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O*' t W fl 1 i « I o ir\x amamm liW^WS ,e/4 ^»^lj .sMt-vtiu.: ^yio 1 t*«S^#A It.. ^|7^>< 1^:^^ WKtsiiii'j&^'m. W^ ■ ^-f %.^H ; ^>^. ,'<^i. *irj i i,r J ' I^BIP"^ tjrji ,,^^|^$J"*' ^ \ 'jm^x-: 4 >-. t15i^i*::i%i "^m iL «• rV » •fV? SiTt'W'^^l NT* ir^'^. .:*.•-■ ■-, ■• #•.. ^»- ^ iJrjT ;M;. ^ *»^* "- -<«a, • ICM. aii.iiiy>; 4, I I- I 4ri- n In^liih JUW*. flOI-Ome D«'ftr«* Sn^liih JHW*. flOI.Ome Drgrtv Or*. flOI.Ome Drgrre ;.^.^ V„ ■■( iMfiiih JBW«. edi-Ome Drjtre*. '\ ''^% K 1 V X N g'li^^ ^ Jili^»otjri ^ y^\ '~"<^«AHAS^\' \ ^ -..-6a«»^«ja_^ AW K B^^^O^PP ^^ \ \ PAWXE E» . OTOl I. 1^ / r >■ I. mamm^mm^fmm * '. J BjrTrMMtar APR 27 1917 BalMvd MMrffaif t* Um A«t d^Ceaina. in Mm yMr IMS, ky /^ #. : i*Vv,; r^'^v S!'*' >, * •Mnmanij ffWfSM, n«»o*. 'f'^ ' tyri(lf'r'"iiiil'''' ;iBB i f'''r-7 i i; i -'"'^'''r '^i' ff'-^ ' y^ y-Y' "'-"'^•■'''^'■"*'' %0 RECOMMBNDATIONS.. IMH BBH. ULLaUM, IX. m, VMfIMM OV OMBIIimT, ambOOTt *••«• TM.I OOLUNI. t hay* peniwd with BiMh Mtkftetlon and initnieUon, tlw lUv. SMnnel Pf>rkoi'f Tow beyond Um Rooky MoonUino, tnd bam kW«s floyiM of it to Mkntifie flrienda in Eni«|M, on aoeonnt ot Iho valnmUo gMlOf iMl fact* whioh it oentmina. B. SILUMAN. T»k CoUege. Oet Slat. 184S. m •*TU« ft on* of tha moat aathaatio and intereathit i^iitiMto «• liava of tho eoontry of Onfoo, er watatii of tlie CohunUa. and oflhil ofcaraetar of the Indian trilwa of that aavage country. Tha author Mnga to tho Bobjeot all the l[no«rled|e, indoatry. oanSor, and pie^ hafomiojr hia miuloa and pntonaioaa."^AitnK< from OBAKfCBL. £0R KENT'S CturH rf tUOimg, fa»nkhH at • 8«^y Mt(m^ |Mia>irMi wnaijMWi fanasWl^ h«plMdi*B*r«iimaiiaCM*M il^WtifO H vm9 Veniarluafaif tofVHy olaaa of raadma. 1 an (U ' ||Kb«mitkk)«'a«*>M«A(lMlHMi'hB«^'Mao^ ft^imoli liiilt fif l^Aj fratiii^iiHa. h«t «r,BMdM«ed verity mU Ugh iairiMia ,aMitt. The ffipdp,' aC «!« '■iiaaioMi:F,«aina, .ai»i,«r tho i^kw^^ tiibaa beyead Uie araantataa» who ibaira uai yat aara (hia votaiiiClKW a iMi mefaioR bdhn tbMk - - V. HDIUPaUV. nhr BMraa»" a^H^ t Ma happy ^'eoMar te tht ahov^viawa tMfieeti»f lb* AqMH >>. wmm mm puppp vuxmusmiATtw*- Now lltMO, Not. Utb. 18W- I hvm road the »Moaat aryaar JowiMjr orw Um Raeky MoaaUlM to Um Pkaifie, with aoeh alMkoaoa. It eonUiiw maeli Ttlubfa to. fbtsatioa iMptoUai a r«rt of oar oontiiMnt, wUoh ia ia^parftoUy «u ylaa«4. I hot* Uw poUioaaoa of tho book wUl ampl/ nwaid yov labors. N* WBVSTBft. :•■ i> 't'' ••TWa ia a work of oxtraordinaiy morit, aad femiahaa riek bad aliko to (ka aaa of aoieaoo and Um oaksanod. ItiaoaooflkoaNi* dwHr ialaroitbg vohuMO tkat kaa over faMad ftoaa Uia Amariaa* ffaaai toaawwoh aa It praawitiv to a ylato aad BBaikclod atyk alowa of kaMrladfo ooaoonlag » yottUa of our eoontiy wkiok barotoAw k«a kaaa kat paitiallj w^tarad. TUa b a vbfoma wkWk ewiia aafc tealf to tko eareiU paraiol of «Ha of ovory elaaa,. aad^ ao marfdlava an ila tratiM, tkal it aoodi kat tha BMrit of koine a worii oT/ftUMi to gata ftr k aalfowal «iwalalk«."--i B ii faa a ry Jliwald; O i mi m nti . *»'kr. Vkikor^ okNml&iM aa «w g«ai«g)r aad gMfnfliy « tko •oteny tkN«|k wkiek ka paaaai,*^ aMwrteMyiMMh twlea iko aa|l «rife«a{hHaa. TodtfMMkidrttittrfbMliaiSilodllaiiUi««k b a"a%wiayo> ;, to tfca adyaaaiaaol fkiatga mmi t t u ta mmt^m. iilaa^oaortkalraMMiljraaditfw. ItbtUwHatodbxaatw ■HV iioai aetaal o^aarratiatt artha torHloiy ortka trattad Statoa 1MI WtkattaaUa cT WmMAfi-J9m YMkr. Mtf Ok 18N. an daa ta-aaaMtow adUon of frtadiaali ka»a gitaa «ka work a Citarakla noHaa. iSHammm ..j^...,,^i«.i.^^,.....,.....^^^|y||^gg >f . Utb, ISlt. toekyMooaUiM nodi TsluUa lib ;■ imparlbtllj •!• nplj nmui y«w WEB8TBE. rnlalMM rioh bad iaoiMofUwaoil m Uw A mw kMi betod ttyb, uton* wlHah heretelbn irU«h«muaw4 woriioOlftttMto gMgMfliy «r tw MlIuiUi««lll isw*a«MwiMr- THitoA SteiM 1MM 1898. offirid«wiliWid mil imp mmmimm mmm I ** PREFACE. In preMDting to th« pubUe tlw Jounwl of t Tour Ujimi ()m Rooky Mounuins, tho only •pology, nae—ary to oAr, ii Uw hope of ^promoting » mora ratntdro immI futimitt kaowM;^ dun Km httberto boon fUnUibod. of Um opwlfc. liiiaofttatintpwtaiUMotkmofovgreeiuuijr. TboAuliNt'p mil of JrtTfUif ftimlalied away ^ppvlm^tiM ftr oliirf i^gpi, bo}«g QoiidiiAM witb JlfflfWtt tliromli ^mw of tiM VHtm inMra^lQg poitiou itattd wl^ dl4,M|; WM <4>t«iiMd from genllameii oon»Mtod iHt||.t|M^ Bii^ Ji«y pQjBHNuiy.wbfaw npntMlPia fbr hQiMMl;^ mod jiWdor, M veil w oap»UU^ of fudging h)ta]ilJgmay,,ip f«)2 »fW>W i ibod Tbia ■ourvo . mmmmbimimiliiiM mimmmt mtrmmmmmmm IB gold from rucibl«, !• of ^ or indiraot. nml, muat at wlodge whlc'j CONTENTS. ClIAPTtm I. •n»« Tnflu«n«i« of lh« OUio w»a MiMi^ipH* rlvmi Point Olrordou j betuUful »pp««r«iieB of ftr« on Iho pnirk i Bl. 0«n«TleTe, old ouatom i llnrettl«n«um i Ktmbliag eo bQ*r4 Xhm aUtm-boi^i it. Loai«| Dr. M. WlilUpwi j Mr. FoatMMll*. . . » OHAPTBB II. U»m St. Lonta «4)» Ubwty \ pMw»« "►.»•« Mlwouri ; mtgi t > walk on •how t Ufhnwk cUy j Rim Mencry; Htetm.boat ■Un ! fl A<^ b«n 1 LtainfUm » BtMmJMMt dkMtar $ Ub«ty i HavalMoliMiui* » »*d« to Caatotmenl Laavwiwortb \ unwiaf pMftaMkJiMMl C»T«T«i oomimniio llwir joarneyt fiM •■• euayoiMti Iowa IndiaMi Btaekmako b litmUa; ftrrymair; Baaaltie Ibnaatioa; fine eUmalc} wriva at WaOhWalht. . . . ... V . -^ IM ii lilli ie M r «tt'»lliili!ia >l wknt&Twood; SUoslwdgwi; imnty, or bea^ I BlMk WOm. 43 Iw denre of la- ro-roBsnoionoM •cioaofwonB- 9g7 1 Book In. •now ; Tftltoy «; an tluiiU . . .. « [udian nations] ailed ; furgieal jtd Net ' .rt4 return of Doct. ift. . , n thoColunbia:. mooatcin pn»- ■ftkt n»Tnfii ski interaotiaf luoitjroflbod} lle;,|MlofiDn) kl; BowapottiM ranohoftk«0«> olunate; nrri«« . . .115 TUt. I>aaerir(iai of Walb Walln; tku yikltimtmait oftho ladiaaa by tka BodMMi Bay Company s IwTo Walla Walk fiw fcrt Va>. •ouTor; iMimorraiatatar; rapidas inUodnotlomotheCaynaa Indiana; mowing proapaota; k»«rapWajVotoauioB»o«nlaiaaj trial of Indian gonoruaity j Miital at tha fUla of tho CotnmUn rivart rooainf ofteta of oraUxy i LaDaOao; Boalaa tradiaff oompany: nmarkaUa anbaUasoa; Caaoadm; Chanooka an •Jm FUUieada and Ne« Parc<» ; danfreroua rapida j Indian bo. ijinf plaoea ; Pillar raok i interMtiag waterfall j aea fowl ; ariiva at Fort Vanoooyar. *** CHAPTER DC. - Doaeription of Fort Vanoonwr ; dapartwa for Fort Gaarge and noath of the CohunUa ; moutha of the Multnomah { Wkppatoo Idand ; May Dtero j Coffin Oook ; CowaliU rirw'; IndiaE ' - ftiewMiip ; Pacific ooean ; Ormy^ bay ; Aatorla. . . . 14* CBAPT^X. Daaerfptlon or»ortOaorga».«aaBtkorthoColamhin» daagawma bar; BMmntaiaoaaooart;nMl>J«>»V wpttaWilb-irtl.; wniit .^ l^as tiM peW^ ibom I Ma i aattbment oa tha WincMatta t iHatiMM mimkB ; iftdaorfo ; voyafe down tha liter ; Kaapi.. UX^ of Wanaibai aoaalnafiaa 6i Ida bonae; Fort V/Uliam o> Mm WippMoo ?ilaad -aatwiiaBht tMtat fef aidant aphttat a- wj^Hnitot Fort VaaooBfwr. • • • ** imm i iw f i ii'i i i i I wi l l mmmtmmmmmmm (xuixm xiL SmiM w th« SaUwUi ; oUlMlM itt ilM gotH t AMM'^'^i^ earn ; u«in«r ofupanilinr tfiat t dtMriplka of VMiMnTWl rtw tad flunniBf wtobliihiiKnt t g»rd«i pwdttotfqM > huafcw > Qgw- ■i«i«e; peltriM; qpiUm «f tho HnAna Bay CvnpMy i «Mt^ of life i htriMiipa of a hoata^ tiA | their perMveraaM i Chile, tlui prinelpk ; worldly prineipb. IM CHAFTBIXIII. Indian popnlatioat diMaiM ; nortallt; t aUr(b«tad to enMirMlHi «r the MtUt Indiana dartitata af nadieal teieaoai hi lil >i'Mi" i w"w ii . ■ ■ n.l'W ' .mwfUJ.' i" iiii m iii .i » ] i i ii ii ii >w» f mwwri " •mmmn ' N.^iik^ ■ WM'^U wsTumu «▼ CMWWMtiMi with MlBtdUfMt IndlMii MMting with UM » m > mrij aad mlM mhob i La Dallw Indienat their uuia^to iMciT* th« f tiaaoTthaladiaaalathalowcraoitatiyi Ia4iaaa of tba aottib { tha agitalad qotatkia ; aotUaiiaMa. MO CHAPTBft XDL DapaitBM for tha a|for oooatiyi AaMriaaa haatarai gadogy at tiM Caan4ao ; Iwliaii hoaaaty ; aacaya ia a dasgnataa gak ; tha fhBa a ftvaraUa laaatfoa ftr a adaaloaaiy atattoa { t ia<» ■yigathyt ftmhhiii ia nPJA^a i| •yut^teaH•«l4»llil4ilii•t<*Hi«U•ltl»U«Mb(W«^ > I iiiuilpim «f mtuMm t itWmd 1 1 iiil,iiul ||iiil>iilTr' t ti^awbt f*NtaacatilMfaity«f tt» K 4wnMa: i»4UrMfotMk)M; imifft Mti«rttj dMil^MlMili ■•iiieiiir.iifdt hnytos plM««» , caunJOiiBPn, -is*,?, II tiiif tmiipHiinflRddi tmrntam^'^ ii Virtii i BflWiiiifMi t iW i iil i M il tlM'BM i rWI I WWWlMi^^ . . . tlS iMnriMfal t iflkiiitMB • • MS wi i W i wnii i p wnm w ^HPPWWPWWi ww m"- ' M-ii^ w ■ » jj ''■■-• -. i FARKBJt'S TO0R. 0H4Pi«ll. fesMS'" mm ^^^^\r TiMt ^MkmltlM umI dMigvn would to iMidbat to • isor. my tluoagh • ooimtiy of Mioh oitont, unlalMbhod Motf( hf WMdoriiw Unda of InAhm, whon no prorWoiM oovkl bo oblaiMd bMideo unooitalo gMM, oouM nol bo doablo4. It WM not oonorioiiiiiwr of OMhiaalMi oouineo, or ki^ fmaoo to Mflbrii^, or tho lovo of rmimioo, wMoh ftjtod my fvafomi but hwMdMimportuMO of tho objoot. Althoogb h WM poinfttl to bU wUoa to fiunily Mid fHond% imoppiiMd of tho ovonta of tho Aitufe, yot oommittiiig all to te gui. donoo ud fwotoeUoa ol u alUwioo ProrkUaoo, tho ontw. priH WM uadoitokoa without nlaotonoo, oa tho 14A of lfMah,lSa6. PiuMiB8tbojoumoybythowoy4»fB«iAlo MdBiio,lMri«od«tPillibargboathotwMtj.ftfth. Vbo tatomatag dktMHo to«t. Loaio, tkroaghtho gmA rtXUy of tho wort, imi loot miioh oftto novohy, aol hMi prrHouily pMwd ovar il» oaAJa^iiMohoditMMid tooxoitothttde. gioo of iotoNiklB^fto ooramuaitjr, with wMdh k woo rogwd- od bolMO (ho Bunorooi daoorlpfioM of tho toariA ond timv. dkor iMd TCBdond ito gonetol ftoturoo flunUlar. Only « fuda§ notioo, thoiotuo, wfll bo givon. LoaTlag PitlAaigh, wMdi, firomlto midtipUed monufce. aoy bo itylod (he Binniiigfaun of AmofkM, I took I ia otttlM 14th or imyofBtiflUo ho gfwit troHoy IhMlpmHoiMly laozoilothtt^ ih k woo rogwA- toaribt ana timv. oiUiar. Only a ItipUedi Amofioo, I laok limiBti, fimr bm- Tho KMBory oT roB to thoMlMli IbrMimoadevhi- I the aeih, wo or- MttdaywoodiMo. loigeqaantityor Mtodgraotaloni. thoftimaoodoiMi I gooot^ nd hooa u 11 . ml m ili i il l lii , .. I . II I . I I I a^Juai l WUll l llMI-lMW i m . 1 1 III . Il l Ij !• ■HyahwuiJhmlyi WaMo thi ihoro. u4 M MOMT woo k |olMi,i «Mo gMonl rath *r mktf. flano o# tho tMW out Hull lu il M i wii niT-j ''T"* * — **^ ' 4aoklotholMi4. Tho tuajhoworar, woo ••>*»*, Mi whh •onaMarabio dIAoulty wo dioMgafod tho boot ftooa IM giouMlad pciMoa, and firoai tho tiMB MMif -vhiob it WM awtjig'*^, and we woio agda tiBdar way. OfaMiKBail iMA hurgo oity Ibr a oovntry aa now, ndftoBi ka natiiio appaaiMMa wmUd hardly bo thavghl la hvro boaa tho giwwth of oaiv half a OMlofy. Ita p i flat la a, M^oaad of oolgnato ftooi Now BHlMd, tho Middle ud •ano of tho aaotham aMMo, oad flNM vailoM pwrta «r B«. fopo, io oBBaafoaady aoi »afy hoaaqpaaoBO tokaohaiaiiw. Ita iohoolo aid hutfuil iaaa af Utamtwa, ft imi n mMh fer land wUg»* ta thia lann rthtf i of oar gnwiag oomkry . t Haia I aaohaigad lay akaatka «n boatd d» Ohha a, ft* tho ChiM, OitMhi lU^MMa, ftr It. Uda^ whiak, bf waiar tedaboBdiadaadiiMQrBriloa AooiOhMlaMkL .Qa tho Mth, «• pawid UaHvilH MW. «Ufii.ait«a Mli «C *• Ohtok t««atp4im«lMiki ha%k^ aad'pttMMa bjr koataaily kih%|iwaiw,abo«ttwoaNa(ttahitha9«Bt. IbwwAo aapaMO aaidiligr or paMgo aiwMd *a MH a oiMl hao. baaa oaMiniflla*«ith»aonifciida oflha ifm, tw» nttai i» la^th, flty *al wida, aad fci«r *«« daa^ Thowalarbahighlgh,i«afa-dl««»«l»WI* » «»- asabUMwaoaM. IlMwaltr about LwikivlBoawvaaatowly aad mtUrl bat at y«« aypaoadi tho Mk k tavolootqrMidro*^' T«iao«*idFo«Mdfi»< flittftia eafiMk^ aad yoa am aaafcnM l» yaw yilotaaia watt akilMbithiir yi i ft ariP B TavMiat mmtsje W THi oMio ttiTBB— 4nilD AifD tiirrvorr. flMM td atm If th«y betray tmy hur ; jroa And, th«t whl!« thvfr attoMion fa filed, theh ooMntenuioet *ra Mrane. Tour Hmn gtve w»y to emotloM of the ■ubliine. The bo«t thoots ItfnhttA with aimxlng feroe and Telodty, and very eoon you And youmlf gliding along lit 6ie wide-tpread <»lm The (Mt ia a noble Hver, aflhrding in iu whole oourae romantio and beautiftil proapects. It flow» ia a smooth and may oarrent, and ia divenMed on every aid* «rith rich bot- tom land, rolling Mlla, and preoipitoua blaflb. Theee hilla and bloflb, in many plaoee, rise abruptly fVom the shore of Al» rfffer, In other plaoee they reoede some Miles, but in a¥Mry'p«rt are in view ; and ao varied is thli scenery, that tilM»ii«evr«arf«eatoaaiaed by monotony. No where has fhe ktMlof indattry be«a wantii^ to add intereet in paai- k^ tkroagki thi»put of the greait w«atem valley. Planna, and towns, and Villages, exhAft HU atfvantafe that haa been lakefl of due eMuberanee of the soil. The muif tftHUtao. vlaf , paatlig' ataatM-boat* show iShmt Imfustry Airniahea' the anaaM of irkl»«(teoded and prottidtle coaomeroe. The ■trlUi^ dlftnoee ia fhe taale and halrtta of ike people In- lilMUBg th« two^idea of Hm ifvar, ««• hara very appamttt. Upo« the Ohio Mt, Aa luWa and tfeatly pdated dwalllagw aw i» the Hmi' BngkuidalyH wMtaon fha Keatnoky sM», aoanttoad hma aad dwva, you seaihe large log hotnaa of the plantera in a grade of aiaMiMtiua eoaaldaMii%^ above the kf oiftina of dNfr alavea, by #hiah fhay are nanoanded, yat jog heasaa aHM. Thoae are botlt two atoriec h%h, vrith a wide airy hall thieagh the 0Mitt«, oneof thei lowar rodMa bafeigliMrpMlat, ttdfiha atter aervea the aamrat puifmaa offtBiMMrfrBleapiBg and eating room. Open, firtnk hoi- pitriity aharaotarisav tha Kentuokiaa, wUoh li ^9Vktg (a MiiMiiiiiili nnr> nd, that white »rant. Your lie boat ahoots iiul wry noon B-«prMul thc Maohinaiy of the boat, waa caught In U by tlM I«g< and bad ha not been fanmediatriy aeiaal and axtrlbntad hy>«w« Mnndiag by, muat have been dbrawn wholly in and < topiaoaa. The bonaa w«i« net biokan, but th» calf of the leg waa diHiaaaiagly mangled. ThMa baiAg no- MUgaaa on board, I eOMalad in dr aaa in g hie woumIb. Paaaed, on tha aecond, Point Giraidoa» My nUaa above the motMh of tha Ohio. It ia plea a a ntt y aitaatad «M«iii»p«^kpaHiip ) twn hoMlnd Um rhrw. At m fltttmiMMd r vi«w, tiM tW in fMloom igi mm thannooth iMdIag of Bl btokfimn tht Mt Mtiraly hf tteowwhdi k«« Pong turniagfaiidbi. bay jrok* thair »ittb^. TiM (fctlMMdtotlM IWjrM^itlMt iMftnfandif Imt m bMk to tiM >k. TlwIriM. •I aoBvlaM tiba rkMibiitttatod bal^StLMris. Mhttl^lMTiag ira MTwal ■bat' i,inwfaioh >» > i"y ■VMISM MiMUabuduMikdoiM. LMg«q«iuiUlbHiorU»il,bnNighl faoai tiM miM*. mtm wM tod wrriwl to diMtni m»rk«to. In tmv«lUifl upoit Umms waton, U i» |»iaAil to m* h*W fcw boolui of any v»liw th«»» •!• on bowd Dm ■ ft bo a to SooM oovaU ftro found, but tlM moM of thMn AM of a Um» tkMB ohnmotor. TIwimmmU of Umm who navignto lh«M liven ni« foing to tlM jndgiMnt, npurdl«w of lU !•««•*■ •f Utoir ■ouk, MMl raoat of thMi nra dMlkuto of tiM BibU. It gn-o gtmi oBmoB to wauty, thnl wo shoald hn*« loU- gtoiM wonhir in tho UdiM* onbfai. m wo did by invitotton. Compkiato of obtni^on w«ro mido -•" Obtruding religion ...«» pins* ior Mioh tlOnga." Bnt profanity »n4 £ --: tlt Mnnoobtnuion; thoynranlwnys in tikno nnd nlwnyt is piMM. C)»i«ti«B«nMMtkn«praUgioao«tofaigktMdhMr. li^ bm thn wiokMl nwy bn «• ofM and ofamMivn •• thny piaaao. gur^'-f fai praoiiead on board tlto ■taam.beala j^MttdMaa watoia ton vary gnat extant, and b a favavita^ aawaama* with thaaa wiMaa Mteda an not anOoianay anl- tivMadtotedaatiafaoikminnading.or iatoHlf«il ••^•^ •atian. Tka nninbai of Mank-laga wko Mnkn gMobUng tMr iNiainaaa in gmn*} tbay aia adapH in tlwir pnfta. rion,a»dtWiBaiw>w a da p an*iirafymuahnpaolhakaldH indattpiioa, ua iadaaoyiaff tiw inwipariawMd. OBtl»aTaniaforiMfaiirth.«*Mii'^«t*t- L'"*'^ lya la • IlimrW^ng bnilMaa pkM>a» li i ni H i «a tba w«* aidi of tha Miiikaipp^ two lumdrad nilaaahovn tito nmitli oftiw Olda,aa« twa«ly niloa babw tlto meHlb of tka liln> ^ •e«ii, and ia ita loanl pMition raai wbl ae Altenyt N.Y. Tba ^eoad Miwnda ht absut a knlf ntta ten tha lifai. and iiwapwdaoqtton^ widely aa rt an dad pMi. pMtly oawai wWi A«tl*«y» ta«k y Mi«bMn« Ummi* to oonvvrM from IIm wMowa MroM th* tlrMt*. TIm Fnmoh popvUlkm. Willi few •xoAptkMw, ara RomM CsUwIIcm, aotad ht tteir bMfet«no« tiMi (liMl|MticNi. OMnbilng la UmU AMrorita •inuMmMit ; ukI th«y iMva houM« davotod to Uik ob)M«, with ttfM up, Ilk* thoM of whUkay vradara. A« gMnblinc dk>M not imonmm m—ith, thara ar* but fow rieh, «irt«rpiiiag ■iMt Mno«g tlMi FrMM)h populttioo. Dntpk— n — b not oemMoa. aad tlM iMnpcmiM* mum !• dokig muok to ramev* what Miala. Eaitom MOcrpriM Mid Influenoa an galaiaf f ra«twl ■faM* th* town haa baan brought undar tha lawa of tha Uailad tftataa ; and a mw impulaa ia givan to b u i tn a w , TMaiathaoantnUpladaiathawaMfirtka Air trada, whfaih koaniad oo by tha Amarioaa Pur Gompany to a eonaidar< •hlaaxUtQW aad ala(MB«oh bvaiMaa ia doM ia laad, whioh laoMaiaad al Gkkma. A|praat aambar of Mm m bo a l a and adiar waiMT omA, of varkNia daaoriplkiM Md dwiinatiow, am aaaahaiaaiallaaaaoMortkayaar. Advaatarora,of alnoit •««rjr daaoviptloa oTohwrMlar aad natioii, aueh aatrapparo. hwMMra, miMia, aad anigfsaiat oollaot haia, aa a Miftiag patet ftoBwhaMa to g«» faMa tha atUl lur waM, mmaj oT whom aaak aadiataUa fertun* awinff tha Booky Momi. tdaa. Tito loeal iitHatioB af thb lows b aiMh, that It will ■njlwhtiilly ooaHatia lo ha ona of tha tot plaoaa f>r tiada in tha gimt^mltoy ofiha MMalppi. Thana ara Sva hovaaa of WMriiip, fwur Praloataat aojl aaa Raawi CstheU«. Tha CathoUa oathadral ia buUt of a inn light brown aand. atooa,aiidiaaUifa*ip*aaif^btiildiikg. ThaProtaMantin. fluaaoa ia iasraaafaif , aad thar* ara hara maay aetiva, davo. tad Chriaiiana, who asait a aalutary inflnanoa upon tha tot^ and vkktity . Tha population ia fiiUan thouMsd. iSL mmm an mraodat* thnf ooatmrm (Wmi oh pofvUlkMi, no(«d for tlNtlf tlMir AMTorit* to thk ob)«H, AsgMnblinff ih, wHarpWiig kouMM k aot nuoh to f«mov« «• art gftlntag l«r tiM Uw» of '•o to burimWi ur trado, wKioh f to • eoMidor- ia iMd. wMoh tMun-lmito Mi4 iron, of klaMMl MhMtmppBta, ,M « ■Uftiag WMl, HHuayof I Rooky Mom- Mh, tittt it will taoMfcr tmdo 1mi» sm flvo MMHiCiltoUa. ht wrovB sumU wPntotlaiitin< iyMrtiTO»dovo> » upon Um W^m Dootor Moroun Whitman hul alrBaily •rrtvwd hore, who l« appoinliHl hy th«i Amorlcan n««r.l of Comml«lon«r« for Foreign Mlmic»nii to Im my M«wi«tn. He came through the central partu of Ohio, Indiana and Illlnoii, ami arrived t few dayi in^fon me. On the 7th, we had an Intervlej* with Ml. Pontenelle. who takee charge of the caravan eent o«l hy tho American Pur Oomjiany. The caravan prooe««J« a ahort dlitanoe lieyond the Rooky MoUntaina, for the purpoec of oarryfatg out gooda for the Indian trade, and auppliea for tfioir men who are engaged in hunting and trapping ; and retuma with the ftini which they have uken during the year. Tliere are about three hundred men oonaUotly em- ployed in and about the mountaina, and more than aisty frho conatltute the caravan. With a much leaa numbar it irould be omafo to perform thia journey, aa thero are hoa- tile trfbea of Indians on the way, vix : the Ariokarae, the Crowa, and Blackfeet Having obtained permlarfon of the prindpal aganta of tiM oompuiy, Mr. Pontmelte kindly of fored to aooommodate ua with auoh advantagea aa Htiay U •flbrded in hia caravan. Kndlng It neceaaary to leave thia place to^lay ibr Liberty, which la one of tha moat weatem lowM In the United Btotea, wa were very buaily amployed •i iwaklng preparation for tke joumay, and In oafttng open •nd Udding flmswell to Chrlatian Menda. A lira Tut night deatloy«d a Vary large livery aUble, in which we loet a hona, MtddK and brfdk. The old oathednl, wWbh waa need for a atow-houae, waa also burnt, together with a »ery hrgo qtMmtity of crockery which it contained. :«^aNSS.^S£' k2'"3:^ •fmmmmmmmmmmmmiimmmummimimmm AcciMirr^ CHAPTER n: Imre St Look flw Liberty— pMNf* «p tiM MiMnari-auf»--« walk OB dMM-MlbrMB dnjh-Vint ■oe a ery— ei>«m. b o«t S i»m 8i»H bMo-Lwilton— Stem boat ^uUf-Uhmtr—VtinkM ladlue —ride to Ceatoumeat Leewwert h e m— in y pnviBflieliHMI Canvea eaanMBOo tb«ir je wn e y tot enoeM p a mn t— low InA' Mo— BleideBAke Ulkh-Nodswey liver-Blk— eieee the Neebuu WtMMt—Biaheeil fifid nee of the north branoh ofKeeh ni heton* ~arado orirriBr-mwdK oTthe wee l e i eee the MkMui-Bdie. At fire o'clock, P. M. w« went on board the •teun-boat St. Charles, Capt. Shelloraat, and ascended the river twenty miles ; anchored at the confluence of the Missouri and Bliasiesip|.i, and layby for the night, as it was dangerous to proceed, on aooount of the many nags and sand ban in the IfisBouri. • On the dghth, inneeeding ap the Miss&uri by raUter slow pngress, the ftrst stop was made at St. Charles, which is twwDty mike above the confluence of this river with the Missisiippi, and die same distance nordi.west fimn St Lonia. Ilk is a pleasantly situated village, upm the north side of the river. The country aroiuid is interesting, and the soil of superior quality. An enterprising Christian popuhu tioB would make this ow of the lopst desinhle pl>>ces in theweM. Soen.^fkrwAleft'tbeshpra, aboysixyeanof age, fell overboard, but, from die swiftness of thn eurrent, and as the boat was under ftiU way, thsre was no qqiortu* nity to save him. He was seen floadng a short time, but before the yawl could be loooed from its ftstening; and •JBlKlfe*"*""-- - -. >- M oori im*— •walk itty—NaTalMa Ia4l>u !>{■( pfoviBflialknt" MBpaMBt— Iowa Indi. Ik— orwa Um Wnto i «neh of KtahsaboUiia H tha Mkraui-Bdlo- oard the steun-boftt led tlie river twenty if tKe Minouri and it WM dangeroiM to I and aand ban in i&uriby nUterilbw . Charles, which ia thia river wMi the ireet firom St Looia. iipm the north aide intereetiog, and the Dg Chriatian popala* deairalrie pl^Hjaain I, a boy MX yean of neee of thu eonrent, in was no qqiortu* g a short time, but \ its ftstenhig; and ■ ■ PH I mf ^ mi'mm mmimm'^llim'llinfllWKf'W JBIfMSON OITTi wf manned, he sunk, and was seen no mora. His mother, a widow, and her fiunily, wera ramoving firom Kentucky to Franklin, Mo. The mother and the children lamented greatly and loudly. Near the mkklle of the day, on the ninth, we struck a snag or rook, so deep beneath the turlnd water, that we could not determine which it was, and it became necessary to npair one of the wheels of the boat, which was much injured. This afibrded an opportunity to go on shora. Several of my fellow voyagen and myself ascended one of those high blufi, which fiequently skirt this river. This was accomplished by olimlnng on our hands and feet up an elevation of several himdred feet. Hen we had a delight- ful view of the surrounding country, with its intermingled prairie and wood land, its cultivated s|;<>t8, and its hills and dales. But in attempting to raturn, a new difficulty inter* posed. I said we ascended on our liands and feet— could we ratum in the same way ? We wera compelled, by de- scending backwards, to use much caution, and letdng our- selves down by the grass, or sometimes a shrub ov tree, and asajbrting each other, we caniD safely to the shora. We also visited a plaoe, some distance below this, whera Lewb and Clarii encamped three days, the state of the river being such that they could not aaoend with their batteaux. Many wild turkeys wera seen along upcn the uninhabited shores. On tb^ tenth, our boat discharged a part of her cargo at Port- land, a small newly built village. A fellow passenger, a merchant of this place, on landing, immediately put in ra- quiskion sMne thirty colored men, women, and ohildran, who readily, without the aid of horses or carts, transferred bis merohandiM to its destination. '^ - The boat stopped on the lllh, at Jeflbrson City, the cap- siKSfr' -r- niiii>iiiMiiiiiMi.^rifiiriniiiiifl'^ M BANS urn* ital oftlMttiU*, aitiuaad on the wuth dd* oftlM rivar. upon » bigli tmlweuo*, « littl* abov* tb« Onigc river. It hM • gimtiiMMJbraonmllapUKM. Th* Mt« Imum ia of » siM whioh would be deoent for • waM eMdemy } aad tht goTfitor's JMHiee would do rerjr w«dl for a oomnmi flumer'a houM in Uie oountrjr, bui ie aotauob aa we riiould axpaot for a govemor in J^tmm Citg. But Um alaU of If iMOuri ie oompaiativaljr new, and thie plaoa may in time aupport ite name. Sabbath, the ISth, I nmainad in n^ atate room, and eS' deavored to obaerve tlM day aooording to the o oBun ai w|ni >a|. On Monday we paaeed Boonavillo and FianUin. anall villagae, which bava a ooufttry of rich land around then, and when it ia biought under good cultivation, they muat riae in importance. The eoenery up thia river iaauAoiently diveiiifled to excite intereat and to ohami. The treee along the fhoroe an moatly oak and ootton-wood, with aome hao- berry and buolceye, and it is intereating to aee how eaail^ uid how deep they take root in the free rich aoil along the river. Frequendy, where the banks are washing away, die roots of the treee are exposed to ftiU view, and ganei^ly then is only a large central root de scen di n g ten or twelve feet, with small onee branching out. pieaenting the Appear, anpc of an inverted cone. The river makes nothing of washing away, and forming islands. Sand ban and snags ^n BO comipon, that, becoming aocustomad to thun, we hardly think of danger. On the Uth, we found the sleam-boatSiam, Captain L., at Chariton, on board of which the St Charlee put her flraight and passengers, and returned, both boate ha^ so t^, disohaiged their ft«ight, that one could proceed with the remainder. When under way, the boat ran upon a aand »ftli«iivwriU|iOB river. It hM • i\0 hmtm is of • «d«nqrs mi4Um oaaatucmtumtt** w dhould MpMt KAUof MiMOuri In tilM MippCMtt ite rooa» tad tn< le ooBMn»iw|nwa|. 1 FnnkUo, Maall od arouod tbMDf ivatioD, thay mwt IverianiAoieatljr ThttTMi along 1, with wnM liM- o M* how OMil^ ioh Mil along the raahiag away, the iw, and geneffdly ling ten or twelve mtingtheiHNPMur. oaakes notUng of id bare and nagB imd to tbaoi, we am)Ca|i|ainL.,at iee put her flraight Is having ao flu^ piooeed with the ran. upon a wnd I f ^ i n ii n im— »— wl«BII»IW!fralMMMion of danger. Ther© waa BO want of ayideiwa that thfw waa a free uae of aideit qiirita. SbonthadiMMtereaiiM, though kaaasleoave than I had ftaiwl; the main ahaft, which waa lane and made of Iran, bidia, and ftrther progveaa waa impoaaible. Monday, 9Qth. Theday wasapontinwideavoringtQflnd •oaw ramody for the diMalar. hot all to »o purpeaa. . ft only renvjoad to diaohaige liMr«argo upon the wildemeaa ■ho(«,latharpai8engeratakacai»of themaalvea, and return with ona wheal, like a oripplad winged fowl. Two milaa uphove ua Uy the ■team.boat Nelaon, upon a aand bar high anddry. She ran aground upon the Sabbath, and being left hy a fraahet in the river, ia waiting for another, p be libera- ted. Our captain remariced.at dinner to^y, that moot of theaccideata which iMpp*^ to ■laam.boala uke place on the «|fl y^*K ; and that he djd not believe it would be long before they would not run on Ukat day. We engaged a man to take us in a wagon to Liberty, wd toward* evening went out into ttKimmiiiiiiwiii tt Bene&etor oi I my power to do. betweea kindred ' Ood to-day. and Q, which my eye* rill the kingdom* rdandhiaChriit. I and hi* nien ap- TheStemwo id it was her first ads in raising and lerwhioh the boat or a long time 1 oapMiBl»«eeifl ger. There was ree use pf ardead eseezleasive than laigeandmadeof oasible. odeavoringtofind 9» purpee*. . ft on the wildemesa selves, and return fowl. Two milsa 1 a sand liar high h«th,.and being left other, ^ be libera. D^day, that most of itake place on the ould be long before agedamantotpJce ening went out into ■fAti UBU'lff* It a small neighborhood of Mormons, where we lodged. They had fled from Jackson oounty, which they oall their promisitd land, and to which they say they shall return. They are a poor deluded people, and when they speak of their persecu- tions, they seem not to possess ths spirit of our Saviour, who, when he was reviled, reviled notagain, and when he suilbred, threatened not. We rode on the 21at, twelve miles to Liberty, through a very pleasant and fertile oountiy, thinly inhabited, well supplied wfth woods, and sufllciently unduladng and hilly to render it healthy. It was at that opening season of the year, when nature, aiousing itself from the sleep of winter, appears with renovated beauty. Not only man, bat flowers, and traes, and birds, seemed to enjoy the eeasM and the soeoe. I was much charmed with Ae wood duok, (A. Spoiisa) which Imm were numerous ; the variety of their oelom were adapted to the beauty of die soensry which surnMOidad us. And the spriglrtly deer did not seem to aooelerat* Us movements •omuehfhmi fear, as from knmof flight. ^^ Liberty is a small viliaga. aitaaled thasa aiUeB uMk at m tilMfy aisd iiitlfe oeontgrtami'of Oay; K ha* a aourK bouse of hriek-««everd slorss, which do eearidembb busT. neas, a Mfcwalk, and a numhar of dooent dwdling housss. W* ooMlMMd her* aboot three weeks, waiting for the caravan <» get hi readiness, At this place it forma— men. horsee and mutes, and wagons, are collected and put in read- faiess ; and from this plaoe aomraences the long jonmeyfor the west. While we remaned hen, we had an opportuidty to odilaot much infermatkm from thoae who have been to and beyond the Rooky Mountains, in regard to the country, mode of traveling, uid oonoerning the various Indian tribes Ml the wa;f . Captain Ford and Lieutenant Stein, from Fort iiiiii ivjAai ' e.mcm i !ui».M,.,.wi i «ia-ja ' )M.'. ft titiitfHKi ■ ;,>iT»nro»«. LMYMiWorth, wen alto h«rt. They are both profewon ot ivligioo, end appear to be well aoquaioteJ with (he Indian ooiutry. Lieut. S. haa been much among the Indiana, waa out with the dragoons the laat year— «nd waa aniong the Paw. nee Piota. He givea a very fitvorable aooount of them, and thinlca the way ia open to eatabliah a miaaion among them with fiiir proapeots of auooeaa. He alao thinka the way ia prepared, or ia preparing, fbr a miaaion among the Caraan- ehea, who heretofore have been hoetile, but now wbh for peace and trade with the Americana. I law alk> a Mr. Vaughn of thia place, a Baptial profeaaor, who haa made two tripe to Santa Fe, and haa reeided two yeara in that ptaoe. He givee • very inteieating deaoription of the Navaboea, • tribe who number about two thousand warrkm. Their country Ilea betwe«> the Rio Del Norte, and the eastern brsnohea of Rio Coioradot They carry on agriculture to a very ooo'idwrable extent; have large herda of cattle »nd hones, and fiooka of sbaep; and hare many do m eat ie nia». ufaoturaa, and faousea of good construction. They at* friendly to the Americaas, but not to the Spaniards. Mr. V. thinks they would readily receive Protealaat misstona* ries, and would prefer them to Roman Catholtoa, beoauae of their hostility to the Spanlarda, He alan apeaks well of tha Paehea, or Apachea, a small tribe on the Del Norte towards old Mexico. These have been at war three years with tha Spaniards. Saturday, May Oth> rode twenty-aix ndlea to Oantonment Leavenworth, which is situated on tlie west side of the Mia« souri river, nearly twmty miles out of the United States. The way ia through a fertile section of country, part of the distance is an open prairie,_otlier parts are han ds omely wood< ed, and all are well adapted to cultivntion, I had an intnb i. both profewon ot with file Indian thft IndiMi*, WM ■ among th« Paw. Mint of them, and ■ion among them linluthe way i« nong the Caman' ttt now wbh for ', Nw atto a Mr. irhohaa made two re in that place, the Navabcee, a iraiTiun. Their i, and the eajrtern OB agriculture to iida of cattle (nd ly domeatio man- lion. They are Spaniards. Mr. atealaat miariona* holioa, beoauaeof ipeakswellofthd )el Norte towards ee yearn with tha les to Oantonment itsideoftheMia« lie United States, untry, part of the landscunely wood< 1, I had an introt duotkm to aeveral of the officers, and made my home at l4eut. S's, an agreeable and religious family. I preached three times on the Sabbath, and moat of the people of the garrison assembled, and gave good attention. There is a very considerable number of proftason of nli. gion attached to this station, but they have no chaplain to teaoh and lead them in their devotions, which is a defi- ciency in our military establishments. Colonel Dodge and some of the other officers appear disposed to maintain good order, and I should think they exerted a ealuUry influence. I had an c^portunity, before I returned to I^iberty, to take ». view of the fort and the a4jaoent countrjr. . The buildings of the fort are situated within an enclosure around a large, beautiful square, which is covered with grMs. and adorned with bhade trees. The vhole is on an elevation of »ibw hundred ftet, and has an interesting prospect of the majestic river flowing Q» silently below. The fertile country around preeents a wide and fine prospect, and whan settled hy an industrious population, will equal S« most fiivored parts of the earth. Liberty, and the surrounding country^ ia inhabited by pec^le of considerable enterprise, and when it shftll be brought under Christian influence, then will be but few places raon inviting. There is but one Praabyterian min. ister in this county, a man of talents and very respectable attainmants, who it exerting a good influence. The Bap^ tisis iB ft nnart sprinkle into almost every rt for the balance nee of his night's If your baggage teyowfhmderf" lava originated in pers. They also mighty beautiful irith whom I form- should make "on B ; for hla ftunily e were hospitaUy ne of the judges of obligations to him f, but also for the telligent a ftunily. »lity shown us by IS, we oommenoed ' our course north* I boundaries of the p M i —ii i i I II — ^iBp^B— — w— » i»«^wiiM>— —■ ^w^i»»— mil II , mMAM United States, and for the last time, for a long period to come, I lodged in the house of a oiviliied fomily. Th«> next day, we traveled twenty miles, which brought us beyond the limito of oiviliiatien, and into the Indian ooun>. try, and encamped on a prairie surrounded with wood. The sensations excited by the circumstances of our situation were peoMliar, and such as I had not before folt ; in a wi|. demeas, inhabited by unseen savages and wild beasts, en- gaged in setting our tent, preparing supper with only a fow articles of ftimiture, the ground for our chairs, tabic, and bed. But all was conducted in good style ; for I would not dispense with attention to dlsoenotes, bsoause beyond the boundaries of civilintion; and having adjusted every thing hi good ordbr, and oflbred up our aveaiag devotions, we re- tired to rest. But how to adjust all the anxieties and feel- ings of the mind, so as to obtain the deslrad repose, was a more difficult task. On the 17th, I crossed over the east, or little Platte, which is a very oooaUerabia river, and wpmoA tba Sabbath with Mr. Gilmore, a Methodist proftssor, and governmental black- smith for the Iowa Indians. Saw many Indiaas of the lows, Sioux, and- Pox tribes. Among thaas a Fox Indian and his wifo were noble looking persons, havinig their fiioes painted with unmixed vermilion ; the former entirely, and the latter in stripes. They folt too important to be seen noticing what was transpiring around^ and seemed to think themselves the oiriy objects worthy of notice. Here is an excellent, fertile tract of country, and nothing discouraging for a missicmary station, exoe|rt the contami- nating iailueBoe of vicious white men. TIio natives wiah to cultivate their land, probably more from necessity than on any other account ; for their game is mostly gone. One oftlMm oaiM to Mr. Oilnior* to g«t wmm ploufha, and r«. iiMrked, " It ia hard tprork to dig up our ground fbr oom by hand." Th* Sioux bar* ar« only a Mmall band, who would not join Blaek Hawk in hia war againat tha Unitad Stataa, and who ara now afraid to return to thair own country. Thdir condition in becoming more and more wretoiiad ; for while they have not the knowledge, the meana, nor muoh or the inoliaatiou neoeaaary to cultivate thai? Unda advaa* tageoualy, they have an inaatiable thirat for ardent apirita ; and there are too many unprinoipled man on our firontiera, who, for the aakn of ^ain, will aupply them with the meana of drunkeoaeaa and deairuotkMi. Leaving Mr. Q., grataftdly remembering hia hoapitality, we rode on Monday, 18th, twelve miles to Blaokandke Hilla. At thia plaoo Mr. Rubedoux haa a trading poat, and an ub- oomroonty ine (arming Mtabliahment on the Miaaouri river. Hia buildinga are on a wmall elevation ot land, having a dalightful prospeot in (roal ^taore tiian a tbMMnaad aorea of <^)«n bottoan land, iying along down tha river; and hilU on the north and eaat partially ooverod wifh wood*. What haa nature not wrougHit without the labor of man 7 The berda of oatUe, and other doiaeatia aoinala, have aa wida a range aa they ehooaa, and fenoea an neoeaaary cnly to aeoure fields for oultivatioa. The IndiaiM here have a new mode of diifoaing of their dead. A aoaffbldiaraiaed about eight feet high, upon which the dead are plao()<< in rudely oonc^ruotad eoAaaoverapread with akina. Having obtained a aupply of milk, I eno.\mped out, pre* ferring the field to the houae, where I might have been aub- jaoted to iaany kinda of annoyanoea. For several daya nothing apeoial ocourrad;. On the 33d, iiiililiii'' I ' ^■jii^ff" plouflht, tad n- round for oom by b«iid, who would ttM Unitad SuIm, sir own country. ir« wretohod ; for moMM, nor muoh htit UtndM adv*n> br nnWni ipirit* ; I on our firoation, m with Um» ine«n« ag hU hoipiuUty, BlaokmcJte HU1«. I pout, and an un- fa* MiaKNiri rivvr. 4 Unit hnrinf « « tbounad Mm « rhrwr ; Md hill* ifh woodi. What »r of mka ? Tbfl bb, hnv* M wid* aeocMMy only td diiposing of tbair t hifh, upon which ooffina ovenprMd loiunped out, pr«. |ht h»v« bean sub* rnd;. OnthaSlld. ■PMia ••"ir COMflWrnOK 9V A BAfT. vv We ofOMid tlM iKadnwny rivtr 'villi n imft ; iIm oocMtrtioUon of which, and tn w p ort ing our bafgng*, ooeupi« d anoal of tha day. To oonatmot a rai, a numbar of dry lofpi are oollaotawi, and aaourad togatlMr, Mm by itd*. wHh bark* Mrippad fbm aim traaai Mma fow man awim aeioH th« river, taking with them ana md of a rope, whil* tha other end ia faalanad lo tha raft ; it ia tlian shoved o4; tha men upoti tha other akia of the river puliinn upm l'mi rope, The raft k genaraUy drifted oooaidaraUy down alraam, be- fore it ia bionght M tand upan the oppoiita ahore. In this nanaar they owMaad and ra^ruaaad, until tha baggana waa oanriad over. Then followed tha swimmii^ over the hotaaa, whjoli ia attioded witft noiae aoeugk— haliooinii of men, anortinf of thd horaaa, and throwing Mioka and atonea la fmvdM th«ro» «Aer havfaiB gone part the way over, tnm Wa aav many elk, but they were too wary to be a|b pnaehed, and loo Heal to be ahaaad. and our haman wn not aufloi^Hly au o oaa afti ! to obtain any. Thay ara T«ry laifc, and whan tbair home are on, have a wry majeatie appeanuiee. We flrMjuantly found rindr bona on the prairie, aoaae ofwhkth ware four foot long, with laige wMa tprmSng btaaahaa. Sabbath, the twenty-fourth, painrfng over a broiA naur whioh wa had amwinped the evening before, my ooiifpanion and myself rrmained for the day, while the oara«an went on. The movamanta at tha oaravan are so alow, that we foil oonfidMit we f whioh and oroeeing took moat of ^ following day. The aoU of thi* part of the ootmtry ia rieh, and the graaa for our horaee ia esoetlent ; but there are none here to till the ground, nor to gather in the ten thouaand tone of hay, whioh might be made from the apootaneoua growth. Thia part of the country doea not yet anawer the ei|d for whioh it wm ontk mmm htthn niflii, und nuuM on a ftft. I, w«i« ni«")h (ii** m on th ■poM of faranfa M lain hiaiMth of tha i raft, tha toMdnf lowing day. Tha 1 tha graM ft>r our « to till tha ground, hay, which might Thia part of tha which H WM orwtt vmaaweTiB mvneoLraa. |§ tad. Tha tima will ooom, whan a daoM population will oovar thia oouiury, who will randar tli.» Miorii)o« of prayar and pnUM) to uur (Jod. On tha aeih, wa roda alavan nUlM, aiid oame to tha north brmmh of tho abova mantiuafld rivar. After wa had oon- ■traotad a raft, wa had a vary diflioult tima of oitMaing. The water waa continually and rapidly rising, ami baibra wo fiai«had eronung, the iiaalu were uverdowed to oonaida. rahla daplh ; and tha alluvial aoil waa landared too eoft lo auatain our ho raaa, and thay aunk ao daap that wa could not praoaad. After aaarohing fcr a loug tima, a piaoa waa fcuod auOoiantly hard to bear up our aairaala whan ua. UMdad. Wa had to oarry our baggage iqwn our abouldara about flftaaa n»dm, part of the wav in wata^ mU deep, goiag forward aad ratarriiog until aJl waa oanM to batter ground ; and then we had to ride a mile lo the dry prairie in WMtar one and two ieet deep. We rajoioed to Und ouf . Mlvaa oww mora on firm fiwiiag. Enoampad by a itveaM of olaar water, which ia ram m thia part af the uountry, and aapadaHyatlkkaaaaonoftheyear. Tha watera of all thia portion of aountry, aapaoiaUy of the Miaaouti river, and ite larga tributeriea, are wary turbid, owing to the natuia of tha Mil over whioh they pa«. A paU fuU of water, atandiag Uslf an hour at the aaaaona of fraahet% will depoait thma- «ighta of ao inaii of aadlmant; and yet tha water, whan wttlad, appear* to be of good quality. Our mode of living, {torn day to day, had already nec«» Mrily beoome uniform. Dry bread and baoon oonaUtuted our breakftat, dinner, and au^iar. Tha baoon we oookad, when we oould obtain wood for firo; but when "out of sight of land," that ia, when nothing but graen graaa oould ba aeen, we eat our baoon without cooking. Some of the 1 .. ... . . ,i. w aP M MotmM or m wnr. •impImtArtiolea of Aimiture were guiSoient for our culinary purpoaes. The real wants of life are few, artificial ones are numerous. 30th. We drew near to Council Bluffii, and pasMd down from the high rolling prairie, through a vale two or three miles long, and a half mile wide, into the rich alhifial, and widely extended v«Hey of the Missouri, through a section of country of uncommonly interesting scenery. The mounds, which some have called the work of unknown generatfams of men, were scattered here in all varieties of fimns and magratodes ; and were thousands in number, and perhaps I may say ten thousands. Some of these mounds were coni- oal, some eliplical, some square, and others jMirallelognuns. One group of these attr-cted my attention more than any others. They were twehe in numher, of conical form, with their bases joined, and twenty or thirty feet high. Tliey formed about twiKthirds of a cirole, wiUi an area of two hundred feet in diameter. If these were isolated, who Wold not say they are artificial 1 But when they are -only a group of ten thousand others, which have as much the ap- pears'soe of being artificial, who will presume to say they are the work of man 1 But if they are the worit of ait, and attest the number, the genius, and perseveranoe of de> parted nations, whose works have survived the Iflpee of ages, their history is riirouded in darkness. <' Hie mind seeks in vain for some clue to assist it in unraveling the mysteir)'. Was their industry stimulated by the desire to protect thorn* selves against inroads of invaders, or were they litem- selves the aggressors V " Are they the monuments of wes- tern Pharaohs, and do they conceal treasures which may yet be brought to light ?" There is nothing plainer Uuui that they were never designed as woVks of defenoe, But "mi^ I ■ iK " i l Ui>.wiA«. *M «iil> V «ii •"IJMiHiri'aefo'^ »nt tat our oulinary IT, trtifkswl ones are El, and pMMd down vale two or three 16 rich alluf ial, and through a aeotion of ery. The mounda, iknown generatimia ieties of forms and mber, and perhaps 1 mounds were ooni- ers parallelograms, tion more than any >f oonioal form, with y feet high. Tliey iUi an area of two I isolated, who would in they are -only • ^ve as much the ap- resume to say they ire the woric of ait, perseverance of de> 'ed the Ifipse of ages, " The mind seeks in veling the mystair)'. •ire to protect them- were they them- » monuments of wes- )asures whioh may lothing plainer Uuui u of defenoe, Rut I nvm > mmm l^ll»mmmmm>'''fmmii ui a laifo oanoo, and swam our horsss and nmlos tuom, whiob, on aooountof tho width ^tho eivor, and tko olvittgth of tho ourrsnt, roquirsd mooh tflbit I ^SMt io tko ogoooy bouse, wksio I wao hsppy la fiad bnthvon Jhm bar and Allis, misskmaiiss to tho dirootian of the Amorioaa Boafdof < dgn MhwionB. 1VwBlsaBa|Misti of Sov. Moooo Monil and wifc. Miss Brown, and a Gkiii^ tian Indtaa woman, a douondaat of Ro¥. D. Biainard'a In* diaao. They aro Tinprinilinfl by dia Baotfst Boai4 to lahoi^ auMaig tho Otoo la^an^ about twoaQr4vo mttos Aqm tUa plaoo^ on tko riror Platla. Thsoo ladkns am away fimn Ooir intondod msidsooo about kalf tko tinio> o* kunUi^ oacouzaons. A Utdo mors than-a kalf milo bo'ow tko agonoy, tk* i m o ri o an Fur Company karo a fort, jod in eonnwian they have a fiurming oolablishmsnt and largo numkon of oattlo and horsss, and a horse powor mill for grinding owii ■(^■C>i = )«» *#^.i r iriftMwtiliii iiiirrMifflyi iMitriliiiifr Wf i - -' '■■■■■-'■'-■■■^■■■"'-'■'^ .m.^^ PIP mt mm0m^- o htlkv*, tlMt m houfh very datp^ i bridga ovwr it. lOonUndaoftlM id KMllw , MdtlMMmttgib I INBt 40 th* d BnuNtt Swi' tiM wa,«MlAGhiiiN D. Bmiaard'slB' 1 Board to kkor allw flmntUi I «n away fima "■■■■■PI ^^ ^■'^^^^^p Um tftaoy, tha nd in coBiMiloii uga aiunbaia of br griodiag own. wmnavh CHAPTER m. e«aliafl I ftl CwaoU Bhdb- nf— iBdiuMntMi^ — tafimution abtekiwl aboot atMnl ladiui tei hw B y>i inmi >c Cbolm.-«a ladka Chief kUlMl--lMTC B«UeTM
waitr winding it* way round to the eaat, and nnitfaig wiA tlM MbmoaaA, six milea above the conflnenoe of the na^ ottabtfi^ fion the wait. Theee flow througli a rich allnvial plaiB» opening to dw eootii and eouth^weit ae far aa the aye aan reach. Upon theee meadowa are aeen fitod- lag eone finr hundreda ot heiase hnd malee, and a lierd of »^WP»SHPmpipiwini » i i.iJW)iij i i p i | iiiWHwppwwwi4>W m tumoKAMr Mttle; •ndiomehaldiofooradiveniAMltKeMMmiy. The north is covered with woode, which ere not le« falut- ble than the rich v»lee. But few placee can preeent • pros- pect more intereeUcg, and when a ciTiliied population shall add the fruits of their industrjr, but few oan bo more desi- rable. • In reepad to efibrts for the religious insiruotioa and eon- veriion of ths Indians, I am oonvinoed, from all I oan learn of their native character, that the first impressions niliioh the wiseionary makes upon then^ ai* aUogethet important in thdir bearings tm sueoesdbl labors afterwards. In ddiigs about which they i^re ooaTersant, tfiey are men ; but about other things thi^ are childivn ; and like obttdnn, the an- i w nnoe m ent of a new sufajeot awiJiMis disir atteMini) their euriosity, and their eoeigies; MMflt has bean rMnailrad by a Methodist miiwioM^ wfio has labored among the Indiane, that mmf fsened to embnMie the gospel on its flnt Mng oifemd» and tlMU those among the adults, who ihfled to do so, weiMtarely oonvertad. I^ from luiy tnotiires, or from luiy oauae, fautruotias is delayed, and tbek npeotatSone vm die- appoictad, they rdapae iiiloth«ir nMive apatl^, final whi«h itiadiAotdttp«rmMitl«Nn. «' W« had w o^ortoaity, whilst wo oontinned in tUs plte*, to oolleet muoh iofonnttloBNlatiBg to die Indians la Ae Si- ouK country, from BfajorP^ the agent appofaitedrbygomtt.. raenttotheYanktons,abaadoftheSioiuc. Aappsantobt )^ only intelligent and oandid, but also waH^ dMpesed to- wards Indiw inqprovmnent. The IbUowhig k dw subBtanee of the biforraation whidi he gave us in renidto sevai«1 tribee to the north and aotth-wesl of thk^oa: that the Omahaws are situated upon the Miasouri, about one hundred and fifty miles above this plaoe^ and nupbar about two iiiiiNiiliiiyaiii^^ Ppmhi tK« MMmiy. 1!1ie I not !•« Talus- Mui piMMit • pros- d population shall an ba mora daai- ilruotiaa and «on- mti all I oan learn impraanona a^oh 9f«thaB important ward*. In Mtiga men ; bat about obildraii, the an- •ijr attaatkii) their fteon reoMiilMd by mong the Indiana, 1 OB its fliit being hoAkOedtodoeo, tirea, or from «By paetat&PiM •?» dia^ latl^, final whi«h BoedintUeplaea, IndlMMlatheSi. nlntoitbxgorenik Ai appears to b* well' diepoeed- to-' iglidwtvbBlanee reflMid'to eevend ieptaoa: that the iboutonehuadrad upiber about two uovx uuuin. #«• thouMMd. They have been well diqxMMMl towards the whitee, but, owing to their Interoourse with traders and trappers, and abuees whioh they have reoeived from them, they are becoming more vicious in their habits, and lees friendly. Yet, kind treatment would ooocUiate their favor, so that there would be no reason to fear but that a mission night be esUblisbed among them with iair proapects of sue- J The Yankttms are an intereeting band of the Sioux, of aboottwe thousand people. Their village is to be looated on the Vennilioa river, wh«re it unites with the Missouri firom the UHth. Maj. P. thinks this will be a very eligible fdaoe for • raiaHOBary statkm, and says he will do all k ^' ^ggmir to«idsueh«ff«Bterprise. .,« The PoBoa^ Indians, on the aouth side oftbe liiasoiiiit.«l the OQoAuenoe of the L'emu pd esare, number sU or eight buadied, and ^eak the same language as the Omahaws. ^^Timni^ <^ oouotry, Oram the mouth of the Big Sioux rfTc^and that4» tise south of Mm X'som pd emn* as liigh w the oountry of the Maodan Indinns, may be olaaseiuador tha gMenUhtad of the Sioux ooontry; and is hihabited Igr |ii» following bands of Ooux, vix^ the Tanktona* alreMy »>«>• tifliiadi Stota% Yanktonas, Tetaos, OgalUUaha, 8lQMs,.and the HankFiffffi who oourse east and west fiopn the Miacb> sippi 10 the Blaok Hills, and sometimee as fiir south af Uta ri*«r Platte. The real number of the several bands oaimol b« oorraotiy asoertiunedt but probably it is from forty to sixty tboaaaiid» Tlwtr habits are wandering, and they rely ex. elusively upon the chase for subsistenoe. Tlieir principal tndaisinbuiMorobes^ . The traders have for many yearn „^ n ,^l, jf»^ ^frinadly mteroourae widi them, and generally speakini^ they are much attached to white men., ^ _^^.^ li THl irAMMmo OIDURA. The Mtnclana are • much mora Btadonary p«o|M tRMT •Imoat any other trilw in thh whole icigkm of ooontry, and the opportunity to eatabli«h ndaifamariea among them is gooA ; but on aooovnt of repeated 'ilT treatment, whtoh they hate experienced, they are beginning to grow suapioioua, and are loeing confidence in white men. Our atay In diia plaoa haa beeir pralraoted muoh beyond our expectationa. Two weeka after our arrival, the apaa* modio cholera broke out with a great d^pree of malignity. The weather waa Tory warm^ and thiare were dwwera from day to day. The intemperate habita of Uie men, and their nunmer of living, probably Kad» tendency to induoe the diaeaae. Three of Um company died ; and aeveral othen b«raly aurvived, through the bleaaing of God upon the ••• iridaooa atleatfona of Doot. Whitman, my aaaooiate, and the Area nae of powerfbl medioinea. MoA, had it not been for Ma a uou eaa fti l praotioa, the men would hava diaperaad, and the CAraYwi would have fkiled of going to the ]Aaoa of ren* detvotta. TMa wIm plainly aem and frankly adtnowl^dgad . Thia alarming diaeaae waa tfia maaaa of aAodag met dm* parture aooner than It odwrwiaa woirid have taken plaoo. iff iHu n ee eatary to -haaten to tiie higher pvairieo, aa the only praapeot of eaoaping the 4krtkeT ravagea of the dia<> aaae. Not a aingle new oaae oeourred' after w» laeom* menoed our joum^. Thia ailifotivo aooaiga, ao ftur •• it reqieotied Dr. W. and myaelf, waa providaiitial. The a«> riatanee we rendered the alek, and ^ medical akfll of the Odctor, ooaveited thoae into permanent firieada, who had ao dirfiked the restrainta which our preaenee i ia l p Pae d upon them, diat, as they afierwards oonftaaed, tb&y had plotted oar death, and intended on the flrat oonvenient ocoaaion to put their purpoee in ezeoutioii. * s j4^;,vi*^»*t * mm&smmmmmmiiMi^^ I»»«ll" Mry {wopi* tiMn I of oountrjr, and ■mong them U nent, whtoii th«y grow ■uapioiou*, ed much beyond arrival, the epM* ;i«e of malignity, ire ehowere from e men, and their oy to indnee the nd aeveral others Gkid apoB the as- aMooiato, and tlie id it not bee« fer if diipened, and the ]Aaoe of ruio lyadtnowl^dgwi. •Aoting 0» d». liaTe taken piaoe. ' pvairiei^ as tiie ivagee of thadte- after tM laoon* Mife, as ftur aa it lential. Tike aa. dieal ridll ot the (ends, who had ao >ee finpo ee d upoA thiy had plotted enient ocoaaion to mmmimm MvasM 09 A oanur. m WhUst at Bellevua, a maa by the name of Qarrio, a half blood Indian ciiief ofthe Ariokan nation, waa ahot under very aggmvatad drounetanoea. Oarrio and hia fiumily were residing in a log oabin on the Ptpillon river. Six or •even men, half intoxioated, w«nt down to hia houae in the night, oalled him up, took him away a half mUe, and ahot him wbh fix balla, aoalped him, and left him onburied. The reaaon they aarigned for doing so, waa, that ha waa a bad man, and had killed white men. If he waa guilty, who authoffiaed them to take hia liAi t The Ariokara nation will remember this, and probably take revenge on lome inno. eentpemma. Thia, I apprehend, iatha way Indiaa wan ara often praduaad. While wa oharge tba Indiana with iny»ta. rate feraoioiMmeaa and bhiunan brutality, we Ibifat tljfe too numarotts wroBga and outragee oonunitted u Km thann, wUoh Incite tkian to wvai^. They aaanot arfrahaod aa^ do juatioe to auoh oftndera. Or if they oould, wwiMit notbe published aa a gKoaa liidian BMvrdar and agg ia a dnw , and a wtt of anatmlnatlwi baoomwaoadagaiaa»thamf When Indian oftwoai a»a paoalalmad,' wa hear only one aide of the •IM7» aodlba other willnot bo hMfd untU tM UmI fiaotday. Monday* Jteo 9M. After ao Ung dalfty, wo io^ooto' RMOood ow JQwnoy kf tho «« fcr west." Tho BUwk HUls are to bo.ow M«t stoppit^ ^m*. Tho oanvan atMrtod yoolontoy. Wo paassd over a rioh oxtansivopmirie, but ao poorly watered, that wo ^ not find a aUroaro through tho whole day. In the aftonoon wo had lo ride ia a he§vy, ooU ndn, io oonsequonoo of whioh I booamo muoh ohillod. OvortoA tho oaravani and ehoampod before night on o high piairie, whofo wo oould tod hut Uttk Food, and it Wfo dif* ftottlttomakeafiM. We had for supper ooaraa bread mMe of com, and soma baeoo. Tho ohange from the comforts to i W iii 'W iiii' MTC"'^ I i F* i | i . i| 41 AMOM. the bara nsoMMrlM of lift wm tiyiag; but whtn \h»A wmpp«d myaelf in my blanksts wad laid down upon Um ground ta rapoM for th« night, I fiiU thankAil to Ood ht hi* goodaoM. Bbing now beyond all whita inhabit•ntl^ in an Indian country, and not knowing what the eventAil future may unfold, I thought I oould give up all my private intarealB for the good of the periehing heathen, if I oould ba inatnt. HMntal of their temporal and eternal welftM. Come lift or death, t oould aay, " thy will be done." I felt etreag oook fidlmoe that Ood would protect and provide for u% and da* rived great oonaolation from^the promiee, '< Lo, I' am with you always." The very pelting of the etorm upon our tent had aomething in it eoothing, and oaloulated to awaken the feeling that God was near. On the 9M, the storm still oontinuad, and we did not M> move our woampmsnt. T6r/aRlvnooii'on'tito S4tlt{ went forwwrd os oar way and oRMHuI the Fapilkm river, which oooasioned mooh dalay to get the ba^fage, wagons, and animals ovar. We dUd nM fioid a suitable plaoa for eaoamping where we ooald be ao. oomnMNktMl wMi wood and watwr until aboot suoiat; and before wa oould pitch oar twit, a thondnr storm, wUoh had been gathering for a long time, eame down upon us with gnat violence, aoocmpwiied with wind and- Hail. The ani- mals of the caimvan fled'iardUfcnnt dlireeticms, some paokMl and some unpacked. P h|Ml only time to unpack my mole ■ad let him go, and it was with much difficultjr I ooaM faoM my horse, which luui become almoat fhtntk under the beat- ing hail, nor did I escape without some cmUnsiaos. The lightning was very frequent, and the thunder was almost ene continual roar. After a while the fury of the storm ft iW iilili ij » i|ii ' .ifilt» '*- » iiM t4{ mt' ^f !«; !;.;," '■ , .t '-i^' ".' i \^y^i^J^^^^fl^ ' ' '' *^^ ^>^'^^ MfetOTWM mm mumtm *«MS|^!«9l||r but wbM IlMd down upon Um ^1 to God l»r hU Its, in an Indian itftil future may private intarMto oould ba inaUru< bo*. Cona lifc I faltatraagoo»> » for u», and d«* « Lo, I am with irm upon our tant id to awalien tha nd wa did not !•• I o« oar way and lad muoh dalay to •r. Wa did not I wa oonld ba ao« tout suBsal; and itonn, wUohhad iwn upoB' UB with rHail. Theaiii- iona, soma paeind unpaak my male lulQr I oottM hold ic under the beat- oontuaiaaa. The inder waa almoet Fury of tbe itorm A vuon».T HnnM. w abated, and la tha dark wa pitohed our tent and get our bagfafe into it, but were not able to make a fire. We took •uoh aupper a« we oould pirovide with our ooaree b t a a d and baooo, without light and without Are, and laid ounwivea down to reet. During the night there were eeveral ahowera wMoh created rivulate, eome of whioh found th«ir way un. dw our tent. Toward* morning we alept, and aroee aoaoa- what refreahed. The morning of the SlStJi waa very ploaaant, and afibrded a good opportunity to dry our baggage, and for the caravan to colleot together their paoke of gooda, which were eoat> tared over the prairie. After having epent the forMioon in dryfaig and adjoating them, we went forward and arrivad at the Blkhom, a very oonaidarabla river. For oonvayanoe over this rivwr, wa oooatruoled a boat of a wagon body, ea oovared with u nd ia aw d ddna a* to makj it nearly water ti|^. The method waa very good, and wa oommanoad oraaaing, biM night eame oo bafera we flniahad, and there- fera wa aaoampad on tha aaat aide. Tha oouotry haia 1* aBeallaat, and loiarably auppUad with wood. 0« tha iMMi^ we eaatinaed eanying over our baggage, and fi a hh a d ofawlag at half after twelve, after whioh wa traveled tan mllaa np tha EUkhom, and alopped for tha algM^ On the avth, aroee very early and poreuad our jouin^, and made good pragraea until three, P. M. when we mat Meaek.» Can^rbeH and SuUette with a amall oaravan, re- turning ftom the Blaok Hilla. When mountain tra^re meet under aoeh olreumataaoee there muat be mutual ax- ohaagee of flrieodahip, more eeramonioua and oompUoatad than oan be gone through with in the paaeing *< how do you do.** The two earavana encamped, in due form, and at a re^fMOtful dietanoe ft guilty of ti«|lMM of Ihlfl MetkHH of , wid the PkwiMM laJiMMwe op ow d PUtto, whieh »n ifl«MH. IttorMi «rtli of grew- Nb RMr, with only mm )$k\3fi* imnifftoimt* I giovt wtnmr m iiow.to|ip«d mouB* «p«rknoed eMt«f I ooow, aad pvote* illbeaovvvdIwMl MdferthalwMtai 6ed vtti oMuitllM MiMiaf hii menl |i If to dhrla* pM> 9d. Ahkoo^ la- God will MOOIB- MMt^ailMHl illllll of a fcw thenMod r oultiTntfoB ; nor «t upan tiM ffowd I l»swM^ OT«r Hm Tt» HN^N 1 i J too ywe mo di— uMnt "•?-* OV TU VLATn M •M fOM ; mmI tlw4kMr wihwii omw oraf^MKl tlN» gmM Imv* Mmfftmnd ; awi tiM MitekipM h*v« lUd away } uMi alMll •olkwl* raign Iwra lUl iIm a-Ml of Hum f No: Imm iImII te hMwl tiM did of biMiiMaa, and Um onla. Phi. iaathionraadtha aMKoy of (;hxi plaad in thair bahaif. Wa w«M a w aka n a i an Iha tOth, at Iha «f«t bnaUac of iha(lay,hythaaaaalaall,*laaA(, P. M. Hwra than«ight ho«f% wWb «a iaaltad aad braakflulad. Wa want agaia an oar misf* •wi cama to tha Lou|» fork of tha Platta, aad ato^tad ferihaJtight. lfa«of tha«iaaBtry.a««rwhidii»atiavaM to.4ay ^m a lolliag imitia. Thaia ia lui^off ia thia aa»> tka of ooontry to iatanai tha faah^. I did aot aaa a aingla atona, afiaryaaaiBg tha Papttlaa to tUa piaoa, exa^p*. ing a Ihv an^l onaa ia tha plaaa what* wa oioaMd thai auaaah aad whkifa oo that aoeouat ia «>aUad ttooUbid. It ia oaa of Ow pa«» In the cmttn for our lodnlngt. Mjr kid !■ imuW hy ««t iprMiding d<»*n t lKi«hlo •Wn, ufM thiR • h«nr Ain, then two or three Haoliinew blenkete, nnd my poitmuiieAu oonetitutea my |tillow. We proceeded to-dey • ftwr milee up the Loupe hrk, end luitfipeetedly found • goad fer^g pi«». where we orawed the tivm, whteh in this plaoe ie neerly • ndle wide. After Hoing n fow mllee op the rirer, we heltMl for the nij^ht. The mMiMr of our enoMoping. la to form • inrge hollow •quwre, enoompaeainf en area of about an aore, having the Hft on one aida ; three wagona ftmnhn^ a part of another aide, eonUng down to the river ; and three more in Hm mmm manner on the oppoaite aide ; and tfte paurpriw», or (doming into tiw • amp l>x aiealU) aitd taJiiNg mwmy rMtmr horwHi or p«:luigr« «f good*. We were permilleil, by fevor, to pttoh our (eii( n«'«t to the rivor, half way bttwAt^n Iho two wingn, whirh made our aitiiation a little more retired. Nothing of apeoial intorsat oocurreii on thr imymd. On the thiid, wfl pMMil the vilUgftit of th»' Tepegn «ninfi)rt. Many of the Fawn >.- ing and influence are felt, and the Indians shall locate them- selves upon their lands, under the influence of Christianity and civilization. The mode which Messrs. D. and A. have n.6ofAed of going with the Indians where they go, appears to be the right one, and must be generally adopted to bring the numerous wandering nations and tribes to the knowledge of Christ. It is all impo^rtant thkt the misslcmary should be able to speak to the heathen in the language in which they were bom. It is also important that the Indians settle down and cultivate the soil ; but how can they be induced to do this before they are taught ? An interpreter may be employed for awhile, but the missionary must become, as soon as pos- sible, his own interpreter. And why can he not learn the Indian language as well as the trader and hunter ? He can, if he will exercise as much self-denial. On the sixth, we left the Loups Fork, very early m (he morning, in company with the Pawnees, and direotf i our course south-west for the Platte river. Towards evening, we had a thunder storm with heavy rains, which continued through most of the night ; but, protected by our tent, we slept so soundly, that our meat was stolen from us ; and in our circumstances, though aa\y about six pounds, it was a sensible loss. After we came to the Platte, we pursued our way up the ^ m MO juc, A VAvmi oiur. riwr, which is broMl, hut not vtrjr d««p, m Ito bum Mi- catM. The oountry bsgiiu to diminish in its Ibrtilltjr, but still is very good. We were prerented flma nuddng the pragrvM we might have done, if the Indiuis woyld have permitted us to go on and leave them. Themeuoftheoara* van began to complain of the delay, and had reason to do so, having notliing to eat but boiled oom, aad no way to obtain any thing more beibre finding hufiklo. The intellectual powers of theae Indiana are very good, but need cuhivation. They are food of ornaments, and not having; the same means of gratifying their vanity as civilised people have, they resort to almost any thing to decorate 4heir peiaoos ; suoh as poroupina quills, beaih, wreaths of graas and flow(»rs, brass rings upon their wrists, birds' feathen, and claws of wild beasts. The daw* of a griisly bear are aa omaoiant of the first order, and the tails of white wolvee are in high ntJrrffAvtif But their iavorita aad aUnoM uni> veTsal omamant is painting their fttoes with vermilion. Th«se heathen, like all others, are ignorant of the benign influence of dm gospel, and therefore, while they have many interesting traits of character, are cruel to their old men and women. The women are compelled to do all the work— the men only hunt and go to war. Having but few horses, when they journey, they place burdens upon the old men and women, and even upon the Uind and lame— and upon their dogs. I did not see among these Indians a single person having any natural deformity, not may one who appeared to be deficient in common sense. July 9th. To^lay Big Ax came to my tent and sat by meatongtime. Never did I so much wish to converse with any man and tell him about the Savior, and, ftom the ex« pression of his countenance, I tliought he desired to be in- .-*,. I it* BUM imii' ill Ibrtilily, but Dfoia makiiigthe iaiw woyld have I OMNI of the earn* 1 raaaon to do ao, lo vajr to oUain la are vory f[ood, naoMiita, and not anityaaoiTiliaed ( to deooimte their wreathe of ipra* I, birds' feathen, , griisly bear are B of white wolves I vermilion, ant of the benign B they have many their old men and lo all the work— ig but few horses, n the old men and H-«nd upon their I a single person B who appeared to r tent and sat by htoocnveisewith utA, firom the ex* B desired to be in- ATTEMUrr TO KOSDIS. W struoted. But the gift of tongues was not imparted to me,' and we could only converse with the language of aigns« whioh is &r more intelligible than I had anticipated. Capt. Fontenelle, by a large present, purshased of the In- dians the privilege of going on to-morrow without them. Our men oould hardly have been kept in subordination, if they had not consented. Towards the night of the 10th we had an uncommon Rtorm of thunder, hail, rai'\ and wind. The horses and mules could not be controlled, and turned and fled in all di- rections before the storm. The whole caravan was scatter- ed over the prairie ; but when the storm abated, they wore again collected without much difficulty, and notliing was lost. If any hostile band of Indians had been about us, it would have been easy for them to have made us a prey. But the Lord not only rode upon the storm, but was also near for our defense. The scene was alarming, and yet grand and truly sublime. Sabbath^ 12th. We are in a land of d8<3ger8, but Qod is our preserver, and how desirable it is, that his mercieashould be had in grateful remembrance, and that tha portion of time, which he has set apart as holy, should be obserrod as .suoh. The caravan traveled a part of the day, but were ondor the necessity of stopping in cmsequence of rain, whioh wet their packages. It is worthy of notice, that there have been vari- ous providences, which have thua far prevented them from traveling much upon the Sabbath. But tJils day iiaa been one of great, cmfusion and wickedness. In consequmoe of the HMD bemg drenched with nuny whiskey was dealt out freely^tokeepthaai flromtakiBg oold; Most of Uiem became much ex«ited, and one, wiio iaok an active part in killmg Garrio, slabbed a man, vitk full intent to have pierced his 6* M xtmcnfAL puirr. Iieart ; but the knife, by ■triking a rib, tuimed t^jide »nle those of the blue flag, except that they are serrated. The healing properties are ccotained in the roots, which are bruised and applied to the aifocted parts. Rattle-snakes are not numerous. These and other reptiles are prevented fnmi multiplying, by the fires which every year run over the prairim. On the 14th, the announcement of buSalo i^Mnead cheer- fulness and animation through the whole caravan, and to men whose very life depended on the droumstance, it was no indifferent event. From the immense herds of these wild animals, dispersed over these beautiful fields of nature, we were to derive oua subsistence. Although several were mmm 1^91^'" W (i»y, yet our hunters wore not suooemful in obtain- ing many. I had heard of the prairie horse-fly, but was not awaro that it would be so very annoying and even tormenting to our horses. Its bite is like the thrust of the point of a lan- cet, aun ; but the night passed away in quietude, and M ihe first break- ing C'l the day we were awakened by th^ customary call of the guide. AKTSUUVa. •I idied ; but prob< ntaffc. Is it not iind here M well We found no hall not for some under the neccs- : of the buffalo. !Cted, and proves lan we had antN lad fears of find- le chief has been nr this place for indians since wo I gone far up the States draggons, ) on their way to ards white men, Ithough they are irved by only one if the way of the imolested. brk of the Platte, nk in our usual red for an attack irties be about us. ifle was in order. I balls. We all by the sentinel's bA'dy r»r aotk>n ; M ihe first break- ;u8lomary call of flaw, on the lOtk, the buflklo in greater numbera, and nearer than previously. They are loss shy than thoae we finl found. They are mora majestic than the elk, but icsii beautiful. The antelopes, aom* of which we have seen for several days past, are becoming veiry numct -ua, and their Hpeed exceeds that of any animal I have ever oen. Our hounds can do nothing in giving them the chase ; for the dogs are so soon left far in the rear, that they do not follow more than ten or twenty rods, Iwfore they return, looking ashamed of their defeat. Our hunters occasionally take Momo by coining upon them by stealth. When they are surprised,' they start forward a ' ery small space, then turn, and with high lifted heads, stare for a few seconds %t the object which has alarmed them, and then, with a half whis- tling snuflT, bound off, seeming to bo as much upon wings as upon feet. They resemble the goat, but are- far more beau- tiful. Though they are of different colors, yet they are generally red, and have a large, fine, prominent eye. Their flesh is good for food, and about equal to venison. Ju!y 17th. We did not go on our way as early this morning as usual, Laving been ietained by breaking an axle-tree of one of our wagons. The country is becoming more hilly, and the blutla in some places come down to the river. Herds of buflhlo an seen in almost every direction, and they are so numerous, that our animals find scanty pas- ture. The thermometer stood at noon at 86**. Encamped a little below Cedar bluf&, so called from the few cedars ticattered over them, which promise a better supply of fuel. Commenced our journey on the 18th, at our usual early hour, to travel on until near noon before broakfiut. From the change of vegetation of various kinds, and birds, &c. it is evident we are ascending into higher regions of coun- mmhmf n nKMfnW WW9AUt. Uj, mi ut fttmoiplMni mora rMomblinit ^t of tb* lf«w BnglMid (iMtm. At we mIvmioa, the flowering plaiHe •»• ■beooming lees nnnuroue ; vad elthough the middle of the d*y ie rery werm, yet the nighte end moniiBg* are man eool. The eeoent ie m gradtiel, thet the change ie not p«r- oepUble. Rooka begin to eppeer, end etill we ere &r tnm the Rooky Mountains. Limeatone of light brown oolor ii ibimd in the blaflk, laying in horijKintal strata, whioh naigbt be easily worked and' to any extent. Very snail Maek gnats, hardly dieoemible by the naked eye, ha»e been nu- raeroue and very annoying, and for several aral daya wa radt> r our fMiaa to pro< B asM io-d».j, and g and ahoodngat at thay mada poor ■ood eonaoienca, to leant a.^mal% yet, 1 to try my horaa «d tha aport, and dat of them, had I t being auffioiantly mt, and intending in order to take a vedones andbyao ma, placed myaelf en wounded, often injuriea. Foirtu- \ riae up 7 tho |«4M of Ifane— fi»r tbo iniiabitanta, but they hare dkmp> pearad; all laeilaMt and eolitarjr. Although you oonmct your knagiaatiani and call to m m am hr a iwe, that you a»a beholding tha work of nature, yat, befom you are awara^ the ilkMon Ukae you again, and your ourioaity iaeioitod to know who built thb frbria, and what haa beeoma of tho ^.gtma gonaratMM. I ibund H imfMwiibla to diveat myaalf of iiich impremknui. Tho longer and Um mora ndnulefy J axamined it, Uie more I eawto admire ; and it ramindedma of iboee deeoriptkMM of power and gmndeor in ruina, of wMeli wa road of anoie»tt timea and nrstknia. Encamped at noon of the S9d, aeur anoter of natttra'k wonder*. It ha« been nai'.tid Uie ohimney ; but i ahottM «ay, it ought to be ealled beacon Ull, from ita raaamUanee * io what waa beacon hill in Borton. Bfeiiq; tnxioua to have « near view, although in a land of dangei I condudad to take anaHiMtant and paaa over Um rivwr to It. The river whore we cro«d waa about a mile wkle, AaHow and tiU of quiekaand, but we paaeed it wHibeut 4ny difieuMoa. We rode about thraa milea over a level plain, and otme to Uir MM, I itMll ««ll mui, muA ia roorw « of th« wki«ii »r omioiM buildingt 0, and aloKMl tkt iw«pt»c«> ythw ihey lwv« difwp- Dogh yon oorvect Me, th«t yott »>« e yon are «w»r» riorityM excited to M iMMome of the lUtodiveetmyarif » man mioiilely ^ lad it ramiiided me idear in ruina. of MM. Mdwr of natttra'n ney; but i alHnikl m iti nMnmblaBoe ig tiixioiM to have K I oonduded to r to It. The river e, ahallowMidiiH rdtffeiiMee. We I, and (HMie to thr haae. The diataaoa ftom thaothar aiida of tha rivar 4id not •jppear more than a mile, m daoefitive are diaMMCen mV fkJBB wkhout aoy i ulmarlu. Thia hcaooa hill haa • oq«- iaal (armed baae of aiiotit half a mile ia oin mmfcnw Hia, aNfl ie one hundr«Ml aiul My leet in heifhl ; aud above Ihia ia pt perpeadioular ooluum, twelve &at aquare, and ei^ty fiwt hi|^ i makiag the whole height about two hwdiad twl thirty fipat. Wa left our horaaa at the baae, and iMMtAM tr the parfMMidiioular. Jt ia ibriaad of indurated olay or maxU aiMi i» aoroa fwrta ia petrified. It ia of a light ohooolata, (tf nifoita oUor, ia auftia pmgu white. Near the U^ ware h«i)4- piaaa^af whkih I haya tiAan a amaM fp a nwm i. ^# «vr boM« whM wt Mw two baiMhi of MMo^ 4i If ^k# their oourae down th« rivar. Wa hsMW aovMlw^y PNWt V fiB(«iii« th«in> Md Ml (Wmo iiid U » tt< wa for two jujrp ta^. nw hM eMpaatad Indiana naai, wa thou^ H wo|iU h*^ Mftai for ua to neJM and secure %t9f9ijiPHnmlL¥ftk¥im- nvai^MMliai9ffitthaa|n forM»*4mr*«l)|i(^*t4lWDi»liit point waa two miim dkl«il. Vary aoon we «iaw » owp xp hoonhtdi oomiig rapidly towania 4i»-t4m ftoppad iM fRva a •%tial/k>r i)iii»j>ehi||4 him to hp^lan on, $^ §^,mm m mm%imaA^imm ^laiw AiU riiah. Wap^towAMMP to tfMdr utRMBt ifMndf VaA whan we thpvffte owr ratCwM J|p the river Ailly leowrad, wa atoppad imdtook an obaanff^^ with ^ lM«a cpy-i^MM, whiob w« hid t/»ktia t^ pmiwHiW to hayn with m, and found they wtr% whUa man, wbp j^ ooma fysm » foit (^the Ain«ric«n Fur Compf^y H^ t)Mjpif#: ililie, to otoat the caravan. Mr. Fontaiidlla, the tsvmmr di»i>f tbe onravan, eaw tha imvai)|i«pt, wm. •l»«Wl4 Iv ^"I'gpr ool is dl hMM, wWi • ■ambw of MM IB our iMtKBiin Rot all tmmlud fan fVkadb frtMAi. TImm vara looM 0|*lklld) luUmm M«r««i wliooMMl»o«r«MNptatlM«v«nnf. Tli fm— Oa iIm ttd. ftlUr tisvallag • hw mikw, w* ilMr Seoll's Muflb. T)mm mw th« UirmiMHoa of • M(h iMftoTlaad nawkmAtMRKmUitoaMth. Thtj mf^frf MM Um rlvw, Ugh sad akrapl, Mia wUMto wwtlijr <^mm1m. tlMi«to«paatkrQU|fktlMirMif« « ibfOrti^iilMMiBteoJi Amb tiM rivw, tlM wMtli of • oooMMB RMd, wttk ftf m Mm iat MMtvoOT Urn* kokdrjdfiMlMgli. ftafpwnMOMMi^ ft fMt of (iw bliA ted bM« out oC mmI movad • ftw rali tP tte aortk. hiliiiii of JouiMjriaf, Ite ■ wfndtrt wmM 4*. rfM WMdn la oxuttiM tte iMwiiM%MiMMry ol dito MOllaQ timmtay, and tte nmr« ndaiM hk •uuaiBitk4t, tte i WMli teindioKivlMy MioiuiiNitjr. mitiriHl««owti]r(kppMn t» atevad is ttet tfavm Mte •■« Itead la »lmm •vary pMt ; to ptooM b terg* ^iMoOtlM ia a o iy rta H aid alala. Oar ter- ■M aad OMilaa i*wa dkaoaad to ntdu' tiMM a aalMMliila 4tt ooMMaaa adt. TtenBonwtar KMhty ilood at M*. Wblla w WW* •noampad at ooon of dM Mtk, aad our tecMt aad niulca war* tantod out oiMJhHr gnardf and wa waia pwpariB|oqr brwakfcat, or wtet atenM tedianar, wa waia alannad whh tte call, •'Saoaia jroor aaimalaf aaoiua your aniaMlal" I looted around to diaoarar tte oauao of tte alana, and aaw, at about a mila and a telf djatanoa, aome thiilj or forty IwUana ooming on lioraabaok at AtU ipoad. Wa ted not nion tten telf aaoturad o«r aaimaU aad |na> paiad tu dafiHiaa, wtea tte Indiana wara dooa upon na ; wtelter firianda or fooa wa ooold not tall, unlU ttey wara 9 ilb • aombwof iMltod in MMik f\\»aah laikum Mg. TkuniMMi- Mtfam of • Mfh kk p< fp w # i m l»r fpMniMtlw«tli >T«4 • few radi to teMk^tiWMM ia rftii in ■IM*. Our hor- •I ST. dM Mth, Hid our iwdfMMlwointfo dioMr, wo woro Mklol ooottiOToar tbo oauoo of tile Jf dialMMo, okot f^U MtiOMllOMMl |»»- untU thoy won m ooAuutiuuH. if noMrly wiiMa riflo iIm, wlwn, •ooontiag to Om oiMlWMfy •xprMiuu of flriMMkhip, tlwy Ar«4 iMr gam kmikadk^ Mi Umo nurfiad iatoour oomp, •nd MolUMffod wlwlottnM of poMO. Thoy wwro OgalUillolw, ImmM hy oiglit of iMff obiofc, olad in thoir w^r lMbilliiMiit% And proMatiag mom. wknt of • lonriflo mffmnmaa. Tko okioli dinod wink m, •nd w«i« Tory talkativo •mmg thoiMwiv«o( tat, not knvk iag My good intitrprolor, w« otmld not join kit vmfmiuilim wHh thorn. Rrory thing, hofWoror. w«at onplooinlly, tmi to mutma M^olMtidB. Th«y told «• thek wh^ vilkfo WM only » fcw hnon' tfmvvlahood of uo, going to^ Binds RHh htOtt fUTfom of tm^ag. On tho Mth, tht hMU w«« vory iip|inwiw ia iU mIMU orthn4iy,th*ra not boingunMoli wind noWMt Hht. mcaMtrM*. Tofimi^ ovwUag.woonowtoflMiMlnTilk lAft of tho Ogdinllnho, ooMtMiBf of moM than two «ad poiMM. Thaoo Tillngoo nro not atatkanry, h«t i Ami plaoo to plaoe, aa hwilaartBii or^oTwitoma iwy die* tMo. TlMirM[gMamooml«aUa,aadoarfIytnai|M«M. Thay tura ooMlntotod of eight or tan polao ahoM ■igjtiw fert ki^, Ml up hi a oiroidar tma, the (mmI! aads i togather,jnakta|f an apes, and the laiga Mdb aia oat, IB ai to aadoif aa aiw of ahoot twenty Imi to diaMM> tar. The ^iMa k dbvared wUi Umb ooana dUm, whkk •re elk, or hoftlo, lakan whea thr«y are not good Ibr rehoe. A llm fa made in the oontre, a hole beii^ left Id dm top ef thebdgetwtheanokatffpaaioirt. All that they hai*« fir ho u ae h oM ftimitare, ehNlitog, and ekilna iw hade, k deporf- led ttroond hooenlhig 10 their ideaa of propriety aad mnve- nieaoe. Oenerally not man than one flnnily o oeopke a lodge. ThetM are the flaeat lookfaig Indiana T have OTtt eeen. The men are generally tall avd well proportiotted ; m- A SABBATH AXONO THBH. the wonr.sD «♦• trim, and less peP'^nlous than it ooinmon among Indian women, and all wore well drcMod and cleanly. They came around us in multitudes, and manifissted groat tiurkiflity to see whatever we had. I did not know why, but my boota were particularly examined j probably they had never seet) any before, as moooasons are worn, not only by Indtani^ but also by traders and hunters. SkUMth, 96th. The oart-ran moved on a little way to the crowing place of the Platte, near Larama's fork in the Bladk Hills, and enoampdd for the day. This gave tts an i ^p art un lty for reading atad devotion, fiom^ of the Ogal- lallahs oame to my tent while I was reading the Bible, Mid oMMiWI toe atMBtively, as though enquiring the reann why I waft iiSktyaHy employed fWnn ethers. I endeavored td nak» thetn ondeistaiMl by the langtn^^ of signs, that 1 waa feadfaig 4to boolit of God, which teacbta us how to wor- Mf^ Milh- Aftei* spending some ^me in teaching them to r«id, and bow God is to be worshiped, I sung a hynm, Which greatly interested them. They tatk me by the hand, and (he expressioii of their couctenanoo ewmet^ to say, We Want tO'ltpew WhiU all this meai««. My spirit was pained Within m«|, aodri anxiously demred to underatand thoir lan- guage dwt i mf|;ht tell them about Christ, the only Savior. Tiw enquiry arose forcibly iti my mind, why will not some of tiM m&iiy C hristian young men of the east, exercise so hioeh self-denial, as to come and teach them the way of aal- v«tioB ? What Christian would not glory in such labor ? And if there should beany tribulations attendant on the enter- prise, would they not, like St. Paul, glory in tribulations ? ■i'Jki avening, w« passed over the Platte, and went a mile and a half up to the fort of the Black Hills, and encamped near the fort in our umal form. thftn i» common ewed and clMnly. I m«nifinted groat lot know why, but robably they had worn, not only by on a Ihtlfl way to rama's fork in tha This gave vm an omo of the Ogal- iog the Bibla, uid uiring the reaaon m. I endeavoMd ;« of signs, that 1 tta ua hoiw to wor- I teaching them to I sung a liynia, A me by the hand, ewmet^ toaay, We ■pirit was pained deratand thult Wn- t, the only Savior, frhy will not some e east, exerciae so emtha way ofaaK }ry in sooh labor? tndant on the water. f in tribulatloas 7 I, and went a miie ilia, and encamped ai^cK HIUS. CHAPTER IV. Btaek Hill*— day ct indnlgmoe— boflUo dinoe^-tbe deairii of Indiaiu for iiwtruetion — mat the ehieft ia ocanoU — ra^oomuonoad oar Jo«ir* aey for rendesTovo— anthraeito ooa l a p actaa of wormwood—Sod Bat»->4ra«ea of griatly baar»— geology^-Book Iiidej,j«nd- morial usage, the men were allowed a "day of induilgMMta^' as it is called, in which they drink ardent spirits as much as thay please, and conduct as they choose. Not unfirequently the day terminates with a catastrophe of some kind, and tcday one of the company shot another with the full intan* tion to have killed him. The ball entered the back, and came out at the side. The wounded man exclaimed, " I am a dead man ;" but after a pause, said, <' No, I am not hurt." The other intmediately seized a rifle tp finich the work, Iwit 1* ■M ft- BurvAiA aJMtm. WM prevented by the bystanders, who wreated it firom hiirt and discharged it into the air. July 28th. The day of indulgence being past, a quiet day aucoeeded. The exhilaration waa followed by oonae- quent relaxation, and the tide of spiritR which aroae so high , yesterday, ebbed to-day proportionally low. The men were seen lounging about in IistlesA superstitious notion that their auoeeas in hunting de* pendeti on these rites, or whethor the custom originated in tlie gratitude of their hearts for past suocesMS, or nose pro* bably as an ^^musement, or neither, I cannot tell. I wit- nessed the first mentiomd oerenwny, and was uootont to dispense with the latter. In the buflMo danoe, a large aum* bar of young men, dressed with the skins <^ the nook and head of fiaflolos with their horns on, ntoved round in a dan* , cing march. They shook their heads, imitated the low hel- lowing <^ the bu&lo, wheeled, and jjunqMd. At the same time man and wtNnoMi sung a song, aooompanied with the besting ofa sort of drum. loannotsay Imsroudiamuaedk to see how well they oouki imitate hnile beaal% whfla itfld it from him ng pMt, a quiet lowed by oonae- oh aroM bo high The men were I oould soaroely rs and arrange- Ite Indians were loiable and kind, artioles, such as laired in return, ermoaieter flood ; was relieved by aooompanied M, i^eot of which 1 lier H was firom ■ in httntiag de- «n originated in MS, or mom pro- not tell. I wit. : trmt oomtont to loe, a large num< of the nook aad I round in a dan- ated the low hel- d. At the aame npaaied with the rasraudkamund lie beaafl% while •mffwmmim THS OBXLLALUlMU. 71 ignorant of God and salvation. The impressive enquiry was constantly on my mind, what will become of their immortal spirits 1 Rational men imitating beasts, and old gray-headed men marshaling the dance I and enlightened wliite men encouraging it by giving tliem intoxicating spirits, as a reward for their good performance. I soon retired, and was pleased to find that only a small number of the Indians took any part in the dance. An Indian whom I attempted to teach last Sabbath, came to me again to-day, and manifested that he wished me to instruct him. I endeavored to communicate to his mind some ideas of God, and sang the hymn, " Watchman, tell us of the night." He and those with him, shook hands with me as a token of their saUs&otion, and left me. He soon returned, however, bringing others, that they too, ntight hear what he had heard with so much apparent pleasure, and they again shook hands with me. This was beveral times repeated. These Indians appear not only friendly to white men, but kind in their intercourse with each other, and in no instance did I witness any quarrels among them. Their minds ^m unoommonly gitiad and noUe, their per- sons are Anely fimned, and many of them are truly " na- ture's greaadieis." The women are graceful, and thoir voices are soft and expressive. I was agreeably surprised to see tall young ohieis, well dressed in their own mode, walkiag arm iu arm with their ladies. This is wb«it I bad not expected to see among those whom we tefm "aavages." It is true that they are heathen, in all the gnilt of sin and destitute of the knowlec^ of (3od, and the hopes «f th« goqtelt but in politenese and deteney, as well a» m Many othpr rsqiects, they are very unlike the frontier Indians, who have been corrupted and degra- B9 iBaa ■«l ■■ fl cOTWcii, WITH rm siotrx. ded by their aoquaintanoe with ardent spirits, and wicked white men. On the 80th, I met in council with the ohieftof this tribe, to lay before them the object of our tdur, and to know if they would wish to have miasionaries sent aroong them to teach them to read and write, and especially how to worship Ood. They expressed much satisfaction with the proposal, and said they would do all they cduld to make their condi- tion comfortable. There can be no doubt, that this commu- nity of the Sioux would be a promising field for laborers. They are inquisitive, and their language is distinct and sonorous. On the 3l8t, thermometer stood at 81*- August 1st. At half past eight in the morning, we re- commenced our journey, and the next point to which we di- rect our course is across the Rooky Mountains, where the general rendezvous will be held. Our wagons were left at the fort of the Black Hills, and all our goods were packed upoii mules. Several of our company went out into various parts of the country to hunt and trap, but as many more joined us Sat the mountains, so that our number is not di- minished. Mr. Fontenelle etopped at the fort, and Mr. Pitz Patrick took his place in charge of the caravan. We had received during our journey to this place, many kind atten- tions from Mr. F. as well as the privilege of traveling un- der his protection, fdr which we offered him a remuneration, but he dcclhied it, saying, " If any aue is indebted, it is my- self, for you have saved my life, and the lives of my men." We staXt grateftilly remember their kindness. SaUiath, 2nd. I enjoyed some opportunities for oevo- tional exercisee, but feltlhe loss of .the privilege* of God's house: -8^(&*!rv-S«— I inf^lM|,{p^pMM^>- rita, and wicked liefr of this tribe, , and to knnw if ftrnoDg them to ^ how to worship ith the proposal, lake their condi- hat this oommu- »ld for laborers, i is distinct and morning, we re- t to which we di- ttains, where the ^ns were left at Mis were packed t out into various t as many more umber is not di- )rt, and Mr. Fitz ravan. We had many kind attnn- of traveling un- 1 a remuneration, uiebted, it is my- ves of my m^i." ess. unities for devo- ivileges of God's Mi^ M. ^i^ iM t^tm l il l j l ifcw Airrmucrra coal. n We found on the 8d but very little grass for our horses and mules, owing to three causes ; the sterility of the soil, the proximity of the snow-tOpped mountains, and the grazing of numerous herds of buflalos and antelopes. To save dis- tance in following the bends of the river, we pagised to-day over rough and somewhat dangerous precipices. I had found, before I arrived at the Black Hills, some loose speci- mens of anthracite coal on the banks of streams, but to-day I found a r«)gular " crapping out" .' coal, the same to all appearances as I have seen in the coal basins of Pennsylva- nia. The existence of a coal basin here is alao confirmed by indications of iron ore. Certainly an invaluable substance, should it prove abundant, to-the future inhabitants of a coun- try m destitute of other fuel. This was the first disoovei / of coal in this region. A range of mountains, a spur of wfaioh is seen firom Larama's fork in the Black Hills, runs paral- lel with the river, ten or fifteen miles distant, and some of the peaks are very high. Aiigust 4th. The country was more level and fertile. I discovered more anthracite, indicating It^rge quantities ; also, m one place, yellow sand stmie of remarkably fine tex- ture. It undoubtedly would answer ac cx4«llent purpose for polishing metals. A species of wormwood grows in great quantities in this region, where the soil is gravelly and barren. Some of it grows oight or ten feet high, and four or five inches ir. diameter, and is an obstruction to traveling, h is genera Ih called wild sage. Scarcely any animal will taste it, u, - < spelled by extreme hunger; The prairie hen. howfir jrv -yifB the iiuds or leaves, which render its flesh bitter atKi ' ipalatable for food. I saw some ffftaiiH> M-4ny of a dark gray color, like the granite in parts ctilM Atlantic i4ates. What I had «eeo before in boulders ■»«»i- ._-_»5¥i£ WM of the i^A oart, like that which is found about Lake SupeHor. On the t^K we aroae at the first breaking of the day, and procfteded o. ^ . route, making forced mR-ches through this bnrren regi Encamped towards night at a place called the Red Bi( . which is a high bluff of land, resembling red xihre in cole v, but compot^ of clay somewhat indurated. TWt Ifi a central place for Indians traveling eart or west, north wr souil^ ¥i^9 the noitii-west branch of the Platte, along which •* % liave b«en traveling, comes flfom a aouthem direction, tht head of which is about one hundred and fifty miles distant. Fjrom the Red Bute we pats overt© the Sweet- fcier, a brvj > of the Platte, whick comes from the west. Wd MW to-^hy tracks of fritzly bears, which were perfect- ly fresh, aai-> were indicative of their formidable slae and strength. i-M» with two large cubs passed out of some gooe^trry fead currant bushes near the rivflr, as we pro* O'^ed around to an open spot of ground for an encamping place. Lie^it. P. of the dragoons, a man of undoubCed ve- racity, told a.« he saw several buffiilos passing near some budies, wherw a grizaly bear lay oonoeaied, and the bear with one stroke tore three ribs from a buffiilo and laid it dead. It has been said, if you meet one of these bears, you must cither kill him, or be killed ; but this is not true, unless you come upon them suddenly, or wound them. If you let them pass off unmolested, they will, in most cases, withdraw, drawing that the fear of man is upon them as well as upon other beasts. August 6th. The geology of these regions is becmnnig more interesting, as we approach the mountains. I saw to- day, not only granite m tUu, but also a quantity of the mo^ beautiful serpentine I ever beheld. It was semi-transparent mi ««nM»*«lMMV>n9MMi.' nd kbout Lake of the day, and hea through this t a place called , resembling red what indurated, g east or west, )h of the Platte, firom a southern undred and Aky vertotheSweet- I from the west, oh were perfect- kidable size and Kd out of some TvW, as we pro- >r an encamping »f undoubfied ve- issing near some ed, and the bear fitlo and laid it ) of these bears, t this is not true, (round them. If 1, in most cases, [s upon them as ;ions is becoming itaina. I saw to- antityofthemoyt ; semi-transparent ■ finisilfc Moi -mawBimiiioi. n and of a deep grsea hue, veiy much reasmbliiig tpeoimens of emerald which I saw in the mineralogioal cabinet at New Haven. I regretted the neoeosity which i long jour- n«y> yet before me, impoeed «f paasiag by opportunities for makinfr ooUections. Passed Rock Independence, on the 7th. This is the flrst massive rock of that stupendous chain of mountains, which divides North America, and forms, together with its barrens on each side, a natural division. This rook takes its name from the circumstance of a company of Air traders suspend- ing their journey, and here observing, in due form, the an- niversary of our national fteedom. It is an immonsely huge rook of solid granite, entirely bare, and covering aereral «ei«t. Advancing a little distanee, we pame to a strram of no inconsiderable die, which has its orighi in the moun- taifis, and to which the name of Sweetwater has been given on account of its purity. We followed up the course of this river for several days. In one placo it passes a small branch of the mountains, through % mrr m chasm only thirty or forty feet wide, and mors than thre,^ hm.i'^ml feet high. The caravan passed around the point of tl*is mountain, and to obtain a better prospect of this natural curiosity, I left them and rode to it. A deep-toned roar is beard as the river dashes its way through the rocky pas- sage. The sight is soon intercepted by its winding course, and the darkness caused by the narrowness aed deepness of the avenue. Passed to-day, several small lakes of crystalized epsom salt, from which the water in the drouth of sununer is evap- orated. I rode into one of them to examine the quality and depth, but finding my horse sinking as in quicksand, I was glad to make a safe retreat. Whatever may be beneath, 9 *|B A?ntOA0V TO Tin MOOMTAINi. wImUmt Mlt In » lew "olUl •tato than on the •urfcc*. or quiokMind, yet large qutnUtioe of good quality might be easily col)«oted. The mountaini are indeed rocky mountabu. They are rooka heaped upon rocks, with no vegotaUon, excepting a few cedars growing out of the crevioee near their ba»e. Their tope are covered with perpetual enow, which are eeen on our left and before u«. As we advanced, the atmoeplierc wai inoreaungly more chilling through the night and moet of the day. exoepUng l>e middle, which to-day was very warm ; the thermometer sUndtng at 84°. Sabbath, eth. I endeavo'ed to supply the absence of the privileges of the sanctuary and its ordinances, as well •■ I oould by readkig, and recalling to mind portions of tke soripturas, hynms, and the dootrinea of our excellent, but negleotad oat«)h»sm. One needs to be on heathen ground to reaUxe the wUtarioeas of abseooe from the eooial wo»- shipi when -■•J'' •• The oliesrfttl Mmfs and •olemn vows M ska tbair oonmunion awaat" On the 10th, cold winds were felt from the snow-topped mountains to an uncomfortable degree. The pasMfe throvgh these mountains is in a valley, so gradual in the •scent and descent, that I should not have known that we were pa«iing them, had it not been that as we advanced the atmosphere gradually became cooler, and at length we saw the perpetual snows upon our right hand and upon our left, elevated many thousand fee. above iw— in some places ten or twelve thousand. The highest part of these mountains are fouwi by measurement, to be eighteen thousand feet above the level of the aea. This valley was not discovered until some years since. Mr. Hunt and his party, more than th« turflio*, or uality might be ihu. They »re , exoeptiog a few Bir ba»e. Their loh are seen on , the atmcwptiera B night and most to-day wa« very lie abeenoe of the loes, as well aa I 1 portions of the ur excellent, but 1 heathen ground n the aooial wo»- rrraa.* I the snow-topped I : ar Indi«a ii»tio«e VtaUwkik Kod N«t Paroda, no raaaon wbjr ao oalM — aurgiaal ape- l a Uoaa aa ialarviaw wiUi tlw FlaUiaad aad Na> Parc^ ehlafc Ihair aniielj for rcligioua inaduolion — ralurn otDooL WhUman Sboahoaea anii L'Uw*-— mouataln UA. Arm atopping for the night upon the New Pork, • branch of Green river, we aroee on the ISth, at the firat brealiing of the day, and oontinued our forced marohea. Although we were emerging flrom the mountaina, yet p«Uu covered with perpetual anow were seen in almoat every di- rection, and the temperature of the air waa uncomfortably Mid. I found to-day aome beautiiiil caloedony, of which I took a specimen, and aUo green atoacr quarts, vnd trap in large quantities. In the aibmoon, we came to the Gi«en river, a branch of the Colorado, in latitude 42**, when the caravan bold their rendezvous. This is a widely extended valley, which is pleasant, with a soil sufficiently fertile for oultivatim, if the climate was not so cold. Like the coun- try we have passed through, it is. almost entirely prairie, with some woods skirting the streams of water. The American Fur Company have between two and thtt hundred men constantly in and about the mountams, enga- ged in trading, hunti. :g and trapping. These all aawmble at rendezvous upon the arrival of the caravan, bring in their furs, and take new supplies for the coming year, of clothing, ammunition, and goods for trade with the Indians. But few of ' 1 HI icMWAt onniA-noiti. theae aunx ever wturo to their country knd fHendt. Mo«t of tham •ro ooniiUiitly in «lobt to the comp»ny, and tre un- willing to return without a fortune ; and year after year («MM away, while they are hoping in vain for better «uooe«M. Here were aMoinbled many Indiaim iMslonging to four dif- ferent nations ; the Utawii, Sti.tshonee, Nez r«rc*ii, and Flatlieadt, who wore waiting for the caravan, to exchange fun, horMw, and drnitaed skins, for vario«ia artiolea of vmt- chMid.je. I waa dleappolnted to see nothing peculiar In the Flathead Indiana to give them their name. Who gava it them, or for what reason, ia not kn.)wn. The name given them by tbe .Nem P* ear after year r better Buooeea. I^ing to four diC' ••/. P«rc*ii, and m, to exohangn irtiolee of m*r- ( peculiar in the Who gave it 'he name k'VO loea not ■ifBify n in dertaion for and aoma other It may be ao, ioation, account M tbay do not t b« given thain Ao, who flatten lat thoae namaa It, aino* they do ipify either flat- . Whitman was {ioal oparationa. long, from the I in a akirmiah, ianH. It waa a ■ hooked at the B^inoua aubstanoe id the operation 06 ; and hia pa- ■Ma—'' y ••i^ IMAGE EVALUATiON TEST TARGET (MT-S) f/. 4(1 1.0 I.I 1.25 - 6" M 1.8 U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WE»03 -^^^ #'4 O^ «■ ^ i/l CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Instltut Canadian de microreproductlons historiques O^ Aif nrmtTisw with nu cnxrs. 91 tient nwnifeBted equal firmneM. Th« Indiant looked on meuiwhile, with countenanoes indicating wonder, and in their own peculiar manner expressed great aatonishment when it was extracted. The Doctor also extracted another arrow from the shoulder of one of the hunters, which had been there two years and a half. His reputation becoming iavorably established, calls for medical and surgical aid were almost incessant. After spending a few days in collecting and digesting in< formation in regard to this country and the ocmdition of the people, we had an •interesting inlemew- with the chieft of the Nes Perote and Platket^ and laid before tkem^oeb* jeet of our appointment, and explained to them the beaero* lest desires of Christians oenceming them. W« then so* quirad whether they wiahsd to have teachers coma amoog them Mid instruct them ia 4he knowledge of Ood, his wor* sUp, and the way to be sared ; and what they would do to aid them ia their labors. The oldeet chief of the Flatheads arcw, and said,- '* he was oU,-and did sot* expect to know muoh more ; he was deaf and could net hear, but his heart was made glad, rery glad) to-aee what he had aevftr i before, a man near to God^" (meaaiog a^ minisier of tha goqiel.) Next arose Inaala, the moM influential diiefaniMf- the Flathead nation, and said, "he had heard, that a nan near to (3od was coming to visit them, and he, with some of his people, together with some white men, went out dues days' journey to meet him, but foiled of find* ing the oaravaa. A war party of Crow Indiana oame upon them in the night, and, after a short battle, tlwu([^ no lives www lost, they took away some of their horsea, and one from him which he greatly loved, but now he mtmmmi 1 fe' * -m «fil oMrf of dki N«t ?>«««% •lW.iirfMi».w«iWi, iMW, Mdl mM, <«Im iMd iMni from wWl* mM • Ifttl* •kwH CW, which li«d only g«»li««» Mi •Mil h»whht*»i towrtwi^lB !»▼•»* go *««'te*>W«*'W«»*>*"*^"' htalMb,Mrft9ii*olihhrp«>rl«." Wb0nif^ ¥H^mm^ hmpoit, ud th«y all "mUU m «My pi««lii»« *» •■■** ahig Md to mtaiowtfy fcibor, wMeh li wMl* fer th* iM-i ^m, mi tfw m a i e rtlBM ^ » |«wrWww»ti »tgwywBi». rMi«fertk*ter* p'- «||ignd to I. ]*irkiwor«i* teMtkm,Mt finHiyttMtot - K toMt*rM»,ibr ikIm HMMGRMP mif ■fad ii wg»fJ to wtl Jtwf^ n , m tt M isWbr «Ims that «M« pMl. Iht wMilto dritft hM* >y ■ fp ntotiM t, — * 1 iMtamofDr. WUiiMui. Thajr^ iw< ill trnkt MM. ■■< m imM ■ i v«j wftb BN ftvn tlMir oowtrf 10 PM Walla Wallm w tteCUaaMallrar. Tlwy wiaoiri o— «f tiwir ffia a l y a l yowifWB fcr ay p art o aV ' iiii rti , a» bag aa I AoaU bawMa ■ad iWr MwMy* viriakia Mfaid SMta F^is «U «» ba tol aaa My f»«Ai^ liiifJiMiiilliiMi^^ Md whMiAll tlM mountAln ium hMUMMnbted; MMrtlwr dajr of lodMlgMM WM gnwiad to IhMB, la wlOoh ftU nrtrklnt IfeMwid*. TlwiMdajnarttlwoliaMoriiMlMBlw'B I will nkto M ooeafSMM wWoh took plaoo MM MMdag, M » iiiWiiiiMn of mouBlAiB Ufc. A humor, who fow tooiuiioolly bjr tho Mn^a of tho gnat ballf of th» moiwlAiii^ mpiMtod Irfi IMVM witli ft ImmM riio, a»l ohaU lMg«l Mir FfMMdMMft, AmorioM, SfMiaid, or OttlolMMa) to Ight Urn la aiiiglo woriMM. Kit Cmoob, on A mori oo ft, toM hta if IM wlriwd todie, ho wottM Moopt tfaoohftUaag*. od plMt^l, nnlMd into ohM oMrtaot, tad bodi ftbiMM «t Hw Co hall «at»Nd 8*0 iMad, oaaw out ftt t)M irrtH, mi pttMi ttuwih tho ana akoro tho olbotri aiHMMff^hallpMNdovwtlM hMdofOMna; aad wlifio iM WMl ftr aMilMr pMol, ihoaaf bigpdtiiat Mft Ufc aiigll 1 oft>«lNb«iUaai Ufc. Tbtjr fptmx lo haw ooagM fcr a plaee iHwg»aMh4y wmM mif, hcaiaa aataw lo it ufpr iwid hf tht tjriftaaj of MUgida, aod fManm !■ aot awod bgr tho fiMTO of vlftao» Tho finiilr ara riilUa hi aU tho vailod to wUoh-hiHnaa natim, whhoottho VMtimtatforoivil aad oultWaiod aad poltalMd Moiatjr, bmj bo to yiold. la tibe akooaeo of all thMo aioilvo^ vhMi thof trottld fcol la mural aad faUglow aoeio^, m- a mawof tho worth of dunaotor, aad ovta . fba phoo to aarmtial iiod d lm nlmw i Thd toitoaad privatloaa art 00 gVMt, thm thojr mora madUjr ooaii thimwlrao bjr plaaghif hilo moh w m mii , ao fe mM ■WiiiflCwiiNlw •^ RIP w iiiiilWii of [•dtMMdwrdajr oh ftll rMMtint loTliMlraalof'o Moh tMJk plaeo Ufc. Xhwitr, MatbollfofUM lriii,awlolwl. ivght fcr ft plaoe kBBi aot ftwod bgr Iho iBftHtlMVMM HMtrilnHofoWl ■ooio^, noy be II lOViB TMr loioiMdUjr It wmiMi. •• fat ■HIMMMNIIIIIMWWMMWMPtH IOBAU0M nWWMOM. thiir mbtftkM jvdfaMM oTUiiiVi. MMft moot ftdftplod to flirt them ploMura. Thejr ||Mftia the oommon-plftoe phneee oC prafcatty whioh pntmtt Mnonf the inpioiM Tulgor in oivU- iaed ootntriee. and have mMiy net phnaee. whioh thoy ap* pear to have maaufholured amoog themeelvee, and whioh, in their iw^woatioaa, they bring into almoet eveiy itBtoaoe aadenaUeooaiiuae. Byvaryinf thetoaeaoftheirT hi making preptfotloaB for my Jour, ■ly to Walla Walla. While we oortinaed totWe plaee, theogh In the middle of the day H was warm, yetthenlthte weie frorty, and tea waa flw|««»iy ■»»«^- " .■■4.-' ■^ -^ ^IftKiM-. Hk:- liff*^-^-"- -^"^-^ mHaWiMHiM mi i ' ip i i***« wsssm MVAVfWI 'JV MOf • WtBftMAMt ilood nui down iMTliig appoiat- iMir eouDtiy, • mily.tlMAiMr- 1 MhaioiM, ami OM for my Jour* 1 ia thta plAM. ■,7«ttlwBl|iMs «» OKIAPTBR VI. PM wMk ay •MdM»--wri«« M Im4 wtiM af dM Col«MU»-kM. *^ MMsrikcIaAuM-^Mrrawi I g« Ml M ft I t ftw OMglUdl fcdfcW- H w wW i HaU— V Bl w i ito tk n m •kMmi M kofMkMb-latMMliBi wonMp with Um 1 Hal cT « eUM— Mwally cf fo«l-^ UoMly MpriT— iala I UMh gwil>ji|twl a to rr rt l>« » wm h tt aMniliig. Aownrr Slit, eommMMMd oar jounMy in oonpaay with Otpl. Bridgor, who |om with about Afty hmd, iix or dght 4ayi' jouriMy on owr lootd. hrntrnd of gola| down on tho ■outh>WMt aid* of Lowia' rirar, wo oonoludod to tako our ooviM northerly for tho Troia Tatoaa. wMoh ara thraa rary U|h Bioiintain^ covarad with perpetual hiow, aapaiatad fton tiba naiaahaia of the Booky liiNiiMaiB% and ava aaaa atatrai]rii«at4ii«aaea; and ftom theaoa to Salnioa river. Wavtonly aiwot thraa milea (Srom the p'tao^ of rendeivouo, Ob tha sad. I puM with Doet. WUtmaa, who ratnraed to tha oarnvam a^ wiOi theailo the Uaited IMatoa. My •Mhpa deaiw wa% that the Lord would go with him and mtfrn-Vf, vay pioaparoua, and make him iCeadfaM to tha «||jMt,of hJa reUim, until it ahould ba aoooropUdiad ; i^d ttal, «|th B«t yaar'a.oaraTan* ha mig|tt omna with aaao- aialaa i0n thia promiiiBg field. aa4 with thnn nap a plan. tjUm liaifaal,. TcHlay we iraTeled twenty mik^ tjuwigh a aofiiawSiat btnen oowntiy. and down aeTwal M^ da- and anrivad at what ia oalled Jaokaon'a Hfde. and iliiitil'^ht I'.liAl iH «noMiiped upon • •"«» •»'«"" of "•»•'' «•»'»'»• »»"*' hrmnoh*. of th« Columbi. riwr. 4t wm lnler«-tiii« fo find my^lf. fcr Um Am U«e, upon th. wat.r. of this nobU ri»«r . The Indluu w«r« wry •ttontlra to mil my w*at»-?•- he pmoe of Ood, m.rm eoneiale in I plaee of our en- HI the nriad wMi trrow defile wMeh myma. So Mgh wen Uppedwitfi •ge, thst twiUght tiuroagh mw* ee- Amm very ew^ m the tiik, •mi iBiwiimi e«r vtj tknagh ilM Mtnvw 44|ti Ib^tieaily eiwiiHf end nh«rw»> iH • Mr* MnHMH eTwAltv viyoli ioira imo liw fltefce river. The eMMVy ie wiM wid la mmy ptfta wihHw mnm lalM of raek, aimeal perpeodieolMr, alMeUiig their headi tip into the mfcw of pe rp e t —l mww, end ia one plao* pii^ie«|> iaf over e«r peth, if e >!§■« tmll een he ealled • paili. QHm we had to paia over the iidee of mouatalA^ wMah ia> fNaed at an angle of 40" towards the etream of waier bekm, aad dowa wMeh paoked malea have Atllen, and heaa dialled apoa the laakt. I eodaavoied to guide my ladiaa hone ao eautioualy that he heoame unmaaaf^hle, haiag raaolved to ha«ahiiao«raaialhadofohooiti!f the way. I waaaadairthe ii a m ai liy af dJawai^tii^ aad making the heat of aqr waff. tian of(rfsari itimii nli apart, i»d fW«B lis 1* IM : MUftuMOf A If lajlat la All rtt aw aagla of' ihi' widtk «f • ^ tMfe 1 mm m im unw. dMk bMvo gypMn, Uka Umi tomk in tk* UMalftU>orN«wYoril. HvraisrMMaMtMiiaMMl •moyad wMk Um lUvi^t MMH of wilphun«fta hfdragM. Mrf (WW pw »t th« JBot of Ike OMMMtain lUMtmr lk« bad of ffjrfh Mv A Uif* Mlphu - apriag. wkkk Mat up mow Umq thir- ty §iXMm of wia*r per M(aut«. Arotui4 tki* apiriag w«m Uqpi «t.«> tk^ Owy M«N ik>« MlUi. lllBW»l»rt«%«i»#»dyi&fikiaMa(M»«(tlk»itM. ijy i^||i(||pi kNxgbt n^iMnii a^i** bafito* wkiak aw It^p^ wen^liilJN kv % lOMlU w«i •fitity^ar Wl gi htm J mm^ waia fiiVMi wf uMi-kiiiiian% ^m wiip^Mijr i^n,iiM i^^fiiWHMf'W'kl' WP*r'W"P^lWpMMMIW%*"* op^^^^l ^^laUaMA Ika JadiMH telk» MimiL M^LdmnkMi^ktB ^ !▼' W H^^yfwl^W Rriilfr MWVMV ^^'J ^BPf jW^fmiM^^^ w^^^WIPW. iBIBlw^^^p^^ Uwii' 9r Mia fifar, fnA^iMMpipad ki« iMf* fliMHt l:..i ririr-^-"" -*>'■""<' '-"'-'■■^^ tiismrtTkU mmm 1 Im iMd of farfu •Of* th«o Ui4r- •iNflffljrtoilii* mmti ■HMaHMH ily mIM iMkam't t«ff» hehi. It is mm! ««n iralM«(l with m bmoh o^ Lavla* riv«r oomtnf froM Um wotlMiMt, and MKMtMr of ■nntii m«fnilo ^^r.^*^ yam MHith of th* Trok TtloM. TiMi* •r* •Im nuiny rwy Urfo •frinft of water of tt^MOMMMi olMrntw, whioh kwi* fWxn th« bM« of lh« raiTMUMiklf nWMiaiiM. Thk valUy ia w*Il awppiiad with (frMi •# •>• wllimt qwility, which «m wry giateftil to our karaM sad Md tfw aridity with whioh th«y hatpadl thanwalyw llnaB)r,th«]r would bo ramuMratod ibr paat d f r i y. Flai la • afoiHa— Qua pioduotioh of thla IfciiwMii tJM flax «riiioh lioalthraiad In tha ^JaHtd I l»«v*rytMi^r,«n«|NtliatitiapMmuyal— dtealalh. Mm hall, iwaaad, th« bitt* flowar oloaad in tlw day tiiM aaiafpaa is iw avaniaf aad iwmiag. Tha Indiaaa naa it ftr laaktaf Mia. FlaUioftliiBllaiMdgiMhanfiMradUhaffaaa; Matoo ht§» td nm tm 4mf taia ika mifk, Uk^pAl^iVlfoimi a«daBadvaaia«a,iriMMl«Mi«MM iMMt ii^ itellkara «i«M ha a aaviaf «r I kt$. It h Ml wtffiky tha a»|^ifaBal of I J^-MHy J^^-Jftm _.. ^ t* Wa iailaad and af ia tUa laad waia Midow. TImm «• yalkw, pala mI, md hlaak. Ths fMilMr waw tba kaal flavwrad. ^^ i Ai Ma «»MM|mMM tbnta day% laf^air aypuWlty » faawdt, — d far OapMiB Brilpr ■d att aaww^ of Ma aMii hrta iM iMiilalaate Whwl Kiflaoiad t^aslha » f o h «t fli iy, lh»t M woiiM Mvar latomto tiwir MmAi, bm siattj \mnm t M nOVMAW tMinOTi wfuM And tMr latik* Mjr hMft VM thrir About Hit ffwltMafi of flM0H7Mlww!d. l|wr««Mk«r Umoi ft Ibw tiMto. tor whtoh thay •ppwi^ gwitlki'^ mm! mM tbcy wobtd Iw owopMqr fcr thMtttethdr Um\y imM } Md M tkiy lod* awajPt I oould only pviy fiw tlwir Mfttjr Mid MlVtiliMi!' Dttri^ our oomiiiaMMo Hfw, I toA AR liidiMP i»«N»> ■k»Nrt. maA Mwdod <■» uftka Mglmit mooMliUw k te vMdlyv « «iMv <1m MinMiadbig ooofttr*. :^ piwpMt iMMMaitMMa* m *• ty* >«« iMaiii dirwdit* wiik inMiiiiyM,liUb.piiaiii,«ad valleys. Moit of the moiwlrtii «»M MtWNd with woodbi iMt tiM plaiMi aod «dl«y»«rM» jM««Mid with gittM, ynMDiiaf »«i •! Wgfct CMisli^MMfMK. ;*i»^f^jt« «ipMiMl «>kM» «h*«:<«l tkniUil^HniM^ takHfi^^lNloSMd thra^ tM 'vhA»n»m'i «rviite>i|iM ■ "^urik tlw TH» IMoM, ftdhMW of M|h^qiai»^ lA ii W li hn, >iiiimd^«rM.fMptai«i^M«^ aiiM|*pm ||WlfS«Mll«f ocmttiw k Am >ftli»aio iu i m >i m MlpddbMMrt, la viMKli^ tbcasMMM fa) 4n dMir wAjT, MdwinMM by iMvn ooet^tfi te iliii MwiMiai^ I immM^ m IN autokfiMUM iritis whrt j, IH| piij rflfc» 4 at 004 t)i9 m41 k Urif fMllqr Md «iw thi littli, k bbukaad do|^«id lh» tfn* will «aiiw» mkmtimwiltwit wlkkwnrfMfAUivlUhrlMliatiM lowiag tf Mkiwi ymkc^if floolu. tMJ *»»» -J-^^K Kill at^MMikftal^M^H^Mi ^jrtk^cd ygJi^; naAliwwi ■way aljMiJrtU iiw^ji. -itfa ihk nf Iha aw ^iliiliitiMii 'i^UKf'''''W**fl*'' WP'PiP'PipJN*- ''■•'''^owpawppilljjpjpillli- '^P|P|^WH^,'VmO^'Vvv» V,.,^«|^^^ p^^^^.,pi^ .^^^^^MP l^^p^^^K^' liiiahiHiiF4aE»« Tim hikBikr am ntttfiaBT tfafclrfiit tIm sMHiatliHi'Jaid -thair flaaBM^aailMaa aAadkMkaMli''aMk 'jaotkukulWiiiHiar -Iil JHiJaaK«i daaMBt'-atasi^nBaak^^vaodt aHaa-^taaia [,^*JWT^^^*^^F' j, ^^^^' ■ ^^^^ ^T^^jP^- 7^^^^^^^^^ '^^T^T^w w^^TWI^p Wl mffm*. mm mmmmmm i\ ;■■» m\0 mmmmt: t"" ' ' '' if " ' ' '"f " '" " *^^*''*^^ ■ ^u. ^ ». ,-..».w., ai..fj»-^.:> /».. tmt -'liifft'rTiiitoB iir iiiiiliiiiiii niii iaiw« nfHrtM"^ i i ii ii iii i «i :%ife i i |flli flff iii - -mir-t rt|f^-* ' 'MM^ ■■WW* ^p» w^^^w I iiiMtfWliiiMMill)'iTMiW I . I I m i iipi i wu ii i lw iippii iii nniH.w ii f i i i . i i ii 1 1 III am-*- ■ ri^-'WrMifriiiilit'' na MVMi "ir raoadi's aoti. ihrivmfd t» iliiNilMl tmar^TpaiW ^nm* ivad «|Mi and MMld'i Whm tii» latfiaa i«» tMr Jaag a r , llwy Itdl Ip dhr iMIfllMrood' irM* wi wMow» wMdi i»m» MMtMd •Mjl «lip«lrMuJi'«r ivitM', Md^ takkig •dvHMag* af mmm iailMi tMMi ooMtimeiwr !•• gaof ddfaw m tkw aiii «!»• tiiui—liie^a wwrii fttrmS^' Ttey ir»w pwniy ym » W rf wU h fHJal% aiir ««ir6 atRl moM ikMiMto orMmmnMaik 71m «lfpM IfiMpfa^p Mt of tll»i««0i»ertlliir aniMril t^^ 'VlM'ai'iliBd with th» lwr«r MImi msdi tht^o iU Bit m ii q— M i|<>^ j i niiiini i •Kip* « b tMt fkM I^Mid «Mi OipiriB BrMpt aid Urpwt^ PlW VMM BOrliMMliMVlll* BmMMM to tMv iNOMiiHr gMOBdy wMoh tha BhioMbtt «Wn, nd fcrwkMiihafvttl ■liw d . Tlw im dMafef Hw PbMhMib aii Mr iMott^ «idi»ft(vof lil»pe«plv«wt withOartda lMdfw,llMM tk^ nigk oomUmi* iHtMa tiM^xwigvor iMflUir tfaKMgli (iM "»^tIW NtB Fto(o4% Md tiM FlithMidi, vlik«v|M»il^«lfc«b--««lt wtm-miA fUMMvU* thiir%iiiiw'iV-1gi» •MM •i MHiMMiiwiiJHiMMr «tfii«^'fii^*"iiW li WuM — If i wmm ^HMHlwkbif: am t^HtfUMA MkingMilrili' Mo'^wMmf-iii >■ '-c-!! i» (M|(*aii'llto, lion ViPWWP" m »«• fMk«4 up)* Jmhm. tHMBoMMMi, mi IftUy MpM Mlii. TktjMalMlM4Mp«BtlM«Mlai»kM9 Ihipi Snm MUng lAm Aiy iImp^ ^rliMi Ihiy oAm «• wkM ttejr hMNNM &t%iM4. Thay tlm iwUm «pM Iht hanm ikoiiM*i«j mmI vImi thtf awAlM. l»y M4 oT tlw whip, whioh is fiMMMd (0 the wriM of tiMto i^tehwKl, iM4 •pplg^ i|«|Mily «o (Mr kmw^^Md it i» lilnalriMit to «•§ Jioir timm mh omtMM wMl fuid* wri^^M tte^ QUUfiMi wMok AN itiU yoM«M» •!« imt iMa pt t&MMi* «liM m^ wi»h • bniMk at (U -took (iai lunHblmr «pw|| «iWl>4 *• otter fMt»» ««««rad whb ohNli witWa4ioii|4ll|* ^ ^^^w'^^i^^p*' W'^lliHF ifMfTriflHlllfflftlftiTI' TiUBt-f !■# talwa aiii In ^M^te. ■• ••'. "iMIif" mmmmm mmmmmmmtimm* tfwK ia ail tlH* Oii iM Htm «if«ityitoviltarlMHU». Oi«iidHiaiy*«Fwk,«*«Aw MtMh of L««Hi' rtwfi wirtrfi taltoidf • fkwaf •«• ■•§• llB'l ; ^iw '"•"J wdiwifciitlilt »!«»»««* •»«»•>*• t mm jjcri *• ^aak of Iht i'l^'*'i tnntHmmvf «mmi> wZtwSkm 6mm gwrth of Awbbvf - ®T *^ •f W itiiJBm.'tiii'^w ito itBi i i i iiicii i iMiij i itjMiigiMiie ^^ kirlltft Bur. ThiiT ^ MMgqr wwii o«rJoaiM]r ^ •rermMflMr dlKdaftfirntflM MMlIf hOMi III ^ mrnMvmm i* Ml ■nhrtmlly dHvMtd ia iIm Motra, m Um^ m Mplo. ■iM iMd taken ptao* a^^ thty «•(« iMiHuH. At m>mc ^■toao* from na w*n Mvaml Mils, rWag in h%ii oemm mum kimdrad fc t two of tiMm I ahoiibl judgo to «m aot iir from tkrM thouMiU 6«t high. I did not havo m «pp«». tunily oraumiaiair their fjaologiodi foniMtion. Wa arrived at evening at a amall branch of the Salmon river, which waa the firet water we had fiMind through the day, and upon which waa good gnua for onr horaee. Hera Kentuo, mj Indian, caught aome exoellent trout, which waa » very gmteAil ohaage of food. Our prograea during the next day waa through a banaa (vaet, aa yaatoiday, where there ie no vcKotatioo eseefit wemweod, wMali gnwa very hurgai A aioggiah atrana bofdeNd wMi wiUowe, aflbfded ua aoroc oonveniemee for Mtoffing at night. Thenaometor, at nooa, W. Wa Havalad on thelfourth, five hoora, and eaoanped by ftatiaaaa of water, ia CotA's da«ie, whioh Qoaaaa out of tha. nMUBlaiaa aad b loal in the banea piaina below. Col^a daila paaaaa through a range of Ufh mouaiaiaa, and aaoM of tfMfar aanmito are ooveiad wkh mow. IfootoflWday waa uaoomfortably ooU with Mow-aqualk. Theffmoawlar, at MOB, 64f>. iiidagr,4tk Ta^Uy I raeeivad a letter ftuai Fort Hall, iMt'iliiiH>a inritalfain Aent Mr. A. Baker to apaod tiw itelBr^willi W»i but the (itfaai for whkh I had paaMd tk» Baaky MowntakM vafniied me to punaa my lour, aari tf poarikiala nadbHw Raoifla Oaaaa, and to ntnm loPb0 Vaaaopmi kaApa arialar. . Wa ptevi d a a t hHy laamad thai •ilM«»« Ul mmmmmmm < atlm havfaiff baaa Ibaad aad Ihwwn up hf I flraa. In tha avaniag I mat tha ohJafc, and aa many aa oohM aammhla ia tha lodge, and aiplaiaad to thoee whom I had not aaan bafcia, tha ob^ of my miaiOon. Charlie, tha AnI ohiaf, aroaa and apoke with muoh good wuiao fcr aome time n wt fcm e d hie igaoranea, hia deaire lo know more about Ood, Mid hia gladaaaa of heart to eaa one who oan toMh hkn I awl aaU. " I have been like a little ohild, uneaay, Ibalhm about in tha dark after aomethi^^, not knowing what ; but now I hope lo laam «mething which wiU ba ■ a bat anti a l , and which will help me to teaoh my people to da light." I loldthamioMMmwwottId be theflabhalki aai asplainad to tham tha natnra of Iba bMlitiiliaa, aiid thafr ohUgattoo to nmienahar and keep it holy. They ax| thair teira to obey, and ■ahl they would not raoaora i b«l attand to tha woraUp of Clod. PravidaiMiaUy thaM onma to aa thk aAamooo a gaod iatai pw to t finooi FactBall, wkia was wUlia| to lanaia with m over Sabbath, aa th«t I dbaU ba able to piaaoh to tha pao|4a. ilk. Bariy tkia OMfiiing om of I abaul aae^ tha people, aMi with a hwd i to than tha iaatruoUaaagivaa laat avaniag ; told thaasMwaa tha 8abbath,aadthay moat prapara fcrpMbUa w«NUp. Abaut eight b the nwmiBg, aoeM of the oUaft OMM to am aad aakad where they ahould aaaanhla. I aa. ^Mlnd if IhayaottM not baaaoonraodatad under thaahata of the icUloaw, wMeh akiitod tha atraam of water on whiah w van w ai f i g . They thoi^ they oould aol an a*, oonal af tlwir nan^an. I than anqniiad if they oonld not tidw te poke efaoBM of their lodgaiaadoaMtniotadbada; and wHiwnt tuf athiw diraotiona they want and made pra- f / % itm H awiuii i waii i iiiiiliii i ili psntlan« mm nwwb MCfMi •'oiobb mmm mw mm wiKf w«m ready (br wurahip. I fimnd them all •*■»•' ' • ', aiMt, woMMi, Mirf oyUnin, batwMm (bar tmi At* iMmdiwd, in wiMkt 1 wmU oftll • MkaotiMry of Uod. ooafllnMt«d willi llwlr Wii%«t, aMrly on* huiwirwi tiMt Iodk umJ about iwwity (••( wkU ; and all w«r« arnutifcd in rows, throuffh Um leoflUi o( Um buikUitf upon Uiair Iumm, wteh • nwrrow apM* ill Uw rokkll«, UngUiwiM, raMiabUnp m siala. Th* whoU •r»« within WM oarpctad with thair draaawi akiiia, and thay war* all la thalr baat attira. Tha oiuefii wara amagad tei • aamidrsla M thm and whioli I waa to oocmfj. 1 covld not Imv* Miavad lliey had tha maaiM, or oould hara known iiOW to aivot H> oDnveniant and ao deoanl a plaaa for wor* aMp, and ai|iaei«lly aa It waa tJia Arat tima thajr bad avar lind poMk worahip. TIm whola irigirt affaotad ma, and AUad ma with admimtion ; and I lalt na ihoticb it waa tha hoMi of Qod nod tiM gata of hanvan. Th*)r all eontinuad is a ta iaa Un g poritka during ibigtag and pmyafi and whan I oloaad prayar with Aman, thay all Maid what waa aquiTalont in thair langnago, to Aman. And whan I oofnmanoad aarr>oa, thay a ot ad thamaalvaa baoJc •»fNn (hair haala. I ai». ' •« «"■ tha ori(^nal oooditian r" lona whan Ant craalwV ••> d tha nu.' ^ .uid ainftri oaaditiwi of all hmoIu^ , .^ la» of Ood, and that all ara tiMMgroMeri of thia law and aa auch ai« aipoaad to tha wrath of Ood, both in thia Ufa and tha lifa to eoma ; and thantold thamofthamaray itfGod in giving hia Son to dia for ua» and of tha lovaof tha Savior, and that though ha da- ■iaaa our aalvation, ha will not mvo ua unteaa w* hata da and put (MIT traat in him, and lova and obaj hin with nil our haart. I alao andaaTWMd to ahow than tha aaoMatty of nnovatioo of heart by tlia powar and graoe at tha Holy •M mwT i rtinp i r« Imudmi, in omnmUtA mink li aboMt iwantjr i, through Um I BMrrow apM)* ir«, TlMwh«l« ikiaa, wkI they M amiigcd in ttpy. I ooiitU lid Imt* knows plaaa for wor« thoy iuid evor MitM nM| niid igh it WM tlw kama, Umjt all a Amen. And momIvm bank ml oonditian p" u -' Mfi iinM knd tiinl nil tarn npoMd to tW toeomo; and I liit Son to dlo t though ho dn> 7 hin with nil tiM nonnMny oe of iho Ho^ 411 tnetAH tvBui:- Hi Spirit. Told thorn th«y mtun pray li> (hi fbr th« forgive. nom of thoir sin* anil fbr Mivalion. Tb«y gave th« utmooi SMMRtlon, and cntira MilliMai proraUod, Mooptinf, whon cuno truth anrwtad thoir mindi forcibly, a littU humming sound paaaod thrmigh tho whoU aaaembly, oooupying two or thrM aeoonda. I noTar apoho to a more iatereating aa«mbly, and would not hava ohangnd my audinnoo for any othar upon aarth ) and I folt tliat it waa worth a journey aomaa tite Rooky MouBlaina, to enjoy thia one opportunity wi«h tittmt heathen who are ao aniioua to obtain a knowledge of God. I hope that in the lairt day it will be found that good was done in the name of Jk"ir pvogrcM in tn.*«liiig with their vfllege ; ibi> it tekwi thMa • « t> P*<* "^ ^P*^' ^ "^ ^ Mid ttdM down their lodgee. Thie is, however, of little coiMequeMe to them ; fat whererer they ere, that ptaoe ia their home. "^ They are Ilow nay oiiiMnle. tlmr am atteMive to flindeh littfe tjomfevta. If AeMm ahlMe wMi nitfoh warmth into my tent^ they will ootgreMi Itsabea and eet them up fi>r ahade. A few day* riaoa, w« miiaiiiiniiil where there wf eome ftagtant plaate of it i|eal(M«rmittt, and the wife of Tai^^iniMS^wt-flrih wl*% iinr other women, eolleoted a quantity, «ni irtfowed Unmi fai ia j t aai i . ^ ' We p«Md loAy mevntaiue of "ndonia Mofte, «id'^c««r « ImMtMi, Uadk aoil« wkafte we fiwmd « good eapipry of ftttn iNT ow faonwr«t«i|^. it opcM the garuMili, aod wfc^r^ it beooroea dsy Hmf nbUvt, wUek praoeaa leaTeatha gwtmeat eei, cleaia, %iMi wUta. We eveaiapad t»^hjr trtMM the bdktm had hate* Mide aa eatevpmeu'. a Sittto belov * aieifr Naar aigte I waa aiaKaMd hjr ahoati vt Iattui»aad<« i eari nub uplhe haak. I haalaned ap aad aaw gnat i tBWavdaonr ean^. it pgrovad to ha a ftnt race, aisoli ae th^ frequeatfy exereiea thaawelfaa ia^ te thaparpeia af tepvoving dvb agHiQr. ; i-flq^tamhar M^ I waa aieMiaMNiH*n^»4a9r vanaax. fMUMlIf «aw hiftnMHli teiga haod of baOila) aad halMd :ilriaalMr.-pMpai«tia» Aa 'tha'^MMff.- ■■ The^ joimg ■ aiia aail idl d» ^sad hamm fiapaNi ih i Miiw i l »aa» aaiaolM Ato (tml^m ha-iaw, ■ roailarf ^ ft^ jtaaa l^ ha^-altiriMk iiiaiqppljp of anowa n^ tiM^ hafWBb €w omtfUaa-^aaa H l i i iair i i li hl aar^ma aJawai dapaeilil' a^m 'kaA^iftMlmitmf waM--pamMfti^^ iiiiiiiiaiii''iaiiiiiM diBgaiiitiikliiijiiiiiigiiiyiiiiwaiitiia Mm WiMMMiy to Wpg #tow «W niqu lrf rtw . WM» 4l» UAl* UMik«t«lUBi«|«isi,tlM nA wu mUttmA MlM Mlaolim fcr MnNlf • «ow with wUoli h» U ii ypM i < tootlMtetotlwaMiMtoentaot^ AU irera te«»Ulluirtl«i, wowfiac tilt T»ll«3r— • eloud of dart WgM to tim <(hi flrii« ttf fOM and llM ikooliiif of utoira Mtowwl Ia etow ■umwtcm 11111 htn and tham bdMo ««• wmi fMiai- iMiad} cad tiM w«aw, wlw feUowad alaaa te iha law. batan tba wwrk of iMiuiof dw valnaMa MM|ttkiliMi^'«ai H^aaa waaaaway afaia ki imumM afHw tMiag MM. flwaalB^a abaHi wiMa tka/ oooia ateaart af tte boMa aad M Hw diaiaaaa tvT taw Md% riMOt aad irliaal, ' Iha aimiil aalaial to torn nprnHbiim. Tha 1 faawd to Madiwtand Hw way to vmU daagw. Aai toa woondai M»lo flaa afaH Um ahaaa la aaali to*a aJKwu wfciiMagaa yataklwth Ma umaida. ^TOiy attola i i Vmmim» Mr I miMmt^ ti toaaa J wa ra ajpart l^ tha tall aaa iiaiid Aa bm«aU^th»i««ib«M«llMMi«pi(lM >«MlltaalianiteUMli'«r iaiMi«i««»ii^«iiM''lt.li<«tr4M(l* liiliMlJIHii^iilii ^TStofttai iR>alir'l iliM li'tor haid,' <»r:«»ilgkl iMii - :«'«#B«aMl^iar'lMdli»:%aa«alMttai^4kia I^' tMlaadaiyarfr told laaiM to toadWaK I «lM ftotel#«ii %Mi m4a it mmim ft f ■Mi'Tr.- j|N«i>«it«iHMi«"to4q(%i'iir iNMHa '«iifeilala«i«4if<'ttafar aMai-liymfWMia^ 'Jfe- ii*!"-- mmmmmm "tmmmmmim iW ikUmM iih» li ii fpmi 1 M fM AMU jMlH M tt IMI -NVt |^0Mi«|p4lM ItM |pte% •nd i^M dMM fliwi aliek* J »ad thta « ModM^ •l»As» i»|dM«i hiirtli, wkWi yutlf oiohMy «aolv> and 4dwi ll» HulU it iam wril Awd ftom bmIsMm^ thM it om h» pMJnwI.anil thM it will kaap witiaoat iajufjr akiMMt mqt iMtglhof tiBM. Umn ws owd* piapumtiM fer tha nm^b- dMr«raqrjMuawf «» WsUa Walla, wliioli wiU panbaMy oaavpf alMmt tWMMy days. JEtopiiMnlwr llti». To^j HMiat of tha Has ^rate aad ilatlMa^B laft w ta oootama witiria tba nnga of NAM; thattbay odgirtaaaaia^laifMr tiiiia of prorialMa baftpf mfaMHW laMrisB. JMnmvar. aboot ana Imidi^ aad Mv ta ait adtkawtowaida Walla Walla. Bataatkajrlafta^Ia^ I' of >dMit' Mgavi Ja «' VM^ 'VatoaUa ^wki^ AMk. a aiaai n w%nmt adiit a kufi ^oMMiQr oH Aiad iaMti> ^1 btMrJ iHaqr-^faaaC'to^ la thafint oUei; vWoh ba MgUy valaad^ Aad IgRvattw awaa anitiaKpqNi^ laqaaatfagUattopmaatitladMaili^ idw up hi ait aa i I ImmI aaaoaiafed Uai toa||»at naat y aa in i^MMk-cClha £hriaMa,4riMi^«a.'fi«t'^: iadbaa - aa offas taii^4»-d>f ^feairaaMit-amta'^tfMNwa^iJ^. . '^ .. >.,<-. 4i^ a»lK».-gnaf>iaiid;i>UqH«owbw pri > B l fi oMofc. Wo faMW that thqr kid dheovfuwl flooMthtot moio Il«a oidiMry, b«t wkot ./^ «liild«ot oeifjootpuro. Boiqg to * < tilt of WooliAMt ladtoM oA«i oiiJMI^oaid to tko ohioiiio dteaoo,] (ip^ ootlMirkoaoooaald fpa. Thir iw» ooftr off ttHiW ooidd Jit dilwriM 1*» tfcijr woi^ At tho tmm tiiM«MVtwofli|^ OBtiio UHolMdtoi Mid aMido j%Mto wMiAdidMlaBdontoBd. b additioBtoihH««oof .wt 4ir oft kit»M»jp Md «• oUol^j oiil mt Umikm ^•.^WBBiBBw ^^wB^'^WBiWo*'*~o^^^oii '"^^^m^^^- w^^^^ ^^w^w " •^^^^^^^^p---!«^^^^^P'^^^^f li^ «idr dooltood • Uikto ip tfi# kC Mi^faMi^ M^ lliMt ifMn- WNMO to Mf 4BtaAp»ingr teo* tlwokMi AiW .rtinji i||p iili JtofNo.wo: twiit « i .<»f4ipiif.i >.>JBMi« AjikiMidilM dMc^hit thqr nMlM(l«iiitow«ii»«#f^W4 MM mmmmmfm tiimmmmmmmt!'^ ,Mt' '•«*««■; ttt HofMBatllMr Id shMtf. Oa m bw. Tmof thtft they kiKi I but VMk-e'^H^ i At Um mmw talUilMMof «ti A*««4UfeiikMirla wte pMt «f 4» wWotm » iiMkMk»«llMk,^^ wwM vrtlnfe *r our AMiriM to eoM. ■HMWlh* i«% «Mi wm9 Mi i ml i n vvny liMnit to iwvi ttdrhdtapwndfaiapMiH. k i*w • Momcot of «wlU ;>im aM, •ppiMtlMirwU|MtotlMirlionM,Mdfai ftillap««loMM tow; uid0ii«rtto»tlMfintohM;RMlettpto4MkMidwiit. i«i IMMkMl oat Irfi iMad «Bd Mid. •• MMfi; cMifi;'' (bMftto> My»>) TimiaiMMtlwbMlo; udtiwiwtoiiido^oriito d^ «M ipMt te kttya« Md diMiiqr MMa^ i^lfak «i« ^ mw |)l«uMH titoa flglMlkf BlMkftot lidiiBW ttfe »• dMinUo iddWoB to tiMfr gtook irf^pmiliiw Wo MpodtetUtplMO, wMoh np|diod a ploai^ of |^ioi IMM At ow iMM% and whoit UtMa ««• no want «ir iMi -' TIaiBlaiBiMiiatt k mjr Itoad atOl ooMlaiiid wiib^tbok> Mm» VikiB, aad ftvoiwRiy pniM i«|Ml^ Mi of nitolQaariw inhr thb Md, «ldA li '%. ^%a;. . >"-. 'a 'wiiti iiii(iiyii>iiiM#'ii mm um mmmmmmmtiti»t(m0iitm vpmmkh lit eSOLOMOAIi kTATioys. (VMlftibrdMlMfVMliMiiag^ toOMtay fintty Md biitMy,«l»«ttl«nii»baidl»doM. Tk«* IndiMM pm- ■iVM* te thiiff kki4MM» and M« Ycry n^MlAil. Mi iMdy # otoy M IMI M I ««n impMt iminioliaa ( nd tkqr wy |h«t what I t«U thtm b diftrant ftwii aay tyag tiwy !«▼• •VM iMMd, Mi« tpJAiiftl, •«! tM thty wlA to h«»e SMt^ (AawioMi) toMhon. K tba AiMrioM Oauekm will Ml MBd lh«w tMdton, ofiniMklity »«"• >«* »»•» Owp fcr dlMMIwnt >o Ctoll't willwrity. Amdwoaamr iMilhMIJIMM MWiOM tkMI tiMM to b* tMlght tlM wajT of Mlpgttoii, wlMM tlwM an ■» ibw otMlMdw to the InlNdiW- iM of th* foaNf H«f« AM ao idola, m worifiaa%»» |9V«rof«a«ato IMP whWi «iiMi apw Uw AwtiMW omM Av« kwM iin» tiM rim* aad ilofVid a fc« I f*«f« dw Maia biMeliaf aUaM tliMv wUak tkaaMUli, aiA kaa to aaoroa la tw anall late, to tl» MowUiaa aaMfeaf Bmut^i fetk. ,,F«r jMNtodtManoa oa owr ««y, w tito IMh, tha ommi- toiaa eoiBa denra BMT tiM river, randailBg tiw Talkgi te^ laldikMii^wUal^iaaMuqr plMaa Into, na^ lovwil 1} M iWa * mm »Im|{ fMirl7.«aitH«li|Mf PNfiWatwtodd lofabaiit '■"'^Wg 4PB^^"'aa' na mm\ t>fi'' H. mm H ay fintty m4 gr«ill*faqr«ws, CktM IndkuM |wf - fMlAil, Mi4faad)r BB { and tiMjr «iy y tUag thqr Imt* My wish tB Iwve OMriOMI ol i iuw l i «i y wiMl swk ttpw ^. AmUmmvKf » tMight the imir of Iw l» the faiUadiM' whtduiiwHMm ■att WkMi l> the holMwtheoMMi. tiia Talky Jiwiigh «t>«'" lit ^NMte. No(t«ing MMM umhNiet eppeenneee neer the fcoi (^Ihe mewitaiiM, on the left, I rode to the ptaoe, end fiiund • daater ot voloenio eniptfcim, whksb, though enolent, «p- peered more leeent than »ny I hed previously seen . A little wey down the deeoe n t into one «f.the ereten, I (bund % pet- rifled stump, standing in ite natural podMob ; lis raets and the grain of the weed entire. I thinit it waii oedar, and aboat eighteen inohes fai diameter. This stood undeuhtedty, tt|Aa what was the natural surftwe of the earth, and tlNr ntmnti lAave and around was thrown up by toh»nio flr«f ' WhHe time la nmildering the lava intft duet, the whrf ts seattsff in g it wvt the eooatry around, to rHMw flw sMI whMi vaa deiireyed by the gtMt oonflagratiM, #hid) oikde AMd iMa fHwia nglan of tka eettim son. TMapelfflM wHfwifi, leaMi n xtm poMimi , firovee tnai tms oouuiry, wmmi it MHT ioiart Um i of wood, was onoe suppUed ir«Bl'«Of erei m m % m m. Fmiiv«rleMsoAltwioreYiAMki^1t1i|ilil^ tnHiMse ipfMni' rugwwe ^'otwiBViBMPl^f MMer Mp]^in wHn wood thaa at praasoti WMl klso diat tfie p r esent atipply it niinrtghHy^MHaiAfa%. "^' W* pm i i, t»iliy, a plaee wh«re two yean ago thlit/ MMi RhnM yooiig OMB were buriecf, #ho ivere killitf C^ dioBlatAfcet They were all active young men, gotog out upm aoraa oxpedHtioti, Uie nature of whioh I oonid not learn. Vmf had goM but a lilUe iKstanoe fttm the vniage, wfiloh •neamped herer, iHien passing tfirough a very narrow dellla on a small stream of water, walled up on both rides wfth perpendieolat roeka, tha Blaokfiwt Indians, who had way- laid them, atHidted them ftwn before and behind, and killed all bat one, iHio mounted a horse boloaghig to die Raok ibet, and nuiied thRM^h the opposite enemy. Alter ^ ^iilaBf had rotbed from tiie plaoe ^ daa|^r, ■MttawiaMwiiiisiwii rtoiwMiiiii wWrtlMiillaMilWiniiii I i « IM aoMM « dM Mm P«m«* bra^lH mmmf tiM imi MUm mi burM Umm ia dd« ptaM. AMOfdiof to iMr no4t, tlwjr ImiM wtt thMn tlMlr ckMlMa, MMdMta, m4 Wflyo rabM, to gfftVM •bMt time IMdMp, puttfa« iv« or iia bodk* toto • gmw. Am* tkM Aibr tlii% Um BtMkflMi Iii4iMM omm and gtriMJcitl iiwBtUimi muuwI $m Jih* dM«B about the ntoM to Vi»iMid,«wlkMUMhJiteiiM viaiBi^ of iIm (pMt fait liOt^ whoM vaton •!•«» (ilPD^lljr — mw i to d, Aatofyatob fcwn wfon tlw riioi». ▲iknr fOMrfng Aura (ho livor two Immim fai a MMb-inMt Uboetion, wo onteiod into tho Moy«Hia% loavji^ SokBHto-^ ISm livor Utomlljr po«od iato tlM aioqntokM ; ht mmmmkmmmlittli wtLm tiM ofMiiat to tlM ptrpmdlMlar rook*, two •r tkfw hiw- dnd feM higlh mkI Uk«Mi«h thMs mounlaliM mvw«1 Ukmi. mum! fc«( higb, WM wkl* Miougk ontj for Um fivar to Hod • pMM«». It Aowfld iMo tiM dark obMm. Md w« «w M ao nor*. Daring Um Uro boun' ride, b«far» w« Mtored tlM> mountaiM, th* atanmry wm grand. WWU thara «aa wemm leval bolloi».laad along tha rivar, ia avarjr difaatkm mow*- tahM wan riaing abova movrntaiai, and padu t^itof paaka, up 10 tha lagkna of parpalual mow. Thaaa Mouatafaii ara not an mtteh ia ohaina, aa of oaaioal forma, wHk Iwaaa to meal InitaMM mall to piaportlmi lo tMr haiglR. 80 niiMk aabUmkjr and grandaar, oombtoad wkh ao maali «•• rtotx> to nniy p taa ant ad to vtow. Uortoanlnl alfmta, wM iaiaraliaagaa of wblta, graan, rad, and knrnn, wan atoittnr to tfHoo ■••■ y aa Uf day ; and to ono ^aoa, for mt&n tea a arila, a forttoal frort waa p rwili i, foeiag*a aoaa^taaat, of CM Wndfad and ifty, and two bondiad foal hi^ raateg opon a touw of o wnl a ra a imd 10^ un i f"" * •f >»»' •taMaoT pttotMra arigto, aamaatod wM) mafiy aloy «rika wteaoolanalmadjrnMiittaMd. Ifca o fpaa ha itdaofHia mm to aluddad witli dark kMall. AlWr toa^tag ialmon river wa travaraad • dnair, Mr. mar, aad wto«i« aonraa for arraral honra, nalil an flfM apMo *pi«ad oirt bafora oa. Hara I bahald wlM appaaMd at a tfrtMoa like a vlllago of ikiny or forigr Itonaaa wktok tha Am had daaolatad, toavtog tha daoayad, hnlMi, ami toMartog Afatmajn yal atandtog. On a nonvar appNoah ttey pravad to ba maama of atoly rook, tan, twwMy, Md eron forty foal to height. Tha Arm and AmUo toxtUM of thdr matartol |H«aanrea thmn from batog emnbled to a Ipvel with the earth anmnd them. Fiomthk plaoa wa tamed mora waoMriy, tid p«Mi a ^p UAMtlD MM. aiT d • drMrjr, Mr- I wiMt ^ppMMNMl I ervaibM to « Ijr, Mid fumi'm high mowuio, |wittQrwhk>h M* »«ry •bw|s mmJ MMMn|Mtf In • v«ll«y by • MnMun o(erymt.l wauir. Cte Um 17th, w* purwMMl OMr journey ovtr Mgli mmhi. fim, whJoh, in aooM pUim wm« iotarwotod by dMp m. vkM, vary dUBouh Id h» f ^mt i . Ea laV9r>.^ by diMpaww want mim than twioc the dittaMo^ fliMB «kM Jra wan with Ike vttlaga. ITa wei« im»oh |p- jKywikrtaeaa that had fiabiiaoroai tha trail. Bi|Q|ui|M»( i9P^ Iha jnuMpt aida «f Mi%h «9««|alt). wNn thp* 4 mmumi taiumm lit ■trUKTNNIt. wm • larfii opmiBg, « •prinf of wator, awl • g«mi aupfiy of gtmm fer our honHM. HmMmmA. Mik. W« oomlnuw) In il» mnrn •no«mfniiM«. I «xpnMWMl my wMi m lh« ohlaf, that Iha d«y thnuM b* ■fMrt f»l%kHHly, mod thai Iva ahould fMNnnronkMito M Mi lOM, M wall aa h« WM aMa, Iba aoHptuni tratha ha hU laaraad. Tlila waa (IwlUlAilty dona on hla paH, and ha prayad whh tham with mnoh apparaol davoUon. I waa lirtaraatad to aaa how raadiljr thay wara diapoaad ¥t okay' to llM asiaal of tMr knowla^ga, and f waa alfcolad whh (ha tho«igM ^tM m few wara wilHng to coma asd teaeh theae hanlglMad rotada. A(W thajr had oloaad thair wonthtp, I wng • h3mui and prajrad, and oonvaiaad wMi tham. ^' TIm teflananation In my hmi oontlnulngt, I hiad myaalf ■a y la u a l y, whMi radtioad my polaa fbr awUla, hot bwmaaad my wathnam, ao that I oouM wvlk only a few rada wMimM MMMk MgtM. Somatimaa, amidal all tha avklMMaa o# CM^ maiay t^ wk, I %mi my kawt aiaklac bi il iiy a ada t o y , aai «rw MklytaHy.lMlfwrMi In tfMM wfld,eoM motmlailH. It aaamad, that aaok waa my lorn of atfaiHph, aad I wm h». somi^ ao amaoiaiad, that I ooald not mdm* tha fctigtM «r mvaUsf alfkt dny« kogar «*«t tkaaa movnmina, wkMk Mkott aa avM«g* •kMrt aii HMmaaad ftal higli; Mias 'dkay iMf» Bortk and aeoA, widionly vary mmm nXkym iM^aM. aad aa o«ur oouna waa aaly a Ifitla imrtk af ««!, w waw ooaatatly aaaaa^ ud ifiwaaihn | aiklmiaMdl •ot diaoontinoa oar jouHwy fcr tka wmM o^ p i u i y M H . Tha HMwgilt that I moat M af aoooaspttriiiMt dm al^ of my mi iil M, aad olaaa my JHb iHihottt a a ji i y a i k h l ^ i «d wMi wheal I aouM eoavwraaaadl pray { aai ha kwriai in lkm aMmrj mooBlaha, AIM ma wM a ffiam wlMH. id • goad mipfly m tkiy thnuM Im> iMironioato M Hi» m tnitlM h* ImmI Kt« |WH, Md It** UvotkMi. I VM ipoMd mobay'lo tIfeoMMl whli th* ksd teach these tMr wonklp, I rMithMn. B^, I bM Mfwlf lito, hot inoiMMd rcM'b , eoM motmiallHi. |th, and I wM b>. ■OWllMIWi WMM 7 tanw viAtjra ittolHrdiofvwi, tif {MidiMaMri^ of wgrf ha biifMia IgteMvMelr' WMP 4 oTttiMfTT. tit kntir waa »mnf . My jwlipnMt wan oUar, but I omild not malMi it influanoa Iha filings of my haart. At nifhl I ■oraatiiMM tlMNight a pillow daalrabla, u|«on which to lay my aahing, ihrobbinff haad, hat my |innm«ntt>au waa my only Mibatituta, and I mtad ^^uiatly upon tha ground, and nvary morning araaa raftaahed by aktfh Monday, Slltt. At an aarly hour wa raaumad our jour. ■ajr, and our horaaa baing raaruitaii with lh« reat and good Ihr* ihay had ycatarday, tnmit a long day'* ioumay. I had nottoad tha mountain ovar whiah wa paand to-day, whieh kt mhtmt neren thousand teat high, two days bafeia ira arriVad at tha top ; and quariad in my mind whatbrf ClMrHa, my gttida, would not dapart in thia imtanea from tlM a umwu n cualam of tha Indiana, whkih ia to paaa over Ihahighmt parte of mouiMaina, and to daaoand hrto tha law. •■I vslkjra. Bol wa paaawi tha highaat point, aic«p«inf whWi ia oaariy parpandioular, and rima Uka aMila or pyfwidd. It to oompeiad of haaah { tmi wmuti it voiaaaio rook» Ua (MaMarwl in grant poAi. At tha hiaa than ara alao aaoavaiiflna, araami and whiah thaia ia a larga quantity of lava. That* la a nin, nam. of wMoh ia in ila natural alata. Tha way kf whMi I oalenlaldl tha haight ef thaaa taiM !», thM aanta af tham aia tippad with parpatnal aadaaatghidmiMMl fc««,iB Irtkwda 48*, iaiha lagfan of patpalMl awv, tkata oao ha no doubt, aa thtaa do not vwrjr iiwiljr Amn aaob fl«her, that thajr avafaga ib I wta nntah iaftaftaalad glaaa* It vaa waMNHrnUi wiOi a oorioaliy a|poa thia grasMa roeka, aaah waighfaig ^ attar, Uka tha parto of aa , how aiealy tha u pparmoat ■«MMaMaiiMMMMiiiMiM ii— - i^tunmm miviiwpi mm w mw ' ^m «pn" PWBWWIPW mmm. IM iHDUJi ■wruornr. WM btlMoed upon Um oUmt. It wduM cotm UmI • fMiff of wind would blow h off it« oentra. Ciwrlie, tls* ohi«C «Ming me one day evMnining mkienJ% wilb ft nMgnifying g UuM, wid, " theee white men know eve^ thiqg. tXVjr Jinow what rooka are made of, they know how to mftheinM\, and how to make watohei, and how to make the needle «1- waya point to the north.'' They had seen a compasa be- !£>!«, and whec I showed them mine, they aakl, " that would ikeep me from getting loet. ' A waterfall waa seen de- wending down a high point of thia mountain, whk)h, by Jta oontinuiU ibaming, looked like a white belt girding itaaide. We l0ft our encampment, on the SSd, at an early hour «ud oontiaued our mountaiaoua jonriMy . Parte of the way the aaoent and deaoent waa at an angle t^ 4&*** and in ■aaweplaow aven more ateep; aoroetiniaa on the veife of dincy piveoi^boee j eonetiipea down shal«eaof ntohi vbftee ^ny Indian Iwrae would jump from one to anatbeiii^nd in aOmt plaeea would brace hlmaelf upon all firaw and aUde .d»wa. I had beoorae »o weak that I nonld nol ««lk .fip feet, but waa obliged to keep upon bia iwok. Fiequei^ between ithe mountainB there would be only q^aoe eaau|^ for* niahing Rtream of die purest water to find ite, way ; the bank O" o»e ^^ of whioh would lerminate the deaoent of one mountain, «Bd the otbev bank omninenoe the aaoent ofanotber. The quaation «ften aioee u my m^ qifn thia aectkm of country ever he inhaWted, unleaa tbflpe mwiutoJi^ ahall be brought lo«r« and theee valleys ahftU ^ ^loultiid? But they may be designed to perpetuate a supply QC«|pod for the widea|>iead prairies ; and they may contain jninea oftwasttna^ which, -when wrought, will netpd theaa N""^ Cnr fuel, wd these ntahingstieanM for ti^lrterp^^ ISfifM amy ha ^onatruoaed miming nortih^ndi JXiMAy ao diat tnA>- ^^i^iiiij^aiaiiiHiitltsmti&KiitiiHi'i' I iii'iMiWinii M»JM>ilil'il •o«n that • iMiff b»rUe, tlw ohi«( ith ft nMgaifyuM; y Vnh^. T1m» ow to mdMinq, lie Uw newJUe «Ji- n a coinp«abe- aid, " that would ill waa MM d«- kiq, whioh, byJti t finliog its side- t an aarly hour PartooftlMway of 4&S an4 4ii on tha vaive of ■ of ntoktvlMiie > anotlMi^4knd in , firant and alide l|d not «^k . M> waa so gradual, that it wouM be diflohh to siy whera the one eadad and the other began ; Ifte te chalbga flmn day to n^ht. While riding akng vjfon a nar^ row rk^ of tfda mountain, I saw two small lakes a litlia down the sUes; one on Ae ri»rtit hand, whksh appeared to b« vary bi^k, and tka other upon the laft waa very yisHdw wMi aolpbnr, isimlng fltm a ^ring fai the monnlaia sMe. lltose tw^ lakes were direeily oppndto «a^ other, and not fw distant. I should have enonined tMm mora Minutely, had my «lr»ngth psmHttadma togodown to theni,«ad^again asoend to iriiere Imust have left my horse; There waa alsOmnoh in tte soanery arouikl to admire ; mountain risbig above mounH^, and pveoi|^oe above preoipioe. We spent tiw night hi a valley, where there waa a «natt meadow; ■HflMpWP whioh h»n were Twy l»ll wid *»lgli*,-«t> *««•*»•» •WT crtad fcy *• «wl «lw», -n* l»3r «1» fc«AW WII1.WI «i *• gU«Ma. Tli» ladtoat^MOBf ht in • wpl^ftrtae wW«k tkmf ■«liiMi»goodpN«i««itliN«8litliB4^r. A houttte widMHllMM>lM Ami li^it obitnioled t(f mmmMMMi mm ■ to 1»^ • p iB i ytrt Bf Mii M e l H> th«^Hi> wmM. IT, miilliiri »ir -".'—** «• MM* brio «^fillqr 4f tti»jiii- iii.' w i< t K - -A \gf, will a^ i» ,<» ^ i i WM w, ^i«>^ Mmuy <«» ■ «r^f» Wgl! imHiBlrf^ d«*ly oofww* wiA wi«*fc AwoBg Aff krgoil tiMs is • mm ip«^ of fti^ Ai#» htW, Ito l-»fc iUok«na roMkHii il»*^ «* |i*«l«ir*«ita %d«» « kf Him 1lfKt0t0ttB^ tlii»4^r. Moutth* m«twf»bnMk^ tkHMgil Wllioll. i lM«fHnd .Cow wnnti^ <*Mi tte aagpiiy Mdi •MiiiMM • Mv ipMiM of bM akoM M lM|*MtiwaMmptettooolortiaifenit7aiiiill M(i,«M. «teli«nmbliB|[ahoooiiU^ TlMnMiMler stasd at M*. Ob tka MA, w»^ooMd«d but about fear houn «o our w«]r»«ad «MMip«4 M th»«idU of a iMoataiR BMr to nm. ■ait ; fk» diMUMM ta awMlMr mOttkU ^ace fer oar hsnea owMr H a bbB bdng too giaat. Saw ttnlay a iMW^apaeba* of anfaaal, aaoJi aa I aa«ar aaw bafeva. It was abaat W lufafaaa aMMlBt and piabaUf of that gaMa. ita aalsr «* n]NM,bladh, pwmiwt , aai vafyt ptamiafi of nqr liriiaia^ and wiMi it aair m^ it t fiMi d^a tiaa» Nwpaiiaitiwvajr «|^ km mmmi aftdd ta aaoend kiglMt. Attwopta imm mada taiaMiribii, hm. ▲n Ia4iib hit it «ilitaB«na«» hM m iilaaBaadMW'aad'aaoaiwi. J-aaw^ilMaa! » » waa «aria^ of atriped a^aimi^ origr aba«t iMlf ■^^^^■wa"tiBaaa maNaj aairattMMP ' wiw ai bl l in 'tka n4ua,«|M«i^' hti^i^: oai«> It itaiaai^ Wanfc, wmfftk^ i mt>Mmmti^^'*Mi$imflmmuL It ia HMsfc MNOIar Mf aoaMwbat l^fhtar a afen w i Md\, U HM ai ag irt ei i a lifca «a ninawwa ^aail. it ■mm |#. MM^fMM^^^^^ wllk ml wlMtt aattiiad wMi ( bat oaiNf aaf Mi fiiiiHiiiPiraw|aMK«i«iNPf^^ i 8abbMli,9Viii. W« «MitiBtMd in oar MWMBpmMt. • My bMddi «M BO btttw -w r art praAiwfy ImI ai^ and y«t tlw tniaiiiaMitinii wm idc wiiig . ■ to o k flram my arm a pi>t of blood, wMok, while H weakcaod, ((««• no raUof. Wo had mHfioiu MvioMi both in the momiiig aad a*»r- aeon of this day, a« laat Sabbath. Chariio pray* etwry ■MMmiag and evening with hie men, and aeka a bieaeing whan they eat. In the afteraooo, he, «Hth Oompo, ny in. tavpiretar, came and Mtt by me, and raid, *• wo am new near ouir oooatry, «id when we oomo into it, I with you lo look: over it «nd.,aoo if & ia good for mtadhwarioa l» li?o in. I Imow h«t Uttlo about God-my people kaofw hat Uttle— 1 wWi nyiiMplo 40 know moM-«boat Ood." He Mid ho wfaliadH ^alh with mo maek moM, and waa aony I Jnd Mi a- hoMoir ^HaUied tnteipfaier. lloBdqr»Mlhi my imalth wao frnpnovad* asd na nadaa kt^ ^Kfummnh and «nwi|ged ftom the w oM nt atw a abotst tiNio'aledkiBdiaaftamooB. Not iadUag walat ao wvok* ,«• wem obUgad lo travel oa wMtt B aa talghti trh— » to aaothw bmaoh ofdM Ooo»«oota4t«k at iHddb we laivttmllodgaaorNoBi'lMMAIadiaaa. AMkrtaWaa im^ and tiMn wa weve w^eoroed widi a oafttnoniaM, but hawlyahahkigorbaiida^ ^hayftaatodna wttfa«welliM Mad adMM, for wbioh I mado^tWem aome amall f iiii B ii r-waa wjatoad «» fold myaelf aafoly thioagh tiia«aimMi for BMMo dtfktait to pam than Aa E?dqr MottataiBBraapi doMaattako advantage of any valloy^lMt oat 1% wUah iMlounayad oaly two^hirds of a dfty. EMeptiofla^ko ttdd^oTtiia dayisA* atoMapheiv waaoeld^aad fir m — di f foo ' wao' fonaau; -«:' .<«<'<<« the afghl. ' ^hm»-»1Ur»4mm* hadaeaMNr, whioh oAen folb apeb^ &>po of dpori iiitaaa ' iii M»if ii ii ii i ii Hii> i i i i i »iw wa iHaMMi I My Ml B^il,aiidy«t oni my turn a pint RM roltef. momiBg aad aAtr* wrii* pc»y« avwrf d Mks » bUaing ithOompo, mjr iiw 't W* •!• MNrBMtf [ wiih you 10 look uriMtoUvoitt. I nMw km IHrt e I s«." HoMiilte d WM Mmrl 4^aB4T^B>MMto« I mo MBteiM ttbftut If walot M v««r* M. AaUMtnTM IMlimODiOMi iwit at wMniaoMtat iMfnioH mmm mm ''SinMptiai^:#» lUMtum wna ehbuni. taiaomyoMrlykitiioMitiMM; •erkMlwoMy( uaploMut woMlioff i» our ymmrngt. Fn^tM^ty koavy g»lw of winda iweep through th«M mouotoin^ aad pnou tmto pMto of the fccMl; but we h^l none to enfteager lu. Oi the aoih, we pvooeeded down thk bimiidi aera ihaa half the day, end frond the eeil black uid good, well eev. •fed with gnua, bat dried into hay by the ettaMner droatfi. Here, ae on nKwt prairiea, there k mitoh want of wood, thaae being bat little beeidee what iefeaad akng theetnanM of water. Thia ooonUry oonthiuee «e be vcrfoaaio, ae ii aviaoed by the abuadaaoe of lava aad baealu . Ckuae at aoM to eix ledgae of ladiaaa, who welaomed ua with Hm eame friendly expraMiaaa, as tboae did wheia we aaeaai^ laK alight. We left the braaeh of-lhe Cooe.oool»te airi aaoMded weilarly to the upper pniriee, wUoh aia ao ftftUe aaAekwar.aaddoBOlsaibramrawiththadfaaik. After a loag and fatiguing ride over theee piaiiiea, w» daneaiad iaio a deep gulf; alaMol eaeloaed with petpeadlaalar tialle oTbaialtf ia the boMoia of whioh, wa foaad a lai«»ipi4^ of walMV wbaae wa eaoaa^. ▲voaa very eaify oa the «Olh, set fbrwavd, aad aMMlagood prqgNsa, ooaaideriag the exhaasisd olala ef aw iMNsa. Masl «f the atiMma wove dried «p^ aad oaeb wUak is gao- eta^-, la»ga» and iriMBBs wa fa ite n de d H hava sarritad test night, was whdliy - IafiA.wal iUta liBiiilrttttiiiiiiiiMMMiiiiiaiiifiii ill lilH IIW»[lllUli>i|- • to • iUMMI of 1. ThwmonMtor rith ■ubrtantially thankrul. After kl lodgM of N«i B, and Mknied, m their first chief, ming who I wu, country, m their odesvoiu. With ih were too oMioh mmey to praoeed Id not endure the ; nny eheher flrom eat oxoept what »r,70tonaec«iin( tier flowing down dw Ibnry in a o*> I hinwelf^aadiO' eepeeially Indian Bar, «Mr vary oariy vaooed hefbie ihe well^- In fHural there it a great wnat of wood (br building, ibnoiag and fWel ; but at the confluence of thea« river* a aupply may be brought down the Coo»-ooots-ke. Thia place combiMi many advantages ibr a missionary Mstioo. I began to doubt the oorrectnen of the statements of some travelers, in regard to the great numbers of wild horses, and the immense multitudes of wolvee, which they say they saw this side the Roclty Mountains ; ibr as yet I had eeen no wiM horses, and only a very few wolves. We passed the night upon the west bank of Lewis river, or ae it is mora commonly called, the Snake river. On the 9d, we aroee early, but wera detained some tiaMi beflwe alt our honee oovM be ibund. We started abovt eight, and prooeeded three heun down the river to a ptaot whera it tahee a notdwrly bend, through a eeotien of moan* mine wMeh ate difloult to be pa w ed. Our diraot oovhm to Walla Walla being west norlh-weet, we hora loft tlto rhnt and Mlowed a » «11 atioam up a valley nea^y to He MWnw. The eeotton of o>,untry throi^ wliieh we journeyed lo4ay wwnMuNalMiUK Ono part of dwriiwraloBf uidokvo traviM waa walled up with v aad had thimigk the day, aa lUMoauiiaaly Ugb I Iha ««at, k«l a plaawM aM and aaiaBa atwia. W* ka^xa kad aa rate liMa tka ISlk af Jnly, wkUa « Ika aaat aida af iha MMaiat^ aad aol aMia thaa l«a «iM4r ^¥^ Ab vMw Ikfa aUa tka Boaky Moantataa la.taadlaati aad a» nuatty aaa faaraaa a aHa»ta oMia jafaraBiaMw k atk% Wmi .aaaifad ^iMi (ran^ wa aaaaofpad Af ' tfto •iik^Mi *r Ika Sakhilkt fa a fama Tak apaa aa appar I if tiba WaUa WaUa trivar. Baw ira *«d Araa tcaakaatftrdaar.Md iaiMliaadi Ika OMB, Wkat ,«aikia Tka of iH aai h k i i waia JB li Hk i i^ i i , aad t^ • a ikara of aaak iMd aa Ikay tkaawalfit iMd. Ostdlk. WahadpaUiav«MUp»'atwUakal! wmaa aad^oUkbaa af Araa k)%aa aiiaaiad. waa of a traiy aplritaal aataia la oat ww»^> liMiaiiittiariMMMiiai TAUJn WALLA WALLA. IM ;mi4 Imt* omoIi dMateaTsoMM- kNM I oottld wmAm, ytkmwwnJmd, mM niblMmuMAn la almoat all othtr urk color, ooataia- what Clark* awl tham, have oalM fsn flnMBow as- ■MonuiMaly Ugh ■4 niMMalwia. tthafJvljr.wUla Mt Mna thaa iv« Roaky MovnlriM I a aUnata aww a aMMwhai kffljr -nrmpiil ftr'Hi Ifc TMi NoiiB hri pminHlM III ir*ai*rlhah. ■naalilaa Hw rt if Ml ft iai. rfy^atwfcMal! Miaa aminjurl • i» o«r wairyM^ waa InowB to tha Baa wlu r of keaita» bat tlMra waa ika ap> paaiaaoa of davotioa, aad good attanUoa waa paid to what waa aaid. It is aflaoting lu •*• tha aoxiaty thaaa ladiaM naaifeat to know what ihay miut do to pUaae God, and Iw obtain Mlvation. I amployad part of tha day in raading Viooenl's Bxpk^ naUon ot tha catoohiwn. This ia an axcallant oonpandiuai of divinity, and ia too muoh peglaoted in fiMuiliaa and Sab> bath Sohoola. Early, on tho 5th, w« puraued our journey down thr Walla Walla river, through a beiuUful yalley of thirty nilas in extant, parts of which are overgrows with tha ooni< roon trees and ahniba of auoh locations, interspersed with wild loass. The prairie hen, the avoaet, tha robin, and va- riatiea of smaller Urda, seem to have seleotad th|a aa a fiu- varitaratraat; while tha animals, which we hanra bean aaak- lag for game, deeert this delightfiil plaoe aad ind their dwdliogs on more ruggwi tracts. This spot imprassad-me bvoraUy aa tha situation for the misskmariea who should^ suocaad ma, and in every thing but its populoiMBeas would* ftiimisli advantagee beyond any I have as yet saan. Indi- ana of dlflbiaBt tribaa border on, and around, this valley, aad tha laeatioB ia therefore less oantral for any one of tbsaa. They might, however, be brought by dagraea t»> eoUaol aad aaitla down around a mission station, when oooa' it siwuld ba astaUiahad. .^ . , ^ ^, , ^ Oelober 6tk. We aroaa early and oemiMaoad our jooT' nay with the -aaimatii^ hope of reaching WalU Walla, and) afaaaiagoivlUasdpeo^ before noon. Asoanded the Uufli and passed ow an undulirting prairie of good aoil, leaving tha Walla Walla river to our leA. As w* drsw near te Columbia river tha soil became mora and wtf* Mady- 13* V- .,, .# *•' •Mtaf «o«n m4 oilMr eMll«, ia Im enlw, IMliig apMiilM kmmmlm^t mm! Um dgkt wm aoKMly aovvl, aAw !»«% Vmb w loag abMst fWm drUia^ lift, b«H «m Um mim* in. t«rMiiii(b«o«iiMaiiM|Motod. A«w«ouiMaMrtb««wi,tlb MiMM Amd tiMir OMliNMry mIM*, uid tliM riMlMii fer- 'tnri to Ik* gate. Mt. P. C. Pttmbnu, tfw mfwkumdtm, mtt iM. Md gaf« iM • kiad wtlooa*. I .««•, Mt tto«» jojr in Mitoriiif • ftabitttkm of «i«i)iMd nMn, itIwm Urn- fUfs WM not Hmnge. I ftli tfwt I M mom of iliMk. MaMM. that Ood. fa Us gn^t nvroy, mM ^ iy« wmoIU^] ^RHrldme*, had litmgki. ma ia w^ and wMi riatoiiid htaltk to tliia plao*. Sooa I waa invited into aaotli«faf»ft. HMrt to bTMkilMt; and it wa* truly jplaawat aga^b todtfti a e»iir, at a lilto ^laad wWi rbroitaia, and Bwl Immiim a. iiaad and l»«itlar, ■ugai' and ««1, af wkkA I liad lw« dvprii»ad Amt aLavt tbiaa maathi. t a^ritad Wi« la irfi moMlw and twanty^kraa da^a alWr latving trnm-^-htty-tv day* flraai ^^-^Vtrmia and twaii. tjr fifom antfirbig tlia ialnon rivaa awmualaa, iHiflilliiMMiMiii mvl, siWr iMvIm Umm hmM fer- mm, whoM hm. I MOM of tliMllt. 1 ^ lib wMelifcl «ii wMi NatBMd oloaiMKlMfafMi. vMok I 1m4 Imh VillAAf CHAPTER Vni. i«rw«ibW«ii»-a>»M<4ii tiru»i«4i»->ftfc» HaiBfti Bigr inwfMiy teiw Wali* W«n» Cm UmI Tm a^wtr h- ^maiwm w»«r>»-w yMi h it*«<— itwi to Um Ci^«m !■ < !■■■ W W . itf ym yi rti » ■■§ w y Ute Toloiiito NMnntatM— It jti af ImiUmi iwwwi^y ■wtfiJ •! ^ Mb of tiM Oalankb ili w trnt k ag •#■ Ms «r««*wy>4« IhXk m- Wt m m umiim§ a— >Miy~f> w > rf » M i I aM Ikt FUUmUi Mi4 If M riin4i I mpM*— InilMi Vtryhi y la w f HW i wih t i i > — i l . I Nlll"""Ulif'> (III Pitt THMMnrMt Pasr WdU Wall* k Mtmlmi em tkm •wth tUa ol tk» ColiMiMa fl«w, tm iiOm Ukw Um p w iax w — of iIm Go. NAM* tad Uwk' liw, wUok Imi it aawMoiy mUmI. ^ tiM pMpb {MkAfiric to tlM Hiidwm B»y CkiaifMjr, Mm f^R»A ifiv«r{ tnA MM) nil* abov* tlw W*1U Wa^k tivw, to htftad* 4r f, l«ifitM. Tim milM bakfw Um fen Umi* tea nage <^ ouuotaiiM nmofaig BOrtii aMi mmkt mhdoh, Uto^lr, aot h^i^ an y«t of oaarid' «aUa BNifrilwia j aai wImh UMCotiUinUi paaea tivougli, it k araUfid tq» on boUi lidMi viUi basalt, fan naoy pkMon dwealMBdiadfeetiMfpMMiieularlMigbt. Tba ooO. fer om- MandU* dirttjai* aioaad, willi Um aaoaftioa of mmm ali^ of tetto»-laad, kMMlj, ood ftv Um vaal of mnaMr ralM it not pnduedTe. Hii* eaiabtiriiimMl is aol umij mf^lM vMi th» Blip— ariin of life, bat alao viUi owiqr of te oon- "I — I' ■ ▼wiknoM. Th«y twv* oowa, boraw, bogs, (bwla, 4«. mM ouiltvB*^ oorn, poUktoM, mmI • vnrurty ofgcnkin vagfUblM ; •ed mif ht enlarga (b«M mhI oth«r produoliurw to • gr««l MtMl. Thmy alio kmf on luuid dry good* and iMrdwaA*, not only for Uwlr own ooawnimoe, but tlm for Indian U««k. During mtm of tb« year thoy h«v« « good aupply of A«b, and an abundaoo* of lalnKm of Um Ant quality. WadniMday, Tih. Conlinuad in tbia ptaoa. flMtlad with my intarprautr, gava prMonlt to my Indiana, and mado ar. rsngvnianu for leaving to morrow, in a oanoo pn^ll«d by Indiana belonging to tba Walla Waila triba, for Fort Van- Muver, which ia two hundrwi mile* down the Columbia. Thua I am putting myself, without faar, into the bandaof Indiana, whara a few yaara ago an eaoort of fifty men waa ■aoaaaary for aafoty, and aball hava to paaa placea which hav« baao batlla grounda bet wean tmdara and Indiana. Tha gantlamaa belonging to tha Hiidaoa Bay Gumiiaay •f worthy ot ooaumrodalioa for thair good traatmaot of tha iMUaiM by which they have obtained thair (Handahip and iwn fldaaoa , and alao for tha ellbrta, which aoma few of than hava made to inatruot thoao about tham in tha flnl priaaiplaa of our holy religion ; aapaoially in n^ to •qiaity, humility, and morality, lliia ooiapany ia of loi^ Madfaig, have baoooM rich hi tha Air trada, and bitMd' t* paqprtaal* tha boainaM ; Iharafora ihay oouault tha proapar. ity of tha Indiana aa httinataly oonnaotad with thair own. I hava not haaid, aa y«t. ofaifa^a inataaoaofany ladlBea haiag wantonly kiUad by any of tha man balonging to tUa oorapany. Nor have I haaid any hnaatlng aaioag than of tha aa rta ftn tto n taken hi JUlling or ahdriiif Indianab that I hava akawhora haard. Tlu>nday» 8th. My thira Walla Walla Indiana havlif «■■ MHi m Oliuiw lo • gTMt da ftnd lMniwft^>, t •Im fi>r Indian v« • good supply I Anrt quality. M. 8«ttliMl wlUi n», and madn ar. inoe propellad by bo, for Fort Van- the Columbia. into the hands of of fifty men wa« •« placca which and Indiana. > Bay Gumpany ood traatflMot o( 1 ihair fHandiMp liich wroa few of tham in tha flm lly in Nfafd to npaay ia of Umg b, and bit«id t* MvUthapraipw. witk thair own. wofanylMttaca baloBfiBf to dUa among thorn of lladiaoa^OMU I I hdlaiia havlif gol alt thiifa fan w din aw , maia. pnnrMoM, 4m>. IWmiahad by tha kiadwNa of Mr. Pambrtui, and ha haviac uivan tham thair iajlniotkMM, I want on board tha oanoa at nio« o'olook in tha morning, and having pa«MMl tha uaual MluUtiona, wa ihovad off, and gaotly glt«i« qaaotmia aad vaia, and wiaiMd to ha thooght a Ma oT taa. HataldHMhawaatodotha talkliig. and tiw •tvowaNlodaaahaiihoalddlnMt. OaaoomnlarMi I md lo^waelatti hahlta I aallad fate my aMtor. OMoflkaatkortirobwIwiBok tha nam and itoaiW tti otmm, waa a itoot hmway, tvagaloeidf laaa, l am p H i III lapiiMlM iif Mi iiiiiKiainiii, hliiTi -^^t ■-^'-'^ of [■HWgiaiiMil|nniniiT-t ThatMid,«hataor *ahew, waaaUaMdwalldiaroatdyowgMui. Tha ofaaiMwl UtiwghUw volouils notuilaia, a UtUa holmw js! < ftirt, haaa dTliMWiiadanoraalara) how k wm fcnaad thimigh thaaa iwi— lly haid haaaWa loefaa to tha depth of ahoot thiaa huadrad iMt, aad fcr tha diataaoa of two or thfoo nHaa, ramafaM imexpiaiBad. Bnt my attontioa waa lo mooh takaa ap with the boilteg addka and the varying ettrranta, W.JHipii •Jm that I did not take tlwM obMrratiooa which under dHftrent oiroumstences might here been mede, end which tlMWfldery Mad phenomena demanded. In one plaoe, as we paand out of the mountain channel, the river ran so impidly .over A> rooky bed, and the water was so broken, that I thoi^ght it unsafe to continue in the canoe, and requested my Indians to put me ashore. My talking Indian said, << toit," (good.) I told him, toaiitu taUi hapteU, (not good, but bad.) But still be said, low, Ip^, and I concluded, that they would not de- olitte putting me on shore, if there was any partioular dan^ gwr. The man at the stem put off into the mkidle of the river, where the water was the smoothest, but when the euirent was equally strong, and with his keoi eye fixed upon the varying eddies, applied his bnAfniy arms to the work ; and whenever a ohaa^ of hie paddle'fi«m one akie d^ the oanoe was neoMsary, it was done in the twinkling of an eye. Any AUlure of right management would have been disis> but thfsy kiqit the eanoe in the right direoikii^ aad w« ahot dow« with MhJi vefedty, as, togetfwr with"> the mkidle of the Mt, but where the een eye fixed upon ame to the work ; Hn one aide (^ the rinklingofMieye. I have been diiis- ight direaiioii^ aad iDgeliwr with-lhe ioitode. ' Bat Ab mtanvndmtAma, ON ti«aq«il l»fe* II«d at tok aaeaaq^ ■I lodges. mMB »r aiMoiraoed our and tiw<4liiHrt«r It reeahw dm irHh aadtlMtlladMt ' to wonUp ^hid. 1% dta dydb and the woBMO, aooordfaig to their rank, the wivee of oMeA, the old women, the young^-and then the ohildrao aeeor- ding to age. All things being made ready, the salute was ftredf and I landed and shook hands with all, even the youngest ohildren, many of whom, when they presented the hand, would turn away their Amms through fear. I made them some presents, and bought of them some dried salmon and oranberrias. These were the first oranber- rias I had seen west of the Rooky Mountains, and dtey were a grateful aetd. The Indians expressed much satls> faction in seeing me< and the obieot of my ooming among tham. I told them I oouM not explain to them all I wished, bat they most meet me aaxtq|wfa^ at Walla Walla, iriiere I siwnld have an interpreter, and than I w«dd tell thans about God*; AAar-again shakktg haub with Aen, w»w«ai on oor waj»»" y- "• -■■»■ ▲t five o'oleok we landed upon the noidi ahina, and em- oamped near a laige anmber of Nan Parad bkUansb wha oaaw about nw witk the tokens of fHsndsUp and hinteo8% wUeh ohaiaelMiae th^ aatkin. Among tiwir aoteof Un^ naas thqr biought no mud, wfafoh in tya'aaothitt af iim ooantiy ii aoaioa; aad gathand sawll hnJiia and giasi# make nqr bed ufon. Ootober 9^ We arose bafim day, and as aooo as any light i^ppaared, taauaaed our Tuyi^ down the civar. Hm nMmkiigwtaa]^eaMnt^^oottntry arsund openand Avar. aified arlili rotUng^ j^akries, and the dfalant mountain tepir wars melloiwed wiA tha (qpaning beana ot the rising sul|r' It waa a lina in pleasing oontamphtisiis, aaoh^aa baa^' idtedidl fidbi0rBBihirti< wl— i t y, giMMr dim Uw tmnmi «f dw vIvMr would hKf ouiM w. Abom Ih* BiMl« of Um day, dM (rilflOM WM iatemipiid by Um iwur of « diotant rapid, dM niHid of whieh ooadaood 10 inoiMM, MtU dM wUte braalriBf water was pw wte d to vitw. Fbr flwaiml milM die bad of dio river waa iUed widi iQck% and eeveral rooky islanda and rinala, aiiMag whioh die wUrliag and fiMuadog water waa fendng te way. Tim only part of the river, wUdi pr eee n ted aay appeaiwice of Mklbty, waa along near the aoothdiore. TUehadioaie- what the appaaiaaoe of a wake. My Indiaiia made no MovenMt ibr laadhnj, but kept near dia aiUUle of the livar. On my aipn— iwg aeoM apprahendkine of dangar, thtqr point, ad tewMd dM waka and «iid, **9oiaJ' I petatad finward "^Mid tonraid the nmtii ahewe, and mtd, liyaffa, (bad.) They •aawMad, "«<, InpMit;" and widi the language ef ajgns neoompanying their wonh^ icid ma they weuld heap^lhe I Aa gaod w^er, and it would net iU» ner hndianm liy niiidMtnii hi dMir ikill nf miwigB ibeiMt-waU eatBbUdMd, I made no otaeetkm to Ikttit gaiflg ftvtMwd, and hi a vuty ahoit thna wa iMd pp a m d d w appaMnI dangavy nnd wara Riding along cnar the amoedi : auHhoe on the aoath tide of a large iidand, lAont aix tiOm long. ■ ■ __. ■■ . M During the day» the country around waa oompaantifely )avei« ««vered widia hbekaoO, wMdi app e ara to h n iw he e n tinned by atuMfharle agMta de a nnyw i wg the inriaaaie aubdtanaee^ «Uoh aa generally abound. Hie aeotfoa of the opuntry ie ihXi aiqpplM with^fMaa, ^wliiah dniing< dM BuninevdmidiiaaenVMtadhyHifany. Wha«an«deulM ' I MiiiniiiiMuiiinifti iii'iii wiB(w*inininW»wia>th^4M»-ftarAabaating^afttw^>aatl. ■^•'y-* Abaat*niila lOioav tt^aoHM' Wa^ 1)^^ oappad, Many af whom aaaw la my taM and wiahid t»««. la 1 •VP lit TBUi or iMNAii «BinHU>arr. A JMmM, a chief; and wouW wptot • pwMrt. A« • ,»ri»i of their diiporiUeo, I U»W Wmlhty hwi Ml bitmght ■• any wood for a ftra, and I would not give them any thing vM they ahoved their kindneie. But he eaid I mual make the ohief a pieeent and buy of them wood. I replied, weita, if he is a chief let him ehow the geneioeity of a chief. Very aooo they brought wood, and a fit* wee made, wWch I fiilewed with eome preaent*. 4jM^ ■*' Sabbath, llth. We continued in the «ama woanpiasai, wi my heart's desire was much excited for the salvation (^ these poor heathen. There was a oufiioient number •^hei^lo haw made a decent oongregation ifi had poMaaad MI7 medium of ooromunioation. Their languafe diftra ftom the NeaFerois, ao that I oouW hare no oomnmnion. tj^ 1^ them exoept throuf^ my oralor„who aakad naif h» sbottW to«A A^ Indiana whnl hn hndJsnnW ahsnt Qai and his worship. 1 1*'* W* f ww isrf tm , though 1 Hwnd^n was induenoed mow by k»»a of distinction thM Wg higher aa&f} bul stIlU I would r^joioe* if any tnin Udhftsbottld be inqfwrted to them. ' Tl aroee the latter part of ioe» if My tnw the MlhiMMithe lag |^l«M»atl]r, «• I iPD Miived MBW liealMge iafawd* iisbfty,iieftrwUali m uBilMwithtk* lidttaM of ahofot rtalketMiMdhie ■ ****••■ jji A4tftit. ■'■w<**«» tM oftlliog npm the oMe* w hriee, ud with their people i*. oelte the penoMge whh Um te doe ftm. hiraab«l» ■bort tioM bettre their Ifaie «m •mned.the tnl ohief iMd. ing the way, Md olhen acoofdUBg to their mA and ago Mtowing, and the oeremony of ahaking haadi waa per* ftmnad; and an retii«d to their ledgee agate. Then ia a great iraM of Boataeae among IndiaDa in g«». etal, hot mon eepeoiany among thoae on this rhrer, who im by flahtog. Bare wa left oar oaaoe, and took hoiaes and pnoeedad hy land, upon the aouth tide of - -'rar, paaaiiig by the Falla, aftd down the La Iklka, wtx iMm. Piom the lower and of the iriand where the rapldi begin, to tiia peipandlodk» Ml, ia about two miiaa ; and here Oe rfVar ooMMOti, i*Mb the arat^ii tow, to a taiy nanow apnea, and WiOk aniy3^ 4MM dlMiMBa of iwm wmar, U mdMa ibi plnnga twenty ftm or IMM p«»t»MdleaIar; and then, after a ahoit dhiaad* «r MpM% daihtag agrinat the toeis, movaa on hi * aatMw pWMgo. MM WMrfapidB And addlaa, among toleattie iMl% •iitad the LtfPailga, I l ii w iii a ; and than apraadaoMinio ngoMlateeidohaniiel. At the Pklla and the La DalMa balMr, dMra ttra mvanl portagee, where boati and oaaMM, aa wall aa baggage, hare tftbalMaapDfMd. Thi gaolDf . ioat fbroiotion Homr thia diatanoe it alagtiUr. Wllkiia oMepOen of a Anr h|(h hilli and Uuft, Iha Am IM liildaaMnilidiirabntHKle abotn the riter in tM ftaAit irfM ,^and jrat the ohuuwl of the ritar ia lhtoi%h thk Miitt. m baaah and iHhygdifcld. Hha thia ohanntol wteft Ml aolM rook Mtti^iont tf afl^ it trhit titeaf Thartii iM» i#iiuittM «Hha flhaatnl havin| ikon patMpHbtjr daapar, fltaooihirrodb^ fteu ihiir melted iNata, Wata ainaad Mt ma tiia» pmm ^mmatt, whfah at ha^^b Mtoh |ilMa / MNP I I 4 liw« 14t MMToir nAMiM ceiirAifT. wntiwUt and OMBtiniM ago. A* I kav* no oonlldenM in tlMoriM foundtd upon oonJMtur*, oor in Indian tradiUooa, I laa\a tha aubjaot for olhan to tell u« how thaoa Uiiogt took plao«. Fomwr viaitara, among whom I nama Doct. Qard- nar, a laaraad Bngliah naturaliit whom I mw at Oahu. Sandwioh lalanda, axpreMod hia antira inability aatia&otor- ily to aooount for thia paouliar pbaoomenon. Nor doaa tha Indian tradition, that the Grtai Woff mads this, togatbar with all tha toanary that delightad my aye as I par id down tha rivar, raliava tha mind of ita iriepraMibla ourkxity. Tkie ia ooa of tha baet looationa for salmao fiahh^;, and great numbari of Indiana ooUaot in tha Maaon of taking tbam, which oommenoaa tha laat of April, or tha ftrrt of May, and oootinuaa aaveral montha. %, Mtba lower part of tha La Dallea, I found Capt. Wyatb, ftam Boaton, with a noall oorapany of man going up tha rirar to Fort Hall. Capt. Wyetb, who w an intolligant and aaoiabla man, had the charge of the buainaaa of a oouqiaBy fomad in Boaton, for ulmon fidung on tha CdumUa, and for trade and trapping in tha ragkn of the HMnrntaina. The plan af the company waa to aand a abip annually around Cape Horn into Columbia river, to bring out gooda for trada, and to take home tha aalmon and fura wbwh ehould be ob- tunad during the year. It waa expaotad that tha profita on tba ealroon would defray all common axpenaaa, and that Um pioAta on tha fttia would be clear, and yield » haadaome inooaMt But thua for the eaterpriaehaa been attended with many diaaatera, and the loaa of many llvaa ■ a Twal of tha OM^wara drowned, andothera killed by Indiana. Hepa I dianoiMMd my Walla Walla Indiaarto latnn, and TUkI, tha firat chief of the La Pallaa Indiana, engaged ^ ftunjbb ma with a canoe and men to carry ma to Foit Yan^ MiilittMiiiNllii •Jmrn* no oonfideoM in Bdkn tnditiom, I tlMBM thiogt ttxA MM Doot. Gkrd* I WW at Oftliu. lUlity Mtitibotor- m. NordoMthe ids thla, together I as I pMT id down rMeible ourioiity. Innao fiahhif , and ffffffla of ti^tw rU, or tbe Aim of undCapt. WyetK, nen going up the an intelligent and taeaofa oonqiany iha CdumUa, and nMHintaint. The annually around lutgoodalbrtrada, >ich ahottld be ob- that the prodts on ixpenaee* and that 1 yield fihandeonie been attended with ee— eevwral of the Indiana. liana- to retting and idians, engagad *> yBMtoFcHctVw- tn niMUMlNON • •owrer. I epent the night with Capt. Wyeth, and obtained Aam hi« a short vooabiilary of the Chenook language, to enable me to do oommon baainem with the Indiana reaidlng along on the lower part of thie river. TUeaday, 18th. I left at nim o'clock in the morning, in the oanoe with three men ftjimiahed by TilkT, and madf good progress dowti the river, which here flows in a wkfe and gentle current. Many parts of the way, the rhrer Ui walled up with MgK and perpendicular bamilt. At the La Dallaa oomnwncw a wooded country, which becomea mote and more dense as we desrtend, and more broken with high Mils and preoiploee. I otaerved a remarkable phenoMe- BOa— tr ee s standing in their natural position In the river, in many places where » la water ia twenty 6et deap, aiid rising to high or ktOttt water mark, which is flfteali fbaC" above the low water. Above the lireshet rise, the topri of Aa trees are decayed and gone. I deferred Ibrming an optnioo in regard to the oauas, nntU I should oollect mon dMt. About the middle of the day a south wind b^^an ti>¥k»#, and continued to Increase until it became neoeaaafy tt go on shore and encaimp, which we did about four la die afternoon. On tfie 14th, we did not make much progress on aooooirt of wind and rain. W« encamped in a cavern under a large projecting rook, the upper part of which waa ftrmed of basalt, the lower of oonglomerate. Although thia waa at leaM eix miles from the Cascades, yet the roar of the €i,i tar ooold be dMnotly heard. The samo pheoomea6^ il^ the trees continued. I paid particular attention to tlia oon- dMoD of the shdites of the river, and the adjacent hilla and mountains, to toe if there were any eaoarpmenii preaenting sueh condition, as would furnish evidence of their having ■RHP mr n m 148 UHillUNJI Wll*II MmT« < imMoM by ImiUHpt ; but m than w*r« bo swh kppMr. aaoM, and Um ooodHiou of Um troM wm Um mom wImiv tbwr* wera no hills mmI mountakit omlt, I wm Ud to ooa* jMtura, th»t I ahould And tba ritor at th« CMoadM dMBiMd up with Yoloanio produotioM ; aod I wm iaduood to be. liova it would ba round ao, fVom thtf'&ot, that the rivar, tha whole diatanoa (Vom tha La Dallaa, ia wida and daap, and laovaa with a aluggiah ourreni. On tha l&tb, tha wind and rain oontinaing through Iha laoraing, I did not leave my encampment until noon, whan wa aet forward and arrived at the Caaoadaa at two o^olook in tba afternoon. The treea, to^y, ware still mora mu» tnaioua, in many plaoaa etanding in deep water, and wa had to pick our way with tha oanoe in some plaoea, m through a foraat. Tha water of the river ia ao oleart that I had an opportunity of examining their poaition down to tha apread. ing roots, and found them in the same oonditkio m whan ataading in tba eatural forest. As I approached the Caa- eadaa, instead of finding an embankment formed frqm vol- oaaio aruptiona, the abores above tha fltlls were low, and the valooity of tha water began to aooalerate two-thirda of a mile above the main rapid. On a full examination, it ia plainly evklent that here hM been a mMdena of a tract of land, more than twenty mileain iMglk, and about a mile in width. The treea standing in tha water ara found moMy towardaand naai the north ahora, and yet, from tha depth •f Uie river and its sluggish movement, I should oooolude tfie subsidanoe afi(«ted the whole bed. That the tiaea are not wholly decayed down to low water mark, provaa that the aubaidenoe is comparatively of reoent date ; aad their undiaturbed, natural poaition, proves that it took plaoa in a tranquil manner, not by any tremeadoua oonvulaicw f na- %. tJmm ■W Mi mm TBS CASff,^ WM» 14S ■0 tueh appMir- Um mom wImiw WM l«d to OOB- I iiiduo«d to bd- hat the riv«r, tha a and daap, and Dtag through Ih* until noon, whaa w at two o'olook ra atill mora bu* rater, aad wa had laoea, aa throiigb »art that I had an wn to tha apraad* jonditioo aa whan roaohad the Caa* fcnnad frqm vol- were low, and the le two-thirda of • examinatioo, it ia deuce of a tract of ad about a ndla in are found moatly et, fiom the depth ahould oooolude rhatthetnea are mark, provea that kt date ; and their ; it took plaoe In a ooovulaion fna* ture. The cauee Ilea oonoeated, but the Oust i« plain. That parte of foreela may in this way eubiiiergo, ia evident from aimilar &ota. The noted one on the eastern ooaat of Yorkahira and Linoolnahire, England, ia about fifteen fcet below low water mark, extending eastward a oonaiderable diataooe from the shore, in which stumps and roots of treee are seen in their natural position. So manifest ia the evi- dence of great changes having taken place by voloanio power, in these regions west of the Rooky MounUine, both by upheaving and subsidence, that we are led to enquire whether there are not now such agents in operation, and upon auoh materials, that the valleya shall be literally ei- aked, and the mountaina be made low, and waters spring up in tha deeerta. The Caacades, so called to diatinguish them flmn tha Palla, do not differ materially from them, exeept in tha wild romantic scenery around. There is no perpendioular Adl, but tha water oonoentratee, fnmi its wQe spread form, to a very narrow compaaa, and then rushes with great im- patuoaity down an alaoost perpendioular praoipioa twenty or thirty foet^ and oontinuea in a foaming and whirling de- scant nxMt of the way five milaa farther, where it mcala the tide watars (irom the Paoilio ocean. Above the folia, ia the r|ver, there are many ialand% but none of them luw very large— -aome are only voloanio rooka. The country about the Caaoadee, and many milea below, ia very mount^inoua, aapeoially on the south aide. The voloanio peaks ar«. as diventfied in their ahapea aa they are numarou*, baing oon* icai, denticulated, and needle-pointed, Haii^ from, one to filtoen hundred foet. While imagination generally over- dmwa her pioturea, nature tMa haa fiimiahed abundant scope for all her powera. ^. ' mmm •VMPMM 144 A littl* abov* ih* CukmIm, upon Um north Aon, ihmm iaawnall vi)l«f0of(ltieDoolii. ThtMW IndfauM •!• iH« only real FUtjH>«da aad N«>x r«rote, or (H«ro(Nl imms, I hare tMtnd. TiMry boiara« thair Roaea. Th« flattening of thair haada ia not ao f iwU a da. (brmity aa la gnnarally auppoaad. Prom a litil« abova tha , •yaa to tha b|i«x or onmn of tha haad, thare ia a dapraaaiaa, but not grncrally in adnit pannna very notioaabla. Tha piaroing of tha noae ia a grratar daftmnity, and it duoa by Inaiirting two amali tapering whila ahalla, aUrat two inohaa kmg, thmugh the ioirer pan of the eartllaginosa dirision of tha noae. llieae ahella »ni of tha genua €h$^tkim, thay inhabit tha Piaoifle diore, and are an article of tmAo aaMOf tha aativaa. I oailad at thia village to obtain man to emrtf aqr eanoe by fhe portage of the Chaeadea. They wiidtadlo ei^age in trade with m*> in aeTem! aftielea of ntmll value, wMmh I daalinad, inforaWing them that my boatneaa w«a of a dUhrant n^ure. While detaimd) tha du^ghlar of tha iMef, iuioiAilly decked out in ornaments, and in all her pfide and native ha^htineaa, walked to and IVo to exhib^ 10 tha beet advantage, hn ilne, areot, and atataly pafMa. AHar oonaidemble dv lay, I obtained fcur Indiana to Mny tha canoe about me hundred rada by tha prittoi|p«l vafMa, or flilla, lor whioh 1 gave tneh flva ehargee of powder and bnlla ; e.ad an additional reward to eae to carry a part of my baggage a mile and a half paat tfM moat dangeitma rafMa, to a baain jnat below anotfier rapid, formed Iq^* ittga rock* conffayng the river to • very nnrrow paaaaga, thro^ which it mahea wif^ great Impetncahy. My Indian ran tlia cuwe over tMe raj^. I waa moeh eooocmed ft>r thair aafety ; birt they ehoaa%> do it. Two yanva befnf , tlie men of the Hitdaon Bay Coaapany torMk4 aevanri lOftli ilMnWf thcrv Ikuw •!• iH« oqIt hkA noMs, I hatA Mi pt»n» tMt M to f NNU « dr- k iittl« tAforti tho B is « deprMrioe, MltiOMlbl«. Th« , and k dutM ly •Iwut two inohM l^inosa dirfdon ?>f I ^Mrta^teiii, tiMty loftrafloanwap tfaa nMn to Mrr^ The7 wkdiadto lof amnlt valnv, buniiMM waui of du^gMtr of tfM ^ mm! {a til her id fWtfiaxhiMt, itaUily pwrsoa. ladhuMtOMny w of poird«r and > oarrr a part of ■MNrt daag«roa> apid, fonofld by iMirrow |MMaB|[a« ity. MyladJaM eh cooocnrad R>r wo jmn be#»f, «or4ttk4 •etanl ntsiAii OTsmis fKAAi. mH IwMeaax down thk mpM^— fian of Um xnen golaff in iIm boaiM, and part on tlw tkon e»dtiling The ropa of ma brokfl, MMJ iho battoau, in apito of Um> ofibrta of tho men in M, waa hurriad out into tha aurging and whirling wavaa among tha rodka— oapaiiad and all war* ioat. I walked about four miles, until I had paaaad all Iha rap. ida of any speoial danger. About titrea-fourtka of a mil* bak>w iha uppermoat oaaoa4i«, following an Indian path, I oama U> a piaaaant riaa of ground, upon which ware aavatal houaea of a viilaga, inhabited only in time < f takini^aalmon. Thay wan both larger and far better conwtnicted than any I had aaan iu any Indian country. They were about Mxty tt^ long, and thirty-iva witle, tha (Vama-work very well aos- ■miotad and f«Jvof«d with aplit plaoka and oadajr bark. A UttU back of theae houaea a email beautiAil lake apraada it- aalf mit, on the aurfaoe of which aome rbaena of wild duoka ware enjoying the quietneaa of ita aolltuda. Am I oontiaued down tha Indian path, at no great diatanoa Aimi th<« Tillaga, I came to aavaral di^poeitoriee of their dead. They w«r« built of plank aplit from balaara Ar and oadar, about eight feet kmg, ail wide, ami five high, ind wall covered. At oaa and ia what mny be oiUlad a door, upon wMeh M« paiatiafa of vtrioua davioaa, whtoh do not appaar (o ha d»> •ignad for any otfMNrpurpoae than io I- ornament. SonMhad paintfaif upon tha aidaa aa wall a« upon the doora. I had with ma two Indiana who paid no partienkr attantioo lo tham, naon than wa ahould in paaaing a bwying graoitd llbay puiated ma to them, and made a abort, aoleraa pauaa, witiMNtt aaiy aotiona whiofa would iadioato their p« ing bmn RWfa to *M pkuniaa or any other obj««ot. T^ •^ number oi tbasa depoaitiHiaa I did not aaoertain, aa many of than wan •0 flur daoayad, aa to ba hardly diatinguiabable ; but diara mm MUlVTtfVl WATnTALt. wwr* eif hi diilan««t of ftfiir milaa bolow thfl main cataract, t^ ooan- try, on tha north dflm, iprwida out Into % l«rf«l ftirtlla plahi. whieh nMF tha rirar b a prairk, a little diatMioe bwik •orarad wMi dbniMi fermli ; whiU on thi; iouth aide of th«« rlmr h la vary mountalnoua. Toward tha lower part of Brant island I ra-ambarind. and wa proeaadad a fcw milea Airther i! ^noampad balow PIHar rook, ©far agabial an eJrtraor4iii«ry oawada of water wMeh daaoaadi rtw mountain from thm aooth. nitar roek ia of hanahie twmaHon, ritnatad on tha north lida of tha itmt, a fcw rwJa from tha ahore, on a narrow atrip of rich boft(Mn.i«Ml, wholly ko\t^, riaing ftva himdrad ftat on tha rivwr ikhi parpaadioiitar, aad en dia odwn iwarty ae. Upon alt« axoapl tha rirar idde, there ara narrow oAata «paa whleh grow aoAie oedara, and alao a few upon tha higbaat potot. Tha htm in proportiaii to tha hUgM, it VMpy aMall, ghring Mm whole tha appearance of aa attor. nwua pillar. . Thi^ h ana of tha aataniahiag wcadara of volaaaia apa wmt o a a. Tha oaaeade upon the mutfi aido of tha rivar Ant alrikai tha view at mi oleration of not leaa than a thooMUid Aiat ; MidbyaaTMraloAetothi^' ^«ar deaeea^ io a whHe ftaaAig aheai, at an angle of rixty &r eighty degraee, fnaaeatlagtlw ' appaaraaee of a heit aid vipon tha afcte of Uia Aoonlahi. In two plaoaa tha I I K-WRM rkwl , iiMunfwd Mow D«wmil«ofw«tor ith. flltsr roek KMrth M0 of tb* row tfrip of rfoh himdrMi %tn on otlwni OMriy M. 9 BklTOW CMMta • ibw upon tit* to the IM1.4M, {• ■ao« of aa mmmt hii^ woadm of ri v«r Ant ilrikM « thouMUidftNM; lAwhitolMnltag M, pifmmtng th> of tlM nmmaria. ip«Mes**8 aprky and diMp|M•^^ uaUl jrou mm it •gain oolliwtiog iuntr a\ iIm Ink of tlM mountaia, and allar wvndioK >>■ w*y • "li^rt di*. taiKM, it uaiiM with tha Columbia. Tba whal« «wm, ooMi lining »hf» rugg«ut ten milea, the aurrounding oouotry waa mouatainoua, (bnnlag bold ahorea, after whioh the mountaiiia reoede, and the river spread* out in auma piaooa Dram M joyAil to wt Ind a boefrftable , McLaughlin, a I fort, and of the Boky Mountaiaa, nen, and invited n winter, and as fever could pndi •inoe I left ni^ »w delaya, I hid ^■•ix days, with KMi forgfaiittldi rd me, in deftnd- t greatly salbwl oobnths I hid no oftto feU^diai a leeable, but In nti I I brought to tlM I every tidguky irovided. roBT TAMcoirvn. 140 CHAPTER IX. DaMriptton of Fort yatieoaTefxHlepartui t; for Fort G««rf« and mootk of tlM Columbia— moatlM of Um MuIUioBMli— Wippatoo ialaii4— Ma/ Daerc — Coflln rook — Cowalita river — Indian friandahip — fk- cifie ocoan — Graj'a bay — Aatoria. FoBT Vancouver is situated on the corUi ride of the Co- lumbia river, about sixty rods from the shore, upon a prairie of some few hundred acres, surrounded with dense woods. The country around, for a great distance, is gMterally level and of good soil, covered with heavy fc-vats, excepting some prairies interqiersed, and has a pleasant aspect. It is in north latitude 45<> 87', and longitude 122*> SO*, weet ftom Greenwich— one hundred miles front the Padfie ocean. The enclosure is strongly stoocaded, thirty-seven rods long, and eighteen rods wide, fkoing the south. There are about i \m WAfTATCO msjMn. feyS- to CvfUin Wysth and Company, whioh wm lying twsnty. thrae milM below, at the loweaMpmuth of the Multnomah. Mr. J. K. TownMnd, an ornithologiat from Philadelphia, aooompaniedmetothebrig. Our canoe wae large and pro- pelled by Sandwich lalanden, of whom there are many in thie country, who have come here aa Mdlon and laborers. Five milea below the fort, we paeeed the main branch of the Multnomah. It ia a large river, coming from the eouth, and ia divided by islanda into four branches at its confluence with the OolumUa. Here oommenoes the WIppatoo island, ao called from a nutritive root found in the small lakes in the interior, whioh is much sought for by Indians as M Mtlole of food. This island is about eighteen ndles long, and five mUes wide, formed hy a part of the Multao^ «nah, hnadiing off about sis miles up the main river, rac- ■iif iM a westerly and north-weateriy diMctico, and uoi. tim with the Oolumbia ei gh tse o milea below tlM main haMKh. The hranoh which flows around and formsthe talMd, is about fAeen roda^wklo. and of auiioiant 4|pth for «BMdl abiniiag most of Ae year. It was upon this island tiM MidlMMMih Indians fomerly lesidod, but they have % ' i www me a t)Nibe axtinot. Hw tauad te very fenfl^ «■! iMal at H> soAoiently high to ho itee flon faijury by the Jimo freshet. Some parts of tt are prairie, but die giM$Mt pfiH is w«ll wooded with oak, ash, balsam fix, and tiho epe. «iBe of psffaur often oallod bakn of Gilea^ and hf awat tihvolem, ootton-wood. At Oo aoadi.west of iliis idaad^ llMto is a riiBge of mountains wbiek render a spaoe of tfio Mwntry brokM, but beyond dMoe, it is said by InintMa, 4ttt diiMW is an estendve vall -y well adapted to agiicuUHm. We arrived at tiie landing place of Ae May Dftoio, at five o'olook ia the afternoon, and wcro politely roodived on I m mm J. mmfi^ rtM lying twsnty- the Multnomah, xn Philadelphia, raa large and pro- there are many Ion and laboran. tain bnnoh of the om the aoath, and at its confluence WIppatoo ialand, the small lake* nr by Indians as It eighteen ndles rtoftbe MultaiK main river, roe- (raetioo, and uai* below tlM nwia id and formsthe Hffioiantdkipthlbr upon this ialwM , bat tiiey have vary fertB«k«ai m injury bf Iha », but dM glMSM >fiivandte«pe< wif mad if Most at of dii* idaad^ sr a spaoe of tfM lbyiniBt*ia,4wt toagiiettUHm. e May DftON,at Utely nodlved on lillPiPMMNIIM nil liPMIIIIPii tut BAffiU. Ml board by Capt. Lambert. The brig was mooted aloagaide a natural wharf of basalt^i Sabbath, October 18th. Part of the day I retired to a ■mall prairie baok from the river, to be free from the noise of labor in which tiie men were engaged in preparing for their voyage ; and part of it I passed in tbe state room which was assigned me. There is much reason to lament the entire disregard maniiested by many towards Ood's holy Sabbath. His justice will not always be deferred. Those who will not submit to divine authority, roust reap the fruit of theii disobedience. None can slight and abuse the meroy of Qod with impunity. Mwday, liMh. The Wg foil down the river with the tide, about three miles, but for the want of wind aaoborad. In the afternoon, I went rt to cause the earth to yield a single aiiinle of produce, more than ^rings Uf spontaneously ; nor w^ they, until their minds are enUf^ tened by divine truth. No philanthropist, who is not under the influence of Christian prin^^iples, will ever engage in the eelf-denying work of enligiitening their minds, aai. arousing them from th*ir indolenoe. As on our £roBtieM(^ so on tfwse western shores, the work n{ destruotkn, intrqlM duoed by those who would be called the friend* of man, k r WW mmmm. Dxxi XKLsm-^^nnm bock. going fbnrard. The IimUm* in this lower oountry, thftt is, below tho CMoadee, an only tho r«imMiiitf of once numer- 00* and power Ail nations. The evening was clear And pleasant, which gaTe us m> opportit^aty to see the oomctt which was observed by Hal> lay in the year 1683, and which was seen again in 1799, and now in 1685, protring its tikiw of revoltitkon to be about seventy-six and a half years. Its train t/t light was vary perceptible and about twelve degrMs in length. We had a fevorable wind on the iMhh, which, with tba current of the river, enabled us to make good progress on our way. Anwng the many islands, with which the lower part of dus river abounds, Deer Islaiul, thirty-three miles below Fort Vancouver, is worthy of notioe. It is large, and while it is suflkiently wooded along the shores, the interior is chiefly a prairie covered with an exuberant growth of graai and vhtea of diflbrent kinds, exoeiHing the grape, of which there is no indigenous species west of the Rooky Mountains. In the iutarior of this island there are setieral small lakes, the resort of swans, geese and ducks. TUa island was formerly the residence' of many Indians, but they are gmie, and nothing is left except the remains of a lai|p» village. Among 86me interesting islands of bualt, there is MM called Coffin Rook, twenty-three miles below Deer island, situated in the middle of the river, rising ten or fifteen feet above high freshet water. It is almost eutirely covtved with canoes, in which the dead are deposited, which cireum- stance gives it its name. In the seotkm of oountry ftfom ^kf^HHan island to the Pacific ocean, the Indians, instead of oommittfaig the dead to die earth, deposit thnrn in ca- noes, and these are placed in such situations as are moat llpgllpK^ i^PMH" CAPT. LAMBERT AHO TSS 8XILL00T CHIir. l&S Mintry, that 1% if once nuHMr- ih f|«Te vm mii »rved by HftI* gain in 1709, on to be »*mW ight WM vefy th. rhich, with tte' id progrew oa hioh tlie lower ty-tbree mUM h is Urge, wd M, the interior mnt growth of the grape, of of the Itookf^^ ire an se«er«l ducks. Tilt* dians, but they line of a lai|[» t, there is otte r Deer island, I 'or fifteen feet tirely oovtied which oireunio ' country ftfom ndians, instead it thMta in oa- secure from beasts of prey ; upon such precipices as this island, upon branches of trees, or upon scaflblds made for the purpose. Thebodlesof the dead are oorered with mats, and split planks ars placed over them. The head of the canoe is a lltUe raised, and at the ibot there is a hole made tor water to escape. A, few miles below Coffin island, the Cowalitz, a riter ooming from the north-eaat, flows into the Columbia, which is About thirty rods wide, deep, and navigable fbr boats a ▼eiy ooDsiderable distance. The country up this river is said to equal, hi richness of soil, any part of the Oregon Territory, and to be so diversified with woods and prairies^ that the farmer oould at once reap the fruits of his labor. On aooouni sf numerous si>jad-ban and windings of tt« navigable channel, we anchorad- fi>i! th* night. The evening was cloudy, and there was the appearanoe of m gathering btonn ; but we were so surrounded' with high hiHa, that tfie ritnation was considered safe. TThe wind, on the 91st, was light, and our progress, Uier*^ fore was riow. This section of the country k raonntaii^ 00% the ranges running nearly flrom the souA-east to Ae north-west, and covered with a verf dense and heavy growth of wood, mostly fir and oak. A chief of thejlkll. loots with a few of his people came on board. He was very talkative and sportive. When he was about to leave, he told Capt L. that as they hftd' been good friend, and were now about to separate, he wished * present. Ckpt. L. told his steward to give him a. shirt The chief tooK it and pal it on, and dien said^ *' how much better wouWa new pair of pantaloons look with thto shirt '^ The oaptAin ordered him the atfiole asked for. Now, said the chief, "a veet » would become me, and increass my influence with my peo- 14* • ijic aorth some few miles, in which en a. voyage of disoove'T, the ship Columbia anchored, and t'Chicf, or ssatlsBiaa. T PW"*-!* s«n you NM m* iild make me » tout your buci* long as I con- a'.'d a little son. tke him a pres- ides, and they li they had re- )f the May Da- 1 stands in tha the north short, liigh and fifteen low. for a favorable iray with a brisk I to spread out e navigati iMy WUMmi m4 A«m— abiy iMMto—Tw^ali «- J » y w»jwi| i w i«o ti o«i waUr l^l-HM««n WWmi Vmmmu T*r— tlM nsard ladiMa tbam tiia tfMd— ladiu ktwdaiw. WoM wa arrived ia Um Knall bay, upon, which Fort OwMf* (Aatoria) ii dtaatMi, Ckptain L. nMumtd \ boat to mJm UM on Aon, in whioh h* niia Mnbarlied to pay hi* iMfwota to dM fOTvnwr, who hwl Um politoniM to moet lu •t Um landing, and iavitod tn, wiUi hmty woIooqk, to hi* dwolUng. Afbr having iotoioh~4.g«d Um oiMtomary nUo. taUo^ and mad* a thort itaj. Um Miptain M-ambaskMl and HMdo hia way Ibr Qipo INMppointaMat ; and Um wind aJMl tido biiag &Torahlo, ha paaaad Um danganma bar wiUMM aaf dalay, and ah^pad hia oourao fcr Boatoa. Port Gaoigo iaaitm^ 1 on Um aeuUi aida oTUm bay.taa milaa from Cf Diaappointmaat, ia wiUiout anjr ibrUAoadaaa, haa only tW9 aniall boildinga mada of hawad loga ; about two aona olaarxl, a part of whioh ia ouldTatad wiUi potatoaa aad gardan vegatablaa. -Itiaoeenpiacl by twowUtouMnoftha Hndaon Bay Company, fer Um porpoaa of trado wiUi ih» few remaining Indiana who naida about UMaa aboiaa. Though Uiia ia Um preauit ooodMoo of Aatoria, y«t Um tima muat eoma, wheoatUMnMu&of Uiia noUa rlvarthara will ba a oommaroial city, and aapaoially omy Uiia ba as> movrm of m oolvmbu. 187 ku itioa fcr a«i». ■«a«wii«i la • sttlMMitraaM Ml*— Tm^vIb i*Fwt VaMMu . which Fort wi- \ boot to •dtopojhio M to moot US looD»s, to hi* tomoiy Miltt* nbairhod mmI the wind oad bar without PortGooifo • firoinCope M only two It two aoMs potatooo Md omanoftho do with Am iria, 7«t tho BrivorthoM thia ba as* pootwl, aa thia bay aiferda th« only good harbor (br a loi^ diaUnca on thia ooaat. I ahould think tho north aid* of tha bay, a littla abova tha oapa, adjoining what ta oallad Ba. kar^a bay, would ba tha moot dadrabia looation ibr a tows, aa that ia tha aafeat plaoa l>r ahipa to rido at anchor ; and on that aida ofUia Columbia bay, tha country ia mot* opaa and plaaaant for a oommaroial town. On tha aouth aida, whara Aatoria waa iooatad, tha mountaina or high hiila oona down vary near tha ahofa, ara rocky and piaoipitoua, pia. vantiaf a aoutham proapact, and in tha abort wintor daya of a north latitude otiS^ 17' thay almoat azoluda tha aon. A diflloulty, of a nature thai ia not eaaily orerocme, exiala in lagaid to the naTigation of thia river, namely, the aand. bar at ita entrance. It la abent Ave milee acnaa the bay firom Cape DiaappofaitmaBt out to aea. In no part of that diataooe ia the water upon the bar over eight ikthoma deep, li one plaoe only ftve, and the channel ie only about half anilewfcle. And ao wide and open ia the oeean, that thaw it nlwaya a heavy awell, and when the wind ie above a gaoda biaaM, there are breakera quhe aerooa tha bar, ab that thera ia no paMring it exoept when the wind and tide an both very fcvoimbla. Without tha bar thaia ia no anohoiw aga, and thaia have baea faMlaaoe% b the whiter aeaaon, of^ ddpa laying off and en, thirty daya, waiting ibr aa oppDftn. nity 10 paao ; a good pilot ia alwaya needed. PeritapatheM have been nMm litea loat hare, in proportion to the number of thoae who have entered tUe river, than in eirtaring ilmoat anyctherharbor hi tha world. But the oalamiiiee have been leaaftwiMatftrBOaieyeaiopaatithanlbnnerty; aadahouU a ^ aa m b o a l ^ atatkaed at tha oapa, to tow vaaeab ever, whan b n a ht aw A a l l ha euik >atly multiplied to warrant the espenaa,thadelayaaBddai^r»wpuIdbegNadydiadaMMd. *.«••■ V K i 4n ^ss r4>sam8 9» t»ss. Th« mala Uy ia four milM wlO* at iIm mouth of tiio river, betwcon Capo !)iuppointin«nt mud Vaint Adamai estomla autMii tntlM up tho riv«r ; ia nioa milaa wU\m b*. twaao CiMBuok bay on tha north and YcMing'a bay on tha aouth ; and tavan milaa wida b«twam Fort OaorRa and Chaoook point. It ia Allad with many aand-ban, and ona, whioh ia oallad Band lalaod, a liula within thn cap«w, only whao tha tida ia down, ia dangaroua to ahipa when sal in tha oharga of akilfiii piloto. Tha aaotion of oouotry about tha aaa ooaat ia rough and mmintaiooiia, and oovarad with tha noia haavy and daim forattpf any part of Araarioa of whkh 1 hava any knowl- •igt. Tha traaa ara almoat all of tha ganua fimw, bat I «^w wxM of tha apaoiaa oommoniy CMllad pina, any whaia baiow tha Ca«)adaa. Tha baiMm fir, of r to ChoMok point, and (Vom thanoa down to Capa Diaappointmant, which it ia wid aflbrda • fary aitaaaiva and interaatiag pcnapent. But firam day to day it raiaad, and tfia high wtida eraatad auoh a aa« la tha whola bay, that it waa not lafe to aMampt a pai^ ti4)n tha S4th, Uia wind waa Mgh, and tha waathar vary «noarofi»lahla, and fai tha aAatnoon tha atom faiareaaad, a tai wip a n li d wtMi anow, whfioh, how w, maltad aa (hat aa it M. Hn aaft favl appaarad to b« dannad by tha iavar. ity of ao anriy aa4 aneipaoUNl a atorm of mmw, and rmm in ftimi Hm oaaan in grant awnbafa, flying and aotaamin;, aa If hi MOMdi of • aafh Ntvant. Tha atom baii|| aomowhat i^mlad, on tha Mth, M^ Doan, dM aiiyarin t w riMt of tha feit, and myaalf, took oaf riieo to go book into ^ wooda to hunt daor Ibr asardoa. Bntao ttaaa waa tfca fefoat, ae ftllad and intorwofviL uMi vaiiona vlaaa aad ahrabhafy, that it waa naat to impoaAlo tontoha any p fo g r aaa > and wo did not paaetrato Um woodi moro than a laito, boAiro wo gavo op tha objaet, and toinad our oowoa hook, but owratum, with diilignnt aflbria, aoeo. piadaoinahottm If a luxuriant growth of tioea and ahnib. m^^ .' mmmmfm [|qpwaiMMMiiwi« aook indiMW, mmI « Iwlf br««t nMMd Thoo. Piah Kiplin, who oould apMk Bnnlbh, and wo wont in • largo oaoeo down to Clatsop and Point Adama, nino milna from tho fort. TliM« waa a goatio wind from tho «aa(, whioh favorad boia- dag a amall nU. Tliia gavo ua a plowMnt aail until it i». nuiiiit to th* rate of aight milaa aa hour ; by this tirna lh« wavas had baoome so high, and tha whilo oapa won> ao nu. Mwvus, that, teoM DOl aoquaimad with nautkwl advaotttrasi iIm daagar ia a oaaoa appearsd imnUiMiit. Wa oouM oaly tm bofora tha wiad, and » hoa wa wan mftm Um top of ooa wava, U aacMMd tlw mm plmga wiwld ba fhtal. PaMi I af BO avaU ia thk atoiaiioa, aad I th^raiMa kap* ap I ooaTaraatka aa waa e al oalala d to supfraa^aay whiali •iaaiailMmMsofthanisa. h waa iotoroMiag to M how tha ladkuM would taka tha wawaa with thair pad. dfaa soaatofovorthaaafotjroflhaaaaua. Bat «ur rapid pragiaai soon brought oa to tha ahoia aaar Poiat AdaoM. HMa a aaw aad tiaawpantod difloufcjr praaantod ilaalf, uai thto waa tha alanat attar Impimotfaiahllhy of a&otiag a laa4 fa^ hi tha high aarf; bat B17 •UIM oMriaara watohsd aa opportunity to shoot dw oanoa forward aa fltr aa poaribtaott a iawittg wava, aad aa aooo aa k broka, thajr laapad loto tha wator, aaiaodtha oaaoa. lightaoad K ovar tha rstoiaing 8ai9a,aBddrawitHpbafoadtharaaoh(^thawaTaa. Thio oMaagammt waa aa oooular damoortratioa of tha skill of ladtaaa oa dai«anNia aaaa. I took KipUa with aa a»d tmmtmm^it^ltt •wxaiMwaWM tiMworM kd ktvUiair
ifc* ■HP ^W^^^Wi^BW ^^W tliey kMp«d lolo tr th» ranuving htwKfm. TKis la of ilM akill of ta with BM Md "•r |«M 0# fW WtLU/UI AN1II. Ml wiklhod a«v«r»l nUlas on Um hM«i w* amoMH wndy bMMih, •0 iir awund to tho aowih, that I had ft vtow «f Hta oowt north and mwith, aa &r »« th« ay* could m*eM. Hljth ha- aaltio rooka, i« moat porta parpaixMouUr, lin#d tb. •bora*. Who nmttid tItMa volcaoio waila bMt that Betag, wbo aa«a boonda to tb« aaa, and kaa aaid, " bMMrrto ahalt thou eoma. but no flwUiar, and hmn ahall thy proud wavea b« •uv«d." Thia Taut aipanaa of wwan and tha«i atupwidetta work* of Uod (ill tho mind with awa. la lotuming. I walkad awvaral milaa boyond th« plao# wh«r« wo landed, along iha ahoro towarda Young'* bay, aofl want on board iha brig Lama. Captain MoNail, which wan on ito way up to tb« fort. In my etouraloo about Ctataof and Point Adama, I aaw aoveni oanowa containing th« daod, dopoattad aa I have almady doaoribed. I have mentionad tho bar at the mouth of the Colitmtta, and Hand laland, aa dangoroua to thooa who were not wall aoqoaiatod with tha antraooo into thia river. In tho yoar IMS, «ho ahl'p WllHam and Anno waa oaal away a littlo withhi the bar. All on hoard, twont/-aix in number, wore tool, aad it ooald not he aaoertained what were tho oirotmi. atanoea of tho lamontahlo oataatrophe, aa no one waa loft «o tell the Btory. Thai* wore oonjeotuno that alter tha ah^ hwS rwi agnrand, Um IndiaM, for Uio aako of plnnder, kUlod tho eraw. Thia b oaJir oonjeoltifo | bat it b very atraano thai aeao onoapod, aa Ikey wore not flir from tho ahoro» and tha beaoh waa «andy. The Indiam earriod off aad ••• orotcd whatofBT of the gooda they ooald ilad. ITio mm of tha HadMi) Bay Company aent to tho ohloft to doUvor up what thoy had takea away. They aent to Dr. MoLaogMia at Port VaaootiTfr two amall artiolea of no wloe. Dr. M. w4th aa unad iMw wont down to the Cheaooha and do. lA \ ) i- i r V. " |> ' ■'■""" ""p niwWIWPPPPIH IM TW^ TaiB8i.i4 Axs xenquiN. I ump ii mm i nutdedtsurreaderoftlMgoods. Hm ohief; with hk war. rioni, put hioMMf in m attitude of ramtaiMM, and firad upon the men of the Hudson Bay Oonqpany. They re> turned the fire wiih a swivel, not to injure them, but to let them know with what force they had to oontend, if they peraiated in their reantance. On thia the Indiana all fled into the woods. Dr. McLaughlin with hia men landed and aearohed for the gooda, many of whioh-tbey found. Whilst they were searching, the chief waa aeen akulldng and drawing near, and cocked his pun, but before he bad time tt> fire, one of the white men shot him down. None besides W9re hurt. This waa done, as the Hudson Bay Company •ay, n(^ so much for saving the value of the prop rty, as to taaoh the Indians not to expect profit from su<;h disasters, and to lake away temptation to murder white men for the sake of plunder. On the SSd of May, 1880, the ahip Isabella was oaat away upcm a 8and.bar projeoting fronts Sand Island, which in a little within the mpea- As soon aa she struck, the men all deserted her, and wiUiout stopping at Fort Oeorgev nmde thair way to Fort Vancouver. It is thought, that if they had remained on board and waited the tide, she Biigbl ha.f» bean preserved. The cargo waa moatly eaved. ^ "^ la 1811, the Tonquin, sent out from New York by Mr. Aator, to form a fur trading eatahtiabmant at or aaar^ba jUrirath of tlua river, loat eight men in eroaaing the bar. 1|ha calamity resulted fram the ignManoe of Oaptnte tham nCthe dangera, and hia great want o>f pwdenoe. About thirty miles south of thia river, aM Ae ramaias of ftalOpsuB^not fiir from die shonk It is not known by whom. she was owned, nor froin^^at P*%|rf ^ world ska oama, nor^when east away. t?he IndbMi fr»|Qeatly get iiii»i%iiMlilihtii«riiniiiiiiiiiriii-«»iOTii>iiri"[iriilltflir«liiiM^ i»*JlHI n jii— i iiiii mm i I taniMi, and firad KDj. Tbej rs- them, but to l«t oontend, if they Indiana all iM I men landed and r found. Whikt m akulldng and ifora ht had time I. None beaidea in Bay Company le pro; ty, as to m 811. n disaatera, liite men for the [aabella was eaat nd Island, whioh 6 Struck, the men >rtCkorgev nmule ight, that if tliey », ahe m^ iutfo aved. -'■■:''«'■.■ ew Yoric 1^ Mr. It at or near ^%ha »roasing the bar. ofOji^^tafaiTlMHni enottt .•■■.i.■;,■;>1^^- M Ao raeaiiaa of b not luowii by .^ the world bIm ■ii fimfneatly get ■ iiw l b i nmmmftimmmmm mmmmm skfAHwm: U^ beeswax Irom her, and it la highly probable that she was from some part of Asia. A Japanese junk was oast away, fifteen miles /K>uth of Cape Flattery in March, 1833. Out of seventeen men only three were aaved. In the following May, Captain McNeil, of the Lama, brought the thr^te survivors to Port Vancouver, where they were kindly treated by the gentlemen of the Hudaon Bay Company, and in the following October, were aent to England, to bd forwarded to their own country and' home.* Thia junk was Icwl(»i with rich China ware, cot-' ton cloths, and rice, kk the same year eleven Japanese, in distress, were drifted in a junk to Oahu, Sandwich Islands. It is not very uncommon that junks and other craft hava been found by whale diipe in the great Pacific ocean, the crews in a state of starvation, without the naatical instm* ments and skill nooeMury to enable them to find their w%f'' to 'tk,'iy port of safo^. Undoobtodly many are eiUirBly lost, while othera.diift to unknown shores. Bfay not such foots throw light upon the question of die coginal pai^Uag of America, whioh has engaged the attM- tionufnum for a loiog period. While ooa man denwaiNfatee to his own satisftotioB, that dte first inhabiianta of this ^'ftom lUiewtimta whioh lik>a ootje i» head, ^aeatha B^Beatiaa of tiw fint aditkm of thia week, ibsve haaa M to adaiin Um wMooi ' «f |hrori4aaa>,u(iev«ilopedia UwoaMoftheaethrae JaipsMM. Oa thdfWa»t»tl»lreoiiiitiT,th«»w .-> — . Wh Mslica flaM«fi«a. wata sAiM ta CO to their own e«aai9^ •St „ IMUMMihl^tef iliiniiil|iiiiiiilliirr •- t«a«lwn.aa4 to for dktribufioa among t flo Mv hi MMhdtiac the otlMTwiaa f ' )|QfMy|fVJ^M,andttKMtainptrt tiwq|the Hehea af m ■■ m i ni i i p mf i m Rwppwpwi iiii i iin wn I. • n »m I nmwmmmmmm'' •pUmp" PPI > .IIIP I» " < I DimUMT TUOBISS. omUoMit must hav« orou^ flfom the north-^ast part of Aiii«» beonuae of the resemblanoe of the {>c>ople to each other, and tho «aaa with which the atrait is poaMd io oanaea ; an aUp mmI litM of Ocd's peculiar people. But from whatever aiagte m nuoMrioal causes they have had their origin» tMr oaw ^raditioos, aad the hietortea of more civilised na- tiiM% lean alike uiuibla to iafonn Ma. Physical cauaea 4mb^ Wft tkiafc, affa adleqiMla to aeoeiiBt for tba many fta. tvMtof naanUaaoe wiiidi thay possess, tlMugh they nvlght, at diflbrent and diataal perieda of tima l»«a Imwb diifiad^ 9t ii^ aoasa asManar feoad their way, fiqaa remote countries. Smmi see in tha aborigiiMa of thia eouatry the eoafirmation af tM» AtvMfiM tbaory, tlMt hunan instkatioiis and stalaa, Uin h w w a ft apd ^ meiable MtuM, hava theb Urtb, gitnrtK maturity, aiv) decay; and believe tluit, as it respects dMfs tiiba% theiM taodnioiaa liave already, ibr oenUiriesti been in if im HaB to ptaduee their aaiinoflafi. About tkii tine of Om year, vdter fewl of iraifoua (pmnia and ifaoiaakig!» to vlrit the bay* awl hgoem, fad aa «iie ««MMkMNiioe^ they gradually proeaad into tba inters of tlie 9Mart(f, tnM» the riven and lakca aboimd wi^ dM^i. Itean, «vaB% diMka, «Ml galls, isiaf tlwfe imr over ua, iind tMr aeraamp, paitioularly thoaa of the swIK ftn ai t^ almo^ deaftning. The swan isnotoftheapeeiesooanKMi ,. ag^y-,^^.,,^,^.,.,...^,^.,^ Muit p»rt of Ani*. I eachoUur, and mnoBH', another, >rnty of langua- origin, and from frica and Amer- world since tha OTuUion of oa- inld raoognize in intaof the Jews, to ancient wor- It from whatever ad their origin, >re oiviliied oa- 'hyvcal oautee r tbe many fim- ughUiey might* >• heea ditfiad^ anaote oouotiies. he eoafinDttioii ioBsaad atalca, » UrA,lprenrthy it reapeote diafB Dturie% been tin >«i$oinginii, lOOi^tBdMtk* a (he teterifK oC imdwlthtlM(^ Mroveriw,ii|. peoiee oonKnon mmm MTOtN TO »o«T rAncomruL. MS ill the United States. It ia the Bewick's swan, and is ohar- aoterixed by the same unsullied' plumage ; its attitudes and motions^ while sailing over its liquid element, are equally graeeAil, and its voice is even louder and more sonoroua. or the geese there are four kinds ; the white, white fronted, the Canada, and Hutchins. Of the ducks, there are the Maok or surf duck, the canvass-back, th« blue-bill, the long, tailed, the harlequin, the pin-Uil, and the golden-eyed. The number of these water fowl is immense, and they may be seen on the wing, swimming upon the waters, or search- ing for food along the shores. They constitute a large item of Indian living and trade, and find a o(»spiouous place ap> on the tablsaof the gentlemen engaged in the fur bosineaK. Wednesday, October 38th. I took passftge on boards OMMM, gcring to Port Vancouver on-an express frmn the £#<: m«, reoMrtly arrived from a northern voyage to and tiiOK^r Cfcueen Ofaarlotte'a Island. The oaaoe waa Iwge, cvrryteg IHieot fifteen hiluidred weight including men uid baf^gnge-r MMnncd 1^ three whits men and three ladittw. *]%• (tey WM more {deassat than for some tinrie past, a fovorable oir- eniBataooe for passing through the bay, and around Toogoe BdBt, where the einrent was so strong that it requind the ftdl eaertfou of tite men to double it. Ten miles fbithei' we passed Pillar Rock, a few miles above which we an* oamped on the north side, where the mountains came down so elow to the ribore, that I hardly foend space to pitch my iMt lAova ^ tide water. Hie men made a large fii# Wfaidi waa ohaering and most welcome, and the sapr«>r wfaioh th^ pnepered was eaten with a keuMr ap]^rtiMi dHoB ttiany«MP< wnidst all the appUanoea of waaltii nai Iwniifjr.-, "'^^P'-'' i^.' ■ ■■'*. On Out SMh, we arose before day, and vara wUUng to Iff* iiiii '^ iiiwii^ iiiiiiwmim ■ H I I ' IK'H g ap i mup pi ii^i ■ ■ tdM an Mrly depvturt fipom « plaoe where tide uad mooii- uUns dinpirted the teniuny. By dilifMMly pumiiiif oar way until eight in the evening, we nade ibrty«five milM. TMe waaa gveat (toy's worii in going up the river againet the oarrent, whioh is atrong i|hen the tida ie aetting oat. I notioed on my return a angular rooky point on the nmrtb shore, a short dietanee below the CowaUts, ima% nearly perpendioular about one hundred feet, asperated from the ac(itteent Ugh Ulla, and very muoh in the fcrm of CdOb Borii. b was covered with oanoee oootaining the dead« Theae depoaitoriee are held in great veneration by the In- dians. They are not ofaoaenibroanvenieiice, but for aeeu- r^ against ravenous beasts ; and are often examined bgr th« friMide of tW deceased, to see if tb» lenaine of thb AmuI rapeae fak undiMurbed quiet And such is their watohAil eare, that the anatootist could rarely make depredations witliont dsteotkxi, or with inqiuniiy. And if tftey iwve soeh vegan^ for the dead, are they without Mieotfam ftr their Uvingr^ativesaiid firiends? Ate thsy ^< calbus to aU the passioas but rage /" Are they '< steeled against vfmpathy ai«l feeling ?" And have they bo hapjHneas exoefrt what " eadata in ^ visiOBary dreaming of those, who never oon- tem^ated their actual condition ?" Have those, who charge upon the Itudian character *< sullen glomn, warn of ouriosity and surprise at what is new or striking," had extensive per- swal acquaintance wiffi many difierent Indian natmmaad (ribes ? and have they gained their &intliar fViendship lad imsfdmee / I am firm in the be&f, that thip oibaraots* «f vnabused and uneontamioated Indiwis will ao( toes in o«r- pM«» with any other n«tinoniehed us of the aeoeasity of finding an eneamping plaoe ; and while doing this» we ran upon a kg, wbioh came very near upaetliog us in deep water. But by two men getting out upon the log and liftJ!]^ the oanoe, with much eurtkm we got off safely. After paat^-T round a point, we saw a light en the north ibors, \o wnioh we directed our course and landed, whew we found a small oompaay of Indians encamped under a large prajeothig rook, giving shelter from the storm. Th^ kindly shared their aeoommodations with us, and my tsirt was pitohed under the conoa ty of ^ rooks ; and mal% skins, and Uankets, though spread upon small stones, madb Me a oomfoftable bed. A good fire aad a refresUnf m^ p«roUiviseited the labors of the day aad the daogett of tha evening. ^ We arose on the SOdi before day, aed although the moni' ing was rainy, yet it was suflioiently oalm for the expteas toipieeeeale A^ 'oeara, wf arrived at the place where die May Daore had mad* her hwrbor, near which the smxthera section of the WiHailUs diwharges its waters into the Columbia. We branigli^jlm' t Vw into a small bay indented in the basahio rooks, and r! * tV it so tiatf uptm the shore, that it was thought m% with- pjl any other security ; and all hastened to kindle a fire in % thatohed baii^silg, which was constructed by son>e Ktum^ ihw for ^ 9>«^iimodation of the May Dacre. This ritel- ter was very desirable to protect us trm the storm, and to *mmc l|I W,.ip.|li , ^ i jii IM Auwriu. AT vifreMfvn. give the men an opportunity to dry their olothec. WliiUt we were preparing end eating our breaUfkst, the flowing tide, which ewelis the river and alackens the current, but doee not etop it, toolrour oanoe from ita moorings, and drifted it a considerable disunoe down the river. Some Indians whose residence was far up the Cowalitz, and who were descending the river in their canoes, saw it and re- turned with it before we knew that it was gone. This act proved them to be susceptible of kindness, and increased my confidence in their integrity. The canoe contained vaiuable b«ggage, and we should have been left without any meant of going on our way. We could not have crossed the Willamette nor the Columbia rifet, and if this had hem accomplished, still to have attempted • letdm by land would have been an olmost hqwless undertaking, as tf« forest had ao undergrowth which rendered it ^uite impas- sable. The Indians ar« so much accusttmed to timvel in oaaoM, that even the poor acoommodadon of a trail was not to be found here, and* we should have been compelled to ^^ute every inch of the way with our hatohei<). Before the middle of the day, the storm abated, and the remainder of our way to Fort Vancouver was {ideasant, at which place we arrived before evening. We wwe lesK than thnee days in accomplishing the passage from mie fort to the other, and these were the cmly throe oalov di^» for- a long time before and aftar. «- 1^) -M?a ■If- w.;fs ,.,ii , mmmmmmmmmumtliiiftttmiMitua ipl i rtii i iiii wt olotIi«i. Wiilltt Ifkat, the flowing the current, but • moorings •nd he river. Some >wa]itz, and who , saw it and re< gone. This act 9, and inoreaaed canoe contained left without any lot have oroHwd and if thia bad ft return by land ertaking, a« thto I it ^uitp imfMs. nedtotrmvel In fa trail waanot n compeHed to toheiq. Before 1 the remainder Mmt, at whieh I leai than three one fort to the iln^ day» for-a >•# •* apon the pebbly ihorco — fftlla — tcttlcment on the WiUametle— M«* thedbt miMion — epidemic — ^voytge dowa the riTe^-ho•pit•llly ef Wanaxka — construclion of hie houce— Fort William on the Wa^ patoo LilanA — aatoniabiDg tbiret for ardent apirita — return to Fort VancooTor. Hkhi, by the kind invitation of Dr. McLaughlin, and lir»kx>med by the other gentlemen of the Hudaon Bay Com* pany, I took up my residence for the winter, intettdinf ta malw snob axcarnons as the aeason will admit and the e^ jeeta of my tour demand. At this ib the principal tfadllig peat of the oonqMHiy, weat of the Rooky Mouatain% it umy be expected, that B&^fy Indians firom dMbrant parta of tlie oonntry for eoasideraM dU5i»ce aroosd, will be aaen hef« during winter, and mewe. ."sf«)rin4!ti<^ tmf be obtalwMl ef their eharaotar and oondition than in any odiw oawva*! feuld foxwoB. Here alao intdeia iVoaa diflferent atatioM west of tfie aaouBtaios will oome in for naw auppliea, of wboae peaioaal aoquaintaaee with Iik&a» I my vmll mymlt. '| Sabbath, November 1st. By iBvitatio*, I preadiatl to 4 congregation of those belonging to iMn eataUishnapC «^ undentaiki English. Many of the labcwen are Preaoh 0«* ttadiaae, who are Roman Catholics, and andenrtaad only tfM Pnoeli langnag*. J IThia tradlBf' post {Hwaents ma important field e4 labor, •nd if a duriatian influttnce can be exerted here, it may be iiiiiMi MS mmmmmmmmmm ■XPIMMIII ■ 'l | W| | |..H ii « ITO asri»w 09 JiKfiuguTorM. of looalculvUe bmefit to th^ •urroundlng Indian popult. tten. L«t • br«noh of Ch.Srt'. kingdom be eiublkbed h«r», wfth lu conoomitont exj^nrtve benevolenoa exerted mnd dlffiwed, Md thi» pl«09 uoiM he n centre, from whioh d|. vin« light would shine > nt, tad illumine thi. region of darkneM. Thi. ie an object of w muoh Importance, th«it all my power*, and energiea, and time, mutt be employed fcr ita aooompliahment; ao thai I do not f«el that I have a winter of Idle oonfinemoiit bsfom me. Monday, 2d. In taking a review of my journeying. «noe I left my home, I o«n my, though long in Ume and «U^«K«, yet tbey have been pteaMuit and Aill of intereat. So diverrified ha. been the ooyntr^^ through whioh I hava pwawJ, and m> varied the iaoidenta, and k> few raal hanl. •Wp% that the Ume and diitoaoft iiave both a,>peaNd abort. Ahhoogfa thia miaaion wa. thought to be one which wouU probably ba attendwl with ui great, if nagmtar dangan •ad deprivatiooa thim any whJol, had be«i ae« tato any i«rt of th. world, yat my auibring. have b«an ao pmall, Md my mentiea ao graat, that I oan aay, if thia ia taking lip tha oroaa, let none be diamayed ; for aurely Chriat'a yoke i. eaay and hi. burden light I bad t)iGught muoh on the proapeot of having an opportunity to aee whether I ooiiU « njoioe in miAringa*' for the heathen. " and fill up that whioh ia behind of the aflliotioos of Chrirt in roy flMh for Ua body', sake, whioh ia the ohuroh," but.tbe pntaot. i«« provldanoa of <3od wa. ao conapiououa an4 bia mer. oi«e ao oonatant, that tb« opportunity did not appear to be preaented. A^ to want, I experienced only eoough to teach me mon tentibig the meaning of the petitioD, "give ue tW. day our daily bwads" and the truth was comforting, that "the Lord giveth to all thair meat ia ■saitm If II numi^n'' g Indian popula. iesUiblUhedh«i«, no6 exerted «nd », from which di- 16 thia region of importence, UiAt iiit be employed )«1 Uwt I have a rtiy joumeyingii long in time and Aill ot interest. Sh whioh I have > few real hani- •i:^NMured abort, ne which would greater dangan iaat tato aay bfen ao pmall, if thIa k taking •urely Chriat'a 1 tliGi^ht much aee Whether I B,"aDd fill up riat in my fladli but.tbe ptotaot. ■ and hia mer- not appear to i only enough >f the petitioD, tlie truth waa their meat im msmoou HI diM aaaaoo." I oan truly aay, " Mtharto tlw Lord hath helped me." I am very agmeably aituated in thia place. Rooma b a new house are assigned me, well furniabed, and all the at- tendance which I can wiah, with aoceea to as many valu- able booka as I have time to read ; and opportunitiea to ride out for exercise, and to aee the adjoining country ; and in addition to all theae, the society of gentlemen, enlightened, polished, and sociable. These comforte and privileges were not anticipated, and are tl^erefore the more grateful. There ia a aohool connected with tbia establishment for the benefit of the children of the traders and common labor- era, some of whom are orphans whoae parenta were attach- ed to the Ck>mpany ; and alao aome Indian children, who are provided for by the generosity of the reaident gentle* men. They are inatruoted in the common branohee of Uw Bngliah language, such as reading, writing, arithmetie, grammar and geography ; and together with theee, in reli- gion and morality. The exercises of the school an cloeed with singing a hymn ; after which, they are taken by their teacher to a garden assigned them, in which they labor. Finding them deficient in sacred music, I instructed them in ainging, in which they made good proficiency, and de- valoped exoelleot voices. Among them was an Indian boy, who had the most flexible and melodious voice I ever heard. It ia worthy of notice, how little of the Indian complexion ia seen in the half breed children. Generally they have fiur diin, often flaxen hair and blue eyea. The children of the school were puncttual in flieir attendance on the three aervicea of the Sabbath, and were (Mir choir. « Monday, Nov. 2Sd. The weather being pleasant, though Ifwnriiiljr vwy rainy at this season of the year, as I wiahad Mi JOOMIT vr WILULMBTTt. i» •xfion tiM ocmnry up «m WilUiMtt* riy«r, I MnkrMwl •n opportunity a going with Mr. Luoiar mmI Amiij, wim w«re ratuming in a oanoo to their reddonoa •bout (lAy •adlM up that fi?«r. Doctor MoUughlin (Wmi«hMi and mm on board a atook of provision*, thrse or four timM mom thMi I should n(«d, if nothing should occur to delay us, but •udi a prMwutlon in this country, is alwaya wIm. We left Fort VanoouTer about one o'clock in the afternoon, •ad prooeodod five miles down thw ColumWa to the en- trnnoe of the Mulbiomah, and about fifteen up the Willam- ette befi>re we encamped. The name Multnomah iu giv. en to a ■mail aeotion of this river, liom the name of a tribe of Indians who ojioe resided about six mile* on both sides fiwm its ooniluenoe with the Columbia, to the branch which tows down tile ■outh«m side of the W&ppatoo {iland. AbMre this it lis called the Willamette. The tMe seta ti^ thia river about thirty miles, to within a few milea of the hih, and through thie distance the rirer ia wide and deep, •Mmimg good navigation for shipping. Tba country about the Multnomah, and also some miles up the Willamette, is low, and much of it is overflowed in the June fraahet ; but as we uaomA, the banks become highwr, and ere more generaiir covered with woods. The ^Mmtif around oontains fine trkcts of rich prairie, suffi- okmUy interspersed with woods for all the purposes of ftiel, ftaoing and lumber. A. chahi of moumaina running from the south so«di.east lo the north north-west, an<^ through which the ColumUa riv«r passes helow Deer (aland, extends along the west shorn of this river for aome distance near and below the fiilia. There are |m>bab!y aa many Indiana who aav^ate this ttm with tMr ou»ea, aa m^ otfiu, liveiski the knrar "f mm»tiH»i> > rinr, I < r Mil Auniiy, who (ioiiM mhrmt AAy lia (Wrniahed •nd ar four tiiDM mom ir to delay us, but w«y» wIm. W« in Uio afternoon, imltia to the en< n up the Willam. fultnomah iu giv> « name of a tribe lea on both akieii the braneh whkh (^Appatoo faland. TIm tide seta t^i ew milea of the a wMe and deep, also some milea ia overflowed in ) banka beoome th woods. The >h pmirki, suffi. [Hirpoaeaof ftiel, h the GolumUa igtheiTeatsborR mrthefiklb. bo iiav%at« this N* ia tfeia lo««r ooortry ,- m^y if wbo« I had «a oppwtunlty of ohaervii^ to^y in their busy purauita, the atrtikaa of wheaa pMMIaa broka ia upon the ganaial silanoe. One cr>mp»ny overtook ua towards evening, and encamped with ua upon the elev». tad ahora on the east side of the river. Owing to the darop^ naaaof the day, and previeoa rains, we had some .liffloulty in making a fire, but at length it was aooompjisli^d, and the wood was imaparingly applied. With my tent pitched be. fore a largo Are. under the aanopy of wide branching treea, I partook of the storaa of my large wicker basket with a» much satislaotion as could be felt in any splendid mansion. Th« blaie of dry crackling fir thj«w brilliancy around, "oft^ed by the dark forest, like the light of the aatml Innup ; and the burning balsam perfiuned the air. The latter part of the night, I sui&red more with the oold tha» ti any time in aU nay journeying, not having taken wMi ma m OMsy blanknU aa tba aeaKw imiuiMd. Tha atonibig of the 34th waa ovaraaat with oiouda, and rendered chilly l»y a mi^ aettled near the suHkoe of th* riiraf, which ooUaoting ia a beauliAil fttMtiag apon the aor. rounding tieaa, axhiUtad ooa of tkoaa pioturaaqua hnoim, wUsk work* of art aMjr inultate, but wUoh caly aatOM «a» pwrfiMt. Soon aAar rawoiiBg the Ubor of the day, «» pMwd aevernl ba«atio iabuida, aoma of them of auffloianf magaitada toeaoloaaa ftw aoraa, otbara only rad^ poiata^ betivain which tha otmraot waa atraog, raquiring auoh af^ fort for na to maba haadway. Part of tba way flani oar ImI aooampmaiit to tha foils, which waa mx milaa, I wiUkwl along upoo tba pabbM afaoia, when I found oaloadoayv •ffata» ja«|iar, and oomalian of cood quality. Two milaa balaw tk0 folia, a Iaiga,ali«am oomaa in ftom tlw aoatb-eaat, c«)la4 Pudding rivar. Ite antNmoa makaa a atraog oumM, 16 — w •» HI 174 9 ALU Of WILLAHim. Wkloli w« found diflloult to iftofn, ao that wn war* drifWi bauk in apita oC all our aflbrta ; but in 'ha Moond attampt wa auooaadad. Wa arrivad at the ikila of tha Willatnatta at two o'olooli in tha aftamoon and hirad oight Clough-a- wall- bah Indiana to carry tha oanoa by tha falla, the diatanca of half a mile, and prooeedod about five milea Ikrther bafora avaning . Thaaa fklla with the aoenery around have much to oharm and intereat. The river nlx>ve apreada out into a wide, deep baain, and runa alowly and amocHhly until within 4 half mile of the fklla, whan ita velocity inomaaea, ita width diminiahea, eddiaa are formed in which tha water tuma baok aa if toth to make the plunge, but ia forowl forward by tha water in the rear, and when atill nearer it breaka iipoa tha volcanic rocka aoattared aoroaa the channel ; then, aa if Maignad to ita fiite, amootha ita agitated aurgaa, and praoip- italaa down an almoat perpendioular of twanty.five faet, pre- aanting a aomewhat wiiitenad column. It waa a piaawtnt day, and the rising miat formed in the raya of ths aun a kaautiflil bow ; and tha graaa about tha fliils, Irrigatad by tlM daaoendlng miat, waa in freah green. The rocka over whloh the water falla, and along the adjacent ahorea, are amygdalMd and baaalt. Tha opportunitiea hare for waiar power are equal to any that can be found. There cannot bo a batter aituatk>n for a factory village than on tha eact aide of the river, where a dry wide-apread level axtaoda aome diaUnoe, and tha baaaltto ahorea form natural wharrea for ahipplng. The whole country around, particularly the mm aide, ia pleaaant and fertile. And can the period ba flir diitant, when there will be heia a buay populatkm t I could hardly persuade myaelf that thia river had for many thoo. •and yaara, poured ita watera cooalantly down thaae (a\h without having facilitated the labor of man. Alworbad fai tfk [ w« wara drifM M mkxmmI •ttsmpt of th« WillMMtt* Khi C)ough-«-wall. Is, th« diatunoa of ilea (krthflr bafcra round hava much iprAada out into a ocHhIy until within sity inoroaaea, ila ch tha watar turoa ^roaad level extaoda n natural whanrea i, partioularly tha n the period be fiir lulatkmf loould id for many thott- down thaae i^lh u. Abaorbad io mm •^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) '^O ^iQ. (/. v ^ ^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 25 2.2 li£ III 2.0 1.4 1.6 ^ 'V!'** ■• vV^ ^ Phoiograpnic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. t4SS0 (716) U72-4503 m m 1^' W<\^' V ^ v ^. f/. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/ICMH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ■ m *tii» SBTrUltlMT OR m WILLiXITTS. 176 theae oontemplfttiont, I took out my watch to see if it wan not the hour for the ringing of the bells. It was two o'olooki and all was still, except the roar of the falling water. I oallod to recollection, that in the year 1809 1 stood by the flills of the Genesee river, and all was silence except the roar of the cataract. But it is not so now ; for RoohesteV stands where I then stood. Wednesday, 2fith. As soon as the day dawned, we went on board the canoe and pursued our way up the river, which for thirty miles runs from -a westerly direction, and at haW past one, we arrived at McKey's settlement. This and Jar- vis' settlement, twelve miles above, contain about twenty fiuosilies. The settlers are mostly Canadian Frenchmen with Indian wives. There are a very few Americaus. The Frenchmen were laborers belonging to the Hudson Bay Ckunpany, but have left that service, and having fiunilies, they have commenced farming in this fertile section of ooon- try, which is the best of the Oregon Territory that I have M yet aeen. It is well diversified with woods and prairies, the ■oil is ri^h aod auflloiently dry for caMvatkn, and at the same time w«ll watered widi small streams mad sprifl^i. TiieM hoBters, recently tuned to fe^men, cultivate the moit comrikm usefttl produotkms — ^wheatof the Ant quality to as great an extent as their wants require. A small grist nOll is just finished, which adds to their oomferts. They have a o(»nmon school in each settlement, instmoted by American young mm who are competent to the businees. An ofrfnicm extensively prevails, that an Americafi oolo. ny is located somewhere in this Territory, but these two settlements are the only ferming establishments which exist here, if we except those connected with the trading posts of the Hudson Bay Company. TIm attempt which was made mm I. tUfaa I'll iiiiiw««i>i4fii«qpKMit MS MULITOa— MITHOOMT MIMION. •ome fcw yetn linoe by • oom|Mny of men ftom the United SlatM, WM an entire ikilure, Knd only a few individuals of whom I obtained any knowledge, have found their way baok to th« States. The forest trees are mostly oak and fir, the latter grow- ing remarkably tall. The misletoe, attached to the body and la.-ge branches of the osik, is very common. Beautiftil dark green bunches of this plant, seen upon the leafless trees of winter, exoite admiration that its verdure should continue, when the trees, from which it derives its life end support, are not able to sustain their own foliage. I rode, on Thursday the 26th, twelve miles to Jarvis' settlement, and was delighted with the country. For rich, nessof soil and other local advantages, I should not know where to end a spot in the valley of the Mississippi superior to this. I saw 00 the way a large number of horses, lately brought from California, fattening upon the fresh, luxuriant grass of the pn^ries. Near this upper settlement, a short distance up the river, the Methodist church of the United States have established a mission among the Calapooah Indians, of whom there are but few ruooaining. Rev. Messrs. Jas6n Lee and Daniel Lee are the onfadned missionaries, and Mr. Bhepanl teaoher. Their principal mode of instruction, for the present, is by roans of schools. They have at this time fourteen Indian children in their school, supported in their family, and tKe prospect of obtaining others as fast as. they o:ai aooommo. data them. Their facilities for providing for their school are good, having an oppdrtunity to cultivate as much excel- Jent land as thti^ wish, and to raise the necessaries of life in great abunisanoe, with UtUe moie labor than what the scholars can perform, for their suppott. Tlie missioaaries ■JMiniiittMHi • "I "•'•""■"V"' r ir-i -""liiliillf"'^ im 1. fien fW>m the United i few individuals of und their way back \r, the lattei^ grow- taohed to the body immon. Beautifbl I upon the leafless ita verdure ahould lerives its life and foliage. a miles to Jarvis' ountry. For rich- I should not know Mississippi superior it of horses, lately lie fresh, luxuriant itanoe up the river, B have established >f whom there are a Lee and Daniel '. Bhepard teaoher. r the present, ia by ne fourteen Indian >ir family, and tKe ey or^n aooommo. g for their school ite as much excel' Deoeasaries of life tor than what th« Ilie miasioaariea- , M p H i W II * ■ ■ ' " M tram-ae. in have an additimal opportuoi^ of uaefulnefls, which i» to ealablish a Christian influence aamag the people of tftMB influit settlements. Mir. J. Lee preaahsa t» then> on the Sabbath, and they have a i«ry interesting Sabbath aohoel among the half-breed ohildren. These children generally have flur oomplexioa% active minds, and make a fine ap- pearance. The prospect is, that this mission may lay a ibundation for extensive usefulness. There is as yet mm important deaid( im— these missionaries have no wives. Christian white women are vwry much needed to exert an influence over Indian females. The female character must be elevated, and until this is done but little is aooomplished; and females can. have access to, and influence over females in many departments of instruction, tamuch better advan- tage than men. And the model, which is ftimished by an intelligent and pious family circle, is that kind of practieal instruction, whether at home or abroad, which never feila to recommend the gospel. At the time of my continuance m this place, a singular epidemic prevailed among the Indians, of which several persons died. The subjeotsof die ooraplaint were attaoked' with a severe pain in the ear almost instantaneously, whioh soon spread through the whole head, with great heat in the part afieoted-; at the same time the pulse became very fee- ble and not vuy frequent— s6on the extremities beoame cold, and a general torpor spread through the whole systemt e>- oept the head— 4oon they were aensdless, and in a short pe- riod died. In some cases the attack was less sevefe, and the patient lingered, and after some days oonvalesoed,. or oontinued to sink until death doaed his earthly exisMMS. Friday, Nov. 37th. I rode with Mr.^J. Lee several miles south to see more of the country. The same riefaf tirailria'mrteilK''' iiiiliiiiMiiiii \ Iff 1I08PITAUTY or WARAXXA. black Mil oontioMd, ftiiaiMiiag nutritire gttm in aknm- 4kii06 ; mkI alao the Mine direnity of wood mud pniirie. Thii vtllejr is geoeraUy about fifty milee wide out and weat, and &r more extended north and •outh-. Towaide evening, we attended the funeral of an fodian boy, who belonged to the eohool, and who died laat night with the epidemic. Moet of the ohildreo of the school and the Sabbath aohool att tided, and oonduoted with propriety. On Saturday I returned to McKey'e eetUement, to fnUll •n annintroent to preach to the inhaUtante on the Sabbath. I etopped with Mr. Edwards, who is temporarily attMihed to the mission, but now teaching sohoel in this settlement. Almost the whole of the inhaUtants of this settlement Msembled en the Sftbbath, and made a rery decent con- gregation, bMt not more than half of them could underatnad itegUsh. After servioe I was called to visH a Mr. Caihre, who was Uken severely with the epidemic. I bled him, which gnve him imnediate relief, and applied • blister, and, as I kfterward learned, be recovend. Eariy ca Monday morning, the 80th, MoKey furnished me with two young Indians to take me in a canoe to the Altai where we arrived safely at three o'clock in the after, ■con. Here I engaged two Ihdians belonging to a small TlHage of the ClougK^>.wall-hah tribe, who have « penna. nent residence a little below the falls, to carry mein a ca- nee to Fort Vancouver. Wanaxka, the chief, came up to tie fitlls, where I wns About to encamp alone for the ni^, and invited me to share the hoepitality of hishouee. I hes. Ualed, not that I would undervalue his kindness, but Anrad •mA annoyances' as might prevant my rest. On the oJher ^and there wis every apfiearmnce of a cold, heavy storm, iiililliitfiiiiiriiiilWiiliiyiat ire gnaa ia •bun- wood wnd pmlrie. ilM wid* out and oittli-. nenil of ttn fodiaa rho died lul aJght n of the aohooland lad with propriety, lettlement, to foUU itsontheStbbAtb. nporarily attached in this settlemeat.. of this settlement rery decent ocn- could undentud Mr. Calhre, who I bled him, which blister, mid, as I MoKey furniriied In a oanoe to tUe oloek in the after, ingii^ to a small ho have * peraaa. eanry me in a oa- chief, came up to Nie for the night, hJshouse. I hes. idneas, but feared It. On theolher (dd, heavy stonB, iiiniiiiWnifciM>|MH miam connivcTioN or hu hocbi. ITt and very little wood near, which I -could procure for a fire with my hatohet only, and I should be alone, exposed to ravenous wild beasts— the latter consideration, however, I scarcely regarded. But believing it would gratify the ohiei^ should I accept his invitatimi, I went with him to his dwelling, whioh was a long permanent building on the wert side of the river, upon an elevation of one hundred feet, and near whioh were several other buildings of nearly the same dimensions. Besides the family of the chief, there were two other femilies in the same building, in sections of about twenty feet, separated from each other by mats hunj np for parthioDs. Their houses are built of logs split into thick plank. These Indians do not sink any part of their buildi^pi below the surfece of the earth, as some of the In« dfams do about and below the Cascades. The walls of tha dueTs houaa were about seven feet high, with the roof mote steeply elevated than what is oommoo in the United States, made of the aaoM materials with the walla, eroept that the planks were of less thickness, l^y have only . one door to the house, and this is in the centre of the firont side. They have no chimneys to carry oA* the smoke, but » hole is left khMi. Thoy gnvo mo moM of ono aide oftho flre-placa, aprMtd down olaan naw mala, ra- planiahwl their lira, and wara raitdy to paHbrm any aarrica I ahould wiah. Thay flilad my tai^atda. alter whioh I apraMl out tha atoraa ao bounUAill.r previdad hy Do«t. Mo. Laughlin, and parfbrmad my own oooldnff. During tha •vening, tha chief manifettad a diaooaiUon to be aooiable, but we bad very little language oonimon to us both, baaidea tha language of aigna. Tha next thing, when the hour of raat arrived, waa to fortify myaalf againat a numaixMia and inaidioua enemy. I first spread down tha oloth of my tent, then my blanketa, and wraj^ myaalf up asaaouraly a»I oould, and ahould have slept oomforlably, h^l I not too ftiUy rsaliied my apprehenaiona. December li«. Aa aoon aa daylight appaared^ I left the hoapitoble habitaUon of Wanaxka, and with my two Indiana proceeded down the WiUameUe about aixteen miles before we landed for breakfast. I And a great difference in going with or agahiat the cunwit of theaa riven. EUaoa going up thia river, the number of awana and geeaa had greatly mulUplied apon tha watan and along the ahoraa. Their noise, and eapecially that of tha awana, eoboad through the wooda and prairiea. The swan ia a beaotiAil and majeatio bird ; ita laige body, long naok, dear wUte color, and graoeftil movements plaoa it among tha very ilrst of the winged tribe. The oommon aaal ara numeitMia in this rivar. It ia vary diAcuU to ahoot them, area with the ^•'JiaAc& gs s tw a c m MSIM (II I i i«»i< 11 1— i— WWOt uaiaiirifeiitiMMiMUiUiiH* •OT iBlimyM loru 09 Aumin nnutn. tfl . Th« Indkiu in d fewllog fcr • live. • in Um nppwr eoua. Tha latter liv* In [• tlMir IwbHstloni. ijr gave UM moat of iImui n«w mats, ra- «rfonn anjr Mirioe itde, aftar whioli I idad I17 Doet. Mo. king. During tha on to be aooiable, t to us both, baaidea , whan tha hour of It a numarous and aolothofmy tant, ipaaaaouraly aa-I had I not too fully t appaaradk I leA and with my two bout aiitaen miles • great diflaranoe 9»o rirars. Biaoa u and geaae had along tha shores. M Bwans, adwad «n is a bsaotiAil Mok, olaar wMta iMog tha veiy first are numerous in m, area with the beat riias, on aooount of thalr diving with extreme sudden, neas at the flash. I had a ikir opportunity to shoot one to. day, but with one splash ha was out of sight and did not again appear. When I oame to the north-westam branch of the Multnomah, I proceeded down four miles to Port William, on the WAppatoo Island, an establishment which belongs to Captain Wyeth and Company. The location is pleasant, and the land around is of the flrst quality. Some inonths ago, a tragical occurrence took place here between two men from the United States. The subject of their dispute was an Indian woman. Thomburgh was de* termined ta take her fVom Huobard, oven at the risk of his own life. He entered Hubbard's cabin in the night, armed with a loaded rifle, but H. saw him and shot him through the breast, and violently thrust him through the door. Poor T. fell and expired. In the absence of any judicial tribu. nal, a self-created jury of inquest, on examination into the circumstances of the case, brought in a verdict of " justifia. bio homicide." In Thomburgh, was an instance of a most insatiable ap. petite for ardent spirits. Mr. Townsend, the ornithologist, whom I have before mentioned, told me he had encamped out for several days, some miles from Fort William, at* tending to the business of his profession ; and that in addi. tion to collecting birds, he had collected rare specimens of reptiles, which he preserved in a keg of spirits. Sev- eral days aiter he was in this encampment, he went to his keg to deposite another reptile, and found the spirits gone. Mr. Townsend, knowing that Thomburgh had been several times loitering about, charged him with having drank off the spirits. He confessed it, and pleaded his thirst as an apology. mifiHMiiiiiiiiliilii L UTVBN TO roiT VANCOITTH. On W«dn««d«7, ^ 5W, I retureed to Port VaacouT«»r, wdl pleMod with my Mouraioa. Th« wMth«r wm gm- •riilly pleuwil, fnt, from winds and heary •torma. Tha whola country i« adapted by nature to yield to th« hand of cultivation, and ere long, I may aay, without claiming to he prophetic, will be filled, through the whole extant of the valley of t}to Willamette, with fcrme ipraad out in rich luxuriance, and inhabiUnta, wboaa character will depend upon the religioua advanlagea or diaadvantagea which be. nevolent and pkilanthropio individuals give or withhold. I found the p«>ple of the fort in their uaual active buaineea purauits, and received a renewed and ooidial welcome. ■««*W>l(M»lll|i Mm' r inT. « >n»i f >iiii«i. ii jMi l lll» mn. nmTiev on in tAMATi. 1«S ts Port VaacouTer, » wMther WM g*n- e«iry tloniw. Thu fMd to thfl hand or rithout olaiming (o whole extant of the •pread out in rioh raoter will depend antagea whioh be- ;ive or withhold. I ual active buaineaH rdial weloooM. CHAI*rER XII. Il«rti«w oa llM flabUUi— obalMlM to lk« gwipol— diwxNinging < ■BMnw of iiKindlng time J—oripttoa of V*acoQT«r— far sad (hna. ia| «ataMlahiiMat— fsnkn prodooUoBo— tumb«i^«oiiiin«««-p«l- trito tyitom of ttia Hodoon Bay Comp«ny--«r«»U of lifc— hatd- ■UfiofahaiitM'i Ull»-tiMir porMWMM— ChriMiaa pria«trl»- warldlf priaeipl*. Sabbath, Deo. the 0th. I have attended three aervioee —morning, afternoon, and evening, and etpeot to oontlnue thein daring mj reeidenoe in thia place. Through the week there will be but few opportunitiea to do much for the spiritual benefit of the oommon laborun ; for in thia high northern latitude, the daya in the winter aie ao abort that the men are called out to their work before daylight, and continue thair labor until near dark ; and as their familiea do not underatand English, I have no direct meana of ben- efiting them. There ia another ciroumatance whioh r^wr&tes against the prospects of benefiting many of the population herfr^- the oommon practice of living in fkmiliea without being married. They do not call the women with whom they live, their wivea, but their isosiwi. They know th«y are living in the oonstant violation of divine prohibition, and acknow- ledge it, by aaking how they can, with any oonaistency, at- tend to their salvation, while they are living in ain. I urged the duty of entering into the marriage relation. They have two reasons for not doing so. One is, that if they may wLih to return to their former homes and friends, they can- MrneoiTtM. no* l«k« ttMir AimiUM with them. Th« othar k, that thiMM Indian wumwi do wjt unt ia attanded with niabia ? f faa God Mcura our greataat lanoa (br • monant tereata whioh atand appinaaa, aud with e of thk mortal life painad whan I wit- iporal praferred to oh ara oomroanaii. lieva, that if thaa* n thay liva, and do tham with teodar. •ay oaaaa of thair ighl ba tha raaulla, wrong. But thair ii tJia oordaofain, oaaa, that it ia uao. ual Apaadom, until aooaa. «k, was oooupiad 1 with the natuml y Mouotaina, and lana, whioh cam* and plauaa ; and wboaa taatiroooy m atroaoN bav comtamv. nnijld hn r«lio<< tipnn, and whioh oama uixtar thnir paraonal obaarration, I shall giva tham without particular dataa. I havn alrrady matilioneti my agraaabla diaap(*ointn)«nt, in (tnding mo many of th« comforta of lifM, at dlflVrant trad- ing pnata of thn Hudaon Ray (/ompany ; I have alao givan a brief drwjription of the local ailuation of Fort Vanoo' nt. Thia waa taknn frmn auoh obaervationa aa I could ntako in a haaty view, aa I waa praaeouting my joum«'y U»the ehor»»a of th« Paolflo ooean. ThIa eetaljliahmenl waa oommenci^ in tha y(>ar lH porting suitable auppliea from England being too great, it waa thought important to connect the bualneaa of (hrming with that of Air, to an extant equal to thoir necraaary de- manda, and aa thin fert ia the central plaoe of buaineia to whioh ahipping come, and frori which they depart for dif* ferant jArta of tha north- weat mwat, and to which, and fWm whioh, brigadea of hunting partiea com* and go ; tha pria- oipal fkrming buatnaaa waa aotabliahod here, and haa bean profreaaing until proviaiona are fbmiahcd in great abund- anoe. There are large fertile prairiea, which they occupy (br tillage and paature, and foreata for fencing materiala and other purpoaea. In the year 1685, at thia poirt, there were four handred and Afty neat cattle, one hundred horaea, two hundred aheep, forty goata, and three hundred hoga. They had raia«d the name year Ave thouaand buahela of wheat, ot the beat quality I evar ■•* ; oo« thouaand three hundred buahela of potatooa ; one thouaand of barley, one thouaand of oati, two thoaaand of peaa, and a large variety ofgard^ 17 iMiiii ^nmm' m ■VMOlf %Ar (MHiPAWT. f«g«tablM. Thla eatioMto doM not ^Iti4« the Imhm, honiMl oattl«, in. and poduM ndaed at other etatione. But little, however, k done at any of the others, ezceptlig CoWile, the uppenpoet poet vx the northern brancii of the ColiunUa. The garden of this nation, enolodng about five •ores, ia laid out with regularity and gooA taate. While a laige part ia appropriated to the oommon eeoulent vegeta- bles, omanwnul ,/Iants and flowers are not neglected. Fruit of various Idnds, euoh as app.^ee, peaches, grapes, and straw- berries, for the *iine they have been introduced, flourish and prove* ibat the climate and «oll eie 'rell adapted to the pur- poses of hoitiouita) ^. Various tropioal fruits, such as figs, oranges, and lemons, have also been introduced, aiul grow with about the same care th&t diey would require in vte Ifttitade of Philadelphia. In oomteotion with ttda business and fiwmiag establish- nwnt, the Company have a flour-aiill worked by ox.poir«r. which b kept in oonstaat qwration and frobooes ibuf of •Rcellaot quality. Mx niles i^ the ColwnUa, «t the «oii. fliMnde of a Bmam^Qoming frmu the rartheast, tK»y iuive A law^aill with several aawii, which is kept in operatfon loftiieyear. This mill though large, does not fiunlsh Jnmbei th» a onumca mill would, %lth cam saw, ia the Ibited States. Titere Mag ar fb» betow the Cas- <0¥iM, aad but very little withir ehriadfTd oiilas of «!» atMith of ihe CMumhia river, ^ily timbar sawed ia this ^U is fir awl aak. JMiiak a* hmber Is used in thf cooanon b n s t Beei about tUs statie*.. QiMat and smnetlniM two ahi^ loadaaie se» aaatttUy to Oahu, 4? Midwieh Islaard% aad It la there Aidil«| piae of the aordi-weet tvaat, anil iell» fbr about fliVdotlwe the tfionsaadftet,. %wnaadtiaAwiMr shi]^k^( are also Beat to thct market. Boaiwaoffir. not itmitmmimiitiHMiMmmimm tHiiVi liMMlpliMlliRlWiiiin J HOHMUt BAY COmAXyt. 187 «Iti4« the hoHM, at other atations. B othen, ezoeptlag ern brancii of the noloaing about five >d taate. While a n eeoulent vegeta- »t neglected. Fruit grapes, and straw, dboed, flourish and idapted to the pur- fruits, sttoh as figs, roduoed, abd grow H)Id ?equire in ite fiunniag estabUsb. trked bv ox-fower, I piofaooM fbur of lonbia, «t the «on> rt h eae t, tfey !uiva kajM in operatkn (^ does not fiimish I, with one saw, ia le below the Ca»> mind miles of t}m Dabar sawed in this ber is used hi thp lad MoinetlBiiM Mvo idw{dilslaiid%and vast, and mih tor mnandtiaribwiMr ^Muvaof fir . not so durable when exposed to t^e weather, as those of pine, nor so easily woriied. One half of the grain of each an. nual growth ie very hard, and the other half soft and spungy, which easily absorbs moisture and oauses speedy decay. There is a bakery here, in which two or three men are in constant employment, which Aimishes bread for daily use in tho fort, and a large supply of sea biscuit tor the ship, ping and trading stations along the north- vest coast. These lire also shops for blacksmiths, joiners, carpenters, and a tinner. Here is a wall regulated medical department, and a hoe. pital for the aooommodation of the sick laborers, in which Indians who are laboring under any difBoultand dangerous diseases are noeived, and in most casee have gratuitouv attendance. Among the large buildings, there are four for the tndfaig department. .One for the Indian trade, in which are dspo*- itad their peltries ; one for provisims ; one for goods opeiw ed for the current year's burinees ; and another for $^miag goods in a year's advance. Not less than a ship lead of jsoods is brought from England annually, and always at least one in advance of tiieir present use, so that if any dis. aster should befell their ship on her passage, the business of the Company would not have to be suqmided. By dds mode of management, there is rarely less than two sMp loads of goods on hand. Hm annual ship arrives ia Ae spring, takes c trip to Oahu during the summer, fre%hted with lumber to that idaad, and bringing back to Vanoonver - s«|t and ether oommoditiee, birt generally not enoogh for ballaat; andin4he last of September, or hi the first of Oo. tober, she sails for England with ih» peltries obtained 4u' ring the preeieding year. ■niwiii-iiiiii|iM[tiliiiaaiiiifi>^^ -f gmmmm mmmmm ii««i * i imi^. vaxmoin >at covrAinr. ' >JnM fur buaiiMM about •od w«st of the Rocky Mountain!, ia beooming far 1«m luontire than in yean paat ; ibr ao extondirely and oooataatly ha?e avary nook and oornor bean aearohed out, that beaver and other raluable Atr an- imala are beooming eearoe. It ia rational to oonclade, that it will not be nuuiy years beibre this busineae will not be worth pursuing in tbs prairie country, south of the 60** of north latitude ; north of this, in the colder and more densely wooded legkoa, tae business will not probably vary ia any important d«)gree. But very few Amerioans who have engaged in the Air business beyond the Rooky Mountains, have vyw succeeded in making it profitable. Several companies have sustained • great loss, or entire fidlure, owing generally to their igno- rance of the country, and the best inode of procedure. The oooduolon of these enterprises, mainly, were inexpe- rieaoed in Indian trade, and, Hka Americans genenJly, they parinpa enpeeted tha golden flruHs of th^ labor and Maatry, without the time and patience raquiaite to ensure ft. Hence die results have fte^uently been disan»intment. The Hudson Bay Company have reduced their busineiM to such a system, tfiat no one can have the charge of any impoftaot tiansaottons, without having passed through the inferior grades, which constitute several years' appreiMioe- «Up. Their lowest order are what diey call servants, (ommnon laborers.) All above theee are joal}ed gentlemen, but of dBfibrent orders. Tlie lowest claaa av^ clerks ; the* diief-derks; next traders, and ohiefltraden ; feotors, and oMef-feolmrs ; and the bigiiest, govemsn. Of the last named oiBoeM ^lere are only two ; one reddes in London, who4s at the head of the whole bunneBs of the Company, and the other resides in Montreal, l^ower Canada. .There mUilimdmmmmmmMiM ■ i in i i i i i um B Rooky Nountoiiw, yean put; for ao y nook and corner r valusble Atr an- lal to oonolnde, that buainew will not be outh of the 50° of )r and more densely obably vary in any engaged in the Air lave ever auooeeded aiee have muftained • trally to their igno- wde of procedure, ■inly, were inexpe- lerfoane generally, of iheit labor and raqoiaite to eaaure een diaaj^pointinent. id their biuineke to the ohaige of any IB— ad through tike I yeara' appreotioe- hey call senranta, ejoaI}ed gentlemen, ■aai^elerfca; the« iden; fiustort, and Ml*. Of the last reeidea in Loodeo, s of the Company, srCitnada. .There ••WMMlin HP TSB un or TUB ■mma. are only two ohieHflustora west of the Mountaina, John Mc Laughlia, Esq. rty were known to be aUve. From this data it may be eeeo that the life of hunters in these lar western ragtons averagee ahswt thiee years. And with these knpwn feots, still hundreds and hundieds are willing to engage in the hunter's ltfe,aad expose thenselvee to hurdsbips, famiBe, daqgecs, and death. The estimi^e has been made from sources of correct infor* mation, that there are nine thousand white men in the north and in thegieat weat, engaged in the variosys -departmenls of trading, trapjang and hunting, including Americans, Britons, Fienoinnen, and Russians. It is mora than coe hundred and &t^ ymn since white men penrtrated fiur ibto> the finasts, in their canoes fireighted idth goods, eoastipig ths sbonsjof the remote lakes, and following up the stilT mom nmm liven, to traffic with the Indians ii>r their fun, not ngardiag.hunfer,1pils, and dangen. These entoiprir ite •mm T frnm* wnmJmS tm im m w no oiRnmAif raitfciPLi. Mt have b«en exteaded and punued with avidity, until •vary Indian nation and tribe have been vieited by the trader. What ia the power of that principle wMoh draws theee thooaanda flnom their country, and dieir homea, and all the tie* of kindred t I» the love of gain and hope of wealth the motive by which ooarage and daring are roused, and dangers defied T And shall Christianity be a less powerful principle f Has it only furnished twenty or thirty mission, arles, whose sole motive is to carry the gospel to the many ten thousand Indians in the widely extended country, over which are ranging nine thousand traders, trappers, and hunters t Are these the only evidences the church of God can give of sincerity in her professions of attachment to Christ, and to the interests of the immortal soul 1 If so, then ChriMians surely must suffer in comparison with worMly men, and our heaven-desoended religion, if judged of by its restricted Anits, must be deemed unworthy of its name and origin. But this want of ehristian enterprise, ohaMtoteriaed by die late period in which it is begun, and otnM fbrward whh such slow and faltering stepe, is not only 10 be lamented aa a blot upon the Christian name, bat teocMnparably more b it to be lamented, that in consequence, geMiatioa after generation of the heathen, to say nothing of the thousands who are trafficking among them, are left in their ignorance of the fitevior to peri^ eternally. How loi^ ahail it be, that when an adventnretn man ferms a plan he traffic in ftir distant wilds, i» a'riiert time a com- p«By ia ftunned with a capital oi" fifty thousand doUan, and • huBdrsd men are fimnd to Awe baiddlips and dai^on, and thay am awa^ t But when a Chriatifcn heart Is adr. rad up lo go and carry the gospel to some fiir distant Indiair ■atlon, be may plead and plead for fiwr men and two M imMimmimiM ■ ■ ".lU i Hl l UM l l ll l ll 'fllSSiB IW. ith kvidity, until dted by the trader. rMoh dr»W8 them omes, and til the d hope of wealth g are roused, and be a lew powerful ' or thirty minion, ospel to the many ded country, over tra, trappers, and he church of God of attachment to tal Mul 1 If so, comparison with wligion, if judged d unworthy of its Istian enterprise, k it is begun, and ring steps, is not iristian name, but it in consequence, I, to say nothing ; them, are left in eternally. How •tn man fermaa diert time a coin- land dollars, and ips and dangers, iu heart Is stir, hr distant Indiatr IT niMi aa4 two kapxil mmm «•" ^ CIBUTIAN PIIMOIPU. 101 thousand dollars, and perhaps in vain. But it is said, a great deal is now doing for the heathen world. How much 7 A» much at to^w Jhe minutert to the Ututed State*. All that is doing ibr the conversion of the heathen is not mora than it would cost ta build, and man, and defray the expen- se* of one ship of war. ■':;^ff:s?^¥X'-'fii?'> atmrnrntiummimlllliik **mmtm idftaNMiw ■ wMnii mm mi m iitmteiiit itMIM IM WMAtr rOFCLATHMI. CHAPTER XUI. ImUsii popttktton— know enough of 9W kmw tttax UMy ara a part of tha Mian fcmily of aaan. and tharafcra ■aad Id kaaw tha way of aalvatfam throi^h JaMs Christ. There ara aoroe thinga ia their belief and ouatania whioh &vor the idea that they ars of IsraeUliah desoeat. Their entire fVaedom from idolatry is a peouliar oharaotariatio, by which a ay ara distinguished from all other heathen. Where can anodiar heathen nation be found, who hare no idola or idol worship f It will be remembered that thia propensity of the Jews to idolatry was entirely subdued from Om time of thair oaptivity in Babylon. Among the Indiana beyond the roountaina, I found no idola, nor any appearanoe of idol*, try. They believe in only one God. and all tMr worahip, «> Akr aa they have any, ia oAbrad to Him. They believa in tha iouBort Jity of tha aaul, and i\Uura rawaidaand pun. Wmama. It waa predicted by the prophet Hoaea U tha oUMnb of kraal, that " they ahould abide nMuiy daya with- out a king, mod without a prinoa, and without a aaoiUloa." Tkay haw no aaorifieea, no kinga. and no pdnaa. TMr knowledge of theee Important trutha is very iaadaquata and impartet, aa might ba auppoaad, since they «m daadtvla of tha Nfht of divhto ravalatkn. Thair govanunant is invaal. ad aBtlraljr ia thair ddaft, no ooe of whoafi haa aay apa> oial oeotRd over the othara, or over the paopla, birt thay al. «»ya aot In uaitad oouaaUa. Thair miada aia parfcetly ayaaloneaivaany truth in ragard to tha oharaoiar and woaaUp of Oad. Thay have many tiaditiana and anpar. MMona) MMlaoeaaparMiiB can hardly aea the diatiaatkmba^ twaan a aavaiaaoa for Ihaaa, and idol worahip^-lbr inatanca, thot«gh thajr nay baliave, that tha Giaat Wol/aad tha Omy Bawaoiamhlad togadMr tha nouataias in a fight, yet they do aat worship either. Thair oualom of puniahing tha crioM of muidar, if U doea * liiMH«i "tmmtn mmm IM muratANci TO ntwtMi oorroMi. not (Hfliir fttNTi that of all other h««th«n nationa, yet ooin- oidiw with what waa th« ouatom of th« J«wa. Th« nearaat relativea of thn rourdnrcd paraon am tha " avengara of blood," th« axaoutkmera, or "purauara of blood." Thay kiH th« murdarer, if they can And him ; and in their own tribe or nation, thay do not extend the puniahment to any other peraon, ao that " the raihara are not put to death (br the children, neither are the children put to death for the (kthera; every man ia put to death for hia own ain." Aa the Jawa did not regard other nationa with the lame benar. olanoa aa their own, ao the Indiana nwka a diatinottoa b«> twaan their own tribe or nation, and othera. If ona ia kill- ed by a peraon belonging to another nation, if they cannot obtain and put the murderer to death, thay will take the life of aoma of the ralativea of the murdarer ; or, if they fliil of thia, aome ona of the nation muat atone for the crime. And if thia cannot be dona immediately, the debt of blood will atill be demanded, though yaara may paaa away before it ia eanoallad. Thara ia alao aome reaemblanee ia their marriage oon- traela. The negotiation ia oommanoed, if not oomplalad, with tha parenta of the intended bride, aa in the caaa of Iiaao'a nnarrying Rabekah. Abmham directed hia aarraot to go to hia kindred and take a wife for hia aon laaao. Ha went, and when God had ahown him that Rabekah waa the appointed peraon, he flrat eonaulted her father and brother, and when thair approbation waa obtained, Rebakah'a ap. proral cloaed the oontraot, and praaenta ware made to the aararal memben of the femily. Hie onatoma of the In- diana are aubataqtidly the aama. The bridegroom nagoti- atea with the parenta, and the approbation of the daughter being obtained, the atipulatad oommoditiaa are paid and the i .ial i if w i ii ii ^J ii iiiiy i iii rTom« iMAMSt 1* imwtm iMtionii, yM ooin- wi. The n««rMl thn " Kvengeni of j^ blood." Th«y ftnd in thflir own jniahment to any t put to dmth for t to (loath for th« Is own lin." At I the MnM bencv- a dktinolloii be- «. If one it kill, n, if they oannot r will take the life ; or, if they fliil se for the erime. Jie debt of blood pui away before Ir marriage ooo- If not completed, • fat the oaae of voted hie eerrant I eon leaao. He Rebekah wae the iher and brother, I, Rebekah's ap. ere made to the fltonie of the In> Idegroom negoti- of the daughter are paid and the man lakfa Ma wifo. But a« miioh or more is given ia iam- ry to the daughter. The preaeale aad dowry ar^ prapar. tkwed to th* rank and wealth of the ooatraotiag partial Waoaxka, iho first ohief of the Clough-ewall-lah Indiaa^ hae raftieed nioro than one hundred dollan for a beaulilUl daughter, whom I aaw when I ■hared the ikuepilalUy of liie liouae. A ohief at the La Dallna refuaed two horaea and 4a blanketa, togetlter with aeveral other articl«a of amaller vaU iM. It ia not to be underatood, (bat marriage la a man meroeaary iranaaotion ; for iaaoy and choioe have their i»- flueooe with them, aa well aa aroor,g more refined people. Another reaemblanoe between the Indiana aad the Jewa may be traoed in the eatimation in which the fomalee aia held. No doubt the degradation of Indian women ia to he attributed in a large degree to hea^niam, abd that uaeiv. iliaed and aavage atate in which we find them ; yet in th«i> reapeotive oooupattoaa we Aad aome foaturee whioh tM not diaaimilar. Among thoee natioae and tiibea who 4o not poaaeaa alavea, the women out aad gatlier wood for file, AS well aa prepare food for their bmiliea, they pack and uapaok the horaee, aet up and take down lodgee, gathai roota and barriea for food, dreea the akina for ebithiflg, luid make them into garmenta. So the Jewiah wooeen draw water for iocks and oamela, 4nd watchml over them ; they gleaned the fielda ia harveet; they aJlao parfonaed liie work of grinding ia 4m miU- Our Savkir refon to tlM«« whan he foretold the detruotion of Jeruaalem. " Two we. ■Ma ahall be grinding at the mill, oae shaU be tahaa ani the other left." Slavery was auftred amoeg the Jews, aad uadeabtad^ foe the same reasnne that polygamy waa, and the puttlag away their wives by writiag.« bill of divoioement. MThile 18 i iJi. r ij »i ii i i i i1 pnt^M, Im brouKht It undar mndiAmi ntHrioUom-. Tha autallng and Mllinit « man waa puniahabia with il ,' ' If a man boufhl ft liobraw aervani, (ho lima of hia aarvioa waa not to eao««d •li yaara. Intarnwrriagea tnok plaoa botwcan thaM aar- vanta and th« (kmiliaa of their maatara ; and tha bctrothad maid waa to b« trnated lilie a daughtar. Tha aaina rcatrio- tkma wora not, how«var, anjuinad in ralation to thoaa bond- man who ware bought of tha Iwathan, until tha daya of tha prophata, wh«n thay war* commandad to break a vary ycA« and lat tha oppraaaad go tn: Ho alao alavary axiata in • modified form among tha Indiana weat of tha mouDtaioa, not fanarally, but only among tha natiooa in the lowar ooualry. Thay are bought ; takao priaooara in war ; takaa in paymant of dabta, if thay ara orphana of tha datrtor ( tad aall thamaalvaa in pladgaa. They are put to tha aaoM aanrioa which women parform among thoaa Indiana who IwTO no alavaa. Thay ara gaDaraliy treated with kind* nan ; live In tha anroa dwelling with thair maatara, aad oAan Intermarry with thoaa who are ampt from one onial practice whioh their maaten laflkBl «pea their owp ' ild'-'-a, tha flattening of their heade. TiM raaaoo, whioh iM* > **> o o aaaaa alavca aaaign Inr flatloa* leg their ow- .' ,« >. hat they BR«aik MSMMIa iriiiliHilri mi^mmmmmtnmmmm»m* nimmmrnrmt^imimmfmmm-mm «w* '^ ' •^p^mmrmt^^^'m nil.* NVVtM^^M^WMMlp iiM ii..Ni;i«i||iiii tnp «0 a— Bk, smI B«bnnr,bottlMM«M itnd in aa MBtirely diAr- «nt Mnwe from Hat in which thejr am wnd in thoM Iwagua- fa*. Aafitf as it ravwta language, UMptoofof a Jawkk, «r«vieji of a oomnM» origin, ii net only doobtful but highly iraprobahle. ir» 1111 I II I iiiiiii r jM I || |.fi*...--..^-ii^»^'''j^ |iaaM- ' ■■I IIIH I M I •«s4liMlM^ AMWAUI. SOI la 0Btirely difibr- in thow Iwngua- tool of A MWnn« Mul but Ughly .l-vVdCi. „' .. K.y.r'-' " ' *• *■^• • ^!^^ CHAPTER XIV. Tha TariouM aniinab b«jond the If ovnUiiw. It u generally suppoeed that wild animals, in all Indian oountriee, and eepeciwUy in ihe far regions beyond the moun- aun% are very numerous; but, excepting bufialo within their range, which is becoming more and mora oiroum- scribed, game is scarce. In giving an aooount of animals beyond the mountains, I shafl not gointwa mMiula desorip- tion of those which are familiar ;a all olaseerof psrsons. Among the animals of the genus eervm, the elk is the largest and mortJnajeslio. It exists in ooosideraUe num- ben east of the Rooky Moui tains, but is less numerous on the west side. It combines beauty with magnitude and strength, and its large towering horns give it an imposing appearance. lu senses are so keen, in apprehension, that H is difficult to be approadied ; and its speed in flight is se grMt that it mocks the chase. Its flesh resembles beef, though less highly flavored, and is much sought for by the Indians and hunters. Its akin is esteemed, and.muoh %u^ in artioles of olething and for moooason»j I4id not see the moose; they aresaid tobe foundfatrtlisr north, in the colder and woody regions. ThM»ar» three speciesxjf deer; the red; the bl*ek4ailed; and tfwooromon American deer. Like those found in other ootmtries, they are of a mild, innocent, timid aspect j ele- gant in form, with, slender, nervous limbs. When any ofcMMt or Boise alarms them, they throw up their heads. 18* Hi>iiftiii> I IliittWil f mm* rr fn^mmmfmn i. .umij Ammussr- eraot and i»ot« their ears in every direction to oatoh tlie ■oundi ; snuff op the wind, and bound off mth great oeler' ity. The deer wMt of the mountain* are more lean, and the fleah i« leea inviting than thoae finind in the United Rtatea. This may ariae ftom tlM nature of the food to which they are confined, having leas opportunity for brows- ing, especially upon such shrubbery as is congenial to their Mitttivs, there being but vary few of the saoohariferous kinds Smmd in their oountry. Tin vad deer are generally fowul about the Rooky li«Nifr« taina and tqmn the head watese oTtha Columbia. . Tha black^iUled deer, while they are of a dusky sallow «rior, lika the comnrm Aaaeriaan deer, are Nomewhat dark- er, and tMr tails an lai)ger and nearly blank, wfaiok gnea thaai their name. Thaiv ayae are kifa and prominent, ^Mir eara an alaa larya and k>ng, and Ridging tmm thaaa I saw, they aie aoMller than the eoaoarMNi ieev. When tkagr mowa feater than a walk, they bound. The anialope, which I hate already deawifaad, pafa^lsl, an BMiwawina in tha upper and pniria oaatalry. lliey aae a lyeefaa of the gaiella, but differ at least in variety, from any deaoribed 1^ zoologists aa inhabiting the eaatan ossti* ae&t. Than an aakl to be bvowa upoa tha head, bank, aad iaattride of their Umba— tha b na at , belly, and iuaida af te Hmba, an white>-«nd their horna an aixisan inokea lang. Bat Iha antalapen of this oountry an of diffi»«ot oofaNDs, of- t«D red, or red and while in imgttlar patohea. Their hooM an similar to thoaa 9{ the goat ir aiae and laagtfi, bat an raeurvad, and an not deoiduoiMi. like all the variatiaa af their gaatt% thajf an beandMly fbroied, and an efaaraa. taarimd by a praaUiecH nuld and beaotiAd eye ; exeeaitfag swiftness k running, and agility in all their BqptMMia. TMr m ]iM)ln ii i i > iii « ii , i Fii i !w» ii »i>iimiitHi i wmfmm Hiiil i l i illl WP ticm to ofttoh tlie vrith greftt oel«r' ) more lean, and td in the United • of the food to tuaity for brows- congenial to their ichuriferoas kinds the Rooky li«N«. imbia. \- -m^. f a doaky nAkw eNomewhatdark- laok, arliioh givea I and prao^aeDt, Igiag from tkaaa T teic. WhM llMf NAry. llMy«a« a IB Tarie^, uoin lbs caaten «sBti« » baad, back, aad and iuaide af te wen inohea leog. i^neot oofaNDB, of. tea. Thairhonn id la^gtii, bat are JltlwTarieliHar and are dMWWk i eye ; axeeMtfig uTByMMMia. Tlieb 1 fcat are cloven, and their lioba are slender and delieate. They an gregarious and are often seen feeding in Bocks of twmty or more, or sporting upon the hilbi and in the TaU Kaya. They seem to take a middle place between the goat and the deer, though entirely distinct from either. in ennmarating the animals beyond the Rocky Moun- tains, I am not able, as ndgfat be expected, to describe the Soeky Mountain, or big-horn sheep. I am unwilling to state, as feota, the desoriptiaiui of others, especially as there ara so many wrong statamenta made in natural history. I did not see any of thaae animals, which probably I should have done, if they were as numerous as traTelers have said they ara. I saw thai/ boms, which ara enonnously large, %tm U is said, their bodies ara aotnmch latgmrthan a com- ■m dear. A horn whibh I measoMd, waa filre inofaM ite dianMMr at Us jwctora with the head, nd eighteen hag. hi flesh, of which I had an opportunity toaat, wna ferpra^ embU to the best mutton. They inhabit dw mmmtain^ and an said 10 select the most rough and predpitonB parts wfaei* fimai k fcond. Tbey ara not covered with wool, hot with hair so borderb« 1VQB wnd as (e render their coat wnim in the. winter. The ffloumain goat, wmk sheep, dMI not oome nnder my uhnsnaliim I waa anxions to obtain spesimena of tbsm br asse^tkn, but ensoeedsd in obtaining only smidl parts oftbeirabina. /<|Hs bMay neeaawry to say that the beaver, ao noted fer ita valnaUa fiir, far its a I, ftoga and other t, whioh eeene to e it can have, un- I to aaoend a high bad^ elide dowa ere ie no enow, it )p,HBocth, gnsy radibriteriohfiiffr dadljaoentJiteadet bmia. They vary {wiMBfoUgvomi* AHOUU. Mid nfaie inoiws hi diameter. Ite kgi are very ehort, and ite'ieet are webbed. Ite flir ie of the fa* qiwdlty, k«g Mri g\0M7> extienely fine, intermixed with eome hain ; die outride ie Uaok, aometimee, howevwr, doeky, and the iiMide a ohierous brawn. They are am^ibioaa, apottive, and often baak upon the ehore for repoee, and when asleep, the Indtene approach and slay diem. They have been so ■moh hanted for their valuable ftir, that they an rapidly iiminishing in ntonbeta. The hair seal is v«ry frequently seec ia the wataia of CManUa river, bs head ia liffe and iwnd, Hi ayes ftill wd fldld. I oftan saw H awfanmiag after our oMioe, pm- iMfiiv to view to iMad, neok, and abouMaia, aniaariiV in «iwedt8na,likatka«BBMiffdag. Its iialr la af variow ael«nB,eaiisnUy a dappled grny. ItNanlf, its Met Miami elemMit, wslar; hittfai iii( «rM looka en tin ahaee, aadthia ie tha aoetAMm. ila ># p M l wHy tbr kBlbig it; *rJlinM*Ma»aao^i** in the water, that H will a al ii ng ii « tii^ «Hh «f lbs fl- fla, atid if Itflled in *a water ft aiafci, aai la diOoait to be and tofMla iWan The rataiin ia wwawlMt nuaiarrwi in piata cf drfi< try, uiwe iapadally tawwii the ttpean. I ocMld flo ^Mirtuqr diAraioa in thtf appMia dnwiBtbaOniliiaMlBa. ■fitlin^r MwUli Hii ooaatry« and ivAnnd on «n ^|ftkw#««tefAifiialdttiB«>rMaaBlateB. Bavinsfivan oftyaaabnaU iarheia1t< ftfanoti ilit plaae la anke any ibrtbar ranarlu. The weaae!, the poleoat, tto wannot, the mink and nmA- i not namisaaa in tfaiaeooatry, and ^^ k. not dllfering from thoM on th« eaatern pert of this oontioMit, they rated as to endanger both horse and rider, when passing vmt them. Some one or more are selected for sentinels, and are seated upon the small mounds formed by excavating their dwellings, and while the principal part of their com- riluitity are busy in procuring food, these sentinels are on the lodi<4Nit, and as aoon as danger threatens, they give die abim by a shrill bark, when all instantly fly to their sab- lamuiaan habitations, for satey. TbMfetem small spaoiee of the marmot, of which I hafe keen no desoripdon in any work on natural history, which is probably peculiar to this country. It is called by the Nm PeNte, IAmI ; is Ave fanchee long flrom the tip of its BOM, ezoloaive of ita tail, wUbh is two fai. I«q[tb-~4ts body .ii one inch and a third in diamalM', die odor is brown, biMudihlly intermixed with small n^iite spots tipon it* hick ; dM nadar parts of its body are of a dull white. It h«a %fat loi^ hairs projecting from the noae, on each side, and two over each eye. Its hdbits resemble these belonging to its genus. It is reqiaAably nimbi* in' its movements. The fiadkns esteem its flesh a luxury. The wolverine is said to inhabit these Imm* rrifihiiiiiii k rtofthicoontiiMiit, p«g« 08, ]■ found moantaiiu. It is r heavily formed, knimal. It has re- ka that of a very ;er Is apprehended, r. They live in and tlieir villages y, which is so per- der, witen passing 9ted for eentinels, med by excavating part of their com. I sentinels are oo tens, they give die y fly 10 thair sab- i«, of which I have ral history, whidi t is calM by the ftom the tip of its B. lMq[tb—4ta body m odor is brown, pots upon it* biok; hits. Ithasi^t ia«fi side, and two B belonging to its movements. The I weaten ngiow, ARUUU. Wl and I saw one in the Salmon river mountains, which my Indians killed. The animal diflbred in several particulars from the description given by Richardson. It was one foot nine inches from its nose to its tail ; its body was not large in proportion to the length, short legs, small eyes and oars : tho neck short, and as large as the head, and its mouth shaped like that of the dog. Ita color was uniformly a dark brown, nearly black ; and its fur was more than an inch long and coane. I had no opportunity of observing its habits. Hm liedgehog is common in all parts of the Oregon Ter- ritory, does not differ from those found in other parts of Amarioa, and for its quills, is held in high estimation ^ tha Indians. It is interesting to see with how rauoh inge- nuity, and in hew many various forms, the Indians manuflM- turs these quills into ornamental work, suoh as moooasoMii belts, and various other articles. There are three kinda cf squirrel*— two of which I hava already described. The third is the gray, which dMfen from those in the United States in being larger and its color nwie beautiftally distinct. I saw many of their skins made into robea and worn by the Indians about the Cascade*. Of the feline, or cat kind, there are the panther, the lonf- tailed tiger oat, the common wild oat, and the lynx. Hm panther is rarely seen, and the difference of climate and country produce no change in ita ferociousness and other habits, from those found in other parts of America. Tha long-tailed tiger oat is more common, very large, and of-^ dull reddish color. Also the common wild cat is often nem. It is much smaller, ita tail is short and its bolor is like the above named. I can only name the lynx, a* thay did not come under my observation. It is in tiie iftutm ,^, j.iibu'XMl'iS^iiiiiiMiMmnr^m^a 'f'-J^^yj "r-iTtntf^'v^ a ill i W'l iii ■•"• lower, woodad oountry Umjt am feund, sad iIm ImUmmmjt Umjt mm BunMroua. TtMr* »r* live difliirMt aiwoiM of woIvm ; lb* oomnon gmy woir, Um blaok, blue, white, and the uirnW prairie wolf. The oommon gray wolf ia the aame aa thoae found ia the United Sutea, and haa all their oommon habita. The bUok wolf, I did not aee, but aa deaoribed by Mr. Brmitinger, a gentleman be'.onging to the Hudaon Bay Company, ia larger than the gray and more noble ia ita appearanoe, and ia the Rtrongeat cf the wolf kind. Thoee which the aamn geolle- man called the blue wolf, are rarely aeen, aa alao the white, and eo for aa their habita an known, they do not materi- ally differ trom others. The amall prairie wolf is the moat oommon, and bean the greatest reeemblance to the dog, tad baa been oalled the wild dog. It diflbn firom the def ia all the peetiliaritioa of the wolf kind aa muoh »j Um othera do. It ia aa unifona in ita ooltMr, aiaei ana habita. They are of a dull reddkdi gray, never pr ' '"'^'><«id{ Uw hair ia alwaya loaf, blended with broT. i;i^ >» «ad like other welvee they are alwaya prowltuy ▼- ardly. They are more numeious than the other & in cooaiderable numbera follow the oaravana to fet^ ^'.jfm the oflkla. Although we frequently heard them howl and bark around our enoaaproeata, yet they naTor diaturbad our real. Muoh haa been said about the iaunenae number of wolvea beyond the Eeaky Mountains, but I did not And them aa •uaaerous aa I expeotad. I do not make this asaartten solely from the Bui that I saw or heard only a fow, but from the teatinM|By ai those whose kmg rewidenoe in iMs oouatry eatitlee them to credit. It is the travrier who never saw the oouatry he deaoribasi or tho lover of the Itefti •*«M«aBMMaMMaaMMiMaMMMiMMIHa I )] i B i | li!i ■»■' IiIm ImUmmmjt m; tlMoomnen mil prairi* wolf. MM found in tb« iiu. TIm bl*ok !r. BrmiUngcr, • unpany, in larger rmnoa, and is Um the Mmn geotU* M •Iw Um white, ly do not nwtari- ) wolf is the moet in«e to the dog, kn flroM thedeg eiaei era habile. If ■- '""Nidi the I other £ urn to fetu k.pM d them howl tiid nerer dieturbed lumber of wolvee DOt Hod them ee Jce thie aMeilioa d only a fiw, but reeidenoe in lUe the travrter who the lover oTth* ':^«A:' ANOIAia. 109 marvelous, or he who doee not expect soon to be followed in his route through dreary and uninhabited wilds, who sees, and minutely ralatee, adventures with the reptiles and monsteni of the desert. The 6ix, which is gpnerally dlnporsed through the world, Is found hero in thne diflercnt Icinds ; the red, gray, and silver. They do not diflTor from thoea found oast of the mountains. The silver gray fox is soaroe, and highly esteemed, and takes the highest rank among the furs ot eommnroe. Its color is dark, sometimes nearly blaok, the ends of the hairs tipped with white, and in addition to the uacommonly fine texture, the fur presents a beautifUl gloaey •ppearanee. Martins are not abundant ; some are 9mmi about the head waters of the Columbia in woody mountaina, but they afe more numerous and of superior quality farther north. The inoflensive, timorous hare, in three diflbfent speoiee, abounds in all parU of this country. Its natural instinot for self-preservation, its remarkably prominent eye, its large active ear, and its soft Air, are iu oharacteristice in this, aa in otlier regions. The three species are, the large oommoa hare, which is generally known ; the small chief he-e witil large round ears ; and a very small species, only five or six inchea long, with pointed ears. If the first named diflbre in any paitioalar firom thoee in the United States, it te in its manner of running, and its speed. Its bomid is not ragii' lar, but its motions are an alternate running and leapiag at an almoet incredible distanoe, and with auch swiftness dMt I frequently mistook it, at first view, for the prairie hen, which I supposed was flying near the surflMM of the ground. Its flesh, when used for (bod, is tender and of a pleasant flavor. 19 RPW 1 Mi AVflUM. Th« only itmt whlok may of the ImUm* Iwv« to |w» tMt thMii from Dm ooM, is m«d« of Um ■kiu of theM ani- tmla, patolMd togMhcr into • msuHj iob«. Th«i» are four v»rietf«i of bMra, though It b mppoMd dwra tir* only two diiUnot e|Moi«i. Th«» are th« white, griuty, brown, end black. The white beer !■ ferooloue end powerful, but their numbera ere eo enwll in the region of the Oregon country, that they ere not en object of dreed. But the grizxiy bear ia far more numeroua, more formk'jble, and larger, eome of them weighing eix or eight hundred pounds. Their toeth ere formed for atrength, and their olawe are equally Urrlftc, measuring four or flre inohee ; and their feet, which are artoniehlngly large, exclusive of the daws, measuring not fcr from ten inches long, and five inohee wide. There are some even larger. The shadM of their color vary from a very light gray to a dai* brows, always retaining the griuly charaotaristio. Among a mul- tituda of their skins which I saw, there were some baauti- Ailly dappled, and as large as buflWo robes. These wn Mid in high Mtimation. Their hair and fur is longer, flner, •nd more almndant than of any other speoiee. They da- pawl nora upon their strength than speed for taking tMr pi«y, and therefore generally lurk in wUlows or nOm (hloketa, and suddenly mize upon any aoimal which nay ha passing near. The nountoia maa tell as maay woo. tefbl stories about their enoooatera with theae prodigfaa of ilNBgth and fcrooity, as some mountain travelers tell aa •boot oonataat battles with the Blaokfeet IndiaBa, and iter- vntioa, aad eating dogs. Now I may he eonrfdered diA- «lsat in ajbiJW and fniitfbl imagiaatian, if I do eoteatar- .I^B my readers with mu bwir story, after haviag travalad thousands of miles over prairies, and roouataias, thfoa^ n il ii inM i ui i I l Uiiiji l fclH l t mumntimm mmmi . i mwua eweasMI ▲JIIMAUI. Ml imImit* to |M» M of iheM ani- jh h iaauppoM^ I are th« white, r it ferooioua •ml In the region of object of dread, more fonni<'»ble, r eight hundred ength, «nd their Mr Are inohee; rge, exclusive of «« long, and Ave er. The ehMlee to • darii brown, Among a muU p«r« eonie baauU- •e. Theee were ir is longer, finer, Boiee. Theyde- 1 for taking thair wUlowe or otliar imal wbicli oMy It aa many woo> thaaa pvodiglM of travelen tall on [ndiana, and ilar> I eonridarad dei- , irIdoea(aatar• r having tnvalad Mrantaiae, tlmM^ valleye, ravines, and amoogst eaves, ohasras and dsserti. . Bnt as I did not myself have any w tmi t t fnl enoountom, I must borrow from a gentleman of esUblished good oharao. tor, belonging to the Hudson Bay Company, who gavs na an account of a case which he witnessed, tie and a nusk bar of others were traveling in canoes up the Alhabason river, and one morning one of their hunters shot upon tlto shore a large cub of a griuly bear, which they took on board a canoe, and of which they made their supper on encamping for the night. While seated around their Am in oonversatkm. the supposed mother of the slain cub ap- pniached, qirang across the circle and over the fire, seia*l the hunter who had shot the cub, threw him aonMs her shoulder, and made off with him. They all laid hold «l thtir riAee and pursued, hut Ibarad to fire last they should mura thab oompankm. But ha requested thnn to fiia, wUoh one of them did and wounded the bear. She thw dropped the first oflbnder, and laid hold of the laat in like »r as the first, but more roofhly, and aooaUrated hir triure. Thara iras oo tioM to be hut, and savaral find •t the ■ema time, and braugte her to the ground. The laat wmm was badly woundad but raoorarsd. The "fy««l ai«l> Mm," or myMery in this case, I shall not attempt to an- plain, but let every ooa aooount for it in Ua own way. TIm brown bear ia less feneknis, more solitary, an^ Ml MgUy sateamed ateher for food or for ite skin. Tha blank baar is sooDawhai slniUar bi ito habto to tha brown, but Uvea nvnupon vsgstahla food, and ia more in astimntko for ils pnro biaok, wall<«oat4d dcin. I oleee with the buflUo, whkdi iaoftha htftim genus, and fo tha laifcM and the most important for food and oorariaf •f any of tka aaimala ia our oouatry. I natd not in this rl iMIii liMII"f!'«» wmmif9w .* ' 1 Mn *iii 4litN4UIU ^•M go Into w lonf dMoriptkia. m ollMrwtM would b* im- portaiM, having alrMwtjr npuliwn of ih«*m m I wm (Muwinft through tiMir rang* c»f eotmiry. Aftar having B^n thouir- •nda and ton IhouMmln o{ th«m, and having had mnntha of lima In axaniine their form* and hahlla, I do ikH ihinli thiiy should ha claaaod with ihe buflklo or biaon of iha rantem oontinanl. No( with the bufliilo, if hiirtoriana have given a oorreot draoription of Ihoaa on that oontinant. Th'^ fleah of thoaa ii Mtid to ba •' black, hard, and very un|ialatabto ; ihair hidaa impenetrable, making soft and amomh leather— thair race ia ao Aaroe and fimnidable, that there ia no math* od of eaoaping their puniuit but by olimbing up aome lm» manae tree ; for a moderate tree would ba broken down by them, and ntany travelera have inatantly bean gored to death bjr them and trampled to piecaa under their feet." It ia •aid *' thair vnioa ia a hidaoua loud bellow." But none of thaaa thinga are tma of the buflklo of our country. If ft trua ftooount haa baan given of the biaon of tha MM- em oofttinent, our buAlo differ ftnom rhem in aavofml mal»> ri|il traita of oharaoter and habtta. T.ioae of tha ea^aro oontinant, ara Mid to have " amall heade, with home ao wida Mpraad, that three men can eit between thenv—that thair «jm ara amall, red and Aery— that they have a hump upon thair bauka like a camel, and which is preferred lobe eat. an lor ita dalioaoy— 4hat they are fiarue and vindictive, ao ttm men have to fly to treea for safety — that tha bulla and oows live in aaparate bands." Thcae thinga do not oorraa* ^ood with tha buflklo or bison of our weatem prairiaa. Tha buflkloa or biaons of our ooantry are generally about B« large aa our dotnastio neat cattle, and the long, shaggy, woolly hair which covers profuaely their head, neck, and ohouldera, giveathem an impoaing appearance, at • diataooa mtm M would b« Im- I I wa« |i«a«ln{[ 'ing MN>n thouv- I hud month* of > ikH think th«y t of ihfl rantern iia hav« k'voo * int. Th'j fleah ry un|MiUt«bt0 } nooth t^»•th«»^— ttmn i« no nwth< ng up aoTM) tin> arokan down by n gored to d«*th Rir foel." It b " But noiM of ountry. imm of th« Mai- of th* oMtfm th horiM K> whb benv-othat tlMir ve ft hump upon ferrad tobeaftt. id vindictive, ao •t th« bulla wad ^ do not oomM* rn pnitriaa. generftUy about M long, ahaggy, h«ad, n«ok. aitd oe, at a diatanoo AMMIIJ. MS .Uiing Ilk. ih« llo«. Probably thara ia nol any animal k Iha world, that praaoota ao appwiranoa ao (brmWakU •ad l.irriflo, a« tha buffalo bull, whan asuilad and datarmi«' ad upon raaiatanoa. Thalr oolor la a dark brown, whan ihay ara in tha bail oondition for rt^baa, which ia from Novombar unUl Janua- ry. Am tha aaawo advaiioaa, their woolly fur Incroaaaa in laogth aitd aaaumea a palo color ; but aftar ahod4ling thair ooat, their fur ia very nhort awl nearly black. Ia many partioulara th«y rcaemblo our homed cattle ; they are oUi- van looted, chaw tha cud, and aeleot the aaine kind of fixxl. Th«lr ilesh U ta appea-anco and taite much Ilka beef, but of auparior flavor, and remarkably eaey of dlgcetlon. Thair baada ara formed like th* ox, perhapa a lltUa more round •ad broad, and whoa runniag, they carry them rather Uwr. Thalr hm it, whatever may oppoae ; and in- daad It ir""«« b* done with aafety to tbomaelve* ; for ahould the fcrwVMt halt, or turn directly from their oourae, \in dawe mrr ia th* rear raahiog on would overthrow and da- ftroy them. They can change their direction only by uking a oinMiitouft oourae. Their aenae of amelling la very acute, mtn'^ fW^ri^. i iP W' i " " "M"! ! "■ mW" ■ MH ii i i .n mi iii in i iw ii j wwninwiwrwiiwwWjw wui W B i ii I til AlflKAU. •nd they perceive the hunter, when he i» on the windw»rd side, at a great distance, the alarm is Uken, and when any of them manlfert fear, they are thrown into oonfuaion until •ome of the cows, from the instinct of fear, take the lead to flee from the pursuer, and then all follow at the top of their •peed. So far are they fK)m being a fierce and revengeful acimal, that they are very shy and timid ; and in no case did I see them offer to make an attack, except in self de- fense when wounded and closely pursued, and then they always sought the first opportunity to escape. When they run they lean alternately from one side to the other. The herds are composed promiscuously of bulls and cows, eK- oept some of the old bulls, which are often found by them- selves in the rear or in advance of the main bands. SMme- times an old blind one is seen alone and separated from all others ; and it was amusing to see their constemaum when they apprehend the approach of danger. The natural in- stiDcto of fear and prudence lead them to fly alternately in every possible direction for safety. I was pleased to find our most thoughtless young men respect their age and pity their calamity ; for in no instance did I see any abuse oflfer. ed them. They are fond of rolling upon the ground like horses, which is not practiced by our domestic cattle. This is 80 much their diversion, that la^e places are found without grass and considerably excavated. The use of dieir skins for robes, and the woolly fur, with which they •re covered, are so universally known, that a description ia entirely unnecessary. Another peculiarity which belongs to them is, that they never raise their voice above a low bellow ; in no indtahce were we disturbed by their lowing, even when surrounded by thousands, and in one of our cn- oampments, it was supposed there were five thousand near. I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii i i wiiiiawiiMiBti s s^^ nmm 1 mmtm I the windward and when any oonfuaion until take the lead to the top of their and revengefal and in no caae lept in self de< and then they e. When they the other. The s and cows, ex- found by them- I bands. Sbme- [«rated from all iatematil| >, l . « . M l ll » l» Mli P < »»< l» l | l , li | ^l» » . itiiwi itmvM »!■■ sia CHAPTER XV. fUi— « phy— -mountiiiM— Tmlioy — i^aiii»— foreato— HriTera— loil — waaonii. I FASs to % brief notice of the fish found in th* watera of the Columbia. Their number is great, but their variety is small. The salmon, sturgeon, anchovy, rock ood, andttout are all that came under my particular observation. Shad have not been found in tltese weiAem waters. The stuT' geon of good quality and in large nnmbers, ccmtmenoe as- cending the rivers in the fore part of Aprit, and furnish food to the suffering Indians. I say suffering, for before the opening of the spring, their stock of provisions is consumed, and they are seen searching for roots and any thing' which will sustain life ; and though I do not feel authorized to say what others have said, that in the latter part of the win< ter and beginning of spring, they die with starvation in great numbers, yet they are brought to extreme want, and look forward, with great solicitude, to the time when the stuiigeon shall come into the river. A small fish, like the anchovy, about six inches long, very fat and well flavored, come into the river in great numbers about the same time or a littla before the sturgeon. The Indians obtain large quantitiea of oil from them b]i[ putting them into a netting strainer anS exposing them to gentle heat. The rock codfish were not known to inhabit the watara ll /)|iiLilMiii, ■■t j «icai4!kSiiMMtia.".J J.U JJIIili l llimiii^M l Hiltt ijiijiii^liaiiliiirft' nitbology - dend roU moontiiii*— Tmli«7a I in Um watera of It their variety is wkood, andirout senratioa. Sliad ten. The etur- 8, commeMse as- , and furnish food g, for before the lone is consumed, any thing which sel authorized to r part of the win< tarvation in great e want, and look rhen the Btuigeon ike the anchovy, ivored, come into le time or a littla uge quantities of Ing strainer anS nhabii the watars p""^ ruM. 317 about the mouth of the Columbia, unUJ the present year. They are very fine and easily caught. The salmon is far the most numerous and valuable fish found in these waters, and is of excellent flavor. It is well ascertained that there are not less than six different species or varieties of the true salmon that ascend these waters, commencing about the twenUeth of April. Their muscular power is exceedingly great, which is manifested in passing the falls and rapids which would seem insuperable. They are never known to return, but are constantly pressing their way upwards, so that it is not uncommon to find them in the small branches of the rivers near the very sources. We found them in September near theRocky Mountains, where they are said to be as late as November and Decern- ber. I saw some with parts of their heads worn to the bone and the skin worn from various parts of their bodies, which appeal* to be the result of efforts to ascend until they per- ish. Late in the season, great numbers are found dead, furnishing food for crows, vultures, eagles, foxes and wolves— and even Indians; for I have seen them drive away the oiows and appropriate the remnants to them, selves. Whe» the salmon become much emaciated, the fledi loses its rich redness and it is seen in the skin, which gives the fish a beautiful appearance ; but when in this ■late it is hardly edible. It is worthy of notice, that th« salmon has its preferences of water, selecting some branoh- as of the ColumUa river and passing by othets ; and those taken in some of the tributary streams are for better then thoM taken in others. While those which ascend the riv- ers never returai the young are seen in September descend- ing on their way to the ocean, in immense numbers. It Is believed these return the fourth year after their desoeitt ; tii^f^imimmmn MS but thia iMy be only oonj«onii«. It k difBoult to Mtinwt* how many Mlmoa might b* Uken intheM riven, if proper iiMMunM were pursuod ; and alw what would be the re. Milta upon the number* which would continue to enter mm! Moend. I think without doubt » plan might be deviaed and adopted to carry on a Mlnoon fiahery in thie river to good advantage and profit. The experiment was made by a company from the United States, which failed, for it con. tained the elemente of ite own overthrow. The company ■ent out large quantities of rum, probably calculating on the &ot that the Indiana are fond of ardent spirita, and if they should gratify thia appetite, they ahould enlist them in their fttvor, and aa Indians will do anything for rum, they would oatoh and aell fiah to them. Whatever the object of ik» company might have been in aending and dealing oat 80 much nun, the Indiana were highly pleaaed with receiv. ing it in pay for their aalmon. But when they had thus obtained it they would become intoiicated and diaqualified for labor, and mova time was wasted in druakannaaa, than mmfiayd in fiahing. Beaidaa, the salmon were ohm auf> iiiMd to lia in the hot aun unil they were much injured, if not wdKriily spoiled. The saault waa, that the oenpany, aa I WM intensd, obtained only about imr iMBdved barreb of salmoB, and made a kdag ▼oyage ; and the sapwintend. fM of Fort VaBooavar toM lae, that when the eompmy a b a n donad tiiair busi n es s, thay atored many banala of ruai at his fost. My infomatiaa was not wholly darived tktm tlMie who had been in tfie «nti|HoynMnt of that oon^paay, aad gaatlnnaB of the Hudson Bay Company, but in pait from the Indiana, f1*> oAen spoke to ma npea the suhjoel by way of praise, lliey would say, «< cte9, ilnw Am," aig. Bifjring, good, phiity of ram. ssnecanan mtm k^. Boult to MtiiiMto I riren, if proper rould be th« ra< loue to enter wad night be deviaed ' in thi« river to Hit WM made bjr failed, for it con* The company y ealoulating on nt apirits, and if lid enlist them in ig for ram, they tver the object of and dealing oat ued with reoeir« n they had thus and diaqualifiad •unkrnneaa, than k were ohm tuU mttoh injand, if Ihs oenpany, as hondrad bamla tb* MperintendU n the oompaay rtemlaof ran ly dMitred flnwa f tl»t oon^paay, lay, bnt in pan ipoa the aakgael », Mm Am," aig. OSKITBOUMT. The bird* of Oregon are not aa numeroua ae thoae which inhabit civilized oountriea, probably beoauae they have not aooaae to the ^rain and firuit of oultivated fields, and the wooda and groves are more widely dispeised. But they are sufficiently numerous to employ an ornithologist profit'' ably, for a great length of time in collecting and preserving specimens. This region is particularly interesting from the fact, that in this as in other departments of natural soi> enoe, it has hitherto been an unexplored field— -iw compe- tent scientific poraon having visited ttiis country to classify the difierent genera and species. Mr. J. K. Townsend, of Philadelphia, an ornithologist, has spent two years in ex. amining scientifically this field, and will probably give to the public the result of bis labors. I am indebted to him for assistance in the following summary. The largest part of the feathered race are migratory, and are seen only a part of the year ; there are many, how- ever, Uiat reside here during the whole year. Among these are the majestic white-headed eagle, and the golden ea^, and three or four species of hawks, two iqpeoies of jay, the magpie, Comu fka, and thooaaads of ravens and orowa ; several species of small sparrows, and two «r three species of grouse, the oommou partridge of the United States, and the dusky gnmsa of the Rooky Mountains; and also an in- ttfcating species of the dipper or water ousel. The hafate of this bird are very curious and peculiar, particularly that of descending to the bottom of ponds and swiftly ninoing ^roanw. and thare in aeaioh of small shell-fiidi, remaining inder water, for at least two minutes, during which time it will aourae about upon the pebbly bottom, with aa muoh apparent eaae and satisfiwtioa, as if upon dry land. The xed.wioged blaok-l^ ju^Lt}ioj»bi|| cm^^ throogb tiw f "■■' iii ^fmmmmtt^fwm"'''* '•mm main through the seaaon. Of the wrena there are aix ape- oiea ; three of the titmice, and two of the nuthatchea. And in the train follow the thrushn, of which there are aeven apeoiea, two of which are new ; of theae Wilaon^a thnah is pre-eminent in aweetneaa of song. The fly catchers num- ber eight apeoiea, three of which are new ; and there are thirteen apeoiea of the finch(>s, three of which' are new. Theae are a large and muucat bond, among r^hich are iiiilii iiiiili gggl^jgglggil ven in the chill >r awnns, geeae, toned theae wt- m upon the Co. the same genua, > not aaoend the cormorant, the innorants. The ful in this river, mbera, viait thia t which agitata tpening flowera, hich remain for sontinue only a for nidification. remain through to the cbarma mong these are luthatohea. Of ( of which are M. Several of aat of them re- ere arc aiz ape- ithatchea. And here are seven ilaon*^a thnah ia ' catchers nam> and there are trhich* are neir. long vhich atfe ■HP ■•■IM OBJfOBOLOOy. aevonl of the fiwNrt aongHlora linown in the world. Ia no inaUnoe do we find more riohnew und delicaoy of plumage, with the moat aroet melody of voice, than in a new apecies of largo bullfinch, which visiu thia aeotion of country in the apring. If theae were domostjoated, they would form a moat valuable addition to any aviary. There are eight apeoiea of woodpeokera, four of which are new ; and of the awallow tribe there are five apeoiea, one of which ia new, and ia the most beautiful of the family, characterized by a aplendid changeable green plumage on the head and back, while the other parta are purple and white. About the middle of March, the splendid little Ndotka humming bird makea hia appearance, coming ao auddenly that you won- der from whence he came, aa the fact of hia performing a long migration of week*, with his delicate little winga, over a cold and flowerleaa country, or acroaa the aea, aeema in. credible. The neck of thia beautiful bird presents fine va- riationa of color ; now it ia ruby red, with a metallic luatra ; turn it, ai tho tinU vary from purple to violet and crimaon, aooordmg aa the light falla upon it. I paaa over the mention of many genera, aod still more aumerooa apeoiea of the different birds of this ragioo, as it is not my design to attempt a history of them, but only to give a suooinot sketch, that aome idea may be ^rmed of the ornithological treasures of this interesting country. Having frequently made menticm of the trees and shrub- bery west of the great mountains, I shall in this place only enumerate the principal, describing a few. I have mM there are three species of fir, and that they ooasthute flir the greatert part of the forest trees, and are very laiKe. The three kinds are the red, yellow and white. They dif- fiir not oaly ia the oolor of the wood, but also ia their Miage. 80 . \ m ^pnw ittiimHffiilfft HilHWr • Mi * SKraMLoer. TIm fcliag* of UMrtdia MMttoradoo all iidM of the branch, late in Um mum fonn m Umm found in th* UniUMi StolM ; the 7«llow only on th« upper tidn, or Um upper half of the twige ; the white ie oppoeitely pinnated. The baliam ia alike in the three diflerent epeciea, found in bliaten upon the bark in the eame form as in other oountriee. White pine ia not native in the lower country, nor ftur weet of the main chain of the Rooky Mountain* ; a few pitoh are found in the eame region with the white. Nor- way and yellow pine are native flirther weet, but not below the Caacadee of the Columbia. The new speciee, which I have called the elastic pine, is for the rooet nnmerous, but I did not sse any of theee as for west as Walla Walla. The oedar is the common speciee, grows very large and tall, and is the best of the forest treee for various mechani- cal uses. The yew is also found among the evergreens, though it is scarce. The tamarisk is found in small see- tkNM of the country. The white oak of good quality, and often large, is a common tree of tne foreet, and also the black, rough-baiked oak growo in some of the mountainous parts. In an excursion down the rich prairies below Port Vancouver, where there are treee scatte r ed about like shade trees upon a well cultivated flirro, I measured a white oak, which was eight feet in diameter, continued large aboot thirty foet high, and than branched out immensely wide, under which Mr. T. and mysslf, with our borMs, found an excellent shelter during a shower of rain. There are tvo kinds of ash, the oontmon whiu ash and the broad loafed. The latier is very hard. There is also alder, which I have mentkned as g*o«ring vory large, and on dry ground aa well as on that which is lew and swampy. Tbaro are three species of poplar, the oonuaoB aqten, the • of UwbnkDoh. I United StolM ; ffmt hair of Um The Ulwm ia n bliaton apon riM. country, nor tkr untnina ; a faw M whits. Nor- It, but not below •peciea, which I t nnmaroua, but ralla Walla. i««ry large and arioua meohani. the eTargreeni, id in nnall aee* ood quaUtjr, and et, and alao the the mountainoua iriee below Port about like ahade red a white oak, ued large about mmenaelx wide, borMe, found an There are two he broad leaM. w, whioh I have f ground aa well RunoB aqten, the cotton, and balm. The Artt is oommon in various parts of the United States, and is well known ; the second is common- ly called ootton-wood, skirting rivers and strsams as in the^ western States ; the third is the Popuhu haUamtfera, often ealled the balm of Oilead. Ita distinguishing properties are ovate leaves, and a bitter balsam in a glutinous stale found in the small twigs, but mostly in the buds. This last species in some places spreads over large sections of bottom- land, where the soil is unoommonly good. White maple is found, but only in sm ill quantities. Willows of various species are oommon in all para ef the country. There is a tree in the lower country which grows much in die form of the laurel or bay tree, but much larger— 4he bark ia smooth and of a red bay color, ita leavee are ovata. It has been called the strawberry tree, but I do not know with what propriety. There are no walnut or hickory treee west of the great mountains, nor chestnut of any species, or hard or stigar maple, or beach, linden or baas- wood, black oherry, cucumber, white wood, elms, or any kind of birch, except a species of Mack birch which grows sntall ; nor are there any of the species of locusts, hackborry, or buckeye. I might lengthen out Um catalogue of negatives, but the above obeervatkms are suiRcient to give a general view of the for- eet trees of the country. The varieties of shrubbery and planta are so nnnie?0U8, that their examiuttioB would employ the botanist many moBthe. I shall only dtetoh a few of thoee which are eoattor- ed over the prairies and through the forests. Among tReee are several varietiee of the thorn-bush, many of whioh are large and fruitfbl. Those bearing the red apple, prseent, when they are ripe, a very beautifiil appearance. Hwre is one speoiee peculiar to the country west of the mountains, the -'^■•fllpl ^m>m SS4 FLAjn*. flruU of wMoh i« black ami of • delightfully sweet Uate, b«4t Dfit generally diaperiMMl through the country. It ia prinJ- pally Mtive about the Blue MounUioa, the Walla \Valla and UmnwtilU riven. The choke cherry la eiiommofi to all parts of the country, and it* f^uit in v«ry grateftj) whi^re aDi> null food ia principally depended upun fur •ubaiat«noe. IIm nlalberry ia • sweet and plesaant fVuit, of » dark purple odor, oblong, and about the sise of a grape. The asr* rioeberry ia about the alxe of a amall thoni Apple, black when fully ripe, and pleasantly aweet lih« the whcirtleber. ry ; and the pambina ia a buah ennbnrry. The varietica of tba gooseberry are many — tlie comfnon prickly, which grows very large on a thonty buah~-tbe small white, which ie smooth and very aweet — the large smooth pMrpfe, and the •mootli yellow, which are also uf a line flavor. Alt of theae attaia to a good maturity, and thdise growing on the prairiea are vary auparior. There are three varietiea of the currant, the pale red, the yellow, which is well tasted, aod the black. Though these are a pleaaatit acid, yet tbejr ara not ao prollflo and desirable ati those which grow under the haad of ouUlvation. The boautiful ahrub Sys^Aorta netmom, called the uiowberry, which ia found in aonoe of our garden*, growa here wild and in great abundance. Besides the common raspberries, there is a new species which grows io the forests, th»b«ny of which is throe times aa Urga as the common, is a very delicate rich yellow, but the flavor is less agrsaabie. There is a new species of sw«et elder which I have already described. The olimbiug hooejrauckle is amon^ the first ornaments of nature. Tba sweet flowering) pea grows spontaneously, end in some places embellishes large patches of ground. In some small sections red clover is found, differing, however, from . a^PB BWPii i pWiiS l ftMii*. w *M^^«fc»wr.-. ' ■■MMm SMB It ia princi immnn to all il wh<^rfl koi- «no0. Ill* dark purplo , Th« mt. tppte, bl*ck V v»ri«ti#ii okly, which rhiUi, whivh ^•nrpk, uitl I or. A.lt of iring oa tho varietiea of weU tMted, lid, y«t lh»y grow Ufwler SympAorta in aoiiM of idmnoa. MW apeoies thraetimds yellow, but Bpeoies of te olimbiug ire. ily, end in In aoine 'wx, from i"iii.«»m.i,ifpy,rt.iiiii«iiii i i>3Mt.im. S3& Um kind oultivatad by our &mMn, but not Imb aws*! mm! bMutiful ; whit* olovar i« fcund in iha upper and nxHUi- taiooua parta fltrawbarriea ar« indigenuua, and thair fl». vor ia mora dalioioua than any I i«ya taatad in othar ooua. triaa. Sun-Aowars ara oontmon, but do not grow iarga ; alio • ■paoiaa of broom «iom, ia (bund in many plaoac of th* boC lom-landa of tha Columbia and othar atraama. To tkaw nwy bo addad % wild grain aomewhat r^aembling b«rlay, or rye. Wild fkx I have mentioned and deaoribed mi |wgeM. Among the nutritive roota, I have mtntioned the wlpp** too and tha cammaa. The wkppatoo, ia the aagMaria, or arrow h - Bayond the Rooky Mountains, nature appear* to lava studied variety on the largest scale. Towering mountaina and widely extended prairi«s, rich valleys and barrta plaina ; and large riv«ira with rapUs, eataraots and fiilla, preaenl a great diversity of prospect. Tlie whole country bi so mountainoua, that there is not an elevation from wbiok vrgaMlMi i hM ivcn haro. th« mtNta* )p<, W« MV rmal whlah l«y or t)M rlii-Hiir«fy W« wldoni ltd swampM ' proniin«nt M>«>a in fh« ontal limw him to thn I range di- iven. H9 ' Butct and f tiM* Und- id^ iato t}t« ho p^tnues io«om emo- be vaatiMH tra to liAve mouDtaiue ind Iwmii ■ knd flille. Die oouBtrjr from wbioli ■ p*nen e imal mm eome of U.« ImitMinM r»im«a whloh Intonwcl lu illflhrant parta. On an •UvalkMi a ahurt dk- Umoe from Fort Vanoouver, Ave laolatnd wmtoal mounlaina, fWmi t»n to AAoen thouaan is a vast prairie oovered with grass, aadtke soil. !• generally good. Another large plain, which is said to be very barren, lies off to the south and south-west of Lewis' or Snake river, including the Shoshonee' country ; and travelers who have passed through, have pronounced the interior of America a great barren desert; but this is drawing a conclusion far too broad fion^ premises so limited. So far as I have had opportunity for observation^ I should feel warranted in saying, that while some parts of Oregon are barren, large portions are well adapted to grazing ; and others, tho'jgh leas extensive, are adapted to both tillage and grazing. Upcm the subject of forests, I would only observe, that a large proportion of the oo>\mtry west of the mountains is destitute, while some parts tre well supplied. I have al/ ready mentioned the lower 09uutry, from below the Falls of the Columbia to the ocean, as being well wooded, and densely in many parts, especially near the ocean. The mountains north of the Salmon river, and the country about the Spokein river, and so on still fiurther north, are well furnished with forests, and in some other snotioos there at* partial suf^lies. ;,< The country in general is well watered, being intersec- ted with lakes, and by manydarge rivers and their tributa- ry streams. This might be inferred from the fi^t that tliere •re so many mountains, upon the sides •nd $i the bases of ».iw ^ i| iW M 47- t6 * tnrns. 929 whioh are multitudes of the fineat «pring8. No country furnishes water more pure and of such crystal clearness. As the spring and summer heat commences, the snows of the mountains melt, and begin to swell the rivers in the be- ginning of May, and the freshet continues to increase until June, when it is the greatest, and overflows large sections of the low lands of the valleys, which have the appearance of inland seaa. While the rivers of this country are nu> mcrous, and several of thorn are large, yet inland naviga> tion will bo attended with difficulties, not only from the ma- ny falls and rapids, but from the labor and expense neces- sary to construct canals through the imnfensely hard ba- saltic rook formation. The C!olumbia has three large falls in the distance of seven hundred miles ; the Cascades, one hundred and thirty miles from the ocean at the head of tide water ; the Falls of the Columbia, forty miles above the Cascades ; and the Kettle Falls, five hundred and thirty ntiles above the Falls of the Columbia. There are many rapids, but the Nine-mile Rapids, thirty miles above Walla Walla, ars the most embarrassing. The other riven are still more oL^ructed with Falls and rapids, except the Willamette, wnloh has only one foil at the head of its tide water, thirty miles above its juncticm with the Columbia. The obstruction to a canal around this, is far less than around the above named falls ; and when constructed, the navigation inay be extended fifty miles farther into the country. While such is the condition of this country in respect to its internal navigation and commerce, the inge- nuity of man in our day, has provided something which can be most advantageomly applied as a remedy. I mean rail roads. In making observations, with reference to this very subject, I waa interested ta see the wisdom and benev- SM Til nAlOKI* r»^ olenoe of th* CrMtor, in providing ptMWS through thoM stupendous ntngw of mountains, whioh generally run from north to south, end I thought how easily the whole terri- tory might be traversed in this way ; and the large pen tagonal basaltio oolunns are ready at hand to fiioilitate the work. No country in the world furnishes better oppor. tunities for water power to be applied to manufiusturiog purposes ; almost every river and stream having &lls, oas* cades and r^>ids. The climate is flir more temperate and warm west of the Rooky Mountains, than east in the same latitude, there bein^ at least ten degrees diflbrenoe of latitude, as may be seen by the subjoined metef/rologioal iable. There were only three days in the whole winter of my residence in the country, that the thermometei' sunk as low m 38® Famheit, at Fort Vancouver; and there were only two mornings In the whole mtmth of March when white fhist was seen. Snow does not fiUl deep ezceptfaig upon the mountains ; in the valleys it rarely continues more than - a few days, or at the farthest only a few weeks ; and by the latter part of February or the firM of Bfarch, ploughing and sowing are commenced. And net only is the climate UDCommonly del%htftil, but it is also generally healthy, and there are soaroely any {Hevailing diseases, except the fever and ague in the lower oountry, whioh, as has been stated, oonunenoed in 1639 ; and the opthalmy, winch is v«ry general among the Indians of the plains. It is wor- thy of notice, that thunder and lightning are seldom wit- nessed west of the great mountains, but in the valley of the Misrisappi, they are very frequent and unusually heavy. The seasMis are divided into two, the rainy in the winter, commencing in November, and terminating in May ; the " PJI PI I" nu niLMNt. Ml, dry in the aununer, which is entirely destitute of rain, and during whioh time the «tinoq>here ie remarkably eerene, while the daily prairie winds relieve the heat of the sun, and the season is most delightful. The entire destitution of nin, showers, and dew, during summer, does not exclude fertility ; nor is it peculiar to this country, for the same is true of the whole Paoifio coast west of the Andes, and also of the Sandwich and Society Island*— yet by various meth- ods of irrigation the soil is rendered productive. In the country which I am describing, the winter being ao mild, the grain sown in the &11 and spring advances beymid in- jury before the drouth becomes severe, and the grass attains its growth and dries into hay upon the ground ; and there being no moisture to decompose it, retains its nutritive properties. This territory is, notwithstanding, well supplied with wa- ter ; for the benevolent wisdom of Qod has placed the moun* tains, oovQred with perpetual snows, just where they are needed, and where the heat of spring and summer so far melts these vast reservtrfrs, as to All the riven and streams, and tJ^ie summer firssbM continues for many weeks. m^ * ■ u mKmmmmmmfm m w imn mmt^^m^m m ^ v ^ * p m § K S K i K k. MS iHDUMs many ftbakms oharaoter and ite admiration, lOt. plains. These he Columbia to Indians of the luntry b prairie sro^s, Cayuses, ins, Platheads, UsiOkanaganA, ftbly more than hers I have ob- mmm 998 Uined but little deanite hMWIedge. They all MSMnbU oMh other in general chaiaolerialioe. In their persons the men are tall, the women are of oommon stature, and both are well formed. While there is a strong natural as well as moml reaemblanoe among all Indians, the ooroplexion of these is a little iairer than oiber Indiana. Their hair and eyes are black, their oheek lienes high, and very frequedt- ly they have aquiline noses. Thei? hands, feet, and ankleib are small and well formed ; and their movementa are easy, if not graoeful. They wear their hair long, part it upon their forehead, and let it bai^ in tresses on eaoh aide, or down behind. Thwre is »great r oianse to thedressof dilTerent tribes, w>hich generally consists of a. shirt, worn over long, olons leggins, with moooasons for the lie number diey ud that fiuooily fer every man, »y are traTeliug heir dieote. In than any tribes boraeeare thair rthe wpport of employ them to m ia ao low, that one will not sell t, or a few null they necessarily lering roots and id simfde. Most tstiagfidi. The BABITS. process is to build a small fire in tlie centre of their lodge, to fix the fiah upon a stick two or thme feet long, and place one end in the ground so as to bring the fish partly over the fire, and then by a alow prooeas it ia most thoroughly roast- ed without acorohing, or acareely changing the color. The priucipal art conaiaU in taking Ume, and our beat cooks might improve by following their mode. The habits of Indiana are said to be indolent. Aa a g««- eral remark it may be true, but I saw but very little toooo- firm ita truth among the Indiana of the plaina ; for I rarely aaw any of theae Indians not engaged in some object of purauit ; not the most productive perhaps, but such as elicit- «d their attenUon. While I believe that the reaemblanoe, both phymcaJ and moral, of all the different naUons and tribes of Ind ana, apread over large porUons of the oonti. nent of America, is greater than is seen in any people of any other country of equal extent ; yet if it ia true, that as a general fact, as some authorr. have aaid, " they are mo- rose and gloomy iu their aountenancea ; sullen, or bwjoha- nalian in their disposiUona ; that they are rarely ao joyftil aa to laugh unless exoitsd by Ardent apirits ; that they are taciturn and never Indulge fai mirth ; that they are obtose in sympathy, and destitute of social affections ; that in proud disdain they turn away from whatever would excite curies- ity ; that no common motives or endearments excite them to action ;" if these things are true, then the Indians of Or- egon are an exeeption to the general fact. In all the abova namdd particulars, I aaw no special diflferenoe between them and other nations. As a part of Uie human family, they havo the same natuml propensities and Uie same so- cial affections. They are cheerful and often gay, sooU- Ue, kind and aflfeotionate ; wd anxioua to receive instnic HIMMMMIIM* Um Uk whatever tmy ooadiiM ta thair happii ••••••ftBr. h ia vofM tlMn idU to tpwili ot " phyaioal hi. •MsiUlity inwnMiglH iolo the animal natuia of tha lodiana, •0 that thair bodiaa apiHtwimala to tha iiiwiiiiibillty of hfonn' hoo6." Tha influanoa of rarnarka of thia kind ia to pwduoa, in the boaonM of all who reMi them, the aam* ia. ■anaibility that ia oharfad upon tha native oharaotor of the Indiana. To repraaant thair ohanwtara and thoir raatora. Hon to tha oommon ftalinge of humanity ao hopeleaa, ia to atoel the heart of even Ohriatianity itaelf, if it were poa. ■ibk, againat all aympathy, and to paralin all exertiooa Md eflbrt to aave them ftom tha twofcid daatruetton to. wWoh they doom them, temporal and etamal. In thia the r—msn, that Chriatiana are dtting in auch aupineneaa over tWr oonditioo, imd that tha heart-thrilling appeab fcr toaohari to aniighton thf m are diaragardad » la thia the MMon, that while tha philanthropy of tha Uaitad Stataa' oitiaana towarda them ia ao widely Uaaonad. thoaa who •ra aant to toaoh tbam tha arta of civiliiad life, are ait- tfaf qulatly on tha bordara in govaramantal pay, while tha ladiaaa «m roaniog atill over tha pmiriaa in aaanih of Moartsk and pvaoartoiM gamaf I ferbaar to toll tito •holaatorjr. Tfcey ham but few maaufeetaiaa, and thoaa an thaoMai pMn and ainpla, not aorteodiiig miMh bayond drawing the ■>UaaorMii»ala,andnwkingthan into clothing; maUng WwaaMi arKMva and aoma few artiolaa of hirnituM. Ia *Mriag aUaathay aavar make any vaa of bark or taooia. Thair pnoaaa in to namovt tha hair and fleah AtMn tha akiaa by aoimpiag tfcaai wl^ ,a hard atooa or wood, or whaa h oaa be ohtpiaad, a piaoa ofiroa hoop; and than bearoaariag than irith tha biaiaa of aoma aaimal, tbay an » tbam ppil r '< phydoal in. I of Um IndiMM, iawoaibiUty of tfthia kind into n, th« Hun«i ia. iharaoler of the << thoir nHloni- K> hopelew, ia ; if it wera poo- » all exertioM (loatruotion to. •I- Iff thto the upineiMMovor g appeala fcr t la tbia the United Statee' ad, thoao wfa» 1 lift, are ait. Mj, while the in aeanih of lar to tdi tin • anthanioai I dreatlng the )ing; naking harnitaN. fa ttk or tanto. Vomtheddaa d«or whm H Bbeemaariay an 'w tlMMi UAtnrfAiffvuBa. ^^ thoroughlj and rub tbem until they are aoH ; and after ihia bleaob them with pure white clay. Their mode of amoliing them ia to nxoavata a amall plaoe in the ground, about a foot deep, and over thia to oonatruct a fixture in the form of a lodge, a few feet wide at the baae and brot^^ht to a point at the top. Then they build a amall fire in the centre, and plaoe the akina around upon the ft«me work, ao aa to make the enoloaure almost amoke tight. The prooMn oooupiea about one day. Their mode of dreaaing buffalo robea ia diflerent. They atretoh the akin upon the ground, Omk aide up, faatening It down with pina around the border, and then with an instrument formed aomething like a ooop< •r'a ads, made of atone, or wood overlaid with a pieoe of iron, brought to a blunt edge like the ourrier'a knife, they olear from it all remaining fleah, and let it thoroughly dry. After thia, with the uume iiiatrument, they work upon it with a pounding, hewing atroke, until they have brought it to a auitable thioknees and rendered it aof\ and whito, as our buffiilo robea are when brought into market. It ia a work of great labor, and ia performed by the women. We little think how much toil' it ooata a woman to prepare one of tbeae robea, and then how liule ia paid for it by the pur- cbaaer ; a pound of tobaooo or a bunoh of beads, ia as miidl aa the Indian generally receives. *^ ' Their bowa aro made of the most elastic wood, atrength. cned with the tendona of animala glued upon the back side, and the string is made of the same substance. Their ar< rows are made of heavy wood, with one end tipped with a sharp atone or pointed iron, and the other pinnated with a feikther. While the firat is to pienw, the latter is to govern the diieotioB. Their bows and arrows perform aiAoniahing execution, and they manage tbem with great dextarity. 81* D ' liftia i yiiiiiiiiiiiii mrtf* i§mm m^immii^mm MtH of tho eookiuf omiuhU, whiok timj wnr uw, ai* AbtoiiMd from tratkn, ami do not often Mtcnd b«]rood • hnm kettle, tin pnit, nncl • very few knivoe. They Imv« bowU which they m&nureoturi T«ry injKenktueiy from tlte horoe of buAilo ; end MMneUnes thoee that are larger and I aoiid. from the homa of the big horn mounUin ■h«ep. They have apoone of very good atruotare RMWle uf bufblo honM i alao varioua kinda of baak^a of rude workmanahip. Their aaddlee are rude, eomewhat nreemblinfr i\m Spaniah aaddle, havij^ a high knob forward, and riaing high on the bnok part; geaarally aittinf uneaaily upon th« horaa'a Their brtdlea oonaiat of a rope well made of the kalv, ar ahag of the buflfkin, sight or ten feet long, faateaed in the eenue to the under jaw of the horae, and tho enda •ra brought over the neok fcr reina. The lawo, whkih i» «aed ftw uetohing honea and eonw kinde of wild aninmla, k a long rope with a large nooae at one end, and the other end ia held firmly in the hand ; the whote m ooiUxl, and when the dktanoe pemiila it to be thrown, it k uaually uo 4a«teroualy dose, aa to bring the nooee over the animal'a Whm mounted, they often have a long leather thong, or a rape, fiutene^) upon the honie'a neck, which trails upon Ike giound, and 'm frequently sufiered to remain when the hoiaa ia turned looee, Hot the oonvenienoe of mon eaaily •atching Mm agaia. TiUair eaaoea, before they obtained iron hatoheta of the tradaia were, with great labor and patienoe, made with \ of Mane ; and avao now, joet them noanMll eflbrt. A eanoa of ^^ oonatnwtian ia viilaed as h%h aa om or two good hofaaa. ;i lieir fiahing oeta are another arUele wMeh ia wall oooatmotad, foraMd of wild flax ; and ia •vary partioalar like oar aeeap new* MMariM f f now UM, AM itciMl b«]road • •. Th«]r hM9 r)udy from tll« are lkr^«r and KMjnUin a^MiHOli. MKifl uf bufblo workmMuhtp. nfr itHe Spaniah ag high on the an Um« hom't t nnadv of the kwg, fiuteiMd I, and Uh) eada laaoo, whioh b wild aniDMil% , and the other ia ooikxl, amt I ia uaually w> r th« animara ; leather tHonf , iioh trails upon nain when the uf oMn aaailjr latohetc of the M, inadr with loamall eMhrt. high aa oae or laotber artiet* Aftx ; and in ■iLioion— -Muaf< Aa ragarda (be wHflon of the Miana. I have already ■Mad that they beliava In one Ood, in the ImnMirUlhy of thu aoiil, ami in future rewarda and punlnhnie «■. H«« «hil« thoae are the promlMnt polnta of their belief, defiuile (deae of a religioue nature appear to be exlromnly llmtod, both, in number and In ooniprehrualveneee. A« much aa thia, however, appeaw to be true. They believe ia cm OfMt Spirit, who haa oroated all thlnga, govenwi all impor- tant event*, who b the author of all good, ami the only ob- ject of religioua homage. They bcliev« he may ^ *► pleaaed with them for their had . ondoct, and in hia di» pleaaura bring oalamltioa upo« them. They also b«l leve in an evil aplrit, whom they call emim keneki m>-ohdl emm- 9kmo; that ia, the black chief below, who in the author of •II the evila whioh befall Ihcm, undeaervod an a pimigk- meat fVom the Great Spirit above. They believe tfiat th* . aoul enteni the ftitura work! with a aimilar form, and t» oiroumaunoea like thoae under whioh It existed ia thia llli. They beliey« that In a ftiture atate, the happlneea of tha good oonaiate .n an abundance and enjoyment of thoae thinga which they value here, that their preaent aourcea of happineaa will be carried to perfection ; and that the pun- iahraent of the bad will conaiat in entire oxcluaion firom avary aouree of happineaa, and in finding all oauaea ^f mia- «ry hara, gwatly multiplied hereafter. Thua thoir !dea« of fature bappineai and imm y are found to vary according 10 their diferent aituationa and eroployinenta In life. It w dttkult, If not impofjaihie, to aaoertain any thing >f the* itligkNM belief beyond them* general notion*. The numbe* of woida and enna in their language exj.reaeive of abatraol •Bd aplritoal ideaa la very small, ao !*t thoae who wif/rt W iBHrost tlimi Itt tbeae aubjeota, are oompell^ to do It by tmimmmm |«WW(» -^ 140 _^^^ mMiM ol nioatrklkuM and oiraumlooulionfl, and Um inlro. duoUoo of word, from forelKn l«ngu««««. R««idM. cook •otou. of thsir iniiormnoe, lhi»y «re, for thn mml part, un. willing to «x|K>M it, by ravttdling th« littlo knowlodg* which they (NMHHiw. Indeed, wherever a fonllnK <>f Ignorance up. oo any aubjeot prevaila, we And (hat all ondeavora to elioil th« true amount of knowUlge. are repelled or evaded. Even men of lalento, with iw. who oonv^ine fluently upon moat nubjects, u*> oAen ailent whM r..|igioua aubjeota are introduced. I am far from believing the many long and atrange trt. dIUons, with which we are often entertained. It iii nore than probable, thai they ar« in most inatancee the gralui. toua offering-i of dwigning and artftil tradora and huntera to that ourioaity, which ia ever *wakn and attentive to nub. jeou of thia deaoription. The Indian, themaelvee would often b« aa much aurpriaed at the reheraal of theae trmdi. tiona, an liioae are for whoae amuacment they ar« fabricated. My own opinion ia confirmed by that of aeveral gentlemen of integrity and veracity, who atond at the bead of the Hud. aon Bay Company, who have long been nwident ia Uio In- dian country, and have become extenaively ac<]uaint«d witk their lauguagea. The Indiana weat of the great chain of mountaina, hava po wars among themaelve^ and appear to bo averae to then», and do not enter into battle except in aalf-dafenae, and then only in the laat extremity. Their only ware are with the Blackfeet Indiana, whoae country ia along the eaat border of the Rooky MounUioa, and who are conatanUy roving about in war partiea, on both aidea, in queat of plun- der. When the Indiam, on the weat meet with any of th«at pnrtiea, they avoid an encounter if poaaible, butif oom|MUed pitfilili \,; 0mk r lKnoruic« up. dnavura to «ilioit JM or evaded. m flunntly upon QUI aubJMta Mr* uid atrings tnt< m1. It ill room ice* tha gimlui« > and hunter* to tt«ntivfl to nub. •maelrM would of theae tradi* ar« rabrioated. eral gentlemen »ad of the Hud- ident ia tlio In. kG«]uaint«d with lountaina, have > be avene to a Mir.cUfeiMh only vrara are Along the eaat are oooatantly queat of plus- thanyoftheat iitifoompelM iil to of ammunitioa ; and in suoh oaaw thay will raiaa a white flag, and oome in to amoke tha |iif» of paM«. Tha Nes PeroA or Pladwad chief, on auoh an oooaaion, will aay " we accept your ofler lo amoke the p(ye of paaoe, but h ia mrt in ignorance that your heart la wmr, Bad your hand blood, but we love paaoe. Tou give ua iIm fipa, hot blood always Mlowa." But theae Indiui* are not without their fiom. Oambllim ia ona of tha moat prominent, and is a mling paaaion wM^ thay will gratify to tha last extremity. It is much ptM- tioed in runatng horses and ibot races by men, women and Mldren, and thay have gamaa of chance played with ttioka or bones. Whan I told the Net Pero«a that gambling la uaakw itttmrnm wmmmtm ■MMH i . T wmmmmH^ h 143 aOOO XOBAU. wrong, and a violation of the tenth commandment ; for it is coveting the property of another, and taking it without an equivalent, a* much a« atealing ; Jiey aaid they did not know it before, but now they know Qod forbida it they will do ao no more. Theft is generally suppoaed to be inbred in the Indiana, but I waa plaaaed to discover that the tribes of the plains held it in abhorrence, and would punish it severe- ly^should it occur. The Shoshones are said to be addicted - to this habit in sonw degree. Drunkenness is a stranger vice among these nations, their remove from the sources of this evil being their seeurity. It is not to be supposed that their virtue, any more than that of other tribes, would be invul- nerable if exposed to temptation, for thia habit, like flieir proverbial love for finery and ornament, is acquired by Ihe facilities for indulgence which ara thrown in their way. The trader goes &r into the interior with his packs of beads, buttons, paints, dec. to exchange for ftirs, and teach- es these ignorant pe(^le to set the same value iBpt WM arada not lonf ainoe, b^ an Unitad StatM ehiaia, . to eoutraet a diatillaiv on the WUtamatta river, bat Ibr want of aatl- aUe aateriala hefbUad ia Us ol^eat.'* :-■■ I ■ ^MiiiataHi fitmiMmmtmiU»miim dMm tt0mMiimm0ilim»^ Mil mmifiimim sonurmoHf. i«r Mndment ; for it kia% it withoih ■aid they did not ■bidi it they will 1 to be inbred in hat the tribes of punish it serere- id to be addicted - B a stranger vice sources of this pposed that their MTould be ioTuK bahit, like flieir is acquired by m in their way. th his packs of ftirs, and teaob< i (m his articles, ho supposes that lofmoreiisefal very oonmend. pie that oan be nnarkably s»lo wotentiotaM, and They manifest thtfjr may obey and peace pre- rhen they hate tadSUtMohiipa. t Ibr want of rail- any dUBottlt subject, which fliey know not how to dispoee of, they go to their oMefr, and if it involves any important prin- oiple, the chie'H bring the case to any white man, who may be among them, to obtain his opinion, which is generally fol- lowed. They are scrupulously h<»est in all their dealings, and lying is scarcely known. They say tfiey fear to sin against the Great Spirit, ant erefore have but one heart, and their tongue is straight and not forked. And so cor* reotly does the law written upon their hearts accord with the writtMi law of Ood, that every infraction of the seventh command of the decalogue is punished with severity. I have witnessed but few things among them indicative of flttparstitkMi. The practice of the Shoshones of cutting them- selves for the dead, I have already mentioned. The Carri> era bum their dead. When a person dies, all the mlations must be aawmbled, which often occupies many days ; and if a httsband is deceased, the wife must lay her head upon the hoaon of her husband every night, to show her aftotbrn for him ; and when the ibneral pile is'ccnstructed, the corpse laid i^on it, and the fire enkindled, during the boming^ of dw body, she must fireqHently put her hands through th« flanie and lay tham upon his bosom, to show her oontinoed aAotion. llieir first chief lost his wife. He was asked if be would ^w the aflbotioB tot her, which was required of others. He thought on account of Us chieftahiship ha might be excused. The people were urgent, and he consented, ' and so gnat was the pain which he endured, that he was willing tlM practice should be ameliorated, and it is hoped kwUlsBon be abolished. They have no unlocky days, but as a substituta for the wh^ man's Friday, they have a portentous howling of a largo wolf, which Aeycalltho medicine wolf. Ifthfyhear mPM* iMtfpm mmmutmmtmmm pipnai tUs wk«n tmreUog, MMfaM«i is ac 0110& vWUt la thSir oounteoMOM, for it k oooaidand m ft>^»H»i^ Min» oa. Itmity near. - Among tbair Ki|»ntitioiw may be olaswd Uieir mode o( curing diMaaM. Tliey have wiiat ate called madioine* men, who make no pretenaiona to any knowledge of diaeaaea or akill in medicine ; but they have a bag in which are depoaited varioua relica. The patient ia atretohed upon the ground ; •fi number of peraona enoirole him and aiag the medioica aong. The medicine man entera the circle and coramenoea hia magical incantationa by holding the medicine bag over him, which ia4o «i|ieiata aa a dbarm ; he uaea many gea- tura%. grimaoea, and inarticulate aounda ; pata or kaepHla the pi^ient with hia handa, beginning very aoAly, and grad. ually increaaing to a oonaiderable degree of aeverity ; blowa into hia can, and praoUoea other like oeremooiea. By tbia prooeaa the patient ia often much fatigued, and throwi^ into « fjpe«pe«8piratioa,andlii8imaghiatiaaiamueh excited. Whaia tijie /Uotiuo Iwa been auffioientjiy employed, jheimagnatiipi f9l]l^K»ii|^ upqn,.a«d the medioin«,bac haalnviatbly vm^ l^ptted 1^ yirtue«, the medicine nM^ pnwnta ac^me^riflia^ artioiU^ auch aaa^anall bone, f adkdt, a, pebbly and wi^ he Ima t/»iim it from the bodyjf t^ pMie«t, and that it w«a tha,<(Miua9 (!>f the diaeaae ; or hf^piw a heavy puff upward^ and aftya the diaeaae haa oome out of the patiant and gnmi tipiqurd. and dien aaka him ifba doea not Ae 1 better, 'pifi. patieniaayayea; for he certainly feela better 19 MfigreHiir ed from tbe proceaa. And often the relief ta pepnywent; i|» the friction may have been benefi^M, and the iiMgiaatioM often pedbirma.woader|. The medicine man^ataoda rmfim- •'Ttiir word wl Maaa^Hd^rai; wa raider wuikiKt, u wadf by Induna, ligil. mUHtiiiiim HMMiAiMiil^^ viaiUft IB tlMir ioiiag MOMoa* »d tbair mod* of 1 0M)dioine* mao, » of dia«MM or oh are deiKwitod too tbegfoundi ig the medioiM and oqinmeoom dioine bag ovar uaes OMUty gea- fta or kjMpda le verity} blowa eoiea. By t|il» td thrown jiitp^i excited. Whfpt; tlm unaanMllaA w iD*id9)ly Uft> uta aqine4riflii^ tbU^aod aii^ and that it wpi y pair upward^ itieot^andgapi il better. Jk$. it)hf)i|igrfli||f; nfinwanrnt 7 far be JowgiB^tjai iit»Qd»rei|iiin- l7liidiuia,atiii' p)iMHi|l>» W H i l!l.ll |jilll W KI I iijpiiiiiMp WMW W iJ i mull iATB. M6 tlM« for (he Hlb of hie patient, and if the patient diea, Mt daflreqaently hia own tife ia taken by aome of the relatfrea of the deoeaaed. He make* a heavy charge for hie aervi. eea, often a hnrae, and why ahould he not f for who fai aueh «laea woald endanger hia life without being well paMf In JRtone parts of the coantry, but more especially in the lowwr ooantry, the lives of medicine men are short, and it would be Bteppoaea this would deter others from entering into the profession. But the tove of fame and wealth is powerftil among heathen as well as'«mOlig civilized communitiW. Undoubtedly the medicine men, when they begin their prtt. fession, know that they are practicing deception, but by hab- itual deceit, by the conidenoe others place ih their AitI, ttid by the effects produced tliKnigh the medium of tfttf ho(k- ■igfnation, they finally believe in the efficaoy of (hdr (»#• eiMfhantments, and that they «re consequential men. I have eeeit no " root doetoTs" in any tribe ei«( or WM Of du) niountaiiia. Tlie Ittdiahs, so fiir as I httvcr harf •& djppottimity of aseertainfaig, htve but few diSMuieir, and ftir tha^ra of these, they iwe but little tnedioine; ndrdoflrey pfofeaa'to have any knowledge of nutoediea bej^nd a fc# «peoUioa. ,.,......,..■ ^^j^fi- The warm bath la used bddi by tdck and heafAy peraoqa M dia following manner. * »Phey construct a ateMd hatk III tli forta of Ah obkH^ oten, two or three feet l^lttMll ^ feet long, made of willow bradohes, eadr «id lniM>M intbltbe ground, forming an arch, which hr oowrerf tHA giifla u$9 nnid, or nore ganerany with ddntt. IntUtr&ey ^^m i iWMiber of hot itones, upon which tfiey poor walar. Tl^ peroh who is to go Arough Ae proce*, entew atrft eneloaed ti»rty ttirjight, and remihu( uiitfl ii iMfj^a^ ^««ipir«daii ii patodOwsd, iiid oHea tintil mally auflBsated. 23 iiiiiii Hiiiiiii Mi tfmrmm ' *"! iiii i' ii i ' I III »iii i ,i i i i iii i i i m)ni i i iii j .mji j» „■ ., i „.ua . H* Umb oomM o«it ^ad plnngM at oooe Into oold water, •nd no Ngftid b paid to the ■mwod of the year, whetlter MUDmer or winter. Tliey are whoilj destitute of the means of olitaii:ing an aduoMkm, and therefore are ignorant of all the eoienoes. In thlngi with which they are oonrenant, each as appertain tc bunting, war, and their limited domestic conoeTus, they manUbst observation, skill, and intellect ; but beyond these tkeir knowledge is very limited. They neoessarily compote hf numbers, but their arithmntio is entirely mental. It is an Interesting fact, that of four different languages, which I atamined, ihe mode of counting is by tens. The Klioatat nation count with different words up,to ten, Imk't, one ; ns^X two ; and so to tec ; then thoy add iaq»- JMMI to Uk'ti as kk*9 wtg^pem, eleven; neepV wiffem, twelve ; iMq»'l tU, twenty ; and in like manner to one hun- dred, and 80 on to a thousand by hundreds. In the Nex PaiQ< language, noc is one, btpeet, two, «eta^ three, dM. ▲A«r ten they repeat the radical numben with die addition, ll^asnsa(il,elev«n; kiaplU,t!ir«a»ji sulspfii^ tMrty. This may be a suffloient specimen for the four langoageo, as the other two proceed in the same manner. They oonnt their years by snows; as, waOw etoto, iiwws wtiLt that i% ris years; and months by moons, and days by •laeps ; jrinsMMsk jM-eJegi, sleeps four, (four days.) It is not oonnaion that they know their exact age ; nor am thty very Afoourate in ohroaolagy. ' ' V . » They aii» very fond of singiQg, and generally have Aexi. bb and sweet4i»ed voices. Mostnf tfieir singing isw^. out woidsb exoqiting upon srane q^ecial ocoadons. Thsy iiMM,«k»incaiMtantr^etiti(Mi,asweuBefo,sol,la; and in mnd of aaventl di&reirt parts harmoniaing, tb«y only iHkiMMiiMHil iMMittiiiiiiilli^^ iiiiiii ip Into oold wftier, e y««r, whetlMW of o^ltaii:iog mi ill the toienqM. loh as «ppertei0 I conoerii*, they lut beyond theee laaarily oompnte r mental. K k aguagea» which I. irorda up.to ten, n thoy add map' neepV wifpeim, ner to one hun< la. In theNez lUutf three, dte. iththeadditkn, ii^tMity. Tfaia iiguagea,aathe ilael0te,aaowa I, and day* by lays.) ItkaM t aw they tery " ')' .*;- illy have flesi. nnging k.iridi. mdaoM. Tbay b«aol,la; and ing, tbay only tinmpfi f mwu i w j M i i ii jp take eights, one above another, never exceeding three. They are oonwioiu of the inferiority of their tunee to ours, and wished to be instructed in this department of knowledge. In this land of moral j'esolations, it was cheering to hear even the moat simple strains of melody and harmony. -^MiiiiMiiiiMii^^ "mugmmmi'mi'mmm 3 ' ••f mm n w iii i. 1 n ii i i i i h hm ly mmnm il IN DUMB or TSB tOWIH COVilTST. CHAPTER XVn. The Indiana of the lower coaalrj. Tri Indiana of th« lower country are those between the ahorea of the Pacific and the Fatli of the Columbia river, and from Pugeta Sound to Upper California. The principal natioiM are the Chenooka, the KlicaUla, the Callapooahs, •Dd the Umbaqula. These nationa are divided into a great nonbar of tribes, which have their respective chiefs, yet "«oh nation has its principal chief, who is head over all the iNVaral tribes, and has a general superintending control. llMir peraoM are rather below a middle atature, and not gMMraDy aa well formed aa the Indians of the plains or up. p«r oountrjr. The women are uncouth, and from a com- Uoatioo of causes appear old at an early age. Among thaaa oauaea the habit of paintiug, in which they indurg<;, dsa tro ya the smooth and healthy appearance of the skin. These Indians appear to have less sensibility, both phya- ioal and moral, than thoae of the upper country. Their d^andenoe for subsistence being mostly confined to fishing •ad fimling, they are not so well supplied wflh clothing aa the unwr Indians, who hunt the hufialo, the elk, the ante, kipe aad other game. The lower Indians obuin soma guoe, a id clothing from the posts of the Hudson Bay Com. p««y. I have oAt»« &.« them going about, half naked, wkea tha tbermonioiar ranged between thirty and forty' dagreea, and t!»e!r children barefooted and barelegged in the Hiow} ftiij yn% when exposed to &tigue, they cannot mmtm a between the lumbia river. The prinoipkl CalUpooth*, id into a great ire chiefs, yet d over all the iding control, turo, and not plaine or up. from a oom> ige. Among they indulge;, f the skin. :y, both phye- ntry. Their ned to fishinf h clothing aa slk, the ante* obtain aome on Bay Corn- half naked, ty and forty tarelegged m I they cannot i i iPI iM i iirBfAm or nni uiwia roENnr. Mt* •ndure the intensity of the Mason as well as civilized people. I iMive notioed this, when I have had them employed in con- veying me any considerable distance in a canoe. Their and smelling are obtuse, rendered so by their filthy habits a.ud cont.'ninated food. But they are quick to catch correctly a distan sound, and remarkably keen-sighted, acquired by their habits of closely and oareAilly watching for game. These nations, from tlieir mode of 8ubaiirteR0»r being more stationary than thosA of the plains, have mora dufable and comrortable habitations, which &re built of split plank, after the manner of Wanaxka's, near the falls of tha W Uamette, which I h«ve dewsribed. Some of them indulg* the Ihnoy of making thei.i doors like the face of a man, tha ' OMMith being the place cf entiance. The lower Indians do not dreae as weir, nor with aa good laate, as the upper. Their robes are much shorter, and are nade of inferior materials ; such as deer skins with tha hair on, and skins of hares and of squirrels. I saw many woman of the poorer class, dresaed in a short petticoat or akirt, made of cedar bark, or a species of strong grnaa twirtad itotc J&iands, coe md of which is secured in a girdle or baai wround the waist, while the other is suspended, knotted and fringed. These are a substitute for cloth, wMch they ar» loo poor to obtain. The nations near the ocean, who-hava intaromurse with sailors, and access to ardent spirits, am M degraded aa those on our ftontiers, and fnmi-the same cauaaa. Bf tbdlr communication with those who furnish then wisS tha means of intoxication, and who have introduced kindnd vicea,tfiey have become indolent and extremely filthy in ttaair habita, and OMne debased than the beasts of the earth. Bam perfectly neat are the deer and the antelope ; how indoMii' oiM the beaver and the bee; how cleanly ia tha plu«»§e 22* mmmmmsmta^Mmm mm "•i'wppii s«o iWWJnia or LomwM oanmt* of Um bird ; how woU adapted to rapow ar* their habitA* ti«M ; in a word, bow diflbrant ara all tbair haUtm from thoM of fallm, polluted man. It ia not tha want of rational powara, but their abuM by iiia whioh baa thua degraded hfan, and nothing but Chrietianity can bring him bao|( to Oed, and the ooroibrta and deoenqiea of lift. The want of moral inatruction, the influence of bad ek« amplee, and unreatrained lioentiouaMae, have brought the lawer Jndiane into a atate of wretehedneaa, whioh will be ea- ^ tailed apon ftitare g«Mration% and whioh nothing but tlw healing power of the goepel ean erer eradieate. ThaM Ma aene exoeptiooa, but not enough to aave theae remnaate " vf onee pupuloua nationa, if benevolence and humanity do not soon break their alumbera. h ia to be hoped the aria^ ilDBariaa now iatha field, by tha bleeaidg of Ood, will in- HrfMB a barrier to theea aweeping deaolationa, la llwlr nligiouB belief, they doaot materially diflbr floni tha apf Br ladiana. Whll'? they baliave ia «aa Gfsat %Mt, tkay ia addition beliava id aabonyaato wfhriu, or iavlaibla ■fBBfaat to whon they aacriba nooh tha aaaw power a* hai baan aaoribad to witchcraft. We had » apeeinan eC liK wbaa the May Daora waa paariag down tha.rivar hi ^tatober. Qa tha aoith aide of tha CDluinbia, near the con* iaaaoe of tha Cowaliti, there are aome dark reoeasea ip lite baaaltfo rooka. An Indian chief oo board waia^ Oapt. L. not to an>roach thoaa dark plhoea; for they wwa the PBaidteiea of bad qriritewhc^would daetroy tha ahip aad all m board. Oapt. L. purpoaely p aaaedaear thapltwa; aad aiodad there muat have been aoaM great *' nwdlolna" in tite riiip whioh defended ua. They believe ia the irambttaU^ aC thaapul, and that ii^tlte fetaira atate wa ahall hatalha mmi immmmimmmmimmiiiiiiM ma m mm ■h. their lwbiM< luibils, from It of rational UB (Itfgradod him \mok to • of iMd «>• brought the )h will be M> hiog but tlM Mit«. HWM cae remnaati humanity do pad tha aria- God, will In. I, lydiflWrftom GfsatC^pMti I, or invlaibto mm powarat y apaaiman oC I tha.rivar ia near tha OMH waiBfdOapt. hay waia tha I ah^ aad all i»pl|M)a; uA bait, aad !Uoina"intlM I imniittaU^ ImOI havallM t *"» aiMAN« or mm utwia covimiT. 961 want* aa in tbia life. Under the influence of thia be- lief, tha wife of Calpo, an influential chief of the Chenook village near Cape Diaappointment, on loaing • daughter in tha year ieU9, killed two female alavee tu attend lior to the world of apirita, aad for the particular purpoae of rowing her canoe to the far <^ h*ppy regiooa of the aouth, where they kwate their imaginary elyaium. She depoeited her daughter, with the two alaia femalea by her aide in a oanoe, with artiolea of clothing and domeatio implamenta. She waa the daughter of Conoomly, and a woman of diatinguiahad talanta and raapactability, a firm friend of white men, aad had more than oooa wvad them from djath. How dark waa the f'^'TM* of thia talented woman, and how diflerently would ' aha have eoodueted under the influenoe of divine ravalatioit f Thiae Ladiaoa never anention thj name of their ralativea after they are dead. it ia only ia tha lower country of the Oregon Terrilary, and aloog the ooait that alavary axiala. It waa foroMrty ipraotioed in the upper oouatry, but waa loag «noe aboliahad. The Walla Walla tribe are deaoeaded from alavaa formerty Mrnipd and liberated by the Nea Peiod Indiana. They par* ■toad, aa I have atatad above, their alavaa to reaide and to imannarry in^ thair flugniliaa, and rMaoning on the priaai* plea of natural juatioe, they eonoluded that it waa wA right to hold in alaivary their own deaoandaata, aad liberated than, and they are now a reepe c Uble tribe. Gaaibling ia aho praotioed among the lower Indiana, and •anrled to pedbotkm. After they have loat every tbiag they poaMaa, they wUI pat themaelveaat stake ; firat a hand, aad if uaenooaaaftil, the other; after thia aa arm, and in tha Muna otaanar, piece by i^eoe, until all ia loat axeept the headi aai at laatthair hea , aad* if they loaa thia, they go into iiaiii »¥"■"! |ii|liW<1»r|wtaftl ilavary. If oiviUat>d tn«n will gambU, it ia Aik» rmble th«y ahould oarry gaming to tli« Mme perfection, for than they woald ceaat to be peata in aucicty ; and howevar diffisrent may ba our MUtimrnta upon tha subject uf alavarjfy in thie wa should generally be agreed, that euch •lavas would not d-Merve much oomniMemion. Tha Indians, Itow* avar, do not set their sools at t)ie haiard of tha game, m oiTiliMtd gamblers do, whan tbay imprecate the eternal vangf^ance of God upon themselves if they are not su< oeas< Ail. The Indian gambles away hia inaliooable rlghia lor tiina only. It ia an unive'sal practice f; indulge in smoking, but thay do it in a dignifled manner. They use but little tobaooo, and with it they mix fireely a plant which renders the fuma laaa ofiansiva. It ia a social luxury, and for its enjoynit il thay form a oirole, using only one pipe. Tha principal obiaf begioa by drawing three whifla, the Aral of which ha aends upward, and then passes the pipe to tha n«at ^v- aoo in dignity, and in like manner it paasea around until it oomaa to tha An« chief again. He then drawa four whi&, tba laat of which he blows through his nose in two ^hqpBnf, in circling ascent, like a doubla-flued chimney. Whila thus amployad, Mome topic of b'^sinesa Is diacusaed, or soma exploit in tha chase, or some story of the battla-Aeld, ia ra* latad ; and Uie whole is conducted with gravity. Their i^paa are fariously constructed, aiW, of diflStrent matariala. 8.»ne of them are wrought with nuoh labor and ingvouity of an argillaceous stone, of very fine texture, of a blue black color, found at the north of Quee& Charlotte'a Island. It i* tba same kind of stone exoept in c(>lor, as that found upoii the head wateni) of the Missouri, which is brick red. These stones, when Anrt taken out of the quarriea, are soft and # «iitMMMii||ii i\; it ia crfscdon, ibr and however 3t of tlnyry, Mich alaTM IndisHs, how* the gawM, M » the eternal not (Ut oc il« righu lor Ing, but thejr ttle tobaooo, lera the fume ta enjoyntt tA 'he prinoipd rat of which the iK94t petw oood until it I four whiAt, wo ooluiiuwi ay. Whil« ■ed, or aom« >-fiold, ia re* rity. Their tt nmtariala. id ingHiuity a h!ue black aland. It ia found upon red. T&ea* 1M msli wui ■MMMMMMMmKW msuM or TBB LOW!" cooam. 9M •tally worked with a knife, but oa being RXpoaed lo the air, beooma h«r!!» back to bia country dkMM, he will become diaoouraged, and return to hk tbrmer babita. Miaaionariea, and practical fkrmera, and artiaane, muat go among them, and make it the buaineaa of their Uvea to do them good, and identify their own intereata with theini. Charging them with indolence, and inaensibility, and cruelty, will never noake them wiaer or better. He ia the true philanthropiat, who, inatead of naasing by on the ether aide, goea to them, and does all in his power to raiae them from their degradation, and bring them to God and to heavea. , "• The Indians of the lower country, although leas anxious IHIHANt or TBI LOWII COVHTaT. Id b* inmruotad in the Mnf^t of nUffUM, than thnM of iIm upper country, mprtM • raadincaa to rmmi^tt liurtructorik I Imv« not t a radical cuiv ; to m»k9 hia (iiil more eaay if the patient tiicn, and that hia •oul may be roiwlered capable of periurminK ila jounii>y to Ita far diataiit and happy country, aud alao to aaauage the ■onow of aurviving ralativea. Th^ prooeaa ia aunple, and oooupiea flvo or aix houra. The patient ia laid upon a b«d of mau and blanketa, aomttimea a little elovated, and aur- rounded by a frame work. Two " madioine men" placw thatnaalvea upon ihia frame, and comnnno* a chant in low loeg'drawn tonea, each holdittg a waud in hia hand, three or four feet long, with which th«y beat uptni the fVame, keeping lime with their tune. They gradually inoraaae the loudneaa and the movement of their medicine anng, with a oorreapondent uae of their wand, until the noiae beoomea tlmoat deafening, and undoubtedly often hurriea the patient out of the world. During thia lime the near ralatiuna afftct indifference to the nondition of the nick peraon, leat their •nxiaty ahould oounteraot the influence of the charm, and th«y are generally employed about tlieir oomnnon buaineaa, tho women in making mata, baaketa, and moooaaona ; and tlM loan loitering about, smoking, or converting upon oom- mon aubjeota. In aome caaea, eapeoially if their oonfidenoe in tlie medicine man i* amall, they manifoat muoh affliction mm) ooaoem ; and in all caaea after the peraon dieo, they hmJui great lamentation. 1 have already mentioned the practice of the lower na- tiooa of flattening their heada and piercing their noaea. But aiKAhar raportad ouatom, of having pieoea of aea-horte'a ttiaka, or oval pieoea of wood an inch and a half long and an iaoh wide, iiMwrtad into a holo in their upper lip, made for MiMii MlllHiMllte^ [ I f' ,, fmm aM wi ,nfm i p ii j.p wwww mfmm iMtwy" * " moLiHi or m towit c M 1048, that I about Prince in B. says, ia Item thoree of i speoimens of were wom those of die Ibasltetsofdkil- n quali^, tqml IMDLANS or TH» LOWfiK COUimiT. Wf to the Leghorn. The naUve hats are a flaring cone. Their baskets are worked so closely as to hold water, and are often used for pails. Some of them are Interwoven with various colors and devices, fancifully representing men, horses, and flowers. The government o!f the Indian nations is in the hands of chiefe, whose oflice is hereditary, or obuined by some spe- cial merit. Their only power is influence; and this in proportion to their wisdom, benevolence, and courage. They do not exerois* ai-thority by command, but influence by persuasion, stating what in their judgment they believe to be right and for the greatest good of their tribe or nation, or of any family or community. The chiefs have no pow- er of levying uxes, and they are so much in the habit of oontributmg their own property for individual or public good, that they are not generally wealthy. Their influence however is great ; for they rarely express an opinion or de. wire, which is not readily assented to and followed. Any unreasonable dissent is subdued by the common voice of the people. Probably there is no government upon earth where there is ao much personal and political freedom, and at the same time so little anarohy ; and I can unhesitatingly s^y, that I have nowhere witnessed .x) much subordination, peace, friendship, and confidence as exists amoiig the Indi- ans, in the Oregon Territory. The day may be rued, when their «rddr and harmony ehall be interrupted by any instru- mentality whatever. There are exceptions, however, to the general fact of the good conduct of the chiefs and the respect whieh is given them. Cazenove, the first chief of the Chenook nationris one. He was a great warrior, and before the desolating sickness, which commenced in the year 1829, could brinir 23 * ^11 MHB mm* B, or some evil I cause of their f's son di£«, the wDURs or Tn lowm cotmniT. Mi supposed author of the deed must be killed. Cazenove, on this occasion, fixed on the mother of this son as the victim of his rage, notwithstanding she Jsad been most assiduous in her attention to him, during his protracted sickness. Of his several wives, she was the most beloved, and his mis. guided mind led him to believe, that the greatei the sacri- fice, the greater the manifestation of his attachment to his son, and the more propiUatoiy to his departed spirit. She fled into the woois, and the next morning, when the gates were opened, came into this fort and implored protection. She was secreted here several days, until her friends at Chenook Bay beard of her situation, and came and secretly, took her away. Some days after this, a woman was found killed by the hand of violence, and it was supposed to Jmve been done by Cazenove or some one in his employ.. mimmf^ OOlfTgMATION Vmi AH IMDUN. CHAPTER XVIII. ConTwntioa with tn intellipint Indian— mcoting with Indlwi*— Mrly Mid mild mukmi— La DtllM Indiana— their anxietj to reoeira Iha goapal— Nootka hanuniaf bird— nimber and ioeation of tho Indiaiw in tb« lower ooontry— Indiana of the north— tL« aciUtad q u aation — a olltarineaa. A TiaY intolligent and iniluential Indian from the Cas- oadm ocUed at my room, on the 8th of February, to en- quira about God. I endeavored to obtain from him hi* own system of religion. He said, he believed there is a God, and he anppoeed he made all things, but he did not know any thing more about him. I questioned hum in r^ard to his twlief of a fiiture state, and what he expected would be< •OBM of him when he died. He said he did not know. He Muppoeed that he should havo an existence aAer death, but did not know what it would be ; and wished me to tell him. I endeavored to enlighten his mind, and to jinfold to him the groat fundamental truths of God and eternity, and the way to be saved. He listened with attention, and appeared sober. He told me the Indians were growing better ; thnt they did not kill each other in wan as in times past ; that, they did not rob and steal as heretofore. I told him that was good, but to be saved they mast repent and receive the Savior by ftjth, as the only hope for ainoera. So benighted Kf the mtnde of these heathen, and so barren tbeir Ian- gtMge upon spiritual and invidble subjects, ttet I had to use such illustrations as I judged best ada^jied to convey liii I ■ 'T mr ■— — ^ iiid'a'ii"Hiiiii»ir»')i»iiii^»*' mt k tA OALUM UfDIANS. rith IndUni^- jiety to rewire oeation of the roA) the Cas- rucry, to en- him hi* own ra is • God, id not know in i^ard to ftd would be- it Imow. He er death, but 9 to tell him. nfold to him nity, and the uid appeared better; thnt m past; that. toH him that d receive the So benighted en their Ian- ttet I had to ed to owrey Mi truth to his mind, and I doubt not that he received seme Icnowledge. The next day he called again, and wished me to take ids children and teach them how to read and write, and to wor. ship God. I endeavored to explain to him the object of my tour, and that wlwn I returned, I would use my influence to have oljiers come and live among them. But he wanted me to continue with them and instruct them. And when I told > IfiMist go, and endeavor to get several to come and teaoh in different tribes, he wished to know how many sleeps it would take me to go, and how many sleeps before others would come. I told him it would be a great number. He wished to know if it would be moons. I answered in the affirmaUve, and told him it would be at least two snows. He paused and looked sorrowful. His very look affected me ; he arose and went out. Sabbatli, 14th. I attended service as usual in English. There were many Indians from the La Dalles who wishsd to know if they might be present We told them there would not be sufficient room in the hall, but a few of their chiefenught at*end, and after the English service I would meet with them ; which I accordingly did in the afternoon. They were punctual at the hour, and came in single file, the fintchief leading the way. When I prayed with them, th^ all kneeled down except two or three, and these wen reprimanded by the chief for impropriety of conduct. As 'm other similar occasions, I endeavored to instruct them in '.I^ first principles of our ravealed religion, to which they iimve strict attention. The first chie^ at the close of service wished to sneak, ; and cm receiving permission, spoke a short time to his people, and then told me he had prayed mu(A to the Ghiiat Spirit, and found his heart was no bettor, but 28« irt'iiiiiHn to teach them the right way to worship God and to be saved. He was affect- ed, and kneeled down and with tears in his eyes said, if you must go away, do send us some one to teach us the right way to serve God. We will now throw away what the man said to us about dancing. We will go to our people and tell them what you have said, and worship God as you have taught us. I never felt so much like weeping over the heathen, as oq this occasion ; to see this poor benighted Indian chief upon hia knees, with tears in his eyes pleading for some one to come and teach them the way to heaven. What a spectacle ! Maroh let. We have many indications of the presence of spring. The mildness of the climate, and the soft tern- perature of the season west of the mountains, render it one of the moM delightful portions of our continent. The wide and sudden extremes of heat and cold, to which the east- em portions are subject, are almost unknown here, and while this is more agreeable, it is also more favorable to health. Those who have the charge of the farming estab- lishment at this place, have commenced sowing thus early •The roaaon Mugned for incluiling dsncing in the servioM of the holy EMibath, wm tne fear, that Maging and praTing witbout dancing, would not hoJeret^f the Indiana t aad to inolode it would not be >e great a departur» from their common practice!, aa to excite averaion to worship. iaiM i>iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiaii'ii|iiiiilll)5>l flag, »nd to14 loot and pray, tring the flag ; He wished to ht to meet an^ danoe on the 3ou. I added laoh them lh« He waa afTeot- m said, if you I us the right what the man ir people and xi an you have ping over the KX>r benighted eyes pleading ay to hearen. f the presence d the soft tem. I, render it one nt. The wide ivhioh the east' wn here, and « favorable to farmiiig eatab* ring thus early he MrvioM of the without dfencing, wouM cot be itt to excite aTenion ■no CUMATI. their spring ero,js ; and the gardener is preparing his ground for the seeds. The grass in the yard begins to assume its beauUfuI, fresh green. The robin and blackbird liave con- tinued here through the winter, and now, with some others of their feathered brethren, resume their eheerful warb- lings in the fields and groves. During the winter, the ther- momoter has not fallen below 22° Fahrenlieit, and to this point only three days. At this date, it stood at sunrise, at 37° ; at noon, 46° ; and at sunset, at 44". The rains through the winter have been less constant and heavy than I antici- pated ; and snow has fallen only ten days, sometimes in trifling quantities, and at no one time over vhe depth of six inches, and has remained on the ground only a few days. Some l»vo supposed, that the genial climate of the Oregon Territory is attributable to the proximity of the great Pa- cific, shedding the influence of its soft winds far into the ia. terior. Butt the fact is, that blmost the only winds through the winter an? ewrteriy win<<8, consequently coming directly from the regions ot p«)-^tuftl snow. A number ot the l-* Dsilfts Indians arrived to-day, who reside eighty miles distant. One of thsir chiefs stated to my friend Mr. T. that they had changed their mode of worship ; that they do not now dance on the Sabbath, as they used to do, but they meet and sing, and pray ; and that since they have been better acquainted with the way to worship God, He hears their prayers, and that now, when they and their wives and children are hungry ^hey pray for deer, and go out to hunt, and God senda them deer to satisfy their wants. It was interesting to know that they were- disposed to practice, as Well as luten to what is taught them. Sabbath, 18th. Besides the usual service in the hall in i THI NOOTXA IVMICim UID. English, I nwt the Indwns from th« Lt D»Ue«, wwleadwiv. ored to exhibit to th«m the grant truth* of the Bible. They listened with deep Intereetto what I Mid, and then enquired whether they might expect, after I abould go away, that »ome one would oome and teaoh them. I could not promiee, but replied that I hoped it would not be more than two snows, before some one would be sent. They enquired if after one or two sleeps, I would let them oeme to my room and hear more about God. I agreed to meet them on Tuesday afternoon, and addressed them several succeeding times before their departure. It seems apparent to any observing Christian, that the present is the favorable time for the introduction of the gospel and oiviliiation among the natives of this wide inte- rior. Soon the cupidity and avarice of men will make ag- gressions here, and the deadly influence of frontier vices will interpose a barrier to the religion which they now ara so anxious to embr»oe and practice. Every oiroumatanoe combines to point out the time when this work should begin, and one of the meet important is that these Indians a>e en- listed in favor of white men, and feel that their condition, in all respects, for' this world, as well as the coming one, is better than their own. A well-eetabli*h«l Christian inHu- •nee among the»« tribes< wouW swrely be respected by those wlK) otherwise would invade theif rights, and deprive them of a home as dear to them as our own is to us. March a4th. The season is progressing m delightAil mildnees. Flowering shrubbery and plants are beginning to send forth their fragrance ; and the Nootka humming bird hae arrived, and is seen darting from bush to bush, feeding upon the open flowera. This mort splendid species is not known east of the mountains. The whole of the up- B^laaai-ia. w^mmtlmim i I, and endMV< Bible. They then enquired 1^ «w»y, that d not promiW) lore than two ty enquired if le to my room meet them on ml auooeeding itian, that the uotion of the this wide inte* will make ag- firontier vioea 1 they now are oiroiunatanoe I should begin, odians aw en- ir oonditicm, in joming one, is ShristiaD inliu- leoted by those 1 deprive them { in delightftil are beginning otka humming bush to bush, plendid species hole of the up- TD DRKAir VAItOHI. f|| per part of the body is rufiNjs, the head greenish, the throat cupreous and metalloidal orimwMi, varying aocording to the incidence of light. The throat of this speuies resembles that of the common, except, that it is even more gorgeous in its colors, and in presenting the metallic feathers, forms a broad ruff in the inferior part of the neck, instead of being wholly a component part of the plumage. The swallows made their appearance on the ISstii, and a new species of blue bird of uncommonly beautiful plumage, arrived on the 14th. The swan, several species of geese, and the sand hill crane, ore passing to the north for incubation. Their screaming notes are oonsUntly heard, and in the night are not the most fttvomble to repoee. Before leaving the lower country, it will be proper to present, in a connected view, the best information I have been able to obtain of the several nations, their locations, and numbers. There are several triber, about whom my knowledge is too limited to make any definite statements. Among them are those about Pugets Sound, and the upper part of the Ck)walita; also the Chlltz Indians, north of the mouth of the Columbia and Chealis rivers. And although I have Been many of the Klioatat nation, who reside at the north of the Cascades, yet I have not been ablu to learn of them any thing more definite, than that they ar« a large naUon. The Chenook nation resides along upon the Co- lumbia river, from the Cascades to its confluence with ihm ocean, and though oaoe numerous and powerful, now mim- bers not more than fifteen hundred, or two thousand.* • My method of eompating Uw number ofperaoiM in a nstien, wai to sMwrtua tb* uwabu «f Umr lodfM, wiiiob muHj esolsin UH one tamiljr, ud ■Ilowm* five pwrnms to constitute a funily, which ia a moderate ertimate, the number of the nation it obtained : m that, by nw WMAN tTiTfONt. TIm C«Iiit>o(«h iwtion mn luoated trtuth of Am Chenooin, ypon tliA WiUitmette rirer and iti branohM. They ara di. vided into MV«intMn diflferent tribea, under their reapeotivo ohiefii, luid number about eight ihouaand reven hundred and eighty peraona, who apeak the Muno language, radically, uritii only a I'ttle diflerenoe in dialect. They are moatteted over • territcry of two hundred niilea north and nouth, and ilxty eaat ard went. Their country ia unoommonly good. South of the Calapooah ia the UmbaquI nation, reaiding In a valley of the Mme name. They are divided into aix tribea; the Soonta, Chalula, Palakahu, Quattamya, and Chaati. Their number ia about aeven thouaand. South of thia nation and north of California, there was a very power, ful nation called the KincU, which before the year 18110, numbered four thouaand warriora. But if they have been swept away by sickneaa, aa the other nationa of the lower country have, it ia probable their whole number of men, women and children, would not now amount to more than eight thouaand. Near the mouth of tho Columbia, along the ooaat, are the Killamooka, who are numerous, but their numbera I could not aacertftin. South of theae, and at tho mouth of the Urn- baqu& river, there are the SaliOtla, and two other tribea, •uppoaed to number 2000 peraooa. Thia estimate of the Indiana, in the lower country, makea the number of those known, to be about twenty -five thou- sand. This ia probably' a low estimate. It may safely be concluded, from facts now collected, that there are, between the 42® and 47° north latitute, in what we term the lower this mtthod of oompuUtion, the following Mtiin*i« of Intfittrnt in aad altoat the Oregon Territory, ii not oTer>r«tod, but ImIow the t*e»l num. ber. IWiiiMiMiiiiiiiiMi^^ m I iiiiiiri ■■I mm he Ch«nooka, They ere di. eir reapeotiv« hundred and ;e, imdioklly, ' B.n noattated nd nouth, and nmonly good, ktion, residing ivided into aix attamya, and nd. South of a very power. ie year 1890, «y have been of the lower mber of men, t to more than ooaat, are the mben I could nth of the Um. > other tribes, louatry, make* enty-fire thou- may aafely bo « are, between ivia the lower tf Iii«ti«\ns in aad low the i-oftl num< mnuNV. country, ai many a* twenty^ve thoueand more, inakinf^ my thouMnd, who prebably at the present moment would gladly receive teaehera. Gentlemen uf the Iludaon Bay Company^ave ^le follow, ing tutemenu of the numbers of Indians north of Pugets «)und ; via. at Milibank Sound, three Iriben, numl)ering*vo thousand one hundred and eighty-slx. At HygAna Harbor five tribes or bands, amountiog to two thousand ninely-two. At Queen Charlottes Island, eleven tribes, numbering eight (housanii six hundred persons. About Hanaga and Chat, ham Straits, there are nine tribes, conUining dx tliousand one hundred and sixty persons. Making the whole number of inhabitants, at and about these places, between the 470 and 66° of north latitude, nineteen thousand thirjy^fght. At Queen Charlottes Island there is a field of much promise for a missionary sUtion, where the necessaries of life could be easily obuined, and for that high northern laUtude, the climate is very mild. Their summer and winter residenoee are built of split plank, similar to those of the Chenooks. It is said they are well supplied with Ash, fowl, oil, berries, and potatoes of superior quality and in great abundance ; and wild meat is sometimes obtained. Their dreae is much the same as what has already been described. Polygamy prevails, and also slavery. They do not treat their slaves with as much kindness as the Indiaos in the lower country of the Or^on Territory treat theirs. When they kill their slaves, the loss of property is the only thing they regard. Sometimee when one chief becomes offended with, another, Instead of ohallenging him to « duel, he goes home and kills a num. ber of daves, and challenges the other to kill as many. The challenged person, if he can, kills as many or more, t^mmmm k Sfl" TSS «'KHS!t aiTWI IMBUJU. < ftod ivitlfi#« ih« oh«U«nf«r of ihe numb«r ; and thus ikty piuoM>•»• to ba ft g«n. b«rb«roiMg«nlry itry, for hmn thn i but th*r«, blood rn of high-inkidad Rngag«d in wtr*, much addictad to ney *>«cel in "ing. K(«n« rally oov«r»d B six trib«Mi of In. bur thouaand two {■ v«ry cold and hludion Bay Ck>m- «iid« thi the lower platiw, h the freehnoae of wave in the gentle ling to »how their le sea fowl, whiob are gone to their d tribes are tuning MM IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1-^^ .if <.^.^^ 1.0 I.I 1.25 ■a lU 1 2.2 Itt 2.0 1.8 U 111.6 'V Riotographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTE!!,N.V. MStO (716)872-4503 '^ •v^. *'>?'^. CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHM/iCIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques ^^ THS AdlTATID QVnTfON. The question, to whom does this ooentry belong, hM been, and ia becoming ttili more » question of genertl in* tereat, both in Great Briuin and the United States. The Hboriginal population claim it as their own, and sajr, they merely permit white men to reside among them. Before the first discovery of the noble river, which in itself and its branches waters almost the whole territory, these na- tives had undisputed possession. But their claim is labori- ously, extensively, and practically denied ; for authorities, both of written law, and the opinion of living judges and expositors of law, sanction the principle that " unsettled habitation is not true and legal possession, and that nations who inhabit fertile eountries and disdain or. refuse to culti- vate them, deserve to be extirpated." It is made, then, a question of enquiry, whose claim to this region is best ee- tablished ? Our government claim exdunve dominion against any foreign power; of all the country lying between the 42Bd and 49th degrees of north latitude, by treaties wfch nations who claim possessions contiguous, and who have relinquithed their claims to the country included in tiw above pwralleU of latitude, except Great Britain ; by the discovery of tha.|»inoipal river by Capt. Gray of the riiip Columbia, the 14th of May, 1799 ; and by interior explor. atioo. Great Britain claims the Columbia river for her "outhem boundary, by right of discovery. Capt. lliongh* ton, of tfie ship Chatham, having ascended the river widi two boats, as fiir as where Fort Vancouver is now wttgntoi, took pcnessioa of the river and country in the name of Ms Britannic Majesty, on the 31st of October, 1799. Ci^. Broughton was associated widi -Capt. Vancouver of the ship Discovery, on a vojn^^ of discovery in the north Pacific, and aroattd tfie-wwld. The poeseasion was taken in his Bri- 94 m m^ h t» ns ((iOicnoM> Uonio MaJMty'i ntiM in due form. A friendly old chief, who did not underaUnd a word of their language, nor tbejr a word of hia, waa invited to join in the ceremony, and to drink hia Majeaty'a health. Captain Broughton aaya the ohief appeared much pleaaed with the tranaaction. But it may be a aubjeot of enquiry, with which the old friendly chief waa beat pleaaed, with the rum he drank bn the oooaaiaii, or with the ceremony which waa ao full of import. And farther, did the chief, by parUking of hia Majeaty'a rum and joining in the ceremony, cede all thia country to be the io- M jUe property of a foreign nation ? SUU Great Britaia " doea not aet up any claim of excluaive juriadiction or 80V« eieignty therein, and deniea the claim of the United Statee to any auoh aovereign juriadiction," but prafeaaea to claim ibr ita aubjeota the right of joint occupancy, indefinitely de- ferring the aettlement of the queition of exoliuive dominioa. But theae intricate queatioM^ •• often aaked, I leave to learned diplomatiata to decide, after oonfeaaing that I am ftfr. k) to diacovor why the nationa who have, from time immemorial, occupied thia country, and who, like other oa- tkme, have their territorial llmita tolerably well definad among themaelvea, abould not atill poaaeas tjie domain whioh . our common Creator and Benefactor haa kindly given them. It ia a aubjeot of inoreaaing regret to every true firiend of humanity, that unleaa the rapaokma and aoquiaitive i^rit, which uigea our nation to appropriate theee w«etem tenilo* riee, diall be ivatrained by the providence of God, theae Uh dian natkma wUl be oompelled to yield their landa, Hm^ •jghte, •ni their livee to the meroileaa invadera of their country, b there auoh rectitude in power, and aiioh virtne m .dvHiaatkMi, a« to prove that the bountiee of divine p>«fi- denoe weiw sever deaigped to be permanendy fs mt mi kjT i'lhiifi-r-^'iiiiiitiiiatr^itVYW-'"'^-*''''^'"^^ ^^^Mar! I«ndly old •hwf, iguage, nor tboy eramooy, and to tonMystbeohiof o. But it may Id friendly ckief bn the oooMion, at import. And ajeaty's rum and itry to be the fo- il Great Britain rifldiction or aov- faa Uoitwl State* iiofeMea to olaim r, indefinitely de- sUuive dominka. «lud, I leave to Miing thai I am have, from time bo, like ottwr na- >ly well definad i)ie domain whioh . indly given them. 17 true firiend of aoquiiitive i^t. n W9et*m tertito* ofCkid,thea»l0> their lands, tMv invaders of their r, aad such virtoe M of divine pravi* tntly fimmm4M t ■PMVII tmmmm ■mamoMi. 'ffH the defeflwleaa and untaught, and that they are Ihevttably doomed to extinotion by the hands of enlightened and pow. erful men f The history of the past, and the operaiion of preaent causes, show that as soon as ^he Indians shall be induced to sell and cede the best portions of their country, there being no farther srest to which they can be removed, the Indian raob must expire, and in vain will the voice of humanity enquire, what has becor^o of the aborig inea of this country. The time has arrived when I expect to resume the worit of further exploration. The weeks and monthc which I have spent here have fled rapidly away, while I have been feebly endeavoring during the winter to benefit the peopla of the fort, and the Indians ; and to embrace all the oppoN tunities that should present, to oolleot information in thON particulars which pertain to the direct object of my tour. I diall wander for a length of time, yet Aiture, araoof th* wild scenes of nature, which have so gratified and delighted me in traversing the wildismoss of ferest and prairie} but my heart lodes back to a variety of interealing soenea of civilised life and cultivated society in my own Atr disttat land, and I ardently desire to see the wide region belbre ma brought under the same beauty and oultlvation. All the social aflfections of our nature strongly desire the happin««, which refined and Christian society and its ocooomitant blessings can alone give. A feeling of solitarioesc, and of deeolatitm comes over the mind as jrou stand on the buiki of the noble Columbia, and perhaps for weeks, it may ba for months, no whitened sail becomee visible to the gan of your watching eye. At length a ship enters its waters, and the Indians hasten fifty miles to tell you that the white man's gt«at canoe, with its three upright sticks, ia OD its t •mmm "•<«i"«"wi'>«pir» tn waauun. wtjr, to briag « mv tnffAf of bUak«ts, be»di» «ik3 tobuoo. TU most uolmportut InoidMte baooiiM intoiMtiag •vmatt, whtra to muol) monotony exiala. Monday. Uth April. Having bmuU •mnfanMnii to Imvo thi« pUoo on the 14(h, I oallod upon the oUof ekj^ fcr my UU. Ha Mid tlM Company felt a plaaaura in gra- tuitoiuly ooutbning all tbay have done, for the benefit of the object in whioh I am engaged, n ji««tioe to my own Ibelinga, and in gratitude to the b(»iorable Company, I would bear teetiroony to their uniform politeneia and gene- roeity ; and while I do thia, I would expreee my anxiaty for their aalvation, and that they may be rewarded in apir. itual WeeBing*. In addition to the civilitiee I had leoeived aa a gueet, I had drawn upon their elore for olothing, for goods to pay my Indiana, whom I had employed to ooovey ma in oanoe« in my variouii jouneyingn, hundreds of milea ; to pay my guides and interpreters; and upon their pravis. ion store for the support of these men while in my eroplof . f mmmmtmrn-mmgrnm )•i«M my aiuioty "•warded In sitir. la I had received for clothing, for ployed to convey iindredeofmilea; pen their previa. la in my emplof . CHAPTER XIX. I>«rart«n for Um oppw aouatrj— AiMriMB hiiDtMr»->f«oIog7 at tba CuoadM— Indiko lionMl]r-..«N»p« in • dangerous gal*— tit* Falli a fkvorable looatUm for a aiaiionkry aUUon— under aynpathy-. (kmW»d Indlant~arriral at Walla Walla— inleiwUnf meetinf of iBdiawu-opportanily to giva tbwa raNgloHa '-Tmnrtltm a walk— Um BUtrltloaa qnalit/ of piairia gnue. APBit 14th. Having exchanged ihrewella with the gen. tiemen of the Ibrt, whoae kindneas I thai! ever remember, I took paasage in a canoe of an Indian chief belonging to the La Dallea. Our company consinted of the chief and Ma dai^hter, another Indian who took the bow, a half-blood named Baptiate who took the atem, and two white men, who, with the chief, helped to propel the canoe, making seven peiaona. Theae, with the baggage of eevsral hun- dred weight, loaded the frail craft so heavily, that its aidea were wily about Mven inches above water. This, upon a river^averaging about a mile in width, with many rapids, and anbjeqt to winds, was not a pleaaanrundArtaking. But at thia aeason of the year, when tKe Ihdiina are about to commence Ashing, another caitoe could not bfe obtained. We proceeded up the river abbut tweWe miltfa, to what are caW«d tRb li^wr plaina on thb north* sid^ of the river, and encamped. This is a rich aud beautifVil prairie of aonie raites id cifcumibrenoe, waiFkt this early part Of the apriog waa covered with a coat of flreah green grass Ave or six inches high. A little back' from the river, there b a beau. 84* fU 'f. liful lake, the TMort vi wtter ftmt, whleh ars Mm exhttrft' ing their uinuHM plammge; and IntberaMr nr* lorMiaof flr, whitiwr the deer, which crop the grsM of the pimiiie, fleet when they eee men Moend the rirer'e beak. A getheriag •torm rendered the night dark, oold, and dreary ; fcr ae yet no fHendly habiutiona are NMed opoa theae fertil* flelde for the reeort and oomfort of man. The rahi oontinutng with lome wind, w* did noc d«eanijp on the morning of the 16th, until a late Iwur'; after whiofi we paaaed up into the mountainoua part of the country be- low the Ceeoaden, and enoamped near the high Pillar rook which I have mentioned. Bdon after leaTing our onoamp< meat this momiog, we met Captain W. with a email oom- pany of men in two oanoea iaahed together, on their way to Port William upon Wtpratoo Island. They were wet with the rain of the morning ; and their meagre oountananoee and tattered garmente did not epeak much in favor of tbe happineea of mountain life, or indicate that they had found' the hunter's elysium. But they were in good epirita and paaeed merrily on their way. The baealtic rooka which wall up the ahorea, in eome plaoea |wo and three hundred fbet perpendloular, and in this plaoe for milee, do not loae in intereet by review. For more than half a mile the oolumnar basalt presented the regular pentagons. Niear tliese, where the shore was inaooesaJUe. we found a deer almoat exhausted with swiinning in the oold water. Its helpless oonditioa and its mild, large black eye, excited by fear, pleaded for the exercise of huiaaaity ; but our men, instead of rendering it that assislanoe which it needed, shot it, and stained the pure water of the river whh its blood. I oould not help feeling a sympathy for thte poor, beautlAil animal. i mm ^tttiti^jjiiii^mMimmk MliHiiiikiiuriMMiiiiiMMiwiH^^ MliM«p> ■ni" Mur nr* lorMtt of rUiepimirl*, Ami k. A g»Ui«riaf Mry ; httuyt I did oof d«Mnip luri after whtoh the country to- high Pillar raok ing our onoamp' th a Mnall oom- , on their way to »y were wet with 're oountenancee b in favor of the they had fouod good epirite and ■borea, in eome Hilar, and in thie iew. Fornove otedthe regular raa inaoooMibie, wimning in the mild, large Uaok ■eof humanity; lielanoe which it kter of ths riirer ympathy Ibr this mMAif aoHMnr. While the men, on the morning of the 16tb, were eog^ied in iakii^ the oanoe up the rapida and the Caeoad*!, I walked five roilee, ■omotimee along the ehore of the river, and eome. timee olimUng over pr«oipioee ; and ao laborioue waa the uek to get the oanoe above all the rapida and fblli, that it oeoupied moat of the day, giving me time t>r oxamining th* aoenery around. Almoat every variety of volcanic pro- (luoUon waa eeen, but baaalt and amygdaloid praduminatad. Large quantitiea of pet/ifiod wood were etiattefed along the shorea, eome of whioH preaerved ita natural appearanoe ; but the large blooka, when broken, preeented the appear, anoe of mineral ooal. The aoenery around la grand ; yet ■ueh waa Ibe miny atate of the atmoephere about the tope of the mountaina, whioh were at this time ooverod with anow, and the ohillnoaa aoooropanying, that the enjoyment was iMa than it would have been under other oiroumatanoee. After having flniahed the portage by the Caeoadea, wa launohed out upon the gentle current above, and proceeding up the river two milea, encamped upon the north aide. Several Indiana came to our encampment and manifeated a kind and aoeiable diapoaition. They told ua that Captain W. the day before, in eardtUimg hia oanoee down th* Caa* oadaa, had loat one, and with it baggage, of whioh they had flmnd eero* artielea, whioh they would deliver to him when ha dxNild-agaicpaaathiaway. The Indiana are coming in Aom their winter ratieata, and are engaged in oatohing eturgaoo. Tha ITth being th* Sabbath, we did not remove. It waa a rainy day, and in the Ibranoon the rain oam* down in torrent% whioh ia oommon about thoee mountaina through the raiuy aaMon ^the year. Wa were not able to mak* a Are tat preparing food, until after twalve o'oloek, when the storm began to abnl*. ,>« vn, „ wniaiM mm mmSm Om NofMhy th« WA«lh«r wm mora pl««Mnt, «iHi w» imuIa very good prngroM up th« rivcir, llimugh a country of t*!- v«r«ifl«d.M«n«ry. Though I«mm' mounuinotM than atMul llieCMoadM, yet hera wera mountalna of inte raiting fcrma ; ona waa almoat a perfnot oone, a thouMnd feet high, rialng at an angle of 4A deKreea, beautifully tmooth and ooverad with graai. We paMwd, a few mile* above this a bluff praaenting a perpendicular Mmioirole, with fiaauraa rag< aiarly radiating f\tom the centra of the dianteter. In dif- ferent plaoea thera were red hillii of the color of well-burnt briok. We encamped on the north ■Ida of the rirer, upon a pleaaant apot just above a small Indian village, where wa found a good supply of dry wood; which adclAd'to our oooi' fort and convenience. A wind which blew very fVesh through the night, abated 00 tha morning of the 19th, and we prooeaded' on onr way with a gantle breeze, before which w% spread a* ■>il mada of a blanket. The wiij oontinued to Incream until th« middle of the day, wMoh rendered navigatioti rather danger- ooa. We oame to a large bend in the river, and to save the dlatanoa of ooaat'ng around, the men who rowed wished to paaa over to iha aoutk side of the river, which was hera more than a nrila wtde. llik seemed' a dingereus eiperi- mant, beoatiee the wind and^wafes were too high for our deep-ladan eitnoa ; but as'they were anxtoua to sare labor, 1 did not penlst to ray objaetioaa. We had not pMaed m(»« than ha>f way aoroM, before die inoreaalng wind raised wavea whldl rolled and broke three times aa hi|^ as our caooa, and threatened to overwhelm us. At length the men ware not alria to keep the eanoe headed aoroaatha wavea, and it turned stdewaya to them. It seemed that nothing short of a mireoulous providence oouM save us. But t^ illMHIi mfmmmm^ «mmm i toiwu i i i it, ■nd w miA* country of <•!- tnu than atMul prMtIng (brmi ; 'est high, ridng th «nd covered v« this • bluff h flMuree r«g< meter. In dif> ir of well-burnt the Hver, upon l«ge, where we ted 'to our oooi< 'm night, abated ed'on our way kd a Mil made reaiie until tha rather danger, and to eave the Dwed wiahed to 'hloh wa« here igeroua experi< > high fbr our itoaava labor, lad not paaaed Ing wind raiaed aa hi|^ aa our length the mea roaatha wavaij;* d that nothli^i ^e ua. But by mu«)i aserUoii and earn abMeaMol of tiM wind, w again got the oanoe upon our oouraa, and obliquely aoivaa the wa»ee, and eafcly arrived at the aouih ehora. But our greateat danger waa yet before ua. Aftar ooaaUng a Ibw miles along the aouth ahora, we oanM to a ponxmtory call, od Cape Horn, a name given it on aooount of thn dangora of paaaiag. It ia of voloaaio ferraation, riaing. ai I albr. warda found by nieaaurenMnt, two hundred ieet pirpendie. ular upon the wator'e edge, extending about a mile in length, and the lower part projeoting aeveral hundred feet into the rivar. The wind bad ao iar luHed, that we did not appra. hand any danger in paaaing it, but when we had doubled the Cape, the wind drew around and inoreaaed lo a gala. The foaming, brealiing wavea ran high, and we oould not return againat the wind, and to go forwaid againat the oar. rent waa to add to the danger of being filled, or daaik.d againal ahorolaaa rooka. Sooh waa the ktn» of the wind, and auoh the eflbita of the man to keep the oaaoa aoraaa the wavea and away fiom the rooka, that in the eame inataalof tima, tha bowman aad ataaiaman both broke thair paddlaa, and tha aail waa torn away from tha Uft fhrtaninff, vd whirled ovar to tlM right; eida of tha oaMa. It aaar^ that all hope waa goaa. Tbaia ware only tkiaa paddlaa m. niaining. two of wUah waia inunadiataly put tt iaia Iha hBoda of tha Haanaiaa and hpwoiaa. U waa iaipaoiiUa la return, and lo make pragraaa againat Am oamat with oaly •uoh nmm, appaaiod aqaally ianpnotioaUa. A watory grave aaeoiad inavitabto ; but by tha prataotiiy BMMy of God, wliaa tbo wavaa hiolw, U waa juH without tha oaaoe. It waa aaoeanry to our aafety la bo oeilaolad aad laarla«. ud wa olaand tha aaU, and gave ordara aa thougkao daa. g«r waa aaar. CoMrary to oar higbeat axpectatioQa, we mm !■ I WW lo imM htmiwmy up Um river, ■■■ i ww i proiMbijr ^ OM of Ikow larff* ■ddlM, wMob •faouml to Uiia rif«^ Witil w« OKMM to • b«y with • mndy ahor*. wIwm w« mh- \y moorvd our fmil b«rqii«>, and wftiled until Um wUtim m4 «M4li«r bwwnM more favorablA. After itM wind hftd witmiwlMl alMUad, Imliaiw otm* lo*M Awn tb« oppotitfl ■horv, of whom w« bought' paddlM, and b«h^ t^in flquippcd for our voyagn, wo prooMdwl up ths rivar to th« L« DsIIm, and m Arr through them m wa oould wfely go. Hmnr wn landwl and enoampeU on th« nortfi ilKMW, and a number of Imllana noon oarn* to ua, whom w« •agagad tc carry ua with horwa, to thfl na>igabla water above the Falla. Near thie 'vaa a very large «ddy, where, two yeara previoualy, nine men were drowned. Their bateau wae drawn into it and oapaiaad, and only one man iHOapad, wbioh he efieoted by clinging to a bag oontaining •ome empty kege. He wm carried a few milea down tiM river, and tl;an takaa up by UkUaim who wom paaiag ia • Tha 80th waa oooupiad In p«aaing %]m La Dallea and tlie Palla, above which we enoamped. Thie place aflbrda a h- vomUe looa(ion,for miaalonariea. The Indiaaa naort hare la larga ntimbara for tiahing, and ratnain uaiially tkroof h tka atmiiner, and aomu of them through dia ymt. Am ia- tarttomaa would ba alwayo opao witk aumunding tiUiaa, •■d fc( ilitiaa would be at hand both to dianmiiMto IIm tratha of th« gottptl, and to obtaia tha maaaa of oaaifbflaU* ■a b aia t anoa. Aa aoon aa we war* aaoampad, the ladiaiUH who are hare ia graat oumbeta preparing for Aahing, oamo arotaid tai and thair flrat enquiry waa Ibtfipi, (tobaooo.) I am mueh M*- guated widi thia aoxioua |riant, aad am reaolvadi aa laaKtr ■If-MM "MMMMia ^mm uni ia Uila rif«r, •, wImm wc mIn lUi Um wtadi and HUatwokiiM lo*tn ighl'paddiM, •nd proo««d«d up Um them M w oould pcd on Um norUi • to iM, whom w iwtigabU water iiK* «ddy, wh«f«, Irownad. Tbdr lad only oim iimii • bag oonMining (T milM down Um U DikllM and Um pl«o« tflbrds » fc- imUmm NMMt htn I usually tkroogh Jm yMr. A» in- irraunding trite*, 9 dl— iwiiMf Um UMofoMafbfteM* lUM, who are here me arotaid ua and I I am mueh dU- Moivvdi M iBlRir niiiMl i fa l 9JkU. AT AH INMAM UW«|. w oorndder it n ee n wary to 4onoillata th« ladiane by klBff the Mmtdiy pipe. If an Indian ia autlbriNK with hun- ger and nak«MlnMa, hia Anrt nM|ueal ia (or tobaooo. A* w« had parUNl wiUt the Imliene who omnm with ua fWwi Port Vananuver. we hero angagml two othora to aaaiat ua aa Air aa Welle Welle. Ob the mat, we took a bateau which wo Ibund hare, and progroaeed alowly up the rivor againM tho current and (V». <|ii«nt rapida. On the morning of the UHd, whiln anoamped, and the tma were making pr«|>eralion for break faat, I ram- bled into a litrie viHage in the noighborhocl, and celled at a ledge, whoee inmatea oonajated of an agMl woman, • youngOT one, aad Ibur little girla. I addreaaed Uiem in Um Cheaook language, but they did not underatand me. Being tolerably (kmiliar wiUi the language of aigns, 1 enquired whoa* were Uioee children. The younger woman aignifled that three of UMra were hers, but Um eldeat waa aa orplian, whom ahe had adopted for her own ; and in the moot pa. UmUo manner she proeeeded to relate her history, but litU* of which waa iMelliglbl«. The aged matron sluing oa Um grouMd of her movable lodge, wiUi her head raolining upon her haad, oooasionally introduced a ihw sentences to aid the nirrallon { and so sad and afleoUng was the whole ac omt and sound of UMir voices, that I freely sympaUiiaad whh UMm, and nodded my assmt to all UMy said. I la. gretted Um neoeeeity which compelled me to leave than wiUwQt being able to point UMm to Him, who is touohod wiUi Um ftalbiga of our inflrmiUea, and who binda up the brr\ea in^ heart. I thought, as I walked slowly back to my breakfiMt, how lltUe of Um savage character waa exUbHad by UM8a feawlea, and on the ocatrary, how Umoo amiabia aeaaiUlitiia would have done honor to any civilised sooiety. M ^sm* mmmmmmmmmmimKtmmmm'w Our •noampmeiit on the SMth, wm on Um toudk tide of the river, at • pUo« of great roAort for Um fndiajt, but they had not ooine in frcm their winter retreat. Tlwre were nmuy oanoea drawn up at a ehort dietanoe from the ahore, and left without any i^iipreheniiona of their Lping atolen, showing the oonfidenoe thu Indians have in each other's honebty They do not naei guards nor bolts and bars, and prisons. To seoure ou^-selves fhxA a strong, oold w W, we selected a place denmly covered with wild broom com cf laat ]rear'j growth yut stauding^ bad in the rear of willows Mr>\'^'here sk'rted the shore of the river. Twc Indians came to our enoampment, who were as miserable objeoti as I have seen. They were not mon. than half oovered with tattared Mm 0f nUibits patpbed together ; and were eviaoiated wiA ata^'- vatkm. To relieve the eufl^rings of euph olj^ots of pHy, the traveler noede to carry with him a sloi« of clothing aad pioviakna. It is di«treasiag to see them, withotH hm\i>t§ thoaieaiisoffifmiehingtbeniaabalaiitlttielikf. . Ob the 9Mk, wo made skm proigrBss afoinsi A«'«ti«iig Oiurent with our poorly mnnned bateau, and failing of anv viBg It. Walla Waila as we had hoptAt eneamped noder tlM higb baeSkTtio rooka. where we fcuod a nnaU epotof eott fbn^idiing some wood. The next iBtfmiB$r wo air'ved «t the t>rt, where I ir>et at the laodiBg $^ mat^t of M^tXti Imiiana waiting loy arrival. I felt mtto|i ^ jAttttt im teeing them, and in witneonnf; '.heir token* o! jcuob. Jt ^»n like meeting old frifloda ; a>d there appease^ to bo >«• muoh uniUgned pleosur* in tha reooption thay g»vc om^ tbat it in^od Uw bope»*hat the diaponkfoatlwy eoqpiWi' to loam the way of solvate ie based an a fouBdodoft «UM frnMUpent tiiaoi jiovelty . I had told a Iwrdof tbo O^^um iMiiHiHMieaMMii ■iiliii iiHi i iWl i t mmm^ I Um toudk aid* of I iuHmM, but tlMy Mkt. Tbero wen m from the ahore, beir Lping Mok>n, e in Mush other's •r bolto and ten, w\nd, we wleeltNl com cf iMt year'j iUcvs Mr>\'i«ofolotIii«gMi$ a, without havMit ieU*r •fAinti A«'«ti«ng ind fidllng rf »n»> , eaoMnped uodiir tnnaUtiMtofMtt iB$r wo •ir'vod «t chexof ^ »YrJr»i leh ' iAtifio im as or jckM. b sppsuc^ to W M ion thay g»v: om^ • foUBdodOftMUW Mir4of thtGi^^iiN rvmunurr or FWMinB. Indisos, on my wbjr down ths rivor last October, that I would meet them here in the spring, and inforro them about God and tlM way io worship hfan. Many bf them were here, ready to attend to the fulfilment of my promise, and un. dot-btedly my arrival at tha appointed time, confirmed their confidence. Ar the wnukm is yet eariy, I judged it expedient to oon- tinue here a week or two, and improve such opportunitiee fts might ofier hr instruotiqg the Indians residing near this plt;oe, and those who might come fh>m more iwnote |daees ; making the best use of such fiwilities as can be obtained, without waiUiig for the thorough knowledge of their Ian. guage, which the inrudenee of some persons would ooiMider indispensable to the commenoement of teaohing them the wf y of eternal life. Their anxioas onriosity to know whtt th« i»l%M>n of the Bible ia, cannot be kept awaka while its gmtUkwIkxa ie postponed. The danger that delay wttl ra. 3^t in ia d i fti enoe or disgust, is as graat as tkrt an OM^y attempt to fanpert instruotMn may be oonnetted with imper* Oariag^mjr c«Ki«««£!iaa in this place, I proadwd m the Sabbath moiukf l» Uie white people bddll^|ing to the bn, aiMiin.the Mem^on to the Indians of the Glayuse» W^ WftUa, and Ne« Perai tribei. They always pnra good a»t teiMicKfimdeovietppenred to be much interested. Aaii^ staipiD f4 oppoaitktt to the truths of the gospel oMsumed hiiet pfQViilg tlM truth of the scriptures, that the Savior ilfsl $Mr Up. %11 and rising of those who hear. A ddef of ttM( Psiypsc, who eereml times came to hear, didihed what ir«a«ni|d about » plurality i^ wive»«. He said he wcuM not pMt with kayvf his; for ho had allrays lived in sin. # VPMPI w f mn tea A WAu--a«jun> scauony. for him, now he wm gwtdng old, to refMot and he «i?ed ; •nd M he muat go to that place, he would go in all bla ain^ and would not alter hie life. ThoM who are ihodliar with the rarious methods to which ainneri reaort, to avoid the oonriotioos of truth antl oooaoience, may aee in hia deep ha- tred to holine«^ that the operation of sin ia the aane in erery unaanctified heart. Thia ia the only inatanoe of open opppaition, that I wkneaaed among the Indiana; nor doea it diaraoterice the Cayuae tribe. They very muoh leaeni' bio the Nex Perc^ in their peaceable d^)oaition, and deaire to be initructed, and preaent in oonneotion with the Walla Wallaa, a proniaing field of miaaionary labor. May 8d. I walked doi^ to the paaaage of the Colanw Ma through tile baaaltio mountain, two milea below the fort, «> take a more particular view of the aoenery, than cut k» obtafiied in a haaty paaaage on the ifver. laaoeodedtha mountaiii, Arom the top of which I had a fine praaped of tha ooontry aiooDd, opeohig in every direotioB aa for aa tha «!• could reach. All parts were coveiud with tha ftua b g fa a a of apring vegetation. Vaiy few foreals www to ba aMn in any direction, excepting upon tha Blue llbuataiaa at tha aouth, and these, inatend of the fresh hu«a piesanlad by h^ arts at this seaaon, wwrs softened iigr ^m distance ta a faaif^ Uua. Bveoatthi8diatenoe,dMperpatnalaewacrMout Haod, could be diatingniahad at the west ; aad at the aaltik!>!^ veat Mount Aainiw noar Pugeta Sound ; and at tha Mii# and tha eairt vaiioua parts m their own country to aaoort ma, I oom* meneed my journey on the ninth, and punuad tha aama route by which I came last autumn. Nothing avaetfttl marked our way, and we arrived at the Snaka or Lawia rivar, tha evenii^ of tha tlevan4i, whafa wa found aavaml lodgaa of the Nen Poro^a, who gav^ ua * vaiy ooiiial Hv caption, and a wann.beartad ahaks of tha haiid, tha OMtt. man ezpraaaioa of iiidian>frieadskip. Tha aigltt of our ar. rivid a lilllegirl,aho«t aixor savoByaM* of i%o, died, aoi ca tha oMnfaigofthatwalfththay buried har. Bvarytki^ ralating to Hia burial wMooikhMladwitli gwat pwpitHy. 1lMgiMra«B8«a1yid»att«*ofoatdaap{ fortk^lMvtao spadiaii;aud;a dla ip aaa d adok waa uaad to looaea tha aMth, •nd t y aw a g wrnoyadwiththehandBi aadwMblMrlwidi thqr iUad «p ^ gnva aAar tha bo^ waa dapoaHad ki k. A aM*««a'l«id j& il»fnMa» thaa tha hod^r «nw*# ^ ^ hh«kei,wM> ## >Mi'a -diteUag aup tad a|Mi aUt of hom>r-tlMB«iati oit wrtia i|tisii awuf tiw i>iiBla> laJHHad a otiMB toaat ujp at dw gnvo, iMnt piobMiir h»vlmhMK told to doaohgraoaaalraqMla ladkuHkk txwetwkam I «nr 950 MMa wait of th« mounUiiu, not in the oapftcity of teaohan, but M trappers Lt the employ of the ftir oompaniea. One grare in the Mme village had a oroea atandlng over it, which, to- gethar with thia, were the only relioa of the kind I aaw, du- ring my travels in the country. But as I viewed a oroea of wood of no avail, to benefit either the dead or the living, •ad fkr mora likely lo operate as a aalvo to a guilty oon- soienoe, or a stepping-stone to idolatry, than to be understood in ila spiritual sense to refer to a oruoiflxion of onr sins, I look this, whioh the Indians had prepared, and broke It in pi e e ea. I theft told them that we place a atone at the head Md fiMt of the gr»ve, only to mark the plaoe ; and without a murmar, they oheerAilly aoquieeoed, and adopted our Aa wa prooeoded up the river to the ooofluence of the Ooo«>eoola.ka, ob aeoount of the high water, w« had to paaa over the huge preoipioea of basalt, at the lbot«f whMi we tMveled down laal Ml, and which I have aaoBtkMd. We w«i« wcf^led oAan to appnaaoli Twry near tha hriak^ whOTs It aaoMid aa IT we woie alnaat aaapeadsd ovartfwdiny 4epih aftlmakwdradfiMt. Waaniv«datthaOooa the kind I mw, du- • I viewed • oroee deed or the liTing, ro to a guilty oon- an to be undenrtood Kion of oar eliu, I «d, and broke it in a itone at the head )laoe ; and without , and adopted our oonfluenoe of tke ter, w« had to fum m lbot«f which we • Mt^OMd. W* lartha brink, whewi ovwrdwdinydeirtii Ogoa-oeetoJMcarijr visKWalUWallB, riMwi idivMlad ilMtf vf urof m QTvtnxun. 991 On the north of the oonfluenoe of theae two rivere, and down th«^ Nea Pero4 rivor, tlie country is diversified with hills and mountains of a great variety of forms, ironi five hundred to two thousand ieet high. The volcanic and ar- gillaceous strata are generally horixontal, but in some plaoes thrown into various degreee of inclination, from horisontal to perpendicular ; in other plaoes curved or graving. They have all the regularity of works of art, raised up by human skill ; and why should not the power and skill of an Omnip* olent hand be acknowledged in these stupendous works f After having been several months where the Indiana of the lower country came daily under my obaervatkm, the contrast between them and these with whom I am now, is very noticeable. The former are more servile and abjaot. both in their manners and spirit ; while the latter are truly digaiiad and reapectaUe in their manners and general a^ pearanoe, for kaa aaslaved to their appetites^ or to thoae vioeawhoaainavita'Ue tendency is to degrade.. They know oaeiigh to set soma estimate upon diaraeter, and have aiueli ef JbapnuidiiBdepMMianoaoffaaeinaB; and ara dasinma of pnasiwing a oiwimnnHi kk the eatlmationwiM kalbUovad bytlMiaa itill «wra aAoiaat, util that maridhm d^r faMoid te praph* aay,4Ml>AiUy aoom, and thaaa haattan bo gHaii iothatflw vfaur wMi all the ranaota cade of tha oaidi h§ a i fl a bl a «h, IWi. ThaialMfpratarlhad ootMriv^ aad eeoaaqiMatly vmskvtwiml wWtod laaajr to tiMaa haadNda of ladtaaa^ ooald aol ba lb*iito«aai«raaMdtea. IfchdhuaMi daaiiad lo ealabanii tha flabhalli ate9 a Win Hw MMb aaaaaad aaaBiaa#vtet«» afcoalidik 4^^ tfM»lM«w of tUt aaeiad dajr la fmf»wmA^lm||fi$li^ aadhla iMMNi Ml mmmmm MiMdy. No inju* d tnm ita um, mui t>r|}MirakniMid ned to md, bat My hey DO Umget b«> • iMppjr oovnirjr. be happy here or bM God requifec. lequeiMMeefdylnf w the hopee •ad k interaeled to ••• nik of theifrtfle** It A hiMwle(%» ■• they ara aol Mif> nfaide MO iaqttWk MkM. TlMyhav» »t b Um dsriuMM litte^bokBpair Mknrodl^irtiMiM r JM t oM iap wp ln i^ w gHen tolln gi,; kfcffti ■HwW II i^ HwBMrtjr ■"!•• UTVBll TO WALLA WALLA. W§ ■tnioted them. They did no, end it wm tnity aflbotinf to MO their apparent revemuw, order and devotion, while I oonid not but know that their knowledge wae limited indeed. The voioe of their einfing echoed e, and I oould not but hope, that the time will not be graatly Aiture, when they will aing with the apirit and with the un- doTMMiding. Ae a proof that they hare aoqaired aome oorreot ideaa ot apiritual woraliip, in diatfaibiion flom the employment ol mere, outward forma, Kentoo, the Indian who attended me eo fbithAilly on my outward route, eame (o me, Mxioua to deeoribe the dMercat manner in which he regarded the woMhip of the two ohiefr, Chhrlie and Ten. lAoue. He aaU Charlie prayed with hia lipa, but TeotAoua prayed with hie heart. Con fcaaioo of ain appeara to oeeupy nMwh of hia prayara, and if there io ono among thia muM. tnde, who it may be hoped, baa been ererlaaHngly bMidHed by the goapel, I beHeve it ia thia man. Maaiay.lMi. I had hitherto been aonMwha. ondaeUad what aomw to puma in my fbtora moveme a la ; bataama to Hw MBoliMiai to pfooaad to the plaee of RaadMnrwM^ Md join^tha fatmahig awmrtt, pnyrided I emrid go by the way oTHm Onmi Roittd,aMd to tha aooth-iNal of tha tnilw rivwr, aad aiplora a put of the oouMiy wUeh I had aat pMtod dmMi^ Hw pnaatUag aatttaw. But the fnAaiia alMa to toha tfto rallMd fa«to of the Mimb tivsr mam. ttiM,toiM«ld dan ge r frnaa hoadia ladiaB^ iw k waa v»n ■aaa i^ i ii i i Aat thaiv waa a party of maokftal wanlon raaglntflMtoifitorywailerdMgraatiMinrtaiia. Iwiili. ai to M^plnra ilw MMh-MM bMMh of tM€M«BNii» wMoi rwm ^ f km^V m taipattaM ptn «f tba oiMuliy, aiifl upmi ' wlirt^ «td^tto> bm nah aa t nway oeiidarihla Itftea rwMa. ^rmtmm^m wtiy ny ooMpMiy wouM travel, and by mmmm UiDiAJf iaiJi9«nT. vhioJi I OMM, would b« to 1mv0 Um obtjoot of my tour only partially aooomplUMd ; sod mdmr owiTMtiai th* mhiMt M doliboraioly m I oould, 1 ooooludud to rotum to Walla Walla, prooura guidaa and aiaifltants, and go up tlia Co- lumbia aa &r aa Colvila, whkh ki tbo highaal poat of the UudaoD Bay Company, about aeiren hundrad mllaa, by tha tfavelad louta, from tha PaaiAo ooaan. I informad tha In. diana of my detarmlnation, who, though thay avidantly pra> lerrad that I abould aooompaoy tham, aoqu ie aea d in tha daciaion, aud ahowad mora kindooM than I had axpaolad. Thay laadily appoinlad Haminilpilt, om of thair young ohiaft, to attand ma on my ratum down tha rivar. AAar writing Mvaral lattara, to forward to tha Unitad Slataa flrom Bandetvoua, wa tumad our Ikoaa to our prapoaad dtilinn tloo, and at night arrivad at tha viUaga on tha Nan Pm«4 rivar, whara wa had anoampad on tha akvamh. At thia plaoa I waa pcouUarly gmtlAad to notlnn the !»• Aulry of tbaaa paopla. Soma waia angigad in (jah, and gnva na aooM MMaUant mUmni i tha diUdcMi waM tariy otti on hcMnabaok to p(t»B«k« Iha oowfah lool, whkih thay oAaa manulkotura into biaad { and whto wa laftr dy a fiiw oU paiaona and ifty yonngahUdvMi «a- OMiBadinUMlriiUaga. FiTaoraisnitlaaikNnthiaviUafa, up • MMtU bnnoh of tUi rivar, wa pnaad a ^kM, iriMi wfm9 Inr yma^ ago, waa a battla-iaki batwaan tha Nm OMtain^ Moartaio, but iNrobably it waa tha Tlia ground waa jodioioaaly (riioaw by Aa invadinf fsity* wUoh waa jtiat baok of a point of land tka atmaHB of walar, laavii^ only a wUah thay opaaad a in, widle tha Na« Paiadi, aat t^if. tM •ppTOMh of a fca^ waia tahw by i»rpriw» mid tf> (iimniniiji nkmm Bt of my tour only umia§ Um mi^Mt > Mturo to W»ll« •d go up Um Co< ighMl poit of Um df«d nUkM, by th« 1 infoniMd tbe l». bey •vkkmtly pro. I I hMi Mpootod. • of tli^ y*MU>f t Um rivor. AAmt United aiatM fWm propow d dtitiiw ibUm Nm Pm«4 •vonUi. dlODOtlMUM <» |ll|«d is { Um iraoakv Um oowMi brtMli aodwlMB young •UUiMiM* lAomUiiivUlagik ■td A MOl« whWl bctwMa Um Nm M inwdif frtyt r MUpfiH^ Mi i£ I ■din ■MM MACTRm or nionii*. tfl l«on or tWMrty of ihdr nambor wara klllod. TIm ?ory ipot whofo Moh indJirUutl Ml. b now dMignotod by bMpt of «owM rabwi UiPM and Ibur flMt big b. Tho oountry ovor whleb wo pMNd te^y, t diatanoo of ferty miloa, wm uncommonly ploMUit, dlv«nria«d wiUi hlUa •Bd vnlloy. ud oownrf iHth ito wif.providod o«rpot of lowly grMfl. BoTomI Indiana oamo on afbr ua and traval. «d in oompuiy. Naar night wo onoMnp«| bi a rioh valloy, thRMgh wbioh a oonaiderabio atrwun of water niaa to Uic iMMth. Bofcra it waa dark, a numbor moro whom I roooy. niaad aa fermor aoquaiataneaa, orartook oa, appamrtly ra- loetant to aaparato from our oompaoy. I oonranad wlUi tban about Um praoUoo ao uniranal among Um man, of ttriim tobaooo tvamoking, a tary axpanaiva indnlganoa, br wbieb thoy pay ahnoat aa much aa Ibr UMir wbola tiat of oomfcrli bnUaa. In Mply to my aifunanto to dfaooada than Aom ito uaa, Utoy aaid, « wiUto OMa moka." I ad. "•toed tba tntlb, but told UMm UMt all whito bmo an not wiaa is avaiy tiling tKaydo) Uiat Utoy hava aoma pnetfeaa wyahMiMliood. 1>aNatPai«daoiintoUooo,aMoka, Had MtMarkai,«#« Ma baOar Umb Ukan wlUto nan ; Ibr UMy •■taBMte«...iMMUttgtoba«oo->Mwa do not aat mol*.'* Thia to U aoM waa ar arfumaBt of moob akiawdaaaa, and ^i*oHy myMwaimMa. Such ia UmIt attaehmant to tMt ■taNy*iWvv««*l«. *« to obtain H, Aay wUl put wldk Um laat aitlela of feod or oloUiii^, or aran taka down Uit pol- wWafc nplMld UMir dwallinga, and aall Iham fcr IW. Ia tWa viaw I lagwdad it aa a vfaa, ft«n wWoh UMy abool* ba aaasMd if pnoUoabia Tha !«* wai eiaaUatiad (mr jownay, and loda fcrty.fiT* raHwovar • OMra fimllo tract Umb we paaaed yaataidi^ udbanaraqfliadwiiliwood. On Um apparpaito^Uta mm ii ■its P*"* 9Q!1r Walk Walk rtv«r k • ibiif blAil aituiukw for • mMonary •aublkhmml, bavkg mMjr wifMitafM not fovwi Atr ' >• dktaaos around. It la not, howavcr, «> o^Mml dti «tUt«r , tha Nam Parote, Cayuaaa, or WaUa Walka, aa would ba da. ■InMa, yal a mlairion looalad oo thia fertlk ftald would draw around an Intaraatinf MttUnMnt, wbo would oulUvaia tka aoU. and ba kauuotad. How aaaily mi«ht Um plough go Ikrouf h thaoa vallaya, and what rkh and abundant bar- vaato might ba pkthared by tha hand of induatry . Dal avan now tha ■pooianaoua produotiona of thaaa vait pkka, ImIu* ding milUooa of aoiaa, ara to proAiaa, that not tha AAklh fmti baoomaa tha food of organic Ufo. In MMna plaoaa banda of Indian horaaa tra aaan ; tha timid daar, tha ban, tha wary marmot, and tha awift gaaalk. But tkaaa, with otbar aaimala, oooauma ao amall a profiortiam that thaaa wida flalda M« oomparatiraly unoooupiad. Wa axparkiioad a long datantioa on tht moraiBg of tbt IMh, in ooMa^MMa of our l«r«aa waadaring into a mviaa. (owyohiatiwtwaaottldaalaMUytmflalkam. Tbtydid net, hBiwwfmt Hnkk thair gak, of makt^tg wut aw»M i|fMt i for tha tioM baing. thair tioraa. Wa loda twaaty-tvo mllaa and arriya w ;- %94 FAUMn mvuro- CHAPTER XXI. PklooM Indiana— PkTilion rivtei^-extrtordinuj obMrration— loit oa the prairie— Indiui prinoiple— 8{«kein woods ud ooontij— ladiBa ftrrjr — Spokaia valte y— g ranite — roleanie corioaitie*— fortUe vaUey — worabip with the Spakaina— UlU riTor valloy— «yriTal at Fort CoWUo— deaoription of tho plaea ; laave CoMle for Fort OluuufaB — a mountain of marble — Grand CouM, or old bed of thn Colombia — Okan»^n deaerib«d-- Long rapida — arrive at Walla Walla. The mornisg of the 34th, we took a mora northerly course, and after traveling five hours over a somewbat high but diversified country, descended into a fertile valley, through which flowed a small tributary of the Snake river. Hera we found a village of Palooee Indians who are a band of the Nez Perots. We hired them to anist us in crossing the river, which here is a half mile wide, and has a rapid cur- rent. We had only a soiall canoe, wUoh the strength of the current carried more than a half mile down the river before we could gain the (^posite shore. Three times we had to encounter the stream, before every thing was safely over ; and the horses made a strong eflfort to swim to tlie opposite shore. This, together with refitting, employed sev- eral hours. We traveled up the Pavilion river, which comes from the high lands that divide the waters of this and the Spokein river. This river is walled up with basalt, gener- ally high and perpendicular, in various windings and forms, for the distance of fifteen or twenty miles. In some places the walls are spread out so widely as to enclose large BptotM of rich interval ; in other places so dosing upon the river '•■ " ■ — -^..^^j^L^ilttaia. ' ^i-:!^.^^.. uid eoontij— Inditn idtie*— ftrtUa rMuf l«7— «mTal ml Fort » for Fort Okuufma bed of th« Colombia it Walla Walla. I northerly ooune, >mewbat high but ie valley, through ake river. Her« I are a band of the uain orosBing tb* 1 bM • rapid our- oh the atrengtb of Ie down the river Three times we r thing was safely >rt to swim to tlie ng, employed sev> river, which cones irs of this and the vith basalt, gen«r< indings and forms, . In some places loloee large gprnott ling upon the river liwm'. irrBAOlOIHAtT nCATATION. Ht ss to leate only space sufficient for it to paw>. The night was cold, the thermometer standing on the morning of the S&th, at 840- • Wo pursued our way over hills and valleys of an entii« prairio, until we cne to the south part of the Spokein country. Near the summit level which di fides the watara of the Snake and Spokein rivers, there is an interesting ex. cavaUon, walled within by basalUo rooks. The pillars are regular pentagons from two to four feet in diameter, in sec- tions of various lengths, standing erect and closely joined, making a wall from fifty to one hundred foet high. The excavated enclosure, though not in a regular form, is yet nearly entire, containing fifty or more acres. On the out- side of this waii, the earth is as high as the pillars, and gradually slopes off in hills and dales. By what ageney was this excavation formed ? There is no appearance, M in many other places, of volcanic craters, ualess it is itself a crater, and there are no signs of the action of water. May it not have been a subsidence ? 1 passed through it leisurely, and surveyed with admiration these huge orya- tals, of imtk materials truly, but showing not the less for that oiroomstaQoe, that certain law* govern the ndnerttl world, as well as the aniiAal or vagvuUe. We p ass ed tCMtlay several small villages of the Ne> Pwra< and Spokein nations. They all manifested a per- feotly friMidly diiposition, but •ffM.nd to be pomr, evi^nt- ly in want of a oomfovtable subsistence. Wm stopped for the night, aJUr a ride of fifty miles, near one of these vil- lages«r Spokehw. Their language diflbrs idraost oitirely from that of any tribe or nation I have yet seen. One of my Indian guides was sufficiently acquainted with it to inform them of the object of my tour through their ooun- iitiarl"'iiiTi>ii«rt%i i '^MWil H i 'up i 2M LOST on THS nULOOB. try, with which they wert not only utiafied. but apparently intereited. We took an early departure on the mombig of the 9 skill to fold tibair way through any country, as by uHoition, that they will afaig or goto sleep with the same heedless indiiereno* when kit in a wide wiUemess, as when launched upon Hie waters of • w«U known river, or performing the duties of ^ fort. Tliey appear wholly unconsokHis of danger on the ^^roaeh of hunger and starvation, until long aftm the Uat moisolli consumed, and never borrow hom futurity to add to the evik iMaMllMSM*iliM<*lM .■^.^.^^■ui..^,?...;^vi,.i-^-^i,.^..»tf^H,.^^W.^^'/fr,r ^ ■111, I iii|iiritfiis P<|PH<"«W» i iPOUiM snru. wr I, but apparently ling of the 36(h, ndian guides loift luo. Becoming ited and set mjr kdofanortb-eMt g of them if they im, a young chief, tuiM expraeeing en$elco, "Idonot Msing. We had ad were at about !oWile,onawida. late to our wants use for obtaiataig to be kut under Hie poiBtora w, and WA m^ht rminednottotoai ind the trril lead, uideewent off ia m in our droom. I" tttf two Prenoh. ■kill to find their hat Hiey will lii^i ierence when kat pon tite watai* at lOtks of ikt felt, iron the ^n>rBaeh the Uu* monel in toaddtothaevUe iSyMMaMMMMMI that afflict them UMlay. On thia oooaaion theae men apent the time of our detention in calm repoee. After eome time our guides returned and told me they had found some Spo- kein Indians about a mile distant, who were traveling to- wards the south, but had stopped to refresh their horses. We proceeded to the place, and I engaged one of them to assist us in finding the way to the main trail, or to the Spo- kein river. He was a tall, intelligent looking man. He mounted his horse, and set off with such speed, that, jaded as our horses were, it was with difficulty we could keep up with him. After goiag at this rate more than an hour, he stopped, and pointed ua to a lake, and said we should And tha great trail mi the east side. Leet we shoaM again loae our way, I was anxious to liave hbn conduct us to dkeir vil. lage on the river, but could not prevail upon him- to go- any fiirdier, although I oflfored him a large eompensatloii. His only, and unvarying answer wa^ that he had done for us all that was needed, and why diould he perform any on- necessary labor for u»aad take pay. It appeared to be A prino^e with him^ that it would be wrn^ for him to take pay for what w« did not need. K was astonished at the hon- esty of thia. heatiiea^ and hi* stoadlhst adherence to it, when I remembered bow many there are in civilized lands, who to be well paid, would leagflien a service to an unnecessary extwit, and artfirily deceive you to' make you believe it very important. For hia fiuthAilnesa and hmtealjf I not only paid him on the ^ot to his sattefiustion, but afbrwanb sent him a preaeiit of powder- and balls, articles highljr valued. Without any forther difficulty, we arrived at the Spokein river, at four o'clock, P. K, A few miles after we left the bike, we entered the Spokein woods which are very exten- sive, oonsistiag of ydlow pitoh and dastlo pine, some hem- 26* iS" X o immmf^ tronuf ¥AU«T. loo, apnioe and fir, togethor with varioiu ahrubbery. Thott •re tbo woods in whioh Rom Cox wm kwt, about the oir. ounurtanoes of which be gives » very interesting deeoriptioo, but whioh, BO &r as I have yet had an opportunity to judge, contains fkr more fiotion than truth. But his multitude of growling bears, and howling wolves, and alarming rattle* snakee, of whioh I have seen only one, may yet oome out fVom their lurking places in hostile array. When we oame- to the river whioh is about thirty rods wide, we hallooed a long time for the Indian who keeps a oanoe ferry, but without suooese. At length two women came to the river, and with unoommonly pleasant vmoee, together with the language of signs, the latter of which only I oould understand, inibnned us that the ferryman was gone upon a short hunt, would return in the evening, and the next momiag at son two houn hig^, he would oome and take us over. I never heaid voieee more expwiv< of kindness. I requested them to paddle the oaooe over to us, and my men would perform the labor of fenying over o«r baggage. They deoliaod on aooouat of the n^id^ and Mnogth of the ounent, the river bnng in fiill finashet. Xlkeiefere wa had to enoaop and waft fer tlw raoniing. Thiais a very i^e a ea at , opev valtsy, thoo^ not axieii. ~ aivdy wide. The N«rtli.weat Obnqiaay had a trading peat hMre, one bastion of whioh kadll standii^. nieaawosdi present a fine range fir the oraMMogiaC The magpia ia seen in great numbers, flaring ftnwr trsa ter' tree, ved ft ttntlag fts chattel^ notes. Also thraabea, warUen, and mtwm arc munaioaa, oheetfaig Aoee odtorwise aelitary wUda #Mi lbeirdel%htftilsangaignildbltothe weary timvalMT. TlHir •ar^ «n>MU' to be dea^pied to aiynttte eaeii other in tMx kHarvala of labor, wMla eonetruoliiv thair hahilailni ao tl>IMMi Mdta lilr.liii«iiii.lilliil l1li«lli'lM«' rp pii ^ mm ibbery. Th«n , about Um oir. ting deaoripdoo, rtunitytojudgs, hia multitud* of Jaimiiig imttle- y yet oome out ibout thirty rod* •n who keeps • ^ two woman pleasant vmoea, latter of which le ferryaiaii waa he evening, and . he would ooma WW e«pwriy6 of lanoa orer to m, inrying over o«r the n^id^ and in foil firaahet. themofirfng. 00^ not atea> id a trading peat f, l^eaawoada Themagpiaia trae^v o d l hfaiting UeM,aad wtcm IttaiywOdavith ti»T»lar. Ililr MdiodMr InttMlr Ax sroaxiH TAtuTf "^ admirably adapted for their tender oApring ; on an exam, ination of which, the moat infidel philoeopher mual ba aa> toniahed, and be oonat rained to acknowledge, that Qod haa manifeated himaelf in supplying, inatead of reaaon, a royala. rious, unerring instinct, always sufficient for the end to be accomplished. On the 97th, about the time in the morning meatfonad by the two women, the Indian ferryman came, and oroaaed the river in his canoe. His appearance, together with that of his canoe, reminded me of Jhwas' ferryman, who oarrisd him over the Stygian Uka. •'CuitM IneoltaJlMMt ; Sordidu ax hamwto nodo deptadtt amletiis, C«NaltsM advarih synbua, ilp««at jnfbt^mV* Afbw the ifver, we e roaaa d the Talley of laval tllutlal aoil, where it ii about a mile and a quarter wMa, and tha east aide eapedally is vary fertile. Hera the prinelpnl ^1 . laga of the apoMm is located, and one of thair numbar hum oomnMaced tf^ cultivation of a flnall flald or gunlaa, which he has planted with potaloea, paaa, and bsMMi and sottM odwr vageiablea ; all of wUeh w«ra flonrWdat, mm! were the fint I had aean apriaging op under IndiaillndhMlry wistofthanMaBlahw. Ourfenynaaoonduetadaathroogh the vdUagr to tha feci of the mountain on the aaat, nkl pdal* ed am the tcall wa ahoald punma. As wa wo«Bd>««r way up the ttioantain, I looked down kto tha viUlay wa InmI cfoaaad. and wUoh atiatabaa akog tha wladiag itvar, lad draw ia my iamgiaatlon a plotura of what It will ha, iHmi thit paopla hM hrooght under tha hiflnenoa of OtMrMaally and eivttiaatkai. TUa aeotioa o( country pMMaH Itaa ofvokaaiaopNatkMi, and laMfaiml plaatal mm «p»Hmp or eight inches in diameter, and on the outside were nearly blaok, as if colored with rising smoke. Thej* bad more the appearr^oe of being broken by manual labor, and piled up for Aiture use in constructing roads or wharves, than the remit of internal firea, and yet no other cause but the latter oan be aasigiMd. The sandy plain around tiMm was ub> disturbed, and large pine trees weie growing about them as in other places. At the south of thsea were large locks of fianite, and in Juxtapositiaa a basaltic dyke extending a hundred rods or more. After passing this plain, we descended and came agafai to the Spokain rirar, which makes a bend around to the north-east. In this ^aoe the valley ia leas wtoisive, and the mouataina are more precipitous. Weagain ascended tlto meutBtaia, upon which granite and mica alat* prevail, with* out any vdcanic appearances. Prom this we descended iirto » rich valley, whidi was oovered with* luxuriant growth of gras% though but just sprin|^nf i^. litis valley has (ke appearance of having been a lake filled up with mounialB depoeits.. In the oentM ia c small lake, from whkk |hpo> oaeda a rivulet paaaiiv out at the aouth-weat. Lm^ib^ ■mwmmmmM OOTM^WPKiapPliln AKzumr or tmm ■vonnri. Ml lion; rsMniblinf • had arrivfld at •ndy plain, mt- brming an open attend voloanio of ngularoonM ft few foot in di- meter aad aixty ranee, diflhring broken granite, ry tmallk to eia ide were nearly nmy had more labor, and piled luunrea, than the M but the latter I them was ua- I about them aa ftlaife lookaof to extending a lad came again around to the I wtMMlTe, aad kinaaoendedthe ■ prevail, with* I deeoe nd e d 'aio Buriant growth • ▼alley ha* lite with mwmteJB Mn whidk fHPo> art. Umvinif thia plaoe, #e wound around a mountein in a northerly di. reotion, down a valley leas fertile, but mora extendve, and at four in the afternoon oaroe to a atream of water, coming fW>m the mounteini at the eaet, where our guidea aaid we must stop for the night. Near evening, eeveral oompaniee of Spokein and some Nez Pero« Indiana eame riding full apeed into the place of our encampment, and turned out their hones with oun ia the hiilfwood and prairie. The Bpokeine, who had aeen me on my way, and had learned who I waa, aent informa. tioo cut to tho varioua hunting partiea, that a minister was paaaiag through their oountry, and aa it was the first time one was ever among them, they wished to see him and hear what he had to aay to them. They brought with them a good interpreter, a young man of their nation, who had been in the school at the Red river aetdement near lain Winat. p^, en the east skle of the mountain, and had obtained a very good knowledge of English. We had publio wonhip that evening in the Spokein and Nes Pero^ languages. One. keinsb and translated the disoouiM as it wasdeUvwvd^ into the language of hia people, without any intermptioa to the aaiviai. Tliis waa a plan of their own devising. All tlw oiinv!ki4anoea sonoined were to me unusually interesting. Pr.^vid«ioea above my mwtiol had delayed me three eeveml tanM% and thus given them aa opportunity to oolleot their people and overtake me. Some of them had pureued my path a day aad a half, and were unwillii^ to letnrn, bring rseolved to aoeompany me to Oolvile. These benighted Indiana manifested the aamo aolicitude to hear the goapel that others had done before. And as a most afirting proof mm m iJ m Wm nLZ, inriB TALUT. that the ImprcMiaiM th«n made on their mindi want not monMHtary, they w«nt horn* and eraotod in their villafs a ohuroh, oonatruotad of ruda matariali raralj, but daaignad, aa they laid, to Aimlsh a place, that whan th« next miwion- ary should arrivit, he might stop and teach them.* The morning of the 36th was cloudy and eome rain fell, but this did not prevent our enrly departure ; for it was ne- oessary to be on our way, as my men had the evening before consumed their entire stock of provisions, and, whatever might occur, we could procure no more until we should reiioh Colvile. We could not obtain any game, for being advised by the superintendent at Walla Walla not to en- cumber ourselvee with riflM, we had unwisely left them behind. After traveling a few milte in an easterly direc- tion we came to a very fortile valley, well adapted to culti- vation, extending north and south, at least fifty miles, and of various extent in width, firom a half mile to two miles. The valley is an open prairie well supplied with gresa, and even in tbia high latitude otiS^, cattle could do well through the whola year, without the labor of catting hay. The hills on aaoh lids ara oovei*d with woods. As we proceeded down thia valley, we came to villages of Indiana who understood the Spokein language, but belonged to another tribe, prob- ably (0 the CoMir d'AUne. Near their principal village waeame 10 Mill river, which was in ftiUfkvahal. They had no oaaoae, and we found, difficulty in getting my baggage aoroas. But the Nes Pero< chief took part of it upon bis diouldar, mounted his horse, and swam over, and oraaad • Th* written SpoksB, I of lUa aatioB is g«B« Sysfcs m . I eallad Vbum Bpoksaa, bat ihty tame M mj pra tisa, aii4 mU Beokste, mm tkk they rtpMtad Mvanl mim, 'nm eoavinead that to give tksir v sbeold hs writtw eptkiia. voir COLTIU. mindt w«r« not I their vill»ii« • f, but dMigMd, M next miMion- them.* ■oma rain fell, ; tbr it WM n«' » evening before Mid, whatever iintil we should game, for being alia not to en- rieeljr left them I eaaterljr direo* idaptad to oulti- Ity miles, and of wo milea. The graM, and even rell through the r. The hilla on prooeeded down who ondentood ther tribe, prob- trinoipal village ihet. Thejhad ig nay baggage rt of it opoB hia er, and croaad Wel ttM. OBtil I and re^roee«] unUl all waa upon the other tide. I then oroeMd upon a pole, which waa not the moat dedrable meth. od, but lUll it waa preforable to a oold bathing on horMbaok. After purmiing our ooufm a few mile* farther, I divided my remaining etook of eatablee with my deeUtute Prenoh and Indian attendant^ antioipaUng our next mea^ at the Uma when, after a long day's induatrioua travel, we should And ourselves safely at Colvile. Towards the lower part of the valley, through whioh wa were passing, the land is remarkably fertile. A missionary located here, would have easy aooess to the Spokein, Sap- well, Sintou-tou-oulish, Kettle falls. Lake, Cmur d'Altoe, and Pondera Indians. I know not of so important a field within two hundred miles, presenting the natural advanU. ges of mild olimate, good soil, and forasts. We arrived at Port Colvile late in the afternoon, after a weary journey of sixty miles. The situation of this fort ia on an elevated spot, about fifty rods from the river, sun rounded by an alluvial plain of rich soil, and opening in every direction an extended proqieot of mountain scenery ; ^nd a half mile below an Kettle falls, above which tha river spreads out wWely, and moves slowly, bat just above the preoipioe it contracts into a narrow channel, and dia. appaan fiom tha view of the spectator at the fort, until seen winding ita way among rooks below. This eatebliah. ment is Imilt for defense and is well stoccaded, but so fiiend. ly have tha natives always been, that no wan have eve? occurred among them. It is occupied by some half doiao men with Indian families, and is well supplied with tha useftil animals and fowls oommon to ferming establiah. meate. Tha winter and summer grains, together with gar. dan vegatablaa, an cultivated with success and in profusioa. .jr ,♦ AT m fOlT. TUi i^Imm doM not nibr with mmoMr dioutb, lik* ouNiy oUmt pMti of tkk oooatiy. m rmias mn ot tim\»mA oeour- r«w« ; Um mmom Imi« kra not mo dialiaoUy divUM, m on Um lowor pMTto oftlM Columbi*, into w«t and diy. I WM mttoh diMppoiot«l in not Anding Mr. MoDoanld. tb* tuporintandont of the fort, at homo. Ho hnd l«A • fcw dnya bofor* with • bri((ndo for Fort Vuioouver ; but th« liindMt •ttaation wm p«id nio by thoto who had tha ehnrga of tha fort. I found hara an old man, who thirty yaar^ba- fera aooonpaniad Lawia and Clarka aoroaa tha oontinant, and had for MToral yaara paat takan up hia reaidanoa bar*. Ha ia in tha amploy of tha flir oompaay, and aoU aa iatar- pratar to tha naighboring Indiana. On Babbath tha 39th, tha paopla of tha fort who undar. ■tood Eogliah, aaMmblad, and wa worabipad tl|i Ood of our Uvea, who had protaotad ua hitharto, and fVom difbr* ant natkoa had ooUaotad ua in a littla group in thia ra. gion of tha world. Tha Indiana too eaoia about ma and axpiaaaad great anxiaty to ba Uugfat dM ravaalad will of God. Thay endaavorod to maka ma undaratand what-thatr formar traditiooaiy baliaf and praotioaa had baan, and to lat ma know, that what they had laamad from ma waa ran. aaoabla and aatiafiMstory to tham, and that thay wiahad to know all that related to ao important and momentoua a aab- jaot. But our medium of oommunioatkm waa inadaquata to a All! diacloaure of that moat intareating truth, that Ood ao loved the world that ha gave hia only Son to die for its redemption. Wheiever I have met with Um nativee of thia dblaal (•• gioD thay have invariably, with aameotneaa and impMtuai- ty,aakedthegiitoftbegoapal (Irom the handaofChriatiaiM. But Kbw little of die foith, and bva, and liberality of tha •MMilHHIaMMiMi (ith, lik* OMBy WqiMnt ooouv* divUUd, M M idry. Mr. MoDomM, iMd 1»A • fcw Hiver; but the had tlMei»rg« thirty jTMurjb*- I th« ooatioMit, reaidano* hart, d aoteas intafw fort who undar- lad tin Ood of tnd flrom dUbr* oup in thia ra> I about ma aad •vaaMwill of taod what-thatr id baan, and to ini ma waa ran. thay viabad to nnantoua a aab- iraa inadaquata truth, that Gad a to dia fer iia ' thia ^^taat !«• I and importuai- laofChiiitkuM. liberality of tba ehuroh ia invaatad in the moat proAtaMa of all anterprtwa, tha oonvaraion of the world. Shoukl aoma one prapoaa tba oooatruMion of • rail road (Vom (he Atlantic to tha PaoiAo, and demonatrate the praotioaMlity ofthe maaaura, andabow that nature haa intejtpoaed no efleotual barrier, and that it would ooneentrata not only (he whole internal, bu( alao (ba China trade, and the atook would praduoa annually a fieb diridmid, how aoon wonld ChrintJanii fngtga Ut h. Monday (he 80th of May, we oommenoad our joumay down tha Columbia. The brigade having takeo all tlM boata Atom thia plaoa on their lata paaaage to Fort Vanoou* ver, wa ware oompelled (o take boraea for Okanagan. I ohangad my guidea for (wo otben ; one a Spokain, and tiia other a Palooaa ; retaining my two vanfogmm. Aa wa Uh Port Colvile wa bad a Ana view of Kettle &lla. The Cb. lumbia waa in ita fVeaheo, and aa it rolled down in a bcokaa oataraot tha diaunoe of ono hundred fiset, it waa a aab> lima apaotaole. Hie whole aomiery aa we prooaaded down tha river waa marked by variety, wildneaa, and romantio grandeur, aa if die hand of nature, in decking thaae remote raghma, had oonaultod for her own amuaement aome of bar moat playAil and taateAil fiuioiea. Th« mountaina anmad are oooatruotad on a aoale of magnifioenoe, preaenting •!• moat all the varietiea of elevation, precipice, and feieat. Thia ia tha country, which, byjmore than one ^ my preda- oeaaora in travel, haa been celebrated aa the abode of wolvaa, bean, and rattla>anakea, to an extent that rend^n it almoat impenetrable, by ordinary courage ; but we found no iodi> oationa of tha praaenoa of theaa animala befora thia avoa- iog, whan the diatant barking of a prairie wolf, for oaoe intorruptod tha onivenal ailMioa by wbiob we were aw- tr •r Hi lyMutiMi em HASBUk Aaenting the appaaranoe oC having been thrown up by aeveral auooeaaive voloanio erup> tkma; lh« earth of grenite »a4 sd one hundred Iver ihere were I poaitkNi, with. Ml igneoue tai< (indoue dyke of I eppeerenoe of • voloenlo emp. i\y riaiog to ft tvereing • gntA ing to reeoh H tver ftn elevated beoeme evident roeoh the river, ■peed tliet hn- bre Ave o'olook bM«lt, wbiobM OtAND COOUI. IPf we tuppoeed, pmbueomMl ih« deep^dowing Columbia. Our next object we* to find a place whnnn wn cnuid deeoend to ita ahoree. After raiigiiiK along two or three milee, wa found a i|PMti*nt by a ravine ; but to oiir disappointment dimoverwl that it wna the (I rand Coul<<, which wan un- doubtMlly the ftirmer uhannnl of the rivtir. With coniii«l«^r. able difficulty wo wound our way into it, and found it well covered with graaa, and by e^arohlng, obtained a amall aupply of watflr. Thia quondam channel of the river la nearly a mile wide, with a levol bottom, and niuddod with laiande. Ita aideaare lined, aa the river tieoiria in many plaooa, with volcanic moka, two and three hundre«l feet per. pendicular. Thia CouU aeparalea to the led from the prea- ent channel of the G>lumbia, about one hundrrd milen bo. low Colvile, and ia about one hundred milee in length, when it again unitca with the river. The volcanic appearance* ara exhibited here aa in other plaoea, (Vimiahing evidences of eruptiona at dlllerent periods of time. A peculiarity in tMa iaatance was a stratum of yellow earth, eight or tea ftat iA thiokneaa between the strata of basalt. Thoae who have travel«d through the whole length of the Coulj, rep. resent it aa having the same general leaturee throughout, while the whole distance of the river around to the placa where it again unites, as I know from personal observation, haa not tb* peculiarity of a deep channel, out through tha raoka. We left the Grand CouU early on the morning of the lal of June, and with difficulty aacended the western bank. Balbre noon my guidea loet the way to Okanagan, and wan* dared fiir out upoo the wide prairie where there was no water. Loeing my confidence in their- knowledge of tho country, exoept on some frequented routes, I directed my rn^rn wm^mmmemmmmmi^ J. I' mi* ton oxakIoav. •oane by my ooin|MMi to Um north-wert for the river ; and perceiving • mow-topped mounUin in the dieUnoe, I ooa> eluded the river muat lie between it wad oureelvae, and •oooidingly made it my landmark. Pursuing thia diree. tion a few hours with rapid speed, we came to a slope which gradually narrowed Into a ravine, and introduced oa at length to a spring of water. Our thirsty horses rush- ed into it, and it was with difficulty wfe could control their excess in drinking. We followed this ravine, the water of which continually gained accessions until it became • large stream, with a rich valley «f alluvial bottom, and • united its waters with the Columbia, a few miles above Fort Okanag^, the place of our destination. Fort Okanagan b situated on the north side of the Co< lumbia« above the confluence of the Okanagan river, from which, and from tiie Indians residing in iu vicinity, the fwt takes its name. It was first built by Mr. David StUp art, » partner of the American Fur Company, in 1811. Thei« is an open q>ace of oooaiderable extent around ; the soil is of an inferior quality, hard and gravelly, but produ- cing grass to supply the cattle and horses belonging to the statibik. A few fertile spote of alluvial soil are found in the vicinity. The Columbia does not aj^pear to have contin- ued so long in ite present channel, since leaving the Grand Coul^ as to form those extrasive alluvial bottoms, which exist in many other parte of ite course. After leaving the i^kein woods there is very little forest to supply tin^r fbr fuel, fencing or building. They are dependent on flood- wood which descends tho river for their ordinary flieU and the fresheto generally furnish a lai^ supply. Not far dis- tant, at the north there are snow-topped mountains, yet the country here is not remarkably mountainous. At this place MMfM ■MkNMMWMMii k OKAKAaAN INDIANa. 800 the river ; »nd iiaUDoe, I ooQ> ounelvM, and ing this direoo ^me to a slope ind introduced ity horses rush- 1 control their e, (he water of I it became • m\ bottom, and iles above Fort lide of the Co. (an river, from U vicinity, the Mr. David Stu. pany, in 1811. nt around ; the illy, but produ- slonging to the ire found in the to have contin- ving the Grand bottoms, which Iter leaving the » supply timber endent on flood' Unary flieUasd f. Not far dis- untains, yet the I. At this place I had an opportunity to see some of the Okanagan tribe. Their personal appearance is less noble than the Spoiceins, but tiiey are not less peaceable, friendly and honest in tbsir dispositions. This is evident from the fact that the charge of the (brt in the absence of Capt. Ogden, the superintend* ent, was committed temporarily to a Frenchman, and sev- eral of the Indians. This tribe with the Shooehaps number about two thousand persousi Tlicy are much employed in the salmon fisliery, and large quantities ere prepared by drjrhjg for the winter's use. Their country does not abound in game, and hunting occupies but little of their time. The climate here, as in other parts of the Oregon Territory, ia very mild and salubrious. Wishing to pursue my way down the river, I hired two Indians to assist my two Frenchmen in navigating a bateau which we obtained at this place ; and committed our honea to my Indian guides to take them across the country to Walla Walla. My confidence in the honesty of these men was without any suspicion, and I could irust them with our six horses, saddles and bridles, to go on any enterprise with< in their capacity to accomplish. They have so much selfl respect, that they would not on any account commit a crime^ which would expel them from their people, induce them to seek concealment, or abridge their liberties as free* meoi We embarked in our boat, June 2d,to perform a voyage of fou/' hundred miles, with the river in full freshet ; and ita strong current increased by high water, secured to us a ve^ Idcity beyond the ordinary. We passed several rapids, and dashed over the breaking surges, where the least mismaa> agement would have caused inevitable submersion without any prospeet of escape. But my vogatmirt showed bv 27* •mm^immflH^mm IRBIFIU TAJn. 1 ■"""Hf^mtl^ thair adroitiMM »t the o»r, Uwt they were upon their hrcr- ite element, and their gayety Mui eonge beg*n to revive, en being relieved ftom the rough, and to them uupleAiiMit jour* ney on honebaok, over hille end down ravines, and through forest!. The elasticity of their native oharaoter was al- most immediately apparent, and we glided on with celerity, making a voyage of one hundred miles before it was neoee- •ary to seek our safety for the night on shore. The ooun- try through which we passed to-day was rather mountain- ous. I saw many locations of granite in its natural slate, but as we proceeded, volcanic operations began to appear, and the granite exhibited the e&ots of intense heat, until it wholly disappeared, and breccia, amygdaloid, basalt, and lava took its place. In the afternoon we passed a perpen- dicular section of rock, two hundred and fifty feet high ; half way to the top of which, a petrified tree of considera- ble magnitude is suspended. It appears to be retained in its place by having its roots inserted in the crevices of the rooks, between the layers of different eruptkma. How it procured its elevated situation is quite a mystery. It could not have vegetated there, unless at the time of its growth, it was sup- ported by a surface upon which to rise ; and taking the pres- ent oonditiao of the rocks, it could not be deposited there by any iloods of the river, and certainly it could not in sudi ease, intertwine its roota in the crevices of the rocks. Gen- dfemen of the Hudson Bay Ck>mpany, and others who navi- gate this river, have amused themselves by shooting off pieces with their rifles, and they assured me it was wholly a petrifiuition. Our encampment this evening was a few miles above the Long Rapids, which extend nine miles. On the 8d, as we approached the Long Rapids about fifty miles above Walla Walla, th^ presented the appeaianoe of <«i*«Ml|MlMMilli JKn •mmmmimmmmm latf lAPiM. Hi on their Ikror- Ik to revive, on ipleAtHuit jour- «,Aiid througii meter WM •!• I with celerity, t it WM neoee- e. The ooua- her mounteiiH I natural etate, gan to appear, nse beat, until )id, basalt, and med a perpen- ftfty feet high ; B of conaidera* I retained in il* tea of the rooke, [ow it procured could not have wth, it was sup- taking the pree> deposited there >uld not in sudi B rocics. Gen- ;heni who navi- by shooting off 9 it was wholly ning was a few nine miles. »pids about fifty leappeaianoeof wavee rolling under a strong breeze of wind, and their dis- tant murmur broke upon the stillness of the rooming. To pass them without fear, is an undertaking which requires courage and self-posseMiion ; but knowing that these inland navigators are experienced in all the dangers of boating excursions, I had but liule drawback upon the pleasure I anticipated in a swift descent over them. With much cars and exertion of my men we safely outrode them, a distance of nine miles, in forty minutes. It is this variety of fiiUs, cascades, and rapids, together with the ever-varying scene- ry of nature'a wildest and grandest forrr.?, ihat keeps the mind from wearying, and awakens almost perpetually some- new emotions and energies, while performing a voyage of several hundred miles in open bateaux or light canoes. Not unfrequently in the stillness and solitude of the river, when it assumed its more placid featuras, such a sense of security is enjoyed, that a resort to books, to aseist in a profitable disposition of time, is pleasant. My voyagewa called my attention to a red lurid aspect of the atmosphere in the south, and said we should have a strcHig wind from that quarter. Their prt^ostication was soon realized. The gale did not last long, and the only remarkable feature was, that when it subuded, it was al- most instantaneously. Through the distance of about one hundred miles, which' we passed to-day, the country is level and destitute of wood. I observed a bank of clay in layers of diversified struc- ture, such as I have often noticed. The different sections were of various colors ; some dusky red, some yellow, and blue, and others white, making an upright elevation of one hundred feet or more. Salmon are ascending the river in great numbers, and m i l II Mi ll w tftrtft^rtUm 'u ' f i mii ^ ABSITAL AT WAl&A WALI.A. groupa of IndiaiM are scattered olong pursuing the employ- aient of catching them. Wherever we passed them, they oame off in their canoes, bringing salmor to sell, some of which were roasted in the best manner, and served up on broad pieces of bark, which answered a good purpose in the absence of plates ; and often large leaves of plants were spread neatly upon the bark. Upon these we dined, with- out bread, vegetables, or salt. My vogagewa found suffi- cient employment in the gratification of their appetites, to Interrupt for a whilo their anecdote and song. We arrived at Walla Walla at evening, just in season to iind shelter ftom one of the most violent thunder storms, accompanied with wind, which I have witnessed in this country. Such, aloraw are of rare ooourrenoe west of the mountains. nJiiiiM """"•piai tf^ SHAU, ISSIJUU. Ml ig the employ* led them, they > sell, some of ■erved up on od purpoee in of planta were re dined, with- ra found sufii- ir appetites, to We arrived to find shelter , accompanied luntry. Such, tuntaina. CHAPTER XXII. A rammaijr of IJm Indians of tho Uppw oowatry- -asiss «f Um trUtsst thair looations and number*— lesvo Walls Walla fltr Fort Vsaooa. TSti—swift paarage down the river — run the Falls — Caeosdss— daa. gerous flddy— arrire at VanoouTer — staam-boat exoordon. HATiMft traveled over the most important parta of th« upper country, and collected the fkots of ita phydotl eondi* tion, together with the location, character, and oooditioa of the nKMt nuineroua tribea of Indiana ; befer* laavtag this section of the territory west of the Rooky Mountaiii% it may be proper to give a connected aununary of th«M p«r> ticulara. On the south part of the Oregon Territory, ad. joining Upper California, are located the ShoahoiMt or Snake Indians. I was not able to gain knowledga of their definite numbers, but the general eatiroate ia that thay ara more than ten thousand. Their country is decidedly tha raoM barren, west of the mountains ; most parts being oov* ered with scoria and other volcanic productions. Thaaa Indiana are poor, and as indicative of their oooditioa and their resources, they are called Snake IndiaLj, and Root diggers. Some of them go to the mountains and hunt buf* fklo, and they very generally resort to the river in the sat> son of fishing. They have a tolorable supply of bona*. When they go to Rendezvous they make a great disfplayi advandog on horseback, dressed in their most fluAtastte manner, ezhihItiDg all their omamenta of faalhera, Uadii wolf>tailS| taath and daws of animals, arranged aooordiag Ik tmi'imrmm fmmtmmimmMim i. tM ^Aiti— simiiirr tiittfl. •0 th«ir notions of good t«Me. The warrlon are armed, hideoualy painted, and thoau wlio have been wounded in bat- tle are very fond of showing their soars. After coursing around and through the cynp of Rendezvous for some time, they dismount and go through the ceremony of shaking hands. I had also an opportunity of seeing many of these and the Uuws at Rendezvous. The country of the Uuws is situated to the cast and south-east of the Sboshones, about the Salt Lalce and on the head waters of the Colora- do river, which empties into the gulf of California. They number nearly four thousand persons, and appear to be a . mild and peaceable people, honest, kind, and hoapitable to strangers, and afTeotionato among themselves. They live by hunting, Ashing, and gathering roots and berries. Their dress is plain, and their manners are unassuming. Their country being in latitude about 41", has a fine climate, and good soil. Proceeding north, we come to the oouniry of the Ne« Perots, which has many fertile parU adapted to tillage, and ia throughout a fine grazing country. They number about two thousand five hundred ; but they have already been often mentioned. The Cayuses are situated to the west of the Nez Pero^ and very much resemble them in person, (Iress, habits, and morals. They are equally peaceable, honest, and hospita. ble to strangers. They number more than two thousand persons. Their wealth consist in horses, which are unusu- ally fine and numerous ; it being no uncommon thing for one man to own several hundred. Their country, especial- ly that about the Grand Round, is uncommonly fertile, pro- ducing sponuneously cammas in great abundance, upon which, with fish and aome game, they principally aubaist. HMiiiiiiiiii ^■viMimNlpi >n are armed, rounded in bat- After coursing I for some time, my of shaking many of these y of the Utawa the Shoshones, I of the Colora- ifornia. They appear to be a d hoapitable to es. They live tierries. Their uming. Their ine climate, and :ry of the Net d to tillage, aad y number about 9 already been ht Nee Pero6^ ■ess, habits, and »st, and hoepita- I two thousand hich are unusu- nmon thing for tuntry, especial- >nly fertile, pro- bundanoe, upon toipally aubaiat. 1l»U3<»— MmMMT Taiaai. M They express the same anxiety to be instruoted as the Nea Percys and Flatheads. The Wallii Walla Indians inhabit the country about the river of the same name, and range some disUnoe below, along the Columbia river. The number of persons in thia tribe is about five hundred. In their oharaoter, employ, menta, and moral habits, they do not materially differ from the last named tribes. The Palooee tribe are properly a part of the Nea Pero^ and in all respects are lilte them. Their residence is along the Nea Pero<5 river and up the Pavilion. They number about three hundred. The four last named tribas speak tha same language with a little dialectical difierenoe. North-east of the Palooses are the Spokein nation. Thay number about eight hundred persons, besides some small tribes adjoining them who might be counted a part of their nation. I have so fully described them that it is unneoes* sary to enlaree upon their character. Their country ia much diversified with n un'ains and valleys, prairie and woods, and a large part is of primitive formation, and soma parta are very fertile. They denominate themselves the children of the sun, which in their language is Spokem. Their main dependence for subsistence is upon fishing and hunting, together with gathering roots and berries. I have stated that a commencement ia made In agriculture, whioll it is to bo hoped will be generally adopted, so that their pres. ent precarious mode of living may give placo to that which will be subsUntial. They have many horses, but not so numerous as their neighbors farther south. Bast of these are the Coaur d'Alene Indians, whoae num. bers are about seven hundred, and who are characterised by civility, honesty, and kindness. Their country ia mora pmv« i^*u ihm that of the SpokeUu, and nually, If ^ ^^' a^ptod to agriouUure. The country of the FUthetd. is sUll IWrther wiMmd .outh-oMl, Md extend, to the Rocky Mountain.. They •re a very i»te««ting tribe ; dignified in their per«H». no- Me, frwik, »ad generou. in their diupcitione, and hare el- way. .hown e firm attachment to white men. They num- ber ebout eight hundred pereon., knd U« • wandering life. For wbdMence they follow the bullklo upon the he«l wa- ter, of Clarke end Salmon river., and often pa« overto the heMl water, of the Miiwuri. They have beoome a wnall . tribe by oon.»ant war. with the Blackfeet Indian., though they then-eWe. are not of a ferociou. or hbrtlle diepomtloii. Being averae to war, they wiah to .ettle upon their land., and are only waiting to be Inrtructed in the art. of civiM- aalkm, and in Chrirtianity. , , u i— Their country i. mountoinou., but tatenwotod with piea- mni, fertile valley., large portion, of which are prairi*. The mountain, are cold, but in the valley, the climate i. wild. , VL.U An anecdote wa. related by a ohl..f of thi. nation, wMeh iUuatimte. their naUve character, and the propen«ty of In- dian, to imitation. He Mid the finrt white men he «w, wa. when he was young. It wa. «immer. He Miid. .. Tbm. are a new people, they look cold, thdr fcce. «e white and red ; go make a large fire, and I wHl aak them to come and warm them." In a short time hi. people had made a fire, and brought new buffalo robe.. The wWte men came into hi. lodge, and he wrapH them In the robea and «ated them by thtf fire that they might be warm. The robe, slipped off; he replaced them^S«« '^^ men made signs to «ooke their pipe. Tl« chief UioMjfct f, if MM Wtter rther Mkrt wid nUiiw. Thty »ir pertoiM, ao- B, and h»v« tl- 1. They num- iraiMiering life. I th« heftd wik- pMsovertotb* doome • wimII Indians, though lUle dispomtkn. on their luidi, ) arte of eiTiU- sotod with pk»- ioh are prairl*. Btha olimate ia is nation, whieh ropensity of In- >e men he saw, ner. He said, , thdr feces are I wUl ask them 9 his people had les. The while hero In the rabee light be warm. SoMi the whits M ohief thoa^ m-fm ■Mi rKvuM—mtnwkwr «lf they asked for feod, and btooght ibem meat. The white mea gave him the pipe, and he and hie people smoked, " aad after this they loved smoke, and they loved the white men, and said they were good." The Ponderae are so like llie Platheada in penon, raa». Iters, aad oharaeter, that a partioalar description of them may be passwl orsr They number about two thousand two hundred, and live on the north of Clarke's river, aad on a lake which takes ito name tmm the tribe. TWr iwuntry has many fertile parts, and woulc^ soon be put as. der cultivation, if they could obtain inatruotom to leaoh them agriculture and to impart to them a kaowledge of thoea things which are neeeesary le constitute a happy and piw peraos community. Their language is the same m the Spokeine' aad Platheada'. The Coctaaies inhabit a se«tie» of country to the north of the Ponderae aloag JrOillivn^e river, and are represented as an unoonmionly InienNdi^ people. They speak a language distinct ftma all the tribe* about them, open aad aooorous, and fee* feoas guttetato^ whksh are oomnMo in the language ofthe sareoundlagtiibea. They are neat ia their persons aad lodges, oaadid and hen* eel, aad kiad to each other. I itttnld nnt aeeertaia their nimn bers, but probably they are not over a tboiMMi. There ars eeveral other tribea of Indiaoeb whoae oodntriee are ^tuated upoa the waters of the BOTth-east bvaneh of tlw Colunbia rivar, resembUag eaeh other so aeariy !■ their L< number, and probably atiU ooro* bolow ihe population of the upper country. ' The Indiana to whom our horaea were entruitfid, oame in aafoly, aa I expected. After resting on tlie Sabbath, ire J«newed, on Monday the 0th, our voyage down the river, htving Fort Vancouver for our next deatinatkw. We exchanged the bateau for a large canoe, retainiot tk* men who attended me fron Okanagan. Asaiated by tha high water, we made rapid progreaa f ftamoon, when a strong head wind to tba land tot the remainder of id ua to tak* day, having bom UkM. TIm7 mth, mm! •bom mber live huA- ri()au«^liah. oiM the Stiooiluipa, 'enty-ftv«. At h« OkanagWM, lh RDii west an ifloite InfumMI* ng in tlmt mui- ir trihtu abova t oonfluriKW of ITookoomanai e humlred. Thri tn t« thirty'two JB i« pnib«Uly • tkod L« D»ll«i lUmorDU* tribe* B of th« Coluin- uinty aKertttin. kd probftbljr lOU eatrutted, omim m tiie S»bb«tb, yag« down tho Bxt destinatkw. 3Miae, retainiod n. AhusUmI by ntil three in the illed ue to t«k* ly, having b<»* Sl'!f TVS fillitS or TSB G<}L!ot. HI k* fclk I would iMwiii, tha w»t«r , fonuMl LmpMi- >ft, aiid oowutl njr would. W« WMi frM from "kxin, witli muM- 'ihm mighty w«- U«mA of Uifl Am on of water from > gnwt, timt Um> pd with bMcltiv •r, that lh« AtlU !• watar among uinel of th« La M. Our canoe lot too many to to invert it upon th diffiouhy and avinm. Wh«n rmn not willii^ ham in powder •n raaaooaUe, them, and they irad artiolct. I ohieC to indooe, bia laet portift, e demwid Awn Hid give them « ny propoaftl, *nd I chief, «ho Imk bsoomfl AimiUar with an Amorinan trader, laiighH at th«4r credulity. Nopolay, howAvnr, atalml lo thfl p«Ivfl them. Up prtivailcil, and the nirn tnolc hold of llm work ; and in fiiur hnum from pawdngthii Aillawewen> b«>yonii thn raging water, where) we made onr mofninti; rnpaHt upon very Ane •almon. Onr paaeagfl during the remaindtr of the day waa plM*> ant ; we p«MedC.:pe Horn without difnoutty, and landed for the night twelve milee ahove thn Cattoadpa. In thin high ■late of the water, very few of the tree* of tho submerged forcat we rn to be necn. On the rnorninf? d the Caacadea by hiring Indiana to eordrlle the canoe down them, oxoluaive of one abort portage, the diiitanoe of two miles to the grMt biaain, or rather the grrat whirlpool below. This labor la attended with aome danger, and caaca, thou^^h not numeroua, have occurred of the Iota of Uvea un i|i l ll i iin i » -«»» -MMgMJMa >^im)m>mm^e0mmi0mm'mmrtm pi.ULmvim ' M$ [ a jlh im mnagmtmi!!^ A nBLO FOB RATtnLiUm^ •44iM, and we looii folt Um influenoe of iti waten rolling W from the oeutre, and all our atrengUi was required to naiBt them, leat we ahould be thrown upon the breakere. We paseed with the rapidity of the wind, and ki a ahort tioM were upon the smooth Burfaoe of the tide waten below. The Mnaations excited in deaoending these Cascades are of tftat peculiar character, which are best understood by ex- perienoe. The sensation of fear is no sooner ai^akeDed than it subsides before the power and magnificence of the rolling •UTges^ the droling vortices, and the roaring breakers. Let those whose dormant energies, either of body or mind, need arousing, try the navigation of the Columbia in high water, and their powers will be invigorated ibr almost any fliture enterprise. Such is the fascinating power, I had almost said magio of these scenes, that those who are accustomed to be emplbyed upon these waters, though &r away from home and kindred, beoome attached to this mode of life, and are reluctant to abandon it for any other. Each time the soene- ly of theao interesting CaMsadea is beheld, new wonders onfold themselves. Niagara itself if we except its unbn^en fall of one hundred and fifty feet, cannot bear a comparison with the superior style of nature's wnrks hero. Nwr are diese things oraated merely to attract our momentary admi > tKlion. Science in very many of its departments, may find sabfaots for invesUgation. While the omitiiologist listens to th4 songsters of the for- ests, and in these enchanting solitudes follows them with bis eye, asthey dart from bough to bough ; he ngaide wUb aA- miration the noblJB and raajestio white headed eagle, as lie takes his fitvorite peroh upon the loftieat heights of aoine needk-pointed ruok,or the summit of some leafless tree, or as he dans fromthenoe upon hfarprey ; or his attention may i-.rf^^^K^SBif mmmmmmmmm i.V'#fll,*i!' mmmmm waten rolling M required to the brealMrs* inaahorttioM en below. OMoadea avii lerttood by ex* iwakeced tbaa I of the rolling reakera. Let or mind, need ia high water, lOBtany flitura Ad almost aaid juatomed to be ay from home r life, and are lime the aoeiM* new wondara pt ita uobrdten ra oompariaon ere. Nwr are mentavyadmi' lents, may find it^niofthafor- • them with bia >gardaw^a4> Ml eagle, aaJie eighta of aome teafleaa trae, or >attentiMai»y A raUJ) fOft NATinULUTS. 898 be arrested by the daring fiah-hawk in hia rapid deaoent up- on the finny tribe. An amusing ooourrenca totJc place in my riew. A fiahJiawk seised upon a fish of auch magni- tude, that the contest ibr a long time was doubtfbl, as the splashing water indicated, which should exchange its native element. The reaiatanoe waa so great, that a disengage- ment was deemed the best policy. Here alaothe botanist, while he forbears to aaoend the lofty mountains, which for him present an aspect of too much dreariness, may retire into the mtrrow receding ral< leys, or wind his way over sunny hilia'in search of new genera of planta, or at leaat new species, with which to im- mortalizA his naane, and add to the storea of his fevoiita 3cienoe. The geologist, while he admires the stupendous monu- OMOts of voloanlo operations befiwe him, may alao find much to intereat him in examining more minute formationa. Along the mmed shores are scattered specimens of oaloa' deny, jasper, agate, and cornelian. He may examine the eellulea of the inunenae maaaes of amygdaloid ; the ooluaa- nar basalt«nd the mountains shooting up th«r denticulated ibrtat and ne«dla>pointa. Hia atlentioB will be dnrwn to the asaminationof the laiw, breooia, and trachyte ; and he will be iiotansted in finding many dendrtditea. When he looks at die deep ehannel through which the Columbia river finds itnonwaid way to the Pacific ocean, if he doubto the agen- «if of <3od in formi%the oouiaea of the rivers, he may in* (tolga ya idwginatioo in computing how long it haa taken this river to wear down the immensely hard basalt a thoii- fnnd feet; and havhig McerUined how long it takaa to wear any given depth, he may then make his mathemaycal oonoluaiaiaihowlwVthaniooeaBjMabeengwngon. Bui if \ V H >i| J| i -.l »i y •^m^ ^n AIRITAL AT TBB fOtT. he is • Chriatiui phila«oph«', whiie he admits woond oaoi. es, ho may look up to the firat gr«at CauM, and admin and •dore ; and not regarding baseless theories, may exclaim. " How wonderftil are thy works, in wisdom hast thou made them all." 'i'As we passed out of the mountain oountrfibout the Cas- oades, we found the wide valley below so inundated, as t© IMCesent the appearance of en inland sea. I arrived safely at the fort, found my friends well, and exchanged eoidid oongratulationt. . "^ • " « Sabbath, Juiie|flth, I preached to the people of the fort, and in the evening had a third sei|ioe, in which as hereto, fore, an opportunity was given to those present, to propose questions on any subject of religion about which they wished infermaUon. I was particularly gratified to find, that du- ring my absence, public worship had been ttiaintained, and an efibrrliad been made to bring the French Canadians to •tt«»d upon religious instruction. They aw assembled twice on the Sabbath, and a portion -of seri^nn and a sert. mon in French, tie rend to them by Dr. MoLaflghHn. ' -v I was favored with an opportunity to send to Sopelay thb promised powder and balls, by Capt. Black, a jtentleiui of the Company; who in a few day* was to leave Vanoouver for his statioir north of Port CNnuiagan^ On the Htb, we took a water exoiiiSsioB in the steam-boil Beaver, Capt. Home, down the Coliimi^ to th^ eonMM|^ of the western branch of the Multneailb ; up thisriveHrili the Willamette, and then into tb» ttkidle branoh of li^^ Multnomah, and through it into the OsHnnbia, and faMk to the fort. All the low lands were ovearflowod with the anmut freshet, and presented the appearaiioe of an immense b*^4 extending far into the oountrjr. ^^ day imm pleasant aiil^ awiiMij*! !"P mmm la woond knd admirB wid may exoUim, tMt thou made ibout the Cm- lundated, Mti» arrived safely langed eordlAl lie of the fort, lich as hereto- ent, to propoee sh they wished fiod, that du. kintained, and Canadian* to vn aasemUed tfe and a seA iaAghlln. oSopel»ythto jtentleAtti of re Vanootiver lie steam-boat ie conAlMifll^ thi.riv«rttf ranch of Ip^ and back Ik th the anntid nmense bay. pleasant afedi KAVIQABU WATIBS. 995 1^ oUr company oheerfiil. The noiVeltr of a steam-boat on the Columbia, awakened a train of prospective reflections up gftyety which prevailed wt£ often suspended, while we oonveraed of comiiig days, «rhen with civilized mea, all lie rapid unproveianla Ik the^its of life, riiould balBilfaduoedover this new woiti,'and W|t and vil- lages shall apring up oq the weet, i illi^P fcspringing up on the east of tlie gt«|j|teantaina, j|d sitof^mpire shall 1^ added io tSe king^l^the eartb. The Columbia is the only river of magnitude in the Ore- gon Twritoay, and this JanavigaWe for ships but (ne hun- dred and mrtf miles to the Cascades; and it is the only ooe which nftnlsa harbor for lai^ge ships on the coast, fttim CaUfomia to tiw M" of n(nth latftude. For bateaux and iratious other ^t oraft, the CoHwnbhi and its branches are ns/vigahkaihonswkd miles. Tiie iatttrml^vigation oouM not btLaraoh iowpved, onksa at gmA «ip«ise, by canals llf^aaifl iii||, wUeh lH so fturaereus that tlMi^tflMMhmk. «»!§ considerable is carried c||D|iikkM of these waters, and Aa ioffsniiity of mei^p ^llSit, when it shall be raOre ly pepnteta^in eontrive feoilities, as on the eaM, [y impzeviaiil^ 7> intoinourae of remote and differ. ioBs 'OCfhiAlqpriprf.' ' • ' ■^, ilillMmiii I iWriiiiimlii I iimVlBmilitiMMiiiliii «■"""'• I i""»"tlW«IW ijl?*- S2A OBOLOOT. flin .*^ QHAPTB^ XXnt. dbology. ■'^ * Havino remarked on th^ features of tha oouatry through whicli I paBHeected thai^pMnild be\ble to give a complete view of the geology of so extensive a territory ; it being greater than the fThole of the United States east, of the Alleghany Mountains. The complexil^ltoo, must be i*nsidered, of plainly marked phenomena, resulting from long continued'igneous action, where bath juioient and com- paratively recent produetftare so.bloadil^that time and much experiequ^alone can resolve, aptpecirancet, at" fIfM view inexplicabto. Set the reader al8(|pdd to cumstances under-lfiiich the nulior was comBelle the data of:ib,^wiclu8i( ^|^H |xim«||||||yj|des. As to I scientific accuracy of his Btatem|M|ybto deems it i than just to say, that while he dottt j^ SaiL th^t thb details are worthy the atiention o(i)imf0&o men« apd correct in re, so that perfect rel^nce may.be placed q^ them, yet he feels Wmsclf ^||||i|g|i|that almost inty- are .JUjam i ' .u amummtmmm BQUQlry through >w gllf • jnaoh) result o^>b- : hitherto unet- m the obMnwd e\ble to give ft B a territory ; it d .^tatfes east, of t^'jtoo, must be resulting front poient and coin- that time and iraacet, af Aim 1 to' this tbe cir- DOte f ftilty , and"^ lents, As to I ems it hat the iacts^ 9 men«a|id f^he placed, o^ hat almost inta- /'A.^ # , ^ t* ,>tf, ' • J . .& *» ■ ■ i [BiVi|[ < i i i iiiiii « i «i»Mi>» «w» 1 i mmmimmmmmm»tm • OMUMT. iUvfl knowlAdge, whioh b» aloo* pommen who Km long been a field- laborer. With th«M coosi4|vratJoM the author. preMints the retult of hia obwtrvatioiis, hvping the reader may find much thiu it valuable napMtiiig theae regions of the sotting eun, re- plete aa they ||| with Intereat, arising from grandeur both of scenery, and of developements of the modes and eflTecta of the operaUons of the great geological agents; especially of that eleroect, whioh in time past has wrought such ohan. gea, ^ is yet gradually and mora unmroeivedly produ- cing them; where it has played all |t8 Og^ freakj, and then quietly leA thi. apot^th so few»uperfi«|)oscd materi- als, that well developMidpanomeda my be leisurely ex. amined. - ^ . My design is first to give a g. leral view of the rooks of Oregon— then state a few facts n the form of remarks or desoripUona-and then add u brief oaulogue of miuerala found in this Territory. After leaving 4he great secondary valley of the Miads. sippi, near the Blaok Hills, which are a range of leaser mounuins, east of the Rocky Mountains, flie geologist be- gins t^find rocka-^f the Carboniferou| Group, obscurely ro«ni^ beneMltthe de^ soH, and anthraoite.ooal in loose fragm^ta^o the banka of nd^ gunning into the Platte. Among aiA beyond the Bladi|Pi, the carboniferous strata are oljrly seen, the o«8 "cropping out" and presenting '-By the same features as did the Wilksbarre beds in llvania, «{hsn llkw them before they were worked." i, fer several days, We rode over rocks, interspersed now ^ then with untKracite, and having marks of the preaanee of iron, aa la usual in regular coal deposita. Pwafaig this, Oie geolqgist next reachea another group, •UImt Um umwr MOoadUtry, or more rMMOt rookq, lying M th« feot of th« Rooky MounUins. I wm ioollnod to beli«v«, tnm tha faot thtt 1 wm sppareatly gtiriogloally rising, m w«U M r««lly KMAnding above Um Ivwl of tiM ooMn, that they ware the latter. Bad Stiala, or eindblnBe, I ftnind ia what are tamnd tb« Red Butee. Perhafw HAi ie New Red 9andatone. Reaohing the Rooky Monntaina, whioh ara a eoatinuatioa of the Andes, d^reased in Mexioo, GraaHa beoenes abiNi- dant,and other jj^fimary rooks, extending to an unknoiiB die* tanoe north aiM||!|^th, and more than a hundred milea east and west, "ntb section, mostly 'oorered with perpetual snow, aflbrda ample apaoa for tha lludy of glacial geokgi- oal action, a subject now eliciting much attention. TiM valley through whieh we paasad^ remarkably indioatea tlM overruling hand of Providmoe, in providing a» easy paait where no aarbua obalaola preaenta itself to tha oeoatraotieB of a raiUroad. Thia and other vallaya woald uadoubtoMy, with fiwilitiea for obaervatimi, give aqiM^ Ofpoitunltiaa to diaoowr the fonnatioo of thia vaat ohaio, aa Ihm bean daw ia legard to tlii graat ntoky nngm of die Baatam CV»- tinant. ■ ' ,, Advanoiog waalwani, aad mm^fiag tmm the ^eoky . Mountaina, there ta found JlMpadiately at their btsa JaeoB* daiyRooka; but aa wa igjpinh the boidera ofW of tJw gffOt voloaEio Aimaoea of the wtiM, th«y ai« OM^ii W«»*. kao and tilted up, pmaenting aooM siagutMr pheallttMb wl|iob I have maotioBed in the joomal, suoh aa the faSp tioa of nanow ridgea with die atnta. at di&raat aagleai w plaoea thaae dyke>Uke ridgea are nearlyt regular ia die and diatanoiB, aa though oraobkl by aa uj^iaaving foiBe^ and tha fiaauraa aUed aftarwar^a with earti j a«Lift other ♦ Si&.-MiiMB'miiSm'^^mi^^S^iii-^iM.^^im'm^' t roolD% lying M lIliMd to beli«v«, lloally riaing, m r tito ooMn, that ■iDoe, I (bund in tMikNewRad r* a eoatinuctioB • beoMOMAbon- •n uoknoiw di«- adred ibUm iMMt I with perpetuftt gitoial g«ok)gi- «ttenticm. llM bly indiostes dw ig •» easy pM*. ) A» ooutraotiMi qU uMJbubMHy, r offoituDlti** to IS ha* bMadOM haBaatom €<«• fMM tha4tMky tbairbaaaJaeoB* taraoClMMortiM jr aM wMk Into* bant aagtoai ^ aeaf ly regular in i upbeaTing fiMee, il I aBdvlB othar mm 9aOVQ91. 9^ plaoaa axisting in vadga-form aumn, ialanpaned belwaan other rooka, and having other varietiea of dislooaUon. Tha lithologioal oharaotar of tlw tract, over which wa roda for two daya, oorreaponda with that of tlio now red aandatooa of the valley of the Connecticut. Tliere arc dopoatU both of the rod and alaty colored atrata— and their depth aeanw to be quite great, aa ia evinced by bluria. But, aa I obwirved no organic remaina, my inclination to believe that theaa rooka are the new red aandutooc, ia founded only on their mineral character, and the ikct. a very imporunt one, that they appear directly to underlay the aaliferoua rocka, or to lie inunediatoly above them. Shotild theao jocka, whi«st a regular Tertl. ary basin, partly on shore, and the remainder under th* OMan, remains to be determined. Queen Charlottes Island on the north is, at bast in part, primary. Primary rocka rise in various parts of the ooontry, and are like istluids in the vast volcanic field. 8uoh are the Selin-m river mo«m. tains, and the granite and carbonate of lime near the Spo. kein river, and other plaoea. We have Hiua glanced at the rocks of Oregon as we pm westward. In relation to their extent in a northerly and southerly direotion, I am unabl4> to say much. There is evidence that ignecua action has extended from Quean Charlotte* Island to California. I have already remarked ut the extent of the Saliferous rocks. That they extend II trrnn north of xhm ^»lhf whdf* I feoad MOiv* i^tt into M«lght have h«on inolwicti in my dawrip- tiao of th« gnat oliangea in tho n>obn. Tho plat* at tha haad of thia chapter «l<f vnl< ania rooka, auch aa are f.und in nearlv every part ol Or.gon. The plao* .Iwiigtted to be repreaentwl I7 if, is beiow tl» Junotion of tha CkKMhooota-ka with tha Lewta river. WWl •DfiM variationa it ia applicable to a mural eaoarpment aaT- ami milaa below the Caaoadea on the ColumL Himilar ■Mral emarpmenta are found in the Hpokein ootiutry, and at tlM Offwnd Coul«, or ancient bad of the Columbia. TW naadla-pointa on the right of tha plat* M« fbuod moat db. tiootly marked, about and jual below tha C«8oad«i, though thay occur at numaroua other plaoea. Indeed thia i« not an MifrequaDt form of baaalt weat of tha Rooky Mountaina. The firat atrata inarkad in tha plate above what ia intend- ad t>r the ahore of the river, ki irregular maaaive amygda- loid. In aome looalitiea atmtlar to that from which the plat* ia taken, there ia found a oonglomerate underlaying thb atrata. The next or aecood atrata of the plate, ia voloani« braooia or oonglomerate, oompoaed of dalritua, and angular fVagmenta mixed with earthy matter, and ia perhape wtet aome oall voloanio tufa. Thia brecoiated layer ia more or laaa hard and oompact, varying however very much in dif- ferant looalitiea, and ia in all oaaea .-nly a few feet thkk. The third atrata ia columnar baaalt, regularly oryataliieed in pantagona about two %t in diameter. In other plaoea mmmaa UvtMlt, 1 utmui, I vfll order, ■oma, If in my d mm ttif * mfttMl* k mom brm«r MiltkNM. nta of vnloMil* rt oJ On-gon. H, b below tlw ■ river. WHh ■oarpment eer- mL .. Similar oountry, and at olumbUt. TIm found moM dla> iuioad««, though mnI thiJi in not an y Mountaiae. I what ia intend- aaeive amygda- whieh the plata nderlaying thta late, k volcanki is, and angular is perhaps wiMt Kyer is more or ry much in dif- fer feet thkk. irly oryetaliieed In other pli . »aouMV. m they vary in siM ftmn one to four or more foet in diameter. It ia in all the looaliiiaa where I noticail U, oluaejy jointed, with (he oonvni nurfaQa upwanJa, like the basalt of tha OU •nl'sCauaeway. The fourt' ia a brecolated layer. Tha fifth on the left, ia columnar baaall, and on the rlj^ht, aryg. daluid in juxtapoeition with the banali. Tho sixth ia a breo. oiated layer. Tha seventh and upp«trinoat ia a aemi-orya. talised baaalt on the left, and newlle-pointpd liaaalt on tha right. The srmi.orystallf.ed basalt very nearly resemblea the PallaadcM on iho Hudson River, and the greenstone of Kast aod Wpst R.^ks at New Haven, and the more diatiflut oryatala found in Mt. Tom and IHt. Holyoke. For the latter ■a« Hitohcook's Geo. 1st cd. page 78. In a deaorjption of blufTs and banka of rivers, wher* there are mural eaoarpmenta aimilar to that from which tha plate ia taken, I have numbered from ten to twenty strata of amyg«laIoid, baaalt, and brecciated layera, which appear to liave been thrown up in different porioda, through craters, fissures or ohaama, rising in auocesaion one above another. In aome looatioos tlie lowest formation is pudding stone ; on this amygdaloM, varying in thiokneaa from a few feet to twenty or thirty ; and then above tbia a stratum of angular fragments of basalt and amygdaloid, frequently intermixed wkh lava, which Fhave termed the breooiated layer. Thia strata generally appears to have bff n expose*! for a period to atmospheric agencies, until in somw degree deoompoawi, and upon thia the alternating strata aa described- above, in- dioating so many diiTurent eruptions ; the whole series rising from fifly to several hundred feet. The bi«ociated layera are on»y a few feet in depth, and appear to have been for a long period the surface, aAer which a new eruption haa again overspread the whole. In one section of the hlmh 80* * MPI mmm »34 QBOLOOT. r w«lk of the Grand Coul^, far up the sidea, instead of th« bNocia is presented a depth of yellow earth of six or eigM foet, and above this several strata of basalt and amygdaloid, OS above described, in like manner exhibiting proof that thb section for a long time constituted the surface. Thus it appears that the internal fires have had long intervals of re- pose, and tlicn have again sent forth their volcanic sub. stances. The probability is, that they were thus in opera, tioo for centuries, but with a few exceptions, have ceased for centuries past, so that time has been given for atmoa- pherio agencies to decompose the volcanic productions, sut fioiently to form a soil covering most parts ef the country. The enquiry naturally arises, whether it may not be on ac- count of the great internal fires ~of this country, that the temperature is so much warmer on the west side of the mountains than on the east ; for it is an interesting fact, that the easterr. side of North America, in given parallels of latitude, is the coldest, while the western in the same par- allels, la the warmest part of the worU. And may not this arise from the comparative recency, as well as extent and depth of the voloanio operations, which have pervaded this wh^ region of the setting sun.* The length of time,^during which immense masses of lava and other volcanic matter retain heat, is well known, and needs no remark. May not the climate thus be afieoted in On^^on ? AoKMig other localities of columnar basalt, thv^ coluran* of which are regular crystalized pentagons, ft distinguish. t * Bf reference to the annexed meteorolegieal table it will ke c« . from olieervsUone taken between the 45th and 46th degreea of Bcvfb ktttade, that in the winter of 1831— t; tbe greateat eoM was bat ftB^ below the freeiins point, and this for three mominfe oiilj-r-an4 jda. riB( the month of March, there were bat twomominge in which tM« was.anj froet. ..';.'<>»" «^ ■■:~,.i.>i.Jl;^^.,.V.^w^iC;,a..i^.;f'.:^VAV re thus in opera* one, have ceased given for atmos- productions, suA B of the country, lay not be on ao- Bountry, that the west side of tlw sresting fiurt, that iven parallels of n the satne par- And may not this ell as extent and ive pervaded this til of time^during r volcanic matter 1 remark. May ? salt, thc^ columns OS, » diatioguisb* lableitwUItoctM, Sth degrees of nt>r*h est COM wu bat l^ niags ohlj— ui4 dO' ■nings in which tliei* eMMMMT. 3«5 ed one is on the high lands dividing the waters of the Snake and Spokein rivers. The formations of this locality have many interesting charaoterisuos, as described on page 206. Another below the Cascades of the Columbia, where the regular pentagonal columns wall up the north side for the distance of half a mile. Hero are also fnund all the va- rieties of volcanio productions ; — voltiknic peaks, as diver- sified in their forms as they are numerous, being conical, denticulated, and needle-pointed ; varying in magnitudes, and rising one above another from ten feet to fiAeen hun- dred feet. These occur almost entirely upon the south side of the river. There ara also numerous islands of basalt in the Columbia river and ite branches, eleva- ted often much above high freshet water. These are nu- merous in the La Dalles, and in the ancient bed of the Columbia, er Grand Coul«. These Islands are the same in form and substance as the dykes which exist in vari- ous parts of the country. There is something similar to these Needles in what I have termed the Pillars, wher» one or two such needles oeoar alone, and rise some hun- dred feet. They are basalt, and so hard and compara- tively smooth, that I can account in no other way for their production, than that they are dykes, which have been injeoted into soft rook, or soil, which lias since been re- moved by other agencies. The most remarkable in- stance of this is the Pillar Rock at the lower part of thn ' rapids, belpw the Cascades, at the head of the tide water cf the Columbia. It is a^xnit five hundred feet high ; and is perpendicular on the river side, and nearly so on Um other rades ; and is wholly isolated upon a narrow strip of bottom land, with a small base, and in its appMranoe resembles a vaat muiument. Another audi needle is ibuod tmmtm tii*«ii«teiiMMMn»ii »86 OKOtOOT. in the river near ttm mouth of the Colombia, and ttanding alone it makes a very oonapiouous object. Another result of volcanic agency is seen in the Primary rooks, in which are cracks or fissures, through which gas- eous products have escaped, without forming a crater, and indeed without ejecting any igneous solid matter. One lo- cality of this kind prissents a result somewhat peculiar. It is on elevated land near the Spokein river, where there are hundreds of regular cones, varying from a few feet in diam- eter and height, to a hundred or more in diameter at their base, and fifty or sixty feet high. Tiiey are made up of angular fragments of granite, ttom an inch to six or eight -inches in size, and stand on a sandy plain now sparsely covered with yellow pine, apparently disturbed only at the places where these cones have broken through it. At a short distance south is granite in aitu. Near theise cones there is a large dyke, visible a hundred rods or more, the only other evidence of a disturbing force. These piles of firagments seem to have been made by the escape of steam or gas ; for they appear as if smoked by a fire from' within the cones. The Salmon river mountains aflbrd another example similar to this. An irregular circular space of a hundred acres or more, is covered with immense quan- tities of granite broken into cubical and angular fi«g- ments, as though prepared for Macadamizing the fbtuie turnpikes of Oregon. These mountains, though ntere islands of granite Mid mica slate in the great volcanic field, are quite extensive, and in addition to the breaking up of the granite by ig- neous forces, they are also perforated by vents or chim- neys, through which lava has escaped. One of the highest points of the mountains which lay in my route was of this Bttto iiAit'rirlini iiiiiiiMrfc*itiMM diameter at their are made up of' oh to six or eight ain now aparseiy urbed only at the hrough it. At a *Tear the^se oonee ods or more, the These pile* of > eecape of steam % fire from' within ns afford another circular space of :h immense quan- id angular fi«g- nizing the fbture Is of granite Mid B quite extensive, he granite by ig- y vents or ohiro- Dne of the highest route was of this ■ .■'r ii |irrrt i M i imi |» ! OEOtOST. 88T sort. It is a granite mountain, with the top capped by a volcanie cone, rising like an immense pyramid. ^The passage in some places of granite into basalt, is easily traced, and the first igneous appearance is not a change of the structure, but multiplied iVactures increaee until you find the granite broken into large fragments; and these diminishing in size, until they disappear in the dis< tinof oharaotrristics of volcanic agency, in which it is changed into a substance resembling traoh3^e, if it has not become trachyte itself, while in tUu. Smaller sections of granite are scattered over the country in forms of lecn di- mensions, protruding from the earth ; but these are of some- what rare ooounenoe. We have said that recent igneous action has taken plaee. A well audienticated instance occurred in August I8S1. Tiiere ma at this time at Port Vancouver and vicinity, tm uneommonly dark day, which was thought to have been caused by an eruption of a volcano. The whole day wa» nearly as dark as n^ht, exoept a slight red, lurid appear- ance, Tvhich was perceptible until near night. Lighted can- dles wvrs neeeasaiy through the day. The atmosphere was flll0d with ashes, whk>b were very light, like the white ashe* of wood ; all having the appearance of being produced by great fires, and yet none were known to have been in any part^ thd whole region around, llie day was perfectly calm, without any wind. For a few days after, the fires out of dbors Were noticed to bum with a bluish Aame, aa though maed with sulphur. There were no earthquake*. By observations which were made after the atmosphere be- came clear, it was thought the pure, white, perpetual snow upon Mount St. Helens was discolored, presenting a brown appearance, and there/bre it was ccmcluded, thai^ there ha4 mpttmmm [ M8 01IOU>OT. beau upw it a alight eruption.* The Indiana aay they have aeen Area in the ohaama of Mount Hood. Tilkl, the first chief of the La Dallea Indians, who ia a man of more than ordinary talenta, aaid he had frequently aeen firea in the fia- aurea of rooka in the laat named mountain. f Though i have improved everj" opportunity which liaa been preaented to make obaervationa, and have alao made many enquiriea of men who have traveled extenaively and ibr a long time in diflbrent parte of this cpuntry, som^ of whom are men of science, yet no evidence of foaail remains have been notioed, with the exception o** a very few apeci- mens. T saw a small shell, a TurriuUa, which was found in a mountain south of Mount Hood, in the Callapooa country. Also a few miles up the Columbia river, on the south shore oi'the bay, I fcund some very large petrified bivalve shells, embedded in calcarious sandstone of the Tottiary Ibrmatioa. The Urges': specimens which I took, measure, longitudinal* ly, four and a half inches from the hinge, and traiureruely, five. They are very perfect, beautifiiUy scalloped, and have all the lustre of living shells. Since the channel of the Columbia, ' VMWMMIMMbtMMMMiikiiitaHbB^MiiiJiaMi nil fni ilii r i f ir iliiWrtMMiat itof i T i^ii i l i i W i ll MiliMiai^ mm OM My they have Tilkl, the fint wn of mora than )n fine in the fia- t unity which h«a have also made 1 extensively and spuntry, aom^ of 3f fossil remains i very few speoi- lioh was found in illapooa country. 1 the south shore d bivalve shells, ttiary ibrmatioo. ire, longitudinal* md traittreruely, r scalloped, and many parts, is lands of basaltlo a twenty to four B the mind, what and other riven id Qiountains of water has worn lianges, but per> igHishedBSfnniUft, tiaii% I bsva bssM no ftom Monnt St. •BOLOOT. 399 haps by no prinoiple of Its action can it be supposed, that it has produced so long and so deep a channel, as the one through which the river flows, and through such solid rook formations, differing but little ftom irOn in hardness, 'iliat the channel of rivers owe their existence to other causes than (he action of water, is no new idea. Indeed very many an now described as formed otherwise. In relation to the channels of the Connecticut river and its branches, see Prof. Hitchcock's Geo. page 167, 1st edit. While I believe that Providence operates by mcttns, yet I doubt not then are phenomena which ara, and ever may remitln unr«> solved. While conversing in relation to the ehannel of the Columbia with some literary gentlemen, who had flrequent* ly passed up and down this river, after sever^.l theories were proposed, none of which could bear the test even of proba* bility, one of them remarked, he had been raminded of his boyish sportb, when he had dammed up water, and then with his finger drawn a channel through the sand for the water to run ; so it seemed to him that Qod had drawn a channel for the Columbia. If we do not keep in view the overruling hand of GM •• n landmark in our Investigations, but look to nature, at work in her great laboratory, the earth, as our only guMe to teach us precisely how the earth was formed, we sball, at least, be in danger of wandering into maxea fnm whioh we shall not be able easily to extricate ourselves. The condition of the country on the western side of th« Rooky Mountains differing in almost every particular fVom that on the eastern side, may render the common asaump* ticA doubtful, that different genera and species of plants ami animals, designate distinct formations and distinct periods of time, b whioh such formatioDs took plaoa. And if it mmm 940 atOLOOY. WM known to be tru«, that the ume genera and ipeoioff of uiinuUa end plente had their exUtence in the aaoie period •r time, in all oountrien of the aame climate, or in corree- ponding latitudee, then tho age of diflercut formatione might be better known by Toaail remains. But it is a faot, that the genera and apeoiea of animals and plants may differ widely and materially in the same country, age, and lat- itude. This is now the case in North America, on the east and west sides of the Rocky Mountains ; which gives us a view and shows what may be the truth in relation to re- gions of the earth, perhaps regarded as belonging to differ- ent periods, though in faot oontontporaneoue. Yet in ail such cases marks of isochronism, or the want of it, doubt- less could be found, and with proper care would oonvlnoe the experienced geologist of their diversity or identity in lime. C!oropare the two sides of North America as they now are, and notice the difference which exists in animaU and productions. Let new the whole of the northern part of this continent be submerged, and after a long time he again elevated to its present position, and let future generations examine its fossil remainiv, and by the rules very general- ly laid down, would they not conclude that tho seotion on the east side, and that on the west side of the mountains, indicate two different periods of submersion, and tb»t tb iiii i i jn#t! i > HMji rao&ooT. 141 ir» and ■paoiofl of n the Muoae period n«te, or in corree- t fomwtioM might It it is a fautt that plants may differ try, age, and lat- iMsrioa, on the east which given us a n relation to r«- elonging to difler- )ou8. Yet in all want of it, doubt- e would ooQvinoe lity or identity in rioa as they nov !8 in animaU aod northern part of }ng time ho again Dture generatuMM ilea very general* mt tho seotioQ f the mountainsi m, and that tbuld they not, froon )t' climate in the Bonclude, (if there r snarka to show tatem sectioo waa •ubmerged, at a period when the earth waa much wanner than at a period when the eastern aeotion was submerged 7 This would be a rational and legitimate conclusion from the rule that in strata of the same class, dissimilar organic remains belong to a diflfurent (.Hod of time, and were de* posited under a different condition of the globe. And the gigantic balsam An found in the west and not found in the east, would as clearly prove a ditibrent climate in the same latitude, and therefore a different period of submersion, aa tho gigantic ferns prove a different temperature of the earth, and of oourse a difierent period of timo, in which they were deposited. On the west side, the enormous baLy>/.n firs, measuring from five to eight feet in diameter, and bt-iweeu one and two hundred feet in height, would be found so numeroua as to vmstitttte whole forests ; and also the alder of varioua it- ameters, from the small to those of one foot, and proportioa- ably tall ; and the rush varying from four to ten &et long, and proportioaably large. While the fir, the alder, and rush, would be found on the east side, they would be mere dwarfii in oompariw^i with those on the west, and alao riy spafae. And many genera of trees and plants wou^ )w found oa one side, which would not be found on the etiiar. On the west there would be no walnut, chestnut, augar i pie, elm, and many other kind of trees. And of there would not be found any of the present fossils of the east ; nor the ox, the aas, the swine, nor common sheep ^th a bafihlo would be found east and in the mouatalna, but aat namerous beyond. To what strange oonoluaiona, without graat care and cloae exammation, aheuld we oome, if au^ data simply were received ! If such is now the diffanaat of vegetabiea and animals, between the country on the ( 80 m 843 gBOLO0T> •nd the country on the west of our oontinent, and in th« Mm« latitude, may^ot miatake* be made in regard to diffll* rent formations, and different periods of time in which they have talton place. Especially when periods are so remote, and theliiinute exploration of the earth confined to so small limits. No doubts need be indulged, but that auoh advances may and will be made in the science of geology, that it will b«. eomo one of the strong corroborating evidences of the inspU ration of the scriptures, without departing from the obvioua meaning of any part of the inspired language. The boolia of nature, of providence, and of revelation harmonize ; and it is owing to our darkened and limited understandings, and the imperfections of our knowledge, that we have any diffi* oulty in seeing their harmony ; and the more oorreot knowl. edge we gain of them, the more we shall eee and admire their ooinoidenoe. Far the greatest part of the soil of ' >regon i« formed from deoompoced lava and other like subetanoes, reduced by at* moepheric agenoiea, which forftis a "fine rich black -mold. Some parts, hovifever, are in a different condition ; such •■ the^reat dissert of the Shoshones or Snake country, whioh Uee betwc!( ., two ranges of mountains, and extenda three hundred or more miles in a southeasterly direction, witk •D average width of about one hundred milee. This desert, occupying as it does so many squartt miles, is to a great ettent covered with scoria and other voloanio knatter, «-hieh ftom their nature renders it a barren region. Other tnota of country are argillaceous. In several localities, eeearp. ineots of day, diveraified in structure, are presented. Hm layers are from a few inches, to twenty feet in tbiokneee. Tiieir colon are dusky red, brown, blue, green, yellow, MMMiiM mmmtiimm ut a M i i Wiiii n ■ OtOLOOT. inent, and in \h» n rcgsitl to difSt- ie in which presented. The let in tbioknees- , greeni yellow, l iUMDilll i ll ■ and in somo iniitances pure white, and not unfrequently more or leas induratod. Btill, other tracU are oaloarious ; and some part*, especially near the Rocky Mountains, are covered with a siMcious sand, mixed with volcanio detritus; while few, and only few parts of the country afford vegeta< ble mold. By reference to the map between Okanagan and Walla Walla, the dotted line, as will be seen, describes the Grand Coul^. By some cause, probably volcanic, the Columbia liM been turned from its ancient bed, and made to take ft new and more circuitous course. The old channel hiui isl. ands rising above what was once the level of the water ; and as previously mentioned, high mural escarpments are found OB its sides. • Another fact worthy to be mentioned, is the subsidence on the Columbia, • It is twenty or more miles long, and about a mile wide. See page 142. What I suppose to be another subsidence occurs on the summit level which divides the waters of the Snake and Spokein rivers. See page 205. Rivers are found which disappear and again reappear from under volcanic products, which is no new phenomena in other volcanic countries. Two such rivers are put down on the map south of Henry's Fork. Limestone does not abound here ; indeed it is questions* ble whether it exists except in very deUched and small quantities. One location of magnesian limestone, I observ. ed in the neighborhood of the Sulphur Spring, which I have already described. The lime used at Fort Vancouver, is made of rock coral, imported for ballast in vessels return- ing from the Sandwich Islands. In the vicinity of the Sul< phur Spring was a quantity, though i >t very extensive, of m Mmmmtmm AIOL4MT. * K^pMO* 1^* °°^y marbU I mMiced wu a mounUia dtu* •Uid • •h<)rt diatanofl below Um oonfluflnaa of tb« Bpokcin with th« ColumbM. In p«rta which I •x«ininea of pun sulphur »tm dapodtad, and (Vom which iirilphuratad hydrogen eaoapaa, and its annoying pniparticu) arti p«roeplibl«) mora than eighty roda distant ;— and the hot springs in the great range of th« Rooky Mountains, soma of which ara said to iVimish Um moumain man a oonTaniant place to boil their food. Sulphate ot magnesia, (epaom salts,) purely native, aii^ In immansa quantitiea in and on both sitUia of the mounUina. Lakaa or pools, which the heat of summer principally evap. oratea, abound In thk region, eihibiting cryMtalisad salts in graat quanthkia. Spioular crystals of tha ftma salt shoot up on tHa surlkoo of the ground, and efllorssoa to such a daf ra« M to prtMat the appaanuioa of Aokb whitmad with •now. No Indications of Matalio Ores have yat baan notioad in any pMt of Oregon Territory ; and probably whoa matals ars found, tbay will not be in their oxyda, bat raduoad by tha iniMM boat of tfw voloaiioaa to Jwir tmmiu alato. WIUMM— mWgilwK n i w I I H iMU M gi A » branch of IUii> pur* sulphur mn rdrogen eaoapM, mora than eighty r««t range of th« Id to i\imiah the heir Ibod. r«ljr natlvfl, eiitt* i)f tha mountaiiw. prinoipally evap- yMtaiiaad aalta ia • fama mU ahoot oraaofl to auoh a Ida whitenad with It baan noUoad in ibly whoa maUla , bat reduoad bj asneauii. ssa^sts. MV CTIAPTER XXIV. Omaral ranarlu -{>»••(• in tb* itakm-ahip U««var down lb* rivM— Uk« pMMff* on board tb« b»r<{u« Columbi* - dcUnlion In Cbcnook bay-(rmt otva-Codlbh, tb« Ural av«r taken In Ibb bay. R%viNo explorad tha moat important parU of thla tenri- tory, and gained all the inrurination within my roach, as to tha asvaral objwta proposed in my instructions from the Board of Foreign Missions ; and especially having ascer- tained to my entire salisfaotion two moat prominent fiuits, namely, the entire praotioability of penetrsting with safety to any ^nd every portion of the vast interior, and the dispo- sition of the nativee in regard to my mission among them, it remainad that tha most feaaible and expeditious mode of returning ahould next be ooasultad. I oould expect to ac- quire but little additional knowledge In traversing the route to Reodecvous ; and tha ueoesaary delay of several months, it aeeraad could be avoided by a return by water. The Hodson Bay Company were about to send a ship to tho Sandwich IsUnds, in which I waa kindly offered a gra- MiiloOa pMsage. On the other hand, my IHendi^ip with gantlaman of thia establUhment, my regard for the spiritual waliafa of tha benighted men, for whoae good, I had fcr Many a weary day puraued my object over mountains and plaina, hilla a«d valleys, through all the vioiasitudes of cli- mate and weather ; and eapecially a deaire to see in this whitanMl field, tha returning lahorsn I expected, and to be r^ -) iiu i -H i i iii m i .-W I. 1 1 . iiliW WW8WilIv«. I entorvd bias or preoon- mal obserration, a existing in the ition, which ae- the )ple whom we are ire modes of colo« y and wisdom than ous arrangements, r for Fort Geoige, nrioh Islands. As voyage upon the led for the north* le residing around, , and as she moved ited us with cheers, Ad they respond, ." The ahip an. int; and tbd next iL ■MM OBBAT OAVB. day, after being detained upon a sand bar, from which the tide after awhile set us free, we arrived at Fort George. The next day, the 20th, with my friend Mr. Finlayson, and a few others I took a ramble on the shores below. The ver- dure of the trees and plants, the red indigenous clover in full sweetness in the desert, and the mildness of the season, all combined to make the scene enchanting. It was on the dhore of this bay where I collected the large bivalve shell petri< factions, embedded in calcarious sandstone of the Tertiary formation, as described in the chapter foregoing. No vol- canic appearances were visible in the immediate vicinity. On the 21st, I embarked on board the Columbia, and we dropped down to the Chenook fiay, and anchored just above Cape Disappointment. Here, for the want of favor* able wind and tide, we were detained until the 28th. While we continued here, I made several excursions on shore ; as* oendeff the cape, which is probably about four hundred'feet high, and from which a fine prospect of the Pacific and ita shores is presented as far as the eye can reach. The shore is generally bold and roeky, furnishing no other harbor near. The country around is rocky and densely covered with forests, and the scenery is wild. Near the shore, on the west end of the cape, a large cave extends into the vol* canic rocks ^e distance of o.ie hundred and fifty feet. We pe&etrated into its gloomy recesses, and from the bones of animals strewed around witliin, we concluded it must be the retreat of some of those beasts of prey which inhabit these forests, and coasts. (. About the cape, at different places, grow the large or- ange*yelIow raspberries, of a new species, upon shrubbery which often grows to the height of twenty feet, and more generally in the forests than in the open places, but equally ■MMiili tytm^ 852 oosrini. fniitful. They are mora iaviOag to the eye than agreea- ble to the tasto. While we were detained here, our men belonging to the C!olutnbift caught a largo number of codAsh. In taato and appeataaoe, they very much resemble those taken upon the banks of Newfoundland, excepting they are a little shorter. This is the first time they we;« known to exist in theee wa- ters ; the Indians knew nothing of them before, and they eagerly took those we did not need. iiWiiiMi wmm* VOTASB TO OAIO. SM By* thao agraea- I bel(Mnging to the kflh. In tMte and Me taken upon the re a little shorter, exist in theae wa- before, and they CHAPTER XXV. Deputure for the Sanawioh Island*— Arrlvml at the Itltndt— wonhip in the native church— deacription of Oabu~tho Pari— the valley of Mauoa— deeoription of Honolulu -of Waillti— heathen temple — Eva— Waialua— Xeneohe— raountaina-aolt lake— natural pie. dnotiont— animala— g- Tnment--tea party of the royal (kMUy~ dinner to tho oiBoera oi tne Pcaeook and Enterprim— doereaaa of population— unfair negotiations— foreign i«sldente— charily eohool — eeamen't chapel— burying place of the royal fiunily— nkai«a*> ^ 7' Om the 25th, the bar being smooth, with aly a light wind, though ahead, and the tide favoring, the Beaver waiglMid anchor and put out to sea for her northern voyage. She went over the bar finely, and could have towed tia ovar, but it bebig her first experiment, it was not thought ad« viaable. On Tuesday the 38th, the wind and tide were ftiVOTaUtt for passing the bar, and we set sail at half past three in the afternoon. There was a keav; rolling sea ; and avaiy turn was at his post, one on each side of the ship ooostaatly thrOTT* ing the lead to take the sounding. Four fathoms and a half was the lei^, and this was little enough ooaddoring the heavy swell. The bar has a very bold termination; fcr w* paastNl from seven fathoms to no sounding, whera the sea •resei'i* '"*!» l^rk blue. The land receded, and te a few hour* *r ;>rieared j and nothing was to be seen but one wide expu w of ocean. Our voyage to Oahu,* Sandwich « Pronounced Wauhoo. 81 * iiiiniiii l*3afe(«MNBBMMH MMMMwwsK' t'j iii .n i n i [ npw ww i < i mw i n ii!i i iiii . '■< ie4 AKtlTAL AT OAIV. lalands, wm attended with nothing remarkable, except- ing that it was performed in muoh shorter time than usual, >>«ing only sixteen days iVom the time we left the Colum- i>ia river, to our anohoring in the roads of Honolulu. We took our direct ooui-se, and kept it without any variation, and with a few exoeptione without shortening a sail, the distance of two thousand five hundred miles. An almost entire uniformity marked our progress, and excepting the oon-vm alternations of day and night, sunshine and clouds, nothlug interrupted the monotony of the scene. On the morning of the 14th of July, land was announced. >Thp islands of Ranai and Morakai were ndar, an4 as we passed them, we had a near view of the latter. It is not ao mountainous as most others of the group, and presented rather a sterile aspect. We soon after made Oahu, and paned on the east side around Diamond Hill to the harbor of Honolulu on the south. This harbor is the best and aLoaoat the unly good one in any of the groups of the Poly- nesian Islands. The entrance is somewhat intricate, and an experienced pilot is required to take ships in safely. Within tlie coral reefs the water is sufficiently deep for ships of almost any magnitude; and this,' with the IcMog extended roads without the r«e& which afibrd good anchor- age, renders the port desirable, and the island, in a com- maroial point of view, the most important of any in this part of the Pacific ocean. . We went on shore, two o'clock in the afternoon, and I was invited by Rev. H. Bingham to his house, where I met aaToml of the other missionaries, and felt much rejoiced to behold again a Christian community. The iieat of a vertical sun was very oppressive and ener. vating, and was it not for the refreshing efieots of the daily HiMiiiiiiMiiiMM m^mm MMi irkable, except- iine than usual, leA the Col una- Hoaolulu. We t any variation, atng a sail, the lea. An almost d excepting the ihine and clouds, ene. was announced, ndar, an4 as we atter. It is not >, and presented nade Oahu, and :ill to the harbor is the best and >ups of the Poly- lat intricate, and shipe in safely, oiently deep for !,'with the l(Mtig >rd good anchor- iland, in a com- r any in this p«rt afternoon, and I ue, where I met I much rejoiced ressive and ener. feotsofthe daily rVBLIC WORSHir — THK PAII. 8M north-east trade winds, it would be insupportable to a north- ern constitution. On Sabbath 17th, I attended worship in the native church, and heard Rev. Mr. Bingham preach in the Hawaiian lan- guage to a very large assembly of natives, probably two thousand five hundred, who gave very good attention. They were all decently dressed; while some of them wore in the European mode, the most of them were dressed in their na- tive costume, and made a good appearance. Their conduct - and attention were very beoomii^, and many listened with deep interest. Madam Kinau, the queen regent, and the royal family, were present ; and although it was easy to distinguish them from the common people, yet they made no ostentatious display of royalty. The?r dress was rich, but plain, and they paid sober attention to the worship of Grid. The perfonn§nce of the singers was good, but there was not tlutt melody in their voices which characterize*. liM Indians. The house of worship is lerge er \ <«mmodiou8, one hun- dred and ninety feet long and aiztv.f^f*, fmt widur- fiiUis of the island is on the east of this line. The island is very mountainous ; the highest eminence is called Hona- huanui, and is a little over four thousand feet. The Pari, At the upper end of the valley of Nuuanu^ north of H<»io- mmmmtHtt J wmmmmMiMimmtm m IM Disiirn a&TTLi. lulu, may be counted among the ouriosities of the ialand ; principally on account of ita being a part of the main road, or rather the only one to Keneohe. It ia one thou- aand one hundred and forty feet above the level of the tea, and six hundred foot nearly perpendicular. This i» to ba clambered up and down in pawing from Honolulu to Kone* hoe, and to a stranger it ia a fearful undertaking, aa it ia neceaaary to have a native to awist in putting your feet into the creviofle of the rooks. And yet the natives pass up and down wilii their calabashes of poi, and 'their loads of mel- MM, fish, and other commodities, without any difficulty mora than &tigue. Some years ago, in a war between Tamehameha and tha king of Oahu, the Anal battle was fought here which decided th« &t« of the island. The king of Oahu made a desperate struggle ; and one part of his routed army, numbering more than three hundred, were pursued to this precipice, fbroed down, and almost all were dashed to pieces. On each side of this pass, needle-pointed mounUins rise up two thousand feet, forming a narrow chasm, through which the north-east trade winds rush with great violence. Balbre you, at the north, you have a very pleasing view of the fertile valley of Kolou ; and beyond is a fine prsapect of the bay and wide spread ocean. The valley between the Pari and Honolulu is seven miles long ; the upper part of which is narrow and very picturesque. Interesting cas- oadea are seen dashing down the almost perpendicular mountains, luid the whole scenery is covered with fi^h foliage. This was almost the only place where the cool and invigorating breezes gave me relief from the oppressive heat. The lower part of the valley is wide, and uoverod to a great extent with taro patches. tm ^tmn TALLir Of HANOA. S6T M of the ialand ; krt of the m»in It k one thou- level of the tee, ■. This in to be Dnolulu to Kene- irtaking, m it in ng your feet into lives p«u up and sir loaJa of mel- y diffioulty more shanieha and the re which decided made a desperate numbering more precipice, forced 98. i mountains rise chaem, through h great violence, ploasing view of 8 a fine prsepeot lUey between the he upper part of Interesting cas- 3t perpendicular vered with fi^h here the cool and B oppressive heat, joverod to a great Taro ia a bulbous plant of the genus arum, and is planted in hills upon patches of ground, so formed as to be partially flooded with water, somewhat after the manner of rice ouU tivation. In eight or ten months afler setting the plants, they are fit for use. To prep«re it for food, it is always ne- cessary to roast it, to take out the pungency which is common to this genua, as found in the wild tumep. It is frequently eaten (br bread with no other preparation except roasting ; or it ia converted into poi by pulverising and making it into a stiff paste. The natives prefer the poi aAer it has under, gone the aoetiu fermentation. Bast of this valley is another called Manoa, about Ave miles in letigth, running north from Diamond Hill. It ia well watered by streams descemling from the mountains, formed by shower* of> rain which freqaently fell upon them, and whioh •o.netime* extend lb the valley* and plains. Its fertile soil' is weli'oultivated with sweet potatoes, taro, and melons. At the upper end, Kaahumanu, the late queen re. gent, who died in 1683, had a house built for retirement from the bustle of Honolulu, and for devotion, near a beau> tiful oool grove of oku and Jwhn* trees, on an eminence oommandiiif a view of the valley below. Near this dwell* ing, she oaussd a hetne t« be built for the accommodation of the mi8ak}naries, when tfaey should wish for rest, and to be refreshed with the invigorating air of the mountains. The evidences of her Christian character were convincing. Her piety was active. She traveled through all the islands, from time to thne, to«ee that the people attended upon the moans of religious instructioa, and the schools ; and to reo* • The kmkmi tree bcmn a aut u large u a black walnat, a atriDg of whioh it uaod for oaodle*, and hesee the tree is called the osmlletfse. 31* mm «iHM mum mmm MUM mmmmmmimmfm «Sd noiioi-wti. •Hnrnrad fh« wllgten at tVt Wblo to kU oImm« of h«r wb- jttott. Iter ewmplo, M well m her authority, wm pow«r- t'bLin tuppreMing intemp(tr»noe, and th« many »lo«i which thr««t«ned th« min of her country. Her influnnoe wm frit uol only by her own people, but tlao by foroignara who re. •orted to theae iaianda. When 1 vbited thb apot of remombranoea, the buildinga ware ftir gone to decay { but not the ohorUhed n^ard of her piety and philanthropy. Thla spot praacnted a very plea- aing view of the high and precipitoua mounuina around on every aide, excepting the south, which ia open and exhibita to view the grandeur of the rolling ocean. The many oaa- oadea around upon the mountain sidea added to the intereet of the aoenery. Among the variety of ahrubbery, we found the floflM treo with ita fruit in varioua atagea of maturity ; the arrow root ; and the brake fern, growing, in many in- alMicea, to th^ heighi of twenty foet. From a bulb, rear tha root, ia taken what the nativea call A«ptiii, h aiiky down, which makea excellent bads and cuahiona. Hooolulu ia aituated on the aouth aide of the iaiarid, on • b«y of the aame name, and ia the capital, and buaineat place of all the ialantb. The land around, and ou which the vil- Oige la located is a dry barren, excepting on the north and oorth-wea(, which ia rooiat and cultivated with taro patohea, with aome ooooa treea interaperaed. The buildinga gener- ally are in the native atyle, thatabed ; many are built with 4oia walla after the Spaniah mann.ir on the ooaat of Mexioo aod Peru, titat ia, wilii kigo aun.b'amt bricks msdc about two feet long, eighteen inohea wide, and ten inohea thick. The clay ia mixed with out straw to atrengthen them, after the manner of the ancient Egyptians. Their eoolcmrea are oftsD boiltin^the aama manner. There are several •LO ■tlTUN nifPLI. sao «Mi of her mb< rity, WM pow«r. i«ny Tio«i which nfluonoe wm fell rvignvn who n- »•, the building* led r»g«ni of h«r lied • y«ry pl6»- nUina ftround on ipen and «ihibita The mtny OM- ed to the Intervat ubbery, we found gea of nfftturity ; ring, in many in- rom a bulb, pear 1IH, H milcy down, )f the iaiarid, on a ,nd buaineat place on which the viK on the north and with taro patches, I building! gener- any are built with le ooaot of Meiioo ricks made about ten inohea thick. ogthen them, after Their enelcnirea lliere are several good buildinga made of nxik coral in Bngliah atyla, aoine of which are apaoioua and well finiahed. The village oonUina about nine thouaaud inhabttaiila, three hundred of whom are Engliflh and AnMrioann. Moat of the oommnroial buaineaa and trade are carried on by foreignera, to a largo amount, inoreaaed by the resort of whale ahips, in the fkll and •pring, for repaira and freah auppliea, particularly vpgetA* bles; it lathe place where all other shipping touch which navigate thia ocean frum Burope and America, in the Chi* neseand Baat India trade. Thia place ia conntantiy grow, ing in importance, and muat continue to do ao fVom ita loo«l advantagea. Four miles aoath-eaat of Honolulu ia the plmuant native village of Waititi, nituated on the bay of the same name. It oontaina five or aix hundred inhabitants, ia aituated in a beautiAil grove of cocoa trees, which adds very much to its appearance and comfort. This place, if its cultivation was proportioned to the richness of the aoil, might be made oo« of the most delightful spots on the island. '^ The only road, or any thing that deserves the name of a road ih this island, is between this place and Honolulu. ' About two miles east of this village are the remains of an old heathen temple, in which human fiacrificcfl were offered ; a part of the walls of the enclosure are still standing. V«. rious methods were employed to obtain victims. One cf which was to lay a tabu upon all the people in the whole region around, that no one for a certain period of time should go out of their dwellings, or make any fire in tllem, upon pain of death. If any violated ttw labu, they were apprehended and sacrificed to their idols. If none violated the tabu, and they were unsuccessflil in obtaining victims, an expedient was adopted to decoy the people from their ■*»<fhr«d In ucriAc«. benign influonon ind cruel •up«r»U- inity of Mning •«» thew« bloody ritM. lie MlvkUon of Um i th«t the ChrbUtn ialaode, that tlMir rived. He ml'ited ive him mme ao* Mountain!) and th« that Ood waa wiA At fonner niligioa, M, entire darkneae, rhen CapUin Van> Tamaha, he urged king promiaed he I the land of light ■ay. They walled ) right iray, and no Doiatea, in the year Ilia religion and his I first arrival, and Men friendly to the •w, hopea that alM goepel. a,* a village of eon. f « ■■■> IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I :• ii£ llll|2.g 2.2 m lllii 1.8 ^ fr" Photographic Sciences Corporation .^o '«- 4^ 23 WEST MAIN 'FET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14i80 (716) 872-4503 WAfTrk CIHM/ICMH Microfiche Series. CIHIVI/ICIVIH Collection de microfiches. Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions / Institut Canadian de microreproductions historiques UMIOBI. ■■■ i«i(l«r»ble magnitude, but oot very oompaot. It Ji situated OD Pearl river, at the heaid of a Iar|y^ lagomi extending mv- eral miles inland, and u surrounded with a fertile valley reaching twelve miles north, which is two-thirds of the dis* tanoe to Waialua. The highest elevation between these places is about four hundred feet, and is intersected in va- rious parts with deep ravines. Eva is the station which Rev. Artemus Bishop and wife occupy, whose prospects of usefulness are encouraging. When I was there, the na- tives were engaged in building a substantial and commodi- ous house of worship, and appeared to take deep interest in the eflbrt. In the north-west part of the island, is the village of Waialua, where Rev. John S. Emerson and wife are sta* tioned. The village is situated upon a wide spread bay, which would furnish an excellent harbor for any shipping, if there was sufficient water upon the bar at the entrance. The valley around is large and fertile, capable of being made very productive. On a Sabbath which I spent here, eight natives, six men and two women, were received into the communion of the church, who appeared very intelli- gent and serions, and conducted with as rauch propriety as is seen in the most civilized parts of the world. I felt a satisfacti tanoe is Keneohe, where Rev. Benjamin W« Parker and wife are*stati(med. This village is in the fertile valley of «Ba ^ iW ' t..w iL iiu i ( i »»iMiiM B AW i jj»ij i i i l hi*rtlil>l'ii ri M l l * i Miiwn r ^mmi»mfin^immimmmmimir>m m MOITMTiLnff. Kolou, ne»r the ■hore of a pleaaant bay, which wooW af- ibnl an excellent harbor if there waa aufiioient water at the entrance over the coral bar. Thia village is about fbur miles north of the Pari, and is the most cool and refreshing retreat I found upon the island. The basaltic mounUin on the south, three thousand feet high, and on the north side nearly vertical, and the north, with high walls, reeded down the sides, which appear to have been formed by sti«ams of lava, and by the actipn of water, cutting ravines. There is an abundance of lav* and Qllptr Toloanio prpduotioos about tbaae hilhi. ,t*«^ ^^''^ ? MMiiMIMi •mmmmiim r, whioh wooM ftt iioient water at Um lage is about four }ool and refreshing laaltio mountain on on the north side I winds give a tern- ir part of the island ountainous, though gnitude. The lar- , and runs ^ralUl four thousand feet of mountains is di- kiries. At the great 1 chain turns to the The north aide pirecipitous, having udlng deepi [Mt-like It part of the island, leparating Waianae le east. Hie high- [red and fifty feet. it magnitudes in va- dently ancient ora- ilu, called Diamond of Ghmoluhi, called ve at the top, with loh fpmt tA have the actipD of water, » of lava and otlwr iuaiufaiteMM^MiiiiMI OMLOOT. The Salt Lake, four miles west of Honolulu, is of the om terio form. It is a great curiosity, as well as a source of trade. It has undoubtedly a connection by some subterra- neous passage with the ocean, near whioh it is situated. Its depth is not known, being nearly filled with excellent crystalized salt, which appears to be inexhaustible, and is taken out in large quantities for use and exportatihytea, whioh form coral, never work above water, it is evident that these islands have been ele- va.«d iiy some subterranean or submarine power, or the ooean is subsiding; and as this recession ofthe ocean is seen in varimis parts ofthe wortd, in nearly, if not the same de- gree, is i( not probable that the waten of the ooean ara gradually dimini s hing ? Of the modem corals there ara many qpaoies, firom the rode, to the most beautifiil kinds aiimf*»mtifmmmm»mmtitiitimimmm miliiiii trtwmi ft^ mn " mmtmmm iH pioaootMNii. rMMnbling tnm and plftato, •m4 of vftriow ooUm. The voUmuiIo fermatiora do not diftr iMtorially flrom tkoM In Oragon Territory. C«UuUr UvA !■ rwy oommon, bordtring upon pumice, and of variou* colon ) brick rad, adi odorad, orange yellow, and green. No primitive rooke are found, nor any eilicloue aand { the Muad upon the ihoreii being formed either of disintegrated lava, eooiia, or coral ; but more generally a combination of the )f our oontinent, and ' intellectual powers t political condition, ban indolent and im* ring, and habitationa Ivance upon the dajra pecially, wearing lit* having their dwell* he ohiefa, and ■one in good ikahion, and , gave a tea party, to honor to be invited, taste; Ui& table waa id china; the enter- tefully arranged and vmony of auoh ooos- ion was cheerful and ing occurred etnbar- ' ■ly hour, we were bi- lere, after a perfoml- lental, the queen pfo- agreeable visit ; after seen but few parties I on the principles of siiomBAsi or ronrLATION. MT An Antertaininei.^t, however, is sometimes transacted in ■ diflbrent style by some of our countrymen and other for- eigners in these ialat'ds. A dog-feant, ai it is here called, was given by foreign resident gentlemen, on the 20th of Sept. at the country seat of the American consul, in honor of the officers of the American squadron, the Peacock and Enterprise, then in the harbor of Honolulu. I extract from the account published in the Sandwich Island Oacette as described at the time. " Food in native style wan bounti- M\y served up— baked dog was among the dishes, and It was not to be despised. Songs, toasts, cheers, bumpers, and speeches all came in their turn. Among the toasts were, ' Commodore our Commodure.' Commodore's reply, ' May you all live a thousiind years, and may we always meet here.' Doctor of the United States ship Pea- eock. ' Population and prosperity to the Sandwich Island*, and an end to all oppressive tabut.' The party separated taemhig with good spirits." The population of these islands has been decreasfng cTer since an aoquaintance has been had with them. Captain Cook estimated the people at 400,000. The present popu- lation is about 110,000. A variety of causes have conspi- red to bring about this declension ; and yet no one so prom> iaent above tfie rest, as wholly to satisfy enquiry. It is acknowledged by all observers, and has become evident to the government itself, that a change of things in the inter- nal structure of their national affiiirs, is necessary to the proqwrity of th» people. During my stay at Oaha, the heads of the nation had fVequent meetings to discuss tha subject of reform and improvement, and to adopt some new mode of administration which will give to the people the privileges of freemen, and thereby stimulate them to indti*- mitmmtmaliitilimmUim iteiiHHil mmiimlmuimSniaim Hi vmvwt MMonAfuMM. U7. To e&ct this, th« lands must be distributed aasong Um psopls, • mora aqual mode of taxation must be adopted. Industry must b« encouraged, and progressive prosperity trill follow in the train.* The perpetuity of the indepondonoe of this nation, and with it their sxistsnoe, is very problematioai. A disposi- tioa to possess these islands, has evidently been manifested by ibreign powers. Whether the paw of the Lion, or the talons of the Eagle, shall first make them iu prey, or wheth- er they shall be mutual oheoks upon each other, and thus prolong the life of this feeble nation, is not known. The manner in which the king and chiefs are often treategreMive prosperity of this nttion, tad Mtioai. A dispod' tly been manifested of the Lion, or the n its proy, or wheth- tch other, and thus ■ not known. The are often treatetl by its thoy often me«t m a more powerful ions, regard is had Mume the style of >t." Amertionsare I practices of Eng- nment would toIer< M Acteon, « British certain iostrument, :hat, if they refused ill the English res- all the Amerioan his armed ship be- ralls, and prostrate strument, and then, I some other peoplM ier nation, had only lont hss beta rv.orgia. ■lenU. FOUMW IMtDWm. Wm- the poor resort of a public ramomtranofl. They aooonlinf • ly sent a reincnstrancs t» iho king of Great Hritain, In which they say, that " on account of ihoir urging us so strongly ; on account of said commandoni assuring us that their communication was from the king ; and on account of their making preparalbn to fire upon us — therefore we gave our assent to the writing, without our boing willing tagiw our real approbation ; for we were not plersed with it." They feel incompetent to contend with naval Htrcngth, and themfore submit to indignities At)m which tliefr feelings re- volt. Why cannot tho principles of juntice and equity govern tho intercoumo of men with men, where they are so well understood, and the painftil neoenhy be spared of In. nooenco and hclplepsness supplicating that protection which Qod designed iihould bo enjoyed by all his children. Much has been said of the character of tho foreign re*- klents, and of the counteracting influence they exert upon the labors of the missionaries in this field. Tho cause of their bitterness and opposition is well understood, and lest my own observations should seem partial to the missiona- ries, and invidious towards those who oppose thent) F will embrace all I have to say on the subject in a quotation from a work published by Mr. J. N. Reynolds of the voy^^ age of tho Potomac, an American man of war. !Ie cer- tainly cannot be accused of partiality to the missionaries who reside on these islknds, for hm remarks on them are somewhat acrimonious, but in regard to tho ibreign resi- dents, he says, "they are generally devoid of all religious principle, and practice the greatest frauds upon the natives in their dealings with them ; which tends to corrupt their morale and to preclude all hopes of fairness in trade among them. It cannot be denied, and no one wn regret it mora 88* §f§ «uttn Maowt. Ui«a w« do, that this tvhiile pupuiaiion, geReraUy speth* lag, mn of tho loweM onl«r ; among whom evnrjr thing lika Ihadncant rvslraint which civili««dtocMy Inipoartupon ita inembara, k at war with their vlcioua pn-pwiwiliM, and of oounw raalatod by thorn to the eitent of thair powar." Ha Tarthor ad dent! and miiaionarit'a oii thia ialand. A« to tlio qutatioa. which party la on the aide of virtue and good order, tliara can be but one opinion, whore there ia not even room for oompariaon." I have boon in oommtiuitiea where vice haa been unbluahingly indulged, but I have never wlineaaad direct enmity to avery thing morally good, in ao muoh Ul- lamcaa aitd pnwer, aa in Oahu. Moat of the foreign re«ldenu have native wivaa, aod manifeat a regard for tho education of their children, and aand aoino of thorn to other oountriea for thii purpoae ; but for moat of them a charity wiiool haa been eatabliahed, and for ita Mupport a call ia made upon the comntandera and ofBoera of veaaela who oomo into thia port ; and they have even aent to England and America for oharitable aid. Though nomo poor aro taught !:ere, yet I know not why tiia benevolent ihould help, by way of eluuity, the oonaula and rich merchanta in Oahu. I viattop«naiii<>», mmI I of lh«lr powar." underatood in tb* iha forrign real- Aa to (Im qucatioa, i good ordar, Uiar* not oven room for itica wher« vice haul ro never wilnvaaad wd, in ao muoh U(- ntliva wlvca, and thair ohildren, and r thia purpoae ; but sen catabliahed, awl e comnuuidem Mid Drt ; and they h«v« for oharitable aid. 1 know not why iIm •ity, the oonaula and ached aereral timaa i\en aeveral hundred are frequently very r the ohapal. lUv. Bver indefatigable ia ulora on ahip boaidi ring to promote tbeir crowned hia efibrta. On the ooAaaioo of the fonaral of an infant of the Frin- oeaa, whoae huaband ia Ijel^iohnku, alia* Wm. Pitt, I viaitad the burial place of the kinga and royal family. Thia ia A •tone building of rook coral, of the common aixn and atruo- ture of ihti bouara of the village, and aituated amongat tbrn), having luttliing particularly diatinguiahable nxoapt an out- ward aignal, by whioh ia undorotood tlu> numlxir and rank "f iho dead within. They are cnoaaetl lirat in load, ain the Fnoenix, AUyn, rrom New London, and embarked Dpccnber 17th. The ship waa built for the China trade, of four hundred and ten tons, n>anned with twenty-eight persons, besides five passengers. The pilot boat left us well out at sea, (it nine in the morning ; our course south-west. On Ute morning of the Slat, we en* countered a strong wind, which in the aftemooD, had in- creased so much, that we were oonipelled to put two n>«& in tb* top sails ; and a squall split our jib and q>rung our foremast. I had no opportunity or disposition to enjoy the grandeur of the roL'ng ocean, being confined to the oabin by sea sickness. Our ship was engagrxl in the whaling bosinsas, and I was furnished, for once, with ao' q>porti^m* ty of 8eein{; the experiment of taking a wh'^". The thing has often been described, but the nove' / the JoanoeuM wn interested me. The experienced h sVUlSui whale- men dispoM of the dangerora process, cvith the Uustitis (^ their profesaioa, in a manner much beyond my ooaoeptiun* before witness! ig it; and the nxmster of the d»,^p, UiOagb ,,i"iii]liiltii'iiiirill"fiirrr-iiiWli n lw'il n ii .WiW United SUtMM-etH •! iti and Eiin«o— wnru 9tM» laUud—Trittidbd departed from the i States, aod after g Ko opportunity to ioenix, AUyn, rrom 7th. The ship wot dred and ten tons, les five powengen. ine in the morning ; [ of the 2l3t, we en* (iftemooD, Iiad in- led to i>ut two re^b jib and q>rung our oeition to enjoy the infined to the oabin [od in the whoUog with air q[>portrm» wh'i". The thing !^ / the joantBUM » skill ail whale. , v>ith the Uustitfs <^ and mf ooaoeptium )f the d».^p, UiOugb nnvABOA. «7S mighty in hk strength, ia mode to submit to inferior power, and to contribute largely to illuminate our evenings at home. When the whale is brought along side of the ship, the whalemen dissever the head from tho body, and hoist it on deok, .ud while some are employed in perforating the scull, and with a bucket taking out the qierm, others make a qiiral Jnciskm in the oily portira, beginning where the head was taken off, and by rope and hook suspended by a pulley twenty feet up the mainmast, draw up the oily part whkh oleaves from the flesh, while the body of the whale revolves in the water; aoi this process is continued until all thai i« valuable i« secured. There are said to be thirty thousand men employed in this business in the Pacific, while '>Qly about four hundred are engaged in diffusing the light of life through the dark places cf the earth. January 18th, 1637. Through the whole of to-day we had strong gales from N. N. B. Our topsails were clsee re efe d ispUt our main-top.aail. Headed to the B. dose on the wind. Very bad sea—- not able to take any observation of our latitude or longitude. These gales continued on the 18th unlii (Imost every sail was taken in, and we lay tc ca the wind. The lost part of the day was more moderate, and we httiaaA south. By observation taken to-day, our latitude mi 14*> 47' south. Sabbath^ 16th. The winds subsided, and the Weather was wana. In the morning we came near Tetuaroa, a small ialud of the Society group. It is low, the highest parts ri- sing but a few feet above the level of the sea, is thinlyjn- habited, and adorned with large and beautiful groves of tin cocoa tre* extending even to the water's edge. The fresh vdiddiw of this island, in all the luxuriance of perpetual sumnaer, wo a deliglttftil Contrast to the ooostant view of the mr immm i>«Npp«V«li|in>ff7P«^MMMpp^^ pup ^.: r tM TABRl. wat^ for Marl J a month, and I felt aa though theae gema of the ocean were scattered here to rafreeh the tired voyagar, and bring to his mind the reoolleotion of his own dear home. Like all the islands of this ocean which [ have aeen, it is sur- rounded with coral reefs, lying off at a little distance from the shore, and upon which the sea constantly breaks. In the afternoon we approached the ha/bor of Papeeti, at tbe ialaad of Tahiti. The pilot came off to us, and made i^ efibrt to get the ship in, butdidnotsuooeed, tbe wind being too light, and we had to bear off for the night. Tbe prospect a« it lay ^read put before ua was a combinatioD of all that waa beaatiftil In nature. Nor am I alone in the impreaaion which this little << Queen of the ocean" makea upon a atnui- gar. Others have deaoribed it with all the vividiMan wUeh Ita romantic and delightful scenery inspires^ The haitor forma a gentle curve, and in the foreground, on a level tnot wata seatterad neat cottages, built of thatch, or wood, plaa- toied and whitewashed with ooral Ume,aituat^ togallMr wMi the church, in the midst of bread-fruit, coooa, and oiwige groves. Tha back ground of the a nd ia n tj a g piatnre waa illed up with hills and valleys, and streams dashing thair way down tbe ravines, and then maaadering thnw^k tlM rich vale below, to the ocean, while tha outline lemdnalad in steep and lofty mountains. But not the least It wea li ag ware the narin which the OiristiaB religion aad ita attaad- •Bt, oivilintioB, have made. Hera waa a ohuroh, aad la know that thia people had lately been rsaoutd from pagwi - ism, and all tha hidaooa forms of idolatrous wmaUp, vaiiM in my heart emotions of pleasure and gratiuide, whioli Mt aven nature's foireat ferma had pofwer to Awaken. A* in- noital aptritelavi^ed fit>mtiM dhut, and Miaed to heavMi, a nonuDiMtt oS tha SavWa g ituf^ w hat ean a^ual Ht^««Mt ■I M« l l l i<» i ir»i i« i i >ri>m i » > h l >l# i i . »r i ' i «-»t i nn r « ii -rh « i i #M» i ■MmpM •PMiiniilii tough thew genu of the tind royagtr, hu own dear home, have Men, H is sur- little dntanoe flrom ntly breaks. In the *apeeti, at Uie island id made i^ efibrt to rind being too light, The prospect as it Hon of all that was I in tlie impression makes upon a stmn- thevividBsagiwhieli ipires^ Thehaiter and, on a levd tfaot atch, or wood, plW' ituatedtogolherwMi I, ooooa, and oiange hantiag platore was reams dashing their idering thrai^ tkie I outline lenninalid the least iMuestiag Jgion and its attsnd. IS a ohoroh, and l» twiwiad from pag tf i amis wmsUp, viIhUI patitede, whioli Mt to«w»ken. AnioK i laissdl to heavMi, a it tmn e^nal UMiiiim: mmmm oniiTUMrrr and ciTnizATioii. tut Monday moraiDg, the lOth, we passed safely into the harbor, where we found the Daniel Webster, Pierson, from Sag Harbor ; on board of which were Rev. W. Richards and family, passengers for ihe United States. We continued in this port four days, during which time I made several excursions about the island, and became acquainted with the English missionaries, of whose success- ful labors I had often heard and read ; the Rev. Messrs. Wilson, Pritchard, and Darling, and their families. They anvar happy in their work, and devoted to it. The Christian religion is the only religion acknowledged in these iriands, and its influence is universally apparent. As « the conversioa of multitudes in the first ages of Christian!, ty, has ever been considered as furnishing evidence of th# truth of the goq>el, so the " moral miracle" of the oonver* skm of the iskuuk of the sea, in our own day, is calculated, with all its attendant circumstances, to omfirm our AMUi as well as to encourage us in prosecuting still fitrther diOM benevoleoi designs, which render the deserts, boUi natural- ly and morally, tiie garden of the Lord. Besides preach- ing <» the Sabbath, Ihe missiMMries hav« religious service on other d«|rs of the week. At sun-rise every morn- ing they have a public prayer meeting. They are doing modi by their schools and the press ; and most of the peo- ide oaa laad. The performances of the natives fat vooal UMMip plaaasd me, their voices being very soft and musiottlf though Ion cultivated than those of the Sandwfoh Islanden. Thair personal appearance, complexion, language^ aad dnsa' are modi the same as the natives of thoe« isliads. Thair advaaoes in the arts and in agriculture, are leias Aaik might be i p eote d of them, but in a climate where so many ridi findts vegetate spontAeoualy, the ne cessity of eulthvit^ •Swiwu T" #"^ mmummm , . a«minisirr. tkmtt le« imperioiM. WhlU tha harbor is not •• goo* M tiMi of Oikhu, lew i« done by way of wlwrftiig, or otkw- win to (kdliut* buainew, or to aid in repairing tho ship- ping which visit this island. A good public road has ba«i oommenoed to extend around the inland, on which convicts, instead of being imprisoned, were employed, but it is now neglected, and all the bridges are brolien down. The government here is much the same as that of the Sandwich Islands, but is in some respects more free and sy». temaUxed. Their judiciary is well organized, and justice is tolerably weltadministored. Their legislative body is composed of the qmwn, governors, chiefs, and two lepreean- tatives from each district of the islands of Tahiti and Bimeo ; the laws when framed are canvassed by the people, and If approved, receive the queen's signalnie. The young qmm Pomare is of very prepossessing appearance, possessee taU eats, and deoirion of character ; but her views of oiviliatiM AM not so enlarged asthoae of Madam Kiaav. ■ The A«Mic«i consul at these iataads, resUas at PapM* U J he is aDutohmaa, and as he InfcnnedMn^ •■•«*»• •»* oidien of Antwerp. His Bnglidi is hardly intoUigWe, and his knowledge of the duties of his office iffpt tobaac quired. The islanda of Tahiti and BiuMP* Uke the other ImRO Wands of the Padfio, are vdoanio and omaliM. "RMg^ Me mountainous, and many of the mooataina aw hi^mi itoep, and many.of the vallejw are daep aodaanwr, vtUmi li^ far into the Interior. ToucfomUmM»fm»m^lih»^ is rioh tad piodttctive ; arwigM aM^atti«Mrt«spisal Miia hsli«abttBdaal,aiidNqiarlngIitttolHMir4irear*. SoiMi th* iadalsaoe of the iahabitaBli ttatttfty «ttlti««M littl»|r fiiMMgaroMOaadafewveg^hUaa. Theaaiali^MW rni'ii i ii iM ' u m ii i iiii -M' i --" " "•'-••■'■■*■- "'""^■'•'■■'"'i*"""'" wmmmmmmmfmrnimiit ir ia not •• gooi M rlwrftng, or oOwr- fepairiog tho ■hi^ blkt road hM bMO on whioh oonvleta, ioyed, but it b now n down. niM M thmt of tho I mom free uid ay** ^nized, and juatioe IcgisUave bodjr ia I, and two lepraMii- 'Tahiti and Bimeo; y tho people, and if TheyooBgqiNeK ranoe, poMMOM taU ▼iewoofoiriliatiM KiiUHi. Is^reeidflaaiPapM* rdlyintdiligfible^aad loo i» ipt to bo ac> like the other iMfo nd ooraliM. . Thagr ntaioB aw U^ji mUae>l«iltho«tfl i^lberuopiootMht m^mm wmmm , Theooi^teadeMO ouANumM or nm ttLAnniu. well aupplied with foieeia, in whioh ftre several ItflKi of equal in value to mahogany for oabinet work. The heat for the moat part of the year ia ao oppraerife, that tkoagh many thinfb are very pleaaant, yet theae iaianda ooipe dMTtof the paradiae whioh aome joumaliala have doseribed. Theae, like the other iaianda of the PaoiAo, have been dU roiniahing in populoaaneaa. Varioua oauaea, auuh aa the in- troduotioD of foreign diaeaaea, infantioido, human aaorifloee, the meane ftimiahed by oommeroe of rendering wan de- atruotive to human life, and the intioduotion of ardent apirits, have all oontribiited to thia end. It ia estimated that only about twelve thooaand people inhabit the two iaianda of Ta- hiti and Bimeo, and about forty thouaand both the Georgian and flooiety group. The Introduotion of the CSiriatian N» ligioB haa baniriied many oauaea 8f their decline. The oleanlineaa of the ialandera ia a subjeot worthy of re- vfeaiit. Theii> praotioe of frequent ablutiona and aea bath- ing, to whioh they are induoed by the oTinMtte, and of wWdi 4wy are il»d, faioluding all deaoriptionaof peraon8,and evev eMldMtt, ia hlgl|f eondooive to health, and promotea a taile for aeamew in their penona not eominaoto heathen natkma. WediMMAiy, leth, I aooompaaied Mr. PritehaH in hb piMleml labom, about aeven miles, on horseback, where he piMelMd to a congregation in a village in whioh tfie qnoMi haa iMff leaidMiee. Queen Pomare was present, and an h warest l a g andlenee appeared to listen as If they were hearing tiM word to obey ft: Afier the meeting, we pomioa >M>i«do alNHit seven miles forther, to Rev. Mr. Wilson'a at imut VeWOi^ * lo^ly spot, situated in orange and banam gUMs. Oavw^r^iiiherwtsarettttd the base (tfhntiafld amilinhis whli ^ ysmtOM near tin beadi In ftndi^am, iHtfwlMMlkr^pMiaf ^'^^ ^ ^'^^ nisft pomitfid Hie i« looting tog^bar their ooooaauta, banaaaa, Jnkod ho'^ dM. Many wero out to purobaae oalioo aoarft of twe^tE Ihioo yardain-lengthtowearinthoprooeaaion. Awf| lj l ^f w» oaaaton formed, the women taking tho load, and tba ^MiJbl* lowfaig in order. A lemala with an influit in bar msm lod tliovan. This waa. explained to BM aa dona In iMMitaf ■Mthera; fbr hare, aa well aa at tba Sand^vMi Iriandib JiSk mananiagardedaainall roapeotaonaparvMiaaan. All woro well attired in European atylo, their hoada adonti taatoAiUy with garlanda of moat bcautiflil tr^tfanl Jowal wjM> wbiob their a0H[it iale abounda In fnNtka, tailing, in aingle file, a long and oirouitnuo mutlkt thagrni^ rived at their Ibaating bowor, iiMlar a g rova of i iii.iii»i a iiii fc«i i i ><»iiii n" i » i 'J»'i' i 'n>iVrii i "'"' ■*'■■•■*'• ' " miiiii' t -m lMtilMd«,l»(iMl k1 bytiw I, but Umm UlAMfc raolM«riWl UA. vtt brtMl-fHiil, nnd emnfo trMs, where near the oentr^With an ioCut, nt the royal vieitor ; and «• they passed, each Tlihitian threw down at her feet their Marfa or eonie other p w ea nt . It waa the pleasure of the queen, however, not long to retain all these tokens of honor, for shd seemed happy in generously giving thorn to others. After the procession had pasaed in rospeotftil review, next oame the refreahmentc, which were placed, some on the ground, others suspended on boughs of trees, which were taken and shared in little oifolea seated upon the grass, evidently enjoying the social interview. This is considered one of th(>i r most joyful hoU' dajrs, and waa mt^naged without noise, confusion, or any apparent iniVaotion of the rule* of propriety. It must be iMolleoted that this is a temperance island ; all traffic ia aidaat apirits being prohibited by law. Id taking leave of these islands, I would not fail to man. tka the kind hoapitaUty of Rev. O. Pritohard and flunffy, and the satia&otion I had in seeing the other raiasioaarlMk and witnessing the interesting Aruits of their labors undar tha Msaaii^ of «od. Our suy at Tahiti was employed by the ship's oraw to diapoaiag oCoar poor s»lphuratad water from the Sandwiah Manila, and in r».8an>lying themselves from the pure neaa^ tote aiNMaa of thia island, and in «< vegetaUmg tkt$Mf," aa Mh^ f k m m it rthat ia, by oollaeting quantitiea, whteh ava pirnhatH of tfia aativaa, of oraogea, bananaa, aweet pat»> Uifaa, ooeowmta in abundance, bread-firuit, yama, aad HaN I oolleoted for my oabinal, some eMoa I of oohU and ahalla of the ocews, which Ao an* tb«a divo to Obttto, and aall to the ahipa wUoh antar dda poci» Qm^ ttomiag o^ SiMnlay 31st Jaaoary, w« k^ tfw ^>-.-.Vi^.^j, ^i^., L wmmmtmimimm lit tUM OVIl iMwIil^ of Tsbid wUft • ligLt wind, »iid M w« MkiM aroMd^ Biimo, ila naountaiiUK with thair densely wowM lopa and praoipiUMM sidiw, •p|)e«r«d in Atll pratpeot. On this iaUad tbsra is • high school for th« ohildreo of ths missiooMx families of the several islands. We pnweeded with a favorable wind unUl the Mth, when our latitude was W^ AT south, and longitude IW* W weal. I was here muoh gratified to witnese the interaatiag phe> nomenon of • water-spout. It first beoame visible to us •bout half a mile disUnt as it arose, and at that distanee we had no apprehensions of danger from it, and yel it was suAoientiy near to give a dirtin«t view. It oommeneed in a small, darit, and nearly perpendioular column, enlnrgiuf Us dkuaetilr as It foae, until It reaobed the regka of tlM olouds, when apparently feeling the Iniuenoe of tlM wlad* ft paaasd (Miquely to the soMb-weat. It oontiaaed in vtew ea—tfana, but as we wera proceeding on cor ooutae»llgwA> nnlly dlsajpr arad. On the 4tli of February, fraah Iim i m s from Um Mftfi* wast took the place of the soudi-east tmda>wlnd%-iuMl our •«yMa was laid B. S. B. 4^€ii the 0th wa had Strang galea ftem the weal. Pat twa raafc In the tt^Malls, and took In the mlwaen tap sail, Mi handed the mainsail. The sea was very haavy. €k A* - 8M> the wind was mora modarato ; aad whUe cag*f*<* <* qpeariag porp oi se ^ mm of the men fell ofwboavd Aaaa 4k» toir, and trsut diiaotly under the sUp, and < haf atarn^ The life bi»y waa thvawa over to kk% kiM baing an indiffeiaot awimamr ha waa \m% in hia ta«elaa It. By lowariag tka boat and laaadiag i ship, ha was raoovsred on board maoh e»hawated,a»d i with the tioid. Hundrads •ra4ntty,ky Bfiiai i i utut f r II I ' lii nY Mi Siiir i r ni l i rri" •"'•■'•' "•' '-'■■>"'«■■■■ mmmmimm Y wowM toya and «t. Ontbiaklmwl of Um mlwkwry intil Um Mth, vlwn Uide 15r> lO* wan. lie intarwtiiis plM* oanM viaiki* to lU id At that diataoM B U, and yal it waa It oommeoMd in r oolumo, askurgiiif 1 tha ragknof tiM aaooa of tlM «i^ Itoontiaaediii vtew oorootinakhfradr M fron dMi «da>wlad% twam 41° and 4r> for mnni days. On the IK of Mawak wa aaw for the first Ume after leaving Tahiti, a aail m tlla vtadward heading eouth-weet, but were unable to spank kar. b WM very pleasant lo find our latknda l iatiaing la «ar homeward course, though we were not up wMi the Oape •Mil the thiid of March. During the galea, and eapeoiaUy in slonny weather, our vesssi was varj- Aw|nantly vWMi hy a bird whieh navigatota oall tha Noddy, and wWeh la aaslly taken with dm hand. It is of the Teni genuM, twalat iMkea long, slanderiy fomed ; ita plumage la a dark aaa^ Vown, aieepting tha top of its head^kbh 4s dosky vkila. Tka AlbntRMa alao waa constantly flying nkcnt u% Ng«ri> haa^r wind and wayea. Our man eanght aavwml of dMi with a hook, tto heada of wUoh, when standing opsa tkn dank, ware four foal higk ; tfceir aler meaawanMat wa»l«i foal^ Althoagktbayaraganevallyofabr0wnoolnr,yi*in tkt NgfoB <^Oapa Hon, they vary flrom n miMutw of bffMni IMMlii UAatLLtmrn vwom. Mt o IM r«n*T«d hf m th* ooadilkm ol ftnd that MTM lo rtfcrabU to Umf. B. Bill w« w«n« ; morning th«wM bMB into moil of th« KTMt C*pMi hfioh ho MMOiMtor- loallfld this. |iwlU of hail tmi W9n driven to te (ittHlo. TUawM Mlwd to go. Tl» imrter ranging b»>. B the lat of MmoIi rayil, • anil lo tlli • uMibl* to ttpttM tkwU 1 ing in alupwIiliikoOftpo il«a, wmI Mpooinllf ; A«q«ratl]r rUitaA B(My, and wyeh Is Tero gonuM, t«r«l«» Ago |g A dnrk «i^ iehk4aaky«liil|ii g nlMNa iM» ng»«'> ght Mvwal oClterii ■bindiag opaa Ai bimrs ookkr, yiiiB Md trMM, to m tlmaM Mtirv wblto. Thojr art th« Urg i rt oi«w of iIm f««tlMr«d rao*. Wo iMd (br • long timo M opportunity of oUorviim llM MngollMilo doudo { whloli aro throo in numbor, two lunin. e«w and on* blaok } about thirty dagroo* dlalant Trom eaob allMr, and flMd in tltair ralatitra aituatioM aa ara tha fixad ■Ura. Although I had notioad tham, auppodng tham to ba olonda, and wondering how an illuminated aloud ahould ba aaan at all tinwa of tlia night, and preaenra ita poaiiion with an outUa*) ao wall defined and ao plainly marked, yet my mind waa not wholly eatiaflad reapeoting tham, until 4ha Mat* of tha ahip, who bad aaan tham in pr*vioua voyaga% aad'whopoaaaaaad oonaMarabla aatroaor^oal knowladga, painted out 10 ma aoma of tbairobaraotariatioa. Thewaath* •r te thaaa high aouthern latitudaa being ao uailbrmly tMek and cloudy, praveMad our obaarring tham ao early, or oara> AiUy aa wa might otherwiaa have dona. Thay ware dialtaet- If vlaibia for waaka, keeping their relative akuatkm, aad HMk altitude abo¥a tha aouthern horiaon leaaaning to Iha baholdar, aooording aa hie latitude diminiahed while ha pio< ••adednmrth. The forma of aaohaia about Ava degreaa ia diamatar. Tha luminouronaa undoubtedly are fonaad by akialMra of atara, ao aumaioua and oontiguoua, and ao dia> taat aa only to give a glimmering light like luminoua clonda, rhioh givaa tham their name { and the blaok one ia vary prabaUy tha entire abaenaa of all light. I gaaad at thtaa, nighk a^r n%M, with wonder and admiratfon. It aaeaiwd innai that looking at the dark one, waa l(M|Unf bayffiid oiaatad nature into infiaita apnea. ■• -rti-"^-- ,^'jOnlMOoanrrad oo ca ai en ally aft«r wa dkrabled Cap* Hom, hm «KM« of tlm time waa ploaawM and tha wkida fovomUa, naiil tha 99th «r Maieh in aouth laUtiida 39° ST', and Mi. flMMUI. At MA. liMfi*wl« M* M', iIm wind «wim ummi to th* om^, u4 oontlauinl to blow from * northarly dJnKrtkm tat uo u«]r^ whioh rvunkd our prof rwM, •n«l o«rri«d «m o^T o«r toa eempaiaUvo- ly early death, ft waa a aolemn aoeao when wo oommitlod hia remains to the watM gmv: Tho ooleia wore ralMi half masl, the whole aMp'a enanpaay oellaatMl arotmd ; th* body, with weight* ai.. . v laid upon a plaak at tH« gang-way ; and we • i alid tho dread aeoMM >^j fmmtk* Buggoatod by tho oooaatai, and after a pmyov, tte plank was gently moved over tho ddo wT the aUp, and tM dead dianppearwi to be aaoo no moiv. On the Sd, w* made Martte Vaaa Islanda, fHMi Mt ive in ttumbor, oompoaad wholly of voloanie roeha, wkkovl mf koil; BONMofthomaMoon*s.aiMniinf «pfoatorfliwlM»> dl for a ir ■ v ut on 1 addreoMd tfiem in a fo« •tiiiilMiiiiiiiiii la th* MH^, tMi ikm for ten iMiya, iM otf oar (AMtrw I* w • ifittkUt rrth. l>a Um Anrt HIm wm a ntry undrwd lom, wall Iw probably wm« I lb« Am ■bip w« lin« «n dM olh«r l«f(ilM Kow p)M»- viHK bMB montb* •r Bui iMUuMMt tb ibMwahipa, w« Bn in Um traok of [op*. mmm in thcgrMl WM tr»iiMd up to « INb WM MMlMdl >lirBoeRip«ritlv«- thm w» ooromlttad wdon w*w rklM^ Mtadftroond; tht OB • plttak at *S$ \u VulM dMlk m4 dim iaftflr* »1Im • pmyMTi A* r the ahlp, mmI tM roobii wwMNlSMjf ipCwrorfliwI UAt/m TAM An WJINM. dr«4 ft«(. Two «ni vary Mnall Mid hmmIU pninbMf . Tlity •n> kli to pfMipilotia, «nd Um ••• oonaUustly brcabinc AgkiiMl Ibani, UmI thara ia no landlnK. Thair fomw ar* IbntaaUoal ; nna of ibam havinft th« appoaraaoa of* forU> (kmUon wkb baationa, about which ars naadia poinia raaam* bliiif m«n m an aoqnaintanM wHh OS, not suspecting any hostility. Mast of our nights m wall h days for a long tine were mm*" m»m* mmm Nt mmiMf AT oul. elMr, aad the utan w«ra «Mn wHh renwrlnble MghtMii. What has hem dcaoribed by others of evaningt at ma, In the soutliera hemisphere, I had an opportunity of observing with edmiratior. The rioheet colon of red, orange, and yellow, are qiread over the vestem Aj after the aettlng auD, and oAeo over the whole concave of heaven. No f^- cU of art oan imitate the tints and huec which blend in soft, aess over this scene of beauty. Nature's pencil only can lay on these delicate shades, and add to them the brillhuioy* ever varying, of so much richness and splendor. In the dMp seas we did not see many fob ; of the ft# whidi came under our observttion, the dtrado, or as cam<' m mly called, the dolphin, and the pilot fliAi escelled m the beauty of their colors. The ibrmar, when tidcen upon deck, constantly changed its colon firom the bright purpla to the gdd, the bluish green, andthe ritver white, and these spread' ing out into vanishing shades. The pilot iish is equalfy heMutifiili but is singular in the choice of company and ett- idoymect i alwayt being found wtdi the diaifc, aifd Modndt- ing Um to Ma prey, from which It derives its namb. 1%e flying fish is a curiosity, flimiahed with powvn for cQOueyii^ both air and water, but finds norfiriend in «ithflir T pursued by tlie porpobe, or the dolphin^ or soaae other tik, it swiaM with all ^eed until It Mti no longer escaprttsil- stnwtive raeny, and then takes to flight in the air, wh^ che albatrOM and the man^of^war hawk hover to mcke it their pny. In its flight it oftm foils upon the dedu of skipa, where MOM riiows it no mercy. On the 19th of April we passed the equator. For a foNv days we had calms or only light wii^ withskswen. Tk* heat was very intenm, and to be beeahned under tlMM Oit- onmalaacM la m(»» to bo dreadM than gakw. Bat we ttm mmmm mmmmsmmBmmmm ■mmtMam (t i ii. ii» nnriiii mttmrnmrmiF m ku rn vmKm mwm iP mm trfcible MghtMti- ivaningt at mm, in tunhy of obwrfhig »f red, oniiig«, vtA ■J after the asttliif 'iHATen. TffoftHk. rhieh blend in w>ft. b's pencil only can them the brillknoy, iplendor. 17 fish ; of the fc# dormdo, or as oMU* fiiAi eseelled A the MB taken upon deok, )right purple to the te,andtheati«pre«d> •ilot fish is equalff >f conpaay ftod ett. diaifc, and oooAvM- nes its namie. ^ led with powers fl^ nafiriendiQeflhMrr , or SMne other flii^^ louger escaprttsJP pht in the air, Wh^ rk horer to mftlce ft m upon the deeki^ iqoator. For a l^w' wididtswers. Tltt nod vuider th«M ofar- Ml galea. Bis^ we m»A hwnd, and sdob fimnd oanelvea in north lat- itude, and it was with sensations of delight that I again be- held the North star, though but just above the horiwm. I heUed H arthe harUnger ofgood, and an indication that I wai> bm approaching my laoj deeired hone and Mends. All .olyeiBts at ssa are oonsidered worthy of notioe, and the gulf weed, which -was seen in grant abnndanoe belbra we cane to the gulf^mam, was obssrved with no nmall interest. It is 4n aquatic plant of a peculiar light graen color, and floats upon the surface of the water. , We en- tered and passed the stream at tl.d 14tl. of May, in 86^ ST north latitude; and though a rough sea is generally «ipe» led itere, yet we had a very pleasant time. The oumnt L at the rate of three miles an hour, and the temperature seven degre*** wanner than the adjacent water. On the nih of May, at three in the aftekuocm, we wen cheered widi the cry from the man at the mast head, *^Lmi hot akead." It proved to be Block Island. We came in sight of the light.houM in the evening, I ut too late to at- tempt to get into the harbor before morning, and Uierelbie lay <^ for the night. In tiie morning we found oursdves among various shipping bound to difiwrent ports. We paia. ed Mimtauk Point and drew near to New Loadon, where the si|^t of the city, the shipping in the harbor, the country around, and the islands dressed fa> green, were moat gratefbl, especially to one so long conversant with heathen countries and a wide expanse of ocean. Passed up the Thames to the city, and I rejoiced to land once more upon Christian and civilized shores, my native land, my country ! In taking loave of the Phoenix, I folt it due to the oaptftin and crew to say, that I received fVom them every kind attention I cmild wish, and it befaig a temperance ship, I did not hear a niniiii'inTiidiHiiiiia pMAuM wotd tnm may wbU« on bo»rd W« te4 pdMle woraUp, during Um tojrage on the Sabbath, and tbe word «r God waa bleMod, aa thwre waa r«iw»n to b8^la▼^ lo the feaviag oooTaraioB of aome aoola. I iNiad kind ftianda ia Naw London, and after arranging my biwineaa, direetad my way to Ithaoa, when I arrived on the 3Sd of May, aft«r an abaeace of morvthan two yeara and two montha, and having aoeompliahed a journey of twenty-eight tfaooaand milea. ■ :'cy ' 't BAYS ta eeveral t>lacee made menUon of the superior mlldneM of the climate west of the Rocky Mountains, and that the aeaaona are divided into the wet and dry ; the rainy aeaaoo commencing about the ftfst of November, and the dry about the firrt of May. The following Meteorological Table, which waa Jaken with care, will give a general epf - dmwi. iili l i iliir- -•''--"iiaiJWinn i i(iiiiiiri ii Wiffiifiiiii i iiri'i '' ' ' ' •"'"'*' ''""'" '"""'f . W«lMid pdMlb th, Mid the word «r to twiiAve, to tiie lad kind ftianda hi dmrn, diraetwl my Id of Hmy, aftwr an oaontlui, tod IWTiiii tjboannd aiilM. [on of the saperfer iky Mountains, Mid and dry ; the rainy November, and the ing Meteorological give a general wpp- f , 1 .;* 4»-^.- :'>i. ,>'"'^.("^:?»;«^i UnOBOUHMCAt TABU. 1 1 444 llllrll^lnll ^ 1^ I . %444%'^4 i .i^SSSSSS s: 8 13 8 9 ^ M) W t> » •> 2 84 8s s s a » & mmmmm mmmm WnMOKWOKAM. TABU* X ■ppp J I ii flllfillli list I i s I t ■~^ ■ I 1 I i in |Sll|l .1 I tjrll ill'illlllllJI Hill 8S4S8SI9999S98 98999 3 9 99 St 8 9 8 9 a S 9 9 88333 8 9 98898889998 899^8 9 S8 StSfiS 88 Sift 8 8 8 S Nfta MKniiiiii MMMiiMiiiiiii MiMMIfi) 9 8 9 99 8 8 3 3 2 8 9 9 K 8 ^ <-• M •• <• >■>•< ■mOBOIrOOKAL TABU. -Mi }||44 44 4| liji I III 11 ll **!UI }|||44443|| ttmm l98 9899R8988il888 9 8 9 X 1899 9 9996999 a^ 899899 8 I 9888 88 a 3^8 8 88 8 888 8 98 rf ci d liilMliiiiiiWiiyi Hiiii iHiiii mmmmmsmmmm y nm^f<^iftft l ffA^ TAMA 1 1 *t i Ilil 1:111 IllillfMliiir i I I lilfl •i *i nil fiiijilliilfii I^Kt«9 9 aill a » II !( R 9 ^ « !9 9 f 9l99!t9 » 8S» S a « X«« 9 9 99 Iix9si8 sa8)na(8i8issia8»ii« « S rf ii « « 9 9 9 f a SI 8 » 11 »' •s a a a a 4 nmim^mmmsimis^ iOnOIOUMIOAt TAatl. 1 i I \ I II ifil iA liiJiiiMlil I I'. I idiiiiiniiiiiiit V99 9;? Stl^a ft 9 9 a » » 3 9 9 S9 I9999ait9rar8i9&»3»99 sa l99»a88IRft898iSSS99 S9 -«!*- .i it 84» J piniiimiiiiiiwTi ^taiKl asnoscMeRUL tasut. lillifJllltl iiiJiii Ui Jlllli ft I J iU If, |«4»3K9»9988a««S«XII ti \\\ \miimimiMiimmM s»* ■STsoacteeiCA!. rxaiM. i I I J Hi rijiji unl iflllf ilftrl I 6 ft 9 9 a S 9i 3( 8) til SS 8 9 9 3:193 I » 3 9 9 » 3 9 9 9 9 9 99999^9 Sls:8S83flSS««»8;S fH « M '« W) «• »• MllillMpeta. lim. 3US. OOSBf looks. m. t. 0. uit. upooii. saps. Ji. Oood, Bad, No, Y«a, Great, Small, Siok, Well, To-day, Yesterday, Once more, White, Black, Red, Vermilion, Paint, 1 nox. 2 lapeet. 8 metait. 4 pSilop. 6 pahut. 6 elaix. 7 quoenapt. 8 wemuttut. 9 quoies. ▼OCASULiAT OF TBE COUNTBT EngUah. God, Evil spirit, Sun, Moon, tois. kapoels. waiitu. ki. hemakia. coots. oomitsa. penamina. t&x. w&tish. nox emaka. hihi. ^ cinmo cimmeo. ilpelp. ailish. penasuet. 10 poetumpt. 11 nox tit. 12 lapeet tit. 20 laaptit. SO metaip tit. 40 pelap tit. 50 pahap tit. 100 pooetaptit. H.ICATAT NATION WHO INHABIT THE MOETH OF THE CASCADES. Indian. Meyoh. melah. In. ulhigh'. imttiimmm MMimililiiiiffiiiirnitiWi'i ■y- mmmmmi'tm 46« tSMAIAt. c.^ ., kaahlo. Pi»t, Idikowouks. Earth, te 'taum. Water, chow wa«. Stone, 'p's Bwah. Wood, il quas. House, •nneet. Bread, ahappleel. Fiah. t'kuinnat. Deer, owiiutat. Bird, 'hat 'hot. Cow, moos moos stun. Hone, kosee. Dog, kosikkoeee. Boat, quiasas. Man, .wince. Woman, iyet. Qirl, p'teenika. Boy, asswan. Fingers, pahhahtopat. Foot, ' wattekas. Toe, owhunghe. Tongue, melleeae. Ear, miaahu (plu.) peMihmisshu Mouth, mettolla'hhow. Lip, um, (plu.) pesah um. Black, ch€mook.>> White. pillas. Oreen, Uhm't. Yellow, penahkunnootowasB. Red, klutilh. Good,. seyah. mmmmmssam MMki wmxmm'm' liki. in. ihtoptt. )kM. inghe. BOM. (plu.) peMhmiMhu. oUa'hhow. (plu.) peMh urn. iook.>> I. ,'t. hkunnootowMi. Ah. 1. niCATAT. •' Bitd, ohilooeet. High, « AtiirOOA . IW tkheno Mh. ok Mih. saah. )kM Mh. dik. (itukh. Eoop. jm. ik. ih«. oka. lowah. reek. nuhtfiak. Itup. imteen. total. olas. ahnaa. u. its. A, Rabbit, ■iuwe. CM, wAaawlai. Wolf, enahte. Bear, 'holleea. Otter, nookai. Lasinesa, ilkkah. Bleep, 'taotah. Soft, uquatuquau Strength, h'too. Swan, w&hhalow. Goat, powyanin. Beada, k'lput. Cold, •tfloiaah. Hard, kntot'k. 1 lah'a. 19 neop'tw&ppena, 3 neep't, 13 mettaptw&ppena 8 mettapt', 20 neeptit, 4 peneep'l, 80 mettAptit, 5 pahhat, 40 peneeptit, 6 p'tuhninia, 50 pahhiptit, T tooakia, 60 p'tuhflfaiaaptit, 6 pahhahhomaht. 70 tooakahaaptit. *Uawlaw8iinkah, 80 pahhahtuaap'tit, 10 hOtem, 00 'tsaulochaiptit. 11 llih'swftppena, 100 potemtit. ▼OCABtftJlBT or THB CALAPOOA NATIOM. God, 'ntaompate. Heaven, ahlupklooah. Evil Spirit, ehwakehe. Hell, owievenah. Sun, 'npeun. Moou, , 'ntaalowah. PIM, umml. Earth, umpuUo. Wind, 'ntolouh. Water, *mpahke. Wood, owlttuk. Btono, •ntiugk. Bono. •ataa. Houw, Bread, ^pplcel. Pish, 'ntumuak. Deer, ammoke'. Elk, Boy, ehwahpyah> Girl, I, Thou, 'ir^pecaa. nu^^ He, annoihe. She, ahwabkkotaut. My father, hum nee. Tour &th«r, makkan nee. My mother, ainnee. Elder brother, t4h. Sifter, ahetup. Huaband, tahwabka. IMMM lo. ih. U. tk. k. ike'. Ji. k. a. noQ*. 9, hktsut> hpy^h. ihe. ihkkotout. bee. can nee. BO* ip. abke. eALAfOA/. Wife. tahwahke. Yoe, aw. No. kuaaowa. Head. unqu4h. Mouth, tinte. Chin, •tllkk. Teeth, tinte. Arm t'ntooque. Hand, t'lakquah. Plngw, taw'nah. Foot, teuoibh. i5»r, toandunkahtlfa. Blaok. mo*. White, mow'. Blue, 'mpulunk. Orten, pltohyi. Red, 'teelow. Good, miaao. Bad, kaskah. High, tohamaytink. Low, w4Uah. Many, milloe. Pew, 'mponuk. Urge, pellah. Small, «too. Who, . RValu Wha&, fcunikkee. Knife, 'nkcmiatik. Bow, unohin. Arrow, im'owauk. Gun, ■ttkwillahlab. ■„ mullak. 4tl m$» mtammm W. I W I i fHiJ t mM Mill IM 111. ' IM II ' <— 413 tUvir, 'ntMk. Uk*. wAMetnumim^w. Mountain, proiMhniobok. Valliiy. wlilah. Night, mooyoo. Dty. 'mpflyon. Hera, nvhaah* Th«ra, plflfan. Near. •mohilUh. Par off, m'lokklo. Where, mutohoo. Vfhtin, tahnondeh. To t«lk, tanuk. To walk. owlllowah. None, ♦nwa. I MM, ohat«'onhotr, ai&. Little way. tunas Bi&. Great way, hias ak. To go fast, olatua hiuo. Not fast, wake hiuo. Black, klaait. White, t . i 'n cimrooi. a Vulley, When, Here, Night. None, Bear, Beaver, Fox, Wolf, Deer, Horse,. Cow, ]>(«. Salmon, Bird, Speak, I speak, Thou speakest, He speaks. They speak, Make, I make, Thou makest. He makes. They make, Come, Perhaps, or I do not know dnderstand, I understand. Now I understand, Sleep, I have, or it la with me. 415 kekulle Ulahks olh. ookook. pollakle. haloo. siano. eena. tiskowkow. leelo. moueech. kuetan. moosmoos. kamux. ' quanagh. kallakalla. W&W&. nioa W&W&. , mica w&wft. ' yftkk& w&wA. klaska w&wl. mammook. . nioa mammook. mica mammodk. y4kk& mammook. klaska mammook. ohawko. olunas. oumetax. nioa oumetax. alta nioa oumetax. - mooeom. mitlit nica. itiaii'staiafti i fM9 «9 cmradH^ nioA oUtnwa. aonaootu. noneaeech. mucamuo. 8 ■toghtkio, quiitz, 10 teughlelum, 80 moxttftghlelum, 40 'lakitt&ghlelum, 100 Uughlelum taughlelum. I walk, Longago, Bee, Eat, 1 eght, S moxt, 8 Dons, 4 v* ■■, K* K,K/ k" ^. ^ alum, ghlelum, ghlelum, elum taughlelum Ml* I I oimens of th» Itn- ill notice how en- and may form his The language* of , The uae of the ouuk; ia dadgaei kitieulate. ■0 9 g « €. "^"'" ' | - ii iii l iii i i M iii iii ■-'■■■■■ "-■- ■' .>*j— fc* \f^ f ^. 4 ^ A X' ffll