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 '=V-i .iCc 
 
 
 GENERAL REPORT 
 
 ON THE 
 
 COWICHAN VALLEY. 
 
 Col.- Skc. OkfU'K, 
 Viitoi'M. ■-'Jnil Miiivli l!^l!0. 
 Tliefollowiii;^ Ui'liort \\\w\\ tlieJ'oiiiiti'y iit' tlic Cowicli- 
 llil Villi (.'V (■(jiiliiiuiM;;' iiiiittuf ot'iiitoi'ist to tin.' rulilii', is 
 licrcwitli |mllli^lu■(l tov ^.'l'iu'ImI iiirorm:iliim. 
 tiy Cuiumainl ot' Ili-i Iv^iTlk'iicy, 
 
 \V1IJ,I.\M A. (I. VOIWC. 
 
 Actili^r Culoiiiill .Suci'ct;ir\-. 
 
 (IKNKIlAr, ItKl'OltT ()\ Till', COWICIIAN' VAl.l.MV. 
 
 To .(o.sc|i'i Di'.^pai-il l'(.'iiil)i'rtoii Ksi(.. Coloiiinl Siii'- 
 
 vcyoi', «Vl'. 
 
 Ski. — I boL;' liMVC ti) saliiiiit lor vo'.u iiironiiiitioii tlu' 
 follow iii;^- ri'miirli.s oil tlio c.iii.iliilUic.i of the Cowii'h.iii 
 ViilK'V. 
 
 Til ■ Vnllry iM;iy 'lo fairly considercl as i^tioiit loiuilc^ 
 wi'U' ii|>oii ilii' .-^i-.i cua.-t, liiit luii'i'ov,',-; ri;|iidly as \V(^ 
 iisci'ii'l til.' riviM'. iii<OMiiii'li, t!i;it ti]ioii tli(' W'esleily 
 limit of the ~ur'.ry i I 1 iiiilus iVoiil tlio Coast) it li.is 
 a wi.Uli of only o I'.iilc^ Tlif siirfaru lliroir^lioiit is 
 citiR-r uiiil'oniily \^\A. or Tu's in gout'.u swells, an. I iiiitil 
 llii.' Mountain siiks are attaiiu'il, soarcfly any rocks or 
 lionl.'o'v; are fonii>!. tlic ror'vy !<nulls ;'iil Iciljcs so fre- 
 ipU'Ully loiiml ornirrin;;' ill tlu' soulln'i'ly ]ia|-ts of the 
 Ishuiil almost entirely ilisapiicar. ll is well watered liy 
 the Cowiehaii river and its iinnieroiis lril>ntarie~. 
 lli.;Ii ran;;es of ni inntaiiis believed to I)0 of se.otidary 
 fornnition, with i.'.ili'areoiis freestone, or Carlionate of 
 l,iiii;', form a!'!io.-t iin;ii-s:i'de harriers toward-; Ih.i 
 North and South, and tin; whole siili-idinieo ol' land lie- 
 Iw.'eii thesu mountains is evidently a deimsii l>ron;.dit 
 ilo\' II liy the water-. T!io dlslineti\e nature ol'tlie soils 
 lliron^lioiit the Cowieh.ni Valley is C.ilearious, soein- 
 iiii^ly fiU'iiied liy llie dei:oni|iositioii of Limestone roel<, 
 for wiiile the otlier iirineiples oi eiy in dilfereiit decrees, 
 tho [ifoiiurtios ot Carboiiaio of i/ime almost iuvarialdy 
 prcdoeil, ate. There is iisiiiilly a de|ith of two or three 
 feet, restiiii;' uiicni a siiilirieutly retentive sub-oil (jf 'due 
 (day or j^ravel. T!ie I'.arihs. eliielly lij;ht, very |io;'(ins, 
 and eonntosed of due iii'o]iortions ot ehiy. >.\w\. eirbo- 
 luite of lime, and ve;4elalde remains, lire well Ouiisti- 
 luteil for iib.'iorbinji and ret. lining' moisture, and tlie "eii- 
 
 enil color from brown to blaek. wdtli tho entire nb-eneo 
 of ehalky or white earths, would likewise ilidieiite a fa- 
 vorable soil I'm- reeeiviii^f and retaiiiiii;^ heat. Sain;des 
 taken from the .'^omeiios I'lains were found by ex|ieri- 
 nient to alivirb water snOiident I i increase the olnni ! 
 of soil from one-(dii-htIi to inie-lifth of its wlnde liulk. 
 The low ^rroiind-; are L'ood.and wonhl easily be broiijiht 
 into a state lit tor cultivation. The only eveeptioiis are 
 those lyiiiH- immediately at the foot of Mount I'revost 
 and the I >iiamiiehaii mountains, ivhrre llic soil restiii..^ 
 upon massive roidv, has been eoiiverfcd into a spmiLry 
 well I'aliulum, and gnol for nothiiiL''. Miiidi of t!ie 
 river bottom is a clay loam of a broun color, and a:i 
 exeidleiit soil for wheal, beans, turnips ami red clover, 
 'flic alluvial deposit of tiie \'.illey is. however, fir from 
 beiii^' all of .1 cl.iyy nature, in many parts, eliielly on 
 tlie southerly side. I'.ie monid re-:ts uvon a irraveily. an 1 
 cwii a s.indy deposit. This i-: llkewi-e a riidl soil as 
 may lie ^^'tiw from the' alinnd.. t crops uf pntiiioes 
 (aiiioie.,'' t!ie most exhan-tiii'.;' jil.inl-) raised by the In- 
 dians upon the sanij [latehes of land tor x series of 
 y.'urs. 'I'he I'lain lands have soils either ;4ravelly, or 
 sandy and Ljr.'vi liy loams, eli;.;'ible tor lia.dey, oat-, rye, 
 buckwheat, beaij,-. peas, and tiie root and lecf cro[is, 
 potatoes, t nruip<. and carrots, '.vilii ili.j other iH.i.il 
 e'arden vegetables. The humidity of the atm ispher,; 
 may prove a b.irrier to the enltui'e of IiidiaM corn. I 
 am un.ildi' to s.iy, but 1 lelicve that ,iiis ;;ra'.n will oiu.' 
 day form a sta|de, as it will assuredly form a |irolilalde 
 coniitiodity, biuh of eimsiimptioii and export. Wheat 
 m.!v likewise be siiccesslully raised upon most of the 
 Soils in tlicdr natural state, and liv piopiu- tillage, upon 
 all. .\nd I am lirinly persnadc-d that under a common, 
 judicious system of liirmine-. as ji'ood returns can be 
 obtained from these lands as in any part ol' tho 
 t'ontinent ot' .Vnuu'ica. The eliinalc, it may lie noted, is 
 one esiieeia'ly ada|ited to the pursuits of agriculture, 
 not being subject to the heats and droi'glits of (."iiliforiiia- 
 or to the colds oCtlie (iilnn' "riti.-h American I'rovinees, 
 and the Ivis.ern I'nited .-^t.ues. The loamy soils eviuw- 
 where possessing a depth of two or three leci, and enii- 
 laining a large proportion of the calearioiis prinidplo 
 lire e.-.peeiallv eligible for fruit culture, and the or. k 
 
 1C1 
 
■ii;iill> HlMUI:il IllC ^uiiU'llo-; lill I 
 
 (.l;i:ilil;li'li;in liiiKO- 
 
 liIiiMiiiil-: i:i liil'u'O livers Piiil ::ill:ill .-•yciuil.-' 
 
 with II samly r\.w siih^oil aro cxiccilin-ly woll a'l,i|ilril ^nuil falls cxi.-l ii >hu!-l di-laii."/ alidvc llir inoiilli of 
 r'.ii- iVnit (ir -anii!i I'l'";'"-'-- Annm;-- thf iialivc liiiil-. Mill i ri't'k, in ilic t-;iiinMii,iaii I>i.-:rict, ami lliis crcok 
 tile lilaoklu'iry. iiiiil'n.'ri'y, ra-piicrr;, 
 
 sliu\>'ieiTy. j^-iaisc- lias lilio fiU'ililii'S liir mills al vai'idii.- cilliia' ]r.iinls !■) 
 
 ,11.1 h:_'li liiisii cvaiiberrv woiilil re(|iiiri.^ its jiiiu'ticm witli tlic (Jdwicliaii river. (»ili(-'i' .-Irt'Hiii:! 
 
 ]iiiiiis (iv cnlMra Ic i-.n'.liici' luxuriiiiitly. Tli.' alloi'.! ii sulMaieiit fxiniil (if water iirivili'.ui'.s lo answer 
 
 stniwli.'ii'v ifrdws on llic jilain lami iiea'ly art (lie ;-ci|iiiri,i(nts oC ii lar-'e ]ii'iiiila; imi, liUl lliese i.re ail 
 
 ii.'ri'v. eiii'i'.iu'. 
 
 !l..' 
 
 laii;'.' IIS lliU ;.rir 
 verv luniiero;:-, 
 
 lien fruit. Tile var 
 \ lew oiilv were nil 
 
 ,'l|e.: of iilanls are in!iu,.i a; a .lisianec u!' -everal mils '.'vnm llie enar-l. 
 leil urin.'. ia,^' on llie 'j'iie si'.liu.ui i ■ aljiiniliiiil, "loili ii|MMi liii' i-oasl ami in liie 
 
 ]il.;iii,~ iiimI m.-.uio,v lamls, iiiiion.L' v, liic 
 
 hare llie follii'.v- river, iini! wil'.i the hcrrilij;- lislieries. will iimioul>le.lly 
 
 lir.incli of ( 
 
 : Wiiii I'oa. wil.l iijans, jrnniml nut. elovei'. Held prove a Inerative lirancli of eni)i!oymeiit lo a imrt ot llie 
 
 lolhy. ree'l I'litiir" iio]iiilalion. 'I'lie eoil lisli ami niiiiu rous oilier 
 
 sliir.vlii'rrv, wiiii oat. en', jrr.iss, w i 
 
 i'ieaili)W-ra,-,s. l(nii;S|)eiu' e-rii,''S. sweet^'russ. iii,--!uislrieii l.iiiils are also ea;i--lit in (|iiiinl;lies liy the Imlians. in 
 fern, cowriio.erow foot, uiuler eres,^,liiitriil:ie I). 'rry. will !raver,-ir.;;- ',lio eonnlry several (leseriptiuiis o!' e-iiiiie 
 
 suullower, niari,; 
 
 .)1,1. wi'nl letliiee, nettles, will! iin;.;eliea, were met with, anion;;' wliirh were the elk. ilee, , arouse. 
 
 wiM lillv. broad leiifed rnsh, ami roed riisli. Tiie leru and wild pie'-'ons, dnek, and wildeeese. Kroiii my idi- 
 
 iitlaine.s the trreat liig-ht of six or irjlit feel, and tlie ,-;.,reations and from the .supplies •oiistanlly b:o!ii;lit in 
 
 uisarov.-ili. The chief ecoiioin- li\- the Indian.^ it wa> at oueo inferred that tlte eonnlry 
 
 1 oak, neither (d' whieh attain. was pi ■iilii'ully ,-loiki,Ml with iimst kimls of game. Tlio 
 
 sses Inive all a vin'on 
 
 ieal wooiis. are pine and oal<, 
 however, to the irrcat si/.e ohscrvahie in the oilier parts 
 ui'tiie hdaud. The following are some of the tree.; and 
 shriilis : (),ik. reil or sv>-a!n;i maple, alder, trailin.a- ar- 
 l.uiii-. h(d,- lie lie;-he. erah appi'', hazel nut, red ahler, 
 willow, balsam poiilar. piteli pine, ami v.'.rious olinr 
 .i'lecics, balsam f.r. ee.lar. barberry, wild reii elierry, 
 v.ii.l blackberry, yellow plum, choke cherry, black mid 
 red ras]iborry, prickly iiur[ile raspberry, swamp rose, 
 iicavlierry, rc«i rider, moo.-eiicrry. ,-m)W berry, idiielierry, 
 i'iliiicrry, whortleberry, cranberry, red and while iniil- 
 le rrv. li i,~ IndieVk'd that the country surveyed uiil 
 prove rieii ill llie economic minerals, >uuicici!tly so to 
 jusliiv iiie (i,iverniiieiit ill cau.-iaL: an invesli..;aliou lo 
 he uiadc a! liic iiriepcr time. Malleable lii le and iV'je- 
 stoue for building purposes are aliundant. e, iili marble. 
 Iron both boL' and niouiitain ores. Indications ol n(dd 
 were remarkcl by tlie piirty upon the soiitiierly .-lope U' 
 .Moanl I'revust, but no value was allached to these. 
 Water privileges I'or the purpose of mills and inachinery 
 are not fre'[ueni along the ciiasi. altiiougli the region 
 
 Cowicliau Ib.rbor is somewhat, exposed to tlie ,'>. li. 
 wiiiils wliicli. however, iireof rareoccurrence. Thusmall 
 l!ay ruiuiing tiii in the Olh range of the Cowieliaii Dis- 
 trict tonus a good Harbor and aucliorage. The a,'cc-s 
 to the Cowiehan valley oy water is al all limes ea>y, 
 tiie di-taiice from Victoria lieir.g ab.uit :!.", miles, by 
 la.nd llie comniiinieatioii will be more ililiicull. i'ass- 
 iii.'- iiy llie held id' the Sa.iiiicli Inlet and along its west 
 bank ilie dis'.ancc would probably be bi miles, and il 
 is believed no natural ob,-tacle.s would be found to reii- 
 ilcr the undertaking a very expensive one. The whole 
 area survevcd is ,'i7,i'.,'>S acri's. ofwiiich, 1,'i.iHMl acres id' 
 jduiu and prairie land iiiny be sot d.own as superior 
 agricultural lands, tlie reni.'iiniiig portion b.^diig xvdod- 
 laud, eiilicr oi'ii or thick, and which will lii;ewise be 
 uliimately occupied. 
 
 1 have the honor to be, Hir, 
 
 Your most Obt, .'<ervt, 
 
 Ib.ivKU W^:LI.^, 
 
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