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Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film^s .4 des taux de reduction diff^rents. Lorsque ic document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul cliche, il est film6 d partir de Tangle supdrieur gauche, de gauche d droite. et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n^cessaire. Las diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 I Mi «•V ,.^_ .3 V :j:j^ Classical Tcxt-l^ooh Sciics CAESAR'S «tit i BELLUM GALLICUM, (U. I., CMArTKU.S I. WMII.) WITH IMKoDlCToltV NoTK'KS, SOlKH AM) ('oMPLKTK V(K AIUI.AKY, KOll TIIK 1 «K. UK v.. i'. CLASSKS KKADING R)R DKPARTMKNTAL AND INIVKKSITY KXAMINATIONS. BV JOHN HENDERSON, M.A., HKAK MASTKK, HI. ( ATMARlNKH COLLKOIATK INMTITITK. t . •«•'-. I TORONTO: THE COFP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED, U FRONT STKKKT WEST. 1887. ?A o ^ r •A( " 1 Kiiteicd accordiiijf to Act of the P? lianient of Canada, in the year one thousaml fitfht hundred an(U'ij;hty-seven, '-v THK COI'l», CLAKK COMPANY, I.I.MITKD, Toronto, Ontario, in the Ottioe of the Minister of Aj,'ric'iilture. PREFACE The present edition is designed to meet the wants of students reading for Seeond Class ('ertificates and University Pass Matriculation. The notes have been purposely made c«>i)ious and full. When it is renieni- hered that Vergil is usually put into the hands of a schrnd hoy at a very early jieriod of the course, and that the Aeneid is realy a difficult book for a junior j)U])il, no ajtologv need lie offered for the assistance given in this edition. The oltject of the notes is princi{>ally to explain the grammatical difficulties that occur. The latest edition of Hark- ncss's Latin (irammar (Standard Kdition of 1881) is referred to. In regard to Orthography, though some fonns not usually met with in ordinary eilitions have been introduced, the rea,' Jie neus or clan), and tlie viii/nitnum (telling- the /aiiiihO. Thus ("aiiis is a praciinttivn, .liilius is a nmuvn, ilnd Caesar, a cogiioinen. Sometimes an aijnoiiwn was added for honor.iry distinetion as A/ricainiK to I'. Cornelius .Si'ii)io. - Momnisen (Hist, of Home, Vol. HI., l.'s) argues that Caesar wjvs born ](i2 H.C His main reason for .assiKuijig this date is that the lex annali», which jirescrihed the mininiuni aj;e at which a citizen could hold certain ottices, was observed in Caesar's case. U.v this law no one could hold the c|uaestorship before he was 34, the aeflile.ship before 37, the praetorship Itefore 41, the consulship before 43. By referrintr to the chronological table the plausibility of tlie argument would appear. In answer to this we may say that : (1) the law was not always observed ; (2) Suetonius represents Caesar as 1« years of age when his father died ; (3) Plutarch. Suetonius and Appian, state that Caesur was 5« years of age when he was assassinated. * Laudes UerculiJi and Oedipus were among his youthful poems. J VI LIFK OF CAF.SAH. lieli-iithiil Cl>)l:iUtia. Cornelia. (foes to the lielateil to His aunt Julia was married to C. Marius. To this relation- sliip may \>c ascrihed the fact that Caesar at the early age of 14 was appointed to the office of priest of Jai;pi. Minucius Thermus. lie seems to have remained in the Kast for about four years, distinguishing himself for jiersonal bravery at the siege of Mityleneand in the war against the Cilician pirates. On the report of Sylla's death, 78 H.C., he came home. Tire tactics that Caesar adopted at this time to further the interests of his party showed his consummate skill as a political leader. The Roman .Senate had become utterly powerless to deal with the duty of administering pro])erly the government. The lower classes thronged with turl)uleiit crowds the cities, in consequence of the free labour of the Italian provincials being in a great measure supplanted by slave labour. Ever since the days of the (Jracchi opposed to this democratic element was the Composition Senate, conservative in its nature, being composed of men whose '/ "'!' interests were likely to suffer if the democratic element should Senate. ■' get any power in the state. In the midway between these two The three forces we have the wealthy class led by such men as Crassus, parties at without any aristocratic antecedents, on the one hand opi)Osed Home. "^ , /,, ,, , , , to democracy as men of afnuence naturally are, and on the other oi)posed to the old families who simply prided themselves in having their tlescent through a long line of ancestors. In fact the history of Rome from the middle of the second century, B.C., down to the time of Augustus, presents little more than Return.i home. Tactics 0/ Caesar. LIFK OF CAKSAR. vii the tical ;s to cut. , in ing the llie (he intrigues of wily politicians who by imscrupulousness endeavoured to supplant each other in the favcnir of the people. Ca-.'sar attempted to show that the Senatorial {government of the f^'jl"'' provincials was thoroughly corrupt. He indicted Cn. Doiaheila l>i>tatieUa (78 B.C.) and C. Antonius (77 U. C) for extortion. Though '','I|,„„,„^ Caesar lost these causes, he really gamed a triumph, since he proved the utter corruption of the courts which were filk'd by the Senatorial faction. To improve his style in oratory, he ^,.,^,^ ,„ went to the school of Molo, at Rhodes. On the voyage thither /"""'«"*• Caesar's vessel was . ; "\red by pirates at I'harmacussa (now Captured Ftrmaco), one of the .^i orades. lie was detained for forty ''•"'"'■"''''' days, and was not reka.ied till a ransom of $50,000 had been paid. During h' letenuon, h- is said to have joined with these maraudfs in their pons, and to have jestingly told them that he would, when 1.. jrited, have thom crucified. This threat he afterwards made good. Landing at Miletus, he col- lected a small fleet, cn: '.nred them, and brought them to Pergamus, where ihey were executed. He stayed at the school of Molo for two yeais. When absent from Rome, Caesar was elected pon/i/ex. This /.;;,.,.^,,,/ office could be held only by one residing in the cajiital, and p'lntifcx. thus he was compelled to return. A reaction had meanwhile W'actinn set in opposed to the policy of Sylla. With the Consulship '>''^'"/'!^' I'ompey and Crassus (70 B. C.) a reform had been introduced i'<'/'Vv/ by restoring the rights of the tribunes and the censors, and by remodelling the Senate. Hoth Pompey and Caesar supported these reforms. In 68 B. C, Caesar became quaestor, and by Elected virtue of this office he was entitled to a seat in the Senate. lie '^"'"^'* *""' went soon after his election with Antistius Vetus into S; ain, and took up his residence at Corduba (now Cordm^a). One of the chief duties of the quaestor was to attend the provincial assizes (convetitiis), and settle the disputes that arose between jirovincials. In this office he displayed a spirit of equity and moderation in striking contrast to the policy of his predecessors. His popularity gained for him many adherents, who, in after days, flocked to his standard at the l)attle of Munda. It was during this year that he lost his wife Cornelia. Caesar married Pompey's cousin, Pompeia, in the following ^|/^.,.^,g^ year. No doubt this union was concluded for political reasons. I'ompeia- Pompey was now in the height of his fame. This very year he was appointed by the Gabinian law (/ex Gahinia) sole com- Vlll LIFE OF CAESAR. Elected cnruk aedile. Caenar ponti/ex maxiinut!. Elected praetor. Propraetor o/ Spain. First Tri- ll liwi rate. Julia, Cuexar's dauijhtir, married to PonqiCiJ. Ooes ti Haul. (rallic ciimpairf), ■% LIFE OF CAESAR. IX the 'o ar's le- he he •ith ;he Caesar in the third campaign broke up a coalition of the tribes B.C. ■'«. of the north-west of Gaul, which had united against him. Dur- ing this year, he renewed the agreement with Pompey and Crassus, who covenanteen books. This work contains an account of the conquest of Gaul, from B.C. 58 to B.C. 52. In the first book we have the conquest of the Ilelvetii mentioned, and in the seventh book the death of Clodius is referred to as lately having taken place. As the death of Clodius happened B.C. 52, we may assume that the events recorded happened between these two dates. An eighth book was added by Aulus Hirtius to complete the events to 51 B.C. (h) Commeittarii de Hello Civili, in t/ine books. This gives an account of the civil wars down to the time of the LIFE OF CAESAR. XI his l.C. of of :he [he ith to lis lie Alexandrine war. The history of the Alexandrine, African, and Spanish campaigns were afterwards added. Hirtius probably wrote the accovint of the Alexandrine campaign ; Oppius, that of the African ; the account of the Spanish war was written probably by a centurion of Caesar's army, according to Niebuhr, who discovers a change in style and expression from that of the other two accounts. (2) Lost Works : — (a) Afiticato. A reply to Cicero's panegyric on Cato Uticensis, who fell at Thapsus, B.C. 46. (/>) De Analogia, or as Cicero calls it, De Rationc I.atine lotjitendi. Dedicated to Cicero, and written when Caesar was crossing the Alps. (c) Libri Auspicmum or Augttralia. Published B.C. 63, when Caesar was Pontijex maxinius. (d) De Astris. Published also B.C. 63. (e) Apotheginata, or Dicta Collectanea. A collection of witticisms made at different times. ( f) Poemata ; nearly all written in his youth. To these belong Oedipus, Laudes Hcrcidis, and Iter (describing his journey from Spain, B.C. 46). ^ III. THE CONQUEST OF GAUL. In the year 6cx) B.C., the Greeks of Phocaea, in Asia Minor, g'/w/i emigrated and settled at Massilia (now Marseilles). On the *^"^'"^'"'- conquest of Asia Minor by Cyrus, the Great, many of their countrymen joined the Phocaeans ; and soon the young Greek colony rose to power. The inhabitants of Massilia became the leaders in learning and commerce, and established colonies along the neighbouring coast of the Mediterranean. As the Greek colonies encroached on the wild barbarians, wars naturally arose. In 154 B.C., the Ligurians besieged Antipolis and Nicaea, two dependencies of Massilia, when the Massiliots called in the aid of the Romans, by whose aid the Ligurians were defeated, and part of the territory of the Ligurians given to the Massiliots. Another attack soon after (125 B.C.) was made by the Ligurians, who were reduced a second time. The army of C. Sextius Calvinus. after three campaigns, plundered their territory, and reduced the inhabitants to slavery. Near Massilia, (ionianx. xu LIFE OF CAESAR. Aquae SfXtiae. Fcv(h. he founded the town of Aquae Sextiac (now Aix), which ob- tained its name from the hot springs of the neighbourhood. About this time, the Aedui and Allobroges were at war. 'I'he Arverni, the most powerful of the Galiic tribes, aided the Allo- broges, while the Aodui concluded a treaty with the Romans. In 121 H.C., Cn. Domitius defeated the Allobroges at Vinda- lium, a little above Avi^uou ; and in the same year the Gallic confederates were defeated by the united armies of Cn. Domitius and Q. Fabius Maximus, near the junction of the Isere and the Rhone. The country of the Allobroges was reduced to a Roman province, and received the name Proviucia. Massilia, however, still retained her independence. Within the next succeeding years, the Romans enlarged the boundaries of the original Provincia, which extended at first from the Alps to the Rhone, by retiucing that portion of (iaul from the Rhone to the Pyre- nees, thus keeping open the road to Spain. Ciiiihn and j,, j j , HQ^ the whole of Italy was thrown into consternation by the invasion of the Cimbri and Teutones. After wandering about the Northern Italy, they entered Gaul and attacked the Roman Province. In log B.C. they defeated the Consul, M. Successive ' (ie/eatnofthe )\ii^\ns .Silanus. The Romans sustained another defeat two """*■ years later when they attempted to keep back the Tugurini, one of the Helvetic cantons who were attempting to enter Gaul. In this battle fell L. Piso, the grandfather of Caesar's father-in-lan-. In io6 B.C., Q. Servilius Caepio sacked Toulouse, which had formed a league with the Cimbri and Teutones, This temporary gain was followed by a crushing defeat inllicted on the Roman.s near the banks of the Rhone by the Cimbri and Teutones, The Cimbri separated from the Teutones and laid waste all the land between the Rhone and the Pyrenees. While the Teutones remained on the East of the Rhone, the Cimbri turned back from the Pyrenees, joined the Teutones, and then jiassed the Alps. Marius, who had gained great glory in the Jugurthine war, was sent against the invaders. He hastened to Southern Gaul, and defeated the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, 102 B.C. Ill the following year he met the Cimbri at Vercellae and crushed them in battle. Ciinhri and Teiitiiue» xe pa rate. Defeat of Teutones and Chnbri During the civil war, Sertorius, a follower of Marius, stirred up the Aquitani to revolt. The revolt, however, was unim- /o^riV/Hf* o/ PO""^^"'- During the Consulship of Cicero, Catiline attempted to cany out his nefarious conspiracy. He and his associates Catiline. LIFE OF CAESAR. X111 attempted to gain over the deputies of the Allobroges, who were on some mission at Rome, to join the conspiracy. These deputies betrayed the proposals to the Consul. The Allobroges not being successful in their mission, and jierhaps instigated by the representations of Catiline, took up arms and defeated Manlius Lentulus. In a second battle, however, they were defeated by Pomptinus. The Aedui, proud of their alliance with Rome, began to lord it over the other tribes. The Sequani funned an alliance with the Arverni. These two tribes invited Ariovistus, a (lerman, , . . , to assist them against the Aedui. Soon the Aedui were reduced invited. to submission. Their chief, Divitiacus, went to Rome, and implored the aid of the .Senate. The Se(|uani meanwhile found out that Ariovistus from being an ally turned to be their mrster. He demanded a third part of the territory of the .Setjuani, and being refused, defeated them in battle at Magetobriga. After this he ruled them with unbearable insolence. In li.C. 60, a report reached Rome that the Helvetii, like the Etniinniinn Cimlni and Teutones, were preparing for a grand emigration. "' /''''''''"■ The plan was under "le direction of Orgetorix, a wealthy Helvetian noble. Seeing the fertile plains of Caul, they were dissatisfied with their own land. In the previous year a decree had been passed at Rome, that the Governor of Ciaul for the time being should protect the allies of the Roman people. In the next year 59 B.C., Julius Caesar was Consul. Consulship, P. Vatinius proposed a law giving Caesar the government of Gaul and lUyricum fc"- five years. Caesar's object was to complete the conquest of Gaul. He remained at Rome till after the exile of Cicero. Soon after this IJ.C. 58, he hastily set out for Gaul, on the reiiort that the Helvetii were '^'^'j'^,"""" on the move westward. During his Cai'^">\ ^ Consul. ites IV. THE ROMAN ARMV. In ancient limes of Rome, the army was drawn in a solid mass ( />/m/a>ix}, a method very common among tlie Macedonians, and ptrhai)s ilerived from them. Camillus (circa, 390 B.C.) is said to have broken up the phalanx into smaller bodies, called mampiili, capable of acting indepemlently and also in concert. The whole legion was arranged in three lines. In the first [hastati) were the youngest men, in the second (prituipes) were II N XIV LIFE OP CAESAR. men in the full vigor of life, and in the third (triarii) were the veterans. Each line contained ten maiiipuli, arranged in the following fashion : Hastati : — — — — — — — — — — Principes : — — — — — — — — — — Each mantptilnH of the two first lines contained two ctntiiriae, each commanded by a centurio. The centurian commanding the right century of the manipuli was staled centurio prior, the one commanding the left century, centurio posterior. Light armed troops (7'elites) were attached, twenty, to each century Thus we have ; Hastati: lo manipuli, 120 men^20 centuries, 60 men= 1,200 Principes: 10 " 120 " =20 " 60 " = 1,200 Triarii: 10 " 60 " =20 " 30 " = 600 .30 60 3,000 To every century, 20 velites= 1,200 4,200 This was the triplex acies referred to so often by Caesar. To ■ each legion were attached 10 turma, or squadrons of cavalry of 30 men each, each turma being sub-divided into three dccnriae of 10 men each ; each decuria was headed by an officer called decurio. To Caesar or Marius is ascribed the custom of drawing up the legion of cohorts. Each legion, when complete, had regularly 6,000 men, divided into 10 cohorts {cohortes), each cohort divided into 3 maniples {manipuli), and each maniple into two centuries (centuriae). The spear [hasta') was given to the triarii, who also seem to have been armed with the pike ( pilum). Hence the two first lines were sometimes called ante-pilani. Officers. The oliicers ol the army were : Centuriom. (*) Centurions (Centuriones) : These were the leaders of the centuries, two in each maniple, six in each cohort, and sixty in each legion. There was a regular system of pro- motion in tne Roman army. The highest centurion was the first centurion of the first maniple of the first cohort, so the lowest would be the second centurion of the third . 1 lie Id LIFK OF CAKSAR. XV maniple of the tenth cohort, the centurions carried a staff". As a badge of authority (h) Military Tribnties ( Trihiiui MUititm) : Theso were six 2Vi7,t(ne«. to each legion : hence ten centurions were under each tribune. (c) Lieutenants (Legati): These were next the general mLcfjafi. command. The cavalry were under the command of the praejecti cqnitiim and deiiirioiies. The -weapons of a Roman soldier were of two kinds : ( I ) O/fenstTe -weapotts. The oriiinary soldier (miles legionarins) Arm». was armed with (a) t/ie Ja7'elin. Of this there were four kinds : pilunt, Jaculmii, liasta, lattcea. The piluin was a strong heavy pike, consisting of a s(|uare shaft of wood four feet long, to the end of which was a strong sharp iron point about two feet long attached. The jaculum was a lighter dart used for hurling, while the hasta was a long spear used for stabbing. The lancea was a light spear with a broad point. The infantry used the ///«///, while the cavalry and light armed troops, the jaculum) hasta, M\A lancea. Some of the latter carried bows (r?r<-«jr, and arrows (sagittae), slings (/n/idae). {]>) Tlie s7ca, trumpet, was straight, and deep-toned. This was used for the signals of advance and retreat for infantry ; (b) lorun and bitccina were crooked, and had a shriller note, and generally used to indicate a change of watch ; (c) litnus, was formed like an augurs staff, and used for cavalry. V. THE ARMY ON TTIE MARCH. The army on the march may be divided into three divisions : (a) (ti^nm-Ji prinium, or van ; (b) cxenitus, agiitcn Ifiiioiiiitii, or main body ; (c) agmen iioz'issif/tnm, or rear. I he \an was generally composed of light armed troops of infantry or cavalry. Their chief duty was to find out the force of the enemy, or to hold the enemy at bay until the main body should arrive. The main l)ody with the baggage train {impedi?>ienta), followed. The rear generally consisted of cavah-y or light armed troops. The average march (ittr Jus(iiin) was from six to seven hours, or from fifteen to twenty miles a day. On the forced march the soldiers often covered fifty miles a day. On the march, the soldiers carried two Roman pecks of grain (fyKtiit'iitiini), cooking utensils ((v/.w), his arms, blanket, and two rampart stakes (z'alli). The private baggage of the soldier was called sarciiiae. VI. THE ARMY IN CAMP. When the army was on the march, men [t/ietalon's] were sent forward to select a suitable place for a camp. If possible, a high ground [locus superior) was sought. The camp was usually square or oblong. An embankment (7'alltun), formed from the ground thrown up from trench (fossa), surrounded the camp. The camp had four gates: (l) porta praeioria, near the praetorium, or general's tent, faced the i ! i LIFE OF CAESAR. XVll I enemy ; (2) porta dccumatta was opposite to this ; (3) porta priiuipalis sinistra on tlie left ; and {4) porta principalis de.xtra on the right. Connecting these two latter gates was the via principalis, and parallel to the street was the via iptintana. Connecting the porta praetoria and porta decumana was the via praetoria. Porta Praetoria. Praetor- iutn. Via Principalis. Via Prim'ipaViH. i 1 Via Praetoria. ! * Via Quintana. Via Quintana. tt s I Porta Decumana. The pickets were generally called excuditorcs ; Z'igiliae were night watches ; cnstodiae were sentinels to guard some particular post. The average pay was about 6^ cents per day. Caesar doubled this. A centurion received 25 cents a day. Besides their regular pay Caesar often gave them the money that accrued from the sale of booty. %n c 1 F d fi d h til A O sc toi CLl su; C. JULII CAESARIS DE BELLO GALLICO COMMENTARIORUM LIBER PRIMUS. I. 'CrALi.iAest oiiinis divisa in partes ties, ciuanim 'unam incolunt Helgae, aliani Aquitani, tertiani, ''qui ipsorum linyiia Celtac, nostra (ialli, appellantur. Hi onines 'lingua, institutis, legibiis inter se ditierunt. Ciallos ab Aquitanis ^i. iarunina tluinen, a IJclj^is Matrona et Seqiiana dividit. Horuni omnium fortissimi sunt ]>clgae, ''prop- terea quod a 'cultu atque humanitate "provinciae longissime absunt, 'minimeque ad eos '"mercatores saepc comnieant, atque ea, "quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent, important; ^^proximicjue sunt (ier- manis, t[ui trans Rlienum incolunt, "quibuscum continentcr bellum {^'■erunt. (,,)ua dc causa Helvetii '\|U(H[ue rclit|U()s (iailos '^virtutc praecedunt, quod fore quolidianis prt)eliis cum Ciermanis conten- dunt, quum aut suis "^Hnibus "eos prohibent, aut ipsi in '*'eorum fmibus bellum gerunt. ''■'Eorum una pars, quam Gallos obtinere dictum est, '^"initium capit a flumine Rhodano ; continetur Garumna tli'.niine, Oceano, tinibus IJelgarum ; attingit ctiam ab Scquanis ct Helvetiis flumen Rlienum ; ^"vcrgit ad septentrioncs. Helgae ab -^extremis Galliac tinibus oriuntur ; pertinent --'ad inferiorem partem tluminis Rheni ; spcctant in septentriones et oricntem solem. Aquitaniaa Garumna t^umine ad I'yrenaeos montes et eani partem Oceani, quae est ad Hispaniam, pcrtinet ; spectat inter '■^''occasum solis et septentriones. I I II. — Apud Helvetios longe noblissimus et 'ditissimus fuit '■'Orge- torix. Is, ■''Marco Messala et Marco Pisone consuliljus, ^regni cupiditate inductus, ^conjurationem nobilitatis fecit ; et '"'civitati per- suasit, ^ut de fmibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent : '^perfacile esse, (H ('. JULII CAEHAKIM c|uiim virtute omnibus "pmestarcnt, '"totiiis (ialliae iinpcrio potiri. 1(1 "hoc facilius eis persuasit, c|uod iiiKli(|iic ''loci natura Hclveti, contiiientur : una ex parte fluuiine Khcno, latissinio atc|ue altissinio, '•'qui a>,Miun Helvetiuni a (leinianis dividit : altera ex parte nionte Jura altissinn» (|ui est inter Sequanos et Hehetios ; lertia, '^lacu Leni.mno et tUunine Khodano, c|ui I'rovinciani nostrani ah Helvetiis dividit. 'Ml is relnis tiehat, ut ct minus late va^arentur, et minus facile tinitimis helium inferre possent : '"([ua de causa homines bellandi cupidi maj^^nodolore afficiebantur. "Pro multitudineautem homimun, ct [)ro j^loria belli atque fortitudinis, anj.;ustos ^e tines habere arbitrabantur. qui in htnj^itudinem millia passuum ducenta ct quadraginta, in latitudinem centum ct octoginta, i)atebant. 1 1 1. — His rebus adducti, et auctoritate Or^etorigis permoti, 'con- stituerimt ea, ipiae ad |)roticiscendum -pertinerent, comparare ; jumentorum et \arrorum ^c|uam maximum numerum coemcre ; ^semcntcs quam maximas facere, ^ut in itinere copia frumenti suppe- teret ; cum proximis civitatibiis pacem et amicitiam contirmare. "Ad eas res conticientlas biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt ; ''in ter- tium annum j)rofecti()nem lege contirmant. Ad eas res conticien- das Orgetorix deligitur. Is sibi legationem ad civitatcs suscepit. In eo itinere 'persuadet Castico, Catamantaledis tilio, Set|uano, cujus pater '"regnum in Seuuanis multosannos obtinuerat et a sen- atu pojiuli Romani "amicus ai)pellatus erat, ut regnum in civitate sua '■''occuparet, quod pater ante habuerat ; itemque Dumnorigi Aeduo, fratri Uivitiaci, qui eo tem|Jore principatum in civitate '^obtinebat, ac maxime plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur per- suadet, eique filiam suam in matrimonium '^ dat. '^f'erfacile factu esse, illis probat, conata perficere, propierea quod ipse suae civitatis imperium obtenturus esset ; "'non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent : '"se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum confirmat. Hac oratione adducti, inter se ^"fidem et jusjurandum dant, '"ct. regno occupato, per trcs potentissi- mos ac tirmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant. IV.— 'Ea res ut Helvetiis ''per indicium enuntiata 'moribus suis Orgctorigem *ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt : Mamnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. 'l^ie constituta causae dictionis, Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam "familiam, *ad hoini- MK liKIJ-O (i.M.IJi u (OMM I. :\ miin millia decern, un(lic|ue coegit ; et oinncs'clientes, ol)aerato-.(|ue suos, c|Uoruni ma^nimi minK'tuin habchat, cculem conduxit : '"per eos, nt causain diceret, se eripuit. (Jmini civitas, ob earn rem in- citata, arniis "jus Mimn exsei|ui •Vonarctur, imiltitiulinem(|iic hcjini- nuni e\ agris nii^fistratus ct^^'erent, Or^elorix niortuus csl : '^nci|iie abest suspicio, ut Helvetii arbitrantur, (|uin i|)sc sibi mortem consciverit. V. — Post ejus mortem 'iiihilo minus Helvetii id, ((uoil ciMi- stituerant, facere conanliir, ^ut e tinibus suis exeant. Ulji jam se ad eam rem parat(is esse aibitrati sunt, '»)p|)ida sua omnia nuniero ad duodecim, vices ad t|uadringentos, reHi|ua pri\at.i aediticia *incen- dunt ; frument^mi omne, praeter c|uod sccum ])ortaturi erant, c om- Ijurunt ; ^it, "domum reditionis spe sublata, paratiores "ad o'nnia pericula subeunda "essent : ''trium mensium molita cibaria sibi quem(|ue domo efiferre jubcnt. Persuadent Rauracis, et Tulin^ds, et Latobri^is, tinitimis, uti, eodem '"usi consilio, oppidis suis viciscpie exustis, una cum iis proficiscantur ; "lioiosciue. cpii trans Rhcnum incoluerant, et in agrum Noricum transierant '-'Xoreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se, socios sibi adsciscunt. VI. — Erant omnino itinera duo, cpiibus Mtineribus Momo exire 'possent : *unum per Set|u;mos, angustum difficile, inter montcm Juram et flumcn Rhodanum, ^vix cjua singuli carri ducerentur ; mons autem altissimus i-npendebat, ut facile pcrpauci prohibere possent : ^alterum per Provinciam nostram, 'multo facilius atcpie expeditius, propterea quod Helvetiorum inter fines et AUobrogum, c[ui '*nuper pacati erant, Khodauus fluit, isque "nonnullis locis vado '"transitur. "Extremum oppidum Allobrogum est, '-proximumciue Helvetiorum finibus Genava. Ex eo oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. '''Allo- brogum sese vel persuasuros, (piod non.dum "bono animo in Popu- lum Romanum viderciitur, existimabant ; '^^-el vi coacturos, ut per '"suos fines eos ire "paterentur. Omnibus rebus ad profec- tionem comparatis, diem dicunt, '\|ua die ad ri[)am Rhodani omnes ^*conveniant : is dies erat ™ante diem quintum Kalendas Apriles, Lucio Pisone, Aulo Gabinio consulibus. VII. — Caesari quum id 'nuntiatum esset, '^eos per Provinciam nostram iter facere conari, maturat 'ab urbe proficisci, et, *quam 4 C. JULII CAESARIS maxiniis potest itineribus, in *Galliam ultcnorem contendit, et ad Genavam pervcnit, M'rovinciae toti quani maximum militum numerum imperat — erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore **Iegio una - pontem, qui erat ad Genavam, jubet rescindi. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvctii "certiores facti sunt, legates ad eum mittunt, nobilissimos civitatis, cujus '"legationis Nameius et \'erudoctius principem ocum obiinebant, "qui dicerent, ''^sibi esse in animo, sine ullo, maletkio iter per piovinciam facere, proptert-a (juod aliud iter haberent nullum : rogare, ut ejus voluntate id sibi facere liceat Caesar, quod ''memoria tenebat, Lucium Cassium consulem '*occi- sum, exercitumque ejus ab Helvetiis pulsum et '•^sub jugum missum, '^concedendum non putabat : '''ncque homines inimico animo, data facultate per provinciam itineris faciundi, temperaturos ab injuria et maleficio existimabat. Tamen, ut '"^spatium intercedere posset dum milites, quos iniperaverat, '"convenirent, legatis respondit, ■'"'diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum , ""'si quid vellent, ante diem Idus Apriles reverterentur. VIII. — Interea 'ea legione, c[uam secum liabebat, militibusque, qui ex Provincia convenerant, a lacu Lemanno, ''qui in flumen Rhodanum influit, ad montem Juram, c|ui tines Set(uanorum ab Helvetiis dividit, millia passuum Mecem novem "murum, in alti- tudinem *pedum sedecim, ^fossanique perducit. Eo opere per- fecto, ^praesidia disponit, castella communit, ''quo facilius, si se invito transire "conarentur, prohibere possit. Ubi ea dies, quam constituerat cum legatis, "*venit, et legatiad eum "reverterunt, negat, se more ct exemplo Poj^uli Romani posse '■'iter uUi per provinciam dare : et, si vim facere '^concntur, '^prohibiturum ostendit. Helvetii, ea ''spe dejecti, "'navibus junctis ratibusque com[)luribus factis, '''alii vadis Rhodani, qua minima altitudo tluminis erat, nonnunquam interdiu, saepius noctu, '*si perrumpere posscnt conati, '"operis munitione et militum concursu ct telis repulsi, hoc conatu desti- terunt. IX— 'Relinquebatur una per Set|uanos via, '^qua, Sequanis invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. His quum "sua sponte per- suadere non possent, legatos ad Uumnorigem Aeduum mittunt, *ut eo deprecatore a Secjuanis impetrarent. ^Dumnorix gratia et largitione apud Sequanos plurimum poterat, et Helvetiis erat I 4 .jH DE BELLO GALLICO COMM. T. [tlS, \)ev- et Irat amicus, (|uocl ':x ea civitate Orgetorij^is ^filii'.n in matriinoniuin duxeiat ; et, cupiditate regni adductus, ^novis rebus stu'-'ohat. **et quani plurimas civitatcs suo sibi beneficio habere obstrictas volel^at. Itacpie rem suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat, "ut per tines suns ire Helvetios patiantur ; obsidesquc uti inter sese dent, pcrticii : ^"Seciuani, ne itinere Helvetios ''prohibeart : "'Helvetii, ut sine maleticio et injuria "transcant. X. — Caesari 'renuntiatur '■^Helv^tiis esse in animo per agrum Sequanorum et Aeduorum iter in Santonum tines facere, cjui iion longe a 'i'olosatium finibus absunt, \iuae rivitas est in I'rovinria. *Id si fieret, intelligebat magno cum provinciae periculo ^futuruni, ut homines bellicosos, Populi Romani inimicos. locis patentibus maxi- mcque frunientariis ftnitimos haberet. Ob eas causas \m munitioni, quam fecerat, Titum Labienum legatum praefecit : ipse 'in Itaham ^magnis itineribus contendit, Muasque ibi legiones conscribit, et tres, quae circum Aquileiam hiemabant, ex hibernis educit : et qua proximum iter '"in uUcriorem Cialliam per Alpes erat, cum his ([uinque legionibus ire contendit. "Ibi Centrones, et draioceh, et Caturiges, '^locis superioribus occupatis, itinere exercitum pro- hibere conantur. ''Compluribus his proeUis pulsis, "ab Ocelo, quod est '''citerioris provinciae extremum, in tines Vocontiorum ulterioris provinciae die septimo per\'enit ; inde in Allobrogum fines : ab Allolirogibus in Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provinciam trans Rhodanum primi. XI. Helvetii 'jam per ^angustias et fines Sequanorum suas copias transduxerant, et in Aeduorum fines pervenera' % eorumque agros *popuhibantur. Aedui, *quum se suaque ab iis defendere non possent, legatos ad Caesarem mittunt ^rogatum auxihum : *''ita se omni tempore de Populo Romano meritos esse, ut paene in con- spectu exercitus nostri agri vastari, lil)eri eorum in servituiem abduci, oppida expugnari non debuerint. Eodem tempore "Aedui Ambarri, "^necessarii et consanguine! Aeduorum, ''Caesarem certi- orem faciunt, sese depopuhitis agris, non facile ab oppidis \ im hostium prohiliere : item Allobroges, qui trans Rhodanum vicos possessionesque habeliant, fuga se ad Caesarem recipiunt, et demon- strant, %ibi praeter agri solum nihil esse reliqui. Quibus rebus adductus "Caesar, non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum, omnibus fortunis sociorum consumptis, in Santonos Helvetii pervenirent. V Y- C. JULII CAESARIS XII. — 'Flumenest Arar, quod per fines Aeduorum et Seqiianorum in Rhodanum influit, 'incredibili lenitate, ita ut oculis, in utrain partem'' tluat, judicari non *possit. Id Hclvetii ^ratibus ac lintribus junctis transibant. Ubi per exploratorcs Caesar certior fact us est trcs jam "copiarum '^partes Helvetios id flumen transduxisse, qtiA, .^^ujirtem vero partem citrr flumen Ararim reliquam esse ; Me tertia vigilio cum legionibus tribus e castris profectus, ad earn partem ])ervcnit, quae nondum flumen transierat. Eos impcditos et inopinantes ^aggressus, magnam eorum partem '"concidit : reli<.|ui fugae sese mandarunt atcjue "in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is '^pagus appellabatur '''Tigurinus ; nam omnis civitas Hehetiain quatuor pagos divisa est. Hie ''pagus unus, quum '*domo exisset, patrum nostrorum '^memoria, ^^Lucium Cassii, consulem inter- fecerat, et ejus exercitum sub jugum miserat. . . -., sive casu, sive consilio deorum immortalium, quae pars civitaJs Helvetiae insig- nem calamitatem Populo Romano intulerat, ea princeps poenas persolvit. Qua in re Caesar non solum publicas, sed etiam privatas injurias ultus est, ''quod ejus soceri Lucii Pisonis avum, Lucium Pisonem legatum, Tigurini eodem proelio, quo Cassium, interfece- rant. XIII. — 'Hoc proelio facto, '^reliquas copias Helvetiorum ut conse- qui posset, pontem in A rare faciendum curat, atque ita exercitum transducit. Helvetii, repentino ejus adventu commoti, \|uum id, quod ipsi diebus viginti aegerrime confecerant, ut flumen transirent, uno ilium die fecisse intelligerent, Icgatos ad eum mittunt : *cujus legationis Uivico princeps fuit, *qui bello Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita "cum Caesare agit : 'si pacem Populus Romanus cum Helvetiis faceret, in cam partem ituros atque ibi futuros Hel- vetios, ubi eos Caesar constituisset atque esse voluisset : *sin bello persequi perseveraret, "reminiscereturet 'Veteris incommodi l^opuli Romani ot "pristinae virtutis Helvetiorum. '^Quod improviso unum pagum adortus esset, quum ii, qui flumen transissent, suis auxilium ferrc non possent, '^ne ob eam rem aut suae magnopere virtuli tribueret aut ipsos despiceret : se ita a patribus majoribusque suis didicisse, ut magis virtute, quam dolo aut insidiis, niterentur. /^ "Quare ne committerct, us^is locus, ubi constilissent, ex calamitate Populi Romani et internecione exercitus nomen caperet, aut me- moriam proderet. DK BELLO OALLICO fOMM. [. 7 Xi\'. 'His Caesar ita respondit : -eo sibi minus dubitationis dari, t|nod eas res, quas legati Helvetii commemorassent, inemoria tenerct : •''atqiie eo gravius ferre, quo minus merito Populi Romani accidisscnt : 'qui sialicujus injuriae sibi conscius fuisset, non fuisse difficile cavere ; sed *eo, deceptum, quod neque commissum a se ''inlelligeret, quare timeret ; neque sine causa timcndum putaret. Quod si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet ; num etiam rccentium injuriarum, quod ^eo invito iter per Provinciam per vim ''tentassent, quod Aeduos, quod Ambarros, qnod AUobrogas vexassent, memo- riam deponere posse P^^Quod sua victoria tarn insolenter gloria- ''rentur, quodque tanidiu se impunc tulisse injurias admirarentur eodem pertinere : '"consuesse enim deos immortales, quo gra\ius homines ex commutatione rerum dolcant, quos pro scelere eorum ulcisci velint, his secundiores interdum res et diuturniorem impuni • tatem concedere. "Quum ea ita sint, tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti ea, quae polliceantur, facturos inteUigat, ct si Acduis de injuriis, quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem esse facturumy^ Divico respondit : ^''ita Helvetiosa majoribus suis institutos esse, uti obsides accipere, non dare, consuerint : ejus rei Populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc reponso dato, decessit. o i sO is •e le r. ;e X\'. Postero die castra ex eo loco 'movent : idem facit Caesar ; equitatumque omnem, ad numerum quatuor millium, \|uem ex omni Provincia et Aeduis atque eorum sociis coactum habebat, praemittit," qui videant, quas in partes hostes iter *faciant. Qui, cupidius'' novissimum agmen insequuti, ^alicno loci) cum equitatu Helvetiorum proelium conuiiittunt ; et pauci Me nostris cadunt, Quo proelio sublati Helvetii, qmd quingentis^ equitibus tantam multitudinem equitum propulerant,* audacius subsistere, nonnun- quam ex novissimo agmine proelio nostros lacessere, cocperunt. Caesar '"suos a proelio continebat," ac satis habebat in praesentia hostem rapinis, pabulationibus, populationibusque prohibere. '^Ita *Mies circiter quindecim iter fecerunt, uti inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum '^lon amplius quinis aut scnis millibus passuum interesset. > X\'I. 'Interim quotidie Caesar '^Aeduos frumentum, 'quod essent publico poUiciti, ^flagitare* : nam propter frigora, quod Gallia sub 8 C. JLLII CAE.SARIS septentrionibus. ut ante dictum est, posita est, non niodo friinienta in agris niatura non erant, sed ne pabuli quideni satis niai^na copia suppetebat : ®eo anteni frumento, quod tlumine Arare na\ibus sub- vexerat, propterea uti minus poterat, quod iter ab Arare Hclvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolcbat. "Diem ex die ducere Aedui ; conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi** sediutius duci intellexit, '•'et diem instare, quo die frumcntum militibus metiri oporteret ; ^"convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratu praecrat — quern Vergobretum appellant Aedui, qui creatur annuus, et vitae necisque in sues habet potestatem" — gravitcr eos accusat, (luod, cjuum neque emi, neque ex agris sumi posset, tam necessario tem-. pore, tam propinquis hostibus, ab iis non sublevetur ; '■'praeseitim quum magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus bellum susceperit : multo etiam gravius, quod sit dcstitutus, queritur. XVII. Tum demum Liscus, oratione Caesaris adductus, 'quod antea tacuerat, proponit :'■' esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem plurimum valeat ; qui privati plus possint, (.|uam ijisi magis- tratus. -^Hos seditiosa atque impioba oratione multitudinem deterrere, ne frumentum conferant, quod praestare debeant. Si jam principatum (ialliae obtinere non possint, (iallorum, (juam Romanorum imperia perferrc, satius esse, ''neque» dubitae dcbere, quin, si Melvetios superaverint Romani, una cum reliqua liallia Aeduis libertatem sint erepturi. Ab iisdem nostra consilia, ^quae- que in castris gerantur, hostibus enuntiari : hos ^a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam,' quod necessario rem coactus Caesari enun- tiarit, intelligere sese, quanto id cum pericuio fecerit, et ob earn causam, quamdiu potuerit, tacuisse. X\'II. 'Caesar hoc oratione Lisci Dumnorigem, Divitiaci fra- trem, designari sentibat : 'sed, quod pluribus praesentibus eas res jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit, Liscum retinet :^quaerit ex solo ea, quae in conventu dixerat. Dicit liberius atque audacius *Eadem secret© ab aliis cjuaerit ; reperit* esse vera. *lpsum esse Dumnorigem. summa audacia, magna apud plebem propter liber- alitatem gratia, cupidum rcrum novarum : 'complures annos por- toria, reliquaque omnia Aeduorum vectigalia, parvo pretio redempta habere, propterea quod illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo. *His DE HELLO GALLICO COMM. I. rebus et suam rem faniiliarem auxisse, et facilitates ad laryienduni magnas comparasse : magnum numerum equitatus *suo sumjjte semper alere et circum se habere : '"neque solum domi. sed etiam apud finitimas civitates laryiter posse : atque hujus potentiae causa matrem in IJiturigibus, homini illic noblilissimo ac potentissimo, collocasse ipsum ex Helvetiis uxorem habere : sororem ex mat re et propinquas suas nuptum in aHas civitates coUocasse : "fa\ere et cupere Helvetiis propter eam affinitatcm : '^odisse etiam sue no- mine Caesarem et Romanos, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus deminuta, Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratiae atque hon- oris sit restitutus. '"'Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire ; 'Mmperio Populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiam de ea, quam habcat, gtatia despe- rare. '^Reperiebat etiam inc|uirendo Caesar, c|uod proelium ccjues- tre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus nam equitatu, c|uem"'' auxilio Caesari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat, eorem fuga rcli- quum esse equitatum perterritum. XIX. — K^uibus rebus cognitis, '-'quum ad has suspiciones certis- simae res accederent, ^quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios trans- duxisset, *quod obsides inter eos dandos curasset, quod ea or .nia ^non modo injussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecisset, quod *a magistratu Aeduorum accusaretur : satis esse 'causae arbitrabatur, "Square in eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet. ^His omnibus rebus '^'unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in Populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiamcognoverat: "nam, ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet, verebatui. Itacjue ''■^priusquam quictiuam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari jubei et, '^piotidianis interpretibus remotis, per Caium Valerium Procillum, principem C.alliae provincia.e. fa- miliarem suum, '^cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo colloquitur : '^simul commonefacit, c|uae ipso praesente in con- cilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et ostendit, quae separa- tim quisque de eo apud se dixerit : '"petit atque hortatur, lit sine ejus ofifensione animi vel ipse de eo, causa cognita, statiiat. \el civitatem statuere jubeat. HI C. JULII CAESARIS XX. — Uivitiacus multis cum Macriniis, Caesarem coiiiplexus, obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fiatrcm statueret /'scire se ilia esse vera, nee quenquani ex eo 'plus, quam se, doloris capcrc, propterea quod, quum ipse gratia plurinnnn domi atque in reliqua Oallia, ille minimum jiropter adolescentiam posset, perse crevisset : ■\juilnis opibus ac nervis, non solum ad minuendam gratiam, sed paen'e ad licrnicicm suam uteretur : sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. "Ouod si quid ei Caesare gravius accidisset, quum ipse eum locum amicitiae apud cum tenerct, neminem existimaturum, non sua voluntate factum ; Vjua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliae animi a se averterentur. Haec quum pluribus verbis flens a Cacsarc ''peteret, Caesar ejus dextram prendit ; consolatus rogat, finem orandi ^faciat ; '"tanti ejus apud se gratiam esse ostendit, uti et reipublicae injuriam et suum dolorem ejus voluntati ae precibus condonet. Dumnorigem ad se vocat ; "fratrem adhibet ; quae in eo reprehendat, ostendit : quae ipse intolligat, quae civitas queratur, proponit ; monet, ut in reliquum tempus omnes ^^suspiciones vitet ; praeterita se Divitiaco fratri condonare dicit. Dumnorigi custodes ponit, ut, quae "agat, qui- buscum loquatur, scire possit. XXI. — Eodem die ab exploratoribus certior factus Miostes sub monte consedisse millia passiumi ab ipsius castris octo ; '^qualis esset natura mentis et qualis in circuitu ascensus, qui cognoscerent, misit. Renuntiatum est, ^facilem esse. *De tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, ^legatum pro praetore, cum duabus legionibus, et iis *ducibus, qui iter cognoverant, summum jugum montis ascendere jubct ; quid sui ^consilii sit, ostendit. Ipse de quarta vigilia codem ^itinere, "quo liostes ierant, ad eos contendit, cquitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Fublius Considius, ''qui rei militaris peritissimus habebatur, et in cxercitu Lucii Sullae, et postea in Marci Crassi fuerat, cum exploratoribus praemittitur. XXII.- 'Prima luce, (|uum ^summus mons a Tito Labieno 'tene- retur, ipse ab hostium castris non longius mille et quingentis *passi- bus abcsset, neque, ut postea ex captivis 'comperit, aut ipsius adventus, aut Labieni, cognitus esset ; Considius, "equo admisso, ad eum accurrit ; dicit, montem, quern a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri ; id se a ''Gallicis armis atque insignibus cog- I)E BELLO OALLICO COMM. I. 11 IS m 1- is novisse. Caesar suas cojjias in proximvim collein "subducit, acicin instruit. Labienus, '°ut erat ei praeceptuni a Caesare, ne proelium "committeret, nisi ipsius copiie prope hostium castra '^•isae cssent, ut-undicjue uno tempore in hostes impetus tieret, monte occupato nostros exspectabat'^proelioque alistinebat. '^Multo deniquedie '^per exploratores Caesar cognovit et montem a suis teneri, et Ilelvetios castra movisse, et Considium, timore perterritum, quod non vidis- set, '^proviso sibi renuntiassc. Eo die, quo consuerat '"intervallo, hostes sequitur, ''^millia passuum tria ah eoruni castris castra ponit. XXIII.— 'Pyostridie ejus diei, ■^quod omnino biduum suiererat, quum exercitu frumentum metiri oporteret, et cjuod a Hibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe niaximo et copiosissimo, non* amplius millibus passuum octodecim aberat, ^rei frumcntariae prospicien- dum existimavit, iter ab Helvetiis avertit, ac "Hibracte ire contendit. Ea res per fugitivos Lucii Aemilii, "decurionis equitum Gallcrum, hostibus nuntiatur. Helvetii, seu ^quod timore perterritos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, eo magis, quod *^pridie, superioribus locis occupatis, proelium non commovissent ; sive eo,® quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent ; commutato consilio atque itinere converso, nostros a novissinio agmine insequi ac lacesscre coeperunt. XX I \'. — Postquam 'id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem '^sudducit, equitatumque qui ^sustincret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse ^interim in colle medio triplicem acieni nstruxit ''legionum quatuor veteranarum, ita, uti supra se in summo jugo duas legiones, quas in (iallia citeriore proxime "conscriperat, et omnia auxilia collocaret ; ac totum montem "hominibus compleri, et "interea ^sarcinas in unum locum conferri, et cum ab his, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. Helvetii, cuni omnibus suis carris sequuti, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt : ipsi, confertissima acie, rejecto nostro equitatu, "phalange facta, sub*" primam nostram acicm successerunt. XX\',- -Caesar primum 'suo, deinde omnium ex conspectu re- motis equis, ut, '^aequato omnium periculo, spem fugae tolleret, cohortatus suos, ^proelium commisit. Milites, e loco superiore pilis missis, facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. *Ea disjecta, r 12 C. JULII CAESAUIS gladiis destrictis in eos inipetuni fccerunt. "(iallis niaj^no ad pug- nani crat inipcdimento, c|Uod, 'pluribus coruni scutis uno ictu jiilo- runi transtixis et colli^fatis, \iuum ferrum se inflcxisset, neque evelleie, neque, sinistra inipcdita, satis commode piignare poteiant; 'multi ut, dill jactato brachio, praeoptarant scutum manu emitterc et nudo corpore pugnare. Tandem '"vulneribus defessi, et pedem refeire, et, cpiod mons suberat circiter mille passuum, eo se recipcre coepcrunt. "Capto monte et succedenti])us nostris, I'oil et Tulingi, qui hominum millibus circiter quindccim aj^men hostium '-'claude- bant, et '^novissimis praesidio crant ex itinere nostros latere aperto aggressi, circumvenere ; et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem sese receperant, rursus instare et proelium redintcgrare coeperunt. Romani '*conversa signa bipartite) intulerunt : prima, ac secunda acies, ut victis ac summotis resisteret : tertia, ut venientes exciperet. XXVI, — Ita 'ancipiti proelio diu atciue acritcr pugnatum est. Diutius quum nostrorum impetus sustinere non possent, '■'alteri se, ut coeperant, in montem receperunt ; alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. Nam hoc toto proelio, quum ab ^hora septima ad vespcrum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem vidcre nemo potuit. *Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est, propterea *c|uod pro vallo carros objecerant, et e loco superiore in nostros venientes tela conjiciebant, et *nonnulli, inter carros rotas- que, 'mataras ac tragulas subjiciebant nostrosque vulncrabant. Diu t.|uum esset pugnatum, impedimentis castrisque nostri ''potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia, atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo proelio circiter millia hominum centum et triginta superfuerunt, eatfue tota nocte continenter ierunt : "nuUam partem noctis itinere intermisso, in fines Lingonum die quarto pervenerunt, quum, et propter vulnera militum et propter sepulturam occisorum, nostri, '"triduum morati, eos sequi non potuissent. Caesar ad Lingonas literas nuntioscjue misit, ''ne eos frumento neve alia re ju\aront: '■'qui si juvissent, se eodem loco, t|uo Helvetios, habiturum. Ipse, triduo intermisso, cum omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit. XX\'II. — Helvetii, omnium rerum inopia adducti, legatos de deditione ad eum miserunt. 'Qui, quum eum in itinere convenis- sent, seque ad pedes projecissent, suppliciterque loquuti flentes pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo turn essent, suum adven- DK HELLO (iALMCO COMM. I. 13 I turn exspectare jussisset, paruerunt. Eo postquani Caesar pervenit, obsides, arma, servos, qui ad ens perfugissent, poposcit. •'Dum ea, conquiruntur et conferuntur, nocte interniissa, circiter hominuin niillia sex ejus *pagi, qui \'erbi<;enus appellatur, — sive tiinore *per- territi, ne, arniis traditis, supplicio afficerentur, sive spe salutis inducti, "quod, in tanta iiiultitudine dedititiorum, suam fugam aut occultari aut omnino ignorari posse existimarent — i>rinia nocte ex castris Helvetiorum egressi, ad Hhenum finesque (iermanoruni contenderunt. XXVIII. — Quod ubi Caesar 'resciit, -quorum per tines ierant, his, \:ti conquirerent et rcducerent, si sibi purgati esse vellent, •mperavit : reductos in hostium numero habuit ; relicjuos omnes, obsidiljus, armis, perfugis traditis, in deditionem accepit. Mel- \etios, Tulingos, Latobrigos in fines suos, *unde erant [)r()fecti, Veverti jussit; et quod, omnibus fructibus amissis,*'domi nihil erat, quo famem tolerarent, Allobrogibus impcravit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida vicosque, c[Uos inccnderant, resti- tuere jussit. Id ea maxime ratione fecit, 'quod nohiit, eum locum, unde Helvetii discesserant, vacare ; *ne propter bonitatem agrorum (jermani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, e suis finibus in Helvetiorum fines transirent, et finitimi Galliae provinciae Allobrogibus(.[ue essent. '•'Ijoios, jietcntibus Aeduis, quod egregia virtute crant cogniti, ut in linibus suis collocarent, concessit ; quibus illi agros dederunt, quosque postea in parem juris libertatisque conditionem, atque ipsi erant, receperunt. XXIX. — In castris Helvetiorum 'tabulae repertac sunt, '-'literis Graecis confectae et ad Caesarem relatae, quibus in tabulis nomina- tim 'ratio confecta erat, c[ui numerus domo exisset eorum, qui arma ferre possent : et item 'separatim pueri, sencs, mulieresque. Quaruni omnium rerum ^summa erat, capitum Helvetiorum millia ducenta ot sexaginta tria. Tulingorum millia triginta sex, Lato- Ijrigorum quatuordecim, Rauracorum viginti tria, iioiorum triginta duo : ex his, "qui arma ferre possent, ad millia nonaginta dua. Summa omnium fuerunt ad millia trecenta et sexaginta octo. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, ^censu habito, ut Caesar imperaverat, repertus est numerus miilium centum et decern. XXX. — Hello Helvetiorum confecto, 'totius fere Galliae legati, u V. JUL! I «AKSARI? piincipes civitatiini, ad Caesarem '^gratulatum convcnenint : Mntel- li^fcrc scse, tanietsi, pro vetcribus Helvetioruni injuriis I'opiili Roniani, ab iis, poenas bello repctisset, *tamen eani rem non minus ex U5U terrae Oalliae, c|iiam I'opuli Romani accidisse : -^propterea quod eo consilio florontissimis rebus, domos suas Hehetii reli- rjuissent, uti toti Cialliae bellum inferrent, imperioque potirentur, locuiiKiue domicilio ex maj^na copia dclij^crent, quern ex omni (iailia ()p]5()rtunihsimum ac fructuosissimum judicassent, reliquas- i|ue I ivitatcs stipendiarias habcrcnt. ^I^etierunt, ut sibi conci- lium totius (ialliac in diem certam indiccre, idque Caesaris \oluntate facere, licerel : "sesc habere (juasdam res, quas ex communi con- sensu ab CO petere vcilciit. Ea re pcrmissa, diem concilio consti- tuerunt, ^et jurcjurando, ne cpiis enuntiarct, nisi tpiibus communi consilio mandatum esset, inter se sanxcrunt. XXXI. — 'Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes civitatum, t|ui ante fuerant ad Caesarem, '^reverterunt, petieruntque, \iti sibi secreto de sua omniuiiK|ue salute cum co agere liceiet. Ea re impetrata, 'sese omncs flentcs Caesari ad pedes projecerunt : -^non minus se id contendere et laborare, ne ca, quae dixissent, enunliarcntur, cpiam uti ea, quae \ client, impetrarent ; propterca quod, si enunti- atum esset, summum in cruciatuni se venturos viderent. L(K|uutus est pro his Divitiacius Aeduus : ''(ialliae totius factiones esse duas: harum alterius principatum tenere Aeduos, alterius Arvernos. "Hi quum tantopere dc potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum esse uti ab Arvernis .Sequanisc[ue (icrmani merccde arces- serentur. "Horum primo circiter millia quindecim Rhenum tran- sisse : posteaquam agros, et cultum, et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamassent transductos, plures: nunc esse in (iailia ad centum et viginti millium numerum : ^cum his Aeduos eorum- que clientes seme! atque iterum armis contendisse ; magnam cala- mitatcm pulsos accepisse, omnem nobihtatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amisisse. '**(2uibus proeliis calamitatibusque fractos, qui et sua virtute et Populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare, nobilissimos civitatis, et "jurejurando civitatem ob^tringere, sese neque obsides repetituros, necjue auxilium a Populo Romano imploraturos, nec|ue recusaturos, quominus perpetuo suId illorum d tione atque imperio essent. '-Unum se esse ex omni civitate i DK HELLO OALLirO COM.M. I. ir. i Aeduoruin, c|iii addiici non potuciit, ut juraret, aut lilicros mios obsidcs daret. Oh cam rem se ex civitatc profuj,MSsc, et Komam ad senatum vcnisse, auxilium postulatum, c|i]od solus ncc[ue jure- jurando ne(|ue obsidibus tenerctur. ''^Sed pejus victoril)us Scciua- nis, (|uum Acduis victis, accidisse : propterea quod /M-i()\istus, re.\ (icrmanorum, ineorum tinibus consedisset, tertiamque partem a^'ii Se(|uani, cpii esset optimus totius (Jalliac, occupavisset, ct nunc de altera parte tertia Sei|uanos decederc juberet ; "j^ropterea cjuod, paucis mensibus ante, Harudum niillia hominum vij^inti c|uatuor ad eum venissent, quibus locus ac scdes pararcntur. '''Futurum esse paucis annis, uti onines e\ (ialliae finibus pellerentur. atc(uc omnes Germani Rhcnum transirent : '"neciuc cnini confcrendum esse Gallicum cum (icrmanorum a^ro, ne(|ue banc consuetudinem \ic- tus nun ilia comparandam. Ariovistuni autem, '"ut scmcl Gallo- rum copias proelio viccrit — quod proclium factum sit ad .Maj^eto- briam — superl)e el crudeliler impcrare, (jbsides noblissimi cujusc|ue liberos poscere, '^et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque cdere, si qua res non ad nutum aur ad voluntatem ejus facta sit : '-'hominem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium : non posse ejus imperia diutius sustineri. -'''Nisi si quid in Caesare Populo(.|uc Romano sit auxilii omnibus Gallis idem csse^cicndum, t|uod Helvetii fecerint, ut domo emiyrent, aliud domicilium, alias sedes, remotas a Ger- manis, petant, fortunamque, iiuacumque accidat, expcriantur. j^ j i €. '"Haec sie nuntiata Ariovisto sint, non dubitare, quin de omnibus obsidibus, qui apud eum sint, gravissimum supplicium sumat. Caesarem vcl auctoritate sua atcpie cxercitus, '^\el rcccnti victoria, vel nomine Po|)uli Romani deterrere posse, ne major multitude Germanorum Rhenum transducatur, Galliamque omnem ab Ario- visti injurio posse defcndere. XXXII. — Hac oratione ab Divitiaco habita, omnes, qui aderant. hnagno fletu auxilium a Caesare peter.e coeperunt. '^Animad\ crtit Caesar, unos ex omnibus Sequanos nihil earum rerum facere, t|uas ceteri facerent ; sed ^tristcs, capite demisso, terram intueri. Ejus rei causa quae esset, miratus, ex ipsis (juaesiit. ^Nihil Sec|uani res- pondcre, sed in eadem tristitia taciti permanere. *Quuni ab iis sae- pius quaereret, neque ullam omnino vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiacus Aeduus respondit : '''Hoc esse miseriorem graviorcmque fortunam Sequanorum, prae reliquorum, ciuod soli ne in occulto 16 i: JILII t;AK.SAKlS. quidein qucri ncqiie auxiliiim implorare auderenl, abscntisque Ario- visti cruclelilatcin, velut si C(jram adesset, liorrerent : 'piopterae c|U()d reliqiiis tanicn fugae faciiltas daretui ; Scc|uanis vcro, cpia intra lines suos Ariovistum recepissent, cjuorinn oppida omnia in potestate ejus essent, onincs cruciatus cssont perferendi. XXXIII. — 'His rebus coj,'-nitis Caesar Gaiioruni aninios verbis contirniavit, p()llicitust|ue est, sibi eani rem curae futuram : maj^nam se iiabore spem, et beneficio suo ct auctoritate adductum Ari(t\istum rtnem injuriis facturum. ^Hac oratione habita, concilium dimisit ; et •'secundum ea multae res cum hortalxantur, (piare sibi earn rem cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret ; in primis 'quod Acduos, fra- tres consanj^uineosciue sacpenumero ab Senatu appellatos, in servi- tute atcpie in ditionc \idebat ("icrmanorum tencri, eorumquc obsides esse apud Ariovistum ac Secpianos intelli^fel)at : ^quod in tanto im- perii) l'o|)uli Romani turpissimum sibi ct reipublicae esse arbitra- batur. "Paulatim aulcm (Jcrmanos consuesccre Rhenum transire, ct in (ralliam magnam eorum multitudinem venire, I'opulo Romano pcriculosum vidcljat : 'nec|ue sibi homines feros ac Ixirbaros tem- peraturos existimabat, qum, quum omnem Galliam occupassent, ut ante Cimbri Teutoniciue fecissent, in provinciam cxirent, at(iue inde in Italiam contcndcrcnt ; ^praesertim ciuum Sequanos a Pro- vincia nostra Rliodanus di\iderot. Quibus rebus quam maturrime occurrendum putabat, "Ipse auiem Ariovi.-tus tantos sibi spiritus, tantam arrogantiani sumpserat, ut fcrendus non vidcretur. N ()TE8. CIIAITKR I. ^(hilliii — (res : " the whole of (iaul is divided into three parts." Gulli" oi/iiiis is opposed lO one of the parts of (iaul inliahited l)y the ild/Ii, or Cellae. In this passage Caesar refers to Gallia 7ransal/>iiia, hut does not include the PriKinria (modern Pnneiue). Accordinj,' to /euss, Gallia means "the land of the warriors": derived from i,a/la, a Celtic wnrd signifying "a battle;" hence .^wA//, "a warrior." According to other>, Ciitat' awiX (/alii are different forms of the same word and are both prob- ably of Celtic origin. Ma.\ Miiller says (Science of Language, Vol. I, p. 225, note 22) the word Affiles may have meant in the ancient language of Gaul, elfi'titt'd, uprii^ltt, proud, like the Latin ceLus, and excelsus. Hence Keltae may possibly be simply " highlanders." For the interchange of k (or c) <& g : cp. ; Kr,-itpvf)Tf/<;, jpt/wr/ialor, knee }ori', i^enii. — dk'isa is here virtually a predicative adjective expressing the result of the action. H. 550, N. 2 ; A. & G. 291. According to Caesar, the Heli^nie occ\\\>ki\ from Seine and Meu.se to the Rhine, the Ai/nitani from the I'yrenees to the GaronnC; and the Gaulu proper inhabited the rest of the country with the exception of the Roman province {Provincia, modern Provence) in the south. Under Augustus Gallia Transalpina was divided into Gallia Narbonensis, Aqiittania, Ancient Atlas.] Gallia Ltigduiteiisis, Gallia Beli;ieent, because cum is purely temporal. ^"^eoruin, eos, refer to the Germans. ^^eorum — horum omniiini : referring to the /«' omncs above : " one divi- sion of their country, which, it is said, the Gauls occupy." The reference is to the people of Central Gaul. ^^hiitium — capita: "begins at." Note that Caesar uses the apposition before or after its noun fiutnine Rhodano, Garimma flumine, though in Greek we say « Eii^/^arj/i' TTora/iog, to U?/?itov bpng.. '^h'ergit — septeiitriones : "it slopes towards the north;" that is, all the rivers of Gallia proper as the Loire, Allier, &c., run in a northerly direc- tion. — septentriones : the word is used in the singular and in the plural. The two constellations, the Greater and Lesser Bear were called by the name triouvs. The Greeks called the Greater Bear //pATof (y5'tv/r)and a/ia^a { Wain). This latter constellation consists of stTJen stars, four of which form a ([uadrangle and the other three lie in a right line attached to the ([uadrangle. A line drawn through the two extreme stars of the quad- rangle passes through the north polar star which is in the constellation of the Lesser Bear, The word trio — sttio: cp. Sans, tarit, "stars," properly "strewers of liglit ;" cp. I'^ng., star ; German, stern ; Lat. siella ( -ster-ula), all from the xooi star (cp. sterna) "to scatter." Varro (L. L. 7, 73) de- rives the word from septem " seven," trio — bo>i " an ox," so that according to him the words signify the "seven ploughing oxen." '^'^extremis : compare this adj. 22,,,/.- "at" or "near." '^^oeiamin — septentriones: the Belgic rivers, the Sambre, Scheldt, i'>'/i<>/'/a ^= du-or-ia : root cln, "to hear;" hence, "renown." — am^uxtos : the positive for the compara- tive ; cp. Xen. Mem. 3, 13, 3 : ^jn'xpuv, <')n7f /olranUn/. tn-iv. The distance from the point where the Jura reaches the Rhone at Fort I/I^cluse, near Geneva, to Hregenz, on Lake Constance, where the Rhine begins to have a northern course, is iSo English miles ; and the distance from Fort L'l'"cluse to the junction of the Aar and the Rhine, is about 160 ICnglish miles. — Diillia. H. 379 ; A. & G. 25?. The Roman mile [inilh- passus, pi. f/ii/ia passuK/n) = 4,854 F*" li^'^ feet ; the passus originally a double pace = 5 Roman pedes = ^ feet io^,( inches, by English measurement. CHAPTER III. ^coiistititerunt — cowparare, aieineic, faceie : when does ioiistitiio take an inf., and when /// with the subjunctive? II. 498, i, IV. ; A. & (i. 271, a. Translate into Latin : " the Hither determined to remain at liome ;" " the father determined that the son should remain at home." '^peifiiicrent : Caesar is giving the thoughts of the Helvetii, rather than his own ; II. 528, I ; A. & (i. 341, a. ■ 20 NOTES. \nrroniin : many of the words signifying a carriage were of Gallic origin ; cp. rJicda, petorriiuin, carrtts, essedum. The carrus was a four- wheeled car. \]nam maximiiui = tain mai^nniin qiiam maximnvi : " as large as pos- sible :" M. 170, 2 (2) ; A. & G'. 93, 6. '^senieutes — facere : " to sow the greatest possible breadth of corn."' ^/// — siippeteret : ' ' that they might have supplies of corn for the journey :" H. 497, II.; A. cS:G. 317. "^ad — duxerunt : "they thought that a space of two years wouUl be sufficient for them to carry out these plans." — conficiendas : H. 544, 1.; A. & G. 296. ^in — coitji) /nant : " by a formal enactment they appoint their selling out for the third year." in — annum: predetermination of future time is ex- pressed by in with ace. Translate : "he called together the senate on the third day ;" " he called together the senate for the third day." ^persuadel: historical present. II. 467, III. & III. i ; A. & G. 276, d. ^^regnum — ohtinuerat : "had held sovereign power." ^^amiciis : not unfretpiently the senate of Rome conferred the title amicus on a foreign chief or ruler, for the purpose of gaining his influence. ^"^occuparet : imperfect subjunctive after the historical present : persuadet ; so zX-io ccnarettir. H. 495, II. ; A. & G. 287, e. '^^ohtinebat : give the force of the imperfect : H. 489, II. ; A. &. G I15, 2, 6, ^*daye in vuitriinonium : said of a father ; ducere in matrimonium, ducere uxorein, said of a husband ; nubere viro, said of a woman. ^^per/acile—possent : indirect discourse depending on /;v<^<)'/ : "he shows them that it was a very easy matt»ir (lit., very easily to be done) to carry out their plans, because he himseh was likely to obtain the sovereign rule of his own state."— y?/(7«. II. 547. I ; A. & G. 303, K. For obtcnturus esset: H. 496, II., 2 ; A. & G. 129, i. ^^iu>u — possent : " that there was no doubt that the Helvetii possessed the greatest power of ill (iaul ;" possum is here used absolutely, "to be powerful," not prolatively, " to be able to do a thing." — plurimum : neut. ace. used adverbially ; strictly the og. ace. H. 304, I, 3 371, II. ,2. A. ^\: G. 148, d ; 240, a. ^''^v — coiifiruuxi : "he assures them that he would gain for them the sovereign power by his influence and his army." Explain the cases of copiis and ill is. ^^fidem el Jusjurandum : "an oath-bound pledge of good faith;" a hcndiadys. II. 636, III., 2 ; A. p. 296. DiicVme Jusjurandum. ^^el — speiant : "and if they could seize the royal power they expect by means of three most powerful and strong nations to be able to gain the sw.iy of all Gaul." — regno occupato : conditional = si regnuin occupa7'isse?U, II. 431, 2 (3); A. & G. 255. tres populos: Helvetii, .Sequani, Aedui. — Galliae. II. 410, V J > A. t\: G. 249, a. NOTES. ?1 ) CHAPTER IV. V(? res : " this design ;" rfs is a general word, often used by Caesar in the sense of "occurrence," "exploit," "movement," "design," "conspi- racy," etc. ^pt-r inJicium — per indices : " l)y informers " ; so so-vitium -sen'i ; con- iuratio = conjurati. ^'iioii/nis snis : " according to their custom ;" able of manner ; cp. : more majonmi, more Romano, ea lege, mea senteniia : H. 416, i, N. 2 ; A. & G. 245. -r .■ *f.x x'inculis : give the force of ex. With catisam dicere, compare caiisam (igere, ciuisam habere. ^davinatnm — cremaretur : "it behooved that the punishment, that he should be burnt by fire should be visited upon him, in case he was con- demned." Damnatttm =^ sidamnatus esset. H. 549. 2; A. &G. 292. — /// — cremaretur in apposition with poenam. II. 501, III ; A. ili: (1. 329.2, 332. f — Burning at the stake for treason was a common punishment among the Gauls. — igni : perhaps a locative ; "in the fire " ; so uavi processit : "' he went by sea." ^die—dictionis : "on the day appointed for the pleading of his case." cp. cansam dicere. With dic/io causae: cp. indicia causa. Is dies usually fem.? II. 429; A. (S: Ci. 256? yaiiii/ia : used in a Roman sense included the s\a\es (serui), dependants (clientes), and debtors [obaerati], reduced to a condition of slavery. The word signifies : the body of they*?;;//^// [—fac-miiU] (rom/acio "to do," or slaves as (jpposed to liberi, or " freednien," who constituted the family as now understood. ^ad : adverbially ; "about." What other adverb is thus used with nu- merals ? ' ^clitnteii : " dependants " ; root cln, " to hear "; hence " to obey "; cp. audio = pareo. ^^per cos — erupif. "by their aid he escaped pleading his own case he so overawed the judge that they did not dare to try him. ^yus — persvqui : "to maintain its right," i.e., its right to punish traitors. ^'honaretur — coi^erent : explain these subjunctives. II. 521, II. 2; A. &G. 325. ^^ne(j!ie — coiiscir'crit : " and suspicion is not wanting that he was privy to his own death :" i.e., that he committed suicide ; a euphemism. II. 504.3; A. «S: G. 319 d. The negative of the dependent clause arises from the negative characfer of the main clause. — s/(si>icio=sus/>icitio : the lengthening of the / probably arises from contraction. Distinguish siisplclo and sus- puh>. Parse consciTen'f. CHAPTKR V ^nihilo minus : for the const, see II. 417.2 ; A. & G. 250. *ut. ex — cxeant : an objective clause in apposition with id quod — consiitu- eraut. H. 363.5; A. & G. 329.2; namely, " to leave their territories." 22 NOTES. ^oppida sua : " walled towns ;" 7'kox, " villages," groups of houses in the open country. The root ~'ic may l)e seen in FoJkoc, victts, z'icinus ; English — •wxck—Ips-'wick, Ha-'vick. ^incendunt — comlmriint : accendere, "to light from without"; iiiceiidere, " to light from within ''' •,co>iil>Hrere, " to burn down with a burning heat," as causative of ardere ; cremare, " to consume with bright flames," as the causative oiflas^rare. ^iit is used for ijuo, because so many words intervene between it and the comparative. H. 4*7, II ; A. & G. 317 b. ^donium : ace. of limit of motion. The idea of motion is implied l)y yciit't lis ■-- redeuudi. H. 380, II. 2 ; A. tV G. 258.6. ^iid -suheunda : '" to undergo all dangers." H. 544.1 ; A. «^ G. 296. ^esseiu . explain this tense. H. 497. II ; A. t\:G. 317. ^trium—jiibent : "they order each one to take with him from home, ground ])rovisions (which will last) for three months" — iriiiin viens'titni ; gen. of description The word imnsis: Greek, /i//r ; Sans., mdsa (month); uiAs (moon) ; German, mond, all point to a root ma, "to measure," the moon l)eing considered by the ancients the measurer of time. — domo. H. 412, II.; A. A: G. 258, a. ^^iiH -proficiscanliir : lit. "that adopting the same plan they may set out along with them after setting fire to their towns and villages." — oppidis exustit^. H. 431 ; A. <\: G. 255. Why is not oppidis the abl. of motion from a place? H. 412, a ; A. i\: (i. 258. ^^A'oreiani oppiigiiarant : The Boii were expelled from Italy 161 B.C., by the victories of Scipio Africanus. They then occupied the modern Styria. Distinguish in meaning expin^iio, oppni^uo. ^^Boios receptos — adsdsiinit — Bo'iok ad se rccipitiut et ( Boios) xoc'ios ad' scisiunt : "they join to themselves the Boii and unite them as allies." H. 363 ; A. «icG. 184. Gives the parts of ad-'icisto. CMAPTKR VI. ^i/i/uri/>i/n : not to be translated. II. 445, 8 ; A. & G. 200, a. The repetition of the antecedent with the relative is frequent in Caesar when exactness is required. Caesar .says they were two roads and only two by which they could get out of their own land. hiomo: II. 412, II., i ; A. c^ G. 258, a. ^possent : potential subjunctive ; " routes (of such a character that) by them they (the Helvetii) could go out." H. 503, i ; A. t\: G. 320. *niiu»i — altt'riiDi, scil., /Av in partitive apposition with itiiiern. II. 364 ; A. (i G., 184. The first of these journeys was along the right bank of the Rhone. Th'" narrowest part of this route is at Pas de 1' Ecluse, about 18 English miles below Geneva. h'ix qua sifti^uli = (/iia rix siuj^u/i : hyperbaton ; note the emphasis caused by the inversion : " where waggons scarcely in single file could pass " for mood oi ducenntuy : see posc^nt above. i NOTES. 23 ^altcrum'. the othei journey would be along the road leading to l'i<-itna ( Vienne), and Liti^^duuiiin (Lyons) by way of Chambery. I'hey would thus easily reach the Provincia. ''multo : really abl. of difference. II. 423 ; A. i\: (1. 250, N. i. ^nuper — erant : "were recently reduced to submission." They were defeated by C. Pomptinus 61 B.C. ^non/ndlis locis; "in several places." II. 420 ; A. i*v: G. 420. Distin- guish nonnnlli, mini non ; nonnunqnam, iio/K/uam non ; noiiunstjuatn nusqiiam non : non nemo, nemo non ; loci, loca. For const, of -•ado. See H. 428 ; A. «S: G. 248. At present the Rhone is fordable only in two places, a few miles below Geneva. ^'^tramitur — transiri potest. ^^extremum : cp. laxarov : " a border town." Compare this adjective. ^'^proximum finibus : give the different constructions of prope. H. 391. I ; A. & G. 234 a. ^^Allobrogibm : What verbs govern a dative? H. 385. II ; A. & G. 234 a. "ftoMo animo : "kindly disposed." H. 419. ,11; A. &.G. 251. For 7'iderentur see H. 524 ; A. & G. 336. ^^iH'l — cuacturofi, scil., existiniabant : "or they thought they would com- pel them by force." Decline vis. ^^siios, referring to the Allobroges ; eos, to the Helvetii. ^"^paterentur : subjunctive for two reasons. H. 498. II ; 524 ; A. 6c G. 331. a ; 336. ^^(pui (lie : see note above on itineribu.s. The feminine here expresses the day as a fixed period, a day fixed by authority ; is dies is simply " the day," " the natural day," " the time." ^\-onvenlnnt. H. 497.1 ; A. & G. 367. '^•'(i. d, y. Kal. Apr.^^ante diem quintum Kafeiulas Apriles : antereaUy governs Kdlendas Apriles, qtiintum diem being attracted from the ablative by the position o( ante. The whole should be quinlo die ante Kalendas Apriles, i.e., " five days before the first of April," or March 28th. For the computation of time : H. 642-644 ; A. & G. 376 a. Derive, Kfdendae, Nonae, Idus. CHAPTER VII. ^nuntiatum — esset : for the mood, see H. 521. IT. 2 ; A. & G. 325. '^eos — eonari : in apposition with id. H. 539. II ; A. it G. 329.1. ^ab urbe — Roma : "the city," by way of destruction : cj). iiarw ap- plied to Athens. *( — aiiiino : "that their intention was"; literally, "that it was to them in mind " ; nihi Helvetih. ^^inemoria tenebat : " he remembered" ; for mevioria, see H. 420 ; A. & G. 248. ^*oc<'isu)n, sal., ewe: so also with pulsum, inissum, concedcndum, tem- per , iw Ot:. '^.>'«/> jujfiif/i : two spears were set up and a third placed over the top ; this was the " yoke " under which conquered soldiers were made to i)ass, as a token of submission. The defeat here referred to took place 107 B.C. ^h'oitcedendinn : "that this request ought to be granted." ^"'iiK/iie — existimabat : " and he did not think that people of an unfriendly disposition, when once a permission of making a journey through the pro^ ince was given them, would refrain from committing wrong and vio- lence." — iii(/iie ■= et lion. — aiiinio. \l. 419, II.; A. iSi (}. 25 1, chitci facultate - si jactiltas data essct. H. ^07, 3, IV. 7 ; A. & Ci. 292, R., 510. ^^spatiioii. : here = tempus. ^^convcnin-nt : for the mood, II. 519, II. 2 ; A. & G. 328. "^diem = tempus. '^^si quid — rei'crterentny '. "if they wished anything, he told them to return about the Ides of April." — quid : when is quis used for aliquis? H. 455.1 ; A. & G. 255. vellent : for mood see II. 524 ; A. & G. 336, 337. ad, here = "about." Translate from si — rn'crteroitur \\\\.o i^\x^z\. narrative. CHAPTER VIII. ^legionc, inilitihus : an instrument, rather than agent, because the legion was looked u]> as a kind of warlike instrument. II. 420 ; A. & G. 248. hjui — injluit ; as a matter of fact, the Rhone flows into the lake at the upper end anil out at the lower. ^dxem t't 1 10" 'cm = uiidtT'i^ifiti. ^pcdntn : gen. of description. H. 396, V.; A. & G. 215, b. ^muruin fossa tuque : the probabilities are that Caesar fortified merely places which were without any natural defence. The wail and ditch would be hanlly more than three miles long. *praesii cording t {castc/Za) palisaded ''quo r',{( ^se iu: it fi- 255, a ^conarei II. ; A. ^^rezette in passive revertOy ^'itcr . ^^coitenti ^*pro/ii/>i ^'^spe. ^^fiazihu 431. 2 (2) ^''alii : v before radi that most c ^^si — iOu\ a passage.' '^t'/tr/.s— the strengt coucursu h point. — iOh I ^re/iuqu • The only w '^qtta poti narrow deti iai or al)l. ( au^ustias ; referred to, "^sua spoi, sponte, D( and that it: their o\\ n a ^ut impel quest" ; eo ^Dumno) the .Sequaii ji NOTKS. 25 ^praesidia disponit : "here and there (,dis-) he places garrisons." Ac- corrling to Napoleon III., these lines consisted of a series of redoubts (cashihi) defendinj^ the left bank of the river, and connected together l)y ;i pali.saded entrenchment cut in the bank itself V"<' fdcilius : when is «/«t; used for///? H. 497, II. 2 ; A. & (1. 317, b. ^se invito : " without his leave," " against his will." H. 43I, 4 ; A. ^ G. 255, a. ^conarentur possit : because communit is in effect a past tense. H. 495, II. ; A. & G. 287, e. ^hPnit : distinguish vtuit, zenit. ^^reiertemnt : from rez'ertor ; the tenses derived from the pf'jsent being in passive form — those from the perfect being in the active. Generally rer'i'rto, " to return before" ; redite, " after accomplishing one's journey.'' ^^itcr : "the right of way. " ^\-oiieiitiir : for the mood, H. 524 ; A. & G. 336. ^^prohibitiit um = sc prohibiturtim esse. ^hpe. H. 414 ; A. & G. 243- 16, ihns- U. "nanritts — factis \ "by joining boats and forming several rafts." 431, 2 (2) ; A. &G. 255. i^(//// : we should have expected alii before uavihus, to balance alii before :(?(//> ; "some . . others." The use of the latter ^//// shows that most of the Helvetii attempted to cross in the way first mentioned. '"j/ — conati : " in the hope that they by their attempts were able to force a passage." H. 529, II., l IV. l ; A. ir army, their children led into slavery, their towns beseiged." I'ut this into oratio recta. "^Aedni Andtarri : the Aedui around the Arar (>Sa6ni). The prefix a))d)h is Celtic for ri//0/ in Greek. The main body of the nation were on the east of the Middle Loire. Biliracte {An(itn), the great Druidical capital, and Noviodununi (Neirr.s) were in their domains. We frequently find the generic name as Acdiii with the specific name as .-h/ilxirn : cp. Litjuren Sali/et>, Dalmatae Scordisci : air Ka-por ; tiovc raipoc. ^neci'/^.sarii — ronnaiiijiiinei ; the former denotes those who are bound by a permanent connection whether of an otlicial kind as <7i('».s', patronuft, or of a private nature, as amicm, fainiliarii^ ; cp, hvayKmoi ; the latter de- notes relation derived from a common origin ; cp. oTjjtvz/c. ^Caesarem -prohihere : "inform Catsar that their lands having been ravaged they now cou d hardly keep off from their towns a force of the enemy." — depopulatis : the most common passive deponent participles are : nhominatux, awpfexm, con/ensu.i, dttestatus, diinensun, exuecj-atiis, tuidi- tatiLs, ultiis. m •JK NOTES. w ^^■•iih'i —ri'liijiii : "lint to them nothing now was left except the soil ot their land.' Distinj^uish sofmn, solum ; rf^lhiul, ri^lii/ni. What case is rpfh/iii ? FI. 397, I ; A. tS: G. 216, a, i. ^^Cuc.sur pcrrinirciif : "Caesar resolved that he ought not to wait till the Helvotii, after all the resources of his allien had been destroyed, reached the territories ot the SaiUoni." — i'j;>*iwrt(ituluiii sih'i. H. 388, 301, 2 ; A. >!v: G. 2^2, 330, c. — /xri'i'tilrcnf : for mood. II. 519, II, 2 ; A. cV G. 328. CIIAITEK XII. Aflame n eat Arar : "there is a river (called) Arar." The word Avar is said to he from the Celtic nrar, "gentle;" c\t. apnidt:. The word Oaroiiiic, from the Celtic ijitru, "rough," "impetuous." The modern name of the Ardr, .Scvhic, is probably from the Celtic notjham ; Lat. ■si'ifiiis, "slow." For a i)art of the course, at least, the Arar formed the boundaries between the territories of the Aedui and Sequani. ''iiir.rcdihiU ^/eiiUate : "of such incredilde smoothness." H. 419, III ; A. i\: G. 248, R. As compared with the Rhone, Fo, Adige and Tiber, rivers well known to Caesar, the Saone would appear very sluggish. He had not yet seen the rivers of Britain, notably the Thames. \llu('(i'<. H. 431, 2, 27; A. iS: G. 255. — tranHihanf : cona- tive imperfect. Where the Helvetii crossed the SaAne is not known, pro- bal)ly a few miles north of its junction with the Rhone. ''ro/Hitniiii : " of the forces." What words have a different mea ing in the ingular and plural ? H. 132 ; A. & G. 79, c. ''partes— Jlamrn : explain these cases. H. 376 ; A. & G. 239, 6. (A' riijilia : with the Romans the civil day began at midnight and ended at midnight as with us ; the natural day began with the twilight and ended at dark. The day and night were divided into twelve hours each, the length of each hour depending on the season. The night was also for military purposes, divided into fcjur watches {vigUide), of three hours each. The expression (h' tert'ia vhjilin means, " in the course of the third wat- h,' implying tiiat the third watch had already begun. What would tertia iHijilin mean? H. 429, i ; A. & G. 153. ^aiiiirc.-^xHs: what prepositions prefixed to intransitive verbs may make them transitive? H. 372 ; A. (S: (r 227 d. ^^('.onrhfit : distinguish this from coiicftlit. in — ahdhleriiiit : " they concealed themselves by fleeing into the neigh- bouring woods." What would in pro.rimis silvi.s abdidtrnnt mean? ^^jiayus : properly a country district of enclosed or cultivated land ; root pai/, "to bind together." Cp. -I'lnaa/oi;, a peg; -t/yvv/i/, "to fix"; pa('i.f;/i')'; (from i^tio, " to bind ") ; English toii^n, a.s tun, from tjpian (tie), " to enclose." The word payns NOTES. 29 ' in ed iiul -h, for h, V' •f'la ike 30t /».s ■^tilj lives in the French jk(>/h, which is often used in the same sense ; cp. /'(ti/s (Ic Vmid. ^^Tiguri litis: the modern Ziuicii (called Tiir'ifin by the Romans, and 7'itri'ijum and Turifum in the middle ages) was in this district. ,^*du7no exUsct : H. 521 II. 2 ; A. & (i. 325. ^^memoria : "within the recollection." H. 429 ; A. cv (i. 256. ^^L. CasnUtin : in the year 107 H.C the Tigurini passed into the terri- tory of the Allobrogcs under the command of Divico. C. Cassius Lun- ginus, who marched against them, was slain and his army was ignomini- oUsly forced to pass under the yoke. In this battle fell L. I'iso, a lieutenant of Cassius, and grandfather of Caesar's father-in-law, I , Calpurnius I'iso. *^im/j/(«.s, generally, only a time that is past Kortixx; ; nittii/uiift, opposed to iKirns, belonging to an age that previously existed = vrn^aln^ ; ,,pfi(x, that which has lasted for a long time, opposed to receim = yepaioi;, ^'^(pii)d — C'^Ai't : "as to the fact that In* had suddenly attacked one can- ton;" qnoil is here a causal conjunction. H. 516, II., 2, N; A. \ G. 32>lf a. — hnpromxo : note the emphatic position. — paniim ; /.('., paijiivi, Tiijn riniim. ^^iic —nitcn iitur : " he should not on account of -ircumstance either justly claim anything because of his own valoui ^ acspise them ; that they had been instructed by their fathers and ancestors rather (to succeed) by valou r, than make their way by artifid ; or rely on ambuscades." — ■mai', if'., Caofidvix — niaijnopirc : compare this adverbial e.xpression. • ip.fos ; referring to the Helvct ii. — inajorihiix : scil. tuttii : compare this. — note the zeugma in rontembrcnt. ^*(/uare — proderct : "wherefore let him not so act, that the place on which they had taken their ' tand should bear its name or hand down a tradition from an overthrow of the Roman people and the tlesiruction of their army." — Kxplain fully what the mood form would be in direct narra- tive. CHAPTER XIV. V(i.s, Hch Icijafis : " to these envoys. " h'o — tenen't : "he had the less reason for hesitating (what to do), l)e- cause he remembered Hiterally, retained in memory) those circumstances which the Helvetii had related." ^r'o is al)lative to which the clau.se 7?/t)(/ — teneret refers. — duhilntionis '. for the genitive. H. 397, 3 ; A. «S: G. 216, a, 2.—dari. H. 533, I. ; A. & G., 336. hit'iui' — ai'ddisHent ; " and he was the more indignant (at this), because ((pio inhiu-s, the less), (these things) had not happened through any fault (literally, ilescrt) of the Roman people." — eo — quo. H. 417, 2 ; A. & G. 250, R. — with (/raviter /erre : cp. ,i:«''''^^"H" ^tY>«<»^. — mfr<7t) : an ablative. H. 416 ; A. & G. 245. *ipi'i — rai'crc : '' if they had been conscious to themselves of any wrong doing, it would not be a difticult matter to be on their guard." — qui, i.e. NOTKS :$l 2 \ A. ii G. distinguish jxjpii/iis liumnnuM. — iuJNviiir : for the j,'t'nitive. H. 399, r, 21S, a. — •!. I'onsciun cshi' : cp. fa'".' nvvmSh'ut. rctvivc ntren iiHiiueiii, awire (ilicni. H. 3S5, II., i. "fo — piUaret : '* but (he said) that tht- Roman pcopic were misled hy thi-^, because they were not aware that anythiii},' had been done Ity them on account 01' which they should fear, nor did they think that they ought to be feared without a reason." — I'o deceptum : i.e. po].utiini lioinauinr eo i/f'i't'ptnm. — rommissuDi, scil aHi/iiii/. ^ipioil — Injur'wruin ; " now if he were willing to forget their formtr insult, couKl he also lay aside the remembrance of their late wrongs." ffuoil, properly an adverl)ial ace. referring to the thoui^ht (•• the preceding sentence ; literally, "as to which." H. 378. 2 ; 453^ 1 ; A iV (i., 240, a. These wrongs are specified in the clause beginning with quui'. H. 540, IV. 365. 184. Caesar) was unwilling." H. 431. 4 A. c^ G., 329, 3 ft > iiivilo : "though he (i.e. A. & G. 255, a. HeutaHsent : for mood. H. 524 ; A. cS: G. 336. ^Huod — perthifre : "as to their bjasting in such insolent terms of their victory, a;ul as to theit ondering that they had so long done wrong with- out suffering for it, (the two things) had both one meaning ; " i.e., |)ointed in the same tlirection.— 7»o^/ : the two clauses beginning with ipiod stand as the subject 01 pertinerc H. 516, II., IV., 2 ; A. iV (i. ^}^t„ a. -xmt -. i.e., Helvetii. The victory is the one referred to above in which the Romans un^ler (assius were defeated. 10, cuii.site.i.'if — cuiiccderc : "for the immortal gods are accustomed, in order that men whom they intend to punish for their crimes may be more severely pained by a change in circumstances, sometimes to grant to these a more prosperous fortune and a longer exemption from punishments." — comue.i.'^e : a perfect present ; cp. odi, novi, coepi, mt'Diini. — quo : when is i(/(((:iu{<, scil, solUo : "more boldly than usual." — sub-sititere, scil, (jrailum.— iion- inint/Honi et. (asyndeton); "(and) sometime seven ; " the f^*^ expressed is not the conjunction, but the adverb— e^ta»t. F"or the case of (ujinine. H. 425, II., 2 ; A. cSc G 258, t. P'or that of j^rodio. H. 420 ; A. l\: G. 248. ^^tiitOH, scil., milites, "ac — proliihcrc : " and was content for the moment to keep the enemy from plundering, from foraging and from ravaging." — in praescntla — in /traetit'tUi ti'vipore ; "for the moment," "for the time being"; for the case of rapini'i : H. 414-1 ; A. & G. 256. ^^itd corelative with uti. 13 (/(V.s : for the case : H. 379 ; A. & G. 256. ^* noil —ill forMst'f : "not more than a space of five or six miles (each day) was distant" ; for the abl. miUilniH : H. 417 ; A. & G. 247 ; for the distributive: H. 172.3; A. ^ G. 95. Distinguish hina castra ; ifiio <:a-<- tni ; hinae acdcs ; dnac aedei^ ; hiiii horti ; duo horti. CHAPTER XVI. ^interim: "meanwhile," denoting merely a short duration; int< reat meaning a period more extended ; quotidie : said of daily repetition ; in dic.'i, of daily increase or diminution. '^Atdmhs /rumentum : for the two accusatives. H. 374 ; A. & G. 239 c. ^quod—polliciti : " which they had promised in the name of the slate." The subjunctive here is the subjunctive of oblique narrative. H. 52S. I ; A. iS: G. 341, d. K., or it may be etjuivalent to (/auia id poUiciti ('■•^scnt. *jfreatli, "strong in judgment." Caesar (8.33) states that the person holding this office could not leave the state during his term of office, and that no one could be elected, if a living member of the family had held the post. The Celtic adj. ijuen/, may be connected with the Aryan root kur, "powerful"; c\). que re us, the oak, i.e., the strong tree ; (Juirites, the powerful, as holding the franchise ; 'piiris, Ki'piixj, kIixii;, noiiHivnv. ^^(jraviter — suhlevetur : "he severely reprimands them (saying), because, since grain corn could neither be bought nor obtained from the fields, on so urgent a crisis, the enemy being so near at hand, he was not assisted by them." — posset ; scil., jfrumentuui — tempore hostihus ; abl. absol. H. 431 ; A. &G.255. ^'^praesertim—t[ueritur : "especially does he complain with still greater vehemence of his being left unaided (by them), since he mainly [ix ukkjuh parte) influenced by their entreaties had undertaken a war."" — uKKjna ex parte, literally "in a great nieisure. " Give the forms of precihus : for multo. H. 417.2 ; A. & Ci. 250. 34 NOTES. m CHAPTER XVII. '^quod^proponit \ "states publicly (that) which he had left unmen- tioned." — qtwd, referring to id understood, object of piofiotiii. The rest of the chapter is in oblique narration. II. 529. ; A. & (i. 336. Turn this chapter into direct narrative. '^esse — tnagistratus : " there are some whose influence with the common people is very great, who in their private capacity have more influence than the magistrates themselves." — plurimum, plus (see Note 16, Chapter III.), privatiin, others read private. The influence of the chieftain was para- mount in all Celtic communities, from tht s of Caesar till comparatively late. In Britain we find the same state o. natters as here depicted, till the end of the 17th Century, ^hos — perferre : "these by their seditious and wicked speeches deterred the people from supplying the corn which they- ought to supply ; if now they were unable to hold the supremacy of Gaul, they had better endure the government of the Gauls than that of the Romans." — ue conjerant ; the plural of the verb arises by a sense construction from the plural implied in multitudinis : for mood. H. 498, II, ; A. & G. 331, e. With perferre^ scil,, malle. Another reading is prae/erre, instead of preferre ; the mean- ing then is : "if they were unable then to hold the supremacy of Gaul, they thought the rule of the Gauls better than that of the Romans." *neqne — erepturi : " nor ought they to hesitate to conclude that, if the Romans defeated the Helvetii, they (the Romans) would deprive the Aedui, as well as the rest of Gaul, of their liberty." What meaning and construc- tion has duhilare in an affirmative sentence ? What in a negative ? H. 565.3.(2) ; A. & G. 332, h. — Aeduis. H. 386.2 ; 385, II., 2 ; A. & G. 229. — erepturi sint : more emphatic than en/?ia?i<. H. 501, II., 2 ; A. & G., 319, d. '^quaeque — gerantur : " and whatever is done in the camp." ^ase = ah Lisco. "'quin — tacuisse : " moreover, in "that compelled by necessity, he has told this matter to Caesar, he knew at what risk he did this, and for this reason he had been silent as long as he could be." — quod. H. 16, II, 2, N ; A. & G. 333, a.— id refers to the clause, quod — enuntiarit. ; CHAPTER XVIII. ^Caemr — sentiehat : " Caesar felt that by this speech of Liscus, Dumno- rix, the brother of Divitiacus was meant :" literally, " was pointed at." "^sed-retinet : " but since he (i.e. Caesar) was unwilling that these mat- ters should be discussed, when many were present, he quietly dismisses the meeting, (and) detains Liscus." — quod — nolebat. When does quod take the indie, and when the subj. ? H. 516 ; A. & G. 341-— pluri/nis prae- sentihm ; abl. absolute. H. 431.4 ; A. &; G. 255, a. Give the present indie, of praesum. — concilium ; the usual distinction between consiliu7n, and concilium, that the former means "advise," " plan," while the latter means " an assemblage," does not always hold good, though the distinction hold there. Concilium : con.=(cum) calare, cp. Gk. koAcZi^, " to call to- gether" ; cunnilium : con. nil— cp. solium ; " a throne," " to sit together"; NOTES. 3." root si'd : for interchange of f/ and / ; cp. <'.:Kpv, lacrima ; din(ju(x-=l'mgua — dimUtit retiiu't. What figure? H. 467, III. ; A. & G. 276, d. ^i/iiaeyit — dixerit : "he (i. e. Caesar) inquires of him in private aliovit those things which he (i. e. Liscus) had mentioned in the meeting." Dis- tinguish reyo — qtiaero — hitt'rro(jo . *e)>dem — « qrid acridat ; litotes, a mild way of saying anything ill-omened ; cp el n rraflotev for ti HdvoiFV. ^Kmpfro— desperare : " so long as the empire of the Romans lasted, he despaired not only of (obtaining) sovereign power, but even of (retaining) that influence which he had."— for imperio. 11. 416, or 429 ; A. cV G. 246, or 256. ^'^n'pfriehat — eiitiitihits : " Caesar found out further in the course of his en- ([uiries, in regard to the unsuccessful cavalry skirmish which had taken place, (that) a beginning of the flight in it (i. e. in the battle) had been commenced by Dumnorix and his cavalry." Distinguish n'pi'rirf, said of things found out with difficulty, after a search ; inirniir, of things accidentally dis- covered ; qnnd is attracted into the case of the relative clause, while its proper place in the antecedent clause is taken, by _/Wj/at'—rj».s", either (l) a prominent adjective, " of that flight," or (2) referring to proeliitm. ^^aiuitio Caesari : H. 390," II. ; A. t\: G. ^^^, CHAP lER XIX. ^(/usl)Uti—ro(jnitas: " after these things were found out." H.431 ; A. vV: G, 255. ^iptum — acri'ftfi'ent : " when the most undoubted facts were added to these grounds of suspicion." Distinguish sulph-io, .uLspicio. hp(nd — (radiij'isnel : "the fact that he had led" ; for the mood : H. 516, 11. ; 528, I. ; A. & (i. 341, d. The subjunctive implies that the fact is well-known to the reader. NOTES. 37 ^quod — curassel : " the fact that he had procured an exchange of host- ages 5/iOH modo — /;).s7'.s : "not only witliout his (Caesar's) own orders, and those of the state (of the Aediii), but even when without the knowledge of the latter." Decline injii-ssn. — ip-sis = Cncsarc cf AiihiLs. ^a matjhtratu, i.e., by the Vergobret, Liscus. ''caii-iap : depending on .satin, wliicii is used as a noun. H. 397.4 ; A. <5y: G. 316. What other adve.bs are similarly used ? ^i/uare — juheref : "why either he himself (i.e. Caesar) should punish him or order the state to punish (him)." — au'nHadvcrterct, a mild way of speaking. With an ace. only aiiinuidrcrtvre, means " to see," or " ob- serve." With ace. with in, "to punish." For mood : H. 524, 503, I. ; A. c\: (i. 320, a ; 336. Vii'i — rebus : "to all their considerations. " II. 38^;, I. ; A. & (1. 227. ^^^iDiiun — co'piocerat : " the one consideration that was opjiosed was the fact that he knew that his good will of Iiis brother Divitiacus towards the Roman people was very great ; that his affection towards himself was very great ; that his loyalty, his regard for right, for self-control, was jire- eminent." Divitiacus, though belonging to the Druiome time and frequented the best society and enjoyed the friendship of Cicero, who «consulted him, as a Druid, on the subject of the treatise, De DiriiKttioiic. ( he name is said to be derived from the Keltic diii, "a god") — I'olovtdti'W — -jidcin — judltiani — (e)ii/tir(tiiti(nn. Note the n-sipiditim, ^hiam Vi'vehatur : " for he was afraid that by punishing him (liter !'y by the iiunishment of him i.e. Dumnorix) he would wound the feelings of Divitiacus." Explain the use of lit and iH' aftt-r verb of " fearing." H. 49S, III. ; A. .V G. 331, f. ^'^/iriiis'/iKDH — coiKirctiir : " before he made any attempt." For the mood : II. 520, II. ; A. ..V G. 327. Explain the use of priiinquam, with the indicative and the subjunctive. ^^ijiiofidiittiis — rcinoti.s : "dismissing the ordinary interpreters." H. 431 ; A. c\: G. 255. ^*('iii — liabi'hat \ "in whom he hatl unbounded confidence in all things." ^'^simiil dixcrit : "at the same time he reminds him of those things which had been said hi the council of the Gauls in his ( (Caesar's) presence) about Dumnorix, and he points out what each one individually had said about him (i.e. Dumnorix) before him (Caesar's)."- -f/(V7(f .s//(/ : II. 528.1 ; A. »5v: G. 340 ; see also dixerit. Distinguish quisi/iti', uterqiie. ^^petit — juhcnnf : 'he asks and advises that without wounding his (Divitiacus's) feelings, either that he (i.e. Caesar) should deteimine (the matter) regarding him, after the cause had l)een heard, or that he should order the state to iletermine (the matter)" ; Coijnoncere caunitiu, is to hear, a cause." — riinfalem, scil., Ai'diiorum. 38 NOTES. CHAPTER XX. ^ne fitatuant : " that he would not come to any determination too severe against his brother." — (m'ld ; when is (juh used for nlir(utore : " lieutenant, with the power of commander," or as we should say, "lieutenant-general," the prae-itor, "the one who goes before," or ^' leads" was properly the "general," and was often used for consul in olden times. The term praetor and proconsul were used indif- ferently in the Provinces. L.abienus was next to Caesar in command. ^(/iicifjits : apposition to his : "with those (men as) guides." ''auxitii: H. 347.3 ; A. & G. 216, a. I. ^itinei-e: H. 420. I. 37 ! A. & G. 258.9. '7 HO : as' H. 451.5 ; A. &G. 296, R. I. matters -hahehatur : " who was considered very well versed in military ' ; for the genitive : H. 399.12 ; A «& G. 219, a. CliAPTER XXII. ^ prima hice : H. 440.2 N. I ; A. & G. 193. It was now midsummer, and daybreak would be about 4 a.m. 'sumniHs mons : distinguish this from suprenws mons ; distinguish also inius mons and injinius 7nons. Heneretur: why subjunctive? H. 521, II. 2 ; A. & G. 325, 323. *passif)i(s : for ablative : H. 417; A. & G. 247. What was the length of a Roman ^>a.s'.sH.!* .? Note 17, Chapter II. ^comperit : distinguish comperio, I find out by inquiry ; reperio, I find out by search something concealed ; invenio, I come upon a thing suddenly or unexpectedly, without any effort. ^tqiio (ulmisso : abl. abs., "with his horse at full speed." ''nellent : dependant clause in oblique narration : H. 524 ; A. & G. 336. Hralliris insianihiis : the devices on their shields and helmets. Here Gal- liens = Helvetiis. hlicit—suhducit—instruit: not the force of the presents. i°M« : give the different uses of tit. H. 467 III. ; A. & G. 276, d. ^hommitteret : H. 498, I. ; A. & G. 331, a. ^h'isae essent : II. 529, II. ; A. & G. 342. ^^proelio : for ablative: II. 414-1 ; A. & G. 243. ^*multo — die : "at length when the day was far advanced " : abl. abso- lute. 40 NOTES. ^^pcr cxploratores : distinguish this and ah exploratorihm. H. 415, I. I. IV. '*/>ro v'lHo: "as (something) seen." Considius, in the dim hght of the morning, Iiad supposed the detachment of Labienus on the height a (iallic force. ^'^in/t'rvallo : for ablative : H. 445-9 ; A. & G. 200, b. ^^inUUa : H. 379 ; A. & G. 25-7. CHAPTER XXIII. ^poxtrhlb' : posteri d'o', cotidie are locatives merged in a dative ; cp in old Latin, ith' qidnfi, die crdstini. Others iake poHtcrl die as ablative and compare ponfeii, anted. — dieii'^ a jjleonasm : for the case, see H. 398-5 ; A. cS: G. 214, g. '^ipiod—Hupererat: "Vjecause two days in all remained." When does 7«0(/ take the indicative, and when the subjunctive? H. 516; A. & G. 321. — hidiinm, the (piantity of the l is accounted for by the fact that hidit- tun = hidii'im, the second / is omitted, the first i is long by position. With hiduum, scil., spatium. hiuum — oporteret : " within which it was necessary that he should mea- sure out corn to the army." — r^Hww marks the time at the end of vvnich the corn had to be given out ; and the time is determined by hiduum. ^aiupliun — octodecim : inilUhun is ablative of measure, not governed by ampliu-i. H, 417-2 ; A. tlv; G. 247 c. P'or the length of a Roman ^^«.s^ms", see Note 17, Chapter II. What other word may be used for octodecim ? ^rei — existimavit : "he thought it necessary to provide for a supply of corn." What cases may proridere give? H. 385.1, II. ; A. «S: G. 228. ^Bihmde : what case? H. 380, II. ; A. & G. 258, b. "'decuriouiii : " the cavalry of a Roman legion were divided into 10 tur- inae, each tnrtna numbering generally 30 ; each of these turmae were di- vided Into three decuriae, each decuriae numbering lU. The commander of a deruria was called decurio. quud — cxistiiiiarent : for the mood : H. 516, II. ; A. & G. 341, d, co, H. 423 ; A. & G. 250, R. ^pridie : traces of a locative in e are founil ; as cotidie, hodie. ^\uod — conjiderent : " because they trusted that they could not be pre- vented from ol)taining a supply of corn." re: H. 414. 1 ; A. iS: G. 243. Conjugate confide re. What verbs are semi-deponent ? CHAPTER XXIV. ^id advertit : the usual construction with animain admrtere is ad aliqaam rem. The two accusatives with advertere, animum and a pro- noun *(/, hor, illud, though common in Sallust and Caesar is unusual in other classic Latin writers. Cicero used the form animadvertere which Caesar also sometimes uses. Animum is governed by the verb, and id, by the prep. ad. huhducit : "he leads up close" : cp. suhsetjuor. NOTKS. 41 '7'// .mxtineret : "to keep in check "'; for the subjunctive : H. 497-1 : A. & C'r. 317. The battle was fou^jht to the west of Hibracte. *li{(prim — medio: " meanwhile, half way up the hill "; itUcrim, implying a short duration ; interea, " meanwhile " signifying a longer period occupied. trlplicein acion, a legion in (- aesar's time numbered 6,000 men, and con- sisted of 10 cohorts. Four of those cohorts formed the first line ; then three behind the first four ; then three behind the first three. Each cohort is supposed to have been separated from the other by an interval eijual to the length of the cohort. ^/ii/iij)ii(iii— veteratiariim : for the genitive: H. 396 V, ; A. & (j. 215. The regular time of service for foot soldiers was twenty years ; for cav- alrymen, ten. They were then discharged (emeriti), or they re-enlisted and served not with the other soldiers, but under their own Hag. They were then called veterani, vexillarii, ,siibsiijnani, or eroaiti. ^itn — eoUocaret: "in such a way that he posted above himself on the top of the ridge the two legions which he had very lately enrolled in furtlier Gaul, and all the auxiliary troops." — supra ne ; Caesar was with the four legions ; minmo : H. 440.2, N. 1.2; A. & G. 193 — qntti : see Note 9, Chapter X. Distinguish (tuxilium and nuxilia in meaning. Here auxilia were troops that were not Italian. "'lioinlaihuH compleri : "to be manned." ^interea : see note 4, above. ^sarrinae, the individual baggage of a Roman soldier, which consisted of provisions for fifteen days (ciharia), utensils (uteiisiUa), a saw {.serra), a basket {tisciis), a hook (faix), a thong (loriiin), a. chain (catena), a pot, and stakes (valli), the whole amounting to sixty pounds in weight ; i))i- pedimeiita, the general baggage of the legion. ^'^confertissima acie : this aljlative seems to be adverbial of manner after successerunt : "after repulsing our cavalry, and forming tlieir i)halanx, they ascended in very close order t© our van"; atv'p. II. 4I9,V; A. AG. 255. phijhuiije, any compact body of men went by the name of p/ialanr. The Helvctii probably locked their sliields together. The Helvetian was (luite distinct from the Macedonian plia/anx. CHAPTER XXV. ^■sKO, scil., eqiio remoto : this probably me^ms that Caesar and- all his staff officers dismounted to encourage the soldiers of the legion. There is no reason, however, to suppose that the cavalry dismounted. I'lutarch mentions that Caesar, in sending his horse away, gave orders that it should be brought back for the pursuit, after the enemy were routed. '^ai'ipiato — periciilo: " the danger to all being made equal "; abl. abs. : H. 419, III.; A. &G. 255. ^prui'liiim commitiit'. "he commenced the battle." cp. /inx>/t' Vm destrictis -. " after drawing their swords." .1 •.;, 42 NOTES. !ii ^Oallh — 'mipiiiUniento : "it was a j^reat hindrance to the Gauls in the way of their fightinj;"; for the two datives : H. 390.1 ; A. k G. 233.1. "'({uod — C()lliitis : "that, when several of their shields were pierced and pinned together l)y one blow of the javelins, they were able neither to juill out (the javelin), nor, in consequence of their left hand being hampered in its movement, to fight with sufficient advantage, since the iron point (of the javelin) had been bent (in the shield)." Decline plus. hrnci-s — rt'un(i /loni, one o'clock. The day honi sunrise to sunset was divided by the Romans into twelve parts of equal length. — iu'erxum hostem. Caesar often praises the valour of the enemies of the Romans. *nd —piiiinatum: •' to a late hour of the night, too, the battle continued at the baggage." ^projitcreii — conjirlehanl : " because they had placed the waggons as a ram})art against (the enemy), and (thus) from a vantage ground kept throwing their javelins against our men (who were) coming up." — projitirfd qnoil, see Note 6, Chapter 1. v — superiore. The average length of the cast of a javelin was twenty-five yards. It would gain great impetus from even so small an elevation as the height of the carts. ^notinuUi : distinguish this from tiiilli nou. .So also distinguish nounun- (putin, nnnipMin mm; vonnuHipinni, nui^quum non. ''iiKttdran — Hubjick'hant : " kept hurling their s|)ears and light javelins from beneath," i.e. from underneath and through the sjiokesof the wheels. inatara (Livy uses the form vi(tterin) a Gallic spear, derived from Celtic medrydd, "to aim at a mark "; trwjula, a light javelin thrown by means of a leather thongs. — t/uum — esset : " after fighting a long time "; literally, " when the battle has been fought for a long time "; for subjunctive : II. 521 ; A. & G. 322. ^potiti sunt : what cases does potior govern ? H. 410, V., 3 ; 420 ; A. & G. 223, a 2^<).~tota nocte. : H. 379.1; A. & G. 256, b. ^ null(i)n-- inter miiy n rather loose construction. — CHiPiit, why subjunctive? II. 529, II. ; A. & (J. 342. '^itl>.sit/i:H —pitpuHcit : " h(' dcniamlcd (fn^m theiu) liostai,'es, arms (and sucli) fu^'itive slaves as h.id iled for protection loh\m."— acrritti (/iiiz=(t'>i) .lerviM i)i(i. H. 52S.1 ; A. cV: G. 341, d. ^iluni —roii/eninfnr: " while these were l)einf; looked up and collected." Explain the uses of i/inn. H. 579 ; A. .r drdiifeniiit). CHAPTLR XXVIII. ^risciif : " found this out" ; rcsrio is to find out a thing concealed, or a thing contrary to expectation. '^i/Korioii : the relative precedes the antecedent hin. ^//i.s — inipirav'it: " he ordered these to hunt after them and bring them back, if they wished to be clear before him." — co»'/'"''"' ■ "' • II. 498. i ; A. .ic G. 331, a. — dh) : "in his sight," i.e. in the si; ii of , -ar. \\. 384.4, X. 3; \. &. G. 235. — rcdudoi — hahiiit : '^ regardeii those brought back in the light of enemies" ; ;t euphen .y for sayinj^ hat they were all to be put to the sword. *unde ■-=. i' ifuibu.'i. ^/•pnrti : sec Note 11, Chapter VIII. *'doini : a locative : H. 426.2 ; A. & G. 258, d. Give other examples of locatives in Latin. Decline doinm. — quo : U. 410 ; A. «!v: G. 24S Uderamrcnl : II. 502.1 ; A. &. G. 320, a. — far ere id : "furnish." — inon- denatt : wdiy indicative ? '^tltiod iio'uit: the indicative as indicating the speaker's reason. H. 516 ; A. .^G. 333- '^ lie— esse id : "lest onacojunt of the fertility ol the land the Gern. is, who dwell across the Rhine, should cross from their own territory into that NOTES. 45 of the llelvetii, and become neij^hhiiurs to the province of (laul and to the Allol)ro},'es."— ^YrHNi/v/ 7 : M. 497, [I. ; A. iK: fl. 317. Caesiu heiealludes to the great western |)I.iin of Switzerland. 'I he llelvetii had l)een rniiictd to about one-third ol what tliey were beA^re. There was a larj,'e amount of land unoccupied, and it is reasonal)le to suppose that the (ierman> settled in Helvetia in j,'reat nund>ers. ^lUnon — conc'tittit ; '* (Caesar) yielded this re(|uest at the instij;ation of the Aedui, that they {i.i'. the Aedui) should allow the lioii to settle in their territories, because they {i.i. the Hoii) were noted for their i)re-eminent valour."— Acdiiit fM'tcH/ihitf*, abl. abs. H. 419, III. ; A. <,\: (i. 25s. The phrase ut — coUorarmt, depends on the ablative al)solute. Artlais — //» - feuti/tiin. — (/idhits, cin i/iios — cos. II. 45',; A. c\: (1. 1 80, f. — fiosfxi ; after the rebellion of Vercingelorix, told in lio'kVII. — attfiii' : "as. ' II. 555.1.2, IV. ; A. A: (i. 156, a. rilAPTEK XXIX. ^tahnhie — xnut : "lists were found." Distinjjuish npirio, "to find," after search has been made; invenio, to suildenly "come on" a thing without .searching for it. 'Hiteris—coti/f'rtae : " written in Greek characters." No Gallic alphabet is known. The Gauls probably learned the mode of writing from the (ireeks of Massilia, a colony estalilished by the Phocaeans, B.C. 600. Strabo mentions that the (iallic contracts were made out in Greek. — t/iiHnis in tabidhH ; for the repitition of the relative, .see Note 2, Chapter VI. II . 445. 8 ; A. & G. 200, a. ^rat'io — ed : " a computation is made" — '/(a interrogative. II. 188, II. ; I ; A. cV G. 104, a. — domo—exixnet : H. 412, II., I ; A. & G. 324 ; for the latter, .see H. 503.1 ; A. & G. 320, a. *sep(U'ath)i : "in separate lists." ^quarinn — suvvma : " the total of all these various heads was." — cttpitnni Helvetiorum = Hflvctorbon, by .cape at any rate was afforded." — relitiais, scil., Gallis. CHAPTER XXXIII. -coijnHls : alilative absolute. pidaret: "and next :^o these things (which he had heard), many considerations influenced him why he should conclude that this matter ought to be consiilered and undertaken by him. — putaret. H. 503.1 ; A. & G. 320, a. ^(/uod — rideltat : the indicative as giving Caesar's own reason. *'/iiod — (irhifrahatur : " while the emi)ire of the Roman people was so great, he thought it the liasijst thing to himself and the state." The pre- position in is often used as a substitue for the ablative absolute as the participle of Kinn does not exist. ^pdiddtlni — ridehat : " moreover for the Germans to become accustomed to cross the Rhine, and for a groat number of them to come into (iaul, he saw was fraught with danger to the Roman people." T!ie first two clauses are subjects of cssr understood. '^sihi — [enipera/iirox: give the different meanings and constructions of teinperor. — ante, referring to the events of lOI B.C. and 102 B.C. "^ praesertim — dirideret : " especially since only the Rhine separated the Se(|uani from oiu- province." — dirideret. H. 517 ; A. «.S: G. 326. ^Ipse—smncnit : " moreover Ariovistus had put on such airs, and assumed so i)roud a bearing, —f'erendns nun ; " unbearable PROPER NAMES. ABBRi:VTATI(0;S. adj. = adjective ; f. = feiii. siny. - sinu'ular. 111. iiiasf. ; N. - iKjiiii ; ii. = neuter; pi. = plural I ; so 10- llie led he ses the uul A = Aiiliis, i ; N. 111. ; ii itdiiiaii pr((cii//o;/.v). The name means " hig'hlunders," from al, " hii,di ; hnnni, •MaiKl." Alpes, iniii ; N. i»!. f. ; the AI^k derive their name from the Celtic «//<, ineaniiiu " lofty." Their leiitfth is about (i(H) Kiitflish miles. The followiuir are the divi- sions t,-enerally «■i\en to this chain: AlftiK Mitritiiiuif, from Nice to .Mt. \iso ; AliiCK Ciiftiiic, from .Mt. \'i-^oto.Mt. Ceiiis ; Alin'n d raiiw, from .Mt. Iseraii to Little St. Hernard ; Alpfn I'l'iiinrti , from the irreat St. IJernard to the sources of the Rhine and Klioiie; AI/iik lilieople of (iallia Celtica, situat(.'d between the Aeilui and the .Mlobroyes, aloiij;' either bank of the Araror S'es .VccordiiiLr to Strabo, the Aipiitani <•(/(*')• Bibracte, '•'>•,■ N. m. jil. : a lar;,'e town of the Aetlui in (iaul on the Aiiokv, one of the tributaries of the /.<;//•('. It was aftervvanls called Auyustodunuin, which still remains in the modern Antini, 50 PROPKIl NAMES. Boii, "rum ; S in. pi. : a |ieoi)Ie of Ct'ltic Oaul, who dwelt on the waters of the Sollar. From i'.nn\ tlii-y panned into <;erinaii\' and settled in tlie present Hoheniia, a cor- ruption of liiiii'rlii'hii, i.e., the residence of the IJoii. They afterwards went to />ai-'//-/*/. a corniption of lluaria. Their names mean "the terrible ones ;" from C'eltie '"', " fear." C -- Caius, /; N. m. : a Roman jmienomen. Cassius, />. ■" N. ni. : Lueius Cassias was ('(jnsnl 107 H. ('. In that year a coalition was formed of the Cimhri and Teutones. After devastatin;;' (Jaiil, they united with the Helvetii and resolved to attack the Roman /'rurincia at several jioints. The Helvetian tribe Tifjurini, un ler Divico, attacked tlie territory of the .\llo- hroi^es by the bridi,a' of (Jeneva and the fords of the Rhone. The other Helvetii moved south. The Romans dixided their forces Cassius, the consul, hastene were defeated by Caesar in several battles. Their chief town was Forum ClauiUi Centronum (now Ci'nfron). Cimbri, orinti ; X. i)l. m. . a i>eoi)le of Central Huroi>e who invaded the Roman emi>ire in the time of Marius. They were a branch of the Celtic tribe. They are sujiposefl to have had their orijfin in the Cimbric Chersonese {J at la nil). Considius, '' ; N. ni. : Publius Considius was an officer in Caesar's army. He was enii)loyed in the war ai,'-ainst the Hehetii. Crassus, / ; X. m. : M. I.icinius Crassus, surtiamed Dinx, was a meml)erof the first triumvirate. He was noted for his enormous wealth. At Cinuhne he fell in battle ajjrainst the Rarthians. D. "Divico, Dili'' ; N'. ni. : an influential noble amoTii,'' the Helvetii. He was the leader of the embassy sent to Caesar l)y the Helvetii after their defeat. Divitiacvia, '' ; N. ni. : a leadiny; nobleman of the .\edui, who pos.sessed j,''reat intlu- eiice with Caesar in conseipience of his tidclity anil attachment to the Romans. Dumnorix, '.'/'•'<.■ N. m. : a i)owerful and ambitious chieftain of the Aeilui, aninn, or Cit>'ri<'i; or (iaul, this side of the Alps, i.e.. Northern Italy. PROPKR NAME'. 51 Garumna, m- ; X. f. : now the Garonne, a river of (;.uil. It runs in the Pyrenees (nuititrx I'l/n-nnai'i') and empties into tlie Bay of li}M'a.\ (Occn mix Cnntdhricnn). Aci'onlintf to Caesar, the (iaruniiia separated Aipiitaina from (Jailia Celtica. Genava, if, N. f. : a eit.v of the Allohroi^^-s, at the western extremity of Laiie li"inmanus (Irt-nera) on the soiitii l)ank of the ri\ er Kliodaiius (lUmnf). Germania, <"', N. f. : a district of Central Euroi)e iiilialiited liy tlie (Jermans. The word IS i)rolial)ly from eitlier(l) iri'r, " war '' the (Romans softeninj,'' the w to»/) and niaiui, " a itiann," so tiie (iermani means " warriors, " or ("2) from the Celtic e. Graioceli, unnn ; N. pi. m. : a tril)e of (iaul dwellin;; near tlie Alps. H. Harud.es, vm ; X. jil. m. • a (iermaii tiilie in the \ ieinit.\ of the Mareomaimi, lie- tweeii the Rhine nd the head w.iters of the riser Danulie. This district was in the \ icinity of the i)reseiit cities of iloihweil and Fvr!rij . Helvetii, I'irun ; N. pi. ni. : a nation of Gaul con(iuerel. : a people of Heltrie Gaul. Tlie\ extended aloiiLf the Hanks of the Rhine, idiout ninety miles west of Lake liriiran- tinus (Cnnitanre). Lemannns, *' ; X. ni. : now Lake of Hi-ncrn, separating- the territory of the Ilehetii from that of Caul. It is almost 4.'> miles Ion;; hy 11 wide. Lingones, um ; N'. m. i>l. : a people of (iaiil, whose territories included N'osy^esus ( I ■(«'/.'.■<), and, coiise(|Uently, t le source of the Mos.i (Miiiac) and .Matr'\ X. m. : .)fnrrtt.f roZ/'z/i/v Mi'.i.'oiln was consul alonif with Marcus Piso n. C. til. Matrona, ne ; X. f. : a river of (Jaul, now ilie Marne, which formeii i)art of the old l)ou)idar\ hetween GaHin liehiira and GnlUn Cel.tiea. PKOl'EK NAMES. N. Nameius, /; N. m. : a Chieftain of the Ilchetii, sent nUma with Verudoctius at the tuaina. The eliief town Was .Ndieia. the (•a])ital of tlie Norica or Noriei, which was in day.s of (.'aesar besieged ly the fJoii. Noreia, '"' ; N. f- : the caiiital of Noricum. o, OceailUS, / ; X. ni. : tlie Atlantic Ocean. 0'.^elurn, '' ; .v. n. : a city anionj;' tlie Cottian A!i)s ; now ('yscini in I'ied iinnit. Org'etoriX, /,'/'■<; X. m. : a nolileman aniouj: ttie llelvetii, ranViiny first, accordiii;;- to (.'aesar, in hirtli and riclies. Kull of aniliitio?i, lie formed a con>.)iira( \ amoiij,'' tiie i.ohles and ))revailed on his jieoiile to seek a country other than their native lanut on trial. Hy aid of his retaiiu rs he niana^ted to re'-cue himself, hut shortly afterwards died, as was sus|ieeted, hs' tiis own hand. P Publius. a Roman prariKniien. Piso, I'lii.-i: X. ni. : LiiciKs Pikh, consul (il B.C., with M. .Messala. Piso, '''(*•■'• ; X. ni. ; Luciii.'< I'isa was consul 112 B. (J. Five \ears after he >.er\ed as lieutenant under the consul Cassius, hut was slain, together with him, by the Tuj^urini. He was ancestor of L. I'iso, Caesar's father-in-law. PSn'ennaei, ^cil niDiitrs: the I'limwcs, a ran>j:e of mountains sejiarat u^x Caul from Sjiain. The derivation of the word is from the Celtic ji/icn or pjirii, "a hij;h moiMitain." From this root may l)e derived llrciimr in the Tyrol: I'lji'in. in .Austria ; Fcnior, in the Tyrol. B. Rauraci, ''rum ; X. m. : a (iallic tribe above the Helvetii anontine Alps, a little abo\e Mt. St. the I'ictones on the north and the (Jaruimia on the south. Their chief town was Mediolanuni, called .Santones, now Sninti'x. Seguisani, unnti ; X. m. jil. : a people of (iallia Celtica to the south of the .\eflui an or tn Maiyus „, Afr.ra and attorwanls was the u.vat political op,.. , • t f ^^f'?^^-l["'.i ^ •.'"■, I''- : ■i'iam..-iM.|i toal.ia.ichof the -leat (uTinanic faliiilv Alo,,^ «,th the C.nh.i they .levastate.l Northern Italy aMfl(;u„l from I l;j to ]' ri low Teutones, I - i Tig-iinnus, o, m,/ .- adj. : a canton of the Ilelvetii, near Lake Z'>rirl,. '^^^yWo'i^v; '"" ' '"^" ''"■ ■ " '"'"•'''' "* •'^'luitiiiiia. Their ehief town was T.,lns„ (, Tuling-i, './■/<,/, • .\. ,,1. : a Cernnn tril.e, whose territories lie to the north of the Jieuetn. The modern Stiilili,i;ieti marks the site of tlie ancient cai.ital. Verudpctius, / ; \. m. : a chief of the llihetii, sent alony witli Nameins at the l"«-ail of an embassy to Caesar. Their object was to rei|uest i-erniission to march tin' ; N. m. pi. : a trihe of Southern (;aul. lyinu to the east of the Rhone I lien- chief town was Dea (now /;/,). ABBREVIATIONS. 'en. a. Ill- act. a)>l. . . ace. a.lj. . . adv. . . (•omiii. conij». . . coiij. . , op. . . . flat. . . , (lef. (leff t (lein. (lemon dep. . (lissyll. etvni. f. . . str fr. free I . fut. yen. . . (iv. . . . iniperf. ind. or indie indecl. . . indef. . . inf. or iiifin interj. . . interro^. . irr. or irrey. Where the ety aeti\e. m. . . ablative. n. or iieut accusiiti\e. ' • iioni. adjective. num. . asol. . common y-ender. ord. comparative deifree. P. "/' part, conjunction. pass. com))are. ])erf. dative. jiers. defective. }>luiierf. demonstrative. j)lur. deponent. pos. dissyllahle. t oss. . etymoloyry. jircp. . feminine. pres. from. )»roli. . fre((ucntative. i>roii. future. rel. . . ;,'eniti\e. Sans. (Jreek. senii-dep. imjitrfect. sinj-'. indicative. suhj. . indeclinable. sup. indefinite. v. a. infinitive. v. dep. interjection. v. n. iTitetronative. voc. irrejfular. = • • • moloLfy is not .triven, the word is of \ ery . masculine. . neuter. . nominative. . numeral. . obsolete. ■; . ordinal. . particijile. . jiassixe. . ])erfect. . person, personal. . plui)erfect. . jduial. . positive dej^ree. . po>sessivc. . pri'iHjsition. . jireseiit. . prol)ably. . })ronoun. . relative. . Sansc-rit. . si'mi- 'ciionent. . sin^'ular. . subjunctive. . su)>erlative ; supine. , verb active. . verb deponent. . verb neuter. . vocative. . equal to. uncertain or unknown oriyiii. VOCABULARY. mil). 8. ; see ill). ab (a), pri'V». y:''^. alil. ; Fnun, (iiraii /I'diii. On the .«/(/(' (i/ ; in tin' ilin'ctiiin nf. O/ or /nmi, u person to wlKtiii a re- ((iiest, c^'. , is made. Of the aj.a'iit : //,(/ lakiii to (Jr. an-o], ab-do, tl (li, (lituiii, (li're, ;{. V. a. [ab, "away"; do, "to)>ut"] ("To jiut away oc remove) Ta hide, cuncfdl. With per- sonal i)ron. in reflective force: 7'« Au/c, or ciinccal, onc'n .■••('// t)y witlidrawinjjc. ab-duco, diixi, ductimi, dficere, 3. V. a. (ai), "away": dfico, " to lead "J To h'lnl air nj. abs-ens, cutis, I'a (abs-um, "to be at)sent"J Ahm-nt. abs-tineo, tlnni, t( ntwm, tlnOre, 2. \. n. |for al)s-tOnOo ; for abs. ( =ab), "from"; teneo, "to hold") T'ce " ; miror, "to wonder": root mi, "to wonder," ling. mnlle]. Tu wonder or he a.'^timished ad-mitto, misi, m'.ssum, mittcre, :i. \'. a. |ad, " to" ; niitto. " to a low to go") Of a horse as < (bjcct : To ijire th'- reins to. adolesc-ens, entis, comm. gen. |1'. pres. of aflolesc-o, "to grow up"; as Suhst). /) i/outh. Adolescent ia, lae, f. [adolescens, adolescent-is i Yuuth. &d-6rior, ortus, sum, ("irui. 4. dep. [ail, "against"; orior, "to rise"] tout- tack, assault, assail. adsci-SCO, \i, tum, scOre, 3. v. a. inch. |adsci-o " to trrke to one's self knowingly; to admit") To take to one't self; to unite, join. ad-sum, fni, es.se, V. n. [ad, "at"; sum, "to be "J I'o be present ; to he at hand. 5(i VOCAUULARV. adven-tus, tfis, m. iiidvonio, "to i «'onie tu") Arriviil. , adversus, Ha, smii, adj. |for advert- siis ; rr. ailvcrt-o, "to turn t(n\anlH" L'lifdriiiirilhli', liifi:\fiil, adverto, vfiti, \cisum, vertCrf. '.i. v. \ a. |ii, " to l)iiril ' : v]>. aiOw, \ and /(((•/((, "to make"! .1 buildlmj of any kind. ' : aeg'er, «ra, «rum, adj. Sick, | aegl'e, adv. With ilifinitt!/, scnrci'li/. aequo, aiv a\i, atuni,a((|uu.s|, v. act. To iiialci' I'l/iKil. aequus, a, nm, adj. KijiDil, jiixf, J'"i,\ afestas, tatis, n. f. Snunin'r (root .\Kip, " to burn" !. aestimo, 'uv, avi, atmu, v. m-t. Tti i'ntiiiKllf. Cdllir. aestus, US, M. ni. Heat. aftero, fenc, attnli, allatuni, \. act. Til hriii'i |ail, fel'(j|. I afficio, ticOru, feci, fuctiun. v. ac-t. Tnii/i'rt, treat. \ ager, ayri, n. m. Cniiiitii, district 1 |a;r, " to drive" ; cp. dyp6<; ; lience, where | cattle aie driven]. agger, iris, [ad, yero], n. in. A jii'r, iiiiiiiiiil. aggredior, «rrdi, uressus, sum, v. ;{. |ad, :;radior, ' to niarcli") Tn iju aijainst. agmen, minis, n. m. [a;,' 'to drive "/• lead"! An nriii;/ mi the iiinrcli. ago, ayOre, eyi, actum, v. act. 'J'n (In, ili'iri' iimrr. alacer, cris. ere, adj. Active, cwjcr. fi.lacritas, tatis, n. f. KagernenH. alias, ad\. Elxeivhcrc ; alias . . . alias, lit nil,' time . . . at aimtlicr. fi,lieno, a e, avi, fituni, v. act. Tu cstraii',ie. alienus, a, um.adj. [alius] lieliiiiijiuij to a lint her. aliquam-diu, adv. [alii|Uam (adv.), "in some (lc).;ree" ; iliu, "for a long- time"! ^''"'' f<"iiie Inn;/, or cnnxiileraldv, time. fi,li-quis, quid ((!en. : allcujus ; Dat. : Alicui ; Fem. Siny-. and Neut. I'lur. not used), iiidef, jn'on. sulist (ali-us; (juisj Siiineinie, .'iiiiuetindii ; Hitmcthing. alius, ia, iud ((J^n. : alius; Dat.: all), adj.: Aimtlier, othrr, of many. As .Suhst. : (a) Siiiy, : al-Tus, iMins, li». I Aiinther permrii, niinllor. Pliir. : ftlTi, orum. 111. Otiier iier.'tiiiix, others lixhw^. . . alius, mil' . . . aniither. fi.l-0, ui, ttuiii niid turn, Ore, .'5. \. a. ; Td iimirish, iiiai ntain, J'nster, cherish [akin to Cr. UK Out, "to iiiake to |,^row"| al-ter, tOra, tOrum ((Jen. : aUerius ; Dat.: altCri), adj.: The other of two: alter . . . alter, the mic . . . the other. alt-itudO, Itudinis, f. (alt-iiH, "liii.di"J 'Ttif ((ualitv of the altii.^:" : lience: ll,i:llit. al-tUS, ta, turn, adj. ]a-lo, "to nourisli"] ///'//(, lo/tij ament-ia, lae. f. (aniens, aiiiciit-is, "toolisir'l /•'olli/, iii/ataatioii. AmiC-ltla, Itiae, f. |amic-us, "a friend"] Friniilstiiji. .1 league of uiuifii, alliance lietween nations. ft.m-iCUS. Tea, icuni. adj. |ani-o, "to lo\e"] Luring, frii inllg, kind. As Sul>st. : amicus, i, m. A/ricnd. a-mitto, niTsi, iiiissum, niittOre, 3. y. a. (fi, " from" ; mitto, "to let yo'[ To lorn'. &m-or, Oris, m. [;\in-o, "to love"] Ijiice. ampllUS, comii. adv. [aiherhial neut. of ani))lior, " more extensive" ; see aiii- jilus] More, further. am-pl-US, a, uiii, adj. ]am ' ;imbi), "around"; pl-eo, "to till" Atnjile, c.v- te/isicc. yiildc, di.'/, fiiii'i'. ant-iquus, ii|iia, Id'iuni, adj. |ai(t-c, "licfrirc" FmiiH'r, iiiii I'li/, ulil. aper-tus, ta, tuin. .dj. li'ipCr-lo "to uiicdmt"! I'nniirml, u iiiinitrrti'tl, t'.v- liiisi'il. of places: O/icn. rh'nr, appell-O, a\i, atimi, fiic ifor ad-|H'll-o; fr. ail. '• ti)\\ar.!s" ; pcUo, ' to liniitf") 1. \. a. To fiill. ap-peto, |>oti\i ii; pctli, pOtitimi, pOt- 111', :;, \. :i. |f(>r ud-poto , tv. ad, '• to «/• towards; puto, "to seek k/ «o to"| Ti> Mi'i'l: or xtrii'iii/ti'r; tn I'lnli'di'iiur, /n iji-t or iihiiiiii, Apri-lis, lis, 111. contracted from .\p- Cnlis ; tr. apui'i-o, "to iipcn"! TIr' nioiith of Ai'iii ; ill wliicli the cartli opens itself for fertility. As adj. : O/ Ai»i.'. fi,p-ud, I'rep. y<)\. ace. Iliroli. obsol. .Iji-o, ap-lo, "to lay liold of'i WUli, lU'orfii. A iinni;/. arbitr-ium, li, n. | arbiter, tP'oitri " one w ho treats a thinif according •' his own will ; a master," I'tc] H'iil, /.'I'dxiire, I'l'i'i'-icill, etc. arbitr-or, atus smn. vri, 1. \'. dej>. (arljlter, arhitr-i, "an ui.ipire"] To finhl as tiiii' in oiie'.s mini , to nujipnsc, dfcin, ciiiixiiiiw, ri'iiat'd, think, etc. ar-ces-SO. -i\ i, sltum, sere, '.\. v a. |for ar-ied-si ; fr. ar. (— ad •, " to" ; ced-o, " to yo"] '',; call, .111 III moil . nciiil fur. ar-rra, inOriiin, n. pliir. An: x, tirap- <'/(.v []iriih. dpco. "to adapt"!. arra-O, avi, atum, are, I. v. a. larm-a, "anus, e(|uipnients," (7c. | T" /nrnisli iritli (I mix or ivi'ajmiix ; tn arm. To I'ljidji, lit (I'lt, /urn hill. arrogan-ter, adv. (for arroyant-ter ; fr. aiiii-an>;, iirroyaiit-is, "arrogant'"] ..I rrii t(i iitlfi, j.rrslimjitlliilixli/. arrogan-tia, lae. f. [ irri'iyans, arro- iranti^, ■■ arrotfant"! Armijaiiri', jirr- .siimptiiiii. arx, arcis, f. |for arc-s; fr. arc-eo_ " to enclose"! A raxtli', ritaitrl, fnrtroxx' a-scendo, scendl, scensum, sceiidere, :?. \. n. |for ad-scando ; fr. ad. in " aiiir- nientative' force; scaiido, "to iiiomit"! I'll iiii'iiiit, axri'iifl. ascen-sus, sfis. m. 'for ascend-sus ; fr. ascend 'ii ..-1 n axiviit. at, foiij. lint [aki'i to Sans, nflia, (;r. ardp, " lint"!. at-que, (contr. ac), I'onj. [for ai dare, or mitiirr, to \', fr. auir i o, "to in- crease"), " iiK-reasini,'"! Nil", "iil, ox- xixtanci', xiicriir. Avar-itia, Itlae, f. (avar-iw, '• a\ari- cious'^ .[rarit'i', cnri'touxiii'xx. a-verto, vertl, versum, \ertere, :}. V. a la. "away"; vcrto, "to turn"! V'o turn nwaii. Tn turn nxiile, ilircrt. &.VUS, i, in. .1 iiranilfatlii'r. barbarus, i. m. Iharharus ladj.), "harharia") A hnrliarinn. bellic-OSUS, osa, osuin,adj. |hellic-us, "w;irlike'! Virii irarlihr, martial. bell-O, a\i, atuin.are, 1,\. n. !hel] iiiii, " war"l T(i iraii' irar ; tn irar. b-ellum, elli, n. io'd form dfi-elluin I fr. lur. The rext. Cibari-a, nrum, adj. (clharl-us (clhus, •'food), " iiertaininy to food") J'rori- xioiix, rictiialx, food. CingO, cin> i, cinctum, cinu'Cre, 3 v. a. Of places as oliject.s : To xurrointd, en- circle, iiielii'n\\ ill connectioi witii ;iltro ; hither ami thither, to and fro- ciV-itas, It,atis, f. [civ-is, " a citi/en"] Citizeiixhiji. A xtate, cniiiiiioiiireiilth. Clau-do, si, sum. dere, :'j. v. a. : To xhut, xhut up. To cloxe, end, liiiixh : claudere aj^'men, {to clo.sc the line uf march i.e.,) to brinij up the rear [root cLr, "to shut") cli-ens, entis,eomm «jfen. [fordu-ens, which is also found; fr clil-eo, "to hear") A dependant adherent. CO-emo, emi, emptum, CmC-re, :i v. a |co (cum), in "intensive" fcnre; Cnio, "to buy" I To Inn/ iij>, Inni, jnir- chaxe. coep-io, i, tum, ere and isse, :i. v. n. and a. [contracted fr. co-ftitio ; fr. co = cum), in " aui^inentative" foi'ce ; apio. " to lay hold of"! To beat. : To trunt in- trant. Wjth lit and S'ibj. : To aire occa- nion, or eaase, that ; to effect that. COmm6d-e, adv. |coniiiioaravi, iiaiatum, parare, 1. V . a. (coin I -cum), " toyietlier " ; p.'iro, "to briny or juit") To make or get readg, prepare. Acipiire, procure. Com-p6r-io, i, tum, ire 4. .■. a. (coin. ( = ciiiii), ill " au^.'meiitative " force ; rer-ior, "to jiass tlirouyh "I To find oaf accuratelg ; to u.scertain, learn. complector, jilexus sum, plecti, :i. w den. (coin ( -cuiii), "with"; jilect , "to entwine "I To embrace, elasp. COm-plSo, I'lCvi, plOtuni, )ilere. 2. \. a. (com ( =- cum), in "auirmeiitati\e " forci' ; jileo, "to till '! Sometimes with Abl. : /■() litl cumpb-tclg iiv I'litirilji irith COm-plures, )ilura (and sonietinies |)luiia), adj. jcoiii (=cum), in aii;.^!^^!- tati\e" force; jilures, "very many"! Verg niang, xeceral. COm-portO, iiorfclv i, porfitum, port- are. I. v. a. ((oiii -cum), " toyjtiier '". porto, " to carr^ "] To carrg toijiiher. con re g, collect. C6na-ta. orum. n. jtlur. (sIhl;-, prob. not found)|cr)n(a).or, " to attemiit '] At- ^'l/ly)^^•, endearourx, effortx. c6na-tU8, tfis, m (id.) .1// attmipt, endeavour, effort 60 VOCABULARY. 1:1 \M COn-CedO, cessi, fessmn, cOilCTe, .S. v. a. Icon ( = CUM), ill "aniiniciitiitive " force; cC'ilii, "to \iflil"| 7'« iiniiit, nl- liiir, iiii'ld, riim-i'ilc. Iiiipfrs. jniss. : C'oii- cC''li,'//(/^ it sliiiiihl h(' CDHCcili'il < ; fi'. .-onfcrcio, " to cram 'll'ttll'. consilium, li, n. .1 plan, piirpoxr, doxi'in. An axxi'mlihi ; a manril of war- COn-sistO, stlti, stltum, sistOrc, 3. v. n. Icon ( - I'uiii', in " autfinentatix e " force ; sisto, " to se' one's self." /". '■. " to stand "I To take o)ii''.'< .•'tainl ; to iriiiaiii, xtand xtiU. Oi troo])s : I'o taki' up a pnxit iiiU. COn-s61or, srilat'us sum, s'ilari, 1. \. dej). con ( = cum), in " aut;ineiitati\e " for<'e ; solor, "to comfort"; To mm- /nrt, miLfiill'. VUCAUULARV. C07.1SpeC-tU3, fus, 111. Icoiisplc-lo, rlir(iii},^h r(jc>1" -I'Kij Si(/lit, riiif. In vuu- sjpcctll, li('J'i;iv till' I'l/i'", i)V ill the jiri'^ciii'i' , ot' ■ an army "/• Hcet in order of liattle ; fn jiuxl troops, itr. (con, in " auic- mentative" fiiini''s Ki'l/. 1)1 perf. tenses : T(i (ici'itsfiiin iiiii''s si'lf, i.e. to be uccii.s- tinned, or ivnnt. consde-tudo, tfidinis, f. [for coii- suettfido; fr. consuet-us. "accustomed"] Citstiiiii, liiihit, use, i(sii(ji'. consul, filis, m. A I'liiisul : one fif the t'.vo chief ma^^istrates of tlic lioniaii state, chosen annually after the eximl- sioii of the Isin^'s. COnsul-atUS, atrs. 111 ]coilsul] '/'/((' "///(•(' ii/ a '.'iiiiskI ; tlie conxtiLiliiji. consulo, fii, turn ere, 3. \ . n. Ta take, emiiisel, ihiihrrnle, consult. consul-turn, ti, n. Iconsul-o "to determine upon "] A resnlntimi, decree. con-sumo, sumpsi, sumiitum, sniii- ere, ."i. \. a. |coii ( -I'uni), in " intensive " fore»!; sumo, "to take") iiniiiniliKufe, dcsti'iiti, hriiii/ to iioiii/ht, Wiisle. con tendo, tendi, tentuni, *cnciere, 3. V. n. iniif a. ]con (- cuiii), in "auv'- iueiitati\e" force; tendo, " t.i stretch"] Neut.: Til iiinke nn cjl'iirt or eiideiiruiir ; til exert one's self, indeiivtinr. .\ct. : '/'<' strire eivjerlji iiller, e.rert riii's .lelf zdd- iiKsli/ fur. With accessory notion of hos- tility ; To sirire, eunteitd, strii;fiile. conten tlo, tli)!! s, f. jforcontend-tio; fr. contend-o, " to contend "1 .1 euuten- tiiin, ciiiitest. continen-ter, adv. ]for continent er, fr. contlnens, continent-is, "continuous"] In time : CoiiliuiKiKslii, icitliuiit inferrnfi- tion. con-tineo, tim'ii, tentnm, tlnOie. _'. \, a. |for cdii-tCnCo fr. con ■ (Uiiii, "to- gether"; teiiCo, "to hold "I (If plaves: ! ri Pass. : Tc he siirruinided, iiiciuninio^i d . or ' II' Insed III/, iiccii I II, rest nil II. con-tingo. ti^i. tactum, tinu'Crc, .S. V. a. itiid II. ]tor coiitaiiiro ; fr. con ( - CUIII', in " iiiteiisi\e ") force ; tan;;o, "to touch "I Act.; To liiKcli. reach e.rtend In. Neut.: To /iiijijieii nvcluniee : to fdlt niit , CI I me til iHlss. COntin-uU.s". ua, rium, adj,|contin-eo. " til liiijd tic'ilier "] Siiecessirc, m sue- ressiin, . contra, 'idi. mi'l j>rep.: .\i'\.: "'..so com, CO): Willi; tmii'tlnr. In"au«'mt'i- tative " "/• " intensive " force, to id-us, "ea;,'er") Kaiji'iiii, Zi'iilmixlji, iiasKinnati'hi. Com]).: Tii« ea;n'i-lii. cupid-itaa, itatis, f. [id.! ^ loii;iiii:i CupidUS, ida, idum, adj, |cu|)-Iol With (Jen. '\ Cur-a, ae, f. [for coer-a, fr. coer-o, old form of (juaer-o, "to seek "J Cair, xolici- tiiile, alfi'iitinii. CUr-O, avi, iltuni, are, 1. \. a. |cur-a, "care"! With Ace. and (Jeriindive: To take C'irc, unler, or cause, that some- thiiiji' lie done, rie.; to (let or luiri', some- thing' done. cur-aus, sus, m. [foreurrsus; fr. cur- ro. "to run"! A niiiiiinii,,ijier(l, emnse : cursuni adie(|uare, (to oiah niiial their riiiiniii;!. i.e.) to \eej) up irith tlie pare of the horses. CLlS-tOS. todis. comm. L-eii. A (jiinrtl, tire/ier. D. danill-O, "n i, atiun, are, l.\ . ;»» jdanni- um, in the nieanini^- of " a penalty "j To riimleoi II. de, l>rep. jfov. Ahl.: From, mean from. In the course of, itoriuij, i». Of, (iliout, coiicernimi, respect ion. From, out of, from ttoiong a number of persons, etc. Of a cause, reason, etc: From, for. de-beo, hfti, bitum, here, 2. v .i. !confr. fr. dO-haheo; fr. de, "from' ; hftl'eo, " to have"! To o ire. With Inf.: '/'(( be hounil to do, etc.; I, etc., oin/ht to do. de-cedo, cessi, cessum, cedere, 3. v. a. !de, "away"; cCmIo, "toLfo") To ll tloirn. deo-imus, Ima, imun», .'j (.:m. adj. (dec-em, "ttii '! Tenth. de-CipiO, cepi, cei>tuni, i i; ' 3. v. a. [for d(;-cai)io ; fr.de. in " streii;.rttieniny " fon e ; capio, "to take"; hence, in liiul sense, "todecei\e"! To ileceirc. de-cl&ro, clfu-rivi, ciriratum, clir.ire, 1. \. a. (de, "completely"; clar-o, "to malic clear "] 'J'u unuounce, declnre, etc. decuri-o, nnis. m. !decnri-a, " a troop of ten (horse-)soldiers "! The com- mander of a deciiria. dedit-itius, Itii, m. |ded-o, su]). dof time; In the next ..•are, afterwards, after that. VOCAHILAKY. 03 dejicio, jOci, jectum, jffere, 3. v. a. [for (IC'-jiUmo ; fr. de, "down" ; jftfio, "to throw' I To thrnii' or caxt iloini. Dc- jecti e.'i !, i.e.) (li'iaiijiiiiiiti'il in fliot liiijir. de-libero, liiioravi, lii.oiatmii, Iii.l- rfiri', 1. V. ii. |for dc-liliro; fr. dO, in " strenirtlK'nin;;" force; liliro, " tu jioise '//• wei^'-h"J To ii'i't'/ih nrll in one's mind ; /o jianili-r, ili'lihcratf, (•iiti^idrr. de-llgo, lii,'avi, li^^fituni, liufire, 1. v. a. [de, "down"; 1 <^o, "to liind"| Tu hinti (/'<(/■/( ; til hind /nxt, /n.stfn. de-ligO, lOyi. leetuni, Uj^'Ore, 3. v a. |for dO-Tt%'o ; fr. de, "out"; lOtro, "to choose"! To rlioone ont, .i/'lcrf, jn'rl: ovt. de-minuO, mlnni. niinntum, minu- ere, \',. \. a. |do, in " stn tii.'-theninu' force; niinfio, "to make less"] To imilrr lens ; to b'xiti'n, iliiiiini.-. ])erf. i)ass. of deniitto. ()i localities: I,iin'-li/inarticle dem, in i-deni, tan-dem) At la.if, at leii'ith. de-nego, no^^rn i, nei^Mtum. nOnare. 1. V. a. |dO. in "intensi\e" force; nO'^-o, "to deny"! To refn^e. de-ni. nae, na, nnm. distril». adj. [for dec-ni : fr. de<'-eni, "ten"] Ten each. deniqiie, adv. (fordein-que ; fr. doin, "then '; <|Ue, " and") At Inst, at length. de-nuntio, nnntlavl, iiuntiatum, nun- tiiire, 1. V. a. [do, "from"; nnntlo, "to send a message"] To intininte, announce. To nienaee, threaten. de-perdo, Jierdldi, iierditiim, ]wi- dere, .3. \ . a. do, denotinj^ " complete- iiess" ; ]>erdo, "to lo.se"] To low entirely or eoiiijdi'titi/ depono, pOsfli, ivVsItnm, pOnere. .'{. V. a. (dC-, "down"; pono, " to put") 7'« put or lai/ down in a place. To laii «.ci|>.il-us, "a li'acmr"] Dltri/tliiii'- disco, i\ , "tosliinu''|. di-vido, VIST, \isiiiii, vidore, :{. v. a. (" To jiart asunder" ; hence) To il'cidi', si'jKtrnli' ; root vid, " to part '//•divide"]. do, dodi, datum, d.irc, 1. v. a. 7'o jjlri' in the widest acceptation of the term (akin to root !>.> |. do-ceo, ili. turn, Ore, 2. v. n. [akin to dio-oj 7" li'di'h, iiisti Kct, iiifunn, .i/ioir, tell, etc, dol-eo, Ili itum, ere, 2, v. n, : To lif ill /iidii. Tn ijrii ri', .sorniir. dol-or. oris, III. Idill-eo, "to ^'rieve" (rrii\l\ siirrnii'. dol-US, i. m. Crilf/. f'niiid. i/iiili', de- rrit. d<5m-i-cil ium, li, n. |for dom-i-cul- lum ; fr. duin-iis, "ahode"; (i) coniiectinjJT vowel", root ciL «aA, in (caA-iin-Ttu, "to conceal"! .4 luibitilfion, dirr/liift, domi- rile. domi, domo, dome; see doimis. domus, i "//'/ iis, f. A iliirl'iiii, liiiiiyr, iiliiiili'. .^(herljial (Jen. of jilace : domi, At home, domo, /•'/■'•//( lumh'. .Vfter verbs of motion : domum. V'o the liiiuxr, Imiiit', hoiiirivnnh. don-O, avi, atiuii.are, 1. v. a. |doii-uiii, "a i)resent"| To ;/ire as a present: ''* /;/V'.sc///. dubita-tiO, tlunis, f. [duliit(a)-o. "to doulit 'i A diiuhtiiii/ ; doubt, lu'sitdimi. dub-ito. it:lvi, Itatnm, Itare, 1. v. ii. intins. ||iriiiiiti\'e form dfi-Ko. tr. du-o, " t\\(i"| To li-xitatr, diiilht, hi; in doiild. dub-ius, la, ium, adj. [oh-ol. dul>-o, " to nio\e two ways, vilirate to and fro" ; fr. duo, "two"!. Dnultt'iil, iinirrtnin. dCl-cent i,ac, a, nuin.aiij. iilur, (du-o, " two " ; cetit-vuii, "a hunilied"! Two }i mid rod. duco, duxi, ductuiii, dficCre, 3. \. a. Tu dr"if, Ivad , riiiidnrr, hriii'i furirurd in the widest sense, i 'f a conriiander : To loud, ninro, or iiiaroh truujix, etc. /''< injiuoiico, indnco, nioco, afl'i'ot. Tn ii-okmi, rofiard, ronxidcr, di'eni. dum, ad\-. lakiVi to diu W'liilo. irhiixt, irhilo I'l-ii. Until, until that. dil-O, ae, o, imiii. adj. ]ilur. Tivn. duo-decim, num. adj. jilur. iiided. |for drio-dC'ccni ; fr. duo, "two" ; ilecem, "ten"! Tiri'lro. dur-US, a. um, adj. lliird, .<' nro. tiiilsniiio, diflimlt. dux, dficis, comin. j^ieh. [for duc--^ ; fi'. duc-o, "to lead"! .1 loador, nuido, omi- iluotiir. Of troops, oto. .- n loador, cum- uimidor, fioiwraL E. e ; see ex. e-do, didi, ditum, dere, Ii. \. a. [e( = c\), "out"; aut or coiiiv Jhitfi ; to Irnrc. [ e-greg-ius, la, Uuu, adj. (e (=ex), ; " from out of "'; jrrex, yrC'j,'-i8, " a flock "] Exi'flli'iit , vnuni'iit, etc. e-migro, ml^jravi, mlgratum, inlj^rare, , 1. V. n. [e (=t'X), "from"; uiij;ro, "to depart"! jf'" nrt /I'oiti, cinigntte e-mittO, misi, luissnm, mittere, 3. v, a. [C (-ex), '■ a\va\ from''; mitto "to ' seiiil "j Til tfirijtr uirai,', cant aaide or off. §mo, Cnii, emptuiii, emcre, 3. v. a. [emo, " to take "J To buy, puichane. emol-imentum, imenti, n. lemol-lor, " to work out"] Effort, axi'ftiiin, Inhour, diffuultii. enim, conj. F;• ii, Itum. Ire. v. n. To go [root I, akiTi to root i, (Jr. i-e»'ai, "to go"]. eodem, adv. (foreomdeni{=e«ndeni), old aee. niasc. sing', of idem, " the same"] To the m)ne place. e-qu-6-s, Itis. m. |forei)iatrh airaii. With Dat. of person and .\cc. of thing : V'n de- prive one of something Tn delici i , set free. 6t, conj. .4/('/;— et . . . et, Imth . . . and. etiam, conj. [akin to et) And also, arl fartherniore ; likewise, also, besides. Keen. etiarnsi, conj. (etiam, " "even "; si, " if "1 Even if, although. et-8i. conj. let, "even"; si, "if"] Even if, althouijh. evello, \ elli and vMlsi,vulsum,vellero. a. V. a. (0 ( = ex), "out"; vello, "to pluck "J To pluck out, j;>ull out. ex le), i>reii. gov. alil. (H local rela- tions: (titnf Fnoii. I n aceordanre, or eonforoiitji with. Throui/h, by. Afttr. ex-cipio. cCpi, ciptum, clpere, 3. v. a. [for .•x-ci\i>lo ; fr. ex. "without force"; " to take '1 To take, receive. To inter- cept, enciiiniter. exemphim, i. n-: -l" e.xainple in the v.idest sense of the word. A iraij, man- ner, sort, kind. ex-eo, ivi or li Itum, ire, v. n. ir. [ex, " out (/;• forth " eo, " to go "] To go out or forth, front. ex-erceo, ercai, ercitum, ercere, '2. v, a. |for ex-arceo ; fr. ex, "out"; arceo, " to unclose "I To practice, exercise. exercita-tio, tionis, f. (exerclt'(Ui (if own ; an arnig. existima-tTo, tionis, f- [existim(a)-o, " to think "] Opinion, judgment. QX-istimo, istimavi, istlmatum, isti- mare, 1, \. a. (for ex-icstlnio ; fr. ex, " witiiout force '; lestlmo, "to think"] 'To think, imagine, deem, snpjwse. exp§di-tus, ta, tum, adj. iex])edl-o, "to set free 'I I'nencnndiered. With- out baggage, light-armed. I'ree friDii hindrances or impediment!^, easg. experior, pertus, sum, periri, 4. v. dep. lex, "thoroughly"; ohsol. perlor, "to go or pass through"; hence, "to try "I Til trg, prove, put to the test. explora-tor, toris, m. [explor(a)-o, " to sjn out "I A sjij/, scout. exprimo, l>ressi, |)ressum, jirlmCre, 3. v. a. |for ex-premo, fr. ex, "out"; prenio, " to i>ress"| To extort, elicit. 9Xpugno, piign.lvi, pugnfitum, pug- nilre, 1. v. a. [ex, "thoroughlv" jMigno, " to fight "1 To take bg as.iaulf': to stnrm, capture. ex-quiro, (piIsiNi, (pilsitmn, quirOre, 3. v. a. [for ex-(|uaercj ; fr. ex. " very much"; (piaero, "to seek for"; 'I'o search out, ascertmn. ex-s6quor, sCtjuntus, sum, sCqui, 3. V. dej). [ex, denoting "to the end or close"; sLMpior, "to follow"] To fallnw up, carrg ot(t, enforce. ex-spec to, specta\i, spectatum. spectare, 1. v. a. [ex, "very much"; specto, "to look out"! 'To wait fm-, await, wait to set. ex-ter (t6rus), tOra, terum, adj. (ex- *' out 'J On the outside, outward. CO VOCABULARY. extra, prep. i,''o\'. ace. (cniitr. f. extfira, i ulil. sitiif. of exti'rus, "outward"] Out, i or outxiili', iij ; hi-jimiil. extremus, a, uin, sup. adj.; see ex- ter. .\HSul.st.: extremum, i, n. The end, extremity. \ ex-uro. ussi, Mstiiiu, urere, '.i. v. a. fex (tcnotiiit,^ "( oiMplett'iiess " ; uio, "to l)uni ■'] 7''i hiini iij), r(iiixiiiiie \)y fire. F. Fabius, li, m. |fal)-a, "a bean"] Fl. fac-inu8, ln(M-is, n. [fftc-io, "to do") In liad sense : .1 had deed, crime. facio. feci, factum, f.leere, ."i. v. a. and n. .Xct.: a. Tn )iiah\ in the widest acceptation of the term ; - ]troeliuiii fiic- ere), in mnki', i. e.) to etKjoiie In battlt' ; wo hoc jiroelio facto, when this enrfaay-(lc\. fAmil-ia, iae, f. [for fam-alla ; fr. fitm- | ul-ns, "a servant"! .1 family. ' familiaris, are. adj. [fftmllf-a'i 0/or beliinijiinj to a family : res familiaris, pro- perty ; Intimate, friendly. le to ; to favour. feliC-Itas, Itatis, f. [felix, felle-is "for- tunate") Good fortune, xuccets. f&re, adv. Nearly, almoxt, about. fSro, tilli, latum, ferre, v a.; To l)e(ir, to carry : ferre signa, see si^jnum. To bear, Hubmit to, put up with, suffer, tole- rate, endvre, any jierson or thiny that is iiniile.'isaiit. fer-rum, ri, ii. /*•«>(,. Ao imn im- plemcnt of any kinf" ; esp. a nworil. t6r-US, a, um, .afij. ["wild"; hence) Fierce, xnraye jakiii to drjp, Aeolio ] A .ton. flngo, flnxi, fictiim, finK'ere, o. \-. a To form, mould, fa.-A«M, "to j,'ush." fle-tUS, tfis. 111. (fle-0, "to weep": A weejiiny, latnentotion . florens, ntis, adj. )f1ore-o, "to flour- ish "] Fliniri.-ihiny, pronpenniH. flu-men. minis, n. |tlfl-o, "to flow") A stream, river. fluo, fluxi, tluxum, Hil6re, 3. v. n. To Jhnc I akin to root I'H"). f6re( -f'iturum esse), fut. inf. of sum. Fore, uti, {that it would he, that ; i.e.) that the rcKult would he, that. tor-tis, te, adj. Brave, bold, courn- yeou.-i. fortitudo, Itudinis, f. Courage, ml- o}(r, braeerij. for tun a, unae f. (fors, fortis, "chance" Fortune, whether good or bad. Plur.: Property, fortune.^. f08-sa, ae, f. for fodsa ; fr. fOd-lo, "to dig") A ih'tch, trench, Jogse. frango, frCgi, fractum, frangere, 3. v. a. 7'r) vhaftcr, wreck, ruin [akin to Gr. pvJYcvfxi, " break "]. VOCABULAKV. frater, tris, m. A brother. frater-nus, n;i, nuin, adj. [frater, " a tirothi'i'"] Of, or hehm liivj tn, a hruiher ; jiiit'i mil, frig-US, ('«ris, 11. Ifrifi'-o, " to I».' cold"] C'l'lll, flllll 1)1 !<.■<. fructu-osus, o.si, ri.siini, adj. friif) tu^, (uiK'iintr. ji'eii.) fructiiis, '■ fruit." A hull mil i>ij ill frii if, fruit Jul, J'i'rtili',pro- dvctivi'. fruc-tUS, tus, 111. [for frn^rvtus ; fr. fru-,'ore. 3 v. n. 'Z'.i ilr,\ !icf aicaij, tuki- to jiiijht [akin to iftvy, I'liot of (fxvyiii, "totlce." fugitiV-US, i, Ml. (fii<,'itiv-us' " Heeiii},' a\vay"l A nniax'ini, j'wjitive. tundo, fndi, ffisum, fundCre, 3. v. a. Ti roof, orer(hroir{ak\u to Yeco, "topour out"; xi'cris, " a pouring' o\it"]. furor, oris. III. i^ar-o] Ra;/r,/ury, mad- nei-i. G. genus, Oris, n. A n.v, utttrK, familu. Of thinL,'-! : Kind, aort [>*»••« gero, cessi, ifestum, j^ri-p»;. 3. v. a. To ilo, p, romi. •■nrru on. of war: To wnoi'. gia,diu3, ii, ui .1 *•«■.../. glor ia, iae, f. *kin to olarus, " ;-- triiiu?;"] trlorii, r*iwWH. ,famm. glorl-or. atus sum, ari, U. v. dq». [u'lori-a, ■■ lioastiiiu") T ■*'"<•?/, hmmk^ vaun!. pride, one's .lelf. t>rivj. grandis, e. adj. {treat, lar;ff. gratia, lae, t. [trrfit-us, " y'l'-'-^i'iJ^"! Fnc'Oir, e.fteon, reiinrd, kinitn*'*.-', shown by another to one's self ; cn'dit, >ii/(u- ence. Furour shown li.\ one's wlf to another ; courtexit, kindnenn. Hnferre irratiani, to return a kindnetm, •ikf a return for kindness. For th* Make, or purpose, of ; on account of . Thankn ; — oot in connection with a^ere only in plur., to thank. gratiilatio tlOnis, f. (y:ratul(0-or] i/iii/, ri'ioieinj. coH'iritt utation, grat-ulor, rdatussum, nlari, 1. v. de)>. [;,''rat-iis, " plea.siny"] To wish one joi/, to offer CDiiiirat Illations. gra-tUS, ta, tuni, adj. Pear, }>lea ill'/, di'iii/htful [proli. akin to \aipio {vo< Xop). " to rejoice']. gr&V-is, e, adj. Ilearii, ii.i'ise nf castra. which is occasionally expressetl : Winter-euinp, irinter-ijuartrrs. hie, haec. hoc Cen. hujus ; Dat. huic), prou. deiii. T/ns person or tliiny : As Subst. : Sini,^. : hie, ni. This man, he: hoe, n. This thiiii/, this. Plur. : hi, m. These per,ions ly men. haec, li. Th< sr thiiif/n. hoc, adverbial .\b|. : On this account, ,for this mison ... hoc . . . i\nod, on this account . . . beeauxe. hie, ad\. (1. hie] Iiithix place, here hierii-O, avi. atum, ire, 1. \. II. 'hlems, »• 111 is. " winter". To -rlnfer ; tohai''e,or '■itet Up, ivinter-iiuarters ho-mo. minis, conim. u'en. A humna fiii'i, " :terson ; a man, woman. hones-tus, *•», t»«iii, i*tj. [fnr honos- tAis ; fr. honow ^ honor), " honour"] Uoih'urahle. honor honos). ris, m. : Itonour, resj)eet, ..•'•rm, t't< . I'ldilie honour or ^iittinefion in recou-iiir;.)n of services ren- 4Hred to the state. Ojticixil difjr.it >i, office, hondr-i-flC-US. a, Mm, adj. [for hon- or-i-fa<- it«< : fr, hl^n^1r, 'H'lnor-is : (\) con- necting \()Wel f.u-h "to do" That does honour t*i ••tie , k"Uoiiral)te. hdn^ lU'. f. An hour. hor**0O, no perf. nor sup. . Ore, 2. v. a. Tn shudder, or 'f frir/h tested, (ft. *--r'or, tatpi» sum, tiri. '. v rt«p. / '(/ iirije , to exhort, ndoine Cy>^ VOCAHL'LAHV. hOS-peS, pltis, HI. .1 rixitnf, /ricud, ;iii^Kt : All i-iiti-rfaiiirr ; n Imxt Iperhaps toi'lio><-]iit-s ;iikin to Satis, root on as, "to cut" ; jn't-o, " to si't'k'l hospitium, ii, ii. (hospeH, hosjdt-iH) IliiK/iltiilHii, fiiti'iiiiiiniii'iit. hOS-tis. ti-, ootniii. jfi'ii. A II ciii'iiiii or, fur, of one's (•(elkre .1. \-. a. |for in-iiello ; fr. in, " aj^ainst' ; jiello, " to (h-i\ e"| To pnxh funvards ; To im- pel, iinje, iiixtiijate. im-pendeo, no jierf. nor sup., )>en- dOre, 2. \. n. (for in-pendeo ; fr. in, "upon or over"; pendeo, "t; hany down"[ To oreihiin'i. impera-tor, toris, m. (imper{a)-o, " to connuand") A eoiiiinander, esji. a eomminider-in-ehii/. imperitus, pOrsta, pCritum, adj. for ini>LrTtus, fr. in, "not" ; peritus. "skil- ful"] With Cen. : 1'n.ik-il/iil, iinxkillid, or inexperienced in; i(nrei:ied in, nut acijuainted with. imper ium, li. n. [imper-o, "to com- mand"] Command ; Supreme pmcer, xovreiijntii, dominion, etc. impSro, peravi, pOratum, porare, 1. V. a. (for in-paro ; fr. in, " ui)on" ; i)aro, "to put"] ill command, order, enjoin, bid; To be reijnire to lie /urnixhed with somethiiij,' ; to make a reijaixatinn fur, to I demand. im-petro, pCtr.lvi, petr.itum, potrure, ' 1. \. a. [for in-patro ; fr. in, " without I force" ; i)atro, " to perform"] Toijet,ob- j tain. impet-us, us, m. [hnpCt-o, "to fall upon, (*(• atta<'k"] An attack, assault, on-xet. im-pl6ro, ploravi, plOriltum, i)irirare, 1. V. a. (for iii-pl6ro ; fr. In. ' upon" ; J ploro, "to bewail"; hence, "to cry out ; aloud") To beij,bexeeeh, intreat, iiiroke, implore. im-pono, posOi, pdsltum, pOi -ire, 3. V. a. [for in-j)ono ; fr. in. " ujoth" ; pono, " to i)ut"] VVith bat. To put or jilace upon ; to mount on horses. Of a tribute : 'J'o impoxe. importo, portavi, portfitum, portare, 1. V. a. (for in-j)orto ; fr. in, "into"; porto, " to carry or bring' ] To carr}/ or I bring into a country, to iKiport. \ im-probUS, prOba, j rOlnnn, adj. (for iii-probus; fr. in, " not' ; prfibus, " yood''] ! Biid, aliioiK liable, wicked. improviS-O, adv. [improvlsus, " uii- forseen"] Unexpectedly, xuddenli/, on a i sudden. j impun-e, adv. (impunis, " unpun- ' ished J Without pnnixhnient, irithvnt harm or loxx, with impunitji. j impun-itas, itatis, f. ;id.] Findom, or xaj'ely from puninhment ; impuniti/. VOCABULARY. 09 for lUl- 'II a iiiii- ihivll, rcxiilf. in-columis, (•t'^lrinif, adj. |in "in in- tt'iisix u" force ; ohsol, (•('iluniis, " safe" (,111 it I'. ■rol)ahlv fr. i)rononiinal root 1 ; with ii, ei)enthetic ; de, sutfix] Of place : From that idncf iir'jiKtrti'r, thence. Of time: After that. indic-ium, ii, n. lindlc-o, 'to make knoun'i ("A niakiny known"'; hence) Inforumtion. indiCO, dixi, dictum, dicere, 3. \. a. [in " auunientati\ e" force ; dico, " to say"] To ileclore piililivbi ; to proclaim, appoint induco, du\ ductiun, duofire, 3. v. a. [in, " into" ; dfico, 'to lead"] To move, excite, si i III II late. indulgeo, nisi, ultnm, ulgere, 2. v. With l>at. : To he kiinl, or iiuinUjent, to ; fo/arour. in-ei'm-us, a, um adj. [for in-arm-us ; fr. In, '■ not" ; arm-a, " arms"] \ot hav- in;/, or irithont, ar//i.v ; iinnrmeil. infer-ior, ins, comp. adj. |infer-us, " that is l)elow"J Lower. infero, tnli,(il)-lat\iin, ferre, v. a. (in; fCro, "to hear"; in, "into"] To Itear, carrii, or hrimj, into or to ; |in, " ayainst" ; To hriiig or carri/ a;rainnt .--hellnm in- ferre (to earri/ n'ar aij^'inut one ; i.e.) to to iiifiki' irar upon one, iva^/e war aiialnit one;—-^". inferre calamitatem or injiu'i- am, to •adict a calamiti/ or injunj ; in- ferre \ nlnera, to iiiilici woinidx ; sii.'-na inferre, (to earri/ the staiiilanli oi/iiiiisl one; 'n;.) to ailrance to the atldch: Of a cause "/• reason : Ti> aHxiijn, ullcje. in-flecto, fli \i, tloxuni. tli'ctere, 3. v. a. |in, "without force"; flecto, "to hend"! To hmil. With Personal pron. in reHexive fori'e : Of thinirs ; To hem! itself, lieeoiiie heiit in-fluo, Huxi, tinxnni, ttuere, ;{. \-. n. |in, " into" ; flrto, "to How", Of a river: To ilowor run into ; to empti/ itself into. ingens, «entis.adj. Iin, "not"; j,'ens, "a race or kind") Vii-it, immense, hu'ie. in-imiCUS, Imica, imicum, adj. [for ln-;'lnii(iis ; fr. in, "not"; runicus, " frieixliy"! I'njrienillii, liostile, inimi- cal. in-iquUS, iijua, iijuum, adj. |lor In- aei|uns ; fr in, " not" ; aec|uus, " just"] rnjii-^t. ini-tium, tli, n. lim'o, "to ;,'(> in," throii;;h true root i.Ml .1 hei/iiuiiiiij, mm- meneeinent. in-jicio, jeci, jectuin, jlccre, 3. v. a. jfor in-jacio ; fr. In, "into"; ji'iclo, "to throw' J Mentally : with Ace. of thinj; and Dat. of pei-son, and in I'ass. with Dat of person alone : To infu-w some- thir)Lj into one ; to ins/iiie one irith some feel in;;. iniliri a, ae, f. linjurius, "injurious"! I'njiist or wroniiii till' llci'liiy C'lifiny. insidiae, iruiiui, t. plur. iiii»ul-uo, " ti> take \i]> a (Misitioii in a jilace") An. uiiihiiyli, uiiiliitunnlr. A r / i fi V (• , pint, ticKilfri/. insign-e, i-^, u |itiHi;,'ii-iH, "liu\in;:a mark on it"| .1 stinnlord, fiisii/u. in-aign-is, v, aersons : To tiniii Kj), histniet. inatitu-tvim. ti, n. [instituo, "to ins*ifiit('" I iistil iitiiiii, ri'stdiii. inato, stiti, statuni, stlre, 1. w ii. (in, "ui)(>n'; sto, "to stand'] '/'(< pirsn hart, nxxail riiiiiruuxlii, ete. Of time : Ts: To mraiii/e, ilrair, up, /linn. intel-lig'O. kxi, lectuui, llgCre, ;i. V. a. [for iiiter-lirep yov.acc. IivtH'('iui,ainiinij; inter se, iniioori tliinisrlivx, i. e. iiiutx- alhi, one irith tiiiotliir. Of time : Diirini/. inter-cedo, cessi, cessum. cOdC-re, 3. V. n. [inter, "hetween"; cCdo, "to go or come"! Of time : To infcrvene. To he, or cxixt helivceii. inter-cludo. clusi, clusum, clfidere, 3. V. a. [inter, "hetween"; clfKhj (-clau- do, " to shut"] Til nit off persons from supjilit's. • inter-diCO, dixi, dictum, (hcCre, 3. v. n. [inter, "hetween"; dico, "to sjieak''] With I >at. of person and Ahl. of i)lace : To proliiliit one /iniii cominj,' into a j>lace ; to xliiit mil- nut frmn a place. illts Sui)st. m. : Sing.: Uimxel/. Flur. : 'Them^eloe.'i. ira cundus, cunda, cundum, adj [ira-aor. " to l)e ang'ry"] Venj anijry or wrathful; /all o/ rmje or jia^xioii. VOCABULARY Tt IS- iti- f. Is. i'U, ill, in-oii. <\v\i\. Iiiroiuiininnl root Ij Tins, thill, ]it'rn>in n;' tliiii^r just nu'ii- tioiied. As Sulist. : a. NiiiK. Muse. : ll<\ jiixt iiifiitiont'il ; ^/(('.1/. Ni'iit. : Thvtic thiiiii». iif Kiich II iiatiin' or kiml, siifh. ita, fulv. : Thiix, in thin tvay or u}im- ner, no. In thf fnUnwinij way or mun- )iei\ Acciiiiliaiilii. itfi,-que, foiij |ita, "thus"; (juc, " and "J Ami than, mid xii. On thix, or that, acciiiint ; there/nre. Item, iidv. : So, I'ren, in like manner. -li'.^'i, lili'i'irisi'. i-ter, tiiiOris, u. (oo, "to j^o," through roof 1 1 ( >f troops : .1 march. A jmirin'ii. A riiiiil, irai/. iter-um, adv. ("Ik-.vond this fur- ther"; hfiice) Anew, a/nxh, n second tiuic, aijahi. jac-to, tavi, tatuiii, tare, 1. \-. a. freq. jai'lo, "to tlirow"] Of the arms; To t/irmr or t(i,'<.'< ahout. Of mutters : 'I'n iigi- tafc, (/(A'c«.vx. jam, a Iv. [prob. foreani, fr. is, "this"] .1/ thix fihir ; HOW. Alrraih/. jtibeo, jussi, jussuiu, jid)ere, 2. \. a. Til unlit, riiniinaiid, hitl. judic-ivim, li, u. |jadic-o, "to jud^ce'i A trial. Urcrve, decisiim. Judynwni, ijpiniiiii. ju-dic-o, avi, atuni, are, 1. v. a. and n. (for jiu-dic-o ; fr. jus, jur-is, "law"; dic-o " to jioiut out "J Act. : To deride, determine. To deem, consider, judije. Neut. : To nettle, come to a decision or dcteroiination. jug-um, i. n. Ijunjfo, "to join," root .no) Of niountauis : A beiijht, summit, ridije. A j/iike fo nied by a spear fastened liorizoiitally to the toj) of two other spears sot a]! in tlie j,'r()U.id, beneath which a van(|uished force was compelled to pass as a token of submission. ju-mentumi, menti, n. (for jug- mentuni ; fr. juiigo, " to yoke" root .U"0] A drawjlit-anioial ; lieaxt oi burden. jungo, juiixi, junctum, jungere, 3. v. a. To join, unite [akin to Or. 4,'u-y, root of ^ivyvvtxk. ju-ro, ravi, ratuni, rare, 1. v. n. To take an oath, to tucear. (root .ic ', "to join " (;^. ^1 S^^'^'l^Z^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-S) 1.0 I.I IM lilM iaM III 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 •m 6" — ► % ^'/y//// W ^h ^•. ^ VI ■% .^ *>, i-"* ' * (9 / ///, Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY 1 4580 (716) 872-4503 \ II 72 VOCABULARY ii; I legratUS, ti, III. (ill.) An a)nhaiixa- flnr. A III iitrnant-iji'iieral; a lieutenant. l^gf-iO, luiiis, f. llOif-o, "to levy or enlist") A liomari /c'//')//, coiiHisfinir of 10 coliorts of infantry, and a snuadron of :{(Ht{'a\alry. ISgrion-arlus, aria, arium, adj. | Iuk- io, luicloiiis, "a leyioii"! O/ or hiiim;/- in;/ til, II li'i/ion ; It'i/innari/. len Itaa, itatiH, f. ilOn-is, ".soft, smooth " ; hence, " (gentle ") (ri'nfteiienii. lex, li'yis, f. [-^lfj,'-s; fr. Iva-o, "to ruail") A liiiv, xtatiitf, ilecn'i', nriliniuice. liben-ter.adv. iforliln'nter;fr. lihens, lihunt-is, " williiij,'"! Willi n;jli/. liber, Cia, Ormn, adj. (" Doini; as one desires '; lience) Fri'f, vnn'strirtrii, whe- ther of )>crsons or thin^fs lakin to root lirit, "to desire"; whence, also, . : pesslnius) (akin to Sans, tiuil-ax, "dirty"; Or. /xeK- aq, "■ lilack "(. manda-tum, ti, n. (manrl(a)-o. A coiniiiiind, order etc. mando, davi, datum, dare, 1. v. a. |m;1nus. " liand" ; do, " to ])Ut "J Tom- jiiin, command. With personal pron. in reflexive force : To betake one's xelf to flight. rn&neo, si, sum, ores 2. v. ii. To re- main, continue [ixiv-ia. mA-nus, nfls, f. (" The measurinj,' tiling "; hence) A hand (akin to Sans, root .M.A, " to measure "). md.td,ra, ae.f. A Celtic, j(nv//« or /'. maxime, « ip. ailv. (inaxiiu-us) In till' 'ir>'iif''''t or hiijhi'xt dfijn'e ; I'cri/ ijreat- Ijl ; fsjifcialli/, chii'fiii. maximus, a, iim, sup. arlj.:- iniam inaxiinuiii luiiiieruiii, ax large a niniilifr {IS jiiixs' h/c, mediocriter, u(lv. liiiediopris, "mo- clerati'") Mmii'iati'lii .— iioii inciliocriter, {nut iiiiiihTitti'hi, i.f.) I'TO'ssiiyli/, in a I'l-ri/ lii'ili tlfiifce. med iU8, l;v, luni, ailj. Miilille, mid- Till' iiiiililli' III that ik'iiDfod liv thet^ubst with whii-h it is in attrilmtion iakin to Gr. ii.cy tile ai('i)mi>anyin;,'- advert» |akin to m*P <'>' iMop, root of fieip-o^ai, to oljtaiu ti\- lof'l. men-dies, dlei, m. |lormOdi-dles ; fr. niedl-ns, •' nnassfis, (/ tlnnisind pares, i.e. (( (A'i»//i(j(( )""/»', estimated at 1,01s Knirlish yards, or 14ii yarosse, tn hare renj lit- tle fiincer or injtuenre. min-ilo, fi\ utum, Otre, .'{. V. n. Tn grmr, or heemne less; tn diminish |root MIX, akin to minor, and fiir-uftwl. miror, nltus, sinn, niri. 1. v. dep. To wonder or inarrel. To wonder or marnd, at Iakin to root h.mi, to "smile"|. mir-US, a, um. adj. |mir-or, "to won- der"] Wonderful, amazimi, mantdloiis. miser, era, Crum, adj. Wretched, mis- erahle. miser or, atus, sum, ilri l. v. ilej». [miser, "wretched"] To lament, deplore, heirail. mitto, nitsi, missum, niittfre, ;{. v. a. : To let, siijfrr, or allmc to go. To eanso to go ; to si'iid. modo, adv. Onbi, nierelj/. modus, di, m. A manner, method, wag, mode (akin to root m.k, "t mea- sure"; whence also fxirpov, "a mea- sure"), mdlo, rti,ltuni, ere, 3. v. a. To grind, crush. />(•!' /xc corn [root, mal." tocrush"]. m6n-6o, fii, itmn. Ore, 2. v. a. To irarn, adrise, admonish (akin to root MAN ; see mens]. mons, tis, m. Ifor min-s ; fr. mIn-Co, "to project"! A mountain, mount. mor-ior, tnus sum, i or iri, 3. v. dep. To die [akin to root mok, " to die"). moror, iitus, sum ari, 1. v. ti/g. To drfend, protect , HCCire, guard. muni-tio, tir.nis, f. Imfmlo, " to for- tify"! A J'ortijging, the act o/ raining fn'rtifiention*. A j\rtijicalion, latnpnrt. munus, Oris, n. A gift, prexent. 74 VOCABULARY. L'l . mur-U8, i, 111. /1 wall of a city (akin to root MUX, " to defeiul" ; cp. atiuvtiv]. N. nam, fonj. Fi>r. nam-que, conj. (nam, "for"; suttix «jiK'l All eiiipiiiitic coiitiniiative particle : Fur, fur iiidi'i'il, fur trubj. nafn)C-i8COr, n.ictws sinn, iiancisci, .'{. V. (Icp. Tiiiiit, iihtaiii. Til meet with, iiikI [akin to root nac, " to attain"]. na-tio, tloiiis, f. [iia-scor, "to \iv tiorii") A iifitiiiii, nifi- of i)cojtIf. na-tura, turac, f. (id.) ("A liein^,' liorn" ; iiciicc " liirtii" ; hence) The nature, i.e. the natural pm/ierti/, etc., of a thinjc ; uatur^d siluitiini or fiiixitiiiii of a country, ete. naviS, is, f. a ship, resnel [akin to (Jr. »'ai)? ; root xa, "to swim"). ne, adv. f«(/ conj Adv.: Xo, nut : — lie (|iiideni, /iK^ ('(•(•;(. Conj.: 'Tfmt, not, lext. After word.x denotinj.' fear : That. After \vf)rds deiiotin^f a hindrance, etc. : That one, ete., should nut, etc., (\o;/rom doin„'. ne, enclitic and interroitfativc particle: ir//(7/(c/';— ne . . . an . . . an, whether . . . (ir whether , . . nr whether. nec ; see neciue. nScesaari-O, adv. Unavnidahly, neeexsarilj/. n6cessariU3, aria, arluin. adj. (iie- cesse, " neeeiident (luestions ; corre8- pondint,' to aniion in direct. n6c-0, .Ivi or ni. aiuiii, are. 1. v. a. To kill (akin to root skc, "to perish"]. negr-Hgo, lexi, k'ctuni, WgUve, 3. v. a. (for iiec-letfo; fr. nec, "not"; le^ro, "to yatlier"] To ne(jlect. ne-g-O, avi, .Ituni, are, 1. v. a. To ileni/ (akin to Sans, root All (h = tfh), "to say" ; with I. at. iw, "no," prefixed]. n6g:-otJum, otli, n. (for nec-otlnni ; fr. net'. " not" ; otlmn. "leisvire") An afair, matter, buiiinenii. ne-mo, minis, comm. gen. [contr. fr. ne-homo; fr. iiO, "not"; hftino, " a per- son"] Xo person, no one, iioljodi/. n§-que, (contracted nec), conj. (n}, "not"; (pie, " and' | ind nl. of (luisipiani. " any"] In rain, to no piirjitise.'friiitlenslii. nerv-U8. i, m. IMur. : Mi(iht. power ((ir. vfvp-ov]. neu ; Hee nCve. neve, (contracted neu). conj. And not, nor (ne, " not" ; ve, " .md"]. nex, nC'cis, f. (fr)r ncc-s, fr. nic-o, "to kiir'( Death ; esp. riolent death. nihil ; see nitiiliim. ni-hilum. i (apocopated nihil, ( ontr. nil, iinlecl.), n. (for nO-li ilum ; tr. ne, "not"; hlliiui ( = filum), "a thrciwl") Xoth in'j. nihilo ; uee nlhllum. nil ; Kee nihlluni. ni-si, Lant. AsSiilist,: novissimi, <'nini. >n. plur. ("The last"; luiut') of soliliers : fhaxe in tlir nar of an army, thr rear. Wln'ir a tliiiiy- is ItiKt, till' last fntri <>/ a thiii^': ii(>\i8Hiiinini aKinen, Hie lust /lart of nil ariiiji III! iiiidcli, (he irar. (akin to Gr. ffoi nox, ncK'tis, f. Xijiht. (akin to fuf . nubo. iiiii)si, (aii(l) iiupta, hviiii), mip- twiii, iiultero, 8. V. a. ami ii. Inub.es, "a ("1(111(1 "I To iiiarri/ or aril ; to be inarrieil. nud-U8, it, uiii, adj. Makril, Inire. n-ullU8, nlla, ulluui, adj for iic-iillus; fr. no, " not' ; villus, "any "| Sot any, none, no. num, interroff. jiarticle ; In direct (|Ufstinns ; without any corrcspondiii;,' force in Kn^liHli. In indirt'ct (|iiestions ; Wlietliei: nvlm6-rU8, Ori, m. a nmnher [ixk'm to >'e>-u, " to distriimtf "|. nunc, iidv. Xoir lakin to Or. fvv], "now; c, shortened fr. ce, deinuDstra- ti\e siilfix "|. n-unquam,, adv. |for neumniain ; fr. ne, " not " ; lUKiuain, " ever "J Sot ever, nererhans contracted fr. nov-ven-tiii's ; fr. in'iv-iis, "new"; vCn-to, "to come" A hearer of nen-s or tidings; a messenger, courier, etc. Sewn or tidingx ; a luessnije. nii-tUS. tus, m. Inn-o, "to nod"| Command, teill. O. 6b, prep. gov. ace: To indicate, ob- ject ()/• cause : On a< count o/, .for [akin to eiri, 6baer-atU8, ata, atum, adj. [c')b, " upon '' ; aes, aer-is, " bronze " ; hence, "money"] Jnrohvd in debt. Jsuba;. : obaeratus, i, m. a debtor. Objicio, jeci, jectuni, jlcera, H. v. a. [for ob-jftolo ; fr. ob, "before": jilcio, "totlirow'l To oppose. Toexfose. ob-liviscor,, tus sum, visci. ;^ \ . dep. With Gen.: To forget, (prob. ob, "with- out force " ; r\\, "on account of"; sacr-a, "sacriflceH" To beg, entreat, itnplore, beseech. ob-servo, «ervavi, servatum, serxarc, 1. V. [ob, "without force"; servo, "to watch." To watch, obtierve, mark. ob8e8, Idls*. m. and f. ifor|)bsid-> : fr. obsId-Co. " to .>*tay o;- remain. I" anywhere) A liostane. I Ob-signo, signavi, siK'natjim, siKuilre, 1. V. a. [ob, " witliout frb( true root ic- , CAU; of the sun,' etc.: 'il'he setting or I going down. 1 OC-Cido, cidi, cism, cl'ilOre, '.i. \. a. [for ob-caedo ; fr. ob, " agiiinst " ; caedo, I " to strike," ('<(•. ) To cut (I'jinrn, kill, slai/, I slaughter. j OCCUl-tO, tftvi, tatumj. tare, 1. v. a. inteiis. [occnlo, "to hiiiie") To hide, I conceal. i \ OCCUl-tuS, ta, tuin, lidj. [id.) Hid- lien, coneeuli'd, secret . Aiii\erbial exjires- [ sion ; In occnlto, SecretVi, in secret \ \ OC-CCip-O, avi, atunil, are, 1. v. (for ob-cai)-o : fr. ob, " without force " ; t.\i', root of ciip-lo, "to take";; 7'" take or lag I hold o/, to seize. To mclnpij, hold /Kissrs- I giou of. ': I OC-CUrro, curri, (rai'ely ci"i-curri),cur- . sum, currere, 3. \. n. ifor ob-curro : fr. (^b, " up or upwards" ; 'curro, "to lun ") I Withl>at. : To hinder, oppose, prevent. 6c66,nu8, i, m. Thje ocean [«iiceaio?]. OCtO, Mum, adj. indl'cl. Eight 'o«tio|. j OCto-ddclm, num, adj. indecl. for I octo-decem ; fr. octo, '" eight " ; decern, ! "ten") Eighteen. .' I OCtO-ginta. num, iidj. indecl ["Ki^'ht- I tens") Eightg [octo,." eight " ; giino = I «coi'To -- " ten "). ; ! 6c-ulU8, ftli, ni. An eye (akin to (ir. Odi, isse, V. defect; To h, Offendo, fendi, ,fensiim, feiidOre, :*. V. a. To mortifg, rcc, annng, oji'end the , feelings [for ob-fend(; ; fr. Ob, " against "; obsol. fendo, " to strike "). often-sio, sionis,;f. (for ofTendsio : fr. ofifeiid-o, "to offend") >• gicing o/ence to; an ojf'ending, or'displeaniiig, of. Of-ficium, li, I,. )for op-fftcluni ; fr. (ops) Op-is, " aid " ; filclo, " to perform ") A serrice incumbent on one ; an uhli'ia- tion, dulg, ojfice. j>n official dutg njliif. omn-ino. adv. [omnis "all") Alto- gether, wholly. In all. If 7G VOCABULAHV. i omnia, •-, '"Ij. Sinir. of a class: AV'.v, nil. Th,- iihi.lr <■/: nil. I'lur. : /•I/;. As Siit>st. : omnes. Imii, comm. u'fii. )iliir. ''II iMT^'iiix, nil, omnia, >iiii, II. Iilur. All Hiiii'ix, rrfi-fl Uiiiii/. opes, iiiii ; see oj»». oportet, nit. C-rc (only in .inl person aiiil Inf. mood), 2. v. n. (It) ix iircfAxnrii, fit, in-niirr, ri;lht ; (//) hflmn-it. Oppidum,, i. II. A tinni. , op-port-unU3, una. umim, aressi, pressmn, prlmere, .'{. V. a. |for iiti-pri-iiio : fr. «"ili, '' auMinst"; jirCiiio. "to jires.."! Ti> ciiixh, nn'rirhfliii, nrci'liiiirrf. oppugno, jmtftwvi. ]>iiirii,Utiiii, limfiiarc, 1 \. a. |for oli-])in,'tio ; fr. fih, " ai;;iiiist " ; pu>,'no. "to ti;;ht"| To nttiirh-. Ini/ sii'iji' til, In'Kieije, a city, t'tc. op-S. is (Noni. .Sinu'. does not occur, .iiiii the hat. .Siri!,'. is found |>erliaps (inly once), I. Iproljalily for ap-s, fr. root A i", whence ap-iscor, " to nlth, n'clifs, remnircex, optimus, a, uni, Slip. iwij. />•«■>/ ; I'l'Vil I'l'til or /nrniiiahlf. opus, Oris, n. : Work-, Inhmir. A i,.ili- la !i if'ik, /iirtijiriiiioii. 6pi.lS(only ill Noni. and Ace.), n. in- decl. .V<'i'(/. iii'ii'itxiti/. In connection with some i>art of sum tiseil a.>^ an Adj. : Si'i'ilt'iil, iif-f.ixnry. oratlO, tioiiis, f. or(a)-o, "to speak") A sji''''i'li, unit inn. ordo, Inis, 111. lord-ior. "to weave"] Armn ii'iiifiit, nnli-r. a Hue. rank, of soldiers. oriens, ntis. I', pres. of Arlor ; in orienfeiM soleiii, tinvnrilH the rixinij mm, i.e. '/"' Haxf. or-ior, tus sum, iri, ;{, nml 4. v. dep. Of the heavenly Ixxlifs : T" rix,\ Iwrnme visihh'. To Ifiiiii. riiiiinit'itrr [proli. akin to op-i»'^ii, " to stir iiji "I orna-mentum, menti, n. lorn(tt)o, " to adorn "| Ornamnit, lectlon. parvus, va, vuin, adj. Small, little. pas-aus, sfis. 111. (for pad-sus ; fr paj», root of pando, " to spread out "1 A xtep or pace. As a measure rif lenj^th : A pace eipial to five Komaii feet; see iiiille. pAtens, ntis, 1" pres. of pateo. Open, liini'i open, to attack. pfi,t-6o ni, no sup.. Ore, 2. v. n. To lie, .•r. Trarrjp, fr. root iw, " to protect, to nourish "|. p&txor, jiassus sum, j):\ti, 3. v. dep. To.licar, endure. To allinr, permit, itnf- fer [akin to naO, root of Ttdaxio]. paucus, a, um, adj. Siii^. : Small, whether >ii size «/• extent. I'lur.: Few. As Suhst. : pauci. orum, m. jihir. Feir jvr.so/ix, few. pauca, orum, n. plur. Few th infix. paul-atim, adv. (pauc-us, "little"). Jiiilittle a>id little ; hti deiireex, gradualbi. paul-O, ailv. (adverliial alil. of paul-us, "a little") fin a little, a little, xome- whnt. paul-um, adv. jiwlverhial iieut. of paul-us, "little") A little, xonn-what. pax, p.leis, f. )f()rpae-s; fr. root pac, or I'AO, whence p'rciscor, " to hind, to eovenunt"; paiigo, "to fasten") Peace 1; i VOCAHULAHY. I t pecco, a\i, ritnni, i\rv, 1. v. ii. T" il<> niiiiKu, coiiliiiit tl fttnll, tnuinifri'xti, nffrinl, till irriiit'i. p6ci-e8, Itis, III. Ifi^r pfMl-i-ts. fr. |H'S. pOd-iH, "a foot"; (t) ei>i-iitlu'fic ; I, root of i'o, "to K" " ; ^ /iiiif-Miililii'r. rliir. : /iij'antri/. pejor, lis ; wtt' mains. As Subst. n. pejus, A ntiriH' thiiKi. pello, pepnii, jiiilsiiiii, jH'lltri', 'A. \. a. Til hi'iit, I nut, put III jUijht. pendo, pi-pt'ii
  • let<;ly" ; fftolo, "to make"] To (ticoinpUKh, ex^;• cute, cnrrif out. To coi/iplete. per-fringfO, frOyi, fractmn, frinifire, 3. V. a. (for per-fraii^o, " to break") To break thrnuijh. perfdg-a. ae, m. |perfOs,'-Io, " to desert"! ' ili'si-rtiT to the eiieiiiv. per-fugio. fit^'i, fuxituiii, fflKire, ;i. i . a. IpOr, ".|\iite"; fn;,'If,, "to t1ee"l To rii'f for refu'ir. To 'jo over, or dexert, to the enemy. p6riciil-68US. i»sa. osum, adj. Iperi- ciuum, " daiitfer" !''ullof daiKjer, dan- »/('/•() (M, per Hon». p6ri-ciilum, eali, n. [ohsol. iiCri-or, " to try") A trial, experiment, attempt : with Objective (ien.: jiericulum facere'al- iciijus), to make trial of one, to trii one, put one to the tent. I'aniier, peril. pSri-tUS, ta. tnm, adj. [obsol. pOrl-or, "to try"J With t!en. : Ae0r, "\er\'; paiicUH, "little'l \'eni littU. Pliii. : I eriifew. perp6tiiO, adv. Ii>erp0ti1-us, " ( on- stant"! L'oi, xtnntlii, nnintirruptiillii, perpetnalii. perp6>C^ti.8, na, num, adj. <-ni,. xtant, pe petoal. Vhole, i ntiri Ij'Cr, " throUi.'b ■ ; rv)ot I'Kt, akin fo ttct oii i>it, "to exttnd": and to p;Tt-eo, "to lie open") per-nimilO, rfii>i, niptnm, nimpOre, 3. V. a. jjier, " tliroukdi' ; rumjio, "to break") To i\reak, or burxt, thron( iieut. proii. : Tn eonrinv', ^r persuade', a ]icr- son of or at)ou' a thintf. perterrSo. temii, terrltum, terrC-re, 2. \. a. Ijier, ' tlioroujfhly" ; terrCo, "to frin'hten' 1 "o friijhten thoronijliht : to xtrike wii'h tirror, trrrijn iiientti. perti.'aa(;-ia, lae, f. Ipertlnax (lertl- nficis, ' ob.-tinate"] (Jhxtinacii, pertina- eiiii. pertiniJO, tlm"!', tentum, tlnOrf. 2. v. n [for I'or tOiiio : fr. nOr, " thorou^rbly" ; tiinOo, "to hold." 'to reaeh, or exteiid, ti> a place To lielont/, relate or Art''' re- Jtrenee to. per turbo, turbavi, turbrituni, tur- Kilre, 1. . a. |pCr, " utterly" ; turbo, "to distur'i!" To dixtnrb ntterUj. to tlmne intoijieat etmjuxion. To dixeompoxr. rui- barrairn. w 78 VOCABI LAKY. perv6nIO, \fial (.ricfraAayf]. pi lum, li, n. A hea\\ jairlln iiswl liy the Koiiiaii infantry. pl&Cdo, i1i, Ituiii, vw '.'. V. n. . 7'<- /<<• /ili'iisiii'i DViii/ri'i'iihl,' ; III /ili'iisc. linpiTS, : With I>at. 11 iilfdsrs, or n-i-iiix rfiiiiil In, plan ities. itici, f. (plan-us, "flafl A iliil or I'd Kiiffnro ; a pliiin. pleb 3, is, f. Till' iiiiillltiiili' or »iirt.'i« ; tin- /miiiilirr lakiii to (Jr. n-Ajjtf-os, "a iiniltitn()enas repterc, {fn ri'M'i'k nati.i/ac- tinn, \. c. ) to injiict puninhini-nt |root I'f, " to inirif\ "|. pol-licSor, Ikltus sum, llcOri, 2. v. dep. I for pot-lIc-C'or ; fr. iiiseparalile pre- fix pot, " much" ; llcOor, " to hid" at an auction] To hnU( forth, or prmtiixe, u thini,''. pono, posai, pflHltum, jioiiOre. I!, v. a. [usually rf«:arde<\ as contracted fr. posino (/.('. po,inse|)arahle prefix with autftnenta- tive force ; slno, " to let down"), " to let down ipiite" ; hut rather fr. a root I'os] To ijut, place, or m't. Of a camp: To pitch. To appoint, fiMiijii. pon-s, tis, m. A brid'je [akin to root r.u), " to i;o"J. p6pilla-tlo, llonis, f. (popul(a)-or, " to lay waste") .1 laiiinij iraxtc, a niran- in;/, niraiji'. p6pai-or, atus Huni, ari, i. v. dep. |]»opi'ilus, " u pe ;>le"| To laif iriiHtc, riiriiiji', ilcrimtati'. p6pvil-U8, i, m. (" The many' ; hence) Tfii' pi'nptt' Iprohahly f(jr i>ol-pol-us ; fr. woA-us ('• many"), reduplicated |. por-to, tilvi, tatum, tare, I. v. a. To carri/, cnnrry jproh. akin to i^ep ui|. portor-Ivina, li, n. lohsol. jiortor -- portltor, " a carrier"! A lull, or nnpoxt, paid on >;ooost) Coming after, follotrinij, next. post-quam, also written as two words, jiost «)uam, conj. [post, "after"; i|uam, "that") After thai, irhen, an noon a». postr-i-die, adv. [contr. fr. posti^r-i- die ; /.('. |)ostf'r-o die ; the respective attlativesof postCr-us, " foUowini;' ; dits, "/; to llhtdiil, l/et JIDSMI'MMl'lin llf. p6ti-U8, coiiip. m\\. [udverbiiil, in'iiter of j)oti-')r, " iircfcralilf"] I'n'fi'inUhi, ratfii'y, iimic : — ))i)tiiisi)uniii, rnthrr than. prae, pri'U. now ahl. (nkiii to jno, " fiefort'"! /" oiiiiparition n/, anupared With. prae-c&v§o, <-:ivi, ciuitimi, {fivcru, i. \. II. Ii>nu', " tifforc," " liefort-haiKl" ; (•ft\(.'-o, "to take hceii"" Tn tnki' hoed bi't'itri'linnd ; to lirwnrf, hf onoHf'n ifiiard. praecedo, cessi, cessuin, c'OdOre, 3. V, a. Iprae, "before"; cOdo, "to jfo"l ("To Lfo liffore, «/• jin-cfde," a iktsoii ; hence) To niirpas.-^, cxcvl. prae-cipio, cOpi, ceptmn, elprre, 3. V. a. andn. |for prae-ciljdo ; fr. itiae, "he- foreliaiid' ; caplo, " to take") To enjoin, dii'i'rt, hill, ronimnnd. praecipil-e, adv Ipraeelpmw, "espe- cial" l-Jnpi'i'idlli/, prae-diCO. dlcaxi.illcatuni.dlcare, 1. V. a. [prae, " j»iih'.icly" ; dlco, '" to pro- c'laiin"! T« prorlniui puhlirli/ ; to ilcclair, pitbliih, anniiiince. praefec-tUfl, ti, m. ifor praefac-tu.s ; fr. iiraeflelo, " to set hefore," throu>,')i root KAc. I ^-1 pri'/i'ct, nionnondfr. prae-fiCiO, fCei, fectum, flcOre, .'{. v a. [for prne-faclo, fr. jirue, " liefore" ; fiicio, " to make"! '''" "''(, or pldcc, oivr ; to npiitiint to thf I'onitnand of. prae-mif/to, mlsi, missmn, inittOre, 3. V. a. ijirae, "before"; iiiitto, "to 3eiid"l T'l xend be/ore or fonmnlit ; to send in atlvaiwe. prae-m-Ium, li. n. (for i>rae-f!m-Iiiin ; fr. prae, "hefore"; eiii-o, " to take"] Ri'irard, n'ronipi'nue. prae-opto, optavi, optatum, optare, I. V. a. (prae, " heyoiul or more than" ; oiito, " to wish'l To wiih/iir, orchoone, the rather ; to prefer. praepono, |»Osni, jxisltum, jwnere, 3 \ . a. (prae, " hefore" ; pOno, "to \mt' ] To net orer as coniiiiander. prae-scribo, seripal, siriptun», acrlh- ire, 3. V. a. [prae, " before" ; soribo, " to writ"") r'To write liefore «r in front " ; heiii'e) 7" order, (ip)Miint, dirert, pre- XI rdie. praescrip-tum, ti. n. (forpiaewri»'- tiiin ; fr. praescrilio, "to onler") An order, ronnnnnd. praesens, entls (aiil. Hin^,'. usually prueHeiite of persons, nrae.senti of thiii;js"; adj. |J> ae, " tu-fore ' ; 8-uin, "to lie") f'rexent. praeaentia lae, f. IpraeseiiH, pr.te- selit-is, •' present "j .1 hein;/ prexenl, pre- xenre. Phrase: In pnieseliti.l. Fio- the present, at prexi nt. prae aer-tim. adv. jprae, " before ' ; sero, "to arran^ce ") Hxjieciallii, par- til nlnrli/. praeaid lum, li, n. iiraesldCo, "to sit before " ; hence, " to ic'iard ") I'ruter- tion, defence. A proteetimj force, i/arri- xon, etc. prac-ato, stiti, stitum, stare, 1. v n. and a. Iprae, " before " ; sto, "to stand") Neut. : With l),'it. : To he xiiperior tn , to xiirpitx.i, exeell. To ijire, xupphi, fnrnixh. praesum, fni, esse, v. n. [|>rae, "be- fore " ; siini, "tobe •) With Dat : To he set orer ; ^» hnre the ehiirije, f»r • •iinnnind of. To have the ehnnje if, to prexide orer' prae-ter, prep. am. ace. [prae. " be- fore" ; demonstratiM' siitlix ter] 1'ii.it heiioiid. /{e.ililex, in, iiddition to H.r ept. praeter-6a, adv [for praeter-eam ; fr. praeter. "beyond"; eani, ace. sinir. feiii. of pron. is, "this") Dexidex, more- over, further. ^ prae-tor, triris, m. [contracted fr prael-tor ; fr. praeOo, "to ;fo before," throiiH:h root i, "to ^'o " ; hence, "a leader, chief"; hence) .1 prnetor ; a Koniaii inau'istrate charire(l with the ad- ministration of justice. praetor iua, la, nun, adj. (praetor, praetor-is, " a commaiuler, jifcneral ') <)J, or helioi'jinij to, a prnetor ; praetorian. prScea, um ; see prex. pr6-hendo, hemli. hensuni, hendOre, 3. V. a. To lai/ hold oj firmly ; to xeize, fjraxp. pr6mo, pressi, pressiiiii, premero, 3. V. .1. In war : To jirexx hard or rloxe. To (W, hnraxx, hexet with ditlieiiltios. prendo, premii, urensum, }>reiidCre, 3. V a. A contracte»! form of preheiido ; see preheiido. pr6t-Ium, tli, n. I'riee, roxt (akin to TTptacrSmi, " to buy "). prex, jirfe-iM (Noiii. and Gen. Hiiiif. obsol. ; mostly in pliir. , f. (for prec s ; fr. prOi-or, "to a-sk ") A prayer, reiiuext, entreaty, petition. so VOCABULAKY. fr. iirac, "(liiy"j pr pri-dle, mix . (for |irac-flli- ; " ficforf " ; ilii', ;ilil. siii;f. (»f (lIOs, Oh ttif dan I'l'f'n'f, prim-o, pritn-um, it-is. •'ai'hii'f"! Thf first or c/iiV/ /ilari' ; the pn'-einiiD'nci'. (^hii'J' uiithor- itii, rhii'/faiiiKliij), Ihf cAiV'/ or firnt rank. pris-tinus, tina, tinuiu. adj. [o)»sol. •IS, " lit'fore ") Fnrnicr. Old, ancient. priUS, oomp. adv. [advurhial ru-ut. of jirlor, "lit'fort'"| IleJ'ore, xm/zicr .- priiis i|UMni (or, ns one word, priu»t|iium), xonn- I'r than, he/ore that. priusquam ; see prius. priva-tUS, ta, turn. adj. li)rlv(a)-o, " to make //r/ (•(/«," i.e. '* siiijfl».' "| /Vi- rate. pro, jtrej). u:ov . all]. : lie/are, in front <;/'. Fnr, in tiehalf itj\ in J'aconr of. Fvr, in the place i>/, inxfend of; esp. In con- nec'f'on witii tli«' title of any officer to dem.te liis^iihstitiite ; c ro, '■ fortii 'ir forwards ' : ilo, "tojnit"| To hand d'lwn, tranxniit. produco, diixi, ductmn, dfieere, 3. V. a. Ipro. " forward " ; dfico, "to lead "] To lead forwards, or forth. proelium, li, n. A battle, eni/age- nient. profec-tio, tlnniH, f. |for prrtfactlo ; fr. proflciH<()r, " to Het out," throujfh root KA( I A xettiiii/ out, departure. pro-f Icio, fOci. fectuni, fictrc, .i. \ , a. (for pro-f,1clo ; fr. pro, ' forward" ; f.'iclo, "to make") To effect, Itriuii about, ac- comidixh. pro-flc iscor, feitUM sum, flcisflo, "to tlee'j Tn flee forth, run awai/, exeape. pr6-err6dIor, tjrcHsns sum, t,'r("\ To utep, or I/O, forth or forward ; to ad- ritnee, proceed. pr6-hIb6o, hUini, hliiltum, hlliOre, 2. V. a. Ifor prf>-hfthCo ; tr. iirrt, " hcfore" ; hftfiOo, " to ii'ild") '/'(( hold or keep liack, ward off, hint'er, restrain, prevent. pro jicio, j«'ci, jectum, jl- Ore. .i. v. a- |for )iru-jAcIo ; fr. ]>ro, " forwards" ; jaclo» "to cast") To throw or cast for irardx : projicere se ad pedes to throw themseUvH down at the feet of some one. pr6-m6v6o, mnn, niotum, niovOre» 2. V. a. li>ro, "forwards"; nu'ivOu, "to move") Of a camp: /o move forwards or onicardti ', to advance. prope, ap-liis. Xearer, i'rep. >,'ov. ace : .year. pro-pello, I'llli, i>ulsmu, jielkre, 3. v. a Ipro, " forward^ ' ; pello, "to drive"). To ilrive / rwardx or liefore mie'x xtlf. prop-inqu-US, a, um, adj. ifor prOp- hinc-us ; fr. pn'ip-e ; hinc, " from tfiis wlaee''] .\ear, neighhourin'j, ninh at hand, cloxe. Of relationsiiip : Sear, re- lated, kindred. AsSul)st. : propinqu- US, i, ni. A relation, relatire. kmsoian. propius ; see jirope. propono, pi''sni, pftsltum, jx'mCre, 3. v. a. Iviro, " l)efore or forth" ; jidno, " to put"| To mention, state, deelire. Of statement, etc. .- To xet forth, point out. prop-ter, prep. ^ov. ace. [olisolete adj. prOi)-is, " near"! On aceonnt, or 'i(t. pt i<, h,- \. a. nls," pro SpICiO, ■*|"'M, >|M(tilln. ^JiW'tTf, .{. »■ . 11. It'lii ipriis)icci/u, •'ln'furi'"; !iu|i. mlv. |pi«.\im\is| A'i''»c^/, r. <■// »('«/■. I''/// n'ri'iillji, "li'^ff- hi lii'fiii-i\ proximus, a, mn, mii). mlj. («urnr- ^«llllll■•, till' |ii-iiii-'*liiiii'i ; fr. cil)<.(il. )>ri'>|i-is, "near'; -iiii'i'iliitHL' >iilH\ siiii\is| » »( pliK't' : SitiiiM, iii'xt ; I'liii iii'ti r i,r rlnitf. Of tiiiit : The n'xt, whi-ther tiffnri- or ..fti-r; Ihi- j'liHiiwin'j ; thf li>t. public-e, adv. Ipuhliciis, "|mlilii'"| I'lihliilii. nil l»-liiilf "/ till' xtati'. publlCllS, I'M, Uuiii, ailj . Ii'iptitractfil iiiul ilKiiii.oMi fr. jx'ipal-icii-. ; fr. i>n]iul-tis, " the jn'opk' ") I'lTtniniii'i tn ilif pfitpU; ; liiiiilir (iis ()|)|iuserivati' ' ). pudor, oris, m. [i iid-t'o "to l)e asfiaiiu'd "1 ("A t)eiii;r ■ihained" ; hciict') Stiiiiiii-, II iienKi' i>/ n/iiiiiii . pu-er, t'ri, 111. A hull, hill. pugf-na, iiac, f. I root iTo, whfiii't.' |iii(m)u-o, "to pimctiirf nr stall"] A tliilil hand to hand ; it hullli', eniitii/fiiii'iif. pugno, Hvi, (Ituin, art', 1. v. n. |]»iijfii-al 'I'll Ji;ilit. Iinpt'rs I'ass. : piiirnauini est, Tin liiitti,' irii.1 Jnii'ilit or ICOlli'il. pur-go. yivi, ^,'ituni, u'i^ru. 1. \. a. Ipiir-n*. 'clcan'l T" ilnir, ov /ire, from a fault, I'fr.; fu I'xridjifiti'. pCitO, a\ i, atuni, itre. 1. v. a. 'prhitt xirtvr kind. quaru. adv. ad\erliial ace. feni. of '[iiisl //( whnt niftnni'r, nn, hmr, hnir niKi'li, it.-< iintch an, I'artifiilar uses: .Mter eonip words : Than ; «ee prius. With super!.: .Ix initch {or) ltttle)(t'< /;o.-is/- lilf. .\fter fiiatioiis of time : That. quam d!u, ad\ (ipiain, "u» '; dm. " tor a lonu tinu-"| Fnr an liin;i atiwf IIS, at Imnl IIS. qUHm-Ob-rem, ad\. hiuam. ace. siliii (fni. of nui, (relati\el.\ ) "who, which"; (interroyufixely) "what"; oh, "oil «ceouiit of ; r'e», "a thiim "' lectivel\ ; see<|Maiiioliieli'i| h'nr irhiih riKixf or ii'dnnn ; irhfi'i'/mi' Fmiii iilinl niiiKi ; nhii, irhi'i'i'/mi'. quar-tus. ta, tum, num, aiij. [contr. fr. i|uatuortii,s, fr. «piatuor, "four") Fninfli. quAtuor, num. adj. inded. Fmir [akin to TfiTirapti, TtTrap-ei;]. quAtiSordScim. num. adj. in led. (for (piatuor (lecem ; fr. i|iiatuor, "four"] decern, ' ten "] Fmutfi-n. que, enclitic eonj. And:- nue .... i|Ue, t'lith .... and |akin to t«]. quemadmodvim, (or separately iplem ad inoduni). ad\. |ad, " after '-/• ac- cordintf to " ; with the ace. siii^;. of ipii, "who, which": modus, "inaiiiier"! A/- tvr nlmt iniinmf : linw ; an. qu6ror, <|uestussum, (juOri,:<. x di;p. : Til cnnijilain. Tn rnin/ilain n/ (root •ji".\K», "to si^fh "]. qui, «piae, <)Uod, pron. Kelative : Who, irliich, irliiit, (hut. .U the liei;innlii^' of a clause instead of a coiij. and deiiionstr. pron.: And thin, etc. With suhj. : To point out a iiuri>ose. I'tr.: Fur thi' /.iir- jiniti' iif ; that; in nrdertn or that ; In. In a restrictive force : Am Jar an. With el- lipse of demonstrative pron : //c, or */((', who ; that irhich. (Juo, alil. sim^. iieut. with comparatives : /ii/ hiar niinh : . . . ipio . . . hoc (lie eo), liii hmv much . . . Iijl xii much ; the . . . the. quicumque, ijuae-cumiiue, cpiod- cuiiKpie, pron. rel. [(pii : suttix cuiiKiue] Whoever, whatever; whosoever, n-hatxo- ever. quid, ao,ie, etc. ; irhcrefnv, whji] quidam, <|uae-ersoii ( r thimr. .\s ^Sul)st. .Masc. t?imf. : A certain jh'ikoh. riur. : Certain iicrnons ; snnic iientonn or other; tonie. N'eut. Xing'.: A certain thin;/. Plu. : Certain thiiifix. quidem, adv. Indeed .— ne (luldeiii, not even. At leant, certainly, /ormoth. F I 82 VOCABULAUY. qui n, coiij. Ifor «iiiiiit' ; fr. i|ui, hM. of nlafivc proii, ipii, " who, which " ; iit- -noil] ("My which not") With .Siil)J. : Tliiil nut, hut what. After words c\|>rcf*H- iiitf «loiiht or iKiiiiriiiKT : Thnt ; that n»} ; hut Ifiiit. qulndSclm, mmi. .ulj. iiwU-cI. (fftr i|uiiii|ii-finta=^ »ta»'To= "ten "). quinque, num, adj. indecl. Fire lakui to (ir. TTfi'T*, SauH. jiatichanli quin-tU8, ta, turn, num. adj. |for (luinciu-tux; i|uin(|ue, "five") ("Pro- vided with five"; hence) Fifth. qviique=if. : In direct (luestions : What < i. e. irhat nort iif a |>erson nr thinj;. ,In indirect clause» : WVi*' or irhnt ; i. e. whnt jier/mn or thing. A» Suhst. : quia, M'hnt iternim, tchu. quid. What thing, irhnt. quia, (juid, pron. indef. Angone, any- boili/, anything ; *ii",xiiuieh i thing. quia-que, ailg, eorg -io, "to plun- der") Plunder, jillage, raj)in< . r&-tio, tonis, f. [n'or, "to reckon," throut'h rootR.\) .1 calculation, extimate. Cunt, dexign, j/tirpoxe. r&tia, is. fcni. A mft, float. rScens, ntis, adj. Frexh, recent. r6-cipiO, cepi, cejitum, dpi re, 3. v. a. (for re-cfipio; fr. re, cftpio ; fr. re, c:\])Io, " to take " ; re, "hack ") 2'« take or get hack : to recover. With Personal i>ron in reflexive force : To draw hack or with- draw : to betake otie's self. To recede. T« admit. r6-cua-0, Avi, atuni, .ire, 1. v. a. (for re-caus-o; fr. re, "a^'ainst"; caus-a, "a cause") To decline, refuxe, shrink froni. red-do, , "hack"; do, "to t'ive") To girehack. return, restore. r6d-eo, Ivi or li. Hum, irc, v. n. (red (.see reddo), "hack"; fo, "to go"] To go or c"| To tukf '»•/ coittract, to /arm. Tn nhtain, priiriin-. r^cl Integfl'O, inti>fr(l\i, intiuriitum, liitOk'r.'iri', 1. V. a. ;in'«l (««a- rcildo), " iiu'iiiii" ; iiitcKro, "to make whole"! Tn rrstini', rfiu'ir. rfidltio, tloniH, f. (rCilio, " to re- turn ' ; throuifM true root hkih .1 ritiirn- hi;i, n turn. rfi-diico, (liui, (luctum, driciri', H. v. a. |ri', " hiifk" ; fiuco, "to h ul"! Tn Ifiiil, or ciiuilxivt, hoik. ref6ro, tfili, l.ltum, ftrrt-, \. a ir. |"^ "liuck''; fOro, (st'f fC-ro) To lin'iKj, nt carrif, hack nr hitckwunln : \t^{[v\\' re- ferrt', (fi< (•a«k" ; j.icio, "to cast" Of weapons: To cant, 'limw, or hurl back. To heat l>ark,^fiirce 'lark, repel, the fiieiiiy. To dimj aKide, ra.tt awai/. r6-linquo, ll(|ui, lictuin, lin(|uCre, ;<. V. a. [re, " hehiiid" ; lin(|Uo, "to leave"! To leave hehind in a place. r61iqu-U8, a, uin, adj. [relin<|uo, throui,'h true root Limi] That in left or remain», rentaininy the Subst. to which it ia joined. The rent, the remainin;/, the other. As Subst. : r61iqui, orum, ni. plur. The rent, the other». r6-infi,n-6o, nmnsi, no sup., niftnere, 2. V. n. (re, "behind"; njaiiC-o, "to re- main"] To renxain or ntat/ l>ehind. r6-mIn-i8COr, no perf, isci, 3. V. dep. To call hack to mind, remember ; with Gen. Ire, "a^jain" ; root mkn ; see mens). rS-mittC, misi, mlssum, mittOre, 3. v. a. [re. "back"; initto, "to send" To tiend hack. Toijive up, »ur render. r6-ni6v6o, mOvi, motuin, mOvere, 2. V. a. 're, "back"; niOvCo, "to move"J To rcmin-e, witlidrmr, send awat/. r6-niun6ror, munOratus sum, munC- rari, 1. V. dep. [rO, " in return" ; nulnC ror, "to j(ive, o>' bestow, as a present"] To recompense, reward, repay, requite. remus, i, m. An oar. r6-nuntIo, nuntlavi, nuntlatum, nun- tlare, 1. v. a. [re, " back" ; nuntio, " to brinif wonl") To foini, or carry, t>ack- want ; to te/iort. Iinprr^. Vuhh. : reinin- tiatur : H'ont I» hvuiht tiack, it i» re- ported : rcnuntiatinn est. Ward ica» hrouyht liiick, it u'd» rciortcd. rfi-pello, pnli. puUnm, pelKre, ;<. v. a. (re, "back"; i>t'lio, "to drive"] '/''• driiy liack, icjiuImc, repel. r6pent-e, adv. (rCiH.'nH, rejH-nt-is, "sudden"! Snddenh/, an a Midden. r6pent-inu8. ini, tnum, adj. | n'pens, repent-is, " sudden"! Sudden, nnex- pect''il. r6p6rIO, pf'ii, pertinn, pirire, 4. v n. [for ripftrlo; fr. re, "aKuin"; iiftrlo, " to j)roi)usi- tion" ; pujfno, "to fljfht") To re>ii»t, ii;rp'»e, pmre an nlmtacle. res, rOi, f. ("That wliicli is spoken of" ; hencf) A thini), matter, affair [akin to fiff/xa, fr. p«-uj, " to speak"). re-8Cindo, scldi, scissum, scindCre, 3. V. a. [re, "away"; scindo, "to cut'] To cat away or to pieces ; to break up a britl^t'- re-8Ci8CO, sclvi or scli, scltum, scisc- Cre, 3. V. a [re, " without force' ; sci4co, " to ascortain"] To aiond-eo, "to answer") An answer, reply, response. re8-publica, rOl-iiublicae, f. res : l)ubllcu(fem. of publicu»), "pui>lic"] The commonwealth, state. 84 VOCABl'LAHV. IT I re-apiiO, spui, si>fitiim, spi'iC-rt.', 3. V. a. |rO, " l.iuk" ; spa... "to spit") (" To s|)it Idick" ; hence) To n'ji'ct , n'/iisi-. re-stituo, stuai, sturitum, «titacre, :i. V. 11. (for re-statuo fr. re, " iiiraiii" ; statiio, " to set iij)'] Til xi'f uji (njain, )•!• pUti'i' . Ti rt'stnn.'. retineo, tlnni, tentmn, tliiCre, 2. v. a. (for r<-tCtieo; fr. re, " liack" ; teiiCo. "to hL'ni"iinero ( = saejte ; nfiinOro, ahl. of nninenis, " lunnher") Oj'tcntiineii, frc'jHi'iitlii, iiturand over ai/aln. Sfi,lu-8, tis, f. |forsah-ts; fr. salv-eo, "to he well or in j^ood health") Snfeti/, prexcrration. sancio, sanxi, sanctum, sancire, 4. v. a. [.■s.\xc, a strenj^'thened form of the root SAC, whence sac-er, " sacred") To con- tiriii, rat if I/. san-itas, Itatis, f. Isan-us, " sound" in mind) Snaiuliicxx oj iiiiiid, ri^iht rcaxoii. sarc-ina, inae, f. [sarc-lo, "tojtatch") ^4 packa-ic :—l'hir., liamfnue. S&t-is, adj. and adv. : Adj. : Hiioagh, xuilicicnt, sati.ffactorii : satis hahere, to hold or ili'c I» ciUHiijh, etc. ; with Gen. of " tliiiitf measured," causae Comj). n. : Satins, Better, prcfcralilc ; Adv. : To dim- inution, like the Knylish, " enouyli" : Miiilcratclji, tolcrahh/. S&tis-f&CiO, fOci, factum f.lcCre, 3. v. n. With Dat. To give sat i ■•^/action to, whether hy word or deed ; to make aiiicndx ; to axk pardon n/ ov apologize to a person offended. satisfac-tio, tiunls, f. jsutisfac-io, "to satisfy"! Satisfaction, ainciidx, apiiliiiiii, made to a jierson offended. SCeluS, Cris. n. /1 tricked ileed i tricked nes.f, i/ililt. SCient-ia, lae, f. [.sciens, scient-is, "knowing") ("A knowinir" ; hence) Kni'iiliilije. SCiO, scivi i)/-scii, scitum, scire. 4. v. a. To kniitr. 8CU-tum, ti, M. .1 xhicld (akin to .Sar)s. root skc, "to cover"). Secret-O, adv. |sOcret-us "secret" Secret 1 1/, priratelii. s6cund-um, preji. irov. ace. |sOcu?id' us, " f()lliiwiliji"j (" roUowihj; after"' '■ hence) limni'diatelii after, ite.rt tn, after, in time or succession. Ac' ordini/, til, in accordance irith. aecaindus, imda, u-idunj, adj. (tor siM|U-or, " tu follow" (Follow iiii;" ; hence) Second. P'ttVonrahle, propitioax, fortunate. sec-US. adv. Iproh. for sCijUus ; fi'. se(|U(»r, " to follow") In conip. with iil- hllo, {Icxx hif nothitui ; i.e.) none (he lexx, nercrthelexx ; here nihilo is ahl. of mea- sure. sed "onj. "same word as sed = sine, "witho\i;" But. se-d6ciin, (sometimes written sexde- cim), .lum. adj. indecl. (for sex-decem , sex-decem ; fr. sex, "six" : decem, "ten") Si.vtcen. sed es, is, f. (sOd-Oo, "to sit") .4 direllinii-phxve, afiode. Plur. : .1 .fclth- menl as comprising the ahodes of se\eral persons. sediti-osus, osa, osum, adj. (con- tracted fr. sCdltlon-osus ; f . sOdltIo, sO- dltioii-is, "sedition") SeditiotiK. S6m-el, adv. Once (akin to (Jr. 6/u-os, "one and the same"; fSans. xaiii-a, ■' same"(. semen-tis, tis, f. [f. for semln-tis ; fr. sOmin-o, " to sow") .,4 xowinij of seed. semper, ad\-. Eivr, alirayg, at all tiinex )akin to Sans sam-a, in force of "all"). 86n-atU8, atus, m. (scnex, sen-is, "old man") The Senate; i.e. the council, or nx-feinhlii of elders : and elsewhere, of the Roman Senate. s^natusconsultum ; see consul- tum. s6n-ex, senis, adj. comm.jren. )sen-eo, "to l)e old"] Old, aijcd, adraneed in jiem-x. As Suhst. : coimii. t'en. : .4/* old wan. VOCABULAKY Si) SlIH', consul- Jst'ii-eo, t)ct'(t in 1 .1 /( old se-ni, nac, iia, mini, ilistrili. .idj. i>lur, [for sux-ni ; fr. xfx, " si\ "| Six t nrh, or fljiirrr. Six. Sentent-Ia, lac, t. |for siMitlent-ia ; fr. sentiiMis, sentient. is, "thinkintr") Ati iiljiniml, sentlo. .sensi, .sensuin, sentire, 4. v. a. Til jii'i'i'ri rr. aepara-tim, adv. !sO|)iir(a)-o, "to sejiarate"] ("By a seitaratin^' " ; hence) S'lHiritti'li/, (ijKirt. septem, num. artli\. sept-imus, Inia, imv.ni, muii. onl. adj. jsept-em Sri-fntli. Sepul-tura,. tfirae, f. IsOpili'i, "to luir\ '■ ; throuK'h root skpilI .1 httniing, h\irntril>. aial force : Indirnliiitlli/ [akin to fU, eV-os, " one "]. sinister, tra, trum, a.tI,\' in plur. : IIaii;/htiiie.i.i, pride, arro'jiinei . spon-tis, <;eii., mill spon-te. \h\ (fr. an obsolete apons, of «hicli no other cases tlian the above are fo\mled^;e''( ((!en. spontis o curs oni.\ in ]ihrase Suae sjiontis esse, to he oiie\i oirn master, or at miex own dixpoxal.) .Abl. 86 VOCABULARY. ;i I 11 ■? Hpoiitf, with or without i>08Ht!H8i\e jiroii.: O/ iiiir's{iini, tliitif, his, etf.)oH'n accord; J If I'll/, ■-■jiiiiiiniii'iiiinl!/. stfi,-tim, adv. |st(!i)-o, "to stiind"! J iiiiiinliatchi, at (Hire. stSituo, st.itfii, st.itrU'mi, st.\tfiCj-e, 3. V, a. ('(insider, dceni, Jiiiifje. stipendi-a.rius, aria, urium, wlj. (stii)cnili-nm, ■'trilnit""! Trilxiiarji. sti-pend-ium, li, n. [for stip-))en(l- Iiiiii ; fr, sti])s, stj])-is in oritciiial force of "siiiiil! coin" hea|)LMl up; puiiclo, "to pay"] Trihiite, imi'dsl, tax, payalile in money, ris distiiitruislied from vt'ctlj,'al, wliicl) was paid in kind. . Stud-§0, ui, no suji., Cre, 2. v. a. To be e ','/'/' /"/', »'('/•// desirous of. stud-ium, li, n. [stad-co, "to l)o «ijr r"] Ka(jeriiess,ea;ier, desire. Zeal, etid-gii. Siib, pre]). i;ov. Ace. and .Ahl.: With Aci'. : Under, helmr, lieneath. Sear, close to Witli Al)l.: r*(«/<'c. At the foot of. (.»ftin>e: In, during/, at. sub-diico, e whole of any tiling', as o)'p. to a i)art : summa belli, the whok condit t or man- a(jement of the war. sum-mo v6o, movi, mOtum, mOvOre, 2. V. a. I for sub-mftvCo, " to move '] 2'o drive off or awai/. SU-mc, n'psi, mptum. nicre, 3. v. a. [contr. fr. sub-e:no ; fr. sub, " uj)" ; emo, "to take") To take uji, to lai/ hold of To take by choice ; to chouse, select, of punishment ; To infiict. sum-ptus, ptus, X. [sfim-o, " to sjiend "J Kxpence, cost, charge etc. S\iperb-e, adv. [superb-us, "proud"J Froudli/, hauijhtiy, arrogantly. 8iip§r-0, avi, atum, .Ire, l.v. a. |super, "past") To cowiucr, vanquish, overcome. super-sum, f(li, esse, v. n. [sai)L'r, "over and above"; sum, " to be "] To remain ; to be left as a remainder. siip6r-US, a, um, adj. [srtper, "above"] Fos.: "That is abo\e ; on high "). Com : silp6rior, us : (^f locality : Higher, upper. Of time : Former, jireceding, Sup. : summus, a, um : Of locality: Highest. The high- est part (f that denoted by the substan- tive to which it is in attribution. Of degree, etc.: Highest, utmost, very great. Most important. sup-p6to, potlvi or pfitll, potitum, pC'tere, 3. V. n. [for subpeto ; fr. sfib, "near"; deto, "to go to"] To be in hand or in store. supplic-iter, adv. [supplex, supplic- is, "suppliant"] As a siippliant would, submissively, humble. supplic-Ium, li, n. [suppllc-o, "to kneel clown "] Puni.'thment. sup-portO, portivi, portatum, por- tare, 1. v. a. [for sub-porto ; fr. sub, "up to " ; porto, " to carry "] To (•a(ry, C((n- vey, or bring up to. VOf'ABULARY. 87 .pplic. It'Ditla, "to por- "up I/, cmi- supra, adv. and preji. fcoiitractofl fr. oriirinal form supur.I, adverbial at>l. of .snitenisj Adv. : Of time: lif/ore, (ilicve, preriiinshi. Prep. i,'ov. ace. Ahore. SUSCipio, cOpi, ceptuni, cipCn;, 3. v. a. |for suljrj-c.ljilo ; fr. sul)s( = sfiti), "from beneath" ; ciliilo, " to take") 7" under- taki'. suspic-io, «"mis, f. (susplc-or, " to .susi>fct''l Susjiiriiin. SU3piC-Or, atiis, simi, firi, 1. v. dei», |sii-iiilclo, •' to lodk at secretly" ; hence, " to mistrust"- in which sense it is found, ))erh:ips, oi'lv in j)artic)i>les| Tu (;ii'.n7;»a7, SlIXjH'Ct. sus-tineo, tinOi, tentum. thiOre, i. v. II. jfiir siil).s-tenLO, fr. suhs ( = suli), "U])wards, U))" ; ti'nco, "to hold"] To linir, ■■'iijtjiiirt, xu-tnin, maintain. To hear up ajain^t, icithxtand. To check, re-'train. SU-U3. a, iim, i>osscss. i)ron. (1. sfi-i] Of, 111- In'lon'iin;/ to, hiiiinel/{henielf,) etc.); /lix, etc., I'irn. As Sub.st. : sili, Oruni, m. ]>lur. Their countri/inen, etv. sila, orum, n. ))lur. Their, et<.\, thin;/», pro- pcrti/, etc. T. taberna-culum, culi, n. [tilberna, uncontr. (ien. tabern:\-i, " .ihut"| .1 tent. ta-bula, bnliie, f. A writine, list, etc. tac-6o. ili, Itum, ore, 2 v. n. and a. Neut. : To be nilent, hold ouc'k peace. Act. : To be silent, or to hold one's }/eace, a'lout. tac-itUS, Ita, itum, adj. Itac-Oo, "to lie silent"! Silen*, holdiiri one's peace, in silence. tarn, adv. [prob. akin to talis, "such") Witli .\dj. : .So, so wry. tam-d!u, adv. |tam, " so" ; diu, " for a lony time") For so lon'j a time, so long, tfi.men, adv. [i)erhaj>s a lenn-thened form of tarn, " so") (" In so far" ; hence) Me ve rt h eless, ho we ver, not withsta nding, net, still. t&m-etsi, conj. Icontr. fortamenetsi; fr. ti'imen, " however" ; etsi, "thou>,'h") However though, notirithstanding, al- though. tan-dem, adv. (for tarn dem ; fr. tarn, " su far," with suffi.t dem) At length, at last. tanti, tantopSre ; see tant-us. tailt-US, a, um, adj. : So mwh. Ad- verbial expression : Taiitopere, also writ- tin separately tanto ojiere, ( = tanto, abl. iif taiitus ; opero, abl. of opus, " work" ; W'^th ■•«> great a work ; i. e.) .So greatlg. So great. Tanti, Elliptic Gen. of quality or value O/ so great price or vahie. tectum, ti, n. [for tevr-tum ; fr- t^'^,'•■o, " to cover") The roo/ of a buiM' in^. ..1 house, dwelling, building. telum. 1, n. /1 weapon, whether for hurlin„' or for close ([uarters |commonly referred to rijAt, "afar olT" ; but rather for tend-lum, fr. tendo, " to hurl oi launch" ; and so " that w hieh is hurled or launchefi"]. temer-arius, aria, arlum, adj. lobsol. temer-us, " desjtisinK'' ] Raxh, heedless. t6mer-e, adv. (id) Ro.hlg, inconsid- eratelii. temp6rant-ia. lae, fr. ltemi>erans, tenii>craMt-is, " moderate"). Moderation. temper o, avi, atum, are, 1. v.. a Ipiob. akin to temi)us, in its etymoloyi- cal force ; see tempos] '/'(/ rejrain,uhxtinn, forbear. With Dat. of reflexive pron. : To moderate, or restrain one's self. tem-pus. l)i">ris, n. Tinte or season of the year. Ti)ne in ;,a'neral : omul teni- l)ore, at erenj time, 1. e. alwai/s Iroot TKM, akin to Ti-t/nto, " to cut") ten§0, fii, turn. Ore, 2. v. a. To hold . memoria tenere, tohidd, or keep, in nwm- org ; to renwinber, recolk'ct. To hold or keeii liack ; to rertrain. To occupg. tento, t.lvi, tatum, t.lre, 1. v. a. in- tens, [ton-Co) To attempt, endeavor to do. ter, num, adv. serted), " three"] tergum, i, n. men or beasts :- the b icky, i. e. to take to flight, to lb' ter-ra, ae, f. The earth, as such. The earth, soil, ground, [prob. akin toGr. TepcroMai, " to be, or become, dry." ter-tius, tia, tlum. adj. ftres, t(e)r- ium, "three"! ''''"' third. test-imonium, fmonii, n. test-or, "to bear witness"] Witness, evidntce, testimong. tes-tis, is, comm. gew. tim6o, Oi, no sup.. Ore, Act. : Trej). yov. ace. Dcyoiul, acroxn, III- r. trans-duco, i;rii"' ; t'lui), "to fix"; " to i)ierce"| Tu pirrci; tlii-niijh , trnimfix. trans-nato, nat.'ivi, nritritum, nature, 1. \. a. (trans, "across"; n.ito, "to swim") To swim acmxn trans-porto, i>ortavi,])ortatun», jiort- are, \. a. itraiis, "across"'; porto, "to carry""] To rurrii, or cniiriji, (icrons or ori'i' ; t(i traitijiiiit. tre-cent-i, ae, a, num. adj. (for tri- cerit-i ; fr. tres, trl-iini, " tliree"" ; cent- um, "n fiundred"! Thn'r Ininiliyil. tre3, tria (Cell, trium), num. adj. Tltrt'i: (rpeis", Tpia(. trib-iinus, fmi, m. [tnl.-us, "a tribe '] A tribiiiii' : —trihnuu^ militum, a iiiili- tari/ tilhiint . trib-uo. i"ii, ufum, fieri', :}. \. a. Ti> asvrihi', (i>!sii)i). tri-d-uum, ui, n. (for tri-di-iium ; fr. tres, tri iiin, "tiiree " ; di-es, "a day'"J A Kjmvi' ii/ thii'f ilai/x ; tlirci' ilufi-s. tri-g-inta, num udj. indecl, ("Three tens" ; hence) T/iirti/ (tres, tri-uni, "three"! >finta = roli. t"nn-eo, "to swell'") Tuiiiiilt. i(i>iiiar, distiirh- nnc'c. liHiti reeti'iii, seilitinn. tum-ulU3, rtli, 111. jid.l A risiiri ijroiiinl, iihiiiiid. turpis, e, adj, Shainejul, hn-tf, ilix ijracefnl. U. u-bi, ad\. (akin to qui] Ut time; When .— ul)i ])riiiium. {when lust, i.e.) rep ifov. ace. lolp-"l ulter, ulfr-i, " that is heyond") teiiimd. ultr-O, adv. (iiili-. (Ill tin nther side; hr/imid : -ultio ci- troipie ; see citro. ()n his, etc.. imrt ; nj iine'i Dtcn des. un-quam, adv. (un-us, "one"] .W an;/ ( mie ) time ; en-r. un-US, a, uni Oen. rinius : I'at. uni), adj. One. .\s Sulist. ii. : unum. On, thinij. Alyne, nnhi. urb-S, is, f. (prob. urb-o. " to murk out with a plou^di'"] A eil/i, n iriU.'il tinvn. AiMoni,'st the Uoniaiis : Iiik eitn, i. e. Rome. U-S-que, adv. (akin to (jui ; with is epenthetic; (pie, indefiiiite suffix] Keen: — ustpie ad, erea n/i tn or till a .stated time ; eci'n np to a stated iila, adv. mid conj. (jiroli. akin to ipii( .\at, utri), adj. (prob. like ut, akin to nui] Whether, or ii'hieh, o/ the tiro; whieh. One, or the oth-'r ; either one ; either oi two. uter-que, utr."i(pie, utrumipie ((ten- utrius-i|ue ; |)at, utri-ipie). iirmi. adj- (uter, " which" of two ; " one nr the other"'; (|ue, "and''| lioth our nnd the other ; both, eaeh. liti ; see ut. u-tor, usu- sum, uti, 3. \ . dep. With Abl. : To (/.<(', ninhe «.sc o/, emiduii. Of VOCABULAHV 89 aws : ro.dj' I/ the i-xerc'isf of. Ofiteuce: Til III' ill iin.*, \<')lent-i>, " willing'"] Will, in- rlinatiim, Jrcc-will. Wixh, desire. Good- will, Javoitr. VOlup-tas, tJltiH, f. |\.-)hipe, accord- ing to one's desire or inclination'- '", De- light, pleHKure. VOX, vdcis, f. (for voe-H ; fr vnc-o, "to call") The. voice. A word, xijeech, etc., as that which is spoken. VUlg O, a(h . [adverbial alil. of vulg- U8, "the common i)eople "J Cuininonly, (jeneralln, everi/where. VUlgUS, i, m. and n TJie moltitude, or (H«.v.'< ; the CO nui'.on people, otulj popu- lace. VUlnSr-O, avi, atum, are, 1. v. a. [vulmis,vuln(:ris. "a wound") Ta wound. VUln-U8, I'ris, n. .1 wound, VUl-tUS, tfis, m. (proh. vol-o, "to wish") E.rprcxKii)u of countenance, mien, lookx. Face, countenance. TIIK DPI', CLARK COMrAXY, LIMrKD, QEXKRAL I'KINl'ERM, C(IM<.1RXK STRKKT, TuR" XTO