'^y^ w IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) ^/ .4^ 1.0 ^ut ta ^^s itt I3i2 i2.2 1.1 l.-^isa I lift Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WMT MAIN STMIT WntTN,N.Y. 14SM (716)t7a*4S03 CIHM/ICMH Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Instituta for Historical IMicroraproductions / Inttitut Canadian da microraproductions historiquas ikt Tachnical and Bibliographic Notaa/Notas tachniquaa at bibliographiquaa Tha Inatituta liaa attamptad to obtain tha baat original oopy availabia for filming. Faaturaa of thia copy which may ba l»ibliographieaily uniqua, which may aKar any of tha imagaa In tha raproduction. or which may aignificantly changa tha uaual mathod of filming, ara chackad balow. D D n n D D Colourad covara/ Couvartura da coulaur I I Covara damagad/ Couvartura andommagte Covara raatorad and/or laminatad/ Couvartura raataur^a at/ou pailicuMa if I — I Covar titia miaaing/ La titra da couvartura manqua □ Colourad mapa/ Cartas gAographlquaa an coulaur Colourad ink (i.a. othar than biua or black)/ Encra da coulaur (i.a. autra qua blaua ou noira) I — I Colourad piataa and/or illuatratlona/ Planchaa at/ou illuatratlona an coulaur Bound with othar matarial/ Rali4 avac d'autraa documanta FT] Tight binding may cauaa ahadowa or diatortlon along intarior margin/ La r0 iiura sarrAa paut cauaar da I'ombra ou da la distortion la long da la marga intArlaura Blank laavas addad during rastoration may appaar within tha taxt. Whanavar poaaibla. thasa hava baan omittad from filming/ II sa paut qua cartainaa pagas blanchaa ajouttes lors d'una raatauration apparaiaaant dana la taxta. mais, lorsqua cala Atait poaaibla, cas pagaa n'ont pas 4tA fiimAaa. Additional commants:/ Commantairas supplAmantalras; L'Inatitut a microfiimA la malllaur axamplaira qu'il iul a 4tA poaaibla da sa procurer. Las details da cat axamplaira qui sont paut-Atra uniquas du point da vua bibliographiqua, qui pauvant modifiar una imaga raproduita, ou qui pauvant axigar una modification dana la mithoda normala da f ilmaga aont indiquAs ci-dassous. r~~| Colourad pagas/ D Pagaa da coulaur Pagaa damagad/ Pagaa andommagAas Pagas raatorad and/oi Pagaa rastaurdas at/ou pailiculAas Pagaa discolourad. stained or foxei Pagaa dAcoiorAas. tachatAas ou piquAas Pagas detached/ Pages dAtachAes Showthrough/ Tranaparence Quality of prir Quality InAgale da i'impression Includes supplementary materli Comprend du matArlei supplAmentaire Only edition available/ Seule Edition disponlble r~7 Pagaa damaged/ r"! Pagaa restored and/or laminated/ P/l Pagaa discoloured, stained or foxed/ I I Pages detached/ Fyl Showthrough/ F7| Quality of print varies/ I I includes supplementary material/ |~n Only edition available/ Pages wholly or partially obscured by errata slips, tissues, etc., have been refiimed to ensure the best possible image/ Les pages totaiement ou partiellement obscurcies par un feulllet d'errata. una paiure, etc.. ont At A filmAes A nouveau de fa^on A obtenir ia meilleure image possible. Tha copy f ilmi to tha ganaroa Tha imagaa ap poaaibla conali of tha original filming contra Original coplat beginning witi tha laat page i aion, or tha bi othar original f irat page witI aion, and andl or iliuatratad I The laat racor ahali contain i TINUED"), or whichever api IMapa, piataa, different redu entirely includ beginning in t right and top required. The method: Thia item ia filmed at tha reduction ratio checked below/ Ce document eat filmA au taux de rAduction indiquA ci-deaaoua. 10X 14X 18X 22X 26X 30X V 12X 16X 20X 24X 28X 32X m'^^i^tr^'m Jbm copy fllmod her* hat b««n raprodue«d thanks to tho gonorotlty of: BibliothAquo national* du QuAbac L'axamplair* filmA fut raproduK grioa A la gAnAroaM da: BIbllotMqua natlonala du Quibac Tha imagaa appaaring hara ara tha bast quality possibia considaring tha condition and laglblllty of tha original copy and In kaaping with tha filming contract spacif Icatlons. Original capiat in printad papar eovars ara fllmad baginning with tha front covar and anding on tha last paga with a printad or llluatratad impras- slon, or tha back covar whan appropriata. All othar original copias ara fllmad baginning on tha first paga with a printad or llluatratad impraa- sion, and anding on tha laat paga with a printad or llluatratad imprassion. Tha last racordad frama on aach microflcha shall contain tha symbol -^(moaning "CON- TINUED"), or tha aymbol ▼ (moaning "END"), whichavar appiias. Laa Imagas auhrantaa ont 4ti raproduitaa avac la plua grand soin, compta tanu da la condition at da la nattatA da I'axamplaira filmA, at an conformM avac las conditions du eontrat da filmaga. Las axamplairaa orlglnaux dont la couvartura an paplar ast ImprimAa sont fiimAs an commandant par ki pramlar plat at an tarminant soit par la darnlAra paga qui oomporta una ampralnta d'impraasion ou d'illustratlon, soit par la sacond phit, aalon la cas. Toua laa autras axamplairaa originaux sont filmto an comman9ant par la pramlAra paga qui comporta una ampralnta d'impraasion ou d'lllustration at an tarminant par bi darnlAra paga qui comporta una talla ampralnta. Un das symbolas suivants apparattra sur la darnlAra imaga da chaqua microfiche, salon la cas: la symbola -^ signlfia "A 8UIVRE", la symbols ▼ signlfia "FIN". IMaps, piatas, charts, stc, may ba fllmad at diffarant reduction ratios. Thosa too larga to ba antlraly included in ona axposura ara filmed baginning In the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames es required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Lea cartas, planches, tableeux, etc., peuvent Atre filmAa k das taux da reduction diff Aranta. Lorsque le document eet trop grand pour Atre reproduit en un soul clichA, 11 est fllmA A partir da Tangle supArieur gauche, do gauche A drwite. et do haut en bas, an prenant le nombre d'imagas nAceesaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent ia mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 >■ /^v.,- ' ''.''vU' ■- T ,- * ■'i' , '^ "» * 111 nj GEGGftAPHy MADE EASY : •lfN» AN ABEIDGEMENT 'ftr.'TBB American Universal (^eogra^[>kyi TO WlilCIt AM^'«RCT{SKP ELEMENTS Oj'GSCKiltAWY, <■ iM Yit V4« or'BCuootf Akp aCadvmibs in tbk vniteo STATl^f Of AMBKtCA. BY JEDIMAIt-MORSE, |>» D, AVir«o« or Twt AMtaiKAM tHtriirttfAL 6KocaAi^«T aho'tus AMStttCAN GAltBTTEEil. ■'^. Tt^n i« not a lOa or daigbter of AdaQit but liwibmc cpaeefiitbotlt JirCkogfAplijr luilt da«|Bcer on. srATfs. ■•; -'^i ' ■* '■(• -■ :iu;^UStBAlkD ito'H A AfAP^^^^6^^^ ANi> A '< 3IAP0|r.NORrH.i4i^iUSi^lCA. ■.?■:•' ANfi rOtirETU'd^ THIS HBV ABKIXiGCMKN'r. ^i^3S SB • » '■ •♦ • . • '■.» . ^ • • » ' • ■" ' ' •» '^^i. • • •-. « r'^]BOSTOKi-;%^.^V IW|1K» KI»i,:ANI» CO. NCW.i![OBK, M. OARgv:, PHitADStPUIA; A.HJj ,'i:i-' ir :tb»^^w im tbe oiiiTEij states. '"■ ■ - •' ■ ■ ' :.'( ' > ■; ,■•,-■ ■ ■ - , ,',-^v .t^V.*i»*ia*jto«*^5Uii«^4«^*K.*4A,i.««,uj . . .„,».w,^. . , w 3 '^^M '}■• ■ -.'■J WStWeT OP MASSACHUSETTS^ to wit ; - ^ tT REMEMSEIiKD^ that on (]t« twentieth day pf April, in the thipty-tittrd yjsaf •Qf tlie ladepi^ideDce of tbe .UKiT;eD Statc^ o^ ^.MBKiLCA, Jeditliith Mor«eof the iaid Drstfictha* depottted in chip jT^fHce tbeTitleof A lloek, the light wlieregf he claims as Author, . ia tUe words following, hrtfiV-: '■'■ Geojeraphy inade caftv : b«inf an Abi)tdgeiheot of the-Am^riieait Universal Geography To which are prefixed Elements uf GijWgnu phy. For the u&c of SchooU aud Aqademies in the Utiitedl States of America. By Jedidiah Morse, D. P. aiithor of the American Univer- sal Geography, and Uie ^American Oaeetteer. * There is not a son or daui^hter oi' Adam, but has somer tonciem both in Gebgifaphjy and Astronomy.*— Dr. Wiitts.^ Ittttstrated ^rtth a Map of the World, and , a Map of North* America?*' , %j*f'" Iti confur:nity to the net of tfaif Congress t>f rbe United Statpe» £9- titlcdy ^* A 1 Mt for the Encouragement of Learning, by secario^ltie cODie« of >f M>»^ Ctiatxs and BiD>kl, to the' Authors and Fro|)ri«tors of su«i copies, f'uring the tinges therein mtntioned :" and als^ toan Act, intitlcd, '* An Act supplementuF]^ to an Act, ibntitled, An Act for the I^courA^ement of t»(t»rningf"by 8eea>in|f the copies of Maps, Charts, and Boo!c4, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies, during the times tiiercin mentioned ; and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of JDesigmng, Engra:ving and J^ching Htstorical and other Prints." WILWAM 8. SHA\\r, 0erkcfifuDi5ttictofMa3$a^huseUsi. \ ■ '?f ■A' PREFAGE. UO ni^tioM] fovernment holdi out 4^i^ jMbjccto to nmity idiurtng motives to obtain nn accurate knowledge of ft^ir ow« eountiy, ond ©fits TArious interesti, ftsthatof Umtkd Ameki- cA. By the freedom of our elections, public honora aqd-publift -offices 9T9 not confined to.nny ope class of ine^ but arc ofiercd (o merit, in ^vbRtcver rank it jnay bo found. TJy discbnrge ilift duties ^f public ofSce^with hopor and npfilauset tbe hislju-* /ry, policy, coininercc, productions,, partlcurtif adT9i>ta^os nnd , interests of the several states ought to be Ihorouj^ily toAder-' ^tood.' It is obviously wise.tind prudent, Uicmi, to iiiitiatv^ cmr yontb into tbtk knowledge of these things, nnd tjins to fortu their minds upon correct princinlc3> nt(d prepare them iot *■ futnre uscfuln ws uiul honor. There^w no science better adapt- ed to the capacities of yontb, and wore apt to cftptivntc tliclr attentiQii tjion Geography* An acqutnniftnccAfit^'lhis scifrti.'c, Ajore than irith any oUier, satisfies tliat pcrtJnciit curii|rat%\ whiehb ib6 predombating fbnture of the yputbiTuVinind. It Is to biB lamented that this part of education has bcpn sp ^|>g neglected in Atncrien. Our young men, univprsaUy, have been much better acqniunted with the gfcograpliy/ of Euroj[>e and Asia, than witji that of thch" own state mvd eofttntry; . The want of ^litable books has been the/cause, we ho^c thj' «b!e^ cause^ of this sliameful defect in our education. Until with- in a f«Mf years, we have seldom pretended to write, and hard* ly to tbiak for oursehes. We have himibly received firoui Great-Britain our laws, eitir manners, our books^ and our modes of thinking ; and our y^uth have, been educated rather as the subject of the British king, tlian ai Uie citizens of a fr«c amtia* dependent tiation. But the scene is now changed. Tho revo- lution has been favoraule to science in, gen^sd ; particularly to that of the geography of our own country. - ' In the following pages, the Author has endeavored to bring this valuable branch o¥ knowledge home to common schools, and to the cottage fire-side, bjr, comprising, in a small and che«^ volume, the tnest entertaining and tntercstlog part of his^ 10686 iy : w:- l\ ■:9i PREFACE. v •^' Asnei-iciuft 0niveniil Geography, lb ItM BAdeayored t« mcmn- modate it to the ipe of Mlxfqid^ilf f j«^^ ^bothMtti, Mthoiiinfe tine that i^yare learmng'to r^dt Tivde, fiegin'to qOflSi^ tii^iiDm^ 10^, wicb r^iWli^ii t^thibii^^ , t^iiimii' '"'■•*' ' •_ -^ ■...•'• ■ '.,..,.,_ ^■ r Thliii thli Ittbofs jqf the AuthQW ^! laj^rcxlhiciiigl^ ^^^ v- •^rove^aciots i»if the Ust.editipas of hil Unlyerwl Q%x^f^%VfAi .i^eti^cer^^ thcnx wew j^ whic}> has bec^ dooe» ItodiiiP JWs dlrdct^ andjijjspeictibn % anpthcr hand; J'hfrWoA W ilo*l v 7>^ "iH-iBsiffitid to Jhc jEublic, Jti. an improved and moi^ ini^| 'J^, jBliAthc jchjingcs vM hayp tsien pUice in the worii^ fta * thii w rfi^ piei^i^d/iiaf^^ »otice,d dibwjvto tile pre«ent y^r. ' >r. :,^;-=r -u. '^'IZ:': ■'i« and Cloudf ictty Harvest Moon ftflSieni Light H^ and Cold P^cftl Dirisioiu of the E^rth Vmi» otOoreriimeiit mm9i ' \ . tne Dnrisioiw of Tinie AMERICA Ahpfriginai Ameriea ' Greenland. ' ■ " • 'v I ■'-^:.- ^": 29 /■ .v: • ■ v-v-.'■.'^■^'^:^'^■■■ .-/A- ... ,.j5i"> ■ rm .-['^•ir'r ^IJ qgistmrs^ CpBtC Arefiipti«go Cm0^ \ t ■ it Iid|tta of GftM Breton ' »dlfii)d Iilund itidas or SoiWQer's |iUaid» fi^tofMnliie KiB^rHttnpfthire 'J;-,- I'efftttp^ Temtor^t ^Oj^Carpfiitt Jaraiiiut ^|oiab America V . ^■ SoVfll-AMEilICA I'eitft V'nmA 1^:, ■-■ir •■* "A. '^.h: ■"*^''' "m-^ ""'-■'JSa?'^^ ■;. \-., . \x:MtJ^;' C "■":. -^ftp-: :■«**•■■ 215 -■'^...y'^m.-. ^^ ■ • ■ ;-^-'!n' . - ; ■:'^m-2«$-c ■ Sgi{6 ^,-y:.,/ i •cwfimti^i Chip PlltliffOllil» r - SouA-Ameij^an Iil«idl Wiiftr-lNDitt TMr'Sahamiit Iflesv m«Aiitmit TlMjVirciinlBlef Tlit^CaribbeM EimOPE^ SlraHi^ Pdliiit- P^pfltote. of Genwiqi^^,^ BoiHiBioikf. V ,. S< SS6r 241 m <» '^,-i,i> Isla&^tfotoQgiiig to Idle IHirki& teipirf ■•%« : 99B m CONTEWPa ASIA Turkey ^ Asiatic RiHtia Tirtary China Tfiibat Hindoostan India beyond the Ganges Aetam The Birman Empite Stfim Malicoi Cwnbodia CoobinCliiBa TmtL ^ - 'Arabia -'.o, . 'Jflipan jQ^ental Islaiiis ii^CA >t DaivF^or A%stinia, and the Eastern Com S#atherft and Western Caasts Sillies of Barbacy M^dcco Algiers Tknis BlKft Afifioan Islands Ishiiids of the Pacific Oceni Aytral Asia ' lii-v . 915 SI 7 SS 931 331 993 384 994 394 395 337 338 ■>i^ ..'* 340 34C m 945 94^ 347 347 349 350 951 353 958 ^7 357 953 '.* . • i ( ■ -. **^ ,.♦ ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHX. DEFfNITIONS. eBOGRAPHY is a Science, which deaeribeitheBk uire, molbn, magnitude, and ceippoiient parti of theeaitb; the situations, extent, a^d appearapcps of the various pavUf. of its surface ; its productions, animal and vegetable ; 'M natural and nolitical divisions ; and the history, mannaffy^ customs; and religion of its inhabitants^i ^he ijcisnce, ivhich tceatt of the heaVenly bodies,, and* oxplaint the^r motions, magnitude^ periodf > aiui 4iHuiCffir Thefb two Sciences are so intimatefy cdnnfdMt tfia( a oot)ipetent knowledge of Geography is. ui)at|aliiAbl|b» withoutsome previous acquaintance- with A^roiionpy. / Wesliall commence thia^ work with t}u} fiw«wj||}g^ liipS liistoridl account of th^ origin, progreu, and linprdyeslieiii «f Geography and Astronomy. HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY AND ASTRONOMlt, Geography, Kke every other science, at its. beginnir^ was very imperfect, and arrived at its pi^esent imjmoved, though far from ptrfiict state, by slow advances. TIm> early geographers, being destitula of mathematical; instni*' mepts, and unable to make astronomical observation, !>#•* g^n first to dett^rmine the situation of places, according ip ciima<;es; which they fixed from the form and cdkir.of the people and animals, which were to be found in those different countries. The appearance of negroes, and o£ the large animals, such as the rhinoceros, and the ele- phaiit, suggested to them where to fix the limito of the torrid or ourniog zone.. For reason, said they, points out to, us, tiiat similar aniuif^s and pi apts appear in the same. 10 JtLEWTENTS OF GEOGRAPHt. Ustmet9ivape of the elements, and are produced accor^tn^ to the similar, state of the air or climate under the same parallds; or a like situation equally ^distant frc^ eittier pole-i;, This was the fiut rude outline of Geograj>hy. The BAiiti.oNiANs and Egviptiaks sooii after adopted die method of determining the situations of places, or their , distance from the equator, by observing the length of their hngasi and shortest day, which they determined by means jrf*a Jdad ofsUn^dial^ called agnomonw^ All tlie places, (or instance^ where. the iongest day was just fourteen hours, or where tlie shorted day was ten hours, were^:of course, at the sauie distance from tlie equator. .Astronomy, as a sdence, was first cultivated by the Egyptians, Phcxncatis, aud Ghaldeaiis. l^'rom them the Greeks cierired their knowledge of thi% science. . ^^c Jirst of the Greeks, who laid the founilation of As^ troi^iomy, was Thales, born at Miletus,. 641 ^enrs before Christ. He explained the cause of edipses, and jpredict* edone. He taught that the eaoth was-fouKid, w^hiqh be- fore had been considered as an extensive plane, while the suit and stars moved airound it. He divided the earth into fiy^.. ^(ones, discovered the sol&tici^s nnd^ equinoxes, and diTidRAPH16: 11* sdiolars of PUto, contribiiited much to lUie tcnprovihent o^ Astronomy, ^ . But the greatest imptoyend^entiJn this iidence vrera made in th^ famous astronomical school of Alexaiukia, Toundedbv Ptolemy Phiiadelphus, about 3^ years before Christ* The firiit m this schooU who distinguished thenji- selves, were TiMOCHAitis and Abistillus, who inCro- ducedthe manner of determining the positions of the stars, according to tlxQlrJingitudes and laiiitldes, taken ^ith re*' spect to the equator. This led Hippaachus, afterwards, 1)y an easy trausitioa of thought, to divide the earth by lines of latitude and longitude, in the. same manner as Tr- roocharis and , AHstillus had 4h& heavens. H<»)ice/ with great justice, he is univ^irsany allowed |P:'have dxed the first solid foundation of Geography, by smiting it to As- tronomyi and so rendering its principles self-evident and invariable. This most illustrious astronomer flourished be- tween 1^0 and 125years befbrcrhrist. h The celebrate^ P ha tost hen &s, author of ^d Ain»ilk^ ry Sphtrcy who first determined with exactness^ the cir- eumrerence of the earth, by measuring a. degree of the meridian, and discovering the true distance of the sim end moon from the earth, flourished- 100 years befori! Hip|NM^- clius. Iii a valuable map, which he constructed, he firfct intvodvLcedaregularparaUeLqf latitude^ . Among the Romans, Julius Casar, by bis Beforroa- tion of the Roman Calendar, and by his knowledge of th0 principles of A<(tronomy, contributed more than any oth- er person of that nation, to the advancement of Astronomy. The last illustrious Astronomer and Geographer of the Alexandrian school, was Ptolemy, born at Ptolemais, in Egypt. He flourished under Adrian and the Antonines. He supposed the earth to be in the centre of the B3^tem, and the heavenly bodies to move round it.. ^ In respect to Maps, those on record before the time ef Hipparchmt except the single map of Eratosthenes^ before mentioned, were little more than rude outlines and topo- graphical sketches of di£^rent countries. The earliest maps were those of ^tostris^ an Egyptian Uing, who having traversed a great part of the earth, re- corded his marches m maps, and gave. c(]|>ies of them, not I;i «iily to the Bfiprpcians, bu| to the B^teii^ to tfra^^ vKstomshnieDt,'''- ' "■;.':'■■' '-;■■;-:'■■ /'^ ■'':'.' Thfe fiiW; Gr^e/i^irinap) wm t^W of AKAxiMAUDEli, iup- f^n^M hate been a geBend liiap of'^the then knowli > :i!rio«ld,f|ttd styled ^^^b^^ Ani^o'A^oiiAs, of Miletut, constructed a map of th$ Mifditei'i'aneaniB^ and its coasts, and more mrtiCaliitrly #f llie}t«ijter A^ eltiielndibg lo'^^ middle otP^iit^U «onfli^ed 'Ofie sttttight line catlfi4 'the Rqi^al Higkwqv, ^ laldng in aU the -statioM' <»' l^laces of encaamment, 111 m 'iiurtil&r, fi^otai Sku-dis to Snsa^ 4i>d|8taniM'of 1635 tiiles ; ,^ ^at it:wai^Hde%iiOre^|l|i^n an iiwertxrff^fr a sort of Wfrecfo- f^'to armies and tt#irellers. Tl^se Vf/n^rat^ maps were Miiiip^ttabte in Jdl armies rMdf^om those which Alex- jniraer c&usied to^ be made^ with |rekt care, for the yse of liis army in ^their irarioos and extensive trndrches, the sci-;< •nee of Geogi*a^by received most important advaxitagf a^l^ 4ind from this period^ assumed a lisw rabo ^md ftoro. War, in imcleikt' times, wasmadesobserviilnt to .'the itd- ii^ticement of geographical fcnowle4ge. "Ey^ety new war |irodaceda ni^ suii^y and itinerary^ of the ^xHmtri^Sf whjeh were the scenes lof action. The Rdm^in; some tM^iefe^ tlte ; ^risdatr^, beca£me the co»9tim>r«^ i|nd ^0^»0^v^&y'^ iurpe^orSf «pf a gf^at part of th^then in- habiti^ world. Materia for Gt^ogrophy were ficcniihu- litiid;^ chrerjraddttic^al conquest. Junius Ciesaroider^ ed it ^hteml survey id befnade of all the Roman En^pite% b^ a A^^c(e& of tiki senate the' surveyors are said 'to iiave be^ men of g^t wisdom; and instructed ^ Cyery branch ■ «f j^Mosophy. '■ ■ ■^■^■S ;-'■•■ '" '"■'■"■c^v ■ The Roimaa empire had b);en enlarged ^ to its greatest extent, ahd- all its provinces ' well known and surveyed, frtenPrpLsMY, ill tl^ days ijff Antoiiinus Piiis, about lv'>0 years before Christ, composed his sysf^n^ of Geogrkphy ; wbksh, tboueh Hill of mistakes and errbrs, arising 'neces-^ «iirily from tne iVi&ncy 6f the science ai^ the ignorance of thettge iii which he lived, continued tO foe the only book, irf noteNand authoiity on this science, till the b^egioLiling «^ the 17th century. For wheii science beg&n to » rfeilve m £tirope> ftftfe'i' the Beformationhy Luthsr atid CAxyiK, and tiid invention of (yrinting by Da. FAU9t, in 1444, it was ^bme tiiaie before the astronomers of the age were able to J M ;ELEMEKTS OlF GEOGRAPHY. IS •btain copies of Ptolemy'^ ^ography ; tuid even then, it was with difficulty they ci>uld read and clear his manu- scripts of some of their grossest errors. It required a «till longer time before they could construct proper instru- meats for determining, with accuracy, the latitudes and longitudes of places. It was jiot till Copernicus, Tycho Brahb, of Den* mark, born in 1546, Kepler, of Ge-many, born in 1571, Gallileo, of Italy, born in 1564,, Discartbs, of France, btorn in 1596 Cassini of Nice, Flamstead, Halley, and iiir Isaac Newton, of England, had enlightened the world with their discoveries, th^it Astronomy and Geography were placed on their ttiie foundation, and reduced to a tolerable degree of consistency and a<^uracy. THE SOLAR SYSTEPyl. Tlie suppos^'tion of a certain disposition of the heavenly bodius, and the planetary orbits, is called a System of the Watld. The true System, or dispo^^ition of the planets, iA^ called the 80LAR System. It is also called ih^ Coperni- eaii Si/itenti frim Copernicus, a Prussian. Several other sys- tems, ds the Ptolemaic, and Tychonic, havCf at different times^ been promulgated to the world ; but are how universally exploded. Thj true solar system was taught by Pythag* erai, 500 years before Christ ; but the knowledge of it was neainy lost, when Copernicus revived it, in ISSO. This system supposes the sun to be in the centre, and the w 11 known planets to revolve round him in the follow- ing order : Mereurj/y Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Satump Herschel, The two (irst of these are ealled inferior planets, because ^3y are nearer to the common centre of gravity of the sys- tem, than the earth, or are belovo the earth, with respect to that centre ; the other four are called superior^ because, with respect to said centre, they are above the earth. Also the inferior ptanets are called interior y because tlieir orbits are within that of th * ea-th ; and the superior are called axLmor, because their orbits are without the same fhose seven are called primarij pUmds, to distinguish thera ft'om a number i>f other bodies colled secondarif planets^ B ■ --- ' ' - \S*i^ i^ EtEMENTS OF GEOGtlAFHY. >> '" moohSf or satellites f which revolve aboi^t tlieir reifiective |iri- niai-ifjs, and also accompany tfaeiu Ih their revoliHions about the sun. The Orbit of a planet is that path which it describes ui *« moving around the tun. The planetary orbits are not per- fectly circular^ but elliptical ot ovid i so- that all t^he planets sometimes approach nearer to, and at other times recede farther from the sun, than if they moved round him in perfect clrcl'^ This deviation from a circle ik called the eccenlricityofithevrlfit, : y':''^^-^^; Tlie planets are retained in their orbits by the attraction of the sun ; a^nd at the same tinie, are kept from approacii- ing him, by a constant tendency to fly off from him in straight lines. This attractive power is called the centttjpe- ial force ; and that which impels them forward in straight ; lines, the centrifugeUJorce* A body is said to be in conj notion with the sun when it, is seen in the same point of the hearertt ; and in opposition, when it is 180 degrees distant: or, in other words; when it is in that part of the heavens dlrectly^opposite to tJl^e sun. The SUN is the niost glorious luminary «f the baaviifiit and the iv; a lain of light and beat to the planets. Itissup' posed to '; an immense j^lohe of fire, whose diame|er li 883,2M n\iles, and whose body is more than 1,980,(XX) limes larsret than the earth.. It has been discovered that the sun has a revolution on its axis once m 25 daysi 14 hours, 8 minutes. MEIICURY is the nearest planet tothosiin, and re- volves round it in 87 days, 23 hours, at the mean distance of ?f6,583,8&j miles. Its diameter is 3224 miles. It moves in its orbit at the rate of 111,000 miles in an hour. Its magnitude is about one twenty-seventh part of thitef our earth. When visible to the nakeA eye, this i planet emits a very dear, white light ; but firom its nearness to the sun, it is s^om seen, and then only for a short time. VENU$, the next planet in the system, is placed at the mean distance of 68,^68,000 miles from the sun's centre. It, which is performed in one year, or ?)G5 days, 5 hours, 48 nKiiutcs, 48 seconds. In its annuul course, the earth moves at the r&te of 'Si- '22 iniks an hoar; which motion causes the dilForence in the length of the- days and nights, and the agreeable succfssion of the seasons. The Earth has one satellits^ the Moon, which revolves . in an elliptical orbit round the earth, at the mean distancje •f 239,029 miles from the earth's centre. I he Moon has abo a rotation on its axis, the tiaie'^of which is equal t« ' the time of its revolution round the earth, that is, 27 days, 7 hours, 43 Minutes.- The time of its 5yiw/fc revolution, or that which elapses between two successive changes, is 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes. The diameter of the Moon i8 2180 miles. The Moon is an opaque body, like all the planets, and shines only by reflecting the light of the sun> Hence the ' incessant, variation of its ^pearance ; for, when it is in «o7y'undion with the sun, its whole surface turned toward t^e Earth being dark, it is invisible to us ; and this is ca^'^d tiie nexa moon. As it advances forward, we see its enlight- ened side, like a radiant crescent, which increases more and more to our view, till it is in opposition to the sun. Its whole enlightened side benig then turned toward tiie earth, it appears as a round illuminated orb, whicli is called the fuU moon. From the full moon it appears to decreai^ sra4ually, lill its next tonfunotien with the sun,, when it ^bappeftrs, 80 bf^fore. ' 16 ELEMENTS OF GEOGKAPHY. MARS, the ne3(t plfinet above the orbit of the earth, is |44>,000,000 miles distant from the sun. It appear^ of a fiery reddish hue, and is supposed to be encompassed with a thick clou4y atmosphere. Its diameter is about 4,189 miles, and its magnitude, ajs 7 to 24* to that of the earth. It moves round the sua witii a velocity of 50,000 miles an hour, and completes its year in 687 days, of our time; which makes only 667|- of its own days, its diumd rotatioB T)eing performed in 24 (lours, ,40 minutes. To a spectator on this planet> Mercury woald be seldom • if ever, visible; Venus would appear about the same distance from the sun^ as Mercury does to us ; our earth would tippoar about the size of Veaus; and would be, as Venus is to us, alternate- Jy a Morning and an evening star, JUPITEll, the largest of all the planets, is the next im order,' and is 491 ,702,301 miles from the sun. Its diame- ter id about 89,170 miles; and its magnitude nearly 1400 times greater than that of our earth. It completes its an- nual revolution in 4322 days- of our time. Iti rotation a- bout its axis is perfdniisd in nine hours, 55 minutes, sa that its year consists of II years 315 days of our time; and the inhabitants on its equator are carried 30^0 miles an houtf, besides their motion round the sun. Jupiter is surrounded by faint substances, , called Belts, in which so many variations appear, that tliey are general- ly ascribed to clouds. Ihis planet has also four Moons, or Satellites, revolving riiund it at various distances and peri- ods. These satellites must afford a pleasing spectacle t» the inhabitants of Jupiter ; they sometimes rise altogether, and at other times are altogether on the meridian, ranged under one another. - That which is most distant from the ' planet will apptt-ar as large as our moon does to us ; and from the various revolutions of the four, they produce four different kinds of months. ' SATURN is stiU higher than Jupiter, and, until the year 1781, was supposed to be the most remote planet in our system. This planet i» placed at the distance of 901,663,908 miles from the sun's centre; and travelling 22,100 miles an hour, finishes its annual circuit in 10,759 days of our time^ Its diameter m 79,042 oiiles ; and, con- X ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. 17 geiiaently, tbis planet u| near 1000 times as large as that which we inhabit. Saturn is surrounded by a thin broad Ring, calculated to be 12,000 miles in breadth, and about that distance from its body on one side. This ring appears like a luminous arch in these heaveas. Dr. llerschel lately discovered that it h;)s a rotation on its axis, the lime ef which is about 10 hours, 32 minutes. Besides the light which Saturn receives from the sun, and the reflection of the ring, it has the light of seven Satil- li^es ; which revole round it, at different distancts. IlESiCHiilL., On the evening of the 30th of March, Vi6\t Dr. Herschel (discovered in the vast regions of space, and tUr beyond the orbit of Saturn, a planet, revolving a- bout the sun, which had prol^bly never before been seen " by mortal eye. On account of its immense distance, it is but just visible to the naked eye. It is .-computed to be l,803.53i,'i92 miles from the sun; and hI:hough it travi;3ls at the rate of 15,000 miles an hour, it takes up 83 years, 150 days, 18 hours, of our time, to complete its^ annual revolution. Its diameter is.35,1 12 miles ;. consequently, il is aboi^t 90 times larger than our earth. It has a rotation on its axis, the time of which is not known. In England, this planet has been called Gs^roium SiDi7s, in honor of the king in whose reign it was discov- areil ; but in the rest qf tlurope, Uranius, ^x\(i in America|^ it is niore justly denominated Herschel, in honor of its learned discoverer Six satitliieshsere been discovered, revolving about Her- schei ; ju^d it is not improbable that there are others, which have.not yet bt^n observed. Besides, the seven well krumn planets, above described, since the commencemtent of the present century ,yoMr others have been discovered, denominated Asteroids ; two by M. LPiozziand Dr. Oibers, named CERES and PALLAS; one by Mr. Harding, near Bremw, which he called JUNO ; th;- other by Oibers, named VESTA. The orbits of the two former are between those of .Mars and Jiipiter, and their annuaj revolutions about the sun are performed in a* liout 4 years, 7 months, and 10 days. Juno is represented as similar to Cerer it height and appaireBt muuiiitudt;. B2' IS ELEMENTS OF GEOQRAFHY. The periodical rerolution of Vesta if 9yeari, 2 mdnth^ and 5 days, and its distance from the "sun- li06>596»000 miles. Tnese late dihcoveries indicate that there are proba- bly otiier planets belonging to the Solar System, which have ^yet escaped ^e mMt discerning eyes of Astronomers. COMETS. Beside the planets, there are' other bodies helo^iging td the solar, system, which have more irregular motion!. These are the Comcti, which, descending from the far dis- tant parts of the system, with inconceivable velocity, appear to us soBsetimes bright and round, like the planet Jupiter; sometimes with a transparent," fiery tail, projecting fVpm the part opposite to the sun ; and sometimes emitting, beams on all sides like hair. They approach much nearer to the sun than any of the planets ; and afVer a short stay,^ fly off again with e^ual rapidity, and disappear. Their or* bits are more elliptical tl^an. those of the planets, and their bodies of much greater density than the earth ; for lomt of them are heated to such a degree as would vitrify or dissipate any substance known to us. Sir Isaac Newton computed the heat of the comet, which appeared ia 1680,. when nearest t|»e sun, to be 2000 times greater than that of. i^d hot iron. The number, magnitudes, and motions of the comets, be- longing to our system, are very imperfectly kndwn. Con- jecture has limited them to 450. The elements of 97 have, been imperfectly determined. The periods of only three have been ascertained. They are found t« retttrn at intes>- vals of 75, 129, and 57i years. !!!•:■ k:rm •m THE FIXED STARS- '''■ ■ "..•-',■■., ■:■■". ^< ■/''■A , '■. ■■■• ■ ,, Are those heavenly bodies, whMi, at all times, preserve the same situation with regard to each other. Though they lorni no part of the tolar system, yet they must be considered here, as they are of great use in ttie practfce of geography To faeiiitate their €oaipatation% astrono« ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. U men consider these stitis at all equally distant from out sun, and forming the concave surface ot a sphere inclosing our system. Tliey are distinguished from the planets by their twinkling. A number of stars, which appear to lie m the neighbor^ hood of each other^ are called a Constellation. These are 90 in number, and are caUed hv the name of some animal, •r other object, whose figure the outline of the consttlia* tion is supposed to represent. Some stars are not included lA any of the constellations, and are denominated unfortned stars, 'According to their difereat apparent magnitudes, they are called stars of the Jint, second, third, Jorutk, Jifth, w aixth Magnitudes, The Galaxy, or Milky Way, is a broad circle, en- compassing the heayens, which appears to consist of innu- merable stars, forming onecontiaued dense cluster, and by their blended rays, diffusing a whiteness oyer that part of the firmament* Tlie number of stars is unknown ; La Land estimates Ihem at 75,000,000 ; but this is supposed to fall far short of their real number ; and we have reason to suppose, that those which are yisible bear no comparison in nuntber to those that are invisible. They increase in our yiew,^as the. telescope approximates to perfection. With respect to the distances of the fixed Stars, they are. so 'extremely remote, that nothing in the planetary system ean compare with them. Though the dianiettr of the ^arth'i orbit be not less' than 190,(XX),()00 of miles; yet. this immense space makes not the smallest difference ia iheir appearance ; for they seem to he as large, when view- ed from the farthest, as from the nearest point of the earthV «r iit. Their distance is too great fw human beings to conceive, and gives rise to the pleasing and sublime con- ject ire, that each of the fixed stars is a sun, illuminating a complete i^stem of planets, which revolve about it as their fitentre. ECLIPSES. Ah Eclipse is a total or partial privation of tl^e light of the sun or moon. ^ ELEMENTS OF GEOORAPHT. Fv. ■». j i 1 ■i'n! 11^ An eclipse of the m«on is caused by its entering into t)to- Mrt^ 's shadow; and consequently, it must happen at the jitl/ loon, or when it is oppoaite to the tun. \i .1 eclipse of tlie sun is caused, by the interposition of the moon between the earth and 8un> and, of c»urse| n^ust happen when the moon is in conjunction with the sun, or t>t the new mpen. The diameters of the sun and moon are supposed to be divided into 12 equal parts, called digits ; ana an eclipse is said to be so many digits, according to the number of thos« l^aits which are involved in the greatest darkness. DOCTRINE or THE SPHERE, ' Principles* The fundamental principles of Geography are, tXe spher* ical figure ef the earch; its rotation on its axis ; the position ofitsaxiS) with regard. to the celestial luminaries ; aad its- revolution round the sun*. That the igurc of the earth is spherical, is eTident. . 1 . Because such a figure is best adapted to motion. . 2? From analogy ; ail the other planets are spherical. S. From the apjpearance of ita shadow> in eclipses of the momi, which IS always circular.. 4r. From its iiaving been several times circumnavigtited. It is not, however, a perit'^t: sphere, but an p^/«^f spheriodt depressed or flattened at tli^ poles, and elevated at. the equator. Its diameter Irom east to west, is reckoned lo be aijeut ^4^. miies longer than that; from n«rt|i M south.. S^FIKITIO^ff. A SpAinv literally signifies a ball or globe. The app£ur- ent Concave orb, whicli invests the earth, and in which all the lieavenly bodies appear to be situated, at equal distances from the eye, b called the Celcitial iSphere,- In Geography, the circles which the sun appears to describe oip ^coAC|ye surface of the celestial sphere, are ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. 91 ng iato dte- ptn at the ■poiition of urse, ipust ; sun, or 4>t osed to be n eclipse is )er of tho8# J, tlie spherw the position iet ; a»d its BTident. • 1 • I.. 2t From S. From the mooii, leen severtd a perit'^t: Iteneu at the ir tirom cast*. ir than that; I The app£^- lin which all ^al distances appears to lephere, are suppoicd te be extended to the earth, and marked on itp •urtacc. Each circle is dividt:d into 360 e^ual partff call- ed degrees ; each degree is divided into 60 mtntUeit and each minute into 60 second*. The circles, supposed by geographers to be described oi the sphere, are denominated great and smaU circles. Grec^ circles divide either the eeletitial or terrestrial sphere, into two equal parts. SmaU circles divide the sphere into two unequal parts. An imaginary lino passing through the centre of the 1 earth, from north to soutl), and on which its diurnal rota*. Ition is performed, is called the Axis of the Earth, The ex- ]trvme points of the axis are called the Poles, A line or circle, passing round the middle of the earth, from west to east, is csHled the Equator^ or EquinoxiaL ^he equa.or divides the earth into Northern and Southern Jemispheret, The Meridian i» a circle cutting the equator at right an- j^les and passing through the poles of tlie earth. The me- lidian divides the earth into Eastern MXi.^ Western Hemispheretk The Ecliptic is a great circle, in the plane of which the earth jierforms her annual revolution rouna the sun ; or in which le sun appears to meve round the earthy once in a year. The Ecliptic is divided into 12 equal parts, of 30 aegreei ich, caikd Signs, The names of these signs, the charac* ;rs which distinguish them, and the months in which th» m enters into them, are as follows, viz. itin nxmei of the »ig;ns. II Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virge Libra Scorpio Sagittarius. Capricornus Aquarius Pisces. ' Snglish namei. diarae- Months in which thu ten. tun enters them» The Ram cy* The Bull y The Twins H The Crab a TheLioii o The Virgin iijt The Scales *• tcks The Sc< rpion Ttt The Archer f The Goat yg The W^ter Bearer *r The Fishes H March April May June July August September October November December Jaimary Februaij 92 ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. in The ecl'ptic nrakci an anj^le of 23*^ 28' with the equator, and interiecU it in the two points «r and ^. called thu EquinoxitU poinUt because, when the sun is in cither of these points, he shines equally to both poles, and the day k tlien' equal to the night in all ^rts oC the world. The times when the sun passes these points, are the 20th of March and 20tii qf iiepiem er ; the former is called the Vernal, and the latter tlie Autumnal^ equinox. The pointH ab and Vf , whore the ecliptic is at the great- est distance from die equator, are called the Solstitial points. The sun passes the first of thc'se, called the Summer Sol- tHcCf on the 21st of June, which is the longest day; the •ther, called the Winter Solstice, on the 2Ut of Decembet^ which is the shortest day. The Horizon is a circle which separates tlie visible from the invisible part of the heavens. The circle, which limito •ur prospect, where tlie sky and land, ©r water, i^cem to meet, is called the Sensible Hirizon, The Rational or Reel Horizon is a circle parallel thereto, whose plane passes Ihrouffh the centre of the eartli, and divides it into Upper and Lonoer Hemispheres, The Horizon is divided into 32 equal parts of 11^ 15^ each, called the Points of the Comvass. The four quartering ' points, Last, West, North, and South, are called the Cardinal Voints, The point of the heavens directly over our head, is call- •d the Zenith ; and the opposite point, or tint directly un- der our feet is ealled the Nadir. The two meridians, that pass through the four cardinal points and cut each other at right angles, in tlie poles, aie called Colureu That, which passes thi ough the first degrees of p and ^ is ealled the Equinoxial Volure ; and that, which passes through the first degrees of and y^x is call- ed the Solstitial Cqlure, ^Circles drawn parallel to the eqaator, at the >i3f,**iicr ol 8** on each side of it, include tiie space called 'ue Z\^iiri nhich comprehends within it the orbits of all t.>. ^uuntij. The Tropics are two circles drawn parallel to the equator,! at the distance of 23" 28' on each side of it. that on thej north si(^e touches the ecliptic in the sign sis, and is calle the Troi^ii. if Cancer ; that on the south side touches the e eiiptic in ft&e / horizon, is a month longer in one parallel, than in another. The breadth of the climates continually de- I urease, as they approach the poles; the first climate, reck- oning from the equator, being about 8 degrees broad, while ihac which is nearest the poles, is scarcely four miles. The word C/ima/e is also used to deno:e Uie difference in Ihe temperature of the air, in different places. The Latitude of a place is its distance from the equator, reckoned in degrees, north or south. If a place be situated between the Equator and the North Pole, it is said to be in north latitude ; if it lie between the Equator and the South Pole, it is in south latitude. The Longitude of a place is its distance, east or west^ lirotn some meed meridian, measured oh the equator. On the equator, a degree of lohgitude is equal to 60 geographical miles ; and consequently, a minute on the equator is equal to a mile. But as all mc;ridians cut the equator at right angles, and approach nearer and nearer to each other, till they cross at the* poles ; it is obtious, that tho 'degrees of longitude will continually decrease, as they r proceed from the equator to either pole ; so that in the |40ih degree of latitude, a degree of loI^^itude it but 30 miles, or half as long as a degree ou the equator. THE GLOBES. The Globes are two spherical bodies, whose convex sur- faces are supposed to give a true representatioM of the 24 ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. i V ' I •artii an4 heavens, as visible by observation. One of these is called the Terrestrialr the other the Celestial globe. ' On the convex surface of the Terrestrial globe» all the parts of the earth and sea are delineated in their relative form, si^e^ and situation. On the surface of the Celestial Globe, the images of the several constellation, and the unformed stars are deiinc at- ed ; and the relative magnitude and position, which the stars are observed to have in the heavens, carefully pre- served. In order to i^ender these globular bodies more useful, they are fitted up with certain appurtenances, whereby a great variety of useful problen^s are solved in a very easy and expeaitious manner. The Biazen Meridian is that ring or hoop in which the globe hangs on its axis, which is represented by two wires passing through the poles. This circle is divided into lour, quarters, of 90 degrees each ; in one semicircle, the divis- ions begin at each pole, and end at 9i) degrees where they meet. In the other semicircle, the divisions begin at the middle^ and proceed thence towards each piole, where there are i^O degrees. The graduated side of this brazen circle serves as a meridian for any point on the surface of the earth, the globe being turned about till that point comes under the circle. The Hour Circle is a small circle of brass, divided inte twenty -four hours, the quarters and half quarters. It is fixed to the brazen meridian, with its centre over the north pole ; to the axis is fixed an index, that points out the divi- sions of the hour circle, as the globe is turned round on its axis. The Horizon is represented by the upper surface of the wooden circutcU' frame^, encompassing the globe about its middle. On this wooden frame is a kind of perpetual cal- endar, contained in severid concentric circles; the inner one is divided into four quarters of 90 dogrees each ; the next circle is divided into the twelve months, with the days in each, according to the new style ; the next contains the twelve equal signs of the ecliptic, each being divided into thirty degrees ; the next, the twelve months and days, aC'' sording to the old style ; and there is another circle, con- tciiniMg the thirty-two pdiate ef the compass, with tkeir fm\ ^*iC i' ■'■ mmomtvm vi^idr ]8|[^tt^ into 9ad#N «nd llkeit qmf^ 0- qoal to a«|^^|r^ tifi^^ ^ tone ^iidbf |^u ^ed the ineridln^ ; Ufa M^ipied «b1iM»' vfiuth or^^poiiii$£|tie::lKh man, iSb^!m^$f^^4^^^ siirface of ^p$|| glnbes/ Snili; W «^ ^^[tp^^ gl^ is in that day.^ ,Thus on the 25th d March,. the sun's place is 4^dqgrees in Arief* Then look for th^t .^gn and degree in the eclip^ Une^ marked on the globe« ,and vou will find the s,un's place ; there fix on a small blade patch, iK> it is prepared for the solution .of the following pn^lems. * ' ;,Vl, To^fijid the sutfs dedination, that is, his, distance Jrota .the equinoxitd UnCi either^northtoard or southxuard, Bring bis place to the meridian, obi^e what, degree ..of the mctidiim lies over it, a^d:tl)|it is. his declination. |f the sun lies on. the north side of Uie .^ne, be js said to have north declination, buii£9Alh^iiouih4i^;he km ^uth def Clinativn* ^ ^EMBNTd Of^ O^OGIiAPHY. «T liite,, The greateit declinatioil caa^^never hs more' than ^o 2S^ either north or south ; that being the distance of Ae tropicf from 'the eq.QinoxieI, be^^ood which th6 tun never go^ 'tih To^ftd'tofiere the sun is vertical cm ttntf dmf. f that iSf tojind over whose head^ the sun loiUpass that day*. Bring the siui'e place to die meridian, observe his decli- statioH, or hold a pea ' or wire over it^ then turn the globe found, and all those countlies which pass under Uie wire, will have the sun over their heacte that day atlnoon» NotCi This ap|>earancc can only happen to those who Ihrc in Xkpiorrid zormi because the sun nover goes farther fsQvci the eqnijioxial, nerthward.or soutliword, than the two ti'opics, from whence he turns agaiif; - t^UL TqJM ovenr'whfse heads the sun ii, vian^how^ or at lohat place the sun is vertictd. Bring the pmce where you are, (suppose at Bwton,) to the meridian; set the index to tiiite ^ven hour by your l^atch'; then tur^ the globe tiH th9,^*dex jp^U t^ the upper 12; or noon g look tmder the degree of diftclhiatioii Ibi' that^dAj^ and/ytm :i^l &tid the pki^e^to wMch ^ sun i« vi&Miea], oi- over whose b^adait^ is at that time. ^ ■:^'f IX. Tqfpif at aniji^hour qfthe day^ 'isihat o*cloek it is at any place m the voorid. Bring the place where you are to thehrass meridians set the index te the hour by the watch, tin;n the ^dbe till the place you are looking for come unda: thie qieridiani and the mdex will point out the, time required. X. 'tojmd, M^i^hom the sun rites and sets anifdaif in the year ; and aho ^pon Viht^ point of the compass* Rectify tiie globe for the latitude ^ the place you are in ; Bring the sun's place to the meridian, and set thr index to 12 ; th^ turn the sun't place to die eastern edge ctf the feorison, and the index will point out the hour of rising; if you bring it to the western edge of the horiion; the index wUl^owthehourofseUlng. ^ tt ELMmmrs' of g£oC}r^i>hv. XI. Tdjiidi fis'Ut^'^theday and ni^ ai Ofiy HkiieV . ■'■ '^^^JiW*v: •.♦■,,.■ • • , . •' ' -' -- ''■'.,■ ^' *,"■ ' PooJUe tbe time of die iim's i^g diat da^, and h gifes the leogth.of the night; double the tiih(&<^it« ae^^gi fad. it giveSrthe length ^tK# day. XII.. Tolfindtke iem^ qf the^tongeii ar MarleM %, o^ msf'flaGeupantjhetartk. Rect% die g^obe for that phoe ; if jta latitude he no^ih, Ining; the beg^mui^, c^Caneer to the meiidian ; Set the lA* dex toii^dye, t}|en;i>ri&g the «amedegi»ee of Cancer to the eaat part.of t^JioFiaOnyi and d^^ the time of theBua'fTisiitjg. .. / ./ - If the same degree be bripug^t to ibe western wdis, tlift iivlasKftdill show the time of IwlsaetttDgi whidfi doubled fas in the last problem) will give the lei^gth of the longest day and^io^gt lughu . . / 'r if we bri^ the beginning of Cfmricom to ^ ]i^eridian» an4. pfOceeMl in . all re^peipts aa before, we shall liiiT^ llia^ lei^rai (^dle'lopg^ night and shortest day, ^ Thus, in tfa^ Great MpguTspmii^ longest day^is 14 houra and di^ shortest, nighty 1^ iht Aortaat di^ is 10 hours^ and iheiimgest la^hi 14 hours. jSi^ JPeiim^u^ki%er i|amtal e^ tha ji^l^aai^ -einpire, ti^e longest dav is abou^ IS^nourSi a^^^the^o^^^ mght ^ jhours. The Mkor&st day 4^ hours, an^ the. longeat m^ 'llS^hoiirs.' .:" Note, -In all'placea near die rmii^er) the sun rises and - seta Mr^o'cldae all the year. From thence todie;^o/ar circle^, the days Increase -as the latitude ii|cr«ue« ; so tHa^. at those ciccjaa.'diemsielv^s, dife loi:|gest d^ is 24 hic^rs and the longest nig^juft the same^ ^om w^ po^rcirdei io th^pomt the days .^ndnue to lengdiei^ mto w^ks fid months; so that at the very poles, thei^ shines ibr six tncmths togedier in nimm^'r airahta^baent from it six mondia in 'Kinter—'Note, dhot that when it is MM?>aier w^ the «|onfA- ern iidiabitants, it Is mnterwith the s^nUhertir and the cdn- traj'y ;,and every part of the world rjpartakearfolliieariyaa e<]^al share of b'ght and ^^kness*. BLEMENTS 0^ OfiOGRAPHT. moment ming w teHii^t in fl^ffr nieneHdnf, or mith^^ Find the nin*t pl«ce in th? e<%tic, amd raise jthe pole aa much abore the honaon a? the Wfty^ot diy 4ecIiliea'fVei|i»^ the equator ; then bring tilie phioe where the aun is Vertteal at that hour, to the brasa meridian ; io will it then be in theMiii^A, or centric ottom^ the sod^l i3^ Vi^t mna'sfdie, the ea^and the left hand* . the westi- From the top to the bottom, are drawn merid* iansor ]ili«a«f lon^uoe^ 8nd>froni sid£^ to side, p$irQlle|8 of latifude. . TheouteniHMtof'the inericUons and paraOels-^ are marked iffMh degrees^ b«^ m^ans- of which; and a seate~ (^' miles ui^aily phiced in the. coirner of a mapi thW sitiuk lions and distances of pjUices m^ be found, as on ^ arti- fitml globe. Uivers are: d^rCribed in .maps 'by blaok ;linesr and ar0 wider toward the mouth, than toward the head or spring. . Mduntaiftt' are represented as on a pictnre, by a tfort q£ cloud ; foresta and woods,- bj a kina of shrupi bo^ and ' morasses, .by shadeis $ sands^ And «hallows> by small dots : ^i;i,r 90 EmnWTS OP 6B0d|tAPH% rot^ft uaii|g%4ly double lip^t and' UMmt, byfinOoEvii sipd^^^we. N^ar. hirbo|ri» ^e deptli of water is loive- ^ tjtm^ exprewed by figurei, ref^eienting &thoina. • >". «. If ATUftAI* t)m3iai?8 OF t«» EARTH'S SUKFACE. Hif firat graml divi9>on of the eattb i» into LMttdaaA pimims of Land* A gre^ extene of land, not entirely s^arated by water, ia called a OoKTtMBNT. There are (peinnionly reckoned iivo Continents, called the Mtiikm^ cimipfehendiBg Aula, Europ^ and AfHca ; and the IKef^ff, including l^orth and South America. Nm'Hol-' land has aometiinea' been dignified with the name bf'conti- nenit; bttt is usually classed By geogra^ers atnong tb^ ^fUndf^oftfae Pacific ^ean. / A tftiiqt of laod, entirely surroundedby water, is an Xsi- AMp* Tracts of land, almost encircled by water, as ^o«•• ton, i^rf Pi(NiMsvj['As*; Necks of land, whicb join penin- sulas Vo a munlaiM}^ are Isthmuses. ^ ^; Land projecting far into die sea is a PnoMO'kTciRy. . The end or point of a promontoiy is a Caps.^ Wben limd'rise^ to a . very ove^t' height above the jev^l co^iB^yit is a MovNTAiiv. IVtten ^^falgh land extends jinevenljr to tk^^^^eat length, it is n or rangv ^ Moua^ains, When a mofnitain emits. fliime^ and. sulfur, &c. kb.a ypLeANO.. liiie iidi^^ofva st^ mountain is, a Precipice.'; ' ' ' ■■ V^, „ '"■ . When land rises to a -smattr height it lis :icalied a HilIm 'The spaces between hills are oUled Dales ; and veiry o& ten,, and perhaps co^Amonly in} America. Vale;}, or Vai.- XE«. .. ■ ..ifll.. Divisions qfWMer, Thr waters, that cover so great ^ psrtion of the surface of the globe, are collectively called tbe OcEAK^, and sgmetitties me Sea* . ^ pil^ent and exte^ive portions of these great - waters liaveobtainedtlienaiQ(e of Oceans, "thes^ are the At- B£BM£NT9 OF GEOGK APBIT. fK> into LandaaA nd, not entirely lontict the Jnditm, the Pod^/E^/the^SotfrA^m^andth^ Atitic ov - froieen Ocean, The t«ro io^e^««e'^ach' 8000 aiitee acroM » * the Pwific lO^OOO; The extent 44 the oAertit not kiicmii. Large collections » of water; tbatMunearl]^ exuditifeA hy v land are called Seas ; and s^natt^N^^fwIIMioiU' of ihit kind are called Sounds, ^ats, or GuLrs ; as the Mfdi^erranean % Sedt Lovg'I»iondSoundyChe9apeai Bay^ tb^ ,Gvlf^ Mesr • A narrow coromuiiicatidn Between a isc&orlM|y,' and the? acQUij.or between twosea8.:or lake«, is a Strait, |tfpuTa« « EntrakcB) or Iklei^. A great body of fresh wat.err lurromidiid^^Jand, or • oommunicating with the ocean only by a longnver, is called a Laieb. Smaller cn^ctionaof Iresh water^are caU- - ed Ponds. The fonntaifis-of l*«ter «t thie h^adrofrirers, hi^9» <^ * rivulets, and from whicih irells are supplied, are ciJled^ Springs. 'Whefn the ibuntains. are warmer than ulual^ , i)r are impregnated #i4t fi^ed air, saltSj sufoBiUr, metals, , aijkd other mineral substances, they are called -M^dicinax^ , or Miners lSpritig's.. Streaiiis or l50di^ of running water, accordihg to theirv/ magnitude are called Riybrs, Bvooks, or Kiviu.)iT»ii^ Creeks are narrow branches of the ocean, indenting and^ sometimes insula^ng th^ sea^^oast. . Scmie branches of rivert are sometimes called Creeks./ When a h^ge body of wat«r -: tumbles over a precipice, it is called a C.AifAkACT or F.ALts, as the Falls oCKiagara. . ICthe ;q^titjs of water, be sm^ itis, a CA^CAbs, * ' ^ Standmg water; hi whicK earth, with' grass or shrulfs i^on it, appears in- different parts*. ;~4ind low, sunkeit grounds, fuH of trees iind mire, are c^l«d. MoRAssisa,^;^ So6s,.Fen8, but more commonly, ^mbng us,- Swamps, r ^ COMPONElIT PARTSvOF THE EAETH. The Eiirthia composed of land and water, and is : thfcre- ^ £^re calltd termi^tieoiif, , It is- ascertained frmn- recent dis* coveries, that tne waters contained, in the concavities of the globe^ coyer at least two thirds of its siurfacei Pm !il . ilill pll 'i R 11 m I W' fiJiUEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. Tb6 earth bfilowiu wrfiice b ooinpofed of • varidiis aub* •taiK;ea, ;coU«cflvdy ,ciU«4 Fonsi ts. All tuJiftaiicefl 4ug <; mtt «f minet (tf wtistever kind toeh': M ni6teli« coiftH^^ ButojiMri ochrt^- lic^ are called MIiimials. Siiph of tka miiljlidi^i'iia oa|i be matteated or beaten out ^th a hammer^' .are caUed MeT.AM»a.. • Tliese are coimnoa- ly reckoned teven inniunber which ate reckoned according to tlidr ^weight ah ike following orders l,.Plal!ihay a wbtte nict,al; newly dlscotered in, the gold mines pf South Amer- ica) in nkaiiyr of ita^ gropertiet r^Memblihg gokU d. Gold*. ^. Liad,, 4*.i^v fiM)m the co^iversiott or water into air,v that ^which' takes < j^ce ill volcanoes is undoubtedly from the samf xMnise. . ^loB&oes^f at least 10,000 tek*tba99 thJr to^ of the ^BBountain. The quantity of /«va thrown out sometimes is so great aacr > enter cities; forests, and the oeeant hi hurge riTers. Fields xft been eorered with it» 100 and even fOO feet in thick* Tile foroe of the expi aion has been so great as to<^ ^hake the oarth,' agitato the^sea, anderen moontains, and^ rierthrow the most solid e^ecs* /There are three not&;d volcanoes, via. Mount Hecla, in Iceland ; Mount Etna, in Sicily ; Mount Vesuvius, inv Naples. There are many others of lefs note !n A$ia» A^- iiica, and America. BAKTHaUAKEfi. There are two kindis of Ea^yhquaris.; one » caused' the action of subterraneous fires, and the explosion^' >lcanoe9; whieh are felt' Only- at small distances, and at \e thbe when volcanoes act, or just befbre ikij^ixpeai— he o^er is suf^fKised to be produced by inunense ^ttain* fetes of inflammable air, contained and coinpire«ied In flie iverns and crevices of the earth, which, being, igidittyiia- W by internal fires; and finding no outlet, forces a paip* - through all obstructionsi v irthquakes are usually' preceded by a general sttMneasv the air; ^e sea swells and makes a great noise; tite- ^untains aretrovibled andsend^fiwthmuddy^ water ithe> (irdS'seem' fnghtended, as- if sensiUe of the- ^j^rdachimg :aJamity. ' r " - . The shock comec on with<>a rumblfhg noise, like that of safriages on frozen ffrouadf of thund^; the ground heave» ind rolls or rocks irom side to side. The shocks are i^' (en repeated, and succeed'*each other^ at short intervals. For a considerable length of time. Awful chasms -are pometim^ made during the shockS), firom which v issue wa- sr, and in some iustances flames. Whole cities have been^ . sallowed up in these chasms, and thousands of people ip yeoi; .- - ■ -^ - ....-■ ^. History afTords innumerable instance? of the dreadfiilk id various effects of earthquakes. , a > i* m mLtmxm or aEocmAPHit' BiilGKETISM. von, iteol, and all femiciiiD«i-«ttbtUuieesi Which it JS'aturai MMei Of liMMane, The tMiit lulMtenoe the povrer ofcoimnaniuitin^ iti properties to aU fenr^aoi bodicf : Chose bodies, after having aoqiuredlh norUi imd south ;| the% by lookine; oii the direction of ^raai^t, the ^ipuse | is to be^directed, so es^ te^Httke asy recited anti;le.'Vith' - iiL An aetifieiai >steel >ro8gnet, fitted fair this pux^vie ^ a | proper box, is called the Mariner's Compass or siuiply the ' evaipjMr; and ju» aoflmdl luiawoj as to need nG particular a term rhich hat remect ea|b«ly ta the^enfrr efthe vy^Umt or »df to-whiqh it Jt fpplied*; ft in^tkei wor^ to move Dwmrarcb it to approieh toward the /centre oi' a body^ or Item; iMidteniove Ufir9rd it to recede firoio the taid J ceDti«« Thui» the centre .ecauteithe moon is, in the jnean tinfe, . paatmg Jfrom west to eatt in its orbit, it 9rrivet 9t the -«ieridian of any place, later than 4t did the preceding day ;. whence .ihetwo^^ooda.iind ebb»,rf^idre ucfurly^ hours to com- plete th.^. The tide is highest about three hours after '^e moon h<|e .patted -^tlf^ meridian ; forlhough the force ' be greater at tnat tiimis, yet the greatest dfect cannot ap^ pear.on the wfter tUl sometime afteiward. When the moon is in oonjunctioit or oppootion^^th the ,.fun, ^^ieybot;|bi tend:to/>raito.thc water in theitame place. •The tid^ are then highest, and are ealled qtring tidet* When the tun and moon 9re 60<^ .6rom each otnei^, tlie .tiin dej^resses those j^axlB which, the moon raises* They are then *lower than /'ordinary, ~and are. called neap tides. Hence the highest tides happen at the time of new and full moon, and the lovatt when tibt moon it at bee fint aad third garters. \ « ^ 8S BLBMENT8 OF GEOORAPHT. IILii ■ '1 The motton and height of the tidef, at -they paa» ^«# .lOioals, end run through itraiu and inlets^ become mbre Toriotts. The Mediterranean .and Baltic §eem have ¥^ .small tides, because the iaieta by which they eommiim- cate with the ocean are §9 nirrow,, that they cannot in so short ti;nfi, receive or discharge so much, as sensibly to raise or depress, t^eirisuilaoes. In the^wy ofFundy, be- tween Nova-Sedtia and^he United States, the tides rise to the height of 6Qfeet» andv flow ;so rapidly as to overtake animais feeding en the shore. There are no tides in lakes, tll3y^being in general so small, that the moon attracts ev- ■/try; part of them equally, and therefore 09 part of the wa- ter is raised above the othejc THE ATMOSPHERE. % The Atmospheret or Air f is a fine, invisible, and elastic fluid, surrounding ^e earth, and extending some miles from its surface. Without this element, no animal or veg- etable could exist ; there could be neither rain nor dews» to moisten the earth : and though the heavenlv bodies might be yisible, as brij^ht specks, yet we should nave, net: ther day-light nor twil%bt,. but utter darkness. Air is al- so the vehicle of sound ;• without it we riiould not be aUe to converse .with each pther^ nor even to. breathe. By its grayitv, air i»^ capable of supporting ^al^ lighter ibodies i as-smeke, icapors, odors, Sec* WINDS. (_ -Wlien the air is heated, it becomes rar^, -asd tWcfore ascends, and the surrounding cold air, rushing in to supply its place, forms a cusrentiu some one direction. A cur- Tent ofair, thus put in -motion, is called JVintL ConHanU or General Wind&i are such as Jilow always ia .the ^ame direction. These prevail in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, between 'the latitudes of about 28^ north andsouth, and blow oonstantly from northeast and south- east toward the equator. Tb^se are also called Tropical or General Trade Winds* Periodical Winds are those, which blow in certain direc- tions) during certain periods of time* In some parts the mmmti^w «M(^upuT. Into mn$i <^t nM MtWMii lajlHii iii«M dSrtedMH •ci hamn abontlM lim|(i«r«»«^iiiiMwi«i' tnd aw attends .^V olMed 4 f| »W> I M> ft ^ «*i(g*»f g'nwit IWwdg> In tbe VfeilUimfih'^ *«« Iht laMLiv tli0 night, 1(1ie «MWti«4M ind jmMM wds Wow only al ian i on land ti^ wmd ia always votmMp. Mwjr PIMI of 1k^ ^{afflA»)«nd ^ Weat^^bidiea In parti* «uUur« are (ke^Aeii^jr viMtf|»% MnrrUan^t, Th^ aro tiidden tad iriotoiMt ttocmt of %ind» rain, thunder and li||bl^g, iMtfndid #itii graft awolUng of the aea, and fOinetiniai with ea^quakes. There are tigna l^y whtdt ^\fi»M\ium9g» f«ajned if their apfMNNMhl So.ne time fMforo thay come on, < the iky ia traubted*; the aun mOro .tf4 tNn wqial t Ih9l» it t datdrcahll belew^ and the tapa oftm without any wind. Inkeae teirlbla ttofmii happanpciwiipalfy in ^ menili of Ati* gtlit; dfiatrtoyiog aU thc^ p^odhice of thi^ ground $ tearing »p .tteea : orectiKlung liiitill%i ; and iaundatinir lares Vnctyoflfnd* •.-.'; .^--,. , /^^^ ^^ Tie: 4#c^ # Afcoa and Aiebitt give % burning heat and Wanting (iiiaUty u>'the »f pasafng ovei^ tlfeni. At V.Q£9e» 06 the i»iwr JSeiiegflfl, tber^ in an edMerly wind from the inland paitft^* witd which ^oeer t^ho are^middtnly met^ i^iMh« 'fiMfl^ fre •qorched,«as by a bhu^ from a At «)^ JMtlml lalandft an extraordinaiy blaftinr wind wJeitilb^^Jti diM&ii is seldom more' than twcnty*four ^QWn., It^ cuts down the herbage, ai i# fires had been made liiidfit them Mheie^res are parched up "and crum- 44e into dual; im^ u^ leiaad w»th crainpa, and neveD 38* ELKIWBNtS OF OEOGRAPHf. li! recover ; men are oppreMed with a stopped -perspiration heaviness at the breast, and sore throat, but recover with proper care. ' ■' The most di'^adful winds, fiierhaps, are those in the deserls near B^dad^ called SnvkovAi or MoHifjfine 'fVinds. The.camels perceive their apprOadij and are saia to- make an unnsuol noise, and cover <^their noses in the sand. To esoape tlieir effects, travellers throw themselves as close on the ground as ^pbasible^ and wait -till the -winds have passed over, which is commonly in a few minutes. Thus some escape ; but tiiose who die) have rtheir Irnibs l6or- tified.. ^ •^_.' •■ • ■■.^K';;^vw' Itrltaty, a^vuidbtows^ for seymral days, called Sit'occo, which is fatal4o vegetation, and destructive to the inhab- itants, ; depressing idbeir spirits, abd suspending the pow- ers of .digestion, «o that uiose-^ho 'Venttire to cat a heavy slipper, while this wind {prevails, are frequently found dead tlJ next hMNrnmg. it is fdt with^peculiar violienCe at Palermo. ^ ) In the deserts of Africa, there are prodigious j9tJ/tfrs of sand, which move 'With great veloci^. Mr. pnice saw several of tiese at , once, -some of which appeared to be ten feet in diameter. They be^an immediately after ose# lihat the whirlwind and water spout proceed from •i: li loWes metftls ; imd dJestrc^s amma! life ; in. afl whicfc it agrees with the |>bet)oinei» |irodiiced by «ii electriclil apparatus. ';>i';'sv-; ■ ,- ^'i ■•■■ Some fwhes have the power oC givtog slacks, Bimilar to- those of artificial eleatrici^< The totspedo, fbund in the rivers of South- Aiiierij?a, when touched bjr the naked hand, or any conductor, pl-oduces a strong, electric shock. Thid gymnotus.electricus, and some others, possess the same pow^ri Electricity has been administered for various diseases of the human body; some of which have bee» fcUeved> an^ •thers perfectiy cured* 'i II ''.m ; LIGHT. I,ioRT is thdt^ which) proceeding fhtai a c^rtaiii "bodt^ to the eye, produces the perception of «^Wn^.. An exceed^ ingly amaU portioa of light, ia called a Ray, A large body 4»f light consisting orm&ny p£u?£dlelr^.s^ is called a Beam, The rays ef light fly with lamazing swiftness, at the rate^ It is computed of U,i^75i600 miles in a miniite)- or more than a million times swifteir; than a cannon ball, irhi^'it computed to move 8 miles in a minute, iiight is fotUid to proceed from both ^tn^l.. ^ild vegetable substances in ft: putrid statdk Xhe Twilight is. that fikint Hght, which t^pears in the east in the morning before the sun rises/ and graduaHy vanishes in the west after he sets. ^ The sun is tlic original ^source c^ light to our system i and though iti^se and set all over the earthy yetthecir* cumstances attending its visiiig and setting aileveiy differ* ent in different countries. Jn the equatorial regions, dai^neM coities on v^ soon after' ^ sunset ; because Uie convexity of the earth comes quickly between th^ stm and the eye of the ^server< Pro- ceuding iri|m the equator, the twiliglii continues a, lOngeiL time a^r sunset; and, in 48^^ N.. latitude, it Ctiiitinues through the night in the month of ^une. As we approach the poles, the twili^t becomes brighter aiid iwighter, tiil at last the sun does not appear to touch tjie horizon, i>ut is seen above it many days successively* On the other hwadf in winter, the §uQ«fiiikB lower ftttdloWer, tiUild^ef iLEMENra OF GEOGH APHY. 41 mt iiiJ|)ealt^ at all, an^ there is only adim tfriUght, for an hour or two, in the middle of the aay. Notwithstanding the ser. ling inequality intlie distribu- tion of light and darkneist, it id certain that^ throughout ^ the ifhole world, there is nearly an equal proportion of light diifitsed on every part, abstracted from what i$ ab- sorbed by clouds, vapors, and the atmosphere itself. The equatbriql regions have indeed the most mtense light dur- ing the day, but the nights are long and dark; while, on the other hand, in thje northerly and fatherly parts, i%)ugh the sun shines less powerfully, yet. the length of time that he appears above the horizon, with the'^reatci^b duration of twllignti make up for the aeeming^ deficiency. . THE RAUVEST. MOON. ** I It is a remsrkable and highly jbenelicial ciftumstance, fhat in those countries which- are at coasiderable distances from thevcqiiator and the poles, the autumnal full moons^ rise ntta»ly\at subset, from the first to the third quarter; a dispensation slngjularlv c^uUted to facilitate the. reap.- ing4ind gathering in the fvuits- of the .earth. This phe- jotomenon is^called the Harvest Moohw- Itds &rther observ- abk*, that this appearance ii>th& aut&mnal months is pe- culiar to the fiHl moon ; for. though, in every month, thd^ moon for severAl (Successive days will vary the time of her rfsing very littfe ; yet in the vernal months^ this happms at the 4inte of tlie new moon ; in the winter months, about the time of thb first quarter; and in summer, at the time of the last quarter. In the latitude of 50** north, the time of the moj^a's rising' i? Observed to vary* oifily t^vo hdurs in six days. i^^ \ NORtHBRN LIGHT. The Aurora Boreallsf or Norths TJgJtt, m many parts of tlie northern hemisphere, Enables the mhabitknts to pur- sue their occupations during the absence of the sun. Nd $4«sfactoi7 coiijecuture has yet been formed, as to the cause of this phenomenon. Some have supposed it to be elec- trical m-itter, injbibed by the earth' from the sun, in the 3) 2 ' ^ . 42 ELEMENTS OF G^OGRA^HtV warm Utitudri. ai^ pajssingo^throutgh4he upper regions «f the atmosphere, to the place whence it came. These lights commonly t^i^pear at jtw^^ht, near the horizon, of a dun color, apprbaching to y«^ov, and some* times continue in that state for ^^«iveral houfs, without any apparent motion. In the Shetland Islep, and ot^ norths em regions, they aire the constant attendants of clear even- ings, and prove a great relief ataid the glooAi of long wini ter nights ; and are there called Mtrry Dancers* they sometimes break out into ^fr^i^s of 8tir»ng light, spreading, into columns, and altering slowly into thousands of di^- ent shapes vanf^ing their colours, ficom alji the tints of yel* low, to thv? most^obscure ru'sset. They ofllen '^cover t^ whole heltaispherc, affoifding a most brilliaiit (irospecU At other times, they assume Uto color of blood, and mak» a very dreadfiil appearance. They have generally a quick tremulous motion, which continues tillihe whole ianiabsflb.. if >1EAT AND COLD^ The |>nesclnce of the sun is oi)« ^ the pn'ocipal. source^ ^ heat, and its a|»(;nGe the cause of cOld. Uut^ were the^l^ tlie only sources of heat and coid^ there woidd be, in Uie t^me piirallels i^ latitude, the same degree o^ heai/au4li cold, at the same season ; which is not we fact ;!'fQr very hot day^ are fre^htly felt in the coldest climates, and^ very cold weather, ^aiid even pDer|)ctual sriow, is found in', countries Under the equator.. -^ x-, • "One source is from the earth ;probally arising from^ u< mass of heat diflliscd through it, whi^, imparted from tho»^ earth to the atmosphere, tends greatly to moderate the ee* verity of the wintt-r's cold* If is probably from this in- ternal Keat, that snow generally begins to raeltfirit atthe bottom. Another source qf^at is the* condensation of vapor, which warms she slifrouhding atmosphere. This condensation is frt queritl^ formed by the attraction of an electrical cloud : and Jietice tlie great sultriness oflen ex* perieri6ed t>efort; a stcrm, As tH^e earth IS a source of heat, so distance from it is a $ovirc3 of cbld ; and It is 'found in asCenoing the atinos* |)hcra Xh'4t Uie cold increasea. Ths tups of the h%he«| !' >'■ ELEMENTS OP GEOGKAPHf.. tIW nountainf, eyen i|ndW the ^quattMr) are continiially covers ed with Miow, The sanie cause, which makes condensation a source oi? heat, makes evaporation' a source of eold t as it absorbs the fire in die latter insGm^, which it gives out in the iotmet. The instrument made use of in meamiring the diiTt^rent: ilegrees of ^at and cold in^ the atinosphen, is oailed a Tniermometer. JThe action of freezme is always mstaritaneovs. Ice it li^iter than the same bulk of water, and Uiis isthereasott^ of its floating upon the surfaice^ Boiled water is.more easily frozen, than that which has not been boiled ; and^ that which is a tittle agitated* ihan that which is cntkeljf^ -fit rest; ■;,-■' ^• POLITXGAL DIVISIONS OF THE EARTm The habitable parts of the gloBe are divided into what: •are conunonly, though very inaccurately, aalled Fouir ttUARTERs, which, according to their magnitude, maybe .fanked^as-fbllows ; America, Asia, Africa, Europe. Of these , divisions, Europe n the smallest) bHttUemosf improved- and . civilized ; Afrioa tlie moat barbarous, an(i Che least - l^wn ; Asia the wealthiest, and the most" an* ciently hihabited ; America ihQ largest, the gnandest, as tai lb mountains and rivers, the least populous and wealthy,, tiie last exj^oFed and inhabited. ' vu Subdivisions, .These gr anddivisions of the ^lobe, for th^ purposes of govemmeni, &c. are subdiviued mto innume* «able dktricts^ or porti^ins,. of various extent, and under va<>> fioos nahi^ ; as Empiresy Kingdoms, Republicsi Stutes, De» joarimentSy Principalities, Dnkedomsy Dutchies, Ccuuiies, Ci- iiesy I'o'wnships, Parishes, &c. Different nations have dif-* l^rent names for these divisions, but they mean much th# aame thing. . Several countries, or principalities, with different goTi* ennnents, confederated under one sovereign or hiiaa, 19 called an Empire ; as the German Empire, which is com»^ posed of about SOO principalities ; and the Russian IBm- pire, which includes many extensive countries, that are divided into ^2 different governments-, combined undeir J^i Emperor, who is the Iie^d of the Empire* I m i --III >i''ll! «* ELEMENTS OF GEQORAPHY. ^~''TIie territories, subject ta one monarch or king, fbrm ff Kingdom. SucV aro/ Great-Britain, l^pain, Portugal, Sweden, Denmark, ^c; A number o^ separate states having governors; cOnsti^ tutions, and law9' o£ tiieir ovp^jo, confederated utidtsr onib generr! government with ani, elective head, are ctttleiit^ a IIkpublic;* a A^f 6/70^ according to oth^n^ iti^guverni* ment hi •which" tho executive power does not lie' in the hands of a single person. Such is the government of the United States^ America. \ ,, States SLtkA I>epanmer^t8 areclvH and ec- clesilistical governiiient. There seem to bie about «iir^ varieties 'in the hiiman spb'' cies, each stronglyvmarked^' and indicating; littl'e mixttife.' ■The J?r«f/ around the polar regions. The Laplanders,* the Esquimaux Indians, the Sa»i<£id Tartarsi the inhabi- tanu pr Nova Zembla, the Borandians, the Greenlander'^y and Kamschadal^s, may be considered as one^ race, rif- sett4)liQg each other in stature, complexion, and custonis; ttlEMBOTS X)f OSOei^AMt. 49; <^lrh« iediiM t?^ ^f*>^^ in l^i^ htAhilii i^&&i H the T«rtttr ric6 ; wnbM ««iihOr^ 6€)ii^||MPelieNb h griiat vtfft of' Asifi; and consemiently ifiteMiet i )MAEil)er of AiiiiOM» of irttridin Ifbbni ana ctftn^l^t^Mili;) bUtj hb^et^r dliR.'rent. fhun 0adt dHhet) thi^y a^^ iifi being ifolike iJtnr olSie^ |i^o* )^. f e ftHi Ttfo« is t^tlf^iiM thie ChiKeflb «&d'tt6 J^paik^^ A itJ^tVtf tdl^etjfk the hMiti Dn^ibt, || the l\»uA)^h A- iiatieg. Thfe i^atiOns of the Pieiitnstilar Iik<£a» seem to be thd stdck #lv0ii(»e ilie tolandB scattet^d &ir the Indian Oc^ka teiv^ been pe<^1ed. Hie /ouW^ variety in the ^timtti i^i^ is the ni^o^ which inhabit the sottt^em tiJtjri^iam^ Jem, Mah(m€tans,J^ei$ts, wcAlfag^mvr Hea^ CHRisTi4if^. All who pTiOfess to be the disciplet and followerajof >ixs«s CHRiST, are clJled PAristians. l^lite greater |w^>^ the inhabitants of Euri^e, and of the A- iiiji^rksanyiiiiMl^lSf^leit together with those inthe Snanitft^ parts of Souti^'Attt^iiga, l£e Wt^Ind^^iHends^ and sc*«-^ few parts of^Aiiia and AjEriqa, are of this denonotinatbn.i > Cntistiaa't are 4ii^ded into \, Roman Catholicst who have Va Pope at their, head, aiid are<^nce often called Pcqms^ i'hess area numeroust- sect of ClmstiaDS, inhabiti]^ tht? -iKmiheri^ aiidf interibc i^ til Europe. The Spanish, ■FViench, and Porttiguese settlements m. different, parts (^ the world are moistly of this Sect, '^ > ' % Proteatanis. a name given in 1529 tto all who renovinc* ' ed tht RomaatCtoolte r^gi^n, and embraced the piinoi- plesoftllHei'refbrmatid»i/4 '' Pi|9testaiji1;is are divided into Z.»/^ v - \ ELiMENtS or CEOCRAPHT. 47 Under the' hei^ of ProtestantH," may be ranked alio tlw TfcTekds/ commonly caHed Quakers f a respectable, peaces fol and industrious body of people^ ' S. The Greek Chunky wnich is Ihereligior •>f the Euro- pean part of the Russian empire, and of ^ pare of Turkey in Eur9pe, resembling, in nia;ny particulars, the Koman Catholic religion. '; Its professors, like the Catholics, keep |«ent anid i^any other days tyf fasting; they have numer- ous ceremonies m their wor*!up — have hqlif mter^ &c^ , The great sanctjlfict^onqfthe wa^frx is performed at Peters- burg, t#ice in the year, in commi^oration of the^baptism df our Saviour, in the most spiiendid and magnificieut man- ner. They differ fi^m .he Roman Catholicsj in that they have never acknowledged the Rom!an Pontiff, or.Bope. Of the Christian sects, the Roman CaUioUct are^xhe most numerous; next tjlie Gredc Church ; /Kiext Pr9te8taDt8* llie former are decreasing, and the latter increasing. .. The Jews are the see i of Abraham, . or. the descendants tff the Chosen people of God, li^ho Tormerly inhabited Ju- dea, -^ut are nqw dispersed, and 'have"^ became a^ovr/^, in iiiitelmehtof scriptnfe ^f^phcdieaj in idmost every nation under hi^en. They n^ere to the' Old Testament scrip- ture-'brn reject' the New. Their number is not known, Some' have conjec^rcid that they amount «to about three iniBioos. The Mahometans derive iheir nameomd doctrine from '"Mdk&met, a native of Arabia, who Nourished fcom Uie year 600 to 622, .afler Christ. The book .wliich contains their Wligion is called th6 Alcoritn, and b, file same to a lilahom^ etan as thi^Bt^/^ is to a 'Christian. * The Mahomij^t&nsa as ^ell. as Christians, are divided into Svj^eat variety of secto, under different names. ^ ^ pEists.^ AH iuch as assert Ihe sufficiency, universality, ^nB absolute perf^cti% of -in^mi/ religion^ with a view to^ discredit and'^Uslcard^all extraordinary revelation, as useless tmd needldn, are caded CltEisTs. Lord Herbert, in the fTth century, was the first who reduced lief sm to ajsyst^m. Paoams or Heathens. Those people wjio represent thd Deity under various forms or images, o^ who pay di^ Vine worship to'the'-sim, fire, beaste, or any of th^ crefr pofw of GiKi; are called PAGAir»> or ^b Athens'/ '^ pi n jii'.i '• IH 1 «ii Ih*!! I :p^c Pa^pwi 1^0 inor« nwi^fivom than a|UoMieP V^g^ jecto Collected, niiaJlUng it is mppo^i) «| nHipy> m iMP^iec^ 4hirtiettM of mankind. •re ituns. The Paga^fi inhabit i^l. <^er j>arU of fl|^ .gt^ which B not ip)iia|i|ted ky Chriiftiw^ /ev^, Pe4t^^ (f MeliQiner Thoy are di?^e4 into ia^i^imerpble iecti, ntottof «hi(^ have diffeipeftt ulpls or objects* tp which they j^ ^iv{h'e iwoiship. Tl\e tfonhip yCthe C^ra^^f Lai^a k the ^oit ex-^ iensiye and f^endi(| i^ode of PaeaDJ^. — This i|»ec|ef ,ie jprofesjigd by f large proportion of the people pf Afif* The Grand Laipa it a name j^en toitne )^igh IVim^ of the Tolhetian T;iMl^rs» who resides ^t PatoU* a.yast'pal* ace, on a nApuQtaiiii, i^isar t^^e banliv of the riycfr wanfi;^ pooter. A^ the fqsit of thii iii«if^tain,Tesji|(|le 20fif)0 tmiu or Priests. His worshippers ai;e ^eiy i^meirej^ii, wd cpqie from far d^tant cymitne^ The eo^cir <^ C^m^ 9Cf> 4mowle^^^ Urn m h)^ reHgiovM capac;%« The Grwptd Xm ||i ^ S(?cri|t |»Iaceinhis pa^CO "tUQi^st ^$f^ 9iiiQ)ber of lamps, alij* ting crpss-li^i^ed, v^J^ • c^hipn, Hfid deck^ '^, Oifejl witn gpid i|9a ^recipus |»tones ; whe|:e ft a ^x^bts^t im people prOfjtVi^te them9,elye8 be&re hl>n» it^eing ^i^ivtffiik for any «• mu<^ '9IB tiP kijj/is hifli^* |)ie returjgu^ ^Qt t||e least eiign of respect, nor ever qpeaks, even to the greateql prlaces ; bi^ pijlj )i^a l^js hand op their heqfds, and they are fuiiy persuaaed tl^ey j^ecei^e frpm tl^evicea jThU fpr» giveness of {dl ^heir[^iii|. . - It would be eiidl^* Almost, ^ efm^^;ate fll, t]^ Vl^j^ici^ «nd modes of Pagan wors^p. Ot TIJtE DIVISIONS OF TIMB. \ .The idea of time ip^ acqii|red,hy cP9s|deri|^g tlfe.|prtft,<)f 4^i:ation, as passing in ^^ccesslon^ ^d sepaifat^ by inter* tals; the idea of^ a day, a mPn^> a year, &c. fs c^tain^d, l^y oJl)serving certain wp.^aranoes iinifpnnly re^nung at regular periods, including equi^ ^S^^ * ^^ I^^H^t^U^*^ and cprabining the??* ,WP ^procure ^li^^nt , mei^V^ of timet fpr insftahce a Pay fs a^]ir;^on of l^me, iui^ur^ by the appearance anqdisam^earAnoepftl;i|e^.^ period is or ti!^P,lMivdi^--4krt^ci9l^ a^^ ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. 49 The artificial dai/ is the time of li{^ht» or the sunV ap- pear aiice above the horizon : in oppOsnion to which, the time of darkness, or of the lun's continuance below the horizon, is called night. The nitural or civil da^f is that space of time wherein the inn completes his circuit round pe earth ; or, to speak properly and astronomically, the time of an entire revolu- tion of the equator. This period is the positive appoint- ment of infinite Wisdom, whose prolonged operations we call the course pf nature. The revolution of the earth on its axis causes a sei*ming revolution of the sun, and thus forms a measure of time» which we call a day ; this is evidently founded on naturey and is the consequence of oiir observation of the sun : but as the sun seems always alike, and never varies its form, or general aspect, the eye does dot derive fi-om him the means of computing longer period^ of time;'ibr this, it turns to the moon, ^whose appointment bchtg to enhehten night, and who '^nigfatlv changes in her circling orb, the BOtice of these changes d .comes the register of a period of time, longer than what can be gathered from th)e^tm. There are four particular instances of the moon's co\irbe, which are so peculiarly marked, it is impossible to mis- take or confoimd them; ^rst^ when it is just visible in a small crescent inHhe evening ; secondly^ when it is exactly bisected^ having the light to the right Jiand ; thirdly, when it is full ; and fourthly, when it is Cfxactly bisected, having the light to the left band. Them correspond h^ly to every se^renth day, whereby they furnish the measures of that period of time we call a xueak, and, united, form the still longer period of a month. By months, was long the prevailing mode cf reckoning ; as requiring no trouble, no calculation ; simsly an inspection of the nightly luminary, and a correspondent memorandum of her aspect. Months and weeks evidently began together, being reg- elated by the course of the moon ; hut nations acted with great diversity, in fixing the beginning of their days ; some comp iting from the rising, others from the it'tting of the sun, others from nooA, others from night. The ancient Babylonraiis, Persians, ^^yrians, and moi»t other eastern na- tions, the Greeks, ^c. b2g3n their day with the sun's ris- ing ; the ancient Athenians and Jews, the modern Aus- E V «■■ * I' 1 t,.'!ii ! ■.I 1 !■! i \ ' 1 i ^ li'.'H ^f i ■'■&: I ■J 1 SO ELEMENTS OF OEOGIIAPHY. |-Ir I. ^' I'i i.f -. P. ■"WM.t I trians, Bohenuana, SileauuM, Italians, and Cbineie, fltim the sun*f totting : (^e ancient Umbri ami Arabiana, with the modern oitrouuuien, firon noon : the Egvfitiant and Itomans, wKh the modern £ngliah» FrenohTiijutch) Ger* mani, SIpanlarda, and Portuguese^ from mi^iugbt. A year truly contains S65 days, S hours, uid 49 mia- utes : but the mof»t ancient kuni of the year, is that which divides it into 360 days. £pocuii are certain fixed points (Vom which oomputa- ' tions arc begun, aiid to which calculations are referred* By compping transactions with the epoch, and tracing their distance from it, we ascejrtain the yewrs in which Uiey happened, and assign thciri thdr jdace in the juccepsioa of time. But it is evident this can respect only the epocli toivhich thev are, referred, as the epoch of one nation ia disremirded by others. The Creation qfme toorld, the Dd^ uge, the Qlympiadh the Building tif Rome, 4lld Ibe Bifiih ^ wii^, are all celebrated jer|ii in watory. MEASVEES. ■t Thx meesusest most commonly 'made use <^ in |;e<^ graphical i'* oks, are mUti and leagues. The English and Americcin miles consist of S fUrlongs, e^ual to 1760 yards* The m irine lei^ue contains 3 miles. The Turkish, Ital- ian^ and old Roman mile difiers but Uttle firom th^t of J Ihe EngHsh. ^ The Dutch, Spanish, and Polish mUe j^ about b^ En^ish.» The •Gecman is more than 4 ; the Danish and nungarian, more than 5 ; and the Swedish neariv *l English miles^ Thi^ marme pr geographical mile is longer than ^ common, or English mue. In a desvee of the. earth's cir« cumferehce, th'er^ w?e 60 gcognffccal nulea, which v^ equal to ^9^ Enghsh miles. In calculating Uie distance of plaeea, by decrees of lon- gitude, geographers generally assume the capital, or some other remarkable place of their own country, as the fixed meridian. Thus the French reck(Hi tlieit longitude from the meridian of Paris, and the English reckon theirs fircnii Greenwich, which is the seat of the Royal Observatory. In the present work, ibc longitude, where it is not other- I CLEMBNTS OF GEOGRAPHY. 51 ifiM expretted, is calc«ilated from the meridian of Phila- delphia, which ia 75" 8' 45" west from Greenwich. The kngth rfMi^f Leagues^ 8^, •ncient and modertty in i Mnglish ^ards, • * Yafdi. 1610,948 201,2995 161,0348 lli,S 212,713 2415,523 4f»31,044 4M»l,044 6441 ^ISJ fi663,08rt 8230,846 S4M,718 16m,4<» 1409t,0i945 5898,75 lSo9,05l5 6«41,343 8051,74 Anelcot Rortian mile , Olympic ■taUiuinaiif of ancient Roman mile, StadiumaaUlOth uf aacienc Roman miU StadiuroMto the 1 100th part of a dtpret Jewish rhio, of wliich 7iw ancient Roman mile Oultie leuMwll ancient Hom^n mile Cfcrman raat, or eomtnott Icagtie in Fnnce^m'i 0*1 leuct Itrrtiiitt pjgrwNknpmti G»ltic leagtiet li^'ptun •Ii«ncaw4 ancient Human mil'S ()«rmAa leafue, or that of<^ndinairiiiM>'{ ranN The mile ot letguc of dermanTasSOO Hheniih Tarda CTmt AraMiu mite, wed tn Ihilestine, in the time of 7 the Ouaadei, rated M 14 Mcieot Rbaum milt | Modern Romam mi^» Jilodern Greek mUe, of 7 Olympic etadia modern IVench Ieasiieiqp3500 toues Mile of Turkey, and the common wet-it 6t Ruiua,? •uppoiing it 7 Olympic ttadia 5 League of 8painflB4 ancient Roman milfa I«rgc league of fipaioaaiiS ditto OF THE LOG LINE. A Loo if a piece of board, in iImd form of the quadrant •f a circle, having its circular skk loaded with weights, to ^ake it swim upright. To ihw io^ is fastened a line of abotii 150 fathoms, called tifie log-line ; this is divided in- to equal spaces, called knots, each of which ought to bear the iiiame proportion -to a nautical mile, as -^ a minute be crs to an hour. They arc called knots, because at the end of each of them there is fixed a piece of twine with knots in it ; and these are subdivided into tenths. Now a nautical miles=6120 feet, and the ^^ parts=5I feet; now ^' ; 1 houi- :: 51 feet : 6120 feet, or a mile ; therefore, if 51 feet of the log line run off in y, one mile will be run off in an hour ; hence, as many knots as are run off in an hour, ity '%■ m ELEMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY. AUUiT iniles the ship sailo in an hour. But atf the ship's lun IS found to be more than that ^ven by the log^ owing to the log being drawn forward, they generally auow only fif$y feet for a knoll; veA some commanders allow less. And to measure the time, they have a sand glass, which runs out in half a minute. ^ The line' runs off a reel, which; turns very easily, an4 the" log is thirown from the poop^ or lee quarter ; and they generally let it run 12 or 15 fiithoms, so as to be out of the ships wake, ^id then begin to count. v There is com- monly fastened a piece of red flag, to show where you are to begin to reckon. Care must be taken to have the hour glass aod log line^correct> otherwise an allowance must be made.' "C^^>'.>^-' ','-'', If the log liiie and the time of the running out of the glass be bom ^t^ed in the wune proportion, the number . of knots, run outjn one glass will jsdll ^ow^ the number of miles run fn an hour ; for if the knots be 40 feet fmd ^e ^lais jriin out. in 24*, then 24" : 30^ :: 40 feet ; 50 feev if Slat 50 feet is still run out in half $ minut^ ■ \ i' .. yrf t^ *# .*><; *<»'*< ^MEIllCA. ©F tlic grand divi8i(an{|.of the earth, America is much the iarj^at. ^ri>*nj its fe iijfe^over^ 1^ t^ inhabitai^ may jiMt^ eartli) kl |3i8 > twiH5* las do discoveries have 1)een maid^ fcrayoiid 7i{ ot^ decrees oi iwrth latitude. Its length; from noi'th to scrilth, )Bitty' be estimated at 9600 mites; -It sprcatls from >the. 35th t«fc^66th degree west longi* tude &orh London. Its -breadth* is veiy unequal^ Jkut sup- posed to average 1500 miles, thougtiin'^e northern part itisjknow^vto exceed 4\5O0. ,-^f-^*\«;^ - .^ America is in no part joined* by land to th^ oM' conti- •ent. It is separated from Kurope and Africa on the east by th 2 Atlantic ocean:: the Pacific ocean divides itfix}ra Asia ou the west* It contains upwards of 14,000,000 gqaare niiifiB.. ^ " jyimdoni. Though America forms properly but one continent, yet there it a division so clearly marked by na»' tare, tJuit tlie propriety of its being considered in two sep- arate poitions is. universally acknowledged. These two regions called Norih and Soidh^AnicricA, are joined toget^j^- m. AMERrCl^, P!.i! m i 4 etrby t^e hthmm o/i!>ipw'ap«, which in its: rta«rowe«t part, S» about 27 miies in witJlfty some say 60 or 70. This isthmus 19 ni94^ -'y^ of low siqkiy ysSX^o^t and mouiatains of-«uch st|iip^adbus[lls>ght, th^ thiey sofH^'; to foe pliiced bv. nature^' as eternal Barriers betwe£!ii the Atiantic and Pacinc ocean,, which hero apprdach so near each other, that from the mountains' both may be seen at the same time. , ^ Face of the Country, In. Amertca, the face of the country- is . distinguished Hby a peculiar magnificence of features^. The - astonished eye here meets with mountains,^ whose> tops intercept the clouds^ i^ their progress ; . and riverg! with which the sti^eams of the old worlds- cannot be com- pared either for length of coiprjse; or the body of water^ which they <;Qf»rey tp the ocean. ."Pic lakcjs of America igil^rnoleBS eoQ8pi ©een ui any iV'^fjftr<6bl^jy^ ebout S5,iOOO)000» Inhahiiants. Th«|ire«mtitiilffl^itl«htir<»f Anl^ divided into two geiiera) c\a8t>^V[U 'the MfMri^iial iiihab^ li^tfi, generaHy' called Indhm^ or ihpi& whV d^cetided from the fhrst iett}etfti^ tho cdttttnetiti? Y^. Those virhyv have migrated or been, tr^nspprted to iAllieRca/'miic0 iIil; diicovery : W CoIi^mhUg^ slid tfieif. d^^MetidaBtg. This lat- ' tt;r cl^^&Ht ii»9r«t particukuE^diftcirihed, when treating' of the difltreiir portions of the di^itmettt, which thi^ inhiib- iU At present, ootreniaijts' Willie eofllw^ to the Aboinginut JnhokUdnii, Thtat tntfp.he ^enndere^ as dividi^ . ed'into thr^tee distinct clatser: L l(^ South-American lin^. dians. 2/ The Mexicans, and ofi lite Ito^Kunr soutH of the>. lakes, and west &t the Mississi]^ S; The nortK^il trSietr « inhabiting Labraikr %it<)iiGua£iaiui, siidLthe idjitce^^ tpies^^' ■_■ ^\-^' ' ■ The South-Ani€?li ^ ladians a*« g^iiertiH^ of an oliv^ir' omnnlexion, of different shades. < Theil* Mature is abcut tb^* middie siajp, but some nations r&ttk among the taliest df? the human b-pecjes^ The men and' chi3dt£n, in the warm cHmtiU^^ and in? flftBnmer, in thei colder regions, go quite nakec^ : The wo- men Wear no i)»ore cov^rinjg.. thau the mo$t rek»X!&il^lhx>de6- • ty seems absolutely to require.. Th« clothing, of stich ats make me ot it, is me^e of the skins of^ hciists, of fecthers;; sewed together^ and iiv the southern nsitions, whefe they raise sfai^ep, of wiool^man'-ifafctured into stirfts foid blankets* > f With respect to religion, soiue of; the Ihdians- fatie idOla*v toi^.. Theyv af^pear to Imve some notions of a Su^n-eme Being, and h'^^Ueve in future rewturds; and punishments t--. hhxt generally their ideas of rellgiw:) and governmertt sre very rude.. Some nations, or tather tHbes, iive compactly in towns, and cultivate the'C^th ; ethers hiEive no settled, habitation, biit wander over tilie country,- Eubsictip|^ oh fii^h; and ^e wild animals of the forest. Tlie Peruvians aro- supposed to have made greater pi'ogVess' in civilization., ^^an any otbor natien infaaStingthg new HKH-ld. m K mi II Is*''! 'f. if i lllioug^i mppi^^llife nationbar» i ^ pregentect as iCRiel aire geneim' i#^iitiWaiid^ ;iaA4«% ie&^ The secottck 'eh0k >i^, i^dnrrical^ Jbid^s, ^p in^flbi^ i^exicd> a^d life C(i<'\\try!aatrtli 0^^ lakes* imd wost of ftQiTOAii bj8iiig6;,^|iiaB iM[i]f. of 3the nations o£ Sbut^^Amevieay ' The Abbe: CiavJgeK^ a^;^^<:doii]9' add -^^ iiiforms ud) l;hat,; ^r.attenUVjelj^ elbam^ ^^ charaoteri . tjte^^tniiis, tiie a^oieiit jbiiBtipiqKy, vje«Uj§;ion^t iiiid']^d9i^«RlHient of the Me:|U(^nS) he d^ not hei^tat^ to dteela^e; that ^ii^ iiifiRtal q^aiy>t|^: aiia/ laot^< in> the least degree, inferioi^t to those of the E^opeans ; that tht^v are- daj^le of all» evetir Ihi most , abstract icienees^^; and tbar^ix equal care affd j^ns were taken ifl«0ieiip,ediju:ati(:»n, we shll^ahl "^e rise a** mong thenij ||liilo^ber%^jmiti^^ and divines/ lirho would riViil the n^t in £uri^. But 4t U not po88i<*> ble to make great pro^Rl^' in tHe scieni^es, in tbi6 midst of a life of misery, servitude^ and o|)pre$sion. Their ancieat. ^overnhient, their Jaii((Si and their arts, evidently denionit- fitrate, that they jufibrednp want of genius. , ^* They arcti^Oif a^gond Btatuft, r&tber Exceeding the middle size; well vproportioi^ In all tiieir limbs ^ have a fine: «Uv3 coni^^ile%ion;;. narrow^ for^eads-; black eyess; their, tiieth are ncm^, white,, and reguliurt tlieir baic>Maf^» o^arse; R id ^ossy.. ibey are .neither very beautiful, nor. the re- veivba. iJiay are inoderate^ eaterst, but addicted to intem- lierance in drinking^; which ap^pears^ ta>be a general' char^.- act«;ri.«tic of. allf the American Indiansr. They are patient of injanes and hardships) ands always grateful for benefits*, (jfen irosity artd disinter^^te^iJlnesg are strikuig traits in their ♦haritJter. Their reli^^ii blended wiUivumch supersti- tion, and some of them are very prone to idolatry.. The mure nortliern IndiaoSy wnom. we b^ve included int the second class, in their complexion, size,, and form, are not, in ^^eral, unUke .the^ M jcxkans.r Jn social: and do^'^' Kies^Ic yjirtues, invagneuUu^e^ arts, and iiianufkotares, they are far behind thoMexicdtji^,; in their hospitality, equal r and in their eloquei)ce in. council, and bravery in war^ per- AMERICA* Maps supenor. Th«ii: mode of life, and the state of socie- ty among them, afford few objects of the display et either theii literary or political abilities* They are brave» when an enterprise depends on bravery ; education with theili making the point of hono? to consist in the tlestruction of an enemy by stratagem. An sIn€^an wilt def<^*!d hims^ against a host of enemies, alway» choosing to be lulled,^ rather than to surrendek'. In other situations,' also, he meets death wi^Jh more delibifration, and endures tortures with a firmness almost unknown to religious cmthusiasin, He is affectionate to his children, and his affection^is extend- ed to his odier connections. His friendshq> is strcng and faithful to th«' utmost extremity. Their sensibility is keen ; even the wari't'>r8 weep moetjiittesly cm the loss of their ~ children, though in general, mey endbavor* to appear suf*- perior toiiuman events.* . - The tliird class of American Indisfias^ who inhabit E«^ ^uimaux, Labrador, and die , counties adjacent, are muck, less known than either of the classes above desciibed^ They differ in size andshap^ Aroin the other Americans^ and are said to resenible thie L^landeni and SMnceids of' Europe, from whom it is conjectured they descended* The Esquimaux are distmguieiied from the southorn tlribes chieity by their dress, their canoes, and their inrtru;- inents <^ chase* Further to the northward, they decrease- in heigKt till they dwindle into the dwarfish tribes that in^ babit the shores of the Arctic or Frozen Otcean^ and the- maratime parts of Hudson Bi^. ^ The Arctic countrien of America, as well dS those of A- (^,. have few inhabitants ;; and those are IT the dwirfish kind,: scattered on the banks of rivers, lakes, and seas, sub- fisting miserably upon fish, and the flesh of those animal^, that inhabit those frozen regions, with the skins of hicb ^ey clothe'them8elve6.f Thejint peopling of America. This is an interesting suh« ject, and has caused much discusfiion anftmg several wri- ters ; but the places from whence the first inhabitants orig- uiated, and the manner in which they, as well as the quad- fupeds and reptiles, passed from the eastern to the w^!^ * JsFFZftsoN'a l^loto onYirglnift f Capt-£i.^y|, -■■'.■ ii 1 ■••Of I; cirnooMiMRt» are <|aettkm, whidt prebably cim nev^er 1^ •atisfactoitiy decided* , . It it the opioibn of many le«med neA, that the two con- tinents were formerly an^ted. That thii earth has experi- eneed great Odiaiiget since the dehige> will hot adbnit of a doitht. ^'.thquakes haw swallowed up large tracts of land in-aonse p)aces~-«iihterraneaus fires have thrown up> others — ^the sea^ in r <-^*e places, has be^n forced to i^treot many milea from t\ shores— ink others, it. has mads ei^ croachments^ ssid» k. inany instancea, it has separated tef- ritoiies whtc^ onca wese united; It is possible that the aqaittbxial countries oT America and. Africa, wete (Mitce con- nected by an isthmus, the remains of which ains seen in that chain of isunds, of whidi Cape de Verd^ Fennxido, Ag» cipnsioa, and St. ACithewB make a part« I^ is also possible that the peninsuta of Kamschatkfr may haite joined the ncrirtheastem parti of' Asia t0 the northwestern, parts of A- mcrica, which are now .separated only by a very narrow atrait. Adn^ttmg this, supfkosition to fe tvue, titea*imai»' peculiar to hoi^ountctea passed over^Jtie isthmus tliat once coanedbed SmUdli-Ataoriea with Afric»; and dune of c^d^ climates migiated, &6m dio northeastern paiBta of Asi^ As the Esquimaux and Greeaiandets peiwetiy reticle eackotfier, and both, tetemble the Lappe» or 'Laplanitera> of B«rop«> It is randered' probable l^at they o^iaatcd. firom thenc^r ^ But a^ thia is tincertaim ;j,^ v History i^ih ^sewiri/^. The first dis«»>vei> ^ Anieiicai has generally been ascribed to Ckristopheb Colcmsvsw "But, H being now uni«evsU^y.:.^admitted diat Greenland. Ibrtjssa^part of the Amerkan ||^ dte date of the first ttlacover^ must be oamed^ack to l^e year 982, when tha Norwei^ians first visited Greenland: \sif the vear lOQS Ihe Norwegians alsa discovered a country^, wIbgIi they caii*^ ed TtWan^/j where they plantedv a colony; This is suppos«^ ed to have betoa on the coast of Labrador; but all their attempta to establish, ct lonies^. proved unauecessfiil, and tlie knowledge of the country was soon, lost. These partial disodvenes. of the Nocwegians^ however> do not, in the least degree^ derogate from the merits df Columbus ; for Behuim, who was the roost complete ge- ographer of his time, evinces that there wais no prior dis- 4ft)y.ery upon the route followed ay that great naiiigator. AMERICA. 51 The cBsowery of VineUmd could scarcely lisre b^ knowB io him ; and that of Ghreenland was so remote, that ther* iwas no roon for a su^|e>tion that it formed part of a pro- digiouB contiiient.* Ckrfumbus haa therefore a fair clawa to the glory of discovering the Nbw Worlj). Colnmbus was a native of Genoa ; fbom « long and close appKcalion to the stuchr of ij«ography and navigation, ho had obtained a knoi^cige of tS&e true figure of the earth, much superior to the general notions of the aee in whicb he ttved. That the j;enraqueous gld>e niiekt be properly balanced) anu the Sand and aea prG|>ortiooea to each oth&r^ :hsi conceived that another continent was necessary ; this continent hp iiupposed io be connected vith the East* Indies. To proivd the -truth of •hig System, lie found H nooessary to obtain the patronage of some of the European powersi. AUter several fruitless applications to :the goveraments ojt 0enoa, Spain, Portugiu, and others of Iciss note, ^ '^pro- cured assistance from Ferdinand and Isabella, Im t^HreihtM that (Tool detibenition, pradenoe, -lootlung .admn^ ^and firtsii|es% which «re noc^ary for a peivon engaged b a dbo^ei^ ^aipofViliterestiiig to l^e. world of any ^ovsf mp.- sOmiiieJl^'ofOeUber, 14^2, wt lt>^%loek in tho^evei^ ing, Columteiif ^oitt tho fQroe^BttB>.deJM;i^d'aJig At two o*«Uii6it<|]i0xt corning; Rod^k '^^bna^dleo^ered laud. The J^jiAU 4idiiigi weiM) #ii^kW QompHiiiieat^ to the other tbi^ The inor^iiif light ^ftfirme:^ the reik^l and Aejj^fti^^.erewa imaiediati^ bcgaEl^ ^f Dmm^iik* hjjm of thaiiksgiving to Godi fltid l^g^ted their f^raiiet j|iut, tears of Jov, and tran^pcnrt^ of x^gr^hi^om Co^ lunbuji Hchlv. ibresKdi with a drawn sword iir^i hand^ w|t&#&Jrs|^Eim4i@aa, whki^^^^^ New-WorM which he ha4 dwcoirered. The islluid on whi<|h he .firit landed he jcalkdSif. Soli'Mforr «n0^ of thatrlinrire cliitte^ IcQoiim by the natne of the XucitgrafW Bididina Islet. He^ "^ ' ^^ -' - "oral of the islarida in ?the lanie 1 <^overed the il^iiids - . , iiAauited iby? human -and^hoB*. 4^Uabk» feapU, > He r^umedi and «mved at i PahM in Mti^t n^nce hejad aaiiad^e jearbeloiie, on the i5tk rf»l|6rch« 1493. / i Ift iSej^temlbr^ 140t; CJohusibus $ailed iq[>0B htcr :second !V(^ritge«o America; daring wh^d; he -dieeoveri^ the isl<. 4iidi ^ ]>enuaica» Martg^dam^, Ouadttdt^y Antiguat I'oilio Ei<»»» aiid Jamai^ « liiid returned to< Spain, 14^; t%ii^fjke sitled a .thkd Ihile for Aiiericat a^d on ihe fyrai'Ot Amaat diacorered the CcnersirsMT. ^e^ea i^oaft#d wegt«rard» maki^ other dteeovcrite for 260 ieagnee to <^a|^ Ye^^i^iice he crOfted o^er to Hispaniola, where he waa se»ed %f a new l^aol^ goyetaor, «iid aeiit^oiiid in^ch^iW'j -''■ ■:h ' : - .--•■■.v./ .^.,^.:,^^.-W-jy.i.. ...j;.:: ,] ln:l&3^, CdttiBbu« made hif four^ Toyage to 'Hispan-^ lola ; thence he went ovor to the continent^ add made tuany tieir discovMes, parttcviarly the harbor of Pprto Bdlo, and the Gulfof Darieov p<^ pi-.. ■ -^ .,; -f ,■ .; ■ ji_-. 'tf; . • /^ ■''V; .rn*X ■• ': J - J. v ■ '^7 c^'fiiiAMI^, A^Kliqrftil^ whom IN^lSlNQi iMid aroiiitt^ *^W '^^ nmytwia c<»90i^ 4 6H iittJlQai^ ytWi new ouar- H^ ^ suppbatea fliat of Cdtbmbas^ 0i^ ^infcfiir lie T^ teP^^ •^ "f* **^ injustice^ wKieh, ht^^uirli?^ (Mn^ ' xiir ] '^'. -*?, **■-,, fWiii^ ?H:: 'im^ '^- '>.--■ \f'-- _ IJ^Wt, ''*>•.. ■' i:.'->- m is^Mrmminick v-r •y ,, •v. jirifice of lolbaccd to l^o q^rif of tKe Watif . ^ ^ foniuf l|^ fiilh Hsk in tb& gr^ oi^ It i$ iiituat4<| b#r^ 48 iand 44* U. & ; abo^TaOO ^M^ In ciJ»Uinfti^de» jcommuiitcftt^ Erie by Ni- ^M^^ ^' '^^ wate^ of 'tJ& i^e itf6 ^p^kf^ H^to SrE^^ce) i^^^ the ASkSSb 4«^ ^ m^m^ df tl^ IJnited StiN) ind, i^ Willi jui^iftei6i^^ ^J«t 5N^ ^Clcli. *nd i^tiM iiiio Hio Gtdf or . ^MKin^y i^toiit 8P ffieti f»rtiring4 and moit flettpik^cittact. , - ■ ;^«ia6tiij 1^ S I^M^^^i^ into ti^^ift. MMiii^cik ft fk ttSd t6 be Wm^ ISOO ^eZ wm,^ iits^ jitnctlon^Mfc the Miiii»^ '«#!» rivets;^-' -■ ^■-^.- '•,■■'■ :/>■■■'■■■-■ ■,^*, -■ : • " V. . :■■ f% 0hi the n^Mrtbeni 0C^(&i } «nd others which M initp the Pat^tfic ooatn, oC whMshlitile It yet knowp,' but 4fieir nmoeik . . ^ ^ , MoimtuiM^ Between the A^l«^<:> theMlitta^ and the Iiik^, ' i» 8 l0i>g tham of inountaina, made ^jA a num- ber of ridgegJ These n^untaint exteiod noitheasterjy and southwestei^y, neariy parallel to the tea coast, aboUt OOP mi^es, ^^d ar^ from 60 to 200,hroad, Tracts of tine »Jt- ble and ^aai% Inidiintervene between these ridgep* . .. •RieieiAoimliiins," taken collective^, jure called, AeAl- legftny, mountains, "Pie various ridg^jRfps by. dment iiaroca, a^tlieBlueftidge, 4e Korthuttidgef^ m 'tiU%6f the Laurel Ridge, Ja^ksoiS^s Mountams, end Kitta- ^lii^ymountains^ All th6se iftdgeis fi^cept the Allegany, ere s^arate^by rivers, whidh ajE^pl^ to have feFced^tW' Way tnroi^hsmidtocks. . . -, Pn,the wjestern side of this continent, a range of mAun- taiins proceedi froni'Mekipprin a northern directipn, m^^ Joins &e ridge called Stony Mountains, which extend neiNr- ly to the Arctic Ocean. The Stony Mountains ero said to be 3500 feet above their base, wluch is probably 3000 ^et above tti« leVfi^ b^theaea^ ' Qathe northeast,. Greenland, Labrador, andt^e. counr. tries around Hudson Bay^ present irrcg.ular masses, cover' ed with eteimU snows^ iv - - ^ . , On. the western coost volcanoes bfive been observed by "^^!SI3^ JJ ^^^^^ that 0n» w ^o%«w ftft, ^hi*^^^tSI ^^^^ of the Sean, ia^,<, Sw,^ *^osei^w**d^ withm thW iiiiitf^ o£ pJiw SS^f^ ^ ^^"^^^^^ '^^^ fei;rihea in Ihenr V iji^^^^^^'^ )S(hen^rth-Am«n(» WW first visi^^W . W^fl^ it mipt l^ regarded, extsept Jdexico, ai» dne^ ^,^g^en^,fo|5^ animalfi, ai^a hy a 1^ 1?5^' S^*^**? *^ subsisted by huntini Zi^^' v^'S^- ^ t¥%^t»ble8 and jam^ i^ ^und t0 tie of di^eent specSi^ igdm those of ^le dW trorW. *^f^.L^^ *^ **^ P*^ iJ^^ <>^f evergreens, ^|J^hn C^. ^f^^f^i^^y^o dbtmned'^a jp^ant froi^ Henry m. «t ls-ng^«, t^-disepy^r^^i^^ and winex them croj^.. In 149(^ he dlscoverfed the eoast of td- ty and m 14(97,, Newfoundland Blandi and ^aversedl ^#jst from tihe^ce toCiipe 3PkMd^ ! :. ^th^r Europ^aJi jppwera grafted patjenls to navigators, ipp e*plorfed the continent; m^de settlements, atid iaid ^l^l^^h^comi^^ V In^wfloi^ view exhibits tb© cbrpnological 5 ;. VemlomidihniiitiiD*i I IfflO^ llf <3aw«inior John Otikf^. - " tici*.. '' ■,•.,■■'■ ■'•', .^1^ By a unall' EngHah colony, near thf iiio#h of iHfcata^a ri?^. 16^ ,B]F dapt^O^iKlieDt aii4 Co. I'ljriftoutl^, Kew«Haiiip»hir«». D«Iaware^ > , Peniy^v^iija, J .'^ Massadhuse^i Jib]^,, GoBnecticiit, Rhode- Islaii^, &>tie^hr Cartel jt'eansyiynoia, ]>)aisianai ^m '^l -tbeiftatttliof Co5AkfiiBUtri»ei'. * }^ By Mr. iL.Wi^i|^i»a» a&iiJat.folkivr^i. ies^ $y CJov. Sayle. . '^^.- ^iWl :'^^ktw.- ' ^-~ ■ ■;: -: f .„.. iortl».qaioIina,abott „,o p> »;;^*r ol P-Ja^» ^^ ««. - Aod aboot 11^ JErectfedlnto a separate epiKer^niMih jCMgta^ t^lfe . 3^Geo*faiOgIetlirt)p,^ T Tennewee, aboot s 1750 ^ GoL Wood^^ and Mliem Kentucky, , ;tt75 J9y CH Dani«l Boon. v»*n»n» ENT America^ OP the United Stato^K RUSSIAN AMEBrCA.: SPlTSBSRGjBN consists of one'terge dnd nflffiy smaBi- errjslands, lying i^put 1^0 miles % of Greenland. ^ Itaft- a frozem barren spotj uninhabited, and is a inere resting place fiMr fidtennen. ?T5 ' The NorthwefttCoast^ claimed by the Hulsians, extend»^. from Portlock harbor, between N. tat. 58** and 59*^ north- ward about 2300 miles, including the islands on the coast/ l^e number ofnativ^s^ wh« professed obedience to the Russian government, in 1784, according to Shelikoff, iras< 50,000. All the settlements otv this, coast,^ contain, aor iCiording to^liasftelf 800.inhabitant8». ABbftlOTNAL UNDER, thb general head, we include idl that vast^ portion of the American continent, wliich lies north and west of the British.Provincesand.tlie territory of the Unitir e^ States, extending northwkrd to th6 nwth pole, and westward, to. the Pac^c oc \^n.. Our knowledge of the various nations and tribes inhabiting ^Is immense tract, is not suqh as to admit of ver]^. minute descriptions, or eveii ^ to pursue a perfect regularity in the arrangement., W& tfiau commance wiUi the northerly parts» '# i'»ii*;ji' •\ ..V - »tt atagtJlar tiact, the itouthem foral ^g '^'^.^f*^ Case Fatewefi;, Ke^ In % 60tftr d^refe rf iw*^_^ii^ JtL distance ;fti^iMi^ ana: U^^ &ave ever lieen explored. ^ . „ . . Climate, Greenland my/ ^fhpwW^tjr, be ^called ^A^ empire of cpntintaaa printer, 'mcm^ »? F'"™? ^"J Febraary and MiCrch, that the rod* ^t; lee -an* frost penetriife throi^ the chirtHey^i %itott; hwing fliiwecl hy tlb fire in the da^ tone* , . * ^ j t--K- Their 8h<»t sunun^, which b^na m Juro, *iidci«^ inR the wMtttaer, tl^Bie i* no i^ight in Oie coiM#* ^^^ tS 66th de|red,^tlte *»» ^<>^r^\?!^^^*^a^ Jtewiiiteiv ««%**!« p«H?^rtion«h^ ilwrtt TNr *«»»• ^ liel^ diver^ the gloomy wintsaf; ^ i^ s..a^ General Appifardnce and Productims, ThelAmm^vm ilhrh, rugged peaka, either black and naked, or infernstted 1^ icelSd abov. III the aouthern parts, Iherte i; a jm- tv aiid puny vegetation of trees, shrubs, grass, and plants* 'Animals' The quadnipfed«^ are reift-dkr, dogi tesern^ bling i^olved, arctic foxes, white haar^S, PPlar b^, an« volverenes. Bir4s of prey and ^ fowl artf nui«ero«f» «iM the rfiorea are frequented by the^ walms, and several gueciesofiea^. These a?id the fish, con«gtaie tjie wchei of lie country, and the chief sustenance of l3iC poor na- Inhabitants, the Gr^enlaiiders. are a brandi of the Es- duimaux^ of amajl atatu^^, ignorant, stiperstiuoua, and SmaUd, but bamOeiJb andlngenious in the coi^ctionof Seir canoea and fishing utensils. In th^y «#tt «kflft, inadeof»kin$, extended by ribs and covered > with a s^- brane, which ^ws close about their bo^ea, ntfnirtwA ,witli tt nicely constructed dirt arid line, *n^ clothed m water proof gvment^, they wiU pa^f^rl&igle to »^« rw* »%^c '/;'" I H 0I^!IS£KLA^ est monsten <»P the deep. atteck» luid «eiierii% tace^e^b toalciog them dseir prejr^ Hum li^ ofhwim* hawetiptf Jce^ their tntmben nMijud^^ p^'^i^e^ o^m^, mm ificl^«nciet of the cGNiitie ^iaf^ m»iff to vinsS^e* ly end. The Danish govempieBt h&ve a coloin^ of eiVO .seuby jdanted in vihis country A llie aaiiyei, itti743» were estimated at 24,p00. ' . Rdmou, With r&sp^ci to ri.:.^fon, ■tbi^>cL colopiaed' by. f^ ^ Norw^gitoir, Al^ut the year 982« TWa eoleair ' bestowed pn tfie ooun* tnr the^name of Qremdmi, w^bo^ aidt<^4p^ .thap.it appear**^ ^', » hssk si YeidiB^ tdi men who wtt« M^suilom^tl td^ iMithern «M^:^ The; fert. coniriafMk t^ . C^ljtiJMy ' 1^ titf^Momi^, tent #3»er by the c^ebrt^d &m «htf mat Korwegiatt aoiDaard^, who embracea the" d^istiani lie* Ai|^ 4lkNiME^kkg (|mmf with siiecmBi and'ae^i^ settlements have been fbrmed 1^ thei% and peopled with converted nationa» wbe^e conSition haa |M»ja g^mr 'W tdyBii©<*|^#^ 1* ierritonr^ ivintg l»stireen the eaisrcoft^tof Hiidbeii Bay ant ^^' ' •V :^ Ip^^^lihe iireii an# ^ra^ «if ? ii&b^ «ireeii 4# and 70 ^gi^ north laiincke, 810 n#«l toiijg, ai47'SQ bn>a4i and afie toin tii^led 1^ thi^ fCB^aS name cf Kitw^B^iTAiir | a nanke^ h the icje on the rii^ i(ft.«i^ %t tMi% coiu^lates,^^^^^^^^^ 7^ hw^ iritli a hoiriMe noiiti >e^)Hta to tibt ^ heiiVy artHfl^ ry, and Ui6,i|flinteil are tiuro^to adtaxna^ing^Us^ - MoeK A^ 1^ haloB are Jre4^ dor» ;^cK eqiiala Aat of th» full moon; and the 6tair6 sparl^ with a iier^ rdb^ss. In the shortest day, the sutt rises ahov^^^wnamutesft^ nine>^ and fitts five minutes he£a«re three. ''^V; '■! ..,.;..-■- .,■■<•■; Face (^ihn C^ntrif* The eaitern c^^**v^'' i LIbrador ttoue^ a^td to have beeb fint Hliscbt^red, in «ail- dis^OTi «tog, rein-aeer, oejwil^ tJgera, otters,' raarten«i 11^7^1^ wi)b^ Gi^ a^ |i^^% T^ coast pres^uti' isaiiiiEy -d^^'ducH' -It is' ,^ >f tm»!||^|i}g,^ p^^xmmV^$f ^^^^im^^ ■ ■ of ' - the baa«^ and twip p^:Mm ffl^m^. tioNfgh 0; ^stWnt ^ cviti^.t|>e■ ^^e^iOaitc^^^. ,^ sm^mimc^ ,T|ie 'B|0v^^vj''vr>.s Jiav-e ftiiiiiot^ie8';!^tt^ fy^jm^, **»%:^^ puraumgp mit lt^0&» amanjg the poo*' Mistorgt S^lemntst *c. l^abradoiiFaa^iitfover^^jm ^v^'t wfaicn^befrs'h^irnanie* . : , -■.'-.:■:■ a f>r that iwimei v^ l^lo. tlie coiw^ ai,&9f c^mmstce ana |(l(|»|ation. |^^ and ^oose-Fort, qn Jasties Bay r t^ij<^9*|I^«^s^^^ M-emity of Hiidibn Bay { §eyernr%uy|eV at J^ e i^th w Siwe^priirer ; Y^rk Fort, on J^csls^'i riiFel ; fq^ jCborcb IH-F^ on Churchill river^ which is the .nipst iM^efly ^ their poatt. These a^ e ^m^j hops^ iqhiih^^ by the per ra^itsitf the ownpany, 1% |cade wjih J^b n§tn^ j% frhiq)) are often o>rought troin^grecdC^staiac^ wi|^ hi^ * Periodical KcouAUQf thtficctbrMy HorSQk ^ P Sic le. ofa 1 Ma Md Be« ,i rei' mid , of Xffi »- <. ■ .■■,..,.'■ ■■■ > " - INtERIOR COt(N^ItI$;& ■A. ' > ',hb^ V ■ '.■ ■»» *,r CONCERNING the interior farts of Nortb-Americii, iifde WB1 known, till tlie difBcOlt and laborioua eiiteiipriiies 4f Mf \( .ckenzie, performed in 17B9 and i79!3.^ ^F^Tious )^ ix> ihmiii iiowever, Mn Hearne^iad'foltdw^ Goi^^j^jyRn^ river northward to the Arctic Ocean. The lik^Hnm c£ tM'^ river were iiAabited by Esquiaaaux, Mr. M^keiud^, cmhafked at Fort (Hh^pe^SUr on the Ld^w: of the Mjlls, in htitude SS*' 0' nv>rth/ lojiigUude no 30 vv f^t, in a ^ahoe of birch bark,' with ten associatea. His i^nntm wae natthwesterljto* seek the Arctic Obeim. Mpwi- taioA-aiHi' vaUies^ dreary wateiv* and wide «prea4ing fQt0^ 8uece€id each other ''in his description. Sroatt bands of wanderinff savages were dbe only people he discovered. ' After leftving the Xake of the Hifls, ie cattered $lave river^f^rom which tie pf^ssed to Slave4ak«) near latitat 61 and 62 north, and longitude 1 10 *o ISO west. The coun* ^ try arpnnd we^.m barren aspect,- but produced berHe^' .large trees of ^>r^ce, pine and'white birch. Fron^ this lake, Centered a- river, jrhich he called Mac- kenzie's river, a d^P and spacious stream. 6n its banks he found encampments of -Knistiiieaux .Indiatrs, a wandec^v ing trUie» spread Qver « vast extent of ^oimtr}'. H^tt lin- Sua^e is ^et fame as that of the natives on. the iraters of le St. Lawrence, "and' the coast of Labrador^L ITwy are of a modei^ statitirc, well proportioned, and arctivel Their djresB iff simple-f- their counteifance open, and their eyes ,b)%ek.' 'T^eirifom^ai^ the most $:omdy^8avagi»« The otlier principal tribes/ il^abiting the west side of Mackenzie's river, from ^Jave lake, are the l^trong-b6v> Mdnntain, and Hare tnaians j those on the east are the Beaver, Inland, NathaBa,^nd Quarrell^rs. i After proceedhig down this river to latitude 69® IV ^e reached the tide waters of the Froten^ Ocean » but, in the middle of July, was unable to proceed farther, on account of the ice. He returned to Chopewyan fort, sQm an ab*.^ dence of 102 days. ^ '^ ^^EgN^ti^MllAKU^ > I- ,' in Oct**, 1798, h. ptoceeded m •/ W* „*» ^ Sw^^Vl&ag wore doB^rtuble, f^f, >^ ^^ ^ ^^S^^eltia^; and al; fl^^i^e^ €%J^- e to tli0 d by the e Mud to barbairout ^1 .^• nOHTHWBtfF eOAOTv iji lt^»1I^S# > '■'•» . ,as f^nmipjr bf tHe nortiftfei^ pari of AiMBridm ^fi% Cki ^ ^tcifie oisetti^ und tfxtobdiog lOtXih n^rl to tfie $OjiJ» djagcee qf n<«^ lititudC, i« kaown by t&e ge&eria nanie ofTHE KoRTif 1ST Coast. * '^ :A^dlf(&tt$ lo t|ie. aecototo of variout iift!v1gatlDrt» llk^e icgioBt^vi^ little d^tiott, hate tlic a|)|t^«u«nce of cOH- tftimeli ii#eats» J^eit^ eovered ^ith t>>^9»» dder» biri% a*d viEffiotti fchidtOf uBOijrwood. Tb^ vullies mid pl|un« pro- 4ttoe'coitaoli^ go(^b«rnet, nuj^berries^ imd tumeroua flow- ^^nm iSsifvb»* ^ \ /;v ''■■■>'•, .li^-'-.-" ■ .. -:../^~\:-^^:t'^. : ']il9 d^aeke on tbivtideof Xt^ i^^ttk it iSuilderiban tbat m itm and woiiftt^ i»vi|abte ifxera, among wh^ Noot- ka sound, Admiralty. Bay, Port Mtilgravo, Pnttc%3^ki* \iata*s Spmd, and Cook'g blet, are the principal. The peninsula of Alaska, extending westward between Brtitoi Bay and Prince William** sounds is the most westerly point of the continefit of America* ■ /' thtc66sttU iiOiabit^d by btitiicitifuSt bOt smittl tHiM of Indians : eacb tribe ia independent, and governed by its own eWef. Jhey^ilfer ftcnn e»di other m langm^e and eiratoiiiis^ and ari^ fr^uently iti Wr, Thei# tbcNst im^ular piraetlgo is that of sKttiiig;ttte fttider Iit>, id as to git^ them the fif^peiiniaoe of hie^^ #^ ^sourar, S l^lmr Nay^ibidid to Cook'i iidet^ ai element Of Yf Ameraoa^ as far 'as^^Satitttde'^^ north. Mount StfEIiaS) and Veering's bay wtn« so- called byv Um^ llie discoveries and replxrts of (hose who accompaniect him iadiiced mfny individual to embark in ilie fur trade, viihfch >is-now. proaecut^dn by aoveral nations^ with/grei^ $uccfaa.. NORVHERN* ARGHIPELAGO;. COKillSTING of sesreral groups pT islands,, situated b^(we(^n the ea«itesrn coast of Kamtschatka in Asia, and the western coast, of A^merica, may properly be noticed in ^thiaplace. . ,.•■/■••'■■;, ';^;- ■: "■ The Fox IsLASDkr one 6f the pWncipal groups, ace so caHed.fro/q the great numbec oi' Hlack, grev, and red foK- ci^ .with which they abound. The^ areall fr&qufnted6n 4CC;o»»Lof thwir valiiabl*? fuBB. llie ni.oist ni;ifect.e^uailty iasaid to reign among ^ese :IsWoder|. They live m the primitive patriarchal mann^ } iand.evdii:y p^erson look^ upon his island as a possession, the progfarty: of which s" common to all, tlie individuals of the sameLSOcii^t^^ In capic of aa.a((a«k, thc«Qcietiea.iQ\i.tUf)ii)^ BlllTia» ANfitlKSli. *f torthl«tii« Ath. itbg thii they give livmi and I th9ie of Northwest nftxigator ke Oii^ov- rongh the he Asiatic the fioxtb- l« Mount Wm^ The anied him fur trade, withtie8..i^\ijtia^ .|Milit.«ach other. Vitm m^fmymiimtm ^'*^^'pm rOeiidlrlv iMlsn |he inbilritinlft 4irM^ m imm tbpae 0? another. Vmj are mpreiented it O0M m:Ill^ wJerent in wt»t of their tfelioii*? hil Miil^ Ap^itiiiia h^ •dpidion, ai^ nmoh addfoMll uriutdle* ^iilM^<<>## thev^i^wtih gveit f9H<>'edt iMttimitjrif . T . .^. ■ 1 -;-.*..f,. ■ ■ • < )'- , "■ ■■' • . • ,. Ittfii^^ ttr(M{^, Ilk. 1: t;^ef Cat Cinadk; I. lfe#i.Bra[flg#idB; 4V%#V|f.| Ihese DTOviiices, the islimda orK^it^^QUpdlaqdl, ea|^ Brvton^ and ve^nM iaiMNdr mkH ^'1 Lawrence, beloog to the British domiiir^ ' Brici^ Aniefica is tbpeilmisiGide^ l^ia o|!pfff<» Governor General of the four mtl^ JiN>^ and iom6 of It excellent In the vtoiBiti ofXake Superior and the Lake of the V^bpdt, ace extentltre fdaint, destitute ,of% wood, excepting tcattered: tuCb oftreeai Thete niaint auB co^^ered with luxuriant.. • «pira8set alfordiiig tubsimoce to Ibiniense herdt of buffa^ fhrodudioni. Wbeat,, Indian x^, ^4 fl^x, ai« p^odac*^ bd bfre^ i^at abundtof e; Ho|m, "gra|^ anp, f^r^ of betriet,. are the t|Kmtaoeout producti«nt of w 'il^«»^i>*. B«|id|9% the above menti which e^gJtit, pi^rlwlsj; witt p^ropriijty, te, mjiptifin^d under thm UPPER CAnAt^A, 19 Iliad; the Fallf cf Mhinra rirer are the greatett and mutt •ublime curiMily, whkih Ihli or anv other country at« fcMfds. They are 7 or 9 inQet eoiith of fake Ontario, llie liter here it aboiH 74ft yardi widei and ip^tcbes otera tock 1 50 feetf in {^rpnulicuiav heights The noue produced : hj l|^i6ataractbtoHMtiiiiee>heard4eor50' iniki^ A heavy fog is conatantly aaoeoding-Aoin the ftiHii la whf^h rain<^ h^ may alwi^w |>e teen when the euj^ihines. There ia . §\iBdet4:$pac9 between the perpendioullar rock and the ooluoin oip water for people to pasa in perfect safety. N^ar Burlington bay la a.itoicauo> subject to iixsquent e-- raptioQS, with a uQise like thunder. . The Indiana aacrifice: to the Bad &pmi at this {dace. . Townt. ., There are no Y&rv large towns in this %rovkica, . l^|^k)|.^9l»Jlll!d.westbank of Niagara riTer, near lake Oni tario, contains about 60 hoosestand twm cburches;foc Epia^ a oopalians and iVesb}teriana«, Queenston, .7 milas above Newi^k^ and Kiiigstonf at the head oC Si. Mwti^noei .on.*Lake Ontario, have good ha^i' bors, and are places of^ great .tradei. f¥ork is ^f^the peitea tbtougb me province. A di^t^ct court is held every three months in which rovince.. The {leople regu<^ late all local :«fiatt^s in the iowns^ as in the Umied : Statefi». H^iHa, The militia in "the several districts meet annu^ aHy. All male inhabitants, excepting Friends and Mep^ a0PBtS|\.^q|9i sixteen to forty-five,, b^r arma. 19 ^'^/Inf^^W--^^^^ ■ ■'^^^^VWnffl^^T'iJp*'^ ■ W'-: •'■>- ;£0lnB&.:'^^i^. •s. %lMew-Bniiif«ick and ^ Uni«diriSie«ii,^iB«t't»i^^t^ ImiiMmu^ TOi^ prov&iee^ is ditided inta^sk digtnctsi , , CUmm^ WmteH condnuet liero witb«u«fK0i)Mi^fi^ ' The mbwMr max^me^ tpoim^w 'W^ i lfe ^ d w% tiftiym|, ^ fmum Bai tfi» {^ 'm m mm^ M>d ^knu^ iib^^er J«B(l lK««idMer;iiQ|iiMdt^ nor uopleaittiitu T^t %j^ opeiM|. iidid^v «iftd i^bg«4iiMi9ii i^^^ slin^ p#r%dNii|i|Mcd^ «3ieef«ti^t «f art 6r i^ li^^ ettUiM^fa^ 4iui> Bii» woodvv TKe- forasto iiev«B ttliaii't9 tbeluxi^iii :' k ;■#.'■ ;-.'.•/- \ hcm^vi cAvtrnfi,, m Wttkdt and Rivers^ the princip^ of "iliete \uxf9tSifenify^' WwikeA^ixAed, Tkedt.' Eawrence pnses thrcnigh tbit» mviiice, lind faOt ijitto tjie' oceiur by a moitth ^ 9uli|i Pvpuktifm* : Ttie provsiiee df lAm& Canscb .eoiittitt;e4 iitn.84, llSiOlS toids. In iSiO^; 150,006; and lii^JSlH ti>^ were ^sthniEited at Iiet#ec«i IKXHOjp^ luid 9O0»pO!O» .^ ReUgioH, Nine tenths of the inhabitants of Low^i^Can*! - ada itfe Rdma^ ^atholios ; the rest are £piscof»alian8^. Presl»y ' natta^ «|ii4 •iili^ of almost iever^c sect jv. Ghristian^^. . Mquiu^ (ind C!mi^. Thes^ are consHi^n^ly tinctured with Frei^ch gaiety and urbanitjv The Friench women iajjower Canada can .gaieraUy read and-wtitSt. andare tl^ superior t6 tho n^en ;- but both are aunk in Jgooritnce and Superstition, and Mindly detot^^ to thf it ptiesii^ The^F^nch language is spoken, ^^cept liy s^tllfurs frobs OrjMt l^lain and tiM.l/nited States. 7V)toiti. %vEBuo i»ih$ capital of this proviBi:e,;#iid pf all Bsitish America, being the fesidence of the govepo^ general. It is situated at the confluenoe of the St^Lftw* rence: and St. Charles or Little river, SSK> miles from the aea. It coiittfued; in 1806j 15,000 habitants, two thirds 9f whom were French. A large garrison issuppprted here* • l^he hoiadiB are commonly huiU of stone, small, ugly, a&d in* - conyenieni. T^>ie market is well s^plied, imd the Httle car^ . aire fr^^^ent]y drawn: by dogs. Tile ri^yer here is. foul*; w five leagues broad, and the haven, opposite the toW%l»«^ and commodious. Thu city wai ta&nu bV the British in > VJSh wfafei> geEfj^rai ^2VWe^ who commanded, the aniaiy.Af the besiegers lost his life. In December, 1755, itw^aiK at- tadked by thu American army, u^ider Ut^britve general Montgomery; who was slain, and his army-repulsed. Montreal the second city in rank^ stauds on au island- in the rivef St.^ Lawrence, 170 miles above Quebec, a«d 308 north by kest 9^; t^e BrHiiiL iPileonfirniM to llie «r#«a tC fiaf^MiA by tll» t(«i% w* ISLAND OF CAFE BRE'K^. mis fiilWicK ()oi( «Mti^ 6dll^c» of illii£^ wi^h H^ lb'eMt%u6fi^ titwt Ihey ftte liiually d^Mlnihsd^el h&t o^e)^ IrttBitieiired tb, imd foytns a poit of, the j^vince of L^er Canadik It m betwAen 4iS«> 2B^ std «7^ Si^ MMh Uiti^ tude, andl between Id aad 15* 6MI loiiglfvdis ^idiiiPWSi-^ ^MflHia^ lOSr mlies long, add fkim 20 fd 84 brogd. lit i» tNlp^ttttted lk bieeob; bh*ch, mi* fie, and fir. e»iMa idbuld arte i^out 3000 itihiabitants, «#o tiMl «f w^m are Fren<^h Acadians^ iPhe goternment of the iatand is i^ the han^ t>fa Keu^ MHuiflt gotemor and eouik;il, iviio sate app#nt^> yf tfie The chief towns ai e Sidney and Louisbure ; fh^ HmM- kr (^#hieb is the eapiCii}, IMI the latter has the best larbiyr iit t^ idand^ Loui^ilrg may be Considered $» pelisey to Canada, and the i;n m ^ fosBi^«i«B ^ •fkia-lAMMl. Shich stbout ^000 difii^MM Iwe anuui)^ Mk«i» T^mim 4n i&eoIi#Mara^l: i«ad(» kk^^Mes^tuid Imps. "f^os ited wf»yi|aif e if in4«li$ ^AmoMg the,lai^je» o£ this proviaee, whiph- are niimerotti«{ 19 Orand lake» near ll^tj^^olnVfl^river» 3^ mUcfs U)ng, 8>V 10 wide, and in some placet, '40'fathpivuBr>.deep. ' rhe city of St* John, situated on hf^u laiid, at tba moutfi of the riv^ St. John, is the capital of this provipee* Th»i 8tr83ts -are ' |{^cioMf and regular • It * has tipwardf . ^ ^Oa^!^ ' abitants, and JQoa^y %eill| bailt li^usea, a li&ndio^ -^diiurcli a»^/i city hail* / - •EpEiiSRicT-QveM, the present seat of gqvenuii^l^ li.3^ miles 4t Denver St. John, at the head of 8lo<^ ^'^^^ tion, and cdntains ^out 500 mhabita&tSi In p^yitml^ ^f thi^town, severa) valuable traeta^f-Jfind are^pproi^ ^tad.f©? the support of a coUega, ^- j- ^mAWsrnA -between 8 so^ 14 .4egree»«ast long^tudet . ^xce\it Amt* rctw tract, which botdS»H>n KeW*Brui»sw»clt t© |he nortlg^ ^est^ itis surrotpded, onall sjdes, by 4»^i^«»t poflions # the Atlantic ocean. It is abou*; 80a iii0es loiftg, aiid t^ broad* The climate of -the couatyy is unpleasant r the atmo- Mih^e being clQud«d wkb thi<^>$>g during * great jpart ^ the year, mA the weather, for fou« «r five months being intensely coM. iTte soil in gfea'eral is thin and b»^i^» though not unifbnni^ )^» A gieeat j>art of tl*& ^^pp3«ry w Covered with wood. ; This province is aocoinmodated wiA manyjs^acibus harbors and bays. The bay of ^uady, ^ready meo- titmed, washes its northwestern shore. Ch«bucto bay ife III irOVA-SCOTIA. 85 tjtiLthe southetstr at the head of which it situated the town ofHali^Xy the capital of the province* The face df the country is diversified with numeroui lakes and rivers. Of thel latter^ thi^ of Anm^olis it the most considerable, aiid is navigable 15 miles n>r ships of 100 tons. Salmon river, which empties mto Cheunbucto baVi is femfurlcable ^ its fisheries. >d^Qva^Scotia exhibits an urifavo;able appearance to the ejre^of a strainer ; but die ^gradual immrovements ia hus- bandry aifov^pl Teasenable expectation, tiiat kwill beceone a flourishing colony. Coals, limestone, plaster of Paris, and iron ore are dug o«l of <^e eearth in Kova-Scotia. HALif a;s, the capital of this province, is delightl^Iy uitttated on ^e west side of Chebucto bay, commodious fMrfithilig, and has a fine harbor, 1000 houses, aud dOOO inhabitants. The other towns are Annapolis on tibe ea9t side of the bay of Fundy, which has one of the finest har- bors in America ; and Shelbume, on the south of the pen- insula, built by emigrants from the United States The whole population of Nova- Scotia amounts to be- tween 70,000 and 80,000. The great bod/ of the people are of £Uiglish oragin ;: after wh.ch the Scotch and Irish are most numerous. The exports froni Great Britain to this country are chit^IV ly articles cf clothing, a^d rigging for ships. The imports . are. timber,' and the produce oi,the fish^iries. . History. Notwithstanding the forbidding appearance of this country, it was here that some of the first Earapean settlements were made. The hf^ grant of lands in it was ffiven.by James J. to hir secretary, Sir William Alexander, nrom wI:om it had the name of Nova-Scotia, or New-Scot- land. It has since frecjuently changed hands, from one private proprietor to another, and from the French to the English nation, alternately. It was confirmed to the En* gllsh in 1713. Three hundred families were transported herein 1749 at the charge of the government, who built und settled the to^vn of Halifax. H jr .J i WW" ' 1' """ *'l 'I' '! . ' « ' ''' ■ M il ' I ,, .,. '''iL m MLkmoi^srr.somi- '*?% I5Li*.ND OF ST. JOHN. , TIIIS islaiul li^ in the gutf M^ df tlie firavince of Nova-86otia, and is tibo^t IQO, mites loiig, aqd^ora 10 to 85 broad. M has ceTerat 'fine fiveM/ a rich soil, aodis pleasantly situated. Char- ■toT^r.-pQ'n^.^^ i« its jprincipal town, and is the residence of the Itutenailit governor, t^o is the chief officer on the irian,out 5000. Ttfte imrcA »>f04ulces corn, and quantittea of ^beef and pork." The Frmcti inhabitants, amounting to about 4000, Burren- • >% in 174^, to the British arms. |t ik attaiclied to the gd/en«1iiei(t of Kova-Scptja. IJIEWFOUNDLAND ISLAND fjS sitiUited set of the gulf of St. Lawrence, between 46*» i5'!and ». Si' of north latituide, and between 15? 28' and^2** S?*" '^V longitude ; separated from Labrador bj (^ Straits o' ITclleis^, tuad froiin <^9nfiii^, by the bu^ of St. •l^awrefice; being 381 milbs Jon^, a^d ^bm 40' to 2&7 m^cabfoad. The coasts ^ue very subject to fogs, attend- tnl tpttt ilmost coijtinual storms of snow luid t^l^it, the sky being unialljir overcast. From the. soil. of this land, the Ih'itish mop no great advantage, for the cold is long con- tinued and severe ; and the aunon]^ heat^ though violent, waipRssitnot enough to prpM tbMt tSe lOCb of Wfey, and coniinaes tUl Oie^end of Sep- tember. Tlie niimbers of cod^ both oi» tb^ gi«iit ba&k and the lester onet^ which Ue east and south^- of thi» Uiind, are inconoeitable. Several^ other medm «f fiah m^ mo caught hero hi ^tmdaActe. Tho mb^, % coiiiputo* to vield about 300,000/. a yea#} f^om the.«^ sold i»^ Catho- lic coiiotrtef; . Hkiftiallind; albr^artoiufdlqmtes iri|l|lhe I^i^oeh, wcis iiiife^ cied^ to the EngliA, hi 171$ ; ,lhBL Fifeticlv h^v- ittigfmitmoa to. drjr their oet9 on the southern dhbires : aiid, in;r?[(S8, tb^were pimiitM to fish in, the Gulf of St. Lawrtncd, OB tin condition that tliey.shoutd not ap* ttor icX>^ terrildries ar^ bounded on the north By jftritBh Athene ', ^ot by l^ew-BruJ^wick iM the Atlantic oceaii i sdtkth [% ]^oriii and^er Crulfof Mej^ico ; west by New-Me*4i^, n^' a ridge of flao^ains, generally aenommated tile Si^inin^ Mkmtaimi \^hich divide the western waters oP fne J^sfiidsip]^ Uromthos^'tl^tfioW'Westlva^ into the Pao^c ■ '^1 /.:;.'-... '''■'"':' ■*";, Vi'^'^r'^ ■"■:../'' /■' ^.V^'^Av-: iChe states arid territorial gcvernmente may iaf«ur grand iviwons, caUed iV^' Am, '0imi£y Hsfiu^i^ UNITED StATEk 81^^ .md }r<6sUrn S^otM. Though these jiMiiKdnt ar« nereljr nomfrtaft and may h liabk to some (>b]de|lQint, y^t thit ooiif4}nignc&of using It t) appellations fto/Mem, tnidiMe.iMOiUh'' ^rn, and western, okwriVim vu^d converaatuuit 4s COi^^sUvftMl H^ a siUHcient reasoQ for achipUng this c^asiii6cd^. The finit division, or Sor^i&rn Siate%hiAf--;ilhe:,%i$p^li^ which, in lG4tl» r^diyed -the iMuno.o£ Mm^Mng^mt m compreheiuii V ;- Dbteictof Maiae, (helocpEtg,:, Massachiisettf ;(^Oper) to Massachusettil) j^ ^ I^^ Kew-'Hampshire^ t > Utmiu^tki^ ^ Vitjraiont, -, ^ The BeGonddimiow, »»Mi4idld Sitaeit coviprehencb^^ Nfew-York; Ohio, , Nfew-Jersojr, Mia%an Td^rritoiry,, Bennsylvania*:^ - ., latdiafia Territory, - DekwaJcci ■ IlUnois -TeiritWy. Mainland, > The third divisioir^ or Smdhem )Sffaffi, coasittt dD^ ^lukbia Tetritory^^f* : ^l Tenneusee/ yirginia,,, ; South-Carolina, Kentucky,:' Q*wgie, Kdrth CaroIind^S ; ISRssiaiijmi Tettjtory* The fourth or JT^^em^i This division of the United State* is alread^ divided isito* th© new state of l,o2ei(«iancf^ apd several tenitMfioJ, gipvefiv> inentsrisBearfy equal in extent; to all the test of ^U» xitited Stat,e8 ; and willf probably^ at no very distant p^.io^ * l^iTide«i into several, in^pen^eht states. • " ' t^^er. ih«: present iiea<^,':vd''fthall confine our r«^ai|f to ^ tlwa9to|»ie8, which ip common to all Uie states^ te*. ig^ries, reservii^ airioc|il objects, such as Baysr^ Lakes, Rivers, I^imtaiiis,&c. to be noticed in their aaeroppiitte diarisicms/-. . ■.. ; —:','■ ' Qlimate^ The climate of ffieUuited States % Subject ta > gpcat extremes of heat and cold, and to frequent ^d sucW den changes ©^ the- weather^ and tempeirature of ^a^ . •2"» »*>^<»'f "«• P««*ly^'^e^A^<*«« and partly UxhMSmlmr^ w H Hi ill I? I I < 1 1 . ill I 90 imiTED »TATES. 1 Tlie ji^e^ther mim yiipabUt in Uic northern* th4n in the ^ satUherttAtaletr»oiit» m the north. geuer»lly come on in " October r^ev<5?0. com conmienceg in December and lii«ts till Mi|rcE . Poring thlg nc, the ponds and fre»h water riy«^s are, frozen over. 'liie climate went of the All^r iw iiM^t^inB} differs materially from ^at on Qia oiMt^^\i> ^^jftfo, in t^e temperature of tlie air, and in the quanttl^ of . rSliotir and rain which falls every, year. The air is ackiom so poidor 8p hot b^ sev4?ral degrees, as on the eastern side of the mountains, in the same latitudes. Seasons. Autumn is the fmest season of the year, in die United S|ates ; the temperature of the air is tiien most a- tceeable |tnd the,, weather is serene, and settled. In |kw- *hgland winter la^ near half the year; in tlie SoiMhern Statesi it is milder, and continues not more than three or . four months, in spring the woather is most variable, a \v:arro anpd pleasant day. bciag often succeeded- by, another that is cold and stormy. f!t>cp ,|0^^ between he Atli^tic i^cean and the mountains^ 4.tiact &onv 60 tQ 0» 3 nles broad, is level, aftd entirely ^ j^ee of 9ton^« Ber en 'he mountains and the MisstABippi, * «wre vas| X^oi rae(rii.k"^.?, and the borders of tl^at river are ; either 8pa,ciou8 low kids, annually overflowed, or c^- . tinued forests. The newly acquired tract of; Louisiana Cf i|^|IS'Some of the tno9t pleasaiit and fertile, spots on the fice of tji© gJiob©s . Bpianif, The natural history of ^he United States is in I it»j|^ai^^. The vegetable productions have^ not; yet^ been w^u described by any author, in_a work pi:;ofe8sedly flbr ^ that |»urp^e. " , 1^0 country (^rrds a greater variety of indigenous plants, ',z|iiny of which are distujguished.fer stately growth and "lieauty. It is particularly rich in trees and sktubs> many <^f them differing in genus.or species, from those in the old worSi. In the wood* are sevtrai new species of oak^ wal- Wh PftPi^» **^^ ciaplc. The sugar maple abounds in ma- '^^%*piuri« of the United State«, vaii^bie on nccount jjf its T' I3l*il/tt0' STJif fcS. ii n U^e caat^ui) tha 1 inhabit- Skj!c^<(>^i»e'juH$6 yielded by MpfMiig. «^hich, Ikj'bdUkljr and reiinit'., attordt & Wlidi^Kltiie aiid'.|»iitAtAbte iKt^t fit ibr all domestic U8€». In ctH; Mnithem «t»tte0| the nnignolia xisea to a inagnifteence «f butk^ w^idti irefidt rs it tW n ido ttfthc iH-jst, wbBe ita flowcta perilling ttie agr { mud tho woods aiFord t)i ' riohearvan«ly i^ toiwrmg flm^t licd y l^eauliful tn^s. N(m-Eii(|la»ptirpo«es. Wiid thiit8» and nms (ii^ ainiosti j' tyery deacripiioa, «nrich tUe country ifroni Maine i\x. ; XJeoigia. ■ - Agricukure and {Cultivated }^geta6les. lutigtic' y American* are i*^«»|i sltttled, and arc eagt^tae vantages of English expericrieet The imniwtai , To«r was himself an exeeileai practical farnitr ; coni|)uted that at least three parts in four of the ards of the United States are employed in agriculture. This free and vigorous yeomanry may well be regarded a» the chieiglory of any state ; and commerce wjM import suffi cient opulence to enable them to promote evt^^ possible ir.i^rovement.* Agriculture floiuffl^es most in liJew- En- gland, New- York, and Pennsylvania ; I ut is making ri^id advances in all the other states. Among the numeroua. products). ore wheat, rye, barley » buck wheat,' oats, beans^ pease, and maize, or Indian corn, which is a native .grain. In the soathernpStates,^ rice is ealtivated, and ii foUBid to succeed on the banks of the Ohio. I'he potatoiS is a Na- tive and valuable root, which grows in aUthe stafiiw. Hops (another native plant) are also cultivated. 4€ott 6^ i:4;i4t'^it^'bC'i.Xi*r. : ii''*ir***a' -SS..*)* »■,-;-**■■ ».>i ^i.- f V .^. 'It^s ',i '/.J k :'iit^^|M!i|;|t;>M«'l«ii>'' IB M-->Jft uT' ^ '^»f^ »>-<-Cvi ;.s tf>->i^^'^'^ ^-- ^^:%^t'^',\ ^^^^t' ■■-^^'X '-'^^y- ■ ' '' ' " " \ '. yj ■■'■'■'if:: . '^ >^'-^^:?T*^J -•• •' . ' 11 ^! Dpi^^f /1*^w^ '.«gpM!*r ■>^K ~Yw ^pi— ■■WW!— wmiw Pjpy^'y^ "j^ ■< v« h'f>^'';^ \' :9 '»iwWwH§..pB^WPp "W^^^^lj.^ ^^L." '^..Itt '^•'®hi^' ^■■r'l * a f^ \H< ; ..LS 'Vi','5?«*^i*', ^ ^iw^^mt^-tft U nuii^W^dll the tliQae*, dftfiv^ in|$a% iMll^» L [ l^e Iidii. or Cbft^^Sii^ I««et, «« of i^iiiH btonrik. moiM^Dni, of^ « I A. 1^^ ^ ^ V 3' ** ■ t ', I! i .ffie^ ..|i^t^^« ^mm i4^4M^l ri'-,,4 i*"-^! '^a^ss^^-' .mftffy«^iM»jiyi*t^ irt:iil>iiitiiiirwliiiMiti>i • ••^^■^^jf ^^"^^**» iT^^^fcT^"^ ■'^^^ ^''^■f^^fp^^^^r '^'^^•w^^^^^^^^^w^^' ' .iiitiM>i|>-iiwi|f>rtiiwiife-; ■: j%...i^^#^'fV fa mimiiOTlwftfif • MftMiMMJ^lMilh*^ -HMw liiiilMpiHiilfi iir iiiillrtiiiiliii I ^ji^in|i^cti»e9: Jnjm i^ other 6Wln«l»^ w^f* J«M im^^im lit 4t»&mf «td t Ont . y^dm i«! nf^l^ »k$n^i#- fbi^Bttr «#^ of tbe es^mat^ $t^ m^fSO^Q0O^,A^II»9B.i ' *V0r0u>n eojRtplete inforhiatfdii 'of^ the quadrepcds, bjfrak, fsh, MMMM^itc. of MIorthtAiiicriM, ihf rcadwr it r«DBiMd to t^ 4inMrieiuii ^-:^-M'^^'^'^'' ftiTA'm. r n wi 'WiM< 'If gfi^atU^ poetic ^ or ««mj^g t&emi ^<^ oT il; ^ ^# ion^iite ' Baptists •-W ^^^^^^^^^l^^^lM^^^^^ v>v«j v .. , . ,... ''.,::.-7'^Yr^^'^'. r (fil'lllill I'.-f" ■1* ' il il ii^'sn'. ♦*'«»,.■>. il^v- ^-v «•• E^i;--.,' ?■■■ • : 0i^ •fbr»ptrtj >.'!;<>• ^ii^:? ..«*•> W»> IVH_ ',*iLjV,,W. %:> m f ,v-,,f '•>i8>.' ^ 5r^i^ii|i|N^ '^;*• ;*i*-t*t^'i ■*•:;'>' ■*»*»' It Pf^PiPIIWiPiW.'^^^^P'^^ irnvt 1ext yemm^r^ P**^ ??! 4Wanthe feiiitoi.of;Net^^ fttn Certain ^e. ^ITbcweiiird upon the cg^i^ercei of th«»^ jqoIo^^.. i|Jiy tlie; fi»OW^ '^ Sooa «^r^,lipS|«ffci»^ pasi^.wfcic* jr«sitra«i«d. the Itwifii •• / k " f '.$i ' Briton ^ere^uo^^ greftt -wawt of prayiMoDi^ Cl^S^^ ■ti0mkMMMmM'm^i*^»-^- t ~ < si rT ,>; .**■'■ ^ ! 4 tuet Moiitriilli 4^pa^«^ .»c6m ^^%^< Now QttfKS^ 4- ^' AmestcfUit were olbHi^ :f»#i^> v^l hnidf^i tf-a^royftl gqryieriior. Gfi66j«a Oagawere i^iiii^ ^Unl^ grentlOM f and, bad «Oeneral £e6 obeye^liirS .^,.»aignal victdfyinusi havebeeiy 4bt»Ml .^ ii^ .-« eoiidoc^ that day, General Xee was ei^nde^, f iH 9Bv^ iifterwffrdtpermitted to jpin tib «my. - 'l9, Aiigtilt, Genena Si^vao. with #»UirM bo^ «f ^00^, attemptpd to take poftsei&in of JllhOde^Miiid. M Bedford m ft^Huach^setts, *were burnt by a p^v ofTfe.. udi trohii^ Thte: jame year, Savannah, the Mm ^' Gjwgia, w^ t»lcen b^ the Brjtiih, iiadar ihe^isi«MUMi; of GolQn«i Campbell. «»*w"^ "In,^eibPowiag year, 1779, Oeiieral titedbi %m'$i^ Igmted to the commaiid ^ the aout^rtt army. aQ% l^J^^ 8?r Geerg,. C^Her nuidd an iUuM^ £*^^^aiid,Korwalfe. But the American artn^^Se 'Crjrjrae4wi^8Mcce»raaboIdattack upon Stonet JPoit*. whA^ waa aumriaed and taken by GeAeral Waybe in llie m^ht pTthe^th of July. Five W%ed mea were »Se prisoner*, witti a small loss on either sid^. , A Pf «3r «tf Jfckish forces attempted, thia eummer te ^ber in th^ wfabocit^ iw^ta. A plto was laWU^ ftXaasachoactts, t# dislodge them, and a ^nsiderdliia Wt '• . *% • V •t \ lit-... " .. ■mi^f^m^ma'- .- ■ >.feilfekk nati^m^ lwwi»^ ^^ .Amf^ in\d|ii -AGfewoi ale .^.^...^.r.,^, , ^wi:\fl^&iW*W» iH*(«jMi Ae A«en*«|n, f«^ .y III! i I m Tliw sairi fiunittSr, tibe ftflttBh twm n»^ <^5W^;I^^ C«^9ii3 fr R*»«»^ ^Wihy«irtrt«di# akrt?n«iiiW by Uie ii»^HiKips teg- ^ of A™ia. Geneva WaitoKlam b*mg. •dine bwlr ness to traocact at Wcath«wP«ld M Conoect»|ttt. ^^^^ noid to command the Important post of W«J ?^ wuc^i miatds a pass m Hudson river, flMA«0 ^?r??.^T ?X >&ttol^V conduct in ,the eily^ qf .%^#Mi; nrecedmg ir^iaf^^ had been ^Sfnirttred ; «id,tIie^«r^|»Mgt he teceSed in conscguecfCei :bad given iaw;Qpa€% Me ^<- .'! . -V 'U -■ i' ■i'l: (<.■' ^'f^-y' \ ■^^^- 4^ ^-r-v jT-r_ -^1 > -rs i<4 AA ii'-i t^«^ ibm the ^el4, Ife *^.,«^ ; auaageat and mf eatJwiv ^aWSTT ^*^ ^^ "^ Genera Ote^n moire thim recav^ed tW fe^^e^^ i^«1iri&ai^ iBidsucceiE^^ actWat th^^^i**' %ings, i^es" 1 f?MWHBftfci|l3 In US' '#^e «i>ieky of >^fl ^ ||jfe..ftt|«|ij^J^ ii^> em few, '>* ^t»mjr^ *' '-A. ,«M^^^ '»-' ^Ip, ^€ci^ the «piitP8q& ^V 9£Am^, ^*"'v wrribw§^, /■T 'W «miM j lo«t B^jr 7li«i* ana 'hnicf^; ti^aiiifi^^^ tmt .-—to -. %d%1heiunfBrat ttaieiu ' '•■Hi' I^i*'®**^^ %^*®^ ^^^^^^ I tK#t»«fei»0rk c^^ of wi^mmimmm^&iy^ ■■/f'{-'--^h * ■■ - S, ' I ;iv= ^Uif; ■:1^ ^ iii^^dtil ■1- .'■^•'.';^")J' /. . 4. li -,:.» 'l>f »*y,>. 1. »irfll«l»*»«t« •»•?*•;}• i'^^^'i ***'''*S:;^i.^Z-»^»m«o«i gwwthof the '*«^ »!?f*! j?*jsa^ if ,1%"' : l:?*.-*-^ «*-*»>««.*^*irfw«. Ia*^ &s|:i»SMK:^ ■■"■■ Sj1> - ^ ■ -■ '"'■ 0l^^^i!^Wtmakl':i^^~-i^-. mi i §4 itm* isdy^MM^smmi^ :mei« iri@ *^p l!hl« ii^lind ^ « re^iniliA^ l^i. fi<^ eastlon^i^cli^ Its shaiie i» i^teark »dti^9n^^ lie lei||Ii ^n|^tl^ lioiIeEv "^e J^^ i» tieif ifl^ 1(|6»00D ffire water,) or^^^^aiu^i^es, nm^es, B<^^ tl^ nortli by Lawer Canfi^,; l>^ #el^iBtxi£;t fi^ Maine, foutli jbry MassachusettsJ Ito jii>^€KwnlHi8/'%.' :; ^ r ~- • ' ' '^- ' ^ ■' ' ^ ' '• 1 libcliingliam Slridrord' iS^lsboreugli CheihiM CraftaSv «&^8 K TMal 214v4t Whde niiiailRfirin t800) t^»854 laciease in 10 years S0,6( ' ''- IMTost .of ttie'tcrtrttt. life sbc miks square, and thie whbij Milder of towns endiocatittm^. is about two^ hundred fbilftebji. « Fnceoftk'e Country, This state has but about IS^milfi ^sed coast,' which idrms its southeast coiner. The shon il'lhoscly a sandy het:ch, adjoining whichj> are salt maihshe hitersdcted by creeks. From the sea, no remarkable hif' tlRW-HAMFSHlftS '#,' m »*- 10. Xnhab«t«»itir| Itdtal 214,46() t800, I«3»854 S0,6( r0^ hundred rfjOttt jcr. Theshor itfe salt mat8b« rematkable hif nior ioteryaii.ftdi Qiadfv^i^^ M<>mtkim. lA^w.'^^ hj , rrang^ of mf^lWQf » the jprmdwl nt wltjic^ if t% ,ri4ge» th^ #fld(n tbe J>raa«b^,qf ^0^ .ri»MW,fw^^ «Uled tl» in this ^ the calehrated Honai^iioc, lOQantala ;,0O mil^.;i|bri which is Soiiapee, md 48 tmles farmer is _ mountain. iThe lidgek then conttnaed boi^^i^v» .divid- .ing the waters d Connecticut nver from tho^^of Sated ai^i AndrosGog^. The moA el^V^ted Mrnimils di ilhis raiig^ are the "^^(fWeHpuntl^nsrthihighe^^^^ These aire^een at the distance oFl^ n^s on lani^ and ,'are diseovefed by vessels at aefi iong ^fts frle its whole lei|gth' ^ Tse ot^. coosiderable lakes ture 1\mbagog,/i||,ithe lorthe^t comcff of themte^ imd partly in thi^ jUistrict lyf [Maine, Squam, Sunapc^, Great O^sipee, and Massabesic. Miver^.Viire o{ the largest s^ams in New-England receive more or iesf €rf jt^ir waters irom this state. These^ [are Connecticut* Androscoggin, Baco, Mel:rim^c, and Pia- [Cataqua riveris. Connecticyit iriver rises in jthe highlands, wliich septate \i^e United States jfron Lower-Canada. .Its general course is S. S. VIT. It extends along the western side of New* i|^ire,;8eparating H^pm Vermont, about 170 miles, md then jiasses into Massachusetts Besides smaller Btre^nur, it" receives from New Hampi^iire, Upper 'vif*-9-V^';-n>4tj a nreat , podk, under, jrliich Ibe highest floods 1!bis^^b0|k^(i|ttl liver inita ^dlelengtb ie/Hned on each side w^tti a j^ji; ^^ii^er of the 'm«»t fkraerieliing and pl^iuianil^wtis^^^^^ Unifed SlaK<^ Inii^whote eour^e It pp^r^eafa diitaiice 8&to ICiO'milesiM Ute 'ffartbiac river is formed by the ii^uenoe aF JPejQoige- -\rasset siiid Wumipiseogee rivers, s After the PenM^was- rBctt revives the waters of ihe WinnipiBeogee^ it taxes die j^iffi(B of Meriimac ; and, pursuing a epiirse of ahoHt SO inih^, fifst in a s^thed^} ;^^ in an eastitly ^ecti(i»li| pais^ iii^ jO(r^^)i$<^j|l^)^^iniQiB PautaketfallB, it emp tieslnto l^e ^a;at Keif^iii^ort* Bpoin the wegt^it te- 4ie$^ ^w^ater, Cont«>c^o<>l^PtscatafJtuoak> iSon^ i^iiii^tia, ' and^ Concord .livers if rmh - ^e east, Bcfwiccok Swncosik, Cobas/ Beav^^ Stoi<^k«t^ "imd Powoir riv^ ^(^liopcMc'h^ads near MoaaoJIbc mfojan^uos, is ver^ 1^ ■m, and to 0*^12 miles from its mmi^h, is l(k)^ards^^^^W Jfiall before its entraneo into the Merrimac, it tortuu^es a|ia j^Bi^s a bea^tiful ii^nd of aboittJKve orsix acr^s. V ' The Piseataqua is the only large river, whose idbole oourse is in New-Hampshire, from its fbrm and the %it- l^itiop of its branches, it is favourable to the purpose of nii,vIgatioii and commerce. A bridge has been ereeted overalls river, six nuU^ f^jove Portsmouth, 2600 ^t hi iength. Soil^nd Produedom, The soH, in general, is rich and ^rQdjttctlve. The land on the margins of the»t^ifc"te- r^ SottUega9f t, Bowccfok >wow xiv^ I yard* ''^^* , it itpi^ I acrea. ^ ^ >■ ' whoae ^ol* and the %it- e ^purpose of been cfeetc« 2600 feet "^^ ivii Ticband [ mer«, is'tea* »stiire. Afri- >itant8* ' Bc€f, cotn, barley* f culent plants and rodts, airtlclea iiytiicli alwa:^\fin4 a ttuurlc^ i^x lie produced iii abn^t any-qii^ty m ih^, .atatii^. ' A^pka and 'pears are tfte nibst eomtnon «nd/Uie>pinicii^ ti^iili iJ^atase cit^ttvated. - ^ ^: Manttfaatures, The people itf ^^e caiii^try gettic^aHpr manixfislQture their own closing, and eo;aa|derabie quanti- ti|||5»f low doth for expiMition. . Th^\>ther man^^^ lures ari^ pot and pearl ashes, Hoaaple'^fittgtf, brick$ andp^- tery, and 8i9me iron. \ Puhlic Impfoxreinirds, vThe fklls in Merriniac riyefi froWgi the moiMh ctfiHe Middlesea^ canal to Salisbury, have b^ locked, and other obstrttctipns to bmt^^vig^tion r^sinoved, which opens a water coimnunicatkm^' liy ooats,: -with B<^<^ ton, throttgh the Middlesex canal, for a great p^rt of New-Hampshire imd * Varment. A canal has b^i^ Oiit through an extehsiye marsh,, whidb^qpeti^ an inlaxbd f^vi- l^ation from I)ainpt<^ tbrou^^li JSati&^ur^r. i^to ^^%xa<^ rivW, 8 milesr T ^ > Cimmfce* ,7he principal ^Q]t^ Happ^irevO^e pine boards, oalc pla;;dc, stf^if(^ ^d l^^^fi^ in^, (siapbo^s and shingles, mdi other ^qT^ of lunibe^ dned and |>iclded Ibh, wl^Ie oil^ tar,^ flax seed, be^, ny4> stOqk> bricks, , ^pot and pe&rl aisbei, ^c. The imports 7^^ , '^est-lndia prbduce, and nrticles of Et^c^ean maiBufi^* ture, salt, st^ lead, and'Sea-coal. ;. \ JLiterature, The peculiar attention wnich has la^l {laid to sehools^ by the legislature, presents a pi proepectof the increase of Uteratui^e in this state, are several academies, incorporated with ainple5.ilKinds^; one^ at Exeter has afund^of 80^000 dollars, imdfrdm^^ to SO students. ' the onljr college in the state, is at Hanover, gitufi^; en a beautiful pl^, near Connecticut river, in Jatiwe 4a(«30^ Itia caU^d iJ/wf»«oj^/* college, after titf jtight Hon. William DartBootith, one of its principalbenefac* tors. The funds of the college are chiefly in lands^ a- wounting to about 80,000 acres, which are increasing in valine. It is .among the most flourishing literary institu- tions in the United States* . '-^ €hief Toms. "Portsmouth is tlie largest town tft t^is state. It is abont 2 mil«s from the sea on the south side of Piscataqua rivnr, eoritaiuing about 640 dwelling hij^jses, MS» s^vimAUfmm% ue tt^i nrljilch aire> ihrdfS Coii^i»^tio«}^ diurches, one^ PpliNM^; on? JMvi^tnsMttt'^oae liija^ A aiate fa«W, .^^S«ier>R is 15 roilm juiMthwiest ft'om ptnrtshiouth/ d^ilf ^9ttJ|i(e be^d oFnavijgatibn/iipi^^S Exeter river* . jTt i| wel\f sitiiftted for a in|H)jdfac;turiDg tedngi* '^^^'" ^^ii^ b^ji^in^s jiu%^^ ^^^^^ CooKlregki^nfll tnitrd|e*, islMill^t a :^w a^id ^aiicbome Court-house, and a gi^l Congo AD is a pl^asanti flburiiibing ivfyaoA lo#n; <>ii ;^ Mft :^n^ ^f ' ^^crmiac river, 54 ttiites f\y. N; >¥i ■ firood JrOd^i^P^tb*. ^^ general c6ur^,coniinonly-^oI^ their ses- -j^y^ l^lre^ ^ #^jpi 1^^ alMdiiff |(|kd^ i^untry. It will ^xbbably 86oB be<^e tfie pennaneilt l^i^ gQvmtr^pfit* Much of the tri^^jd^ihe tr^per coun.- jl^ Ofnttres In ^^^ town. It had in 18 10, 2,^3 inha^itt^tit* Pc^^i AmnerU, Keene, Choi^IestO^, Pl^ HfKfeHiiUi iire tlie other jaapsfi jeoiisidenibie towns ^ 0^ Cmiqn^' In ^e tdrn^ip of jCheH^r^ is ^ 0iivi^ tmixx^t ifalfai.niife^^ diameter, and ijdol^ltij^; ^a|ir ied.^a|ti4^alte h^^ " ^4 ^e south side, ien yiMfds ^oes Its lli|jW).Ut|^>irtCftf^^ tfijePeyUfs J)efiy tip which is a r9^(>i9, pt^jor twenty f^tj^nai^,ii|idf^ |eet1i%b, tlqared i^ld in^ted by a' regiuaj^' rockt from the ^i^l^pa^^^^ ojT iijrht^y i^ 4^*^(^o>>^ ^&^^ eieres^teas^ '^fi/t0f. Ill the fdmn and the of a pear^ «n4} when f pntoii^- ff % it tedr^v 4lirow out> sparklif^g lustre of bimcmt eyitry l^t^"^. J^aii^y n^tfnl stories have oeen told of tins jCay^i by \^tf9e who delight in |be ^n^iareUous.'' i^jp ii^^^c tUreary» imd glte«yjpla«6i^ - '^ :n^ ^ In the town of jQ^ham, is a rock, citmiputed |0 ii^e^gh sixty or seventy tons, which lies so '^f^^ poised on Slioith- eir To thi^y fbet Ji>eIow the sudlice of die erteii ^ |jt isauj^posedf &at t^i^ elevated plam' wl^f . (niee we W Dfthenver^ ISH' ■ ■ ■J'.' - tERlSONt, „/:i7-' Vli tiouti ^om novth to tMm\ irAXHiVi^ J57* 4,«sj.i .m northern >auiidaiy line i» oirfy ^ uiilea jeij^ ik^ ^ goutheafait-itbctot 4&%ik8i litimfttj^ thr^iri al^^mile^^ itfwaigiV€?-a» irrea^^'o^ lO^H?* %f'' i' iril \N m mnmmi:. i^ of BcunifllgUm, Etist^iid» Ginjad , Isle, AdcUiopy Cia^ tea/dem in^ Pnuiklin ; ^9t;d Euev, lies tlib ^«Mlbty: .oT Orlieftac,- W tii0* ooft&>iii»;of the states.. Th«se air^ lubdiTided jnto iffif«a«cb>e£,$SO|owns. Fac^tk^Counp^. ifj^ face l)f the ^coimtrr ^exhibits V^y dinrent prospects. Adjoining the rivers^, are exten- sile p^os ; at a sink}! distance froin th^mt t|ie land rises i^to a chain of > high mouj^tains« 1nte^e£ed^>v:ith Idhgfnd di^ ;VaU«iA|i^v J^s(^ending fi^pni the mountains^ the streams ai^ rh^s appi^ar-^in eVery /p$t|t;of the country, al^^^g vife:ptentif^i supply of -water.;-. '" i*ry ' X^akes offd mverr. The gte^atest part of Wo ChttK^latn' i%jja t^ It is 160^ jn^es I^g,' aod 12 bfoadp ci^ti- tai^ii^ ,te«^^ i^^Mis.. J^e- MmphrelaH^Qg lies pi^ri- ly in Yeiriii^nt, and paitfy in Xx;#er Ca^i^ada*^ SibaJiL Jidtes . lor.poadaf .are yery-Tiumerous. All the stri^ams and >riyer8 iti yertnont» vhich are vef> iiuii^e^o\«i, rii^ a9ioi)g.,the Green , moa^tdapsixdlifout $5 Z riMi |a#t;iBto' CInifeetivcit ri^t ; 25 run w€Stfpr|y, piling l^f ftiFlfafute to.:,lake^ChaiDplaio ; aiid twa or 4hv^ .ttiiig4||(#e ipmd di;%otiont ffili into Hudson fiver. >Ift ^ ttturthWi^y pai^> several sti^eams run N. ^8charging.||^ «ri|t^r$ 1{^ lake Memphrem^gog, and, ijtoni *vakat)^ ^j^hth^xiy^r Si. F«ah^ Sf. Xa«nn^«i^. ^ ^ ^11^^ west of the mouotaios, lailisig l|f(ti«l^e Pu^nplaint/alf. Otter C^0<^; Onion, iU Mbilie» k}i4 MisiBiiix^ui. , On ili0,i^ast side, tSiC rivers jn« lkoi;^o IfTge* but they'We"'mOft^ nun^erctus. West riiipri White. i^ef/^n^T^uiiisii;, are'tV ^^(^s^^^^ "^ ' illgiiitttom. Through th^^^ is oi^e df^tiiia^d I jEQ^ q|' m^nintaii^i, which, fr^ verdure fof ii^ir tr^eSj are called the C?r«!p?i MdwiFaim» and pive; their ^ nan^e t6 the whole state. They extend J^obei iJisKet Cto- ada, through Yerinont, Massachusetts, . ai^ Connectiotit; l%eir ^Oneral ^direction is ^Vom .j^il^heast to^ southwest, and thei^ extent Ji^ pot ^ss than 400 niil^s. ' Soi/ and PrQducHom, They have atyairiety of excellent lands ii^ .Vermout, whiph produce i^eai;,, and> .mai^y .i>ther , sorts of grai% in abund^ce. There lute extensive. ]^- . tures, andsome of the fii^st beef catt|.o in, .the world ^re, raised iq , this staj^.' Miaiiy kinds of,;fruit :g^^ here. Back ^fi-^ithe riy^?§^^^ %dw is thi^ p4b»pe^fw- iy^/ ^Ift tlie , liargfafig |h|&P i, Lb Moille, 3 are tto^ Jp ri^ Wlme; VtftMt>N^. 195 >e , , a vertoe-of aid' give, their Ltf^et Cto- CoM*SCti(Jti^ to^ southwest, *^theT, ctensiye INW- ]ii^ world ^re, gl?oy here. htrch/^lriuip!e| lu^ biitteroif^, u^ white OMf of an^-^sc^l.- leat'^Ualim' ., '."■',,. '""■,'. ,'.',; ,%v ., v. . ' :Stm€r!ftfs, ' Iron and Jead ores, pipe clajr, ^iMlil^ilii^ beea .wrim^ ib[i(o. dtttable^c^ ^imd vfldt qua|imleft of white, gi^jr, a|id vaiie|sate4 mn^ie, have beM^lbi^loi various parts of this state. I. Maiiitfac^um. A igreat number of forges i^d fur|uice» w& erfctttd for the manufacture of iron; in vrbich wre made bar iron and naitis vaiS. various artijcles of iro| aiid '#teelr->. . .•■■'■■ ''' ■,-../•■■', ' The other fhief manufactutes'sre pot and peaii ashes, UpAple sugar, aad s^itd, distilled from ^rain. l^ost of^ the famihes manufactup a great part aDf thejc d vioi yet established any primuanent^ seat of goyerntnent; Kit, , at the^ch)i^e of each ^^sioiij^: adjjpiv^ to s^ch pl^ee a& tHi^^tgUieih propi^*^ ::|ii&9WiliaiK>N^nea^ corner if the stato, ia one of 1^ ol^t towaSj> an0 ha4 in 1810/ ^,5^ inhabit- ants, < a nidetliijg: house/ ap^demyy court house, and gaol. WinijsfHr/ uji#-^Cotti>ectiip«rti tivery is i^ bea^al^ toWn, ^of about gjTStiiihabitiin^i; Eriftltod, upoii <3i^ Crieek/vcoii- tains *S,S79 < inhabitants. Guiifprd, BtaUlebdroilgb, v Pu^« ney, W^tiit^inster, Norwich and Newbury, ^i on Connec£i^ -out riVer/ lure ple^nt and ftourishing tow|^* Vergennes stands on the hwer S^spf Qttj&c i^resk, VesSeW of at^ burden t^tint up. to #e« fa}% which are tbron|ed witn i milis.'" "'••'■■ ■ .■ ,/,/'"'■•■>' '-.."t/ ■■'';^':''' ' ••■- ..---'', ^ ';"" ';:?■'"' Curiosities^ In the tdwn of t!larendoi>,pn!^e sid^pfa^ ftoiifdihill, is a very curioua cave^ The c&astn, iit its en-;.'|e«a(by Ne«r-»yorJI.' '7 W^^ DiviMn^ and Poptaatr-n^ Hiis omi of the-ttili 4 4t-»^ vided inli^ 14 countiost vi«^ " /^ I»habitaiic|i» in 1810. 9,9,195; 6,809* 64,000 85y78» NoifQlk Esiex ' Middletex l?rafi|dift r Han^liire Bamp^eii. XMtabitantf f GgimtiiNr i in 1»10. \ 34,S81 Tl,888 53^78^ 76,192 Pirmoutk Briftoi Bomptable Doke's'Coimtjf^^ .Nantiieket Worcerter. Berkdiire i- The whole number of towns is £80.. The whole tittm. b^ of mhabitanta, in 1800, was 422,680, and in laiO*, 4744640 ; increase in 10 ^yeari, 49,010 ; munb^r 0f in. fial^^ts to each s^uarg^mu^, 75.. jk^^ are iio vkiiea ilk ]||an*acAusetts.. '- i^ ^v,.-- -v., >^- ■'.;.:''■ ■ .Faaeofth Cpunii^^ The opast of kassadhoset^ ||^ . dentjed with niwuerotts bays. The western part W <^ state is billy. Wachusett .raountaki, 45 miles norUiwe2^ of Boston, ^i» 2989 feet above the level of the sea. Mountt. Todp> in Hamj^re cq^^n^ is 1237 , feetabove the iWrte* of Connecticttt rivCTi Whicj& nudces ita base., ftlount n^ lyoke, in Hadlej^, ii neariy ais high ; and from its t<^ is in w&st beautifal ^ro8i>eict. In the vicinity of Bost^ are s<^mehil8,of considerable height ; but, except the comv- ties of liampihire aftil llM^feshite, Masaachnsetta k ^enei. ^jy alevelj^ountrjr^. v l^^mi^^ i& jthat cal^d Masi. fijcfeisetto Bay^ fenned by Cape Ann 9a the north, andi Cape-Cod on the sottth,. GapcrCod receives its name from the fisb taken on. that>^oast.^ On the- south side of the f "P^^^i^e harbor of Provincetown, the first port entered by the Forefathers of New-«inKiand; in imo, whence thev pro<*eeded to Plymouth*. , "^ *' .Ritiers. Hous^tonic river rise# fi«ra se^nd sources in- ttie western pj^rt eC this state, and Bom southerly liirouRli Gonnecticut, mto Long Island; Sbund. Beerfield rive« ftlkwto Cti«ft ifi|p ^^e Connecticut at West'Spriligflfeld. V ConuectiCttt t ivor Witi* throutftt thiii dtate^ and. Inter- iecujlie county i^Hampahire* in ill coursfi, if runa ov«r liU||lbriQ^el(|l. Miilttr's and Chietne6. rivar» /all into Cq|i- bectieut oin the ea$t side }^the fonner at Nortttfield, ^the latter at Springfield. In the eastern jmrtv of ^|he stale, is Merrimae- riva:>. navigable for vesSals of burden, about 20 mil^^ froi^ its '.-moutft.'- Nashua, Ccfncordy and 'Shavrsheen^-^riverff, rise in this state, and runi finottbeasterly course into the Metrimac. Ipswich and Chebacco rivers pKM through^dieicown of Iptwbli^intd Ipswich bayj^^' Mystic river fall^ into Boston liiltfi>6r east of the penlnsultt of Oharlestown. tt Is i^h^ liable thtee^miles to Medford»~- "^ > Cilarles river is a considerable iti^eam^ which passes ili- tQM:Bo8lon' harbor, between. Charlestown and Boston. It^ ta^navigable for boats to Watertown, 7 niiles. Keppnsei i^ivar, aftier pa8silig,oyer ftjisy sufficient to car- ''^'iniUs, unites with other small stre^M^ tod fdrmt a ,v€- W cdnstant auj^ply of water for the niany milU tsltuated on; jtne.ri^ biedow, untit it mce^'tiie tides in Maton, ijSroin wllence itrsvnaviviible fo% vesiels^afclM tucse is from •nfj^rnqjiist >lto 4<»uthwest, tin it falls into ' Narrt^^anset IS9.fi' mU t'iver- t(^ opposite to. ^e north end of 'Ithode-Islluid*- SifU and Preduetidns. A great varieW of soils are found' | ja ^- jKlasisachus^ttS,- yielding all the dmbrent . productions , cpiiimon to the ciunatd.. The average pi^oduce oii anva* .^e of good land, is pi^obab^ near^ -as follows ; Indian torn, 30 bushels ; b^l^, SO ; wheat,* 15^; rye, JS-^ po- tatoes, 200* . , ■ ;;. ^ _'. • '■.; ■' ■■; _ v' The southern p^ of the state is ~the most barren,ian4 nottb i^d west parts, including Hampshire county, most feitiie parts. The towns in £he vicinity of Bos- Mni M CambHogej Roxbury, Bro<^di!ie, and ubrcbestei, > ■■^t fSASSjLCUVSNTM/ ltf»^ ue UUnSif gardeot* train wlilch the capital k fisfpniM' .with the finett ftmU, tat^ Vegetablaa. Tl&^ (oima adjoiljik^g Cdn]»ecticut.mer:hatd a jiixjuffiaiit BoiL , Mherids, Iron ofB^' So it^eiaiB quaniitiqai, is fouo^' io vairioni part(^ of thc^atiile t but' pHncifM^Ii % th^^^^ 6S PljrmouthaM BrUtoI. Cbnpdfpri! it i^uh4 af x^tt^ ' ett anid Atttebbniiigh ; nitiiea of black jteap>' at^idU^ s pjfpeclay, and 9^ and'^o# oehrei at Mariii^'^^i^iiiid . and other placei^. . Init quarry efvHtaa!eii«ne, ||Rewbuig|rf^. is found the >J«60t^o«, or incoidbaitibie cotton.. Macble la; ffUif^ditt.thesatde vicimtw/anda^^ In Biookfieldi is a largp bcicfo^ rocks, called p^tittwjpt^' liated with sylphur, yitviol and alum. Mimrd wriitgi. Several mberi^ sbrings l^ve b^en ^ d}Scoverti|d» bqit none have yeicobtaiWt Jniich^ celebri^. Sj^gs of the ^uiaUty, though n<>t jof th)^ strength, of tfe BallstoWn wat^rs^ have lateJy beien brougl^l nito seaw mh tikci' in'the norih'part of Boston* uid .at Brighton^ S ct 6 inuesiveBto^^OB^on, but .ro,duce upwards of 70,000 tieapis. of pfi^rs^;^- n^ally. Ttie j)ricipal card manufactories are in Bostloi and Cdmbffdge. There are 60 dis>ij[leri(iSr ei;|ipioyed in ^istUl- ing,.spirits iVom t<)>re^^ materi^s ; and f% cquptry iistilfe* I'i^s, employed in distiHrngdoiriestic articles.' > A gta house iii Boston prctdaccs glass ^superior to iaiay imported, to the arabunt of.76,000 dolWs in a year. At Lynn, in Essex county, 400,000 pairs of shoes are annually made. There is a mariufectprj of wire at Dcd- ■H' 1^ rf\ ■ 1,1 ■I 11 ,.^j)iat«, paper, att^ biiUert chbes;^. flour, pot andjpewrl ashes', flax seedf, w)|fj(i^ oil, whalebone, Rj^ermaceti, f&n, thoei, tobacco, aod lui^er. More tHIU)^ a third part of the whoie shipping in Uie Unit^ ^teB is ownecT iii this stiate. towards of 29i0pO tons are «tnpibjri^ m the fisheries ; 4^,000 in the coasting trade ; ana 9(>,5(S« in filading with different parts- of the wOr|dr Such was the state of commerce befifrc the war. Inland NavigaUon^- A canal is opened on Connecticut #l^r» round BliUei^s ancT Moiatakue Ffdlt« The locki a^e 90 feet wide, 75 feet long, and draii^ three feet of wi^r. They are supported on eacH side by stone widl^ 8 feet ^icS, and liiied with plank. ^ The nchole jfull if 66 feet, imdlthie: panal saves tlie earnage of 6 miles.- Altfieheia of tHis ckniil is a dam. extending across the rivW, of a 8t|h pendous structure. It is 1000 feet long, and 28 high; frnb the top to .^e sur&ce of the water, built of solid ludbejr, SA supported by heavy cross timbers. This daqa servw t^ o^iiden the riiij;)idfs between it and Miller's ri\wfy nnq to iuM^ the ciuSil wIlEh watef,; which overoomes the riqpids '^^Sionftiitik .. : ^A oanttT li aisd ppisn^d roundf tbeialls at 3ier«. Twp bridges conoeiit ^oiton aiSl Cambri^gi;, one of whii:h ia 3300 %(ee long with a eauie- way^ on .Cambridge aide, of 3640 fe^, tnaking nearly » inilo and a thirds Another brldgo cOi«Qec|i tho |Outh pa4 oCBotttqn^th Dorchester^ .^ i v*^ Maldei) and Chebea bridgea Join thoiii towni 'to ClTarlep- - f four ai^h- ^l/iuf^rted by three piers and tw> abuUnents^ bnUl of ^ftone. The height of.thejie arches, aboye the watejr tff the riv^r in ^ dry season, is 60 pr 70 feet. T^ water, .during freshetS) sotnetim^ ilpws ovet the piers and af>«ut- ittenti. Another bridge ji biitilt oyer this nyer.at Ha^)4t ^^^ 1^' Spj(iii||^eld> |i^ .Otike (connects Ifi^c^ wtf^ .Northampton./ •''''; '". .'?;-^'-'i*'" ■ ' "'^' v' '^_"-'', >' Roads., Turnpike ripada are making in every dM^tioo. The Qeneral Cpiurt has incorporated nearly 20. companiea fdr^his pm^pwse* ^$y these, trayelling between the prind* pal towns lamade ^aay ^d safe^ .^d .accqnip.|i$heq with ^reat facility.- - '- ■'^^-\^->^:. ': :>'■; ■';' -'-^•^' r .* Lkeralure and Education, Acf^rordiog to the laws of this commonwealth, every town, having fifty hoi«9eholders or upwardi, is^o be jufoyided with one or more school mas- |ere, to.teac^ chit(venand youth W read and write, and inftruct the^ in the English langu^e, ariUiraetic, geog. raphy and decent behavior ; and where any town has 200 fjmiilies there it also to be a grammar schdbl set up 132 M:&$$ACR0l$ETrS. ■i";'; 'therein, .&ndfi«me di^creft ptkaoD, wiB)l'ii1structed/>n 'ih^y Lfitiiv Greek; imd Eng)i8bJ«ngtuiges«ptQcixredto k^ej^ thd sa^e, and be Auital^y paid |)y the inh«Htlnt8^1 /The pena]^ t^^r negfiect of ochooli, in^^towns ^4Q ^miliea, is id?.— ^ tmhc^imfae^^ '- . Jii Boston, tber:e lure iieyen bul>Uc sdiools) viz. one Latin grammair school, ihr^ ^BngHmgraromar schook, and thrge for writing and ^«ritfaaneUc, supported :whelly at, the ^^6^^^ l^eilse of tike t0wn ; in these schools, the children of ev^rjr cisuM of citizei^ (the black exa*pted)frc«lya8s«)>ciat^ Besides} thene, ihi^e are many .private 'SchoiDls, for in- sti'uction in t^i^e £^n^lishyiliatin» imd Frcnc;h languages^- in ivtitlng, arii^aieiic, and tHe higher brances of ^the- matics-i^faiitd also tn^iQu^ic and dancing. There is pr^^ biy hot a tovrh in the worid, the ymh>0f whicH enjoj^ the benefits of school education more fiilly than in B<^- .-ton* -■ ":.',■'..,.. ■ 4. '' ' Kext to these in importasrce, are the academies^ of wluch , th^re are about 20 in tlie state. In these* ^e sciences a£|L taught, and youth^ttedibr the uhiv^ty. * : V^ir-'ri;, Harvard University, at Camki'idge/w^t}t respect U;^^^^ libranr,philpB<9phieal apparatus, and jHrofesscttships, is<^^e- first literary institution in..the United Sfftties. It consista of five handsome brick edi^c^, thenamea of ^^iiih are, Hary^ Hail, ^a^saiihusetts IlaU,^ Hotlis Hall, Holdea Ch'^ol, and Stoi%l»ton Hall, Harvard hall is divided -iak to stii apartments ; one of whiCih is m^rcipnfl4ed for tlie library, one for the museum, two for'we j^ilwif^hical ap- paratus ; one is used for the chapel, and the oth^r for a dining hi^l. The library of this college contains upi^ards of 17,060 volumes. It has a president^ and professor ii^ divjuiity, matliematios, natural pliilosophy, surgery, t^^ and practice of medicine, rhetoric an^ oratory t and naturall history. o ''::-, -Vf'"- ' ' ■ ' • " '^^^'ir'- ' ''.-■.,■ At.WiltianMikoWli, iti Berkshhre countVi^iB anoth^ef^ literary institution^ called Williams college** The langu^es and sciences usually taught in American colleges are taug^ here, ipd tW institution is Nourishing; Sci/tnixi, The litehiry, htimarie, aoid other sdcieties 6t Mafi&achusetti^ are numerous, 't'hey SHre, %lm ArpericMi Apadeniy of Arti id Sciences; iha Massachusetts Char- iflible Society.; the Boston Episcopal Charitable Society ; ■\:n ,i*A- iii3 malL averv ham>;Akl£..M: "^'J*"* " MS iQwn a the, ■ ' ^^ %* *^«*^o«sei, and 5 *?ope»«^a, > ■1 ' ' r*f*iis? wvS^^^y sffir-i* -«•* e^vid|i» ^» J. town. 0?^f f^M'^^w^l JStJimlwS li" 1 kj^ townia Fejideredfamons iii'liii^i7,,%.ft»^^^^ wie^ce ^ere ^ first 0pfM>8iti«ii ii^ w»£e to Be Bfitis^ ^9^» :.dn the l^tli' of April,' '.1775. ':. ■ '':■'■, -.^^ , .' ;:^ ,/^2'-:= '"^^'.-''-'H ' liamey and the capital of thf M t^wonj^ ^^^9^i^''pjf^ imles, soudvet^'df Ikiisldq, 9nd Ilotjises* It i8,fani4iii% foe being the j^iace feft ;^ilW % «fee pWu» ancestors erf" tW Kfew-^^ngiaDder*, in 1620. WoAc*»T»R, the shire town of tlje coiibty df dtat iSame is the largest inland town in Ne«r-£if^atui :^yS ^7 t|i|tes westwMef BoetoiK^ : - . .' ^' . ' \' ' '''^ '■'':''%," On Connecticut river, therie area flumber of pleasant towns; among which, are Spririgfleld and hadley, on'^e eeistsi^e of tire river iNo»T»AMff on, the «hire towr of Hampshire «aiinty,|iatfield,^^d Greenfield, on the west. k'Xdands. Pt^M Isii^u© ii aboiit 9pn>ile* i^mg, a»di^ li^jl, esitendiiilg froopi lilerritnae >o I|iswich rive^, #icl l^piffiifced fromtlie maia by a narrow icmnd, c^l^i^lnm l^i WO^ 1^ coij^ I^ii^^^^ san^. tilowii iiito ii|)^1»e^ d(m 15, ail4^ feet high, ani^ cidwnjwi irith biislie^ bew^ tfa« Jbl^ pPn. On the n<»|th^dy ^ Ma %ht houses. : Near ih^ i*ore of uie ii^d^ the Hwiiane %oia^ff£ Ifewhwigrpbrt fi^te erected bills, for the relief of shipwrecked roariner^ In ^^e season wlienr tile ^lunas are ripe, the island ia the resort of ith^ »e%l|- ^0ringkihabitaatiB« and, for a few d^jfs, exKibiU a «je^^^ itvehr^amiisement;: S^^ ' "^y ■iy'^y'..'-'-',^'''''';-^'X ''^^'''^ ^-.i^' :" iCiNx^^ET IsibANiy lies siwth JM^^C tains 2S,O0Q acres, includicfg tlie bea(^,;aridcdt|i8titu^»^one CjRttaty by 0i name of Nantucket It ha^s b^t ,*o# town, ^lle# iSWbiirne, containing, in 18J1.5, 68pt iufiabitaiits> tThere is tiot a sinjgle tre^ on the island of lia^urai mtrnthA Thd inhabitants carry on a oonsidsirable whaie Jl$hery. They are mostly Qiiakersi. there is onfe ik>dety #^^^^^C^^^ ^nationalists. :'''■': '':''''''"^:~'^^f /:'' Martha's Vineyard, a little to the westwariil of Nan- tucket, is 19 miles long, and 4 broad. It contains thr^e societies of Congregattpnalists, two of Baptist^ and three of Indians, one of yrhi^h was till lately, supplied by )^n ordained Indian miiiister. This and the n^ffiiOi^g El- ands of Chappaqviodic, Roman's Island, tiPtMitlieJ||.i» m wism^t^^mjMi^ ZT^tBLAmMf tQMtiM0 Duke*! ^Hmty, ^onleihii^ jiulattoes, •t^isting.b^ affctculmre and fitbipg. ;|il&^j|artxmi 111^^ i^cUii^s the ^ritte islmiif Chapnil^ f^chfi^ ^^|j* f o«l^ and barrenr and mo^e iS% for pasture' tib^n fortifia^ Tli(?r jji08|r , remai^able /mountain^ IfTotrnt^TldpCit m raf txm^0Bn$iol, the seal of the famous In^nJ^ingP^rLt^ aad ike^phpe where he was slain by CiolQnet Chttfch. , : Mnjjf;^ kndJHitrhrs, Natragansett Bay thf^es up betieeen tliek^njand on the ^st and west ^ and enibo^ni0 mat' , lir ifertile u-'lands. The harboi* are those of Newpojflji^ Provideneeip f^ ndihboJ ^ Ju^te ^8t<»i^. 1% fowd > Bt«*^dence ewhty,& i^^^#»M»«^b»»«iA of business* ;a loM^ilan!. fei SS ^."?- *''*""**^^^* iDtoufectures are'ii^^ fiCB^ and fi^^op,. smtmii^^m^ntm^m^ r, hoM^ cuitlei W, pork, fi*^ pmatrjN jnicmB^^M- / i TiiiwJte by li^Wi for tlie estabHshme^trf t^.a^o0|f k V *fife*e woprobably «i<^ peopio mJEto^^ ire i^#le t^ea4 ari4 write, than Sa i^^ »«!» 0^ JJfW- f'^flifeKe fe ertal^iiaied^ at Pwwri^fettce, W 1»0 jania oi* Bt^fi.0S^^ity^f^om Nicholas Ptt»^ irisft«»c^ oTa ^PresidS^^ a ^ro^'^'^^^M^m^ fessor-ol Natural and B?tp^rimentalJ?hai&w^ a ,™»e8«* S^^SuS* ail* ^t^^ iiidi^ Suable p*.«c#fca a0Wato^ ^^^ "SpIS!: fonds otllBS C^%ei^ at «i*«re«tii|^#? tr^ the llarte, attd^airtOoi^iio abotti jv-t i*.^ - At Kfvnwrt,^ thei^ira fltmn^iog «ca**^ u^ ^t^^ti^^Sa^ re^tl* aa^ ttttoi% whflt.t^li thft ie«^^ iliODE-ISLAKa ■£}. , ^ief JWm* Nbwpojrt Ke» in latitude 41 ~^^m tii; ^i^bpr/whidh U one c^th0 vb0iBt lAtlmijiifarldv spread iif!et^ Iriii4 bdfore the tdirn. tl^cbntaiiui about IpCia jhpuAei^ hAMi^ of wood, «nd;has lOhouses.for {kibtic ^ombip, viz, ^loiew Bjapti«l% tiro for CoQgr^^NU|^ni|Ui8t^^^9^^ ^ ;£pl9C0{>ft}|Bti», \i^£|H8C(fal church; a c(^ hoiue^ iC^%hS^ is id^^^|||itefll ^ l|br% Iot the u^^^ the tclwd^ftoitrj^^ a;wor| hoiisep a Riarkethbu»e^ and the 'cbI]ege'bdi^c«iF w}^'^ii| «^ bji^ louir stories hi^^l5(>«eetlongj^i^^ v iBmitm^ if a pleasant thriving terwa, iwout^ J$ nii^ Borth'.oClt^Bit^ort, dii-thj^^taain^ ,' -...-■•;■ 'l^^''-.^ ^ , WAiiRilK >8^p(^ town of ^ristoi^ cfsmi^ijead^d^^ tn A brisk coasting trade,; X^le CAf^arwick, ace th^ other most, cdusid^^yiife ■•o'ww, V'i'- '■}'":'' ':']'■'"' .:r-'-. ■;;..,;. ':.■:.: .:':'J'"-'::.>:--.v»":'-'" '"-::;J^i4$^i^. There^ are aWt 5(X/^ IniBit^ ^llke greater pai^ of Hd^omreki^ i^'€hairl*' j* y*>4l»» m » rpck> ^ch^aois 4iametri«a% acrowiv t|i^ bed of the itceiiii, and serves as a dautto the wgt^. ,Me^m if^t^ ;h^e fellai; ^d i^ • ^:iit^.- ISlidniti^, Is^ iteiath; .^,^^^ ill 1857, tiift ijk/^p^ " " ' "" " ■ ■ IfcH^riiil as ,,_ etti)B/^m ' tto^d fcr tp^hft i ^_ ,:^ * ■* ''<, ■U*:,h v.'--'y:'^: ,';*<■' ■.-,: .;f • ■■'■\ . ■ ■ J'.:-' (II ' ■, . .vV "i- ^.-:'''r'^^^.--~H .\'^ '";- -' • ..,^^,^ S-'f. ■.'V %* " )^»i*i«. ^^^ ^^m'0p2, increase in ten ireara. ia94d ^1 SiliS? 'any^^jrhtchrare aaltj aad cwrio^iE? *S ^?^ TindMwfeirrri»«T»m .K ■ A'.Wmdgor, it reeeivfil ineSf JfSXT±? »""' *■**» '■• iforaied by ^ ■4 >* mf WlrtTECtlCfO'E iiMt, iitttt Long Iglafid e6un4. It Is Mfa SCtclOd^f^ iriiafl90 mikg ^onr its indutb.r It it navigable ta Hafriih ford, upwards of 'fi% n|il0t|v the sea rand the ^jto- iNo« of the couotr^Vi^ £00 mil^, furdieVi is bi^oiigllt •4o«(fxi in boat*. the Hdiisilionic tif^ in BerMiire cfounty, io' M^^chu^ •etto. fVuNHog through a iiiliiiber of sleastnit tom^ it Ij^tie* into the) sofand, between Siratibird and Milfoil ;iff niiitigable twelve iilile% to perby. ,^ Kaugat^ i» a. «nifill fiv«ir, emptyii^ intotlie Hoiim^ tibnie at Darby; *c , 1^ Thames eniieft into X«ong Ishipd doiuid> at New^ liforidonr It is navigable iourteeif) miles to .^To^wipb I#n4* t»^ where it loses its namei and hvanchi^s into, St|etitdcel| #n the east, and l^orwich^ or' jUitle tlHVf oh the west Ptle rhrer, about a ipile fje^m' tt« pieiithi < has |i f fiioiafka- and tery rouiantio, e^ttir9<^t. A orp***. ilO ^Jti* i2 fe©^ I ||^a^l>ent!icul^;hej^hBb> extends :^pi^^ aer^ t^ «iiaii^dl| irliie nireK jpief this'^ the whob^^^tfttti ^itcha%t i«A>9n«| ^igre •h»Bt,;^iij^ a bad 9f vQo^ belopr. Oft|hi»m«r«jttrtl loma of ihe^n^lRiU seats ia.JKi$«^&lg%d, i«4 Mml ffnmaduiMy b^lot ^ fi% occupM Mrl«^^^ mh\ kte, ,f ^^u v|M>t exo^ededi^ mvM this itoidH. I^oiroti^ fl^enmuti^#tli^ U.f^t)Nfoa4^«)4a3>modi#fis 1^^ all rl|e&rmQfa#faacj^>iB|| ; ,i,^>-' • ^ Shetjueket iriv^Br, tM Other hicaiJt^^ Jjte 1^^ fidies from its mputbi «eo&ive» Q|iil^i^d»^ •ourge in livimfietd, in ^B^aasadiiiiQlta^ Bhetuohet Hv^f U fomuiid by tiie |ifiietiunite;b S]betii#et| m »h? wesi Q orV3 f«e| the 4^iiA»«> ketuobet i#f» 5 t^a Mbunl and XielMi^oii, »in e«ery|E»a ietu «eT«raI kiadif pwm|iiuni» tumipfi Mi«i. bm%^^|Ad ^MiUr o(,evei(1^ Ipi^ te^ Miocdiina!^ Mif^iMFowifc. Qaine hsakaof C09|[ieoi|cot,nv$r» neiur Middle^W ip a lead mino ; and tberf 1^ 1^^% been disiCMiVje^iwiliB of coal. Cop^r minet, b«^o be^ 0p^(^ In sejreral pad^ of th^ fltate ; nron oi» aUa «b(|iw»ds io im^ ny plAcei* Taica if vtivto^a. l^iidi, f^«> brei^ ani. cttololate colored crystals, zinc, or tpelter^j and HVVStIk ^ Mmm fVatert^ the medicinal' f^i^ngn at LiK^hllvliI^ ji^d Sil^ld bttvebeo^ nmcb tf^^tf^afai^ fitiit dw mm ij^uQrtant oQ^ in Cooipt^cut jm 4h08e ,a|/SMSv4 Tlii^ ^i»#W'«' <>nniber» slr^Pigiy inijpiriegnat^ witli suk^ ^|t<»l* Tb^ «re fbttcb: c^Jj^atiea, and^aifO ptm^* ^ci^ii^^.oiinng orir«;lieving^^ vaHftpjtaJc^^^aii^ » iUte ^ .^qbIi Jilihe ficinity of tiaese sp^iiiffH, are jtrilul^ly/ |4<«i#ii^y^;\l«pd «^^'bit^to the entfa|i8Mt«ti<: adiniiiaci^ojr Mw^ifit^m, Tie i^is9i|^ ibi| C«Qae(i(i«v^ and jt^«i I^Mfi, $3^ iiKii^Iy clothed ilk plain, honpebuv clqtlv ^eiiriinena and w^ollei^, iho^^. genei^ly '. ot a vcoafit^ Jd^i^^^waij^, a j^ronger toxtijurej and nopie dlmhle. thw ^09e iniipimed ^^yn Frapce^ aoff^i G««it Bj|St(|Hsu^ js|tbeir<^tb8areii^at^ < .' In Ndir-Hiiiiretti' are i^oibton «^d bntjioii^ tt^sta^yijeiaea* In Haietfoprd* isa wddUen mivni^b^toi^, a snnf #wi^fomi 4er aaiU, glfuts m^Hr iraj^woriqi, and ^ il^ttiipig nwlji ' fee© vrorks gfe alsc et^iishedin hi^y of^er parts of t|^ atate* At Stftfoird li a furai|C9« i|t i^hicn ar« nMide lai|ge iffu^r ties of hoUov w|ife, aod other iroonupgeiy, siSlcieni to *WPP^ *be iirhole state* i^aper, hats, candles, kather, «hoesi. and bootat, are ^e ^er considerable nianofactiuresi Tride^ T^i trade of Connecticut' ia (^«% i»^^ West-India isUuids, and is carried on in vessels firom^jgixta^ to a hundred and fixrty tons* The exports con«ii^.«f hors- 1^, mules, b](en, oaikstev^ hoops) f <^e b9ardsi^fiftb||H(i|e» beaiii. Indian coim, fish, b^y pork, &c» CopBlicticut bi|s ti^ 'an COWNBCTICOT. I if #'targe ntimbef of coastiog vessels emploved in —trykm ^ho produce to the other stiiees. To Rhode-Island, M^ •tdiuiitts, and New-Hampshire, they carry p^jk, wieal, ^rn, and rye. To North and Sduth beef, porlt. cheese, anrovldence. The state SWM and employs in the foreign and coasting trade, S2,86T ;lMe- of^shipping. , . :- ^ Bfidees and Jihads. On the ^^^w^^road from Neir-Lol^ ^nio New-Toirk^ are the three ? most cdb^iderable bridg- ^ in^is state. The first attempt to improve the roads bf 006 Dol shaii be eld, Plain* et) Lit^h- and many , I in 1701. ; a college COHKECTICUT. 145 diapel^^feet by 40, with aitamW; the ComieeiieUiXj^ •ceuin* in which are tha/librtyy^.piiiloMphical and diypftic* al apparatttB» musmim, and chamben aad leetar# roama fi>r tht profeMora ; anedUiov» eootaiuing a kiMAueq and a dining hall i and a heiise far the prwideiit. T& public libraiy consistt of about SAQO'Voluaies ; 4bo .nhilosQPbical apparatna oontaina the madnnei necetaar^ for exmbitiog esq^erinieiits in the whole couirse of enpm* mental phihwDphrwid attrononiy* The pesent oiieeM^ and mtructoii of the coHmo are a» Freiideot, who is ala»a Proftaior of Divitii^ ; * mfeiior "Cif ll^atural. Philosophy and Astronomy, a Profeitor ^of lAvf, a Profeseor of Chymistnr and Natufal Histoiy, m professor of I^anguagea and £c6leaiastical History, ami five tutors. The students art divided into four eiaate8# Thueir number, m l»iO, was 255. In 18iS, 3M)5» Thv ifimit of this eoilege received iveiy liberal additkmv bpr a *tgfa^ of the General Asseiiil^ly, -ill l99e. ^ Cuietttnii Tovm, JUA^twi^Ki^ city ia situated at^ie- hltid of nafvlgiitlon Oft die west aide of Coifneetioiil river, »• , bunit fi% nuKsf #om its ei^raiice into the sound. Its build- 'ibgs are # statehouse, two dmrchea ibt Congtegationalfstsi,^ one fo^ Episcopalians,' one for Baptiits, and abouir 50^' vdweilinghousesj^a number of which are handsomelv bv^t of bricik. The town ieilivhled b^- a small river, wttit h%|i and romantic baoks, ever wlpch is a bridge. JHta^eed % advantageotnly situated for trade, enters largely mto^4l«r manufacturing^, business, and li a rieh, -floiiryaiag, •aaA' commercial town. The ftoatai assembly of the state Voids ita session' here in M^f taninUy. A bank ia estab* Ushed inthiacity. Ksw-Havem city lies round the head of- a bay, whi^i^ makes up ai)out four miles north of the Sound. It covers part of a large plain, whieh is circttm8oribed.^on three sides by high hills or mountains. Two email* rivers bouad th" citv east and west. Kettr the centre ci New-Haven is tht^ puolic square ; cm and round which, arq a'fetate house, the college edifices, rix In number, vtas. 3 collides, a chap- el, liyceum, and dining hall ; three cburehes for Cengre* cgationalists, and one for Episeopaliiftne. This city eon- tains about 600 dwelling homes A session of •the g^mr*' al assembk is held here m October annually. N ; V J^ajiF^pK . city sta^s # Jiicr J^gffl Iff ■ . 4b|trt^ mUet fioittii Jro^i JJeiftJUfpd^; 1^^^ il^|o^rfai;t»v6 jiff er 43fv^ cjofsii m4 [aiis, inil ^pngpegationalisU, aod oh© fdr BpucopaUans^ *,■. - ^ ^v ^iSui wfies «o*ith o^ M|^^|p^^^tber«Bfil«,>3M^^ ^lipj on a^he ttrill,>i!d;i« M^^ J^ f.-i«j ?!>^ - : A 45* north ^ tude. It# kdth dOO; mmmm. j# ■ ,-•■■' ^J|fBi<^ai»««# ito#*1fotfcj» boimded toiitheaatii^f#]^ ty P% 5^«^ «c«*, J e# By Cimnecticui, MiM8a«aii*tetta, ^tyl-l^die Bi^ |»^ttif^^^ and New^l^r^ ^,^im'*mjtn^ Pf:^ittihn, W8%talei«aitiifedlttt<^!foiir dw«pict8 and 43 counties ; dud the nimibet of ^r^W ^ik «ccotdiiig tatlie cwiiwof 1810/ iaaslWlo^rt - "^^'^ "^^ ■^ „,, ■' ''.' ^■'"- Souikerniiisifia^ \ ^ '"■ ■■^■■^-■- SttflbJk zl,li3l Richmon«ct brolceh 6y hUls^and rich iDten^ning imliies. /i«^^. The p^ncipal Uay is that of York, which «preadt to i^e southwj&fd before the ioity of Nei«-York- It isk Ibnxied by the {(onfluence of E^t/aAd Hudson rivers; and etnb^^^oms several , «aa# islands^ v ^^ communicates widt the ^ean by the tlari^ws, alstrait siBarc^lyi'two miles wide, l^eti«|enXongand:Sta^n.Isla9ds^V . ,,. Li^s. Lake Champraift- f^omis part of the di»idii?g. litoe between New- York and Vetisifent. It is nearly 20tr niilerlong; its theais width about. 5 miles.' It dccupies «bou| 500,000 acres, , and confi^iiis «bove 60 islwi#of^- ierent sixes. Its depth issuflficfent for the largest jFesseis. It rijceivcs, at Ticonder^ga> thi waters- «flak and nafr4w«.. Paniaderago lake is about the size of Ofiiego».and six mSeslwest of it. Oak cariek issues fVom it^and Idls into the Busqittshan^a. S^eoa lake, in Ontario county, if forty inile$ long. and two wide; Chato^e lake » the source of Cohowongo river^ not ^^r ftom lake Erie.- Oswegatchie lake lies in Onei^ county. One branch of Oliwe|atchie river passes through this Itdce. * Rivers and Cana^, Hudson river is one of the largest in the United State*. It rises in the tnountainous countrv bet;;v<«en lal(&# Ontario and Chftmi^. ltd whole length. /- r« die^^fiftl ¥■--■ -- . ■ , " ■ - .'^ ■ . - .' I, by rt^a^' •theast an^ : exiiibiti a [lies. lichnpreadt- jrk- It isk rivers; and miles wide* to -dividing, nearly 200'' It dccupies gfmpmy Ith/ arell^ >ad of Suf- tOf,. t0d six ' klls into the ity* if fiMrty lie source en !)sweeatcliie ^ii«iatchie f the largest ilus country hole ICJAgiQ. fiW zest, vessels. k«i, €«ojirg4 I of Cham- is 50 Rifles by Oswego, id. Eigl^ lu saltn^ mmm. 14» ti ^i!ltjm]te0ia^ George, 65' roilesi^lM^veri n^i^^ ^^ ^ batteiux anH fi*^we pQC|iE|ns ^cas«on|^. hjp^ hJiOf a Inile each, ihci tide fom 9^m #4 moig: Albaif, 1# *Hea fe Ne^Ydrk. T-lsinavij^lfefi^sJ*^ to Ailb^- ny^ aln^il^ fhi|^r^4^*is at Osw^Oi^ ' T' ' ll^ft«^JL riv^r paswrtd the nott^ of Fort Stehwix. aiid runs sdutltwardly tweii^ ijiiles, id the fort j ^et g^Nwdfo oiiij huttdi*^ tod $en mijef in^ thte j^udson^. The prdduce, th$t is c«Jnvej|ted do^ this river, island^ in Skenectadx* and is ^^ce caiifi^ by ^^dy sixteen iiul0i o^t a barreh, shrabby plain, to Albany, where a tur^ike m contemplateiit Siiice the corimlefion of thfe bM?ks andcai^s, at Little Falls, fiftytsixmUeS above jSk6- i»ecta% t|ke river is p^a^sahie ibr boats from Sicenec^dyjp nearly 1^ ^uite to its "iottree^ The pei^endibular descent of these fails is fotfcjr-two feet, in the courseof one mile. A canal and locks^ round tfeese falls was completed in the autumn of 1705. The Qohouz W this river are- a great f^^o^ity ; they aiie three miles from its entrance into the Hudson. The river is aboUt on^, hundred yards wide; the rock, o\^r which it pOurs, as over a mill-dam, 0j^tends> alQiost in a line ironi one side of tile river to ihe otheir^ and is thirty feet perpendicuiar height. Including: the descent aho^e, th^ffl is 60 or 7Q feet.- A company is iiicorpo- rxted, by the legislature of New-York, for the purpost» of h), im ^Bm ^Mmop m^ ' v^^&Sk iake. V'- . *■•:' '^<'- ■• ^ '';^\ ■ "! '^' .U .- J)el«wai*f|twfe l^ifaaiji, ui^ai iiaWikea the n<^t|V«i^" coii^ dig%eiist Jer- aey^.in latHait' 41 2&; w4.tli(e» wa^ oi W thvough {^la^«ir& Bay, Ktfviril Newt Jersey^ c^.tb«€f»t^4^ ndago river, four?. #een miles above the falls, 'at^a place calleiJ.TVpellivers. Gennitese^tWer/riscifl^ neaf. the £ourpe of the Tiogar and ^i^ties into lak)^ Ontario* eif^hty nj^les. east of Niagara^ Such is the ii$t6i9ec^ or.tiyenty miles from some i^o&tqhle ot mtvi^abje ^itream., Sof/ and^Pr^dwiiions*. The soil of (he countTV, west of' - oats, corn, ^c: ' ... T'/^-' ^V . ~"''^"/. ' . Beside ^he tre«8 alrfeady mentioped,' there, are i^everai,: kindd of oak, spruce, i^ite, yellow, and pitch pines, butter?. hut; cedar, €r, asptb, white wood, and buttoa ivood. Th(^ shrub cranberry grows on low^ ground ; its Iruit hangs.. in clu8t;r«^,lik.e graphs. The sv.raac is the #fttii|»il^m«^. »«4U«H««i>«M« ^^|lji *eastt le, 8»J»mie- t Quit <>r tv^ty grj> W!est of iBi its ^nat-- l€^ y^inut,.. Mm re j^pveral: kes, butti^r? . loo4. Th<^. IVuit hangs.. i/Bm^mws. ^^M^m^f^^ fo(le black, «tolie{if^ J$dned» th^re j^ eev^t^ !j*i^jpi||fi^,ia^^|, in thf "Ji^ji^ty^ »*; ^kt<^iMi^. "The xfsii^,9t^j^^^^ f^ cdnr. liahi l^ro^, a. min^^ Tfae|^at6< ^^||^ and :sp|^ 8l)pB0^nngi( but iji %w rainate» belbjee thiejK, ex{}ir^«I;a^^ house «^^^^f^^^^^ Ipi^ houses iond i(bi(yW^r, bathii^ are ^reic^: for, the conven--- ^en^ei oTuii^ds^f '^^ p^o^, ^^eajth, and4bi!d|n<*> cirsj in ^edt i^umfi^ tesi^^ h^^lt^^aiNl^ - 1^« ii^ a ciuslter icf iBi>Hngs« wluch ^re mdj^e properly call- ed j^9 S^rdfoga Smin^s^- 'The^e ap^iear: to hji^ received a stronger impregnation of the sam;? ingredients which, en- t^r those of B(Ulstown» and majr probably be a stream of the samf fountain, running, ^roiign the same kii^4 of cal? (srtreous leiCMrth, One. of these springs is covered by a natur- al cretaceous or. calcareous pyrainio, fiireor six feet hij^ This hbltotur p»yramid, or cone, has a.hoIe in the top/ at^ut^ fttSk im^es ovisri "thrbughwludi- the water is s^n bpilin^ '■■■, > ; u'\W, -i i- iHJ»' ■'f-'Wi. ••^ ^f Vif^-^^ ;,^?.< , I . m left €AMme^ m& of tijte Utulfcd Statefc Of ^»*fjM^t &^ artdfork. the aaioimt of e»KOirt» *»m tKlrf state 14. ?^i«^^M«««.'..- The EnglWi. itosmstMsmr £i, partioolarly Ki^g'.. ■«!«*«. ,"-4 -**»»?•.,. f,»^' ^.ctooU ate no*. di»cOhtinued^»s- fl» J«*»»^.'?dV«'i»^^^ *|aMibn'cellseto'b»«ue*. " ... ... .^, coirrupti tWi^fWIMlltit lie mnuitn of «h« BMfle4iffn!^ iMdrril ia tMrUn* fiiage* The a^cffte^ oi che (nhabiUnta in the eaitem #114 iiiid(]a« (Htfto^ L^ Ical^ltudenta. the ofllcei^ of ioslruotioa, aald I'-nq^ctiate aikd Nl^iwalFUlosophy, a Prdessor of Logic and Geogi^ j^t and -> Pressor o£ Ij^ngyagesa A, oooi|^ in(HC«|l^ adftool la annexed to the coO^^) «ld-ai|le; pr^fieisors m^ pointed inreveiy bpai^ of that iny^ ai;»enoe, wS^ vegularly: teadh.jMieir respectii^iinui«£es wi% reputation, it , ttopt ,is?desenle^ fi^lebr^ed. The atonal ^i^nse of e4* u^lioQr |ie|e# incbii^g boards ^t^ition$ Ax:,, is lesa than 1^ doUats, A new college is «e :4blirfted' at Clkitoip^ Oiiei8access*> ifl':^eration..- : -''" ..'-/ - Lttieie^l^^nttHurwtm Societies, ^hese ave i^nfined prin<^ cipally to the cities of Kew-y^rk asid Albany, and consist; of a Society for ^^''omoliiig Useful- ^nowleilge-i A.Society fetr the Maaumtssron' 9f< Slaves ; a Marine Socic^^ ; a Soci- ety for the Relief of Poor l]j||bti^, conjSaf 4 m^^ A£^3U^tttring Society ; an Agricultural Society^; a iMedi- cal Socifey ; a Society f|)rtb«^ Information and Aii|hi>f Em- igrants; tvo Mii^iaaai^ and.seve^ Bibi^ Societies, ^d iiian;|r oth4)F «harttabk institutions. 4 y:0^H$S'anA 'jppii^»^.. Hl^rY<>^K isthe^capilal of the state^ aAd stands on the southwest point of Manhattan, common- i|^ called York Isbtiid, at the confluence iof iludsoii an<^ ymi* wfiv mw^'idm. Bast riHtik iPbtf pritocnpal put of the dif liei orT ttri9 cast side of ih« ifland, l^thot4h' thp boildingi extend flrisili Dn^ river to* the other. The length <^ the city on Eait ffh«lit about tura iHQef ; but fil& short of that diptatice m the banks of tlie Mudison. Its breadth tm aioi ai^rage U ttsaitlf thre9 foitth^of a mile ; sad- itf circumftsrenc^ , ^ The hoiisba are generall^f built of briel^- and the rod^ tited* T^re are remaingjp a few houses built ailter tt^i^ «ld Ddtch manner* The city contained^ itt I&IO, ^S^li jfibabitanti. • ; '' ; v,:>.*:.v. ,;;.•■-.•,;,"?.:., The most ma^niifrcenf edilJbe is the new city MI, ^&6ih^ ihe park< The other jviibJic buildtogs are 4 houses for Ipubiic worship for th^ Dutch reformed church; d^PresbyW ^risan chmdies;,S Scotch Presbyt^ansi 9 Episcopal Chu^chepa two for German Lutheran^ tfnd Cidvam'sts ; twb itteetlog ho^ ;'two for Baptists ; a for Methr ^ idiftt; Okie' for Moraviaiis ; one Bomaii CodioUc «horeh^ • HiiQ« miichf Broteitantehuroll; and a syinigogiie fi>r ^ewiT B^idb^thi^,: there is the c^tegel ane# and spaelout J^JHlOtt, and seincral magnificent buildinffs. The city is a0% _ "(iBmiiMidated with four marl^ts, in di^eht parts, whic& ~" ire furnished wi^h a great plenty aiia variety of proyisidns; la neat. aod excellent order. New^York is esteemed thi^^ '■10^ ^gible situation for ooomierce ib the Unitjed Statesi ][^ point of Bociabilif^ and. Iiospitelity, it is pediaps not ex^- «ecaed by any eapitii in the UaU^ Stt)|fceK . Th^ city of Albaitt is situated on the #est t^ <^ Hudv. •on river, 160 miles north of the city qf New- York. Tl» houses^jare mostly bnilt in the old Dutch st^le. The pnbw lie ' buildings are a Low Dutch church, two for Presbyt^ rians, one for Germans or Higlr Dutch, one for Episcopa- lians, cn<^ for Methodists, a hospital, ^e city haU, and a h&ndsorae brick gaoL A great variety cf languages are spoken in thif city, but the English preaominatet, and ike use of every'-^tber is constalitly lesseniogk. In 1810, it l^ad >,356 iiihabitants. * Albany is vtirivalled^ in it»iituotioto. f t standis on the , ^ankof one qf the finest rivers in the world, «t the head of •loop navigation. It is the natural emporium of theinw cf^Asing trade of a large ektent of country^ west and north ; fiavkaUf auCtPlpa liOBt^#| ^ i^aen fltedrop ^ortHNit ^ti«te^< |he%UM fopulajiii ■ Wmm ^» ,1 only Mil whf^ is inostfl^ the «^a| 4 ^um Vjfk Curios York Qoi Iiart of I wat^rwi the botti lei Off ib& LtendfrbiH f on ¥,att I distance lioi ai^r«ge nnferenc^ the totikf. i atlter ilir louses for Epivcopfdi nists; twb forMsthr ! fi>r Jewir 1 ^«eioiii( city ifl ae% _ rto, wMc% ^orisioni; ^med tK§ tWii^ tir fitykaMp k]Ma» cvielw, ittd riverpi» i« ^^ and tPl^lQ ^ 9iiSomo$>x(i^^ Tlie ^tjT of H|M»spii to biid J^^ ^ «9jr i^aecrui J^me^ki^ if W!e ex(^epjk Bdjtij^jiiiii, ib >*lit^^ flt«d pp ^e ,6fuit iidf j»f Hadsbii^^^^^ ^ijsaio^ llfiW «f IU!iw4^jMrk» Qpd 90 4>^ co^ <<^^ #,^;mra^^ ed by a«ijP«t^dei^ ^ ' f m^^^ma^^Msmi^ jin^re9siD|ff Ji^ Pititltmp0ir||^^^ isjeat#d> «fl^:^^f9i^ IpO miles ivest of AL- only • in ySQOt it pon^abed 4^1^ inliabilaitiM^ Urica:, whicli iS/Wi^hUl tl^e linu^jof this um0^^ miim of th^ inoQtfloi^risluiig; spots in the Uni^d Sta^ Cx.ii(TON ir thej^ai of ^^ii$«r Cjo|leg% aqdia j|.|>lea»atiti|iiir^, 8 miles CmiosUie^ ^^e^de&^e mprin^ alfeody m^ntiolied^^Kew- YotIc ^|i|taina ^9any niitijurai p^riosities. In the sou^east^ part of Jwke firie, t^ei^ty rods fnim the shorer w^ the ^ vat^r is five feel deep> is a euripus ^rin^boiling up ftcMsi the bottom, it is undaEoable, when a brand is thrust in* I"**.. m 2fto Ity ABB pMivi ft powfiiwL coMfinc tnMii "dnnp* II Ihb 1^ lukttM Etfiwr i|M^ In BIpBlfMMrf ^ooBty it » inaB i«(|^ l|M■m^ if&ii^ yt^lAt pailM Mrific miiJi widitii* iiave fititertov|il«venl«l' any pc^nM^fhim pflMtnf throng- the ehaan. / lii GKnIOB dtfwnty, it roiHi^^ il^Mhtof » jDDiBitiiin, wfaioh firal^etcd iib0iit\8o ywili iate hute Cham- plaH^ a|>j^«iff« toJisfi-livev^^l^^ D;^««iiiie violent ihoi^ ,tet no -atlieir ^roil^ «liii|^li|ir^^fe^ j|0G^»Mi7. :I1m ^i^ bmkeq offj laniyn* Jbtf ill aod^ iil>#% cli »ti» 4 J i viifc wed, ■:—^-^-- .^ lak# Ofttirid, ar« the nuip ^Mi aiicM^ i anil jii^ €fQek ate Ibiir otHert. SdHot* t0f!«M inbuilt, aadare abiQit entite^ ^O^^Bie o^er timea, trees are ffiowiiu^ twovfect in Ih one of them ii a lireil, lif ftdt £^, 4rt«ied In^tut^ •.aiethod, ' - ^ ■■■ ' .'■' '^■' ^-'•'' Ifidians* thte tmnim of iIm' Q|k C» >i feg b i te d -Kada^, ^a. tte Kohaivta* 0iN^iiaa,-^^Fiiiietti^ 0!itiil- Aisi^ats, omT Debnraaei, ^reai^e JNr iMi aiMe '"iagA. Omrn^ !lhetr wlialf nmai>er¥wmtieiP»§m Idofuk, BfAWHa^rrtw^ liirftrisWt;, «ffa^ltu|%«it^ •lifted the city of !)i^-Yorki> is ^fteen miliss in l^mr^NQ^ «eare^>y oue iB^t>«ead*h« Jt is l^itta^ttr ^Mim^msi^ 4ihri^. v' l40He4si.-Aiio it' 149 nilos-long; and^ en a jaMHu^i.^ea iroad* It is sep^ratfed from Q^mahtfgihat by 'l^omg Iri^ Sound. It is div^od into three coimties, m. Kind's Oueen^, and SiiflMk. fins' south «id. '3,632 ^12^70 1«,761 , a9,744 1 ^^979 "S4,55« »25y549 COttDtiea. Bergett Essex Middlesem Monmomii Som^rsel Morris Cou.ities. Cape May €umberIaiM Salem Gloucester Burlington Hunterdon "SttSS^C ^ ^__„ i:* >iE « / v^ ^1\0tal 245,56t Face of me Countiy, The counties of Sussex, Moi.x^. and Bergen are mountainous. The interior country, Iji general, 14 agreeaWy diversified with hi||s and ^tallies. The ifiouthem counties, mrhich Me along (he sea coast, are uai* formly 'flat and< sandy. , , Batfs ami Rivers, That part of tJhoVtate^ wJrich hordm «i the sea, ismdettted iritk sgreat fuimbtir «f «^ ci^ iDhHtlltAQlK 16,6011 S5,9d4 fiOi38f ^il5^ •i^72» «l,r:28 mum I'-iT' i mK mW'StM,SB% ^ wtA cm\i^f^eh, u the eountry is flat, are naitfiahW f«riiii«ll craff aliiiMt to llieir «ourcei. fhe moit renuirkablc bay i* Arthur Kul), or Kewaric %y, formed by the union of Passaic and Uackinaac riyeri* ^isab^ of>Q»» to tbiB rii^ht and leil, and embracea §tate» Island* Hackiosac rt¥er ilses in Bergen county* runs a aoutherl^ courss, and empties into Newark bay. At its mouth, it i« 460 yards wide, and is navigable 15 miles. i^assaic is a very crooked river, rising* in a large swamp, in Morris county. Its i^eneral course is from northwest to southeast, tiU it niindes with the Hackinsac, at tbe Siad of Kewa^ bay. <^ The oataract, or Great Fall, in IS river is tbe. greatest tffttiiral ^uripsit^^ in the stateJ«. It is forty. yarlb wide, andfiiUJls oy^rarock^ which crosseg l^e channels seventy fqet perpendicularly,' in ene entire ^Httritan river is formed l^^two oonsderable streams, billed north and south branches, one of wbieb rises in .^]^rr»» the oth^r In Hunterdon coiiiitjr. It passes b^ Bw>'^^^ ^^ Ambo^, into Newark bigr, ana helps W IBlilipi, the Ibc harbor or A " Delaware river divides New»Jersey and Pennsylvania. ']pbe following. livers all run into the Delaware: Cesarer,, 4»r Cohaosey ©wek, rises in Salem county, navigable twen- ii mikBH Mulius river, i^bich divides Gloucester arid jBur- jfflkgtoA counties* navigable tsirenty miles. Maurice river, which rises in Gloucesier county, navigable fii^een^ortwen- ^ miles.' Alloway creek, in l^em county., aikl Ancocas S«ek, in Burlington county* bath navigable fifteen or jtwenty miles. There are a f reat many others, of less note, iiayj&able short distances. Mountains, Tbe South mOHiptain, which is oae ridge of the Allegany range, crosses ^i« states This mountain emi* J^ems sucii amazing ^{lantities of iron ore, that it may not improperly be icaued the Irott mountain. The Kitta* finny ridge passes through this $tate, north of tlie South mountain. Several wpors ftom thete ridgejB project in a aoutfaem direetion. The noted high lan,d^ of Navesink and Centre hUl are almost the only hills woiim the distaUK^ 9$ )|)9By miles &om thp s^ #as|* ■M»^< Newark AC riven* ibtttherl^ >u(th» it If ;e »wainp» aorthweit c, at tfce i Fall, in stateJ«> It >h crossea »ne entire 9 streiuiiaf k rises iai passes hf i helps W Mnsyli^anuv ; Cesarer^ able tweiio arid ^ur- irice river, )i]^ pr twen- fifteen or ^essnote, •I. ne ridge cC untatn eniF hat it may rhe Kitta- tjie South rojecit in a ivesink and IfEW'JIgttiKtv lan #'l(ril» from the worat to the best • kfaidj The ie«a iuhd liff priaciiMUy on the bpnltf of riven. mI^ credii TMe lnrrei|M produce UuAe etitt but shrub 06ltt«h4>i»ll)»^ pinep. These sandf landt yreld tui hnmensr * duces Wheat, i^e, Indian corn, buck wheat, oats, bar- y, flas^, and fruits of all. kinds, common to the cUmat s 'Tm orchards in nsnmy poHs of Uie stsAe, equal any iii tM trailed States, and tneir cider is said to h« Ilia best ial!h» ^orid* * The markets of New- York ftnd Phfladelpltb, receive a , ttry considerable proportion of )hdr supplies lh>m the cOtt- ^ tlguous parts of New-Jerseyr These supplies consist of ve*> 0etid>les of nntiy kindsy apples, pean, peeclies^ plums, 'vtrgwhernes, dlerries, and other fHUts. Cider, in larte qu^fhtities, t^zftier, cheese, bieef, pork, nnittoiij and potdtsy. Mhiit,' It has ahready lieen mentioned, that the moou- tauis of New-Jersey yield immense ouantities of iron ore, «nd the low grounds are no less procmetive df that Uvdf called bog 'mm bre. There are Also several large copper mines, at ^at vdue. Besides these, the state cootMns mines of lead, coal, plaster of Pans ; with immense; qiujirr^ of very «al\i£U)le stone. A 'iriate quarry has iMely bti«« 'dis* covered in Hunterdon county, which yields slate of a Jlipe- irior qoalitv. Mineral and other Springs, In- the county of M(nnn^ i^: 1 cold min^al spring* It is freqiiented by valetudinanuas, and its waters nave been used witii very r^joinsideridble suc- cess. In the town of Hainover, in die same cotinty, en a ridge of hills, are a number of wells, ^Hhich- regolarir ebb i|nd flow, fdwut six feet, twice in every twenty rour Itburi; The wells are nearly forty n^les fVom the sea, in a straijght line. ' In the county of Hunterdon, near the top of Muskonet^ tong mountain, is a noted medicinal spring, to whitih in- v^alids resort from every quarter. It ii^ues from die side pty jwtil the wind chSinges,, when it is »gam M^ fniiii^aetitr^, The most impoitAnt': mantifabtures lii '•^^^y*^|>^t|o8e o|^ iroaaiid ieaiheiii , Thft ifOn w«rjkf» _ e county dKBiotTist»Ion% produce annually^ about SCKi M;^^^ig^^40U^ a^btae^irmr and » large quantities o^; ji^il rod^ afee^ iron, «id hoUow wai^ Other fj^s. of the 4l^te are notpd faatty. The other articles of manufacture ar# J*e^^ BjflB,;piper, fl«ur» apd powder.. Most of tife fand- . TEhi9|Bt^;itr«marlwbl^fo^ mill seats, J 100 of which ax» ^w occU|lie4l spa siKith flkwr milfer and the. rest with sa^ mlkn luili^i m»vfo98e», furi^ce^,. slittiftg, jwd^Iingr J^ipet^ powd«rvaBdoiI,miils^^ < ;^ ^ Trkie, 'tlift trade o£.thiast4tefC(Mie^^ ftwltji^d lioin those two great comipercial cities, News. Xw on one side and Philadelphi^i on the other. AwoubIt i^e^ports in 1S1(V 430^267 doUar*. , ' . ^%», . Th^re IOft*tud0nt8, is hicf easing, aod hes a library of Aout4000 vohimiftS. A th«o!odcaT seQiinary, with two professor^u l)a»ii^9.PSt^i4she4 n^:^ by the general assembly of, t^ aad y^ hfoa ^ tbe wind iban tw^ if^e wa» id, i^wUli again fiU*^ pictures in i&n worJcfi^ about 800; antities of r tTtSwOfLlbft : ndlactory, 1,060 paii» (ctumnar* tt^fami*. which wil^saiir ii Vqllini^ KiostaplQ* New Amoui^ les Pa«8aic» post road itiy fojcilfc* Ptincfl^* le care cH earning ; andphy. waroi ot out 4000 ifeasoTf^ y called C|«$een*s collie ; its charter bears ^te 17^0. it was establish^^ by the Befonned Dutch chui'ch, and d€^ijgpied priric^pidly to^be » Th^ogical Seminaiy. Vot tt mimber of^^eiov » decline, and ceased its operations. It is now felifid, and iourishing lihder the care of Reverehd Dr. hiVtvavrOTS'. There are academies at Trenton, Hackinsa^i Orangedali^^ Blizabethtown^ Biirlingtonv and Newark. ^-^j Betdde tliese, there are grammar schools at FreeholdiT Sp^'n^field, Morristown, Bordehtown, and Amfooy. Cities and roiom, f aENTONisone of thelar^stt in New- Jersey, and the capital iji the state. It is si^ on the east side of the rhrer D^Ware, opposite Uie 1S3lii» neariyan the cemre of the state, from no)& id sotulbr, !&< jktt. 40 15, anda^out 15' east dT the nseridiatt of^ Fhilad^ town9 m ^rj tcpRi/iN&tON c^y extenda three niilea along the Dda- iware, ayad^^ine n»le back at right anglei^ into the dounly df BurlingtOI^^ fbd is twenty miles abo>ve the ct^ of Fhlladel*- phia;, hf ymxt and seventeen by land* ^ PfeKTH AMSiEnr city stands on a neck of lan^ incliid#-i between R^tfitan river arid Arthur KiUl sound. Its sitn^ tisenisiiigh-aad^liealthy. It lies open to S^dy Hook, aad^ Ras one of the best harbors on th^ coatln^nt^ BnttiiiiiVirttK city is situated on the sdi^tilwest side <^ Raritat^ river, over wMch a &ie bridge has been built, IJIS- Eoj^ies above. Amboy. Its situation is low aiid pl'easani, be* ing on the bank. of a river, and under aJiigh hiiil, whiSh* rises back of the town. It is- the «eat of Queen's cdllege, ' -5 1?jftiNOET?oif ;is a pleAs^nt vi^agij, of a'^otit 30 houses, 5Sf' laileS t\'bm New- York, a.id 4-2 "from Phiiaddphia. it- li tine seat of N^s^rnu Hall coilego. The college edific^e is df ' stoQC; Jargja and handsohiw. On the right and' left of thel ooll%&, are ediftc^, one for a dmuig hiidl, the other for thl^ library. • '■; " " ■■ eLt«AiETiiTOwir-borough is fifteen »niles from New- York. Its situation is t^l^asant, and its soil equal in^fertil'^ iiy to any in the state. ^ N»wA^it is nine miles fSrom Nsw-York. It is a hand- fom^ Nourishing town, and had, in 1810, TQOli inhabitaatsy 4hu:miim* In . MonihouUi coiiniy, on the iside of ri\ 2. "I ■^> I iee? ixsmwAmv. boM^^ of N^#ri^ffaaik river, is. » rem&rkcdl^e cftye, in -wbfdh'^ 0g0ii«^» robmi^ T|te cave is about 18 feet long, and 15 ||||(: broads centre o£; iil^art^ isjaboutfive feet^/rom the bottam' of the csve; v^^iidet fi# Biore thiBQ tvo and a half. : The mouth of the .aiLyeis.sQiau; the bottom is ia loc«e sand; and the arch t jftforBned in^a sell rotk, through theppses of which, ^ nioisiure U^^wly ::exudated> aoui falls ia diropn^. on the taiid": . .■■ ■ ■ ■■,'■' '' ■ -■<... -' - . ■ ■ . . - J^ation^ and Eaent*- THIS State derivod its namefiraitt 4 l^brii pe la War, who was among the first* settlers of Vii»«. «nittv It itoeMea the territorv formeriy denoininiited the . ^hrtif Ldmr Ctniktieh a»nexed tst PennsylTania, tying be- ' lireen ion* 74 S6, and 73 40 W. and between 38 30 and 39 ^iiohHliititade;. It is the smallest steta in the Union, . except Rhode Island, |>eing but 96 jnileiklongf and m wn Bbundarie^i Delaware is bounded east b^ Helawats -im&t and bay; and the Atlantic cKsean.; south and we&t by . Maryland ; north by. Pennsylvania.. DivuufnstimiiPopulation.^.'^hm state: is^^vided -into 3 : eeunti^ ai»d^ti)£wn8h^^.>. ^ ,. . u \-> ; ^ Oountfcs. . liQ^QttcmM,.. Fbpttladdaoi l8ICt> > ptief-towal^ ^. >Iewcastle ' a* 24,439' Newcastle v . Kent , » S-O: S0»495; Dover Stwsex ; „ IH- 87,760 V XSeorjretowa I 85 ■ 7a,64r ," Face ofth^> CCuntrv, The state, of 1>e]»yr%^i > the v^fpei V |MrtB of the county of Newcastle excepted^ is^g^erally ex- . iremely low.and level. - Large qti^ntities.|^ stagnant "|iort)on of the; land,, .aud rendering it in|urioua to the healtb . Ill the inhabitants;^ V Rivers and Creeks^ The eastern .- and . exnpty inta tJIferiver^aiidbHy ofDelawarei In th^ southern ^4 «ef^rn £»cte tii^ itaitei. spring Jhe bead i«9liif8xilC JP9^9i^. i n ' i | i. i .- ' ■' i )u ii j <'"m i -.. i jMi i .ij. .J ,Nn;j) ii i ii f i M m^'i^ymm' *'|i|!BI-# in "i»4»rch'- ig, and IS centre o£." the cavft; mth of the I the arch t nrhiehjv^ mthe^iac^*: namet- ed to uie aAnereni ■ purposes ^ which a . greater variety of the most^ useful pvoduciiona i can be Uk ■• Qonvoniently^apd plentifully. reared. . Wheat is the staple commodity^ of this state. Itgrowi>3i here in such perfeG'tion,-a8 not only to be particularly sought. by the manufacture^ of flour throughout the Union, but ; also 1$» be distingjushed. wdp^^ for its' superior ^ual» • ities, JA^C^reign markets, 'niis wheat possesset, an uncoti|-^-^ iifin '80^1^6 and wfaiteness^^yery favoeable to thie manu-- jfilicture of superfine flour, and in qth« respects, far exce^da the hard and flinty gfjun rai8^4« generally, on the hi^ lands. , Besides wheat, this- suite produces plentiful . crqp^ < of Itidian c(»n, barley,, rye> oats, flax^ buckwheat^ and po* ^tpes. . It al3M>undjS* inf4.na^tura^ . iM3d artificial meadows. , containing a large v»iet^ of^^grassesr . vHemp,, cotton,, ana a aillf, if ftttencled tOr.ftgfurj)Bh.very weU^^ Minerals* . Atti0ng.the.bcanche8 of -the 'Kanttcoke rivel^,\ are large quantities of bokiron ore of an excellent qUnUI*- ty,, and peculiarly adapted, ta the- purposes of. casting. Trade and Manufactures. . We have .already mentiohaiA I wheat iuk the st{ip\e. commodity ^of. this stat&. This is man- ufactured into flour, and, exported m.4ai;ge quanti ies.: The ^ exports are principally from.Uie pprtof-Wilmington. . Th« > manufacture of fik>ur is carried to a higher degree Of per<> • fection In thiil state than .in any other .in the Union. !. There; are well constrticted mills on Red Clay^aad Whifie - 6lay creeks, and other streams in different p.arts. of :the s State, and a celebrated collection of .milU^ at , Brandy wine,., all of. Bup^ior dimensions. < and 'excellent 4 construction;. . These miils are three milea from the mouth. «f the! creek . Ml which ^they, stand, half a imle from Wiliningten,i;j|nd . twenty-seven ironi .Philadelphia, on the; post rOad frcnn the eastern to the. southern states. Tliey are called Britnr %jrin& miUs, from the stre«ee4> salt^ ^rovi |aq[>er, ftUt kon, snuff, &c. ^ / ^> jPm^/»c Imprt]^m«nts» A bridge si^ eftUMwa]r> 9xteiiiir ing about » %uaj?tef ef »nH%«4tt>m Leiir«B to the beadle aver a wide creek and marf n^ ka& tateljr been built at tbe «xpeiue of individNjfils. (^m^^B aire making in sey^ral fforts of tbe state. The lighthouae, near Lewes, ^ a fin^ ^atone structure 8- l»tcfl»;e8^h}gtk Literaiupe, ^c«e is 4iot CdHege in ^»»-stBCe. At Wll* ifiingtoa and Newark aeadenaieft ave «9tabiishe4. Tbe leg-^ iililture gfofidM a Hand, for the s^^ort, of j^hcKM* #uroi;^jli(3u^ the slate. ■ •. *->;\i^--^, • ■ r ^'^'--'isy^iu^-^'^-'' ■.'■■' ■ Chief Taams, Dov^, mi^tiwmtytiKjeM, is^efee^t ^gpyemnient» It ttand^ on JonesTa CKe<^ a &w nui^a :§am Dje^ai^a river^ contmnhig about lOObeuiKS, pKiii* 7W^)y of brick. The town has a lively- ^^arance, an^ cb^veison ft. cen«iderabte trade wtthk Phiiadel|^Ki» Wheals ja th#pnncipai arti^e c^ export* The landing i# five ot' «x i^wsiroiii.th6eownoif Elover^ ^ NfWcAsTitB iiji thifty>five-«til«ft below Phlbdelphiaj ofti tikewest'bank of the Delaware river., it was first settled hf tbe Swedes, about 1027. Itlwaa ftMrm^rly the seat of cover oenent, luid c0)itain» about §0 houseSi whi on Christf ana creek, 28 miies' southward froni Phila- 4ielphia, is Uie largest and most pleasant town in the state, aontaining upwairck of 400 houses, lmndso»u^ly built -upoi^ a ^ntle ascent of an eminent, and show to great ad?an- li^e in sailiixg up the Delaware.. It contains. ab(M'^4iQp' iolKibitants. 'Mil fo kd Js at the source. of a snts^ll river, lilteen auleil ' tt&m Delaware bay; and ISOsouthward of Philadelphia. D^ucK Cr£«k 'JaQ8!« iroADs:^ is twe!V6 miles Tiibtthwest* §foai |>over, and has 80 or 90 house's, whidi ^tand on one: strv^Ltj ; *t carries on a considtirable tirade wj>th PhikdeL pidui and is one 6i' thfc inrg'^st wli^ markets 'Iti the ^gfx^'e- hn ^lixo w N is Situat^id ii few mile& above the lighi^ e At^:;^' [: Ltilt aft the n B&f^rsH i, it a fine is Hieiten^ loce» ^(^ i# fi:?« wr. rS - ■ ^mti Oft. St settled B seat of tidi wesTi m Phila^ the state, lilt 'upoi^ t ltd?an- Ben Qjili^ V Iphia. ' ed£thw^St« J on one: ^ Phifeaeli le l%h^ -w wi i j ^ w i a jyoil^ tj o t . . . T^. **. m ^ «ti«et^ yjltich is t^ie itkif^^^^ jex« l^naing akmg tbi creek, which sen^utei the '##n^%i»^ Vif. fiitclL.of tfaeca||jB;,'^ ; ' '■'^■■-;-: "y-'-^-r," ' •■:^"''::.%^.; ' ''G«oRQst!ttWN» jG^leeoinUeir^ west^ Lel^^ teat of justice for Suss^ bounty* ^ ^ Christianabridob is «itiiate#oii a vavigalyle et^cdtbr ttl name; it wras settied l^ ^i^ Swed^ ill 16^ |tt4 Ihia^ |Ei#ed ai^r tlieir.q^eeiw^ a ' ^jIIm. ; ;* .,^,i -.-" .,,-. J^n|f»^~ IpJIl^ stfite r^^Y^d its Ramj»^fird^ ' WiUian Penii^ io whom ft was granted: by Charles Ih ui> I68J.: It J8 jwt»ated betweeR 39*^ 43' aRd 420/Rortfi Jati-- tude, awl betweei^^ east; rtBd^^^^^^i^ ii#B8 long, i«kl l^l^^o^ The iioff^w^ai conier <^^ mm containing a62;0D0 acres, was purchased of Congre^^ liy the legislature of the. 8tafe*Eifi€p^^^^ purchase, t<«6 ^e lies^n a. fotm ^ a pratl^ogrwHu: It coRtainf.44[|^0&^ ii|aarei»iles»l .,';''.'....; ':' ''/- Bimndaf4es, ^enns^li^a Jo bouRded east by. Didk#a^ > taver, which septrates it lirdm Ifew Jensey ; north by Nem*- Yoi'k, axid JLake Erie ^.nortlbeeit by a na% of Lake Eriea wesr Ijf Oie state of «Miib^ attcP a pari ^Virginia ; sou* >yTir|^, Ma^;4ncl,"a9ai0ehuri£e*: ^ ^ ti»e foIlQwlRg;4d counties, viz* Cfoiintici. Noinhafe. ^^ and county > of PhUadelpihw,} Mootgomcsy^. Bi cks Belaw«i» - Cfaei^teir BeHts Northam|M^»- Luzerne ^rthuihbedaod ' V/ayiie Adanu ' sSfSn 14,734 I ii9,9S7 : 49,156, da,i4« t5|109 9fi,3S7 15,158 " C6ttnti''' Biidev t , Crawford . ; Cttixibediand*i' , Fayette Frantlia Green HantingddO; ]l»yeoniing , Mercer Mifflin aa4 Centrji .Somerset Venango KkUiahsb;,' "in i8J^ €il4f i 12.iaft l>5,74f 7>a^i 6,1 7« i 2fl,7iP| 34,7l« 23,OS^ l^,54it t4,77f > r' 11,009 ^»,81^ 3^04X1 v .. '. ?-' _ *i» npfmh. imtiis^ . ^^wa$mg^ 644 *owa^i?»^ not creattedby ^y ^eqial Ijw o^JiWl^Iatowe, !>iit% he j of the ;:^f5i?^*mlO-:>:^af^,'^,59^^ tlie^.|S&itaiita are' tm*^^- ^^^H*^°- ^* ^^ ; '4t}p-as:i<1 that oaq fourth of tiie i»iidre ||»i^ilt^(itt ere 4csci^i?dHnts ^oKi QerinaRs^ ' ^^er.u Tlie river Dbiaware mentidiaed in the deBcr^ti^ l^iw-ydrk, foraie, the eastern boundary of to stit^' ' .S^mylkUl riTer rises no^weiit of the Kittetfhnjf 2111^- iain^ i&roij^h WtiiiAi it nasei^. After a coittte ctf fSD 'Mm i^? a $oiMliei|i j&itipii; it fe^ into the^fiejaivik, mmtmmb€^o^mif«Si^m . ■ • ■ ■^■"■■^ -^-^^ S^qiiehanna riyei; riiainrsii^ i jfitenthie c»tti«e^ %• ttoas the bouiidliry linfe; betWec^ We4^y:0^^ fem^ •^♦^:«»*» three tinies., 4ftfir ifeceivlhi numerolis tHhiitla* ^ Sti^MBs, it fallii iDtot^e^dof CheMipeafcbay. Jttiifr Hi^irethaii a n^ w;i4e at its mouth, and lUMrigabfe 0)% tjneia*/ miles, nav^^ii^ bjeing obstructed fey n»id«. :_!Fbe Swetara, ivllieh falls iiat» the Susquelant^a ilNHii ^^?iW>i?^e^t, is naf^gable fifteen ndles. 'Bie several bifiticlie^ oi:f(»^iogh^y merrisetoii the *-* side of the Al^a^y ino:i^tains. They umte, and a large baairtifid nveir. After a coyrsie of ^^irty or i^ty miles, it unites with Monongahela, which eomesttom ,#ie iauthwar^. These uni)ted Itrearas, sooa after theit imfiiott, rainrie with the A%«»y at iPittsburg, aody ^ jifper, form Uie river Dhiov . ^oTke Alie^nv rises west »f ^e Allegany • moimt- : bay. It ib rise* oil tire unite, and of tlilrty or comes from after theiY g, «od| to^ moiBitiBnS, » Afoii«a|«^ e ]^«UwarW ^en i90et northeaa ofBetiut^isii* I| rups t6V6i|ty-tv0 viili^ ano » iiinrigit>ie thirty, t ^ CanM A caJud it be^ Hi NprriiitiMra, to render IN S<;lMylkiU naytg|kt»le fow E AiQetK vj) Res ta Phili40^W*. O^ mm %Te lbffheCoii^n$ri^ and Soil. A eonstderalile ftaocfia^ i^lfetg i^t «teiiMiy be o|dlea moimti^Dqiif ; the Gfept Kai^ of AUtig^ny motthtfioa^ 9mi^, through it. The princf^ ri^^ lathis raag^, wlMch ure in l*^nnsylvania, j^^tm-- S^|t8tinby« or Blu0 Moimtailir, wfiich pasvniarth of m«i^ ; fo^" avi pursue a 80uthweit>c»ui|e IJack of tli^ese an{e** c^pec s^cMintains, on the east of th^ Susquehanna ; and oil.. iie wcs^ jSliermoa's h^r Sid^Un^ l^ills, Rsifeged, ^'r?^ W^rrior^ tv^*» and TJVUlV moun^ina:; ibe ^reat :4m-: «fiy ri|gei which beit^ the Ingest, gives its ham^ toihl V fpMle r^ge; ir^^d" this, are the l^spwiut ria^es. Be* «!^een theJuaiiito «Qlir^e wettern^ of the Sus^ue^ b^na, are Jaqk*|^ tmf»t Nittiny, and Bald Bugle moun* ta^/ j'the videsDelweeii these mountains, are generally ©f A rich black Soil «i^»* to ithe yaisibus kinds of grain anil grass. Some of the mountfuns will adM^bf cultivation 4* ti^ii0 their itops^ The iwher parts, df the state art gen- erally lev«t pr agteeal% iwric^ated with bills and vaities|» Moimv* Peansylvaii^ includes t|ie greater part of thw |ufi4s ortreOSi shrubs, and plants, ^at grow widiia th% Vulted States. Oaks of several ^<;ies form the bulk of! the w<|ods. Hickory and walaiit arfe wore plentiful her% j^u in ^ noiih^ sto^. Sfyssafras, muliierry/ tulipi. tree, and cedar, are common and: grow to "pe^eciioiy Tffi^ si^9^mp sassafiras is fbu^d in low grounds ; the twtga .androotsaee used both in bath and decoc^on, for rf" moving the rhumatism. The, cucumber t»ee grows ve? ry tailabou^ the western mountains., viTie umbrella tree Ia found in som^ places, siJtteeri^ twenty feet h%h ; th0 bark is. smooth, and the leaves, which are placed «ttbe l^ds of the br^ches, sometimes exceea twelve or Silted inches in length, ^nd five or six in breadth, terminating In a point at each extremity : these leaves are in a cir* c^ax form, resembling, ap. umbrella i bailee th^ fiapifte> ^m^ Wk 6f a tuUj^ free ia etteemed ii tdierabfe ikht^bM ^fi|ii(^'in this ttate, k ptetar^^d, Jleaidet man^ other irljl* iiabte tfees and thtubi, are thertererai ,^eciet'of maMt ^.«f kluMe, the tanrlet*«o^rej^ ' 4^4 iu^ n^le are mi mli^^ui^ut ; 'they are conniopn In^.'the Qorthern tfnd Wealb .'Ci#£&rt8 of the state, aoH lur|{^rithim the othvi speoieii TKfo^gfnmti^^^^^ omI yield abundaiiee llC8«(p/^r the miakiog dr Wti^ar. "'Ws luili-teaved tooth* ..M^iXee, is found here aiid^ in MaiylliDd. *fhe bark aii(4 '^flpsoid^have ad acrid taste^'l^ are us^ iaTeUeviua wm <4ootI^ach, whence it l|ali||dt ita name. .The shrubby bith- ■wort grow* n^af^lfdrtjMt.'lr Wives in th@ shade, in a :*ti<;h soli i ^ff^ abooit thirty ^^feet high, and sends off many tivinti^ branlant8 in thut atate. :GT|ipeii of sevcrar sorts are C^mmbd: t4ie late kMA) yih>.'U miiUowed by Brost, mak% •vith theaddition Of sutgar,,g[ood4rine. jilie ap(^^ peai% j|>lU(iis, andpeaches i^e\gb(kl' At present -the cultivation .^' the vine is much {n y^gue in Penniylvaraa. Mihts., Iron ore abdntdiii liK ^iv^te. Co^r, lead, and r^ldum, appear in some places. Lime-stone is common, as is also s^ecai kinds of marble. Jin the 'middle and western . i^untry, is abundance of c4t^ ; an extensive bed of whic^. ^flr^hte^over the counlry souihwestwardly so as to be fiftund, in the greatest plenty, about Tittsburgh. I'here ace vflilso brge bodies of coal, cm 4i>e -head waters ot the luylkill and Lehigh ;'andanQthtT bed at Vvj^nung. ^&^g^. Th/e useful quadrupeds, in the new distriots, ate leer in great numbers, bea^cs, otters, racoons, and m^rtinsk, ^^^liflliloes rarely cross theOliio; and elksseldoui advance iti^om the nortli. Panthers, wild-cats, beats, foxes^ and ^olvjs, are not rare ; the last do mdSt mischief, especfally in the winter ; but the fur and skins of all are valuabie* In th« thick suttlements. rabbits and squirrels are frequent ; alse iMipk^ 9nd oui^ati in th^ marches ; ; partridges are yetvnu^- I*i y^is^mtJtm,:. - 1 ..■ ITjS *-*--*^— ^ art TO0^,|i^ fl»<»thp^twi^'^ «^I>«^^W| tin w^raiii v^pewt^, /cotton, jsogar, ^icc«i\ ^•J^^?^ I*»«i^«^, ii^ieniliii^^ est^ti^ n ▼akiia ; 't)i9i0 tt ji ioorifhing ,coli«ge «! Oir^, v,p.«w ^tmim Wm, WhUslk is ^m^ iqwe^ than iHuniiua. m. Wi«d^^(tfri, miluEt ii«8tem pir^ ol^^ «i4t9^ 41 coli^ £j*?iM^ ^^^^P^>km^* are perhap. iipto piroinot^ the^^dca^aon , [I^Ueti^^^m^n^, anf others mfj^Socidieit, Th^^axi ' iBore numerous and Moufisfting in Pennsylvania^ tt^ m' my other of tho states. The names of these iftip^ifeg^ gt^tdfiona are as foIloVs; the American PhUoipphieS SoCiet^v held at P'hikdeiphia for pi^ijiotuig. useful l^^k ^§ ; the SoCioly^for^omoting Political lo^uir#s^i-^ ^liege of I^lwsicjans, lot the prpmation of medical^ iaiS 'gmical, and chemical knowledgo j the ^©m»yivi^Si- ^Pil4^,^ PhUada^a pispnis^, for the. m^d^i^ ]^CMt|»^jpo^ for pr«i^oii |||#^^Ut»|»al^iiii« tlw mt prop^detariir an4 fpatiiie^ itf th4| olinfce^ la i6S9t jmiS ieUlS by a pblooy freritf £irglan4i Hk^lho 9 i^r^lt^ Mt -iNHri qf the, lalluziiia betw^n the peliii^are ip j||!i s iitiH m^f^ ^bm0^is^lim in a rigbt Upe a^» mUt'ik^M^ct, *pie nttBib^ >ir iiiliiii|k{(i^ witbni iX^^ ta^MiSi l^hurbii {inclaaiM tKe'dittrki xMTllottl^^ aii# t|na cdmpactty btlilt part'o^^ Noi^ers X^er^, whi<|b 't^ottfi^0iti^ymm$ wttmbtx^ Ij^vi^pra t f 1^4^ M»fl'« ^.d4P> io g»oL WlieiiKr W6 oooiider tbviocal MttmH^j the|^» 0iebaaiity» the variety and utility of the iinp|-0v<^tne^|i Iki jmdflmios and manufactoref) or the industry; tti^ ^l^r* privet the huihaiiitr, md tlic abilities of thy mhilfitati^ t|ia» it mttriu to be rwiked amoiiQ| ttil: 6irttroit^s of th£^ tJn#«8tat0s^ . ; "^ ' I^iAM^Asrait ia the largest inland .ie^m k ^ ^i^|| iha seat of j\i«^ ia Gum^erl^ ^^^*9^t •oi^fted iid 1^09^ 9900 iiihabitai«ta« Iier# it l>icllifiiito edmi^: \,'\^Rr^''\:.'\::-:-p-- ' " . ■ ;; .;.■■.;■:'..•?:;■: ■„■: PiTT^Byilo, Oil t^rw«ftoni4|i^^ the A^%«ny i^^ lainf 590 mUea wfstwiird of Philadelphia^ is beav|^i^|y li(\)ig^d oa^ a large olaui, wh^h is the point of land lyetwj^ mi^t^ve their coniueace, mwf^e «u' Sbii nmr^ |n rsob, ithadl566^inhabiti»t«. . i^ BsTui/fiitiBMirM^tlie l^ehig^, a^wiistem bcancli of i^ IMavrare^ fiftf-thjpeemilgfc norm ol'Philadeiphia, inl|pi|p^ ^ie% by iVIohnianil^ Tlie townbein^ in a▼«iiypli^^^ i^ healthy situatioai ia ik>iiu«aliy visited iii the »ua%0c, % parties of plea^irej iNmi aifi^featit partis' 1 .^ A-:c Harrisbvkg, ia « i«}w flouriahuig plac©,v al^ou^ li^ miles west b^ nbtth from Philadelphia. x ' Cufiositks and Antiquitiet, la the northern par| arl. Tb9 l^ctes ase eii^tixely ' ftma^, iii:«tt: s««ti ^ Htm AUtganj tMmMm^ mm. - > jh'' eHio. I J^hml^t BoumUimt, and Extefda TAii state ii|Mn^ Jlv terrifoiry^ tmsmXy oiOkd TAe Nortkweit Terr^ftrj^^ an4 leii between ^f llT iu»d ♦JP no# U4%\i^» tndJMwi^jpii silfaiiia, nod i%boiiiid«€L acnilh >v Q^ fiv<;r, weutJ^fM^ mu^-Tehitdty ; ttorui I ^ Uickigim Tmtoiy , and lale Mr4i h, it 200 tnilcsi loM, and about tbe amM jn braajii^ coalaiiiiil^, exclittive of the Walcira, of fute ^ and JBaor *ti%f fS^B.^'?: iioreik. Wm0il>m emd PopuiiUm, This lita^tratMbiBllted into lUt Uilioii, by act of Congreie, in 1803. ll 14 ^fided inMi J# jdMit^tfet and S20 towQ#bi|fi t ^ ^9,484 \ JeOenm l'i,097 liekinij- viSm .r:;* Green IlfiiiiHoa li4^ 6,303 10,878 8,000 tl^l 1,854 81,486 4,181 1^,917 8,051 5,870 15,1^38 5,766 Sciota Stark- Tti6<»rava,«; . Warren WaihingtoQ^ PopnUitiQa, ftiiooi S,«4^ I,«0». , :.. t,7»#. ■• 8,671 1 tSwil' 880 '760 - )^r judi^'al piKTpQiies the . state 19 divided into Ihreii^ ^ fM&B.qfihe Country, . A fiew miles badsi from ^« OhiO^^ in tbe upi^ei: or aorthei^ii pints of the a6it$; Uie la^ i« b^| m vjU^ M^, 804: tap 1^ in bfeami, «climlte(} into e, m^east^thie mouth of %ron. . v * V .^ ^ Sandusky tiftriAieBtmr abranc^r 00 th« great J^i^ pod' etnptiei^ int^: thisr soUth#ttft'^4i6^^i' of Sandusky Lake*- Mitoii Of the iakos falls into lake Eri^, atthoS. W. i^|m»etii i^ol/^ P^oductiansff 4nd Xhfiftingrie/ La%^ level bot^i^« or naCiiiMtd meadows, from 10 to i$ miles in .circm%^^^^^^^a^^^ fUund boidering the rivers and vwriegsuing, tilife country fn< tile interior parts^ Thesi^afioitd ar rich a soil atf can be m^-. igin^, and m^vlje reclucilld^ to prof^ cuitiiratioii wkK' ve^ < iStleiabor^:;. "^ ..■..„^ ' ■■■-■,•';";■■ :;.n^:^'--/ The coUntiNf produdeis aU' the immi^ikte necessaries pl^-" iffi^ iii'g)feaf pierity, and far be^rond!^ the present consum^f"^: ijbh o^the tmiabitants ; tiie residue, with mahy.oi^er: «rti" - ciesj such OS hemp, cordage,: hard 'ware, wkiskev, a|i|>|id^^ .eSder, andrsalted pr&Visions, are cairi^ied down the ri^l-lifc l^«^Orleans, where^they find a readV;niarkit»- si *7 M. m Mrn^ ■ '^^^' 1!^ fefiatt^ftmit 'tmi ^WMkt^. » iflu^i^ itt^te tri^e^ ^aa^r (urdxnUu^s^^^iej a ^ii<^y of I ' |ifa|fili^^p6s,iand^i^^ iH|^: hav» a^fiUJS^^^^ i)»> thf;it own. ' coajbmpli^irxff'^ nch fe€t>irii»;i '6riii|p»^ .an^ ho^ M« the 'i;kai^#j^odi»^liona 4>f ,^ dova^txyi - ' vma^. iii0xNfl9lU>le qitamiv of ^^ ^tope, ait^; beds of lE^,:0rfk^v€diii,iir»QeB^^^^a^^^^^^^ ^terii jl^ri of . tile siat■ , -■■*■' ^ ^?-!-'>'^ , Sfifings. Tb!6r#i»0 ai^^Dgs iii.^^ many fam.:c^ tHie ^-'-^^'■'AnmUiis* Innumerable har^s ^f deet and wild ^at^e Ik^rctofore were sheltered, in tbiegrovea and fed in the ex- c faiilve bottoias 4hat abo^^ UMa gt^^ but are now be* l^«.4n«;^'«oaree./ T^ g". ""■ •fte litrekliockihff 4nver, and endowed wlth^4!6|O0lP; a^i^ of Jtedi The i«»poratioii ^oniiiiti. (^ iik ^©v^er elj <*« Stete^ for the tte Wng> the |^resideittp. aqd not^^^^i^^ Ifteenx nor less thajnten». trustees, In Feb. laQ9^$h« legis- kture of this state, passed an act establishing ilie Miomr Vnivenit^. whiebiiAft-since b^n d^ced inthe to^.of .Oxr %d, »* milett N. W. ef Cincinnati. Congress, tktm the year 1790, reserved a township of 2»,000 acres of -knd in the c0untyof Butler, ^ for the fiurpoae of supportinff a Uni- . veiBity; This township has laieiy been located^. The offir eet»(^this institution are to be a pt^ideat and a board oif ttustevs, to consist of tw^ty tWjQi tnemben, are created a body politic. T^ institution iaabitut to be. Qfgani^e4iL and to^commence'^its operations. , ' v i ■ Chief T&nong. M^ARieiTA, the chief town in Wa^ingtei| county^ is a handsQgie 4qwO| . standing on ii»m6i^:M&^ m oniDi m; ny f dm: of the 4- tle^tf^ «i»d' cQiHi^^l^y: J|i^ !«ia ^m agipi^ itreets sraFdi of |ifui£|g^^W9iU^ &c^. • gMlr i«rQniei^iQ .the Jtate^ i« oo. th« 'f^^^m^M Beio« to riyer» i4>PU,r}pQ iQJle9,irei)a^it^ mouthv^iwwl.ft^.f^inUes. uoave ite juiMiti Mhi% ofp^osite > llie mottth of Xic|ung^riv4irv and . » ni^tter of niudk 8petroit} and another at MichiUmakinac^ and soo» extended their com- merce west <^ lake Michigan to the IndiiHis on th^ Mi^- %i{))pl;- Thi» war in U75^ dispossessed the< Freneh ef tfiis ■ ^territory^ • It remained in the hands of th^ Sritishi till the p^ace of 17$S gave it to the United Stat^v anda govemofr iraa -appointed in Ju*^, 1787, for all the territory N. W*- W the 9hio treaty ; and this fine peninsula was fwined intoa.countyr called the county. i)f Wayne. In 1805, it re«d¥«d the si^ue of .th« Michigan territory, was formic kto a distinct governments > and a gt^vernor appointed' over - it. The country is im* ~ pr<>rmg4 and'Whe&the land» are put on sale, it is^ bought'- the pop vdationwUl rapidly, increase. - The greater p{urt ot the inhabitants (#lly[|i cotuitl^ som-- Gatitolics. - The Protestaiits have no settled ininist^fr. Th6 missipnaries of the Methodisl^ have maue many, conyerta - among, the lower orders of people. According to the census of 1810, the population was off Erie distriefe 1,340 Hurendo- 5dO^ ilatroitdo*' 2^27 Michiiiinaklnac do. &ld(~ ■Sum Tatfl^ ^Tm liicitio AH^ iPSHfliftKit T. f: iKwr' (ktionr was off- Brie* and ID Jf. «f like 8t. Clatir^ The ^ tosta wa^ whdliy det tro^ liy ftre ^ is 1865^ The; new tp«>ii% well hud ott» i tfaM? BttiBets eifteef^li dtl^if • fiit %br w^d^ mi IK^ sitttti^ ii^ltif^asdsit. ft coiiii^ed '^ ism, ibfibid^ Che fffurr on, 770 iflihablMwt*!' ttnd 80 dvMlHig houses. The fort itf of tm (rt)kMg l%ufe» biiilt with titodciMkB, a&d •ompl^y comnuMdi we gieunriM^ Detroit aad MicMimekki^ are4)oeh portl of entry ii« iiis territory. The eieperU fro^ th*j formtr, in lolQ, a- mountedta 3615 dal^ti. of whfth'en^y 4/4 doAlB. werie ff Ibrei^ |>rodiice« Nx> r*1«i«»i^ were received flrbm the port o^'MiohUimiikmac. The state of Ohio fiirui^ves this c6mr tpry, with beef, perk, whisic^, cheese, and butter. ■'*-.' The cUmate is cold and heal^y^ Winter s'ts in flb'oi|i-. the middle of November, and lasts till the middle of 7>lar<»^ without tifuch.vdriRiion.. The ^onet-al ^ce of the cebntrjT i^ flat. Nothing like a, nUHmtain is knoWn* It is estiioa^ ed that upwards of 20,000^000 acres of tfusteiritory are excellent..' The agricultural productions, in 1810, w^re 20,0001)ushels of apples, 10,000 of maize, I2,a(»0 ot'whea* 8000 of. oftts, 100 of barley, 1308 of buckwheat, 12^6 of pdtatOi's, S034< of turnips, 1000 of peas; and 1500 bar- feis'of -cider, St. Mary's riveri Huron or St. Clair river, and Detro|l. liver, flow on the niorthiern and extern borders of the tef* ritory. Detroit rivei* is 28 miles long, and runs in a S. Vf, direction 12 miles, and thence due S. 15 toiaike'Erie. It iis navigable for the largest i^i|W, and is g^ner^tUy f. :a mile to a mile and a halt, and in' somec places three nnles^ . broad. Huron river, in the country w.est of lake St. Clfeitv and running eastwardiy 60 ca'.70 miles,. iBEdk into that Idke, . 30 miles N. froiij Detroit, More than half of lake Michigan, half of Huron and St. Clair, a part of Superior, and probably « part of £rie» beiong to this territory.. Islands. The island Michilimakinac lies between Michi- gan und Huroa, and is 7 miles in circumference. The ground on which the fort stands is 150 feet above the ievti of tlie iaj^e, and 10f> yar;l8 from the shore. The foH U utntiy built, and e*h>it8 a beautiful appearance Urovik^ tttt water. The village is on the shore at tlie right of the. I'li ■11 'I u vim . -i)$mmm!^^ iMiuMn^ banes. The ^iiilJ^fi;^ |i» iiii9t4|Qr fm nff liland e3ihl)»|8 ^Hie 8aiiii0 t^^mmet^ The j^tlanii m onel ji»?t« 9f^mmtmfi* •»* ll«« iSoU Ji scry tick. Tl>e pUidw |i«;oi^>^ IteiOlhy. T||e>pn|<^ Us(9l(if 5 moRJibs wijl^l imab^d «gQr« This i^snd if sliU » plae^Jtt feQdeAvttdt [ i^ the N* lir. !ftr|idess,^eir clerks aij^i je?y»ullfc They feutrally asf^^i^We h^ir^ in Jun^ ai|d J)il^ q^q to th^ wnberof800. tkne^ mmmmil^ $mse iilaaiii in Itib Ml«f apdiivfiaKi i'i! ;iit M Mil M'i i t ii 4 "raiS territoiy Uet heivroen I«I37 45 and 41 WV* mjSi betMreen 82 48 and 85 45 W. Idhgitud^. J^lej^gk jk about ^70 miles^ and its bi^wlth about liQ. TIhi liumber of «mia»e inUes ui ^0t> far j^m S5iCK)0» Jt 18 bouiid^^d E» by the stateof Wo ; Sj by the Ohio nvcir f . W. by the Illinois tenitoiry ; N» % Michiifw territory. 7^6 teri4u>r/ is divided ioto 4 (iounties^aiid 27 towi^ip6» tE!ottnti«t. Mo. of t6woie> No. of ittht Chief Towiu* Dearborn 9 T310» Clark 6 S,670 '€larkesville HarrisMl $'^ 8,595 Harrison Knox 9^ 7,945. St^Vincenne* I \i Total, 27 24,520 This territory, till JiEHioary, 1801, formed^ a part of what was called tho Northwestern tertitory. At this pe- riod, it was erected by Congress into a territorial gcvern- iBient with usual powers and privileges. This territory has a fine soil, adapted to covn, wheat, ?e, oats, cotton, hemp, tobacco, and othier articles men* led in the account of the state of Ohio. Its natursl ItSf NOB TRRftlWDBlT^ 179 Miy iltv^ tf«»lfi9«b^'^th» WdM^ jbuvOm into dw „. It li iMMUble wttii batMmx 44#iiililei 10 C^iiatwolMt^ id fte large i»bk0etlS7^ii^ ^o^eniia^^ aiM tliie ei^ ^icoamttkib ; 4» wisa$k oaT Ithe bank of tlie Wabalh, 150 miks&oiti itt movkk H itf ISIO, 893 iifhiibitiitiUi f)i^AH» ItMldiimifeiQit ^i';-.^ ILUHC^S TERRlfOKT^ THIS t^hotyia^e V "sstem half of whiif' wat^MMIb cajled the terrKbrjr N. Wv«f Ohidj asi^ .emIiMcWl ! whole of it, except what is includ^ed lA thf which are incHid^ itt thiV tenritdry. It is boUtlil^ kdibV Upper Canadu on the N. ; 00 the £. it has Uke * iMichlgan, and the In4i89a territory ; oii:the S. Ohiorlv- sr ; on the S. W.'^iind W. the Miasisippi, which separiatt^ froin Louisiana. This territory denves it name wooj. le river lUinois, an Indisb' wordi'Sighifyiiiig a man gfjum 9ge, mthevtgorqfhit.fjfears, iUmoiMrivgt is the river ofmeom tt wos a paii of the Jiidiafia territoiy till 1809, Wb^n it k% erected into a s^pdraCe jgdfeinttient. That part of this territory wliich' is settidi bt white Sb^le; 18^ divided' tsN two counties, vix. St* Clair andf Landolph, which arc subdijHded into 1^ tdwnihi|Ni». th^ liliied p6pUlal^oil Hf thii territ(r. »iM».. , " itpart, it aa extfensiye |r*ct of le«6l rich ^J^o* viwM** B&l iii ^ IngH wdms, aWiii '^14 i^iHes^ Wwe Jim __^e iilmoiji river. The niinois rfyer is bordered by £n#^iii^^0W9 #bich in jB#ie .^iwes cktend ai fatm 1^ wt|ei»Miri3*'ck*^.ai>d^^«»U .of the country generally HkjT *«ery.siH>iyripr ouaUty. Thp priii 44' ROfth if^itode. and btitween V^ iWlfliia» of Philadcipnia, and ^f** SGfwest longitude. It » |^.^i«»jtfiqig, and no l>raad*.«ou,;aiwng 14»000 squaw.,! miles^ one fourfh of iwhich is waters l5few^i»^«^|P». M*H»yltod jftbounded &n the north by Penn- li^lkte j^J^ the state o^ Belaware, and tb& Atis^itic f^ean ; ^ioutli and v^cat t«r Vir^nia. ;.= ^ ^ bjeomoHi and m^aiiau, Thm ItaAe k divided into mne« f|i|l countiiai, tkven oi'v^lefcch are on the western, attA- i^ht m the «ailBtt shore oT the Chf^iiapeak bay. ■S^' v, I. •«A»'^«r*.«-, ■S/* 1 1 ffARlSiAip, Fradeitek Moiitgoininry CStavert IM30 Jt,»80 U,t94 'i; Kent QiKMD Aav Dowhwm Tet»l -^1lS(M4^ .*!. The wlK^ muitb V (tf* iBlisd»himU ia'Mafe^aiid ilk 1800 y^sSidBSs ■;'-\' j^:- ■' ■'.'^-' ■"-, ■;"'":'^-'''^-./:; Ba^$ ani^ /2n)er«. Cli^ftpeak Bay cUviiieii this «tftte iiit^, «aftiira and .w^tern diiyitMrns. 'fjm-h.ay. which is did lolvest iiithd United States, aftbrdg maay good fishefi^, •14 is reoMiriki^id for the •xcekency of its crabs, aiid also Ih^ [■A. particiilaf vp-icios of wild duck, called caiivns bdck* ham commercial Tiew,^it ts of imm^tte advantage to the state. It reeeivci a nuaibtir of large livm. From the eastem flhorem lliiuryltu^, amo^ i^ier jmaller ones it received Pokomo^y Nanticoke> Cuontank, C^iester, ami Klk dver*. From ^e nortiby ih& rapid Su6quelia.ima ; and from iJbxf west, Patapsc*, Sevsim, Patux^nt, fflid Potoftiac, haifolf irhich is in Mainland, and hair in Virginia. Except tiiitt| €lttsqiiehanna aild; Potomac, these a^e^£maiI^river8. JPfttap? j tco river is- bat about 30 or 40 yards wide at the ferry, ^wi|' before it emptier into the 4)aMHi upon which Baltira^rA stands. The Mono^asy is a gentle stream, which 6ntei» the. Potomac, fourteen oiiles frotn Fredericktown. In ^ea- eiai it is fordabie. Severn is a short, inconsiderable river* passing by Annapolis, which it leaves to the south, eqi^^^ ^kig, by a broad mouth, into the Chesapeak. ^ " r ; ■ [ Patuxeut rises in Ann- Arundel county, and pubs int« [■liie bay, *irei.rt;y miles north of the mouth of fchi^j Potoraac. iThere are si vefal small rivers, such as the VvicoiBtcM]^ lastevn ricanch, and Conegocb^^ague, whidh empties into ^otomae river fro.u the Maryiarid side. Face of the Country, Soil, and Product'mns, East of the oi" aaauntaias, which^tr jtches acros^s the westera this 'State, the laud, iike that la «di the ;outh *rn stat^ [isfeat^iy level aof! is9Q of stones j Ihe »oii ^E>usi ovc^ips i!iii: ifil ■ I !!■ j. H>: ')' li'l!! I M M^tlft.AI«l H^ dlntUart and Pie natural predt^i^idiii} ,ndt rdiiMtflcH^ ^;^^ grotim^) (t'i^nos^ of ;lhepo^ on !^(p8|eriifli(»^«, ii'^Si^ed, in m^ny placei, vrith stagnant' water, except wfi^iae H is intersected by ninneirpUB creeks. Here a)6o ar^ hutge tracts oi rnarsh, Wtiicli, during the dav, load, the ixi> Qib^h^e with irapQr,tliat falls in dew» in the c|o84>..ci|P the 0lil1»iikier and fall seasons, whic 't^hcat and tobacco are |he most important productions ^ ihe Rtjat^. Cotton, hemp, and flax are also taised, but liPot in large tftiiantities. Apples ami. peaches .are among ^e cultivated iruitB ; fr^m both of th63^ brandv is distilled! Among the trees of the forest are several kinoB Of oak a|id Dlack walnut. TIte woodd aboUnd with nuv^.^ of vajrious soi^ on which vast numbers of swine are ietted. ^ Mines . works, turnaoea^ dit^eries, and paper •miils. • C&mm'rce»]^ Tht tradO of Maryland is principally carried ^from Baltimore, with the other states, witn the ^est- lA^hes, and with some parts of Europe. To these placei|^ they send annually about 30,000 hogsheads (^ tobacco, be^ Sides large x|ua(itities fif if heat, floytr, ,pig-iron, lumber, and Csorp ; beans, pork, and flax-seed, in sn^aller quantities. They receive in return clothing for themselves and ne- ^roeit^aij^d oHlier dry goods, wiiws; spirits, sugar and other ^^stJndia jpommoditi^. Vb^ btuance is generaHy in ■"fteir-fSBnrpr. ■ '^'-^ .V " ''""-V '■• ' fidmation ii^WBi i6f tlie promf^^ion olT general literature. There Is a { #f0i^h co^l^ <^B^timore,'With a^^^ -seventy st^ent%! ^^ ' i^ fl^inta «ti^ ififltittttiona of leas note« Ev^ ! Ill 06tvmiA' im #f» n^jfbbc^bood h^vitf'ithoo), wfae|r6 children ms mm"^ jiegdiog, writingi i^ d arithtnttici , ; . CUies 0ni Tmns.' toi^Ai|pifis dty is the ea|MtalQi' Ma- tylmAf and: the we^thiesV place jof its size in all Aoi^nca. Uit at the inou^ of the BMkmrtfeiS SO niiio» tif^f^i Baltirnorei It is a city of mtle note ia- the o^^^^olal world. Th9 hoiwesj S50 ih niwnber, are indicatiytwfflrtat health* The number of inhabitant* does aot es^oeed ^)QQ* Baltimore ha« had the most rapid ^row^i of any town ^ the conttneut« and is the third in si^e, and the fetat^ in trade; in the United States. It lies on t$ie north side of Patapsco riven The situation of the town is low, aoiil was formerly unhet^th^r, but the inaeaae of houses, ai^ the paying and other improvements of tlie streets, hay^p rendered it tolerably healthy. The number of inhabit- ents in the town and preci^cts, according to the oensuaoif I89O, y^ 26,214; m 1810 they aipounted to 4!6,485. It contains nine churches, a theatre, and a^umber of oth- er public buildings. The tonnage of this city ia 1810 was 102,459.' ^ . FRBPERicKf o WN IS a fine, flouifishing inland town, and eontai^ed, in 1797, ^600 inhabitants. Ha^^aastown ii situated in the beautiful and well cultivated yalle]^ of Con- egocheague, and carries ,(m a considerably trade with the westerh country. jEtKtON j» near the head of Cheijapeisk bay, on a small river which bears the name of the Uxwiv It enjoys great advantaees from the carrying trade Im* t^een Baltimore and Philad^iphia. eOLUMBI A TERRITORI^. This territory is ten miles square^ and embraces th« aity of Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria. It was [ceded to the United States, by Maryland and Virginia^ for llhe purpose of establiihiDg in it thd seat of the general Igovernment. It embraces a section of Potomac rive^ , • ex- Jtending from the southern part of Alexa»dia, to a point; |iA»out five miles abovf^ (Georgetown, and includes a ppit of ^URO of the Potomac canals. This section of the river, from I the Maryland side, receives the Eastern Branch, which [hounds the city of Washington on the southeast, Tlbes;, 4eedy, and liock Creeks;, and from the Virgiaitt sMle,- teste" ,.!•! m ill 1; i !iii hi ill "ii r jii! ' m , Mill ii! Vbur MS^Riiii. Eaiiem Drsnch foraii « raftr m^ Mn. •lodioil harbor, bi ig §iiiBci«n% deep jfontb« Jargeft.«hipi j i»r abCftlH; four laHes above i|B nimithy while llie cba jsieiiUei iiofee ftiong .tiie bank, adjoi^iMitg the city. The r<.>n uuk if mis>ivg$ble o^ly ibir small cr|§, ibut a conaiderable ditUlticoj #om itii.baBks;x &ext.^e city. I WAsatKGTOii city appean to contain some importaiii 1 Impi^ofeniente Upon that of the best planned eities in tb$ umid; eo»nbining» in a remarkable oeerce, ccnvfnience, vtgiilaFity, elegance of prospect, and a tree circulation ofl sir. 'i^he.poBinons'of the difietrent public edifices, and of thes.iFeral square* and areas of diifeitnt shapes, as Iheyf axvrlaid down, ivere first determinecLon the most advanta-; HKHis^ground, commanding jihe mo^ extensive prospects,: and, from ti^ir situation, susceptible of such tmprovt;menuj j||t.eithi5' WW or ornament may: require. - The capitoi is situ- J at»d on a most beautiful eminence commanding a comf^cte I •view of every .part of the city. The President's house itotands OIK a rismg- ground, posse'snng ; a delightfcd. water lisnspect, t^j^ther with a commanding vitiWoC the capitoi, aa4 the-most majterral parte of' tlie city. The graiid ave- mu(;i0ivand sttth^ti^eets as lead iramedialely to public places, vare ffdi» 130 to u>0 feet wide; the othe^ streets are i^. ■'$0-tQii9^%e^Tm!s:. ■ : , :* •'■:'■ ,, ^, ^: .■- : IliJl^GQ^ um^^C9immed4$0^i^^ o^ whom • 4f0iirere peopi > /c^of. In 181% the number of inhtrfii- . tanta had moreased to 86@0. Uejper are four houses for pub- litt worship -for Pr*i4>yiefiana, one €dt Roman Catholics, •uafbr Baptisjbs, anapnefor Episoopalians. In tht cily, are three luarket houae».v At the »ayy yard, are three large brkk buiidingi}, for the reception of naval stores. Barracks are erected for the marines. At .Gre^eaf's Point iJr a towieirvmagaziQe ^an^^t^oivrii home. Two blj^idges are uiit over Rock Oeek, which divides the city fr^im (ieofge- Iowa. The public oifSces^ occupy two buiidings, each abi»ut 450r!^ ^m the President's house. ^ ^ " G^oRQETowN stands OB the h^vik of the P'otomac, 160 milesKl^^pm its entl^nce into the Chesapeak, ami foui* fri*m l^ashij^ltoa city. It contains abaut 250 houses^ and 4948 iali^tants. Al'lBXAT^DRiA stands an the south bank of the Potomocv: andi^B^otainiKi in 1800, about 50U houses, «^d^O(^Ml^ bitauts.^ .in 4810, 7227v. ■•H'0..mf*'i»t,4.f'-- » raftr tnd .gem. iritb« J8rgeft.«hipi{ The r< ^ uuk: if Atderabto dittnticej ▼IRGINIA. VIRQINIA. 185 ) some Importani nned eitiei in th^.l |ree, convfrnencej ree circulation of | B edifices, and dtl It shap^S) as tlieyj >ie most adv»ita«{ tensive prospeetSf uch improvf;'njt;ntsj Llle capttoi is situ- 1 inding a coin{y«te| Fresideot's house deli^htfcd. water :sw oC the capito}, The grancl ave- r te public places, streets are ihMtt bStatttfi, gF wh&m lumber of inhabi- xr houses for pub« loman C&diolics, ns. In tilt ci/kYf d, «re three large stores. Barracks leaf's Pcunt Or a Two blj'idfies are Mtyfroin Ueoirge- lings, each «bSttt Siiitetion and Extent. TITIS is the lai^eat of the United States, extending 446 miles in length, by a bread- of gg4 miles, and contaming an area of 70,000 squ^r v^'-lft lii ■? between 36*" and 4-1® north latitude, an *he meridian of Philadelphia, and 8® west longitu(4 Bmndaries, Bounded north by, Maryland, p an- cylvania, and Ohio^r west by Xentuckyj soutn by North- Carolina ; east by the Atlantic ocoan. The following aie the divisions', and number of inhab- itants in eaeh according to the census of 18101 ** of the Potomoc^: C'oukittes. Acconiac Arnelia Atniierst' Augusta^ Batii BciitoW ' Berkely Brooke Bruns#iofc' Btiekinghattt' CAtnpbell C»ro]ine Giiarles city - Charlotte Chesterfield Cftmiwrland - Ca] pepper ' CabeU- Diuwiddie EltzaTteth city TLssHx Fau(|u!er Fairfax*^ Fluvaunia Frederick Pm"klin CHoacester Ooochlai^ Crajson Q'if No. In: ii jitauu. 10,394 10,^4» 14,3(AJi 4,83t lff,14« • I MTU i«,30l V '5,S43 ■ , 15,4U 20,059 1T,001 1T,344 5,180 13,l(i!t 9,919 9,993 l«,9bT S«,T1T ^ 12,^4 3,^8 9,876 4,'74 2*>5r4 10,Ti{4 ia,4jT 10,?J03 4,941 4- Couui^'; Greenbrier OratisviUr Oiles Kalifa* > Harapsbira V > Hanover Haidy Harrisoir Hfeiirico Henry I»le of.Wigbfc -^ James city ■ Je^ersOn Kaiihawa King^ Aud Queen King .(Teorge King Williara Ldncaster Lee LoudtiQ ' Xouiso. ' Liinenbai^' iMadisfOn MaHueWs Mtlbklenburg; r MidiUiENiex Monouga^heia Mfinrofe IWoiitgbmery Mason Nai)seinonUS ■ 4,414 i 1^93 M44 8,409 1,9(^1 10,3)3^ ' IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 1.1 u rti£ 12.0 u IL25 i 1.4 M 1.6 Photographic Sciences Coporation 33 WIST MAIN STMET WnSTIR,N.Y. 14SM (71«)«7a-4S03 '> ■''/¥,:■'.( .<;.■.- ■"',*>'■ M ,r-m :^J«: .V.4 I i 9,m li*«-'^.";-i:r I'iiJBevi'ett > " r\"v - ^ ■■■■ ,,;:. . ■ -v 1''^ ;*'-'' y^sirst '""Si AA*''"^?^'' ' ^■■i^ \ Xi; ■#*■ l^ll;1il^iGC^l6lSf,:i9Gr«i^J^^^ , iwrf to tleo jpfm6h«ir^i«^ HiMMfitetf^e or'iO&ttul^t jok«-^li« PMQnu^. juii;^ s:^ ' '<^' '■ piw' ' ■> A, •tv^>i ■„-v ■ . - iy^^t, ^•»tW ^Inia to tlie «itrn- ,♦* it£: ^^j^'!Sl^^i^ '■*^< peas.. >«^® ^ Janioi^ ^mtrvmim Ash^me^^ mAfifeiiil ^ produce ttdet ttnd «p|>ie brjiti^ iiiKJarer^nMtoi^^ » g?P^ »b»adance iipon j^ OiSr g|^: Cftres* «»qii|g the iw^ ... ?^^^S^tlS«StiSL^ K.-J- '«»■'■/ 1 r *> /.,.'„^ '^H-' ""' * »( m ! 1 It 1 't-, r^ Ki#u;0unig^^ breeding of goo^lioiM^^^ i|?«|&rd» *^*f <***^*® 5*^**^ and-wUt^rtSlim- nwi?g tSwAr ^L ?^.*^ Grem K»ahawa, ai» aw^w offed» the W Of wjiicft n-minAiai^. ini^ .with .$0g^ and tometBaet lillh^ock.-. Comity itm, Wack«leii4 eoali, nwajble, lime- stone, Ac. are found in this^tate. < ^ma^Hm ooamtaL 2M0^t$iniUundSqltSj^mgii th^mo6tei&»iSi<«i8ofih«0tt at»%0' ^^ringt ask Aufrueta, wmt 4he soimnmm of ;}aia«| nv« M^sfihere it W<»IW4a«jBgon'8 rivet. ^ tli^y r«|f li^^i^ ,;!S?f**^*^^^^l>'^°»®^*>n- One if^^(i8tii««W m-h^, ^ime dtthe W«wi S^g and the oSST^th. T?'*^'^, ■«» ^Hf«i w>i*ey6^ rheumatiwtw. Othet; ri^- "!**^ "r tf7 a»»Bei|t^H«t«?r«(i,^have been removed ^ 4tiaieo^-by^ tbttn^.. :£tKrai|it. heie &i» of five dM$ lit^ UJ^' *^^*^*°'^ ^^^* wmediifaial sr * >, wacEjnoi^j fflfe^j^lpd^ ,thaaj %»8e of ^ujgM»a.i ^ aiir powen «i^ * ^'•V«l»»-n>|«^ '>4s*)ijrre«abri0r. . Bk, "gmn W^^ of veiy strong galv water m found«^ Ke£ ^H«^ci]fttrt hoiwe« there i#» a ak -sp^iag* from- wh3L* ; ^imiufi^m an4 (^mmm^ . IV p^ople.of Vir^«r«^ ms^4f ttadied tjo agiiciiadro than to couimc^-ce or nuiiMi-.- ^Ksiim^ Tkef furdJuOi-y^ hoover* maatifacture tiwee. ^ittvt^rB: «f .th^ own cJol^'ng. . There , a^ , con^ibriibte^ " ictwreaof cast «ndw»k^pt iron, and also of iead; , lllde \i|hi«h, th^e are fewr ethers^f coo^quence. ^^hatf^fjct «n^ JJQiir aipr^ the mo^t Impi^tant artiele« -of illg fn^£ e , Jm yirggdai. Those, fiC lesa <;onie4|U^t^r f^ > ' ' ,, ■■■■.... .ii msimn^im^ «^- IF^'j^tK'S^I'"" „«I3^ «»irii%,, i^mneH^^mt Mud:. :|?f$h|b^l©! 5*li|KtiiiNr' ^- ' ;f. ^/ ♦;, . fV^- ..i.^^;^i.>l- i< '■' -* 1 11 !iH «i (11 ,/-<»!• ^$il^tia9*,'\mfif iCf, wild «#^pibcate!| ^i^m^ ^k \r ^^3^^ ^«i^i' til |M |6ii*lt^ «!KMi«|wa bjrj^ ^^^m0^m!ii ime mai^^^m^ toefc ^ brand a# iKlfewi^ v#ft %t »pt^ .; 0|*ihe <:$M9#g, to it;, soiint «o:«onti»^S x^jAr .^COi ni .«« .«! d« li '1* bfl lot n\ tit ca j^ ..on I'M 11 ||fc^b^:;j|ieltt : ii* Boon, ..fis^'i^'ml^^^&^y, % ^wn^^ . . ilp^ 4jfc;^#iil'>,Mtiwtioa/ ^^ ''.ilsojAtinu^ ■ , btir»»g: '.for iipst -• ■^^^ :nr4 |ib ^ii^gii 4>gb^^^ '^^^ one. oft «|$(^^ hfiiLiibd^ tho a^e 4%peo fil JioaV a^ ^ ^MM-^^ the ii^ femig. a?^^ ^ ►I 4C It at m lb iei >' •^fM^HtlTii. ■m 'TOW* IMIIIiSII t^"' m iie^borii% AmtfieSit ^ii^«ui1t '<}^«^k>^ aiUw..^ d«^wardg. 4n.4Ehe UdM stdM .'4»rantfy, -thW «r^li^r . c»v«nn of ^rerr^^aaiclevfdble ^KtenC : 9iie luott n^tidlji: ciliea MadWii (Ud^, 0qwtli4 m^ nie of th« mii«:^i«ii; iMiin « 'bm of «boat ^iiOld feet j^tirtteodicttbir )^ip£^. ,4|ieeti|«f ^vbicb, oh •0De«ide»irlRi. tttem, liuitVll&uit^riiK^'. b0 |^m:b«Ml>oiB itft jummit (lito ^he m0r wbieb Jp^aa^ jm, bft^Rs. It^eJ^Kmdtf 1b pery ; aitd dripping from tbe Jdf^ ^tbe vai^; genofiio" ,* on t^at, «iMnSn tfie baae bdorr; ^akctitea of A iii«l«MfwaM^ fromi> - .... , ^JH'ItB** 'I ».•» ii ' ' i/-»jf *';, '«.■'■■' ^mi ^ l^yi^ sM»eotto9 ii -i^naed, ^t iBitiddeiitiliroa^ «« jQi iluin ««# alto f^^ef ^«^ f^ 9*^ ^ t#fhi%ftl. ^ConiMlMabfa^yieittit^ .ere flaeiie vSo^^ fugerlyeee.^^^^j^^ end eoBie .wl. .«AletiMieSit4MPee»ectodSiiJ^^ ^^^ mm^ AftOlhetiita^iSiwe^ jbeeiii^^ '■■'!» ..IJ torn iBKtiiittffetyritl^ii [.• ^"'j well «* conamondfeptbV regularit attd irdfickliv*fc^J7! * ':^ir '■■■i- i. ■' '''j'' /:»■*■ ''■■ ";'',' ' '•• '■■I'j'*' ' iS^r^*^^ Tenne^ieeliei between a^^^ ) \- ',., ;>,s,r I ! ' i P ill i imUlQiti Mm O^W.fl«jritoWj^#^*gJ iM Ei^gnth arc intermixed. . »j.^ I c h r tt b( ft •I In S rii toi S|^ empty imci 0^2^^ trfi«S| ai^ rlmmftii beingjti, M viljble an4 ^rfiect. asg ^ey CQyld be. 000^0 on snonr. or .a»n^ . llie litl«riNrf re i^mtur&tfl^ &r tftt^^r^g i>tx toG» edch j one o^ly^«]iiiB^ed.. :% fhi* we must soppbi^ the originiili to Ime beep ^e- ffogecy of Titan jor Anak. ; One of tiiese tx»ek» was veryl ^i^, ld^ length ctf :^e foptas in(^te«, and the dis^ce off tibe ei^^foesof^e ottteptoes iSlDcii^^ 0ne of the Hatie!^ |r;aak» was likewise of a|x utic»minoj», siae, thi^ traosi^rse^ «ii4; CQ&Jii^^ dmnieters, weire S orvlO isi^es^ ^l*&F Jl^9 hbiie whi<^ the (Grreal Wftrtioi* rode. W^t aipj^eM^ liiB most in ikyor'df .their:bein|( the Ireal tcaclis dC^tfie an-j i«lf^ th^ represent,, is tlie cirenmstaiice otn hock's fooii imvipg aj^mi&ti^F slip^^ seveisil inches, f^y^recoy^dj apaln* and ^ih? figures having^ aU t^Q^isante directioti, Ulce| •dae tr^Eitl of a.cooiii^iiny on a^jonrpey,^ If ithe a j^uits na4 f^r^ ^ never spM^^ moi^serioi^/ Ifthe i^f^a^^ ;^,<;biiii^ perhaps there,neier wis. niore. aipi^m i#^B.i Iff it w«re dme by art« H.inight . be ta^perj^ate. the re- ; leaibyance of sotiie rmark{S>le eVent of war, br eii^e- >' «At ff|tigl|t oa thi^ 1^^^ vart hejij^rof stoneaJ ii0aj::tbe pla<^, m»jpjM»^ 4o l^ fak^ wmriora-vda^ in] %m»f sem t« &iM>»lhe supjpds^b^. The tesctuxe ^ the] ^k iaso^,. The Pitft idb wfiich too suqi^had U^ ffir^atestj I|iiu6»ce» and whtdi wasttbe ni08| indurated, could easily { tie cut wllli a knife; and ap|ieare4 to, be of tb^ htttilire of ll^ i»pet.at0iie* Sonvei: of the : Ch^rokees enteitnn an o- thaiit it always, ri^ni . wW any . person iriJBits the] . asif S]r«ipath«tic nature weptat.^e recollection, of dreiidftiL aataitrdii)ie, whic^tb^isis figurea w^re ihtend-j t^ eoinmemo»tie» ! * j -^B^ ccmitt^ contains many ctecad^. an4> ci»r,^«i«j SiMpe of the cayes are dry an4 abound with mtrous earth. ^ Ja^lh^ are found ii vartyviety of sUiacti^ and.othejJ ^f^t^Wtipns ; and in some, ^e adventurous yimtaift ofl ^efe dark < recesses H ^stopjp^jn. hispruigress |i^a.j#!t«^ p0mii l^Mk ^ creeks web i^^Mes the caveciiiif "*«f?l*»'HHS«yMa mmnmiMmm \ij' mxa oi miffXM»\ 10 lutve betp l^e ! tcael^ was very id the disttnce of J One of the K0He • le* tlie tcansi^rse! tcac)ijB cCtfie An- t c£|i hof^V foot! ne directioti, like [ it..be a./»^ na-, Il'the o|^alionj terf^ate tb9 re- f war, dr eogjUBe-] t he$ipji^0iC^es w|wriora.>idabi in] Im tiexium of the! uhad tl|e gr^test] Ited, could easily { of tl)^ fiMiire of M entertain an o- person viRta the] lie recoUe^tl^ of area w^r« ihtend- Un, an C93ffmii rith mtrou9 earth, ilacti^ and.otheil ituroiv vimtaift of| greiili^a.i#!ter^ m l^ine^e aodi^^ltt ^iSliatiaii^p^ '^ ^ 1IMF0 ]^ i mpi#^ iia$uai:t t>u| 1; G^dew llli|cl»iiriif a misuoiiary, iiu»: nal^ ia aln^i^" JK)ET»Cim0i3ENyi^ ^ JSSifw^. THI$ tt^ extendi from S5 50 ta. 3^: SO^ l|^ latHiide* l^d from 1? to.. S^ lir^ 'ldQg|liVi#^ MtiB long, iiidil^ ^u)9ia^. Qpmma^ ' Mmndaries* Edjioded north by t^i^mia s east !jiy tiie Aj^njti^ Oteeaiii s«i^ b; Soutb-CaroitQa ; weH Irtr f en-^ aissee^.. -'' ' '•>• ' :'/'.'.. .' , ■... ■:.■''' ' . " .t^liitiuiife 11^8. 7,903 FiiifnSmoiuH RkJiinoiMlb HfUfai mideil^r 'Ifake- • Stcltet Cuiab9rlaa#*^ WllkH Asli JIMi k mm ma m w mWw m HI im low* t. -' mv^mm^RmT^^ lQ0ti ' ICttMO MttctAtk . in 1#10,. 56S,526 ; «ias. 361»283 &ee pe»on% 202,243 davei^. Incftose iQ 1^ yean 85423. » J^ ofihfi^Odnntf^. the #ea coait* of tbi» iBtete is. imii. fiNwyjil^elf ti^ . lill^fincip^yocover^ with . swampp and |br«8tSk.. $Q^]r: yiffgtttia* ItfidU into Albemarle soimdby amouth- three nuletwido* " BxMmoke is «4ong rapid riiver, ^xmed b^ Stantim rirer- ftoui Viirgviia, and^ Dan river* It is navigable 4miy for shallopji^, and empties by several mouUis into Ailbeamxi# - iouAd.. PumHco^or Tiur river' op^ps Into Famlico sou^d. : It is |^«%«fc^¥te W|shin|{toiu 40 mi^^ V Iieus«e river rises m Hillsborouglii fnd after a i':*fT{-^-|'t?son '■^•■. there me screMl.dUif* riten of leii S*^t ««^ ''g^ ' iiyw»toAl|NM«lrl^iSi^4. AllAetoir*k*orKartIj^«^ 5^ that ca^p«»-ttlte barirt tM^ rooea^to. -^ » jSottMBf. G^eat Dismal Siraiii».*^ Ae A^jM^ Sri«rt « iaiw i*i the. iMdle, ab0|» -7 i«ki Ji»|^ :^. ' ^raeife !■ inotber wwirnp lii Clittituc ^m^'f* ^^W^ mmlitk 80U«4. ^ch hjHm called P«<^^**^^ iw|>w,ied> <^gt^ .^^ JW^7f^«^ K' Snl^i^.' B iWS^ntie is A lake 11 nulea )on|, , .fc>rfn»rf P¥odudiauu , the ami A p^ita of all lINir^u^ e«rery part of the tim: Cotibn ind nounp. ^ C<^fcit »f mt*^ pine, much aupfiri0i^to^thai<>ftH^i^. ^ *J T^iT'^a',^^ »*^.iA>« finer ttb^e and tadL'OH UdfcoMnH*,. produces finer wftfte andj t^ with ^if^lto,! Ibay tree* ; the Ujt^ »a *« ^^^JJ^ ia^fooirfer^ttmin m winter. The misleto »a cotatfugi i|» ^ the middle country. It is a shr^b dilferent from aU €iMi|5ra» »r^f gJ^Win^ out pf the eartli,,but on the l»i)»«f tueea^ the root! ru» u»detjth% bask of the tr^^ an^ ip-*'*--«»*^ ''*;-,'* ^^n -*« ^\s^ #*i -'*-l l!!i! t *P*wa». T&eir trade jl, ^^^ Ur iN #&S to tiiB ilotdicnn MMes. ; .- - ; *^ •^^^^ t twfi*wir of; iipifiiiiiS; p^^ ^ ^ |^;one at.%eii^vaS^S^ . : ,^ ^ ) V, ' "^ T"^^^ f^ ana Chief Troad^i^|irhen, on a mMmt-M . vast ;ftiip«idoiis re€fc^^h«i^»lN^-|Bpc«^^ «!' a hifge t caslle, ;:w^ itf battfeaicnits, erects its ferpendiciihi^Ji^^^ |loapwards4ifSOQfeatrMl?lerBi^^ in >a^l, ^n^iicCia. leoeraUy «i level a« a flflH»& ^'Ta^KM^ dut fi^cjpioi^ > ihere M.4»kvttiie iri^ ^wHwh. .'tlw on ^ lorth* andfaiiri^ estealM le^el^ cotmtnr'beloirt^«n j^ '>ttth; 1^ the flfMBia ttf the fadklii ani Mk« «nm Ill li!«ll -'ill ''ii i! ■^ -t tt«Fi^ '^/bi^i' '^ . ■'«^1 ' Mm ' " K|0f m BArjtuvfll, SMUlrttt BattiiCasI, I ilO mues west or Charieston, is a tract oC JUgn Mnii,i;j« Ctel^Miton i^rbfxr f ijiadoiu aiid copt ^luettt, the juii<^0ii ofjkm^ imd lloi^ .i^irei^ "^^^ is fpnaed by U^iiiiioiii^tlP^ee noiji i&reral fi|iw% «ad (pOBiinttaiciiiei iriUl tli« o6(^ . twdy# ttiitei* vhple ^xt6ni of this stikle, 'i\^ '^e EfKsto vli^ ip two branchepj fr^wofi i^ndfo iijN^ mentioii^, In tho interior of t^ Atiite^ j ; v r ^# eaipl»i( il||o ih0 ocoiiii lixy imtfttiaai^ (to tiie Goi^«0 floid waler«e» V»0 Iiitter in alio c^lA 't^€4t^rtla1!^. ^''^':' ■.;.-■;,„:• -'f*: .v--^-; ■ ;-.,v:v..^^^ th^ Taction; ^aiid Mi»^li(» Winy&ul^ |A ^e^jjetopu^ , The riv^ of i leoon^^^ wrie Wlillcai)^ P^ riwpr, Ash^Jy Cooper j A(*e^oo» t«id.G<»»ibi)i^, <>irer^ 4«liio3( ^vc^ br^ge, m 1810, i2l60 i^ iii 1en^tl|j and iaciui caU^ewajr, iieairty % mile, 30 feet wiifei Tfte jArin^i chitect Vas Mr. Williaia? Mil^ of M|»iacKtt9eit8. 4«f erwsB^ built oyeiv dio Coi^^ree, wbich Hm «way...li3ra floodi--. -■'' ^,: ■■.*,^"'.: ."",' ■■,■,,;:,: SoU and Prodmtims, *the «oil is of various kinda» wl fioitod to ^Oprodi>ctiOn ol'^gniin, pii^ure, and tii^^ the low country ii caltiV^ted Indi^ Oom, ai)d in j^ ^^ coantry, tobacco, wheat, rye, barley r oati,^em^iJfl^,<^ ton and ia\k. They have oranges and to* a few httli^ and lemon trees, pooiegranates* pears, and jwaches; T^ water j^elon is raisied here in perfection. This state.iii:df tduQ^ a great variety of medicitial berbs» and roo^i ^imI uh(;ommon trees, too nuiinerous to he noticed ih this v^iqh^ The whale countnr is overrun with spoati^ieousgcaji^^: Minerals etnd FosgUs, Thi;^ jcoun^ry aJ)ou!lc^ y^:i ^ oioUs or€i^ suc^ as gold; silveir; lead, and b' IfOTy and iroii^ Tbc^re m likewise to be \ ; \ :, Wi>de alpm« iiUfirut. nitre, f infill, M ma^ m « of mets brE9 Qui^ktiiitti ti|mtireniij be epih^ete^j rah#rfi^«m. >ito nttdim tod upfcr^cto, tilt ^ manufocture (hdr o^im eiotU»B «lHt woolteo mmA n Wio«t of their Implfeisient^ f^ottcb, tobacco/ skhf^ of iranoua ku^I p\i^ lar/'id^, tarpeftti3!ie» Kiynie .irax» Iwnbcr, i»* leather, pink root, jnaM root^ gmger^ 4cc^ :& Hie most »ttQceliiailjK;i»oni, there fai^'bfen 14p,t)00 Sir6l|;0f.ric6^iqMWM- - Form^ly, J,8eto, ,R>i'»»ar&t^..d|5i%iied to .popped! .Hie.?iifi»to,wi&x4i^ Artitey, jiiid Ae Sivfou^ali with tl % i^d Ifeom Soi^-Cirofiiia to En^^Be m te«i ^ i^^ tite tifionhtAins, is opatub^ vm^ the peonage #e [egbliitar^ of the t«o toi^ CmiNhim and Mannert, The Caiiolimaps a^;^ gei , •fiible and euiy i|» t^«f mann«jrs, a|fc^;p^^ and at^gj «<> 8|to«^gein. The ladies want the bloi^m d^me QorUi, tni ]i«^0 an eti^ag aoftnewand delicacy in their 9ff^m : «nce md nMmti^n* ' ' . . ^^ ' / Ifiinting is the most ^hionable amosemet^ m this-stat At this/ the country gentlemen are extremely ex^H, with surprising d^tierity pursue ^heir game through ^ woods. Oatmng is more discountenanced among i ft^ •*#t?imL^ilij«. .'. -■«^:>l' "'J'^ ' /. r ton, kifc lit Jeaaftnrt, a&^ m^ Altera mm •««. at Ciunbfidgft^.^M Mount feoft^oUeg^i^ tte li^firti^^ a^^it state mi^ ^^M ^^* i^T*^*^™ footiB# iicfcj » ^*®y*^;*J®^ITl^\ ^ «a)ioii* p8tr(Maiatt#br>^ 8t«^^ tpy^ard erectil[»^ buildiiigi,.-to* poop IW^» |rf^^ iW jife supp-Jri of tlii%fe^)K^'^^ . S^m C^ofii* Miaiiiik Skn, tihtB^y auci M^ U< oifter Sl^MMtet, ft MIfiwonary ^ciely, a^^h^ ftHimcal sodety, 8t«d a society for th^.««wi»M^i Mgitii^ of t»enw ^%f*t»«|^^f^ fcrt on St. toena are iCV^^wl^Pe r^-ip--rr»^ t • iktiiJkm iB sti^ i^ands ottr the ppiilt of M»P^^!^ thl^iliienceotr Ashley «^ f ^^^ '^ J^l^^ r^aSgTtwS house, thealie, ai^lt» W^ f ^'t 1^, I ItSmao %tholic ChajM, and » ^^^t^W^^^^ ^hildaon is divided into ^^'^^^ ^'^f^k^^ K*e? iii;i I iiiii'i «^. The f uteodast iMid Wattteim feoto ^^J^J^^M, hme ««tb ft havim for puWife womhip. ij^,. ^^ » » e«lteg0 «id gtwninarliitfci^ lOTtti <»rttM<:oUe|i|^ amettniM Above TOjOOtritoMirt, ^Iri^iMi lli6ieft||;if ippvernment itahdi jm he}m ^i«»ofi^i|ffii ipnl^ Broad rMfir oii tfid Coilga^ , ,gii§«^f^, I#!olnino4^ thfe mhnttitirtti »o#fer C(^iiilM; a^ a b«iiith»^b# each ictai^ed iii "^V l^he^oIlei^^^liiapfMt^ce^^M^^ (ifr -4111^ VifHt^et ti^tOmm of ^nte» hiKs, k lotAieill in0C)gti^sriihli» vOlagey of froiii9^ t» f hdhaei^. ,^;^^ \ ■'^••. :'' ■ ''■y-''>: , > Thet;iilafiiif| a^^ 0^ 1^^^^^^ tjpit oiie kown^ iaOted CaiiK^ 0Cmtm «v«^| witfck c^ataint about 450 on ifl^who^iisOamMtio^itt)^ ^ |?i!ii€icoaifcJ^^ of^iie [i Wlftiid wWeli ^lipfo 4<$#8« opening an excel- x. .... .^„^...> ^TO^tSOn;|b^ JJM^ conveyance of produce to ' SWlf'i^r F^^F '°^^*'***® are Bull's, iDeweels, atjt^ !^CtP^ i^ands is generjflly better adapted to tfttfr.^Itttr^ of cot|t»fi, thflfett the main* ahd Ifess suitt^d to rice»I ;^J«i!aa||p'owthi# which is excellent for •W f> tft^beri I ^d the paJmottoi or cabbage tree, tbfe utiM-^ii ^ ^ '^^^^ — '^ coii9itr«ai^ of forts, iras €3^eri^ifcp# <&%t6^iat iBipw (tfTugoto J ience it, descends througb tfca tiftj with all ita cc^llatttal braifchei, and #m4t. W#» by the wme . *^.«^^ £'^°V«^J^ **"2S; B„>,iJterinil^ <»Jl'Bi, it «i wined Qn the eai^viMde by ttoe 0S5i i^Sch mewise heaaJ^ in the liwrer ridgejof the. mi^iiiaittl. After tfc^ confluencie, havmg. wiM a ^t y a^titidil ^t two feet deep/ I^,fpi*ai|i^ jn^^ Sf'^andPh^u^ion^i Thste arenot maten^y #^^sg^ ff^rif^^Um ;»if> 'Carolina* Rjee, iJotton, tobaccoi ^ ^v^f^^.4*0^«^' or?t^, fife y^p^fStmA^.^^ we.t^H. "fCfmiin^c' r^-p N.. UeiMttd %^ff, III Uw iiw>tjr()# WRkfi, ig imi^w Inal ^1^, irfioh riiet ft!^ « Mlow trie. Tf^ iiuffi^ ind tiM lMm|r0itiid^ tlM spring Ar« meriutfiii i»|4» t ,2? ftnied fol^ the r weiMdHia vl«te, «ndii,?«,ui;li S^, .f Xhm 01 rort> houiw, dr cabiu of Jo^, ii|!i^1,uitf^, lii •C( .T id t/on of fiiitttntt. tr* -^ . «,uj«. Urmu> iondMani^fiipUtrti. S^m chief vtidesof tx- ' r rf np^«c^,tobieca «»ga. Jopilfer<»f various liSk nail «tpre^ leather, deer akiw, snil^eroot, myrde and bt«.^ ^ .tate^cheege»fbh.potW^., appro.; cider, mi^^T^ ,. w WW m the birer tountiei ^wnufactuf^ pMi^ of thw wanng ttppif^ iln% hi^ahdry uteorflg, ^y atoS^ M«dent QB 0^ iD^han^, who hapmjyheiii jTronils^ Bri«i!ii and ch# aorthoni rtatoa. T^f^f9^ ^m^ Mii^m im IHer^tu^ of i^U «ato which m y^ in ' "» '"^^.w r^obi. ^ ^^ufcion, thus cojupoied, i^ liioniinated 3itf VnwtrabL Soeieties, ^There im a me^GaJ iOfaeQf in this itftte, ijaM b^ ^e<^gia M^oal sodety, ff Bibl^ soci^Hy, VemBie^ ' lujn. Unioii aiwfety. for the ediication of orplm njale cP Br^^aft^glw«Wjofeiety, >d a ^^ / I • ml; I; ivi !!':■■, I ii!i:i' liSiti^i t^mileiN. N. W. of Sinraanab^ containing 1^46 inhaM^ SAvAilf AH ia thf largest town in the state. It itariild 0li a^san^ biujBT, 4^^et (i%>ove low water iniirk, on tfa6 Si ftt^e olv Savaniit^ river, IS milefr from th^ ban It fs regiit- larly bcuit in the fbrm of a parallelogram, and had, in 1810, 21<90 white inhabitaiits, 2195 slavj^s, 5S0 fisee blacks ; in all ^215.. t has eight places forpubiicr worship, a Presbyte- xrtaa E|^i«copal> JLut^ran, Baptist, Roman Catholic, one* for the biaclcs, who have a: church for 14^ communicants, ^d a Jeivi^h Synagogue. AtJGffssTAi on Savannah; river, 144 miles from the sea,, iknd 127 norUiwest^of Savannah, ha» 2476 inhabitants. $VNBITRY is ^ sijnall sea-pcMTt town, 40 miles southward' if Savanni^, and has a safe and convenient harbor. EaiUM^wicK, in Glynn county, at the mouth of Tur-- ^e livjeTj at which place this river empties itself into' St.. Siin(m.'8- sound.. Brunswitk has a safe and cjipacidua, harbor. '^ ' ' V FRr^p^smCA, on the island of St.Simmi, is^ the fi^st ' . wfti that wa4. built in Georgia, and waS founded by General Ogej^orpe. AitttEns is the iBeatof the Univeruty of Georglai, add, Hipital of Clarke county, neair LouiAvilie.. Curimities* One of ihe greatest curiosii^es in this state i$ th^ bank of oy8tier<^heUs in the vicinity of Augusta, 90. miles from the sea. pyster-sheiift iMre fouiid lieire in such) quantities, that, the planters carry them away for the pur^*- Aose of making lime, whicU they use in the maKiufacture of. mdigp. There are thousands or tons stdl remaining. The circumstance of these^shells being found in such quantitiett ii|tsuch;a distance irpm tlie.sea, can be rationrilly accounted for in no. other way^ than by supposing tliat the ocean forr merly flowed near, this place, and has since, from some un- Imown cause, receded, to it$ present limits. It is generally believed thai ail the flat country in tht^ southern states and: j^lorida, was once covered by the ocean. On the banks of. I ekyl, Cumberland, aiid Amelia. The latter is within the ^^ lounds of EaEt Florida. On Cumberland island, is the*^ )l$3ndid and delightful seat of Mrs. Miller, widow of the ^ iiebrated General Greene, ^^hese islands are surrounded navigable creeks, between which, and the main land a large extent of salt marsh, fronting the whole stati;, ir or live miles in breadth, intersected with creeks in va- >us directious. The islands have an excellent soil, which 2lds, by cultivation, \large crops of cotton, , coro^ and Itatoes. . ■ ." ■ :'.',;■;:■-■'-'«■/•* -v: x\, the ocean fori- from some u#i- It is generally tithern states and' ,per part ^rf" ^ lonunients of the lijto of this coui^ lOWBj^ THE MISSISIPPI TERRITORY JES west of the state of Georgia, and is bounded on no. ih by Tennessee ; west by Miksisippi river, which wares it from Louisiana ; south by West Florida. Of territory, the l^slature of Georgia sold, in 1795. a- |i tiyenty-two milUons of acres, to four difflTent cPP^pa* if' 111! ii! !">'! '11! Hiasistppir j^ fi^>f ell 9c^ %^^ , in tbo imcidile aiid 6|^ 0k^l^iimfr^6i Oeprgta declnred the la#i fidT tbe fif^M Itt^ 3r®«r, jbuil and vpid ; ai^ ordered tite Aet, ttAtitfptuiiiig ih^ gate dC^ Wtetem Territ^, together with fiU^^^ cords relating to it to be /ommBu burnt, which si^, was as follows ; CQuuties. 4f its Cbfbomt Pcpidatiout 4,690 -A eonsiileyaUa portion' pf .Teffcrson Wwrept "Wayne . WOkinsoQ Fopulation, 4j001 i 1W 4M» "the territoi^ is inli»bited h Ihe Creek, Chiekasaw, and Qhoctaw Indians, mentioned is the description of Georgia; - ' > { It is interseo^d by a great immb^ of rivers, runniiig m ^i0iPf direction, the ptmciptti dfwht6^ are Uie Yi»&o^ lo#l'acco' made here is esteemed preferabi io any cultivated rnr any other parts of America. Hoj grow wild; all kinds of European fruits arrive to great pei lection. The cliniate is healthy and temperate ; the Country di ligbtfuL and well watered; the prosj^ects bevutifui si extensile, valiegated by many inequalities and fine mci ows separated by innumerable cepses, the trees of whii are 0^ different kinds, but mostly of walmit and I'he risipg grounds, which are clothed with, ^rass "and oti herbs of the finest verdure, are properly disposed for 4ttlture of vines ; the mulberry trees are vei^ nOmeroi |ndthe winters i9«%i|»Uy modecAli^ At the hreedisg m %c^jmmA, fU anB, meimoned iiM ^#«*? fr^'*? «^ gfeiit abundaoc© ; Itod iilid** viietv if 8tately;tiffib6i^,Jt^ house and «hjp|«iiM^ > ^A^cnn$roaj^ em bank « ^our^ty of Pickering, Sandy and Second cr^kt and If Dmo Cmtto, m Adams eoanty, are the best se^ltid ^mm of this jiew country. ■ t ^dtt the head wateip of die Mobile are found oyster-sbeHs. **^y,f? 2*^ ^? "^^•**"*« «'*®> and in such quantities as ^.^?i[","*®*^®* **"*«*' **®%ca^ed ^re from the s«i, which is^SeOmUei dista»t. The Chickasaws say tftw were i^ete^when thehr fath^ri came in^s^ Uie country* they me f|hriheUi.in making earthen wiiTA^ V^ ^ fmmtA^A. r'm ^ bcnmdaries of Loiiisaina are nimiaaa comprehends^ 1. "Hie countnr between the Perdid© on Jffie B. the Mm- jwqtoi on the W; the IbberyiUe and the gulf on tli^ $. and Ihe Mi^isippi territoir on the N. * 2. Ttte islimd of Qrieans» which is the tract of knd Iwng betWi^en the Missisippi on the S* W, and the Ibbtr- wlle imd hike! Maure^as and Ponchartrain, on the N. fc. The ibberville is a bayau oikrm of the Missisippi. which leaves it on |be E. 208 miles from its moulli, according to the course oflhe riter, and flows through lakes Maurtpas and Poiu^ar^ahi, t0 the gulf of Mexico, the isiand Utrety Lou&iWurm|^fii^i|Jpi urrii^^ * H?. Idr the Misaihjpi «w^ ^ feO^Ax^^^^;^ «,ktt«rba8 Mc*t*5a^ th^ WV; the «tate of L^uMgfia e s..; the m^ii^r ^ »^**^ ?,Sr^l!!S^ lierrii^fyr 'TeiMiefseei Kentucky, andJHmii • -■ . ,-..■*■ : 'U:<^- ■.*■■ itote of Lbttiiyiiia rit&oml^Mis^ id IHmoMr teM*o- I'theK. ,. ^ '.,:'/ river," thcArl^iiti- avast nomfiicrof the Missiisiiw^ }' er i8yel7;cH^«!fi|e• ^he ciimate yariei lie southern pact^ I hot ■co»cK*4 nu in Africa, apd iti Europe in odrres- tie^air, lOui^Iana In many I n. In its natural sassafcas, vv'ttliiiit^j I grape vines run- itlg j^l^,\ floweiTp cane iBwtiiinps of a ^djtt%eof:the f Louisiana, vhenj ypt, Arabia fe\m ^ in Uie >aine ta^' { 6 rich siHet' niinej ate, aiid plaister k are sugar, #tt( r, pitch, 1^, flourJ » I8(H, ^e exp( S^doUiTft. - ;.lho.w{)j|)ct'jpopiiIalifm«P9f^0M(^ ^ ■ i-.-A. /.•..„>..? .>^;v, 'f b«^j^)nb^ of oillitia: wf(| aooiit tfmthoMStf^ :^^ ; 1^ iilii%|Mt^^4^^^ af«iSmf the ihie of ^ f ren^ :i^ C^piidia^^ Sh^ejue mmyK and A|nMqapa,i4li(^-Q'l^aQ<. ; ^ ^ , Le00ivtg^ : mts^fiMQ > ,fewjOTV«fti;«|i0^sr|(ir VC . , . Jfot moE^ thwi^vhal^of the InhSbitapli iMlii^ siiiff^^ *o ^ , abief to read and write. In general the learning of ^. V* habitants doii not extend beyond those tWo arts. . Chief Tomts* Nt w<»QkL9A|is is- the capital of l^uisia- > Ilia. It stands -oai the ic^^m bank <^' the Mis«8}ppi river, jvninety*lE^ve,miljes from its mputh, dnd has gr^at aavanta^MJi I'ior f^a^^; Before vthf late c«sin.^ ^Ilie 4)filcer8^^ «^^^ ai^l^^i^e troop* >ere entirely Spahish. Jnt^mttced- 4iirith these f»e noW'fc .jr^eat nunil)er of 4ni^ic^n&: .I^e inhabitants amount ^ '243^1 !off#w. 1)0,8^^^ .■...,;[ •'>'■/-":;. ; TMh ftce lysoL a ii^pdi^ of tii^Uf^ iwhich' are iihretcKed ^0teasts^^oM^^^ andAtf* '"^apas trlbeif f eiiqutijg in ^t^e yiciiiit^ ^af the' to#n. *I1l^ ^go chie^ naied« iu?d.^ dtsgiiMH;^ 'scenes^ (Inriil^iii^oxi^ Ne1r-0^dfe^^|, , i^.thd U^n)bi0M«iii^^ nioMls, riv% the (^rrtuMtiM W^^ jf^g'md*«Wd, ' ,; , .-,. .:. _^■■..,^^,,: ,^-> ■-:>■■.■.<.• ? $T<'|^»{i8'iatkyi|1|gr^i^ 6^ the Missi^^ppi, ii ini)es below ftheJ^issouri, in h^^ IS. N.^ ,,p4iiiisii)ier^e settliiiaei^ are |niKle^n the li^ im«l4tter^ river for several' hundred miles. This t(^^A aid ito di8^Ct(^^i>tain8^5667 iuhabitawis. ^ w ^ i St. diE:siB^iEy@, 73^^^^^ Louis, is the f(beii«» hpyise of the ininet^ >ih its x^eigbbwliibod* >j^a|Hiia1^B,^ with ats'mstrict, ;#(520:5 " ^ ' ■. ■ ; ^' ., .,,.,:'■' *;• ■^:.: •. "'^ >^^: ^ 1 1 .k-'' ! 't. S(PANISFJ AMEERKjX. ALL 3be so>4t]ii»m ■ paH of the Noi^isAniericsn c^oti^ iBent" j^ Spassi^t]^ wham it wa8^0)ii%ii«K#^ ■ 1,-v ymm»m I9 describing the Spanisti ctomlQioi^ of Kc^sHl-Aiii^rieib «t ^§%0]^KMp«r to f^nsid^ iiviai«ii%{ it! .iiP?'-i'to»M»A. .ii->i--. : ^ .!€ii, |K eetitequenee ofJUmiii^a tiecomii^ a fRUt Iff ^1 |7«^0d IJtatei, Florida «i tit^t olT from tKe otber ^afiist p^dyitictis. Itl^esiagtof ibeMi^sisiM^, ai^ toiitif df Ou^ Itato (^ 'Georgia, boing limited on the easr and ^otufei b^ Jihe Atlaatic ooean and the Gulf of Me?(i(^. Its J^ngth 11 •bout 600 roile» ; iita jnei^in breadtil) iiet mor^ th^ 150.] It in yf <^ i;deitenDinedv#iielber iM liart ^f it» detiQifiii^ted| Weit i^ a^ to & Aiialaer Pearl rireni, which were notieed in the preeeding aecoiuitj ci ^e igiatedBtBteii fu^ Oirough f Idl^dii int^ the Giiif ( .-^Ififieitico.'.' . '^ ' The climate of Florida is not mnieidally difer#i&t; #ifc9flhe southern part of the tj|iited ^m^$ - 1 ' f he soil is' vairtous ; but that Which is l^tfirttMul.pi^ 4uce8 two crops of corn ip a,3^ear, Th^ foreits ab^ni with wood of autioet every kind ; wliit6, ted» and live oaM laurel magnolia> pine, hickory, Spvd 0lr« ihf ii mmlDa\j4 is general^ 100 feet hi^, and mmww htftbem 1^P«#ei3» afjB^w^llW ejrtr«Bilyi«f tiif £l£anV4tta^kinditdWlidlihe:i^ |roviii0ef io NdirtJiwAmMior, which are il^im Po 160, an# #iiatekmhi) mUm al>^«ii}xdivt<^Nb into 22 ^roviii^ 0*£»»«^ii#iA«^ ' ft<|yii&iiisl^ o» tl»6 wetlcaii sidi^' i$lcb f^ ^^Ej^Hitto^ coUDt»y«reiii|$r^iNrj^in8nyfo^ di4br*j mi !^alkiei*.v iWretf^niiik^-u 8ulphQraii|y iritrio- Ne, aod iJiiaiinoiis mineral wafers, Bome ot wluch issuie so ]iot^,thatin^,8hort t'^aa ai^.ktnd r€ fcuit. or ai^allbodj in^^o-boUed/itt:theqi#r^jr'''^r-.VJ^--v. . :v-. ^^r -. ■■'•■■^■' "*".'•%•[[ l|ltl« ^iler &moQttt,^toQ9ji> not 4l«»U^i^^it!9> '^r taste i| pnupiogi Ifpiii 1^^^ takeft^inbrota^w in gruel lal^tf^J li^ilip j^n^iiueie ^txio«|^^ '^ 4^l^oi^c»> i«d am ^^ arkfAte fuceesa ino^ fci!fV%K;t . ' t^^^ftAili^; Ho^evef plentiful ka^' tiiibk^* niliierii^ 1^^* dmi ^tMi^ytko^ rmf Mis* thia vMn^We^ j^i^iig^Qiii i«:at4| ||ioi]|; yj^QttSf and ab«ii(|||lt^ v^j^/ p^ do90ii^ ^1 Mr iiaturai bistorV) abotil^ I^^QQ^i^i^ifial^pl^^f ; m^ii^ o Mm ps|i^e£^raaat«B^figi^ blai^ j^liernei^^a^ jQlli^^ clieimut^;9^R(j^pe»/^^^^^ elm . f^^ pep^T, tomatr,^}^ pepper ^ Toba^cpf akd^ coiiu ^.yery ,cpnimoa.#iUkit^ie lt(03|ici(|lt ^heat, bi^k^^ ipeaiJ l^iefiitB,,' an4 V rioe have been succ^anCii^ cu)|lys^$^;,iQ . * ' amp^, . With reapectto, plantsi tduc^^eM^i^^^^e n slaaj gitias, pilar oil juices^ uuicm^V^M Mipxico^ i&.^ng« ^^%^v Of^^df|ip^efroai'tinie4Rinies^p^ bave beetiiii^ecDiiQti^i somi are Ooanm*n.|^ b^^ 1:]^ eonlinenta o|>4W^{^ 9|j|4 A^erlj j^a,; TODie p^diai^ tol^ei- new.wovldj Qtnera ryitjVea.oigly " 4^e|icing4&m of M^co^ T^ IWQtenft quadrupf^V <29$ ,^liif« staM* biKto, %iia |ii«lW^ge)rji, polfer caU, #ti.«»» ica^ betWe tlte^ x:ie«noti of t^liifiriDa, wi^^conqiiiittd at fthoat 7,0(yt>,6d0, of wh6m »hW aboriguial i^iiidiaiii wer« : 4,000,000.* -.■,- ••■'^■■- : ^' .■ 'r';j,;, ••Aj ,^. 0m}tmment^ Tlit eiVil'gOtferhlBeiit i»:M^^cer# idniHii-- btered by ttimmals called atMi^ees. tn f hue €0ttrfB> the li^^terdl^ or tli^ Klhg of S^atii^|ri^d[de8^ His empUmfieilt 48 the^^eaClit.truAt and po#<^f lijf CathoHc Majeftjr bat at his tiii^il^^iu^d' is'p g0vev«^nt.jetttru0^ to • aDy'subJeidt in the world. TJi^ ^6^tsi10cm^^^^ is ti^/O^Slvm ii unit^ttiled Ita^ , ; , [ mSihii^ % Spaniards baVe ^irod^^ h^ ihek fbrmis i^retigbn^ asVv^U asofgoYctnuQC^ The dhmstbiei, ehapcls^ aad oonvenU are veryni^nierous, aajA rid>|y O^na- ne^t^ed. The |)iiiMt8; mOi^b, fbd'nW* of^lord^ |ni(fce a filHt io^^^ ^hitoliihabiU^ bdtHrh^^ omem^'' of.S^aiiwH^Ataferica»^:;5^5^'a^v^:un ■ '■-:/t'^;^:£?: emi^ Mit^ic&iA^m^^in AQ>er% of l^l^^ we b^^i any accoii^i; iti fouifdaiion being dated ap :%r badk as lS25u it i^'s^tiiated in^-the Vale of Mexico,, on phr- cral lilanidsvki'I^k^^T^ 26. fhi$ vale is^utrounded Wi^ lofty atid verdant inooDteuns« iMid &rd)eri3r coMiilned 40 emiiiei^r cities^ l>esldea^t^^Mgeiv and ismiietsi ^ iJbneeritin^ ^ ^p^g^^^t^i^^ city, thete^^c^ va^^^nfion^, '^Hb fiistOnan4^ inoet to : be if « - |*B6d ott, «ay^t1i«t'it Was nearly^ miles in 4r<^ . contained i^vrards of 60^000 bouses, c(n)l|tining eacb'^oni 4rt6 10 Itthabittiut^^^ % a Igi^ ac^curatc- eimmerat^HH naade by the Jfia^totatfes apd ■ linettfr^t ^ear§ that thfe^p^el^e^^tt mjiftber of iohabitaiit* exceeifi 2i)^0€K). # '"., •* ;- 'The;i)aildittgS are ot stone, and the ^^9lblic^ edifices, e«- '||edialty fhb ehurchbs, are niiOj^iilit^nt, The city coKittump « mrtiea!# Wedth; and,^ ttm inland, carries on eacteosive ^eommeii^a v#itb l^urupe, South- Aiodrica^ and the Ma^^In" ■^&8'l[^Jn(ie^a|ii ^li^■■fe'^Jf)i^■■:Cr|^ the;east^';fnd :A«^^- ^»| ill Ij^X* *^ J« an iiAi^eVirt'lar^e'i -^Tli#te fre; many Mix litg^ cili^ i^ J «ii#|dfC#S^Ma. ^ _^ lWa^./;lPl^fe empire of Mexij^ifa? 9]if^edby€^i:tes»J mmt poweifuJ B^naii?liLaf itil¥ 1^ This^^ortij- tiate prince i^i^^^ sfti^aifl kipf 4 ii>x his ow^, ^eil|0Wi^» Ji iiaxeviimixtiti Xo tnttieateJ^i^^taee tor thie insults la iad re< mi re-p Uiitetii^iilg xo mitigateilm^ |age ^r |Iiie i fipmwmmifx^' mi ,09aU, iij«.Moiir«uffwer« o?^cyi;i^ by tbe jtamt^ nS tko ii}ifi»lore |ji» permission %o reveal the secrtit. . Hut t^ff ii9t '*^ Am » t^ persev^od in aut^ fMence* end,af^. Ci)rt«»,.«fluMa» . cd of a scene •oborifi4» prolonging iheHfe of l)ieKo«4l i^ . ^m^ fop: new ind^gnitiey.. , H^ wa^ «d;erwarcU bang^ ; aSirrH-AMERICAi. THI» ^Jvin^ f, i4meric%, ia mi exWnlive peniaVnfa^ jqpied to i .o. tiK ni diyi«LOi> by ^ Utlglaai^ of Darijeni ' MMeiiif .. lc(., H of about^ 4600 ^ea. It«^xtr«ine. breadth iffMi(^.-) C/i»iaff.>^lfie^chaia|tft of ,Soii|ivr=AHWerii» haa ^gisoaf;. «»- . fifties. ,tn ^^eiouthero .pw^ ^hQ JnhabitafKjbi voxperiince leveref fropti%' aii^aHpoftt ^fSj^rpetiia}: wwjtpr, - hyjh» tonvi zone, the mpiilKtgijis are fO lonyr tha( the greatest utcon- . veniehce iathe, ^xtremei-cQlfl of th#. inountaiii9# .and -^• niQJikure of jl(b& plains.^, yhe. provinces coiit%udu|k t0^ eouatdr'are 8ub|^ct to excessive. ^jj^itx aod:to, *ioi«»t.i^f^«^ ^jTwiii^lbundipri )ind Jightnip^^^^^ Iraeif a;(*A«Co»»ir^-iJThe face of this counti^iaL oveiv spread with mighty rivers» which « flov thypugh imiM^se tracts of verdure. aim fi^rtilityvv Ilie^sea coast j« veTy-iitK t]f bl^okenjb^ gulfs or jnlcf^, except sucl^ as are fnfm^^yjir the tasi^tlM bTthe^rivei^ Though a (^jontry of spacidUa |ilainsl Its 'aiouht^s< aro the most r lody jo Uie . glQh|» ; and m volf^f^o^i w|tti^;jKre num«c9!»^ 9rje t«i|ibW ' "^ f'iiiiij it. '-'it ■lVf:f;i HP:. ■f, ,;! m mi^mA^imttTit. :WI j'lil tihtf )i%hcit point in Out^dtAiii;; ndirhr. Mtti^ ilie MlAior. il S0i«8Q 4cet «bov^ tltii |e^ Wiho iiih ind 8000 i^i III jher Chiin toy moub&f«i fa'tlfe cifltcle^ JiiM4>^ciro. ■ Cli^ tadasiv A't^AcftitfOj SMI nittcs 80uUi^a»t of (hm(*>i ili 18;^60^ fwstitt height.. V , Thttfe* ar^ ofchier rena«c]||;abtti cHahir oTmounltiniv biMide lilt« A&a^; Whl^ HiQ hfo^i4^c*rifo^ed«f.".^'rhefirBtiB that. #lf tlito^litoMiiern'^iQaitf beHroeh lime and Urn. degrees of. «ldiilij4iititua<»/ The 'htg!it«t (JN^nts 6^ tl^s bhainv are U •r 15j000'^eet ibbte the t^vtA of tha' aei. Sevtftjl 6f ft« Mimmits are oovera4 with perpetual 8now» and often |>i>ur down torrents of boiilug sulphureous water; . The second ran(|;e, or ^hat of I^arimtL between tihi^e- and «even degrcies -ho^hJalitude, Uk hnt little known. It* stretches' from., the Andus eastc towaxds t^opayauv foi;ming, nomerout cataracts in the waters of the Oronoko. . ^llhe lihird i^tt; or that of Ch>q^itoi» . twites - the Atod6s>< af ;Ferti ^and CMii • nUth the m^itntains 6f Brasfl and Fa^rlt^ . gait3r.>; Tlif^ hi^jy^t^^^^^ttpmiHt. ^je faetween. 15 an4 20 de-- gjfwasaoailhiatituda.. ' ''' iJLmlm. . 8ott(ih-.Af^riOa hhs na inland 8eat» and bat ' fe^^ \ike^ and those ai;e anaall c^mimred with the'immenide.' lakes of l<0rth-:An^£fia*t^. In Ama^nla ahtU^azil; iht^e are none.*. Titicaca^ in>F«ru, is^e most iimportiriit' piece i^^waterJki SiMiXli^iAlfnettea; itstfign is' oval, its cnrcuid*- ftraace about 240 mflesy tod iCi^depth'70 or SO^tiioms. > J2i)ber.^./ The rivet. AmaxiM, eaUed also this Marag^^ is • the largestr rive^ . in ; the Worlds '. A Aurnber . 6f "ivieH jiNihkU x\x& do#n #ith amazing, impetnosity from th^ ciest- em diocUifity- of the - AndeSv unite m a spacious plaih^ lind'. I fOi'to this noble river. . In itAi tfogitisi:it. i^ni; s!m%iirds ftottL wtsBt ;t9 eaHt across : Seufa^ America,! and f)iUt~ mto the Adantie oaean j^ndfnr^i th& equator^ by a n^bnth' : 150 miles hieoad. It . is h^te^'f^i'sed with a vaftt numbei*^ dt? islands, «iiiidi'ftr« -too ollen overflowed to admit of «tiltorf . . ^me | oftha rivisrs,. wliichfall inifttt^ aee^ veiybro^d aiidd^^ fl^icm^ of these, ffom th^ south ami southiiiBest,pr4KWdi' «ii^^fro9» the mouUi west^Murd, are Uragua, parafmar Mtf- dfiira».^BurQ«i, Yul%,Yulaciha; Ucayal. From the "^"^ riofit iirii^ed with biwrltwf lMr»'6^^^ .^ The wciba finr lil'tM it^ RIV^ UWmt PfKhm of Silver. It • llM ; iitt^ tN jAdktTo ^«fii l^ftfe^ river, the ■hot« t^nnot 'W •eeii Initt !&» ttiididl^ i^;th|v stri^jEttnii'- ' ,. . It ii chiefty. ci)niDt»i^d ortir^ , anc^ Parinsi% 'fie a^igi^i^'S aitf i petrUyrng' qiial%'ahd iiii i&& to wi^ 1^ 'flaMiEeuiDfftmldaUc'tk^ f /i-^ • considered bbwever! as^ha^ng iiiant'#iW%' IbniRid'^'^^ river 18 irmackabIfe:fo)Fiy re#^t<^ ^^'^^^^^litt*^^^^^^ in6iiai8;|gadr4u4^|the$iaHj^^ «, iP^ola'. Q^tbt}§ r be^lii i{riAiaII/1i>t^liltt%^ its greatesi'dlininatuKi.. Ifr^ aiierihilet^bii^lil^ ^ and WariaWe. . :^ ," The QtJwr rivers oflBouth> Anierieai l^lo^ft more IBm(*»» ticular di^cta, b the description o# whfcfr th^ fviff be noticed* ima|Is.qf d^t|^Aiiu^rica» ei^Mbit 0il;iut^e;generic aiid; lfii»»' cific dlftjrences ftpm thosis^m the p|d wortd, thiitc IfSSPe mentioned! '^ the account of the lunrth^rn. , portidtef of ;ihis contlaent^ but arefstll^ more numerous and luxv^riaut m- gi[;pwth^. jl)k. cpnse^f^^^^ o^ *^e greater urarnithvioiB the jdi- Biate. In ai^neroi vieW, it may be retip(fl^?d\tliat;j^iNP ,*WFr^'f^«^ 'V:.:Ji.. iA:-^. lit larity to kmcif in ^^#l|i^ woridj^ M we inf4rio)[f.^ tijpidi^us ib ^e t^ir ; Oie J^oi;! iii the puin«^ dr^||(|^if r e li^Ai^ ill ^ jfif^^ tt ii aUvnaed, ^p^ever^ ^^ U6 iti tlie Ameripm ^eits, aad t^re is § |;reai^ vaipiety of the i^jiirFel, wesus^y is^ eppossuin iribei. The lb i^lj^cUw of tite pluin^ of'thirbirds ia oaly^Talled ky tl«ajt i^thi^biids <»i'#(^ Th^ «er]^nt$ a^ lal^aioM 0* lis #|eam0 ajad mari^ eiM»inou^ inagnitiiiie. mtiie< iilUc treip»ur^»> it is Well known ta surpass every tegiat^ thatofMex4co_^rhafijbJii<^ ^ • IHvUions, The wSole of this eJcttensi^e ^oun^, f X<:e|> t§iat (occupied l^y the aborigines, was lately divide«f into ^olonipi gevernuieQf«> belonging to Sciftia, Portugal) Hoi-' llrod, asia^attce. The iKisgessions of Hollaud an4 France Hkve fdien tj Engfeind. Sonie of the provinces of ^j>aih' haf e 4^^teed themselves inde|^ndent, iEiad ptfiers are ;in k Bt$tp«f revolt^^^ahd iif Sp^n i* subdued will certainliir b|- •onwriiictepenfli^ .Portiiiial is removed to Br^jj *p ^^J^jovincehas bei^ome^ and ^Pbably w^l continue tp be,- ihf^nci|»«l^;Co^l)itly:*// ' ' /,"/;.■'■"'•.,, I%ie .^^i^pish ieiWiories are divided mid vJceroyaltips,! fl^c|l^^j9l fi^ovlnces^^ goyinninientfl; d^rtx&bnts, and mis-' 4|riii, «,p«fishesjVestahisbiid among ^ Indians. TV #numerAtinn ofthem is upniefcessii^ Tphe grand diVi^oto* a»4 ^fe*«e. v4cer^tjiw f that of SeW-Orana«to, on. tl>e . •»"' TTIEnortfierhHiosClffo^incf ©rfSoi^-Amerii^^^ isliOO? IBi^ vlPhgi and(700 broad^. pifluated between the equator saiid:iS? likltti. and between i5«^ E.. and 7^ W. len. It is facanded on the £.. by the AtJantio oceatti and Surinam; «. by A>^ "nohia and Pieru ; W. by die Pacific ocean ; and Ni by ti g^vince^ of Veraguayi > in l»'ortb;Aniteric% vt4 flhe g^lf of Af^xico^ here denominated the North sea. I, however, Uiijif !em% DUinerau^ ii)j(i iribei. The ifr^iTalledkythftt Rlligatoir* of Its ;nitude. tatoe^ ft^. ev^ tegioiy tdiy divided ima , PortugaU Hoi- iUand and France I rovihces of ^paip' ndotfierfaTeink will certwnly W ^'contiouetaFber liitd viceroyaliiw,! tttinbib, and >ii«-' he Indians. The- e gruiid diyi^oW^ h»:^e^.5:'f^:¥ -Aiaerieii; i» 1400' ;ve6n the tqas^^ 17.« W. l«n.- Iti» MBij «nd Surfnaw ; npacific ooeap-; and [^jrtb^Amtefica, «*d ^brthsea. Eiiarti,: b«a«» ft%asJie first mrtpt th^ contlneni cUKdvere^;^ Cpluj^ bus. It is divided into' (h1e jp^<^incf8 ^ Teifrii Firuna prti^ ; pef^ or t>arien/ Carthikgenai St. Martha, Venezuela, Cuh maaa, Pflri^, New-Gjfan&g, iiiid poj^ayain. T of Oarieo is a narrow isthmus that joins North j^m, $oi^« America, but is jgenerally iteckoned a part oC the latter. It lies in tike form ef a crescent about the gr^a^bay of par fkaraa, in the SOutli sea, and is 4^00 ^liles long. The breadth is usu^ly cal^led 60 miles front north to south, bu|; it is only 37 miles bfead^om Forto .Be^I> jto Fai^a^tui, jth(^ hto chief tovrtis of the profiBce.. , , - V ^i Ba^s and Rivers* On tfiRik^hores W^^ iFacific ocea|i 4ire the hays of Panama and St. Ailichaeil, la the NorU^ ^a are Porto Bello, Sino, and Guiamu ithe pnnci|$)|I riyera are the Darien, Chq^re, $iaita M^ ffia, Conception, and Oronoko* A pa^ci^r desi^riptid:^ qf the fast |as already been ^veix. CHii^dte^ i^sif, iin^ Produdionu The clunote here is ft3J> tremely hot and sultry-curing th^ 'ii^oie year, prom Ui? month Of May_ to the 4end pf >(oyeia^h.er* fl^e scnsQci «aiie4 winter bj the inhabitants, is almost a oontinved succeffsioa ef thunder, rain, and tempests ; the clouds precipltatin|[ the rain with such impetuosity, jhat ,the lo^ -lands exhibit |he appearance of an ocean. Great pu^c of .tbis country ig of consequence. almost continual!^ jBooded ; n4 barren. It niinr ptssible to view, Without admiratioi|i« the perpetual yei^diOrp j^ the woods, the Ittsitriance of ^e plains, and jtheitcnfesri* ing height of the mountain^. This eou^try produces eora, JVgar, ^aeco, and'&uttsbf4llkin;C^. The desert ,of Los Llamos, like the jSahara (^ h^xct^ is a prodigious, tract of barrenness. For 2000 squf^e leagues the le^el' of the 4:0ilntry does not diiiier Ave inches^ No yegetie^bn cheers' this plain tif sand ; serpents and r^- [jtiles are'tj^e ^nly iuH^bitants the traveller meets, for sey* id diB^i Chief fovms* Cahtragsna is th^ p^ncipa]#«9-poit^ s'n 19 Terra Firma. It is situat<^d on the AJtla^Uc o- -^ in «i«rtk lattiMd^ 10» Si', The bi^ on whidi it W town II i |' i y i| » i j ii|i l» » »' ifi ;' p»i»»ajmni|>il I IP ■:?■; m m lii I m!.-.:!i mM n\ !|;tw i:j! !i!ii!!i| lii, I ! ^! ! !' :"'-^ alaika«;^0 tevtn ^ii]^ wlj^» f r^ra n«th Ata w^ ; 4^9IM5if 4i|iiiiji| tliiit i^jpi irie ndmare.^p'tiited thftii o^i^ a riv^. ':mpn>'«n^ 1^1 a^riif ir^ in the modern itde. ^Ii(B fttki^ are straig)^ : 1t>f 9a4>, aod > weU paye^* The liQ1l9ee are prm0i|ially .brli^,,^^: oi^ f t^ hi^. IKhb (^jty Hf the re8i4eiice of tlie governor of iSe piro«j^et-f . a bishop, whoie Ajpif i^al J^Hf^^r0viiic^ ^ere'iB, here. alvoAa court of in^j^ill'Qnk J^^^AUA Js the eipfttf of iTerKa^^;^^ iil^^^iQi^o liiurdv lati^de ^<> ^,u^ , a cfipado^ Jfy M ytot^.^«^t^ties iif goto 'ami si^ve^, aiid otbeF. n^.in^rmu- /^2»e/ ,£i^ ail piftttf of Peru and Chili ; jiere thejfreJIodg- ecl IP «tere hoiii!9i,.tUl the proper ^eiwoB; ari:||irf;9 Jo^trana- |^rtlKeti^''to'Eure]^e*' ■■"■■■/; ■■'■\^ ■■»'"'>■■ ', "'*'Xl^ti^o BkLXo la situated elose to/tiiese^^ofi a^decliyity! ^ a ^oiivibiin, ^hidi . ftirrquB^B '. J»t mHple J^arjbioi:, , The J epnveme|)ce and safety of Jti|i0 hfot^or it stich,Jthiit Cfllwor liiis, i«h^ first dpcovered it^ gaive it the nm^eotl^ptioJB^h ^oiitlryin^Vf^pMa^y in north latitii4«^^^ $% Ll£^S idii^ifff Teirva .Hro^, «B^ jti^ aoitilil^ir ChQi, eie|t ^^ ther^^E^dea,.:^^^^^^ se^Miirapng itfronv AMe^a/ >IVH^/b«it)veen akd^^ s6ut^ latiti^de, add threads betwenJ5<' east an^ 6*1 west longtibdd, ..tli9!ti|di its hreadth^iaTliuim placeniore;'^ ~ 500 miles* \Dtt»)»oit«. Pehi is divided into ^ree .pravinioes, Quit lai^^ jind Lps ChailCQa. ,^ v i > . , . ^ ?' |{tt)er«; Th^Antdapn rises among^Jilbel An ^^Sut cUrects ita course edj|tward> ^rpugh . Aniaaonia. df the rivers c^ the Andes run into, we' AtlAiv^i^a^d ,C8 hardly 'be .cat; ger/eraily brown. These arihu^ Isre generally docile, so diat the Indians use them as 'breastir ifhurdtiia.^ Tbeir fle^ is Isateerhtd preferable to.m^tton* jThe Vic«imia resembled: the liatna in shapte, but fs^mud^ erj^'iabd its ^6^'shmm and finer. Mims^ Natui^ lie'^^ effeied to the aridity <3f'iinahHiRl^ pa any country on the globe,' suifth rich nMn***' is thosr'of '■**«<* 'Tl«»% are ^ A*^rert ^^^dia ttia^s, hot '^ose bf :88v«^ ibuitd all over;. tile country. Those of Potest at^ Ihlb «tceteb*ated.'i '■ "' -. • ^ . ' €iiws and fx^wm, Thd ^ity of LtMA' \k the Capital df Peru, ahd Of the whcAe Spanish limpirfe' in South- America it is seated in a d^ight^al' v^UeV) two l^kgUes from m^ •sa ; and is twa mil^s long, and one broad. Tber^ atib lany magnifldenfedifi^es; particularly chur(:hcs,- in LidEia.. It is said' to contain 54^iOOO inhabitants, who are imihei&si^^r Hch; All tri[iveil«rs t^e&k with ttmaJsenrentiof Uie dei^siii* Hons of gold, «ilver, and precicKtl |toneS| tv^li^hr ioiitt'^ Tails of Uve chttTches* - • U, Iv rn f f im I l » ^i « i i. « i ' U tfc i f I * M mif iMi li'i tl b ill! X. ! > Cys^t thjB SAetent capital pf ,fi»t%^j^fmhm tm^k^^^ :|j!i^i|i«ttPtaihouf county, iMivA iustance from the mut a^ IlliA %iaig l)e«»i o^ the decUiie^'jbut iin yet a veiy coosiderabie J ^(lib 1*9 netxt to Ltmaj Id, papulation^ , if h^A iu|)erief .|# i]t It is.like CuacO) an inlarid city. cjiip . IP(#)|1^DS ,9long <^e: P;ax;^c,,^Cfani fl;<>^ Agm hpiitijd^y. of Peru* in Ifillt^de ^4 degree* 90uth» io tjbe i .^tkd^^^i^t being J4iS0^^^i^^ t^ breadth is abdut 2^r miles. Cmx has Paraguay^aiid ^uctiman «a8t, aitd FatiK* i gon^aoi^h. , Jt .conts^n^ $78*000 square miles, to thisi ii»«it he lidded Cuyp„.;or Qij^Oi east of the Andei^ i96! niiiei loitg and :4Q2 .brps4 icbntfunibg 1#^ a^iunrsj \% Clinufie and Soil, W»6 climate lof Chili is ^epe^e^lht^j liaoat delightful .in, >the f^<)r|d» b^ig^ a i^edium l^twee^^^ ijt^irj i^tens# h^at of the t|(>rrid> wad^ t>bi^^ing .cold «f tiie| itry.wii re. the soil is not exuberai|t]y fi^. r CJb^ iiJ' V dnifual and Vegetable Prodw^i^ii* '*^^q\i^ Jtt^Ifa,^f ChiU are in grea^ ,est<^H^ r?^ sbeep) aqt gofi^ are fatened in th^ lux^i»(^ /Dif , eoas| a^imdv!!^^ ;P>aQy excellent ^jf J^itihe)^Have also yttfi^^'i ''o«ri of9r)Md^'aQdjieA.w ■'■-'.■ ■•j-;-\:: '■.. .r.^ 4^: • >a ,|prm«, a^d fdlpthe^fi^Jis^ iThe Europt^ao J^uit J^i^ #tlum^^^^^^ be firopped to ejMdxte |h^ to$iMttaimt|i^%#ii, *^tiAwfr"^t* Orange^tieet afe » bl^^pn, ,a!^v,l>^^i] J^oUghout d|# y^aJBi < ^he iato^iaili^^^^ ltin4;or n^u ',Clidin^ l^i«0 fro^ tlie grapes* fi^ft%^,^^^^^ tfaii . ''df^d'<^iulauid9'UL^%dn,.' • ■'■ / 'i.,^ ,,./:< .r,'s(-^ ■ . 0iiripf», M»J»«*f 4jf gold, s^ye^f^|(y|>p#> tin, qtticksUi ifpa^ aiK^ leadiJMnw^ in thia cquntijr. (Vast qmintities vt4)l^^t« ;- tlie annual |mou)3t of ,«rhr^h, F^9 inHmi^ctl is e«tiamte(A at iia i«jps th|«^^^ BlJEifis A^ET irholtvi^erief > t'^ojmmfkmkmitu^-^j^ inim^^cr white MiabitttQti in ChOi was reduw^d at 80^ ; ne Thtt oiimbei' |ia^ since jnueit ioeeeaKd. The nuMi^ ii 1702« wtonnted ta 15^^ uueag Thijir iBdisins 1A0 «g nM lubject to thrSpaai^ yoie, are very h(iii«»iin<4U^ comotercial transftctioiur ; they live in small huts. *rh% are brave and warlike, and alk the attenonta^of ttja %a|iu||^£ ta sxibdiie them have proved ii^ieflectHali^ ^ -1^ Tqwis, St. J4G0, Uie capital bt^Chlli, a?id the teat df gGvernojerit, is 90 miler frmri the ocean, aud 24 ftom thd Andefi, It id alar^, han^bmd place* It contained; in 177^» 46,00a inhabitaritt, whidi have since increased, And trades largely with* Buenoa Ayi^Si Thife inhabitants are said ^ be remarkably pdjite atid b^pitaWe^ Vacpa^rai* id* the port of Sti iJagb,^ igfihe M^i.i*^cchtjrafer/t>Miony« It is divided>into'shK prtivirices, Paraguay, Paratiai Goira, Uragua, Tucuman, and Hio dd la l^lata. I RiverL The country is watered by innttine'r^bie streaina land rivers, whi«h too Ove «ra)Qd <^r hit Platgi aii^aay „i, I'lh •6mkli6ai^ abated by dif^g^k bft;s«#||. urbf^h/ g^lP^: %»lMt^ jab^M« «*• tea o'-ckwek i» tbe morning, and «9|M^ ijiegraateit paist.ef tbed^y. SyBse p^m^o^^^ fotintaritrb t»ry nipiaiftaiQpiiB ; but ^» roany *the|;»i,.w«i C|teQiiv« and beaiitifiil pl^inB, rwhere thf soU i§ f%^Pjf pfif ^ . ' nrodaji^i^ cottony. lobadcO) and the valtiable herb (^ ^ 1 4r|iguay^v together with .a variety.,^ frawt*,- l%pr^ ares mho fich,#a»t5riji^. in vhicb ar« b^e^ sacibteda «f cattleij liNil ^i»iiid..tIJie bidea «5*^^^ iW*F*^rt ^xpwted-;^ wfedt^ ' ' #e Jidj^ilfr lefi ^ be devooifed >y tl^^ beasts, of the wfld^^ Pars^oay send* aimualty int^ the klngdPQ» of Feru, i5C' «r aXpO miles* . Tbey travd oyer dre&yy ^ert§. fpr- t^d j^laifce 0f ^ ortSOQ leaguess The pro*i»^; of Ti:«^ma»j £imi&h^ to Pototi^annuaUyj ,16^ or«l 8,000 immw, a^^ or liOOO horses^ |>rou^ for^ and /eared ikp0u Ua own to^ri- , ^ Tp«v»«» ^UJENOS AvftES is the capital ^f this fou^. Its 8itl|iat»oii,-on the .river La Plttt%.4aiMB«lt|k|| i^DJemmtr and the aw, temperate. Iti»,i«gJ^^I^W|| Tke tt)u^iar.'OiSMiai»i«^ts is^about 30»QOO. .One^i#itJ tl^ Ufm'uk defended 4>y a ibntresi^: wii^ » garrison of sij^l ^jliet«» hnn4re4 tt»^» The to#a atwida 4«0 nai^s from W^§pi^' f4te access up the rivfr is wry difiicult. J Movxp ViojBo stancU oo a bay of the aame name^ oq thw t^l^ ttde ^f the wver I^ Plata, SO ieaeues aboye/iH ppnth." It lies ^Mt.^f Buenos Ayr^, and haa it^i €kUIANA. •^' •> y "J^HE Intensive country (^ 6uiaka«. or CAr»Rii>iANA«] aUt^i^tQa a&tkg the ooast of .^ie A^antic oce/im. froi^ M moad^ of tll0 Hirer Oronoko, to Cape Nocth, at ^^ ^mouthj ilblbe AmaaoHtii^, between 2* and# of n®rri|latitiidfr^ and between 12*' and $5^ of east longitude* iHtisio^. The western part of Ait cotttttr^j «aUed »i •wf GUIANA, m ihani, belonged^ lately to the Dutch ; the middle port t9 the ^tiiiich, ^hoge capital wa» Caybhnb. and from which l^e whole territory received its nam6i The «a«tern parts were disputed by the French and Dutch, iMit the priiif^^^ - places in the country have lately feeen taken by, apf vrt- now in possession of, the English. ^ Guiana is now ijlivided into five districts, callfid Ecfftil* QVEBO, DeMCRARA,BbHBI8CH, SURINAM ^ andCAYBVXX^ The four first receive their nam^ from rivei», v^eh fUH through them, aod theliuitfcimi the<^^ ii|. Erance. ' ■':■"■'.;;: ;,.i-, ..■;- :■ ■„:,•," •'■^■.^.■, Clhitate and Season^' In ih» months of Sept^mbery Q^- tober, and November^ the climate is mUiealtlty, p$fftie«dar« ly to strangers.- Al»undred milefbuck'^^Om tneaea isa hiliy couiitFy> a pure, dw, wholesoipe air, n^ere a &r« sometimes .. would not be disagreeable* The seasons were. forinerly .divided into rainy and dry ; but owing, probably* ^ th^ country being, more clearod, aada iciee, passage opened fdr thie circulation of the lUTy this diptiiictioa b^ io a^great meaauro'^ceased^.- / v.j -:■..- ■•■^s. „;:?,■■ .-■ ^ Bivefi, A numher^of fine rivers ppisirtht>9iig]ii thiseoun^ fly ; the principal of whicb^ are Essequebo^ teiaam) De^ I merara, Betbiscii, ilhd Canya^r.. Eisequebo is 21 mile^ wjdis St its mouth, anclk more.&an S00>miles4n length. JSrum nam is a beautiful^ river, three qaarterpf of a mile wide^; . navigable i&r the larges v^sels 12 miles, imd foi^smiever|p«en 'and mangiefve trees, which render the passage up Uia^^iver ^ery delighl* |ful. The Demarara is aboi^t two miles wide at ittmo^Ui^ If^posite to the fort»^ This river is n«tigable for veneib that cim pass the barf upwards, of 100 mil«9»^- S^U and Traductions. Tbe ^nd ^ojig tile sea coait is • low and marshy, and -Subject to imindat^ona during the;' Irainy seascmst • The soil is extremely rich jt p|r94i|oiogcot^ ton, sug^, tobacco, Indianicorn,gingerrmdig^ rice, trmtti> . coffee, "and other necessaries of lite. ■ In &» woodt^atve JBoany 8pecj|i,^#~ durable timber,, and others higlijy "v^l* Oable for ornamental purposes. This country has nevet experienced Imrricanes, tliose dreadful scourges oC the Ife^t-lfjiies; and drou^tB,-irom the UxwuemM tim-lm^- 11.2 • ■ . ^ -■ =,.../..;•■: 334 GqiANA. mm it has not to fear ; nor has the prod.i|ce ever been ddtl^oyeil lljr jiiiV• Aitmhkf Serpents y Sfc. Hie wod^i^aboiiti^ rf ith plentv «rdeer, hitt'es, im r^%UUf a lu .d ofb^i^o, 4nd two sp^ dei^l^lf %ild lib^s, one of which ^tht; peccat^,) is remttika*] ble H^liaTing^oniething resembling the iiavei qd^^ Its \3^m f The woogds are iofested with sevvr^^ sptoies of ti^ert,] but with np other ravenpus or dangerous animals. The rivers are rendered dangj^rous bv aUigators. 8cort>ions ao|| tarantulas are found biuret of a large size and great venom, I and othec insects without number, some oC them very dank] geroui and troubtesoqae ; the torporiiie eel^alse, the toudil cfifrhlehi by meait^ brae bare nan^ Ptainy. t^ondi^ctor, bai tHe eiTect of II lEftitdng etectiic sho:ik ; 9erpent!s alifO* some ^1 wfinch Ifrievendmbu^V and others, as ha|.,b^en asserted by J ttistey ct-e^ble periBons» axe IVom twf^HJf-'i&vt^ to^. fifty ifse^l long, in the w6ods are monjfieys^ dije •^r«th» jya<| palrotrl ih' all their varieties { S^so, son^e biuilb of bealitilStlvp;itt^| tti«yre* among other^) the flainlngp, butfe^w-of no sili^ift|i|] r Chief Ti}iiotU, '!?ARA^Autvx)^ t^^ ^«? njrtl^j «li Sui^nani Mve^l Ibur leagueii froln ihti seit^ is the prinei* Ealtowrn in Surinam, it contains abpi^, 2000 >ii^hitei> on^ alf-tiNrhom are. Jews, and 8000 $lavesl I'lie houeei ai^ piii!USp0j of wood ; some liew ha^ glass wi|adoyrs,^ but |e- J Aevaky t^ey have wooden^ shuttei-s. f he streetf are S|^<;] eidas and stiraight, an^ planted, on eac{) sic^ jwith QlAngd imdisamarind trees;"'^ ;-'''\^^^ . .''' ^ ' '^Ir' •- ':''^ . ' .^'-'^ PmmAHAi^A^t at the iHoufti of thB riyer of t2^ same niunc •QiaiiuM about 1800 W^ite i^~h4>iti^t8^«^^ \ CAYlKii]^ prindpcd settliemlht ift lim disti^ict < im ilaii^« ; it is on ad islapd neait tiie ctftuit. It contaiWj 1200 white inhabitants, exclusiv^ of the* garrison. Morigim^, 1%<^ inpst tpnsidei^b^ Uiie Indj^ na« Aoiis oftxuifitia iure the Canbbees, theArvaoues, the iTaos,; oii^ "the" Galibis. The Chwraibes; o|^ .Caribbees are en* terpttsingy ao^ sp cautidus of surpiri$e> thaf, they post put;] gttSlarjfti smd centin^ls, with as muieh ci»Fe and art as |;h^] £iirfi|)^ani^ Tbejraie said Uy haiwe h4en ttmii^^ bai8# IW Galibis are a, pacinc pem)le ; tbt^ aoaniii^Cf. lure haButeJcs and cotton beds, ana are very ing^mpu$f^l 81UZIL. dS£ •ran. The Charaibeli in the Weyl-IncOeSi 9re tli!C>iigbt to 4crivfl their or^ from theie nati<«if;* j(he i*5?ii^ be* eC GiUana fttjC fpndiy cherish the trttdltipn t far fron| •he 15th t^egree of £. loiigitiide, ^ouM^nearly cocregpoB^ vr'\ih iti we^.ter9 .boup4f ryx^ro .w|iich. \t exteiida eaat- wardtoal^oat 40 dygreea t-M^^ It* leijgth, JfeMj north M\ :H)U«h,.is 2500 miles; its Ifiroadth^ 700. . It it aurroide4 on all.aidj^a py.the mpuUw. of i^p riv^ Amazoil and hi \ jPlata and the Atlantic ocean/ expcptt, the west, where ili| . houndjed Ify iVai^zoiiid and Jfcho ^p^ish poB8e8sioi»a» , , Dv^ui n% , It has tliree grand divisiowsi th^ northj^r% 'w^ich oAiitainseight provinces or captainihipa ; the nud^ ^ich has five ;aQdjthe aoiiilLei^n/Wh^ in^ I aixteen provi^icefti, ^ :^^m^\ liarbph, and "kmrs,. Them^m^lii^ PDrnambuce, All Saints, yRio Jaat^iro, the port Qf St, Vi«i» •eiu, the Harbor of lGaJlirieI,aP(5 the^^ There is a great iimnber W noble s^re^is, Which unite iritl^ th^ Hvera A^p^i and ta,Pia|a j ^ew4fe( ;pti|er#rwhich. ^U |4tto the Atlantic^oceftf), , , ■■■*■> Climafe, Si(Alflajiff Prot(uctiqn^^ The climate of 3raac^' |itf^^|e^pftr*jfce;aii4mil^,>heB compared with that of AiH- |«8 ; ; owi^^ chitftyl to ^thi^ rejreshiflg: wind, w|iieh liwwi l^ntinuaUy frqin U»,e se.ft. ., The. air. fa ^6t,oniy.cboi; b«| l^illy, through the night iB^ that th* ,i>fiti^e9>mdie a fir#. Nrery evehm| in their huts, . As^ the rivers iiJ^thif^iountni pnjially ovetfldw thieiir bankii^ and leave a jsort of ^i^' "•'"^oft Hie land, the soil, in many places, is aniazH^ly ricli^ he vegetable produc^ona are fn^^ corn, adgareaiieili^ ,.uml«,i^f!!?*«-^* BftA2It» |iV iJ'o Clicll^t'if of ft«e4 color, hard aod dry, and ia chiefly used ia^f^t* but not the red of the bef; kind. Here la also, Umvtuaw fustic, of use in dying Vellow: and a beautiful kind of sjpeakled wood, made use of In cabinet Work. Hera me five aifferetit' sorts, of '(»abn trees, soma curious ebony^ and a great variety of ceitoa trees*. This oountry abounds-m horned cattle, which lare hunt* •dfor their hides- only, ^,000 being sent annually intO' Europe. There is also a plehty of deer, hares, and ethei game. Among the wild beasts found here, are tigers, por« •apinea, jiaeuveras^ and a fierce enimal eome^vhut like the greyhound ; monkeys. slothV, and the topirausou, a crcti«' ti^ between a' buU and an ass, but without horns, and en» IJ^tHy harmlesB ^ the flerii it very good, and has the flavor if Mef. llicre is^a . numberless varie^ of fowl, wild and? tanie, in Ihis country., Mitut* . There are geld miriea in many parts of thifi| •ountiy^ which have been wrouglit with considerable profitlj to tiie ffbveroment. . There are abo many diainond roinesi^i whidb have been diacoveted .here; they are of all colois,,] and of almost every shade.. . Commerce,. The. trade of Brazil i& very great, and in^ Iteases^every year. They import 4-0,000 negroes annu- •Uh^i Hie eiKports from Brazil are ^i^^^ionds, sugar, to<^j tecce,> hidesr drugs and medicines ; and they receive ia^i vetttm,. wooUengpods of all kinds, linens, lates, silks, hati,| laad^ titi^. peirter, copper, iron, beef, and cheese. They| ^ii^receiVe firdm Maoeira a great ^U^tity of wine, vine^ JMT^ and brandy t aod.fcomue Azores, j^5,000 worth mer liquefs. . mi^Tmnu^ 8T<;SALVAi>oiiJa^t]i^ capital of i Brazil^ Tllis city, which haa a noble, spacious, And commodioi^ biEurbor^ is. built one high and- sleep rockr having the sc #1 one aide, . and , a^iake forming j^ -crescent /on the ofher*^ Thesituat^-makes it, in a manner, impregnable hy nature;] and thi^ have besides added to it very i^ong, fortifications J Bis populona,. aaagnificient> andvb^oud compftfisou; th«| lAestigav and oputent city in^UlSf^ Rio J4iu»no is a rich and populous ci^, having 'Hnai\jf^ fgant churches aiid other. buiitiings, 9ituat^ vitl^ " aW containing 200^0^ ii£ah^<^: VIK 9.iO)aii.CAtlioU«^ / , j^ifi^. .^^w^«.. jiip6^ m^jtm I^^M^ «lo^iiig« --.*., .•.,,^. , •"*;...... .. ..^■.s'.'^^ ^.i m\m thejr ^ pojiieftioQ o^ All JJau^to %i J^^^ flip city of ^1* Sftlyador, which w »•# tk^ |^3«iMe iif f Tt^roy ao^/ wrcl^rahop. ( The pui^ iiitiided Urium, . Ufi^'^f And sttt>dtted tb^^aartheriiprbvi^Cfifti bc^ i><^ fs^^ U^e»#, agrw#, 16^1, to.pay tjhe putch 8 Jon? b^g^W i^^ linquibh thpir iatef^8ti» thui-cpiiitttJry, ^fAmh iffif acc^fj fit J FoiPCttgueie reniained In pe4c«(ibi« fij^^ Bazif, till aa^piit the eM of.it^fl ilKhen ihe SpanWi gwrip [ernmetit of Bueioi Ayrea, heiiriit^ of n.war i>etwe^ Fipf-^ [u^ mi^iSff&iti, took, fiji^ a iBontl^p i^efffl il^.fOlto^ |lfl<»efroiv|ie*4>rtrjB«ff cai^S^. Saprftujajt ; birt, b)ct^ itr^aty of peacv^ it was restored. Jn^iSOT. t^i-^ "■ — ** |iMf[»l .family of Portugal emigni|e4 M> Vfrsa If drtiigueie monarehy is now established. . fiegent,, ai AMAZp^l4^. THIS lajrgir country Mt newTi b^9LJ^«r0c% !^^ »y any Uifean natiotu it i^ supposea tol^ ii|f»i^^ i4|i^, IS l(^^p«d 90^ broad i 4kuat^ betwieea thei^gi^ , 30 de^S^ south iatjitvid«kir It is fc^ounded ]|ort^bar;Mr • t Firwa, and Ouiai^; east by Brazil; .8oti|h % JR^ife "ay ; and w^sfc by Piem. u r^Qfi*§& ite mm^ ftm^^m irsthe wtkoie-temt^ry,; :..; ^. -■^, ■ , ^■^^■:,.A':.,_^ -'-•'^'v'. the air ift cooler in this c<>opti^ than coiil^.be (Mec^ jnsidering it is situated i»; the iniddle of t^tiWiftd *^^ Jliii is fmrtly awing to the h«flvy raiPSt whi^b ■ acfa^^j :he ri¥era.to overflow i!ie»^ jiaiiks oae half Qf thfJiyear, «|rj| artly to the cloudineM of tbo we^atheiN which o^cue^ilMlr- on agreat part o^the^t^Q^ he is above the kojt'iasaft* '^^ ing the rainy seasoa, fe .couatiy i% ttibject to; drfi*f^^ Mrms of thuodeci^ %h^Banf** ^. ^ c,. .^^^^ The 86il is extremely fertile, producing cocoa «Hit% pinft lies, \mmm, gfaot«w»6, tad a greai ¥a»e«f . ^/.■.,.*-< ,.■ , - Hiiaitr; eadUfi red wood, jHik, ebony, log iiodd, sugar gollbii, potatoes, balitain, koney, &c.' The wooUa, abound] f^tigcra»,«pild bpart, and^ame of varioue kintli ;.the rif.} ilb tk^ fakei with tfih. The crocodile aud water aerptii ieiiOT wtdng a dfUigerouft enlploym^nt^ . The, nati«|fe of /Mnazonia are of a good stat«ire, hai^ fcaodaofae Tenures, long black hair, aad copper Gomplejuj lo^. They ipin and \reav0 cotton cloth, aud build the' laouaea with wood and clay ^ and thatch them with reed Their arms are darts and javeUns, bows and urows^ wit Morgetf of cian^ or fish skins.^' The Several nations aife g< ^eirned fjy' tlie|r chiefs, or caciques. , . ;' lireadinj^.the history. ^fS^uth-Afnerica, itispleasli 16 reflect tbal^dny.part of itfias^s^aped the ravaees of £« ropean conc|uerorS. Atnasonia remains unsubdued; ~~ tKe original mfaobitants still enjoy their native jQEeedom Mi^iadeii|i4 , ,>■-:.. Ill III :- PATAGONIA. 1^18 country is less known tti^ any ^b^ fixi 4oath#Anierica. It^Iies soYith of Paraguay 4^^ Chili, andj ift bounded east by the Atlantie ocean ; sooth it is dhrideil] "I^Oii Terra del Fucgo by the straits of Mage)^»: ieac iito the Pacific ocean, wWh liniits^ it on th^ IMt^ ' The eliniate i» much odder in Uiio^ coimtrj^piii in ■ifr^» undttT the sanie pwriUlels of latitudev it is almc ifffl^b^ to say what-ttle^soil would produce, as it is m i^pti?ated by the' natives* The northern ptt^ tSfe cbvc f^h wo)od; hue, towards the soutl^ there is not a singb lirae [large enough to be (^ u»i> tm mechanies. Tliere, ai| ^»iod pastures, w\m^ feed incitdtHe numbers of h<3»ri^c CUttleaiul horaea. -.re;,- ;rv ;,,. \:, There are aome ri^rs and bays on the coast of this iiyi but they are liMle knowBj^^ Patagoi^ is inhabited by a variety of Indian tHb^, BiORg which «Fe the Pali^ns, from whom 'the count f|Kk«8 its^aioe i the Pandas ai^d the Cos^ores. Thw Ifve upon fish and ^ame, and wbat the earth produce ■pntanfoiisly. Their huts are thatched) and, ootwitM (i|p4%l||L N^ip of the oHflMte, thejr it^m J#. et 'X 90UTH.AMBRICAN ISLANDa '4m \H Ihuk araiuitle illiiae of feal ikin, or the tkiii tfTaomo IbeMti and tl)at -Ahey throw off whe* tNv are m pctioOb TJtey are exoeodingl;^ hardy, bi^e, and actiw, [•M of their atmt,^ which are bowa tma arrowa htia iinu, with amasiiig dexterity; > They alwaya - hi lead on th& eastern ihorei, looking towards the »^.^., ^ their fkthers. ^tliey. are supposed^to have etnicnAed oiifeia* |i)ly from Africa. The Spaniarda«ace hiiiit a fort upon the i^aitfV M«f- lan andiit)ft a garrison in it» to prerent iihy o^er E«inra» Ipeaa natic^from pasKi%.that ^aV into. th^JPai^ie cfieta^i liot mofit of the n^en periihHl by h«ng^, whence the fdilM llbtained the liame or Port Fahiihe; since thaC liital maik i/ftntion haa attempted lo^plant cofonitis in Patagonia^ Afl to the religion or government of thf l^tagOniaiu, mB %fe no certain information. Some hate nporCM that thev IlKl^ve in invisible. powers, both good and evil; and tfi^ llhey pay a tribute of gratitude to the «ne. t^d deprecii|# libewra^hand/eng^caoftheotbe^ ' " .- e coast of this SOUTH- AMERICAN ISLANDSL 1^ fHB Fa4.i(p,anb Iai.»8Kea«^arthesti-aitsof Ma^elUi^ ^little to the northeast^ the uHnost extremity <^^€^i^ 'jaierica, bi|ween 51<'<«nd $6^3, lat. and l^et#eeii 21^ i^'M^ of £.loA. '11m|i ««re cHaoovei^ by«8ir Richm^ kwkins, in |594 } the «hMff of ^e two islands, bb etMed Uvmint^'a MAipEUi,ikSMy ii» hianort>f ^ueeii ElizidietlL The soil of these ii la a i di m bad, -and the shores are beat % Brpetual ttorms. A British settlement Wae made heret, 'which, they ware soon after dispossessed by the ^pin* ^t tt70^ !The Spaniarda; i^# send criminals ftwn ipt settlements ^n the coo^ne^t. to.^hese inhospitiMe tores.'. . ,^i-^.; '"- . ■■•''■' ■' Tekra^ i>BL Futtob, ' or '*Laiid tf Fve^ lies at the south- M extremity, of Soildi^Amerioa> is separated from f|ie Qatn on tiie nor^, bf ^i stfalto (^ M^Han, and conttOna hoi;^ 42,000 sttpe Bote. It ceHnsts of sevemi i^d% rhiGh*f«eeiveans nam^on account of. the vast fireta^ »ke which thr fiiiyt diicovisrerft oF them pensehred: l^ip l4MMlrto<» the east of ^ 1^^ „,,.^,:^$i^mf^t ' * i ill,' r ) 11 1 ') 'I. i'lllll'ir!'!! m^ flMf td^^fii barren and \nmai^iS6i$asi laiit Km liaeii found mf^ 0O|ts :f>f «K«i tifid plfulitf anlbi viiJiM«ty'(^ birda4)ti4li«t^9r^gri>niftdt«ndi^^ iKatanl £jteedbf Mtolls^ H*».are found #lirt«r>l*ri6, ai^' nmi^ rf adliiiut, whictt?llaa a ^enr w«tt tinted » taU,"^ ^ WM pt iwnalj chdftki. l*ienty of d^Ierj )u^e.harbor. The hoiijM$a are few and scattered* ^ -Juan WvjmJkVDmf*^^"'^ i« *be PaeifiQ oceiai, leagues west c^ l^e oontilient, latitude S3~ degreas spt tengituiiidVidventttres&cni*^ od^te^piU for the cfN^atfiid novels Robinson Crus 1[&lM^bj»r is in Cumb^land.baji* m. the north* side df < island. It is v^resenti^by thiiiie idha hare yisitfld it, an clanli^ paradises On tiie iotflNrast ia aainall " yrmT'iWs^i^B. ^a >^iBedBoA7 Island, ^d a reck, galled Moivsjrt iEet'; ^niost contiguaus to it. ' r; ' Massafuero, caJHed bj the Spaniards the Leatet^ Jm^ Jpernaades* Ues ii2 leagbeB .wefet by ^ south of the Istot tneh- ^tioned klaad i on thd north side is good anchoi^ago f0r jilyjping. i * . , - WEST-INDIES., IN that impienBe guIlT, which Sows bet^veen North atid 3outh-Aoiericft, , lies a multitude of isljjinds, which at the 4inie of their first discovery, were called the W*st-W»a I islan'ds|, on the supposition that they extended so as to form a connection with tliose of the East -Indies the [fallacy of the supposition was soon discovered ; bat the. ! aaifne is still retained^ to prevent confusioii in geograph- [ical accounts of the isi^nds. They lie in the fonn of a I semicircle, *«Bd stretch almost from the coast of Florida , |4e tha mouth of the river Orpnoiio, in South- America. The climate in all the West-India islands is neai^y the |j»me, allowing for those accidental differences whicfi the I several situations and qualities of the- lands themselves (produce. As ihey lie within the tropics, and the sun goal [quite over iheir heads, they would be continually subjectr €cl to an extrsjue and intolerable hvnit, if the trade /windt [did not blow in upon them from tlie sea, SEftd refresh the [air, in soch a manner, as to enable theni to attend their |qoncerus> even under the meridian sua. On the >othtt ihaiid, as the night advances, a breeze begins tn be pigr- ccived, which blows smartly from the land, as it were fro:ti the centre, towards the sea, to all pointa^« of the cem* )ass at once. ' * , ' '^ •; The rains make the only distinction of seasons • in the . [West-Indies ; the trees are always green. They hawe ne cold, no frost, no snows ; the storms of hail-ai'e, however^ rery violeat when they happeif. ? The grand stipb commodity of the West-Indies is stt* jar. The juice of the sugar cane is the most iivdyi e*» it'llent, and the L-ast cloying sweet in nature* •Tlie islands of the West-Indies are genirally distribiit^ l»y navigfitors, into four clusters^ caued Xiie BahA1iA«^4 W iit Hii^ficmiolia, ^liiic^ is^ b^ t(rGlreat*Bri^|un, FrftpeCt'^Sp^n) and I>enmark. As the vsoal dUtinction of European possession is fle^ti^ and anoert&int we shall consider the principal of these jwiandj| di th0ur prde^y from north to south. THfi BAHAMA 1SI,ANI>J5,^ ' CAf^iiED 1^ the Spaniards 1.ucayo$, •H^e.^etween 2f ifed 27** of N* lit. and between 2* E. and 6*^ W, lop. and ; comprehend all the isles to the noniib ,of Cuba and His. ■X poniola. They are About .£kX) in i^uniber ; some of thetq arec^ly rocks ; others are -very low and narroiw, oar littlaj E»<)t« of land^aknost on a level witli {;he water ; but t% m liiem are lai^e iM^d fertile. jFive xvnly are ishal^ted, vizji Piroyideoce, Harbor) Cat^ Ele.uthra^ apd £;!cujtia. Turk'»| inland lias about 500 men>dn it during the salt seaaon, biitl fiaost of them return to the other isles. The p.rincj|ial isl-| and) whicAi has eiicen its nmne to the «4iole ;clui>teT, Greajt iiah :ma« wh^se. situation is about 20 leagues Ire ||ie eoast of Florida^ from which it is separated by thi 'sirfutdT Ha anu^ or gulf of^orida* A^mh^rgris Is foun^ on tite icoasts of ^ese islands. The inhabitants catch gre Bumbears of green tuitle. The only ael;k^e cuitivated fct exporjtaticn is cotton. They produce gri^t quantities dyiiw; W0( ds, itnd some lignunivitfle and m^oeiUiy. The 4wM commerce consists in furnishiqg wi^i pToyisioii such ships as are driven in by bad weather. ^ One of tfiose islands, Gpanahani, or Cat Xslatid, |«€c biroted 9b being the first spot of the ne'^ world deScri< by C<|lumh»s, who; as a memorial .ipf deliverance, gave the appellation of St. Salvador. These is^nds were the I^IlU <^ inhabitants, who were simple and mild> and live. ' happy in the midst of plenty. T$ese unfortunate peopI| were^ transported to the ^nines <^ St. Domingo, after Spaniards had destroyed the inhabitants of that large tad ; so that fourteen years alter their discovery, not |ers t 20 leagues fr« separated by the nbergrisis fovuw ^itantfi catcb gm ;icle cultivated ft igr^t ,<|uanUUes m^ogaby. Thai vita pToyyuor iftf* cat Xslai^d, i| € Acv world deicri fdeiiverance, gave i^ islands were thi nd Diild> and liv( unfortupate peopl j)omingo> after U its ofOiat large ii lir discovery, not CiiarksU. a iaves^ The otlier inhabitants amount to about 50,O0O*r Ifae course of the fillers iiET too ^oi^ be of any coose^ kuence lO navigation ; but there are several ^oig4< JNo^iloni the island, which bekMgkg to the prind|ia3 towns, Havaa- St. Jago, Santa Cruz, wad La Trinidad. There are vast number of snudl isles roiuid this noble island, ^e ^land, abound with fishi. In the. woods are some very vak> )le trees^ panicularly cedars, so large* it is said, ibat >s made of them will Itold 50 men. The hills are;, ich in mines, and in seme of the rivers there is gold dusU: Tere are also fountains of bitumen. ' Havanna, the capital of Cuba, is a place of great strengtbu id importance, containing 2000 bouses, and a number of lurches and convents. This island was discovered by Columbus, in 1492. li taken possession of by the Spaniards, in 1511, wh<)^i^. m exterminated the mild and peaceable naliveSy Co (!fce ' »UBt of 500,009. f_.«,&.;«*?r< *"'-•■ f!i:(' Wi H\l\ jind, on tt\ t^ih, iiadlon. .1 36 west .1 .a$ J9la»d is intersected widra ridge 6f it^#p rockf^j ' from which issue a vast number of small rivers ofpure^.j wholesome water, v'hich fall down incntaracts^ but none^l are navigable f^r marine ves^iels. Hie Blue M&untaiU |*eak ris^ 7431 feet above the level ctf" the sea. Sugar it] ttie gra^st and most valuable production x^this isknd., It produces also cocoa, ginger, pimento, or as it i»ci^lled,l Jamaica pepper, and vulgarly allspice; the wild ciRnikj inpn ; thermachineel, wbose fruity trough uncomnmidy dt*! li^tful to tlie eye, contains one dflthe worst pO|i|M>ns in li.] lure 4 the cabbage tree, remarkidile fw its Jheight, and fa ^e hardness ^its wood, which, when dry,'i8 iBConnptiblc .4»^ hardly yields to any kind ef to<^; the pahna, afford iog oil^ much esteemed by the -negroes;; i>oth ai food and] Jiqtedicihe ; the soap trbe, whose befrries answer all /purpcMes of washing; /the mangrove atid olive bark, ns^f ta, tantters; the fustic, redwood, and idgis'ood; Jamaic tan boast of a botanical , gard^, contwnine the rarest cok lectiQU of curiou« trees $iid plants perhaps m the world. X^^^ originally a part of the Sp^ni»li empu Mi America. It was reduced un^er ine ^-itish ddmiaf©!? ; cJtiX656,^and eveii since hM been subject to Great-Brita It is- subject tb ektthi^uakes atid hurricAnes, which ^ flone it incredible damage. . Kingston is the capital^ ccMitains 1660 houses; besides negro huts and #£ire-^houi It is.^ place of great trade and opulence. HispANioLA, or St. Domin«o lies at the entrance thegulf of Mexico, between 17 and 21 degrees northtlii^ It^de, ami between 1 and S degrees east longitude ; 45 -! miles long and 150 bioad. The face of the country pr ' : ients an agreeable variety of hills, vallies, woodg, and ri* ers. It is extremely fertile, producing sugar^ cotton, i»l go, tobacco, maiz-i, and cassirva root. The European Cfltj tie arc so mwltiplied h^rC; that they run wild in the wow^j Tile two great chains of mountains, which extend, ire * east to West, and their 11 amcrous spurs, give rise to ,inr morable river;$, repel the violtMce of the winds, vary WKST-IWIES. im lettparatuiT of the lur, and multiply, the reioureei jof htr#^ . man industry* tliey al>ound Mfith, excellent timber* lin t>th of Deeember*^ 1492. ^The natives called it HauHi '^gmfying' lughet mountainous land; it was- also caUed QuM^ueyav thai iff great country* or mother of.couatriei. Oth^ s^ it h|»d' «he niiae of iSoAfe^ which means ft country Ml of habi^'^~ tiQns «uid vtUa^ep. . Colunibus oalled it Hiwanipiai Qr^tii-^ tie Spain, irhidb a^e Uie Spaniards stiil retain, though St, i^omneo is ^e name commotily vteied by other natioris, socailtd from St. Doniingo the capital, which was thuiB Aamed by Columbus, in honor oi^ bis father. Wheig the Spaniards discereredtiie island, there We^e on it, «^ least* a ittiliion^f happy inhabitants, who wer0 redueeu to^,O0O m the shor« space of 1^ years I • It ftirnied 5; kmgdo^^ eacb' governedjby caciques. T^ names of the|e kingdoms trei^ Maqua, Marien,- Higuay, Magtiana, aud> Xaraguay. Hie Spaniaordg had possession of the whole idland^ for 120 years, w:ben they >vere compelled to share it with the [French. About the Jrear 1793, ah insurrection began a- mongthe negroesi-which^ after Uie mo^ horrid scenes of bloodshed and crudt^, has- terminated ih the expulsiou of {the French from alnu^t all parts of^the^ island^ and the ee* [tebiishment j)f a governmenli, administered by negroeft I A negro chief, named Dessalines, has assumed the ^e I of Emp.eror of Hayti, and the island is now chiefiy y^^t [his control. V * . • The principal I?rench towti was Cj^e Francois, whld^, Ibefore its destruction, in 179S, contained 8000 people. [The city of St^ Domingo, at the same ti.^, contained |20,OOO. • i PoKToRioo, belonging to Spain, is 20 leagues E. S. |£^ of St. DoraingO) ICK) miles long^ and 40 broadi The (iftiids are beautituUy diversified with woods> valleys, and ■ [jiiains, jmd are vtjiy fruitful, jjieiding the same "produce iM the oiher islaodsw Gold, which first induced the Span- [iards to settle here, is no longer found. The capital town, which is called Porto Ric*," is on a \tBatXi island, ioiiied to the matu isle-by ft caufeway, extend^ W2 \ ^^. w:e$i$i|!Idps. logacroasth^ harbor. It is large anctwetlllii^ttiieMt m$lui»hd^ and so well 4ej(end^ pa to be almdat impreg^M : 4 -■ THE vmoiN i$i-?ns ^ : a ^riroup of small^ islanctet exteiijing oyer a- space ^,aht/ % leagues frairi^ eaat to west, ana 16 firoiia nortl^] to «oi and nearly approacl^the east coast of Porto Rico., li'jiey I /.jlong to several European pbiveriy but ^ehiefiy to 6rf eai-Brhaih and Denniark., ;V^v /^ ^^ ■>( ■ THE C^EJBBEES vEXTEND in a semicireular form, from the island of] IfOi;to ^co, the eai^ernmost of the Antilles, to the coast] j^iJO>ath-Aifierica. Thfc sea, thus enelosed by the maiit|| iiuijl 0nd Jie isleSj is earned the Caribbean sea;, and it^N g^ilf^ channel Iea4s, northwestward to the head of the gulf •i*lSf^xieo> through thi|^ sea of Hondur^,, . Th# chief ofj tiiiese islands are Saifta Cruis, Bambucav AngiaiUa, Stii Martin, St. Bartholomew, Barbuda, Saba, St. Kustatia, St. | Christopher, Nevijj, Antigua, Montserrat, Guadafoupe, Desea^a, Mariagalante, DominicO, Martinico, St. 'Vin- ^ cent, Barbado^s, and Grenada, These are ciassedjnto WiNpwA^BD ; and Leeward IbLES, by seamen, with re- S«dtr)£l:e usual courses of tk ships ftom Old Spain, w; e Caiiaries to Carthageua, or New^Spaicb and PortoJ ]B«y|Io. ~. ;;■ ;':^. iw:':/- ■ ■^^"-^^■/■■■K./w,:<^\:-\.'.-ii Barbadoes, belonging to the English, is the most ' easterly otf aU the Caribbees, and one of the most pdpu-, ious spots on the earth. Its extent is not more than 20,1 miles^ by 13, yet it contains 16,000 whites, and ;600al ' blacks^ -^'"' ■ . .-■,., .^ /'■:'-:',' '■-■ , •" '■' MjVltTTNKiuE is tbe residence of the govemor of all the French! West-rhdiss. GuADAtioui^B, which also belongsi| 10 die French, is the -largest of the whole group.. Jri^ipad, though riototie ofthe Caribbees, may be] properly noticed in this piece. It lies near th§ coast of-l Terra Firma*, 36 leagues long and 18 or 20 broad. Be^j side the products, c'orurnon to the West- Indies, this islandi| hai a remaxkable laM of pejU'okum/ or fossil oii| wliiclii Kintoii; m t^^ &yaJ^uihW 0h}evt of expoitation, asbemg the best pre^efvatiyeof tKe-bbitprnofshipij, fromjhe irorins which are^i 4«^trU0ti?q to them, ia the VV est^ndie? and- other «rarn» cluiiates. Xrinidatl was netted by the Spaniardi^. lisut b3$ lie||i]ii Qe4iB4 ta Jbinglandv. ^ '. Extent, EUROPR is njuch the, smallest of the four |r&" I divisions of the- globe. Its tength from the rock ^' ^isbmi, in 10 degrees w-et, to the (/raiiai) jiiQuntaiiis, in 60, degrees eafit ImigViude. ftomi Groenwicli, is aibout 3300^ TBi'its. Its !jrv3adth triMB caj)e Nbird, irt Danish Lapland, Ifititade T2 d'jgret?s» to cape Matypat^^iri/ Greece, latttude iS^ degrees liOi-th^ is. abotit 2SS0. It ct)ntains f^,5,00,QQ^ »(Jufiri:5 miles.; - boundaries, Europe is bounded on t**^ east by Asfaj. south by the Mea/i , it from j^fi;i- , ca ; west it has tUe Atiaot-c oc»^anr Which* contains tli<5 most westvry Kurbpean isie, that of Iceland ; ndrth it i/i. limit .;d by the i^ rctic ocenh. emhrating the remote ipi^. ff vSpitzbergen and Nova-Zt mbla, . br t|tfe Nejur, Latid, tl^ aiostnortnern land yet discoveftd*. ' - ' '' ■ "*^ • CiiiJinte. Though great diversities of cUmate trndcaiibtf - ^dly exist h Europe^, yet^the eixtreme of cold only is j^t,. The heat is in no parjt comparabli* to that of thfe toiSi^ lone, from whieheyen its mo c sonthern provinces ar^ far. dfistaiit. -It ijsjs jptrincipally in the northern; /ternperiit^ xpoe ; a small portion extends beyond the arctic chrcle.i. '^ , ' Seasu Of the waters which: indent aiid peninsulate they* Bhores.of ti^uropej the principal is the Mediterrai^e^an sea>. 2000 hiiles Idng, which- separates it from Africa on *^the» I south. On thif northern side of this sea, ai^e two extensive* [gulfs ; that of Vinice, sometimes called tbe Adriatic, and the Archipelago. From the Archipelagd, a strait ' :!| :ir^ i "rt«??s' s«i The Baltic is an' inliHidiiea in the northwJMt bart o^llKii me, fprmecl by the coasts of Russia^ Deniiuurk, Sweden, aaa Germany. The Baltic opens from thf) Atlantic iceaa by a gulF pointing aorlheast^ called the Sca|f|^rae, and af» terw^rds parses south, by the strait called Caftegiit, to the Mst of which: is the sound df^. Elsineur, Where all vesieli p^y a tirftiute of cout teryjto^enmark^ The length of the Baltic, from jiouthwest to northtast, is more thtm 200 leagues ; its breadth vufiesfVom US to 50 leagues. To the Bortheast the Baitic spreads into two ektensiire hranchei, •ailed theguUs Qf Bothnia: and Findland. Tides are itn- known Ib this sea, and the waters huye an^ uncommon lireehiieas. It is usually, dozen three months in the 5^r. ~ T^ White sea is a bay . of the An:tic- ocean, indenting^ Hiia north^irn shores of B^iftf^ The German sea is a part, of the Atlantic ocean, wa3h-- in^ the western i^pre « 6<^rnyMiY. ^4 nother ^^ ofjj iHp Atlttntic, called (the British dbanael, flows between Fn^ce and the Britigb isles^v . -V^ The bi^ <>f Biscay, is between ca^ Ortegid, m Spai% pdd the French island of Usharit.. - ^islands, T.he ifdands of Europe wUl be descnbed un* det the. respective countries to which they belong.^ : Mfyer9,. The moiBt considerable rivers are the -Tojga,. fllie Dattdbej lSk» Dnesper, the Bhine, ^4 M^ ^^^< Thi^se,, IUi( weft:luroihet», sma6me fi^'whidiare limited* . etheta ab«oiutie and despotic. \ jji^ost flf the countriesj^ n>rmerly denfon^inated republics, hav« l^en O'ansforined iitta absolute moaarciiies, or military despotisms*. li:: :v;-:/.'^^:^ ':'':;: '>->i ' - keti^mi Tlie Cpnstiw religioB is^abliii^^^ nnuurr, Sweden, i Atlantic icean a^gt^rae, and af- Caitegiit, to the #here all vesieii be length of th«. n?ore thfHB 200 leagues. To the CeBBive bninchei, t. Tidei are un- e an^ uncrommoii th»in the 51^. peeaii;, Indenting^ Qtic ocean, wa3h- nother ptHtiou ofjj I, flfwa between ^Ttegal^i m Spaiiv be decR^nbed un- ' belong.N » are the Tolga,. the Elbe. Thlse,. lid in utility, will ifs through :whidt^ ntftins' ot Eurom ^rennees, and the y from Sifeden.; ^eiuoes ar4 pf-in^ j c^mta itti Europe^ j t;^ affbrdg ' «in exw lonarchies ; t>ome despoticr l^ost republics; W^ lies, or military iblis^ed- throagh<> EUROWr lUf^vwjRp^ of Europe, except Tiirlcey/ and may \m^ cooiprehenaed unde^ tfat%6 >i°HMtid^ denMlbm^ ■ the Greek church ; 2d, the H^man catholic ^ aiidSd,, ProtestttntlsraH which last is again divided into^ i>tttheraik- ism and Caivinispi, so called frOm Luther and Gal^n. line turo distinguished reformers of the 16th celitUry; General History, Eui^ope was anciently peopled by^ ' Celts in tfie ^est and south ; by the Fini in Uie northeast ; find by the Lupps, or Iiaplander»| irt the nortiierh ex^em^ ity. The fkythians, froni Asia, people^ ir cfonsiderable part of Europe* ' 'l;he Saimatinn, or i^claVonic tribe% the sncesters of the present RuestaM^ Poles, Aqc.werll; like- wise from Asia. The Moors, IVom Africa, peoples- Spain at a very early period.. Though Europe is ^ the least extensive qjaarterjbfthei flpbe, yi^t it may be coasidercd as the principal in evei^ Sling n^latin^ to man in society^; mildness c^ air, fertility of^soii, producing <: 411 (he necessaries and most o€ the lulft^p uries 0^ life ; and_ in the beauty, strength, Cotitage, anS Wisdom of its iiihftbitants. li ere the atts of utility and emumenl;, and the sciences, both military and civir have^ ' been carried to the gr'^atest .perfection. If we except th6 earliest ages of the world; ii is in Europe that we find tb^ greatest viariety of character ^ government, and ittliRneii^» m^ ii'om wbeQCe ye draw the gr^test DUinbers Of }lhcft tnd' memorials, both ibr our entertainment a&d inaHPui^ tion.. The laaguage»^ of Europe arGlhS and mountainsr 'fens and morasses, barren heaths and sandy deserts. There are, however, some lal^ei, coo^nins islands which form pleasant habitations; •tod are believed, by the nMives to be the terrestrial para< dHtef'^tenr roifes akid' othef ftoweito grbw wild on theit ; borders in the summer. The banks of lakes and riven pir^ddcc pine, fir, birch, and other trees, with some whole- •ttne berries and vegetables. The mountains fire said te lie rich in roek crystals, purple amethysts, topazes, load- stonei i|uicksil«er, native chuiabar, &e. Copper and lead IDtnes have been discovered and worked to aavantage.* "The most remarkable animal of this country is the tein^ deer, which nature seems to^ have provided to solace the Lapand^ for the privation of other comforts of life. These Ci'0atuve» provide for themselves both summer and winter, fieeding on grass, leaves «i)d moss. The Lap- landers make use of this animal in travelling. IteBesb is theie, chief food, and its skin .their clothing. It supplies its owner with a bed ; with good milk and cheese. Of the intestines and tendcms are made thread and eetdage ; tmd the benea and hems are eifered te idete^ III DENMAHC M liJkditautt, Mannersi and Cutiomt, Tlie inlMbitimli jf thii country are a fingular race of men, idboi^ i feet kigh, ai\d iU >&ape looting with oows and.arrpws* and wreetliag. Their hayf Dine religioiis .seminariiis instituted hythe king cfr Pea-' irk ; but are mostly pagans, and arejaid-to'be.addletti^l magio, and invoke demoni, wham ikhey ooiimiissiueter, and 6 high, cpyereid ^ith briers, jblbrk of firchi <>' aid skins of beasts. Marriages among tli^'^ d04 end wholly on ^e, pleasure of the parents, ^hg pay na kgaild to the inclini^;iou8 of* their children* In genera^ . hey 'acknowtedse the king of Sweden for their |Qvereig% ' )ugh soque of tilieoi pay tribute to the Deui^s and Rus- The Lapps were originally one people with the Finn% "lieir language has now «ome ^nity to ^e FinnislC Ji«y are said to have a genius for poetry ; of which the )rra Moor and Kein Deer -^oiig in tlie -Spectator, trans<> ed from two songs in the |japlu>dic tongue, are |»ioofi|i DENMARJJ. Exlmt, THE countries .:con8tituting .the kingdom ki )eamark extend from about 54 20 N . Jat* to the northt^ns itremity of the European .continent, bein|[ about 140(1 lies longy by a medial breadth .of 150 miles. Divimns, ]^efore^ivifl|( a general descriptiopi of the jingdom of Denmark, it will' be proper to take a separata lew pfthe s^everal countries which compose it. Thest DBNMAftf proper, includuig the islands at the entranoe of the Baltic. - The kingdom of Norway. |. ICELANI}. The FERao Isles^ and soiee others in the Atcflid m4 Attaatic . r. -J** f*"( « ^sm XMINMABl:. wm 'i! /DkNMAnK -Propir £(msi8t» of a small penmfuU, |||»{ ^tending tbout 220 miles to the northward, of iat. 54 90\ ;and the. islands. of Zealand, funen, l.aiand, FttUter, vpi ^ome gmall<^ hk», coutaining 1, 54^*000 inlmbitanfi. Hn] .p^ninfuUi is bounded /on the »puth by Germany ; on Uroat ji>yt Ihe Atlantic ocqan ; north and east it i| wasl by the Scaggcrac and (j:^ittgat, which form the .^ntrai Jnta the Haitic isea. This peninsula ibrms the pror~ i4»r hlcs^vick and Jutland. < . All tUi& tvrv twry, together with tl»e dutthy of Holftcii vJiiijSerjinaJjy* »f^'(-Ji bijion^s to Denmark, is generally £a and 'otiic aoil mudy. /thu a^ is rendered foggy' 'ty tb .»i'igItUoarl)Ood of thoa^aii and iiik(8, of whx'h the cput is full ; bivt it has no coiibitUrtibie rivcr. During Wint ;thv\f hi)^i)oir9 arj frozen. The land is fc-rtiie, pcoclucingi bundance of gruin.of all^sorts. I'he ptustures art? ri^h ai give sustonauce .to multitudes of he)>es tmd horned 'cattl Norway is bounded on the south by the entrance to \\ Baltic, b^torc described ; west and north bV the Atiunt .oceau ; ca&t it. is separated from Sweden by ^'chuih ]gnoutttai)t>i, colicctivcly denominated the Norwegiitn iMpij The mof^t southern point of NorViray ia called the Ki in latitude 57 30, from which it reaches to the Nor Cape^ Iat. 71 20. Its breadth is from SO to 260 miles. U diyidud into 4 goyeriiments, Aggerhuys, or Chrihtia Chrt«itlan8and« Berj^en^ and Drontheioi, aad conti $12,000 inhabitants. The cUniate ^' Norway is variable. At Bergen If later is niodcriite ; in t,he nor^i and ieaetem parts •oldris: mterijs^, from October ^o April* Norway abour id lakes, and Hvors ; the f<>rnier are &o large that they , pear like inlets of the tea. It is also full ot mountains i -|brest«, which furnish luasts, plants, beams, and board And are exported to all parts of Europe. .The princij forest trees are pine and fir. Bears, lynxes, and other mid imimaii, harbor in fa aats ."and mountaiiis. Here is allsa the lemming, a sped V of rati ' JSoinetiines' they issue from the ridges in mulli tudes, destroying every thing in their way. Norway is rich in mines of silver, copper, iron, le&di eobalt. Marble and other useful stones abound. ^ niagnet ui ibuUd in their iron minea. Ithai^ some ik BBKBIAIK. W^ ¥iit 4«M 001 f rodiiM Mm h^Mmi Jl^ ^ 1»i IcxLAMp, ■Bbl«n4 in tht Alkpiti* ooeali befMM M and 67 ^gfo— oortli bUitiide, and 4»9«9Jpe»^A> ani iUf ii^ [greM iroft Joitfitiida* » 8Q0 ^lilef loAf M V80 b^oad» m|| [^uiiM 47tS0Q uiliabiuuiti. Tbc coiit ii Kigg94 tiA roken by oomeitut biii^i and creeks. Iceland u fall of mouotaini whqfe Mpe "are odv^red irlili rlaitiqg anow and ipe, while their howela are fiUe^ with and lava. Meant Keda is the meat noted of tbeievfri- (canoea ; ita ei^ptioaa haye heen frequent and ^Qxy d<^ttrueo ire. iliere are alwaya many founttiiBa Of boiling waftr in I Iceland, fht. In apme facta, ^ere ia tole^njble^ pasture, and it jittie ^rain ia prodvcp^d, hut not enough to auppl y die waoMi ^f lia luliabi^nta, whoae wealth ^naiata pcincqMUY of an;]!! latile and aheop. ^eise are. hui fi^. treea on tne iaUnd. [ioiong the. wil4 ai^mala are ^hite heara, whidi are brOu|^ht 'en Greenland on iaUnda of ice. The Fi»Ro lairANfia, Si in number, ,Ue in the Allaiitio men, betyfo^n ^i and i69 degfeea north latifude, and have ""'^0 inhabitanta. Stkomob, the largeat, ia 17 milea loi^ 8 /brpfid;; The r«at are much amaller, and many of ham unihhaMjted* They are mountaiiioHa ; but the aoili Itheugh 8hal|¥w, ia fertije, yielding barley and pafturage ' sheep. Thejf are the reaort ix great nunibera of aea ri, which furnish eider 4own, a TaUiable article to Ihe iwlera. Theae iikmda aro^aubject to teirnble atornla, lind rhnrlwindi. , Popu^ion* The Daniah doaunioaa coniahi logger K,609,6Qb inhabitanta. ■Manmrt* The aerviiade of the peaaantfyin pui^natk roper ff^<^ theaa i^ritloaa and indpl^Mi* . These of ^omi^ are mbf^e free^^/nduatnou^ and ehter«^riainj||^ Al- HWt every iWwi^ian ia an artist, and auppUea ^ufnM^ rith hia^own Bianufactur^ The women are handiibme aiid leeurteoiii* . I .fidifti^n* Tlieeat^Jiahed religion isLutherania^irbut [other jimominatjions are tolerated. / T Latigifftg^ 0nd Ititfrtaure* The Unguagea ,of all taoish dominiona are dialeeta of the Tteutonlc aad 0r IThai of Iceland ia said to be the purest* ^*i*i*«*«i *'**■'■'■•:" M\ lilp ;! mi ^ DENMARK. |f%e Baueftarebut liHle celebrated m £iteratuife* ^rwa;y. The uripn was dissolve^ in 1 448 \ but the tli iMhgdcMW were again united in 1457, lender Christian ^d fittoe more separated in 1464. la. 1536, t)^ pr< ipst^l^on tra^ estaMi^td by Chnwifn Illf Hfa. llflli ^iWioii iV. wa» «*icwen head of tlie ptoUlMn^ L^i, fbtioied «g«piil tlieliottse of Auttrig, 1629* l^jt ll* Fred«f% III. puoendecf Uie throne m m8, pid 604^ f^cied hiiMstt' io mUch to the admiratipii of ^p«o]^% ftil ^«7 aiiembled lit 1660r «ad declared heret^lax^ [diit which bcifbr^lua been oloG^ve, and the ^ower of im \%t% abiolate^ wbicb be£;Mro IM been extremely li«ited« [Cikinitiaii "^I. wli<» sanded the throne in 1790, and b|ii. UrtodtOtt, Prederitek Vi wito f ucceeded h«» & lY*6, cul^ Jtted peace with all their Beighborc, and eoq^loyed «P Iteir power to promote the happiness of their luhjec^, jCKristiaa VXI, the preient king, asoended Ihe ^9mw 1546. - . . .... , „:,,.,..„.. '■'■ -r.;. -:::■'. '^: Jdent mnd Boundaries. THRittrtgdom of Sweden liiiil ^y considerable cj^U?nt> bein^, ftoHitho raost southefeii: EoinoBtory of Sconq to the northern extreni^ of Swedish ipland, not less than USO milw ia len|tn; and fr«Bi [the Norwegian Aips to tho limits of Russi^ about «^T U is bounded i^orth by Danish Lapland ; east by Rm|M»i' swth by ttie Baltic^ m^ th^ gulf rovincea< - « Climaie and Bedims. The winter here is long, d^, and sold ; tibte Summer short and hot. There is a rapid chaBge fron^ winter to Uie heat of summer. During the long win- ter nights, the moon, the aurora boreaiis and the reflection •f the snowr produce « mild and agreeable light. ^ soii^ ner, the iiight consists onW of a short twilight. r ^ : The pure, sharp air, which the Swedes breathe, rcnde|l ^as vigorous, and preserves tliem fVom epidemieal dii- mmi They often attain to a very great age. Face of ike Countru^ Sweden is diversified, in a^otuife* araue manner, with lakes and rivers, mountains and val^ I^Mi, f9k», md «^Uviitod fieldib The iMit mmmlm^ ,, „ %\ ■■'ti'kir'f!^*'*" ■■ '■'■■"^- '* - t .'•. t '••1 iiB0iiiitaur i^r^e Sev6b4rg$rTgii» wlucK Be^m ii Wc_, 0otMi»44r extends t^iwwt^ tiie b«rth; |>^«en K«nr||^| jiil^^ittici, «eparatinj| t^9 two coi^iiles bf sun^^^ 5A)) it^e niaun^iii*^ Sup^fb^ are ed|kipo«^dVf grai^^] 9(aeakowi, calcftr^ous ston^^ate, getrifaeiMcma aod granit^f SpHand 4sricM>Hwe, The soil of the|*l&iiiftaA#tall^|rii| l9lc[iidi:^90 tbe mostgcpmtioui, k proper lor cultitatioiii^^ -\ "irhich is.eoiiducted witn skill aiQtk industry. Tiiere nii| siany rich iiastuirQa, and sosBie fitfldb of ry^, oatsy g^d bar- 1^., ■ ■■ ■ ■, '7, '.,',■'.': ^-"[ ^IJLakntmdMwers. Om^^ importani lakes <^| Sweden is the Wenner, aboui 100 milea long, and 50 01^ I (60 broad* Xt^rejceiv^s twenty-four risers, and abbundaj with fith« NeJtt in pze is the Weteri which receives ah^ou|^ £)rt]rsinaH rivers, though it haa no outlet esicejfit tbej^o-tj SJa,^ : The lake Meier j at (lie confluenae of whieli idth thtj f^^c tha city of $toc^olin ia situa^d^ h about sii^ty mileir 1 l€^g by ' sicei.^ The pine and i^e fir are the prineipal ^^resfe trees., 4nintalt* The domestic cattle and sheep of Sweden pre-, i^nt noi^'ng teniarkable> Wokes^ foxes, harea, birds of^'] pre^, qpioor fdwl, fresh and salt water &(h, are ftiiiid. her» M grei^ abundance ; bears, elks, sables, beavers, and pdl»- '^ts are more unoominon.. Minerals and Mineral Spring^.. Sweden w vet^fr riufe in; iron, and copper, lead, marole, alum liinestone, coal, vilariol, curious petrifactions, porphyry, amethysts, losd* Stone, ^late, %^c, quicksilver^ sulfur, mother of p^ar^ and silten ' l%te are reckoned' 860 mineral springs m Sweden. Tiey ahaund in every province of the kingdom* ^' %.!:' .« ■:,^' \0hst cppji^r and brass, 'thU Wucjle»/oi«xp©rt *re irdiii J3tt, a^o^ inJi«ts. they import IfaJen i^otb^ ; «f^ wi$e0* ^iii, totoMco, sugAr, coffee, drugs, Ac* O^' kt^^'^a Ittnd- |S>leattetotflC^8Wii|)aid to inland nati§ttti contains a population of about 13,800. . ^ ^ Religioft* The astablishcd religion is the X and ^t^ftfcat- tejition is paid to their equipment. Histor^k Sweden is part of the anpient Scandinavi% and appears to have been originally peopled by Ficiff, whip! were coaquered by the Goths, probabij^ seven or eight cen- turies before the Christian era^ The history . of this king- dom is obscure till the reigw 6f Ingi the piousi ^,Ti, IOCS. Svycd*a was pattially converted to Uhristiariity, A. D.- 25a Mimm^ idm, under OlnflJI. Margaret, q|if^«^j||«H»art mM monarchy Jiy C itaTua HI. in 1772. Ousteyua XV. iSI ^WiaWed bjF Atthentroiii, oft the ifitji of MarcJb. 179? ^8iia»eded bv hb sob, then 14 jr^. oia.. who,^ ^^^^**oate4 Oie tliroiie, aBd miiawaa exile in Qvt^i Il 'if; I «HE^^ii»*ijnenijMi^i« superior in extent of territery^j aiy ^mp$ thatefer^existedon the«iobe. In ita crett^? eajt extent It «treti*eR fironi, Sweden ijfi the Bahic en lEj w^e«»^ to the^A<»fic oceiMn en tfie east ; and^oro the Ar«i^ ^ocero nortti, t^^e 44th degree of n^rth latitude on die iiJ^th rbemg lai^er than all the rest of Europe* The preik entarfacte, hpwever, is restricted to Eubofba* Kiissuw ift^a^is the Imst and ifio8tDc»uiou« part of the empire. ^^.^«lKfefM*^^Thebound^ Eia^e aw^i ^ the w^hj, t^ Arctic ocean ^.on ti»e wett, Swediii Up^ landand'Fiidand. the Baltic a^a, t^ Pruarian and Austfe 511 |»rte of the late luDgd. ^® Urghan mountains, abeut, 1600 miles j -»' SfSltSS^^- **^ 1000 miles, it M conipirted to tea. tarn 1,^00,000 square mjles*. .■ I}mtiiisMhdP(^hUation, ThlsimmenMenipireisdivided, xiifco^^ernments, 12 of which aire in Asijitic Russia. ' The whole en»p.ire contained, i«.ia08, 4K40S,a»0 ia^. bahitants, VIZ.. | . ^M T In Earb^feito Russia ^>1?9,800 - ^ In As^c lliiiitt - 9,274,000. '. ■,4 4^fm^mi =-S« 1- illJiSSIA* ||il>eriaii proVliices, and BQQ m £^m9»- Mvofaify^ itt« Kaf;jifefa#:a. C^ihegM^ in BwiOpettui^Ki^ lia, tfQQQi600 were acquired from -thft pitftil^^ li ^^d-- land, aad fSrom th« ^9tt^, If^eet^ iheyetn Wt^ mii ms. -V^?: - ■■,-,-;.:■...:. ^.^i-.: ■/..-.,:.: :r- '■ ■ .^ ' CliiMtte,, , {n li eountiy of aiic^ «iil;eBt .M Ihim • tttuit jcoo^cquetttly be lumitei every dtvemtj^ or elittt^^ but ite prey«|iing <2li^acter id that olT eicJreiM^ cold. l|he j^rovHice of Taiarjda ma|^ be compared with Italy, incli- m:^te and soil. . ^ _. ■ r S 1 1 Lakestond Riven, Th^ seas of Eiiuisiaaife the Bal- tic, the White sea,, t|ie Blaclj, jl^i, th#, aeaof Azof, andi the Caspian -«€«*-■ :^^ ^':-''-^i-,,irv,,:--..;8*':.;:^^ ■'■■■-;':'. There s^e several considerable lakes in Russia. The 1^ Take of Onega, in the government of Olonetz, is 150^ mila^ lajg by SO brAad, die wores <^ which cxmUuasoiiie^Tal^^^ ahie marbles. To the west is lake^adc^a, ISO mil^es loipg,. by 70 broad; Peter the great opeiie4 a^^anal alohg the ilioreof tbisliiU^e, irpcnthe VoUkov to the Neva.. Oa thft:, southwest 18, the lalie oS Peypmi, f£c^m wbich issue* the fiv^I er Narva* Thi white lake is so caHed ftomits bot^okii; ff white (slay- take Selig^?, ill the -gOvt'rnnien^ of Tvev and a small iake to the west, ace the ptrincipal sources of th« raajesttr.Voig^,^ which, for sptfte distahce,, is the boun- isay line betuveen Ewrope and Asia.. After a^^ f^ottrseo^ f50miles» it cuirns tothe southenit . into Asia, and falls in- to the>CaspiaQ> sea at^ Astrachan.. Its. wHolie course, if,. •1700 . mile?.;: '•:•■: --;'■■ ^ \-. ']j ' " ■ . :: :;.: ,K ■: ., TheI>on, or Ttiiais^ ri^eftin AegofewraeBt.of-Tiiliqji, and runs $00 miles iiuo the siea of Azof.. i. The Nieper the ambient, Borystbgneir rises^ in the goyern-.r vent of. Smolensk, at no great diistaiice from the sources , if th^ Vo%^ and. Puimu Aftec^; traverMug; rich and fer- tile provinces, for 1000 miles* it falls into ^e Euxine. The Niester rise^ in the Carpathian mountains, and fallti; Into the Buxine at Ankerman.. The Petohori^ Me^sen, and several .other important riv*. 5r», riia northwardly into ;the White sea and 4 irctip oeean... The btiiier most considerable rivers are, the Westafiki Dwina, which falls into the gulf of liiga i the Neva, which, %^m imssfX. iidiNi^ dt; of PMenburg ; aad €he Bog-, w]^<**uicl thetkorth, however iht anu . „>> kil^'i^^ Andbarrv '• mouolains^ intenpert^d V' .^n lor^ ti(, {l bogs, Iftd mpi ftisef. - ' ' ' • ^ ' a jf^rodtSGtionMi Thkve i» a greai rari iy of i . *uri;' i,ro^- > »i tioi|ai«rtlns, foxes of several kinds, ertiiJr.eO fm^}&^^'-m>d- vanpus (Other, q^adi^ugeda v«iuabte^% thtjiii i*ra.. V 'T- ■- -V^' •• '■■■ ■ • ' "■ ■' • ^ ■"* > Ifke mmertd More* of ^tbJa cmphre, aro those of goldj silvtr, coppery iron j lead* quicksilver, i8ii?^glasB,s.ut^hui^' Bftiti many a^rrttt «^ j^«*pori marbiii and granite.; ^ | Coft^mrce<.' Th0' ,000/. i EtiBf ia csrries on a great traftic with Cnina..] hmn&m gtwrntitiea al'fiir* iare expoirted; to most of th^l • ]«itiona<^'&^rope.. ' .. ' ' •'' -'" '' "':''■ "''r i RcUgidp Tbe established reKgioHi$|harbf tliie G^reelf I oKurdh) but all religious sects are tal^i?^ed* The chiircl^| is go^riied % a poitrtarch) under v^tiom aSr^ arbhblUiofi'^ andbii^ps^ . , ^ Ijpmguage. T^e common langiwge is aimii«^»t« of tb^ 1 l^ajjali^f Sclayoniaa i, but. the priesta aad d^gjj mafee lBL^8$iAl !JCtw im ^2 of pi; 4 mtMy belong. ^beeu eftwii^ftte^'^f 3u£tiera''proyitnc>^s-; t vat\iabl«; of ^)mi ' iLhoxtnda m wild! •al kinds, ertnir.eO wMUable'for thei*^ aro those of golJj; is greatly increaset^j nth the Baltic, and« seas. By^ Bfieaosl th Astraclileih' and;' ►n is €oiit5pntecl ^ l\6i¥' >4f,000 tonsJ ?eire doctiputtd af prosed to e3^ctrtj^ L. ; and hemp and [Mint of ft n»^lioi^ re i& estiixifated' tor e paper money t«l cimftic with vChina..| id^ to naost> of the^ 08tbf^«Kie %eel^| ted* The cHtirch;! nft aSr^ arbhbilhofi' SiB Rltjte« of t^ -■a©d'' «r the modern ^ireek. Itieir atphiibcft oooiisu of iB^ ..ters, the fonn» of whtclLbave atorong; retewblaiiee t<)$ iiose of the old Greek alphabet. Literfture, Sciences wftd arts were iiicroduced by |^it«r l^e great and encouraged by the late empress, who also !nded number of sohools for thfe education of the loir-^ l| jlasses of her subjects There are three universities, cfnir It Petersburg, one at Moscow, and one ^t Kiof. The i^- lerial academy of sciences, at PeUrsburg, rmka among the^ |rgt literary iastitiitions of Europe. ITiere is also anacadV I, Tof arts and jtnother of the K ^l' a fair fiibenMo's huti« aioM a city y^hkk \^ ^jamm 271,23Q iAl«>l^ita^» 35 jpreat cburcliei, aD4 nab) a{>lefidid oatecep. ^ It it cKfendcd hyihe forCreaa ^ " aUdV ^4 i* «w4oaecl t»y a ran^pan 14> mtlea w tirr •Q<^. It <^ta^ on 4U1 extenfive ccmmero^^ Moscow^ i55J5 miles southeast of Petersburi^ ^fara ' 4eAtriictJ^Q in JSeptemj^,^ 1812, by ordar of jae Ru # prevent its, falling ittto the hands of fiaaapa^te, «u. id i^^ houses and dOp^OOO spula. Its circoiaferc #lthin the rampart, was 26 mil^ It had 1800 plajBe»< tfOrsiiip* Tbdr bells were of a sti^>eQdotiB siiev ana H ^ j ip ; 9^1\ich.wbi^ed 216 tona,^ Mqscow was tho oentire oS ^^m!. btand commerce of Russia, It is now rebuilding*^ . AnciiAN^Et-)! on the B^ina, near the Whiter sea, ill place of some qommerce, and has , 1200 houses and 7' --'«-*Stants* ^^Biu4&,0 strong and^ popuj^ous town, and nexi to J| ikif^gjf Ule .most cominercial of any in Rus^a.. It. mt capital of tiie government of Livonia,^ and has 12S bouses, SO,0bO inhabitiants^ ,Hittory. Little wat known of Russia tilt lieturthe 4 if the 15th .ciGinlur^, when John l^azilowit:; I. great di i^MoSeovy, threw olf t^e yoke of the Tartars, towh Russia had Ipng beeh: subjeot, and assumed the title (^;^a^. iBni' Peter the' ^eat is the most deservedly celelr ed of att thf sovereigna olT Russia. / Perhaps ne cou»- evcr exhibited, in so shM't a time, the wpnders t$at nuiy| effected by t2)e. genius and fxertienapf one many At accession to tHe throne, he found J^is subjects of all in t^e grosiSiiSt ignQ|-^nce aud barbarism ; his num armies ferocious and undisciplined ; he had neith^ „ cAiant ships nor men-of war, which rendered Russia of lit eonsc^^ienc^ in tl^ politics of Europe. Peter civilized ' barbarous subj{!cts,* disciplined his army, built cities i ll^rtres^es, and created a navy. These national impri) ibtents hate be^n continued since his time, and RuMsia i holds ia rank among the pbwei^, of Europe, of whick p^ fojresTght, at the beginning of the last century, "ll^ye formed no conceptioa, ^ • 'P[^ present emperor of Q|i$si«^ im Altxanddr I* -^ba FOtAW. M FfMHMtion of hif IhitlMifi Pton) I* I KiP«»iAN IftLM. In tt« Mtic, RiuVift pcweMW itm m^i of OrtKi «ftd D Aoo, wlweh tre AiU of f«c' t^ Cfiow- UTAPT, is tht> fiilf of Fiftland, it femtrliibie liiirai e^oofi^ tt bav^ttr ir^iofi if t^ chief t$9lAm ff tke fm^tm ioet iMi 4a»000 mhlOyiMnit. Hor4-2«aMBi.4, a l«rg^e ijil«id fnAe Aft^ oomb, be* ' I ip R«Mi|&, firoip A^h cb it ii leparated by the ;stnt|;ni nijflite, it ha$ apiirffAbitanjtf but fovee, b«ltf*t wi» Ij to thole who go on the coiuit Unr whale*. The ms^f ^eti^le here il a willow, two inchei high, ' POLANa _ fOLAND wat once a nowerful kingdom of Europe, lUd i aow blotted from the catalogue of nations. A* a geogra- ictd fcction of Europd, howeveit, it stall occupies a plaqii the deioription of tbif part of Uie giobe. U 1772, Poland was bounded on tlie north by the Bal» aad Russia ; east by Russia ;%fioutb by Little Tartar^ (oldavia and Hungary; West by Germany and tiie jpaltiv. 'le territory, included in these limits, . was BOO miles loiug* id 700 broad. It was divided into Great Poland* Little Na ^ and Lithuania ; eack of which was again divided palatinates or previnceft. Poland was anciently the countnr of -the Yandiids* who •igrated fpom it to invade the Roman empire* It was rected into a dutchy^ of wlt^ich Lechue Was we firpt dujco, D. 694, 1% became a kingdom A. D. 1000; p|lk> . emperor of Germany, conferring th^ title of king on foleslausL ; '' ' '•■. ■*■• ':;. ;."--^ ■"'^■■■' tfxim, a partition of this eountiy, pi4ect«d >y lito i TwIlnilG^tl m P m ■ :,l V, Br''''^-o :ri "I \'i. ) III. '1 !l liiiii umi ■i ii ■:ll Ml \n ■A'i. I.; 'in > h. h iliii f^ l^RCSSIJU luAK of PfKiifit, >ras effected by that »ani|rel^, in.e6h)« iron #ith the empress of RwMia and the enperor of 6i Mo&ny ; by wMioh oEbe tbird of Poland was dkaded «j ttheaepowen. In 179S» tbe eD)pr«a» of Kuasi* and of Priiaai^ plarned It lecond parUtio&» which .took plactd 1793^ Tbeac! mal^plied oppreMloui at last roused the jit of the nation, ueneral Kosciusko, i^ 174Mf (•t the hwd.uf a p9lish..arin|r,4o assert theindi^peHaeneei liis qouiitry, and to recover the provinces wrested, fremj He wi« success^ lit iirit ncaiast the kii|ig of l^uasia, ^'as «fterwttrds defeated and taken prisoner by the Rutei Warsaw, thu capital, was takeivanu phindered by the Ru i«ianSj in 17l)3* Five tbousand Polish troops fell in defe Aftho; place ; and 9000 citiaens, men, women artdchildr vtra massacred. The unfortunate kin^, Stanislaus lU •frus coinpeiicd to make a tVurnial resignauon of his-cri' And kingdom into tlie hiiinds of hi* bloody conquerors, i .^>is a sti\te prisoner till Jbi« death, which hi^pened .Petersburg, February 11-, 1798, ' The prus(>ut distribution of Poland is as follows ; to Rs tf ft beloug C>our)and, .Saniogitia the greater part of IJltli jiia. Folesia, Volhiiiia, and Podolia, having, according' JiMsel, a population of 4^2^3,300. To. Austria, Lit Pott "^d, a part of Podolia, now italled Gallicia nnd Lc miria, and part of iVIasovia^ To Prussia, Great Pi Pi»lachia, jmd a part of Masovi^ and Lithuama. PRUSSIA, Zxient and Bmndarm, EXCLUSIVE of small detaij cd territories, the kingdom of Prussia extends froni the i «r Oder west, to the vlerael east, about 600 miles* hlreadth, from the southern limit of Silt^sia to Dantzic oeeds ^00 miles. On the east and south, Prussia is be «d by the dominions of Russia and Austria ;i^est by many ;. north by (:he Baltic. DiviiMHS and Population, The following oo^ld^^ ' 1601, composed the Prus&ian monarchy : j^aste.n Prussia Pomerania Westem P^i^ia , , Brandenburg Southern P^lissia New March 19ew. Ie;a8tem Prasfk M^^^fifvtfi .F ■■ SOUTH-AiiBillCilrN tSLANDa 4# jlithM tlMB a miuitle ittiide of leia ikin, or the •kinofsajpc Eit, and tl)i|t 4li8y throw off .whe» th«v are iii pction. sy are exoeedtngl;^ hardy, ba^wre, andf actiw, iha^nc of their annt,v which are bon^ aad arrowa htiadcd Wk UtM, with amasiiig dexterity; >They alwayabulp their lead on the eaitern ihoref , looking towarda the e<»&try of heir fktheri. tliey. are 8tt|>po8edUo hive etnifiigted oiifeia* ill? from Africa. ' , ^' ' .The Spaniarda^ace huilt a fort upon the UraitTtf Mm- Jflan an4it)ft a garrison in it, to pretent iihy othtf Hvro^ ^Qati(^i!roinpami}4^> that #a# into. th$'Fai*iie i»^e«t{ ^ mo£t of the n^en periihed by Aaiig^, whence tbephicie ibtaiiied the liame or Port Fahiuie ; tince tW liltal mun^ joMtitm haa attempted to^plant cofonies w Patagonia, , A« to the religion or government of thf PatagOnianit *» Mve DO certain information. Some hate fopor&l that thev pli^ve in invisible. powers, both good and evil;' aitd tl^ jhey pay a tribute of gratitude to the me, ^od depreotl* ^ wra^h and ;i!eng^C& of the other. ' » ■' » fi ■;'f|:.r' SOUTH- AKEHICAN ISLANDS. ' ■ ■ " • ■ :,. ■••■'• - • ' '■■ ''.' ■ ■ ■' '- I f f HE FAi.iiif.AiH9 Hhwm liea «^arthe sti-aits of MatfelUNki llittie to the northeast of the utmost extremity of^tiyi^ Imerica, bi^ween Sl^'end J»*» Sk lat. and l^ei#eeii 21^^ Iva^'M^ of £. Ion. 'ThM««re cHsoovei^ by4$ir Richiir4 Ifiiwkins, in 1594} the ohHiof ^e |wo islands, hb ca^d Hawkins's MA^i»Biii»*K», ib hianort>f ^qeeii ^izsdieth. the soil of these iabttia ia bad, -anil the shores are beat i^ Itrpetuftl 'ttorms. A British settlement Wae made herct, Uf which, they were soon after dispossessed by the i^M^« 'hrds» mp. :The Spaniarda i^# send criminals kmn beir settlements ^n. the cooline^t. toHhese inhosiutiMe ^ Tekra^ iwL-IPimoci, ' or 'Land of Pwc^ lies at the souths M extremity > of Sodft^ America, is separated from llie hoatn on the north, bf Uii straits cf Mageuan, and contajna laboi;^ 42,0Q0 sqimre mte. It cottosts of sevemi ibjaad^ pftiGh^receiva tins nam^on account of; the vast fires >^ Kke which the^iHtdi|COverers.«f Oiem perceived." Thip idofS|iilBiil4mdlitBiii theeastof M f^^ fEVmA. -Sds iHBlbentaJc llfindtiii Itftveiwbarg Bast Frieiland Cleves HdtB Mark ' QtMst Te^tdenbuff JLlngen Stletitt AiMpadi Balreuth Neofchfiiel «pnd •VaBengM The whole df these divifiiont^ according «• Hoeck, [.lained HfOiliH9 mhiibjtantf. Stnco tlie Sattie of Jena, in 1807) io which the French were vi^orioiw, and which was [fdiowed by almost a complete conquest of Prassia, the ex« ^feent of this kini^doin has been consiidcrably lenisened. Climate* The climate of Prussia, though mild and fVee from humidity in some provinces^ is generally coM and l4noi8t. Prussia proper ia said to have ^iglu mantfis winter, ,iQd it$ autumn deluged with ruin. IfCkes and Rroers* There are seyeral lAes ii»aper, ii^ manufactured in other parts. The exports are amber, timber, cord, skins, leather, fitos, land hemp. In return, they recebre wine and other pr4>d« [ucts of the south of Europe. Language and Literature, The language is German, ex- I cept in the Polish provinces* Frederick the great waa one of the most distHiguished authors tlie kingdom has pro- daced. I^iteratttre a*^ ^^o^tion are almott entirely ne- l^ected. Y &6f mmsiA. |MW m ii'i I" I li.f L I Vtioemment mid Religion, llie govemment l. an ifci|»l lul^ iDOoarchjr. l^o aeiiiite-or ^ delvi^tt^s ot* the pfo|^t> , W kopirQ in th<| Idpf^OBi. .Ttie prevuiling religion foimoSj vm l«tlheranMm; but tinee th^ acquiaitums iii IV»hu4|i the< greats part of the inhabitanits are probably UpmMj Cathoiici* Anl^, The :Prui«an tamy amounta to about SOO^OOO, ; including ^(^OOO cavalry. 1 O^eM, KowiOHBEito^ on the river Pregel, ii:the capital] contaimng $6)400 inhabitants, and enjoying, an extenfiit»| compirrce. It has an univenity, with bb : proiitssort. 11 «itv it a^prned w«ith many elegant paiacti. Warsaw^ the focmer capitaLol' Poland, •tanda on the! Vr^ul^a, co^teining S57B houses,, and 64,000 Jnhabit&iitji,i notwithatanoiDg die population^ as so much thinned by tlkfij destructive swdrd of Suwftrrow. /' y j DAN;rzic contains 5ii55 houses, and 4^,iy66 inhabitant|^| It was known AS, a^ commercial city as early as the teDliJSj p^ury.' ... ;,- , ■'■V The city of Thorn, celebrated as the birth place of tbej famous. asiiunonuir, Copernicus, .has 8bOO inhtibtiaits. ^ ta^ipry* Ppruesia was. ancieptly inhabited by pn idoIs>i tiou|> ana cruel people. : Coiirad, dukt- of >>uKOviu, Abotjtj the midale of the thirteenth century, attacked. tlu>Se p(>| nle with success ; and, after a blpot} war ot fifty years, re-l d^ced thism to obedience, and obliged theui to tnibrace Cfepifti 'nily. in 1525, Albert? margri^ve of Blandvnliug, havip^ made hiniSelf master of all. prus&ia^ ceded .tlie, mc^I*! eru part to the king of Pomnd, and was ackniiwle^'gci] dui^f^ oi the eastern part, but to be held a» a iitt of tli^tj kingdom. TJie elector Frederick W iliiMm* = surnnmed ^m Oreat, by a treaty with Poland, in 165$,, obtained, ^cpn*] firmation of thia..part of Prus.*>ia .to h,im and his heirs, fr^ from vassalage ; and> in i6t(B,^ he wi[(s declared ,iQd<^cnd ent and sovereign duKe ; In. 1701, ,]Frederick, son of rrtd» eri^ WjUianx, th^e G;rea^ , raised the dutchy of Prussia Im,s| )uugd6m, and, in a solemn assembly of the states of tiy empire, pliaC-d the crown with his .own hands .upon hiil l^ead ; soon ^fter whit^h, he wjps acknowledged jis.f^ing ^] , Prussia by all the other European powers. .Ffederjck III. ascended the thrpne in 174^9' iMi8niili«| 1^ IlleptB and ^fsjbieYj^eDto iv^Bre splendid «nd «ti9c« ,,,■,, '.I ^hi GERMANYr The E&e ri^es in the Sodetic mouiitmnft of £^e&i% afitSk- enters tnf lea D?ar.Ciixhaten, after a course of niibre than 500 miles. It .s^avigable fbr-ships^ in high tides, to ISjAxfk* burg. Not far. to the west is the mouSi of tlie Weser. The inund^ions of this stream are terrible; the^ towns aiid villages on its banks become islands. The Rhine is a noble river, having a course of about six hundred miles ; the Necker and Maine are Its gent iuus tributary streams^ The chief lakes of Germany are those of Constance md, Bregehtz; the Chiewsee, or the lake of Bavaria ; and the Zirtchni^er sea, in the dutchy of Carniola, whose watt's often ran off and tetum again iA an extraordinary manner. : .Germany contains large noxious bodies of standing wa- ter,- which are nextto bestiiential, and afiUct^tl^ iiei^i|)OF- ipg natives with riiahy deplorable disonders. \ 'Government,^ The political constitution of Geriiiany is zaore mtrJlbate than that of aiiy other European country. The territory is divided into a vast number of uidependent ' sovereignties, extreniely disproportionate in extent and ' consequence, but all united into aki(id of federal republic, imviAg for its Ij^ad an elective emperor. The great diet o^ th0 ||mpire is composed of delegates fironi a}l the independ-* ent states. ' ■ •:- ' ^r^'' -^ :■:■-, ;.„. ;■ " Principal States, We shall briefly notice the principal states of Germany, and their chief cities. BRA^JBENBUJIG contains 84 cities, 19 market towns* ^(KUt 19i7 r%al and n(^le villages, 2027 ancient villaffes, lf)71 Lutheran churches, andSO'Calvinistical churches. The population of Brandenburg amounts to 755377- souls. The religion of the country is Lutheran ; but the king of Prussia-, who is also elejctor of Braadenburg, and those of his courts are Calvinists.' The Roman Catholics are tol^ta- ted ; €ind every inhabitant enjdys liberty of conscience. There is an university at Frankfort fm the Oder, and an academy of sciences at Berlin. ■ ;' Bealis, on. tlie river Sprey, is the royal residence, and Qootains 156>000 inhabitants. It is chiefly remarkable for the elegance ot its buildings. Brandenburo is buta small city, containing only 10,300 inhabitants. Fua^kfort, on the Oder, has 10,500; and P0TSDA.VI, which isfrequentiy the royal residt^nce, 18,000*. ttTse of mote than iffh tides, to HADa* ift of tlife Weser. )le ; tlie townft ^ 50UT8e of about spt e are Jtff gentious e'of Constance ajid. ■ Bavaria; and the aiola, whose waters traordinary manner, ies of standing wa- afllict.tJwi iiei^or- lerft..'"' ■ J^^:-'-. ■■' .;. ition of Gerinany w European cQ\mtry. nbei <^f ^^dependent nate in extent and of federal republic. The great diet o» ^1 the indep^ad* lotice the principal ^s, 19 market towns^ |o27 ancient villages* Ivinistical churches, its to 755377- souls, ji; but the king of pburg, and those ot fCatholicsaretoMta- jerty of conscience the Oder, and an -oyal reside nee, and [iefly remarkable for Intaining only 10,300 \t, has 10,S00; and residence, 18?00C1. GERMANY. iiitEStA. to the king of Prussia belongs also the lutchy oi*^ilewa^ 274 miles long, and 100 jrmid, . fhd principal rivers are the Oder, Vistiiia, Neisse, Bo» her, Quels, Oppa and Else. A long , clwin ot^ mountains separates Silesia from "^ Bpharaia ; the higheH mountain, called Zotenburg, is the priocipality of ScUweidnitz, and is 10* miles in circumference. . The priiicipal manufacture, is linen cloth ; there are some wj-olien niaaufactures, "ISHXl-* -glass houses. Silesia is divided Into the Upper and Lower ; . m tlie Upper, the inhabitants are generally ilornan Catho- lics, speaking the Polish language. iJetween this country, and the United States, a considerable trade is c^rJed on, by the way of Hamburg. In the Lower, .they are almost ali^protestants, and speak their motlier tongue./ It 4s^ also, divided into 17 small dutchieis, and 7 free states, eKcluftive of the county of Glatz, In Silesia there are 4'2;000 infan- " try, and 10,0vX) cavalry. The greatest part-oftbis-couatry/ was ceded to the king of Prussia, in 17 ^'■2, by the treaty oC Breslaw.' Silesia- surrendered lo France, by capitulation. On the 15th of June, ,1807. • BaEiiLAW, the capital, con- tains 6i3, 000 inhabitants. SAXONY proper, or the electorate of Saxony, inthe circle of Upper Saxony, is 75 miles long, and 60 broad. Ifiis a very fertile and couimercial country abounding in mines. It is cut into two equal parts by the river Kibe," and has three civil divisions, viz. the dutchy af Saxony, of which VViRTEMBERG is the capital ; Lusatia, of which Bautzen is the capital; and JMisnia, tlie capital of which, . and of the whole electorate, is DR£::iDE>r, at the conflux of the Elbe and Weserritz. Dresden contains 2644- houses, and 49,000 mhabitants. Its chief' manufiicturtts are serges, shalloons, stocKings, linen, silk, glass, and porcelain. HANOVER. The electorate of Hanover coniprehencb the dutchies of Zell, Saze, Lauenburg, Bremen, Lune- burg, the principalities of Calenburg, Verden-Grubenha- gen, Dieplwlz, Hoya, Oborwaid, &c. The inhabitants are computed at 850,000. In 1805, this electorate waa i conquered by France, and exchanged with Prussia for thi-ee of her provinces. In 1807, it yrm annexed to the new kingdom of Westphalia. The capital city is HAi:40* TER, on the river Leine, and has 21,360 inhabitants. UAVAKIA. The dutchy or electorate of Bavaria Y<2. feiBwIspiSw**!'*'^'^'' 270. OEftMANY. v^i'KrT^^ l''§t ooinpn^M^ds ihi^ greater pu-t of the cirde, an4 is divtiled into Up]per and Lower Bavaria, and th^ Upper PsftUinate. The len^^th is about 150 miles, the breadth*^ l^i Upper Bavaria is for the niost part mountainous^ coitd and barren, producing little com, and less wine ; but it is eov«a%d ^itk forests, interspersed with large and small lakejs, and abounds in cattle, wild fowl, game, baths, medicincd springs, and salt work^. It is aljso enriched with mines of silver, copjper, tesa, and iron. Lowtr Bavaria being much more level, is more ferule, and produces plenty of grain, pasturage . and fruit. The chief rivers of this dutchy are the Danube, Iser, Inn, Leek, Nab, Atmuhl, and the Regen. The established religion of- Bavaria is the Booaan Cath- olic The number of inhabitants in this dutchy is estimat*, ed by Hoeck at 1,389,900, and the regular military Uprce at > 12,000. The principal manufactures of the country are those of coarse woollen, cloth, silk and woollen stufi's, velvet, tapestry, stockings, clocks and watches, 1 he prin- .^ipal exports are wheat, cattle, wood, salt, and iron. The Bavarians are little distinguished in literature ; ,but are a vi- gorous race, adapted to the fatigues of war. They have an, university at Tngolstadt, and an academy of sciences at ; Munich. WIRTEMBERCx is a dutchy in the circle of Suabia, It is one of thie most populous and fertile states of Ger- many, though there are many mountains aad woods, it contains mines and salt springs. Sxutgard, near the : Necktr, is the capital. It is the seat of an university, and; an academy of sciences; and has S^2, 680 inhabitants. BADEN, a margravate of Suabia, is. divided into Uie Upper and the Lower. It is a populous and: fertile coun- try, abounding with corii, henip. Hax, beeswax, wpod, and wine, and contains 200,000 inhabitants. The annual rfv- eniie is estimated at l,i500,000 florins; and the* military establishment consists, of SOO0 men^ of whom 300 are , cavalry. Baden is the capital, with a eastle cm the top of a iriouritain, where the pri^ce often resides. It has 2400 inhabitants. HESSE-CASHEL, « principality in the circle of Up- per Rhine, is 80 miles louu ; the breadth*' unequal, llie m is whoh'soaie » th« i^iT fertile in corn aoa pastures, OfiRMANY. ati4 i« diirifcd per Palatinate. WiSO. , Upper mid and barren, is covered y^ith esi, and abounds lal springs, and if silver, copjper, h more level, is , pasturage and le Danube, Iser, le Boman Cath- utchy is estimat*, lar military Iprce of tbe country d woollen stuffs, thes, 1 he prin- , and iron. The ire ; ,but are a vi- They have an. of sciences at circle of Suabia, states of Ger- aad woods. It [card, near the university, and ,] ^habitants. divided into the ind, fertile coun- |swux, wQod, and The annual rfv- id the* military whom 300 are m the top of a fcs. It has 2400 circle of T'p-, |i'" unequal. Ine rn aRd pastures, n^eh-feed multitades of cattle ; the ddea of theuilis are covered , with fruit, and hphey idboutid. The principal rivers are tli^ Hhine a»d the Maine. The annual revenue of Hesso-Cassel ijs estimated at about lj2(IO,Q6() rix dollars. This state now makes a part of the new kingt'itfin of WestphaUa, established by Bonaparte, August 18, 1807. MECKL KKBUU© is a dutchy in the circle of Lower Saxony, abounding in corn, pijstures, and game. It is 120 milea long, and 6ar; their power Hio cities of Cier- ' ley, but it was fi< tahtsi ■■ ),000 >.0U0- KOOO sooo- 3,000 tftte trade. , which are a| li no other head] 1: Hiagistrates ai'oj Mxm&m^ THE donoimonB of ^the H^use of A«B|!rlii, i^tetJi if# within the Hmjit» (^ the German empire, are the V^lifl^ circle of Atistriat 9iMa;ipi and burgesites. The revenue is computed at 3,000,0p(^ jsteirling. Vi!4«4iA, «! the Danube, i«^e cag^ta! of /dre circle of jAustria^ '*and of the whole- German empire, contaittlt)^ |254<,0OO inhabitants. The clnef public buildings a^ei the limperial palace, the Ubrary, the museum, and a great jnumber of palaces. The archducal library is much fre- jquented by foreigners ; it contains 1004K)0 printed bookg| 'nd 10,000 manuscripts. A cabinet of curiosities, beiong- |ing to the house o^ Austria, is a great rarity. The sub* rbs of this ci^ contain 200,000 iiiliabitants. AUSTRIAN DOMINIONS. ■/ BESIDE the circle of Austria, Just described, there arc [arious oth(!r portions of Europe connected with Germany ^kI subject to the house of Austria. These are, 1. Bohe- aiiia, 2. Moravia, S. Hungai-y, 4. Travisylvania, 5. Sclavo- fiia, 6. Croatia, 7. Daln)alia, 8. Part oi'the late kingdom of ^oiand, now styled Gaiicia and Lodomiiia. The p )pula- |ion ot jfhese is included i% the number already mentioned. i^ -...,T-*y.W5*««Wi«fr«rf! 'j'B'!}i'j^::»» "^i-^T ; ■U I- . ^ ■ I I V, mi 1 1 1 1/ ■4i^^' AtrSlillAN I^QlVIINlOlSi ■rr BOIIEMIA Wtengl is ibosir W pi2. In 1801, the m^^ offm^a instated bjr M^ fiofiicktd certain 9i6|2f square miles, S^gcities, dO^'mar- Iwt, towiif, ll,45i^ viUag^ and the toc^ popti^tion SM06,94S* IJwsel |fa3^ 3,229,*^ , v Bohemifi is one pjf the higfeesir , count^c;^ In ^Jpiurdpe,: and £orn)8 a large exte^nded t^laiiij encircJed by^ |iitg^ hiUa cov- eted with Mfood. The vale i» watered by the Elbe, the Hiildaw; aiid thb Egt^a. Its mountaip are ^0 ri^hi-st inr Biurcfpe, m ^old, silyert precious stoiieSi copper, qj^ifsk-sil' ^fer, iron, leadr tin, sulphur, ind salt ^ The natives of thiscountry are singuldiriy robust, and flCrong built, handsotneji except their large head8> 'active, shrewd, couragiious ^ and sincere/ The gentry are i ngenu-- f^B, hpayjc, anymore inclined to ariiui« ihian^arts^ X2arn» ing in Bohemia is in a low state, tliough t^ie ?y ^ne wise regulations of Jfoseph^* in tin fiife exercise of their religion? • '• Th6' capital- of Bohemia is j^ragute, a- large and farnoui city; 15 miles in circunfererice. It contains 70.C0( ebriiitians, and 12,00() Jews. The Mui^aw runs througii the city, over whitih is a bridge of 1 8 arches. MOIIAVIA is a niarquisate jinutxedto Boheraiav Itj is a mountainous country, yet very fertile and popwious watorrd^ by a great number of rivers and hrooiis* lb numbei of towns, viDtges, and market towns m Moravia hiUi been estimated at 2550, and its iithabixauls 4,138,000. The liinguage of the inhal>itauts i& a dialt of the Sclavonic, resembling the Bohemiau. The Gernw Fanguage is cbttimon in Moravia. It t^es its name froa the r»ver Moraviu, which runs through it ; and k?nce M K?ct of christians, called Moravians take their name;, th. doctrin'is having been first teuglit here. Brunk, at the coufluence of the river>* Zwittuaad Swi % the ca^utal^ and has 23.,(>kX) inhabxt^uiti^. ■ U AtlSTRlAN DOMnaOKS. i»tated byM^ ties, 808 niM- HUNGARY 19 bounded nordi b]r the Cftrpathiw nountfTiQi, ea«t by "i^ri^ylVania, south by Sewvt^ia, from which it. is aepanited by e F4be* the ■ air iint«fholesdme. The level country produces, ahund- ^Q ^0 rj^htst in Itntly, i orh ofw-ry^kinid, excellent fruitV wines, celebrated ^^^>f, '(|j^ick'8il<^lfor their strengtli and goodiii:8s> legumes, hemp aspara* ^ ■f'^s, i^dons, saffron,' toDacco, &€. The foreato are beau* irk robusif andl'aful, and liie ineaduws feed numerous herds of cattle, («f reieads> -active, Iwhiph the inhabitants yt-ariy export nior.- than 100,000. ■htrv are ingenu-'l Horses, buffaloes, asses, mul-S, sheep, goats, and swine^ tan Avts^ X^'arn»«ire bred,, not oniy sutficient .to supply -tlio wants -of the in- tlie Vingdoili haiMiiabitants, but form objects of commtifje ; chamois, deei;:, lan- schools, SOOwnd beers are found in t!ie forests .md niountums. 1 he is, * lk>henna haa«r iters are .well supplied .With fish, and the wood^ wiUi aperrgia**' le»***"»'ne; rnished by l^ohe»B^ The mountains contain gold, Silver, iron, lead, quick- in time pt'warjtfclviT, antimony /orpiment, su phur, vttriol, marcjsite, salt, rhemia is poptfy.walL-peav. ioad stone, diitv rem kinds of niarbie, alabuKter, recioui) stoiics, and a niijtaL hardily known ekewhere, call- by the liuiigur cms, zinnopel, &c. There are many u;mi «pnngs, both warm and cold. fU pruictpah mountains are the Carpathian and Cra- 13c. Tiie chief rivtics are the . Danube, .Drave, and citha* Tiiis. kingdom, long -wasted by war, -is beginning t< be lop'iious ; it has few iarge towns, ail are ill built and tilled ih raios. Hungariai^s and Sclavonians are considered m e oniy native inhabitants. Tile doctrmes of the reformation were at "first preached re With success ; but, in 1681, the p'otcstants were in- rdicted ft ;irn having more than two church., g ma county, uic of which inciude 100 towns, and yet their num /oir greatly superior to the Roman Catholics. 1 he s.ing- m of H angary can easily raise an army ef iOO,C'O0 of which 50,000. are in pay, and tht like number i« 'lished by the provinces. The infantry are called hey- ^kB, aod'the cavalry husj$a»s. The Aumber of iiMr4- ith the Jtw%, are Jfoscpb^. in t^^^ [large and favnoui QOiitains 70,0'^ law runs througl ^^^' , • n to llohemiai i' ile and popUip"i md brooiiB. li [owns in Moravii irthabixaiils itants ife a dial ui. The Gerni Its its name tVoa t ; and h-cmce rhi their nanif , tU Zwitta a»d S>vi /..*t.<%*a ■ S m X vMtt» ittfslUiilinft TfAnsylvaiiia, %.«iilBniM i^0i|^4Va Upper HuagSK}^ ;{ BvJBtA irariotiii revdlutioid» ; but nm? ^beiongi j 4 4iit>& of iib^^ they ia^# '|dr tbtnr uia8ter#i TA^jifmi^^ 1 P||ys to Hk^e, emperor l,500^iX)aiiori:iiB annua)i37. Thedahft^ riwast Annixuans, Greiaks, and MaJiounetsaK Wte ^ov^ jj^noiedt is cfl^ductiud by 12 persons ; vie. 3 RonSan Cfttho* Jic^, 3 Luther^s, S (Jolviiuats^ and 5 Sociniaiis^ x|fe»»-j .MANSTADT is thevcap^t^J. SCLAVONIA ties betweenthe rivei^ SaVe, Drave, fiiulj Danube. It is divided into 6 counties, and is SOO mlU fiong, 75 broad. The eastern ^rt is called Halziav and the] inhj^itaAts Httscians Tli«;se toroii a particular natioh, ar are of the ^irreek chucch. The languan^ of Scli^ronia the root af tour * Tlij ju >vintii n >us pirts produce tint: pnstu res ; th- plain* are aiosUy «andy, but aboutid in lor^ »t6, and are teiine in cor.i. Vaa principal articles of tiaHicure cattle, hidcs^ w K., aud hoaey ; and th.se cnuntrii-s contain mines of* copper, ie.id, iron, and salt, of which the latttr are the most vaiudijlu. Lemburg, or Lf.opolu, i:^ the capital of thC wh ). oO aiuif)! d gr JS of nortii iatilade, and betwecii Gi.oai; 77 dj^r^'es eueit i mgitad.-. I'h 'be islands f rmcTly coasitiSut* td t U" i\u^^ sej).w ite ui.i mU-p adent kuigdorns oi' i-ng« ] i li, Sj.Hiand, uaJ Irennd, )Ut are now united uad^r on© sov.Teig^i, and o .e forui ol" g >veraineiit. Gi'.Mt-iintiui .s Lij II nt oivi dir i:)ie island ofIiu.'ope> CO iiprehendmg tiie two auci .At kmgd ms of Iv.igiand ,.nd Sjjauid. and tiie pri t'_!pi.ity of ♦V..jes its length, fiora Lizard Point, lo 50 , to i)u igshy-liead, .;8*-' tih' 1\. Lv.. ic 5;M ii us ; ts jrei.lt^ ts a'*) )it i>>.'^ niijs. It is Kep ir. t- ei tV*.a ierini ;y, on i"i- east, by t'lat p.irt ot'thv.- Atlaniic caiiil t.^j Ctji'iui ojji.i ; tile lintish cliamwi separat;;s it ifr ) ii Fraue 04 t n -ioitii ; atul o.i tii3 west it 18 d»vi«lctl- ft»»u ixciaad >y tiie Irisa sea. a- ENGtAND. ^ ,^- ENGLAND, Tlie prlncioal division of the Brit!!: ^mptrfe ig beunS^ (til north by Scotland, east by the Girnian ocean, south by the English cMnncl, west by the Atlantic ocean, Wales, and the Irish 8€{i. It is divided into 40 countieH, iind contains two archbishops, and 24 bishops, who are peers oi' the realm, appointed by the king. ' ClimatCi Soilt and Productions. The cliipate is health v, though frequent and sudden changes liappen in the weatfi- or, which render the harvests prtcarious ; yet' rarely lioei the industrious husbandman- tail ot'bcin^ rewarded by a profitable crop. The soil of England d&ers in dift^rcnt aounties ; wheat, barley, oats, rye, French whea»^ beans, jimd peas, are^^he principal productions. Apples, pea|fs« , plums, cherries, peaches, riectarines, apricots, figs, grap^ and other fruits, are, by the skill oi the Engiish gardeners, wised in the greatest plenty and variejty.' Lakes and Bat/s. The lakes of England are few in num- ber, and inconsiderable in extent. Various boys, creeks, ant' i'S\mXa oi the sea are formed all round the coast. (hiiitrs. *1 he principal kivers of England are the THar4fc|, Severn, Trwit?, Tyne, Medway, Humber, Mer- wy, i amer. The Thames is navigable for lai'ge ships f Loiul^n uridge. Iti| principal branches are the Cherwes, ^ the Mol >, and the Dee. The Severn is probably the long> * «8t river of England, having a semicircuW course of ISO miles. " ■ ■■' ■ ) >:;■. ./ • '"p •■• ; Monntaim. The mduntains of England do hot. aspire to t^0 sublin^e heights of the American mountains, or even those of other huropean countries. The Clitviot hills are among the prinrtj al. A central ridge of hills passes Ibr^gh the kingdom, frpm.nof th to south. Mineral Waters, The waters of Bath have been vjele- bt'ated for ,i|everal centuries. The hot wells of 'I unbridge, Buxton, and Scarborough^ are aHl esteemed highly bene , ficiai in various diseases, \ Mines, Eagiand possesses a great treasure in its inex- haustible coal mines, which are worked chiefly in the north, •rii couat.e*!, wbence the coal is conveyed by sea, and by tho inland canals^ Id ttVery pari of the kingdom* B-'JKi *'*' J ENGLAND. ^9 Uent constitutioDr se and increcs* , of which the curry on tbe luoaC Mtifpett tin, leftd, and iron are foiuid in gi'e&t nbunilance in Great- Britain, where thiivc is made every year from 50 *o 60,000 tons of pig iron, and from 20 to 30,000 tons of bar iron. j\fanufac$ures and Commerce, The manufactures in I'^ngt land arc, confessedly,' with very few exceptions, , supdiop to those of other countries. For this superiority, tliey are nearly equally indebted to nations' oracter, to the situ tttion of their country, and to tl The omuieroo of (Ireat-Britu ing. Th;; privileged tnuling < Eai-t-India-Coinpaiiy is the princ important foreign coaimerce. Population, The population of England is commohly estimated at between eight and nine millions. Ha«sjjl reckons the number at 9tMt2,000. Relis^ion, The established religion of England ia th^ Episcopal church, of which the king is the^head. All oth- er denominations of Lhristians and Jewg are tolerated. Tlieir clergy are numerous and respectable. Language. The English language participates both of the Gothic and Latin, those two grand sources whence- most of the European languages are derived ; and unites^ in some degree, the force of the one with the melotly.tp ^0 other. Lilarature and Sciences, English literature is a vast and inviting theme. About the year 1100, it commenced a firm and steady pace. A numerous train of historians, poets, and other writtrs, fill the pages of biography. The grand feature of English lit-rature is original genius, trans- mitted even from Roger bacon to Shakespeare, Miltoi)^ Newton, and Locke, not to dwell on claims more minut^ but equally iirm. In the scientific departments, England must yield ta France, except in the various branches of the mathematics. The present state of the arts in England is worth ■/ of so opulent and refined a country, and the pro- gress nas been rapid beyond example. *" .- Edumiion, Tne education of the lower classes in Eng- land had been much neglected, before the benevolent iiir stitution of the Sunday schools. The middle and higher ranks of English spare no expense in the et'*»cation of their ■sens, either b^ private tatero at hemq^ or at lioarding IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 11.25 ■tilM 121 ^ lU |Z2 2.0 lit lis u liO 6" ^ V. y. Hiotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WIST MAIN STRUT WItSTIR.N.Y. 145«0 (716) t72-4S03 r.- iB^ld' fiKGlAKIfc i< ''I rl mhooU. The BMjrt pmrneirt ' pubUc sclhcK)1t »re -ii^ Weijsminster, Eton/ and Wiiacfli-i>ttJr;i3ndth'iii them ha?# ' 4uriseii^ sprae of the ihost di8tm|;uislied orn^entiS of! thf Ao^btiyw, Thewftcholari in ^ue time proceed to jtlU' univer- cittes of Oxford and Cambtidgei foui>dution», of an txteiit and grandeur Uiat impress ypneratoon/ OxfV.rd has H ttolleges, and Cambridge 16. \ /f" r Govern)neni. The govjernment of Grvat-Britain niay Ibe called % limited monarqiiy. It is a combination, ofmd- uarqhicJEd and popular go^Tr.n:.;:nt. The king has onl^ frf?e executive ppwer ; the legislative is shared by him a^nd die parliament, or more properly by the petTpIe. The drown is hereditaf^ ; bdth male and female descendanta, are'cap^ble ^f succesisio,n. The kirg niust profess thf JProtiBSjtant religion. ;^ ' ^avd undmilitarif P(mer, In March, 1807, thp Bri*. ishiiavy in commission consisted of 13$ sajll of the line; lis ships df from 44 to 50 guns, 155 frigates, 15^ sloopa of v?ar, and 182 gi*n brigs and sinaller vessels ; amounti' ing to 6^7-vm5ls of war. The number of soldiers, sea- men, &^ is 53^,00a. ' Repenue arid Debi, The revenue of Great-Britain, i« i$67, was 27,000*000/. sterling. The amount of the Aa- tipnaldebt waj^608,925,792// ^ Giiies, ' LpifDON, t^e metrapolis of the British epipire, if one of the largest and most opulent cities in the world* 4mA Was a considerable commercial place in thi6 reign of ;Ner<>; In its most extensive view, as tire ritetropolis^ it consists pf the City, prppwly so cjedlpd, 4ha city ef West- n^inster, the Borougli of Soutbwark, a*nd thv suburbs in liliiddiesexan4 Surry. The extent of the whole is above 'ifeeven miles in length ; but tht*^ greatest breadth dots not texi^eed three. The iiins of court for the study ot the Inw ; the qnllegfs, learned societies, and public Sepiinarit's : tlie hails of t% diiterbhi trading conipan its ; the noble hospit- als, and otner charitable in>titutions ; the prisons ; and the ibabljcplac^s of diversion, render this city deserveijly cele- pfatdd. It is a bishop's see seiids four members to p;ir- iiamentim^d con tfiSn^ 600,000 inhabitants. ' " k_ " LiVEkpooL is next to London in w aaith and population. It has 7O,'00O inhabitamf r and, beftjre tlK^ abolition act^ employed 1 32 shifps in carrying ehvrm t« llif; West lRdi«ig; A, If^ALEI^ fi^ Htii theu) haf# d to ili«' univer- i» of an txteftt Oxford hafe H Britain may be binatioii of fiad- j king has only ed by him and ^ peiTpIe. The ale descendanti; ust profiM tht 1807 thp Brii^ 88Jl of the line; •ates, 152 sldopa vessels ; amount^ of soldfers, se»» Great-Britain, i» nount of the na- Prltish eppirp, es inthe world* in th6 reign pf ife Tftetropolis^ it « citycfVVest- th v^ subyrbs ia |e whole is abov« Ireadth dots not udy ot the Iaw ; gepiinaries : vtlie t,he noble hospit- [prispns : and the deservedly cele- lembera'to par- • S 'V, and population, hv abolition act^ kiif W«8t Udi^f useful and ornamentied'nrticlcB, sucll^ as matal buttons, buckles^ plated gooda of aUkind4» japao- nel3i a»cl -paper ware^ and ^ther 1^^ ware manufae^ures. , j Tbe j^efmingham goods areei^orted ta ii^retgh coantrius., This city has beeome, according to die leknpht^iad ex* prt^ssionofa great orator, theiotf^kop of' Europe. ItJhas Cd^,tK)Q intoitante. M ANCBffSTBR is Celebrated foT its cotton maniifactoiy. Its axachmery f&t saving manual labor exhii^its sur^risuie ingenuity. Fort sMovfiifhas a noble harbor, ^aixd here, jte the grand naval arsenal of England. It has lately been regiSarly fdrtili&d towalrd the iand, NEWOAfita%E>jita|id«' Oil the 'i'yne. tt is slttfated in tiie midst of ;tho«6 coil ' minetiV. whiish liave tor centuriea supj[kli^di^odou and./ tlur - s«uUV^J^^land:.with ftiel,; /"'■■'"■" . ^:]y:--'}::~^^''^r.^...< ''^:i^^ Htstofy* Britain ^itas first Inhabited by a tribe of Gatils, Fifty-two ^ears /before the brith of Christ,^ Julius Csesae » subjepted them to the U^fttt^ empire. The Romans re^ maineld toasters of Britain 500 year«». The i'icts^ Scots, and Saxons, t^eh took possession of the island. 1006) Wiiliatn, duke orNormandy^ obtained a complete victcrry over 'Harold, king of England^ which is called the Noniiatl coiifiuest. Ifi leas, king Jathes-. VI. of Scotiancj, who' suciieeded queen Elizabeth^ united bath kingdoms, under %M' aameof X^reat- Britain. Georg<3 I. of the home of Hanover, asce»ded the throne in 1714, and the succession has since- been regular in this line. The union ofirela?>d With Groat'^-Bfitaiin took ^lacc; ailur a wa;tu oppositioa. WALES.. . ■ IS a pTineipality ixvthewestof England,. 120 miles longh- and BO broad ; it is dividtdinto lii' counties. It is the country to which the ancien Britons tit^d, when Britain was invaded oy ttie Saxons. They are xiow called Vvelch, and preserve "their own language. It. contains 751 paiisli- es^ 68 market towns, and AbO^OOO inhabitantB. U bi> atr :■•■ %'$■- . ' ' £-'; 8C&ttiAKa ■y ^ ^ ■ - ■ / ' ■ ia; clear and sharp ; the cattle ^re ^allr Wale* it tn«tn^ .ttonlous, itnd particularly nnjarlkaMe ibr goafs. It i> .wa» terei by many eons'tder^bie rivtrsii . It givta , the tiiie of JPrinco of Whiles to tlie eidti^fit sao of Uie king, of Ureal* %itain.'. SCOTLAND. /, THE northernmost of the two kingdon][s into which the island'ot* Cireat.P>ritain wasf<)rmerly dividtcl^ is hounded west i)^ the Atlantic ocjiean; horth hy the North seav east by thd Oerman^pcean, ioutheast by England, south by the Irish sea:^' From nl^rth' to south, it exttiids 270 miles^ and its greatest breadth is 150, tiut in some piact^ not above SO, It, is divided into 38 counties, most of wliich synd ,on^ uiembei; each to parlianietit. , , :.,;:<' ' General Appearance; Sftil and ProductiQns, Natuf^seema 9b have pointed out three ^rand dirisicti^s in Seotland'^^ ; the north,. the middle, and tbf south l^be north divisioiiia ahiefly an assemblage of vast, dn^ary inountains, wi ill some fertile vallies, on the northern and eastern shores. TM middle division is traversed in difierent directions by ran- . gcs of mountains ; tHoilgh. cultivation is chiefly on tkC; eastern shore, yet the arable land bears a sn^ali pi'oportioi^ - to th ■ mountauioufi and barren. The south division has a great resemblance to England* iand, with respect to the g ;u usp.ct tii' the country, and the progr^ >f cultiva- tion, exhibits every kind of rural variety, i climatt i» various and- the air healthy. The products cf the coun- try are, grain, 'flax, woods of oak and fir, coal, lead, irpn, £-' estone, iimcstone, slate, the raos* jeautiful marble, fine r;K,k crystals, pearls, variej^ated pe4)bi'-8, &c. It fcieds vast h'rds and fl<»ck8, which are siiiali, but?* Uiucb valued for . te'v delica(;y of tn ir riesh ; tbe'Heece of thdatter emulates the finest t>pai'sh wool. /livers. 1 he prmclpar rivers are Spey, , Don^ Tav, Twted, Clyde, forth, Northern Dee, E&k.) Annan, Kith^ and youtfcnv Dee. - Population, heli^ion. Manners, According to Pinkerton, the v>lu i;' |.q)Uiatfon of Scotlaod is i,5iii(>,429.^ The es. ■fabiifehfe^ reii^'en is the Prtsbytenau. The ptopte are IKtKLANlX ^:.; -,•■■■■■■■ ales ff «n«a^ its. lli^ wa- :b the title of "r V ~ ■, ' -"■■■ "I. ■'- ■ «a» into iVicli tlte 4» is hounded North sea, «^ft«t a, south by the 270 miles* and ;tig not above 30, ivhich s^nd on^ p, Nature seemi; n {Scotland ; the north division^ i» tainft, with ^owe rn shores. 'Iho retJtionsby rai^- chiefly on tkC; jn^all pi'oportioiS luth division has h resptot to the |gr» )f cultiva- "I cliniatt i» Its ct' the coun- coal, lead, irpn, ijful marble, fine c. it fv^tds vast [liuch valued fov lu latter emulates Donj Annan, ^-i ling to Pinkertpn, ),429. The eg. Ilhe people are £ra|(ht from their infancy to bridle their ^^'otie ; thef ari; temperate and iVugal, by which tliey save their cor*- •tJtutii'iV and their money. The atuusen)enl» of the rich are *inHi.»*.o those of the English ; but those 0|f the ptj^u anti^ .''nve "i^-veral divprsities, which the reader nmy ptr- hai>!j '»^»(. .earn from the poems of Burns* Languasei Literature and Educati n. The lanpungt* ol^ Scothind tWiii v^ luier two divisions • that of the Lowiand% consisting of the ancii nt ScandinaTftt}! dialect; and thai, of the Highlands, which is Irish. The literature of ScoW land, though of recent origin, has been rapid in its profc- gress, and extensive in its tame. The iiicottish potts have bean numwous and deticrvedly celebrated ; their diVitieft and philosophers are also universally known and adimred. Every country parish has a gchodniaster for the instruo* ti6n of indigent children. There ate foitf Universities, &%. Andrew*8, Aberdeen, Edinburgh, and Glasgow. y Cities, EDiNBt'ROH, the capital, contaiiis^about 90,006! inhabitants. The houses ^re of rimarkable ht. glit, lome being 13 or H st<>ries. The qhurch*,s and p races of" worship, of various dencmiinations, are nunnrpui.. Kdin* ' burgh has 40 printing houses, in which are enipioy<.'d up* I wards of I'iO printihg prv-'sscs. Glasgow, oa the river C'yde, is tlie second city in Scotland. The number of inhabited houses is upwuids of 10,000 and of inhabitants 77,'5ii5. U contiiins s> vcnfl iipspitals, chHrittibie foundations, and a public mfirinary. Aberdekn IS a iargu city o;i thxj De-* atit^^ entrance in* I lo the German oc<.'an. It hu£ u uuiVojMtv and* i'3/XH; in- " jljabitaiUs. Pei'th, Dundee, and Greenock, are^ail placifs |«f eimneace. " ■ ' • ■ . ; ■ " < ^■ ■■-:.'-' ' '■'■,■; iRELANB. IS an island west of Great- liritam,- from' which it "Is- epaiated by St. * .eorge's ch-timej, 6i the Ir.shsta. it i* f/rt luiles longi a.ul l.>,> IjioaU, - DitHsions^ Paiuldiion, 6ic, It is divided iiito foui provin- 108. v./. Uister. LtJi'ifetrfi, Muuftw-r, aaii v'ouiiuUji'u ; ili> se M"c ■suudivided iut-: couiittcs. liijiauuf^ isnu.alcu i-; con- about 1^1,000,000 acrcb ; i0o4> niUJiKet tuwiriiy la i9\ ( -s.. 9o§' It Eli A^ 1 ''Xi f ,;>'.. m IF #f which post ^fficea «re kept ; ST charter ichodb, In whicti 17^5y<^i4ttis of ijoch >ex^6 are ,ni4intfti»ed and taught till the age of, fourteen ; Ibur provijQciai nufistries, in wlneii SOO'^childi^eu are prcpiircd for tlie public schools ; S(X)p; Episcopal clergy, arid., according tu an enumeration in 1801, 5,499»044 inhaoitants. ^ '-,.:\\..y:.- Ctimdte, ProducUcmxi^c, Th'b air is milj^ and temperate^ l^ut more humid than in England. In general it !S A iev- el ^rountry, vrell watered with lakes and rivers ; and the 4ibil in niost parts is iertUe, producing corn/ hemp. Hox beef, and butter* Thi^ principal inanutacture of Irdand is Imte linen* This country is Wbll situated fur foreign trade, liaving many secure and eomuiodioua harbors* .HeTigion. -In 1731, there were 7004>5B Protestants, anc^ l,S09,7t)S Catholics, lliere is still a majwity of the lat^ Her in iriBland, who, since 1793, have ei^oy^d ffreater>priy» ilege^ tlum they did formerly. The laws dtmr.but liti^e licom those of England ;. ana the^ a8tJEdt>lisbied reUgion; *it the same*. jMmneru The manners !oT the superior cras8e$- in lUe- Ituid approach nearly to ^he English standard. The'com- ' «ion people still retain many features of national mantiers. Literature and Education. The ancient literary fame of Izeland* is placed in a high rank.. Among its modern writtTS are . the. justly celebrated nafiieaof Usher,' IS wift Cxoldstnith, Burke^ Sharidan ; beside many celtebrated dramatic writers, and orators* 1'. v ^^ ^ Ireland contains but one *f fniv^rsity, that or Dublhh ft>anded in Uie reign of Elizabeth. .The peasantry are in> a^wretcheil state of igpoi^ance and sup(^r#cition. Giiiis, Dublin, the capital oi Ireland, is, in peinft ofj l^eautvi extent^ and -populations^ the second city in tiie^ British dominions, iuid the fifth in Europe. It i^taiids on] lihe east side ofri;he isiantlF, near/the.mouth of the river Lit* ify, andhas 15,000 houses, and 16b>000 inhabitants. Cork, Liiueri^,, Belfast, Waterford,- Kilk^tiny, Galway,, fiud Londonderry, are ail large, aiid populous places, and | •elcbrated for aiahufactures. j r ,, ; !||:^ ^ > Curipsitien: The Giant'sr Causeway so calleu, Js a re* ■larkable curiosity, consisting of ntany thousand /ba&altic] pilUrs, mnstly in' vertical positions. /Tlie lake ot' KiJijir* Mtiy and Lough Neagh, celebrated for its petiif) ing ju)»> .t^- are reckoned among the curio&ities of Ir^und<. ■i«? " "♦■'<.•. n W^AXtmn tsi^ANDs. Adjiicent to the Britiah Islet. lie# jreat uuinlvr of smaller on^t belonging to ( i teat-Britaiiw The principal of these; are the I^le of Wight,jJers^^, Guern* •cy, Angtesea: ami Man, in the Engliiih. channef; and the Hcibridcs, or Western Islanda, the Orkneys and th* Shetlahd Isles, in the North Atlantic oceai\} which <**^ fMisidered as appendages to ScotJancL ' FRANGK so cali^vJs a re- thousand /basaltic] he lakeot KiKor- .s pfctiif) mg po«> of Ijreiand*. Boundaries and Extent, THE present limits of Fran€ir are extensive, and cannot be ascertained, as they ,are ciiiW itantly changing. By the tmity i of Luneville, in 180^ the Belgtc proTinces,^ and a^l the tertilttry. ot. the htfut* of Austr^ between Burzack and Basle, togetlier #ith adi ithe qqantrit^s and domain^ on the k>l^, or w<^stera bank of the Rhine, which before made a part cf the Cferraali eaipire, were annexed to the I'Viiich Rupublic, who Wer# It.) posses^ them in full sovereignty and property. ' Thi iRliine is at |>rc'sent the boiuidaiy betweeit France anit iGernnumf- .■-•■ • Divinons and Population* , France was formeriy dividedl [into liO provinces. In 1?89. the National -assembly di* mdedit into ten rpctropoUtan circies- and 83 depaitnaentm^ iBy later decrees some alterations have been matte' in thes9 Idivisi^Bs ; to which may be ad4ed nine.depjtH-tments, intf- Ivliich the Catholic Netherlands have been divided ; and ive tiioro, comprehending that part of ancient CreVmany,, I'hich lies on the west side of the Hhme from the Nethfcii'» Idndito ^Vitzerland, consisting in all of 109 departments^ r^ach depariaiient is divided into diHricts, and each diai^ riot into catitOQS, France contains 4QQHeitieS) l^Op «Dp^]i^r towna^ iS^OOO parishes, 100,000 villages. %:c^>; i: »^f/ , The en]|>ire of Frahice, ii^ l<^3>, was estimated to cott* iin 39,40i ,000 inhabitants* C • , Climate, Genem/ Appearance. Theair of France is geiW' tally niild ai^d wholesome ; buf in some partr-^theheaie excessivi^ The weather is more clear and settled thai^ Knghmd, The face of thu country is; plats, Jly divWsi^ed with JiiUie and dol^iL J66 WtAl^CR 11 ni^lH!! ttl^int CemiUt tnd Karboru llie lotre rlt^s la tltt tnountaint of the I'evcfines, find runs m a i>6rtliii«s^ (ii- Tection. After' receivitag.the AIHer,! her, In^re) Vietmc^ and 6arlet\it falls into me ba^ of biicay. ~ >. Tfie Klipne tltes in i!»witzeriand, pAsgea thrQugtjr tlic Tallaii and the Lake of Geneva, rec(tiyt;« t^e Soane at Lyons, the Isere at Vaience, and the Duranee beloif A* Signon, atid ^Is into the Meditenanean. The Garonne rises among the Pyrennees, passes by Bourdeaux*^ receives tiie^Dordonne at Bbiirgs, and takes -thehartie ofGironde, after which it fiow$ into the bay of -Biscay. .^ ■■-.■■-,>;-:■.■':•■.- "^ The Seine rises in the de|»artnient of Cote d'Oi* ; passet by Paris and K^en ; receives the Aube, Yonne, Marnq CKs^, and Eare, and fallt into the English chnmel at Ht* ivrede Grace. U .France has many useful and extensive canals { thej thief of wfai#i are those of Langucdod, Picardy, and 3ur* Ifundy.: "^:--''v4u;:--^ uldn, and Bourdeauit^ SoU and Productions, The soil, diversified by mountainlj ind plainS) is watered by ft great number 6f large aDdj lilnKili riyeri, which serve to fertilize ^ coiintry ; and, to* , gether with the canals, -convey merchandize from- one ex'] tremity of the nation totheother* Ithas corn, legume fVuit, wines, oil, pasture, hemp, and flax, sufficient for it own^inhabitants, and much to sparer Here are mines of iron, lead, copper, fOid some \Qi silver and gold. Manj places in France are in high repute for thjehr jmineral wan ters#-. .>:^ ' '' '-■■^ ~:lv%-' \^-' '^^■' -^ 'T Manttfadures and Commerce* The ihft^trfacturett are silk%] lustrings, inodes, brocades, velvets. &c. woollen cloth, lin^ en, coarsi^and fine ; lace* paper, china of e:fcquisitebeau«| 1y and fineness, ^oap, &c» ; Before her revolution, France, in point of eottiinei gianked next to Englsmd and liolland,, Sinc6^th&t, hov jMrer^ her ^:!i»nn»erce' has heen almost annihilated. Langud^igi, The French language is a corruption of til Homahr miXed with Celtic and Gothic wordb and idiomi During the laH century, it%asr introduced as a polite lan«j fuage iii^aU the o^^r ooantriM •€ Europe. Xn rs^' nANCBr Itfl iiff Aeimeii, «&d precision, U yielda to n» modtai ipcecib^ but it wobU force, . iiignity, and Buliiiittity. Literature and^ducution, I he itcienccs haye risun^io • very grtiat height in TrauCe ; anU its litcniiy character coiiiiuaudii untvetMii respect apj udnjaat.un. The namea •t* tlitsir celtbratyd writers would ajinust till a ▼olume» The art* of pi^aVting und scuipiur<' arc bet ur under»too4 in Franct^ thiin in most otlwr cuuntrien of Eurupe. binca ^e revolution, a lu^w »ygteni of pu^>uc iuitructioa hat been adopted.' Cities. Pauis,^ the capital of France;, is situated on th» Seine, which traverses it from cavt towrst. It does not yield to my city^in thd world, in the beautv of its edifices ; in its industi^ ; tn its love of tlw arts ana sciences |^ and in its establishments, formed for the promotion of humam khowledf^e, and to preserve Jtlie productions of nature and genius* It is now ten leagues in oircumfereiice, and hag $47,756 inhabitants. Lyons is ia«ixt to Paris in population, containing 100,000 touls. Mab»eillbs and Uourubaux have each about those of Brest) 1 80,000. These cities, top^etliei* with Lisle, the capital o(f "French fliinders, Valenciennes, Amiens, and l^houlou8% are deservedly celebrate4 for opuienCe, commerce^ aoi ivanufactures* Aaiiquities and Curiosities, France contains numerouty snd vi^uatile remams ofantiauity There are niany tri» phdl arches, the most perfect of which ib at Orangey eatd by Caius M^trius. Nismes exhibits^stupendoot sttiai^ Qi an aqueduibt erected by th^ Eoinahs. At Arlea is an obelisk of i)rieiital granite, 52 feet high and 7 in di* eter, coirisistihg of one Btone. History i Heligi n and Curernment, The kingly govern- ent -of France continued from <'ioviS, who estublirhed limseii'aitSoisfOns, in 436, till January/ilst, 17^,S, whei uigXVt/ was beheaded on a public scaffold at Paris, r&ace, aftjr continuing a monarchy for upwards of 1200 •^ars, was^'by thtf national assembly, declared a republic; "ith the fall of monarchy, 0il the titles of nubility wer* olished ; and»ll ecclesiastical domains, such as ahbey% nasterieSv/conveiTtes, &c. were decreed ifiational^ proper*; ; aii tvthes^ere tiboiislied ; the r*. Venues of the htghes^/ 48i»ar|ka-oler9|r redueed^ attd tka Baaibar 'laafiSjB^-^ (re risies »« tl»*! El 1.6TtliW6St>a* jUgjiuiiVi. wha ascende*! the throue in May, 1H(H, and %i'aR crowr^ by ihe popu* ii> December of ti.e same }ikr, M^d who Qow his virtually uuder his influence and coiUrcI ali the ooritineuta) iiations and governments i)i' Luropb, The Roman Catholic religion huB bten established, and ati'i appendages o>' regai governaieut have been restored ]|y the eniperoi^. i;EENi U ISLES. The islands around the coast of IPraOce are small and uninportiui.t.; 'ihuHC known by the dpme ofHy£AK»,.near Touiun, liave a barren and naked appearance^ Th((yv contain some b(4anic rich vs. uod claiin wi(^ fame of being Homer's isie of Calypso. (),i.£KOh it I lat (he weittern coatt, 14 mili^ longhand two. broad, li e, Ystr^and Bklli<>Lb are con8idera|i>le isles jitui.g the ^oast. LtsHANT^ or''OuE8SANT, is the fu|the«t webtl-raj bi;ad land of France, 12 miles from the continent/ and 9 j tpii^ in oircumfei^nce NETHERLANDS. THE country called the Netherlands, though united tl •nd fohned an integral part of, the Krendi empire, we] k^vii thought proper to describe in a separute artic;e. Situatiotit aounfiarieSf Extent. It it> ti^tuated between 491 And 52 degreea north latitude, and between ,77 and b^^j east longitude. Bounded on' the nortl^ by Holiayd ;' e»icht-idti wliicii,, atler recervjng the two .Ni-thes, the Demer, Dyi^ Senue, Ucndcr, Lscaut and Lys, empties into the se "among the i^ands of Zealand. The canals are almost in mumerable ; but the most iuipoitattt Me tili«se of Iki ^^ attX OtMadi irBTiTEitiAyrDsi '109 , 3&i(md Productions, Th»aoil and ito ^ockiee ire ric^ ilm>ecially in corn, firuita and Max. The agricttltare ^t' thit country hut b^en celebrated for 600 ^ean } and the Meth- viands treira formurly denominated the granary df FraQO^"' and ('ermaiiv, - ' Mines qm Mineral »<, Miqetofiron, copper, lead, aad brimstone* art* found in thit country ; aUo mari>le quaitieaj^ •o^il-plts, and great plenty of towil nitre* Pnpulalion, The whole Duin))er of inhabitantt '^in fhtf »etherkand8 is 1.900^000* Mantwrs and Customs The Flemings fat %6 the in^i^'i^ anis of Flandet-i^ and tKe Austrian Low Countries inre gen^ t rally called, are said to be a heavy/ blunt, honest people-. ' Formerly they were known to fight desperately in ctefoiee of their countr^^ : at present they ate in a subic^ated kid not very pleasing state. The Austrian Netherlaiids ar* exceedingly populous ; but authoft di^ is to their num* ■ bers. ~ . ■ Commerce and Manufactures, The chief 'manofacturet «f the Netherlands are thieir beautiful linens and laces ; i« which notwithstanding the |>oasled improvetiMilts of their ^ neighhiirb, they, are yet unrivalled ; particularly in that- species called cimlDrics, from* Oambray, the chief place of iti.manatactur<^.. These manufactures form the principal articles of their coinmorcer ' />rm onH Lmguag*^. The inhabitants of Frettth Flan» d<3rs jfu mere Frenc^h men and wOmen in both these par- ticuicirs. The Fl* mings on the frontiers of Holland, dresi lik^ the Dutch boora, and their language is the same ; but the better sort 0^ peopk sp;iak French, and dress in the same taste. / . Religion. The tiiitabi»sed r«Ugion h^re, till the revolu* tion, was the Rononn GathvUc ; but protectants) and othef^ sects were not niolested. Litert^ure. The soctuty^ of Jesuits fovtnerly produced the most learned mon in tlie Austrian, ]Low Countaried, 'm. whicii thoy had many comfortable settlements. Works ' of |th.iv}logy,^the ctyii and c4'ion law,. jUatin poems and pUya> were ^oeir chi€^ pifoductionSb - Strada is an elegant histo<« Irian and poet. The Fiemish paint;?r8 and sculptors have lil^eat Merit, and foros » tcho^ bjf themselv4)s» Thr ▲ 'A . ,..;^:.' .. . . 4-.. 990 NETHERLANDS. Wdrkf of Ruben and Vtindyke cannot tie iuffciently ad* mired. Vnivtrtiiies* Louvain, Douayi, Tournay, and St. Omer. The fint wai founded in WMi by John IV. duke of Bra-' bant, and enjoys great privilejges. Cities, Ghent IB the capital of the urovince of Flan- dert. Its waits are ten miles in cycumrtTence. - It has a oatbedral, six pt^rish churches, and ^00 bridges ; the streets are large, and the market places t^pacious* It has considt r- nble trade 'in corn, cloth, linen, and silk. '|he populatioa is 55,161. Britoes holds the second rank among tJie cities of Flanders, ond has i}S,6S2 inhabitants. It is a league and a half in circumference, and advantageously situated on A plain^ having, by means of canals, a navigable comni; •• oation with Ghent, Ostend, Duiikirk, Sluys, &c. In the 14tli century, this city was a place of the greatest irade ia Europe. 1 OsTEKD iil a strong seaport town, surrounded bymeny forts, and has 10,459 inhabitants. Ypres is only a stroiig garrison town. The same may be said of Charlebot and NAN^va. Louvain, the capital of Ai^ktrian Brabant, instead of ii(« once flourishing manufactures and places of | trade, now contains pretty gardens, walks and arbors, andf 3,060 inhabitants. hnuMSEts, called the ornament ardi delight o the Netherlands, retains somewhat of its ancient manu&ctures, and has 66,297 inhabitants. Antwerp, op] the eastern side of the Scheldt, is a large and handsoi dty.; The streets are generally wide and straight, aiiid suffl rounded by a wall, and regular fortifications* Itcontaiul 56j31 8 inhabitants' . It may be observed here, that every gentleman's housei^ n castle, or chateau ; and lliat there are more Strong tows^ fn the Netherlands^ than iii all the rest of Europe. Ttave)! ting is safe, cheap, and delightful, in this luxurious co^intrjrJ The roads are generally a broad causeway, and run m some miles in a Straight line, till they terminate with tiew of some noble buildinga. Cassel, whidTia situated . a hill, commands a viejv of thirty-two towns, ./v. History, v The Netherlands are a part 0f Ih^ '^ck Belgic Gaul, and belonged to the French, Austrians, Ptttob* They wer« divided ii^lo lOpraTincet* asfolloi K'-'t V- ' * ^t*-. r . ^HOtl^ANa f91 Mniumt ' Nifliifr Afitwerp H«iniliilt Malinet ^ -v Cambreiit Linibttr^ >Ar|aji Luxemburg , Plandeni These provinces uonT inak« • ptrt of the French emnirtf. They are divided into nine department*, and Annexea to f riuice by the order i THEkinglomdfriblland, lately called the T^ATAVii HkpubliO) comprehends tfjat part of the ancient Belgic Gaul, which was long distmguished by the name of tho S-BVBM UnITBD PROVINCEii, - "? SHifiatitmt Extent ^ Boundaries, Holland is situated be« Iween 51 apd 54^ north latitude, and between 78 and 82^ east Ion. ^00 miles long and 100 broad. Bounded north and west bv t|ie German ocean ; east by Germany ; south By the Cathoho Netherlands aiid France. , '> . Phisiom and Population, The civiV divisions of this eotthtry, while jt was a republic, were 7 provinces, vi«v Holland, Overyssel, Zealand, Frieslond, lltredit, Grorr- ingen, Guelderiand, and Zutphen, beside the T^xel and other islands. Holliuvd contains 113 cities oi*%)r«vi^^4^imi, UOO villages, and 2,355)0Q0 inhabitants ; it'^juWkmr u>^^'i.: inlSOl, was 22,384 men. General Aj^ftraencf.* Tlie soil of the couni^^ is si^. «^ and mafihy, tha^ but for ^tha constant care in'for^ and mokinj^ ditches and canals^ it would be hardly capa- ' blQ of cultivation; some part of it lies even lower than the sea, from which it is secuned l^ dykes or dams. Tho meadow grounds a^e rich, and generally under water in the winter, '^.f Rivers, Thechief rivers of Holland* are the Rhine^ the Maese, the Scheldt, and Vecht. T*ie Rhine is one of the largest rivers of Europe. Soon after it enters H6l- land, it Is divided into several branches, forming a num- ber of islands, which constitute a considerable portion of Holland. Near Amheim it is divided into two brfmches, o^e of irhiclv takes theDiipe ff Ysg<^^ mkA falls int« ibe MOLtANV. A vZiiyder 2m. The other branch i»aguii dividieft, aad'fllir ^rger branch falls into the Maese under the name ot' tht Xeck ; while the Rhine, with a very smaU portion of its jwaters/ is lost among the canals about Leyden, without .llSlJiling into the sea by its proper name. The Maese rises in France, and, after receiving the freatest part of the Rhine^ it divides into a variety tff ranches, and empties into ttie German Sea. The Scheldt also rises in France ; and after passing the city of Ant- werp, is divided into two branches, called Extern and Western Scheldt, both of which are lost among the islands. af Zealand, *■ Seasr The German ocean ^^hich washes the northers shores of Holland, is here called the North Sea; in con». tradistinction to which, a large gulf, which separates ISlortil- Holland from Friesland, is called the Zuyder or South Sejw With this is connected the lake of Haerlem by acreek call- • edtheV. ^ ■ ' 't:'>. \ The chief harboiil of Holland are those of the Texel^ ,Middleburgj Flushing and Amsterdam. Manufactures ar^d Commerce, The chief manuf^turet ^ •f Holland are linens, pottery, leather, wa^, snuff, sugar,, ^tareh, p^per, woollen and silk. The commerce Consisted Ibrmerly m spices and drugs from their settlements is the East-Indies. The inland* trade with Germany by the tanals and the Rhine, is almost the only branch of com* merce which Las escaped tlie^ ravages of war. Language and Literature. The language is a dialect of I the German. The education of youth is not so much a^f tended to here, as in some other countries.^ There are large and celebrated Latin schools at Rotterdam, Middleburfi;,! Groningen, Sec, Holland has five respectable universi*] ties; those •£ Leyden, Utrecht, Hardewycke, Franeker, and Grom'ngen. There is an academy of Sciences at Haerlem. I Manners and Customs. The Dutch are an industriouii and persevering people, patient of hardships and extremeh ueat in their dwellings. A humane regulation requires m inkecpers and apothecaries to keep a printed paper, con-l taining rules for recoverinjf persons apparently drowned! Liberal rewards are i^lven to 4^999 whi» expose th9Q^|t «ou6ti^ occupied, not only by the Swiss^ or Thirteen Can- tonsi oi t^e league, but by other states in alliance with or- iwibject to them; in which sense, the greatest extent from cast to west will be about 180 miles, and from north to •oath 140. On the north it is bounded by Swabia, ftoutbi J>y Savoy and Italy, west by France. 'General Appearance,. Switzerland may justly be considr- ^red.as the most elevated l^nd in Europe, as niany princi'. ,^]ial rivers take their rise here, and run in different direc- tions to the extremity. T^ie greater part Is composed of . ]miQUntain6, with narrow vallies between them.; these moun-. tpiins are cornposed of stupendous rocks, piled on ^ach. Hther, and are from 4,000 tp 10,000 feet in height. Onp £i^k in St. Gothard's mountain^ i& computed by Du Cret % be 16,500 French feet.. Divisions and Population* Before tlie late revolution^, ^ift^itzerland was divided into IS cantons, exclusive ot their ftilies ; viz. Luceni, Uri; Scliweitz, Underwaiden, Zug, j^rilxqrg, and Soleure, which are CathoUcs. The protest- ^t cantons are Zurich, Berp, Basle, and SchafiAausem. The number of inhabitants is reckoned at 1 ,6,36,000. Gla< .xus and Appenzel contain both religions. Lakes and Rivers* The principal lakes ate t|iose of Conr stance, Geneva, Lucern, Zurich, and Neuchatel. The, most considerable rivers, are th^ Rhine, ^bone, Aar, Arve, Reuss and Inn. Productions*^ The chief riches of Switzerland consist of excellent pastures, in which many cattle ar^ bred and fat- tened ; the goats And chamois feed, on the mountain».and in the woods-. Manners and Cufioms. The men aire strong and robust^ The women are tolerably handsoniei and in general very industrious. The peasants retain their old manner of djess, and are content to live upon niiU , butter and cheese ; some •f themountaineers never have any bread. Cities* The principal cities of Switzerland are BasiL) oYi Idiie Rhine, 1^,060 inliabitauti^iZuRicii^ on t^e.laks. ^Allit •^Ike eoaae i»«M, 10,35S ; wicT LAV^Amnt m die lake oi Geneva* 9,965. Ti^iere cr soUegcB at bi.tn, Laufai]UD%> Zurich and Lucerne. Hutorkal Remarks, A oi finifave aliiauce subsiated- he^- tween JPraoce ai^ several of Ae li^wigs cautouafui niore than a century, tb the great advanttige of i;oth.. Th(fe< republicans found in that monprchy a ettxLdy, faithful, aid. generous fnenii. In 1777, the aiiiance was rti^ne-wt^d im% the city of Soleure» and extended to all the tantons. iro^^ this period, till the commencement ot that disastrous- j-eth-^v elution, which has been effected by the intrigues of thft JFr.nch, the Swiss wer^ so much wiser than any of th* other European powers, that they preserved a peace unin- terrupted, except by some internaJ di^putes^. which were- i^eedily terminated. Thiir history, thereibre, during th|i< period, is comprised in a felw words.- While other nationfli thjs. |t> is " correctly and energetically (hawn^iu the picture off Athens, left us. by a writer of. the middle ages atier Uie invasion. It is the empty and bloody jikin f>/ an imwolatedt mctim. She has nothing left but rocks, and ruins, and i^cm- • igogues." Since the revolution of 1797, the ^t ExUfnt, THIT kingdom of Spaii-T ies between S6 and 44** north lat. ami between. 6«^« anu 78^ tast Ion. It is bounded north by the bay of Biscay; northeast by the Pjrcnnees, which st par «itt it from France; eaiit and south by the Mediterranean ; southwest ai d Wv^si. by Portugal and the Atlantic ; 700 niiks long and 5(;0 broad. JJivm ^eir CastUfi; Aadalusia^ Arrau^on, Estramadura; (ialiciar, '9»i AT ^^!l^ 11^6ii« Catalonia, Gnmada'»Val^^^ BiteaT» the AtCaff. t»f_ Murcia^ and Upper Kavarte, jiome of Whfbh Iiave for- ifieHy befn s^aratelklDedoRts. * . \ Climate* The air is dry and serefie, exd^pt during the equinoctial rains, but exee^ivi^^Iy hot in the Bouthe^n prov: incea, iii Jfunev July, and August. The vast^ iQduntuos; kOwCverj that run through Spain, are benefic^iartp the in- liabitafits H the refreshing brtezes tiiat come from them in the south parts ; but Ui^s^ ip the north and ndttheas^ are m the winter very coid. * i ^vx' ;7^ : Bbi/s, The chief bays are th(;ise of Biscay* Ferrol, Co- rnntia, ( comnqonly called the Groynne) 1*180, Cadiz, Gibraiter, C-arthagena^ Alicante, Altea, Valencia, and Roses. The strait of .: Gibraiter divides Europe from Africa.'. -"'^ v^v^,,': -, ' ':,:,-^^ iimr$. These are the Duero, which fells- iptb thie At- lantic oc^an below Oporto in Portugal' r the Tago, or Ta- gtiB, which faUs into the Atlantic ocean rear. I^sbpn ; the Giiadimia falls into the same oceto near .Cape Finisterrej; 'as does the Guadalquiver. iaow Turio,- at Su. Liioar ; and thei Ebro, the ancient iberu3> ii&lls into, the Mediterranean^ ,Sea below Tortosa, - . j The river Tinto rises in Srerra Moreria, and empties It- self into the Mediterranean V near Huelva, having the ^ame Tinto given.it frojsi. the tinge of i^js waters, which are as yellow f» .9 topaat^ hardening the sand, and petrifying it in ; amostsurprismg.oianneri. 1. Lakes, ■ There $re several lakes ift S])am. Jhat of Ben- eventa abounds, with fish, particularly with excellent trout* Ojjf the water of a l^ce near Antiquera sait is.made by the heat of the sun. . , SiiQuntains, The chief and the highest mountains of' Spain are the Pyrennees, nearly 200 mile#m length, which fgctendjlrom the bay of Biscay to the ;Kediterraneia|f, and : divide Spain from I'Vance. , . a, . ^ *,, v' The Cantabtrian mountains a)!^e a continuation of the ^i^nnees,^ a.nid reach to the^Atlantic ocean^ south of Cape Jtoisterse.'S^:'^''^';^^;;' 7 -^'f-: '- -^V- ' Mount Calpo, now. called the Hill^of Gibraiter,. was fcr- ■aerly knowri as one of the Pillars of Hercules. Hotl anti Productioiis, The soil is fertile ; but thtjre are Isrge tracts of uncultiyated ground* The produce of tiie. flPAni» m MOJitry ijB wliMl^ barley, ■QlBrim,^lion«j, rfRk» MkldNstnM, hemp, barrille§,( and sugar caneis, with the ricbett alidiilotfr delicious ftx^itM, ItB wines are in high eirtfeem* WtKlvM U9 the chief* beasts of prt^y that infest Spain. , The w^d bttUi have so much ierbcity, that bull fbats were the vpifM magiii- ficent pectacle the court of Spain (could exfitibit. Ipie dp- mestic aiuoials are horses that ate remarkably, swift, mulci, black cattle, mi sheepi th6 wocd qf idiich is superior W* any in Europe. Minerals. Sjpain abounds in miherals and k^etdb; Coi^ •elian, agate, jacio^; loadstone, tureois sto^s, quicksS* ver^ copper, lead, sulphury a^lum, calamine, crystal, mar- bles of iseveral kinds, porphyry, the finest Jasper, and eveil diamonds, emeralds, and amethysts, are found here. An- ciently it was celebrated for gdd and sifver mines; bu^- since the discovery of America, no attcintion hat been pai4 to them. Commerce and Manufiidures, Spain ha» but little coni* nerce, and few manufactures. Gold and, silver are thi- chief articles both of export >md' import. A silk manufocar<| ishesi 35 convents of monksi and 31 of nunj, d9 coll^gea^j hospi^alsi and. houses of charity i one for a// natioug, is which are from,500 to 1000 patients ; 14,100 duelling Rouses, and about 156,6TSitihabitantsv /"^^ ' ^^ -^ ^ CADtz, the great emporium of Spanish commferceiistands! Ifn an island, which ^communicates with the continent by a bridge. It contoiiis 10,500 houses, and 57,387 inhabit- ants. Barcelona has in,4'10i SEVjttE wa» the larg- est city * except Madrid, but is greatly decayed. Cartha- gena, Bilboa, Malaga^ and Ahcant^ ate populous add cdmmerbifil cities.^ Granada and Toledo are celebrated it Sp^nishVhistonr. History ^ The first inhabitants of Simin were the Celt^,^^ « people of Gaul ; afWr them, the Phceniciam^ possessed themselves of ^ most sputhem parts of the couiitty, an^ ^ay ^ell bo Jmpposed to havfe been die first civiiixers of thiti kingdom* and tihie founders of the most ancient citieti. After these, followed the Grecians ; then the Carthagen- ians, on wh08e;departurCj sixteen vfears before Christ, it be-^ y the Atla»* #c, eaMt and north by Spain* > Divisions and Ptwuhthn, It is divided into 6 provmccf^ Estramadura, I5eir9, £ntre-Minhu-e-Douero, 'lra-l6»* Montes, Alenl^jo, and'yilgarva. Ilie whole jkjnjgdom con- tains 1^ civdads, or citiei?, 527 vjlas, or #Qmntr tu^ns^ ^S44 parishes, ^d, .accpr owe thiir appa- rent height to the level of the country roiind them i and the wiidness of their aspect may be attributed to their nee- dle-like ^asperities. . . HoU and Productions, The agriculture of Portugal is not generally bad • but the skill employed in it is small. Ex- Mpt roKod l*«ii^!»!V th« MUAt^ |)rodu«ot suflifiiot m^ f ; ^*.v ■,> ■■•..■ 'i :i TDITUGAI* ibr it« mhabita&ta ; the ViUiet of Cntre-MiliJIio-e-l>ifQef|j «re cxtreAiej;^ #eU eukivalect ; "^ni-ld^-MoiUei is oovtrti m\%\\ fidds 6t qbrn to the vt^ry sumniito of the mouAtainf J 'fi'heat, i^se surd j>uifie are p^fodiiced in cohiiderable ^uaa* I l»it)«8« - ' ] MaikUfad^re^ and Commerce, The salt mftrshes <»f Pon ra, fdiit .ded fail 1291 bv king Dennis i Evdra, foutfd^ in l^aS ; and thej ' lioilege qjl^ nobles at Lisbon, where the young nobility ur«| ■^., chief of tliese. The remains •f some cEUties in the Moorii^h tai^tev are still stantting. The Koman bridgo and aqueduct at Coinibra are almost tntire, and dostrve»lly admired The walls of ^>antareen are said to be of Honi m wprk likewise, 'ihe church and monastery near Lisaou, where the kings of Portugal are buried, are inexpressibly magnificf nt and several monas- teries in PoUugui are dug out of the hatrd rock. The V chapel of St. Ruch is probacy one of the finest and rich- est in the worki ; the paintings are Mosaic work^ so cu- fiously wrought, with stones of all co^s, as to astonish the beholders. Hiitffty, Portugal Mras anciently called Lusitaniar and inhabited by tribes of wandering p^^opie, till it bccanje subject, to the Carthagtnians and Phenicians, who were dispossessed by the lionians ^0 years before Christ. In the fifth century it fell under the yoke ot tbe^ Suevi and Vandals; . who were driven out by me (ioths of Spain* in the*year'589; but when the Moors of Africa niade-tbem-' selves masters of the. great.'St part of Spain in the begin-* nihj^ of the eighth century, they penetrated into Lusitania, where they established governors, who 4nade themselves kings, it became subject to Spain in 1580; but in 1640, the people rebelled, shook off the Spanish yoke, and elect- ed for their king the duke of Braganza, who took the mune of John IV. in whose family it has ever since remained, in- dependent of Spain. The prince regent and royal family of Portugal emigrated to Brazil in 1807. Lisbon was taken by Bonaparte, and nearly the whole kingdom over- run by Fi-ench troops, and wnce retaken by the British ; and is i^till (1813) at war with I^ranqe. >.; v.^ B B m ITALT. ^ SHuaHmi 8^'<& ITALY* «ccor4ing f o itf fSitncr lintiitf. ]2eg between 8t2 and 94 degrees east longitude^ and 88 afti 4i7 north latitude. K<^th itod nortiiefwt* it was bouii^i^ by Switzerland atid (Germany/; east by the gulf ^f\ Venice ; muth by the Mediterranean \ west by th^t sea.and Franqe. It9 fiffure bore lome resenibliintse to that of a boot ; iii length from A custa, in Savoy » to the utmost V^rge of Cs- Jabria, was 600 nilles ; its breadth was.Mnequal, unnn $5 t# nearty 400 miles. The kingdom ef Italy now embrai:es 30 departitients, including $t. Marino» which have a p<^ukb> don 0^6389,000 inhabitanU. ^ s General Description of ihe PQlitical Slate, Italy is the iijdst celebrated country jjn Europe, having been ibrmerlj the seat of the Roman empire, and afterwards of dial aston remained nominally to the Poper till erect>;d , by JUqn^r^ mto a ne«t kingdom, called liatiiim ; whi^h VM (^j^tori ' duration. Nnties and the tiwo Calabriai were fpM^Mi intojiu, ^kifigdom,. and given to Josephi the eldest brioth^ of Nttpi^ leon Bonaparte, who ^ since been, transierr^ ^q jle throne of Spain. .8icity is, as yet, utfconcpiered^ and Vf- nralns^ the late king of Naples., ,/ ; . Climate, The air on the nprth side, of the AppeiUnes i# tcmporate ;-oo.the south it is very urannit TI>e i\ir of Cai|i- pagua di Roma, a£id of the Ferrarese, is skid to tHe iinwh(plei> fomu ; owing to the lands toot^eing duly cultivatejd» not^tbi, ^arslie^ drained. In tlie other parts, th^^iur is geneCi^jF pure; dryland healthy. v \^ ^ '/ Riv^ and takes. The principal rivei^ ^^^tihe Po,/ Trebbia, T^sind, (ierigHano, Volturno, the la^r in Na"" pies. Tiber, Amo^ Adige. and Var.. There are jeveral fine lakes, as tlic Maggiore, Lugano, Como, Garda, Pe- rugia, Bracciano, and Celano. Mountains, The chief mountains of Italy arp the Alpa and Appenines, which are extensive ; Mount Vesuyiua, a celebrated volcano near >«aples ;' and Mount Algidus, fa- mous in the ancient history of Rome. , ' . Soil and Productions, - The soil in gen»'ral is very fertile. It produces a great varitty of wines, and the best oil iii Eurt^e ; excellent silk in abundance ; corn of all sorts, bat aet im such jde^t^ jtfi^ fthsr eoiintries ; Granges, ! /I iv' s-.a ■•■■1 ' Im^iMi dOi ITALY. lemoM, citrons, [Mtmegranatci, «lnionds, nitintt pomtifi tigs, peaches, apricots, pcurs, Apples, filberts, Stc, Thit^ country niso yickls good pasture, and abounds with cat- tle, sheep, goats, buifiiloesi wild boars, mules, and horses. The forests are stored with game ; and the mountaiiis have not only mines of iron, lead, alum, marble pi all sorts, alabaster, jasper, porphyry, &c. but also gold. and silver : with a great variety of aromatic herbs, trees> shrubi» and evergreens. Commerce, Wine, oil, perfumes, fruits, and silks, are tht principal articles of exportation ; and great sums of money are expended by travellers, in the purchase of pict\irea» cu- riositiea, relies, antiquities, i&c. Literature and Science* No Country has produced better politicians, historians, poets, musicians, painters and sculp- tors ; that, i^, since the revival of the artji and scieneesi ex- alusive of ^86 of ancient times. JJ^Hgionand Language. The established reUgi city in the wprid. It is txes of etirth. The inhabitants ore compute aK 412,4i^. Twir lit not a city in the world, periiapi, with the saine >9' «>r inbabitanta, in which so few cuntribtite to th;;; 'vsafi.! oi oe community, by useful and pruductivu Idi'ur, . 4 '< Kapl.-s; for the number of priests, monks, fid- c v.s lawyers, nobility and footmen, surpasses ail reason- proportion ; the Lttzzaroni alone arc above 30,000 ; , tiiey are t^v »niy common laborers, and ore a very indus- ; U'ldus, iaboriou%aiid useful class of men* Here i| the fa- i mouk grotto or Pansdiippo, whicli perforates a mountain juHt out ot' Naples, on the side of Baia, near half a mile in length, cut through the soiid rock, and through which th« road to Baia runs. iThe tomb of Virgil is saia to be placed just at Ihe entrance of this |;rotto.- The baths of Nero are nlaced at Baia, about six nsiies from Naples. Naples, from Its vicinity to Ve^viuf, and to several extinguished volca- npes, has been always subject to earthquakes ; the last took place m the year 1806, and is said to have dvsiroyedy «* shaven so as to injure, 4000 houses in this city. Florencb, for many a^es the capital of Tuscany, is« at I resent the jnetrbpolis ot the new kingdom of Etruria. t is pleasantly situated on the river A mo, about SO mile^ from the Appenines, which seem to -overhang the city. The river divides the city into two equal parts ; on each- side of the river are most boautif'ui quays extending tiiroui^h the whole Iwgth of the city, and connected by .^Qittcent stone bridges. The. private edifices are in a. tine style ol architecture, and the public buildings are in- ferior to none in magnificence. They reckon 17 public equaTcs ;' 7 fountains, constantly piaving ; o pillais, or cuiuinns ;. 2^ pyramids 4 160 beautiful statues, placed ei- ther, ia the public fiau«es or in the streets, or in the front. 7:i' 306 ITALY. #f some palaces; 1 metropolitan churcli, IS collegiate, and -l* par.>chial ; 35 convents for men, 60 for women ; 37 hospitals ; and about 9G00 houses. 1 he number of in- habitants in the year 1761, was 72,000 ; now they amount] to 80,100. Venice stands on 72 little islands in the Gulf of Ven- ice. The number of inhabitants is computed to be about 160,000. The houses are built on piles. The streets, in genersl are narrow ; and so are the canals, except the Great vunaU which is very broad and has a s^rptntine course through the middle of the city. There are nearly 500 bridges in Venice. . The ducal palace is an immense building ; besides the apartments of the doge, there are halig. and chambers for the senate, and the diftcrent councils and tribunals. The arsenal of Venice is a fortification of j between two and three mil^s in compass.; it contains arnig for 60^000 foot, and 20,000 horse, arrangi d in an orna- mental manner. The Venetians have a flourisbirg tr^de in silk manufactures, bonelace, and all sorts of glasses iind mirrors which make their principal employments. ' Thfr handsome structure, called if Fontica di-'ledeschi, conta..- ing 500 rooms, is that where the German itierchants dcpos* ite their, commodities. Genoa, the capital of the former republic of Genoa, ii about ten miles in :?ircumftrence. licsides the cathedral, it cantains 32 parish churches, many of which are magnifi. cent, and adorned with sculptures and pictures by the best! masters. The arsenal contains arms for 34,000 men, ma- chines models for bridges, the arnioui worn by a number < of Genoese women in the crusades, a shield, containing 120 pistols, made by Julius Cesar Vacche, for the purpose of assassinating the doge and stuute at one time, &c. (.^tli- fer public buildings, as the Aibcrgo, which servts as a poor house and house of correction; a large hospital for the sick of all nations and religions ; the Conservatory, lor ed* uciU ng and portioiiing 300 pi)Or girls ; and a great number I of palaces belonging to the nobility. They reckon at Geuoa, 69 convents of njen and women. The number of| inluibitauts 's estimated at 15(),0(K). AIantua, the birth. pkcc of. Virgil, which has2O,300l inhabitants; Milan, the ancient capital of Lombardy;! Leuhokn, in Tuscany ; u»4 TuRiN, in HeUinoBt, »r<^ aflf celebrated cities, ^ MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. Sf7 :li, 15 collegiate, , 60 for women ; lie number of in- now they amount j MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS. Kingdom op Sicily, This kingdom embraces %h& islands of Sicily> Lipari, Pantalaria, and iEgades, and is divided into six provinces as follow, viz. No. of Inhabitants. K Val di Mazzara") ^ *i • / j 643,000 a \T \ A \^ C On the tut anas r^T ^r.X 3. Val di Deraona ^ ^rc;^./,. 521,000 459,(KX) 18,000 3. Val di Noto i . ofHicily. 4>. The Lipari Islands 5. The iEgades Islands .6. The is).an,d of Pantalaria 12,000 3,000 Total inhabitants in the kingdom of Sicily, 1,656,000 Sicily is a beautiful island in the M viz». 1. Cagliari % Arborea (l- 8, Logodori. . 4. GaUura ' ' ) No. qf inhMbHants in L780. 115,541 130,974 133,544 71,428. Total inhabitants in the kingdom of Sardinia 451,487 1 The number now is about 520,000. its militia amount] to 4000 men. Its revenue is about one million guilders. Sardinia is 142 miles fr6m north to south, and 80 frcm •astto west. The soM is litautb in Luropcaii farkey are Greek Christians. The Mufti or Mahometaft Pontiff resides at CoMstantinupIe. There are various rank* iiong the Turkish cK-rgy, sotnewhat resembling the bishop and |>aruchial clergy of the Chrietian world. Manners and ViLstom.^, The Turks are moderate in eat- ng and drinking, lovers of rest and idleness. Polygamy a universal practice among them* Either party may • iissolve the o^arriage contract at pleasure. The man seU 9in sees his bride till after the cerenuaiy, the business beinu; negociated by female friends. Tho dead are per- \m\, yith incense, and buried in a cloth open at top and sttom. that the decease^ may sit i^ «uid converse witll^ ^e angels of death. '• ^^^ Government. The sultan is a despotic sovereign, bufe trictly subject to the laws, of the Koran, which includes lie national religion and laws. Army, The Turkish army consists of 200,000 infantry* f »d 18^,000 cavalry. Their navy is ill constructed, and Iconsistv of about 15 ships of war. Citie-s, Const A ntinople, the capital ofthis great empire; K> situated on the European side of the B<)sphot:us. It ras buiit upo»i the ruins of tlii^ ancient Hyzantiuni, by tht |Roiut, ilit chief cit\ rT Waiaclna,; has the s;nnc nuiulur. .jasa and litiidci ha.Vf 11- orj 12,000 i)il)ahit;ints each ; l'ei{.'j:ittli , capital of ytrv-a. hai] tbout '25,00o jjibnbitunt*. Jiaij.tluka contan^a lb,0<>ij souls,] .•iid ^a^>/•a^a fSU.OO*' ; Larissa, anmlamltown '25.000. Anii(j'i'lft;.\ and l'uri>.';t .ry, for their gov riinicnt. polities aiid revolutions, wer. oii tht cnnneiicenKnt of the ( hn&ti era, lo^t in tht; ^ inrai conqa sts withe Homans. i o the] Jast renuvns of t!i.; Urjieian or 1, astern empire, the Turki ■putaiinal p. 'rod by t!ie contjuost of ("onstantinople, inj 1453. iiulia.ir ;niatary ln^titut!ons have now h>st their] fcncrgies, and ihe zuai of their reiij^^ious imposture has a- bated. Their id co.i-paeti-d enip-re is sinking undir itj^j own wc'ight, llie lius.Mans have become tar too power* fuifortlie Turk* ;.and the Turkish empire seemg'^ tottw- ing to itb fall. - ISLANDS BELONciNG TO THE TURKISH EMPIRE,! *" JB£JNG PAHT OF ^\JSCIENT (jREECE. Negropont, the ancient Eubcea, on the eastern coast ofj Achata or Livadia, is 90 mues long, .and ^5 broad, 'lliej chief towns in tlie island are Nogropout, called by ti)ej Greeks Egripos, on the southwest covist of tlie island, unj the narrowest part of the strait ; and iastel Ros^o the an-; cient Craystus. Lemnos, or Stalimene, lies on the north part oftk JEgean tka or Archipelago, and is almost a squaie oi'M »ilt« in length and breadth, and has 8,000 inhabitants. tURKEt. tii ^ifBB*9 is Mnarkabie only for its lying •^postte U tld Troy. It has a to wa of the same name, and li&s fOOO inhabitant. ScYROs is about iSO miles in drcumference, and is re» narkabie chiefly for the remaiob of antiquity! Whi^H if contains ; about SOO Greek families inhabit it. Lesbos, or Myte^ene, is about 60 miles long, and III Ibmous for the number of phiiosophexs and poets it pro*- 4uced. The inhabitants are 'lOjOOO in number, and were formerly noted for prodigality. . Scio, or Chios, lies about 80 miles wesic or Sm^'rmi^ 1000. miles in- circumference. Though rocky and njoun- iainous, it produces excellent, wine^ It is inhabited b;^ 100,000 Greeks, 10,000 Turks, and about 3000 Latinsw It has 30Q churches, besides chapels and monasteries ; and a. Turkish garrison of 1400 men. The women of this-, and almost all the other Greek islands, have, in all agess t>een celebrated for their beauty, and Uieir persons have been the miost perfect models of sjmMnetry to painters and statuaries. Among the poets aiul historitms said to be born here^ ^e inhabitants reckon Homer, and shew a little square hiouse which they call Homer's school. ^ Samqs ' lies opposite to Ephesus, 30 miles Ipng and !# broad. This island j^ave birth to Pythagorais; ahff i^ ini-' habited by Greek Christians. It is supposed to hav€b beeii Uie native country of Juno ; and some travu^ilers think tliat lt)e ruins of her temble and of the ancient city of Sa- - srios are the finest remains of antiquity in ths^ Levant. To Jthe south of Samos lies Patm'^s, about 20 miles 'i« •ircuraference,* but so barren and dreary, that it may be called a rock, rather than an island. It has, however, » tonvenient haven : and the few Greek monks whq a^e upon the island shejwta crtve were St. John h siipjwtji^ 'to have written the Appcalypse. The CY<5LADEsrislandfl lie in a circle round DelqS; the thief of them, which is almost mldwuy between the conti- nents of Asia and Europe. Though Deios is not above 6 miles in circumference, it is one of the most Ceiebruteil •f all the Grecian islands, as [)eing the biith place of A- ;ioilo and Diana, the magnificent ruins of whoso tenipies •are still visible. It is almost desftuta oF inhawraMts. • " ' Fa BOB iies betweea the islands o( ]Miims*«ihop. Near this> island aijjoth- er av42Ud feet abovev the aea ; and at the I tinrc^f its first emerging, was abput a mi^e broad, Mid S, miles in circumferenoe, but it has since increased. The famous island ot\RHo>DEb is.situated in $6*^ ST/ N..; at; about %i miles so^^west of the oontment of Lesser AsiaX The chief town, of the same naane, stands on ^ i^(|e of a hi;! trbntihg the sea, and is 3 miles in cincumfer'- onte, inttif-spt;ised With gardens, tnijiavetii, churches, Und towers. . e harbor is the grand Signior^» principal ai^- ■al ioF V !. p^i^g' ^^^ ^^^. plaice is esteemed among the strongest fortresses belonging to the Turks. The cOilos* , sus of m-i&% which aociently st^od at the mouth of the harborr and was 50 iktbQm« wide, if aa deservedly ac* 0oun|ed one qff the wonders of the wot^ldl it hais i6,£()0 injimmtants. • - , . "• -■:''-{': -^^ ''::^, \ .■> CIandia, the ancient Crete, isstiUr^h^wned forits 100 aus lies in the Levant sea, about SO mile&di4»tant .Hfom the coast of Syria and Palestine. It wm tbvmsrlf %mou8 fpr the worship of Venns^ the Cyprian goddess; ^-> .; ASiJ^ h. m UAgam, tphabitea bj ChrieHins. It koi ft^OOO >hab* itantSiv ,'.■■.-'-■ . - ',. y ,• V-, _; .■,„-^-, % ■'-■ Tbe litltulids .of the lotilaii ^ ace, Sap|eii|% 0tivtili, i^ant9» Cepbalonitf) ftfUt«qi»urir Oo^Ali FaiUkti) and.«th^ (• « "" ■ V cd east of .Europe, and lies bctw(»e.'i\ the equator ^d 80* oi' N. latitude. It itf about 4740 mitefi iff Hngtlii fcdin the Da^'cknellea on the we«t, to, the euStciriv shore of, Tar- I tary ; andi about 43^0 miles in breadth, flocn the niost aofl* ^ ihem part oC Malacca, to th^ mo«t north^rt) cap?^ of ^oyv- ' Bmridwr^t, It is bouii4ed,'by tlie mzen ocean 1miip« north ; on the lyest it is seporat^d from Africa by the Ref sea, end fr^ l^ittope bf the Levant or Mediterranean^ tbf Archipeli^o, the Hellespont, the sea of^ Marmora, t|us Bosphforus, the Blapk sea, the rIver Don, kiida fine dra^ from it to the river xobal, and frora thence to the rive^ dby, which foils into the Frozen ocean. Qn the east it »; bo^ind^d ^y the Pacific ocean, or South sea* whicl) s^^- rates it ffOm America; and' on the south by th^ Impii oc^ ; sO that it is almost surrounded by the iS9^ - ^ Population, Afdacohtiirns 380,()98>0q6^ihba^ilat^^ < / ClimB^. j)\Vk \vo^m&aa^ XxwX of country stifetchie$ ifttO. all climates^ from the frozen wil4s of ^Ib^ia, to the ijuiti:y Tegions of India. ' ^' ''V, ';■■;;";•',■:'''•• ■'^.'■■'■. ■^■.■'•''■-, Sea^i Qulfsy §^c.' X^^ prrncipal of these are the Red sea, or Arabian ^ulf, between Arabia and Afi'ica, the gulf or Ornius, w^ishmg the southern coast of Persia ; the Persias; gulf, between Persia and Arabia ; the bay of Bengal, in* denting the coast of India; the inland seas of Caspiai^, Aral, and Baikal ; and various other gulfs, bays, and in- lets. The Caspian sea is 630 miles long and >260. broad. It has\a strong (horrent; is sublet to violent stotm^. Its waters arabiracliish. Ii^abotuids wlth^ and eea dog^: f " „>•" ' ' ' • ■* '"'. ^%> tdlA. 4^0et^ "TNt c^ie^riven of Aiia are 6ia SuftkniCat 4u4 Tiffirif, Whibh fkl) into the Persian |$ulf{ thelndii*, Gatigeif «h(t l&urrjinipooter^ which empty into, the In(& OceAA ; iSiie Yimg't«e;'Iiiank an4H^aDg-ho, which pass through ChiAaandfaH iiHo the £^^tern sea; the Lvdos, 01>y, W Irtish, falling intf) the Arctic Ocean ; and the Volga, which ^Us mto ^he Caiman sea. M^'untainu Among the most remarkable mountains of Asia is the Altaian fidge, called the Golden Mountaiitii, and the Girdle of the ea^h, v extendin/^ about ^000 miles ia length in the northern part of tlie continent, and dividing the Ruibsian from the Chinese Tartars. Next to the Altayart is the tralian chain, in Sibsria^ Ibrtiiing, asfar as it^^jttends, the boujid^y between Eu* tope avd, Asip* Th*e mountains of Caucasus^ extending ;^.out Ihp Bl^ck sea to tlio Ospiuh, are the highe&t in Asia ; iheir^tops are enveloped in cloiids and snow. Taurus i;^ Ht diaifTWhicli convOences ii)^ little Caramaoia, and extendj far into India.^ '■'• Gene,rd Hen\arks. As Asia exceeds Eurojie and Africa la the extent df its tjeintorles, it is aUo superior to tliem ja , i\\e serenity of its air, the fertility of its sod, the delicious* j^etis of its frUltSt the frigigrancy. and balsamick (nualities of its plants, Spices and gUms; the salubrity uf its dru^{ ^11^ quantity, ViirietV, beauty, apd Taiiie, crits gems : the j||iclmess of its metals, and the fineness of itil silks and c'bt- tpns. It was in Asia .that the ail -wise Creator planted the garden of ^den, in whicli he formed the first man and first ihitrJrMn, froiiri whof^^^ race of n^ijikind clescended. Asia becajpfijeiagdn the nursery, of^^t^^ the de- J^|f«, jvlif^eh^^ descisndantft of Noah dispersed their ' VdifiouS coionie^ into almost every part of the globe. It wasi in Asia that God piaqed his once favorite pt'ople, tlic " Sicbrews, whom he enlightened by revelation deUv^red by 4^ie prcyplietSi and to whoin he gavp the Oracles Of Truths it was here thjit the |freat and merciful work oi our re^ deniption was accomplished by his divine ban ; iand ib W^^^o"? hence^ that the light of h|s glgrtous gospfrl was oftrHedVwith atriazmg mpjdity into all the knowrf natiijris jby his diitqiplfesj \and fpllowere. Here the first christiaiir dhurcUes »veie founded, and the chrbtisiii faith hiiraculo«siy i>ropagat6d and cherxs^^iev^u iritis tbabl^ of ifpaam^f^ ijrious gospel wat d'uiiiftv. > >J able »ftt»tyTt. It wM lit Aiia ttiainif© fli^t ^iii<^ wj% reared, a«W the fir^ empirw fo^nM. J^lfiLthu o^icr piirto 'turkey^ At^blfi, Ptfifwa, P««,.<^a«fy» W f rf^ India, prafesaMahoradtaniim. In llw other|i|utf # li^r^ ury, India, China, Japan, and tUe Asiattc wfemidf, tncy-rtre <'^ncrally hqathen j^nd idoldfers., - Jcvrji are t6 be fo^in^^- Jry wlii?re in Asia. Cluistianity, thb'Agh jflant^sd here vrkh wohdcrfal rapidity by the apostles,, stittcrcd an almost total eclipse by the conquest of the Saracens, and aftfri^mraii^ the Turks, .( ; i ff--' .^ .fill >'s .•ii>' i"f f'' *t:l*J TURKEY. JfoundarUtf ^C ASIATIC TuRKav i» bounded nOT;tV ' by the Black sea and Circa^&ia east by Persia; sduth by Arabia and the fVTediti^rraaean , west by M»e Arclw|»^%o> th« «€* of Rfarmora, and the strait of Consipitinople^ ll lies betweei^ 28 and 45** nqrJil "atitud^, oad )^tii^nfc^lC«|. a^ 121*' «ast longitude ; extendmg 1^000 mj^ies in l^gw and 800 in breadfi a Dii^mom* ^ llie eastern province^are as follows, y ^. ,- ,v' , ;•■ ^. -, ■ ■ , \, ■■■ C: Chief TihmU,; ti Py raS»*Aibbic or Chaldeii fta»*ora and Bagdad. / 15. Di,s*bec, or Mesopotamia; DiarfieC| di'fe, 4 Moutttt 3. (Kurdistan or Assyria ;-^' Nineveh a^ 4. Torcomaniii or Anneiiia ' ,, Bra*?rurn aiid^ Vftn. 5rGe(^, inclujUngiMUngre^ teSis, Atnwiiii^ ati« ■' ■of Circa88ia-,V".i-^';.':'-''-i>i:'':=^»*' ■' - ' ■' ''.'' ■ ' "/ '-v ' :v"---^:.^ i^toiJa* or the Lesser Asia, on the west, contams tm |)Fovinces of 1. Katolia Progep 2; Amasia ; - J Bursa, N'iciy Sinyrna, and '; .EpaesOs. ^ . . '■ :::'^- '" / Amiisia,' Trapst^sond, and S. AladuKa AjazzQ:an(i Marat. ■^^'- ;r 4. Caramaiiia SiitiiUa and ^vesfsOiK ^^ East of the Iisvant sea, is the provirictidf Syrian wit*. Prfestine, or the Holy Laiid, thfe grincipal places of whicji •3^1 iHtfil^ lb the uortft of CiiraiiMlii k the lake «^ Ji>^ ^^ «»pT^$ltJt6» Liiise, knbyvn alio b> ai« ilttnies |^f the .5a/< 5^<^I)^a4i»fa»'ancl5f(i ^ Sodom, S. of Jordan, ami on the 8, E. cof ner df the anci<^nt Canpaan. According to , Jo- aephua, It |»7^ mit^a long and abtiut 19 broad. ^Iddern tfiivellc^nii however, make it oitly 24< iuilc« topg, and 6 or 7 broad, f h« rMferfJ Jordan, •Amon, Kidrtm and othec •gtredms empty into titis la^e, -It has nO vii«))ie con^^ munication «re ff^il to be seen. When the ,Sayiour speaks of Hf/tmt lake of fire arid brimstone," he is lupposed to aHiide, Q^lhis \2Aie AsphaUiteSt which is con»dered as the lasting monunient' of^tnbse awfuljhow.erS' offire and brimhtpne, bywhieh Sqdom ahd GOmorrah> and th^ other cities o£ -the plain, perished for their vile histp. ,': " ' J^ear the centre c^ iJiatdRa is a rewarkf^ble saJt lake, ?• '- latiles'iong. • '■ '^''^. •.'■'"',' '■ ■, Rh^rs, The Euphrates is the priiicipal river of Asiatic: Turkey, rising in the nipunt.iins of Armenii and (tilling -fctotha Persian Gi^lf by stverol mouths. Its length w , supposed to be 1400 miles. ^ The Tigris, afur a counje of $00 miles, joins the Euphifates near Hassora. The chief river of Sy:ria is the Oronteir, which fails into the Mtd- ierranean. Jordan, is a river of Palestine casing jtoMi lake Phiala in A^iti-Libanus. It runs under ground IS uiles, then breaks out at Peneum-; passes through- Samachoraite lake, anciently called Meron, fi miles long; 4f broad, rrwo miles after it^ leaving the lake is a *8tone bridge of S arches, called ** Jacobus Bridge," supposed to lave hti^ buUt before i^ inf^a, of J[»QOl|> Mt^ s^«;^ tU *M:: }£i«dt lake» 79 way through • Iwrilddtwftv nceii^ Omb Cmm, {^nm Mk of which felijiA wm^if \^f fwvmytmA iHAa^ oChet tribmariP ««»<«*» it «M|itie« into the Dci^l «^ H># I veryiftpiii riven g«nerii% about 4 or 5 todi wkle. aiiit 9i> li^dai^p) «iid#iiicei»tiiB^t^^ V yard* heiow the. brink j»i' i|ft chaiiNMi.'; 'J^ho waters are tiirhid, but very wltuiesoine. . ,^ - .V^ '^ '.'' '.. ' i,'""'^-' \. Mourttaim* TTieoiouritaintof Tauirui, aiieaQy deserib-^ li), areift, A«a^ T^^wy. In Syria the most celebrntci mountflun i» i^ibaotiv or LiebanoQ, faifioua for itg cedars., piyhiput, Ida, and/othen oC claisical fame, are on the Idtore of the iTcbiffciago. . I Soil and^oUnciiim, "nie toilof the plaina ife excM~ liogly fc'rti^ en4 M said to yield the varioufl productiona otr Itlmcwt all the regions of th« earth. Populatiqn, The popuUtion of. Asiatic TuirJjey Ifti |ll,09O,00O, V ' My' ■ ' ..>•■'' •■ >; . Mannertr CmtotiNi Rtiigjum. fiTee Turkey iii Eurppoi.. , Cm^Mrc^ tmdManufaetureii*^ The coronujrce of I urkey^ |ii ftln!^(#-^f<^ >^'^^^^^ hands of straiQjgers. It cotiiifSttif . Ichiefiy in druip^ d^lng «tu|&, srlfc and wool, and iii cottdiv> ItsrpetSf and i^her, tjvhich are manutaoturtid by the 'Iv'^^'t I FrtiviHUliimdC^es^ NATOi«iA/sonit;tiraes caii«d~A siAv IlIiNOii; oni^ jsoniaia^d the ttnalk^r durisions of ..Trei%, IMyaia, iEoUsjr Ionia* l.ydia; l^thima, FhryJa Lyclai^ IpapWagonie, Bal^ia, Imd Fisidjai i he cliief city iii IgMyttkAv tllie of the liwgest and richt«t hi, the ea$t( cOtt-^ taihiiiff ld,0qd Turks, lOOGG (SrCijks, a»dS^) Je#». If Ihas a niw^p$ftfa«Ce lu^d J the i^du^voUa of itierchante^ liidliniii parts o| the iworld. Here Hmjuii a; great nunib^ lof chris^a of ail >ect«, nations and iangOages. Here- TOie c!^li»iian teliihin flourishes^ raore titan in anyancieril' Uhurch of Asia mam. God.fuliil* his prbinisfe jpiade tff |lheiiK..kev.-ii,'10*,: . ■.. -i"-;^: - :^-<.'^- ^" ^'J ^'■^■''^^'" '-y-' > I Am Asia, ^omprdipiids the «9ciei(it Jkiiigdom of Pitett»^ : llts capital is Amasiay lat. W Si' N. * : " CAiiAMANiAjncl\idcs pan of ancient Phrygi«.SatalMl? bthe'camtal..:. "'''^' '.■,■.•'■ ■■"••. ---^ "';--. *^ '> ' ■'^' ■'-■ v :■:>■• -^-^V''^; ",• "ALADuiiiA li^seast of C«t^ania, and was forii«% flfc ' %i|i^nl kingdei^ M«wch » Aecafft^ r 'y;'^:f ',«* ■■i -r: •„,T- *.- m QFURffiV. CiRCAssiA liei^ between the Black sea, an^ river Cubiii,] It cbntrtias no cJ-ly of importance ; and is aimost whoUjI ■subject to Russia. ' t Mi NOR ELI A, bounded on tJle*\*t;st by the Blac^ sea, iij gov Tiied by a pi'ince, tributary to the sovereign of I. /■ nieritia. ;/ \;-/' :>'■>/ y ,;■■ ^'■■' ^ '-■^'//'^'-''^'^■■'■l'': '"--'v': , •'■ v'' GEoaoiA, the aftdient Iberia,' lfe» bl^t^b^n Mihgfelia knj] the Caspian sea, and ia divided by a ridge of the Ciaucap itusu It i&s partly under the dominion of Russia; the cea^ 4tal eity is Teftis. Armenia, bounded'south; by Georgia, and west by tlw Euphrates, is one of the most heattbtnl and fertile pr<^ vinces of Asia. Erzt^runi is the capital. ' Curd 1ST AN, the ancient kingckbwQ of Assyria., is bounded J west .by the 'figris. «. The capital is B^etlis. The ancient city of Nineyx»h stood on the east bank of the Tigris, in lot. 56" 30' north; I)iAit)B£KiR, between the TijBpria and Euphrates, is the ancient country of Mesoj^'.o*^'^^^* IiiAiC'A'RABrtlfc ancient Chald^a> exterytbfrcMn Diarbf- Mr and Curdistan north, to the eonjduence of the Tigris end Euphrates south, liagdad, thtf ^pifeali: iciforftainj 50,000 ittiK^itants, arwi is » place of resort TOrtall the mer- c^nts of ^atolia, feyria, Coiistantihople, Arabia, Fersi^^ and India. The ancient capital ofthis provi)tcewas the famous city of Babylon, which is supposed to haye stood , iKot fti* fro'm, Bagdad. The splendor of this city once fturpassed description ; her walls were 87 fefefe thick, 350 high, 15 miles square^ and the gates brass. Her towers^ ' teitnples^ and palaces, rose like mountains; Such a city, c?»e would imagine, was in no danger of beto^tiing desolate. Yet Jeremiah prophesied, ''Because ofthe wfath ofthe Lord, it shad not be inhibited, but it shaii be whoily deg. datei" Isaiah prophesied that lyahylon should, ht; (ie- siroyedy and "never again inhibited ; but Wiid beasts of 1 the deserts shall lie there, and their h^^uses shall- be full (^] doleful creatures." Let u# n»w ask fseveral travoileis, whether these things have come tv* pass .? Jf^ they have, the Bible is from' heaviSB. Benjamin, a Jew, was there in the: 12th century, and says, " Babylon is now laid \^iU!t,e, and] men fewf t'' ^ter, thei-e, on acOolint of tiie serp;! ts aiMi| r • tURKElf. Mi tiw» MUpi«Ti9 ruins, and says. " thej are •• fUl of Tenom^ Qus creatiires that no one q^res approach nearer than halfi' a league irom them, excepting for two months in tha wi»k ter, when these animals stir not from their holes/' PetruA Vailensio was there in,1616> and says, " that in the niiddl^ of a vast plain, about a quarter of & league from the En* phrat^s, appears a heap of ruined buiidmgs, like a hug» mountain ; its situation and form corresponding with that> pyramid, wWh Strabo cills the tower of He) us /and is i% all likelihood the tower of Nimrod, in'^Bfebylon." Taver* nier relates—;** that at the parting of the Tigris is the foua* dation of a city : — there are some of the walls standing^ Gpon which ix coaches may go a breast. The chronicifift Qi' tlie couutry say, "hiire stood Dabylon." HanWa)^ who t^aveUed in 17^3, sayi', " these, ruins at<* so muc£ sfFaced, that there are hardly any vestiges of them to point' out thijir situation." Another late traveller says, ♦' tber© , i^ not at present a stone to tell ivhere Babylon was situate ed." With such an astonishing exactness has God verified bis threatening-!*-^' To sweep baby ion with the besom d? dcstructioh«.";,/;' ^ - Syiha, or Surslstan, lies on the Mediterranean. Th|* celebrated coutitry comprehends the ancient ISyria, Jude%. Phcnicia and Paie^tine ; it is now divided into the five Pa* <^h>uics or goveroments of Aleppo, Trrpoli, Acre, DamaAf- cus, arid Palestine. It contaitis the ancient and celebrated: citi s of Alcppj. Tyre, Kidi^n, Batnascus, ISamaria, Jem-- salem, Jericho, and many otecs. Jerusaletn is 3 miies in circumference, and contains^ Ifff or I't/M) in!»ahltants.~ The houses are of sto^e, on©.. atory high, with flat tops, on which the inhabitant wall^. eat, and sleep. Thoy Ihivo battlements a yiird. high.. The inhaNtants are a poor^ wicktd race, the scum of aif*- ferent nations, principalh Arabs. Still the, cit)[ of Jerusa^ hm is interest.ng to every Christian. Here his delighteck inia}i;fmition fixes, not Only on account of the splendiA sCL'iios recordjd in the old Testament, not only because here the Son of God acco.vipiisliod tiie work of redemption, bui b;K;au^c' here a coiistellation of prophecies are fulfilled^ Jesus^ Christ foretold that one stone should not be left one upiNlk unalher irr the t^-mple or city. In the year U8, the Jews. «212 ASIATIC RUSSIA. t /■ had been erected after the destruction by VespasiflA, levelled thriec towers which he had spared. 'I'his litera).| ly fulfilled the prophecy of Christy tmo, proved his mission divine. Jews Ghrist also prophesied, tluit Jeriwaleinl gbould be " trodden doVen of, the Gehtilesf." Adriail banished all the Jews. The place was settled by Romansj ttudoUier fereigners.^ The Je^s are -now persecuted by' Mahometans ; Jerusalem is now trodden doWii |>y Gei* files. v;-.v- ',- , .' . ■ ,.,-v ■ ^ . ' . - ', '^ AntljTiiUes, A description df the antiquities of these re. gions would too much swell tliis abridgement. The most dpleodid ruins are those of Palmyra, or Tadmor in ike IJes- c***^ ''"Balbec, the ancient Hehopolis, is about 50 miles .northwest of Dciniascus, chiefly la»i1ous for the ruins of » Idinitk; supposed to have beendccated to the Smu ASIATIC BUSSIA. I X^eni. THE extent of the R^sian dominions in Asia exceeds that of all Europe. The length is about 5'^ aniles ;• the bre^idth^ 1960. ■^'';'/:---'^'.'/<^-^- ■, Boundaries. This vai»t region is bounded on the east by tiie seas of Kamaschatka and Ochotsk ; north by the Arctic Ocean ; west, by European Russia, and south by the terri- Ibries of Turkey and Prussia, and the empire of China. General Description. Tjbe climate of Asiatic Russia it generally frigid, though in some provinces it is teniperate. The south part of Siberia is fertile, producing all the ne« cessaries of lile ; the north part is extremely cold and al* most uniuhabited. The northern and eastern j.i^'ts of thii imiTiense region are covered with almost perpetual snow, and intersected by numerous rivers, the pricipal of , whicb a^ the Ob, the Oby, the Yenesei, the Ai^ara, thef Lena, siM the Irtish. In the north of Siberia is the l^e hike of 'Piazinsko- In the south is the sea of Baikak*\.f, >' ^ -j^ Asiatic Russia is j>eopled by nameroiiis tribes, o^ vari« oils origin, matmers and custom«. The Taftars are.the nfiost numerous, who are the satne with the Huns of an- tiquity. Among the distinct tribes of Tartars are tike N its in tlieir native country. TIw country is rieh in furg^ tad the niuuutaiqs contain some mines. The roost yalua* bie animai }s the rein deer. In Kamsctiatka dogs, are used. for carriages. The urus or bison is fouud among the Cau* jcasiua luouatains. The principal islands belonging to Asiatic ^Russia are, life lii/JiiLii Islands, *22 in jnuinber, extending from the wuthirn asttremity of Kamachatka to J/apan; they are.yahi« [able for tHeir furs, particularly that of the sea ©Iter. On)|' i'oiar of ihes^^lands are inhabited, ' 'TARTARY. 7; T Art ART, tiken in Its most eJitcmstve seiwfr, contaiiHl^ lill that vast country of Asia, which lies betweon the Arc-* [tic Ocean north, arid P^irsia, FK^idooatan ^nd China Soruth; It includes a great vm'iety of nations; to jvhioh is applied the^endif^ ham^of Tarparsj with a pivi»ticuiar EPENiaEKT IfARtAiaY. rhe-ftrst ^ iliese divisfo ish^ been (Ascribed under tho precediilfig atti'cle. I Inpepbudetstt Tart art lies obit% belwee^^ th^iftti* tades of 35 and ^6 degrees, and is boundod y. the country of the iCaiiHue^. The^ country enjdys a fine cUmatia, though its n^Wfthevn patfl have excessive cold winteirs. ' The face'of the country ii ▼sriegated with plains and hills^ and the soil" tisttaiijf riell i and productive. The pritK?»pal ridge of nioimtaii^ ik thif: I snowy ridge denomiftati^d Beltir Tagi on the etet ^f Great BtwOTtaria.. The greatest river is the jihon, th^ On- I stent Oxus, whioh heads in the Belur mountains. The Salt Lake,^ or sea i>rAral, is 200 milts lonj, »ad 79li7«fi tloewilwewtwMMltff ^ Ciispiatt Sii^ 4 '^ ^^^ \ V # .^., ^SSli »A1ttAllt» That fairt #f In^qpehdent Tarlanr, wfiicTr is best 1cii«^';| lb called Bucharia» whrch 19 divided into Great 4\nd LittM Buciharia. The inhabitants value theiEiiBeives on bein^ th|| notit robust and .valiant of all the Tartars. The womeu 4dso surpass the other Tartarians in beauty^ jBuadtSOinetimeM attend their huRhandstotj&ie field of war. ^rl'-'--'''.^^.^'.^: 1 iThe famous' city of Satmabcand is the capital of thii' «6uiitry.~ It. has some commerce in calicoes, cOtton, rice, and cattle. It was thereat of Tanieriiane -die Great, and! %i his time was celebrated as the seated learRing arid civ* ] SiSBatiO?!. :>:;.■'■•;■; ^^ /•-,., -.^'^ :', • ' '; ^ , 1 ;Ci»iNKSJB i*ARTAity 1*8 bounded tiorth hy Siberia, eastl)y] vji^ Gulf of Kamschatlca and the Bastern Sea, south b) j China^ west by the country of the Kninmcs, who Ifl'e es- ^bllshed betHreeu the Caspi^m Sea, and Kaishgar^ ' The diferejit tribes which at {uresent inhabit it were f(wmerlf i >«oi^prehended under the general nante of Mongul or Mo* J ;ful Tartar?, a warlike and forinidabJe nation. Thesel Jrartars. have nerther to#n&, villages, nor houses ; they ' iorrn wandering hordes, and live untier tenXSj which: they "^Iranspow from one place to another, as the different ^«;a- flons, or th3 wani^ of their flocks rei^aire. Their ordinary ^drink is warm vraterV in which a little cosu-se tescis ufifused;' ffith t'rtis they niij{ creaih, n^k, or butter. The Mogul* j jire free, open and sincure. They prtde themselveiS chit fly #nth«-ir dexterity in haiidling the bow and arrow, mount, nig oh horseback, !'rjid hunting wild beasts./ They burij -"Itoe bodies jortheir d»iid> anjdiiaiispurt the ashes to enii"! «encw/ where they inter thun^ the grave with i^. h&tip of stones. Th^y are unac quaiuted wrtH inoney , an4 i l^rade 4mly by barter. The skiiis tliey use lor clothing art^ fetteoiilly those c^ their Sheep. Their religion ccmiists ui;^ the ^«hjp of F«. They have the most supei-gtitkjus vett* | «rat|^ % their Latiifts AlllN >i<»gtil8 are-govt^ed by^ J|t|iahj|, lined in the Euro- ,pean manner, and 26,800 seaman. 4. Tonkin, once the most powerful of the Eastern Asiatic empires, containing with the Liqueos isles, another division of the Taxed Countries, 8,000^000 inhabitants, subject to the king of Annan. All the above governments acknowledge the Emperor of China as their sovereign^ CHINA. Boundaries and Extent, BOllNDED north by Tartary^ from which it is separated by a great wall, 500. leagues iti length ; east by the Yellow sea and Chinese ocean ; south by the same ocean and the kingdoms of Tonkin, B.rmah, and Laos ; west by^ Thibet. It lies between 21 and 50 degrees north iat. 2030 4niles long from north to south, and 1>90 broad. Divisions and Population, China is divided into 17 prov- inces, which contun 4<402 walled cities. It contains S33,009,0(X) inhabitants according to Barrow, 188,500,000 according to Hassel. Climate* The climate and soil are various, ps the differ- ent provinces are nearer to or remote from the south, se- vere cold being felt at Pekin, while the southern provinces are exposed to excessive heat. Rivers and Canals, Here are several large rivers, and where these are waiting, there are fine canals. The prir.«* capal river is the Hoang.ho, called also the Yellow iiiver* It risas in Tartary, and, after a course of 2000 miles, fall» into the Eastern sea. Another great river is the Kfang-ku» which passes by the city of Nan-king, and falls into tho ocean, 100 miles south of the Hoang-ho. In China there is scarcely a town or eyen a village which has not the ad- vantage either of an arm of tho sea or a caual ; by which means navigation is rendered so coinaion, tiiat almost as many people live on the water as on the land. Tlie grand canal is sone of the wonders of art ; extending from the city of Caiitnn to the extremity of the empire ; it is about Dd ^6 CHINA. ^ SO fept wide, and passes through or near ^l farge dtiei It has 75 lar^e sluices to keep i^ the wacer» besides sev« era! thousand bridges. . /T^ Lakes* There are several lai'ge lakfcs m China, well Btprcd with fish, the phief support of the neighboring in- habitants. i^U and Productions. In several of the provinces, the land yitlds.^two crops a year ; yet, tliough the husbandman cultivates it with such care, as not to lose the smallest portion of ground, China has often been desolated by fam- ine. Its numerous mountains (which are chiefly in the north and west parts of the erapirtcr ) contain mines of iron, tin, copper, quicksilver, gold, and silver; but those of gold and silver are not permitted to be opened ; the em* perors having always feared, that if the people should be exposed' to the temptation of these artificial riches, thc^ would be induced to n^lect the more useful labors i( agriculture. Quarries of marble, coal mines, lapis lazuli, and rock crystals, are abundant in China. They hav« potfer's e ; 1 1i too^ of such various and superior kinds, that their celebrated fine porcelain will ever remain unrivalled. Besides the fruit peculiar to the country, China produces tlie gL'.'iU.i- part of those of Europe. Among tne trees peculiar to China, is the tallow tree, the fruit of which has All the pi operties of tallow ; the wax tree ; the tsi-chu, or varnish tree ; the iron wood, which is so hard and heavy, tliat it sinks in water, and the anchors of the Chinese ships of war are made of it ; the caniphire tree ; the bambeo 'reeds, the tea tree, &c. , Civii and Political History, Learning, with thje arts and ddences in general, are niuch cultivated in tbia Qount^. 'The government is absolute, and the emperor has the priv- ilege of naming his successor, but the chief mandarin Jiaa permission to tell him of his faults. He looks upon his suDJects as his children, and professes to govern them with paternal affection. In the^ garden of one of his palacei is a temple, in which is a magnificent throne. On this the emperor sits at certain times, to hear and determine causes. Such is the virtue ef this seat, that it is believed, that oq the justice or injustice of his decrees, his life or immediatf ■* death depends. CHINA. 827 'fhdr empire is vf^ithdieht, aticli they pretend' thai, it e^Ctsted many thousatid years before Noah*s flood : it is generally allowed to have continued 4000 vears. The an- nual revenues of the crdwn arc coraputea at 9,000,000/. The surplus revenue ren^itted to Pekin in the year 1792, Was stated to be about 12,000,000/. ^sterliug^ The atten- tion, precaution, and extreme jealousy of the government, have not been considered sufficient ibr the protection of the empire, without the assistance of an immense stand- ing army, ^lich in the midst of a profound peace, was stated by Vanta-gin, to consist of 1,000,000 (^'infantry, and 800,000 cavalry. Their religion is paganism. They allow polygamy. The government has lately published a dceree. prohibiting the propagation of the Christian religion in the empire, on pain of death. Cities, Pekin, 50 miles from the great wall, is the cap- ital of China. It is six leagues in circumference. Its' temples and towers are numerous ; and its inhabitants 2,000,000. Nanking is tha largest city in the empire. Canton, the only port to which Europe^lns are admittet^ is 20 niies in compass, contains 2,000,000 inhabitants,^ and often sees 3000 trading vessels at a time, wuting to re- ceive its rich co^nmoOities^ Curhsities, The mfost remm^kable antiquity of China Is the great wall, erected at a renote period, to prevent thie incursions of the Tarters. It is a sti'pendous work, tra- versing mountains and vallies,; and crowned with towers. Islands In the Chinese sea are several islands of conseii^ ijuenQe. Hainan, separated from the province of iCiuang-^ tong by a narrow strait, is 50 leagues long, and 25 broad. It contains mines of gold and lapis lazuli, and many Bor^ of valuable wood^ The natiyee^ are deformed, small in •ftature, and of a copper color. " Formosa, ork the northeast coast,^ is 240 miles long by 60 broad. It produces two harvests; in a year ; and has a rich variety of trees, fruits, plants, quadrupeds, and birds* Only part of it is governed by the Chinese ; the remain-^ der is possessed by the original inhabitants, who are rep- resented as in a state of nature. The capital city is built in the Chihefie style ; it bat a good port ; b«t 4^f diSct^ satrfmcs. 328 THIBET. Lboo-ksoo, a group of islanda to the nortiheatt 6f Fqd* tnota> are tributajy to China. THIBET. WEST of China lies the country of Thibet, of Tangut, bounded north by Tattaryt west by/H?ndoostan, south by Assam and Brrmah ; 1000 miles long, its breadth, une- qual. According to Templeman, ii contains 16^826 (GennaD) s^uarie miles. This country is one of the highest in Asia ; ii being a part of that elevated tract which gives rise, not ordy^X) the rivers of India and China, but alsd to those of Siberia and Tartary. We are informed that it is geneially divided into three ^arts, Upper, Middle, and Lower Thibet^ Th4 upper division seems to respect the countries towardf the sources of the Ganj^es and Sanpqo rivers ; the middle, that in which Lassa is situated, and of which it f^rms thd cea-^ tre ; and the Lower Thibet, tliat which bprders on China ; but the Si^ject is obscure. Little Thibet, which is situat- ed Between Upjper Thibet and Cashirar, is rather a de- pendency of the latter, than of Great Thibet. - ■ Considering the exceeding rougir and sterile state of the country of Thibet, and the severity of its climate frem iti #bnderfol elevation, we are astonished to find its ii^habit- aiMiS in a high state of civilization ; tibeir houses lofty and built of ^tone; and the Useful manufactures in some de- gree of imj^ovemeht. All these advantages they probably ow6 to their vicinity to the Chinese, to whom the Uttnats in some respects triDutary; 'Xlie Thibetians arcT governed by the grand lima,;, who is nbijiBly adored by themi but is also thei subjt>ct of ado- ration tor the various tribes ofpagajl Tartars, who wallc through the vast extent of continent, which stretches from 'the Volga to Corea. He is not only the sovereign pon- tiff, the vicegerent of the Deity on earth, hut by#th^ more remote Tartars is absdutely regarded as the Deity himself. They believe him to be immortal, and endowed with all Iqnowlcdge £md virtue. Every year they come from dif- f^ent p^rts to worship, and mak^ vich offerings M hji 'h^:' HINDOOSTAN. 1^ ortheatt 6f For^ n^riddt Even the emik;ror of Chiim acknowledges the lama ip his reiigioiM capacity ; although, as a temporal sovereign, the l^mia himself is tributary tQ him. The o«- pinion of the most orthodox Thibetie^ s is, tliat when the grand lama seems to die, either oi old age ox infirmity^ his soul, in reality, only quits a crazy habitation, to look for another younger or better ; aiid it is discovered again in the body of some child, by certain tokens, known only to tl\Q priests, in which order he always appears. Beside tliu rt^iigious influencw' and authority of the grand lama« he is ptMsessed of unlimited' power throughout his dbmin^ ions. * The religion of Thibet differs, in- many respects, from* that of th'j ancient Hramins, yet, in other things, they havcf ' a great affinity. The Thtbetians have a great veneration, for the cow, ai)d highly respect also the waters of the Gan- teS) the source of wliicli they believe to be in hea^n. The uaniasses, or Indian pilgrims, often visits ThibetSis a holy place ; and the laina always niaint^in& a body of nearly Sioo of them in his pay, i'his is oiie of the least favored countries in the woi^ld. Low, rooky hills, without veeetation, extensive arid pmins, .H^le to. valleys, hollows, and sh;iltering rocks* Th. flocks of Wild fowls, beastS'Ot' prey, and herds, areas- toiiishine. The dead are consumed by fire, or devoured by beai^ts, the mqrtal remains of the sovc>reign lamas excepted* - These are buried, somotimos in a cotfin of gold, tinder ' the partico ' of the uiousolL-uin are pnc-sts, who read and pray a ways upoiv the satnj spot^ and keep alive the sacred nveth^ burns betore the shnne. They occasionally re- lieve each other, Tnibet CO itai'is 12,000,000 inhabitants. Ibe missionr anes estimate them at ^3,000,000. HINDOOSTAV. BhiiniariBt and Extent;. HiSD )OST AN ca'led also,' ImihA; •Qfil li^His Sim TkiA (jtAVtiEs, lies between 6 ana Jl 2^9V HINDOOSTAN. flegreei north latitiide, and ii bounded '**t the north by Tartary and Thibet; east by Aiaam and Arracan; loutn by the sea ; west by the river Indus ; 1800 miles long, and 1600 broad. Climate^ The climate towards the nurth is temperate ; bat hot in the souih. It rains almost constantly for tbreo month in the year Riven, The Indus, the Ganges, and the Borrampoo- ter, far exceed the other rivers of Hincloostan in magni- tude. The Ganges is one of the finest rivers in the world. It is revered by the Hindoos as. a ddty who is to^ash away all their sins. Its whofe oourse is 2100 miles; it empties into the sea by several mouths. Prductions. The vegetable products ofi Hindoostan'are almotft innumerable, a^ia extcemely luxuriant* The grain most cultivated is rice. All kinds of fruit suited to the climate, are produced here in abundlmce. The domestic I animals are bufl&loes, sheep, camels, elephants. Of wild.' qUJidrupeds are the rhinoceros, the Bengal tiger, monkies, wild boars, dec. fhe mines of Golconda have long been celebrated for diamonds. PepuUUion^ Heligiotit ^c. The inhabitants of Hindoostan are coniputed at about 10,000,000 Mahometans, and 100,000,0iX) Hindoos., The Mahometans, or Mussulmans, are represented t* be of a detestable character, the Hin- doos, or Gentoos, are of a black complexion ; their hair is long; their persons straight .and elegant, and their counte- ha^tces open and , pleiasant. 1 hey difter materially from ajl other nations by being divided into tribes or casts^ The tour principal are, the Bramins, 8olaiers, I^aborers, . and Mechanics ; and these are subdivided into a muitipli- citv of inferior distinctions. • «, Their>institutions of religion form a comp|Iete systefn of superstition, upheld by every thing which can excite the reverence of the people^. The temples, consecrated to their deities, are magnificent ; their rehgious ceremonies splen- did: and the absolute dominion, which the Hraminshave. obtained over the minds of the people, i6 supported by the command of the immense revenueis, with which the liber-.. ality of princes, and the zeal oi' (Pilgrims and devotees,, have enriched their pagodas. Thv douiinion of ' r^'ligion extends to. a thousand particulars, which in other countriee INDIA. 8S1 i the north by ^rracan; loutn miles long, and i> is temperate ; tantly for threo he Burrampoo- ostan in magni- ^rs in the world, is to^ash away, iles; it empties Hindoostan'are mt. The grain t suited to the The domestic tants. Qf wild tiger, monkies, have long been B of Hindoostan iometans, and >r Mussulmans, ter. The Hin- n ; their hair is id their couiite- aaterlally from ribes or casts. lers, I^aborers,, nto amuitipli- )lete system of ^an excite the crated to their emonies splen- Bramiiis nave. )ported hy the ich the iiber-.. and devotees,. ii of ri'ligion ther countrieB sre goremed by the civil la^rs, or l>y taate, eustom, or fashion. Their dress, their foud, the Common intercoursefe of liie, their marriages, and their professions, are all u^der the Jurisdiction of religion. Political Geography, Hindoostan is divided into a great number of separate and independent governments* The company of liinglish merchants trading to die East- In- dies, has acquired possessimis, which, in point of extent, and, population, surpuss the whole British empire in Eu- rope. The Mogui empire being reduced to insignificancct. the Rnglish mav be f ohsidered as the ruling power in Hindoostan. The principal mass of the British poHses* sions consists of the rich and populous provinces of Bahar and Bengal. The capital oi British India is- Calcutta,, situated ou a^ branch, of the Ganges, 100 miles from the sea, but accessible bv the largest merchant ships. It i«- supposed to. contain half a million of people, who area mixture of various nations. It. is the residence of the governor general, of the courts of justice, and of the offi- cers civil and military. Delhi, the cat^ tal of the Mogul empire, was the most celebrated city ot India, before it underwent the terrible, devastation of the conqueror, Nadir fcihah. It still posses«r et many remains <^ aiicient grandeur and opulence. INDIA BEYOND THfi GANGES^ ^■.; Boundaries and Eftent, THIS peninsula is bounded \ifx Thibet. fUid China on the north ; by China and the Chi- nese sea, east^ south by the same sea and the straits of. Malacca ; west by Hindoostan, and the bay of BengtJ^ ■, It lies between I and 30 degrees north latitude; 2C00 miles long, and 1000 broad.:. Divisions. India beyond the (ranges is naturally distrib* ttted into a number of separate and indepei^dent states ; ., v^' which those that are best known will be briefly noticed. . ASSAM U bounded west by Bengal, an..t'Bootan, north by Thi* ll^t^aadjMulheaBt vA, fiouu by Meckley. The river Bur* 99S BIRMAN EMPIRK. mmpooter rum through the whole length of it. It« capi. ial IS Gheru;on The open partg are marked with pi^uU- tion and tiluge; the woodi abound with eiephanti. llie mountains are inhabited by a people called Nauacs, wha go nttk?d and eat dogs, cats, mice, locusts, &c. The oth* er inhabitants of Assam have no fixed-religion, or rules of life. They ect all flesh except human, even animals that die a natural dvath. They are enterprising, savage, vin- dictive, and fond of war. They have neither horh^, assen, nor cainels ; but they are sometimes brought' there from . tther countries. Asses they are fOnd of, but are so much afraid of a !ior»e, that one trooper would put a hundred of thvMn to flight. Assam lies between 26 and 2h degrees morth latitude, and contains 2j|000,000 inhabitants. BIRMAN EMPIRE. Thb Birman Empire comprises the kingdoms dr AvA dud Peuu. and derives its name from the Birmahs, » w.iriikt- nation of the peninsula The articks of com- m.rci' are rice, cotton, teek-timber^ vastly superior to oak for Ihip building, on which the English East-India compa* ny^ greatly difpend ; aloes, spices^ emeralds^ rubies, sap- phires, &c. rhey have mince of copper, lead, and silver. TK. uli.uate is healtliy, and the soil ii-rtile. Theii system of jurigpru.U lice, is replete with sound morality. Their. Iaw8 are coiisciei0U0,(KK). lu the flat part ol' the comitry. which is liable t& be ovut. flowed, the houses wr.i bu \t upon staxes, and in time.oiin* undations, the iuliaa«cat«ts communicate with each ether by aoats. Pegu was an independent kingdom,'' till 1751; W.heo the king of Birm.Ui made it a proviace. The ordeaj trial is common here by jtutting the head under water, or the iumd into hot oii. or inelteo lead. If the accuser fail he must sufter what is due to tlte guilty. The capital 6f the empire is Umm ara poora, on a brandi ll the Ir751; ace. The ordea} under water, or f the accuser fail oRAr on a brancli the aaciest cap* ai, wUtch', as well m Pegu, the former capital of the kkig- dom of Pegu, b abandoned to ruin. SIAfif. The kingdom of Siam it bounded north by Chma, east by Laos and Cambodia, south by the gulf of Siam, west by the bay of Bengal and Pegu, t 550 miles in length, and^ 850 in breadtli, though iii some, placet not above 50. Siam and Malacca eontain 1,900,000 inhabitants. It is a flat country, and in the rainy season is overflowed : for which reason most of the houses are built on pihars, and have ho communication for some months but by boats< The government is despotic, and the people poor. There are mmes of gold, silver, tin and copper, and plenty of rice, cotton, aloes, ^benjamin, .s c. The tame cattle are beeves, buifaloes, and hogs. The woods abound with elephants, rhinoceroses, leopards, and tisers. The inliabitants, both men and women, go almost njced, but the better ijort wear rich garments. They are often mothers at twelve vears of age. The king shows himself but onoe a year to tne com- mon people. He is proprietor of all thie lands m the coun- try, and keeps a numerous army, among which are 1000^ elephants. Their temples and {Mriests are r^ numerous. They have schools for the education of their onildren, and: there is scarce anv among them that cannot read and write. Siam, the capital of the kingdom, is on tbe Menan, near its mouth, in the gulf of i^ MALACCA i Is a peninsula and kingdom, bounded tiorth by Siam* east by the ocean, and southwest by the straits or Malac- ca : 600 miles loos, and 200 broad. It produces fern commodities for trade, except tin, and elephantV teeth i but their are many excellent fruits and roots. The religion of the natives has a mtxture of Mahometanism ; and they are addicted to juggling. The inland inhabitants are a. savage, barbarous people, who take delight in doing mis- chief to their Quighbors. The capital iii Malacca, aaeti^ port on the straits of that name.. PEttSU. LAOS. To the eastward of Slam and Ava ia the kingdom ^ Laos ; a flat eountry, suirreunded by mountains and c6y^ ered with forests. The larse river M econ crosses the whole region The cliraate is temperate and healthful; OCIO souls. CAMBODIA j,t. X'lEs south of Laos, and, like that country, is inclosed' By. mountains, and feitilized by the large river Mecongum; - Mines of gold and precious stones every where abound. In the forests are elephauts., lions, ai^d tigers. The soir produces abundance oS corn, rice, and various medicinal^ drugs. The most peculiar product is Gamboge. The in- habitants are not numerous | their religion is idplatryr Caaibodia, the capital, is on ^he river Mecon. COCHIN CHINA* On the eastern coast of India is the kingdom of Goch- . jo China, separated from Laos and Cambodia on the west by a range of .mountains. The whole country is intersect- ed by rivers. The climate is healthy; No country pro- duces a greater variety of articles for commerce, juch as •pices, fruits, different sorts' of wood, ivory, gold, silver, The manners of the people closely resemble those of the Chiuei^e. They are Pagans. PERSIA. BoundarieSt Extenf and Population, The kingdom of Persia is bounded north by Georgia , the Caspian sea, and UsUec Tartary, west by Turkey and .\rabia, south by the fulfs of Persia and Onnus. and the Arabian sea, east by [iudoostati proper ; 1220 miles from east to west, 900 .from north to south. It has 22,000,000 inhabitants. 'Jliiver^, The chief jrivers are the Tigris and Amu4; AUABXA^ $31 ble those of the 0inatte Mni Productions, In the nort h and eatt patrts it is mountainous and cold ; in the middle and southeast partSi tandy and desert ; in the south and^west, lev«i anil fertile^ though for several m(»iths very hot. . The soil ^f oduces aU sorts of pulse and corn, except oats and rye* la eeveral plabeS) «aphtha, a sort of bituaie.u, rises out of jtjhe ^round^ and there are mines of ^Id, silvur, ^roii, turcois stonea» and salt ; the^^wo^&t are not worked, on account of the scarcity of wood. Among the excellent products of Persiay are dates, pistiichionuts, 'and poppies that produce the finei^t opium. They have extensive plantatioiut of muibeny trees for siltc worms ; and large flocks of sheep and go^ts. Their camels, horses, mules, asses, oxen^ and bufiuloes, ?Te the best of .their kind, and are indifferei^tly used for .carrying passengers or burdens, .the horses excepted, which ace onij 4ised f(nr the j^addle. ^ "* _. Manufactures, The principal manufactures aire ailks, lattins, tabbies, taffetas, and silk mixed with cotton^ or with camel's -or goat's hair ; brocades, gold cissueS; aod gold velvet, carpets, calicoes, camlets, &c. Their dying is pre- ferred to any thing of the kmd in, Europe. Civil and Political Histori/. During the last centurv, Persia was dessOlated by competitors for the sovereignty. So late as 1807, there was a formidablg insurrection ^gaini^' the Persian monarch, headed by BVen Sing, a man of ex-^ ^ traordinary enterprise andcourage. The F^i^rsians ore gea« ••rally Mahometans of the sect ot Ali. Ispahan, a celebrated city, is the capital of Persia. lit contains 1,000 000 inhabitants. Shiras and Teflis are large- and populous cities^ , ARABIA. ARABIA is bounded on the west by the Red Sea, and the Isthmus of Su^z northeast by the Euphrates, which divides it from the ancient Mesopotamia; east by the gulfs of Persia and Orinus ; and south by the Indian o- cean. On the north, this country runs up to an angle, about 100 miles east of Palmyra, which is not included in Arabia. . It lies between 12 30 and 31 30 north latitude, wtending 1800 miles in length, and 800 average breadth, '4S9 ARABIA; «nd has 10»OOQ,QOO Inhabitantg. It is divided iflto^i«s paxik, Arabia Petrea, Arabia Deaeita, and Arabia FeKsb Arabia Petr»i» is the ginallest of the three, and towards the north is fi|)l of mountains, with few inhabitants, ^id to fhmbh other couiUries mih ri ^ ' TTtie conni • '•^iyand* with rivt^ets^ lakes and sprir^s theyhaye p*<.<>5.y ?>f swelet, Vwell as medicinal waters, and fisii. -^pcih v wells agtealt number of hforses: thougir'not io tar^e as t^ose of mirg^e, y^t they are Very beautiful, ai^ bighiy valci^: The forests abound Witli all sorts of wild beakts, <)f^e fuirs-of which they inake considerable traffic, as we)la«» of ll^pbaht's teeth. But the grtftt riches of ^his empire consist in the fineness i^ their tnetalf and Qilni^ra'iS. , Eafthq uakes here are f reouent ahd sOnietiineB ▼cry terrible, burying-whdie towns under their ruinb - */ , The relijgion of the Japanese is.gross heaUienilMtii sad The government of Japan is despotic. The emperor h^ the power of life and death over all his subject*. Th6 inhabitants amount to^ 15,000^000. The army consists of 100;o6o foot and ;^,000 horse. Th^^ aims are muskets, bows and arrbws, dagget^^nd scimetars. The Japanese are modest and courteous, just in their dealings, and very ingenious in manufactures. They trade with every people except the Chinese and Dutch. Thi capitil of the empire is Jeddg, on the isltmd Niphon, said io be 21 leagues in ' circumference. The names of th^ laf^t islands are Kii;iiA» Sikoif and ■'■A.. <" ■ S$$ ,:t.-fl UNI)ER tjjis heiidjfire^clvde.th> isl^ndjof Ceylon, i^ Mdl4ive8, ^he :A94^ti^an and Nioob^ Islairds, the Suntlf hl^t W^ ^^t tTie l\fani)ias, ilt^ Celebejsian^I^leg, ^d the Spice' islands. The^P lie inrVh^^ is C(>ll^d the D|iii:iittA|< CaYXONJiea ^oiithe^t oif the peiiimula of India, f^^^^^ tvi*hich it is separated by a jiarroiir it;a. |t is of an qvi^* form, ^0 leagutis long ; t}ic ioiJt is ej^ceediugiy fel:tile, j)^ ducing iali the fruits Qf, the Jfhd'es, but is particulart}^ not^d for the tinni^inotf tre<^. The Dutch fbrmetiy had j>osses- siOHs <>n this i»I|ind, :^hich now belongs t9 the Englisiv The islonB parU are^governed b^ jriative prindes^ i^ art UtUe known. It t^ 6CO,000 inhabitant^. ^ > 'jlle MAioDiVEyii cluster of stnall islipoads, to Dumber about 1000, he southwest of Ceylon. The inhabitants^ are Mahometans and Pagans. Cocoa is the nibst yatu&ble / Tlie Aj^damah IsiiANps, two in ntctmber, are near the ttfitrance ot tiie B9,y of Hengal«;^C9Uied Great and LUtie An- daman. They aire loaded with tHiif^k fqrests, altiiost impen- etrable.* Tht people are a savage race of beingi|. Ther® is a saiali IHtiah settlenient here. 5 The N cobAr I^siIakbs are at iJieehtrance of thegulf of Beuga'. Tl'^y aie fiiu^bst entirely. upcditivatedj but t^e cocoa ai>d other ^tr<:pical fruits grow spon^neously to the gitatest pfcrftction. The inhabitents are not numerous. The hUNPA IsLis embrace Sunda, Javfi, Balli, Lom- bok» Lumbava, limor, wad styejal smialler pnes jin the vi- «nity of these. SujJDA is the westernmost of this chafiiv The equator divides it into nearly equal parts. 1^ is 900 niiles long, and loO broad. A chain of liigh mdU|ritains runs throu^ the island. T^\e soil produces all kinds of tropical ^riuts and grains. Tigers, elephants, monkeys, and other wild bea-^U are numerMUs. The irvhabitants itfe Malayi^) Achee- «t^e, bitttfts, Lainppooins, Rojangs. J^ V4 is separated trom i'iumatrR by a nanrow sea, call- ed the iitraii of Sunda. This isfand, with Madura/ hat 'd7f«009 .iiM)ilaitt»* The Dut«h hart wteblitthmeBts a» #6:iENTAI^ ^AN0S. . m^ 1^ hlAm\, ihe chief of which are BataTi&r and Kantani, The other isiands are divided into several Icingdouus or j titotei* The productions are vlu'ip^a artd^vahlgbiev ■ '/^ Of the other Salvia isles litlle »* (a«own» " " BoRMBd is 900 miles long, aod 60Q broad. The coaatt gire |»eo|^ed by Mtila;^ Moors; and Ji^ancse. The oran^ outtan^ is a native oCt^^iii island/ It is sii^uated direct! j wider the eagator;^ The north' part is possessed, bj^ t&« EogUsh" It|»s $«pOi^OOO ininibitants. i TheMANi^LLA^, or l'itiLippii»J& Isi^ANDS, IlOainnun^- ber, lie 300 niiles southeast of China. Manilla, otLiizoni ii the iv^'gest «nd most impo^ant. They are all in ^e possessioh df ^pain. The inhab^itants are Chinese, Ethio- pians, Malays, Spaniards PoHuguese, and Mesters, Whick are a mixtar^ of all the others; Tneir situation between the two continents is"suCh,tha(t'lhe inhiii.bit'aii^ carry on a commei^ce with Me^co and P0ru, as well as with India, Gold, Cdf^p^r, and iron are amqng the products^ The city of ManiUa contains ;$3,000 inhabitants* CvLftBkziAN IsLKs. Of these C^^es, or Ms^cai^sar, in latitude 1 39 north, is.Uie ptincipal. It is a d^ightfui spot; the fruits are ripe air t^e year. The natites^ are Mahometips. Abound C^l Called also, the Moeugcas, lie in iSie compass of 25 leagues, south of the Philippines; , Theh chief produce is cloves, mace, and nutmeg, ;vhich are moiiopolized by the Dutch. Ternate is the largest.of the group; Ambotna, between the S'd and 4?th degrees ^outli lati- tude,, is io miles in* circumference, defended oy a Dutch |arrisbh..;''-^V"- . , ::v:./:^:^:v-■ The Band A, or KtiTMrEo Isilss, lie between 4 and 5 de- grees soiith latitude, and are chiefly in the possession of tlie Britisiw These islands contain abo«t £000 souls. >4ft Af^ttA^ ■ , '. „.• ; ■-■■ ' ,'!.■■ ■' Boimcte^' 'j^Ml^M. AP|tICA b a pettkw^Iiij J)i»^ •td: to Afia t' He I^t1iniii3 df Sues, GO mile's over, between ^ Red li^ ^n4 ^ Me^'^erran^n. It is bounded oji th^ bopth bj^the Meiiiit^ which separates it ft^bn^ Europe ; e^t by ther I^Hitiius c^ Suez, the llted geii, and t^ ip^^ocean ; '9Qtit^ by the Soiithern otieab ; west by Ae AllantUjywhic^ divki^ it firom America. Hassel who is perhaps the best a^lih0l'itw in his Statistic fal Tables, pnblislied i^ I80d, divides Africa as fblldwfu , Divisions* U J^m^doni of MproccO 2. fr^estat^ b^ Algiers 3. 00. Tunia 4. JJHp* ttipoU 5» Kingdoin of A%s^nia 6. Ppssessions of tHJe Ottomdti empke 7f Do.. of Spain S; Po. ofGreat-Britaiii ft* . Do. ofFf^uce 10. Dp. of Holland 11. ^ Do-. o^ the D^nea X% Do. of the Brziliana IS. inland of Madegascac 14. Island of Hinznan. 15. The i^t of A&ica, No, IrihabJ £^,060,000 l,5OOiOQ0 i,ooo,(Deo 1,000,000 l,OO0,f)O0 S,500i000 440,0d0 115S,00(^ 118,000 j50,000 50,060^^ 269,000 4,oobiooo f 90;ooo 80,000,000 1 Total 98/945,000 Oeneraf Descrlpiion, Though situated, for the mOst part uiiider th'^ torrid zone> and the climate excessively hot, the coasts and many parts of the country are well peopled. The natives of these ftcorchihg regin^is woula as soon ex-» pect that marble should melt and lliow in lic[uid streams, as that water should be congepied by cold ind. coipse to The nvers in this p?.rt of the globe are not tO be bom- pared with niatiy hi' the other quarters. The most Con- aidera|)Ae are th^ Niger,; Senegal, Gambia^ and Nile. Tho Ante A. «lt. Wger» teeocding to Fixrky rite* in a chain cf lofty ttbttn* Mlwt north Itfi. 11^, An4mna to the east. Itsmoathhaa not been $8cdyeii'ed« h> annually overflovrii its baukti fcrtiiizing the country, fht! Senegal has its source 100 miles irest from tikat of toe Nigj^r, md enters thQ Atlantib» lat. Id io nofth* The bead of t^e Gambia ri|s more, ^an 100 noiltis vr^iSt from th^ .<>f (he S«ci§gal ; witli tnatly wind* ings, ilt9 Course, ia nearly we9t»t^l it enters the ocean, lati*^ i tade 13 30 north, llie Nile di^vJdes Egypt inta two partSi . and discharger itself into the lidiidtterraineany aftera. p^o- digipnscouss^^ from its sptirce in Abyssinia. - 'rh"«u>st considerable niountaMis in Africa are the A t^- fas, a ridge extending froin the .Western ocean, (to which^ it g ve$ ttie nai le of Atlantic ocean ) as far aiS l^^pt* The mountains of the li^boa, , extending themselves between Ab^'ssinia pid Mpc^omopiata^ and are still higher thiin those nf AtlaSi Xhose of rSierra Leona,^ br 'mountains of - the Lions^whieli divine l^igritia ftoni Guinear and extend as far as Kthiopia* These wer^ st^^led by the ancients the mouatainsof God, on. < account p| Uiewr I ' 5 subject to- thunder »,nd'lighini»g. The myeriih£cl; bv the goVernoTf setit fifoor I^onoie, mf^^QUd their trilde, and ci4^ tivated' DO inbre df tl^r imdi t|iiixv migHt serveiDr tH^r •ubsistdnce. tJ^^ tne decIiW of vie Rclknni eiii|>ir»^ ii» the'fifth CiJiitiiryi the north ^ Africa wf* ovtjf run i)y. tliie Vtiadals, who csontr^iuied 8t!!t tiuim tib the dt«t^uction of andscie^es r und^ tx) aM to'tbis' eoutitt^'j^ (i^k^amity^ i^e Saraceits maoe a liiddeti ^nmt^st of all tn4 ffoa^ of ]^ypt and B^anr, in the seirentn qtritur j. Jhem , were f liccee^ed by the Turks ; and both being of the . I^ohavfl^ etan reUgion, whose proj^oni carried de^olatit^ wtth thptn wherever they (Damei the ruin bf that omse flourishing psat <[drthe worid was theteb^A^^lii&^ liie ihhahitafit4of tm tiontiheDt With respect to relijg- ien, may he divided ^ito three ^ sorts ; Pagans, J^ahonle- tans, find Christians. The^st have b^^n CiOnuder^ihQ. most numeroos, possessing the gret^est part of thi^ CbQiti« | -try, from flietr^c of Cancer td'tlie Cape^f Oood |^9pe> Iraing general black. But' recent discoveries lead us to •suppdse the, Mahometans are more numerous, vdio ^ ^f a tawny complexion, possessing Egypt, and almost tiH the ncMrth^ shores of AiVica, or 'what is called the Bsb^baiy toast, wit^ many tribes in the inferior. /The p^^e of Abyssinia or the Cpp&r Ethiopia, are d^otninated^ris^ lians, but retaitt many Fag^ and J^^ISrpS.^^^^^^^'^^ furetdso some Jews on the north of Aflirlcii. - ' There are Scarcely any two niitioni, ^Ir inde^ ttnv 1^9-. learned men, that agt^e in the modern diyiiiidiOsdfAiVi'^i and for this reason, that scarcely *any ii'a^efe h$&p&ii^ trated into the heart of the country ; cOnjse<|aent|Yi^ v^ hiUtit frcknowbdge our ignorance of the hounds* and eveiii the names of several of the inlaUd nations, which ro^ ^ still recii»»ned among t^e uuki^own abd undiicc^tered j^^ tif th* world. ', ''■'■ ■■^'■■' "■,;^ . . " . ■-. .^ ■. ;.v. A. ., . ■ , THIS once celebrated couhti^ is-boutided oa the norti^ ,|y the Mediterranean ; east by the lied sea, and.l^sthmus «t' 6u;e2 ; south by the mountains wliich separate it frosf ,J?^4"'M^>''-i t©f»- s^ K.\.: Ntfl>i« ; i^t by tJio ,d«fertt of H^yWa. Itt tengtii, fimai lortlr to tOutibV *n 500 tnHet ; <•» breadth 160. £^yMt W ifevidecl ihti^ ^P|H» 8i4 I^^iw^; the former ^Kteiiatttgin » 101!^ ?m! namnr tiilley^ the oatJIne bein^ fortttetf bt t«^o tlUges of iwmhtaini, bej'oira which on enca «iac, «e^«» by tondy de8erw,^it>contaln« sli]^ of land, WeH cultivated and fertile, on the borders of ti,ie river artd ca- nal*; and in the centre, the tract cidled the Delt^, Yorm- gd by the branches of the Nile* ; vC ' The climate of l^ypt is' Excessively hot. The fertility ofits soil, and the exoellehce of its production^ are greatr ; W, celArated bv ancient writers. A To the oversowing of- the Nile, Bgypt is ii^demedf^r i%» fertility. Its increase, oecasidned oy the -iorfetpi^s^. rain which fell yearly on the ^oimtains of; Aby8Dinl»^ Wi not much pierceWed tiA die summer sojkitrce. It contixivief, in^reasiiig till near the end of Angust, and often even m,, September* Tlie Kilometer, at Elephantina, ibrmeriydc^/ noted to wh^ degree the inundation would rise. The ex- perience of ages had afforded marks known to those whose trust it was to watch. Among the cultivated pnodvetsiire iice> wheat, barley^, liQtils^ millet, flax, be; '■• 'l'-^ -■,'.'-;;' ''■ fl'.. ,' .■'■.. ' "^'r' ^*'';.' '•';•■ jilt,. ' :'■ TO tlie south of Egypt lies the kingdom of KuEta, sr itenaar. The Nile runs through it ; on the baivks-of tlif mer it is firiutful, but in other places barr«i>n,sttiidyv and deititute of water. The inkibitantd; make tbieir bread and drink of a smell seed, cailt- d doca, or seff, which is very ill tasted. Their houses have ' mud walU^ are very low, and are covered with reeds.^ The dress of the' better sort la a vest w^out-sleeves, and they have no coverings for their heads, .legs and* feet. .The common people wrap a piece of ijneii cloth about them, and the children go quite naked. They are a stupid,' dtubauched people, professing to be M^nmetans. The producti(Mis of the country ace gold, elephant's teeth, civet, and saiidai wood ; and a great many slaves are sent into Egypt. The nrincij.al townif- InowntQ^e Europeans, ore DangolaandSenna;.^. DAR-FOOR, av- is a k'ngdom of Africa, whose population is supposed 10 be' 200,000 souls. The territory is extensive and woody. In the dry seasoti, nothing but ^arreimess is visible; m riie ' rainy; the countrj? v covered with vegetation^ , The /mhabitants are Mahometangl It Mies southei^st of Berg go, and west of Kordofan;- - ABYssimA, EAitBM (cronnr:. ABYSSINf A, THIS kingdom lies iioutfi of Semuur and Dar-Pomr» 900' leagues long dnd , 280 broadi The ftiviliics of the country^' it g'^ngraliy ragged and nioantaini>ua, abounding in for- osts and morastes. It is aJao inCt^rspened with some fer- tile valieyi and plaint. Heaides the Nilt^,. which hag itt' source in this country, there are some other large rivers; ■ The prinoipolcoUeotion of water is the lake or sea of Dembea* The climate of Abyssinia is- tolerable.^ The rainy sea* son begins in May and last» till September. The inhabi- tants, l,80(),0fX) in number, are christians, Mahometans^ Jews and- Pagans. The prbteitoed religion of the countrv^ is Christianity ; but it is mixed with many Pagan wad Jewish ceremonies. Their houses are vtiy mean* The^ crown is hereditary. The capital punishments are cruci*' fidiion, flf^4ng aiivei stom'og, and plucking out the eyea. EASTERN COAST. THE eastern ooost of Africa, from ;di« entrance of the- Red sea to the Cape^ of Good Hope, is but Httle known.- Jt is .possessed by numerous tnbes> fortiitng«tatesand4nng«' doms independent of each etiier. The coast of Aj an extends 1500 leagues alon^ the In- dian ocean, arid is divided into several states or kingdoms,., tlte principal of which are Adel and Mf^adoxo. The country Is fertile, prodocing plenty of provisidws* It. car- ries on a profittfble conime^ce of pruvi^ons asid horse s- nvhich are exchanged with foreign merchanis for silks', cot»' tons, and other doths. TI>e inhabitants are Matiomeiansw^ Zanouebar lies between 3 degrees north a(od It souiJ^ latitude. J^t includes several pet^ kingdoms, in which the PotugUese have settlements. The inhabitants, except those converted by the Portuguese, are either Muhonie> tans or Pagans, the latter inudi the most numerous. The ptiiicipai states are M^mbaKa, L^rao, M>etinda; Quiola,. Montoibique and Sttfela. The Portuguese trade for slay«»^. 119 80UTIIB1IK AKI> W£$TBBH COAfl(ri: Ivorjr, gold, oftrich feaUiert» vax» and dnigt. Thefir*^ Auctions are much thciiaf aiiii oiber parti of AiUcai liotireen the tropicf. ' :^. SOUTHERN PARTTS* THE country ef the Hottentota co?en thfe fDHtheiB) point of Africa ; bounded north by countriea unknown ;; f outheast, aduth and welt by the sea* The coast ti moun- tainous, indented by bayt* There are no considerable kingdoms throughout thia extensive country ^ the whole is inhabited by different tribes of Hotteatoto governed by chiefs, who have no fixed residence, living like the Arab» m hutt or portable houses, and removing their villages whenever the pasture becomes too bare for the subsistanco of their cattle. I At the southern jKunt of the continent, i« the CAf & or 1 6000 Hope, containing a town, in which are about 550O whites,^^ and 10;00ObIacks« I^ was settled by the Portu- guese and Dutch, but was taken by the English in 1809». ■od Mill remains in their postieMioo. ^ WESTERN coast:. CONGO is a general name for the country between thr •quinoxial line and 18 degrees south latitude, containing the kingdoms of Congo proper^ . Loango», Angola, and Bengueia. It was discovered. biiF tlie Portuguese, i4&l* It is sonetimes called Li>WBr tiuinea;- The Portuguese have a great many 8ettl<}meuts on the coast, as well as in the inland country.. There are many desert places within land, in which are elephants, tigers, leopards, monkeys, ind monstrous bejrpents ; but near the coas^ the soil is exceed- ingiy fertile; and there are fruits iarf many kinds, besides pdm trees,, from which the inhabitants get wine and oil. They are skillful in; weaving cotton cloth. Their articles of trafiic are slaves, cassia, ivory, and tamarinds. 'The grater part (^ them go almost naked. They worship tha •un, moon, and atars, and tdso ainimals of different kmds ^ llHt.thf. Portuguese have made ipirany cdnverli to C hri « t i i »» » STATES OF BARBAEt.^^OROCCa W- ftf. GMgts frim^iiB^MM, if odI^ IMmflci bratdt aloog the cofwtt biU ii 971 Mind. Flrom March to 8«f^ tember it tiu» winter ttiifoii, when it raink aimoft «very day ; imd the •ununitr ia Hfm Detober to Mardi, whea ,ihe weathur it very hou The river Zake ife full oi^ cniipo- dilet and river horaet. The priocipattoini .ia 8t. Sahrador. Uppili:»GviMaA, so called to distiaguiah it from Congo, m divided into three purta } the Oraift coaat, Guinea prop- er, and QeaiOf and exteiula about 500 leaguea along too coast. The Grrfhi coaat produces ri^e, peat* beana, lem* ons, indigo, and cotton. The Europeaaf have no lettio* ments here. The principal traffic w in alavea. The Gold Coa^ r ia «o named fiom tl»e immenae quan* tities of. gold itttroducufl. The climate ia very hot. £u ropeaoi have aievr aettlementa here* The aoil i* very fei^ tile. The inlubitants are richf and live in great harmon);. The Ivory CoAiiT lies betweeii Cape Appollonig and JCape Faimoa containing aeverat towns, aicuated at tl^e in jutha of rivera called bv -the a&qie names* Tba ' interior country iM little knowrn, the natives retusing -the Eui opeana. leave to suttiiSj or even io tr^ antong them, except by meaa« of the Ooast negreea, and this with cautiou. The ciiiof (liotil'tiadities are gold, ivory, and slaves^ The inhtib^ itants of this district nave been more careful to deicnd .themselves againift the assaulta of tlie slave ships, than most of their countrymen. SiMpicitm and jealousy jure their pv». dominant qualiti^ STATES OF BARBARY. ' ", ' ' ' ' BAkBAHY is an extensive country, stretching !flf)^ miles along ^e Modit^franean» and between 300 at * \:^ iniancC Xi is divided^ into $ kingdoms^ Morocco; Fea» Algiers, Tunis, >id JAfoVL MGROeCO, THE empire of Moroi^o comprehends a contiderable part of the ancient Mauritania, lying between 28 and d6* nrfeh latitudo i bounded wast tipr tha Atlaatia ; aaat hy ^«ii Montoceciu ■:>. •ike vitef Miilfw, w?»ch Bef^m^n^ /<«o|» Algteit i*ist^ by. the straits oi' Qipraltai^f ijioadli hy Mei^ot Ati«8. Ita sgreate«it length from i^iftii a^. to ftoi«lIiiyiiP«t„ In. above 590 aiU^, i(ad where w^46»ir,.Dat mart; than .^ Th'i air u temp,^r«ite, vspuCiially near r^uu^t Atltii; ith& 8oii aaqtly and/uty^uvaoiae place's, aad fertile in o']^'- ri. Ti\;3 numhciir df iiiMlUaiits t« .eoti'-nat^-.d at 5^00()}00a Thoir rcl|||i0n is IVI iHfl^etiiiMjSiiu , Mrho, C4irrv pa al- most aJil the irade ; ^egpeciaily by land, with the lu giocg, to whv^n they- send large car fivans, which carry with tJKia W^t>owen gnoabiv silk, 8ait»-^TCi and ^^^i^ rctwrji have aiav^gj ^l^okli aaa et«pharit'^jstv;eth^ -^ J In ^u desprts aire tipasj, tigers^ leopards, aod. fiexpx'nti ^f> several kinds. The fruits are dafttty-fi^s, ainwmds, lem* onav oranges/ and pc^uegrqnates. They have also |lujf49d jwrop, but lililo tiiuber, •'' Tlte emperor i^ uWiutu ;, be oft^ exree cons^uto: tfhieiiy of ,, rovisrR, wlio iurnctiraes take large prizes. He canv bring 1Q(),0P0 men into the field, half of. whieh^iare foot, and half hoite; but they are'poofly umied, and know little «^fcht) art of war. iVfoRoocO} ih« capital, is in< a beauitifiU valley, fopmdl i»y a chain of mountains noi'th, and ^ those of vtUe Atlai south and east. The city, exposed to the devastations of diSi^rent connuerors, has prt^erved. nothing but its fprm. I'he extent oV the Walls, «:hit5^ jret^nian almost entire, sup- poses a city that might contain 300,(XK) souls: at present ^t is little h^^tter than Jides^t. The ruins t)fhoiuifi»a«rve onily to harbor tluevt^s, who lurk th^e to fobj^^jpers. The einparoff's pala<:e« at the oxtremity of tlie oity,,frpnt- ivkg' Mount Atlas,, is a very extensive ^anid solid building. /Th^ t>rihcipal gates fire Ootnic arches, of cut stone, embel- lished with ornaments in the Ardl>ian taste. Within tht walls are various courts and gard(i|U5, ekgantly laid out by European gardeners. : ; « ^ _ x The kingdom of Vtz is united to the empire of Meroc- ifO. Its capital, of tl)£ same nume« is ponsidered by the JiCftSPt as ft sacTwid asyluija^jtQd m object ef devotio> 4/- ALGIERS. S4» Hill «it/» which in p^t ages attracted the attention of travellers, is not preferable to the other cities of the em> pire, eiCcept by its situation, schools, industry, and sorae^ what more by tts urbanity. It has 80,000 inhabitantst ALGIERS. THE kingdom of Algiers comprehends part of the «x^ lient Mauritania, which included, the ancient Numidia, and forms one of the most considerable districts of the coast of Barbary. It is bounded north by the Mediterra- nean, east by the river Zane, which divides it from Tunis ; west by the MaiUopiah, and the mountains of Trara, whick teparate it from Morocco, south by the Salwra, or Numid- iaa desert. The superticial extent of the whole kingdom amounts^ according to the calculation of M. Von Zach, t» 4<262 geographical square miles, and contain^ 1,500,000 in^ habitants^ The territory of Algiers is principally distinguished by its capital. Half a mil^e northeast of the city commence* the plain of Mettijiah, which stretches 50 miles in" lengtk and 20 in br«adth, as far as the branch of Mount Atlas, at the foot of which lies the town of Beiida. This plain is bet- ter cultivated than the other districts of the kingdom. The country seats and mascharciis, as they call the farms of the principal iniiabit^ints of Algiers, are found in^ these plains-; and it is chieHy from them that the metropolis is supplied witli provisions. The strength of the kingdom consists iai its land and sea forces. Its strong cities are few, and it ha* fewer garrisons, whicli are weakly fortified and guarded. The naval force of Algiers is more formidable than it* army. It consists of 20 ships ; one of which belongs to - tha government, and is assigned to the admiral : all tlie: fest belong to private persons. The commerce of Algieni is principally carried on by their corsairs or pirates. Free Christians, Jews, native or foreign, Arabians and Moors^ are permitted to exercise a free commerce, both by sea and laoJ, togetlier with other trades and manufactures in silk, cotton, wool, leather, and other commodities* Thfe religion of the Algerines differs from that of the Torks only in their adopting a greater variety of superstt- F » m~ 8^ TUNIS. tions. They acknawl edge the Korftn as tbis rule of diei^ fhith and practice, but are renfilss in the observance of it. The {jopuiatioh of Algiers is less than in other conntries of ithe same extent, where arts, sciences, and indu«*try are not so much restrained. The number or Turiis here is hbout 9 o^ 10,000. Beside these are the Moors, a degrade ed people ; and the Arabian tribes, who, without blending with the Moors, or mofet ancient possessors of the country, hare aniibrinly hlaintained their separation from others, partly in a state of independence,, and partly as tributarieg t^ the Dey, ALGiKas,^ the capital of the kingdomj is built on the de^ clivity of a mountain, and is in the form of an amphithea- tra, next the harbovtr. The houses, apparently rismg one above another, make a very fine ap|peartmce from the sea,. The tops are 9II flat ; and the inhabitants walk upon then) in the evening to ta^e the air; besides, , they are covered «ritli earth, and serve for gardens, rhe streets are' nar* \ row, and serve to keep oft* the extreme heat of the sun. The mole I'i the harbour is 500 pac(?s in length, extending from the ountinent to a small island, V^here there is a large battery )t' guns. The to^ii is said by some to contaiii about 1 >:>,(. •< inliabitants ; others say 100,000 Mahome- tans, 1 :,(K0 jews, and 2000 Christian slaves; others re- duce t'le r.umber of all to 80,000. Their chief subsistence is derived from their piracies ; ftfr they make prizes of the ships of all Christian nations, that are nqt at peace wit)|pi them. * : TUNIS. ^^^ , THE kingdom of Tunis is bounded north by tj^e Medi^ terranean, east by that^ea and Tripoli, south and south- west by Biledu'getid, west by Algiers It extends tJOQ iniies from east to west, and 230 from north to south. The air' in general is healthy, but the b.pil in the east Sart but indifterent, for want of water. Toward the mid- le, the raottiitains and valleys abound in fruits> but the west part is the most fertile, being watered by riveri^. The t^irons of Tunis are very dry, on which account corn if Cerally dear. The inroads of the Arabs oblige the in- iianto to sow their barley and ry« ia the suburbs, akA , , ' T' ere are p^^'^^y ^ titroo'o '«"S2'o«« ««^'' ""ll'^wnd beeves. <«tt.ch- ' Tunis Iv^s^'O^t^oUen doth, tn tbc cay y,.,ve ,\80 a trade m hors.s, ;„. »" ^-*"r?,«sHea religion is M^tX^-'^, ""^ ^^"■"• la, about ten miles fogies in pi^-f SwV. «'* V'"1«J nisi*"' ^f" ', „, hauehtiness ot the Aige ^ ^^ericansJ ef the insolent haug^j^^.^^ ^'^PtwVrBtatcs, b^v-ni Bovsrnment are tra.i». gntlsevirai ^'tL .ivi rcspectj Cgli*. F'"^"*^ wf reated with '=""J''y ,^„t,, bU^ TRIPOLI. u K« the Medlterraneal TRipou is ^^t:tt^ "^ '^r'wrptt •ast iw the. tV^^'-'-,^ ^^* Iris a tortile counts V'\^.^^ J B;le^;^ * ^,t- ak^n] ^st part, which *;j^i,,,. U had tae Ui. ^^^^ j co..t ; th. br 3ad^;^ J^^,,,. governed by a ci^y^ 352 '/RIPOUR Si-* .•'fi'? .gaiaked itoto MalHtin^ ftitd'' Xhland ; the inhabitants tf tic^ foroiet chiefiy subsist npon commerce and piracy ; the latter on plunder and rnbbeiyv Each division has some cities, towns, and villages, most of whi Some poor, to the |h the Bepre- \of this 'h fiel. poor^ ; «uck PC fot best * t dc» theif bitj, S8 oF lent iifi- of d-- ' V 1egii)ning of April, 1805, crossed the desert of Barca, a!»l fwi" -^'iCaJiU; riri^ excessive hmdjjhips and fatigue, arr ved .i>efore Derne, on ^ he frontiers of Tripoli, which 1 1 y to I ^ 3y Sioriri on tiie 27li» of tlie sjyne nunth ; at- tack id i>»d put to route the army of thj'&ashavy, sent to oppjse their progress; a.i I coatnrjuteJ tiijst effectually to CO upji that insolent power to enter into an immediate tr.;.ity of pcjace wi(h the- United States ; hy which a great number i f Ainericans, the prisoners at Tripolj were, re- stored to freetlo-ii and th^-u* country- Hjre was t'lo tanipie of j!n>'ter Vmmon, «o dlflioult^i acceiss on accouat of (he burning 8auus«. AFRICAN ISLANDS. # AT the mouth of the Ked sea lies the island of Zoca" ita, beionji^ing'; to the Arabs. It is a pupiuous uiid plenti- ful country, and ptuvtiowlarly noted for allies. Madagascar is separated from the continent by a chan- nel, called the clunnef of MosaiwOique. This island is 800' rniies long, 150 broad,- divided into 28 provinces, and wa- Jtcred by inOfrie considerable rivt-rs. Its populatioft is esti- mated at 4«,00<»>00^), who are Arabs and negroes. Ttie country produces oxen, sheep, goats, and cotton in abundance. £bony, gum guttae, cucua;hers^ peas, heans, barley) rice, atid citrons, are plenty. Cardaman plants, banana, and orange trees flourish. Hock crystals, copper, silver, gold, iron, and precious stones are found . here. A ^reat variety oi' ortiamentat plants, of fruit trees, aiid vaiU^ able timber, grow on this island. Porto Santo, is a small island about 20 miles in com- pass, in iat. S2 55 N, and 125 leagues W. of cape Blan- co ; discovered and possessed by the Portuguese. It has cMie good harbor, safe from all winds but the southwest. Hcr^ the luilia ships usually t:top t > refit, both going and returning. The island is inhabited by Portuguese, is very cich, aOd produces wheat and maize, cattle, wild boars. /' yj *'-5h APinCAN ISLANDS. Dragon's blood, honey, wax, and figb^ ate and rabbits, exported. Maosira. Thefbrov of Madeira is a triangle, 150 miles in circuit, lying in lat. 32 90 N. aad ion. }6 50 ^^\ 1^20 leagues vfest of caf»e Cantin. It is divided into i^o. provinces. The Pprtur/uese discovered it in 1131. The population is said to auiount to 70,000. The forcir^ are 150 infantry, and 2000 miUtia, Fnnchaf, the * I'pitnl. \% in a valley, on the S. cci^t. T!r>3 harboi is defended Ly feveral batteries, and a castle. Tbc^ town is diviuo d into -aix paritihes, and contains wix convent^, an many churches, and about 15,000 inhabitants^ consii^ting of Portuguese, French, English^, Irish, mulattots, and blacks. The prin- cipal merchants are English md Irlbh catholics, thon^H tlu:; island belongs to PurtugaL The climate \& agrceabk and the soil very fertile. The chief expoita are MaCeira^ wine, SOjO^'X). hoii^^heads, and sweet meats. Every species^ •f tropical iVuit gr.ivvs to perfection. , \ The Canajuv u belonging to the Spaniacdi!!, are famous- Ibr Canary wii>i . 1 he ancients called them the Fortunate Isles, "iiuy me 10 or 12 in number ; the' chit f are Great Canary, feneriife, Gomera and Ftrro. Tencr;!*B is nmch. •n'cumi/ered with mountains. The peak is an ascent in the ^rm of a sugar loaf 15 mites in circumfecencet* and 1^^26S; fecit high, ft. is a volcano.v The climate is temperate and mild. The soil is^ general* ly fertile. -The articles of culture are tlie viiie, su^ar cane, cotton, wheat, barley, and rice. All the islands art well. j»upplied with cattk>. Cape VfiRi) Islands. These are a:' cluster of islands, 130 leagues W. of- Cape Verd, between lat. i6 and 18 N* .^he principal are St. Anthony, 8t. Vincent, ijlt. Nich- olas, Boaavista, and 8t. Jago. They have lonj; belonged; to the Portuguose. The inhabitants of all are said to amount to 100,000. By long residence, and by intermix- ture, they have become nearly of the negro complexion and features. The manufactures of leather and salt form the principal riches. The soil is indifferent. Tropical fruits abound. \ Gouee. This is a little island, two miles in circuil^ ^^e If ihe coast, S. of Cape Verd. The Dutch. {)Uate# AFitrcAN islands; S«5 ^ fi«fi, ate *ngl6, 150, ^6 50 W. ■ mto t?yo. ^urci :* are tended l>y viucd inta churches, 'ortujTuese, ^ he prin- ts, tho.ijri. e Madeira, -ry specie*, 1 tfe famoui. Fartunatc are Great ^tr is much ^t?nt in tile ^^general- 'i^ar cane, s are well, f isiandSf H. Nich- belonged- ' said to "termix^ Jipiexion «lt forin Tropical circuit il m 1617. The French drove them out ir. 1677, and were lately driven out by tlie English. Ferdixamdo Po is about 30 leagues in circuit, in lat» S 20, N. and Ion. 10 45 E. near the coast of Benin.^ It belongs to Spain, is hi^h, has a fertile soil, and protduces manioc, sugar, rice, fruits, and tobacco. Princk's Island- lies directly S. of the former, in lit.. i 31 N. 20 leagues in ciccuit. The town on the IV. coast; Uas a good harbor, and contains 200 houses. The soil ' is good, and the produce like that of Fernando Po. It be- longs to Spain. " STi Thomas is about 20 Jeaguea in circuit, and lies^- iittle W. of S. from Princv.'s island, directly under the equator, and about 50 leagues N. W. by WV from cape Lopez. It was dwcoVered ami settled by the Portuguese, in 1460, and made a sort of Botawy Bay for tlie heroes of the Lisbon Old Bailey.. These are now aiaalgamatcd with. the negroes. Annabon is a High, mountainous, and fertile island, .about 6 ieagaes in circuit, in latitude 1^45' south, 80 leagues from cape Lopez. It w«ts settled by the Portu** guese and is said now to belong to Spatpi. St. Matiiew. The, Portuguese discovered it ip 1516»- and soon after settled it. It lieain lat. 1 45 S^ Ascension. Lat. 7 56 30 8. Ion. U 22 hi W. ig 10 miles long aiid 5 or 6 broad. It is barren and desolatt, butr abounds with turtle.. St. Helena i& a beautiful island, 20 miles in circum- ference, belonging to the English East India Company. It has some highv mountains, particid rly one cajled Dw ana'4 Peak, which is covered with wood to the very top.. The number of inhabitants does not e^LQeed 2000, includ- ing near 500 soldiers and 61^0 slave?, who are supplied with all sorts of manufactures- by the company's ships in return for refreshments. It lies between the continents of Africa and South America, about 1200 miles west of the former, and 1800east of the latter,. Ion. 5 49 west, lat. 1* ^5 souths ■'•';■<■'-■■'-■■,;'. '-"'^ Bourbon is 60 miles long, and 40 broad, 370 miles E, from Madagascar. The island is difficult of access. Sf,. Denis is the principal port. It has lately been taken brji^ ^ SD£^liib» !(• fifit. iah»bitaBt» w«rc {>irat«i||^ fS)l> AFRICAN ISLAKDli ,V; i^ |)Ii^nted themselves hure in 1657. The i8lan4 hai new, §#. cording to 8t. Pierre, 60,00a flacks, and 5000 otiier in, hdbitiints : Ion. 5d HO Ei iat. '^^O 6\i S. Mauhitius, 1.^0 iniies in circumference, liet ]B. N. £. •f Bour^)ou, and 4^>0 iniieH E. of iVladugaticar, was discov- ered ami settled by tile Putch, in lJSi^i>, and relinquished in niO*. Tite Fr«.Mch tpok positessiou soon after, atid re- tained it till 1810, when it ^vas taken by the lingiish. Tht elimate is heaitiiy ; but the sod not very fertile. /There are many mountains, sojne of wltich are so high, ^at their tops are covered with snow ; Ihty produce the best ebony in the worid. The valleys ate well watered witli rivers, and are made very productive of cultivation, of ivhich indigo is the principal object. The town and hari>or are caatd Por,t Loui>:, and are strongly fortified; but in the hurricane months, the harbor cannot afford shel- ter for mor*^ than 8 vei^sels. The number of inhabitants on the island excijUisive of j;he| siUitary, is 80(1)0 whites, and 12,000 blacks. /^ .:,CpMORA Islands a. ciustcr of Islands in the Indian •eean, between the coast of Zangue/iar and the N. par&^ ot' the island of Madagascar; They are ibur in number, ^iz. Johanna, Mayotta, Mohilla, and C'omora, which lasft is six leagues long and three wide, and g^ives its name to tlie group* Alt has no sare harborSi Its high mountains •re richly covereU with verdure and friJiit trees^ and give .rise to numerous fertibsjing streams, on which are many beautiful cascades. The valleys- between the mountains are extensive, and in.richness and beauty are exceeded by Bone in the world.. These islands produce rice, peas,, yams, Indidncorn, pursiain, cocoa nuts, plantains, oranges,, ^mons, citrons,, limes, pine appies, cucuuibcrs, tamarinds* , •ugar canes and honey.. ^ . The Azores, or , Western Isles, lie abo^tlnidway |t>e<» tween the t« o continents, in about '37 degrees north lati- tude. They are nine in number. Tercei •, St. M^chae!^ . Fayal, Gratiosa. St^ George, Pico, Corvo, Floies, and St. Maloes, fertile in corn, and wine, \and a variety of fruits. Tile climate is remarkably salubrious^ It is said . that jIMisdiMUS or aoadoiis aoioadl can live oa ih« Am9v^ New- New- 9eventee louthero nuth lat Ue part man, an houses ( bodied, the two ] of them, they any pleasant faces. ] plored b; I ing a dis eastern c gave it tl [Capt. Fu New-< \k is se] {bat fei'iii jSoutb !^ |co£oa-n. lere coi iet>scs. New- ktrait di> caited )cky, t rsiirit Xi 31 noir, «#. otlmr in. SOUTH SEA ISL£» m(r. , p. N. E, eJinquished i^r» ami re- lish. Tlii € sohigh, rotluoe the 11 watered lultivation, town and forti:fied ; jfford shel- ive of the| * ie Indian « N. pari^ I number, ivhich JajBt i name to nouHtaina and give »re nianj nountaiut eeded bj ce, pea»,, 1 oranges, * uuarindSf, i^vay be* orth lati- Micbael, , and St, )t' fruiti, , that «• ifStANDS OP THE PACIFIC OCEAN, THE islands of the Pacific ocean have been classed b^E flome ReogrBj>bcrs into two divisions, to whic' they have given the names of Austral AsiA.aad Polvnbsia» llp> le first division are comprehended New- Holland New-Caledoma Papau, or New-GuiiK « New-Hebride» New-Britain New-Zealand New-Ireland Van Dieman's Land. New-Holland was discovered in the beginning of tlie- seventeenth centur3', and was suoppsed tf) be part of a vast? louthem continent.. It lies between 11 and i3 degreee^ •outh latitude, and is nearly equal in, extent to the habita- We part of Europe. The inhabitants, acccording to Die- man, are the most miserable people in tlie world, withoulir' houses or ciothfcs. They are black, tall, thin, straight bodied, with sinail limlM, large heads, and heavy brows ; the two fore teeth of their upper laws are wantmg in aU* of them, men and women, old and young ; neither have they any beards. They are long visaged arrd of a very un- pleasant aispect, having not one graceful feature in theift faces. In. the year 17V0, the east coast was visited and. exy plored by Captain Cook, who spent four months in examiidl^^ iflg a distance of 2000 miles. He to(^k possession of this, eastern coast in the name of the king of Great- Britain, and gave it the name of New ^outh Wales. In the year 177.2l»- Capt. Furneaux discovered it to be a.r island. New-Guijusa iies noith of New-Holland, from whicly k is separated by Kridcavdr eUaits. The land is low^ bat fatiie. Most of the trees and plants common to the South Soa. 'siuads -tti'e produced here; particularly the cocoa-n ., pl4njtu»n, una bread fruit trees.. Marriage i«^ , ere consummated by the parties covenanting before wit- tfeSCS. New-Britain lies to the north of New-Guinea. A trait divides it into two islands, tlie nortlierhniost of which called New- Ireland. The shores of both islands are; cky, the iuiaiid parts are higii and mountainous, but cov.-' V i vitli tr«etf ff vairieu^ kituiSr amonj^ whin-'h are .^he j^tk^ w» iOtrtH SEA ISLEg; mog, the cocoa-nut, and di like negroes, but )iave not their flat noses and thick lips. New-Caledonia extends from VJ tc22<' Bouth latitude. The inhabitants are strong, active, and well made ; their Bair is black, and much frizzled, but not woolly ; 'their beards are crisp and thick ^ and thoir only covering is i^ wrapper made from the bark of a tree. They cultivate tht '•oil with some art and industry, but subsist chiefly oi roots and fish. Plantains and »ugar canes are not plenti. ful ; bread fruit is very scarce, and the cocoa nut treci but thinly plantes the island o| ailer ones ; witi [lose above tn NeMT-Holianj a most inhospitj The inhubitantj Opossums ani n of the Soutl slep Isles. 9<^ N. lat. te in Uidr^c Iheir aruu Khiflboo darts. Their principal food is v acon nut*. TIm aoaiitry is covsf ed with timbt^r trees pi' a large size. Thk LADRd^K^ ot IVIarian Isi^iiu arc 15 in number, t •r 4f of which only are inhiilnttd; soirte of tiieiii are voicantew The largest caiii.iis y(),()iK) inhabitants. The CAiioLiNe-. aio a!>oat SO ni nnniber, and very p<^ puious. Th>' \iv 1 itaivts res.tublc those of thv l^hillppinet* Each isle hiis it^ inur, but rili respect onv monarch. Hog- olen, the principal isle, is 90 miles long. Ihey exteud eastward of Uk; l^-l^ws ncirt-ly in the ".♦luu latitude Thu SANu>virn 1 ; Ej are 11 in nujuber, thj principal •f which h v)wh\ h-.e. Th..' cliniat' is smiliar ii;o tliat of the W st-iuJi «. The inhab ta.kts art gtucrail} a'./ove the mid- di'szs, with iiij op-'u coaatjnanci's. 1 J uir weapons of WAi" An sp'-ars, da,^!;gvr.s. chus, aud slings. THI^ iVlAUauEiAs are .5 tii uu.ubi-r, between 9 and 10* south latitudt. The inliabituMts are f e hneeje islandt* ; and for gotja binpt- ami regular fea» turis, pjsrlMps ^arpu.'.s all nitions. I h^y liaye hogs, fowls, pbiitanid. brad tiuit aud co-'ounut Ueci. l.NGUAHAM'a loLKi, 7 in uuin.>jr, lie northwest of the Marq-a^^i>as. They w iv discovered hy i apt. Jiigrahaitt of Hoston, in 1791. t\)tton of i. sap'j'ior quality growe liere. The inhao tiuts are fei.iiilar to those of the Mar- .^uesas. The SaciETY I^lks arp a cluster lying near the IGtU deert e south latitude, the principal of which is Otaheite. T*ie Vigetable productions of these isljjKls are nuuicroue and luxuriant. The inhabitants of (Muheite alone are es- sti mated at viCH 000. The people exceod the middle size of Europeans in stature. In iheii- disposition?, they are brave, oj-en. and generous, without either suspicion of treachery. Except a fjw traces of natural cunning, and «ome traces of dissimulation, equally artless and ino'* rn'^ sive, they possess th^ most perfect simplicity of characlei^ Otaheiite alone, it is supposed, can send out 1720 w « i rv- noes, and 6S,000 able men. The chief of each dwtrict superinteuds tbe equipping of the fleet in ihat district ; but they must pass in review before the kmg, so that he knows the state of the whole before they assemble to go •n service. Different deitieij are worsliippud in different 'more prosperotis parii p^the'lslanav 'Jit Uiev:*k€f*egth{;rii*i • . » II - t . ♦ • • • • • » » * * ' » • « • • •» * . • • • ' t. • •• • • • 4 » < ^miTH 8IA ISLES. Ilkan themfelm, Uier adopt their modg and vtjoa didif «wn. They believe tne tout immortaJ, but hare no dittincl ideae of reworda and punishment!. Thougli. they are the Inost friendly and amiablt! pagani in the world,' hunum sac- rificei are common. To atone fur their sinit they murA«f ttieir neighbors, offer them to tlieir gods, and leave their %oncfi on the swid. Easter Island, generally reckoned one of the Socie* ly Ules, is a burren spot, and has no fresh water, except i^n the crutor of an extinguished volcano. The natives are aornetiines driven to the necc ssity of drinking sea wattr. They are about 2000 souls, a thieviab, lewd race of mortaii. Their soil is fertile ; yams, potatoes, and bananas, are tlieir principal support. The Fribvuly Islands were so n^med by Capt. Cook« horn the hospitable disposition of the natives. The isl- ands are 150 m number, well planted with cocoa-nut and bread fruit trees, plantains, sugar can^s, &c. Theinhab^ itanta amount to 200,000. They are active and industri- •ous, acquainted neither with riches, wantfi# Bor opprM- 'Si#ii. riNis. • **4« ... «t*«(*'<^» >.: ■ ■■'■■ ■m ,, i 00 diatinei ^^ Are the human itc. ley murd«f leave their the Socie* ter, except natives are sea wattr. of \nortali, «, are tlieir apt. Coolg The i«I- >a-nut and Ihe- inhab^ J industri- or opprst- ■¥' .•«: S.-i .x\% f \ ^