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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent Atre fiimAs A des taux de reduction diffArents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clichA, il est film* A partir de Tangle supArieur gauche, de gauche A droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nAcessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la mAthode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 STONE HAMMERS OR PESTLES OF THE NORTH- WEST COAST OF AMERICA By HARLAN I. SMITH The stone hammers or pestles of the northwest coast of Amer- ica represent a variety of types of peculiar distribution. An exam- ination of the specimens in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, reveals the following :ts : The different types of these hammers have many features in common. Their use for driving wedges causes many of them to have concave bases, while those used for rubbing have become but slightly convex on this surface. They usually have a well- defined head, which in general is cylindrical, and extends some Fig. q— Forms of hammers or pestles from Thompson river valley, British Columbia, a, No. <6-24i6, Kamloops ; i, No. 16-253/, Kamloops ; c, No. 16-3870, Speace's Bridge, (One- fourth nat.) distance up from the base (figure lo). Rarely the body meets the base without such a head, except in those cases where the body is bulging (figure 9), instead of flaring toward the base (figure 12). Each variety, so far as we know, may be assigned to a particu- lar region. In the specimens from the valleys of Thompson river 363 ii^ \ '■» \j i : r 3^4 AMERICAN Aa'THROPOLOGIST \v. s., I, t899 and the upper Columbia (near Spokane) the body is conoid in shape, as shown in figure 9, a. The top is sometimes made in the form of a face or animal head (figure 9, c) ; frequently it is of hat- shape, as shown in figure 9, b. In the valley of Fraser river, near Lytton, British Columbia, there is a type with a well-defined cylindrical head, larger than Fig. 10— Forms of hammers or pestles £rum LyttDii, D. C. u, No. lo-tijida ; i^ No. 10-3131 ; r, No. 16-3222 ; dy No. 16-2904 ; e^ No. 16-3958 ; /^ No. 16-2907 ; g^ No. 16-2906. (One-fourth nat.) the tapering body, the sides of which meet the base at ne-Wy right angles, as in figure lo, d-g. The prevailing form of knc^ at the top of the handle of this type resembles that of the Thomp- son valley type (figure 9, b), and it occurs also in Alaska. At Lytton is also found a conoid knob at the top of the handle (figure 10, a). Another hammer of this form (figure 11, a) has been found in the delta of Fraser river. In that region, however, many ■^" smith] STONE HAMMERS OR PESTLES 365 types are in evidence, as one might expect, if it were visited by many tribes in the past, as it is at present. On the western and northern parts of Vancouver island, the typical form of hammer is provided with a head at each end, the faces of which are nearly parallel, and the upper and lower ends somewhat alike, except that the latter is larger (figure \\, b, c). In Alaska there are two types, one resembling the form found at Lytton, save that it is much more slender and tapering (figure 12), and the other having a handle like a flatiron, saw, or paddle ade prior to such contact. Sev- FlG. ta— Forms of hammers or pestles from Alaska, a, Prince of Wales island. No. E-53 ; 1^, Sitka, No. E-31 ; c, Yakutat, No. E-04 ; d, Chilcat, No. E-44 ; if, Chilcat, No. E-35 ; /, Siika, No. 19-70; ^. Chilcat, No. ii3r-88 ; h. Fort Wrangel, No. E-ao; i, Sitka, No. 19-73;/ ^^^< No. 19-74. (One-fourth nat.) eral were found in a shell-heap in the delta of Fraser river, at con- siderable depth below many undisturbed shell-layers, over which was a stump of a Douglas fir more than six feet in diameter. The curious handles of the Alajkan type — resembling those of smith] STONE HAMMERS 0/i PESTLES 367 paddles, saws, and native adzes — are such as convenience might suggest. Since these hammers have many features in common with the prehistoric hammers of the northwest coast, the special- Fig. 13— Korms o( hammers or pestles (ro.n Alaska, nnd Uritish Coluirbia. (j, Aiigoon, No. E-TQ45 j 1*. Prince of Wales island. No. E-48 ; c, Stick.;en river, No. 10-59 ; 'A Juneau, No. E-35 ; e, Tafcoo, ^lo. E-^7-/, Yakutat, No. E-gj • jf, Northern British Columbia, No. 16-164; /(, June.-iu, No. E-a4 ; I, Tongass, No. E-1318. (One-fourth nat.) ization of the handle does not seem to be sufficient reason for differ- entiating this form from the others. If this form of hammer were introduced from the Hawaiian islands,' as Professor Mason sug- ' In vol, I, No, I, p, 9, of the Occasional Papers of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, the specimens to which Professor Mason refers are described as coming from the Society islands. ll i 368 AMERICAS' ANTHROPOLOGIST [N. 8., I, 1899 1: ' H - ! I I gests,' it might be expected that it would not present so many differences from the /<>/ pounders, and so many similarities to the three types of hammers described above and known to be old in America. All the pot pounders that have thus far been brought to m)' attention, have very convex bases and no heads (figure 14). The bodies are slender, and always flare to meet the base with a very acute angle, forming an implement of bell shape. In this respect they resemble some Ohio and Kentucky pestles as much as they do those from Alaska. The handles resemble paddle- handles, but are much more graceful. A considerable variety of forms is found in certain groups of islands of the Pacific' Fic. 14— Forms of hammers or pestles from th« Hawaiian islands (?). o. No. S-5330; b. No. S-5119; c. No. S-52S1. (One-tourth nat.) Although the surfaces of some of the Alaskan hammers are disintegrated, and appear very old, yet it will be important to note if this form is discovered, as the three mentioned types have been, urder circumstances that prove it beyond dispute to have been made before contact with white people. It seems hardly credible that the vast number of these curiously handled speci- mens, each of which required much patient labor, should have been made within the short period since Russian colonization ; and we look forward with interest to more definite information on the subject. ' American Anthropologist, vol. XI, p. 382. * Gill, Life in the Southern IsUs, p. 204. Wilkes, Exploring Expedition, vol. IV, p. 48. Finsch, Ethnolo^ische Erfahrungen, pp. 206, 329. lol. |! .(1. li ' __ 1 ili