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".',}'irf-9f' 1 DEPOSITCD VITB THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. m m WASHINGTON: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. DECEMBER. 1SS3. r ' ■ ' 1 PREFACE. a \^i ::r0;|| The collection embraced in this Catalogue comprises accu- rate portraits painted from life of forty-three different tribes of Indians, obtained at the cost, hazard, and inconvenience of a ten years* tour through the South-western Prairies, New Mexico, California, and Oregon. Of coui'se, but a short de- scription of the characters represented or of the leading inci- dents in their lives is given. But even these brief sketches, it is hoped, will not fail to interest those who look at their por- traits, and excite some desire that the memory, at least, of these tribes may not become extinct. J. M. STANLEY. ■■» ■ ■:■• up-'-"! s-tl r- :> i^ CONTENTS. PAdK Seminoles 5 Creeks 8 ClIEROKEES 14 cuickasaws 2g potowatomies 20 Stocrbridges 20 MUNSEES 30 Ottottas 30 Cuil'PEWAS 31 Delawares 31 AVeeaus 34 Shawnees 34 Sacs and Foxes 35 Black Feet 40 Osages 41 Quapaws 46 loH'AS 46 WicnETAWs, OR Pawnee Picts 47 Caddoes 4S Anandarkoes 49 4 VAOI Wacoes 50 Natchitoches 51 towocconies 51 Keechies 52 comanches 53 Pueblos 55 Umi'quas 59 Klameths 59 Callai'oovas 60 CniNooKs CO Cl.ACKMUS 61 AVim.amette Fai.i.s Indians... 62 Tlickitacks 6.) Wau,.\-Wai,las 6;J Cavises 65 Nez Pekces , 66 Pei.ouses 66 Spokanes 67 Stony Island Indians 71 Okanagans 72 SEMINOLES. \ V TiJK Scminoles originally belonged to the Creek family; but, owing to some internal dissensions, they left them and fornuul a separate and independent band. The Creeks gave them the appellatiim of Semini)l<'.i, which signifies "runaways." On tlieir removal west of the 3Iissi8sippi, the government assigned to them a portion of the Creek country ; but being unwilling to come under the then existing Creek laws, they refused to occupy it, and took up their abode in the Cherokee nation, in the vicinity of Fort Gibson. Here tlioy resided until the spring of 1845, when they met the Creeks in council; and through the exertions of Major Wm. Armstrong, Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the South-west, Gov. P. M. Butler, Cherokee Agent, and Col. Jas. Logan, Creek Agent, their causes of dissati-ifiction were removed, and they accordingly took up their abode in the Creek Nation, upon the waters of Little River. m 'i ■ .1 1. CO-WOCK-COO-CIIEF;, on WILDCAT. (Painted Doc. IS 12.) A Seminole Chief, and one of the most celebrated of his tribe ; possessed of much vanity and an indomitable spiri*. he has won for himself an exalted name and standing among his n'lc. At the outbreak of the Florida War, ho was a n* 'o boy; but ho shouldered his rifle, and fought with so much courage and despera- tion, that he was soon looked up to as a master-spirit. This gathered a band of warriors about him, who adopted him as their chief leader. At the head of this party ho became a formidable enemy of the United States troops, and gave them much trouble during that campaign, and probably would never have fallen into the hands of the whites, had he been able to procure food and ammunition for his band : being reduced to a state of starvation, he was obliged to surrender, and, by treaty stipulations with the United States Government, was with hi.-i people removed west of the Mississippi. •1= .'4 SEMIN0LE8. 3. AL-LECK TUSTKNIJOOEE. (Pivintotl Doc. 1842.) Tliis riiiof is at the liond of the Miknsiikio Imnd, and during tlic Florida Vn'nr was oiio of tlio most aotivo among t!io Scniinolca. ])uring this war, his binul perpetrated sonic of the most cruel mur- ders on record ; among them was that of Mrs. Montgonu'ry, who was brutally massacred while riding on horsehaek, within a short distance of the post, where her husliand, Lieut. Montgomery, of the V. S. A., was stationed. Since the removid of his people west of the ]Mis8i.ssippi, they hare been quite peaceable, but not altogether con- tented. Great numbers have died from local diseases, and the in- temperate use of whiskey, which they procure on the fnmtier. He in(|uired particularly after the health of (Jen. Worth, of the U. S. A., of whom he spoke in the highest terms. He wore many ornaments and articles of dress, the gifts of that (listinguished officer. I asked of him the privilege of painting one of his wives. lie replied that his women had been huntc<] through the everglades of Florida until they were unlit to be seen ; but whenever they recruited, he would not object to their being painted. 3. NOKE-SUKE TUSTEXUGGEE. (Painted Doc. 1S42.) A Seminole Sub-chief of the Mikasukie band. A warrior of dis- tinction, and Al-leck Tusteuuggec'a aid. 4. AL-LECK TUSTEXUGGEE, XOKE-SUKE TUSTEXUGGEE, CUDJO, and GEO. AV. CLARKE. (Painted Dec. 1842.) Cudjo is a negro Interpreter, who served the United States during the Florida War; and Geo. W. Clarke is Seminole Agent. SKMINOLES. 0. TUSTEXUUGKE CIIOI'-KO, or THE IHG WAHHIOR. (I'liiiitod Doc. 1812.) A Soniinnlo Mikasukio Sub-cliiof, mid ono of tlio iiKist distin- giiislicd warriors of liis tribe. IIo i.s si.x foot thn:o inclie.>< in lioiglit, and well pmixirtioued, and is (jstcenicd ono of the best ball-pla}era among liis podplc. His eountvnaiieo iiulieates any tiling but iiitclli- gc'iu'c or slirewdiiesH ; on the enntniry, it o.\hibit,s evidence of a cnpiicity to cdiiiinit any act, liowever cruel and atrocious, at tlie bid- ding of bis cliief. He is .said to liavc cut off the hands of Mrs. Mont- gomery after her murder, for the purpose of procuring the rings upi>u her lingers. I 6. CIIO-CO-TE TUSTEXUGG EK. (raiiitod Doc. 18J2.) A Sub-chief, of sonic note as a warrior, but abandoned and dissi- pated; he is painted in the costume in which he presented himself, with a bottle of "fire- water" in bis hand. He possesses an amiable disposition, and is passionately fond of joking, which has acquired for him the celebrity of punster to the band. i-k IIAL-BURTA-IIADJO, on ALLIGATOR. (ruintetl Aug. 18W.) A Seminole Chief, celebrated for his prowess as a warrior. His name has been frequently before the public, as the in.«tigator and perpetrator of many atrocious murders, during the Florida campaign. He has suft'ered much from sickness since his removal, and looks de- jected and careworn. 8. COT-SA, on TIGER. (Painted Dee. 1S42.) A Seminole Warrior, and son of Alligator. 'm 8 CRKKKfl, I: O. SEM-I-WOC-CA. (I'liiiitcdScpt. IHCI.) lloprcsentcd as about crossing a small stream, with a corn-basket, uu'l'.r her arm, She is attired in the costume pcculiur to the Creek and Seminole women. Their dress consists of calico, of a course, cheap kind, worked to the depth of from twelve to fifteen inches from the bottom with different colours, in various devices. I found it exceedingly difficult to get the women of this tribe to sit for their pictures, owing to the opposition of their chiefs, who do not consider thciu worthy of such uu honour. CREEKS. These people formerly resided in Georgia and Alabama, but were removed by the United States Government in 1815(5, and are now re- siding on the Arkansas, seven hundred miles west of the Mississippi. They are somewhat advanced in civilization and the arts. They mostly follow agricultural purt^uits, having extensive farms and many negroes. The principal productions of the soil are corn and sweet potatoes; they raise some cotton, from which they manufacture a very substantial cloth, suitable to their own wants. Vegetables of almost every description are produced in abundance. They raise large stocks of horses, hogs, and cattle, to which their country is well adapted, being mostly prairie, and one of the finest grazing countries in the world. They adhere tenaciously to all their ancient customs, with a super- stitious awe and veneration, having among them their rain-makers, medicine or mystery men, in the potency of whose charms they arc firm believers. CRKF-KS, 10. OPOKTII-MvYO-TIOLO. (I'ililllnl .July, 1MI3.) Sppiikcr of flin Tapper CrockH. "Tlii« inaii lioMs llio nuk of principiil cdimscllnr, or spc.'ikcr of tlio coiiiicilH, over wliicli he prc- sidi'H with great (Ii;;iiity. His inlliu'iicc is so i,'r('at, tliat tlio (|ii('sti(tns siihiiiittcil to cniiiicil nro gonorally dcciiloil accoriliiig to liis will; for liin trilio consider liiin as tlio organ of tlioir ('liief, and suppowu lie only speaks as lie is ilirectod. " His ]iower is such over thein, that, tlioy liavo froqiunitly roqucstoJ liini to sninnit himself as a eanilidat(! for the priiieipal chieftainship; liut lie prefers his position as speaker, whieli lirings him ninre imme- diately ill eoiitaet with his people, and gives him the advantage of di.-playing his address and eliMpieiiee. "During the late unhappy contest between tlio Unitcil States and the Seminole fiidians, it was to lie expectcil that the sympathies of tho Creeks would he strongly exeited in favour of the latter, who are a wandering trilie, deseeiidaiits from the Creek nation. Aecordiiigly, in iNIid, when the war grew hot, and the Seminules were sueeessful in several sanguinary engagements, the spirit of revolt spread through the Creek nation, and many of that jieoplo were urged, by the fatal ilestiny wliieh seemed to have doomed that whole race to extinction, into open war. Sau-gah-at-ehee, one of the towns of Opoeth-le-yo- holo's district, was tho lirst to revolt. The warriors, without ii single e.xeeptioii, painted themselves for war; the young men rushed out upon the higbways, and murdered all the travellers who fell in their way. Opoeth-le-yo-bolo, on bearing the intelligence, imnn Hately placed himself at the bead of tin; warriors of bis own town, marched upon the insurgents, burned tbeir village, and, having captured some of their men, delivered them over to the military, by whom they were imprisoned." — McKinncy. I \i !•■.•: 11. OPOETII-LE-YO-IIOLO. (1S13.) Heprcscnted in the manner in which be paints himself wbcn going to war. One would hardly recognise this celebrated chief in this di.sguiso. lie insisted on beiug thus painted, and it was with diffi- 18 10 CREEKS. culty that he was afterwards indu( tn] to wash his face, and sit for ii portrait which his friends would be able to recognise. See No. 10 13. A CRKKK BUFFALO DANCE. (Painted Aug. 1843.) This dance is enacted every year during the season of their busk or green-corn dances; and the men, women, and children, all take an active part in the ceremony. They invest themselves with the scalp of the buffalo, with the horns and tail attached, and dance about in a circle, uttering sounds in imitation of the aniuial they represent, with their bodies in a half-bent position, supporting their weiglit upon their ball-sticks, which represent the forelegs of the bufl'alo. 11 13. TUSTEXUGG EE EM ATIILA. (Paintoil Juno, 181.3.) "This is a fine-looking man, six feet and one inch in height, and well proportioned, of manly and martial appearance and grout j)liysieal strength, and is well calculated to command the respect of a band of savage warriors. lie is generally known by the name of Jim Hoy. Tustenuggee means ' warrior;' and Kmathla, ' ne.vt to the warrior.' " He is and always has been a firm and undeviating friend of flu; whites : he led a party of seven hundred and .seventy-si.x warriors to Florida, and endeavoured, first as mediator, to induce the Seminoles to abandon the bloody and fruitless contest in which they were en- gaged, but was unsuccessful. " Soon after his arrival at Tampa, he joined the camp of Col. Lane, by whom he was sent, with two hundred of his warriors, to look after the Seininoles. He fell in with a party of the latter, and drove them into a swamp, from which they opened a fire, and wounded several of his men. lie was then sent to meet Gov. Call, and arrived at the spot where Gen. Gaines was surrounded, soon after that officer had been relieved. On the following day, he joined Gov. Call, and pro- ceeded to Fort Drane, where the Seminoles, though numerous, re- fused them battle, fled, and were pursued. Q'lie Creeks were unable to overtake them ; but the Tennessee horse fell in with them on the following day, and a fight ensued, in which several were killed on pi m ill CREEKS. 11 eaeli sido. Tnstcnuggoc Emutlilii and his party joinoJ tlio nniiy again at Fort Pade; and tho Sciiiinolos being in a swamp hard l>y, an attack was planned, in whieh the Creeks were invited to go fnre- niost, an honour which they promptly declined, while they cheerfnlly iigrecd to advance sido by side with the white men. In this fi;^lit the Creeks lost four men, besides one who was accidentally killed b}' the whites, but the Seminoles were beaten. lie was afterwards s< tit to a place towards St, Augustine for provisions, and was in several skirmishes not worth recording. " He says he joined our army under a promise made by the com- manding general, that in the removal of his people west of the Mis- sissippi, about to take place, his property and family should bo attended to, and that he .«hoidd bo indemnified for anv loss that might happen in consequence of his absence. These stipulations, ho alleges, weie broken by the removal of his women and children, while he w.-^s absent in the service of the government, whereby his entire property was destroyed. Nor was this the worst of his mis- fortunes. His family, consisting of a wife and nine children, were- among the unfortunate persons who were on board of the steamboat IMonniouth, when that vessel was sunk by the mismanagement of thuse to whose care it was intrusted, and two hundred and thirty-si.x of the Creeks, including four of Ins children, were drowned. Melancholy as such an occurrence would be under any circumstances, the catas- trophe is infinitely the more deplorable when happening to an igno- rant people, while emigrating, unwillingly, under the charge of our public agents, and to a people whose whole intercourse with the whites has tended to render them suspicious of the faith of civilized men." — McKinmn/. lie speaks English quite fluently, but will not converse with a man unless well acquainted with him ; and he will not then speak it, in the presence of the Indians, lest he should compromi.se the dignity cha- racteristic of Indian greatness. For his interference in the Florida war, he has entailed upim himself the lasting hatred of the Seini- noles : they hold him in such utter abhorrence and detestation, that they would never look upon his portrait, while in my studio, without manifesting dissatisfaction and disgust. He is abmit tifty-two years of age, vigorous and active, and is rtill able to undergo much fatigue and hardship. He is beloved and respected by his people, and is one of the loading men of hia nation . f^; •■-■ ■■ i i3 .: M \ ^A m 12 CREEKS. 11. TO-MATII-LA-MICCO, or THE LITTLE KING. (PaintcdJunc, 181.1.) Principal Chief of the Upper Creeks. Distinguished only as a War- rior, he was elected to the chieftainship through the instrumentality of C^pooth-le-yo-holo, who has great influence over him. lie is painted in the attitude of holding a red slick, which is invariably carried by him, during the ceremonies of the busk or green-corn dance. It is emblematical of the red-stick or late Creek war. Possessing no merit as an orator or counsellor, his will is easily swayed by his speaker. lie is mild and amiable in his disposition, and much beloved by his people. 15. TUCK-A-BACK-A-MICCO, on THE MEDICIXE-MAN or PHYSIC- MAKER. (Painted June, 184.'?.) This is the great IMcdicinc or Mystery Man of the Creeks; his fields of corn are cultivated by the peo])le of the town in whicli he resides, and a salary of five hundred dolhirs per annum is allowed him from the treasury of the nation, for his services. They suppose him to be indued with supernatural powers, and capable of making it rain copiously at will. In his town is a building of rather a singular and peculiar con- struction, used during their annual busk or greon-corn dances as a dancing-house. It is of a circular form, about sixty feet in diameter and thirty feet high, built of logs; and was planned by this man in the following manner: — He cut sticks in miniature of every log required in the construc- tion of the building, and distributed them proportionately among the residents of the town, whose duty it was to cut logs corresponding with their sticks, and deliver them upon the ground appropriated for the building, at a given time. At the raising of the house, not a log was cut or changed from its original destination; all came to- gether in their appropriate places, as intended by the designer. During the planning of this building, which occupied him six days, be did not partake of the least particle of food. 'I' CREEKS. 18 ITo lias in bis possession, and wears, a medal said to have been presented to his parents by Gen. Washington. He is painted in the costume whieh he usually wears. 16. TAII-COO-SAII FIXICO, or BILLY IIARDJO. (Piiintcd Aug. ISl!].) Chief of one of the Upper Creek towns. He is a mereliunt or trader among his people; also, has an extensive farm and several negro slaves, whieh enable him to live very comfortably, lie is mueh bi'K)ved and respected by his people. The dress in whieh he is painted is that of a ball-player, as they at first appear upon the ground. During the play they divest themselves of all their orna- ments, whieh are usually displayed on these occasions, fur the ))ur- pose of betting on the result of the play: such is their passion for betting, that tlie oppo.sing parties frequently bet from live hundred to a thousand dollars ou a single game. It. CHILLY MelXTOSII. (Puintoil Juno, ]Si;5.) An Upper Creek Chief. Tins man is a brother of Gen. Mcintosh, who was killed some years since by his people, for negotiating a trcaiy with the United States Government, contrary to the laws of his country. Chilly was pursued bj' the same party who massacred his brother, but succeeded in making his escape by swimming a river, which arrested his pursuers. 'Olenawa, who is called the Citreat Warrior, was commissioned by the chiefs to raise a p:irty to march to the Indian Springs and exe- cute the judgment ot their law upon ^Mcintosh on his own hearth- stone. With the usual promptitude of the Indians in the prosecution of bloody business, IMeuawa was soon at the head of one hundred of his Oakfuskec braves, and, after a rapid march, arrived before the house of the fated Jlclntosh before day, on the morning of the first of May, just seventy-.^even days after the signing of the treaty. The house having been surrounded, Menawa spoke : — ' Let the white people who are in the house come out, and also the women and children. We come not to injure them. Mcintosh has broken ♦he law made by himself, and we are come to take his life.'" M '*^iSa i^ w n ■q i li'r % 4 t . -^fl 14 CIIEROKTIKS. This aummons was oboyed by all to whom it was arMrossi'd. Chilly, who, having signed the treaty, was in the list of nieditatcil victims, was enabled by his light complexion to pass out with the whites, and escaped. Out of this occurrence arose two parties among the Creek Indians. One was composed of the bulk of the nation — the other of the fol- lowers of Mcintosh, headed by Chilly. He speaks English fluently, and has seen much of civilized life, having spent much time at Washington, tran.sacting business with the heads of Departments, iu behalf of his people. IIo is among tlio first men of his nation. IS. KEE-SEIvLAII and AII-SEE-IIEE. (PuinU'd Aug. ISl.'!.) Daughters of Opoeth-le-yo-holo. The latter is commonly denomi- nated the Young Queen. The remaining figure on the right is a half-breed and the wife of a white trader. CIIEROKEES. This nation's territory borders on Arkansas and Missouri. They are a semi-civilized people, and are more advanced in the arts and agriculture than any other Indian Nation. They number about twenty thousand souls. Most of them cultivate the soil with much success. Their farms are cultivated by slaves, of which they own great numbers. Corn is the staple production of the .soil, although they raise some small grain, and enough cotton for home consump- tion. Many of them manufacture cloth sufficient for themselves and slaves. They di.splay much taste in the formation of their patterns, many of which arc truly beautiful. A sample nuiy be found among the various Indian Curiosities attached to the Gallery. CIIEROKEES. 15 The National Authori'.ies liave established schools in every dis- trict throughout the nation, and engiigcd competent teachers to take charge of theiu. Missionaries of various denominations are assiduously engaged among them, from whose pious and exemplary conduct they are receiving lasting bcuelits. '•i .'.t,^ v. 19. COO-WIS-COO-EK, OK JOHN KOSS. (Painted Sept 1844.) Principal Chief of the Cherokecs. IMr. Ross has been for a number of years at the iiead of his people, which fact is sufficient evidence of the high estimation in which they hold him as a man capable of discharging the responsible duties devolving upon the office. !Mr. II. is a man of education, and as a statesman would do honour to the legislative halls of any country. His hospitality is unbounded; from his soft and bland manners, his guests are at once made to feel at home, and forget tiiat they are far from the busy scenes of civil- ization, and surrounded by the red men of the forest. His house is the refuge of the poor, starved, and naked Indian; when hungry, he is sure to find at the abode of this exemplary man something where- with to appease his hunger, and if naked, a garment to cover his nakedness. Of his private aud political history umch might be said; but we leave it to those who are more competent to the task, and able to do him that justice due to so eminent a man. yfival,' J i3 4}:. Mi, J' If .V 4 _, 'l • , Vi '•(« so. KEKTII-LA, on DOG. (Painted IS II.) Commonly called Major George Lo^ery, Second or Assistant Chief of the Cherokees; an office which he has tilled for a num- ber of years with much credit to himself and the entire satisfaction of his people. He is about seventy years of age, speaks English fluently, and is an exemplary Christian. He is painted in the attitude of explaining the wampum, a tradition of the manner in which peace was first brought about among the the various Indian tribes. (See No. 27.) Sill HI w ■t. Ik ^^^ **,«., 10 cnKiU)Ki:i;s. STAN WATIK. (I'liiiito.l .liino, ISI.'i.) A highly giflotl and taloiitiMl (^luTokt'O. Tliis iiian is a hrotlicr of IJdudiiiof, who was iiiurdcrcil sdiiio yoars siiico tor iiis i)arti('i|iation ill ucgotiafing with the United States iho Now Kehota treaty, (whicli has caused so nineh interna! dissension among tlie Cherokees,) con- trary to the hiws of his eonntiy. Stan Watie was also one of tlie signers of that, instniinent, hut has thus far escaped the honilih^ death that hefoll his brother. He is reputed to ho one of tiie bravest iiieii of his j)eo|>Io. I>iiriiig tlio session of the Inlernational Otuneil, at Tah-lo-nuah, in June, 1S4I>, lio sat for his j)ortiait ; lie was surrounded by hundreds of his enemies at the time, but did not inaiiifost the least symptoms of fear during his sojourn. A biogra- phy of this man's life would form a very intcrostiug volume. THOMAS WATIE. (I'uiiite.l 1S12.) Brother of Stan W.VTIK, a fine-looking man, but abandoned and dissipated, llo is a printer by trade, and speaks English fluently and writes a good hand. m 38. YKAH-WKIvOO-YAlI-r.lli;, on THK SPOILKD PKKSOX. (PaiiiUMl ISll.) This man was ono of the signers of the first treaty made with tlc^ riicndvces by the 1'nifed States (^)vernment, during tho ailmiuistra tion of General Washington. Ho says ho was at that time quite a young warrior, but ho distinctly recollects how tho General hudvcd, and all that took place. He describes tho manner in which the In- dians were received by their Great Father as follows : — " The white men stood like geese flying, the Great Father standing at the head. Tho Indians wore told by tho interpreter, that they must not shake hands with any one until they had shaken the hand of their Great Father; they all passed through tho centre, and each in his turn shook him by the hand." He also gave an amusing deseriptiou of the dinner which was prepared for them on that occasiou. riii:iioKKi;8. r Diiring tlio fJrock war ho fdnglit with flio whites against, tlic CnM'ks, ami at. tho battle of lldrsc Simi! mcoivod sevrrul wouimIs. H(.> is now altout SS years of age, ami reeeives a iieusioii from tlic riiite(| States for his services (luring that war: he is still in the full eii- j<»}inent of all his faeiiltios, having riildou thirty miles on hursebaek to sit for tho portrait now exhihited. 21. OII-TAII-Ni:i:-U\ TAII, OK CATCHER. {I'liiiitoil IS 1 1.) A Cherokee Warrior. ClIAULKS MelXTOSII. (Puiiitod 1.SI2.) A Cherokee half-breed, about twenty-three years of ag(!, little known among his people until December, lS4l*. He then distinguished himself by killing a man upon the J'rairies, by the namti of Merrett, an escaped convict from the jail at Van Huren, Arkansas, who with his brother was under sentence to the »State J'rison, had escaped, and fled to the I'rairies, where they carried on a sort of land piracy, rob- bing and murdering all travellers whom chance threw into their power. i D 4 ■if •!' 2«. AVE-CIIA-LAII-NAIMIK, ok THE SPIRIT. (Paintoil IS 11.) Commonly called John lluss. A regular ordained minister of the Presbyterian denomination, and speaks no English. He is a very pious and good man. The following letter, written in the Cherokee language, which I received from him, will give the reader some idea of the bituution of the people under his pastoral charge, TaII-LE-QUAH, CllKUOKKK N*Tlf.M. Jamuiri/ SOth, 1844. My Fiuend : — You wish that T should tell you something about the Cherokee.s living on Honey Creek. I suppose you wish to know whether the people are acting as a civilized or uncivilized people I am very glad to hear that you wish to know something about the 18 CUKUOKEnS. ? Cliorokoos. r will write to you in Clioiokeo, it liciiig tlio only luii- guagc wliicli I can write. I fiimuit write llic English Jaii^uago us the Whites. Yiiu can get sunie jierson to interpret lliis for }iiu. AVlien we came to this coiintr}' and settleil on Honey Creek, liicre were but few who emigrated from east of the Mississiji|ii, tiiat formerly were connected with the church, who had settled in this iilaee; luit now there are a great man}-, and we have built a house of (jod, and ou the Sabbath-day we pray to him at that place, and we have the go.>ipi'l of Ciod preached to us, and we meet here every Sabbath. The people attend to what is said during divine service, and we have a Sunday-school. The children attend to learn to read, both in Chero- kee and Knglish; we have also f(U-med a Temperance Society, and Lave met once, which was ou the first of the month; it was a very cold day, and only few attended, but I thiidi about tifty signed the pledge. Wo have lately formed a liible Society in this neighbour- hood, and have met once. There were about tiiirty subscribed their names to give money to buy good books. There were only twenty dollars received. lu this manner the people are gradually improving under the influenoc of the gospel, and 1 believe they have become acquainted with God and his Son. ^ I anj your ob't servant, JOHN HUSS. U 91-. INTERNATIONAL INDIAN COUNCIL. (PiiiiitoJ 1813.) This council was convened by John Ross, at Tah-le quali, in the Cherokee Nation, in the month of June, 1843, and continued in session four weeks. Delegates from seventeen tribes were jirescnf, and the whole assemblage numbered some ten thousand Indians. During the session, each of the chiefs and warriors of the .several delegations delivered a "talk;" but want of space compels us to confine ourselves to the explanation of the wampum belt, and the speech of IMr. lloss. Major George Lowrey, Second Chief of the Cherokees, (No. 20,) in explanation of the wampum, spoke as follows : — "You will now hear a talk from our forefathers. You mu.st not think hard, if we make a few mistakes in describing our wampum j if we do, we will try and rectify them. m CIIEROKKFS. 19 "My TIrotiikrs, jou will now hear what our forefathers said fo us. " In the first phice, tho Sonccas, a great many years ago, (lovised a I'lan for us to become friends. AVhen tliis phui was first hud, llic Seneca rose up and said, I fear tlio Clierokee, because the toma- hawlc is stuck in several parts of his head. Tlic Seneca afterward remarked, that he saw the tomahawk still sticking in all parts of the Cherokee's head, and heard him whonping and hallooing s;iy that he was too strong to die. The Seneca furtlicr said ; Our warriors in old times used to go to war; when they did gi., they always went to fight the Cherokces; sometimes one or two would return home — soinetimes noner lie further said. The Great Spirit must love the Chero- kees, and we must be in the wrong, going to war with them. The Seneca then said. Suppose we make friends with the Cherokee, and wash his wounds and cause them to heal up, that he may grow hirger than he was before. The Seneca, after thus speaking, .sat down. The Wyandot then ro.sc and said. You have done rigiit, and let it be. I am your youngest brother, and you are our oldest. This word was told to the Shawuees: they replied. We are glad, let it be; you are our elder brothers. The Senecas then said, they would go abcmt and pray to the Great Spirit for four years to as.sist them in making peace, and that they would set aside a vi'ssel of water and cover it, and at the end of every year they would take the cover of!', and ex- amine the water, which they did: every time they opened it, they found it was changed ; at the end of four years they uncovered the ves-sel and found that the water had changed to a colour that suited them. The Seneca then said. The Great Spirit has had mercy upoi? us, and the thing has taken place just as we wished it. "Tiio Shawnee then said, Wc will make straight paths; but let us make peace among our neighbouring tribes first, before we make this path to those afar off. "The Seneca then said, IJeforc wo make peace, we must give our neighbouring tribes some fire; for it will not du to make peace with- out it, — they might be travelling about, and run against each other, and probably cause them to hurt each other. These three tribes said, before making peace that this fire which was to be given to them should be kindled in order that a big light may be raised, so they may see each other at a long distance ; this is to last so long as the earth stands; they said further, that this law of peace shall last from generation to generation — so long as there shall be a red man living on this earth; they also said, that tho fire shall continue i Q •lit?' ■4 •a VH •iJ .: ■ft 20 CUKIIOKF.K.S. I unions \is Mini sliiill ncvrr I)c ('xtin;,'ni.slii'(l as loii;^ iis one rcin.iiiH. Tlio Scnccii t'lirllicr said to tlio Sliiiwni'c.s, I Imvc piil a Ixit aiMiiiiil }'i)U, and liavf tied np tliu talk in a bundle, and placed it on ^oiir l)acks ; wo will iidw inako a path on which wc will pass to the Sioux. 'I'lu' Scnci'ii said further, Vou shall continue ynur path until it shall reach the lodge of tlio Osage. When tli(( talk was hrou^lit to the Sioux, they replied, We feel thankful to you and will taki' your talk; we can sei' a light throimh the path you have made for us. "When the Shawnee brouiiht the talk to the (Jsagcs, they i(i|jlied, Hy to-niorrow, hy the middle of the day, we shall have fini.-iicd our l)u.-f. The men then became bet- ter satisfied. The chief asked the two men if they were alone. They answered, no; that iiM>re were some more with thcni. lie told them to go after tlu'ui and bring them to his house. WImmi these two men returned with the rest of their people, the chief asked them what their business was. They then opeueil this valuable bundle, and told him that it contaiiu'd a talk for peace. The chief tuld them, I can- not do business alone; all the chiefs are assembled at a place called Cho-qna-ta, where I will attend to your busiiu'ss in general council. When the messengers of peace arrived at Clio qua-ta, they were kindly received by the chiefs, who told them they would gladly receive their talk of peace. The messengers of peace then said to the Cherokees, We will make n path for you to travel in, and the rising generation may do the same, — we also will keep it swept clean and white, po that the rising generation may travel in peace. The Shawnee further .said, We will keep the doors of our houses open, sa that when ihe rising generation come among us they shall be welcome; he further said, This talk is intended for all the diflferent tribes of our red brothers, and is to last to the end of time ; he further said, I have made a fire out of the dry elm — this fire is for all the diflferent tribes to see by. I have put one chunk toward the rising sun, ouo I: 11''' ■' ■V: i '(' 1 '■ 00 ('UKUOKKES. 1 fDWiinl tlic Hotfiii;? sun, muc towiinl tlm imrtli, niiil (iiic tiiw.inl th' H(Mitli. 'I'liis fire is imt to In- cxtiiii^iiislicil mi lon^ lis tiinc liisls. | shall stick up ii stick i-Ihsc l»y this lire, in order thiit it niiiy IVc. (|uciitly he stirred, and raise a li^ht tur tho rising geueratinii to si'(> hy, it' any niie should turn in the (hirk, you must ciitoh liiiu liy tin: hand, and lead hiui to the li^dit, so that he can sec that he was wrong. " I have made you a firedij,'lit, F have stri|iiied si>nn' white hickory l»ark and set it uj) against the tree, in order that when yoii wish (o ri - move litis fire, you can tak(> it and put it on tho bark; when vnii kindle this lire it will be seen rising up towiir dish and one spoon. We have done every thing that was gipud, but our warriors .still hold their tomahawks in their hamls, as if they wished to fight oiieh other. We will now take their tomahawks tVnm them and bury them; wc mast bury them deep under the earth win m there is water; and there must be winds, which we wish to blow tlnui so far that our warriors may never sec them again. " The messenger further said. Where there is blood spilt T will wipe it up clean — wherever bones havt; been .scattered, I have taken llit m and buried them, and covered them with white hickory bark and a white cloth — there must be no more blood spilt ; our warriors niii~t not recollect it any more; our warriors said that the Cher(d;ees were working for the rising generation by themselves; we must take Imld and help them. " 1'hc messengers then said that you Cherokecs ari! placed now under the centre of the sun ; this talk I leave with you for the dilVi r- ent tribes, and when you talk it, our voice shall be loud enough to be heard over this island. This is all I have to say." 3Ir. lloss then arose and addressi.'il the Council as follows: "UiioTilKRs: The tadc of our forefathers has been spoken, and you have listened to it. Yt,s df .uv Croator ii> liaviiij^ tlm-* iiiiift-l tlu! Iiciirt. ami liainl of tlir ri'I man in pcM'-o. " For it is in jiciico only tliat onr wduitii ari'l cliildrcn can (.Mijuy liappincHs and incroiisn in nnnilxTM. •' \\y jtcacc (iiir ciinditinii lias liccn inipnivcd in tlie pnrsnit (.r('ivil- izod litV. Wi' should, llMTcfiirc, extend tlie liand id" tVieiid-'lMp fmni trUie ti) fiilic, nntil pence slinll lie estalilislu'd lietweeii I'vei y natimi of red men williin tlie reaeli of onr voice. " Mrotliers : Wlien wo call to niiml tlic only associations wliieli en- deareil us to tlie land wliieli gave birth to onr ancjcstors, win re we have Iieen Iironglit np in peace to taste tlie lienefits of civilized life; and when wo hoc tliat o\ir ancient (Ire lias tlierr been cstinjiiiislied, and our people couipelled to roniovo to ii new and distant enmitry, wc cannot bnt feel sorry; but tlic designs of I'rovideiu'c, in the course of events, arc mysterious — wc should not, thi'refore, di'spair of (»nuo more enjoying the blessings of peace in our new homes. " Hruthers : Hy this removal, tribes thai were once separated by distance have become neighbours, and s(Mne of them, hitherto not known to each other, have met and become ac(|uaiiitcd. 'J'here are, however, numerous other triljcs to whom we are still str.angi'rs. " Itrothers : It is for reviving licr<' in the west the ancient talk of onr forefathers, and of perpetuating for ever the old [m and pipt; of jieacc |)rouLdit from the cast, and of extending them from nation to nation, and for adojiting sncdi internatiinial laws as may be nt'ces.-ary to re- dress the wrongs which may h(( done by individuals of our respective nations upon each other, that you have been invited to atti'iid the present council. " Hrofheis, let us so then act that the peace and friend>hip which so happily cxisteil between our forefathers, may be for ever })reserved ; and that we nniy always live as brothers of the same family." The following compact was then introduced by Mr. Ross, for the deliberation and action of the council : — " W/irrKm, the removal of the Indian tribes from the homes of their fathers, oast of the Mississijipi, has there extinguished our ancient ccmncil-fircs, and changed our position in regard to each other ; and wdiereus, by the solemn pledge of treaties, we are assured by the government of the I'nited States that the lands which we now possess shall bo the undisturbed home of ourselves and our p( sterity for ever. T/irir/urr, wc the authorized representatives of the several t U '^ i •(! «'. 4 rJ 24 ciii:roki:e.s. iiatiims, pnvtips licrcunto assonililcd anniid tlio Groat Countil-firo, kiiidk'd in tlio wcsf, at Tah-lc-quali, in unit r to preserve the existeiici' of our rac(\ to revive and cultivate iViend!}' relations between oiu' several eoninmnities, to secure to all tlieir respeetivo rights, and to promote the general welfare, do enter into the following eonipaet : "1st. IVace and friendship shall bo for ever niaintaiued between tho parties to this compact, and between their respective citizens. "'2d. lunenge shall not bo cherished, nor retaliation practised fur offences eoniniitted by individuals. " 8(1. To provide for the improvement of our people in agriculture, manufactures, and other domestic arts, adapted to pnnnote the com- fort and happiness of our women and children, a fixed and perma- nent location on our lands is an indispensable condition. In order, therefore, to secure those important objects, to prevent any future removal, and to transmit to our posterity an unimpaired title to lands guarantied to our respective nations by the United States, we hereby solemnly pledge ourselves to each other, that no nation, jitntv to this compact, shall, without tho consent f>f all tho other parties, cede, or in any manner alienate to tho United 8tates any part of their jiresent territory. "4fh. If a citizen of one nation commit wilful murder, or other crimes, within the limits of another nation, party hereto, he shall be subject to the same treatment as if he were a citizen of that nation. In cases of property stiden, or taken liy force or fraud, the pMpiirty, if found, shall be restored to tho owner; but if not found, the con- victeil ])erson shall pay tho full value thereof. " 5th. If a citizen of any nation, party to this compact, shall com- mit murder or other crime, and flee from justice into the territory nf any other party hereto, such criminal shall, on demand of tlie principal chief of the nation from whirh he I'ed, (accompanied with reasonable proof nf his guilt,) be delivered uji to the authorities of the jiation having jurisdiction of tho crime. " Gth. We hereby further agree, that if any of our respective citi- zens shall commit murder or other crime ujion the person of any such citizen in any place beyond the limits of our several territories, the person so offending tduiU be subject to the sanu' tniatment as if the offence had been committed within the limits of his own nation. " 7th. Any citizen of one nation may be admitted to citizenship in any other nation, party hereto, by the consent uf the proper au- thorities of such nation. CHEROKEES. 25 " 8th. The use of ardent spirits being a fruitful source of crimo and misfortune, wo reconiniend its suppression within our respective limits; and agree that no citizen of one nation shall introduce them into the territory of any other mition, party to this compact." The foregoing eunipact was, however, only signed by two or three tribes ; it was something new to the delegates, and a project they did not feel authorized to act upon without consulting their respective constituents; each delegation was furnished with a copy for future deliberation and action. Although the council failed in its main object, we doubt not that much good will result from the conuningling of so many dilferent tribes, who have often been arrayed against each other in deadly strife, upon the immense plains which supplies most of them with the means of subsistence. During tlie whole session the utmost good feeling and harmony prevailed ; the business was brought to a close at sundown, after which the various tribes joined in dancing, which was usually kept up to u late hour. 'I I- i G 2S. THREE CIIEUOKKE LADIES. (raiiitcd IS 12.) 29. TWO CHEROKEE GIRLS. (Painted IS 12.) W- 30. CADDO COVE, CADDO CREEK, ARKANSAS. (Piiiiitea 1S13.) Gov. p. M. Butler and party on their return from council with the wild Indians. t •; 31. VIEW OF THE ARKANSAS VALLEY FROM MAGAZINE MOrNTAIN. (Paintod 1844.) 10 I 26 rOTOWATOMIES. 32. NATURAL DAM IN CRAAVFOllD COUNTY, ARKANSAS. (Painted 1844.) 33. VIEW OF DARDANELLE ROCK ON THE ARKANSAS. (riiinted 1844.) ii^i' CHICKASAW. 34. ISII-TON-NO-YES, or JA^IES GAJIBLE. (Piiiiitua 1S43.) Cliic-lcasaw Interpreter. A youug man of education, and spoak.s English fluently. rOTOWATOMIES. f I TiiESK people formerly owned and oernpied a large tract of liiml in Michigan, and have by treaty stipulations been removed went of the Mississippi; they arc at present locatcil on the Mis.souri, in tin- vicinity of Council IJluffs. A portion of them raise some corn and a few vegetables, but do not cultivate the soil to any great extent. They are suppo.sed to have originally belonged to the Cliip]wwa family, as their language, manners, and customs bear a similarity to them. POTOWATOMIES. 35. ■\VA-TjOX-SKII, on TlIK WTIITE SKY. (Painted June, 1843.) Principal Chief of the I'rairie IJand of Pntowatoniios, rcsitlini; near Council Bluffs. This chief is a bold and sagacious warrior, but pos- sesses no merit as an orator; his will is submitted to his people through his speaker, a man possessed of great powers of oratory. Many of his war exploits arc of a thrilling and exciting nature ; but tlie want of room compels us to restrict ourselves to one or two instances only of his firmness and bold daring. Some years since, a war-party of Osages vis.tcd their country and made an uncxi>eeted attack upon them, killing many of their war- riors and escaping with their scalps. Immediate retaliation was out of the question. Years passed away, during which time many of his peoj)le died with the pniall-pox and intemperate use of whiskey, thereby reducing his warriors to a mere handful. Notwithstanding this dire calamity, Wabonseh still cherished that spirit of revenge so dear to an Indian's heart, and determined to avenge the death of his people. lie accordingly collected a small party, visited the Osage country, and made a descent upon one of their villages, which contained triple their own luunber of warriors. Nothing daunted, he determined to make an attack. They consequently secreted themselves in the neighbourhood, and waited the apjiroach of night. It Avas dark and cloudy, and well suited to their jiurposes. A sp}' was despatched to learn the position of their enemies, with orders to return to camp when the Osages were slumbering. About midnight he made his appearaiu'c, bringing the intelligence that all was quiet. Wu-bon-sili and his party made their way to the village, crept ujiou the var- rioi's who lay sleeping around tlu> embers of their camp-fires, uncon- .scious of the fate that awaited them. At a signal from the chief the work of death commenced ; those who escaped this fat(> were armix'd by the n(jise, and fled in terror. Wa-bon-seh, having been successful in procuring the scalps of seve- ral of their warriors, did not pursue them, but set lire to their lodges, and made good his retreat. At sunrise they were far on their way towards their homes. Tiiis man was in attendance at the great international council held at Tah-le-quah, iii the Cherokee nation, during the nuinth of June, ■'X- ,^ m ¥' »/ i M t G • m ii'^i. 28 rOTOWATOMIES. •1 It i 1843. Shortly after liis arrival he entered the camp of his old ene- mies, the Osages. The old chief, ]JIack Dog, and some six of his warriors were seated upon the ground, busily engaged in mending their moccasins, and did not for some time perceive him. After main- taining silence for some time, and gazing upon the timeworn visage of the Osage chief, he asked him, thi'ongh the interpreter, if he recol- lected the facts above alluded to. Black Dog replied, that he re- membered the circumstance well; he then told him that he was the warrior who led the party upon that occasion. Bhick Dog and \\\!i party immediately sprang to their foet, and each in his turn shook the venerable chief by the hand, and assured him that hereafter they would be firm and lasting friends. The pipe of peace was then lit, and they sat down to enjoy a friendly smoke. This little circumstance tends to show the friendly feeling that existed among the several tribes assembled upon that occasion. " In 181:2, he and his tribe were among the allies of Great Britain, and actively engaged against the United States. But at the treaty held at Greeuvillo, in 1814, ho was one of those, who, in the Indian phrase, took the seventeen fires by the hand and buried the toma- hawk, lie has ever since been an undeviating friend of the Ameri- can government and people. " He was one of the chiefs who negotiated the treaty of the "Wa- bash in 1836. At the close of the treaty, and while encamped on the bank of the river near the spot where the town of Huntingdon now stands, he engaged in a frolic, and indulged too freely in ardent spirits. A mad scene ensued, such as usually attends a savage revel, in the course of which, a wanior who had the station of friend or ait to "Wa-bon-sch, accidentally plunged his knife deep in the side of the chief. The wound was dangerous, and confined him all winter; but Gen. Tipton, then agent of our government in that quarter, having kindly attended to liim, ho was carefully nursed, and survived. His sometime friend, fearing that he might be considered as having for- feited thiif character, had fled as soon as he was sober enough to bo conscious of his own unlucky agency in the tragic scene. " Early in the spring. Gen. Tipton was surprised by a visit from Wa-bon-sch, who came to announce his own recovery, and thank the agent for his kindness. The latter seized the occasion to effect a re- 001 ciliation between the chief and his fugitive friend, urging upon tho former the accidental nature of the injury, and the sorrow and aLrm of the offender. Wa-bon-sch replied instantly, * You may send * STOCKBUIDGES. 29 to liiin iuul toll liim to coiuc back — a man that will run off like a do" with his tail down, for fear of death, is not worth killing. I will not hurt him.' Wc are pleased to say ho kept his word." — McKinwij. U ■ . ■ < ; 36. OP-TE-GEE-ZIIEEK, or HALF-DAY. (Piiintfil June, lSi:i.) Principal Speaker and Counsellor of the I'otowatomics. This man is justly celebrated fur his powers of oratory. IJy his dignity of manner, and the soft and silvery tones of his voice, he succeeds ad- mirably in gaining the nmst profound attention of all within hearing. At the council which he attended in the Cherokee nation he attracted universal attention, both from his eloquence and the singularity of his dress, the style of which he probably obtained from the Catholic missionaries residing upon the frontier. h. ■ i Q ♦v 'ji^: 3Tf. NA-SWA-GA, OR THE FEATHERED ARROW. (I'liintoa i8i:i.) Principal Chief of a band of Potowatomies, residing on the waters of Little Osage River j he is distinguished as u bold warrior. II STOCKBRIDGES. 38. THOMAS HEXDllICK. (Piiinted 1843.) Principal Chief of the Stockbridges. Of this tribe but few are living, ami they have united themselves with the Delawares, with whom they cultivate the soil in common. This man speaks good I'lnglish, and is very affable in his manners. if f ^^. 30 MUNSEES.- 0TTAWA3. m S«,'.- :l it MUNSEES. f:» 39. JIM GRAY. {Piiintcd 1813.) Principal Chief of the IMunsces, a small tribe residing with the Pelawares. SAUSII-Bl ■li OTTAWAS. 40. SIIAB-A-XEE. {ruiiited 18i;i.) An Ottawa Chief. This man is well known thmuirhout the north- ern part of Michigan and lllinoi.s, his pe(H)lc having formerly oeen- jiicd and owned the soil in that region. During tiie late war lie was one of the most prominent actors, and one of Tecuuisoh's counsellors and aides-de-camp. He says he was near Tecumseh when he fell, and represents him as having been stabbed thmugh the body with a bayiinet, by a s(ddier : he seized the gun with his left hand, raised his tomahawk, ami was about to despatch him, when an oflieer, wear- ing a chiipcnu and riding a, white horse, approached him, drew a pi.stol from his liolHtcr, and shot him. He and the reiriilni-.-g few of his people reside with the Potowatomies, near Council iJluiFs, on the Missdur- A Delaware A Delaware CIIirPEWAS— DELAWARES. CHIPPEWAS. 81 41. SAUSII-BUX-CUM, OR BEAVEll DRAGGING A LIMB. (Painted 1843.) A CiiirrEWA Chief. This man is chief of a small band of Cliip- powas, residing in tlie Potowatoniio country; these are more advanced in civili^.ation than those living on the Northern Lakes; they are not unlike the Potowatomies iu their nuinuers and customs. I; ,: ■ i B «i ':. t: .. DELAWARES. 'f w i-'ij 1 I The history of this once powerful tribe is recorded in the early scttlcinonts of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There is perhaps no tribe who have been more en- croached upon by the whites, or who have more manfully resisted civilized invasion, as they have been forced from the graves and hunt- ing-grounds of their forefathers, than the Dclawares. They now occupy a small tract of country west of the Missouri river, and sub- sist by cultivation. 43. CAPT. KETCIIUM. (Puiiitod 1813.) A Delaware Chief. 43. SECOND EYE. (I'aiuted 1843.) A Delaware Chief. If « M -A '■J")! -li '■';''l 1! '■s 82 !■• I i r. - DELAW.VRES. 44. rvO-KA-XOO-WIIA, THE LONG TIlAVELLKIl. (Piiintcil ISIU.) Commonly culled Jim Socoud Eye, Head War-Chief of the Dohi- ■\varcs. Some years since, a small band of Pdawares, while on a huntinji; and tnipping expedition on the Upper Missouri, were surprised liy a large party of Sioux, who fell upon them and murdered all liut one of the party, who succeeded in making good his escape and returned to his people. Second Eye immediately started with a small furee to avenge the death of his warriors; after travelling several wei>ks, they fell in with the identical party who committed tlie depredation. The Sioux, anticipating an attack, retreated to a deep ravine in the mountains in order to defend themselves more iidvantageously. Second Eye, perceiving the many disadvantages under wiiich hi! laboured, but having an indomitable spirit, determined to surmount all obstacles, and obtain that vengeance which the death of Ids warriors loudly called for. lie waited until all was quiet witidn the ravine, raised the war-whoop, rushed madly upon them, and mas- sacred the whole party; he having with his own hands cut oil' the heads of sixteen Sioux, which he threw to his warriors to .stalp. lie speaks some English, and is frequently employed by the United States and Texas as a "runner" to the wild Indians, with wiiom he carries on a very successful trade. He derives his name of Long Traveller from the fact that he has crossed the mountains to Oregon, and has visited Santa Fe, California, and the Navahoc Village. 45. AII-LEN-I-WEES. (Painted 181,3.) A Delaware Warrior of distinction in his tribe. 46. CAPT. MeCALLAII. (Painted 1843.) Principal Chief of the Texan Delawares. This man is very influ- ential among his people ; he also exerts a great influence over the wild Indians, and his presence is considered indispensable at all DELAWARES. 83 councils convened either by the United States or Texas, for the pur- pose of negotiating treaties. 1. ii 4T. PA-CON-DA-LIN-QUA-INU, or ROASTING EARS. (PiiintcMl IS 13.) Second or Assistant Chief of the Texan Delawares, and l*riucii)al Orator and Councillor. The fullowing is the intcr))reta(ion of a speech he made at a coun- cil on the river Brasos, called }iy the governuieut of Texas, and to which council Gov. P. M. liutler was sunt as coniuiissioner on the part uf the United States, to assist the Texan coniuiissioners in mak- ing a treaty with the wild Indians : — "FiiiKNU.s: I am much pleased to meet you hero at this hour of the morning. " Dear Brothers : I am rejoiced to see the course you are jpursuing in this business. I am likewise much pleased to hear that which you have spoken. Understanding that you were about to enter into this business, and having the welfare of my peojile at heart, I now appear before you. I wish you, my iViends, to endeavour to make peace with our red brothers'; and 1 pledge myself to aid and assist you all in my power. It will be very well that you imidicitly obey the orders of your chief. I do not wish you, my friends, to notice things of little importance, but to turn your attention to things which deserve it, and I will act in the same manner. The Cueat Spirit is now looking down upon us, and will mark whether we are now tell- ing the truth ; and if he find we do, he will cause the peace wo are about to make to be religiously kept. " My Friends : I wish to go hand in hand with you. The treaty must afieet alike both men and women ; and I also tell you, that y(m must prevent your young men from committing depredations on my red brothers, and I will do the same with mine. "Gov. Butler has been sent here by our great and mutual father, the President of the United States, to witness the treaty we are about to enter into. Let this not be children's play, but as men who are determined on entering into the firm bonds of friendship and peace. For the present I have but little to say, but what I have spoken is true, and it came from my heart. "While I stand in the midst of this assemblage, I am at a loss for words to express my ideas. I'ou will therefore excuse mc for the present." 3 1. .. ' ; Ip i Jfe: J G • w '■'" ,". m ,'Mm ■ "1 1 ■" ' ¥l.- 1^?! m §1 1$ ■;;V.'-r W- \-\t •(' .J.;., «l««i i*%j« H4 WEEAIIS.— SFMWNEES. h. i I WEE All S. 48. WAII-rOXO-GA, on Till': SWAN. (I'liintoU ISi;!.) PniNClPAI, Chief of the Woealis. Once a powerful tribe, hut imw reduced to the 8inall lumiler of two hundred warriors. They t'ur- inerly resided in Indiaiia, and are at jire.scnt located with the I'ianke- shaws, about forty miles south of Fort Lcaveuworth, on the r^Iissouri. PAII-Ql A pon of Tecum eharaeter for whiel iu his tribe; he wi fit m l^'-M ml SIIAWNEES. Mf* 4 The history of this once powerful tribe is so closely connceted with that of the United States in the revolutionary and last war, that it is pretty well understood. They formerly oecujiied the states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and for many years past u part of the states of Indiana and Ohio. They now occupy a rich tract of country west of flie Missouri River, enjoying all the comforts of a civilized life. 49. QUAII-GOM-MEE. (I'liintocl 1813.) Principal Chief of the Shawnees. 50. SIIAC-EE-SIIl)-MOO. (Painted 181.3.) An hereditary Shawnee Chief. "The former i Lawrence, where they carried on a west, they becauK farther and fartlie temporary resting " Here they wc been so reduced b peparate people, quently removed the choicest bcai picturesque, a ser ardent love of cm we find no such character half a savages as little i chcs — or other of "In early life SACS AND FOXES. 85 Al. rAII-QUE-SAII-Air, OK LITTLK TECUMSKII. (Piilntcd ISi;'..) A Bon of Tccumsch. lie has none of the extraordinary traits of character fur which his sire was ceh'Iiratcd, and is of very little note iu his tribe; he was in the battle iu which his father fell. J L' SACS AND FOXES. 5*1. KEOKUK.— IIKAI) CHIEF. (Puintc'il Miiy, IS 10.) "TilK former residence of the Sacs was on the banks of the St. Lawrence, where they were driven by the Six Nations, with wlmnj they carried on a long and bloody war. As they retired toward the west, they became embroiled with the Wyandots, and were driven farther and farther along the shores of the lakes, until they found a temporary resting-place at Green Hay. " Here they were joined by the iMiisqiiakees, (Foxes,) who, having been so reduced by war as to be unable to maintain themselves as a peparate people, sought refuge among their kindred. They subse- fjuently removed to Illinois on I'ock liiver; where, surrounded by the choicest beauties of nature, it would seem that a taste for the picturesque, a sense of the enjoyment of home and comfort, and au ardent love of country would have been implanted and fostered, liut we find no such results — and the Sacs of Illinois presented the same character half a century ago which they now exhibit. They are savages as little ameliorated by place or circumstance as the Comau- ches — or other of the wild Prairie tribes. "In early life he distinguished himself by killing a Sioux warrioi . ' 's>: •••,j m '■*.&■■=,: so 8 ACS AND FOXI'S. 4 H> hfj |: Si-j ft'' v:t I I f I* mm will) ii sponr, mulfi" circuuistmK'i's wlii
  • address Ui,' entincil, which wa.s accorded; and he stood up for the fust time to fipeak before a public assenibhigc. " Having stated that ho had heard with sorrow the decision of his elder brethren, he jirocecded, with modesty, but with the earm >tne.-is of a gallant spirit, to deprecate an ignominious flight before an enemy t^till far distant, whose numbers might bo exaggerated, and whose destination was unknown. " lie poinled out the advantages of meeting the foe, liarassing their march, cutting them up in detail, driving them back, if pos^ible, and tinaliy of dying honourably in defence of their homes, their women, and their children, rather Ihan yielding all that was dear and valuable without striking a bhiw. 'Make me your leader,' hi' exclaimed, Met your young men follow me, and the pale-faces shall be driven back to their towns. Let the old men and the women, and all who are afraid to meet the white man, stay here; but let your braves go to battle: I will lead them.* This spirited address re- vived the drooping courage of the tribe, — the recent decision was reversed, and Keokuk was appointed to lead the braves against the iu»aders. " The alarm turned out to be false ; and after several days' march it was ascertained that the Americans had taken a diflerent course. ]}ut the gallantry and eloquence of Keokuk, in changing the pusil- lanimous policy at first adopted, his energy in organizing the expedi- tion, and the talent for command discovered in the march, placed him in the first rank of braves of the nation. " The entire absence of records, by which the chronology of events might be a.scertained, renders it impossible to trace, in the order of their date, the steps by which this remarkable man ruse to the chief w^ SACS AND FOXK.*!. 87 |i1ii('(> (if his nalii'ii, iiml aciiuintl a coiiimiiiiiliiig ami (u'riiiaiient iiiflu- ciii'o ovor Iii« jK'opIe. " Ko(»I(uk is in all rcspoct.s ii iiiaj^nilicftit Havnj^c. lluM, i'titir- prisin^, and impulsive, ho i.s iiIno politir, ami pohmchhph ait iiitinnttn leiplino whieh exists among his people. "This portrait was painted in the spring of IS 10, on the Kansas Hiver, where he, with iiis jieople, were temporarily residinj^ after their removal from the Desmoiiies lliver. " Ho said ho luul heen painted before, when he was a young nnin, and they had ropreseiite(l him as a war-ehief, hut that he was now au old man, and wished to he painted with his peaee-pipe." — MrKliim ij. m i I] 53. SAC CIIIKF, AXI) roX IJUAVE. (raialca May, 1840.) At. KEP-PEO-LECK, on RED WOLF. (Piiintcd Mny, 1810.) •(! 95. SAC WAR CHIEF, IN WAR PAINT. (Puiiitod May, 1810.) WIFE AND DAUGHTER OF BLACK HAWK. (Painted Miiy, 1812.) MEDICINE DANCE OF THE SACS. (Painted Mny, 1810.) The Medicine Dance of the Sacs i » performed once every year, foi the purpose of initiating the mystery or uicdiciae-uien into this sucrtjd custom of their tribe. 38 SACS AND F0XL:S. On this occasion tlic spirits of all who have died through the ycnr (or sinuo tiic hnldiug of tlieir annual ceremony) are ri'Iimiuished tij the Great Spirit;; and notwithstanding months may have clajised .-iinx' death, tlio great principle of life, the spirit which never dies, dues not wing its Hight to the land of the happy hunting-grounds until it is set free by the potent charm of the medicine-man. The names of the deceased are called out, when the father or (ulier near relative stcjts forward, and in a loug speech relates tlie \v;ir or other exploits which distinguished him through life. The eiiiefs ati I relatives endorse the recital with hearty grunts of apjirnhalinu, mul the spirit, having been previously prepared with provisions for his journey, is supposed to leave the body. The lodge consecrated to these mystic rites is made of ru>h mats, stretched over pedes in the form of an arch, and lifty feet in Icngili. Appeuius, the chief physic-maker, and his assistants, attired in tho rolx's (if their ofliico, dance through the lodge, holding in both hand<, in an horizontal position, a higiily driiament.'d otter-skin niiilieiiii • pouch. In the dance, the otter-skin is made to imitate the animal i; represents, and with its nose to the ground, and carefully up tlu- sides of the lodge, as in the act of scenting any thing that may atlVct the charm of his medicine or offend the Great Spirit. The eliiit'-i seated in the lodge are often obliged to move their seats, as the sagacious animal continues to scent the ground upon whiih ihi'y sit, as if suspecting that sonu^thing might be conc(!aled. The dance is eontiiMU'd in a careful manner until the lodge is thoroughly examiurd. Puring this part of the ceremony, tlie s(in;i\vs, gaily clad in embroidered dresses, are arranged around tlic inlci'ii'r of the lodge, facing the centre, and dancing sideways in .-low ami nu'asurcd step, in time to the drum, which they accompany wiili their voices. After the medicine-men are satisfied with the otter's sci'nting of the hidge, they dejiosit their nii'dicine-bags up m the grou?id, and, apparently overcome with their efforts, fall ]irn.- men of lessi'r attaiuments in the luystieal ritc's, danced slowly arouml, with heads inclined towards the grouixl, halting at the end of the bulge, speaking with great energy and spirit of the virtues and hero- ism of the persons of his town who had died tlu' p.ast year, and more j)arti(iilarly of his son (a yoniig w:\rrior) and daughter, saying that he now yielded them to the (Jreat Spirit, and wishing them a pleasant jiMiruey on the white path to the happy hunting-grounds. His wife and a young brave were then prepared for initiation in the mysteries of nu'dieiiu'-lodge. They first spread down upon the ground a piece of broadcloth and calico; the S(|uaw and brave were 'i,?' h. i ' •I'l I ' * 1 G '-lit. t !••. ,5 :,-"t ^ m 40 r.LAriv-FOOT then placed in a Icncoling posture on one end of the. cloth to ; . ,.>iv<. the nicdicino. The nioilieiue-nien commence their dance on tlie op. p(),rmed upon other sub- jects; after which, a general dance comes oft', in wdiich all take a part. Then follows the feast. The guests arc invited by the pre- sentation of a short stick, marked with devices. Heing a medicine- man, I had the honour of participating in this part of the ceremony. 5$. THE ClIIEFTATXS GRAVE. (Paintfcl Jan. 1851.) A form of burial practised by many tribes inhabiting the borders of 3Iissouri and Iowa. ^ BLACK-FOOT. 59. FLIGHT OF A MOUNTAIN TRAPPER. (Piiintoil lSr,l.J The flight of a Mountain Trapper from a band of IJlack-Foot Indians, constitutes an incident in the life of Capt. Joe Meek, the present marshal of Oregon Territory. He was a native of Ohio, and early in life enlisted in the service of the American Fur C(mipany as a trapper; in which service ho spent eighteen years in the llocky Mountains. el OS. AGES. 41 Tlii.s picture represents ono of the many tlirillinpr inoidont.s in liis life, eliaracteristic of tlic trapper and pioneer. Finding himself pur- sued by a hirgc party, he hoped, by tiic aid of a well-bred American horse, to escape a personal encounter; but the Indians, taking advan- tage of the brok<>n country, soon overtook him, and were shoAvcring their arrows at him while in full pursuit, using their hor.ses as a shield. Joe, reserving his fire for a favourable moment, selected the war-chief who was foremost, and, with well-directed aim, hit both horse and rider, which caused them to abandon the pursuit. Joe was one of the early pioneer residents of Oregon, and one of its flrst representatives under the provisional government. ■\h ' I GO. THE TRArrKll'S ESCAPE. (Piiintoa 1851.) Joe IS seen in the middle ground of the picture, waving his gun in exultation at his lucky escape. 4 ■'I 61. BLACK-FOOT IXPIAXS IX AIMBUSII, AWAITING THE APPKOACII OF AN EM Kill ANT PARTY. (PaintiMl 1S.02.) A composition characteristic of Indian warfare. liii OSAGES. r :,■ Thk territory of this tribe adjoins that of the Cherokces. They cultivate some corn, but depend mo.^tly upon the chase for subsistence, and repel all attempts towards civilization. The influence e.xerted over their neighbours, the Cherokces and Creeks, by the in- troduction of nii.ssionary and civilized arts among them, has but little weight with them. 20 42 OSAGES. One ndmiralilt' tniit in thoir cliaractcr is, however, wortliv nf re mark, viz. tlieir avorsiim to ardent spirits. Such i.s fht'ir aMmr- rence of the " fire-wator," as they term it, that tlicy cannot bo induced to drink it. This may he thought strange, but it is never- theless true. It is generally !h language; he however staid but a short time ; for, hearing of a skirmish between liis own people and the Pawnees, he immediately left for his own country, regretting that he had lost so favourable au opportunity of di.'jtiuguishing himself as a warrior. J U i''ii AN OSAGE SCALP-DANCE. (I'liinlo.l ISIJ.) All tribes of wild Indians scalp their captives, save the women and children, who arc treated as slaves, until ransomed by the I'nited States Government. On returning from the scene of strife, they celebrate their victories by a scalp-dance. The chiefs and warriors, after having painted themselves, each after his own fancy, to give himself the most hideous appearance, encircle their captives, who are all placed together. Thus stationed, at a tap on their drums, they commence throwing themselves into attitudes, such as each one's imaiiiuation suiXijests as the most savage, accompanied by yells, for the purpose of striking terror into the hearts of their captives. This picture represents the scalp-dance of the Osagcs around u m t 1' ; it 4G QUAPAWS.— lOWAS. woman ami licr cliild ; and a warrior in the act of striking her with his club, his chief springing forward and arresting the blow with his spear. QUAPAWS. h r'l.: , , 69. KI-IIIC-CA-TE-DAII, or PASSING CHIEF. { Painted 1813.) Prtxcipal Chief of the Quapaws. Once a very powerful and warlike tribe, but now reduced to a small number; they reside with tbe Senecas. This chief is represented by the agent as being a very good man, and possesses the entire confidence of his whole people. lOWAS. 70. WO-IIUM-PA, AN IOWA CHIEF, and the ARTIST. (Painted 18J.'5.) It was with much difficulty that I indueed this chief to sit for his portrait. I was anxious to paint one of his warriors upon the same canvas with him ; to this he objected, saying that they were no //'w/, and that chiefs only were worthy of such a distinguished honour; wiciir.T.vws. 47 ho insisted on boing piiintcil in tlio act of shaking hands with me, so that wiu'U the (Jreat Father (tiic President of the U.S.) saw it, ho niiglit know that ho was a friend of the white man. IIo is a great warrior, liis arms bearing evideneo of this fact, having been pierced with balls and arrows in several places from the hands of the Sioux. ITe was very particular as to the correct imitation of the painting on his blanket, which is to him the history of his war exploits. The hands represent the scalps taken from the heads of his enemies. I tried repeatedly to got some of his warriors to sit, but they could not be induced to do it witiiout the consent of their chief. Such was their fear of him, that tiiey dared not outer my studio while he was present without his iuvitatiou. !J* < , !if B .M WICIIETAWS, oil PAWNEE PICTS. This tribe live on the head-waters of lied River; are similar iu their manners and customs to the Wacocs, Caddoes, and Comanchos ; they live in villages and raise some corn, but depend mostly upon the chase for their subsistence. They are a small tribe, numbering about three hundred warriors, are extremely poor, and use the bow and spear, having no fire-arms among them. KA-SA-ROO-KA, or ItOARIXG TIIUNDKR. (Painted 1812.) Principal Chief of the Wichetaws or Pawnee Picts. This chief, together with his brother, visited the Cherokee Xation in the fall of 184*2, and remained until after the close of the International Council in June, ISl;}. During his stay he spent his time with John lloss, the Principal Chief; he spoke no English, and having no interpreter, ho manifested all his wants by signs, lie was treated with the utmost kindness and friendship by Mr. lloss, to whom he became very much attached, lie is painted as ho appeared on the morning after his arrival at Fort Gibsou from the prairies. t : i'r m m 48 CADDOES. la. NASII-TAW, oil TlIK J'ALXTEU. (I'liiiitod IS 12.) Socond Chief of the Wich itaws or Pawnee Picts, and a brother of Kd-sa-rooka. M m 13. RIT-SA-AIMIESCAT, on TIIK WO.MAX OF THE HUNT, and BRACKS OK 15A15Y. {Piiiutoil 1812.) Wife of Nashtaw, a.id Child. On the arrival of tlio two eliicfs and this woniau at Fort Oihsim, 1 took them to my sUidio for the purpose of painting their portraits. They very willingly acceded to uiy wishes, and manifested by signs that they wanted something to cat. I accordingly had as much meat cooked as wo jld iippease ihe appetite of six men, which they ate in a short time, and tluM asked for more. I again procured about the same quantity, which, to my astonishment, they al.so devoured. It was the first meat they had eaten for some five or six days. They remained one day with uic, and then took their departurj for Mr. lloss's. CADDOES. The Caddoes are one of the many small tribes residing on the western borders of Texas. 14. BIN-TAII, THE WOUNDED MAX. (Puinted 181.'?.) Principal Chief of the Caddoes. He derived his name from the fact of his having been wounded in the breast by an Osage; he wears a piece of silver suspended from his nosC; as an ornament. SE-IIIA-AII-1 A Cad >o Warrior. 11 % ANANDAllKOES. ta. 49 AII-DE-BAII, on THE TALL MAN (Painted 1S13.) Second or Assistant Chief of the CaJdoes. Puiutcd iu the act ot striking the drum. 7«. SE-IIIA-AII-DI-yOU, THE SINGING BIRD. (Painted June, 18i;i.) "NVifo of Ah-do-buh, scatod iu her tent. A view ou Tiwoeeany ('reck, Texas. IT. IIA-DOON-COTE-SAIL (Painted 1843.) A Cad o Warrior. tf i \i •I I ANANDARKOES. JOSE MAllIA. (Painted 1S43.) Principal Chief of the Anandarkocs. This chief is known to the Mexicans by the name of Jos6 Maria, and to the Caddoes as lesh lie has fought many battles witli tlie Texans, and was severely wounded iu the breast in a skirmish with them. 4 t »,*:'A t M WACOES. WACOKS. Once a powerful tribe, living on tlio IJrazos llivcr, Texas. "it. iVl ■ } KA-KA-KATISII, on Till': SHOOTING S'l'AIl. (I'liintctJ 18i;i.) Prixcii'AI, Chief of tlu! Waeoes. Tliis man is justly ecK'bratid for bis powers of oratory, being probably one of the greatest nalur.il orators now living among the Imlians. At the couneil lieM u|)on tlie River Urazos, he was the prinei[)al speaker; and by his dignity and graec of manner sueeecded in gaining tlie attention and I'espt'ct of these wild and untutored sous of the forest, whose iniplieit eoulidenee he enjoys. The following is a copy of the speech made by him on that occa- sion : — "IJiU'TiiKus: I am very glad to hear that we have all met here in fricnilship to-day. Amidst this assemblago 1 do not wish to utter falsehoods, and I believe that my Texan friend has spoken nothing but the truth. The soil I now stand upon was onec mine; it is now the land of the Texans, and my home is far olf in the west. 1 am now here on this soil, where in my young days I hunfed the buttaio and red deer in peace, and was friendly with all, until tlie 'J'exan came and drove me from my native land. I speak the truth — I wish for peaec that shall last so long as the sun rises and .sets, and the rivers flow. The wild-lire of war has swept over the land, and en- veloped my home and people in smoke; but when I return and tell them what I have heard, the smoke will be dissipated, and they tau find their way to the council-ground of our white brotlu'rs of Te.\as, and combine to quench this fire that heats our blood and impels us on to war. It made my heart glad to hear my Texan brother say, that lands and countries would be given the red men for homes, and that liberty should be granted for the red men to hunt the wild game in the forest. The chiefs of all tribes who dwell with me, and far beyond, shall hear of the true words you have spoken, and they can- not fail to be pleased. I will bear your words to the north, this NATCIIITOnrKS.— ToworcoxiES. 61 : . 'vi ■'0f-i ' M M. :|!-^ t i Vi fe t-\\ 4: Ii!,' ' ■ tlUM 'If:' S^i •''i,M W ,':"^l' 1 '1^; i^\. ij; la ■ '^ '^. ' ' i 1,^1. "I«. ^y i '|r : ■f ^ v-n -'I ¥ 54 COMANCIIES. tbo white man's method of phmting corn, and also to seek for sonio of oui people whom we have lost. I want the chiefs and headmoii of all nations and tribes to hear my talk and know that it is a good one. I want you, my chief, to make peace with all nations, a pence that will continue as long as there is ground for us to walk upon." it: ST. rO-CIION-NAII-SIIOX-NOC-CO, OR THE EATER OF THE BLACK BUFFALO HEART. (rninted ISlt.) One of the principal warriors of the IToesh Band, or Honey- Eaters. WIFE OF PO-CIIOX-NAIISIION-NOC-CO. (Painted 1811.) ?l; §9. O-IIAn-AII-WAII-KEE, THE YELLOW PAINT HUNTER. (Paintca tS41.) Head Chief of the Ta-nahwoe Band of Conianches. 90. NAH-MOO-SU-KAII. (Painted 18U.) Comanche Mother and Child. 91. A COMANCHE DOMESTIC SCENE. (Painted 1«44.) A Sleeping Warrior. Landscape on the head- waters of lied River. PUEBLOS. 55 .1,1. 4'/, A co:MANcm': oami]. (Piiiiitcd 1811.) This gnme is played exdu.sivcly by the women. Thoy hold in their hand twelve sticks about .six inches in length, which they drop upon a rock; the sticks that fall across each other are counted for game : one hundred such counts the game. They become very much excited, and frequently bet all the dressed deer-skins and bul- falo-robes they possess. J D PUEBLOS. m Li.-i.niY of the " Pueblos of San T>iego de Tosurjue," and their customs — written by their present chief: — " ']"he origin and anti(|iiity of (he country and of our fir.^t ancestors date many ages baik. We are wholly ignorant of the year and the time past by which to regulate the history correctly, nor is my ability sullicieiit to give information of a nation so ancient. "Without doubt, this natimi from its beginning was called Tegua. It was a rude, infulel nation, without religion — idolatrous, and without the observance of any worship; but their customs were extremely good and agreeable to the inhabitants of this Pueblo. "They were governed by tlio caciipie and a war captain, and other principal men of the PucIjIo. Fo good were the customs wliicli they themselves had chosen and established for the common-weal, and which they loved and embraced rigorously, and with much pleasure, that all were liapi)y. 'J'heir crojis were in abundance, all their goods in common, and they were favoured by tiie Almighty with uniou and good conduct. " They lived under the rule of their magistrates and chiefs from among themselves, during the lirst coutjuest. At that time they knew religion, and were Catholics, In a short time the Spa- niards were driveu from the country to their own land by the Indians, l-lS liii ;;;( 31; .t '. m rUEHLOS. and in a few j'oars came tlio second conquest, which remains perma- nent to this time. " During the preceding years they were held in dislike by their conquerors. All the Indians of the country were under arms, and despised and persecuted by the Spaniards. "This nation was so warlike that the Spaniards did not find any action conclusive, till a man of much force, and possessing the endu- rance of a nation which had passed through many troubles, appeared in all the manliness and energy of character that can be imagined. The gentleman mentioned was a native of the Pueblo of San Diego dc Tesuqne — his name is ])nn Domingo Romeo. This great man established a peace with the Spaniards for his people — a peace wise and eternal. As to the other Pueblos, they again took arms again.^it the Spaniards: this Pueblo was not seduced by the other Pueblos." 93. JOSE MARIA VIGIL ZUAZO. (Painted 1SJ2.) 94. CARLOS VIGIL, LX-GOVERXOR OF PUEBLO, (Painted lSo2.) 95. JUAN ANTONIO VIGIL. (Painted 1852.) 96. JOSE A II A YE A. (Painted 1852.) 91. JOSE DOMINGO IIERURA. (Painted 18,02.) APACHES. 57 APACHES. Triis predatory tribe have no fixed home, but roam over a birjre (:;) h vSlw J B t ^^1 '•|i WALLA-WALLAS. i 1^ Gi WAM.AWAI.LAS. "»: i-i. IV- UK. PEO-r£0-MUX-MUX, on VKLLOW SKIIPEXT. (Piilutoil IS 17.) Principal Cliicf of tlic Wiillii-Wiillas, coinmonly called by tin; lluij- son's May Coinpaiiy, Scrpont traiiiic. Tlicro arc many incidents of tlirillin;^ interest in this niiin's life, one of wliicii will servo to .show iiis cool, dotcrnuned courage. In tlie year 1841, his oldest and favourite son, of twenty-two years, Lad some diiliculty with one of tiie clerks of the Hudson IJay Com- pany, whicii terminated in a liand-to-haiid li;^ht. The youn^r chi<'f coming olVsec(tnd best, carried, witli the tale of his inglorious exploit, a pair of black eyes to his father's lodge. The chief's dignity was insulted, ami the son's honour lost, utiless the ofiic^er in charge of the fort, Mr. Archibald McKinley, should have the ofTender puni.-,hed. The old chief, at the head of one hundred armed warriors, went into the fort, and demanded the person of the clerk for punishment. Mr. McKinley, not having heard of tiie diiliculty, was taken unite by surprise, and after instituting in(|iiirics, he found nothing to cen- sure in the conduct of the young man. Tliis decision, having been made known to the old chief, resulted in an animated discMs>ion of the case. The Indians were not to bo appea.sed, and some of the warriors attempted to seize the clerk; but being a powerful and ath- letic man, he defended himself until Mr. IMeKinley gave iiim a pistol, reserving two for hiuiself, and charging him not to fire until he should give the word. The crisis wa.s now at hand — the war-cry was soundcil, and the savages had raised their weapons to spill the white man's blood, Mr. McKinley rushed into an adjoining room, and seizing a keg of powder, placed it in the centre of the floor, stood over it with flint and steel raised, and exclaimed tliat they were all brave men, and would die together. The result was the immediate fligiit of all the Indians, save the old chief and his son. As soon as the warriors had gained the outer walls of the fort, the gates were clo.scd against them J while they, halting at a rcs[)ectful distance, were in momentary expectation of seeing the fort blown to atoms. I\lr. ^McKinley then quietly seated himself with the old chief and his sou, and amicably arranged the diiliculty. 1^- ! CAVuaw. 66 CAYUSES. I ^ TriF, principal Hcttlotnciit df tliis nation U on tln^ Iiaiiks of a small I'rc'ck flowing info tlio Walla-Walla ItiviT, ulioiit twenty miles iVuni itH fonfluunci' with tlio rolumliia. Undur tho BuporiMtcndcnco of tlic late Pr. Whitman, ( tlicir mis- sionary,) this nation cnltivatiMJ lar;^t' liclds of corn, whca , fMitatocs, and otiior vcgctaMcs, which, with llic li?h that anniiaiiy visit the streams watering their country, enabled them to live in compariitivo affluence. They also raised large stocks of cattle and horses, which they liar tcred to the Hudson's ]{ay (^mipany for articles of l']iirop"an manu- faeturo; so that they were not only above want but the wealthiest tribe in Oregon. ]lf>. TFvLO-KIKT, ou CiJAW-FlSli W'AIdvlNT, FOIIWAIU). Principal Chief of the Caynses, and one of the principal actors in the inhuman butchery of Wailetpu. Was hung at Oregon City, J;mio 8d, 1850. J U ^! i-,i •( • I'lO. siiu-MA-iiic-ni;, (.It i'AixTi:i) siinrr. (Piiintocl IS IT.) One of tho chief Cayusc Eraves, and son of Te ' • ' tkt, and one of the active munlerers of the .Mission family. After the massacre, this man was one who took a wife from the captive females — a young and beautiful girl of fourteen. In order to gain her quiet submission to his wi -hi s, lie threatened to take the life of her mother and younger sisters. Thus, in the power of savages, in a new and wild c .untry, remote from civilization and all Lope of restoration, she yielded ln'rsclf lo one whose hands were yet wet with the blood of an elder brother. m ,*1 II 1:^.' (j\j CAYUSES. During the negotiations for these captives, (hy Chief-factor Ogdeii,) and subserjuent to their delivery, this man spoke with much feeling of his attachment to his white wife, and urged that she should still live with him. He said he was a great warrior, possessed many horses and cattle, and would give them all to her — or if she did not like to reside with his people, he would forsake his people, and make the country of her friends, the pale faces, his home. 131. TUM-SUC-KEE. Cayuse Brave. The great ringleader and first instigator of the Wailetpu massacre — was hung at Oregon city, June 3d, 1850. 1'2'Z. WAIE-C.\T— ONE THAT FLIES. Cayuse Brave and son of Tum-suc-kee. This man, though young, was an active participator in the massacre of Dr. Whitman, and com- mitted many atrocities upon the defenceless captives. lie escaped the ignominious death which awaited those not more guilty than himself. 123. Massacre of Dr. Whitman's family at the Wailetpu Mission, in Oregon, 20th of November, 1847. 124. Abduction of Miss Bcwley from Dr. Whitman's mission. 125. CASCADES OF THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 126. SALMON FISHERY ON THE HEAD-WATERS OF THE COLUMBIA. 121. MOUNT HOOD— (OREGON.) m NEZ PERCES.— PELOUSES. NEZ PERCES. 67 Tins tribe occupies the country on tlie head waters of Snake River. TLey are numerous and warlike. TIN-TIN-METZE. (Painted 1817.) A Nez Pcrc^ Chief. t^ PELOUSES. f: A SMAM, band occupying the vulloy of the Pelouse, near its con- fluence with Snake Iliver. I'i9. KEOK-SOES-TEE. (Puinteu 1817.) A Pelouse Bravo. i»o. VIEW OX THE TELOUSE RIVER. ]»1. PELOUSE FALLS. This beautiful cascade is situated about nine miles from the junc- tion of the Pelouse with Snake River, and is estimated at three hundred feet in heiglit. According to an old tradition, the Great Spirit caused this barrier to rise, to prevent the salmon from passing to a band of Indians living ou its head-waters, with whom he was displeased. I '■■'' ■1' '',! '•i 68 PELOUSi;S.— Sl'UKAXES. 13'2. VIEW IX THE CASCADE JIOUNTAINS. \m\V ox THE COLL^HJIA. i:ti. VIEW ox THE COLCMIHA. 135. THE ARTIST TRAVELLIXC IX XOltTHERX OllEGOX IX THE MOXTH OF l)ECE>nJEU. 13«. VIEW OF MOUXT HOOD. 13t. CASCADES OF THE COLIMIHA. 13^. THE GREAT ]>AEEES 15ASIX, AXD VIEW OF MOLXT HOOD. SPOKANES. Kkstdk on the Ppokano lliver, imd occupy the country on the Cohinibiii Itivor as higli as the 49" of latitude. They Mib.-sist chiefly on sulmon, which are cauglit in great almn- dancc during the C.^hing season, and dried for winter consumption. Owing to a scarcity of game, and tlieir improvidence, they are fre- quently reduced to great want, and exist for months on moss and roots. Small parties join the Flat Heads, and the CiKur-de-LionB, (who occupy the adjacent territory,) in their bufl'alo-hunts on the .lido of the Rocky Mountains. ■I SPOKANKS. 139. 69 SE-LDl-COOM-CLU-LOCK, or HAVEN CHIEF. (Painted 1817.) rotnmonly called Fgly Head. Principal Cliicf of the Ppokanos, or Flat-l[oails, residing nu the waters of tlie 8pokaiie llivcr. Wiien about to eonimeiice the painting of tins portrait, the old chief made a sign for nie to stop, as he wished to give nic a talk. lie spoke near an hour, and said that his peoj)lo had always been friendly with the whites— tliat some of the first " [(dh/ Icii!v<;a' that came to his country had taken wives from among his women, and had lived among them — they were his brothers — he had adopted the white man's religion, and had used his influence to promote Christianity among his people. Shortly after the butchery at the Wailetpu Mission, a rumour reached the Sjiokaiies that the ('abuses were coming to murder the families of Messrs. Walker at.d Eels, missionaries located among them at Tishi- niakino. The old chief collected his pcojile, and with their lodges surrounded the mission, declaring the Cayuses should first murder them. In the mean time, Messrs. Walker and Eels prepared them- selves, by barricading their houses, to resist the fate of their co- labourers to the last extremity. At this exciting moment, a report reached the Spokanes, that a number of their people residing in the Willamette valley had been killed by the Americans, in retaliation fir the Wailetpu massacre. The young warriors collected fir the juir- pose of protecting Messrs. Walker and Eels from the hands of the murderous Cayuses, now becanio jlamorous, and were with great diffi- culty restrained from spilling their blood themselves. The old chief told them the rumour might be false; and, by his influence and good sense, the lives of these pious labourers in the cause of Christianity were spared. Messrs. Walker and Eels were subsequently taken from the mission to Fort Colvillo by the old chief, fearing the responsibility of protect- ing them from the Cayuses and his own impetuous warriors, if the rumoured death of their friends in the Willamette should prove true. After remaining some weeks at Fort Colvillo, they were taken by a company of Oregon volunteers to the settlements, where they still reside. I ■V?.' J 3 S:"-; !?'li ! i-'t- ia I 70 SPOKANES. 140. KWIT-TEAL-CO-KOO-SUxM. (Painted 1847.) Big Star Chief, a IMcdicine-nian of the Spokancs. Whenever a person is sick, this tribe suppose that the spirit has left the body, and hovers invisibly in the aiv, until it can be charmed or brought back through the agency of the niedicinc-man. To accomplish tliis end, the patient is placed in a sitting posture, enveloped in a buffalo- robe, or other covering, having only the top of the head exposed. The modicine-nian then commences dancing and singing around the patient, gesticulating mysteriously, and often clutching in the air with his hands, as if in ^ho act of catching something. The spirit is supposed to be attracted by the chant, and to hover near the aper- ture at the top of the lodge; and the dance is often continued for an hour before it can be caught. It is then pressed and rubbed, as the medicine-man pretends, through the patient's skull, whose recovery, if not soon effected, ho supposes to be thwarted by his having caught the .spirit of some other person; and it then becomes necessary to undo his work by setting it at liberty, and repeating the performance until the right spirit is caught. During my stay among this people much sickness prevailed, and I was often kept awake all night by the wild chant and monotonous drum. This chief has four wives, whom he supports in Indian affluence by the successful practice of his art of conjuration, lie possesses a countenance of great intelligence, and seemed to doubt my ability to transfer it correctly to the canvas. But the picture proved to be highly satisfactory, and he became my daily visitor, and acknow- ledged mc to be " big medicine." 141. KAI-MISII-KON, OR MARKED HEAD. Spokane Chief. 143. KAI-ME-TE-KIN, or MARKED BACK. Spokane Brave. STONY ISLAND INDIANS. 143. PA-SE-LIX. Spokane Squaw. 71 ^ \ ■'/I 144. TIN-TIX-MA-LI-KIX, or STRONG BREAST, J B STONY ISLAND INDIANS. Reside iu the vicinity of Fort Okanagan, Upper Columbia River, and subsist by lishing. Stony Island Brave. Stony Island Squaw. 145. III-UP-EKAN. 146. LAII-KIES-TUM. 14Y. SO-IIA-PE. Stony Island Brave. •I)J 1 i 4 ' '' ! >> -f- V ■I'- r 72 OKAXAGANS. OKANAGANS. lis. WAii-puxi;. CaiKF of the I'riest's Ilajiid. 149. KO-MAT,-KA\, on LOXG IIATR. An Okanngan Modii-iuo-nian. 150. SIN-PAU-SOX-TIN. Okanagan Squaw. 151. VIEW ON THE Sl'OKANE RIVEIl. 152. J. M. STANLEY, THE AllTIST. riiiuted by A. B. Jlooro. 1851, fe A '*. INDEX. J A. Page Ahatga, Jos.^■ • r V 'Iv. C l';^. Ill '"I 74 INDEX. E. Pago Eagle Feather, No. 66 44 Eater of tlie Black Buffalo Heart, No. 87 54 Eimhtc, No. 104 59 £i)i»hniin, No. 106 50 F. Feathered Arrow, No. 37 29 Flight of a Mountain Trapper, No. 59 40 Fox Brave, No. 63 .37 G. Gamble, James, No. 34 26 Gila River, No. 99 67 Gray, ,Iim, No. 39 30 Great Dalles Basin, No. 138 68 H. Hadooncotcsah, No. 77 49 Halburtahadjo, No. 7 7 Half-Day, No. 36 29 Hendrick, Thomas, No. 38 29 Heriira, Josd Domingo, No. 97 56 Hiupckan, No. 145 71 I. International Council, No. 27 18 Ishtoniioyes, No. 34 26 J. John Ross. No. 19 15 Josd Ahayea, No. 96 56 Jose Domingo Herura, No. 97 56 Jose Maria, No. 78 49 Jos6 Maria Vigil Zuazo, No. 93 56 Juan Antonio Vigil, No. 95 60 K. Tagt Kaimetikin, No. 142 70 Kainiishkon, No. 141 70 Kukakatish, No. 79 50 Kasarouka, No. 71 47 Kccchekarouki, No. 81 51 Keeseclah, No. 18 14 Keethla, No. 20 15 Keoksoestee, No. 129 67 Keokuk, No. 52 35 Keppcoleck, No. 64 37 Ketclium, Captain, No. 42 31 Kihiccatedah, No. 69 40 Komalkan, No. 149 72 Korakkookiss, No. 82 62 Korantetcduh, No. 83 62 Kottantcck, No. 84 52 Kwittealcokoosum, No. 140 70 Lahkiestum, No. 146 71 Little King, No. 14 12 Little Tecuniseh, No. 51 .35 Long Hair, No. 149 72 Long Traveller, No. 44 32 M. Man named by the Great Spirit, No, 81 61 Maricopa Squaw, No. 102 58 Marked Back, No. 142 70 Marked Head, No. 141 70 Mary and Achata, No. 115 62 McCallah, Captain, No. 46 32 Mcintosh, Charles, No. 25 17 Mcintosh, Chilly, No. 17 13 McLaughlin, Dr., No. Ill 61 Medicine-dance of the Sacs, No.57..37 Medicine-man, No. 15 12 Miss Bewley, Abduction of. No. 124 06 Mount Hood, NoB.127,136,138... 00,68 INDEX. 75 IS, Page Nahraoosukah, No. 90 54 Nashtaw, No. 72 48 Naswnga, No. 37 29 Natural Dam in Arkansas, No. 82. ..20 Nequabanah, No. (J5 44 Nukesuke Tustenuggoc, No. 3 4,U 0. Ogden, Gov. P. S., No. 112 Gl Ohahahwahkco, No. 89 54 Ohtalincountah, No. 24 17 Oijoctlileyoliolo, Nos. 10, 11 9 Optegeezhcek, No. 30 29 Oregon City, No. 113 (il Oregon in December, No. 135 08 Osage Mimic, No. 07 44 Osage Scalp-daiico, No. 08 45 P. Pftconilalinqiming, No. 47 33 l'ali(|iicsahali. No. 51 35 Painted Shirt, No. 120 05 Painter, No. 72 48 Puselix, No. 143 71 Passing Cliief, No. 09 40 Pelouse Falls, No. 131 07 Pclouse River, No. 130 07 Peopeomuxmu.x, No. 118 04 Physic Maker, No. 15 12 Pinio Chief, No. 100 58 Pimo Squaw, No. 101 58 Pochonnahshonnocco, No. 87 54 Poehonnahshonnocco's Wife, No. 88 54 Poochonequaheep, No. 80 53 Q. Quahgommce, No. 49 34 Quatykeu, No. 110 01 R. Pa (ft Raven Chief, No. 139 09 Red Wolf, No. 64 37 Ritsaahroscat, No. 73 48 Roaring Thunder, No. 71 47 Roasting Ears, No. 47 33 Rokannowlia, No. 44 32 Ross, John, No. 19 15 s. Sac Chief, No. 53 .37 Sac Medicine-dance, No, 57 ...37 Sue War-cliief, No. 55 37 Salnion-tishi:ig on the Columbia, No. 120 00 Saushbu.Ycum, No. 41... 31 Second Eye, No. 43 31 Scalp-dance (Osage), No. (18 45 Seiiiaalidiyuu, No. 70 49 Selimcooniclulock, No. 139 09 Seiniwucca, No. 9 8 Shabanee, No. 40 30 Shaceeshumoo, No. 50 34 Shaste Squaw, No. 103 58 Shooting Star, No. 79 50 Siiumahiccie, No. 120 05 Shumecuss, No. 03 43 Singing Bird, No. 70 49 Sinpahsoxtin, No. 150 72 Sohape, No. 47 71 Spirit, No. 20 17 Spoiled Person, No. 23 10 Stanley, J. M., (the .\rtist,) No.152.72 Stan Watie, No. 21 10 Stoniaquea, No. 108 00 Strong Breast, No. 144 71 Swan, No. 48 34 T. Tahcoosah Fixico, No. 16 13 Tall Man, No. 75 49 Techongta Saba, No. 62 42 Telallek, No. 109 60 J 13 Wi P: fe 76 INDEX. Pngo TelokiKt, No. 110 Co Tetokanim, No. 105 59 Thomas VVatie, No. 22 1« Tiger, No. 8 7 Tintinmiilikin, No. 144 71 Tintinroetze, No. 128 67 Tomathla Micco, No. 14 12 Trapper's Escape, No. UO 41 Tuckabacka Micco, No. 15 12 Tumsuckee, No. 121 66 Tustenuggeo Chopko, No. 5 7 Tustenuggce Emathla, No. 18 10 V. View on the Spokane River, No. 151. 72 Vigil, Carlos, No. 94 56 Vigil, Juan Antonio, No. 95 56 Vigil Zuazo, Jos6 Maria, No. 93.... 56 w. Wabonseh, No. 35 27 Walipougga, No. 48 34 Pan* Wnhpuseo, No. 148 72 Waiecat, No. 122 66 Washarous, No. 114 (il Wcchalahnache, No. 26 17 White Sky, Ni 35 27 Whitman, Dr., Musacre of his Fa- mily, No. 123 66 Wildcat, No. 1 5 Willamette Falls, No. 116 62 Wohumpa, No. 70 46 Wolf, Nos. 63, 101 43, 59 Woman of the Hunt, No. 73 48 Woman who catches the Spotted Fawn, No. 83 52 Wounded Man, No. 74 48 T. Yeahweeooyahgec, No. 23 16 Yellow Taint Hunter, No. 89 54 Yellow Serpent, No. 118 64 Yelsto, No. 107 CO THE END. STEIUIOTYPED BT I,. JOHNSON * CO. piinjj>Ei.puu,