Fran- IX. What became felt in a few years ? What contributed to the alienation ? What suggested po- litical separation ? How was the land held to the east and west of Montreal ? Who first considered this question, and with what de- sign ? What did the British colo- nists desire ? What name is now given to Pitt's scheme? What opposition did it meet with ? What distinguishes these consti- tutions from those granted to other British colonies? X. How was the Province di- vided? What was to be estub- lished in each Province ? Of whom was the Council to be composed ? What was Pitt's sug- gestion? How many members for each Province? How wai each Province to be divided? What was the Governor-General to define ? How many members for Upper Canada ? How many for Lov/er Canada ? After whose sanction did laws come into force ? Of whom was the Executive com- posed ? CHAPTER II. FROM THE DIVISION OP THE PROVINCE INTO UPPER AND LOWER :?"^ CANADA TO THE RE-UNION UNDER ONE GOVERNMENT. I. — Canada now found herself in possession of the fourth form of government within the short space of II 70 BUMMABY OP CANADIAN HISTORY. '■•A' tLirty-two yeai-s. From 1760 to 1763 she was ruled by martial law ; from 1763 to 1774 a tyrannical mili- tary government prevailed ; from 1774 to 1791 a civil government of the most despotic cast was established ; and in 1792 a new constitution was introduced, estab- lishing freedom of election and responsibility to the people, which iitfo' is a favourable contrast to the illib- eral and arbitrary systems that preceded it, wherein the people had not been, in reality, admitted to the slightest share of political privilege. At the time of the separation of the Province east and west of the Ot- tawa, into French and British divisions, the population of Lower Canada was over 130,000; that of Upper Canada less than 50,000. In August 1791, Prince Ed- ward, father of her present Majesty, arrived at Quebec in command of the Royal Fusiliers, whence he departed in November 1793. ..r--..'^y::;i:: On December 17, 1792, the first Parliament of Low- er Canada, consisting of the Legislative Assembly with fifty members, and the Legislative Council with fifteen, was convened at Quebec by Lieutenant-Governor Col- onel Clarke, in the absence of Lord Dorchester. On the same day Lieutenant-Governor General Simcoe opened the first Upper Canadian Parlian^cnt, consist- ing of the Legislative Assembly with sixteen, and the Legislative Council with seven members, at Newark, (now Niagara.) By an act of this latter Parliament, Dorchester's names of the four Upper Canadian districts were changed into Eastern, Midland, Home, and "Western. There was also an act passed for the building of a gaol and court-house in each of the said districts. The English civil and criminal law and trial ^7 jury were introduced by provincial statute during the session of this Parliament in 1792. ' '■■■'' • ■ LOBD DOSOBESTEB, QOYEBNOB. 71 aid rial TJPPEE CANADA, FBOM 1792 TO 1812. II. — Simcoe gave to the River Thames this name, and selected on it a site for a town, which he caJled London, intending this to be his future capital, as he was not satisfied with the frontier position of Newark. Dorchester then interfered, and wished to secure this advantage for Kingston. As a sort of compromise the seat of government was ultimately fixed at York in 1796, (a few miles from where old Fort Toronto had stood.) In 1793, the further introduction of slaves was prohibited and the term of existing contracts for ser- vitude limited. The first Upper Canadian newspaper was about this time published at Newark. In the ses- sicii of 1795 a bill was passed regulating th^ division between Upper and Lower Canada of duties paid on imported goods, whereby the former province was to receive one-eighth of the net amount. The first ses- sion of the second Parliament was hardly concluded at Newark when Simcoe was appointed governor of St. Domingo, and on his departure the government of Up- p;)i Canada devolved, for the time being, upon the Hon. P. Russell, President of the Council. By him the sec- ond session of the Parliament was held at York, which was at this time inhabited by twelve families. An act was passed nia;dng temporary provision for free inter- course with the United States in the way of trade and commerce, and in 1800 certain ports of entry were es- tablished. In the session of 1798 a, bill was carried for determiL>ing the boundaries of the different townships. Next year President Russell was superseded by General Hunter, as Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. The " Upper Canada Gazette " was begun at York about 1800. In 1803 the Talbot settlement was commenced in the Township of Dulwich on Lake Erie ; where Col- n BtJM^T. v:Y of CANADIAN HISTOBY. onel Talbot had received a grant of 5000 acres on con- dition that he placed one settler on every 200 acres. Various means had hi'en taken by Parlianiont to pro- mote the cultivatbn of hemp ; seed was [)ur(hasevi iUVl distributed, and h^ 1805 it was determiLed ! 3 law that £50 per ton should be paid for h^vup. GoYer'-.'jr Hun- ter died at Quebec on August 21st, 1805, \7here he was buried in the Englisli Oathedml. Hon. A. Grant, Pres- ident of the Council, admin i;-tered affairs for a year until tbe appointment of Governor Francis Gore. Dar- ing his rule an act was passed to establish public hools i?i eveT'y district of the Province, (I8OT.) The census of Ui'jirr Ooada was first accurately taken in 1811, when tlt^ popalation amoanted to 77,000. ^.;- \ -' ohn Molson of the former city, and was named tho Accommodation, The second Canadian steamboat, named the Swiftsure^ was also built by Molson, and made her first passage from Montreal to Quebec (May 4, 1813) in the midst of the American war. '• ': •■ •■ ' • •■ • ■■■ ■■';■'■ ■ - •■ '' V. — Diflaculties, which had been increasing in magni- tude for several years past, reached a crisis in 1810. The Legislative Assembly wished to become independent of the other branches of the government ; a majority of that body therefore required that all judges should be considered ineligible to hold a seat in the Lower House, inasmuch as they were influenced and removable by the Executive Council. This representative body, more- over, wished to exercise a general supervision over all Colonial affairs, and to gain this object the Assembly pledged itself to defray the whole expense of the civil administration. But Gov. Craig managed to parry these covert attacks 'ipon his powers, whereupor^ ' o Assem- bly expelled Judge de Bonne, by a three-quar iers vote. By way of rejoinder the Governor dissolved ' he House SIR GEOBOB PBEV08T, OOYBBNOB. n be. Ise of Representatives, (1810.) This blow was followed by the forcible suppression of " Le Oanadien," which had severely criticised the Executive, the seizure of its press, the imprisonment of its printer, as well as of three members of the Assembly and three other persons, who were never brought to trial. These despotic anti un- justifiable measures caused this period to be designated " The Reign of Terror." The Governor was apparently seduced into these high-handed acts by the insinuations of his Council, who had acquired, and were anxious to maintain, an undue preponderance in the guidance of affairs. The Governor, in fact, was duped by his ad- visers, who represented the Canadians as factious and rebellious, and he only discovered his error when leav- ing the Province in 1811. The government was then administered by Mr. Dunn until the arrival of Sir Geo. Prevost, in September, as Governor-General of British North America. At the ' ame time Major-Gv'^neral Sir Isaac Brock, the hero of Upper Canada, succeedeu Lieu- tenant-Governor Francis Gore. War at this time was imminent between England and the States, and these two governors were selected w;th special reference to the critical position of colonir! affairs, internally and externally. Sir George caused seven new members to be added to the Executive, (which caused satisfaction, inasmuch as the Executive body was well-righ exclu- sively chosen from the Legislative Council, aad hence of both bodies was the Assembly jealous,) and preferred to places of trust some of the members whom the for- mer Governor had wronged. A militia bill was intro- duced, which au*l oi'ized the Governor to embody two ti'Ousand unmErri'\i men from eighteen to twenty-five years o^- age, for three months in the year, and in case of invi sion, to retain them for twelve months. In June 1812, war was declared between England and the United MM m M re SUMMARY OF OANADIAXi HISTOBY. || I States, and the Canadians nobly cast aside any remain- ing dissatisfaction, and made the most :iealous displays of loyalty and devotion to the British crown. ic" ee!i somewhat reduced by sickness and other causes, and he consequently re- treated across the river and shut himself up in Detroit. This place was forthwith invested by the Canadian army, and t-i'ter a short resistance it capitulated, and Hull, and his entire army, were sent to Montreal as SIB OE' RGE PRBYOST, GOYEBNOB. 77 as prisoners of var, (August IG.) Meanwhile another success had been gained in the West. Captain Rob- erts, stationed at St. Joseph's, an island in Lake Huron, under Brock's directions had captured the American Fort Michilimakinac (or Mackinac) without opposition, (July 17.) VII. — ^The Americans now resolved to make a great eftbrt upon the Niagara frontier. In September, more than 6000 troops were brought to the banks of tho river, with a view of invading Canada. On October 18th Colonel Van Rensellaer sent over a detachment of 1000 men, who attacked the British position at Queenston. Rensellaer with a reinforcement then crossed in person, and his troops gained the heights. But at this moment, in the grey of the morning. Gen- eral Brock, with an insufficient force of 600 men from the 49th regiment, advanced hastily from Fort George for the purpose of checking the enemy's advance. While cheering on his men to the attack, he fell mor- tally wounded and soon after died on the field. The 49th were discouraged and fell back, for the time, but in the afternoon a body of about 800 men, composed of regulars, militiamen and Chippewa Indians, under Gen- eral Roger Sheaffe, (who succeeded to the civil and mili- tary command,) came to the rescue. After half-an-hour's fighting the Americans to the number of 900 surren- dered at discretion. The British lost seventy men, while 400 killed and wounded was the loss which the enemy sustained. The Americans made another at- tempt to retrieve this campaign. General Smyth as- sembled 4500 men near Black Rock, in November, and crossed the river, but he was repulsed ; and after some farther untoward adventures, he decided that the expe- dition should be abandoned.- Another success, how- ever, awaited the British : Captain McDonnell crossed 78 BUMMABT OF CANADIAN UI8T0EY. the St. Lawrence on the ice and attacked (;gdeu8bnrg, drove out the garrison and took some cannon and a quantity of stores. ; »^ ' l VIII.— In January, 1813, the British Colonel Proc- tor defeated the Americans near Detroit and captured their leader. General Wilkinson, with 500 men. The enemy had meanwhile been equipping a naval arma- ment at Sackett's Harbour, which gave them the com- mand of Lake Ontario. A large force was also assem- bled mider General Dearborn, and the plan of the on- coming campaign was limited to the conquest of Upper Canada, at this time defended by only 2100 men. In April the Republican General embarked about 2000 troops in Commodore Chauncey's fleet, and sailed to York. The capital was scarcely at all fortified, and was held by General Sheaflfe with 600 men. The Brit- ish were obliged to abandon the town, which was plun- dered and partly burned by the invaders. 200 militia- men surrendered themselves prisoners of war, and the artillery and naval stores were carried off. Sheaffe was censured for retreating, and before long he was super- seded by M^or Gen'^rol de Rottenburg. Dearborn and Chauncey now turned their whole available force upon Fort George at the entrance of the Niagara river. This post was gallantly defended by General Vincent with 1000 regulars and 300 militia, till the fortifications were dismantled by the enemy's cannonade, whereupon the British fell back upon Queenston, (May 1813.) Vin- cent then called in the garrisons of Chippewa and Fort Erie, and after destroying these posts, he retired to Burlington Heights. Upon this the Americans occupied all the Niagara frontier, and effected for the first time a lodgement in Canada. Sir James Yeo having arrived from England with several officers of the Royal Navy and 450 seamen for AIR OEOnOB PBEVOBT, OOYEBNOB. 79 the lakes, he and Governor Prevost hastened to Kings- ton to prepare tlie fleet for action. While the main body of the enemy was engaged at Niagara, an attack npon Sackett's Harbour was thought advisable, and about 1000 men were embarked on the British flotilla for this purpose. But the expedition shamefully mis- carried, and Prevost's military reputation received a stain from which it never has become freed. Colonel Proctor's position at Detroit was again menaced by General Harrison, who wished to regain the Michigan territory. The American General had posted himself near the Miami rapids and was awaiting reinforcements. But Proctor did not wait to bo attacked ; he proceeded against the enemy with over 2000 regulars, militia, and Indians. His adversary, however, had found time to in- trench himself, and Proctor's efforts were unavailing to dislodge him. The British, nevertheless, fell upon a reinforcement of 1200 men, which was advancing under General Clay, and made upwards of 600 prisoners. This loss crippled the Republicans, and secured Detroit from all immediate danger. IX. — On the Niagara frontier. General Dearborn sent forward Generals Chandler and Winder to crush the British troops collected at Burlington Heights. But Colonel Harvey made a dexterous night-attack upon the enemy at Stony Creek, captured the two gen- erals and 116 men, and caused the rest to retreat iu great disorder. The British gained several other suc- cesses, chief among which was the surrender of Colonel Boerstler with 500 men, at Beaver Dams, to Lieutenant Fitzgibbon ; so that the Americans held nothing on the right bank of the river except Fort George. . - «« On Lake Champlain also the British arms were vic- torious. Two vessels of the enemy were taken at Isle aux Noix, and the magazines destroyed at Plattsburg SXJMMAET OF CANADIAN HISTORY. and Swanton. But while this was going on, Commo- dore Ohauncey was similarly employed on Lake Onta- rio in burning the barracks and stores at York. Our troops were now destined to experience some severe reverses, owing to the extraordinary exertions of the Americans. A squadron of nine sail under Commodore Perry attacked the British fleet on Lake Erie under Captain Barclay, and captured every vessel, (September 10.) In the same month, Harrison, having been joined by a. fierce body of mounted riflemen from Kentucky, advanced towards Detroit in such force that General Proctor crossed the Detroit river and retreated up the Thames. On being followed by the Republican army of 3500 men, he made a stand at Moravian Town with 800 British,and 500 Indians under the brave Tecumseh. This noble Indian was killed, and Proctor retreated in confusion to Burlington Heights, in order to join the Niagara army. Harrison, flushed with triumph, march- ed to strengthen his countrymen in the same quarter. X. — A grand plan of operations was now formed against Montreal. Two armies were to co-operate in this enterprise : the one of 6000 men under General Hampton from Lake Champlain ; the other 8800 strong under Major-General Wilkinson, from Sackett's Harbour on Lake Ontario. Hampton found himself opposed at Chateauguay by a body of Canadians and Indians under De Salaberry and McDonnell, who manoeuvred their small force of 400 so judiciously that the American General thought it prudent to retreat, and stationed himself for the winter at Plattsburg. Wilkinson's force now entered the St. Lawrence, and two detachments of 1000 each were landed at Williamsburg to disperse the Canadians who harassed their passage. The Americans under Boyd were attacked by a much inferior force un- der Morrison, and the (so-called) drawn battle of Cliryst- SIR GEOEGE PREVOST, GOVERNOR. m ler's Farm was the result, (N"ovember 11.) But as the Eepublican force lost a general and over 200 killed and wounded, and were obliged to relinquish their position and re-embark in haste, it may be judged that our troops have the better claim to victory. Proceeding down the river, Wilkinson was notified of Hampton's retreat, whereupon he deemed it best to abandon his designs upon Montreal, and subsequently retired to Plattsburg. Major-General McClure was now commanding on the Niagara frontier. On the advance of the British Colonel Murray, he crossed the river, after abandoning Fort George and reducing N'ewark to ashes. Murray gallantly followed him, surprised Fort Niagara, and took 400 prisoners. The British under Kiall after- wards surprised and burned the frontier towns of Lew- iston. Black Rock, Buffalo, and some others, by way of reprisal for the destruction of NeAvark ; and so ended the campaign of 1813. XI. — In the Assembly, which met in January, 1814, Chief Justice Sewell of Quebec was formally impeach- ed, under seventeen heads of accusation, by Mr. J. Stu- art, (afterwards himself Chief Justice.) Among the other charges were those of wrongly advising Governor Craig to dissolve the House, of sanctioning the arrest of three members, and the seizure of the opposition news- paper, and of sharing in the confederacy of John Hen- ry. (This man had been sent out in 1809 by Sir J. Craig as a spy to ascertain the state of political feeling in the States ; he conducted a secret correspondence with the Governor, which he afterwards disclosed to the United States Government for 50,000 dollars.) At the same time was presented another impeachment against Chief Justice Monk of Montreal, wherein he was charged with advising certain criminal prosecutions, and sitting Mi ii lU i i !:Hk i 82 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HISTORY. in judgment npon them, and with having refused to grant a writ of Habeas Corpus. To rebut these accusa- tions Sewell proceeded to England in June, and on his departure received complimentary addresses from the Executive and Legislative Councils. Aided by the in- fluence of Prince Edward, he gained the good graces of Lord Bathurst,so that he and his colleague were excul- pated, while he himself was highly recommended to Sir J. 0. Sherbrooke, when this Governor arrived at Cana- da in 181G. XII. — ^Warlike preparations had already recommenc- ed in the spring of 1814. Colonel Williams with 1500 British had taken up his position at La Colle Mill, on the Eichelieu, to protect Montreal, and here he was attacked in March by General Wilkinson with 4000 men. But the efforts of the Americans were vain, and they finally fell back again upon Plattsburg. In May the fort of Oswego was taken by the British General Drummond, where was found a quantity of ammunition and stores ; but this success was almost balanced by the defeat at Sackett's Harbour which followed. Great attempts were again made upon the Niagara frontier by the Republicans. General Brown with 5000 Amer- icans having crossed the river in July, took Fort Erie and its garrison of 170, and marching forward, he caus- ed General Riall to retreat towards Burlington Heights. Brown then laid siege to Fort George, but finding it unexpectedly strong ho retired to Chippewa. General Riall thereupon advanced, and the two armies met on the 25th July, and the battle of Lundy's Lane commenc- ed. Fortune at first went against the British, and Riall was taken prisoner. But at this moment General Drum- mond arrived with a reinforcement of 800 u 3n from York, and the Americans after six hours' hard lighting gave up the contest at midnight, and retreated in con- am GEOEIB PBEV08T, GOVEENOR. 88 fusion to Fort Erie. The enemy in this fierce struggle numbered 5000 men, while our troops were under 3000. Drummond attempted to follow up his success by at- tacking Fort Erie, but hQ was twice repulsed with se- vere loss. XIII. — After the abdication of Kapoleon, England was enabled to turn more of her strength against the United States, but the results were very unsatisfactory. A strong force of 16,000 veteran troops was sent to Canada, and Sir George Prevost resolved to invade New York by way of Lake Champlain, where the British fleet might assist him. He marched to attack Platts- burg at the head of 11,000 men in September 1814. This place was now defended by General Macomb with no more than 1500 Americans and a few companies of militia. But the British flotilla having been destroyed by the enemy's naval force, Prevost conceived that even a successful attack upon Plattsburg would not be at- tended with any permanent advantage to hira. "Where- fore he gave orders to his array to withdraw, and in this humiliating manner termin?ited the most formida- ble expedition which had left t'.e borders of Canada during the war. This luckless result afterwards expos- ed Prevost to a trial by court-martial, but he died be- fore the charge against him oould be investigated. In Upper Canada General Brown sallied from Fort Erie in September with considerable loss to the British, and b^ing afterwards joined by largo reinforcements he obliged General Drummond to retire to Burlington Ileighis. The American^' gained farther advantages on Lake TT.rie, but they were repulsed in an attempt to recover Fort Mackinac. Prummond, being now strengthened by a detachment of the newly-arrived troops from Europe, advanced towards Fort Erie, la CO operation with Sir James Yeo at the head of tho 84 SUMMARY OF CANADIAN HI8T0BT. British squadron on Lake Ontario. Brown thereupon, on November 5th, evacuated Fort Erie, after disman- tling the works, and retired across the Niagara. Such was the last scene of this long and chequered Canadian drama of war, and peace was restored by the Treaty of Ghent, (December 24th, 1814,) whereby the contend- ing parties were placed in exactly the same position they had occupied before the commencement of hostil- ities. In March 1815, the news reached Quebec, and peace was officially proclaimed by Governor Prevost. During this contest, the colonists, French and British alike, gave most effectual proofs of their loyalty to Eng- land, and it is universally acknowledged that the best safeguard of the Canadas was found, not in the exter- nal assistance afforded them, but in the bravery and vigilance of their own militia. rPPEB AND LOWER CANADA, FROM 1815 TO 1819. XIY. — In 1815, a sum of £25,000 was grante* 6^ k \ 6^^ 92 StTMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOBY. tionaries, from certain revenues of which the Assembly desired to obtain the management. These revenues consisted of the produce of duties on imports, imposed by Act of the Imperial Parliament in 1774, yielding the annual sum of £35,000 sterling, with others of minor importance, arising from the sale of land, timber, &c. A parliamentary grant, therefore, having been made for governmental as well as popular expenditure, and this being accepted as legitimate, the proceeding amounted to a virtual acknowledgment of the Assembly's con- trol over the whole revenue. The plan adopted by the House was to tender a round sum, in which was in- cluded the whole of the permanent Crown revenue and such part of the Provincial revenue as was sufficient to make up any deficiency of the former. The Home authorities disapproved of Buvton's course, in compro- mising the permanent revenue, and on Dalhousie's re- turn in 1826, a bill of supply was refused, in which the House similarly disposed of the entire revenue. The University of McGill College at Montreal, founded and endowed by the Hon. James McGill, was now established by Royal Charter. In 1827, Dalhousie projected the erection of a monument to the memories af Wolfe and Montcalm ; subscriptions were made, and the pillar now standing in Quebec was finished next year. In the session of 1827, Papineau was elected speaker of the Assembly by a large majority ; this ap- pointment the Governor refused to sanction, by reason of the persistent opposition which this member mani- fested towards the acts of the Administration. The House would choose no other Speaker, and the Gov- ernor accordingly prorogued the Parliament by pro- clamation. Acrimonious discussions now took place in the papers, 'which gave rise to many prosecutions for libel by the Government. In this year the Kideau BIB JAMES KEMPT, OOTEBNOR. 98 Oanal, communicating between Kingston and the Ot- tawa, was commenced at the expense of the Imperial Treasury. XXII. — In 1828, discontent had reached such a pitch, that 87,000 of the inhabitants petitioned the King, complaining of the conduct of successive Govern- ors, including the Earl of Dalhousie, and urging a com- pliance with the claims of the Assembly. Viger, Neil- son, and Ouvillier were deputed to present this peti- tion. It was referred to a Committee of the British House, who recommended that the receipt and expen- diture of the whole public revenue should be placed under the superintendence of the Canadian Assembly ; but that, nevertheless, the Governor, the Judges, and the Executive Council, should be made independent of the annual votes of that body. The Committee most emphatically condemned the practice of appropriating large sums of provincial money without the consent of the representatives of the people, and advised that a more popular character should be given to the Legis- lative and Executive Councils. These suggestions gave great satisfaction to the Lower Canadians, and are known as " The Report of the Canada Committee of 1828." >f«r'??f i'i:b.m Dalhousie was recalled and promoted to Lhe mili- tary command of India, while Sir James Kempt was sent from Kova Scotia to redress grievances, and gen- erally to carry out the* recommendations of the Com- mittee. Having called the Legislature together, he ac- cepted the election of Papineau as Speaker, and by his liberal and conciliatory course gained the hearts of the people. Although an act transferring the disputed rev- enue into the hands of the Colonial Assembly, had not yet been passed. Kempt assured the House that it might be speedily expected from the Home Government. 94 SUMMABT OF OANADIAN HI8T0BT. 'i New and popular members were added to the two Oomicils, and the Governor assented to a provisional Supply Bill similar to that for which Burton had been blamed. In 1829, the representation of Lower Oanada was increased from fifty to eighty-four members. Next year Kempt returned to England, and was succeeded by Lord Aylmer. In Dec, 1830, the Colonial Minister, Lord Goderich, sent despatches, in which he informed the Governor as to the nature of his contemplated bill. Its chief feature was that the whole revenue was to be assigned to the Provincial Legislature, except certain sums which arose from the sale of land, the cutting of timber, and other casual sources. This despatch was laid before the Assembly, who forthwith passed a reso- lution '^ that under no circumstances, and upon no con- sideration whatever, would they abandon their claim to control over the whole public revenue." In 1831, " Le Oanadien," which had been suppressed 21 years before, was re-established, and immediately commenced a warfare against Government. At this time there were about eighteen newspapers published in Upper C da, among a population of 274,000 ; and in Lower C^^^ada thirteen for a population of 898,000. — A proposal was made at Kingston to annex Montreal to the Upper Province, whereby a port of entry woald be secured independently of Lower Oanada ; but the move was ineffectual. XXIII. — ^In September, 1831, the Royal assent was given to a Bill introduced by Lord Howick, Under-Sec- retary of State for the Colonies, which transferred all funds — the casual and territorial revenue excepted — < to the Colonial Assembly. The Jesuits' estates were likewise made over for educational purposes. Lord Aylmer was instructed to procure in return a grant of permanent salaries to the Judges, the Governor, and LOBD AYLMEB, GOYEBNOB. 95 four of the chief Executive functionaries. In 1832, a disturbance took place at the Montreal elections, when the military were called out and fired into the mob, killing three and wounding two severely,— a circum- stance which gave rise to extraordinary excitement In the summer of this year the first Asiatic cholera broke out with fearful virulence, and spread in a very short time from Grosse Isle, the quarantine station, all over Canada. . - The Assembly voted to the judges permanent sala- ries, which, however, were to be drawn first from the casual and territorial revenues. This was rejected by the Home authorities, who yet conceded the right to vote the Supply-bill by items. But the House refused to allow permanent provision to be made for the Gov- ernor and the four Executive officers, and this deter- mination placed them completely at issue with the Crown. In 1883, difficulties again arose with Upper Canada, respecting the subdivision of duties, and in consequence the project was revived of uniting Mont- real to the "Western Province ; this, however, was pro- tested against by the Lower Canadian Parliament. In this year Montreal and Quebec were incorporated, and the first elections of Mayors took place. The Lower House now demanded that the existing Legislative Council should be abolished, and one substituted elect- ed by the body of the people. Stanley, the Colonial Minister, opposed this, as inconsistent with monarchical institutions, and next year the Parliament in conse- quence declined to pass any Bill of Supplies, and pre- pared a long list of grievances, based upon the famous ninety-two resolutions. Meanwhile, £31,000 sterling was advanced from the military chest for the part-pay- ment of the civil officers, whereby their responsibility to the Assembly was evaded. :'l ■■ r 96 SUMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTORY. XXIV.— In 1833, the French Canadian Press as- samed a menacing tone ; an organization took place at Montreal, where delegates sat under the style of '^ The Oonvention,'^ and repudiated all interference of the British Government with the local affairs of Canada. A similar organization was also formed at Quebec, and named " The Constitutional Committee of Quebec," The Asiatic cholera again decimated the Upper and Lower Provinces during the summer of 1834. The last Parliament of Lower Canada met in February, 1835. Papineau was elected Speaker, and the members stated their wants in plain terms to Aylmer, especially insist^ ing upon the Elective Legislative Council. They drew up a petition to the King, complaining of the head- strong conduct of the Governor, and of his preferring to oflSce men from the minority, who were opposed to the popular cause, and also of executive usurpation, which could only be rectified by making the Council responsible to the people. The Lower House appointed John Arthur Roebuck, M. P., as their agent in Eng- land, where he was of no small service in explaining the difficulties which existed in the Canadian Govern- ment, and plainly warned the Home authorities that they would force the colonists into rebellion. A commission of inquiry was sent out in August, 1835, composed of the Earl of Gosford, (who was also to relieve Aylmer as Governor,) Sir Charles Edward Grey, and Sir George Gipps. They were instructed to allow the Assembly's claim to the disposal of the entire revenue, on condition that provision for ten years was made for the Judges and Civil officers. An Elective Legislative Council was to be refused, as well as the surrendering of the management of the Crown Lands. Gosford convoked the Legislature the same year, in Oc- tober, and his conduct towards the popular leaders was i i EABL OF QOSFOBD, OOYEBNOB. 97 » extremely conciliating, so that supplies were granted for the arrears of three years, as well as for six months in advance. Gosford is accused of duplicity, and of having led the Assembly, by hints of liberal instruc- tions, to believe that all demands respecting the election of Legislative Councillors would be granted. The de- ception was soon discovered, and barred the way to all compromise. The Lower House refused the promised supplies ; the Upper House, indignant at the attempts made to overthrow it, rejected almost every bill sent up from the Assembly, which Gosford soon prorogued. Every political element was thus disturbed, and violent collision was inevitable. XXV.— In March, 1836, Mr. Speaker Papineau ad- dressed a long letter to Mr. BidwelJ, Speaker of the Upper Canadian House, in which was promised the co-operation of Lower Canada in all constitutional means to advance the best interests of their common country. Sir F. B. Head, at that time governing Upper Canada, referred to this letter when dissolving Parlia- ment, and defied the interference of Lower Canadians. The English Commissioners now saw that things were at a stand-still, and believed it indispensable to obtain the money requisite for the working of government, without the Assembly's consent. They thought this would best be accomplished by the repeal of Lord Howick's bill, which had transferred £38,000 of rev- enue to the Assembly.' The Colonial Minister, Lord Glenelg, was averse to this extreme measure, and in- structed ths Governor to make another effort with the Assembly. Parliament was accordingly assembled in September 1836; but the same position was firmly maintained, and the members resolved to adjourn their deliberations entirely, unless Government would begin the work of reform. The Commissioners had now re- 9 08 SUMMABT OF OANADIAN HIBTOBY. turned to England with their report, in which a respon- sible Executive was recommended. But the Home Government resolved on decisive measures, and in March 1887, Lord John Russell moved a series of reso- lutions, which was carried by a majority of 269 to 46. It was resolved that £142,000 should be taken from the Provincial funds, and applied to the payment of judges and other civil functionaries ; and that afterwards the government should be carried on, strict economy being observed, with the casual and territorial incomes. This step was in fact a suspension of the Canadian constitution. An elective Legislative Council and the responsibility of the Executive to the Assembly being declared inexpedient, amendments were promised in the formation of both. A small section of the House denounced the resolutions, and predicted civil war as the result of their enactment. By reason of the death of William IV. some delay occurred before action could be taken on Russell's motions, and in the interim, Gos- ford was notified to make a final appeal for supplies to the Canadian House. XXVI. — Demonstrations against the Government had already taken place ; meetings were held in which it was decided not again to apply for redress to the British Parliament, and a general convention was ad- vocated as desirable. In June 1887, a system of or- ganization was accordingly begun by Papineau, upon learning which Gosford applied to Sir Colin Campbell, (then Governor of Nova Scotia,) for a regiment, which reached Canada in July. In pursuance of Home in- structions the Governor summoned the House together in August, and laid Russell's resolutions upon the table for consideration. By a majority of 46 to 81 these were branded as destructive to the representative gov- ernment of the countrjr, and the supplies were reso- LOBO G08F0BD, OOTEBNOB. »9 lutely withheld. Lord Gosford with deep regret pro- rogued the House. Recourse was now had to arms, that a separation might he effected from the mother country. A central committee was formed at Montreal, and Fapineau took the supervision of everything. The Governor dismissed eighteen magistrates and thirty-five Militia officers, who took part in rehellious meetings. An association, called the *^ Sons of Liberty,'' paraded the streets of Montreal, in a hostile manner. In the County of Two Mountains, British authority was entirely disregarded, and an ac- tive training and arming was carried on among the malcontents. This example soon spread to the six Counties situate on the Bichelieu and Yamaska, so that the Government applied to Sir C. Campbell for two other regiments, and also to Sir F. B. Head for some of his Upper Canadian troops, — while volunteer corps of loyal inhabitants were rapidly organized. XXVII. — ^The first skirmish took place at Montreal, when the " Sons of Liberty" were put to flight, but without loss of life. The government now resolved to arrest the most active leaders, and warrants were issued against twenty-six, including Papineau. Nine v-ere soon apprehended, but the master-spirit escaped. In the execution of these warrants, eighteen volunteers were sent to St. John on the Richelieu, but their return was intercepted at Longueuil by 800 armed rebels, who wounded some of the party and put the rest to flight. Papineau and other leaders were said to be at St. Denis and St. Charles on the Richelieu, and Sir John Col- borne, Commander-in-Chief, sent detachments in No- vember under Colonels Gore and Wetherall, to attack these villages. Gore met with such opposition at St. Denis, that his retreat was unavoidable, after he had lost six men killed and ten wounded. Wetherall, how- 100 BUMMABT or CANADIAN BISTOBT. I ever, suooeoded upon St. Charles, and drove out the rebels, who lost 800 of their number. In December, Gore, being reinforced, took possession of St. Denis without opposition, as a panic was beginning to sprearl among the habitants^ and their leaders had already sought refuge in the neighbouring Republic. A filibustering expedition of restless spirits from the States crossed the frontier, but it was frustrated by a party of British volunteers. And thus, in fourteen days, rebellion was quelled in the six Counties. Colbome afterwards turned his troops to the districts north of Montreal, where sedition had first arisen, and with slight opposition tranquillity was restored before the end of 1837. :m '■ UPPER CANADA FBOM 1829 TO 1838. ,( , ii< i XXVIII. — In Upper Canada, after the accession of Colbome to the Governorship, it was found that the casual and territorial revenues in the hands of the Crown had increased so much that the Executive was completely independent of the Assembly, so far as sup- plies for the civil list were concerned. The inhabitants of Toronto presented a petition to the Home Govern- ment^ praying that the judges might not be subject to the control of the Executive, and that a local and responsible Government might be granted to the country. In 1829, Robert Bali win appeared before the people as a candidate for Parliament, and Egerton Ryerson issued the prospectus of the Christian (hia/t- dian. In 1830, the Assembly asserted its right to con- trol the whole ^ vincial Revenue, and, by" way of retaliation, the Upper House threw out most of the bills presented to its consideration. In 1831, the As- sembly made a permanent provision for the salaries of the Governor and certain other high oflBcials, and re- LOBD OOBFOBO, OOTEIINOB. 101 ceiyed in return tho entire management of the imperial, as well as all other, revenues. Thus was solved ' the difficulty which occasioned such profound agitation in Lower Canada. In 1832, Mackenzie was sent to Eng- land as the hearer of a petition from 24,600 colonists, who requested, among other things, that the Legislative Council should he made elective, the public revenue properly expended, and the land-granting department regulated. In 1884, an act was passed making the judges independent of the Crown. The Parliament of 1885 drew up the Seventh Grievance Report, which is chiefly devoted to the subject of Executive responsi- bility to the Assembly. The Executive now deter- mined to secure the English Church in possession of a great portion of the Clergy-Reserves, (i, d., a seventh part of the Provincial Territory which had been set apart by the Constitutional Act of 1791 for the support of Protestant Clergy,) and created fifty-seven Recto- ries, which were put into the hands of the ministry of the Episcopal Church. This intimate connection, it was thought, of land and owners would prevent the gecularizing effects of any future legislation. XXIX. — Colborne was superseded at his own re- quest in 1835 — (while at ITew York, on his return home, he received despatches constituting him Commander-in- Chief of the Canadian forces,) — ^by Sir Francis Bond Head, who received instructions much the same as those of Gosford. Of his own authority he began to appoint members of the Family Compact to lucrative offices which were vacant. He added also three highly popular members — Baldwin, Rolph, and Dunn — to the Executive ; but, never consulting them upon any public measure, they shortly axterwards resigned. The Lower House took up the affair, and framed an address to the King, charging Head with " deviations from candour 9* 102 BUMMABT OF OAKADIAKT HISTOBT. and trnth/^ Diffionlties increased until, for the first time, the supplies wore stopped in 1836. The Gov- ernor now resolved upon a new election, and put forth such exertions that tlie Assembly became little more than a mere echo of his voice. The previous numbers of the Legislature had been forty Reformers and twenty Tories. After the elections of June, 1880, the Governor's influence changed these numbers into forty- one Tories and twenty Reformers ; while, besides, the Reform and ultra-Reform leaders, Baldwin, Mackenzie, and Bid well, were beaten at the polls. The new Par- liament in 1887 introduced a bill erecting the first Court of Chancery in iTpper Canada. Mackenzie, at the be- ginning of 1837, was holding meetings throughout the Home District, and keeping up a secret correspondence with the Lower Canadian malcontents. XXX. — It was at this time that the troops were sent down to Lower Canada, and the "Western Province was left unprotected. The withdrawal of the troops acceler- ated Mackenzie's movements, and he resolved to march upon the capital, with the intention of afterwards pro- claiming a Republic. The rebels mustered on Yonge Street, (the great military road leading out of Toronto, which had been made under Governor Simcoe's direc- tions,) and after an effectual attempt upon the city, they were routed at Montgomery's tavern by a militia force under Colonel MacNab and Justice McLean. Mackenzie, and most of the other leaders, fled to the States, while thousands of loyal volunteers, unapprised of the change of affairs, came flocking to the rescue of the capital, from all parts of the country. In the London district there was an attempt at in- surrection, but Colonel MacNab marched thither and dispersed all the rebels. The country had already be- come tranquil, when danger arose from another quar? LOBD OOBFOBD, OOYBRNOB, 108 ter. MaokeDzie had oolleoted at Buffalo a namber of desperate characters, and with these he meditated an invasion of O^ada. The command was assigned toYan Rensellaer, who took possession of Navy Island, in the Niagara channel, and fortified it. Volunteers were in- vited from Oanada and the States, all manner of flatter- ing promises being held forth, and soon the filibuster- ing armament amounted to 1000 men. Oolonel Mac- Nab now arrived at Ohippewa, and found himself at the head of 2,500 militia who were prepared to resist any attempt at landing. The steamboat Caroline was employed in the service of the (so-called) Patriots on Navy Island. MacNab gave orders for her capture ; this was effected, and the boat, after being fired, was allowed to drift over the Falls. At this juncture. Gen- eral Scott appeared on behalf of the American Govern- ment, to prevent any supplies or recruits from reaching Navy Island ; where upon Van Rensellaer evacuated his position in January, 1838. Various bands of American adventurers were collected at Detroit, Sandusky, and Watertown, to invade Canada, but all efforts proved equally ineffectual. XXXL— In March, 1888, Sir F. B. Head was re- called, and Sir George Arthur appointed Governor in his stead. Five hundred political prisoners were at this time crowded within the gaols at Hamilton and To- ronto. Two leaders — ^Lount and Matthews — were exe- cuted, others were sent to the Penitentiary at Kings- ton, while some were released. In May, Bill Johnson plundered and burned the steamer Sir Bobert Peel, and escaped vengeance by taking refuge amidst the Thousand Islands. A few gangs of American '* Sympa- thizers" crossed the frontier and effected some slight depredations. A final Patriot Invasion was attempted, contemporaneously with the second Lower Canadian 104 BITMMABY OF CANADIAN EISXOBY. i- Rebellion, in October, 1838. One body of invaders landed at Prescott, and ensconced themselves in a stone windmill. Here they were attacked by the Canadians, and after a lengthened struggle they surrendered at discretion. Further to the west, an assault was made at the same time upon Amherstburg, but the Sympa- thizers were defeated by Colonel Prince, and driven across the river to Detroit. Courts-martial were now formed — the chief prisoners were executed, while a large number (151 in all, including sixty-eight from Lower Canada) of the less conspicuous were trans- ported to the penal settlements of New South Wales. These, and the exiled rebels generally, were allowed to return about five years after this, on account of the intercession of the Assembly on their behalf. LOWER AND UPPER CANADA FROM 1838 TO THE UNION. XXXII. — Returning to Lower Canada, we find that in June, 1838, Lord Gosford was recalled, and Sir John Colborne appointed Administrator of the Govern- ment. Martial law, which had prevailed from the outbreak of the rebellion, was discontinued in May ; and in the same month arrived the Earl of Durham, in the double capacity of Governor-General and her Majesty's High Commissioner, to adjust all questions about civil government pending in Upper and Lower Canada. The Imperial Parliament also suspended the constitution of the country, and in its stead the Gov- ernor was empowered to form a Special Council, which should exercise the functions of both Houses. One of the first steps taken, was to hold in abeyance the Habeas Corpus Act, that the imprisoned rebels might be sum- marily dealt with. Every act of the new Governor was marked by liberality and disinterestedness. The Crown Lands Department was inquired into, and many BABL OF DUBHA.M, OOYEBNOB. 105 abuses brought to light. By a bold expedient, which has been much criticised, the Governor disposed of all the political prisoners without the excitement of a formal trial : the minor offenders were pardoned, and eighty of the ringleaders were banished to the Ber- mudas. The British Parliament did not approve of his conduct, and passed an act of indemnity, setting aside Durham's Ordinance whereby the prisoners had been banished. On learning this, the Governor sent in his resignation, to the universal regret of the French and British populations alike. He advocated a Federal Union of the British North American Provinces, as a counterpoise to the extended territory of the States on the south. Before leaving his government, he made a tour through the Oanadas, and prepared a Eeport so admirable in its accuracy and impartiality, that it holds an unsurpassed rank among official documents. It was owing to this report that the Union of the Oanadas was resolved upon. Responsible Government introduced, and a general amelioration of Colonial policy effected. All lovers of our country must honour the Earl of Dur- ham as the originator of good government in Canada. He left Quebec in November, 1888, and his place was filled by Sir J. Colborne, at first as Administrator, and then as Governor-General, (Jan. 1839.) v .^„ XXXIIL— Durham's departure seems to have been the signal for a second rebellious attack under Dr. Nel- son. Martial law was again proclaimed in force, and the Habeas Corpus Act suspended. After sundry skir- mishes. Sir John Colborne attacked Nelson at Napier- ville, and completely scattered his forces. The mal- contents experienced another defeat at Beauharnois, from the Glengarry men ; and with this the second Lower Canadian Rebellion ended, after a duration of seven days. Twelve rebels were then executed, and 106 BUMMABT 07 0A17ADIAN BISTOBY. Oolborne followed up this stroke by suspending three judges, who, biassed in favour of the insurgents, pro-^ nounced his conduct unconstitutional. These function- aries were, after two years, reinstated by Lord Syden- ham. Several marauding incursions were made during winter by ruffian gangs from the States, who styled themselves Hunters^ despite the vigilance and repres- sive measures of General Worth of the United States army. In June, 1839, Lord John Russell brought for- ward a Bill in the House of Oommons, relating to the Union of the Canadas, that it might undergo dis- cussion. Finnally it was laid over till next session, that moie information might be acquired. Chief Jus- tice Robinson, of Upper Canada, then in England, pro- tested strongly against the projected Union; but in Upper Canada generally, it was popular. In October, (1839,) Mr. Charles Poulett Thompson, a British mer- chant, and President of the Board of Trade, arrived at Quebec as Governor General. Oolborne, released froni his arduous labours, immediately sailed for England, where he was honourably received, and elevated to the peerage as Lord Seaton. XXXIV. — Meanwhile, Mr. Thompson convoked his Special Council, and explained the views of the British Ministry relative to the union of the Canadas, and the concession of Responsible Government, which was chiefly to be effected by rendering the principal mem- bers of the Executive dependent for their position upon the majority which their policy might secure in the House of Assembly. The Council immediately passed resolutions indicating their entire concurrence in the proposed action of the Home Government. The mat- ter was thus settled, so far as concerned the Lower Canadian British populatior, and under the circura- HON. 0. P. THOMPSON, GOYEBNOB. 107 stances it was In&x iient to regard the opposition of the French, who were mostly disaffected. The Governor then proceeded to Upper Canada, where more difficulty was experienced, inasmuch as the majority of the Upper House opposed the introduction of any liberal measure whatsoever. But the Governor published a circular despatch from Bussell's pen, and by thus appealing to the loyalty of the Family Compact, he succeeded in getting the Union Bill introduced as a Government measure. It passed both Houses before the end of January, 1840, with stipulations that there should be an equal representation of each Province in the United Legislature, — that a sufficient permanent civil list should be granted, whereby the judicial bench might be rendered independent, and the indispensable business of Government prosecuted, — and that the pub- lic debt should be charged on the joint revenue of the United Province. The sanction of the Imperial Parlia- ment was now the only thing required, and to expedite the receipt of this, the draft of a Union Bill was framed by Chief Justice Sir James Stuart. This was intro- duced by Eussell, and with tb3 exception of certain clauses relating to Municipalities, passed both Houses, and was sanctioned by the Queen on July 23d, 1840. Owing to a suspending clause, the bill did not come into operation until Feb 10, 1841, when, by proclama- tion, it was announced as law. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER II. I. How man^ forms of govern- ment hed Canada within thirty- two years? State what they were, with dates. What was about the population of the Can- adaa at the time of separation 1 What member of the royal family came to Canada in 1791 ? When did the first Parliament assemble In Upper and Lower Canada? State the number of members in each ; where and by whom con- vened. What change was made in the names of the four upper Canadian districts? Give some other acts of this Parliament 11. Where did Simcoe intend his fature capital to be? Who i interfered, and for what purpose ? Where was it ultimately fixed. ^v.i«jp^ 108 BUMMAKT OF CANADIAN UI8T0BT. i . ! and when? What action was taken respecting slaves in 1798 ? Where was the first Upper Cana- dian paper published ? How were the duties uivided in 1795 be- tween the Canadas ? What change now took place in the govern- ment? When were porta of en- try first established ? Who was the next Governor of Upper Can- ada ? What was the first paper - published at York, and when? What action did the Parliament take respecting hemp ? State the changes in government in 1805. When were public schools first established ? When was the first accurate census of Upper Canada taken, and with what result? III. What postal arrangement In 1792? Why and by whom was the exportation of grain pro- hibited in 1795 ? Who succeeded Dorchester? What operated to the prejudico of immigrants? When was slavery abolished in Lower Canada? What caused the establishment of the Trinity Houses ? Who was the first Prot- estant Bishop of Quebec, and when appointed? When and where was an Episcopal Ca- thedral built? Who succeeded Milnes? How was the liberty of the press infringed upon ? IV. Who was instrumental in difFusing education in Lower Can- ada, and with what result? What French paper appeared in 1806 ? What course did it pursue ? Why was Sir James Craig sent out? Give particulars respecting the first Canadian steamboat. Be- epecting the second. V. When did internal difficul- ties reach a crisis ? In what way did the Assemblv seek to become independent? How did it seek to gain a control over all colonial affairs? What was the result? Of what despotic and unjus- tifiable measures was Governor Craig guilty? What was this period called? Why did the Governor so act ? Who succeed- ed him ? Who was now appointed to Lower Canada? What con- ciliatory measures did Prevost adopt ? What militia bill was Introduced ? When -♦^as war de- clared ? VI. How did Prevost first aaXf How was specie prevented ftrom passing into the States? What regulars were in the country, and how stationed? How were their small numbers reinforced? By whom, when, and where was Canada first invaded? Who has- tened to attack him, and with what result? What success had Captain Koberts in the far west< VII. Where did the Ameri- cans concentrate their efforts? Where did they open the attack? What success had Bensellaer? Who advanced to check him, and with what success? In what manner did the British ultimate- ly succeed? What were their respective losses? How did the republicans seek to retrieve the campaign? How and by whom was Ogdensbunz taken ? VIIL Describe Proctor's suc- cess near Detroit. Who had the comiiand of Lake Ontario, and by what means? What was the plan of the campaign ? Sketch the expedition against York. Where did the enemy next turn, and with what result ? How did Vincent act ? What was the po- sition of the enemy? By whom was the British flotilla organized and manned ? What was the re- sult of Sackett's Harbour expe- dition? State the progress of events at Detroit. IX. Describe the victory of the British at Stonv Creek. What success was gamed at Beaver- Dams ^ What did the Ameri- cans hold on the right bank of the Niagara? Which party was successful on Lake Champlain? How was this in part balanced ? What victoiy did Perry's fleet gain ? Describe Harrison's move- ments. X. State the plan of operations formed against Montreal. How was Hampton checked ' Sketch the movements of Wilkinson. Between whom, and with what result was the battle of Chryst- ler's farm fought ? Describe the operations on theNiagara Arontier. QUESTIONS TO OHAPTEB II. 109 XL Who was impeached in 1814, and hy whom ? Mention lonie of the charges. Oive some account of John Uenry^s mission. Who was also impeacned, and on what ffrounds? Wliat resulted from these impeachments ? XII. What operations took place on the Richelieu? What success and reverse did the Brit- ish next experience f Detail the attempts made on the Niagara frontier. Sketch the battle uf Lnndv^s Lane. XIII. How was Prevost now strengthened? What did he re- solve to do ? What was the re- sult ? How were'affairs in Upper Canada? How did the British regain Fort Erie? When was peace restored ? What was the position of things after the treatv of peace ? When was peace of- ficially proclaimed at Quebec? What constituted the safety of OaMada during this war ? XIV. What grants were made In 1815, and for what purposes ? Why did Prevost depart, and who succeeded him? What changes took place in the administration of Upper Canada ? Give an in- stance of Drummond^s intoler- ance. What private man now became obnoxious to the govern- ment? Why did Drummond again prorogue the Assembly? Who succeeded him ? What did this Governor see and point out? What fatal division now became evident? When were common schools established in Upper Can- ada? XV". When and where was the llrst bank opened? Where was the next ? What oflter was ac- cepted in 1818? What was the effect of this ? How wore the people now divided ? XVI. Why, when, and by whom was Sherbrooke relieved ? Who was appointed ■) Upper Canada? What is noticeable after 1815? What was the result in Lower *^Canada ? What in Upper Canada ? What was the Family Compact? XVII. Give a notice of Gour- lay's persecution. What occurred in 1820? Who first came Into 10 notice next year? What canal was begun ir. 1824? Who pro- jected it, and when ? What at- tempts were made by the Scot- tish Church? When were they successfkil ? Give a notice of the Canada Land Company. XVIII. What person now fell into official dislike? When did the Beformers predominate in the Assemblv, and what was the re- sult ? When and by whom was King's College endowed? How was Judge Willis treated? By^ whom was Maitland succeeded, and when ? XIX. What difficulty arose In Lower Canada? What was Rich- mond's fate? Upon whom did the government successively de- volve? What scheme did Dal- housio bring forward? What was the result? What public work was commenced in 1821 ? XX. What trade was increast- Ing ? What was the consequence ? what efforts had the Assembly been making, and M'ith what suc- cess? What misunderstanding arose in 1822 ? How was it ad- justed ? What project raised ob- jection in the Canadas? Hoav was the popular cause strength- ened in 1823 ? What boundary was now settled? What news- paper change occurred in 1823? Detail what was going on in the Aseembly. Who was conspic- uous in his opposition? What society was founded in 1824, and what has it effected ? Give some particulars as to the two great ships built near Quebec. Who governed in Dalhousie's absence ? XXI. What had been the posi- tion of affairs for four years? What concession was now made, and how ? What revenues were claimed by the Crown? Show how the home authorities dis- approved of Burton's conduct. Wnat university was now estab- lished ? What monument was erected in 182T? What fresh trouble arose with Parliament? When was the Rideau Canal com- menced, and at whose expense ? XXII. Exemplify the discon- tent of 1828. Who presented the 110 SUMMARY OF OANADIAN HI8T0BT. ill petition ? What did tho British Parliamentary committco recom- mend? What did it condemn? What are these suggestions Icnown as ? To what jpost was Dalhousie appointed ? Name his successor. How did he conciliate the Parliament and country? What assurance did he give the Ilouse ? When was Lower Cana- dian representation increased, and to what extent? Who followed Kempt? What was the main feature of Goderich's bill ? How did the Assembly receive it? What paper was re-established in 1831, and what was its course? Give the number of newspapers in Canada. What proposal was made at Kingfston ? XXIII. What was now trans- ferred to the Assembly? What was asked in return? Describe the first civil disturbance. How was the country afflicted in 1882 ? State the course pursued by the Assembly. What difficulty arose with Upper Canada ? When were the first mayors elected in Cana- da, and where? What demand did the Lower House make ? What arose from this? How were the civil officers partly paid? XXIV. What was goinsr on in 1883 ? When did tho ^second cholera break forth ? When did tho last Lower Canadian Parlia- ment meet ? What was the tenor of the petition to the King ? Who was appointed colonial agent ? What action did England take in 1885? What instructions were given ? How did Gosford suc- ceed? Why were the supplies afterwards refused? XXV. What celebrated letter passed between the two Parlia- ments in 1886? What did tho commissioners propose? What was the effect of re-assembling Parliament? State the nature of Kussell's resolutions. What do- layod the execution of them ? XXVI. What was the state of affairs in Canada? Who com- menced a system of organization ? What did Gosford do ? How did Parliament receive Busseirs reso- lutions? How did the French Canadians act ? Whom did Gos- ford dismiss? W hero was 'Brit- ish authority first disregarded? Where did the disaffection spread? How was the Govern- ment strengthened ? XXVII. Where was the first skirmish? What did the Gov- ernment resolve upon, and with what result? What took place at St John ? What villages were attacked, and why? What suc- cess had Gore and Wetherall? From what quarter did assistance come to the rebels? Where did Colborne next turn his arms? When was peace restored ? XXVIII. How and in what re- spect did the Executive become independent in Upper Canada? What was the nature of the peti- tion from Toronto ? What nota- ble men came forward in 1829? What claim did the Assembly make in 1880? How and when was one great difficulty settled ? Who was sent to England with a petition, and what was its tenor? What act was passed in 1834? What was the chief Parliament- ary action next year ? What were tho Clergv-Eeserves, and when set apart? What did the Exec- utive do respecting them in 1885? XXIX. Who succeeded Col- borne? To what office was Coi- bonie appointed? How did Sir F. B. Head act respecting the Legislature ? Whv did the new Executive members resign ? When were the supplies first stopped? What change took flace in the complexion of the louse? What bill did the new Parliament introduce ? How was Mackenzie employed ? XXX. What accelerated Mao- kenzio's movements ? Where and by whom were the rebels defeat- ed? When was another attempt made at insurrection, and how quelled? What did Mackenzie next do ? How did MacNab act ? What caused the evacuation of Navy Island ? W hat efforts were afterwards made, and with what success? XXXI. When and by whom QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER IL 111 waa Head superseded? How were the prisoners treated? What outrage aid Bill Johnson com- mit ? When was the final Patriot invasion? Describe it. Where were the Sympathizers also de- feated ? What became of the im- prisoned rebels ? XXXII. Who succeeded Gos- ford ? What was the duration (tf martial law ? In what capacities did Durham arrive? How did the Imperial Parliament act? What was the first step of the opeclal council? How did Dur- ham dispose of the prisoners? Why didf Durham resign ? What did he advocate ? What is to be gaid of his report ? What effect had it? Why is Durham to be honoured ? Who succeeded him, and in what year? XXXIII. What occurred after Dnrham^s departure? Describe the second rebellion. How did Golborne act in this exigency? Who were the Hunters t What bill was brought forward, and by whom, in tho British House in June, 1889? Who protested against this bill ? Who was the next Governor ? How was C'ol- borno rewarded ? XXXIV. What was the new Governor's first step ? What suc- cess did he meet with? What was his difficulty in Upper Cana- da, and how did he overcome it * What stipulations were attached to the bill and its passage ? By whom was a draft of the Unlott bill framed? How was it re- ceived by the Home Govern- ment? When did it receive the Boyal sanction? When did it come into operation ? I CHAPTER III ^^ FBOM THB BE-UNION OF THE GANADAS TO THE PBESBNT TIME. I. — In 1840, Queen's College, Kingston, was estab- lished, and Victoria College (founded eight years be- fore) was incorporated as a University. After the Union, public attention was turned to the settlement of the Clergy-Reserves, which had long been a source of agitation. A BiU was brought forward in Upper Canada advocating their sale, and the partition of the proceeds, so that the largest share should fall to tho Church of England. This was carried, but did not satisfy the Reformers, who still kept the question be- fore the people. The germ of Responsible Government was now implanted in the Constitution, as may be seen from the words of the Governor's Message, " That he had been commanded by Her Mtgesty to administer the government in accordance with the well-under- stood wishes of the people ; and to pay their feelings, ii m ni l 112 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HlfiTOBY. as expressed through their representatives, tho defer- rence that waa justly due to them." Towards the close of 1840, the imprisonment in the United States of Deputy Sheriff HcLeod for his supposed -share in the destruction of the Caroline^ threatened to excite' a general war. He was, however, acquitted and releas- ed, hefore any unpleasant consequences ensued. Upon the formal re-union of the Provinces heing proclaimed in February, 1841, a general election took place. Kingston was made the Seat of Government, where the Legislature was convened on June 18th — the Lieutenant-Governorship of Upper Canada came to an end, and Mr. Thompson, now raised to the peer- age as Baron Sydenham of Kent and of Toronto, was entrusted with the sole authority. The Tory and Re- form representatives from Western Canada were well- nigh equal in numbers, so that the French party held the balance of power — a position which it has occu- pied, more or less, ever since. IL — Sydenham had many difficulties and prejudices to contend with, especially in the formation of the Leg- islative Council. But he triumphed over every obsta- cle, and introduced, through the Executive bills relating to the revision of Custom-house duties, the regulation of the currency, the extension of education, the forma- tion of an eflBcient Board of Works, and the establish- ment of municipal corporations. Incessant exertion and anxiety had almost worn out his feeble constitution, when ho was severely injured by a fall from his horse. This was sujficient to cause his death on the 19th Sept., 1841, and he was buried at Kingston in compliance with his own request. His name will be gratefully remembered, with that of Durham, whose policy he adopted, as one of the greatest benefactors of Canada. Sydenham's successor. Sir Charles Bagot, a high- BABON METOALFE, OOVERNOIi. 118 church Tory, arrived at the capital in January, 1842, and relieved Sir Richard Jackson, who, as commander of the forces, had been administering the Government. Baldwin and Hincks now came into power with the French party under Lafontaine, and, on accepting office, the Ministry went back to their constituents to be re-elected, in accordance with the principle of gov- ernmental responsibility to the people. Ill health in- duced Bagot to request his recall, (he died at Kingston in May, 1843,) and accordingly Sir Charles Metcalfe was appointed Governor-General of Canada, in the be- ginning of 1843. He manifested a decided leaning tow- ards the Tory party, of which Sir A. MacNab (knighted for his services during the rebellion) was now a promi- nent member. This Governor maintained his right to appoint the Executive officers of the Crown, and on the resignation of the Ministry, he sought to form a Provisional Cabinet; but his conduct was denounced by the Reformers. In 1844, the seat of Government was removed to Montreal. III. — A new election now took plaSe, by which the Tories gained a small mtgority in the House, and their administration, under Mr. Draper, (Sir A. MacNab being Speaker,) lasted during the term of Metcalfe^s, and his successor's governorship. In 1845, two large . fires desolated Quebec and rendered 24,000 inhabitants houseless: Britain contributed £100,000 sterling to the relief of these unfortunates. Bad health compelled the Governor (who had been raised to the peerage as Baron Metcalfe, on account of his long and valuable services in India and elsewhere) to retire from his duties in November of this year, when Lieutenant- General Earl Cathcart, commander of the forces, was appointed Administrator. About this time the Ministry proposed to pay all losses caused by d^tnicUpn of 10* ^/;--w.--r->v,v.:>--r- lU BUMMAUT OF OAKADIAN HI6T0BT. [ I property during the rebellion in Upper Canada, by the sequestration of a special fund arising from tavern and other licenses. This was agreed to by the French party, provided that compensation should likewise be given for all losses sustained by the Loyalists in Lower Canada. Everything was thus satisfactorily arranged, and at the close of 1845, six Commissioners were ap- pointed to classify carefully all just losses so sustained. But to obtain a correct and trustworthy classification seemed impossible— it was no easy matter to separate the innocent from the guilty — the rebels from the loy- alists — and, as might be expected, the Commissioners (in April, 1846) presented a very unsatisfactory report, in which it was conjectured that £100,000 would suf- fice to pay all real losses. Mr. Draper^s Ministry accordingly introduced a Bill ordering the issue of £9,986 in Provincial Debentures, to be applied to the partial payment of Lower Canadian Losses. In 1846, Common Schools were extensively established through- out the country, and the present educational system introduced, chiefly through the creditable exertions of Dr. Ryerson. IV. — ^The Earl of Elgin, the new Governor of Can- ada, arrived at Montreal in January, 1847. The Tory Ministry was now in the last stages of decrepitude, and was being vigorously attacked by the Reform press under the guidance of the Pilots a Montreal paper, edited by Mr. Hincks, (who had also established the Toronto Examiner in 1839.) Agitation was again becoming prevalent respecting the Clergy-Reserves' question, and their secularization was advocated by the Reformers. A Relief Fund was this year opened for the purpose of contributing to the wants of the famine-stricken poor of Scotland and Ireland. This famine now began to cause vast numbers of the desti- LORD ELOm, OOYEIiNOB. 115 tnte to emigrate to America, so that up to the begin- ning of August T0,000 emigrants had landed at Quebec. After the meeting of Parliament in June, Lord Elgin informed the Legislature that the British Government was ready to hand over to Canada the control of the Post Office department, and that the Canadian Houses were also empowered to repeal the differential duties in favour of British manufactures. Parliament was soon after dissolved, and Reform-Conventions were held all over the country in view of the new elections of January, 1848. The Reformers then proved com- pletely triumphant at the polls, and nearly all their leaders were returned — Hincks, Baldwin, Price, Blake, and Malcolm Cameron. Dr. W. Nelson and Papineau were also sent from Lower Canada as representatives to the new Assembly. On the opening of Parliament, Mr. Draper's Ministry resigned, and the Baldwin-La- fontaine Government assumed the direction of affairs. Towards the close of the year, an important measure was papsed in the repeal of the Imperial Navigation- Laws. This and the former repeal of differential duties insured to Canada the privileges of free trade. The colony was allowed to import goods whence and how she pleased ; she was entrusted with the entire control of Provincial trade and the regulation of her own Tariff of Customs. V. — Parliament was again convened in January, 1849, and the Governor remarked upon the completion of the St. Lawrence Canals which was brought about during the year, and the speedy transference of the Post Office Department to the Colonial Government. Mr. Lafontaine introduced a bill to pay the balance of Lower Canadian Rebellion-Losses, and a stormy debate followed. The Opposition contended that by its pro- visions actual rebels were to be remunerated, and that 116 BUMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. it was therefore doubly unfair for Upper Canada to pay any proportion whatsoever. The Ministry replied, that the object of the bill was only to pay for all destruction caused by the rebels, and to carry out the views of their predecessors in office in 1846, who had paid Upper Canadian losses from licenses for'ming part of the general consolidated fund, and had contemplated a similar provision, in part fulfilled for Lower Canadian Rebellion-Losses. But the Opposition members man- aged to spread their view of the question over the country, from Montreal westward, and monster meet- ings, denouncing Ministerial policy, were held, in which the common watchword was "No pay to Rebels." The antagonism of races broke forth again, and many members of the Ultra-Tory party threatened annexa- tion to the States, sooner than submit to the conse- quences of Lafontaine's measures. Nevertheless the Bill was carried in the Assembly by 48 to 82, and having passed the Upper House, lii was assented to by Lord Elgin, on April 26th, 1849. On leaving the Par- liament House the Governor was insulted by the crowd, and in the evening a disorderly mob, to the lasting disgrace of Montreal, set fire to this building, which, with the valuable Library, (wherein were 1800 vol- umes on Canada alone,) was completely destroyed. Ri- oting was carried on in the city, and many Reform members were maltreated, anr) their houses l.,'i' c-d. Similar scenes were enacted throughout Upper v* . especially in Toronto, where Baldwin, and some others, were b?imf in effigy. Some further attempts at vio- lence taking' place in the capital, the military fired into the mob, i*r ^ cnt man was killed. Meanwhile, ad- dresses, fi <)in. i.l\e Refom^ars chiefly, came pouring in from all qii-irterj to Lord Elgin, expressing their confi- dence in his Administration, and their regret for the LOBD BLOIN, OOTXSI70B. 117 .(i. scenes he had witnessed. The Governor nevertheless tendered his resignation, but all the Uome authorities approved of his conduct, an '•equosti d him to con- tinue in office. To this h* consen^'^d, and the more gladly, inasmuch as the unfounded agitation whs already beginning to subside. In view of the late unseemly occurrences, it was resoh i^d » o remove the seat of Government from Mont- re«< d or the next two years to meet at Toronto^ (ItS xiame had been changed from York in 1884.) Sub- 8eq;,'.nt to this period the practice has continued of holding the sitting of both Houses for four years alter- nut. ly in Quebec and Toronto, which, however, will shortly be done away with, by reason of the Queen's selection, in compliance with the wish of Parliamei t, of Ottawa (formerly Bytown), as the permanent gc.it of Government. VI. — The repeal of the Corn Laws in England, in 1846, whereby all preference in favour of Canadian grain was abolished, and trade consequently diverted from the St. Lawrence, now began to produce telling effects upon the credit and revenue of the country, from which it took many years of industry and perseverance to recover. In 1849, a complete system of Municipal institutions was organized in Upper Canada, and in the following year a somewhat similar measure was intro- d'oed in Lower Canada. By this expedient, each dis- trict was entrusted with the management of its own local affairs, and the general revenue was relieved from any undue burdens which were more properly charge- able upon the localities benefitted. In 1850, the first proposition was made concerning Reciprocity, or free interchange of trade with the United States. In this year also the Glohcy Examiner^ and other Reform pa- pers, commenced agitation afresh and persistently 118 8UMMABT OF CANADIAN HI6T0BT. respecting the Olergy-Reserves* question, with a view to their secularization. A division thus arose in the Reform ranks, and the extreme party became known as Clear Grits. The free banking-system was now introduced, which provided for the issue Qf notes se- cured by the deposit of Provincial securities with the Receiver-General. In 1851, the Post Office Depart- ment was transferred to the control of the Canadian Government, and a uniform rate of letter-postage (3d. per ounce) was adopted. About this time railways began to be constructed, chiefly for the purpose of successful competition with the States for the immense carrying trade of the "West. The first lines commenced were the Great Western, (projected by Sir A. MacNab,) the Northern, and the Grand Trunk. Numerous light- houses had also by this time been erected in the St Lawrence River and Gulf, to insure safety to naviga- tion. Canada now made a very creditable display at the great industrial exhibition of the world^s products ^held at London. VII. — In October, 1851, Mr. Hincks became pre- mier ; he greatly forwarded the interests of the coun- : try, and especially identified himself with the prosecu- tion of the Grand Trunk Railway. The Parliamentary session of 1852 is characterized as the Railroad Session, since, at this time, all existing railway-charters were amended, and many new ones granted. Montreal was this year desolated by a terrible fire, which deprived 10,000 people of their houses. In 1853, the elective fran- chise was reformed and extended, and the number of members in the Lower House augmented from 84 to 130. --t- ^:"'> -^'.i r. The Reciprocity Treaty between Great Britain, Can- ada, and the other British North American Colonies of ; the one part, and the United States of the other, was BIB EDMUin) HBAD, OOYESNOB. 119 finally concluded, after much negotiation, at Washing- ton, in July, 1854, where Lord Elgin appeared as a special representative of the British Government. This was the first time that Great Britain recognized the right of the Colonies to participate in the framing of a treaty which concerned their interests. This treaty allows to Americans, with certain exceptions, the use of British sea-fisheries; it provides for a numerous list of commodities which may he inter- changed free of duty, between the United States and the Colonies, and the third great feature is that it opens the navigation of the St. Lawrence and the Colonial Canals to Americans, while the right to navigate Lake Michigan is accorded to Canadians. In this year Lord Elgin was recalled, and was succeeded by Sir Edmund Head, the present Governor-General of British North America. In 1855, the Universal Exhibition was opened at Paris, and there Canada distinguished her- self by carrying off one grand medal of honour, one medal of honour, thirteen first class and thirty second class medals, while forty-three of her contributors obtained honourable mention. . F '.. VIII. — A settlement of the Clergy-Reserves' ques- tion, satisfactory to the people, was now obtained. The Canadian Parliament, under the authority of an Impe- rial Act, separated the State entirely from all Church connection, commuted with the various incumbents, and after providing for the widows and orphans of the clergy, divided the remaining land and funds among Upper, Canadian Municipalities. In Lower Canada, likewise, a great social change has recently been effect- ed; the Feudal Tenure, which so long repressed the industrial efforts of its French population, has been abolished, with the consent of all parties interested. The rights of property have been respected by making 120 BUMliIABY OF OAKADIAN HlfiTOBY. I '; an arrangement so that each tenant should pay a cer- tain amount to his seigneur, while the requisite balance of about £650,000 should be made up by a contribution from united Canada. In 1856, the elective principle was introduced into the Legislative Council. The old nominees of the Crown are to retain their seats for life, but everynew member is to be returned by one of forty-eight electoral divisiors into which the Province has been mapped out for this special purpose. The Canadian Government has been obliged, in self-defence, to estabhsh a weekly line of ocean steamships to Eng- land, at an annual expense of £45,000, in order to com- pete with the Cunard line, running to Boston and New York, which the Imperial Parliament had subsidized. Our line of ships has suffered greatly by the successive losses of the Canadian^ Indian^ and Hunga/rian ; never- theless, by the average of passages, it has been proved that the Canadian route is superior to any other, and a prosperous future may therefore be anticipated. In 1857, a severe commercial crisis passed over this coun- try, which, combined with the bad harvest of that and the following years, depressed trade and business gen- erally, to an alarming extent. In consequence of the falling off in the revenue, new customs acts were passed in 1858 and 1859, which imposed additional duties on many imported articles, and extended the ad valorem principle, in order to develope direct trade by sea be- tween Canada and foreign countries. This policy seems to have met with success, -and Canada is rapidly advan- cing to a higher and more influential position than she has ever yet occupied. IX. — Attention began to be given about this time to the annexation of Red River settlement and certain portions of the territory adjoining, held by the Hud- son's Bay Company, under a charter of Charles 11., SIB EDMT7ND HEAD, GOVEBNOB. 121 granted in 1670. Eed River was first settled by fur- traders of the Company, but was not regularly colo- nized until after having been purchased in 1812 by Lord Selkirk, who established a number of industrious Scottish families in the wilderness. A few years after his death, the colony reverted into the hands of the Company, who repurchased it without the knowledge or consent of the inhabitants. The hardy Scottish settlers have survived all manner of vicissitudes : at- tacks of hostile Indians, violent opposition of the rival North-West Company, failure of crops, insufficient store-supplies, freshets of the river, ravages of insects, and of disease, — and form the nucleus of a flourishing settlement which now numbers 10,000 souls, including Christianized Indians and Canadian half-breeds. The Hudson's Bay and North-West Companies were amalgamated in 1821, and a parliamentary license of exclusive trade in the vast regions between the At- lantic Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, north of Cana- da and the 49th parallel of North latitude, was granted to the united Company. This license was renewed in 1838, and the date of its expiration was 1859. A large proportion of the Canadians sought to prevent the re- newal of this monopoly, questioned the validity of King Charles's charter, and agitated for the annexation of such portions of this region as would be available for colonization and for communication with British Co- lumbia. To this movement the Imperial authorities seemed propitious ; but owing, it is alleged, to the su- pineness and masterly inactivity of the Provincial Gov- ernment, the scheme proved abortive, and it now seems the intention of Britain to erect the territory in ques- tion into a Crown Colony. ; X. — In 1858, an act was passed providing for the protection and proper management of the Lake, Gulf, 11 122 BUMMABY OF CANADIAN HISTOSY. and River fisheries of this country ; and in the same yeai" were established reformatory prisons for juvenile offenders. The noble pile of buildings of the Provin- cial University at Toronto was now finished, and the Governor laid the cope-stone in October, with all cus- tomary ceremonies. The new Canadian Decimal Coin- age came into circulation during this year. Victoria Bridge, the wonderful viaduct across the St. Lawrence at Montreal, has recently been completed, so that the Grand Trunk Line, comprising over 1000 miles of con- tinuous road, forms one of the most comprehensive railway-systems in the world. In 1859, the Committee appointed some time previously to consolidate the sta- tutory law of Canada, brought its labours to a succe«»s- ful completion, and the entire Canadian law is now within the reach of every one who can read. As the Canadian people loyally extended their as- sistance to Britain in the shape of contributions to the Relief-Fuud, towards the close of the Crimean war, so during the rebellion in India, a still more decided ex- ample was given of their devotion to the mothei'-coun- try. An offer was made to raise a Canadian regiment, which should serve among the Imperial armies ; this was accepted by the Home Government, and forthwith recruiting commenced in Toronto, Hamilton, London, Quebec, Montreal, and other places of lesser note, with such success, that in June, 1858, the Prince of Wales* Royal Canadian or Hundredth Regiment was embarked from our shores, en route for .England. And we shall yet further have an opportunity of showing our loyalty in person to the young heir of England, whose antici- pated arrival has already sent a preparatory stir from Gasp6 to Sandwich ; who, before these words pass into print, shall have come to show how highly our gracious i -^^-Sfi^ > -^'t^Aj^i'. i^SZS^K. QXTEBTIONS TO OHAPTEE IIL 12d Sovereign values her Canadian subjects, and to learn with his own eyes how fair a jewel in Victoria's crown is our beautiful Canada. QUESTIONS TO CHAPTER III. I. What educational advance- ments mark 1840? What ques- tion attracted attention after the Union ? What bill waa carried ? What was now implanted in the Constitution? What threatened to excite international war? Where was the Seat of Govern- ment fixed? In whom was the Bole authority vested ? What was the State of parties? II. What difficulties did Svden- ham encounter ? What bills did ho introduce ? What caused his death, and when ? Who was his successor ? Who now came into power ? What was done on their accepting office, and why ? Why was Bagot superseded, and by whom? How did he disagree with his Ministry? What place succeeded Kingston as the capi- tal, and when? III. Of what complexion was the next Ministry, and how long did it administer affairs? State the circumstances of th^ fires of 1845. Why did Lord Metcalfe retire ? What important measure was now brought forward ? De- scribe the arrangement effected and subsequent proceedings. Give the chief event of 1846. IV. Who was the next Gov- ernor-General ? What was the state of the Tory Ministry ? What papers did Mr. Hincks establish ? what did the Eeformers advo- cate? What Relief Fund was opened? How was emigration increased? and exemplify. Of what did Lord Elgin inform the House ? What was the result of the next elections? Mention some Lower Canadian represen- tatives. Who succeeded the Dra- per Ministry? What Important action was taken by Parliament ? What was the result for Canada? V. What were the chief fea- tures in the Governor's speech of 1849? What bill was Intro- duced ? State the positions taken by the opposing parties. How was the country affected? By what numbers was the bill car- ried, and when sanctioned ? What consequences ensued ? How did the Eeformers act? What was the Governor's resolution, and its result ? How was Montreal pun- ished? How is the alteriiating system to be abolished ? VI. What produced disastrous effects on Canada, and how? When were Municipal institu- tions organized, and for what purpose ? What proposition was made in 1850? How were the " Clear Grits " formed ? Explain the free banking system, and when was it established ? What departmental transference waa made in 1851? What was the chief inducement to construct Railways ? What lines were first commenced ? How had naviga- tion of the river beeiA ensured ? VII. Who came into power in 1851, and what was the chief fea- ture of his policy ? What is the Session of 1852 called, and why ? What political advances were made in 1853? When and be- tween what parties was the Reci- procity Treaty concluded ? What is remarkable about this Treaty ? Define its chief articles. Wno succeeded Lord Elgin? What success had Canada at the exhi- bition at Paris ? VIII. In what way waa the Clergy-Reserves' question set- tled ? What social change was ef- fected in Lower Canada,and how ? What recent change has been made in the Legislative Council? What gave rise to a Canadian line of steamers ? What depressed trade in 1857 and 1858? What 124 SUMMABT OF CANADIAN HISTOBT. action did the Government take in consequence ? IX. What question assumed importance in 1867-'69? How was Bed Eiver first settled, and how afterwards colonized? What change occurred after Belkirk^s death ? Through what perils have the coloniets survived? What Is the population now? What Companies were amalgamated in 1821 ? What was granted to the united Company? What was the object of many- Canadians in 1869 ? How did their scheme re- sult? X. State some remarkable events of 1858. What great un- dertaking was brought to a dose in 1859? Give some recent in- stances of Canada's loyalty to Great Britain. ■ THE END, > the stlLe B in e ro- table t un- cloBd It In- ty to