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Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul ciichd, il est film6 A partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en has, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants iliustrent la mdthode. « i r . ! ^^ t- : 3 4 • 6 '^> ^s^ - ( NARRATIVE OF A .rOTiRN'EY TO MANITOBA. BY J. Y. SH ANTZ; TUGETHEK WITH AN ABSTRACT OF THE DOMINION LANDS ACT ; AND AN EXTRACT FROM THE aOVERNMENT PAMPHLET ON MANITOBA. PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA. --♦^ I ^^ % ^t OTTAWA: PRINTED BY HOHEHTSiJN, K(3(i}EK A CO., WELLINQTUN «TKEET. 1873. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. Letter to the Minister 7 Account of journey 7-8' Winnipeg, size, growth, &c 10 Stinking River Settlement 10-11 IJoyne River Settlement 11 Victoria Settlement 11 Western District of Manitoba 12 I Cost of Transport : — Toronto to Fort Garry 13 Fort William to Fort Grarry ... 13 Mode of Conveyance 13 Through Tickets 14 The Hall Breeds 14-15 Indians 16-16 Frosts and adaptation of climate to 16 Agriculture 17 Stock Raising and Wool Growing 17 Fruit Culture 17-18 Best Time to Go. 18 Capital to Commence With 18-19 Advice to Emigrants 19 Dominion Lands Act: — Apportionment of Lands 20 Grazing Lands 21 Mining Lands ... 22 Timber Lands 22 Form of Application for Homestead Right 23 Affidavit in support of claim for do 23 Extracts from Government Pamphlet : — General Features of Manitoba Productions Letter from United States Consul Letter from Archdeacon McLean Statement of Mr. G. B. Spence , Analysis of Soil, by a German Chemist.... Letter of Senator Klotz (Kiel) on the soil . Government Advertisement of routes and fares. 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 i ■> The following narrative of a journey to Manitoba has beei written by Mr. Jacob Y. Shantz, a German Menonite, residei in Berlin, Ontario. Mr. Shantz, at the - request of the Department of Agricul ture, visited Ottawa, in company with Mr. Bernard Warkentin, German Menonite from Berdiansk, Russia, in November last, interpreter. The object of Mr. Warkentin in visiting Canada was to fin< a place suitable for the settlement of Menonites who contei plate an emigration, en masse, from Russia. At the request of the Department of Agriculture, he, wit| Mr. Shantz, visited Manitoba Mr. Shantz states that in writing a narrative of the journey he has been moved by the simple dosire to set down the factj with the utmost possible accuracy. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, April, 1873. I NARIIATIVK OK A JorRNEY T< » M A^TsJ^ITOBA. Berlin, ( )ntai{io, 2Mth February, 187S. To {he Hon. J. H. Pope, Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa : Sir, I horowith eneloso to you a brief njirrativc of ray journey to Miinitoba, and ray opinions respt'oting that I'rovinco. The readers of this Report may rest assured that it eontainy a true and impartial statement of what I saw and learned there. Tastes differ — some may like what others dislike, and some persons are so constituted that tliey can be content nowhere. Fisli and game are abundant in the Province, but even th<^se must be caught before they can be cooked and eaten. Of this one fact, however, I am certain, that Manitoba aftbrds a splendid Held for immigration, not only fi'om Europe and Canada, but also from tlui United States, for those dcisirous of accjuiring a good and cheap homestead for them- selves and their family. Such are sure of becoming independent if they nro only willing to go to work, to l)e inetween the States of Minnesota "and Dacotah, from which place we |proceeded to Pembina on the borders of Manitoba, Enterkiff thnt Provino<>. w«> trov«^llod n (Ijatanr** of 72 mtioa hv «»tn(r« to port Oarry and Winnif"')?, tlio l(itti»r lioing >4itn(it('»l contiiruon'i to tlif» Fort. nn.' tlu' pro-'t'Tit your. We miclit linvo xjivod Jiliout L'.'^O mil«»rt had wr tiikt'ii thr> roiito via Br<'f'k<*nrid!»'^. Itut in order to :ivoid tnivollinir Jty sta^e, wo took th»'"1oniror route liv nilway. From I'cmJ'inu wr trnvfllcd jihout .50 .-nilns idontf th«M?od Hivoj- — a portion of the I'rovinco as ypt «Mitir«'ly un>d <'V«>ry IT), or 2<>niih"'. whoro relays of hor«.intr tlii< dis- trict tho Ifalfdin'od «ottl«'ni''Pt>i comnicnfc. ^inMll white hoii^c- with stahh^; at- tached noaror we ap- proach the Fort. Seven miles from Fort Garry v:e passed a erist-mill : the houses presented a hetter appearance, the fiu-ms heiofr woU foiu'eti(>< ijito [,ake Winnipec. with an expanse of ahout I.'MIO foet at the Town of Winnip(^>r. Fort Trarry, the ])rineipMl traanv. contains a small fortress with a carrison of soldiers. A larjre warehouse helonpinc to the Company is situated on tlie l?iver'< liank. in which six clej-k^ are employed. There is u\ Indian Mi««lon wo journfvwl ^otith-wc^t nlonc t)io ^noforn slioro of T.nkr Mnnitohn. nn*) fntmd fino |trnirif' liti'l th«r<'. dottcfl n^ lif.fnif. AviOi "hhi(F-." For 4<> iniU'- Wf trMvollt'iin n Mf. Trtvlor. w)\(> i>wn«ii lofL'*- iiiiMihor of <'!ittlo. In tlic vicinity i- m »»'tllt'ni"nt of Ktn 'iJi hfiiri.rccd-, rhicflv T'loto*- t.ints. MTi'l i»''-<""**"*''i^' thr<'<' rhiirrli(>«. KiiL'li'^h. IMc^hvtcriMti !inf th«' I{iv«T. wliidi nvo Mottlcd >iv >irn'll fnrnrnT^. we arrivofl nt ''lli^'Ii llliifl'-' :\ ]A\ri- 'vitli thifi- dimclio- nn«l n S'hool Iloii^r. Th-ro we «t'ii nfio. Tic -linwrfl tis n-' (ijio ii snnnil*' of Hprins whoiit n^^ T hud over sfon. nnam|il<' of oat*, flax ^ocd. jiotatoc-i. tnr- nip><, rahl»airo mid other vog^^'tahlos. Sovon mi1r»! further on. in n wfxtorly "ir(<'t!OTi. wo osiino to tho villnpo of <' portajio la I'rairio." with i-ix -^toroN. n ;rri^t niili. ff>iir ^a\v mill*, j'tid <|iiito a largo niimhov f>f mochanir^. Wo tio.xt vi-^itr'd !Mos-^rs. CJiant and "Maokon/.io. who^io farm lio ahoiit oiirht tiiilo^ di-'t'int from " Tortajro la Pjairio," hotli of wliom oamo fi'om tho T'rovinoo of Ontario. Mr. (ii-ant showed n^ m sample of wheat whieh had turned out riO liu-hels to the noro, atid '■•onie very line oats. Ills potatoes also wero of a very largo si/o and '^iipei'ior <|iialitv. .-noli as T have never soon surpassed. Mr. Maokonzie's wheat yielded !\'2 hushels to the nore. Tie also showed us ahout 1iuiiiir fv^m two, to five atid a half inches in diameter. Tho turnijts also wero of n very large size, of which throe wouM weigli r.() Ihs. Tie stated that lie had taken l."2^Ml hushels of ].otatoes off of four and three (piarter acres of land — praii-ie land hroken up. and the potatoes ploiiglied under. TTo also sliowed us voung apt)le troos which he Iiad raised from seed, that looked very thriftv. This gentleman also possosos a herd of ninety head of cattle. ainonL'^t vvhiol. T remu'k<'d a fulld»red T)ur}iam hull, and some DiU'hatn cows. I am tints j»ai'ticid u- in ne'iitioninir all I saw on this faim. that tho reader may form some idea of the richness of the sf)il. The di^tarice from " Poplar Point" to Mr. Mackenzbe's fni-m is ahout 22 miles up the Assini- hoine ITiver, along whicli there is a good strijt of timher, .and the land well set- tled, partlv hy English half-})roeds and immigrants from Ontario. Returning to " Po])lar Toint"' we lesumed oui- jom-nev in an easterly direc- tion hy th(>main road toward- Winnipeg, and at a () liead of catth\ Twelve miles further wo came to Tfeadinglev, a small villa<:e. and four mile* distant fi-om that is Stui-- goon Creek, where there is a steam mill and distillerv. Passing ''Silver TIeights," where tlu^ TTon. Donald A. Smith, fiovernor of the lIud^~wood. Ash. and Po]tlar. heavinir Winnipeg auain in a noi-th easterly direction, we proceeded along the lied liivor to the TTudson B^v Companv's Po-t. known as the Stone Fort, whei'o there is a small uana^-ou. The wholedintage, for the sober and hidustrious may, out of the savings of one or two xn';'i • 1 uncertain, were: wheat, $1.25 per bushel ; oats. $|.(K) per bushel : b,i'. i« ■, $1.10 per bushel; potatoes, 62 cents; onions, $2.0<); carrots, 75 cents: turnips, 50 cents, and beets 50 cents per bushel, Ilay was selling from $7.(X) to $8.(K) per ton ; butter, 30 cents per lb ; eggs, ,30 cents' per dozen : beef, 12^ cents per lb; lamb the same ; veal, 20 cents ; pork, 20 cents; and fresh fish about 5 cents per lb. Board ranges from $5.00 to $9.()0 per week, though many young men save money by boarding thf-imselves. .STi:TiIN(i RIVER SETTLEMENT. Tliis settlement is best reached by wny of TTeadingley and thence south over the Pembina trail whicli crosses the Stinking K'iver, near tiie upper end of the settlem(>nt. The land on both sides of the river is ncMirly occupied through the extent of townshii)s S Mud 9 in the second range. The settlers are for the most part from Central Canada. * and n Stinking River contains water at all seasons, clear and good except at a few points where salt springs affect it for short distances ; good water can. however, 1)6 hail anywhere by digging to a th^pth of a dozen or twenty feet. Both banks of the river are fringed with oak and poplar of good si/e, in suf- ficient quantities for settlement use, which increase in size and density as the river is ascended. The prairie, on either side, consists of a black loam, easily cultivated and of sufficient undulation from tlie numerous gullies leading to the river to he well drained, an important point towards early cultivation and quick growth. North of the river is an unlimited supply of marsh hay, tlie spontaneous growth of the marsh which extends to the southeast over parts of two Townships. i ly is so mshel : cents : (7.le of grain at the rate of 72 bushels j)er acre, which was exhibited at tlie Minnesota State Fair, and })ronounced the Itest samj>le on exhibition. There is stated to be a settlement on the Lake of the Woods road, on the Dawson route, with a beautiful park-like appearance, abutting on the River Seine, in Township X, Pange 4, in which several families from Ontario are settled, whose land must shortly become very valuable, being within ten miles of the town of Wirniipeg. Si*ringiield, another settlement in an easterly direction from Winnipeg, now pi'esents quite a tln-iving appearance, and contains from 60 to 70 families. Near it is another settlement known as Sunnyside, containing about 30 families, nearly all from Ontario. The half-breeds are settled for tlie most part along the Assini- boine and Ped Rivers. The reader will observe, from the above I'emarks, that it is not an unsettled countiy to Avhicli he is invited to go and make hims(^lf a home on a free grant, but that tliere are [)lenty of settlements which he can ,join. Advantages are affoi'ded in Manitobu an(i the Noi-tli West tliat a new settler in the Western States, though lying further to the South, could not possess, of which I will now mike mention. 7'V''.s/ In Manitoba the land is principally pi-airie. requiring no clearing for agricultural purposes, although timber is to he found in sufficient abundance for building })ur})oses, fencing, and fuel. In addition to the latter there are the lai'ge coal-fields furthei- west on the Saskatchewan Rivei-. Wherever settlements have been established botli grist and sawmills are to be met with. S roiiilh/ In tlie Western States the Railwa Companies own the lands from 10 to 2') miles on cither side of their respective roads, which settlers cannot obtain as Free Grant?, but for which Ihey have to pay from $2.50 upwards per acre, according to locality. In the ProAnnce of Manitoba, however, the settler vould say Dnlv as he ssiniboine tical men, .'.listralia, Dint. most part, lettlement idson Bay tilling up. s yield of n ( Jctober, i^ixme was ain at the Hate Fair, id, on the Lver Seine, e settled, les of the iipeg, now ies. Near lies, nearly the Assini- i unsettled iee grant, iitages are e Western I will now earing for ndance for re are the nills are to lands from ers cannot awards per the settler I 13 can at present make his choice of any lots which are not yet taken up ; he can always join a settlement, and^need never become isolated. Thirdly. There are good prospects of both railway and water communication before long, the facilitit^H for tin- latter being especially good, the Province abounding in rivers and lakes which oxlrud through the North West to the very base of the Rocky Mountains, and eastwards to Lake Superior, with the excep- tion of a disttmce of one hundred and fifty- three miles, as stated by Mr. Wagner, which would require a canal to establisli complete water communication. A steamboat belonging to the Hudson Bay Company already runs on tlie Saskatchewan for a distance of 6()0 miles. There is also an outlet through the States by way of Ked River, which is imvigaljle from Fort Garry through Miime- sota and Dacotah, a distance of 2SS miles to Breckeni idge, where a branch of the Northern Pacific Railway from St. i'aul, 216 miles distiuit, crosses the river. T'here is also a railway direct from St. Paul to Pembina on the boiuidary line, which will be completed and in running order during the coming summer, and which it is thought will be extended to Fort Garry. Fourthly. Another inducement which Manitoba has to otter settlers is, if the free grant of land to which they are entitled is not sufficient, more can be pro- cured at one dollar per acre, whereas in the Western States, even beyond the limits of Railway Company's Lands, the price is one dollar and twenty cents per acre. Fifthly. Although Manitoba lies to the north of Minnesota and Dacotah, the cold is neither so extreme, nor the snow fall as heavy as in the latter States, and the changes in the weather are not sudden, a*< in Kansas and Nebraska States, still further south. In Manitoba during winter the weather though cold is regu- lar, the air dry and healthy. The snow is seldom more than from one to one and a-half feet deep, and further west on the Saskatchewan it is said to be even less than that. COST OF TRANSPORT. The cost of transportation for Emigrants from Toronto to Manitoba is as follows : TORONTO TO FORT WILLIAM. Adults, $5; Children under 12 years, $2.50, 150 lbs. personal baggage free. Extra luggage, 35 cei^s per M) ll)s. FORT WILLIAM TO FORT GARRY. Emigrants, $10; Children under 12, $5, 2(X.) lbs. personal baggage free. Extra luggage, $2.50 per 100 lbs. (Horses, oxen, waggons or heavy farming implements can only be taken by special arrangements.) THE MODE OF CONVEYANCE. By lijiilroad from I'oronto to CoUingwood or Siu'iiia. By Steamer from CoUingwood or Saruia to Fort William. 45 miles by waggon from Fort William to Shebandowan Lake 14 IVom ShoV)andowaja Lake to the MO miles V)rokcn navigation in open'boat- North West Angle of tiio]_I^iko of the Woods. 95 miles by Cart or Waggon from North West ,\ngle Lake of the Woods, to Fort fiairy. Between Fort William and Foi-t Garry, huts and tents will be provided for the acconmiodation of Emigrants on the Portages. Passengers should take their own supplies. Provisions will, however, be fuinished at cost price at She- bandowan bake, Fort Franc/s, and the Nortii West .\ngle, Lake of the Woods. TJlKOU(ill TICKKTS TO FOKT (iAKKY VIA I'OliT WILLIAM Can l)c; had at Toronto, at the stations of the Northern, Great Western, and (irand Trunk Raih/ays. Emigrants are requested to take notice that packagers are limited to 20() lljs. weight for convenience of transport on the portages, and that baggage and >up]ilie.- must not exceed -loO lbs. for any one emigrant. At the (.)j)ening of this season, the Kkd Kivek Route will be in a condi- tion Lo admit of the transport of heavy articles. Merchandise will be tran sport etl from Fort William to Fort (iarry at $2 per 1(X) lbs., or $40 per ton of 2,()(J0. Each piece not to exceed 30() in weight, and to be I irmly fas ten ed- Emigrant fare from Quebec to Toronto is $5. The above routes can only be, used in the summer season, and till the ice sets in in the. Fall. There are several other routes to Manitoba which are more convenient but at the same time more expensive. One route is from any point on bake Huron, whence Steamboats start, to Duluth on the North Westerly shore of bake .Superior, thence by Northern Pacific Railway to Glynden, 242 miles distant. From this point a line brandies northwardly J 52 miles to Pem- bi)ia on the boundary line, the remainder of the distance to Fort Garry being eomi)leted by stages or steamboats on the Ked River. Another route is by the (irand Trunk Railway from Toronto to Detroit, and thence I)y way of Chicago and St. i'aul to Brcckeiu'idge on the Red River, where >teamers run in summer to Fort (Jarry, some 5()() miles distant, or if by land, taking the stage route from Breckenridge, 2SS m.iles. This route costs through from Toronto, lirst class, $50 to $6(\ according to the season, the fare being lower in suuuner than in winter. ^ A (luestion frequently asked is WILVT KIND OF I'EOPLK ARE THE UALF-BUEEDS ? T'o briefly state tluiir history then, in the year 1669 a comjtany was formed in London under the direction of Prince Rupert for tlie purpose of prosecuting the i'ur tradi' in the region of country surrounding Hudson's Bay. This com- pany (obtained a charted" from King Charles II. granting to them and their suc- cessors, under the name of "The Governor and Comi)any of Adventurers trading into Hudson's Bay," tlie sole right of trading in all the country watered by rivers tlowing into the Hudson's Ray — the charter also authorized them to build and tit out men of war, »'stablish forts, ajid to [)revent any other C/ompany from ♦tarrying on trade witii the natives in their territoi-ies, and requiring that they should do ull in their power to promote discoviM-y. This Company frequently brought men from England «.nd Scotland as employees for their trading posts, 15 and for the purpose of huntiui^ .md trapping ; — those intormaiiying witli the native Indians produced the race ot'peoj^le now known as the English half- hreeds or properly spexiking half Indians. In the year 17M8 another Company was formet them witli them, and 1 have. invariably fouixd them very obliging and liospitabK', and to their honor be it said, 1 saw none of them as i-ough and wicked as some of our own class of ("ana- dians. They have Schools and Churches wherever they have settlements, as I have before mentioned — and I was informed by an official wIjo assisted in taking the Census, that they can neai-ly all read and write. Tliey have small houses simply built of round timber in the following manner : for a house 16 feet by 24 feet the sills are laid, six posts are hewn square, one for each corner and one in the middle lengthwise, grooves of two inches are cut in the posts in which plates are placed to hold the posts — then timbers are cut to the proper lengths and a two inch tenant made at either end to tit the groove in the posts — these timbers so prepared are slipped in between the posts in the grooves, one on top of the other, until the spaces are tilled u\> to the plates, which are from 8 feet to 10 feet above the sills — thus foiming the sides and ends of the building ; the cracks and openings are all plastered ovtsr on the inside and outside and then whitewashed. Some of their buildings are only 16 feet squaie in which case only four posts are required. The roof is made of poles laid close together in rafter form and tilled out with clay, mortar and prairie grass puddled into the clay at one end, the butts of the grass covering the clay — this makes a tight and substantial roof — buildings thus constructed afford a warm house, and I would recommend settlers witli limited means to adopt this plan for their houses, where the timber is so small that they cannot make them in the old Canadian style. The reader might wonder why the Half-breeds rose in rebellion a few years ago, if they are civilized and satisfied. They thought that our Government should Hrst consult them and give them a cei'tain riglit to the lands they then occupied, and also lands for their children. An arrangement has now been come to between tliese people and the Government which gives to every man, woman and child living at that time, one hundred and forty acres of land; with this they are now satisfied, and they seem to be well pleased with the aetion of the Govejnment. INDIANS. ARE TUEKE MANV INDI.INS AND AKK TiUOV I'MaCEAUI. Y INCLlXKlJ? 'lliis is anothei- question frequently i»ut to nie^ and I can say in an>vver tliere- Id to thiit as fur ua 1 could a>ceiUiin Uiey^ai'o both «jui. t mid inotlon.^^iVe and well satistied with the (jovoniment from which they receive iin annuity — three dol- lars to every soul aimually— besides which they have hunting grounds for them- selves far back in the NorLli-We.-t. If the agieemeiit, a.^ above, is Ciirried out faithfully liy our (ioverninent, and I have no doubt it will be, there will be no trouble from the Indians, iJie British (jovernmeiit has never yet had trouble with the Indians in llaiiada. fhe Indians who once enter into a treaty will keep it to the letter, but wJien a promi.-e to them i.> broken, they are not only dissat- isHe(»me oi' the Western States, and svas the cause of the dreadful miussacre of the settlers in Minnesota a few years ago. The United States (iovernment had made a treaty with the Indians, promis ing them a iH;rtain amount oi money, out of part of which they were defrauded by the ofhcials appointed to distribute the sums grant«'d to tliem. 1 was told by an agt.'ut of the Jludson's Bay Company, that some of these American Indians, of the >ioux 'I'riln' have Hed to the Xoitu-West of Canada and that the Company fre(£uently employs them to work at their trading posts, and that they are good workers and respect our (Jovernmeiit very much. Uui(Janadian Indians are of the Chippewa Tribe, but are not very well pleased that ^o many of the ''Sioux" come in from the other sid»). FROSTS, AND ADAPT^ATIUN OV CLIMATE T(J AGRICULTURE. I agree fully with the following remarks, made by Mr. Spence in his pamphlet " ^ianitoba and the North West of the Dominion.'' •* The liability to disastrous fronts in the season of growth, and which so •• intimately concerns the interests of liusbandiy is not any worse in Manitoba "■ than in many parts of Ontario. In the former province the Spring of 1869 " was an exceptionally late one, and in May several light frosts were experi- ' ' eiicetl, which did no serious damage to the crops j in fact the injury was " scarcely noticeable, which may be accounted for from the following reasons — "1. The dryness of the atmospiiere (which is a peculiarity of this region) allows " a much lower range of temperature, without injury to vegetation, than in mois- •' ter climates, and in addition to the heat, gives greater vigor to the plants, " which grow rapidly but with tirin texture, and are consequently able to resist '* severe cold on account of their excessive vitality, the same as a person who '' has partaken heartily of strong diet, is better able to resist the^cold of winter. " 2. Tlie sudden change of temperature, which is often the case in this region, '' — one extreme following another in rapid succession — is less deleterious to '' vigorous plants, than a gradual lowering of temperature. The earth and plants " still retain the heat previously absorbed, and are thus enabled to bear an *' atmosphere at 20 ^ much better than at 35 ^ aftcn* their latent heat has been •'given olK The soil of the prairie is generally dry — and is rapidly warmed by the '^ riiys of the sun in the spring. 3. The benehts arising from the dryness of the '' air are accounted for from tlie fact, that moisture conveyed in the air has a ten- '^ dency to soften the delicate covering of the plants, and thus render them more '' sensitive to cold. 4. The heat-retaining character of the soil. For these and "■ several other reasons that might be mentioned, the climate of Manitoba is less "■ subject to killing fro- , than might at iirst be supposed to be the case on " account of its high latitude."' I was informed by Mr. Deputy Sheriff Nesbitt, of Winnipeg, that in the year 1870 the Iirst fall frost of any consequence occurred on the 2nd of October, in the id well ee dol- ' them- ed out be no trouble il keep dissat- ii'ouble States, I a lew jromis rauded told by ianti, of >mpany •e good e of the Sioux" in his rhich so Manitoba of 1869 experi- Liry was iions — i) allows in mois- I plants, to resist on who ' winter. region, rious to d plants boar an las been d by the s of the .as a ten- 3m more lese and )a is less case on the year )r, in the 17 year 1871, on the loth ot October, and lastyear in the latter part of October, which shews that during the growing season, frosts are not likely to do damage to^the crops. With regard to Spring frosts, Mr. Taylor, an aged gentleman now^^up- wards of 80, and resident in that country about 04 years, informed me that he scarcely over knew vegetables .o sutler from frosts after they have once started in the Spring. The season opens, so 1 was informed f)y Messrs. McKenzie and Taylor, for Spring ploughing from about the 2Uth of April to the 1st of May, after which they have very few frosts and the cold is very moderate, as the seasons change rapidly from Winter to Summer — Winter generally lasts live months, say from the middle of November to the middle of April. In the year 1871 snow fell very early, on the 1 2tli November, but as a rule there is very little snow before Christmas. When 1 arrived there, 17th November, last fall, there was no snow. On the tirst of December there was a slight fall of suoW, about an inch in depth. Although the weather was very cold when 1 was in the Province, yet the air being clear and dry, the cold is not felt as much as it would be in Ontario, where the air is more moist. On the li8th and 2yth November last year, the thermometer stood at 25 ^ to oU ^ below zero. 1 was out riding in un open carriage both days, travelling from 12 to 16 miles without making stoppages, and it did not appear colder to mo than it does in Ontario when the thermome- ter is only from 5 ^ to 10 ® below zero. During the days above mentioned 1 saw at several places as 1 was proceeding along, herds of cattle pasturing on the open prairies without shelter. STOCK KAISLNG AND WOOL (iKoWINO. From experience of many years it is shewn that Manitoba and the North West are good lands for stock raising, as tue grass of the Prairies is very nutri- tious, and the supply for many years will be inexhaustible. Although the weather is cold, the snow, as I said before, generally comes lute — yet, nothwithstanding, 1 would consider it more protitable to cut the grass for the winter season and have the ciittle and stock sheltered, than to have them run at large as is the case in the States further South, wliere there is sciU'cely any snow, but where they have damp cold winds. It v/ould not cost much to cut the grass with mowers, and then to stack it m ridges or rows as 1 have seen it at the Hudson's Bay Company's Posts and on several of the stock raising farms. These stacks so mside, form a shelter around the stable yards. 1 think that wool-growing would be the most protitable, as the climate is more suitable than in a warmer and damper air. Tiie natives who have tried the experiment say that sheep do well and no disoiise is known imicagst the iiocks. Wool is easily exported and would command iietuly the siuuo price there as it does here and in the adjoining States, where land is dear, and where there is no hay but what is raised on the cultivated farm lands. Another great advantage, favorable to the raising of cattle and sheep, is the enormous yield of Turnips, Carrots and Mangolds in Manitoba, mentioned by me in the earlier pages of this report. FKUIT CULTUKE. •The culture of fruit, especially apples, has been entirely neglected in Mani- 2 toba hitherto ; in fact there has never been a practical te^t made to ronlly know whether fruit trees will flourish or not. This is owing, j.robal.ly, to thru- leing such an abundance; of wild fruit, and also to theditticulty of gtttmg young trees for planting. The natives are entirely unanjuaintcd with the culture ol irnit trees, as they have been bred and born without seeding any such under cultiva- tion. When we tind so great an abundance of wild fruit in tlu^ forests, 1 cannot but believe that many kuids of apples would do 'v«'ll in Manitoba, particularly along tiu; edge, of the timb»'r hunls. In the State of Minnesota, where the ex- trt'nie snowstorms prevail, and where it is fully as cold, they have very tine fruit. 1 saw young ajiph^ ti'ees of two years" growth, raised from the seed by Mr. iMcKenzie, at iCit Creek, and they looked hearty and of a large, size for a two years old growth. I would advise all settlers, once <>stablished, to plant api)le seeds ; the e'Xpense, would be only triHing and trees grown from seed will always be bettin- adapted to tin; (climate. After they have grown and have been trans- planted about two yt^u-s, then they should i)e top grafted with the hardy varie- ties suital)l(^ for cold climate, such as the Snow-apple (Fameuse) the i{ambo, Northern Spy, S]»itzenberg, 'falmaii s. Sweeting, iVc, ^Vv. 1 s(>e no reason why apple trees should not thrive there, as it is not the degree of the cold that kills tno trees, l)ut the open and warm weather in the winter, thawing the earth and starting the sap; alterwards frei^zing hard again to their injury. This is not u common occurrence in Manitoba. The wild fruit in Manitoba consists ol' the wild plum, grapes, strawberries, currants, red antl l^hick raspberries, cherries, bluei»erries, whortleberries, high bush cranberries, ttc, so that the emigrant need not sutt'ei- for the want of good fruit in abundance. THE BEST riME Foil THE SETrLEli Tu COME. The sottler should, if possible, be on his land by the ist of June, when he wouUl be in time to plant a batch of potatoes whicli will grow in an ordinary season when ploughed under the prairie sod. The ploughing for the next .Spring's crop shouUl be done ni June or July, when the sap is in the roots of the grass J being turned over at tliis season of the year it will dry up and the sod will rot, so that the ground will be in proper order for receiving and growing crops in the following Spring. WHAT CAi'ITAL IS NECESSAUV WITU WHICU Tu COMMENCE V This is a question frequently asked — the answer depends entirely upon sur- rounding circumstances. ,V young man without family, willing to work and save, could secure himself a home ni a few years, provided he had only ten dollars to purchase a homestead claim. Work is to be had at high wages, and he could work for other parties part of his time, and then hire help again in turn to assist in putting up a small homestead house. After that he could plough and fence in a few acres for a crop in the following Spring. The next year he could earn enough to buy a yoke of oxen and other cattle, and thus, in a short time, he might become, comparatively, an imlependent farmer. A settler with a family ouglit to have provisions for one year (or the wherewithal to procure them). Such a one, desiring to sUu't comfortably sliould have the following ai'ticles, or the means to purchase them, viz : n sur- save, ars to id he n turn lough ear he short ■ witli ocure 19 One yoke of oxen |120 00 One waggon 80 UO Plough and harrow , 25 00 Chains, xxea, shovels, «&c 30 00 Stoves, beds, Ate , 60 00 [louse and stable, say 150 OiJ Total 1^465 00 Ajpersonjj having |S(XJ or $1,000 om, if he wishes to carry on farming on a larger scale, purchase another quarter section in addition to his free grant, when ho will liave a farm of throe nundred and twenty acres of land for cultiva- tion, and in addition can cut all the hay he wants in the mai'shes, if he thiukb it desirable. In conclusion, 1 would remark that a poor man can adopt the mode of farm- ing on a small scale^ for the couunencement, as practiceU by the half-breeds, riiey have avrts made of two wheels and a straight axle, with two poles fastened on the axle to foini shafts, and a rack or box thereon. To a cart so made is hitched one ox. The ctirt costs about ten dollars, and the ox and harness $50 to $60. With such a vehicle a man can do all the teaming that is required on a small farm — and after the tirst ploughing oi,e ox can plough all that is required.' ADVICE TO EMIGKAJSTS COMLNO FKoM EUKOPE. I woukl advise Gorman Emigrants, coming from Europe by way of New York, to put up at the German Mission House, 2sos. 426 and 42b I'earl Street, corner of now Chambers Street. This is a House specially kept for lodging and caring for Emigrants by a Keligious Company, and furnishes a home to tnose Emigrants whilst they stay in JNew York — and wheretheymay besureof not being robbed or cheated. All those desiring to put up at tne above-mentioned House, should write before leaving^Europe to the manager of it advising him of the name of the ship they intend to siiil in | on its arrival there will be parties at the wharf ready to receive them and conduct them to the Home. Then* charges are one dollar and lifty cents American currency per day or hve dollars per week. Address in writ- ing to Messrs. F. W. Elookbn, Nos. 426 and 428 Pearl Street, New York. I strongly recommend Manitoba as a home ' German emigrants, and as they can obtain large gi..ats of land en uloc, they can form a settlement or settle ments of their own, where they can preserve their language and customs, aa in the Western States of America. Note.— Tlie route by tlio St. Lawreuce is by far tlie shortest and tho best Irom I'^urope to toba, or any part oi" tne North West of this contlnoiit. Hut the aUvico given by Mr- Manitoba, . . Sbautz may be valuable li>r Germaii.> who happen lo ro via New Voik DOMINION LANDS ACT. The lollowiiig is a suimuMi'y'ot' the Dominion Lands Act: An Act was j>ass«Ml last Session (.'{5 Vic. cjip. '2',i) sunvudma and tjonsolidating the laws and Orders in Council respecting the puLlic hinds ol" the Dominion. The fwiministration and management is to he ettected through a Branch of the De[>artm('nt of tlu; Secii^tary of State of Canada, known as '^ tfie Dominion JMudft Uf/ice ' The surveys divide the lands into (|uadrilateral townships, containing 3fi sections of one mile s(juare in each, together with road allowances of one chain and fifty links in width, between all townships and sections. Each section of t)40 acres is diviiled into half sections of 32() acres, quarter sections of lOO acres, and half (|uartt'r sections of emoreor les.' , and shall, in each case. I>erej»resented by the exact (juantity as given to such stihdi- visionintiie original suiv(\v ; pr(jvid(!d that nothing in the Act shall be constru(>d to prev(^nt the lands u})on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, : ui'i-end(M'ed by the Indians to the late Eail of Selkirk, from being laid out in such manner as may he necessary in order to carry out th(» clause of the Act to prevent fractional sec tions or hinds bordering on any rivers, lake, oi' other water course or public road from being divided: or sueli lands fioni being laid out in lots of any certain frontage and y the same person. Payments of purchases to be made in cash. The Seo-etary of State may, however, from time to time, reserve tracts of land, as he may deem ex|)edient, for Town or Village plots, such lots to he sold either by private - he may see lit. or at public auction. The Governor m Council may set apart lands for other public purposes, such as sites of market places, gaols, court houses, places of ])ublic worship, bui-ying grounds, schools, benevolent institutions, sf^uares, and for other like public purposes. 21 Frp^ gi'iint"' of (junitor •>ootion>, 100 moios, aro miulo to any poison who is tho lioiul <>r ;i rmiiily. <>r t«> ;iny }>'i-'»ii not the lioad oI'ji finnily who hii- iiltainrcj tho ;!;;»• of'Jl ycius, ()n condition o|' thirc years' sctth-incnt, IVoin tin* tinn* of «'nt«'r- nig upon possoMsion, pi'ovianit' pt'i><»n. Wln-n two or inoi'o persons have set- tle(l on and sook to obtain a title to the same! land, tho honiesteud li^ht shall ho in liirn who nndo tho first settlement. If hotli havo made im|»rovomontH, a • livision of llie land may Ix^ ordered in everal im)>rovemonts. Questions as to tiie hom*;stoad riirht arisinjr Ix'twoen dill'oront ^otth'rs shall he iTivj'stiitated l)y tho Local Ajicnt of the division in which tho land is situated, whoso rcision. EvoiT I'orson cliimin;.' a liome-tea<1 rijiht fr<»m actual sottlomont nuist file iiis aj>plication for such claim with tho Local A^ont. within .Ju days after tho date of such st'ttlement, if in surveyed lan or Territory in which the lands lie, to sell the lands for the honofit of the infant or infants, hut for no other purj)ose ; and tho purchasoi' in such a ui'chaso, an<. on cairying out tho unj)erfoimod conditions of such right, shall receive a patent for the land, ujjou payment of the office fees. The title to lands shall remain in the Crown until tlie issue of the patent therefor, and such lands shall not be liable to be taken in execution before the issue of the patent. If a settlor voluntarily relin(|uishos his claim, or has been absent from the land entered by him for more thai, f) months in any one year, then the right to such land shall be forfeited. A j)atent may be obtained by any person before three years, on payment of }»rice at tho date of entry, and making proof of settlement and cultivation foi- not less than 12 months fiom date of entry. All assignment and transfers of homestead rights befor<' tlu^ issue of tho patent shall be null and void, but shall be deemed evidence of abandonment of the right. These provisions apply orkly to homesteads and not to lands set apart as timber lands, or to those on which coal or minerals, at the time of entry, are known to exist. (JKAZIN({ LANDS. Unoccupied Dominion lands may })e leased to neighboring settlers for graz- ing purposes; but such lease shall contain a condition making such land liable foi" settlement or for sale at any time during the term of such lease, without 22 rompptnofttlon, mvo by n propnrtlonnto dodurtion of ront. mikI a fnrthor ronorini; sottlors for tho purpoHo of niittinj; hay thon^on. but not to tho hindranoo of tho s.alo and sottlo- ment thoroof. MIN'lWi LANDS. A« respects minintt lands, no roservations of «rold. silvor, iron, coppor oi' other minos or minonils will ho inserted in any patent from the Orown, j^rantinji any portion of the "Dominion hinds. Any |>orson miy ox|>loro for minos or min- onils on anv of the ■Dominion piihlio lands, surveyed or nnsiirvev(Ml, nnd. subject to nortnin provisinn^, mny jmroliase tho same. As respects coal lands, th<'y can- not be taken for homesteads. TIMURR LANDS. Provisions are mode in the Act for disposinir of tho timber lands so as to benefit the s/roatost possible niimb(>r of settlors, imkI to prevent nny ])otty mono- poly. Tn the subdivision of townships, consistinjr p irtly of prairie and jiartly of timber land, such of tho'sootions ;is coiit.'iin islnnds. I>elts, or other tracts of timber shall be subdivided into such niimbei' of ts. of not loss than ten and not more than twenty acres in oMch lot, as will afford one such wood lot to each quarter section prairie farm in such township. The Locfil A cent, as settlers apply for homestead rijrhts in a township, shall apportion to eiicli (|ii;irtor softion one of the adjac it wooci lots, which shall be a free gift in connection with such homestead and in addition thereto. Any homestead claimant who, previous to the issue of the patent, shall sell any of the timber on his claim, or on the wood lot appertaininj; to his claim, to saw-mill proprietors oi* to any other than settlors for their own private use, shall be .snilty of a trespass and may be prosecuted therefor, and shall forfeit his claim absolutely. The word fwihrv includes all lumber, and all products of timber, including firewood or bark. The richt of cuttinji timber sliall be ]»ut up at a bonus ])ei' s(|uare mile, vary- ing accoro ig to the situation and value of tho limit, and sold to tho highest bidder by ^jompetition, either by tender or by public auction. The purchaser shall receive a lease for 21 years, granting tho right of cutting timber on the land, with tho following conditions : To erect a saw mill or mills in connection with such limit or lease, of a capacity to cut at the i-ate of ],(X)() feet broad measure in 24 hours, for every two and n half square miles of limits in the lease, or to establish such other manufactory of wooden goods, the e(|uivalent of such mill or mills, and tho lessee to work tho limit \nthin two years from the ilate thereof, and during each siieceeding year of the term : To take from every tree he cuts down all the timber fit for use, and manu facture the same into 8a^^Tl lumber or some other siiloable jiroduct; To prevent all unnecessary destruction of growing timber on the part of his men, and to prevent the origin and spread of fires : 23 'onrlitlon for tho I settln. ippor or granting or inin- :h(*v cnn- so ns to y mono- partly of tracts of :han ten r)d lot to ip. shall liall be a aik, Ac., and tlu* price and value thereof; To i>ay, in addition to th<> l»onuH, an annnnl ground i»>nt of $LMt() per nquare mile, and furthei-, a royalty of ;> per c<'nt. on his moniJily account; To keep correct ])Ooks, .-uid Hi>l»mit the same for the inspection of tlie col- lector of dues whenever re<|uired. The lease shall ht> suhject to forf-ituir for infraction of anv of tlir condi- tions to which it is suhject, or for any frauduh-nt ictiuii. The lessee who faithfully carries out th»'>e conditions shall have thf r«'fusal of tlm sanui limits, if not i'e(|uiit'd for setth-ment. for a fiuthrr term not cxiM-cd- ing l-M years, on payment of tlw^ same amount of l»onus per s(juare mile as was ))aid originally, and on sucli l(>ssee agreeing to such condition**, and to pay siu'h other rates as may he d«iterminegard to ordinary kitchen vegetables, I do not think it possible to surpass the products of Manitoba. "About the first week of October 1 attended an Agricultural show of the products of the Province, held at Fort ( iavvy. I do not remember ever seeing so tine a display of vegetables anywhere. The potatoes, turnips, cabbages, beets, and onions, were of a size ami apparent quality that indiciited the very richest soil. " Let me take the opportunity of reminding you that Manitoba is after all but a \ery small portion of the (ireat Fertile Belt of our Dominion. u The Valley of the Upper Assiniboine with those of its affluents, the Rapid River or ]Attio Sa^ikatchewan, thoShedRivor. theSwun, atul other rivers — and the vallev oni'e Saskiit(;lieuar — stretchii)'); w«'vtward to tlio IJooky Mouiitaitis, con- tains luilliotis u[)on millio.'s of ar/cs of soil as licli as that of the best in Manitoba, witii a nia<^ni(ie(nit climate, and ev( ry reijuisite for sccurin^i the health and ma- tej'ial prosperity of a vast population. "• I can speak with as much certainty of the climate ang, M:initobn, with the Hon. J. II. Po])e. Minister of Agricul ture, at his ofKee, on the II th Febiuaiy, IST-'). They are given here as further evidence respecting th.- p.oduetion- of the -oil and climate of Manitoba: \ 's — and the itains, oon- 1 Manitoba, h and ma- se portions e lived for Lidson Bay n tlie vari- ig notes of anient with katchewan ar to that *ldom any ■>ughed in he middle Hwampy never yet le to Car- alley has le United least de- on. oba,' otor of \gricul further 29 In answer to a question from the Minister, Manitoba aince the 22nd December, 1870. Mr. Spenco said he had l)een m Minister — What time does Spring begin there ? Mr. Spevce — In 1S7I the Spring opened about tlie 1st of April. 'I'he liver is navigable about the 23rd of April. In 1HT2 the Siting set in somewhere al)OUt ten flays later. The first steamer went down early in May. Q. What time do farmers sow wheat there ? A. They sow in April oi' May, from al)Out the loth or 2()th of Api-il to the I. 5th or 2()th May. The S])ring is shorter than it is here, and sets in without any breaks. Q. What quantity of wheat do they raise to tlie acre? A. They raise from thirty to sixty-three bushels to the acre. b'ort> ishels is the average. Q. What is the usual weightper bushel? A. Sixty-two lbs. 1 h'iV(>, iwon told by jKMsons who have seen it, that wheat can b<> cultivat(!d for forty years, continuously, witliout manure. Q. What about oats and barley, and root crcjps? A. The barley sown there is very tine; the oat'^ not so good. Jjuckwheat has never been tried. Root crops are extraordinary. Cabbage and cauliMower grow almost of thcur own accord. Cabbages grow to a very large size. Potatoes and turnips are very t'ne, also m^^uigolds. Sugar beet has never been grown, but some ])arties think of trying it. Tornj'toes. if they were to tak(\ the sanii' trouble as in this country, would answiM' well. \'ery little attention is ik\'u\ to scientific farming. The gras-^es hav<^ iiot l>eeu tlK)r*)U believed to l^e Itotter than that of Minnesota. I believe there is no country where the soil is equal to it. Q. What time do they usually cut the grain? v. At the latter i)art of July and begnming of Augu-st Q. What time does winter set in '' m A. Wintm- usually «et« in about the first of December, sometimes a little earlier, 'i'ln^ snow lasts till the first of April. Q. How many niounths could you plough in? A. Five, if not six. Part of April, May, June, July, August, Heptember, and part of ( )ctohor. Q. As to the cold in Winter? A. The air is drier than it is here, and the cx)ld is not felt so much. Q. What about Summer? A. The greater part of the Summer is pretty hot. The theimometer ranges about ninety degrees; have seen it go up to ninety-six degrees. There is not niu(;h rain. (^. Supposing you were a man without means and with a family, would you go there? A . A man without means has a better chance there than he would have by going into bush land. Fuel is more accessible there than in the prairie. If you go back fifty or sixty miles you come to timber lands. Tiie whole of this evidence is of the same character, and to precisely the same effect, as that taken by a Committee of the Senate in iSTO; a summaiy of which was })ublished in a sheet for the " Infoimation for Intending Emigrants in IH72," a copy of which may be obtained on applictition to Mr. Dixon, Dominion Emigration Agent, 11 Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C., London ANALYSIS OF SOIL BY A GERMAN CHEMIST. The following is an analysis of the soil of the Province of Manitoba, by Pro fessor V. Emmerling, Director of the ( 'hemic^d Laboratory of the Agricultin-al Association of the University of ael, Ilolstein, (Jermimy. This scientific analysis confirms in a remarkal)le mnnner the rei)orts which have been received of the great fertility of the soil of Manitoba. (TKAXSL.vriON 01' LKTTKIi TO SEXATOR KMIL KLOTZ.) '•Kiel, 2yth April, 1872. *' Hox. Senator, "The analysis of the Manitol>a soil is now completed, and the result is in IO(»,()(K) parts:— Pot.ish 22S.7 Soditun 3o.(S IMiosphorie Acid 69.4 binie 682. Magnesia 16.1 Nitrogen 486.1 ' ' Yours truly, (Signed), Y. Ejdibrling. 31 EXTRACT FROM LETTER OF SENATi ' EMU. KLOTZ TO JACOB E. KLOTZ, AOEXT FOR TflE DOMINION GOVERNMENT. " Kiel, 4th May, 1872. " Aftnr considorablo delay, I succoodod in obtaining thoanalysis of tho Mani- toba soil from Professor Emmerling, Director of the Chemical Laboratory of the Agricultural Association of this ])lace, and hope it may be of service *o you. Annexed I give you our analysis of the most j)ro(luetive soil in FTolstein,* whereby j'ou will see how exceedingly rich th(> productive (qualities of tho Mani- tpV)a, soil are, and whicli fully explains the fact that the land in Manitoba is so very fertile, even without manure. ''The chief nutrients are, first, nitrogen, then potash and phosphoric acid which predominates there; but what is of particular imj^ortance is the lime con- tainted in the soil, whereby the nitrogen is set free, and ready to be al)sorbed in vegetable organisms. Tlie latter i)roperty is defective in many soils, nnd when it is found defective, recourse must be had to artificial means by putting lime or marl (a clay which conttiins much lime) upon the same. << According to the analysis of the Manitoba soil, there is no doubt that the farmer who desires to select for his future home a country which has tho most productive soil and promises the ricliest iiarvests, no country in the world offers greater attractions than the Province of Manitoba, in the Dominion of Canada." ANALY.SLS OF THE IK STEIN .SOIL AND AIANITOBA SOIL COMPARED. llolstein Excess of properties .Soil. of Manitoba Soil. Potash :M) 198-7 Sodium 20 13-8 Phosphoric Acid 40 29-4 lame 130 552-6 Magnesia Jo 6-1 Nitrogen 40 446-i (Sd.) EMIL KLOTZ. To J. E. Klot'/, Esq., Agent for Dominion of Canada, . Kiel. anitoba anb |l0ri^-3tttfst €txntoxm. Af'tei' tlic lOtli of. I line next, emigrants hitvin^' tlirou^yi tickets, will be went iVoiri Toronto to Fort (lurry, Maii;tol)a, at the Ibllowing rates : — ToHoNTo TO PRINCE ARTHUR'S I.AND1Ns. i)ersonal baggiige IVt'f. Extra baggage, 35 cents i)er 100 lbs. PRTNX'E ARTHUR'S bANDL\(J To FoRT GARRY. Emigrants, $10; ('hildien under twelve years, halfi)rice, U(M) lbs. i)ersonal !iaggag»> t're(>. Extra luggage, $12.50 per lOO lbs. Emigrants should take their ownrations. Provisions will, however, be I'ur- nislu>(lat cost i)rice., at Shebandovvan, Foi't Frances, and the North-West Angle of the Lake of the Woods, TllKoU(in TICKETS FOR FMIORaXTS T( • FORT (iARRY VIA PRINCE ARTHURS LANDlNCi, Can l)e had at Toronto, at tiie Stations of the Northern, (rreat Western, and orted from Prince Arthur's Landing to the eastern terminus ol' the Fort Carry road, North- West Angle, at the rate of $'2, per 100 lbs., or .i^40 j.er ton of l>,(MMI lbs. Each i>ie( r ji-ckage to be of convenient size, not exceeding 300 lbs. in weight, and to be tirmly hound or fastened. !bti{sio. OxKN. \Va(,<;()ns, and heivy ai'ticles, such as (tasthigs and machint'vy can l>e s(Mit through to tlie same point, on giving due notice and making special arrangements for the conveyance of tlie same. No wines ())• sjiirituous liijuors will lie taken over the route from Prhice Arthui''s Landing. Bv direction. F. BRAUN, Ijli-'a.kt.mlnt ok Plbi.ic WuUKs. Ottawa, March 2(jth, [X'lo. ^JfiCKETAKy. mts. v\\\ l)e sent [NGWOOD s. ])ei'.sonal s. personal or, ho I'ur-