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 SATITHSONIAX IXS'i 1 r(;rT(.),\. ■ 
 
 UNrrE'.D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 THE uLO. OR WOMAN'S KNIFE, OF THE ESKIMO. 
 
 15Y 
 
 OTIS T. M.ASON, 
 
 P'rom ' Ue Keporl i-( the N.m i;;' Mu-tum ;•>? i j. t.pi e.- 4m-«i6 
 
 4 
 
 WASHINGTON { 
 
 GOVliRNMl.NI I'KINJINC Ol'HCE. 
 
V " ' 
 
 . /*' 
 
SMITHS* )XiA\ ixsrrri' TioN. 
 
 UNITEl-i STATES- NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
 
 THE ULU. OR WOMAN'S KI-IIPE, OF THE ESKIMO. 
 
 FY 
 
 OTIS T^ MASnx, 
 
 Curula>\ Dr'i^irtnf-nt ■.\/' Ethuolo^. 
 
 From liie Report of the N.itioniil Mu?.t;um for i£jo, pages <: i 416 
 (wi-h I'iates 1,11 LXXll). 
 
 WASHINGTON I 
 
 GOVEkNMk.NI I'RIM'ING OttK. 
 1892. 
 
 uti 9 
 
TIIK 
 
 WilMW'S KXIFK, iiF TIIF, KSKIMO. 
 
 Itv Oris 'I'. Mason. 
 
 The iippaidtusdi'Scrihcd in this pa]H'r finds its nindorn rcinos^Mi lilt ivo 
 In tlic siiddlcr's Ivnilt', tlio sliot'iiiiilvi'i's Juiifc, the tiiiloi's slioars, tlii! 
 biitclici's kiiiie, tli(> (i.siiimniyci's l;nit«', iiiid tin kiftilicn knifr. A cu- 
 rious survival of tbrm vvitli cliiiii;:o of fiuKstion is tlic coniiium Ititc^lion 
 " dioppiuy knife,'' wiiicli woman may be said to liavc lield in lior ])o,s- 
 H»',8sion wince llio birth of invention. Tliis little instrunient that ha«ever 
 attended the march of civilization is called " uln," or " ooloo," l>y tlie 
 Eskimo, or more commonly the " woman's knife." 
 
 It is well to r<M'.all in this (ioiincction that in savagery the jieacefnl 
 arts, such as honsemakiii':', furnishiui;-, tailorin;^, imtchering, sleaninj;', 
 milling, rjoking, spinning, matting, weaving, and tlie like, belong to 
 women. Many of tlie stone implements and pottery vessels recovered 
 from the moninls and graves are found witli skeletons of feinah's. In 
 the study of culture, thereloie, th(,' work of women can not be over- 
 looked. 
 
 The motive for bringing togetliei- this series of objects, however, is to 
 show how, by means of a very simple foi'm or invention, some of the 
 most ditilicult i)roblems t)f aut!)ro[)ology may be discussed. They will be 
 taken ui)in thci following order: 
 
 (1) zVmong the same race or stock, and in the same ]teriod, there are 
 varieties of form, structure, and decoration, i)ei!uliar to separate culture 
 aieas. 
 
 (2) Upon the simidesi as uixui tlie most com])licated appliance of 
 human activity the earth and its productions leave unmistakable im- 
 pressions. J 
 
 (3) The coarseness or refinement of a tribe or hxMtiou is revealed iji 
 the tools of the commonest occui)ation. 
 
 (4) The aits am', apparatus of savagery are continued into civilization, 
 and with change of name or function retain some of their original form. 
 
 There are a great many exami»les of the Ulu in the National Museum, 
 and there are thousands of j>ieces of shite, shale, (juartzite, and orher 
 stone which coriespond exactly with the blades of the Eskimo woman\>4 
 knife. These have been gathered from village sites, shell lieai)s, the 
 surface of the soil, from graves, mounds, and Indian camps in countless 
 numbers. This need surprise no one who reflects that every woman 
 
 411 
 
412 
 
 UKl'OUT OK NA'rrONAL MUSKUM, l«f)0. 
 
 and ('v»>i'y </\r] iiinimf,' I lie. Ajiicriciin iil><)ri};iii(>.s IkuI oiio otiuorc of tliose 
 iiKli.spcn.siiblc iinpUMiicnls. To tioiicoivt^ of a .siiva^'r without ii kiiile is 
 to (joiuioivc. of iiuni before in; lu-hl tlio Mimplcst iiiv<Miti()ii in liis liautl 
 with whU-h to liolp liiinself, 
 
 Tlit^ simplest form of knife is a liaise or s[)all of tlinty <)r {glassy ma 
 terial knocked from a stone or a <;ore so as to ]»resi'rve a euttinij etl^je. 
 A few knives from Point Harrow are of this very primitive eliaraetei-, 
 but these really are not within the olassi here described ; the nlu as it 
 nowadays exists is a eoini)lt'\ alfair, eonsistnifr <»* a bl.'ide and a handle 
 or fiiip with or without some foi-in of lashinjf. The blade is citlii'r a 
 thin piece of slate ;;idniid to an (^d)fe, a bit of cherty or tlinty rock chipped 
 to !Ui ed};e, a scraii of steel or iron IVcim wrecks of whaling vessels, (►r 
 good blades made and sold to th(i Kskimo Ity traders who visit their 
 eonntry (IM. Lll to lA'xti). 
 
 The liamlle of this »!ommon implement varies greatly in material, 
 form, and tinish. In torn) alone the Kp«^oimens from each tyi)ical area 
 are unique. So much so that oiic who has handled a great many of them 
 finds no dilliculty in relegating a stray example to its proper compan- 
 ionships. 
 
 In the tnatter of attaching the blade to the handle or grip the I-'ski- 
 mo's mother wit has not. deserted her. Many of the blades are tightly 
 littc:d into a socket (tv groove of the handle. Hoas, who lived annmg 
 tlie Oumbeiland (liilf lOskimo, tells us that glue is made ol':i mixture 
 of seal's blood, a kind of clay, and dog's hair (Ivoi). '*'i>'- I'^thnol., vi, 
 5'Jfi). 
 
 Among the western Mskimo it is quite common to cut a hole through 
 the blade and the handle and to fisten the two together by a sewingor 
 lashing of rawhide, whalebone, i)ine roof, or sinew cord. There is one 
 specimen with a grip of a still mon^i)rimitive ehara<4(!r. The solid han- 
 dle is re|)laeed by a basketwork of spruce root woveu around the thick 
 upi)er portion of the blade (IM LXi, tig. 1.) Archa-ologists are especually 
 asked to note this diuice, explaining how a grip may be provided by 
 ingenious savages I'ven when a mortise is impracticable. 
 
 In this chapter, as in others devoted tt> the Eskimo, it is tbund con- 
 venient to divide the American lJy])erborean region into the following 
 culture areas : fjabrador and IJngava (PI. LV, Fig. 3); (Ireeidainl (PI. 
 Lll, J. Ill, LlV, Pig. 1); Halliii Land (PI. Liv, Figs. 2 and .'}, IM. LV, Fij^s. 
 1 and li) ; ]\Iacken/ie River District (PI. l.Vl and PI. LVII, Fig. 1); 
 Point Barrow (PI. LVll, Figs. 2 and 3, PI. i.vill, PI. Lix); Kot/.ebue 
 Sound (PI. liX and i.xi, Figs. 1 ami 2); Sledge Island, St. Lawrence 
 lisland, and Asiatic side (PI. LXi, Fig. '?, PI. i.xii. Figs. 1 and 2; Nor- 
 ton Sound and Yukon District (IM. lxii, Fig. 3, PI. LXiii, LXiv, LXV, 
 LXVi) ; Nunivak Island and mainland, and Kuskokvim mouth (PI. i.xvii 
 Figs. 2 and ."}) ; Bristol liay, Peninsula of Alaska, Kadiak and vicinity 
 (PL LXA'iii to Lxxi, Figs. 1 and 2); Indians of Southeast Alaska (PI. 
 Lxxr, Fig. .!, PI. Lxxii.) Some of these are further divided by types 
 and forms of olyecls. 
 
TIIK VIA', (»U \Vi.)MAN's KNII r., OK Tin. ruSKlMO. 
 
 H3 
 
 ll.-RKClONVr. I\Kr-KKNCh;«. 
 
 |( is |M(» wi'll kiHtw II (o Ik> iii'j^iicil (hilt Mn'iT lUf (-(irtain ;,'r('Hf cuI 
 
 tmc aiv.ii.v (Wi 111 irtli, uiuTi'. in:iii liitiistir aii*l all lliat Im- cniUrs 
 
 alt) litli'd to natural cKiKJilicMi.s di.stiiKit ciioii;,'!! to i^MVf )(Uiii aii<t color 
 to (nciytliiii;;. TImi hlskiiiio luml is oiio of llu'sc ciiIhik" ansis. It iiiav 
 have I'scaiM'd ohscrvat ion. Iiowcvrr, tliat in Hicso limits tliurc iirt- oJli'ii 
 Miiliilivision.soi' ^s^ll) art-as uliioli iinprcMs a *still more dfiinile and tli,stiiict 
 mark on man and lii.'^ civili/ation. 
 
 TlicMVoMi, Ill's knirt' is Coiind liirouglionf liic Kskiino region, (rom Lal» 
 fiidoi'to Katliak, Soinc port foils of this Ii.n |>(mI)oi can strip have loii;;- liccn 
 under the iiilliicn<',c of the inisMJonary, the trader, and the lisherinan, 
 and their ])art in deleiijiiiiiii!; tiie sliiictnrc of tlie iiln wid .sdoii l>e made 
 to appear. Unt thealteniai ion of .slateandcliert in tin- lilaile is f^ovei tied 
 by natural (londitions, the almiidanec of the niateiial in the sicinity. A 
 possihility of iraftii- iniisl always he aHowed for; Imt in a tariff nnmlter 
 of iiiiphnneiits of this kind, if they were classed by the material of (he 
 bladi!, the localities would not l)e very badly ini.vcd. Miu, failing,' in 
 this, tlu' iiandlii t)r ;j;rip comes to tiie help of the stiideiit. If this be 
 made of antler we arc somewhere within the limit« of the moose or tiie 
 reindeer. In tlic Ilndsoii I'.ay rej^ion some of (he handles ariiof musk- 
 ox hum, iv tiling possible in fj;reat numbers only where this creature 
 alxMiiids. And, rirc rersa, the presence of the iniisk ox may be based 
 upon the occmrenco of implements made uf the horn. Walrus ivory 
 handles not (Uily indicate the i)res<Mice of the walrus at any <;i\en point, 
 but ill a jfreat collection like that in the National Mnsenm, the abun- 
 dance and accessibility t>f the walrus arc indicated by the dillnsion of the 
 specimens. A j^reat many handles of wood in the south of Alaska s[)eak 
 with sullicient clearness of the fact that this material is more abundant 
 in soiue localities than in others. 
 
 HI. -DlUiKKK.^ OF RKFINKMMNT. 
 
 The I'lskimo furnish the best of all the remaining uncivilized areaw 
 for the examination of the grade and kind of civilization ]toss(>s,sed by 
 any people as indicated by their arts. Some of the nliis in the National 
 Mn.seuin are as coarse as savagery could make them ; others are very 
 beautiful. Indeed the same locality furnishes both and intervening 
 kiinls, due, without doubt, to individual ability or [lersonality. lUit 
 some areas furnish only coarse work, wliije others supply the most 
 beautiful. The problem is a eomple.K one, and innst be studied with 
 caution. White inrtnenee has <;rept in to embarrass the question, giving 
 the following classes of results : 
 
 (1) Knives made out and out by white men and sold to the Eskimo, 
 having blades of steel riveted into handles of antler cut by machinery. 
 
 (2) Specimens made appar"ntly partly by the shij>'s l)Ia<;ksmith and 
 partly by the native, a kind of joint i)roduction. 
 
T 
 
 4U 
 
 Uyi'OUT OK VATFONAfi MUKKUM, IWO. 
 
 (.'{) HiM'(!iiiu'ii« iiiihIc IVnii inm. wood, jiiiil oiIum' iiiatiM iitls ;,'iUh«*r««l 
 frotii wnM'liK. TImi ait m ilii.»(jaHO jh more tl(!<;i(U'(lly iiativo tliaii it in 
 ill Nos. 1 ;ilii| 1!. 
 
 ( t) .S|)i(Mriicns iiiatli' of iiativo iinilerial, hut tlm «!arviny[ on flio 
 liaiidlfs WHS iluiH- will) iron or stmM bladt's sv{ in native Ii.ukIU'h. This 
 toini of uhiH marks a very in'<5uliar pliaso <ir c.ontat^t bi'tweiMi Hava^^-ry 
 ami eiviUzatioii, wortli.v <*( uarytiil study by all luohiioloyists and iircli- 
 aMdoyiNts. 'I'o lie more ex|di(;it, when tiie voyuutuis and e\|»|MrerH 
 entered the I'ui' proiliieiiij,' se<!ti(ms (d our continiiiL in the sixteenth 
 eeiitiiry, (he.v muAle no attempt to ehunyje a Kiii{:fle, industry or soe,ial 
 Htrnctiire id' th<i al>orinines. Tliey only smi^'ht to prollt liy their native 
 ailM, ;ind in ord<'r t(» ih) no simply n'lnovecl the st(me arrow (loiiit to 
 siilistitiite one ot hoojiiron, or replaced the bow by a iielier impleineiit, 
 the idle. 11" at the same time the. traders broii^ht steelbladed poeket 
 knives, steel files, and a few otlier primitive tools, and if at this period 
 the iiiitives wei ■ -itill building' moumts and earviii}; stone, then we 
 coiiM easily aei'.oiint ty)r the nuu'e relined pipes and olliea- artefacts 
 which seem to point to a knowleil;;e ol' steel, wtilioiit rei.itiirse lo tln^ 
 8iisi)icioii ol' fraudulent iiiaiiufa(;ture. At any rale, the art of ivoi'y 
 carving bloomed out amonj,' the Eskimo lUi the acquisition of steel 
 carving t<tols. The Uussiuu fur trader ■» and the Hudson tJay factors 
 have lieeii always careful to jireserve the native la Ins sim|>lic,it.y and 
 to break up liis manner of living as little iis possible. When this 
 golden mean was transitended the native ait began to decay. The 
 most iiiielligent and skillful were wit i over to the higher arts of the 
 cultured race.'i and the older arts were let! to languish in the suburbs 
 even of barbarism. 
 
 (5) Specimens entirely native in material and workmanship. These 
 are the rare sjiecimens, treiiuently old, mostly from out of the way 
 places and not <d' the highest (inisli. The liinilations are those incident 
 to the poorer tools of savagery, The.v iiave blades cf polisheii slate 
 or chi|)|>eil stone; handles of wood, bone, ivory or antler; glue uf 
 ualive manufacture or lashing of spruce root, rawhide, or siuow. 
 
 IV.-.SI'KV1VAL8. 
 
 The ulii is found in civilization under t^'o well-known forma, the 
 Haddlor's knife and the kitchen knife. 
 
 The saddler's knife may lie seen in the han<ls of a workman on the 
 Epyptiaii monuments (IM. i.ii, I'ig. 1). showing that very early in the his- 
 tory of industry, just as soon as a sufficient number of men could be re- 
 lieve<l from the function of weapim bearing, they little by little assumed 
 some of the more mascniline of wuman's occupations. It is just as if the 
 woman of an advancing peoiile had taught the man to work in leather 
 nnd had then passed over to him the apparatus of the craft. It is 
 worthy of notice that the shoemaker has repudiated the ulii form ami 
 the cutting I'rom him and has adopted the common knife. The sad<l!er 
 

 TJIK I'LU, (III WOMAN S KNIFK, OK TMK KSKIMn, 
 
 im 
 
 |>«>r|)e(uat<-s tor ciittin;^' liMtlicraii ini|il(>ini'iit t1f.si);iiiMl to l>c. uucd with 
 MkiiiH IVoiii \vlii<'h the liiiir Uhh not, Ihm n riiiiovi'il. 
 
 l'Ui\ kif( hell cJiopiMT it'prt'stMits ii vm'.v dillrnMit, (conception, no k'.ss 
 thiiii thi- roiiliiiiiiitinri of it Mtriu-tiu'c with ^itMt iriodilicutiuii of tiiiic- 
 tinii. It is siiil liiu wuiiiiiir.s liiiitV (Irpiivfil i»t iioiitiy ail its aiiciiMit 
 ami pritnitivo ollites, coiiNi^iuMl to a sinj^lo one wliicii it 8rai(!«l.> liad at 
 tlm Itofiiiiniii!,'. l<'i'(Mii tliiH we air It'il to I.Ihi n'Ucctioii tJuit it i.s uaMier 
 l«» «liiiii;;o till! culliin' of woiin'ii than the cultiiif of in»'n. Civili/atioii 
 lifts up HiiA .ij;ei'.y aliiio.st oxi;lusiv»'l.v tliiouuh nnoiikmi. Mi'ii j^'o down in 
 tlu^ siruj^gU', t',an not loarn occupations dianu'trM'all.v opposite to iIiomm 
 they have Ikhmi pinsuiiij;, and occupalions which Ihioiiyh j,aMH'iatioiiH 
 they have considered de;^'radin{,', 
 
 LIST 01-' SPECIMKNS ON WIIICU THIS INVKSTKIATION WAS HASEIi. 
 
 From the foundation of the National Mnseiun many friends have 
 hrouRlit specimens from the Kskinio re^'ion, The ol>li};atioiis of every 
 student are due and can not he too emphatically expressed to Kenckner, 
 liessels. Turner, Kumlien, Miintzer, Moas, Hall, Mi;l'\trlaii.', lioss, Kea- 
 nicott, liay. Murdocli, Hereudeen, Stoney, l>aker, Dall, Klliott, iNelson, 
 Api»le/,'ate, Johnson, Fisher, McLean, Swan, and others not now re- 
 calU'il. The Alaska Commercial Company has lost no opportunity to 
 help in the matter ami has Kiitl»<*>'<'d on the west coast one of the l>est 
 8'UM?8 of Eskimo ol>iects in the world. The accompany iiij,' list does not 
 include every specimen in the museum ; it embraces only those on which 
 this investigation was based. 
 
 Mus Oat. 
 
 Ni.. I 
 
 163() 
 
 2272 
 58l3 <M0) 
 
 7419 
 
 lo:;ir. ("D 
 
 2t3r,3 
 
 24;io:. 
 
 24305 
 21376 
 
 2n97;i 
 33628 
 33744 
 33745 
 33766 
 3R310 
 37327 
 37741 
 37960 
 38120 
 
 Locality. 
 
 Anrti'MuuKiver. . 
 
 ...do 
 
 MiKmuio .XutltT- 
 
 Hoii llivor. 
 Kort Amlcrsiiii - . . 
 
 Kep;il«<« Buy 
 
 Kootznon IiiiliiuiH 
 
 Norton Lslund 
 
 ...do 
 
 St. Mithat'ls 
 
 ....do 
 
 Cumberland tiiilf 
 
 do 
 
 St.Michapls 
 
 ...do 
 
 St. Michiiflla 
 
 i Noi-I on Sound.. ... 
 
 Knnjjisr" 
 
 Ajjiiikchiif'uluk .. 
 
 Kougii; 
 
 Ifiigivtnut 
 
 Niilokh 
 
 Hy wboiii col. 
 lected, 
 
 McFurlaiin. 
 I»o. 
 Do, 
 
 Uo. 
 Hall. 
 
 Swan. 
 Xunipr. 
 
 »o. 
 L. M. Tiirn'T 
 TuriitT. 
 
 W. A. MiniZL'i. 
 Ntdson. 
 
 Do. 
 
 T)o. 
 
 Do, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Uo. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Mil.'* Cat. 
 
 No. 
 
 3H255 
 383tl6 
 43432 
 
 43HA0 
 439o9 
 44l>iO 
 
 454hU 
 462'.(i 
 4«257 
 48H23 
 
 i 
 (7infi: 
 48H4il i' 
 
 ,7lflS) 
 48(!:il 
 
 559 It) 
 
 5591C 
 
 5,S918 
 
 I-dCftlitV. 
 
 Bv whom col- 
 
 loctoil. 
 
 Ij. Viikon llivi>r. 
 
 Nf wliikli 
 
 St. MichiiidH 
 
 Unalakl«iot 
 
 Xiibviakcliiilifik .. 
 
 (.'ap" Dailiy 
 
 i.;ii|n' Nomo 
 
 S( MirliHclg 
 
 I'lover Hay I DhU. 
 
 Noiiiviik Nilson. 
 
 Ki>.il). Yukon - — I Do. 
 
 N(I.Hcin. 
 Do. 
 Do 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 Do. 
 
 .do 
 
 do 
 
 III JHtol Hay . 
 
 ...do 
 
 ...do 
 
 55018 '....ilo 
 
 55918 
 .'>6660 
 63705 
 
 ...do 
 
 Point Itiirrow . 
 Uolhnni Itil^t 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do 
 
 MtKiiy. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 Kay. 
 Nelson, 
 
416 
 
 RKI'OKT OK NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890. 
 
 Matt. (ut. T .»ii. 
 
 No I LiM'alit.v. 
 
 6;t7(M1 ! Iliitliaiii Inlet.... 
 
 63916 I UriM'iilaml 
 
 63919 |....<lo 
 
 72510 j KiMliak 
 
 7J6I1 ; Ka(li;ik(r) Oilova 
 
 n:m '. siiku 
 
 7r)4!N> I K»l7,i>)iuo lnUxDil 
 
 73497 j.. ..(!(. 
 
 75-llff ',.... ik) 
 
 "tlfiTCi ("a|)f T.iMliiiino .- 
 S8(i78 I'oinl Hanow . . .. 
 
 I'tfil'^ . HritHli (Jdliiiiiliirt 
 
 8',I5!JI j I'dint liiiriow . 
 
 80".'4.".~4'; : ...ill) 
 
 8!H.7."; ! ...il.) , 
 
 Him;-, ....do 
 
 ^9fif4 I'o.iil Uni'Mni ... 
 
 By w1inii\ 0(»l- 
 l»>i'teU. 
 
 Nelauo. 
 Kiuukor. 
 Do. 
 
 f'iHlior. 
 
 Uo. 
 UcLi'an. 
 Stoiie.v. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 11. I>. Woolf.'. 
 
 Siviiii. 
 liay. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do. 
 
 Do 
 
 Dii 
 
 ' MiiH. Cat. 
 No. 
 
 811(187 
 896K8 
 
 8%8g 
 
 89U0I) 
 U0'J,>9 
 'JOKVJ 
 UOllO 
 
 ia,'04:! 
 
 12738!) 
 l'J7;2-> 
 1J77:;6 
 ];ioi;i7 
 
 I.oimIIIv. 
 
 Hy wliiMii iMiI- 
 
 llX'ltMl. 
 
 Point H.ii low K,iy. 
 
 ...tl(. Do. 
 
 -..<Ii> I Do. 
 
 ...ill) j J)o. 
 
 .. ..•{', ' Do. 
 
 lj'n>!avii liiriiii 
 
 ItriHtol ISay Fi.'ther. 
 
 Koiliak ' Do. 
 
 ...ilo ! Do. 
 
 St. I.awrouc- l»\- NolHoti. 
 anil. 
 
 Smith Islantl . . 
 I'o^iHk Uivcr . 
 luuHln'k Kivor. 
 l''ott \V'ran;j;()l . 
 i:!.MHlik 
 
 Dr. K. IIohnaIs. 
 Aii|iU'i;:ito. 
 
 Do. 
 FisliiT, 
 
 Do. 
 
 Kimkokvini Kiver. Vy. Aillw, 
 
T 
 
 1>1 
 
ir:;-'«y^,?^r.u-e&«i:,iii:r. 
 
 T 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE Lll. 
 
 Egyptian Leather-worker, and East Greenland ulus. 
 
 Fi^'. I. An K^yiitiiiii lf;itlii'i-\V(irk(T iisiii"; the •• s;i(lilli'i"s knife" or saddler's ulii. 
 
 From Wilkinson. 
 Fi^s 'J,:!. and I. East (Jnvnland form of nlii. from flolnrs EtlinoKraphic Sketcli, 
 
 I'l. XIX. to he rompanMl with Mackenzie Hiver tyiie. IM. V of thi;:; 
 
 jiaper. Hoth sliow contact with lMiro|H'an whalers and fur traders. 
 
 
T 
 
 Report of National Museum, 1890.— Mason. 
 
 Plate LII 
 
 Egyptian Leather-worker, and East Greenland Ulus. 
 
/-^ 
 
 -//f 
 
T 
 
 ^X 
 
 -^/f 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE Llll. 
 
 Greenland ulus, en Woman's Knives. 
 
 V'v^ I. rill from Kiist (ircciiliiiid. lo he ((iiiipiircd with 1^1. Ill mid IV of tltis 
 work. From Holm's Ktlinoj^rapliic Skclrli, IM. XIX. 
 
 FbA. -2. Wo.Man's KN11.-K (TM). HIadi'ol iron in form of ll.c bottom of a lu'll, in- 
 sertitl in i\ fi;roovf of tlif walrus ivory iiaiuili'. Tlu' latter is in two pit'ces 
 sewed toyjctlier witli sinew tliioad. its upper portion projecting; at the ends. 
 Width of Made ;'. inehes. 
 
 Cat. X.>, ivTdt:!, r S. N. JI. EsU-iiiionf Smith Sniin.l. (ii-ci'iiliuul. 'iifl of (lovfj-iior 
 IV'iifker. 
 
 Fiji. ;i. Wom.xn's KxiKKdiA'). ]?lade of iron in form of a vertical .segment of a 
 lieil, inserted in ;i j;ro()ve of ihe liecji veil ivory liandle. Handle, U inches ; 
 blaile, I'j inches. 
 
 Cat N".i iiil'.MK. r, S N, M, Kskiino of liKTimvik. (Jrceiilanil, IK^i. (iift of (iovenior 
 I'Viii-lcn-. 
 
r 
 
 Report of Naiioral Museum, 1890. Mason. 
 
 Plate LIU. 
 
 
 Gheenland Ulus, or Woman's Knives. 
 
' 
 
 tm 
 
 
 yj6 
 
 ff-/ 
 
' 
 
 
 '/iO 
 
 if-t 
 

 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV, 
 
 Ulus, or Woman's Knives, of Cumberland Gulf. 
 
 Fig. 1. Woman's Kmi'k (I.ti,i ). liludc of iron in (orin <it' ii. .si'^cmumiI nl ;i cin Ic, 
 willi ii slfiidiT siciii iiiscrtc'l ill 11 spiiiilli'-l'onn liiiiidlc of ivorv. Hlinli-. 
 T) iiK'lu's ; .-.tfiri. '''i inclics. 
 
 Cut. No. liM'.IKi. r. S, N. M. rjiiTiiavik, CiviMiliiiiil, 1S.H-.' (iilt of (li.vcrfmr Ki'iirkiT. 
 
 Fig. 2. Woman, s Knifk ici-L'). lUaiic slifihtly (•ifscciit-shaiM'd. rivctcil to tlic iron 
 stem ont' sidi' hy nu'.'in^ ol' tlirrc iron rivets. Tlu'Ki'ip i^"f oidv. prolmhly 
 from a wlialc siii|). Tlic smitliinv: is wry rude. Ijcnutli of Made, ."i^ 
 inrlics. 
 
 Cat. N(i. :.",i'.i;;i, r. s, N, M, ICskinm nf Ciiiulii'i-hiinl ( lull. isn;. Cdllccti'd liv I.iciit. 
 W. T. Minli'.cT. 
 
 FiK- '•>■ Woman's Knifk (ii.r). Ultidc ol iron, slender, the two ends reseinliliii!>r 
 bowie-knife |>oints. This is riveted to ;i plate of iron serviiii; as a stem 
 driven ihroiiiiii a htindle of otdc. Rude smithing:: ehariieteristic, of tliis 
 area, Len.iilh of |p]:ide, t{ inches. 
 
 Cat. Nl). --".Hr.H 1,0, C S. N. M. IvskiriK, iil' Ciiiiibriliiiid (iiilf Co'l.vt.'d l.y IJi-iit. 
 W. T. Mint/er. 
 
Report 0' N^limal Muieum, i8J0. M«on. 
 
 Plate LIV. 
 
 i 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, of Cumberland Gulf. 
 
I 
 
 
 ■^ ,/:- 
 
 y*' 
 
ii' 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Northeast Canada. 
 
 Fig. 1. Woman's Knii-k (riA). [iUvh' licll-slKipi'il. rivcU'il inti) a (\vv\i ;;rn()vc of 
 tlic ivory hasi' of {lie liiiinll''. Tln' liaiidli' consists of tlircf parts. U\o 
 Ki'il' <>' iimsk-ox horn, tlif st(>in of antler insiTtfil int<i tlic j;ri|i and sfwed 
 with sinew tln-ead to tiic lilailf piece, iieii^tli of knif<'. \S inches. 
 Cat. No. 1(11! I, U S. N. M. IVUy liii.v. isri. (.'(illeclca l.y C'iiiit. ('. F. Hall. 
 
 Fig. -2. Woman's Kmi-f, (ri.l). Blade of iron, fa.i-sliai)ed. riveted to the iron stem 
 on one side with four coppi-r and one iron rivets. I'pper end of stem 
 driven into a grip of miisk-ox horn. A very graceful piece, tlie sid(>s of 
 the hlade were roii^hiy cut with a cold chisel or tile, iieriiapshya wiialiiiK 
 s]ii|)'s carpenter. Length. \ inches. 
 
 Cat No, Ul-,'l.-).U. S. N.M. iKloilik Ksklmo. ISTl. ( '(.lli.cttMl by ('apt. ('. K. Hall. 
 
 Fig. 3. Woman's Knii'F. (li,i). Blade crescent-slia|ied. fastened in the stem of tlie 
 liandlc of untler liy an iron rivet. The grip of the handle resemhle.s 
 closely the shape of the lila<le. Wiilth <(f lilade, 2!, inches. 
 
 Cut. No. (td'J.V.l, r.S. N.M. F.skiino(.f fiiKava, Caiiaila. ISSI. CoUccti'd liy [.iici.-ii 
 M.Tiirn.T. 
 
Report of Nat onal Muieum, 1890. -Mason. 
 
 Plate LV. 
 
 ULUS, or WOMAN'S KNIVtS, FROM NORTHEAST CANADA, 
 
.'M,pin'«r " I I ■ , -)F! I I. I I .11 m^m^^^^^^^^^n^^if^^mm^ffi^ytji^^m 
 
 i/yi 
 
 i ii' 
 
V'?'/ 
 
 i ii' 
 
vT^m?^^ 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI. 
 
 ULUS, OR WOMAN'S KNIVES, FROM MACKENZIE DISTRICT 
 
 Ki,!4. '• \V'>iMAN's Knii'k (CM ), Hindi' uf iron, Ik^II slia|ic(l. Ilic iiii|i<.r rtiar<;in 
 rixcli'il to two stems of antler, tlu' latti'i- |(a.ssiiij,;liii-oii,i;h Miorliscs in tlit- 
 liamlli' or i;ii|). The s|M'ciniiMi copies vc'i> rlo.scly the nHidcrii cliopiier 
 kiiilt'. Widtli oT lilailf, I.', iiiclics. 
 
 Cat. Nn. J-.';-,'. I'.S. \ M. Ivskii f .Xiiilri'sdii Hivcr. N. W raiiiwui. Cilt of K. 
 
 >lrl>';lrlillic 
 
 l'i>4. •-'. Wii.Ma.n's Kniki-. (11, fi. I'.lailc ol iron. ii-a|ii'Z(ii'lal. lastcncil l>> means of 
 two copiiei rivets into a lianilje of w alnis ivor.w The liamlle is pierced 
 liy iidonhle row of holes on its upper marjiia Tor a lacing- ol wha)elK)i.ie. 
 Width ol hiade. -"ij inches. 
 
 ( ill. N'., : ll'l. I' S. N, M. Kskiiii,, .,(■ |-'i,rl .Miilrrsori. (lift, if |{ :\|iKai-l!iniv 
 
 Fi,u. ;>. \V(>MAN''s Kmik hi, II. Hl.ide ol' sheet iron, inserted withonl rivets into a 
 slit in the handle ol' walrus ivory. The latter is excavated on both sides 
 ti> (it the haiiil. and ornamented witli wlialehoiie |ilaced I hnni<,di perfora- 
 tions in the upper 1 oidei- with sliulit variations. Xos. ."iSpJand Tllilaro 
 of similar stvle. Width of hhide, 5 inches. 
 
 (.'.-It. Nu. Ii;.)e. f s \ M. KslviMMinn'ort ,\iiiliTs.iM, N. \V. Canada. IWit (iil'tiifU. 
 Jk'l'arlaiiK. 
 
Report nf NatiO'-al Musetmi, 1890. Mason, 
 
 Plate LVI. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Mack? Nzif District. 
 
rfiranaitsn^ 
 
•/^t 
 
 i^7 
 
'ft 
 
 oBmryf. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII. 
 
 ULJS, OR WOMAN'S KNIVES, FROM NORTHERN ALASKA. 
 
 Fig. I. \Vi)MAN-> Kmii: (11,11. IMadr of inni. ti;i|.r/,.)i.|;il 11 ,liii|),-. inserted in a 
 UTiiovf ill a liaiidlc nl' waliii.-; i\(iry. (lie ii|i|((i- Imnlcis uf wliicli arc ]ii'i- 
 toralcil and a(li)rnc<l witli laciiif; of uiialcliniic, • A doui)!*' couo i.tTlora- 
 tioii scrvcN lor siispcji.sion MriiiHs. Width of l)ladc. :( iiiciics. 
 
 Ctil. .N'o. ."iKIll. 1. ^, N. M. K>KiriMi ul the i Ih cf Mai-K^'ii/.if Hivr (iifl dl I!. 
 
 .^IcFiu'laiii'. 
 
 Fig.:.'. Wo.viANs Kniki; (CLl). Hladt- of diali .-iati', set in f;roovc of walrns ivory 
 
 liandic. Tln'if arc live ornaments on cacii .side of the latter, made caili 
 
 of a dot and two coneentvie rings. \\'idtl! of liladc. :\ inches. 
 
 Cat. No. S'.Mis;. f, s. N. M. K>l<iiiie nf I'oini Iiiurow, .Miuska. IKsi CoILm-IivI by 
 Cil'l !'. II. I!a.\. f S .\. 
 
 Fig. ;i. \\i>M.\Ns KNii''K iri.i). liladc of drab slate, in a handle of airier. The 
 handle coDsi.-^ts of two M'|iarale pieces lashed together and Iwld lo 
 the lilaile hy the sinew passing through the hole in the npper margin. 
 Width of blade. :; inches. 
 
 Cat Ne. S!ii;ss. r. S. N. M. K-kiiiio nf )>,,iul l!an'>.\v . .MasluJ. I.SS). (.■ollected l.y 
 CaiK. r. If Kay. C. s. a 
 
Report of National Mjseum, 1890. Maion. 
 
 Platl LVII. 
 
 
 
 TllL' 
 
 lo 
 
 ^^^^^s^ 
 
 Ulus, OR WOMAN'S Knives, from Northe'<n Alaska. 
 
, 
 
 1 1*1 
 
!5 
 
 I I: 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII. 
 
 ULUS, OR WOMAN'S KNIVES. KROM NoRTHEHN ALASKA. 
 
 FIk. I. AVOM.\N"s KMI'I', lll.l). Mlildc of hnnistdlli'. Ifill-sililliccl ill Dllllillc f\ccl)l- 
 in^ tliiit upon niii' iiiiir^riii an iiiij;iilar iirojcction cxtfiuls ii|)\v,ir(l fur .'i 
 tjiii;; ill iM'ii iiiti) till' cm I (if a liil nf aiillcr \\ liidi serves for a K''il'- ' "'"■ 
 tnir.x to till' usual niftliod, the taiij; is diivcn into ilir i;raiii of I In' aiitiiT 
 at till- fiiii. Width of liladc. -i iiiclics. 
 
 cm. No. WtiilHi. f. S. N. !M. ':sl;iin<i ol' rniiil Marmw . AlMska, IKMI. ( 'ulli-clfil by 
 
 1 iii'i r II i;ii.v, V. s. A. 
 Fi;;. 2. Woman's KMhi; (fi.n. I'.liidc of drali ^latc. iirc^^ularlv lri.iiii;ular. tlrivcii 
 into a;.;idovc of ji liit ol' antler. Tlir iiicndinji of tlii' handle hv ineaiisof 
 sinew lashing is noteworthy. Width of hhide. :! inches. 
 
 (lit Nil KHiiSil. f. S N. M ICsJMino III roini Hai-|M« . .Miiskii. I^Kl, r'l.lli'ctcd liy 
 ('ii|il P H. IMy. f.S, A, 
 
 Viii. :i. \^'()Man's Knike (ri.t'i. l^lade of slate, an irregular trian;.!,!*' instTted into 
 a cut in a handle of l)one, \\ hieh is e;u'veil into the shape of n tisli's tail, 
 heteroeereal. Length, ."i] iiiejies, 
 
 ^^M \.i, S!i(;;r, f, S. N. M. Kskiim. nl' I'miiiI H.iri'ow. Aliiskii, IWl. t'(jlli'cliMl hy 
 ( iilil I' II |{a>. r. S, A. 
 
"T 
 
 R*pon o( NationtI Muitutn HjO Maaori 
 
 PLAIt LVII 
 
 Uljs, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Northern Alaska. 
 
!^ 
 
 
 V & '■' 
 
 '/>/ 
 

 V'4' 
 
 1 
 
 '/>/ 
 
Fi^-. 
 
 Flu. 
 
 Vh 
 
 i\ 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE L!X. 
 
 Ulus or WOMAN'S Knives, FROM Northern Alaska, 
 
 I. Woman s Kmfkhiji. Hlmi'Mil slalc.M)iiu'\vli;it rlcavcr-sliiiiM'd iiiKliioiMtcd. 
 Tlif taiiK :it (lie end of tlichlailc is a ii.irallclonraiii insortfil in a deep 
 cut ill llif liaiitllf ot wiiali' lil). A iasliiii'z- ol raw liidf liolds the liladc in 
 lilacc. which also has a packin.u oi skin. Lcn.utli. !) iiicliPs. 
 
 t'iil. N<i. S'.t.V.tl. r. S. N. :M. l-:skiiM.i i'I' I'l'im ISmi-Iiav. Al;i^kii. iSM. Cillcrii^i Ijy 
 
 I'lipl. V. U Kiiv. I'.S. A 
 
 •2. Woman's Kmfk dl.n. Blade of slalcsct in a .i;io"Vi' <>!' a handle (if hone, 
 
 one side split of]', to whiehthe handle is fastened hy a lashinKof rawhide 
 
 passing, throu.uh a jierforatioii in each. A lar^ei hole reeeiv.- a strinj; 
 
 for suspension. Lenjitii of handle. Ml inches. 
 
 Cat. N... WMWi. \\ s. N" >l. i>l<iiuo nf I'ciiif Harrow. Al.islca. ;ssi 
 . ;!. W'o.MAN's KMi'Kiri.f!. Uladeof pectolile. lon.i; and sl.'nder. >howin.i:- on 
 the stiai-ilt hack thi' doidilesasv-cnt l.v which the material \\ as .separat.'il. 
 Handle wanting;. Length. 7; indicN 
 
 I'Ml. N... .-iiltKlii. r. S N AI. IvsKiniM ,,r I'oirit li,iiTi>\\ . .Maskn, ISs-l. (■,,lli.,-nMl liv 
 (M|it. r. II. lia.v. V S. A 
 . I. Woman's Knii'k di.ti. Blade of pectolite. the .-pecial form of jades in 
 this ie^i,,n. Handle wantin.u'. Len};tli. U' iiieh(>s. 
 
 Cai N.I .s'li;;.-,. U. S N. "\1. Kskiine nl' l'..lril r.arr.iu. MasUa. !SK.l. ( 'ullfrlf.l l)y 
 Cupi. 1'. H. Kuy, I S. A. 
 
Heport of Nat gra; Muatum, 1890. Mason 
 
 Plate LIX. 
 
 ,<Mmmmmmmmmmmimmm 
 
 
 ■■i 
 
 
 M 
 
 « 
 
 Ulus, OR WOMAN'S Knives, FROM Noiithern Alaska. 
 
•ii 
 
n^ 
 
 \)ii 
 
 I 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX. 
 
 Ulus, or Woman's Knives, from Kotzebue Sound. 
 
 Viu;. 1. Woman's Knife (cia:). Bladi' of iron, (iiiudraiit-sliaped. iiisertcil Hriiily 
 
 iiili. !• i;;-*^ 11.11 111' or Ki'ipoi' niiisk-ox horn. Widtli ot l)lii(le. 'k iiR-lies. 
 
 Cat. N. i.tlH), I. .S. N. M. ICskiiuc) nf Kot/.t-lme Snuiiil, l.H,'<4. CoUet'U'd by Lieut. 
 li .\l ..( . , U. S. .N'. 
 
 Fij;. 'J. S\).m.\n's K.>iKK(rLv I Bladcuf lioriistoiu-. ran-sliapcd. HaiKlIi'waiitiiiK. 
 Wiiltli.'M inches. 
 
 Cm. ; ■,. ,.:(!'~. U.S. .'■ '. iOskiiiio iif Kcit/.i'bui' Sound. l'-H4. CnlUvtcd by r.ii'Ut. 
 <i. M. Sti I j.v. ( S. V 
 
 Fi^. ;i. Wo.m.vn's K'mi-k (um ,. IMiui. )l' jadwtc. tiiiii and highly ])oUslu'd. set in a 
 pine liandlc. which is altogether modern. Length, (i\ inches. 
 
 Cat. Nil. riilirii. r.S. N M. EskiuK. lit' Cniie T.ishunu', .Vliiskii. Collected by II. I). 
 Woollc. 
 
Report of Nat onai Museum, 1890. Mason. 
 
 Plate LX. 
 
 Ulus, or Woman's Knives, from Kotzebue Sound. 
 

 U}1 
 
 'if' 
 
I I'lmm.'m'' I 
 
 ./>f 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI. 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome. 
 
 Fij;, 1. Woman's Knifk iCH). HUuU' of huiiistoiic. lcu(-sliii|)iMl. witii a jirojec- 
 tioii from (uic margin. Tlic liaiKiic isof ilic most piiiuitiv.- cliaractcr, 
 iK'iiiK foriiu'd of (wicr. wnippt'd hack-wanl ami foiwar.j lonKiliidiiiailv 
 and lu'ld linnly in plaft« iiy cross twining and weaving;- of Hh- same 
 material. Tlic intfrstlccs arc tilled witli tish scales. Lenfrth. ;}i indu's. 
 
 cm. Ni). (Wniri, r. .S. N. .M. lOhl.i I llolliinn Inlfl, Alaska. CnllfclcMl hy I.UmiI (i 
 
 M. .Sldiit'.v, V. S. N 
 
 l"ig. 'J. Woman's Kmkk (ii.i). Hlaile of clierl or Hint material, inserted in a han- 
 dle of wood. On tl:e iijiper mar^!,in of the latter at eitlier corner arc three 
 cro.ss );aslies or ^^rooves. 
 
 Cal Nil. mnWi. r. S. N. M l-SkiiiKMif lloHiain Iiili't. .\laska, i 'ullci'i.-d \,y l.iiMif. (f. 
 .M. St(in.',v. r. s. N 
 
 Fi^. ;>. WoM.XN's Knikk (I 1.1), Handle of walrns ivory ahrnptly wedfic-sliaped. 
 
 like the kernel of a Hra/.il ntit. Ornament. <;roove. and lu.-rriii};- l)one on 
 
 top, lines and allernatin,n' tooth-shaped cuts on the side, with live scratches 
 
 resemhlinK inverted trees. I'ockel ^I'oove for hlade. Length. :2.Unclies. 
 
 Cat. No. II.V.IS, l", S. .\, M, KskiiiUMif Cupe Noiiii', .Vluskii, l.SM(l, ( '(ill.'ct.-il by K \V. 
 .Vfksuii, 
 
Rtpiirt of rJat or.ll Muitjm 1890 Mison 
 
 Plate LXI. 
 
 
 'I ,, 
 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Hotham Inlet and Cape Nome. 
 
/ii. 
 
 >i^ 
 

 • i7 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Plover Bay. St. Lawrence Island, and Norton Sound 
 
 Fig. I. Wo.M.vN's Knife (ui.L). Hltule of iron, rcctauKiilar. iiiscrt.oil into a iiockct 
 
 gniovH in tliu handle of antler, much weathered Almost identical witli 
 
 specimen from St. Lawrence Island. Lenj^th of handle, 8 inches. 
 
 Cat No. 4t)-r)(i, L'. S. N. M. Kskiiiio of I'lovcr May, Kasfciii .silxM-ia CollciH-tl liv W. 
 II. Dull. 
 
 Fig. :.'. \VoM.\N"s Knife (rnj). Blade of iron, evidently not designed for the 
 
 handle, set in a pocket groove twice too long for it. Handle of walrus 
 
 ivory, wedge-sha|)ed. wider in the middle. Length of handle, 4:1 inches. 
 
 Cat. No. 1-,'riKW. r. S. N. M. Kskimo of St. Lawifiii'i- Island, isso. Colh'ctcil l.v K. 
 \V Nelson. 
 
 Fig. ;5. Wo.M.vNS Knife (ri.r). HIade of slate, very large, inserted in a small 
 grooved piece of ivory and held in ])!ace hy a packingof rawiiide. Width 
 of blade, S inches. 
 
 ("at. No. iVWi. IJ. S. N. M. MjiIhuuii Kskimo of Norton .Sound, .Uaska. follcetwl hy 
 l.ncifii ;M. Tnt'ticr. 
 
Report of Nat'ona- Museum, 1890. — Mason 
 
 Plate LXII. 
 
 
 Ulus. or WOMAN'S Knives, from Plover Bav, Sr. Lawrence Island, and Norton Sound. 
 
p' 
 
 , !'? 
 
a' 
 
 i !'? 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Norton Sound 
 
 Fi.,'. \. Woman's Knife (i;i,i). Blud.' of iron, ii tnmcateil circnliir st'^'mcnt iii- 
 scrtfd ill a Ki''><)\<'in 11 liamlle of walnn ivory. Tlic ornament uroiiii.l 
 the Lonler i.y alternation of points give^ a fuiiienlate etrect. Tiie iiateli- 
 ing is poorly done. Blade :ii inches. 
 
 (■ill. Ne. .ICI.y f. S N. M UiialiKiiiul KsKiiiiu i,f si. Michiifl-., Alii.ska CnlliM'tt'd 
 iiy K. \V, Ni'Isoii, 
 
 Fiy:. •>. Woman's Knih-i.; Hi.ii. Blade of diirU slate, set in groove of \voo,leii han- 
 ille. the hitter jyerforated for suspension. Tliis specimen lias never lieeii 
 used. Leiifith of lilade. ."i.^ inches. 
 
 fat. N'd. VU-.a. V. S. N. M. riialitriiiiit Kskinio. st MidiiU'ls. Alaska (\.ll.-i-t,',l hv 
 I'l W" Nflsdii. 
 
 Wom.vn's Kni|.k (11. 1). Blade of slate, uii.symmelrically l)cll->liape<l. in- 
 >erted in a grooved hiindle of soft wooil. Width of hiade. lij inches. 
 
 Cat. No. a-iril, U. S. N M riialitriiiiit Kskiuio ,>f .St, Micliacls. Alaska. Cnlj.-rt,.,! 
 liy K \V. Nelsdii. 
 
 Woman's Kn(i.'k iiii.r). Blade of iron, in.serted inn groove of the walrus 
 ivory iiandle. The latter is lieautifiiily colored I.y use and cut out in 
 graceful curves, so as to comlaneperfectl ylightne.ss and .strength. Wiilth 
 of lilade. :i.( inches. 
 
 t"at. N(i. •J|:iiiii. L'. .s. N. M. inalifjiimt Kskiiiio .if St. 'Miilmfls, Alaska. |S7S c,,! 
 Ii'i'ti'd liy laicieii y] TiirinT. 
 
 Fi.H-. r,. W.)MAN"s Knifk (L-i,f). Bla.le of iron, usual form, inserted into ihe -roove 
 of the handle of walrus ivory. The handle is in shape of an oranue sey- 
 ineiit. .\ ditninutive specimen. Blade '.>,'„ inches wide. 
 
 Cal No. iwi,;. (• s. N. .M. I'lialakli-i't Ivskiiuo, .Xort.iii Smiri,!. \laska ( olU.rl.M 
 liy K \V N..l.s(Mi. 
 
 Fi- ;i. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
Report of National Museum 1890. Mason 
 
 Plate LXIII. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Norton Sound 
 

 I 
 
 1^/ 
 

 IH 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV. 
 
 Ulus'or WOMAN'S Knives, FROM Norton Sound and Lower Yukon. 
 
 I'lii. \. Woman's K Nii'r (I H). Hliulc of lilack slnti'. tyiiicjil in form. iiirvciU'(l<;t> 
 ;iii(l stiai>;lit hack, iiiscrtfil in tlic gi'oovf of a ciiiiiisv |iine IkhkIIc. and 
 hi'ld in iilacc liv a la->hiiin of spruce mol iia.ssini; tliioiiKli tlic liainlif and 
 llirnut;li ;i ImiIc niiihcd in llic i)ladc. LcuKtli nt' hladc. 4} inches. 
 
 flit. No :)M-,'.M, r. S. N .M. i:i<iiKiiiul Kskiiiio. \.u\\i'f Yiikeii. Colli-cteci liy K. W. 
 
 Nt'lsdll. 
 
 Kijx. '-'• Woman's Knikk (li.il. Hiadr of drali shitc. loiij;. sicniliT, ami finiiislicd 
 witli a iashinti-iioic. made not hy holing hnt liv tlie meeting nf frj-ooves 
 sunk on the two sides. This sort of perforation i.s ijiiiU- coUHnon in iihi 
 hlades of slate. Leii.iith. S inches. 
 
 (.'at. No. 4,SKt|, r. S N. M i;i;oKinut Kskinio l.owci- YiiKoii .Miiskii. < 'olli'i'tt'd I'V 
 K \V Nelson 
 
 I'ij;. ;!. Woman's Knikk (1 l.i). Hlaile of <lark slal<'. in form of i irciilar segment. 
 Its size indicates its use for cutting lish and meat rather than skins. 
 Lenj:;th. ini inches. 
 
 Cut No. :i;!;i;(i. I", S N. M. Miili'inul l•.'.■^l<illlo of Norton SouihI Alaskii CoIIim'IimI 
 
 liV K. \V. Ni'lson 
 
 Fij;. t. Woman's Knikk (fl,t). Called a meat-knife in Mr. Turner's catalooue. 
 
 Blade of cleaver shape, riveted into a verv deep .uroove in a handle of 
 
 antler. The latter jirojects from the lilade ami liason its underside three 
 
 deep lin.u'er grooves. F*ierce<l for suspension. F.enoth of knife, S inches, 
 
 ('ill No. 'Jl-'tli."). U. S. N. M. I'MiillKniut Ksklino, sonlli of Noi'ton .Soiiiid, .Vlivska. 
 
Repu'l of Nal.onil Mmsum, 1890. Mjson, 
 
 Plate lxIV. 
 
 
 
 * ^w ii iw m ipft mfiii i 
 
 
 ,i'^A"\\\\\V''^'' 
 
 ,A'A\# 
 
 ./ii'''i ''\ Mill 1 ""' Vl»»-v<«**»*w'-«;^ ' " 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Norton Sound and Lower Yu 
 
 KON. 
 
t/t . 
 
V«'J 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV. 
 
 ULU3 OR WOMAN'S KNIVES, FROM NORTON SoUND AND VICNITV, 
 
 just ..nouKi. to 1.01., „.. i, 1 ,,J, , :;7"'' '"."•""" '^ ""■■^•'■"•"' 
 
 t».- '""•k of a raxo... i.oul.n.s „• , J ' , i r':" /"IT!"'"' ''^^ 
 
 ^ ;::;^"T;ci."n:;.i;;:;'-'''-''"--^^^ 
 
 '^"^^"■•»'^^-.i;ski.Moo.N„nival.lsl„M,l. Alaska. ,'.,ll..,,.. • K. W v,.,s.,n 
 
 i:;:;;;;;;";;,::r"' .■-.■.■--:;;r:;;";^,™:::;i: 
 
 Cat. No. .r;!.. r. S. .\. M. 
 n,. 0. WoM vN-s K^,KK „,.n. na... f walrus ivo.-y ui.i. ,„...a<l .t..,n like 
 
 '"''ioi!"'' '• '■ "^^ '■■ '-'^'■"-"•^■''•-■'"H.y, Alaska, IHHO. Col.e..,...n.v K. W. 
 
Rf pott of National MuKunrii 1890.- Muxin, 
 
 Plate LXV. 
 
 ^e^is^r^ 
 
 ---y^rsjmr^^^ 
 
 "NK 
 
 
 \:// 
 
 Ulus. or WOMAN'S Knives, from Norton Sound and vicinity. 
 
4<J- 
 
 f 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI. 
 
 ULUS, OR WOMAN'S KniVES. FROM NORTON SOUND TO KUSKOKVIM RlVER. 
 
 ri.H'. 1. Woman's Knikf. ai.ri. IIuikHi' of walrus ivory, witli slit for iiKsfrtion of 
 metal Mailr. without rivets. There is au openiiij;- to form tlH';;ri|). and a 
 l)ro)eitioii at one end is in nnltalion of a seal's head. The ornamenta- 
 tion consists of scratches and a coarsely cut j^'Utler. Blade wanfinj^. 
 IvCtiKth. '■i\ inches. 
 
 (';U No. iKlliH. r. S. N \| N'iiliilili)|iiK';iiHiit Kskiiiiw. .\l.iska ( nil Tlfil liy I'. W. 
 Ni'ImiIi. 
 
 I'i^;. '2. WoM.w's Kmki'. (fi.i). Ifandle of walrus ivory, with slit for insertion of 
 metal lilade, without rivets. The^ri|( is cl(>\erly formed by theelonjj;ated 
 l)ody of marmot, the head project iuj;-. Oriiameiitation, three hands 
 scratched on the liorder and livedots. Mlade wantin>;-. L»'n>!;th 4^ inches. 
 
 Cat. No. .■iSfJii, f s. NM. Niiloktolo>r:iriiiil Kskiino. .\lrtskii CoIIccI.mI liy K. \V. 
 
 Nelson. 
 
 _Fig. :i. Wom.vn's Knikk. (ii.ri. Handle a <leiicate specimen of ^^■alrus ivory ui 
 
 form of a sledjjje, the groove for tile metal hlaile in the cui'vecl portion. 
 
 The ;;ri|t separateil from the hlade pieee liy a lonj; open .-,pace. .\t the 
 
 end of the handle is the head of a seal devouring a miniature walrus. 
 
 The dot and circle ornament is useil. l,enij;th. 4^ inches. 
 
 Cut. No :tr!«i(l, I' S N M '^hii.'i'iiiiit Kskniioof Kii-kokviiii liay. Alaska Collccli'il 
 l.y K. \V N.lson 
 
 Kiii. 1. WoM.w's KNiKKd'M'i. Small handle of walrus ivory, fairly carved, and 
 liiiv ino- a dee]) o'loove for a metal hlade. On one end is the head of .some 
 animal, on lhe<ithera human face, and all over the surface dots tind 
 i^eomeiric )i.ittern?-. I.en;;th, I, inches. 
 
 Cal No :VM\-iS. I'lialit-'iimt Kskliiio. St. Micliaels. .\laska Culli'cteil l)y Iv W. Nelson. 
 
 Fij;. ■"). Wd.M.^NS Knipk (ii.i). Handle (vf antler, and unii|ne inform. In addi- 
 tion to the usuiil jiToovefor the hlade. (he haiiille is e.vteiided in ono 
 diri'i'tioii to t'orin the head of an animal. Upon the sides are shown the 
 ij;]oo. <ir hut. of .an lOskimo family, the scalfold. on which all thino;saro 
 put otit of the way ofthe doj^s.and a party of Eskimo. Leno;th. (I indies. 
 
 Cut. No ^.m:);!!, r. .s N M. KsKiMioof Norton Somnl. ColliM'leil liy Liicicii .M. Tiir 
 Iter. 
 
Report of Natinml Museum, 18M.— Mlion. 
 
 Plate LXVI, 
 
 Ulus, OR WovAN-s Knives, from Norton Sound to Kuskokvim R 
 
 IVER. 
 
Kr 
 
i- 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII. 
 
 Ulus, oh WOMAN'S Knives, from Kuskokvim District. 
 
 ImK- 1. Woman's Kmh; in.i ). Hiunllf ..f walrus ivm-y. witli slit fur msn-tioii of 
 iiiclal liliidc. witlioiit rivfts. Tlir outer iiiiirKiu is cularKi'd to form a 
 st'fuii' Ki'l' Tlie oniaiiuiitatiou In coiict'iitric riiif;:s varicj;atc(l witli 
 KnM)Vf(lli!ics liasa pU-asiMK flfci-t. Hladc wautiiiK. LfiiKtli of liaudlc, 
 :ii iiiclifs. 
 
 cm. No. :i;:Wr. r. S. N. M. Atfuiattaumtf Kskiino. Aliiskii. Collfi'ltMlliy K.W. Ni-lsori. 
 Via. '-i. Woman's Knii'k ii i.i). Blade of iron, set in tlie Ki'x'Vfof a walrus ivory 
 liaiidle. With endless variety of detail tliisforni of liandl.'. with a cresc tiit- 
 sliaped opening, is typical. Ornaiiieiitaliou, a unmve aliove with cross 
 lines ill pairs and fours and <'ross hatching;- in the lower part. Width of 
 Itlade, ;{ inches. 
 
 ("«t No. :i ;j|i:, U. S. N. M. KiiiiKiKiuia(.'iiiMuti' Kskiiiici ncn-lli slnpii' nf Kuskokvim 
 Hil.V. isr',). CoUi-i'lcd by !•:. W Nilsoii. 
 
 FiK. :(. Woman's Kniik (tLl ). Handle of walrus ivory, very Ki'iK'iiilly carved 
 
 and ornamented with thickened hase for lil.ide. a crescent -shaped ra/or- 
 
 lack on the n|i|ier margin, a very thin diaplira^nn helween the hase and 
 
 npjier lorder. which is cut away on its upper inarjiin. 'I'he blade Is of 
 
 iron, and the whoh- piece is very heantiful. Length, ;{i inches. 
 
 fill. No. i:m\\7, V. S. N. M. i:skiiiio •>( Kii.sk.ikviin Km-r Ahiskii ((.llccted by 
 ( vnis .\(ller. 
 
Report of Naiionai Mii»«um, 1890 Mas 
 
 Plate LXVII. 
 
 6i 
 
 Ulus, or Woman s Knives, from Kuskokvim District. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII. 
 
 ULUS, OH WOMAN'S KNIVES, FHOM BRISTOL BAY. 
 
 FiK. L Woman's Kmh.: „■,,-,, |t issiniplv . hla.l ■.•,.|, ,.1 sh,,... will, .■, Iu.hII.. 
 
 of w,M,.i |„,.,vt..i aiMl (itt.Ml on 11... t..,. so that tli.. sla Mewls II„,u,kIi 
 
 ■ .111.1 alx.v,.. it iM.vi.|,.„t that Nv.-liav,. lM.n.K<.ll,..il...|.nvil„.waln,.aiv,, 
 .in.l tli..n.Ki..h olsini,.. Willi .■,,i„.|i..i.lal IVa..|Mn., It is als., ..\ i,|,.„t that 
 
 w.. an. away Irom tli,. Iin..s „| .\l...ri-i,.al an.l i;iin.|,..aii travel 1 trallir 
 
 l-«'iiKlli 1)1' liiiii.lk', )i'i inciii.s. 
 
 I .\|i)ili.t;ii|.. 
 
 KiK. •-'. \V..MAN's Knifk (i-,.,-,. ii.HMll.. ,.r w I. nia.i.. ,,C slat... r..s..M.I,li , 
 
 sliorl .la.kk.nf... I.la.l,. ii,s,.i|,.,l into tli,. ..n,| ,,f tl„. tmiiMular l.aii.ll.. an.l 
 ia.-lit'.l vMth .siii.'w. I,..iij;tli, 5 iricli(.s. 
 
 <'.ii \... i-,'r;.T.. (• s. N. >i. 
 
 ('n|l(.,-l..il liy W ,1 Fish,. I 
 
 .i^'lilliilil l-Miiiii,, ,,(• l-^'iishik, A 
 
 la.skaii I'l'iiiiisiij,! 
 
 FiK. .i. Woman's Kmkk ii i.n. Hla.l.. .,r Kn.,.nisli slat 
 
 twic,. near tli.. iippoi mai-Kiii fur l.-isliiiij. ,,r t\ 
 
 F\^:. I. \\. 
 
 I 'lit \(i. IHUl'.i. I". S \ M 
 
 \v. .( risi„.| 
 'Man's Kniii-. (i i.n. 
 
 .', sciiiicir.iilar. iiitrc'il 
 ir rivets. Wi.llh. ,', in,li. s. 
 
 i^riiliiini KsKirii,, ,,1 ItnstuI |!i,y. Aliisl, 
 
 M. ('i.1I.M.|,m| I,. 
 
 HI; 
 
 iil.'ol' slal... l..;il'-s|ia|,..,|. ins.. it. '.I in the ..nil .,f 
 
 •'' '<'-sliM|...<l wnodrii liaiiill,. at ii II im^l'' < 'f 4.') . Tl 
 
 ('orat...l ((.r tlu' tliiiiiih .'iixl liM-..is, aii.l f,.r suspcnsi,,],. |...,,M,h'„7| 
 
 II' liaii.llc is jj 
 
 in. 'I 
 
 laii.lli' 
 
 ('ill. Nil l'.'r:(,s . r s N. M Ksk 
 
 Mii..i,fT.rial, lliu-f. C.ll.M.t..,! |,\ I, 
 
 Applf;;!!!.-. 
 
Rtport of Nitiond MuMum, 1690. — Mtton. 
 
 Plate LXVIII. 
 
 Ulus, or WOMAN'S Knives, from Bristol Bay. 
 
•5 1 
 
Viis 
 
 Vi'A. •,'. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX, 
 
 UlUS, OR WOMAN'S KNIVES. FROM BRISTOL BAY. 
 
 ^^^ .MAN'S Kn.!-,.-, Hu-i Bla.l." ..r in,,,, in s|,..,,...„r . sl,.,|p- nmm.r. iMs..,t..,| 
 in a ixH'kct ;.r..nv,. ,.f 11.,. ivmy lia.i.ll,.. Nvl.ich iia> thr slia|K- of tlu" Kkvi)- 
 tiaii syiiil.nl ol tl... < >.•. i,. ii-ili. ;{j jihIm.s. 
 
 (•«t.\,. W..IN,,. f. S. N. M Ksl.i,,,,, „t Hhs,„| ,!„v. Alaska < 'oil..,..,.,! I.y C I 
 
 WuMANs Km,.-,.; (I 1.1 ,. Hla.k ..f s|at.., ins..,„.,l i„ ;. ,,..,.k,., ..,.„„... ..f the 
 w..,„U.., han.ll... Tl... lalt.r is .sl,a|...,l lik,. tlu- KKV|.tia.. sv,„l..,| C..,- tla- 
 eve. tl,<...|„.,uM« lull, Mil- a ( ..nv,.|,i,.|.t ,-aN in fur ilminl. and iiii.l.ll,. IJn- 
 Kt'i-. Tumpaiv .V.IMS. l.cn-il,.,V( in, li.'s. 
 
 ('ill N, 
 
 .'.ill„r, r, S. N M {•>|, 
 
 M,-Kiiv 
 
 K>.kM,i,. ,.!' |lns|.,| Kay. Alu.skii. (',.ll,.,-l,.,l l,y (\ \„ 
 
 I-'i^ 
 
 WnMANs K.MiKiil.i >. I{la,l.,,f in.n, n.un,!...! at .itli.M ..|i,l. ins.Tl.Ml i„ ii 
 l.(.i'kt'i .m-„,\,.,.r III. iv,,iv liaiKlir. uiii.h lias a iK.t.lu'.j Lack an, I iin- 
 pyiiiiiiKrical upniin,.' f,,r ih.. tlniinl. an, I tinpTs. Lfiij^lJi, 41, in, 'lies. 
 
 Clll \. 
 
 .MrK,l\ 
 
 .Vt|S f. s N\ M .-..kimn o| Hi-iMipI liav. .Mask 
 
 a.skll, (o||l',l.'i| liy (■ I,. 
 
 Fit;. ». 
 
 \V,.MA.N-s Kmi-K (il.ri. Itla.l.' an,l liaiull,' uf ..n,. ]m-rv ,.f in.i,. tli,. f..niier 
 ill sjiap.- <.f a l.m.l„.r-.-< kiiilV. I la- latlcr is riii|..,| ,,vrv tlic l.la-U" in a si,,- 
 i.a.i.l.uiv.. an.l sl.;il,il\ u-:.'..! to th.' I.a<'k. IM,l,.Mtlv not of native 
 make. I,i'ii;4tli, t), inili.s. 
 
 C.ii \., .-..V.is/,, r .s. N M l-.skii.i,. ..1 HnM..| n.iv. Alask.i. ( .,ll,-,.t,.,| l,v (• I, 
 McKav. 
 
ftepoit Qf Ndtiori4i Muiiuun. \S90 Meiior. 
 
 Plate LXIX. 
 
 
 Ul'js, oh Woman's Knives, frum Bristol ft^y. 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXX. 
 Ulus. or WOMAN'S Knives, h,om Br stol Bav, Alaskan Peninsula, and Kadiak, 
 
 •■•U. 1. \V.,M.vN-sKMPKa,,... KhHl.,,, MM..l,la..ksl.,.. M.UMa.le..,.,.nrk..t^r....ve 
 <•! tl... vvM.,.|..|, l„M„l|... s,.,,.,. ,.,„ ,„„ „„ ,„„,, ,i,,,.,„t. „,,. ,,.,_,^,|^. ,.^^^ 
 Iliuinl, ;iii(l nil. 1(11, ' linger. LciiKtli. :i- iiirlic^. 
 
 (a. N,.. x,,i,,i. I . s \ M Kski, r |,,i.„,| !;„;». u.sK,, r„l|,.,.,..,| u ,• , 
 
 •I I ■ Is II V ,1.. 
 
 FU. V. WoMvv. KxuK, ,,,.., nia, f -lat... s., in a ,.„.k,, „.,.... in a 1. U- 
 
 "t '•'■.lar w,„.,|. an. I li..|,l in pla.v \,y a s,.izin-..r w.,.>.i. A vix .,|,| .uhI 
 iiiiii'li UM'il >|MMimt'n. I.cnpili. 7; inclio. 
 
 Fisli.'i 
 i''i>;-. ;(. \V.»M w's Knii 
 
 Cal.N... :Mn.., I- s N. M, Kskii • KM.Ii.,k I..),.,,.!. \l„sk,i 
 
 1 I nil. •.■!.■. I l,\ \V ,|. 
 
 I'll.i ), Hla.l.-.,! sial... slia)...,! like a .sl...luv nnnuT. lasl„..| 
 lMalian.ll...,( w,„,.|, w|,i..|, i. nm.lit..,, ,|,..rt . I.v a .plini of ,,«„ ,,,,.sin. 
 ""'""■-'' ""•'•'■ .111.1 ..v.T II,.. lian.li... Wi.lih ..ri,la.l...(i^ in.li..s. 
 
 «'ai N,. '.HiU-:.l S.S M KskiM,„„l K..,|,mK ,.! ,„.! Ak,>k„, , „||..,., v\V 1 
 
 l-'iu. ). U'.iM \\s K 
 
 , ,, ^■"''■- '"■'''■'■ '^'-"l"' of ^lal... Mt in a |H„k..| -.-....x.. ,.r ih,. 
 
 '^""'I''- "n.l.. I,v s,,li,|,n«- il„. lan.T, ..x,-,n-..,in.. tin. ^hmv,. .-.n.! tl„.„ 
 
 bsim.n- .„.. ,u., ,,a,tst...., ,1,.., an.l 1.. tl„. l.la.l,. I.v si„..,v ,„ssiM« fhn.u^^l. 
 
 tl... I.la.i.. an.l tlin.uu!. tl... I.an.ji.. an.l M.nk in a -r.-.v.. ..r ||„. han.ll.- '.„, 
 
 '■'""■'■ ''"'•■• ■''I"' ''.""ll'- I' 1-^ ^I'iii ll.-sl.a|....| Is. |..n-!l,. !t ^ in,.|i,... 
 
 I ■.UN.. :.'.-.ll, f s \ M |.;skim., ..f il„ vu^iaiu IvMiii^.l.i . ,.||,.,.i,.,i i.v w ,J 
 
RviW o' Nut ... il Mjs» ;ir '890 M«»on 
 
 Plate LXX. 
 
 1 
 
 Ulus. oh Woman'.t Knives, krom Bri,-;ol Bav. Alaskan Pf.mnsu. a anu Kad ak. 
 
••"''■i' 
 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI. 
 
 Ulus, OH Woman s Knives, from Kadiak and Southward 
 
 FiK. 1. WoMAN-s KviKK (VIA). I.arKV l.la.ir oC slat.' ins..,!-,! in ,. Rrnnv,. nf tl... 
 cvlui.lncul lian.ll.. .,f w..n,|. a.ul 1,..1,1 in ,,la,.,. l.v a lasl.inK ..r l.rai.l.Ml 
 smew, ulu. h fniM.nic nhknnwn ivaMMi is MivLIkmI luiHalli tli.' Iiantll.- 
 (loiM ..11.. lasliiny i.Ml).. nil„.i-. |.,.nKlli uf l.hi.l... :,'; inclirs. 
 
 I .a N... T-J.-.«(l. r, S. X M. KskiMi... Kihlliik (■..ll<.rl,.,l l,,v W. .1. Vinhrr 
 
 FiK. a. Woman's Kmkk ,. i., ,. Ula.l- nf i.nn. r,vsr..n.-,sl,ap.'.. an.l Imn.ll.M.C w.mmI 
 
 ' "' " ' ■'"^'''>' ""i'ittiiiK llios.. Ml MS,. an...n«- .ivilix.r.l |.,.o|,l,. lor ni.-at 
 
 «lin|)|.,rs. l„.nKlli ..f liandli.. tl| iii.hi.s. 
 
 lat \o ; i.lil.j. I ■ s. N. M Tlipinii liKlimis. Silkii. Alasliii (clIiTt..,! I,v T T M.F ..iiii 
 Fig.:!. \VnMAN-sK.v,n;ai.r». 151a. f slat... llan.ll..wan.in«. r,,..n il... „|,,...,- 
 
 margin ol il... Ma.l.. isalan^ I-! iinla's wi.l.. i,, ivn.l...- it tirrn in ilslian.ll.. 
 
 Width ..r Mail... t!| ini'lics. 
 
 (al \„ :,•;;•,'.,. I . S.N. .M. TliMK'it In.luiMs .,M-..il WrnnKl.'. Alaska. („ll,.,.w,l l,v 
 W.J. !• jslu.r. 
 
Rrporl of Nitional MuMum 18»0. Ma«m. 
 
 Plate LXXI. 
 
 
 
 ?i 
 
 v^^H^ . C 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ulus, OR Woman b Knives, Fr<oM Kadiak and southa'ard. 
 
 i • 
 
 y^