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■■'■*a5^

THE ILLUSTRATED

STOCK DOCTOR

AND LIVE-STOCK ENCYCLOPEDIA.

INCLUDING

HORSES, CATTLE. SHEEP, SWINE and POULTRY,

WITH ALL THE

FACTS CONCERNING THE VARIOUS BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, BREAKING,
TRAINING, SHELTERING, BUYING, SELLING, PROFITABLE USE, AND GENERAL CARE,

AND ALL DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT THE CAUSES, HOW TO

KNOW, AND WHAT TO DO J GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, FREE

, FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT, AND WITH -,.

DIRECTIONS THAT ARE EASILY UNDERSTOOD, EASILY APPLIED,

AND REMEDIES THAT ARE WITHIN REACH OF THE PEOPLE.

ALSO, THE RECENT, APPROVED, HUMANE METHODS

FOR THE PERSERVATION AND CARE OF STOCK,

V .:; • :: THE PREVENTION OF ANY DISEASE, AND v' .

RESTORATION OF HEAI TH.

■^

CAREFULLY PREPARED, AFTER A RIPE EXPERIENCE OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS IN STOCK-RAISINQ
AND AN EXTENSIVE PRACTICE IN VETERINARY SURGERY,

By J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S.

TO WHICH HAS BEEN ADDED

A COMPLETE HISTORY of BEES,

GIVING THE I.ATRST AND MOST APPROVED METHODS AND SYSTEM OF DEE CULTURE AS PERFECTF.D

AND PRACTICED HY D. A. JONES, THE RENOWNED DEE-KING OF BEETON, ONTARIO.

ALSO A VALUABLE TREATISE ON DOGS, CONTAINING THEIR HISTORY,

BREEDS, TRAINING, DISEASES, AND ESPECIALLY- GIVING

A SURE PREVENTIVE OF HYDROPHOBIA.

OVEE 400 niLUaTEATIONS, INOLUDINa STIiELS, 0HB0M03 AND WOOD OUTS.

WORLD PUBLISHING CO.,

GUELPH, OnTAKIO.

* 1881.

Entertd according to Act of Congre.a,

PUBLISHER'S PREFACE.

It is with especial pleasure and pride that the publishers present to the
public this volume. They believe that in design, extent, variety of
matter and illustration, especial adaptability to the wants of the farmer
and stock owner, and in its explicit and practical teachings, it has not been
equalled in the history of American agricultural publications. No author
has to the same extent carried into effect in this department of literature
the modern and popular idea of ^'object teaching." And in no depart-
ment of literature is such teaching so useful and practical in character.
With our author it has not been enough to describe ; but he illustrates —
teaching through the eye as well as by M'ord, and with a definiteness in
both respects that will enable any one, by proper study, however unfa-
miliar with the subjects of which it treats, to become well versed in all
the essentials of a practical knowledge of the use, care, diseases and
treatment of domestic animals. Though the book is large, the system of
the arrangement is so perfect that any fact in its contents can be readily
found, and this constitutes it a most convenient work for ready reference
as well as for general study. The illustrations, covering the subjects of
breeds, characteristics, points, character, and the various stages of dis-
eases, etc., are exhaustive, while the elaborate charts, so minutely
illustrating the ages of the horse and cow, are decided features and most
useful as well as novel.

The author's careful education in the profession of Veterinary Medicine,

his large practice, and his experience in the general care and management

of live stock, have eminently qualified him for the task he has undertaken,

and we place the result of his labor before the public, believing that he

has done his work well — ^that he has produced a book that will be of most

practical and pecuniary value to every stock-owner. Believing this, the

book is launched upon the sea of agricultural literature with the confident

belief that it is demanded and that it will accomplish its mission of

usefulness.

» ...

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

The author's object in writing the following book was to Imparl
such practical information to the American farmer and atock-ovvner,
as will lead to a much needed and beneficial reform in the breeding,
care and general treatment of domestic animals ; to offer such informa-
tion in practical shape as will enable him to realize a greater benefit
from live stock in health, and familiarize him with the causes that
produce diseases, that ho may avoid them ; and also to give such facts that
ho may know the nature of a disorder when it exists, as well as the proper
remedies to apply.

•* In the suggestions offered ■wo have kept steadily in view the necessity of
simplicity in describing disease, and of prescribing those remedies that the
ordinary farmer can without difficulty procure and easily administer. In
a practice of twenty-five years in country districts, among the agricultu-
ral classes, we believe we have learned to know their wants in this respect,
and this volume is an earnest effort to meet them. It has always been a
matter of surprise that such a work for farmers and small stock-owners — •
simple in style and diction, yet scientifically exact, covering the entire
subject of domestic animals — has never been prepared ; yet we believe
we speak within the facts in saying that our agricultural literature has to
the present time been without a volume fulfilling these requisites.

The effort has been to produce a systematic work, accessible to the
farmer, giving the known facts and principles of the art of handling,
improving, breeding, care and management of domestic animals in health,
the causes which produce disease, and how to avoid them ; how to know
disease, and what to do. In short, to produce such a work as will serve
as a valuable hand-book, both for study and for constant reference for
the farmer, and which will enable him to turn the industry of stock-
breeding, raising, buying and selling to greater profit.
iv

AUTHOR 8 PREFACE.

In what we have said concerning the characteristics, excellences and
defects of the various breeds of live stock (and in this we have tried to
be full, explicit and exact), we have not been biased by partiality for any,
and have studiously avoided expressing any preference, when the facts,
obtained by long familiarity with the subjects, and much reading and ob-
servation, did not cleai'ly sustain the position taken.

The book is not in any sense in the interest of any breed or breeds,
and even less is it in llie interest of any class of breeders or importers.
In these things the interests of truth and the reader have been the inilu-
enccs that controlled. There is no advertisement in its pages.

If in the directions given throughout the work we have subjected our-
selves to the charge of making a hobby of careful and tender treatment
of animals, we reply that a long experience, and the observations of a
life-time, have very strongly impressed us that not only humanity but
economy is best served l)y kindness, and if the influence of this book shall
lead to a more general study of the comfort of domestic animals, we will
feci that we have served i\vi financial interest of the breeder in an equal
proportion to the welfare of the animals.

One of the facts that has always forcibly impressed us is, that among
horse owners, and even those long familiar with horses, there are so few
good judges of a horse. The different developments of the horse for the
different purposes for which horses are used, seem to be little under-
stood, yet it is susceptible of very accurate knowledge, and in the ap-
propriate places in these pages, we have, by careful analysis of i\\Q points
of the horse, and very copious illustrations, given facts that will enable
any one to readily determine a horse's appropriate uses and his value.
In this is included the very extensive chart for telling the age, and also
the easy directions for ascertaining vices and unsoundness.

With the other domestic animals like information is given and with
equal plainness. With these facts before him, so explicitly stated and so
exhaustively illustrated, any one can soon learn to buy to advantage. We
have endeavored to guard the unsuspecting against the arts of the jockey,
and to point out so plainly the difference between an elegant and common
horse, a good and bad one, a sound and unsound one, an old and a young
one, a vicious, dangerous horse, and a kind, tractable one, that any person
may easily learn to protect himself against imposition. The same plan
has been sustained with the other subjects.

Hard names and technical terms have been avoided as much as possible,
but when terms of anatomical and medical science have been necessarily
employed they are explained and applied with a degree of plainness and
precision that brings them within the ready comprehension of every
reader.

author's preface.

To aid the non-prof ossional ovnier in deciding the nature of disease, en«
gravings are given wtiich show the positions iu the different stages of
various diseases, and which cannot fail to be of great value in determining
the character of the disorder.

This preface ought not to be concluded without acknowledging the able
assistance rendered in the preparation of this book by Hon. Jonathan
Periam, of Chicago, whose great experience with stock, and as an agri-
cultural writer, extending through a quartar of a century, has been of
such advantage in its preparation. To his extensive information, prac-
tical suggestions, and ready pen, every department of the work is in-
debted, and acknowledgments are hereby made.

To Prof. Ed. Porter Thompson of Bentonville, Arkansas, a graceful
and prolific writer, and a scholar of classical attainments, obligation is
also expressed.

J. R. M

Note. — Tbe present edition of the Illustratei] Stock Doctor is presented to the public with varioui
additions, wliioh will doubtless be received as improvements. Promineut among them are tbe chap-
ter on Bees, and various full-page illustrations.

( J

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PART I.

THE HORSE, HIS HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND

MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

HIS HISTORY AS A COMPANION AND SERVANT OF MAN.

FAQBi

Connected witV< Man from a Very Early Age.— Hla Importance as a Helper In tbe Work of the
World.— Uls Superiority Over the Other AnimaU.— The Horse and Hta Blder become In Some
Measure onu Creature. -His Nativity: Doubt Concerning It. —His Existence upon Earth
Probably Contemporaneous with that of Man.— The Most Ancient Authors Allude to Him.—
He Passes into Different Parts of the Globe.- Wild Herds in the Eastern Continent.— Origin
of the Wild Herds In America.- Found as a Domestio among Nearly all People.- Greater
Liability to Disease in a Domestic than in a Wild State. —Subject to Deterioration under Ig-
norant Management.— The Wisdom of tbe Arabs as Breeders and Keepers.— Difference of
Opinion among Men as to Systems of Breeding; Attention Called to its Treatment in this Work.
— Knowledge and Skill necessary to His Proper Care , 33

CHAPTER II.

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION.
Necessity for a Comprehensive Idea of the Construction of the Horse, and tha Relations of His
Parts.— Solentiflo Terms Used, but Explained.- Subsequent Portions of the Work More Readily
Understood by Reference to this Chapter.— Knowledge of Structure Indispensable to Surgery.—
Skeletonj Sectional View of Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis; Vertical Section of Head; Section
ofFoot;'FrontandBack View of Foot; and External Farts 38

CHAPTER III.

HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE,
A Knowledge of Changes in the Teeth the Only Means.— This Chapter to be Studied In Connection
with tbe Chart which Follows.— Buyers Likely, without this Knowledge, to be Deceived.— In-
cisors Chiefly to be Belied on.— Condition of a Foal's Mouth.— The Changes that Follow.— How
Foal Teeth are t,o be Distinguished A'om Horse Teeth.— Weariag away of the Grinder or Enam-
Kled Portion.— Number of Teeth in a Full Grown Animal.— Difference between Horses and
Mares as to Number.— Incisors, Hooks, and "Wolf's Teeth." How to DetermineAge till Foal is
Two Tears Old.— Uow from Two to Old Age.— The Horse of Medium Size to be Taken as a Stand-

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

arO.— Shooting np and Grlndlner off.— Irregumr Toeth; Ilovr to Jadgo.— Peculiar Ilardncsa uf
Bones and Slowness of Change in Certain Urceda.— The Mule; Age Ilard to Fibd Out with Ex-
•ctness.— Deceptions I How to Detect.— Crib Bitors: How to Examine.— Ternts defined 47

CHAPTER IV.

DIFFERENT BBEEDS AND TUGIB CHABACTERISTICS.
I. 'xlte Inferior Varietios: Many found in Both Hemispheres. SomeQood, but Little £nown ot
Them.— II. Some considered as to Work rather than Breed; the Farm Ilorso; tho Hunter; the
Hackney; Horses for Heavy Draft. — III. Tiie Arabian. — IV. Tlie Englisli Thoroughbred. —
V. The Barb.— VI. The Persian.— VII. The Turk.— VIII. The Turkoman.— IX. The
Egyptian.— X. Tlie Dongola.— XI. The Wild Horse of America.- XII. The Norman Per-
cheron.— XIII. The Clydesdale Horse.— XIV. The Thoroughbred in America.— XV. The
Morgan.— XVI. The Narragansett Pacer.— XVII. The Vermont Draft Horse.- XVIII. The
Canadian.— XIX. The Connestoga.— XX. Ponies 53

CHAPTER V. >

BBEEDING AND RAISING. - ,

I. Importanoeof the Subject. —II. The Best Stock tlio Cheapest.— III. Hereditary Tendencies and
Immaturity to be Guarded Against.— IV. Principles of Transmission.— V. The two Methods,
"in-and-in" and "cross" Breeding Considered. — VI. Treatment of the Mare after beingServed,
During Pregnancy, etc.- VII. How to Know whether a Mare is in Foal.— VIII. How to Enow
Timeof Faallng.— IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal.— X. How to Raise Colts.— XI. Mules... 04

CHAPTER VI. v\

HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN A HORSE.
I. Americanvs. English Foals.— II. At Weaning Time. —III. The FirstLesson.— rv. Training.— V.
Trahiing to Work.— VI. Training to Back.— VII. Training to Saddle and Harness.— VIU. To
Handle a Horse —IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt.— X. Saddling and Harnessing,— XI. How
toSubduea Vicious Horse.— XII. How to Train to the Saddle. —XIII. Training to Trot [in Har-
ness. —XIV. How to Train to trot in Light Harness.— XV. How to Train for the Plow.— XVI.
Trainingtotbe Wagon.— XVII. How to Train a Racer.— XVIII. Traininga Stallion m

CHAPTER VII. li v^

HOW TO SHELTER.

I. Comfortable Shelter Economical. —n. Consideration in Constructing Stables.— III. Mangers and
Baeks-- IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature.— V. Cleaning the Stables.— VI. The Loft.—
VII. The Harness Boom.— VIII. The Out-shed.— IX. The Surroundings.— X. Water 130

CHAPTER VIII.

HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM.
1. Laying the Foundation.— n. What to Feed.— III. When to Feed.— IV. Watering.— V. Kinds and
Quantities of Food to be QWen.— VL How to Prepare the Food.— VII. How to Make Mashes,
Gruels and Hay-tea.— VIH. The Value of Hay and Straw.— TX. Feeding Grain.- X. Stable Care
and Grooming.— XI. TheTlme to Clean.— XII. Care of the Feei.— XIII. Blanketing, when Nec-
essary.— XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable 135

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IX.

BENEFITS OP KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT.
I. Abusing a Faithful Servant.- -II. What are Barbarities. — III. A Picture from Life.— IV. The
Other Side. — V. A Good Farmer's Surroundings.— VI. Farmer Unthrifl's Farm. — VII. His
Home.— VIII. The Careful Man's Theory.— IX. Using the Means We Have.— X. An Infalli-
ble Rule 145

CHAPTER X.

HOW TO BUY.

I. How to Get Correct Information.— II. The Buyer Must Know What He Wants.— III. Propor-
tions of the Horse.— IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit.— V. Tlie Light Harness Horse.— VI.
Saddle Horses of all Gaits. — VII. The High-Bred Hunting Horse. — VIII. Racing Horses. —

" IX. What the Racer Should be.— X. To Avoid Vices and Defecte; How to Detect.— XL
Other Faults and Imperfections 155

- * CHAPTER XI.

HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED.
I. Baying Cheap Horses.— II. Color, in relation to Value.— III. Action.— IV. Fast walking
Horses. — V. What a Horse should be.— VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness. — VII. Defini-
tion of Unsoundness. — VIII. Illustration of Form and Symmetry. — IX. The Body and
Limbs. — X. The Body us Standing Facing You.— XI. Front View of Fore-quarters. — Show-
ing Different Bad Conformations.— XII. The Ilind-qurtrters.- XIII. The View from
Behind.— XIV. What Not to Buy.— XV. Buying for Blood 173

CHAPTER XII. ' ?'^

RACING, OR TURP HORSES.
I. Early History of the English Blood Horse.— II. How He was Improved.— III. The American
Blood Horse.— IV. Celebrated American Horses.— V. History of Their Performances.— VI.
Training to Trotting 199

PART II.

DISEASES OF THE HORSE. THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW
THEM, AND HOW TO CURE THEM.

'"■"''■ '^ "'""""■ CHAPTER I. ■>■■:.. ;.r
I, Introduction.— II. External Manifestation of Disease 23*

' CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OF THE SKIX AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES.

(. Scratches.— n. Grease.- IIT. ThniBh.— IV. Swelled Ankles.— V. Swelled Legs.- VI Surfeit.
VII. Mange.- VIII. Ring-worm.— IX. Hidc-bounl. — X. Saddle Galls, or Sltfasts.— XI. Fun-
gous Collar Tumor —XII. Warts.— XIII. Vermin.— XIV. Larva In the Skin.- XV. Tetter..;-
XVI. Rat-tails.— XVII. Mallenders andSallcnders.-XVm. Foil-evil.— XIX. Fistula 2i)9

CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL BIEMBBANES.
I Glanders.- II. Farcy— III. Distemper.- IV. Nasal Gleet.— V. NasalPolypna 2%

X TABLE OF CONTENTS.

F\am.
CHAPTER IV.

DBOPSICAL AFFECTIONS.
I. Dropsy of the Heart.— n. Dropsy of the Drain.— Ill, Dropsy of the Chest.— IV. Dropsy of the
Skiaof the Chest.— V. Dropsy of the Sorotuu.— VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen 313

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES OF THE THKOAT, CURST. AND LUNGS.
I Chest Founder. — II. Bronchitis.— III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. — IV, Con-
sumption.— V. Pleurisy.— VI. Colds.— VII. Enlargea Glands.— VIII. Swelled Throat. —IX.
Chronic Cough,— X. Ualignaut Epidemic— XI. DilBculty of Breathing.— XII. Broken Wind,
Bellows, Heaves. — XIII. Influenza.— XIV. Spasmodic Action of the Glottis and Epiglottis.—
XV. Croup,- XVI. Bleeding from the Nose.— XVII. Strangles 320

CHAPTER VI.

DISEASES OF TBE STOMACH AND BOWELS.
I. Sour Stomach, —II. Colic— III. TheBot,— IV. Inflammation and Rupture of the Colon. —V. In-
flammation and Bleeding of the Uecttim. — VI. Spontaneous Salivation. — VII. Inflammation of
the Stomach. —VIII. Soreness and Itching of the Anus.— IX. Chronic Gastritis.- X. Spasm of
the Diaphragm.— XI. Rupture of the Stomach — Xlt. Gorged Stomach.— XIII. Inflammation of
the Peritoneum.— XIV. Strangulation of the Intestincs.—XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver.
—XVI. Parasites which AiTect the Intestines —XVII. Diarrhcea 344

....v, ...,-....,.,.., C. CHAPTER Vir. =?■>-«-:;.'•'■■. \;, . ^v^/v-
DISEASES OF THE LIVER, UUINAUY ORGANS, &c.
I. Jaundice.— II. Enlargement of the Spleen.- III. Inflammation of the Kidneys.— IV. Froftase
Staling, or Diabetes. — V. Bloody Urine, or Hairaaturia. — VI. Thick and Albuminous Urine.—
VII. White or Lime Urine.— VIII. Gravel, or Stone In the Bladder.— IX. Suppression^^ the
Urine.— X. Inflammation of tlie Bladder —XI. Foul Sheath.— XII. Rupture of the Bladder.—
XIII. Spasm of the Urethra.— 'XIV. Inflammation of the Organ* of Generation 3G5

;1 ^ CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH.
I. Teething, or Dentition.- II. Shedding Teeth -'III Blind Teeth.— IV. Decay ol the Teeth,— V.
Scurvy.- VI. Stump-sucking, or Crib-biting. —VII. Lampas.— VIII. Inflammation In and
Around the Teeth.— IX, Slavering.— X. Inflammation of the Tongue.— XI. Sharp and Project-
ing Teeth.— XII. Scald Mouth.- XIII. Aptha.— XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland.— XV.
Fistula of the Parotid Duct 378

■■■•'' CHAPTER IX.

DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, Ac.
I Thumps,- n. Scrofula.— III. Fever, or General Inflammation.— IV. Enlargement of the Heart.
— V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart. — VI. Enlargement of the Arteries.— VII. Inflammation
of the Jugular Vein.— VIII. Inflammation of the Absorbents.— IX. Scarlatina S88

CHAPTER X.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. .
I. Hydrophobia, or Babies.— it. Mad Staggers, or Phrenitis.— III. Blind Staggers, Megrims,
•r Vertigo.— IV. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers.— V. Abscess within the Brain 89*

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

„ Paqb.

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AKD TENDONS.

1. Blood Sparin.—n. Bog Spavin. —III. Curb.— IV. Thorough-pin.— Y. Tetanus, or Lockjaw. --TI.
Cramps. —VII. Bheumatism.— Vill, String-halt 416

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OP THE EYE.

I. Naturally Weak Eyes.— II. Sore Eye-lids.— III. Moon eyes.— IV, Cataract.— V. Hooks or
Inflammation of the Haw.— VI. Dimness of Vision.— VII. Worms in the Eye.— VIII. Pur-
ulent Ophthalmia.— IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye. — X. Impediment in
the Lachrymal Duct.— XI. Gutta Serena 426

CHAPTER Xni.

DISEASES OF THE BOXES.

I. BlgHeadandBig Jaw.— II. Sweeny of the Shoulder.— III. Sweeny of the Hip. —IV. BoneSpav-
In.— V. EnlargedHock.— VI.— Riug-bone— VII. Stifle.— VIII, Splint.— IX. Sore shins, Inflam-
mation of the Metacarpal Bones.^X. Rotten Bones.- XI. Inflammation of the Knee Bone.
XII . Carles of the lower jaw 435

CHAPTER XIV.

DISEASES OF THE FEET.

I. Ulcerationof the Foot (navicular disease) .—II. Cracked Hoof .-HI. Hoof Rot.— IV. Coms.- V.
Contraction of the Hoof (narrow heel).— VI. Injuries of the »rog.— VII. Founder.— VIII. Nail
Pricking.— IX. Canker.— X. Sand Crack. — XI. False Quarter —XII. Quittor. — XIII. Toe
Crack —XIV. Pumice Foot.— XV. Seedy Toe.— XVI. Ossifled Cartilages.- XVII. Side Bones.
XVUI. InoUed Wounds of the Sole 451

CHAPTER XV.

WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS.
I. Strains and Sprains. —II. Overreach.— III. Brushing, or Speedy Cut.— IV. Broken Knees.— V.
Capped Elbow. —VI. Frost-bite.— VII. Burns and Scalds.— VIII. Rupture.— IX. Choking.— X.
Wounds Penetrating the Abdominal Cavity.— XI. Contused Wounds.— XII. Lacerated
Wounds.— XIII. Punctured Wounds.— XIV. Broken Hock.— XV. Dislocations.— XVI.
Various Fractures.— XVII. Various Distortions.— XVIII. Diseases of the Ear 468

CHAPTER XVI.

■■•■'■■ ^^iK Wlb^lM-^^.:iC'^ ^^ POISONS. _^..'.'i.^'.:.- ;.■.■■ . -
I. Internal Poison. — II. Poisoning from Stings.— III. Poisoned Skin .,

482

CHAPTER XVII. "V

VETERINARY SURGERY.
i. Castrating.— H. Bleeding.— III. Tracheotomy— IV. Periosteotomy.- V. Neurotomy.— VI. Dt-
Tisionof the Tendons. Ao , Ac, Ac 488

xii

TABLE OF COXTENTB.

CHAPTER XVIII.

MISCELLANEOUS MIXOPw DISEASES.

I. Uelanoiis, or Blork Pigment Tumors — II. Epiihcliul Cancer.— III. Dropsy of the Luntts.— IV
Stiugs and Bites.— V. K lUngoflf of the Hair.— VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin.— VII. Hardtu-
ing of the Skin. —VIII. Exotosis of tlio Lower Jaw.— IX. Rweiling, by Pressure of the Bridle.—

X. SoreNose.- XI. Roaring, or High Blowing.-XII. Wind Galls XIII. Rupture of the Hum

string.— XIV. Broken Wind.— XV. Internal Hemorrhage.— XVI. Partial Paralysis 4sO

CHAPTER XIX.

Medicines: What to Keep; How to Obtain ; H«w to Prepare; and How to Give Them 500

CHAPTER XX.

Implements: What to Keep; How to Use S15

PART III.
CA.TTLE.

THEIR HISTORY, ORIGIN. BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS,
MANAGEMENT AND CARE. . :\ ,

CHAPTER I.

■ '''',■■-'. ' "• ■

NATURAL HISTORY OP CATTLE.

Their Origin. — Early Domestication. — The Different Kinds and Their Peculiarities. — Improved
Breeds. — Devons. — Herefords. — Sussex. — Short Horns. — Alderneys. — Ayrshires. — Holsteins.
—Kerry Cows.— Polled Cattle.— Galloways.— The Cherokee or Texas Cattle, Etc., Etc 519

CHAPTER II.

BREEDING AND FEEDING.

Grasses.— Best Breeds.— How to Breed.- -General Utility. — Breeding in Line.— Form and Qual-
ity.— Practical Suggestions.— Breeding Grades.— Start the Herd. — Ten Years' Produce. —
Selectioa.—Comnion-Sense.— Gestation of Cows.— Feeding Standards.- Ration for Milch
Cows. — Raising Young Cattle. — Castration 626

CHAPTER III. ' " ;

TBArNINQ AND WORKING. . - - , ?v

TrainiBg vs. Breaking.— Training the Calf— HBiteri-<g.— Training to Milk.— Feeding at Milking
Time.— Vioiousness inC»w8.— Hooking Cows.— TralningOxen.— Train Stock Young. —Summing
up.— Managing a Kicking Cow 64.5

CHAPTER IV. •

now TO SHELTER.

Necessity of Shelter.— Artiflclal Protection.— .V Framed Stable.- A Cheap Stable.— Abont Bams.—
A Common Sence Barn. — A Square Cross Barn.— Basements for Cattle.— Arranging the Case-
ment .—Adapting Means to the End.— What to Plant Oi>7

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

xiii

CHAPTER V.

HOW TO PA3TCEE, FEED AND WATEB.

Aliout Pasturage. — CloTers that do Well —Undesirable CloTera.— Airalfti.— The True Graases.—
Timothy, orCat'sTallGrass.— Bine Grass. —Red Top.— Orchard Grass.— Fowl Meadow Grass.
— rime for Fastarlng.-Waterlng.— Feeding Stoc'^ Cattle.— How to Feed.— Feeding Milch Cows. . 675

CHAPTER VI.

BENEFITS OF KIND AND CAREFDIi TBEAXMENT.

FeedlngforProflt.— As between well and ill Kept Stock. — Heavy Weights.— Profit in Early Matu-
rity .—Make Beef Young.- Baby Beef.- Feeding; Cost in England.— Summer FeiMllng.— Animal
Waste. — Animal Heat.— Advantages of Summer and Winter Feeding 682

CHAPTER VII.

UOW TO BUY AND HOW TO SELL.

The Value of Good Care.— Estimating Weight.— Estimating by Measurement.- Buying to Feed.—
How to Buy Breeders.— Where Good Beef Lies.— Buying Feeding Stock.— Analyzing the Carcass.
—Proper Shape of Well-Bred Fattening Stock.- How to Buy.— Buying Milch Cows.— Buying
Dairy Milkers.— Milk Mirrors.- The True Valueof Milk Mirrors. -Value of Escutcheon Marks.—
Milkers in all breeds.— Heredity.— Digestion.— Respiration.— Milk Veins. — Veins of the
Udder.— Judging Age by the Teeth 69P

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DAIRY.

Uusbing into New Industries.— The Importance of Dairying.— Estimated Production of Butter and
Cheese.— Conditions Necessary to Dairying.— How to Build.— Sub-earth Ventilation.— Care of
Milk. — Modern Home Dairies. — Animal Odor. — Tempeiature. — Various Methods of Raising
Cream. — Making Dairy Butter. — Salting Butter. — Washing or Working Butter. — Packing
Butter. — Preparing Packages. — Kind of Salt to Use. — Cheese Making. — Cheddar Cheese. —
Cheshire Cheese. — How to Sell Butter. — Utilizing Waste Products 715

PART IV.

Diseases of Cattle. ^ ^ :"

THEIR CAUSES ; HOW TO KNOW THEM ; WHAT TO DO.

CHAPTER T.

DISEASES IN GENEHAL— BECOGmZING AND DISTINGUISHING THEM .

Farmers Shoufd Understand Symptoma.— Of Diseases In General.— Use Common Sense.— Gradua-
tion of Doses.- Frequency of Administering.— Forms of Doses.— How to Give Medicine.—
Injections.— Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation.— Aniosthetios.— To Deprive of Sensation —
Blistering.— firing.— Setons.-Uowels.— Sewing np Wounds.— Fomentations— Operation of
Bleeding.- Keoognizing and Distinguishing Diseases. —The Pulse.— The Breathing.— The Animal
Heat.— The Skin and H»ir.~-The Posture.— Indications of Pain.— Special Signs in Cnttleu 733

^%.

XIV

TABLB OF CONTENTS.

CHAPTER II.

PAcm.

OSSTATIOM, DISEASES AMD ACCIDENTS THEBEOF.

Plnral and Multiple Gestation.— Treatment Daring Gestation.— Birth.— Prolonged Labor .—Large
Presentation .—Unnatural Positions of the Cair.—Floodlng.— Presentation of After-birth .—In-
version of the Womb. — Languid Labor. — Irritability and Straining. — Temporary Paralysis. —
Abortion.— Isolation.— Milk Fever.— Mammitis 75o

CHAPTER III.

INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEIUC DISEASES.

Pneumonia.— Hlstory.-Its Malignant Contagiousness .—Deflnition .—How the Infection enters the
System.-How Long is a Diseased Animal Infectious.— How to Know it.— What to do.— Tezaa
Fever. — How to Know it. — Bloody Murrain. — Its Malignant Character. — Preventives. — What
to do. — Foot and Mouth Diseases. — Malignant Catarrh.— Lice. — Fouls 761

CHAPTER IV. ......i. ;-.,=../. .

MEDICINES AND INSTRUMENTS: WHAT TO KEEP. ''

I. Dissection. — II. Action of Medicines. — III. Medicines to l)e Kept, ana Doses. — IV. Simple and
Valuable Becipes.—T. Forms of Clysters.-VI. Infusions. — Til. Anti-Spasmodics .— VIII . Mu-
cilages.— IX. Washes.- X. Poultices.- XI. Fumigations.— XII. Tincture for Wounds 773

PART V. ' „

Sh.e ep . ;;

THEIR HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS, BREEDING AND

MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I. ,

OBIGIN, PRINCIPAL BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS.
Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep.— Long- Wooled Sheep.— I. Leicester.- 11. Border Leicester.— m.
Cotswold. — GoodQualitiesof Cotswolds.— CotswoldaintheWest.— IV. LincolnSheep — V. New
Oxfordshire Sheep.— VI. Middie-Wooled Sheep.— VU. Cheviot Sheep.— VIII. White-Faced
Highland Sheep. — IX. Dorset Sheep. — X. Southdowns. — XI. Hampshire Downs. — XII. Shrop-
shire Downs.— XUI. Oxford Downs.— Fine- Wooled Sheep. — XIV. American Merinos.— The
Fleece.— The Head .—The Body.— The Most Profitable Sheep— Divisions of Wool 791

CHAPTER II.

BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

Watchtulness Necessary .—How to Breed.— Time for Breeding.— Conpling.—Keeping the Record.—
The Management of Rams.- Training Rams. — Pasturing SIteep.— Shade In Pastures. —Water.—
Dosing Sheep.— Fall Pasturage and Feeding.— Sheep Bams.— Special Winter Food .-Manage*
mentof Lambs.— DookingLamba.—CoatraUon.— Weaning.— The Nursery 811

TABLE or CONTENTS.

PART VI.

Diseases of Slieep.

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE.
CHAPTER I.

ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP.
The Heatl.— The Trunk.— The Fore-Leg.— The Hind-Leg.— Importance of the Head to Breeders.—
Diseases of the Head f\nd Brain.— The Teeth.— Swelled Head.— Vegetable Poisoning.— Inflamma-
tion of the Eye.— Sheep Distemper.- How to Know it.— What to do.— Grubs in the Head.— How
to Save the Sheep.— Apoplezy.-Preventlon.— Inflammation of the Brain.— Tetanus, or Lock-
jaw.— Palsy.— Rabies.-Hydatids on the Brain .—Parasites of the Body and Skin.— The Scab.— i
How to Know it.— Diseases of the Generative and Urinary.Organs .-Diseases of the Limbs and
Hoofs.— Foot Kot.— How to Cure it.— Fouls, and Travel-Sore Feet.— Gravel.— The Biflex Canal.
Haggoty Sheep.— Lung Worms.— Intestinal Worms.— Botten Liver,— Colio 823

PART VII. V

;-*ii::a

fTl:cl^t^

Seville ,

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I. .-^:/'r'v<^::X^:-i:^>-i^:i:

HISTOEY AND BREEDS.
Origin of the Hog.— Teeth of the Pog.— Importance of Swine to Man.— I. Improved Breeds of
Swine.— English Breeds. — II. The Berkshires. -Establishing the Improved Berkshire —Stand-
ard Characteristics of Berkshires. — III. Neapolitan Hogs. — IV. Essex Breed. — V. Yorkshire
Hog— VI. Suffolks.— VII. Lancashire Hogs.— VIII. Lancashire Middle-Breed.— IX. Largo
Lancashire. — /.merican Breeds.— X'. Poland China.— XI. Chester Whites. —XII. Jersey Beds.
— Chesnires.— XIII. Charaoteristics.— Becapitulation of Breeds 541

CHAPTER II. , .,^

BBEEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

Importance of Swine.- A Back-Woods Hog.— Fixing and Holding the Charaoteristics —Selection
Always Important.— Breeding Age of Gwlne.— Care of Breeding Sows.— Weaning.— Mnnagement
of Swine.— Absolute Cleanliness Necessary.-Summary S60

CHAPTER III.

FEEDING AND SHELTEB.

Good TS. Bad Food.— Summer Feeding.— Other Summer Foods.— Roots.— The Grains.— Feeding
South.— Mast. — Feeding !n Confinement .—Hog Bams.— A Cross Barn.— A Simple Pen.— finm-
mary.— Light vs. Heavy Hogs ggg

•

xvi

TABLB OF CONTENTS.

PART VIII.

fAQB.

Diseases of S^vine.

HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE THEM.
CHAPTER I.

DISEASES OF SWINE.
KxplanuUon o{ Cnt.— Dlllioalty of Administering Med icioe.— Good Nnning the Essential.'^Maliff
nantand Contagious Diseases .—Malignant Epizootic Catarrti.— How to Know it.— Wliat to do.~
Intestinal " Hog Cholera," — How to Know It. ■— Caaits. — Treatment. —Prevention. —
Contagious Pnenmo-enterltis. — Us Origin, — The Erysipelatous Form. — The Form with
Malignant Throat. — What to Do. — Malignant Anthrax, Splenic Fever. — True Cbarbon,
—Inflammatory Diseasae.— Quinsy, or Strangles.— Rising of the Lights.— Pnenmonia.—Catairh
in the Head.-Diseases of the Skin.— Measles -How to Know it.— The Lard Worm.— What to do.
—Xrtcblna Spiralis.— How to Cure —Lice.— Diarrhea.— Summary 879

PART IX.

"Poultry. r

HISTORY ; BREEDS, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ; BREEDING AND

GENERAL MANAGEMENT.

CHAPTER I.

Uistory and Wild Types 895

CHAPTER II. '

VA-SIETIES OF B.VRN-TAKD FOWLS.
I. Dor'King Fowl).— II. Stiver Grey Dorkings.— III. Binck Dorkings.— IT. Fawtt*Colored Dork*
ings.— V. Bolton Greys.— VI. Dominique Fowls.— VII. Plymouth Books.- VIII. The Ostrich
Fowls.- IX. Hamburg Fowls.— X. Black Hamburgs.'— XI. tieghoms.— XII White Leghorns.
—XIII. Spanish Fowls.— XIV. French Fowls.— XV. The Houdans.- XVI. LaFieche Fowls.—
XXII. The Creve Cosurs.- XVIII. Lai ge Asiatic Breeds.— XIX. Tlie Chlttagonga.— XX. lluBf
Cochins.— XXI. Partridge Cochins —XXII. White Cochins.- XXIII. Brahma Fowls.— XXIV.
LfghtBrahmos.— XXV. Frizzled Fowls.— XXVI. Silkies.— X.XVII. Bmlaor Guelder Fowls.—
X.WIII. Game Fowls— 1. Brown-breasted Reds.— 2. Eorl Derby Game.— 3. Duck-winged
Game.— 4. Whiie Georgian Game.— 6. Game Bantams.— 0. Other Bantams —7. -Seabright Ban-
tams.— 8. Japanese Bantams... 903

CHAPTER III

BREH^ING.
ThePlumage.— Ideal Shape.— Breeding to Type.— Disparity of Sexes.— Mating.— Breeding Grades, 934

CHAPTER IV.
maxagkmcnt of fowls.

GoinglntoBuslness.- Villago Yards.— The Poultry nmiRe— Proper Food for Fowls.— Best Breeds
For Market —Egg Producers.— How to Fatten.— How to kill and dress Fowls.- Fackmg tor

'^rket.

942

TABLE or CONTENTS. xvii

CHAPTER V. ^'"'""

TUB IIOUE OF THE TURKEY.

Varletleaof the Domeatio Turkey.— I. The Common Turkey.— II EngllBh Turkey III The Hon.

durM Tarkey.— IV. Bronzed-Black Turkey.— V. Guinea Fowl —VI. The Peacock 947

CHAPTER VI.

DUCKS.
1. Bnnen Ducks.— II. Aylesbury Ducks.— III. Call Ducks.— IV. Cayuga Blaek Duoka.— V. Fancy
Ducks —VI, Black East India Ducks .—.Summary ^^

CHAPTER VII.

GEESE.
I. Embden or Bremen Geese.- II. Toulouse Geese.— III. Hong Kong Geese.- IV. VThlte Chinese
Geese.— V. African Geese.-VI. Canada Wild Geese.— Management of Weese.... a 96J

Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Breeders

DING AND

PART XI.
BEES: THEIR HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, AND MANAGEMENT

CHAPTER I.

Classification of Bees and History. — Queens, Drones, and Workers.— Stages of Bee-Life. — The
Queen. — Products of Bees. — Management. — Old and New Styles. — Honey Extractor. — Wax
E.xtractor. — New Races of Bees. — Prospects of Bee-Culture. — Starting an Apiary. — Hives,—
Transferring Bees. — Tlie Bee-Smolier. — Location of the Apiary. — Bee- Veils. — Example of
Successful Bee-Keeping.— The Way to do it.— Setting out Hives. — Artificial Swarming. —
Introducing Queens. — Extracting Comb-Honey. — Treatment of Comb-Honey. — Wintering., 970

, \

Dg Grades. 934

PART XII.
THE DOG: HISTORY, BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

CHAPTER I.

Origin of the dog.— Usefulness of the dog to man. — The English Setter. — The Irish Setter. — The
Gordon Setter.— The Native Setter.— The Dropper.— The Pointer.— The Spaniel.— The New-
foundland dog.— The Mastiff.— The Bull dog.— The Blood hound.— The Fox hound.— The '
Beagle. — The Sheep dog. — The Greyhound. — The Dalmatian or Coach dog. — The Scotch
Terrier.— The English Terrier.— The Skye Terrier.— The Poodle 997

CHAPTER II,

Choice of Sire and Dam in Breeding. — Age to Breed.— Time of Year to Breed, — Management
of Bitch in Season.— Duration of Heat.— Management of Bitch in Whelp.— Whelping. —
Care of Whelps.— Weaning.— Feeding.— Training of Pointers and Setters.— Training of
Spaniels. — Training of Hounds. — Training of Vermin Dogs. — To Prevent and to Break
from Gun Shyness.— Hunting a Bitch while in Whelp , 1016

xviii

TABLE OP CONTENTS.

CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OP DOGS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

Treatment of Asthma.— Bronchitia.— Common Cold.— Influenza.— Pleurisy.— Pneumonia.—
Consumption. — Rheumatic Fever. — Distemper. — Inflammation of the Stomach.— Inflain*
mation of the Liver.— Inflammation of the Bowels. — Mange. — Canker of the Ear.— Flees and
Lice. — Chorea or Jerks. — Fits. — Worms. — Rickets or Large JointH. — Tumor and Cancer. —
Puerperal Fits. — Protracted Labor. — Sprains. — To Harden Tender Feet.— Rabies or
Hydrophobia... 1029

Hi -I

■.• /O-v- ,v-i'i

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGK.

Horse, skeleton of 89

" longitudinal section of 42

ilorse's head, vertical section of — 43

Horse, bones of the foot 44

" " " " sectional view of 44

" foot and lower ies, vertical section of 45

" external i)art8 of 4"

A good horse l'or]ip;lit driving 50

A pood liorse for all work 50

Liglit hunting horse 68

Heavy " 5l)

Eiiglisli roadster 00

" coacii horse 61

(leii. Grant's Arabian Stallions 65

Enfflish race horse, Eclipse 60

Norman Perclieron stallion 75

" mare 77

Clydesdale gelding, front view 81

" " rear view 82

Shetland ponies fll

Shales 99

Dervish 100

Golddust 101

Poitou ass 109

Horse's head with benring-reln , 124

" without " 124

Team of the cruel and Improvident master 146

" " kind and careful master 147

Barn of the provident master 149

Farmer Unthrlft's barn 150

" home 150

The barn of the cruel msisler 151

Model halter on model colt 161

Team of the kind master 152

" " cruel master 152

Shiftless man's door-yard pate ; 152

" " field gate 152

High-bred roadster 1"'0

Finely bred roadster 157

Good family horse 158

Proportions of the horse 159

Cleveland Bay 161

Goldsmith Maid 250

Movement iu trotting 24Q

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn.

- PAUIC.

Fine trotter in light liarness Id I

Qoud furin for sudillo liortte ](i5

IIorHe of good aclloii jqo

Model form lor speed In run'ilnfj; ]({g

Progrossion of blind horse 171

Movement In walking 170

Side and front view of heads, good i ik2

'♦ " " bad ISJi

Side view of foil' quarters, showing good xhoulder 184

" " " bad conrurniution 186

Front view, showing breast and limbs, good 187

" of (ore-quarters, showing bad conformations 101

Good hind-quarters 192

Side view of hind-quarters 194

Buck view of hind-quarters 105

" " bad 190

External manifestations of disease 256

First stage of confirmed grease exudation !i83

Second •' " '• 263

Horse affected with surfeit 271

One of the causes of hide-bound in horses 277

Poll-evil during first stage 288

" " second stage 289

Slight enlargement, wlileh may end in listulous wlth'/rs 292

Fistulous withers, woist stage ^ 292

A fit subject for founder or bronchitis 321

A horse dressed for bronchitis 322

A cough of Incurable bronchitis 324

Case of congestion 324

Position assumed by horse with an attack of pneumonia 32")

Horse's head with cold 330

" " " lympluitic gland swollen 331

Jfose-bag for steauiuig hoist witli Rold 881

'• ' '* the throat t)llstered 333

Seton in the throat of a horse 333

A horse quidding 334

The act of coughing 334

Bit bearing upon jaw 338

Contlrmed Influenza 339

Opening tiie abscess of strangles 343

The first stage of spasmodic colic 346

The second stage of " " :.... 346

The third stage of " " 347

Tiie first stage of flatulent " 348

Horse dying of flatulent colic 348

Aestrus hemorrholdalls 350

" ^'Sr^*') larviB and fly 350

Nose strained upward 352

Application of an ammonlacal blister 353

Horse suffering from acute gastritis 354

Unnatural attitude Indicative of abdominal Injury 358

Position assumed by horse suffering from abdominal injury 35^

Test for hemorrhage of the liver 360

Colt picking hair from its leg, giving proof of worms 361

Symptoms attending disease of urinary organs 307

Test for iuflummaiioa of the kidneys .mmww~«>. 86^

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PA OR

Florsc sulTprlng from bloody nrlne 370

I'oHillon UKhUiiiviI by ho^t^o having ulbumiiioua iirliic 371

Horse tiuflciintf with tooth-acbe 380

Uurning for lampus 381

Klli'«t8 of cruel use of bit 38!^

Apllm 384

CoiMitenaiu'e of ahorso with rabies 4(Mi

Detilruclivo impulse of hydrophobia 401

ilortio (luring tlio mud stugo of gtuggers 40I

Expression characieristio of megrims 40(3

A linrso dying with abscess within the bruin 414

A horse mad Irom inflammation of the brain 414

Te'tfor tetanus 419

Slings for tetanus or fractured limb 420

Mode of feeding horso with chronic tetanus 421

Showing how lar a horso with tetanus Is capable of motion 421

Horse liaving string-halt 424

Mode of blinding a horse and applying lotlun to the eye 430

Extirpation of tiie eye 432

Obstruction of the lachrymal gland 433

Eye effected by gutta sorena 434

Foot, incapable of being raised Irom ground by reason of spavin 439

Natural position of loot when raised trom tiie ground durnig an easy trot 4i59

Closing crack in hoof 453

Acute fever In the feet 457

The low choke 470

Manner of using seton needle 408

A horse suffiTing Irom drastic poison 482

Tumor caused by curl) chain ." 492

How to hear the sound made in a horse's windpipe 49(5

Internal hemorrhage 497

Horse suffering from partial pariilysis of the bind leg* 498

Tieth of ox at age of Ave years 520

Section of li<ad of ox 521

Devon bull " Wilmot " 521

Standard Devon bull 623

North Devon cow 525

Devon working ox 526

Hereford bull 530

Hereford cow and calf. 533

Sussex cow 536

Durham bull and cow,old style 538

Shorthorn cow, in outline 540

" bull 543

" cow, "Gida" 545

Yearling Shorthorn bull 547

Shorthorn cow, "Diana" 548

" bull. "Hiawatha" 551

" cow "Rosamond" 552

Points of Shorthorn bull 554

Jersey bull, "Comet" 564

A trio of Jerseys 566

Model cow, perfection, points illustrated 569

.Trisey bull " " " 571

■Jersey cow 573

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

'4 i!

PAGE.

Jersey heifer „ 574

Modem Ayrshire cow 577

Holsteincow 595

llolstein heifer 597

Holstein bull 603

" " of the Chenery miilcing stock 607

Pollrcl Angaacow 611

Polled Angus bull 612

A Texas steer 616

Modifl I Texans, or Cheroicee cattle 618

Working by main force 645

Eesuits of bad handling 648

" of good handling 649

To prevent a cow Irom kicking 651

" " sucking 651

Harness to prevent sucking 652

To prevent hooking 652

A primitive tackle, but good trainer 673

Old style farm yard 658

Farmer Thriftless' mode of protection '. 658

" Thrilty's mode oi protection 659

Primitive protection 659

Main floor of dairy barn 662

Plan of stables in basement 664

Cattle-feeding basement 664

Main floor of dairy barn 665

Wintered without shelter 666

Wintered with good shelter 666

Farmer Thrifty 's cattle 668

Farmer Slack's shelter 669

A pastoral scene 673

Earl Spencer's prize ox 698

Outline of fat bullock 700

Milk mirror of Jerseys 704

Great milk mirror on Holstein cow ''06

Ground plan oi model creamery 719

Application of steam to the nostrils ^ 741

Nose bag for steaming 742

A pastoral scene 081

To prevent inversion of the vagina 756

Malignant catarrh, second or sloughing stage 769

Skeleton oi the ox ' 774

Points of sheep 792

Leicester ewe and lamb 793

Leicester ram 794

Sheared Cotswold ram 797

Group of Cotswold ewes 796

Sheared Cotswold ewe 798

Yearling Cotswold 799

Cotswold ewes 799

New Oxfordshire ewe -800

Black-laced Highland sheep ~ 801

Highland sheep -802

Dorset ram > 803

Southdown ram 803

ILLUSTBATIONS.

Hampshire Down gQ4

Oxford Downshire Ram 8()5

Group of American Merinos „ SOq

Merino ram g08

" ewe 809

Division of wool gjQ

Convenient feedinjr trough for sheep gig

Allowed to shift for itself.^ gl7

Wintered with good shelter and feed gl7

Skeleton of Leicester sheep 823

Skull of a polled sheep g25

Uead of sheep, vertical section 825

A bad case of scab 832

Old China boar 844

China sow 845

Berkshire boar 847

Essex boar 849

Short-faced Lancashire hogs 852

Poland-China boar 854

Chester white hogs 856

Improved Cheshire. , 868

Backwoods hog 861

Berkshire sow, breeder . 865

Hazel splitter, sow .*! 866

Breeder in good flesh, sow 878

Arkansas tooth picks 874

Skeleton of the hog 879

Creve Coeur cock and hen 895

Mexican wild Turkey 896

Embden or Bremen geese 897

Aylesbury ducks 899

Gallus Sonneratii 900

Head of single-wattled Brahma fowl 901

" Breda or Gueldre 901

White Dorking cock 904

Gray English Dorkings 905

Dominique fowl 906

Plymouth Rock fowls 907

Bucks County (Pa.) fowls 908

Black Hamburg fowls 909

Golden-pencilled Bamburgs 310

Silver penciled Uamburgs 911

White Leghorns 912

Standard White Leghorns 913

Black Spanish fowls 914

Houdan hen.. 9^

La Fleche fowls giQ

Creve Coeur fowls gjv

Buflf Cochin cock 918

" " hen ai9

Partridge Cochins 920

White Cochin fowls 922

Dark and Light Brahmas 923

Pair of Silky fowls 925

Breda cock and hen 926

ILLUSTltATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

'■\',

PAoa.

Brown Breasted Red Game 927

Earl Derby Qame 928

Duck Winged Game fowls 929

White Gteorglnn Games 930

Seabrlght Bantams 93I

Barren FuII-featbered hen ,. 982

Japanese Bantam cock 933

" *' pullet h 933

Points of poultry 93.5

Points of head of cock 935

Analysis of wing plumage 936

Points of the fowl 937

Illustration showing points 7. 938

Breeding to type 94U

Fountain for poultry 946

Wild turkey 943

Common turkey 949

Ocelaled turkey 950

Bronze turkey 951

Guinea fowl. 952

Peacock 953

Rouen duck 955

Aylesbury and Rouen ducks compared 956

Gray Call ducks ; 957

White Duck ; 957

Cayuga Black ducks 958.960

Black East India ducks 959

Aylesbury ducks 961

Embden geese 963

Toulouse geese 964

Hong Kong geese 955

White China geese 966

An-ican goose 967

Anatomy of the hen 974

Bone ol leg and foot of fowl 974

Back of the barn 978

Straw Hive 979

Drone, Queen, and Worker 980

Comb Foundation 980

Egg and Brood ,981

Honey Extractor .983

Comb Basket 983

Wax Extractor 984

Specimens of Queen Bees ..„.984

Double. Walled Hive 986

Pjptuve of D. A. Jones, the Bee-King, of Beeton, Ont 986

Bee Smoker 988

Bee Vail 988

CaftH for Sliipping Queens 991

Honey Knife ,. . . 992

Wolf searching for food 998

English Setter 1000

Pointer and Wounded Grouse 1005

Hunting Spaniel 100€

ILLUSTBATI0N8.

Newfoundland Dog rescuing a man 1008

MastifE 1009

Mount St. Bernard Dogs 1010

Bull Dog 1010

British Bloodhound 1012

Dalmatian Dog 1014

Water Spaniel 1015

English Fox Hound 1018

Training of Pointers and Setters 1020

Slieplierd's Dog 1022

English Bloodhound 1023

Gordon Setter 1024

British Greyhounds 1027

Scotch Terrier 1028

English Terrier 1031

Skye Terrier 1034

Chart for telling age of Horses (49 Illustrations) 46

Chart for telling age of Cattle (13 " ) 520

PART I,

THE HORSE ;

-•HIS-'-

HISTORY. BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

; Av ;r_;..

»«'>M^, ,-Ki,fyO';>i-H-n

' ' '■' '' "i ■ '' /

,..,i,.,f ,.r ;/\-j' I-;.,- > ..
■r. (V iytr ••.■.\.,,,i

}' ..' i-,,i -!-t:v ,-:v;ri,

THE H0E8E.

.i.iS'.viT''

CHAPTER 1. . ,

HIS HIBTOBY AS A COMPANION AND SEBVANT OF MAN.

COXXECTED WITH MAN FROM A VERY EARLY AQE. HIS IMPORTAXCE A3 A HELPER IN THE

WORK OP THE WORLD. UI3 SUPERIORITY OVER THE OTHER AXIMAL9. THE HORSE

AXD HIS RIDER BKCOMB IN SOMB MEASURE ONE CREATURE. HI3 NATIVITY: BOUBT

fOXCERNINQ IT. HIS EXISTENCE UPON EARTH PROBABLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH

THAT OF MAN. THE MOST ANCIENT AUTHORS ALLUDE TO HIM. HK PASSES INTO DIF-

FKRENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE. WILD HERDS IN THE EASTERN CONTINENT. ORIGIN

OF THE WILD HERDS IN AMERICA. FOUND ASA no.MESTIO AMONQ KEARLY ALL PEO-
PLE. GREATER LIABILITY TO DISEASE IN A DOMESTIC THAN IN A WILD STATE.

SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION UNDER IGNORANT MANAGEMENT. THE WISDOM OF THE

ARABS AS BREEDERS AND KEEPERS. DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AMONG MEN AS TO SYS-
TEMS OF BREEDING: ATTENTION CALLED TO ITS TREATMENT IX THIS WORK. KNOWL-
EDGE AND SKILL NECESSARY TO HIS PROPER CARE.

" And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle aftei
their kind, and everything that crcepcth upon the earth after his kind :
:iiid God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in
our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of
the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all
t lie earth."

Although the precise period at Avhich the horse was subjected to the
list' of man is unknown, it is not unreasonal^le to conjecture that it was
at a time long anterior to his mention in history ; and it is probable that
.''iiice the day Avhen man was made master of all other created things,
IK) animal has been more constantly his companion and friend ; and that
no other has contributed so much assistance in subduing wild nature and
making evor\i:hing subservient to his Avill and promotive of his happiness.
Other animals, particularly sheep and cattle, have shared with the horse
this usefulness to mankind, it is true : and in our present civilized state,
when nicchanicjil ingenuity is making such rapid strides in dispensing with

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

animal labor, it may be, as is sometimes claimed, that the wool-bearing
and milk-giving animals — especially considering that these same animals
furnish also a large projiortion of our flesh food — are to be held as taking
the precedence ; but as to adaptability, becoming, as it were, a creature of
all work ; as to comeliness and quickness of motion ; as to a certain s^'ni-
patliy with his master that makes him at times so to partake of his spirit
and motions as to seem one with him ; as to a readiness of submission to
drudgery as well as to proud employments, he is without a rival in the
world.

It is affirmed by many that the horse is a native of Asia, but of this we
really know nothing. Others affirm with equal, or almost equal, plausi-
bility, that he is a native of centi'al Africa. Where all is conjecture, it
is needless in a practical work of this character to speculate. Wherever
his primal home may have been, it is at least Avithin the bounds of jn'oba-
bility that his existence in Asia, in his present state of development, is
contemporary with that of man upon earth. Some among the very earli-
est records of the human race contain allusions to him as a well known
animal, in the service of man. Tlae description in the Book of Job, a
production admitted to be of the very highest antiquity, is a case in point.
He is mentioned here, in glowing terms, as a max^tial adjunct to his mas-
ter — and not as a newly-discovered or recently-subdued creature, but as
one with which the woi-ld was familiar. Sculptured images of horses as
beautiful of form almost as the noble Arabian of to-day have been found
among the ruins of the cities of the desert. He is mentioned by Moses
in connection with the Egyptians ; and records older than the vTitings of
Moses point to his having been known and used by that singular people
from the dawn of their wonderful civilization.

We find him thus in both Asia and Africa ; and dui'ing all the historic
period he has been present with man as though native to the soil of many
districts of both Continents. Whether borne thither by natural result of
migratory wandering, in a wild state, or whether by the ever-spreading
human family, there is little to guide us in determining. In the more
thinly populated districts of Asia, notably in Southern Siberia, great wild
herds have been long known to exist.

Though, as wo have previously intimated, there must have been n
noble breed of horses in Arabia in the days of their most ancient cities,
the introduction of the present breed into that country is thought to have
been of a comparatively modern date. It seems clear that long subse-
quent to the beginning of the Christian era there were few horses in
Arabia, and those few of no striking excellence, and that the now cele-
brated Arabians have either sprung from good horses introduced into the

THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC.

country within the last thousand years, or are the result of judicious
breeding and kir.dly care bestowed upon a native stock.

He was brouglit as a domestic animal to the New World, by the early
adventurers ; — and no trace of him, (if we except a kind of cloven-footed
species), having been found upon the Continent, we can account for the
herds of wild horses, knomi to have long existed in different pai-ts of
North and South America, upon no other supposition than that they are
the descendants of certain Andalusian mares and steeds l)rought over by
the Spaniards, and abandoned by tlicni when they could no longer render
them service, or left free to escape to the forests on the death of their
masters in battle. There is a story current— of doubtful authenticity,
however — that ah these innnense herds, in both North and South America,
are sprung from one stallion and two mares that escaped from the expe«
dition of De Soto through Florida, Georgia, and elsewhere. Be this as
it may, there are now many great herds — a single one, especially in South
America, sometimes immbering many thousands.

As a domestic animal, the horse is found among almost every people
on the globe ; and his uses vary with the degree of civilization enjoyed
by his owners. It may bo remarked also that this degi-ee of usefulness
is intimately associated with the degree of his deterioration and with the
diseases to which he is subject. In a wild state, he is almost free from
disorders of every kind, — so much so that unless killed b}' accident or by
deprivation of necessary food and drink, as is sometimes the case, he
lives to a great age — dying in the course of nature, it is believed, at from
thirty to sixty j'ears. Among the Arabs, Avhere his condition approaches
more nearly to a natural state than among any other jjcople, except the
Indians, and where his laborious service to his master is limited almost
exclusively to carrying a single rider, he displays his greatest perfections
as a domestic animal, and enjoys tne greatest immunity from disease.
Among the leading nations of Europe and their colonies, where he is for
the most part made literally "a beast of burden" in the different capaci-
ties of animal for the saddle and for every species of draught, and where
man practices almost unrestrained not only his active cruelties but inan}^
unwitting enormities, ho is said l)y good authority to be constantly deter-
iorating and becoming more and more subject to diseases and to prema-
turc death.

Among the Arabs, too, the best breeds are i3reseri'ed in their purity »
M'hereas, among more civilized nations all efforts of man to improve the
stock, or even to i^reseiwe any desired quality, result at last in rendering
the subjects of his experiments more liable to fall into various disorders,
and, except in rare instances, in ultimate failure.

I'
f p

I i
9!^ ::

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

It may not bo iiTolevant to stuto in this connection that the great excel •
lence of the Arabian of the present day, M'liatevcr may have been his
origin, is duo in part to tho extraordinary affection felt for him by his
master, which manifests itself in the extreme care that is lavished upon
him, and to Avhich he is almost as sensitive as a human creature ; in part
to his freedom from that severe labor by which tho horses of other na-
tions are prematurely broken, stiffened, and deprived of spirit ; and
partly, no doubt, by the steps which are taken, not so much to improve,
but to preserve, a choice brCed. While other nations, notably the Eng-
lish, French and American, are engaged in ceaseless endeavors to im-
prove, and, according to some authorities, constantly making lamentable
failures — defeating their own ends by the systems of bi'eeding, training,
and use, which they adopt — the wild sons of tho desert maintain for their
horses from ago to age tiie superiority Avhich they wore tirst found to
possess. ' ■;■ - ■■■ ■ ■ s' • '■•

Men differ in opinion as to the cause of nil this, and the mooted ques-
tions of crossing and in-and-in l)recding tind their respective champions,
and the dis(!Ussion is from time to time renewed; but the fact remains
that the horses of Arabia excel all others ; while another important fact
seems to bo most generally overlooked, that the Arabs neither cross nor
actually breed in-and-iji, but, liaviiig by some means obtained a noble race
they guard equally against admitting admixture of blood and against too
close consanguinity.

The subject of breeding, however, will bo found to have been more
fully discussed under its proper head ; and in conclusion it will perhaps
bf, sufficient to urge upon the attention of the intelligent owner and
breeder some ft^v facts Avhich have been touched upon in the course of
this brief sketch, naniel}' : That among horses in a wild state disease
is rarely known, though admixture of blood most probably does take
l)lace, and, for auglit we know to the contrary, as close in-and-in
breeding as the most pronounced advocate of that system could wish.
Tims, Ave find exemption from destructive disorders, but ordinarily no
strongly marked characteristics of race const anth^ prevailing, and but
rarely among them Avhat may be termed really fine aninnds.

Again, that among the horses of the Arabs and the American Indians,
disease is almost as rare as among the Avild liei'ds. And again, among
those nations where the horse is in the highest degree useful, becoming
more the slave than the companion of man, he is the subject of a nmlti-
tude of infirmities scarcely equalled in numl)er by those to Avhich man is
himself heir. It has been said that in becoming the companion and the ser-
vant of man, he has partaken, in some measui'e, of both man's spirit and
liis physical frailties. In battle, he adds to the terrors of the conflict

TUB HORSE, III8 ORIGIN, KTO.

•eat excel •
been his
iim by liiw
ihcd upon
J ; in paii;
other nu-
)irit ; and
3 improve,
Y the Eng-
ors to im-
amcntablc
;, training,
n for their
D found to

oted ques-
•hanipions,
ct remains
ortant fact
r cross nor
noble race
uffainst too

been more
ill perhaps
bwner and

course of
Me disease

does take
in-and-in

)uld wish.

linarily no

, and but

|i Indians,
lin, among
I becoming
a niulti-
:'h man is
id the scr-
spirit and
conflict

by hiH tiorceness as well as by his strenjHh and swiftnoss ; in the stablen
of careless opulence, he becomes the pain )ered victim of abundance, and
falls a prey to diseases that come by irr jgular exercise and surfeiting ;
with hard and driving task-masters, ni the mai*tM of trade, and subject to
tiie exactions of business, he is soon stiffened, spavined, and generally
broken as to both conformation and locomotion ; while among the poorer
(tlass of tillers of the soil and other toilers, he seems to become spiritless
and dull, and subject to diseases that come rather from want of care
than from either over-work or actual deprivation of food and drink.

In his best estate, he is the noblest of the lower animals ; in his worst,
ho is still a property of man, and a helper in his work. A knowledge
of his ailments, and the possession of that skill necessary to his relief, is
therefore essential to every one who owns even the commonest of the
opeciea. . - ••

i f

■> ' '

. iMiff" *

I -

\- ^ik:>a-',-

111. iMli ,'A'MiCiH rfi:T

■.nl .;i..

CHAPTER II.

ILLUSTRATBD DBSCRIPTIOir.

: ui. 1.-,

i:!:iliii

MICK8SITY FOR A COMPRKHKN8IVK IDKA OP THK OON8TRUCTION OF THK H0R8K, AND THK RB-

LAT10N8 OF HI8 PARTS. SCIBNTIFK; TKRM8 USKD, BUT KXFLAINKD. SUBSKtJUKNT

PORTI0N8 OF THK WORK MORK RKADII.Y IINDKR8TOOD BY RKFBRKNCB TO THIS CHAPTKR.

KNOWLKDOK OF 8TRUCVURK INOI8PKNMABLB TO SUROERY. 8KKLKTON ; 8KCTION-

AL VIBW rfK THORAX, ABDOMKN, AND PKLVI8; VERTICAL 8KCTIUN OF HKAD; 8B0TION

OF foot; front and back view of foot; and external parts.

In order that the reader may obtain a clear and comprehensive knowl-
edge of the construction of the horse in all his parts and of the proper
relations of those parts, it is thought best to introduce here, in one (!on-
nected view, a description of the franie-work or skeleton, as seen hi Fig.
1 ; of the internal organs and their positions, as seen in Fig. 2 ; of the
head and its contents, Fig. 3 ; of the peculiar formation of the foot, Figs.
4, 5, and 6, and of the external parts of the animal. Fig. 7.

It will be observed that while we have used the ordinary scientific terms
in naming these various parts, we have annexed, whenever necessary,
such explanations as will enable the plain reader to get the full meanmg
intended to be conveyed.

Some attention devoted to the subject here will of course supersede the
necessity of constantly recurring and tedious explanations throughout
the subsequent part, of the work. The clearness and fulness of the illus-
trations pro\ided leave nothing more, we think, to be desired on that
head ; and if the reader chance to find, in our dii'ections as to the treat-
ment of any disease, allusions to the structure of certain parts which ho,
has not well in mind, or terms used with which he is not entirely familiar,
his difficulties can be speedily removed l>y reference to this chapter.

Any attempt to perform those surgical operations, however simple,
which sometimes become necessary in the treatment of domestic animals,
must of course be directed by that knowledge of form, structure, and
)"«lated functions which we endeavor here to impart.
38

I1>L(J8TKATKU UESCUIITIUM

rilit

, AND THK KB-

-SOBSKQUItNT
■HIH CHAITKK.
on; 8KCTION-
KAD; 8KCTION

isive knowl-

the propor

lin one oou-

een in Fig.

. 2 ; of tlui

foot, Figs.

l-ntiflc terms
necessary,
ill meaning

[pcrsede the
I throughout
l)f the illus-
|ed on that
the treaf-
L which hfi
jly familiar,
ipter.

irer simple,

tic animalH,

icture, and

Explanations. — A — Cervical vertebrae, or seven bones or joints of the
neck. '"''-- ■''' " '^ '••-*-'*'' ''::i' , i>M,)5 *»«.? lo rir»!»i, jni-,} .^ .;!-.,; .^fj'-jW

B^ B — Dorsal vertebrre, or the eighteen larger joints of the back-bone.

C — Lumbar vcrtelirte : — the six joints of the back-bone lying between
the upper ends of the false ribs, and the ui)per edge of the haunch bones.

D — Sacrum, or bone which forms the back part of the pelvis.

^ — Coccygeal bones, or tail bones. '•?i:'.''<,f<,^ us .vtiiiac- f\t\,s ,■' , •., o,'

F, F— Kibs. • . ;

G — Costal cartilages, or the cartilages by which the ends of the ribs
are joined.

H — The scapula, or shoulder blade.

I — The humerus, or large round bone between the point of the shoul-
der and the elbow, or upper part of the fore-leg. k;

K, K — The radiuses, the outer bones of the fore-legs, extending from
humerus to knee.

ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOR.

L — The ulna, the larger of the two l)onos of the upper part of fore-
leg, lying behind the radius and extending from the knee to the lower
part of chest.

M — ^The caipus, or knee, composed of: 1, the scaphoid, or bone hav-
ing a boat-like form ; 2, the semi-lunar, or bone resembling a half-moon ;
3, the cuneiform, or wedge-shaped bone ; 4, the trapezium, or bone re-
sembling the mathematical figure of that name ; 5, the trapezoid, or bone
resembling a trapezoid j 6, the os magnum, or great bone of the knee;
7, the unciform, or hook-sliaped bone ; 8, the pisiform, or pea-shaped
bone.

N, N — The large metacarpsil or cannon, the big bone of the fore-leg
reaching from the knee to the ankle.

— Small metacari^al or "splint bones," the two smaller bones of the
lower part, of the fon;--leg8.

P, P — The sessamoiil bones — two small bones found in the substance
of the tendons at the joining of the fore-leg to the ankle.

QjQ — Phalanges, embracing: 1, the upper pastern bone ; 2, the os c^)-
rona, or lower pastern bone ; 3, the os pedis, or first bone in the leg,
inside the hoof — the coffin-bone ; and naviculare, a small ship-shaped
bone, at the back of the lower i)astern, not marked in the figure.

R — The pelvis, or basin, composed of : 1, the ilium, or flank bone ; 2,
the pubis, or fore-part of one of the bones of the pelvis ; 3. the ischium,
or hinder and lower part of the hip-bone.

S — The femur, or thigh bone. '

T — The patella, or small bone covering the stifle joint — the joint of
the hind leg near the flank,

y — The tibia, or large, long bone between the hock and the stifle joint.

V — The fibula, the small, long bone behind and attached to the tibia.

W'— The hock, or that joint of the hind leg between the stifle-joint and
the fetlock, embracing the following small bones: 1, the os calcis, or
back point of the hock ; 2, the astragalus, or upper bone of the hock
that supports the tibia ; 3, the cuneiform magnum, or largest wedge-
shaped bone ; 4, the cuneiform medium, or middle-sized wedge-shaped
bone ; 5, the cuneiform parvum, or smallest wedge-shaped bone ; 6, that
small bone of the hock having a somewhat cubical form.

X Large metatarsal, the front bone of the hind leg, between the hock

and the pastern joint, below which are 1, 2, 3, the phalanges of the hind

leg.
- Y. The small mctjitarsal, or small bone of the hind leg in rear of large

metatarsal.

2 ^The head, embracing: 1, the inferior maxilla, or lower jaw; 2,

the superior maxilla, or upper jaw ; 3, anterior maxilla, or outer part, of

ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION .

the jaw ; 4, the pasal bone, or bone in front of the nostrils ; 5, the ma-
lar, or prominent check-bone ; (i, the frontal or forehead bone ; 7, parie-
tal, the sides and upper part of the skull bones — (wall bones) ; 8, occi-
pital, the bone of the hinder part of the head ; 9, the lachrymt., or bone
inclosing the lachrymal gland and duct ; 10, the squamous, or scaly por-
tion of the temporal bones; 11, the petrous, or hard part of the tem-
poral bones inclosing the organs of hearing.

To summarize, the spine is di\ ided into cervical, dorsal, and lumbar
vertebra;, or joint*, hi all, thirty-one; the tail contains about seventeen
joints ; the dorsal vertebrie, with eighteen ribs attached on each side, and
the breast-bone (which is not shown in the figure), form the thorax, or
cavity inclosing the heart, lungs, &c., — ^thirty-seven bones ; the fore part
is made up of forty bones, taldng both sides together ; the pelvis, or
basin, of three bones ; the remainder of the hinder part, of thirty-eight
hones ; the cranium of ten ; the face and lower jaw of eighteen ; of
tt'cth there are forty (in the male) ; the small bones of the internal
(^ar, tsiking both, are eight ; and the hyoid, or tongue bone, consists of
rive parts.

It is not the province of this work to enter into minute anatomical do-
hcriptions ; and for all really practical purposes the foregoing will lie
found ample.

It must however be borne in mind that a thorough study of the anatomy
and frame work of the animal is absolutely necessary to a perfect uuder-
Htanding of how to breed, rear, care for, break and train an animal. At
the same time, neither the horse breeder, trainer, or driver, needs to un-
derstand them so critically as must the veterinarian. The one repuires
simply a genera] knowledge of the several parts, the other must under-
stand intimately and critically each and every part, not only in itself but
with reference to its bearing and influence on, and relation to other parts
of the body. Thus what we give in illustration, while not going into mi-
nutia such as would be necessary to make the veterinary expert, will be
fully sufficient for the instruction and every day use of the practical man,
whether he be breeder, trainer, or simply the gentleman who drives for
pleasure. •

. ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

'fifH'

'.■Jit/ 1.?;;^ ,i>'t<*';T if!',^:?';' ! M» »!'(>■ M^M^'^^'I'i'; ■

(■•i iS

5
a

9
I

Q
D
H

1-4

'.*■

IliLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION.

Expianation8> — 1 — The occiput, or that part of the skull which forma
the hind part of the head. 2 — The cerebellum, or hinder and smaller di-
risiou of the brain. 3 — The cerebrum, or front and larger division of
tlu' brain. 4 — The nasal membrane, or cartilage between the nostrils.
f) — The tongue. <>, 6 — .Joints of the neck bone, 1,1,1, 1 — ^The spinal
cord, or marrow. H — The pharynx, or cavity bounded by the membrane-
OU.S and muscular walls beneath the base of the skull, hito which the
nc>,se and mouth both open, and which is continuous below the lesophagus.
J), !), it — The sesophagus, or passage through which food and drink go
into the stomach. 10 — The orifice of the stomach passing thi'ough the
diaphragm. 1 1 — The pyloi'us, or the orilice of the stomach through which
the food passes into the intestines. 12, 12 — The hinder surface of the
diaphragm, or memlmino which separates the stomach and bowels from
tht^ heart and lungs. 13, 13 — The trachea, or windpipe. 14 — The lungs.
1;') — Tlie heart, a — The stomach, h — The spleen, or milt, c — The left
kidney, d — The broad ligament of the uterus or womb, with the left por-
tion, and the ovary or that part Avhich contains the seed displayed, e — The
rectum, or terminal portion of the large intestines, f — The anus, g, h,
i, j, k, 1 — Internal muscles of the thigh.

Fig. 3. Vertical Section of IIonsE's Head.

This cut illustrates still more fully the structure of the head and its
i'()iit<'nts. a — The frontal bone, showhig sinus or chamicl beneath, b —
'{'he parietal or wall bone, covering the brain, c — The nose bone, d —
The occipital or back head bone, e, e — The Atlas, or fii'st bone of the
iKM'k, showing the spinal marrow in its center, f— The ethmoid or sieve—
lik(> bone, through which the olfactory or nerve of smelling passes, g —
The sphenoid or wedge-like bone, which, with the ethmoid, supports the
l):is(^of the brain, h — Part of the lower maxillary or jaw bones, with
the lower incisor teeth. 1 — The cerebrum, oi- larjre brain. 2. — The cere-
Itclluni, or small brain. 3 — The medulla oblongata, or upper portion of

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

11 •!

the spinal marrow. 4 — The opinal marrow. A — The turbinated boneti,
or thin, bony phitcs, in the form of a scroll or horn, found in the nos-
trils, and servin;; to give wider distribution to the lining membrane of the
nose. B — The septum nasi, or cartilaginous division between the two nos-
trils. C, C — The lips. D. The tongue. E — The epiglottis, or valve of
the larynx. F — The trachea, or windpipe. G — The tesophagus or gullet.

It will be observed that the great object in the formation of the cran-
ium, that of furnishing a firm cover and a sure protector of the brain
against all ordinaiy accidents, is secured by the employment of nine
bones, arranged in this manner: The two frontal bones (a), make up the
anterior or forward part; the parietiils (b), comprise the upper and cen-
tral parts, and cover the outer lobes of the cerebrum ; the occipitiil bone
(d), a single bone of great solidity, is at the back of the head ; a b'ttle
lower, and back of the occipital bone, is the aperture through which
the spinal cord, together with some nerves and an artery, make their exit
ft'om the brain. Here the bone is smooth and rounded for the purpose
of jointing with the atlas, the first bone of the neck. The sphenoid bone
(g), forms the inferior and central part of the cranium. The ethmoid
(f ), through which the olfactory nei-ve passes, together with the sphenoid,
as noted above, assists in upholding the base of the brain. In proximity
to the facial bones are found sinuses bearing names derived from their
nearness to particular bones.

The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are composed of
two parts, the squamous, or scaly, and the petrous, or stone-like. Tiic
petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing,
having upon its inside surface the openings for the passage of the auditory
nerve ; and upon its outside, large passages for the conveyance of sound.

^HKh^''

Fig. 4. Front and back vikw of
the bonks of thi foot.

Fiu. 6. Skctional vikw of THB

BONKS OF THE FOOT.

ILLU8TKATED DESCRIPTION.

Fig. 6.

Vertical Section of the Foot
AND Lower Leg.

Figs. 4 and 5, taken in connec-
tion, will serve to give the reader still
more definite knowledge than that
•'onveyed by the skeleton of the rela-
tive situation of the different parts of
the horse's foot, and the terms applied
to each. The bones exhibited in the
front and back view. Fig. 4, are : c, c
— ^The coffin bone, or first bone of the
leof. d — The sessamoid bone, b, b
—The small pastern, a, a — The large
pastern.

The parts exhibited by Fig. 6 are :
a — The large metacarpal or cannon
bone, b — The os suffraguiis, or large
pastern bone. c — One of the ses-
samoid bones, d — The os coronse, or
small pastern bone, e — The navic-
ular bone, f — ^The os pedis, or cof-
fin bone, g, g, g — The flexor perfor-

ans, or penetrating tendon, h, h — The flexor perforatus, or penetrated
t«ndon. i — The extensor tendon, j — The suspensory ligament, k, k —
The capsular ligament, or membraneous elastic bag surrounding the joint.
1 — The fetlock joint, m — The pastern joint, n — The coffin joint, o. —
The horny crust, p, ji — The horny sole, q — The frog. r. — The sensible
laminiB. t — The sensible frog, u — The cushion. v — Tlie navicular
joint.

It will be observed that the parts exhibited by Fig. 5 are plainly named on
the engraving. Every thoughtful reader will observe further that tiiese parts
of the horse are most wonderfully put together. The delicate and well-
adapted mechanism is not surpassed by that of any mechanical combination
ever produced. The entire structure is one that secures the utmost elasticity
and freedom of movement, with the immense strength needed in the usual work
of the horse. An understanding of this must go far toward compelling care
and attention in all that pertains to the foot of the animal. Shoeing, and
especially service on rough, stony places, should be subjects of constant regard.

The next cut furnishes a beautiful and comprehensive view of the terms
applied to the various parts of the animal, and it can but prove of great
use to those who would not only "talk horse" themselves, l)ut undorstiind
the talk of others — especially of veterinary writers when treating of dis-
orders, their location, and the proper means for their relief.

1. 1

4»

■^

•?f '

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Vlvd')*-;

KXTKKNAI, X'AKl'fi OK THK HORSEc

Expla^v ''3r '*^f muzzle. 2 — The face. 3 — ^The forehead. 4 —

Thopoll. 5— f;:ec ., :— The jowl. 7— The gullet. 8— The wind-
pipe. 9 — Point of the shoulder. 10 — The breast. 11. — The arm. 12
—The elbow. 13— The girth. 14— The flank. 15— The sheath. 16—
The stifle. 17— The withers. 18— The back. 19— The loins. 20—
The hip. 21— The croup. 22— The dock. 23— The quarter. 24— The
thigh or gaskin. 25 — The hamstring. 26 — ^The point of hock. 27 — The
hock, (hough) 28 — The cannon bone of hind leg. 29— The fetlock. 30
— The hu'ge pastern. 31 — The small pastern. 32 — The coronet. 33 —
The hoof . 34— The knee. 35— The cannon of fore leg. 36— The fet-
lock. 37 — The heel. 38— The large pastern. 39 — The small pastern.
40— The hoof.

f-.i-

\ i

►reheati. 4 —
8_The wind-
rhe arm. 12
sheath. 16 —

loins. 20—
er. 24— The
ck. 27— The .|
3 fetlock. 30
jronet. 33 —

36— The fet-
mall pastern.

.lAU-A u/t/v-ajo'l .11 .01*5

iio't til r/iti •f't7M)f -nW 1o 'nfjcnfxni/.

tir.l 'nil lit M/iii!i')! (i()i)ii*.u(| ; ni ,d)Ji^
nil "1(1 ■i'-.iji'J •ciqtiu bin; *i'jto> i^iii lo^^jin
•.iiKv. /-(lit Ti'-d// .••hi-'. tii-y,»i!ta(f/>Mi':i7
.l>i^ lii-^h '"I'l' ••'!»'■' t^i*!' 'iil!''V>nl>-' '•»(!
-ni'U'xl "i .^^ .*^ ,1! !'.■)» •iibliffloM'Ml'^lo'M

jil 1' .Icnii^iiiiiii 'iiiiiiuutlwl *4>Nnt"|>''* ■

COLT'S TEETH.

Fio. 1.

The ri«:ht side of the milk incisors of the lower jiiw is
here shown, of natural size and fully develo|)«'<l. .1, U,
C show the coneave side of these teeth towards the hol-
low of the mouth. The mark of ehanjre. or ajre. is in-
closed within the outer edge d . 1 f ; d // f : d C f ; and
the inner and rather lower nuv, <l e f. The different
kinds are a, the nijjpers ; h, the middle teeth : r, t!ie eor-
i ner teeth; and the different parts shown ar<" r/, tlie hol-
low inside smfacc of the l>ody of the te<'th ; /«, the con-
tracted body of the tec^th ; /, the narrow n<<k ; //«, the
root. Th«' surface is rt>presented as arched on Uw outer
side.

FlO. 2. ll.M.K YKAIt.

Lower jaw of a colt a half year old. Hoth tli. nutci
, and UMK'r edge of the nipi)ers arr worn : nf ili.- luiddK-
i teeth, only the outer edge ; the conicr l.cth aiv not worn
at all.

Fiu. 3. IIalk Year.

HORSE-TEETH.

Fill. y. TWO-AND-A-IIALF

Appearance of the lower jaw at two-a
which two nippers are breaking through
while the foal teeth appear as a smooth f

Fig. 7. a. . \ ■ , .. ■;' , ■.,,:-.,.

Appearance of the horse incisors in ])lace, M-ith their
outer snrfa<< arched toward tlit' bony bhnh- of theso<-ket,
as f(»llows : ", (I, the two nipporw : 6, f>, the two middle
teeth ; <; c, the corner teeth : A-, k, the hooks. The cav-
ity in the ouler i)artition of the mark is indicated by e,
d; th«' furniws which distinijuish the horse teeth by o^o;
and the root.^ <if the hooks \iy i)i,in.

Fia. 10. Three-and-a-hal

Appearance of the lowi^r jaw at tint
when the middle teeth are just breakii
edge of the nippers already worn down
tdimted. ,

[This represents the outer side of the jaw n{ a half

Lrold.nlt. The different teeth are as f<.llows : </. „,

!lf nippers; /,,/>. th.- middleteeth;c,r, the comer teeth.

Kii.. 7. I».

Appearance of the incisors in the lower jaw, frcmi the
inside of tlic iiKMith, in their poshion relative to the jaw
b,,iie. Th. wearing of the outer and upper edge of the
nippers, </, '/, is visible on the right side, where theyeome
in contact with the edge of the left si<le. The right side
of the outer edge <»f the two middle teeth, h, h, is begin-
ning to beuorn; the inside remaining uninjured. i'ho .„. — - ^

crown of each tooth, projecting above the gum, is shown worn (h>wn at both edges
by the dott. (I linc>. The hooks, A-, k, art^ about to l>reuk **s!^

thi(.ngh. The nx.tH, wi, w, w, »», are Hceii to be not yet
tilled out with bony substance.

Fio. 11. FOUR-AND A-HAl

Appearance of the lower jaw at fc
Tlie comer teeth and hooks are break
t«et.h are worn oidy on the outer edge

Appearance of a nip

OH-AJKI' for .^L.co-CiX&Xely IDeteramlaalug" tli© J^gre of a Horse froiici © Iv

lO.

y. Two-and-a-half Ykars.

' the lowor jaw at two-uiid-a-lialf years old, in
i-s are breaking through niiew, as horse teeth,
L'th appear an a smooth frutioii surfaet-.

Fio. 16. 6 Ykars Old.

Fig. 20. 10 Yeabs Old.

Appearance of the h)\ver jaw at this age. The nipperfi iirc Appearance of the upper jaw at this age, when the
worn down (!ven with the niiddhs teeth ; the middle teeth have ijjg middle teeth is Avorn down,
still a cavity ; the inn«u- edge of the comer teeth has worn
down even with the outer one.

la. 10. TaaEE-AND-A-HALt" Years.

f the lower jaw at three-and-a-half years old,
e teeth are just breaking through ; the outer
pcrs already woni down ; and the corner teeth

»i»4HMS

Fig. 16, 7 Years Old.

Fig. 21. 11 Years Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at this age. The ni
lu»3r teeth is worn down.

Appearance of the lower jaw. The middle teeth have It-
coine even ; both edges of the corner teeth rub, but they hiivr
still a small cavity; the hooks have lost more of their edjr.^
and their pointed ends are more rounded. The hooks, however,
as has been said, can be depended on only when their indications
aixree wHU those of the other teeth.

/ ^■v.'f^:.^ .■.■:■■■.-■■.

Fio. 11. FouR-ANDA-HAU Years. :.^ ^

of the lower jaw at four-|ind-a-ha1f years old.
.th and hooks are breakinjrithrongh ; the middle

„nly on the outer edge ; ^\\\^ the nippers are
both edges.

^^>^

FiQ. 22. 12 Years Old.
Api)eavance of the lower jaw at this age. The ni
become round — as thick as they are broad ; the ml
arc approaching this state ; and the corner ones

thickness.

8 Years Old.

lontlis to 23 "ITeaTe-

.... ^_

Fio. 33. 22 Ykabs Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at this age.
have become soinowhat triangular.

Fio. 20. 15 Ykarb Old.

Appearance of the upi)er jaw at fifteen. The nippers
khemarkof are rounded.

Fio. 34. 23 Ybaks Old.

Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-tl
teeth have become triangular.

Fig. 27. 16 \KAR8 Old.

Lark of the

Appearance of the upper jaw at sixteen. The middle
teeth are rounded.

Fig. 35. 24 Years Old.

Appearance of the lower jaw at this age.
become twice us thick as broad.

hpers have
Iddlc teeth
DiereiiHc in

->*<&■ Fio. 28. nYMARsOLD. V

Appearance of the upper jaw iit this age. The comer

teeth are rounded.

Fio. 36. 25 Years Old.

Appearance of the lower jaw at twenty-fi
teeth have become twice as thick as broad.

riy

4<" k^

Horse Teeth. Irregular.

lo. 83. 22 Yeabs Old.

) upper jaw at this age.
mt triangular.

The middle teeth

lu. 34. 23 Yeaks Old.

I upper jaw at twenty-three. The corner
iangular.

IG. 35. 24 Years Old.

J lower jaw at this age. The nippers huv<'
k as broad.

Fia. 41. 20 Years Old.

Teeth shoot up a line every year ; but when they stand for-
ward too far in the mouth they cannot wear down in the same
degree. In order to ascertain the ago of such a horse, examine
the mark narrowly, and add the number of lines extra to what
the mark indicates. Thus, if the mark shows eiyht years, while
the teeth are your lines too long for that ago, the true age is 12

{rears. In Fig. 41, the mark shows eight years, but is twelve
ines too long. Add these to the eight, and you have the horse's
age, twenty years.

Fm. 42. 20 Yeabs Old.
Inside view of lower jaw, (teeth irregiiliir), lit 20 years. The
friction surface shows eight years. (See Fig. 43).

'iG. 36. 25 Years Old.

) lower jaw at twenty-five,
vice as thick as broad.

The middle

Fig

20 Years Old.

Same as Fig 42, but with superfluous length, twelve lines,
removed. The friction of twenty years is seen on upper sec-
tion of illustration.

thf iiipju'r^

'I'ln' «litT»'r«'iit Irt'lli art' as fo||()\«s: <i, ti,
fi, fi, the inititilf tt'clli ; c, c, llu^ «*onM't' Icrtli.

T J:^ • uniu-nutn..T^.....niK-lw., ...iddl.. toHl,, />. /., is l....ri„. /^I'l»''^'-»"<«' "f *'"• 1«'^v.t jaw at f.

„...,-. ... , . . . "^ 1 ho ('(triKT tofth and hooks arc Itn-ul,

t.o. .». IlALK \KAK. ...njr ,„ ]„. won. : th.. ins.d.. ,v,naMunjr uuinj.irod. The .mh an- worn only ,„. th. outer i'd-r.

T. • . .1 . 1 f.i • f 1 w '■''"''•' ''f '''''•'''•'<•'•'' P>'''J«'«<'''>r''»>')v«' tho jruin, is sh(.wii wornd<»wnatho(hc(l.r..s

This nM)n'si»nts tho outt-r sido of tlu' jaw of a lialf i... ♦i,-. ,i,.*< ir ti i ■ i i . . . wuni uu>yii m uoni ((i<r(..s.

,, ',. ,p, ,..- .... i„ l»\ thrdod.d liiu>. Ihr liooks, /•, XMiiTahoiit to Innik

vcar old rolt. I lie «lincrt*iit Irclli art' as foll()\«s: n, n, *i,,.,.,,,,i, -n

tiiiou;rM. I Uv nxils, ;/i, in, iii, m, are seen to In* not yet

fillctl out with lioiiy suhstanrc.

Appearant'o of a nip-
per at different stajicH.
/sliows it l»reakin<j out
afresh at the a;r«' <>f tlnve
years, its breadth marked
by 1, 2, \tH thi«kneH8 hy
3, 4. //^slunvs the fric-
tion surface as it ai)pear8
at the a<;e of six, the
erown ent off one-fourth

V\',. 4. IIai.k Ykau.
This is a side view of the jaw of a half year nld colt

/ incii, where the l)readth,
1, 2, la'jrins to dei-rease,
and the tiiickness, .'{, 4,
takes the form of an e<f<r.
/// shows a rounder fri< -
tion surfa<'e of twelve
years ohl. The breadth
and thickness are now Ite-
eome proportionate. / \'
shows a friction surface
of eijrhteen years old.
!■' siiDws ii friction sur-
face of '2\ years, in which
the brea«ith, 1, 2, moas-
ur«'s only half as nnu-h
as the thickness, 3, 4. />
shows an incisor of a
Tliis is the appearance of the lower jaw at one year ftdl jfrown Jiorsc, split b'njrlhwiso, of which (/, f?,/isthe
old. The edjres of all the incimrM aiv |)arll\ w.»ni by outer raised «d;re ; a,o,t\w finniel shaped cavity of the

Fia. 12. h Ykaki
Outside and side view of the lower

Fig. !'i. One Ykak Old,

Fia. 9. A, D.

Fio. 13 a Ykars
Outside front view of the lower jaw

friction, while the comer teeth remain uninjured.

tooth; k, the hollow body; ///, the still unfilled root of
the tooth.

Fig. G. Two Ykars Old. " i

Appearance of the lower jaw at two years old. The
edges of tlie ni|)pers and of the middle teeth, and their
mark, are worn down, so that the inner edge of the cor-
ner is brought into requisition.

The teeth begin to change at two-and-a-half yearB, and
the permanent or horse teeth ajjpear.

Oopyrtghted according to Act of Congrett.

I Fiu. 14. .') Ybaks (

-♦

Appearance of Hurfaccs of teeth in
^^^' ** "' ^' old. Both edges of the nippers are

Appearance of horse incisorl, (viewed froni the side,) mark is almost gont* ; the middle teet
in whi<h the roots, r, e, an- t#ice as thi.k as the upper outer edge ; the corner ones have attai
end. Also, of two foal t».th, b, c, raised out of the the others and have also come into w
socket and viewed from the «ide. '"» grown, but not worn at all.

■See Chapter III for expl'inttllon of terttu, and furiher facU eoneeming tke Ar/et of Hortea.

of the lower jaw ut foiii-niKl-ii-liiilf voiirs old.
I'th iiiul HooUh are hrt'akiiijr tlirou;j:li ; (Ik- middlf

• 'Illy on (luioutcr "df^e ; \vliiio this nippers uro
liotli ednfuH.

Fia. 12. ft Ykarb Old.
side vidw of the lowov jaw at five years old.

Fio. 13 5 Ykars Old.
it view of the lower juw at fi\ f yeai-s old.

Fio. 22. 12 Ybabs Old.

AppearaiM^e of the lower jaw at this age. 'i'lu
liocoine round — as thick as they are broad; the
are approaching this state ; and the corner one

tliicknoHs.

FiQ. 17. 8 Yeaiw Old.

Appearance of lower jaw at this age. Tlie incisors have all
liccorne e(pially worn ; in the corner teeth a mere trace of the
mark is visible ; and the cdg(^s of the hooks are worn dovii al-
most half their height. Notice always that the nnirks in the
npper tec'th are twice as deep as those in the lower ones, and so
wear twice as long.

'*s^5**

^^Sf*'-'

Fio. 18. 9 Years Old.

Api)carance of the upper jaw at this age. The inurks of
the nippers have almost disappeared; the middle teeth still
show a slight mark ; the corner teeth have a deeper mark tliaa
the middle ones

the inner edge of the teeth is also worn down.

'^-^■^'W<:<^-^^?^^^

r:'!P^-:*?

Fio. 14. .') Ybaks Old. '^

of surfaces of teeth in l()\v(>r jaw at five years
^es of the nippers are worn down, so that the

gont! ; the middle teeth are worn only on the
e corner ones have attjiinod the same height as

have also come into wear ; and the hooks are

but not worn at all.

Fio. 19. 9 Years Old,

A side view of the upper jaw at this age The depr
usually found in the corner teeth may be seen at d.

Fie. 25. 14 Years Old.

Appoa ranee of the lower jaw at fourteen,
li iS become round.

The c(

Fia. ». 18 YlARB ULI>.

Appearance of the lower jaw at thiu age. The nippers
are triangular.

^a^.

age.

The

Fio. 87. 26 Ykaks Oli

Appenriince of tlie lower jaw at tweu
teeth are twice tut thick aa broad.

Fio. ao. loyxAiuOLD.

Appearance of the lower jbw atiiinetecu.
teeth are triangular.

The middle

phe nippers and

the comer teeth

become blunt.

FiQ. 88. 27 Yeabs Oh

Appearance of upper jaw at twenty-sev
twice as thick as broad.

FIG. 31. 20 YEARS OLD. ^'<*- ^^- 28 YBAR8 OlI

Appearance of the lower juw at this age. The comer Appearance of upper jaw at this age.

twice as thick as broad.

teeth are triangular

Fio. 32. 21 Tkars Old.
phc comer tooth Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-one.
nippers have become triangular.

Fig. 40. 29 Years Ol

The Appearance of the upper jaw at twen
I teeth are twice as thick as broad

)

'i^

Flu. 87. 2G Yeaks Old.

ill*' lower jaw at tweuty-six. The comer
thick as broad.

FiQ. 88. 27 Ykabs Old.

upper jaw at twenty-seven. The nippers are
broad. «* , 1^

. r

Fio. 44. 20 Yeahs Old.
Real length and outHido appcaraiuu; of tliu teeth in lower jaw
at twenty.

FiQ. 39. 28 Ykabs Old.

upper jaw at this age. The middle teeth are
broad.

FiQ. 46.
Appearance of a lower jaw in which the teeth are ten lines
too long.

Fig. 40. 29 Ykabs Old.

the upper jaw at twenty-nine. The comer
thick as broad

Fio. 46.

Inside view of lower jaw. The mark shows six years ; but
the teeth are ten lines too long, and the age is sixteen. When
horses are large and naturally have larger teeth than smaller
ones, the other signs remain the same, and the age is easily de-
termined.

CHAPTER III.

HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AOB.

KNUWLRDOR OF CHANQBS IN THB TBBTH THK ONLY MBAN8. THIS CHAFTBR TO BK

8TUDIKD IN CONNBCTION WITH THB CHAKT WHICH FOLLOWS. BUYERS LIKKLY, WITH-

(lUT THIS KNOWLfcDOB, TO BB DKCBIVBD. INCISORS CHIEFLY TO BE RELIED ON.

OONDITION OF A FOAL'S MOUTH. THB CUANQBS THAT FOLLOW. HOW FOAL TBBTH

AK8 TO BB DI8TINOUI8HKD FROM HOR8B TEETH. WEARINO AWAY OF THB ORINDBR OB

ENAMELLED I'ORTION. NUMBER OF TBBTH IN A FULL-OROWN ANIMAL. DIFFBRBNOB

BETW^iSN HORSES AND MARES AS TONUMBER. INCISORS, HOOKS, AND ''WOLF'STBRTH."

HOW TO DBTBRMINB AGS TILL FOAL IS TWO YEARS OLD. HOW FROM TWO TO OLD

AOB. THB HORSE OF MEDIUM SIZE TO BH TAKEN AS A STANDARD. SHOOTING UP AND

URINDING OFF. IRREGULAR TEETH ; HOW TO JUDGE. PECULIAR HARDNESS OF BONES

AND SLOWNESS OF CHANGE IN CERTAIN BREEDS. THB MULE; AOB HARD TO FIND OUT

WITH EXACTNESS. DECEPTIONS; HOW TO DETECT. CBIB BITERS ; HOW TO EXAMINE.

TERMS DEFINED.

The age of a horse is to be accurately determined only by an examint^

tion (>f the teeth, with a knowledge of the changes which, from time to

time, tttke place in them. The following directions, studied in connec-

\\on witli the dra>ving8 exhibited on the accompanying chart, and the ex-

lanations written under them, Avill enable any one of ordinary ecuteness

^id powers of obsjjrvation, to judge for himself, and thus to avoid that

iiost connnon of all the jockey's impositions, a liability to be deceived

|i the age of horses held for sale.

The incisors furnish the chief indications ; and to them the attention

luat be mostly directed ; but the back and hook teeth should be observed

some extent, as their condition may occasionally serve to correct and

[lore frequently to corroborate the indications of the incisors.

When tirst foaled, the colt has no incisors. Twelve back teeth have in

^OHt cases forced their points by this time through the gums ; but it is

)t until from two to three months afterward that the four nippers ap-

i'M' ; ui six weeks the nippers are .seen ; and in about eight months the

lur corner teeth> There are now, at eight or nine months old, twenty-

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

four teeth, (upper and lower), caWed foal-teeth. These are all changed
by the fifth or sixth year, and those that follow are called horse-teeth.

The back teeth appear as follows : the three front double pair are seen
at birth, and are afterward changed ; the fourth double pair appear from
the eighth to the ninth month ; (this fourth d(mble pair are the first thai
remain stationary, and they are found in every year-old colt) ; the fifth
double pair, or fifth four, appear in the second oi' third year ; the sixth,
usually in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These thrcj double pair*
of back teeth (last named), remain unchanged, as do also l)ie four hook
teeth.

The hook teeth are uncertain as to time of appearance, coming somei-
times at the end of the third year, sometimes in the middle or at the end
of the fourth, sometimes in the middle or at the end of the fifth, some-
times at the beginning of the sixth.

Observe particularly that the incisors of the foal differ from those of
the horse : ( 1 ) By their regular, conical formation ; ( 2 ) by a narrow
contraction called the neck, visible almost in the center of the body of
each tooth, while nothing of the kind is seen in horse-teeth ; (3) by their
smaller size, even when full grown. The milk teeth, (or those teeth
which are cast or shed), t^iken from the jaws of dead foals and compared
with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are found to be only about half as
long as the latter. The breadth is not to be depended on, since the milk
teeth of large foals appear almost as broad as those of small horses.
When the nippers become horse-teeth, they form a great contrast to the
middle and corner teeth. Ihe size of these last will at once show them
U) be milk teeth. (4) By the fact that the outer surface of the foal-teeth
i8 smooth and striped with brown, while on horse-teeth the same surface
is divided by a dirty yellow indentation inclining toward the center,
vhich is sometimes double upon the upper teeth.

One should study the form of the incisors by carefully exanunlnsr
those taken from dead horses of dif-^rent ages. Each incisor will be
found to consist of a hard, enamelled part, called the grinder, which has
protruded above the gum ; of a bony substance, which has 1>e('n for the
most part hidden in the gum ; and of a root, which has occupied tin'
cavity of the jaw-bone.

These teeth, (of the foal as well as of the horse), are sloAvly but <!on.
tiiuially worn away by biting and chewing, so that the length is constantly
decreasing, — sometimes evenly and regularly, — so that in old age the
tooth that was once two and a half or three inches loner is found to be not
exceeding half an inch in length. The breadth genci'ally decreases in
about the same proportion ; but with this differcn<'e in foal and hors<>-
U'oth, that the thickness and breadth of foai-tt>eth are constantly decrcfi.--

hor

[for

[the

IThi

isor

itha

is4

to 1

Bna

irhi

lal

»rs

bi:

>U(

[oi

Joi

THE HOB8E, HIS AOE, HOW TO TELL IT.

m those of
y a narrow
:he body of
3) by their
those teeth
id compared
jout half as

!ce the milk
lall horses*.
;rast to the
show them
le foal-teeth
irae surface
the center,

in<' from the grinder or hard enamelled part to the end of the root, while
horse-teeth decrease from the root upward. The grinder, or Imrd, grat-
ing portion of the tooth, which has not yet been used, has somewhat the
form of an egg ; it is three times as broad as thick, and hollowed out in
the shape of a funnel, which hollow has two sharp edges inclosing it
This socket or hollow is called the mark. In the center of this mark, a
ort of kernel may be seen — a tube commencing at the end of the root —
at contains the nerves of the tooth ; but this inner hole nmst always be
stinguished from t?ie marky which is the outer depression, lying next
;o the shaq) edges. The inner cavity is a funnel-shaped socket, of hard,
namel shell, around which, and inside the outward shell, is a thick fluid,
hich remains during the life of the tooth, becoming, by degrees, gray
atter. This fluid averages about four lines in depth in the lower incis-
Ts and about eight in the upper ones.
The outer edge of each incit?or always rises a line or two above the
er edge ; therefore, when the upper and lower are first grated together,
inly the outer edges touch for some time ; and the inner edges do not
luch until the outer ones are worn down to an equal height with them,
orse-teeth generally do this in about one year. At the age of two and
half, the teeth begin to change, and those which then appear are called
'orse-teeth. (See chart. Fig. 7, A).
< A full grown stallion or gelding has 40, and a mare 36 teeth — the male
'fiaving four hook teeth w^hich are lacking in the female, except that sonie-
lllmes she has imperfect teeth in the corresponding part of the mouth,
^hose teeth found in some young horses, next to the first double teeth, and
tailed "wolf's teeth," are not included in this number, as they are not
teeth, — frequently not breaking through the gums at all, and usually,
any case, disappearing in eight or nine years. Twenty-four of the
le teeth, in both horses and mares, are situated in the upper part of the
outh, (that is, in both jaws, above the lips). They are divided into six
iouble pairs, counting upwards from below, so that those situated next to
16 incisors in all the four rows are first ; those next to them, second ;
d so on to the last pair, which are called back t(;eth.
Twelve others are in the lower part of the mouth, surrounded by the
lips, six in the upper and six in the lower jaw, standing, each lot, m the
form of an arch, and occupying the entrance to the hollow of the mouth.
These twelve are called incisors. The four innermost, two in each jaw—
those forming the key of each arch — are called nippers ; the other two in
each arch are called corner teeth ; and those between the nippers and the
corner teeth are called middle teeth. Each of these teeth in the lower
jaw rubs against the corresponding one in the upper jaw. The teeth of
the upper jaw are broader and thicker than those of the lower. The four

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

hooks are seated alone, over each corner tooth, but nearer to the comer |
teeth of the upper than those of the lower, so that they, (the hooks ).
never come in contact with each other.

The horse has always attained the age of four and a half or five years!
before he has a full number of perfect teeth. Before this time, the|
younger the animal the fewer the teeth, and even these are not all perma-
nent.

The more a permanent incisor loses in length, by friction, the more itf
also loses in width, so that the nearer the friction surface approaches toli
the root, the naiTower and thicker it nmst appear.

Every new hook tooth is cylindrical and somewhat hooked, with a cone-
shaped projecting grinder, and this is surrounded by a spoon-shaped edge,
turned toward the hollow of the mouth, so that the cone cannot he seeiil
from the outside ; and the whole grinder, or hard, enamelled part, hih
the appearance of the back part of the bowl of a spoon — the edge, like ,i
screen, surrounding the short cone, but so that two deep furrows remain
between. Except this grinder, the rest of the body is uniformly round
and the surface almost even. As previously said, however, these l)\
themselves afford no reliable indication as to age. tlf-,''-i\ ^vt ?>' ■: >

Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, (i show how the age of a colt may be determined
till he is two years old. The following further explanations, taken in
v'ojmection with the chart from Fig. 7 to Fig. 40, inclusive, will teach.,
how the age, from two to thirty, can be asceitained.

Large horses have, of course, larger teeth than small ones ; but takiiii!
a horse of medium size as a standard, one can nuike allowan(;es for either
larger or smaller, and easily arrive at just conclusions.

The incisors being our main reliance, our remarks nmst be undert^tood
to refer chiefly to them. The length of the tooth of a horse of medium
size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth ha>
arrived at its proper length, it i>finofn up a Hue regularly every year, and
if the teeth stand right, the grinder in worn of a line every year. It i>
also, as han been said, worn off in both width and breadth, so that the
grinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by the
chart. '\^ "'.;^^ .'):''• • ■■

If, however, the teeth stand too far foi-ward, (irregular teetli, sef
<'.hart. Fig. 41), they do not wear down in the same proportion as they
•hoot upward, and they become very long. The age in this case can \w
ascert«ined with ease and exactness by oliserving directions given under „
Fig. 41, and noticing with care the following points : At the age of ti\(
years, the comer teeth of the lower jaw have grown up fi>e lines al»nM

th<' gum ; each middle tooth, sev(

forner

n lines ; and ea«*h

nipner, nme.

eight years, and older, ea<'h corner tooth of the same hors<^ projci-tw <»iilv

THE HORSE, HIS AGE, HOW TO TELL IT.

r to the conicf
y, (the hooks ),j

ilf or live years
this time, the
e not all penna-l

on, the more it!
B approaches tn|

ed, with a com'-
on-shaped edge,
cannot be seen I
idled part, ha>
the edge, like a
furroM'S remain
iiiformly round,
'ever, these bv

' he determiiipd]
ntions, taken iiij
isive, will teacli'

les ; but takiiii!
ances for eithfr

be understood
)rse of medium
ijred tooth ha«
veiy year, and

y year. It i>
th, so that thf
,s shown by the

nlar teeth, sw
oi-tion as thov
lis case can he
ns given undoi .
the age of rtvi
i\<' lines above
p«'r, nine. At
projc<rt« oiilv

four, the middle teeth, six, and the nippers, eight lines above the gums.

This is absolutely necessary to be taken into account, because it is the

ily means by which one can decide with certainty as to the age of a horse

^hose teeth have become longer than they Avould have been if set right

(nd wearing regularly.

The foregoing remarks and directions are based upon the assumption

lat there is no peculiarity about the individual animal or the breed to

j-hich he belongs that Avould materially interfere with the principles laid

)wn. It remains, however, to notice that to those lireeds of horses

lich develop very slowly, of which the Spanish horse may be cited as

example, the rules are a little more difficult of application. The

)nes of these, and perhaps of some few other kinds, stMun to lie harder,

the teeth change somewhat later and apjiear to w<'ar down more

jwly ; so that it sometimes happens that such horses, aft<>r their fifth

bar, appear a year or two younger than they really are ; but the same

imals are apt to be more than ordinarily strong, hardy, and long-lived,

^d t(t be taken at a diminished age really detracts nothing from their

)rth.

tThe affo of a mule is somewhat difficult to determine with exactnetts,

ing to the cause just stated. u «; i.„.-l»i •■. .'t ,4, j_ ,j,.

)eceptions may be practiced with very thrifty young horses, when it is

sirablc to make them ap,/ear of suitable age for work or for breeding,

knocking out the incisors a year sooner than i\w\ would naturally

Inge themselves. If a purchasoi' suspects deception, he can determine

matter by closely examining the remaining teeth. If the nippcirs

ire changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yet come

contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on.
The opposite cheat — that of trying to make a horse appear younger
he really is by burning artificial marks in upon the teeth — can \w
Bct«'d by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark
)n it. When a horse has reached an advanced age, say twelve tx)
tMlbnty, the enamelled surface has become so minute that burning in as
l||ge a M'ark as is found in lun-ses considerably younger would disturi>
tite whole enamel and so leave a means of detecting the fraud.

In the case of crib-biters, that wear out their t«'cth prematurely, and
•o appear really older than they arc, (>xaiMiiiation must be directed to the
corner te«'th, which are seldom injured ; or, if the corner teeth prove to
jbe injured, deduct from the apparent agt' as many lines as art> wanting to
..-^ake the teeth of the natural lengiih. To feed constantly, from weaning
le, upon hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces the same effect as
ib-biting, and the same directions luust be followed in forming an
btimate.

HiLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

We close the chapter with a short vocabulary, by reference to which
the reader may more readily apprehend the meaning of the terms
employed in the ensuing chart.

Incisor. — A cutter ; a fore-tooth which cuts or bites. In the horse,
those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw, six in the lower, which are
surrounded by the lips, are called incisors.

Grinder. — As used in the present chapter, it denotes the hard, grating,
upper portion of the front teeth.

Line. — One-twelfth of an inch.

Mark. — As used with reference to horse teeth, it denotes that depres-
sion in the grinder lying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them.

Nippers. — Those two teeth in each jaw that occupy the middle of the
semi-circular row.

Corner Teeth. — ^The two outer of the six front teeth in each jaw.

Middle Teeth. — ^The teeth between the nippers and the comer teeth.

Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over corner teeth, or
beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the lips, and having a
cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape.

Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal which appear at about three
moatha of age aud ure cast within two or three years.

,,., I'v-'^'J .■ I,

- H

■> ... • »?■ ' ■ "■">'■ .1"'!' ' ' -'^<.' ! ,• ..: • ■■'

■'. ■' /i »' ■■■,! • ' ' ■ : '■• , ■>! i- :.i .1 r I . ■ ' t ,

,.'■' ;"■:■)";: ,: :>-.

-:*l .

I'l ■-''.■■ j' '>,i '..J I It.,'','- 'I'll ,, „' li ■<■■;.

..i;i ,\ :,')t.-l

'■ V, .''■',! n ""' <-*;i

'■' ^ • 'srri.' I; !if.:'.

•ence to which
of the terms

lu the horse,
er, which are

hard, grating,

8 that depres-
t to them,
middle of the

I each jaw.
comer teeth,
rner teeth, or
and having a

bt about three

• •■■■■i-t:.-i !■ 1 , ■

I , !<-■' • ■.■;'■

:^-'*f/

CHAPTER IV.

DIFFEBENT BREEDS AND THEIB CHABACTEBISTICS.

I. THE INFERIOR VARIKTIEa : MANY FOUND IN BOTH HEMISPHERES. SOME GOOD, BUT

LITTLE lO^OWN OF THEM. II. SOME CONSIDERED AS TO WORK RATHER THAN BREED;

THE FARM HORSE; THE HUNTER; THE HACKNEY; HORSES FOR HEAVY DRAFT. III.

THE ARABIAN. IV. THE BARB. V. THE ENGLISH THOROUGHBRED. VI. THE

PERSIAN. VII. THE TURK. VIII. THE TURKOMAN. IX. THE EGYPTIAN. X.

THE DONGOLA. XI. THE NORMAN PERCHERON. XII. THE THOROUGHBRED IN AMER-
ICA. XIII. THE MORGAN. XIV. THE NARRAGANSETT PACER. XV. THE CANA-
DIAN. XVI. THE CONNE8TOGA. XVII. PONIES.

I. The Inferior and Little Known.

Among the great variety of horses there are many that are either of
inferior importance or so little known that it is deemed unnecessary to
notice them in detail. India, China, Japan, Siani, several of the Euro~
pean States, and North and South America, have horses that are in some
instances widely different from each other, as well as from the aj)proved
breeds ; but they are not known to possess any remarkable excellence, or
Jiny distinctive points that are constantly reproduced in their offspring, —
so that a mere casual reference to them, witli very general statements as
to (jualities and characteristics, is considered to be sufficient.

In India alone there are various stocks, kn(»wn to have been so long in
the various i-egions of that great country as to seem native to the soil ;
l)ut with the exception of the Turko, recognized to be a cross between
tlie Turkoman or South Tartary breed and the Persian, they are regarded
lis cold blooded and inferior. The Turko is said to carry himself in a
grand and stately way, and to be both beautiful and tractable.

The Tartar and C"lmuck horses, with the exception of the Turkoman,
which is described elsewhere in this chapter, are for the most part small
and ill-made. They are hardy, however, In-ing able to perform great
journeys, with buixlens disproportioned to their size, and to live on the
poorest fare. , . ,,

4 (^'

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The horses of China arc small, and have no points of excellence as t«
either shape or spirit.

The horses of Turkestan have been described by some as having heavy
heads and ewe-necks, with long legs and a scanty body ; while others
speak of high crests and long, bony bodies, and assert these hors<;s
crossed with those of Persia, produce magnificent animals — clcgiint,
active, strong, and larger than the best Arabians. In Bokhara is a breed
of small and shaggy but stout horses, called Kussaks, which has attracted
some attention. Their manes and tails are long as compai-ed with their
general make up.

Belgium, Holland, and ihf German states have breeds of horses noU'id
only, or chiefly at least, for being large, strong, and well-formed, and
admirably adapted to purposes of heavy dnift.

In the forests of Sweden, Finland, and Norway is found a race of
horses in a half wild state, from which the inhabitants, without taking
upon themselves the trouble of breeding and rearing, supply themselves
when the creatures are wanted for use. They are small, but well-formed,
active, and spirited.

The Hungarian horse, though evidently of the same origin as those of
Germany, is somewhat lighter than they, and possesses more spirit and
action. He shows some signs of oriental blood, to which he i)robably
owes his superiority to his neighbors.

The horses of Iceland run at large and pick up their own scanty fare,
wherever they can find it, until they are needed by the inhabitants, when
they are caught and subjected to use. The origin of these animals is in
doubt. Some assert that their progenitors were caiTied into that island
from the forests of Sweden ; others, that they were of the stock of
ponies found in the Scottish isles. They are sm?ill, but active, and gen-
erally well disposed.

The horses of Italy were formerly much better than now. Few of
them may at present be regarded as possessing any striking excellence.
There are said to })e some, among the people of Naples, that are large,
of fine appearance, and excellent as carriage horses.

The French people have many breeds, adapted to the saddle, the light
carriage, cavalry, and light artillery, besides those that are retiuired for
the plow and the cart. The most famous among them is the Norman,
or Norman Percheron, which is described elsewhere in this chapter.

The fact is well established that the horses of Spain, previous to the
Moorish conquest, were possessed of many noble qualities ; but thvy
were much improved by a mixture of Barb blood, consequent upon the
invasion and the introduction of horses from the Barbary States. They

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT UKEEDS, ETC.

ence as tu

Ktill show both their original and derived excellences ; and a pure-blood
Spanish Barb is a fine and beautiful crenture.

In the plains of South America, Mexico, Texas, and the Western
Territories of the United States are found gi'eat herds of wild horses, of
which there are different varieties, though they must have had a connnon
•irigin, as we have stated in Chapter I. Chance mixture with horses
imported into the country subsequently to those brought from Spain,
together with the influences of different: climates and food to which they
liave long been subject, may perhaps account for this. The most marked
t\i)C8 of these vnld Americans are the Mustang and the Indian ponies,
which are noticed on succeeding pages. As a general thing they retain
the striking characteristics of their old Spanish or Andalusian progenitors ;
in size, shape, and spirit the}' shoAv whence they are derived. Their
liijids are pretty and their limbs clean. They are capable of great
endurance ; and though not especialh' rapid in action, it is related of
them that they are sometimes ridden at the rate of ten or twelve miles
an hour for a stretch of eighty miles, without anything more than a
temporary halt and such little food as could be hastily eaten. Seldom is
any gait known among them except a walk and a lope ; but an occasional
I)acer is discovered. Many of them do Avell for the saddle ; but care is
required in handling them. In the hands of the cruel or inconsiderate,
their Avild nature returns to them, and they become intractable and even
dangerous.

n. Some Considered as to Work, rather than Breed.

In treating of the different stocks and specifying distinguishing points,
it is perhaps not amiss to consider some characteristics that should mark
animals chosen or set aside for special purposes. And yet in this considera-
tion it must not be forgotten, that very few horses, comparatively, are kept for
but one class of duties. Few horses are for the saddle exclusively, as compared
with those who render service in harness at times, as well as under saddle.
And so with other grades of horaes. A varied work is usually raiuired, and
especially so among farmers, and the well-to-do residents of cities and villages.

The good farm horse cannot, of course, be confined to any particular
lirced. If La combines within himself certain desirable qualities, it is
!iot pertinent to inquire particularly what blood he cames. Some points
that should distinguish him may be thus enumerated : He should be
ilose-built and strong, but not gross and clumsy, since he is to serve as a
rtort of horse of all work — doing dut}-, by turn?, under the saddle, and
before the plow, the farm-wagon and the carriage.

\ W

i . '

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. .

iS-r\' t

=^^i:il=i3li!^

'•iSp

A Good Hokse fou Light Drivino.

A U(M)i> HoRSK FOR AM, Work.

TIIK HOKHK, DIKKKIJKNT HIiKBDH, ETC.

Fifteen to sixtoon hands murk the proper stature ; and his limbs should
be sinewy without absolute heaviness, wliile his feet should be of medium
size. He should be reasonably spring}'^ under the saddle, and active,
without dash, in light hanu^ss. To these he should add a certain thriftlnoss,
that will enable him to appear well even under good, close work, if well
treated ; aud in temper he should be mild. His breaking in and training
should iiave been such as to render him readily adaptable to any work
that he may be called upon to perform about the country home.

The hunter, or horse for the chase, speaking with reference to a
pastime which is still common in England, but to which little or no
importance is attached in this country, is usually tlie better esteemed for
having some blood, but more for the absolute feats of speed and leaping
which he may be able to perform, and for his ability to stand a hard
day's run.

The best hunters are said to be a combination of the thorough-bred
with some coarser animal — producing more strength, substance, and
hardihood, with less length of body. He is at the present time what
may be called three-quarters bred ; and he is lighter and more fleet than
f{)rmerly.

The engraving upon the page next following, entitled "A light hunting
horse," conveys an excellent idea of what this horse is now most commonly
found to be.

That is to say, a horse of good style and form, capable of long con-
tinued exertion under the weight of an ordinary sized man, aud also
capable of showing as high a rate of speed as possible, combined with an
aptitude to leap successfully such obstacles as may ordinarily interpose.
In all this class of horses, whether they be light or heavy weight animals,
blood — that is, the possessor of a fair amount of thorough blood as trans-
mitted by thoi ough-bred sires — is absolutely necessary. It gives style,
form, hard and fine bones, muscular tissue, lung power, and all this
means endurance to perform feats under which the cold blooded horse
would soon succumb. Such a horse as the engraving shows will not onlv
make a capital saddle horse, but also a most valuable hoi'se for general
utility, if properly broken, good for the light carriage and buggy and
good also at a load if properly trained and handled ; but let it always be
remembered that in as much as you put a saddle horse, and especially a
hunting horse, to labor, you detract from his value in the field. This is to be
regretted possibly, especially by those of somewhat limited purse, but such is
the fact nevertheless. The best work in many lines cannot be had at one and
the same time from one and tiie same animal. Excellence in some poiuts
necessitates unfitness elsewhere. , ,. ,

,'•«*'

■•>^t- t

,11

■i

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

During tlio last century, however, and the first of this, it woa deemed
OHsential that ho should be a heavier horse — un animal capable of maldng

M
O

X
■J

jirodigious leaps while carrying a heavy weight. This type is well repre-
H«nted by the sul)joined cut of "A heavier hunting horse."

THE HUUHK, DIKKKKKNT lilCKKlJ.S, KTC.

The Hackney, iih the liorso of all wuddlejind li«j;ht hurnoss purpoHoa, the
cornmoii roiidstcr, or ji^eiicral kiio(!k-ubout, is tenn«d in Englund, may bo
voiisidi'ivd ill pretty much the Haiiic light us the good fanu-horHe pre-

viously noticed. Among the English people it seems to bo essential that
Jill animal must at least be supposed to possess some blood before he can
1)0 considered a good hackney. When kno^vn, or believod, to have a

,:jk:.

;»«

«<0

ILLUHTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOU. ''.

Htreak of the thoroujrh-brcd in him, and to poHsoHs the following clmrac •
teristios, nothing more is dcHirubU! :

He must be about fifteen hands high ; both his fore and iiind purt«
muHt be Htrong and well muscled ; Ik; should be short in tiie baek and
well coupled ; his chest should be wide and deep, allowing full play for

ii.:.

9
•o

the lungs ; his head should be light and his neck carried well uyt ; his
limbs should be clean and bony, and with somewhat oblique pasterns ; he
should be quick and springy ; and in temper he should be kind and easily
controlled.

TIIK IIOKMU, DIFFKUENT MUKKDH, KTC.

fil

Of IIkavy Duaft II0K8KS tliorc arc Hevcral hrccdH in both England and
(li(! United JStatoH ; or rather, Hevcral Jiindn that have some of the Idood and
some of the eharueteriHticH of the old Iteavy <lraft animals. \\'h<!n it
hccanie the fashion in En^hind to seelt admixture with tlie heavy mares
iiiid stallions of Belgium or Flanders, the English draft stoek was really
niueh improved, though several English breeds soon lost thorcby, for the
most part, their identity. -

6
f

E
n

■

B
o

The Cleveland Bay, a powerful horse, though not of extraordinary
size, was found chiefly in the four Counties of Yorkshire, Durham, Lin-
folnshire, and Northumberland. He was capable of carrying a great
Aveight, and of maintaining under it a rapid rate of speed. A lighter horse,
and one better adapted to the carriage, was produced by crossing the

-■;«»■'

6ii

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

Cleveland mare with a good-sizod thorough-bred stallion. The best
hunters and hackneys, having an arched crest and proud action, were pro-
duced by crossing the Cleveland nnire with a horse lighter than the true
thorough-breds, yet possessing real spirit and (juick movement. The
Cleveland, as a distinct breed, is :»early extinct.

The Suffolk Purch is considered »o l)e an excellent heavy draft hors*;.
He is believed to be the offspring of .he Suffolk cart-niare and the Nor-
man stallion. When further crossed with the Yorkshire half-bred, (th(!
product of the Cleveland Bay and the thorough-brefl), he is active, spir-
ited, uiid indomitable at a pull.

The Suffolk, now hardly known as a distinct breed, wa-« a horse of
good size, being ordinarily from fifteen to sixteen hands higii, and vjry
stouf in proportion. His distii:guishing color was sorrel ; he had a large
liead ; his shoulders were thick on top and low ; his chest was round and
deep ; he had round legs and short pasterns ; his back was long ; his (;roup
high ; his flanks full ; his quarters heavy and strong ; and he was every
way a spirited and determined animal, active and enduring.

The Clydesdale horse, found jirincipally on the Clyde in Scotland, was
the i)roduct of certain Scottish mares with Flanders stallions. Hi' is a
larger horse than the Suffolk, but less clumsy in appearance, as liis h«!ad
is better and his barrel lighter. He Ins a l<)ng neck and deep legs ; an({
is strong, hardy, patient, and a faithful pulier. Some of the horses in
the United States said to bo of this stock preserve most of these charac-
teristics, but their bodies are rounder and their necks are not particularly
noted for length. An extended description will be given farther on.

Between Lincolnshire and Staffordshire, in the midland counties uf
England, is found what is called the Heavy Black Horse, a large, well-
)>uilt animal, of splendid appearance, and much in demand in London and
elsewlicnr as a wagon-horse ; but no horses of this particular kind arc
known to have been brouirht to America for breeding purposes.

Of American heavy draft stock, the Vennont cart-horse is desi-rving ()f
special mention. He is said by one who is considered good authority to
exist in Vermont and adjacent States as a distinc^t breed, and to be the
very model of what a good cart-horse should be — quick and full of power,
yet easily managed. As a general thing, he has a well-set head, a Ic'iy
crest, thin withers, mane and tail medium, and clean fetlocks. He bus
sufficient action to insure a good rate of speed, and makes, upon th»!
whole, a fine show.

His origin seems doubtful. There is a pony appearance a1)out him,
though often more than sixteen hand>< high — his peculiar shortness of
h'lck, roundness of body, and general compactness contributing to make

THE IIOltSE, DIPFEUKNT BUEEDS, ETC.

« -

o ►

1 1

THE HOUSE, DIFFERENT BREED8, ETC.

him seem much less in bulk than he is found to bo by actual measure •
ment.

m. The Arabian.

We come now to notice sonic of the most distinct, strongly marked,
and valuable breeds, among which the Arabian, or that species of the
Arabian best known to us, is justly celebrated.

Whether the present pure blood Arab is native to Arabia or imported ;
whether of recent origin or of a lineage as ancient as the sculptured ruins
of Nineveh and IJabylon, it is needless to inquire ; but the people of thaf.
country claim timt they have authentic^ pedigrees reaching back for mor«'
than two tliousund years; while on the other hand, it is asscrt«'d by sonu"
who have tried to discover the real origin of this famous stock that prior*
to the tiiirteeiitli century the horses of Arabia were a poor race and lightly
esteemed. Be that as it may, the horse of the present day, so
renowned throughout the worhl, undoubtedly began to attract iiotiic soiuc
live or six hundred years ago, since which time he has grown into his
gi-eat repute ; and now the best horses of nu)«t civilized hnuls an-
thought to derive their highest claims to n()l)le descent from the Aral»i<-
Kochlani, and thosi- of his congi'uers tliat have shared his excellen"».'\

In a subsecjuent chapter the subject of lu'ccding will liv n|)pn !• ; l* i ,
treated ; but we may advert hen- to u singular fact in conncrtion ; ' li h
sons <»f the desert and the horse that shares their name and tlu-ir affec-
tions. So thoroughly are the principles of breeding understood among
them, or such is their extraordinary care, (and pei-haps diuuitic iutlucii. .>
mav have something to do with it), that their horses long since reached
a uegn'c of perfection unrivalled in any country, and this perfection is
- teadily maintained.

Travelers differ as to the nunilx'r and names of the distinct breeds of
horso which are found in Arabia; but a comparativ«>ly recent Mohamnif-
dan writer, who seems to have had more than ordinary opportunities for
knowing the facts in the case, has stated that there are six distinct bre«!d>,
which he names and charact»'ri/es thus:

(1) The Dgelfe, f«)und <'hiet1y in Arabia Kelix, seldom seen ait Dama.-*-
CU8, but common in the neighborhood of Ana/.e. Horses of this breed
are of lofty stature, have narrow chests, but arc deej) in the girth, ami
their ears are long. They arc remarkable for spirit and fleetness, but are
exceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst !■> a
remarkabh' feature. A two-year-old «'olt, he says, will cost in his own
fountrv two thousaixl Turkish piasters.

J2) The Secaloni, a Itreed from the eastern part of the desert, some-
what inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him m most points.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

measure ■

(."{) The Mofki, he iiiforin.s us, is a handsome horse ; but he is not so
floct as eitiier tlie Dgelfc or the Secaloui. In Hguro, he beara a resem-
bliiiici! to the Spani'^h or Andalusian stock.

(4) A fourtli breed is called the Sabi, whi<ih is similar to the Mefki,
hut seems to possess no spei-ially useful or striking qualities.

( .')) The Fridi. This breed is very eonunon ; but they are often vicious
:md unti'ustworthv, and lack some of the exeollent (qualities possessed by
tilt- best of tile others.

((!) Tlie Xejdi, found chiefly in the region of Bussorah. These are
>.iiil to be at least the e(iuals of the Dgelfe and the Seealoni. Some
judges assert that there is no horse to bo compared with them, and they
>taiul very high in the market.

This writer considers the Dgelfe and the Nejdi to be the most valuable.
Tlii'V are known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many
line animals of these stocks having been carried thither by the spoilsmen
of that country.

Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to whidi tht'v
;iitiibut«' names different from those above given ; and it is diflicult to
riioncile the statements of the two, and to determine whether they have
n ally agreed in any way in i)ointing out the same animiil, though by
diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a
ci'rtain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class
>lieak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at honu> or abroad, which they
(•ill) tlie Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild stHte. Then come
the Kadisv hi, a sort (»f half-breed stock, possessing some points of resem-
hlance to tie true l)lood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealt^rs for
the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the pure des«'endants
of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call tiie Ko<-hlani or
Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shnnnnar and Aney/a
iriltes. The Aral)s themselv«'s pretend to trace the Kochlani back to the
■ 1.1 \> and the stal>les of Solomon. While this cannot l)e credited, it is
known that some of them have written p<'digrees for at least four hundred
years, ke|)t with the most extreme care, and idways on the side of the
mare. Thes«' animals are sontetimes sold to foreigners; but they bear
iilinost fabulous prices, and it is believed to be a very rare thing for a
true Kochlani to fall into the hands of a stranirer.

The striking points of the pure Arab may l»e thus stated : In size,
he is considerably smaller tli" the modern lliMr(iMgh-l)red, scarcely ever
• xeeeding in height fourteen an<l a half hands. Ilis'lu'sul \s extraordinary
for its l)eauty, — tlu' forehead being broad and s»{uare, the mu/xle short
anil tine, so that some of them seem as though they c(mld really "stick
their noses into a tumbler." The face, upon which the veins appear

rrii.usTnATED stock doctor.

11551

'm,

■

M, jSfr»^

■

♦ -^
;

!1:**.S

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT DREED8, ETC.

■&

m u

t J,

.■i a

t/.

'Ill w\

boaiitifiillv cour«cd, is bony ; the iioHtrils aro wide ; (ho. woll-net ears
are small, while the eyes arc large, prominent and brilliant. The neck,
rising beantifuUy from the shoulders, and well arched, is \i\Yy fine ; the
withers are 'ligh and moderately thin ; the shoulder, inclining l)ackward,
is perfect in form and position — muscular as well as linely shaped. Tho
liody is light and narrow before ; but behind the arms the chest is
expanded and affords sufficient cai)acity for me lungs; tlie hips, though
somewhat narrow, are well united to the back, and the quailei's aro
strong, nuiscular, and well set. The legs are sniiill, flat, sinewy; the
j)iisterns are oblicpie in their position ; the croup is high, while the tail is
set on with considerable arch. The nruscles of the arm, like those of
the ham, are full and strong. The bones of the leg are large in propor-
tion to the size, there being no superfluous fatty matter, but full, free,
strong, and clean tendons and 8Usj)ensorv ligaments. The hocks are
large, but free fr«)m both <nirbs and spavins ; Avhile the feet are siiiall and
sound. The elbow joint is prominent but fine, and generally plays (tlear
of the body.

Kspecially does the Arab differ from other breeds in the superior
tincness of his muzzle ; the somewhat hollowed but graceful fi ce ; tho
fullv developed jaws that yet give no impression of heaviness ; tl e beau-
tifully pricked and excpiisito shape of the ear ; tho eonspi(!uous neatiiestt
(if the leg below the knee ; and the beautiful make of the hind (juarters.
The fleetest among them aro also noted for a straight-dropped hind leg,
which is always regarded as a good point. A true Arabian has l)een
described as "looking the gentleman all over, with a bearing a*i stately
.IS that of an autocrat."

In spirit he is as nobK as in his physical fornnition. Though kind and
(Ifu'ile when with his native master, he is sensitive and full of spirit, and
when excited is so indomitable that he Avould run or pull to the death
nifher than yield. With a cruel nnister ho is apt to become in a nieasur«
imgovernable ; but his intelligence^ is such that proper treatment will soon
win his confidence and remove a vicious -liabit.

His sagacity is as remarkable as his susceptibility to kind treatmenr.
Instances are not '.vanting in which his master, overcome l»y the heat of
the desert, and lost in a lethargic sleep, has been watched over by his
faithfiil aninnil, and guarded from the a}){)roach of man and beast.

The colors mostly j)revalenf among them are bay, gray, and (chestnut.
Orciisionally a black is fcmnd.

He is not so swift as the best English, Fren<'h,and Ameri<'an coursers 5
nor is it here that his great excellence must be sought. That arises from
I idnibination of qualities, t« some of which the best of other breeds aro
wliolly strangers.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ho is pet'uliiirly iidiipt«Hl to that wiistc and lianvn country, and to the
uses for which ho is prized by tho wandcriii"; trilx's. Tho food and drink
upon vvliich lie can live and perform <?n'at journeys woukl he wliolly inad-
et|uato to the keepinj; of one of ours whicii we are ph'ased to call thrifty.

As has been said, this remarkable stock has lonir maintained its essen-
tial purity; nor does it show, in recent times, any tendency to dejrenerate.
Those good Arabians that are offered for sale to British residents and
other horse dealers in the markets of lien<;al and Honibjiy connnand prices
ranjrinj; from seven hundred and fifty to one thousand dollars ; and it is
said by travelers that their Itest mares are seldom if evi-r sold.

rv. The English Thorough-bred.

We have already referred to different varieties of Kn<rlish horses, some
of which have had more or less influence upon tliox' of our own countrv :
but the most excellent and famous of all is the tliorou<rh-bred, or ra<'»'-
Imu'scs descended chiefly from imported Arabians, Barbs, and Turk«.
The aiiii!ial known to-day as the real Euiilish thorouirli-l»red is pi-rh-ips of
almost purely eastern orijrin. His excellences are derived, it is tiioujiht.
from !in admixtinv of various pure breeds, native to those re;j:ions in
which the n()l)lest of the race are indijj^enous, so far as either liistorv or
tradition determines. Arabia, Syria, Persia, Turkestan, Nubia. .Vbys-
sinia, and th(^ Barbary States, all have breeds closely connected with each
oth»'r, and y(!t possessinj; different characteristics ; l)ut the Enjrlish race-
horse is a superior animal to any of them ; and his blood cannot now Ik
improved by crossinji; with any known stock.

There seems to l)e in him a larjjer mixture of the Barb than of anv
other breed ; but the earliest and most celebrated importations into Kii<r-
l;iml were Arabians. Muth attention has lonjr been paid there to tin
improvement of racinjr stock. Tln' minds of Enjilislnm-n were most
probably turned to this by the accession of the Nonnan Concjuerors ; m'
any rate, m»o:i after the Normans were* established in the island, the tir>
Arabian of whicli any record has been preserved was imported. Thi
was in 1121, durinir the rei<rn of II-mhy 1. Then, an authenticated <;i-i
of importation frotn Arabia took pwi-e in the reij;n of James 1. Tlii>
horse was condemned, not baviit«: mt*i the popular exi)ectation : but tin'
true value of eastern blood be<;an nom- to be appreciateii, and the Wliil<
Turk was soon ln'«»u<rht over : then a hor>e known as tin- llclmesley Turk
soon afterward, Fairfax's Morocco Barb. The inten'f«t in the improvi'-
ment of raeinj; stock then •*<> actively manifested ha- m'ver suffered nion
than a temporary abatement, and in no other country tlian in Enjrliiiiil
has su<!h success Wen attained. Durinir the tr -ublou- time- coiistsiiMiii
upon the overthrow of Charles I. and the actession of the PuritiUi.s ti

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT HREEDS, ETC.

to the
d drink
ly i«md-
thrifty.

^ t'sseu-
iMU'niU'.
>nt!* iiiul
id prices
and it is

power, there seems to have been iv decline ; but a love of racing, and v
•orresponding desire to produce the best horses for this purpose, was

,i«s, sonu'
lounlrv ;

or rac*'-
1 Turk<.
i-rh'.'.ps of

t nought ,
("/ions to
listory or
»ia. Abys-
Iwith eacli

ish ract-
uow lu

of any
into Knjr-
ro to tlif
M'o most
•rors : m'
the til-
.1. Thi
•iited <"!-'
1 . Tlii-
: but 111"
tlic Wliit'
vy Tuii ;
iniprovi'-
fcvcd nion
Kn<rl;iini
imstMiiM'Hl
'uriiajis t>

r
a

R
C

revived upon the restoration of Charles IT. to the (hrone. This prince

liimsolf sent to the east to purchase l>rood mares and stallions, but ho
5

ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOK.

affected chiefly Burba and Turks. Many of lus wejilthior subjects engaged
in like enterprise on their own private uci-ount.

But the most marked iuiproveniont of Englisli stock followed tlic
introduction into that country of the Darley Araliiun, a fine and vigorous
stallion impoiled during the hitter part of Queen Anne's eign by one
Mr. Darley. Several horses of great rejjute descended from him, of
which the most noted were Almanzer, Flying Childers, and Bartlett's
C'hilders ; and from the Childers, besides numerous others, of more or
less celebrity, Childers, Blaze, Samson, Snap, and Eclipse deserve special
mention. Of the last nanied, it is recorded that though he was thick-
winded or what is termed a "roarer," he never lost a race and never
paid a forfeit ; and that three hundred and thirty-four of his descendants
proved to be winning horses.

During the reign of Louis XIV., of France, and when tlie Arabian
stock, the descendants of the Darley, were already in high repute, a horse
called the Godolphin Arabian, but which M'as really a beautiful Barb, of
excellent spirit and action, was rescued by one Mr. Coke from the igno-
ble employment of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris, (where his
striking characteristics seem to have been wholly overlooked), and carried
to England. He is said to have been al)out rifteim hand?! liigh, of a brown
color, and to have been distingui.^hed by the height of iiis crest and for
round and drooping quarters. From him is descended nmch of the tinest
racing blood in England.

We have spoken of the thorough-bred as a i)ure-])looded hoise;!
nnd though this ought doubtless to be understood with some limitatioiiH,
as eveii in the best of the stock there is probably some tinge of old Eng-
lish and Spanish blood ; yet, such has l)een tlie great care bestowed upon
him that he is regarded as " the eastern horse brought to the very higiiest
state of perfection." It is certain that, as previously rcMuarked, he is in
some respects superior to the best of th(> original breeds. This has bccnl
brought about by long continued careful attention to breeding, to feed-
ing, to all those points, in fact, necessary to the elimination of vicious
strains and the preservation and improvement of those qualities that tend I
to t^"" one great end in view — Heetnoss, with a corresponding powei- (if
■endurance. The climate of England is said to be peculiai'ly favorable tn I
the horse ; and this influeiice has perhaps contributed something to tlin
making of the English racer a pre-emincuitly fine and much adinirt'j|
animal. The follov;ing may he regarded as his distinguishing points:

His chest is his one and only mark of superior strength ; this is wide I
and deep. His body is round, his Hanks and belly light. Ilis ears iinj
hue ; his eyes prominent ; his nostrils are wide ; his lips are snuiU andl

thin, while he is remarkably wide between the jaws.

He !uis ii long i

lUlil

THE IIOIUE, DIFFKnENT BltEEUH, ETC.

tiiio lu'ok, to whioh u thin miino lios close. Hi« withers are uncominoiily
tliiii iiii'l high ; liif< hack is low at the withers, then straight to tlu; haunehes.
.McuHured from the haunches to the tui'ii of the rump, he is long ; from
the turn of the rump to the tip of the hock he is long and thin. He has
•Tcnt power of springing, to force himself forward, hy reason of his legs
standing ratlier under the l)ody tlian erect. Ilis buttocks rarely touch
each other; his legs below tiie knee and hock are small, and the cords
stand out conspicuously. Ilis tail is slight and thin-haired, sometimes
sliirhtlv waved ; the hair of his legs is very tine ; he has no fetlock tufts,
iiiiil his hoof is snnill and cupped. Ilif color is generally bay, l)rown, or
t licstnut ; his heiglit varies from lifteen to seventeen hands. Ilis coat is
thiinier and the hair more sillvv tlian in connnon breeds.

Tlic soundness of feet and legs, and the powers of endui'ance, which
< liaracterizo the Arab, Inive been transmitted to the thorougli-bred ; and
while the latter is not himself well suittidto heavy harness work, oMndeed
lo any of the geiuTal puri)oses of the farmer, aninnils are often obtained
liv judicious tic M's with him which are admirably aUa|)ted to 'various
uses. He is Milued solely for the turf, and for light single draft,
except, us we have l)cforo rennirked, for the improvement of the general
stoek of horses hy admi.xture ; and for this latter purpose we are largely
dependent upon hhn in America as well as in (Jreat Britain.

V. The Barb.

The horse of the Barbary Stjites has long been known for his excellent
i|ualitios; and he is especially remarkable for line and graceful action.
Hi.s powers of tnmsmission are great, so thai his marked traits are found
in his descendants at remote periods and after connnixture of various and
inferior l)rceds.

lie has imi)re8sed himself particularly upon the Spanish horse and the
Knglish racing stock. It is thought that the horses of Spain owe all
llieir excellences to Bar)) blood, which was brought into that country by
till' Moors, at the time of the conquest.

The Barb is found chiefly in Morocco, Fez, and Tripoli, and with the
I'xeeption of an excellent species found in the kingdom of Bournon, he
JH tlic only African horse deserving of special mention. The horse of
Rounion is represented by some as being superior to both the Arabian
ind the Barb,

In addition to what has been said in those sections in which we have
h'eated of the Arabian and the thorough-bred, the followir.g description
of the Barb will be sntficient tr> convey to the mind of the reader what
1 true horse of this breed really is : , ,.,,,

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

Ill hoijrht, ho is from fourteen to fifteeu hunds ; his chest is round ; liii
shoulders are broad, but ligiit, and somewhat oljliijuely 8loi)injj: ; hi>
withers are thin and rather high ; his loins are straight and short ; hij
Hanks and ribs are round and well developed ; his Imunehes are stroiii: ;
his croup is somewhat too long for nice eorrespondenee with the rest (if
the body ; his (juarters are muscular and full ; his legs are clean, aiil
the tendons are clearly marked ; his pasterns, like his crouj), are some-
what too long and slanting, but not so much so »m to amount to real
defect ; and his feet are sound and of good shape. But his head i>
especially beautiful. It is small and lean, while the ears are of medium
size and aflniirably placed. The mane is raiiier meager; but the neck
rises boldly from the M'ithers, and gives an impression of ease and gracv
in carriage.

In spirit and fleetness ho is not regarded as the equal of the Arali,
much less of the real thorough-bred ; but in a certain native vigor and in
form he is superior. , , ,. r . , .

VI. The Persian.

No traveler to whose writings we have access in this country hn^
sufficiently described the horses of Persia to enable us to poin out with |
exactness the difference between the inferior and the better breeds that
are known to exist in that country. The tex'ni the Pernio n horse is I
ordinarily applied to the most excellent of all, Avhich has been celebrated
for hundreds of years longer than the Arabian. At the present day, he
has a large proportion of Arab blood in his veins. As a general thing,
he is somewhat tullor than the Arabians r and in beauty and speed he i?
their equal ; but his powers of endurance are not so great.

Vn. The Turkish.

This horse is believed to be descended from the best stock of Arabs,—
crossed, however, with some breed that has given him greater i)roportioii'
than his ancestors ; at any rate, the Turkish horse of to-day is full
sixteen hands high, often more ; and he is more muscular than the .^rali,
though still of elegant appearance, cleanlimbed and active. It is assorted I
by some that he is descended from Arabs and Persians ; and it is known I
that he possesses many of the best qualities of these stocks. Tlniii'li
strong and of sufficient spirit, he is docile, and well adapted to donie^jtic

uses. - ' ..■•-. .-* :'V. 'Si'

An arched neck, with a high crest, is a striking characteristic of the I
'>reed.

Vm. The Turkoman.

As we have said elsewhere, none of the Tartar breeds except the Turk"

■-■IS-,

THE IIOUHR, DIFKKUKXT llltKKDH, ETC.

s round ; liii
ilopinjr ; lii"
id whort ; lii;
iiri' 8tr<»n,ir ;
\ the H'st of
•0 rU'iiii, iii\.l
|), ure Hoiut-
inunt to r«al
t his \wad i^
of luodiuiu
but the lUM'k
ise and gra«i'

of the Aral).
) viiror and in

country ha^
[)oin out with I
!r breeds that
fHian horse is|
een celebnited
psent day, he 1
enerul thing.]
ud speed he i?

Ik of Arabs,— I

|er proportioib
[to-day is full I
Ihan the Arati. |
It isasscrtHl
Id it is ktiowii]
l-ks. Th.Mii'h
Id to donicstii

leristic of the)

:;pt the Turk"!-

iiKiii or Soutii Tiii'tarv horse are worthy to l)e rated among: the better class
of nninials. He is famous for jmrity of blood, for good speed, and f»u'
.wonderful powers of enduranee. It is related that one of them has been
known to travel nine hundred miles, bearinj; a rider, in eleven successive
(liivs. He is not really ii «rraceful iininnil, h()wever, as Inn head is rath<'r
liir^'e, and his h'«;s are lon<r in projjortion to his height, which is from
HftfiMi to sixteen hands.

Other domesticated hor.xes among the Tartars are evidently of the
Siinie breed as the wild horse."* which are found in various jjarts of the
country and in innnensi^ nnmliers, as the characteristics of tlie wild are
ixhiliited in a nnirked manner in the dcmiesticated. Indeed, it is known
tlmt these wild herds are often drawn upon for recruits when necessity
drives the iiihabitants to add to their stock of serviceable animals.

Ail these inferior creatures are snndl and narrow ; they have long necks,
ii|iparently weak legs, hirge heiids, and light barrels. The prevailing
color is a reddish sorrel, with a black stripe along the back. Their
iiiunes and tails an* black, except at the roots, where the hairs ju'cserve
this reddish cast. Their general appearance is nmgh and inelegant ; but
they are of the most hardy nature ; and, contrary to appearance, they
;iie raj)id travelers. They live mid even perform U)ng and arduous
journeys upon the sparsest and poorest food.

IX. The Egyptian.

It is represented by some who have d«>voted more than oi'dinary eare
to the study of the origin of breeds, and to the horse in his relations to
various peoples and countrii's, that the horsi! of the ancient Egyptians
was identical with an inferior race that afterward exist<'d among the
Assyrians. Some sculptures, found among the ruins of Nineveh, care-
fully executed and W(>11 prcsorved, portray a hor.se wholly different from
tliiit nobler animal carved in other bas-reliefs found in the same ruins.
He is .said to have been the Egyptian liors(^ ; and as tluis con\ eyed to us,
he was a large and heavy animal, having a «'oarse and ill-proportioned
licad, but a high crest.

The modern Egyptian is also of unpleasing aspe<'t. From wheresoever
(Icrivcd. he is rough and ugly. FrerpKMitly his legs, knees and nei k
licconie positive defects ; but a good head is occasionally found. He
would scared V be deserving of mention were it not that he is spirited
and iinijctuous : an<l this, together witli his w'cight, renders him valuable
for heavy cavalry, in which capacity he has won some celebrity. His
j powers of endurance are not gi'eat. i ., . ,

X. The Dongola.

This horse is also entitled to consideration »'hiefly upon the ground of

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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2.0

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°^i

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I%otographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

C/.A

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

his being greatly prized as a war horse. Unlike the Egyptian, however,
he has not only speed but powers of endurance ; and some have described
him as both beautiful and tractable. Yet, even those who have had
opportunities for personal observation do not agre« in their description!*
and their estimates. One speaks of him as being deficient in substance
and wanting in stoutnesss ; while another thinks him to possess the
highest type of symmetry, size, and strength. From another we get
this more particular description : In height, he is full sixteen hands ;
his body is short ; his neck is long and slim ; he has a fine crest ; and his
withers are high and sharp ; but his breast is narrow, his quarters and
flanks are flat, and he has a rather ugly back.

He is found in the kingdom of Dongola and in adjacent regions.

XI. Wild Horse of America.

That the horse existed in America at some far distant epoch is undeni<
able since the fossil remains found prove this conclusively, and progress-
ing naturally from age to age into more and more perfectly developed
types. Yet at the discovery of America at the several points by the
early navigators, no mention is mf de of native horses, as would surely
have been done if such had been known to the Indians.

America is undoubtedly indebted for her wild or feral horses which
have roamed the great valleys of the Pacific slope, the immense plains of
the West and South-west, and the grassy portions of Mexico, to the early
Spanish adventurers on the Pacific slope, as were the wild horses of the
great jilains and of Texas to the horses abandoned by De Soto when he
turned his face eastward towards the Mississippi, after having abandoned
his starch for the fountain of youth and the new Eldorado. So Mexico
and the Isthmus were stocked with horses in like manner, for it is futHo
to suppose that the increase of horses escaping from the Spanish conquer-
ors of South America would have made their way northward through
interminable and tangled forests, and mountain fastnesses, but that rather
they would have betaken them to the pampas, which in reality they did.
Thus in a comparatively short time they covered most areas of country
with immense droves, in reality as wild and as free as though they had
always existed there.

That the facts are as we have stated, is patent from the fact that tiie
produce resembles in many close characteristics the Spanish and Andalu-
sian horses of the early Spanish adventurers, as did those found wild in
New Foundland resemble the French horse of that period ; as does the
Canadian pony of the present day, although diminished in size from insuf-
ficient food and the inclemencies of the climate through the long
generations which liave passed since their introduction into Acadia iu
1604, and into Canada four years later.

Among
attention d

wise known

THE HOKSE, DIITFEIIEXT BKEEDS, ETC

ZII. The Norman Fercheron.

Amongf the striking and useful breeds, no horse has attracted more
attention during the hist half-cehturv than the Norman Pcrcheron, other-

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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district in France. Volumes have been written respecting this horse, and
various theories as to his origin and f'.evelopment have been advanced, by inter-
ested partizans at times, and again by pure lovers of horses who pursued truth
for truth's sake alone.

One ■writer insists that he is descended from what some call the primi-
tive or natural horse, the pure blood Aral)itin, crossed with a stock of
heavy draft horses existing in that section, but without historic mention,
prior to the Crusades. He thinks that after the defeat of the Saracen
■hief , Abderame, by Charles Martel, in Vouille, in which battle a host of
5aracens perished, the cavalry of the enemy. Oriental horses of marked
haracter, true Arabs, fell into the hands of the French, — ^thence many of
these horses were broujjht b3^ their victorious masters to the districts of
Normandy and La Perche. Here commixture of blood with a heavier
horse of excellent quality folloAved, and the cross resulted in froducing
the now celebrated Pex'cheron.

The native race referred to is thought by some to have been the old
"war horse of the Normans — heavy, bony and slow — good for cavalry use
during the da3'^8 of chivalrv, when the carrying of a knight and his armor
required an animal of great strength and powers of endurance.

Others think that it was a stock of horses then peculiar to Brittany and
used for draft rather than for Avar.

One author asserts that the Percheron is descended from a remote cross
between the Andalusians (after their commixture with the Morocco Barbs)
and the Normans ; and this somcAvhat fanciful reason is given for the
active agency of man in bringing it about : that the Norman, though poMr-
ei'ful, Avas too slow for a fully caparisoned knight — the Andalusian or
Spanish Barb Avas too light — and a cross Avas effected for the purpose
of securing a horse that combined speed Avith power.

But it is not Avithin the scope of the present work to enter into minute
particulars of this kind, nor to indulge in the discussion of mooted points
that have a merely curious interest.

"WhatcA-er may have been the origin of the Percheron, it is CAndently ii
pure race, one capable of producing and reproducing itself unchanged
through a long succession of years, and Avithout deterioration of qualities
AA'hen like sires are bred to like dams. Even Avhen the Percheron stalUoii
is put to the senice of inferior mares, he impresses himself in a remark-
able manner upon his offspring, transmitting to them his oAvn strikiii";
characteristics. Percheron mares bred to inferior stallions affect in like
manner, and in almost equal intensity, their pi'ogeny — though the rule i?
that the .stallion exerts the greater influence in determining the character
of the foal.

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THE HORSE, DIFFEUENT BREEDS, ETC.

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The old Norman stock is said to have transmitted to this race their ex-
traordinary bone and muscle, while the Arab or Andalusian or whatever
may have been the cross, give the spirit and action. The Norman has

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

¥f

been described as being capable of carrying great burdens at a reasonable
rate of speed ; to have been large, compact, muscular, and possessing the
greatest endurance.

The points of the Percheron may be stated as follows :

The head is short ; the ])row is broad, and has that hollow of profile
between the eyes and nostrils sometimes known as the dish-face — (in
this greatly resembling the Aral)) ; but the head in general is not heavier
than seems in keeping with the general massivcness of the frame ; the
neck is long, well-arched and heavy, but, like the head, not dispropor-
tioned to the general bulk. The back is shoi-t ; they are well ribbed up
and round baiTelled ; their legs are particularly short from the knees and
hocks downward ; they are heavily haired, but have not such shaggy
fetlocks and feet as this would seem to indicate ; their sinews are iron-
like ; and their feet are hard, sound, apparently insensible to disease. In
height, they are from fourteen and a half to fifteen and a half hands, the
latter being rather more than the average. Gray is the characteristic,
almost the only, color.

For hard work on ordinary fare the Perchc on is unequalled ; and his
energy and endurance are wonderful. He will keep his condition where
another horse would die of hard labor and neglect. Though full of
spirit, unflinching under even pauiful effort, he is yet docile.

In mere speed he is by no moans the equal of the thorough-bred ; but
for quickness of movement at heavy draft he has no rival. Hitched to a
light caniage or wagon he is capable of maintaining a good rate of speed
lor a long time together, or of making comparatively short journeys with
a rapidity that is astonishing. One, carrying a light vehicle and the
driver, is known to have made 55 3-5 mUes over a hilly and difficult road,
in four hours and twenty-four minutes ; and another, harnessed in like
manner, is said to have traveled 58 miles and back in two consecutive
days, without being touched Avith the whip, occupying four hours and less
than two minutes going, and four hours, one and a half minutes returning.

The Percheron of to-day makes an excellent cross with either the Aral)
or the English thorough-bred. For the improvement of our draft stock
in the United States, no other horse is to be compared to him. Bred to
good mares, this half-breed would partake more of the qualities of tlie
sire than of the dam, and the progeny would be almost the equals of the
pure French horses. Another step, bringing a pure imported stallion to
the sei'vice of these half-breeds, Avould give us a race of horses for all
work that would so far excel the ordinary race of scrubs as to seem
almost like a different species of animal.

At Oeklawn, Du Page Co., 111., is one of the largest stud farms of the world,
and it is devoted exclusively to the Percheron stock.

' '1

THE HOU8K, DIFFKKENT BREEDS, ETC.

XIII. The Clydesdale Horse.

The west of Scotland has been long famous for its draught horses. Away
ill the upper ward of Lanarkshire, the progenitora of that noble race'of horses
go called Clydesdale, from the Vale in which they were originally reared, were
first brought to the front and made famous throughout the whole of Scotlauo ;
80 much 80 that the common work horse of that country is now, to all intents
and purposes, a Clyde ; and many of the Shire Horses of England are deep in
their blood also.

Where the originals came from, and how they were bred, are questions that
have often been discussed in the public press. Tradition, without any founda-
tion in facts, points to tiie importation of Flemish Stallions into the above
ward nearly two centuries ago, by one of the Dukes of Hamilton, who sought
improvement in his stock.

Whether such is the case or not, certain it is that by some means or other,
the farmers in that country possessed a grand lot of brood mares, from which
the Clydesdales of the present day owe their activity and hardiness. Our own
opinion is, that they grew up into the state of perfection in which they were
found about the beginning of the last century, through the judicious mating
of the home stock, and that up to that time, little or no fresh blood was intro-
duced.

The upper ward of Lanarkshire is a wild and somewhat bare country, with
a thin soil, which, however, is admirably adapted for grazing purposes; the
farms are small, and the husbandmen who made their livelihood from the
profits of the soil, were a shrewd and saving race, with a love for their stock
born in them. Proud of their cattle and horses, and considerably skilled in their
care, they developed for the district in which they lived, a class specially suited
to their wants.

In kine they modelled, as it were, the Ayrshire Cow, and in horses, more
especially in this particular district, they produced and kept continually im-
proving the Clyde. Just as on the banks of the Tees, long years ago, there
existed a grand race of cattle, so on the hills that rise gently away from the
waters of the Clyde, a class of horses belonged to it, which were associated
with no other shire or county in Great Britain, till a more enlightened day
with the aid of the printing press spread their fame abroad, and created for
them an immense demand.

Thus we find the horses about the year 1720, when Mr. John Paterson, of
Lochlyoch, introduced a Flemish Stallion.

Whether through the introduction of this horse or otherwise, the Lochlyofch
mares became very famous, and from them, directly or indirectly, most of the
noted stock of the present day trace their origin.

From the Larapits mare, a descendant of the above stock, came Glancer
(335), the horse that may be called the father of the present race of Clydes-
dales. \^

' ■^fr^f»»-iVB^»l|^F»:^

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In a table oninpilod for the " Clylosflale Horse Society " it is astonishing to
see the influence that this horse has wieWed. Without any system, most of
the breeders were ignorant that such a horse ever existed, till the herculean
labors of Mr. Dykes, secretary to the above society, ferreted out all these facts.

It is most interesting to study the relationsiiips of the various crack horses
of the present day.

Wherevur you begin, the pedigree by some means runs into Glancer (335).

Gradually, l)ut surely, from those wild uplands, Clydesdales have spread, as
it were, over the whole world.

They found, early in this century, a congenial home amid the richer soils of
Cialloway, and while thriving there, they obtained even a greater notoriety on
the bare hillsides of Kintyrc.

Branching out thus, they spread over all Scotland, reaching some favored
spots in England, and within later years they have found their way to America
and Australia, where they arc as much prized as upon their native heath.

In the Antipodes, they have no rival, but in the United States they come
into competition with the " Percherons."

The inherent value of the Clydesdale lies in his reproducing powers. Bred
for generations among themselves, ofttimes bred in and in, they are most im-
pressive, and put upon the common ma»es of this continent, the produce is a
splendid farmer's horse, while those animals which have two or three crosses
of this blood, are becoming exceedingly valuable for draying in towns, and,
owing to their special fitness for heavy work, at the present moment the demand
far exceeds the supply.

The indications are, that the Clydesdales and Percherons will gradually
become the work horses of America.

Farmers who in olden times (and, we are sorry to say, even in these days),
merely scratcli their land, have no use for either of those breeds, but a.s
agriculture advances, as science surely overcomes brute force, when the days
of deep ploughing and thorough cultivation become a necessity, then will the
husbandman know the value of heavy, well-built horses.

To attain this end, liorses of the above breeds must be used. Each will
sprve their end, but for wear and tear it is likely the Clydes will eventually
take the lead.

It is true, the Clydesdales of the present day are not so hardy as they were.
The system of feeding for show, carried to great excess by the Scotch breeder.-,
has given rise to diseases among pure-bred animals, which they do not happily
reproduce, and which has tended to make some of the best horses that ever
were bred, but indifferent stock -getters.

Then little attention was paid to systematic breeding. The old way and
style which, no doubt, was conducted with great success as far as it went, did
not tend to produce so many good horses as we may expect under the skilfu!
mating of both well-bred and good-looking animals.

s^;i

THK IIOIIHK, UIFFEUENT JUlKKb.S, KTC.

Clydesdale Gelding— Feont View.

Aside from the general form here given, many special points of the Clydes-
dale horse are shown by the front view.

Note especially the jaw, muzzle and nostrils. The eye full and vigorous,
yet mild. Note the breadth of forehead between the eyes ; the evident activity
of the ears; the strong neck and lightly supported head; the free shoulder,
promoting easy stepping. Note, too, the shortness of leg below the knee, and
comparative length above, the big and bony knees, the good hoofs, sloping
pasterns, full chest, etc. Observe also the round formation of the body; in
short, the whole horse is finely shown by this view.

II.MT8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOU.

Clydesdale Gelding— Rear View.

This rear view is added to the front view already given, that the horse nsay
be seen on all sides, and with respect to all his points. Some of those men-
tioned ?n the foregoing description are repeated in this, but they are seen from
a different standpoint, and some of them are shown to better advantage.

The fullness of the eye is clearly seen in this cnt. The long, active ear is
also prominent. The strong, full neck, with its good development of muscle
on the top, is finely shown here. The relative \pngth of lower and upper parts
of the front leg, and the good muscular development of the forearm are also
very clear. The feet aa sloping pasterns are also characteristic of this class of
horses. The broad, low-set quarters and niiuscular thighs, with the broad,
well-proportioned hocks are here shown.

THE HOK8E, DIFFERENT BREEDH, ETC.

H,1

JiiHt as we liave seen grudo bullB vie in cxcellcney with the thoroiighi)rcd, ho
it was with the CiydeHtiule horse. Five years ago, tliroiigh the utForts of
viuioiis parties, all lovers of the Clyde, a society was estal)lished for registering
nedigreos, and their o|)eration8 have met with signal success.

They have laid the foundation of a system by which breeders can attain grand
results from a careful and judicious selection of good blood. And so in Ameri<'a
tlicy have a Slud Book, drawn up on the same basis as the Scotch publication,
fliid here breeding is being carried on, more especially by Western breeders,
with a zest second only to that of the farmers in Scotland.

This American and Colonial demand for good horses with pedigrees, has
jrivcn a groat impetus to breeding at home, and it is likely we shall see some
i:;nuid results from the efforts that are being made. Blessed with perseverance,
and holding their own judgment at a premium, no men are better suited for this
work than the small dairy farmers from the regions of Ayrshire, Galloway and
Lanarkshire.

It is to them and some larger farmers and proprietors we need to look for the
grand colossal horses which have made, and are destined to make, the name of
the Clydesdale more famous than ever.

The main feature of the Clydesdale is its size, combined with activity and
hardiness. Bred upon a bare, and not very prolific soil, they thrive well upon
being transplanted to a more generous and richer location. It is the universal
practice among the west of Scotland breeders to keep their young stock in a semi-
wild state, giving them only as much food as is necessary for health arid develop-
ment until they are between two and three years old. Great capacity for
endurance is thus secured.

A fat colt is never seen, scarce even among those reserved for the stud.
Treated thus when they are young, they grow up hardy, with clean bones and
well-developed muscles, and almost entirely free from hereditary disease. And,
])eruluince, no horse of the present day, excepting those existing on the Arabian
deserts, can compare for genuine and valuable intelligence with those we are
now writing about.

Treated for generations by their masters as companions, that is, after they
had received their primary education, a sense almost human in some cases is
found engraved in their nature.

Just as the Scottish Collie and the noble Newfoundland have developed almost
supernatural instincts, so the Clydesdale horses, being the companions as well
as slaves of a class of men who took pride in their sagacity, have come to be
looked on as possessing a rarely and widely defined instinct. Thus they
combine strength, soundness rftid sense, the three attributes necessary to make
a horse successful in the wagon or plough.

THE POINTS OF THE CLYDESDALE.

The writer had much to do with the formation of the Clydesdale Stud Book,

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and for a full description and history of the breed of horses we refer our
readers to this volume.

In the meantime we cannot do better than abridge as shortly as possible the
beau ideal of the horse as given there :

The head, a broad jaw, ending, as a rule, in a not very fine or well-developed
muzzle, but with large, open nostrils.

The eye full and vigorous, yet mild.

The forehead broad and full, especially between the eyes.

The ears long and active.

The neck should be strong and massive, supporting the head gaily, and
showing on its top a good development of muscle.

The shoulder should be oblique, like a thoroughbred, so that the horse can
step out boldly.

The legs should be short from the fetlock to the knee, and comparatively
long from the knee upwards.

The forearm should be well developed, showing lots of muscle.

The bones must be hard and flinty, flat-shaped, with no fleshiness ; both
muscle and bone seeming entirely separate. Lots of hair is essential. Of
little use itself, it shows forth quality and strength of bone, and is typical of
the pure-bred horse.

The knees should be big and bony. , ■ ■ i.^. i ■ > »,!>,.?' !-•;,;

The feet of the Clydesdale are nearly invariably good ; great, big, widely
developed hoofs of the best quality, and connected with the leg with sloping
pasterns, which help every horse to go up and down hill. Nothing, in our
idea, is so essential to a draught horse as good pasterns.

The chest should be broad and full. ' :|

The back and barrel should be straight and round, with the ribs going well
back towards the quarters. In this particular we find the weak part of the
Clydesdale. He is not altogether so symmetrical as he should be, as a rule, in
this respf<^t.

Broad, low-set quarters, with muscular thighs descending into broad ami
proportionately-developed hocks, sum up the good points of the hind end of
the Clydesdale. Avoid fleshy hocks ; let them be clean cut and devoid of fat
or puffing.

The hind leg should be short, broad, flat, clean and slightly inclined for-
ward, whi).e the pastern should also incline forwards ere it joins the hoof.

The height of the Clydesdale averages about sixteen hands two inches ; over
that height they become clumsy, except when very well developed.

The best color undoubtedly is brown, with white marks, and, so far as
possible, this color is being adopted among breeders.

Good action is sure to be possessed by a horse modeled on the above type.

Both walking and trotting, there will be a style and majesty that attracts
the eye and is useful when at work.

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

XIV. The Thorough -bred in America.

'J -Wirt

The Flemish and Danish horses, large, strong, heavy draft breeds, have
hud more or less influence upon the horses of the United States, partieu-
haly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the northwestern States ; but no other
lilood is so widely disseminated among our various stocks as that of the
English thorough-bred. We have been dependent chiefly upon this
animal for the improvement of the horses among us ; and from a time
long prior to the Revolution, it has been the custom of our most ambitious
Ijieeders to import from England both stallions and mares, but more
tspcicially the former, for this purpose.

Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sometime between 1740 and 1750,
jiiesented to a Mr. Ogle an English thorough-bred stallion, by which the
colonial horse of that portion of the country was much improved ; and
tills same gentleman. Ogle, imported Queen Mab, shortly after he came
in possession of "Spark," the Baltimore horse. Selima, a mare sired by
the Godolpliin Arabian, was brought over by one Col. Trasker ; Miss
t'olville, or Wilkes' Old Hautboy Mare, was imported by Col. Colville ;
Jennie Cameron, Crab, and others, by different persons, at various times.

It was not until within about fifty years ago that any reliable stud book
or turf regi'^ter began to be kept in the United States ; so that it is often
ditiicult to establish a claim to good pedigree extending beyond that time ;
but many valuable importiitions are known to have taken place previous
to 1829 ; and the register since kept shows that there is a very large ad-
mixture of English blood in many parts of the country.

The work stock of the southern States before the war, as now, was, of
course, drawn mostly from States farther north and east, and was of in-
different character ; but much attention was paid in that part of the
country to raising stock ; and all horses raised there have more or less of
the thorough-bred in them. Many really fine animals were found there,
—the race-horse preserved in his punty, — ^but the true thorough-bred has
rarely been found at any time hi the northern States. In New England,
the good driving horse, the horse of all work, niediuni sized and stoutly-
built, is mostly found ; in New York, they have animals representing
almost every variet}'^ of breed known in the United States, and among
them the descendants of many famous racers.

In Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Northwest generally, they have a great
variety of heavy draft horses — some of them of great size — not much
attention having been paid, as yet, to saddle, light carriage, and race
horses. In the West however, considerable improvement has been made
by the introduction of fine stallions from Kentucky and Tennessee, of
botii the thorough-bred and the Morgan strain. In Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, the breeds are various, but there is a very large admixture of the

t??i,i

' , I

It -

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

thorough-bred. Their saddle, light oai-riage, trotting and racing stock
are jnstly renowned. Scarcely any country in the world is better adapted
to the production of fine horses than the blue-grass region of Kentucky ;
and it constitutes a sort of Arabia of the West, io whose breeders and
trainers the buyers of the United States, sometimes even foreign gentle-
men, come to purchase mares, stallions, and trained coursers.

The American thorough-bred retains many of the striking character-
istics of the Arabian and his best old world representative, the English
racer ; and in speed he compares well with the best horses of England.
He is more stoutly built, however, and capable of more endurance than

the English horse.

XV. Tho Morgan Horse.

A story is current to the effect that during the war of the Revolution,
one of the British officers, Gen. DeLancy, rode a very beautiful stallion,
of great value — said to have been a true thorough-bred. This horse was
stolen by one Smith, an American, and retained witliin the American
lines. He was the sire of a colt from a Wild Air mare ; and the colt,
being foaled or having become by purchase the jiroperty of one Justin
Morgan, of Randolph, Vermont, received the name of his master, and
his descendants have ever- since been known as the Morgan horse.

The stolen stallion, called "The True Briton" or "Beautiful Bay,"
has been described as not only beautiful, but as having possessed great
action, and being capable of leaping fences, hedges, and ditches, bearing
a rider, from Avhich it has been argued that he was not a thorough-bred,
since th;it stock cannot jump ; but he was in any event a remarkable
horse, and his valuable qualities have been transmitted to his descendants.
Of so pure blood and marked character was he that his powers of repro-
ducing himself equalled those of the most unmistakable Arabian ; and
the Morgan blood is perceptible after various crosses, and that too, ^nth
many inferior breeds.

So marked are the characteristics of these horses, and so different are
they, in some particulars, from other races, that they seem fully entitled
to be considered a distinct breed. They ai-e in great repute, also, in
many portions of the country ; and some effo^'ts have been made witli
much success, to bring the stock back to its former and better condition,
by breeding from the best and most strongly marked stallions and mares.

They are stout and hardy, while at the same time of good form—
capable of performing the greatest amount of labor, and that, too, with
quickness of movement. They are always in demand, and command the
highest market prices.

The following are the distinguishing points of a true Morgan :

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

In height he is from fourteen to sixteen hands ; in weight suflBcicntly
heavy for this height, with no appeariince whatever of eoarse bulkiness.
He is comiiactly built, and of great strength ; his action is fine, his
endurance unsurpassed, and in spirit he is indomitable — never failing at
ii pull, if rightly handled — yet patient and trustworthy. As roadsters
and horses of all work they are excellent — having no ecjuals, perhaps, in
this country. He walks fast, and many horses of this breed have been
extniordinary trotters. In harness he is quiet, but nimble, and of eager
niovonicnt. Bay, chestnut, and black are the prevailing colors. The
iiiiuie and tail are rather heavy and coarse, and in general wavy.

The head is not extremely small, but there is no superfluous muscle or
fiitty matter about it ; the face is straight, the forehead broad, the ears
arc small, fine, and set far apart, the nostrils are wide, the lips are close
and firm, the nmzzle is small, the eyes are not large, but very dark,
prominent, set wide apart, and full of animation. The back is short ; the
shoulder-blades and hip-bones are large and oblique, the loins broad and
muscular ; the body is long, round, deep, and closely ribbed up ; the chest-
l)one is prominent, the chest wide and deep, the legs seem rather short
for the height, but they are close-jointed, and though thin, they are very
wide, hard, clean, and yet with powerful muscles ; the feet are small and
round ; the hair is short and flossy at almost all seasons ; the fetlocks are
moderately long, and there is some long hair up the backs of the legs.

In some parts of the country the Morgans are the premium horses, and
their peculiar adaptability to all the ordinary purposes of the farmer is
such that they enjoy a high degree of favor.

As a breed, they are unusually long-lived, and this constitutes one of
their great points of excellence.

XVI. The XVarragansett Faoer.

This breed, now almost unknown as a distinct one, was remarkable
chiefly as being natural pacers, and of such peculiar action as to render
them peculiarly easy under the saddle. Though small, they were hardy
and full of power, and their docility was such as to render them very
])loasant to handle. The stock are said to have been irapoi*ted mto New
Kngland, from Andalusia, by one Gov. Robmson, and to have been bred
chiefly in Rhode Island, where they were long held in great repute.
Good saddle horses were in much demand in Cuba, and prior to the time
when the Narragansett Pacer began to attract attention, the Cubans had
heen dependent for their horses upon the mother country. But the voyage
was long, the risk considerable, and the cost great, and when it was
once ascertained that a superior saddle animal, (according tc the taste of

ILLU8TBATED STOCK DOCTOIl^

the times), could bo had in Rhode Island, much nearer homo, a trade was
at once opened, which continued, with much profit to the Rhode Island
breeders, till the roadways of the West Indies became so much improved
as to render the Introduction of light carriages a natural consequence. A
somewhat different Lorse was then required, and the trade in American
stock began to decline. As the Cuban market became less and less prof-
itable, the interest of the stock-owners experienced a corresponding de-
crease, till at last the effort to preserve the pacer as a distinct breed
ceased altogether. ; . ^ iii ;» : ;,; ; ,

At the present day, though the influence of the Narragansett Pacer
upon New England horses is in many instances perceptible, he is no
longer known in his former purity.

XVII. The Vermont Draft Horse.

Vermont has given the United States one of the two celebrated families of
draft horses, than which few of the breeds have combined greater excellence.
Animals with lofty crests, thin withers, short backed, round barrelled, close
ribbed, clean and sinewy limbed, that would at first be taken for ponies.
Standing next to them they would be found to be sixteen hands high
and over, and on the scales they would tilt the lever at from 1150 to 1250
pounds.

Of the origin of the Vermont draft horse but little is known, but it is more
than probable that the old Suflblk cart horse, imported into Massachusetts in
1821, the Cleveland bay, brought there in 1825, and the thorough-bred hors.es
introduced in 1828, bred upon the best common mares of the country, have
produced a class of horses, the lighter ones of which were driven to the stage
coaches of thirty to fifty years ago, as they have seldom been driven in any
other hill country.

And this class was grand for heavy work. The heavier specimens of which
furnished the best heavy team horses in the country, not excepting the Cones-
toga, a horse fully a hand higher, and admirable in every respect for heavy
draft, as we used to see them, in the great six and seven horse teams coining
from the mountains of Pennsylvania through to New York. It is to be re-
gretted that the furor over the Morgans since that time has caused the Ver-
mont draft horse to become quite rare, so that now it is rather difficult to find
a good specimen of the breed as it once existed.

The disappearance of these fine old horses, however, is of a piece witli the
di,sai)pearance of many other relics of the good cM times. We think foiully
of what once prevailed, and it seems as though nothing ever could be so good
again, but those who never knew our favorites seem quite content, and get on
full as well as though our pet things never had existence. Thus the essential
things of one age sink from sight in another.

THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

XVIII. The Canadian.

This horse, when pure, is entitled to be considered distinct. He can
lay no chiim, of course, to being regarded as the natural horse, no more
than the Norman, Percheron or the English thorough-bred ; but his char-
acteristics are so marked as to render him worthy of being classed sepa-
rately and noticed with some minuteness.

He is supposed to be descended from the Norman-French horse,
brought over by the pioneers of Canada ; but how crossed, (though he is
evidently the result of a cross), it is impossible to say. In some partic-
ulars, he so much resembles the old horse of Normandy as to seem the
uninistal^able descendant of that stock ; whereas in others he is so unlike
him as to indicate that the cross must have been with a very strongly
marked anim il, of great powers of transmission.

The distinguishing characteristics may be stated as follows : The
average height is about fourteen hands ; the body is solid, compactly put
together, but ^omewhat inclined to flatness of side ; the head is rather
large for a horse of the height stated, but it is well formed and lean, so
that it does not appear out of proportion and cumbersome ; the forehead
isi broad ; the ears are wide apart, and carried well up ; the eye is small
and clear, and has a bold expression ; the chest is broad and full ; the
shoulder is strong, but inclining to be straight and rather low and heavy
at the withers ; the loins are fine ; the croup round and fleshy ; the thighs
muscular ; the legs comparativel}' heavy and joints pretty large, but the
hoDCS are flat, and no race of horses has sounder and more powerful
limbs ; and none can equal the Canadian as to feet — these being tough,
hard, iron-like, and free from disease, even under the most unfavorable
circumstances. This seems to be one of his most valuable characteristics
of body. Bad handling, awkward shoeing, hard travel — ^nothiug !n the
liounds of reason seems to affect his feet. Diseases of this part are
almost absolutely unknown.

The mane and tail are peculiar, being very heavy, and in almost all
cases, Avavy. The back sinews are shaggy-coated, nearly to the knee,
and the fetlocks are long.

The prevailing color is black ; but browns and chestnuts are f requcntlv
found ; sometimes sorrels and duns, having manes and tails lighter thiin
the body. Occasionally there may be found a dark i 'on-gray, Avith
black legs.

Canadians are long-lived, easily-kept, and capable of the greatest,
endurance. They are heavy enough for the purposes of the farmer ; and
iis roaasters, while they are not to be regarded as rapid travelers, they
maintain a reasonable rate of speed, say six miles an hour, for long jour-

ILLU8TIUTED STOCK UOCTOK.

■ liXt

.J.

neys and continuously, iind this wliile carrying a heavy weight. It is
nothing unconinion for them to do fifty miles a day for many days in
succession ; and some have been known to do seventy, eighty, even
ninety miles, at a single stretch of one day.

The breed is widely spread, but chiefly in a mixed state, (inferior to
the true Canadian in almost every instance), in the Northern and Eastern
States. Few horses are entitled to more consideration at the hands of
those who would obtain tlie best medium-sized and easily-kept animals
for the farm, and for medium heavy and moderately rapid draft.

XIX. The Connestoga.

A somewhat peculiar horse of all-work, said to have originated as a
distinct stock in the valley of Connestoga. They are believed to be
descended from Flemish and Danish cart-horses brought over by tlic
early German settlers of this part of the country, with a probable admix-
ture of the ordinary draft horse in common use in the German States at
that day. There io, however, no record of the origin of the breed, and
all speculation may be at fault. They resemble for the most part the
Flemish horse, especially in color, all the prevailing Flemish colors except
black being found among them in like proportion.

The Connestoga is a tall horse, often seventeen hands high ; but his
limbs are light for his height, and he is not inclined to be full of flesh,
having a muscular rather than a fatty heaviness, so that he is very power-
ful in proportion to his weight. He is used" chiefly for wagons, canal
boats, and heavy carriages, for which purposes he is both strong ami
quick enough.

He is less distinct than formerly, and no pains are taken to preserve
the h-po'' as such. |

XX. Ponies.

The small, or pony breeds, are numerous ; but the only ones deserving
special mention are the Shetlands, the Indian, and the Mexican Mustang.
The former is the most distinct and best type of the ponies of the Old
World, while the Indian and the Mustang are the chief, if not the only
native kinds, known among us.

There are ponies somewhat similar to the Shetlands in th*^ northern
parts of Sweden and of Iceland, in Wales, and on the southwestoni
toast of England. All these little animals seem to have oritrinatod in
latitudes to which the horse is not native, and to be dwarfed des^eisdants
of large and powerful progenitors.

Noticing tirst the Shethinds, those of most perfect form, though of

^ \ 1

S il!
3 / 1

■^

are found that do
Shetland can be

THE HOUSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC.

small size, ai'o found in the extreme northern isles of Yell and Uast.
In height, they do not average more than nine or ten hands ; and many

are found that do no exceed seven and a half. It is held that no true
Shetland can be so tall as eleven hands. In form they are round and

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

closely ribbed up ; the head is well shaped — lean and bony, wide in the
brow, sometimes slightly basin-faced, like the Arab : the ears are very
small, well placed, are canned erect ; the eyes are larg<> and bright, with
a fine look of intelligence ; the neck is short and thick, "ind covered with
a great mass of coarse mane ; the shoulder is sloping, thick, and having
Uttle elevation at the withers ; the loins are broad but finely formed ; the
quarters are well made, but not large in proportion to other parts ; the
back is gently curving, with never any tendency towards what is called
sway-back ; the legs and feet are of excellent shape, and of the most
powerful texture, so that the Shetlander is a stranger to all those discuses
of the feet and legs to which many horses are subject, and a laine
Shetland is almost unknown ; the tail, like the mane, is of great volume.

When roammg wild they live on the poorest fare, and are exposed to
all the inclemencies of the seasons. When they cannot pick up their
scanty subsistence upon the uplands, by reason of the snows of winter,
they betake themselves to the sea shore and live upon kelp and sea weed.
When taken by the peasants of those localities which they most inhabit,
and reduced to subjection, they still require but little food and little
<!are. , ' L

Their endurance is very grea*- ; and though they are of course incapable
of great speed, they ^v^ll carry weights largely disproportioned to their
size, and keep up a uniform pace of from four to five miles an hour
througliout the day, accomplishing forty, even fifty miles between
morning and evening with apparent ease.

They are gentle, affectionate, easily trained, and as children's horses,
and for all other purposes for which a pony can be at all serviceable, they
are the best of all found in either hemisphere.

The pi"evaihng colors are black, brown, and a dark sorrel.

The Mexican Mitstatig, one of the most Avidely known and distinct of
American ponies, is found chiefly on the prairies of Texas and Mexico.
Hfs origin Is doubtful ; though it is aflirmed that notwithstanding his
diminutive size, and some striking points of degeneracy, there is clear
indication of Spanish origin. It is difficult, however, to account for the
difference between him and other wild horses, that discover in size as
well as In general formation that they are the descendants of animals
left or lost upon the American continent by the early Spanish discoverers
and conquerors.

These ponies are undersized ; of very slight limbs ; often ugly and dis-
proportionately made ; with long neck, long back, and long, slender and
weak posteriors. Their hoofs are often badly formed, tending to flatness
and irregularity. Their heads, however, though long, are lean, well
shaped, and wellset; and their nostrils are wide. Their manes and

THE IIOnSE, DIFFEHENT BREEDS, ETC.

tails are fine. They h;ivc some activity and spirit, and are sometimes
vicious, but not difficult to subdue. In a wild state, they are easily out-
winded by wcll-tramed horses of the larger breeds ; but domestication
seems to have the effect of improving their powers of endurance, as they
do good service for the Comanche Indians as a cavalry horse — carrying
those warriors, and enabling them successfully to evade the pursuit of
well-trained United States cavalry.

Almost every color is found among them.

The Indian Pony, another American, is thought to be a degenerated
Norman — having sprung from horses of that stock brought to Canada by
the first French emigrants, and allowed by some means to escape into
the forests, as was the case -with certain Andalusians farther south.
Wandering, from generation to generation, in those cold regions, and
under circumstances altogether unfavorable to the production of generous
irrowth, they have become dwarfed and in other partlcuhirs modified as
to form. They seem in their present state to be a perfectly distinct
animal ; and they possess many points of excellence. They are found
in the upper Mississippi country, on the borders of Canada, and west of
the great lakes, and are used chiefly by the different tribes of northern
Indians. Great herds of them are found in a wild state on the north-
western prairies.

They are a larger animal than the Mustang, and in most respects far
superior to him. Though he is to be considered a true pony, he is often
thirteen, sometimes even fourteen, hands high. The body is very
strongly built, l)cing round-ribbed, short-barreled, and with powerful
limbs. The neck is thick and short ; the legs are covered with thick
hair, and seem somewhat heavy and clumsy, but they are as firm, mus-
cular, iron-like and sound, as those of the Shetlands. The mane is very
heavy, often falling on both sides of the neck, while the forelocks cover
the eyeri, and give a sort of shaggy appearance about the upper portion
of the head ; the tail is also heavy and generally inclined to be wavy.
They have a high crest, and quite a proud carriage of the head. They
are docile, intelligent, sure-footed, capable of enduring all the rigors ol
a northern Winter, and able to perform long-continued journeys, at a
moderate pace, while carrying or drawing disproportionate burdens. '

Their courage is so high that they do not readily succumb to any hard-
ship, however trying its nature, and though coupled with poorness and
Bcantiuess of fare.

■ '! iU'i'.ti'.ii;

' « .tf ,'■'., Vd'-n^i '.■i,/r'<'iJsW'5w /,;i»»N»;'«, ^r^Hx

CHAPTER V.

■.;UiK.

BBEEDINO ANIJ BAISING

•1?", vyiiYv

' ' . " . ' f . I ^ ',-, if;. .,; ,;';',:<(• 'Hi 'V ■'Vi! , .... , -I , „■., ,i

I. IMPORTANCK OP THB 8UBJ1ECT. II. THE BEST STOCK THK CHEAPK8T. HI. HK-

REDITARY TENDENCIES AND IMMATURITY TO BB GUARDED AGAINST. IV. FRUICI-

PLE8 OP TRANSMISSION. V. THE TWO METHODS, " IN-AND-IN " AND " CROSS" BRKEO<

INQ CONSIDERED. VI. TREATMENT OP THK MARK APTER BEING SERVED, DURING

PREGNANCY, ETC. VII. HOW TO KNOW WHETHER A MARK IS IN POAL. VIH. HOW

TO KNOW TIME OP FOALINO. IX. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THK POAL. X. HOW

TO RAISE COLTS. XI. MULES.

I. Importance of the Subject.

No subject connected with the rearing and use of stock can be of more
importance to the farmer and .stock-grower, the intelligent, practical bus-
iness man, than that of breeding. That it is every way more profitable
to any one who rears and trains a single colt to have that colt of the verj
best rather than of any indiiforent quality is almost too palpable to need
a moment's consideration. That it is possible for every man of observa-
tion and good judgment to improve his stock is equally obvious. There
is no line of work which horses are called upon to perform that has not
its peculiar requirements, that can be better met by some specific kind of
animal than by one chosen at haphazard. It is a matter, then, of the
plainest common sense that every one who means to rear a horse for his
own use should consider befoi'ehand to Avhat purposes he will most prob-
ably devote it. If it is designed for market, he needs no less to consult
his interests by determining what markets are accessable to him, and what
description of animal will be apt to find most ready sale therein, at most
remunerative prices.

For the farmer who wants to breed and rear horses of all work, it
would be manifestly foolish to seek a high-priced pure-blooded race, for his
94

SA"'-'*:*' ,

TUB 1IOK8K, UKKEUINU AND RAISING.

niiires, unless the marcs themselves were of such tyjie as to I'cndcr it
necessary to breed to high and elegant stallions in order to obtain those
niedium-sized, but compai-t, and moderately <iuick-paced animals that are
so well adapted to all the wants of the farmer. '• ' ■ > v i tmi

On the other hand, one wanting a light and fleet animal would set his
iiKonsiderateness in a striking maimer who should so disregard all the dic-
uitcs of sound sense as to hope to succeed by any chance selection of
sither mares or stallions.

II. The Best Stock the Cheapest.

It may be laid down as the iirst rule — a foundation principle — that the
iri\i/ best and purent stock that is really adapted to the end in view should
I'C sought after.

It costs even less to feed a horse of good blood and lineage tlian it does
to maintain a scrub ; it costs no more to shelter him ; it costs less to groom
liim and keep him in condition than it does to keep the scrub from looking
like a scare-crow ; his movement is almost invarial)ly smoother and
steadier for the same rates of speed ; his temper is generally better ; his
l)luek and energy not less so ; and if it is found necessary to put him upon
the market, he brings a better price. The service of a stallion known to
be of good, generous blood, and possessing adecpiate jjowers of transmis-
sidu, nmst of course cost more ; there must be a dam adapted to the
ohtiiining of a foal of the best type possible from such a sire ; but the
])eiiny-wise, pound-foolish policy of refusing to avail one's self of these
advantages, when in the bounds of possibility, is too ap[)arent.

Taking it for granted, then, that the best, in this case, is always the
cheapest — that the finer and purer the horse can be, other things being
('(|ual, the more useful, more easily maintained, and .nore marketable he is
iiound to be, it remains to consider some points that must always be re-
garded by the intelligent breeder, who seeks wisely to adapt moans to
ends rather than to trust to chance.

m. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be Guarded Against.

A caution most needful to be insisted upon at the outset is that
relating to the transmission of tendencies to disease and of actual disease
itself. It seems that no man in his right Senses, knowing the results to
the human family when this consideration is disregarded, would think for
ii moment of utterly ignoring the possibilities of evil consequences ; but
ordinary observation leads to the disclosure of the fact that among
horses diseases and impaired constitutional powers are often transmitted
in this way. Mares at an advanced age, too stiff, too weak, too slow to

ILLUHTRATKU STOCK UOCTOU.

fill'

p ''^

.r; 4

be of any further aetivo use, are turned to aeeoiuit for breodinp purposes
— and the result is, a weak foal, hu-king tiirift and hu^kiuf^ spirit.
Mares haeked al)out until they are ring-honed, spavined, and splinted, or
jM^rhaps dropsieal or with a glanderous tendeney, — no longer useful on
the fjwin or on the road, are relieved from the work whieh they can no
longer do with any <ihance of profit, and sent to the stallion. Result : m
foal with a riekety or knotty osseous system, or with a tendency to sonic
form of dropsy, or ready, in the presence of any exciting cause, to
develop a case of glanders. And so of other disorders, more especially
of roaring, thick-wind, l)lindness, contracted feet, gi'ease, and affections
of the brain and nervous system. Some mares have a peculiar predispo-
sition to surfeit, some to swelled legs, some to vertigo, som(^ to a sort of
unaeeountjible viciousness. No wis(^ breeder can afford to disregard thcHC
things. If ho wishes to rear a horse for service, ho wants a sound foal ;
for he knows he can get from such a one more work for less cost
than from one unsound in bone, musc^le, secretions or integument.
If he designs to breed for market he is aware that neither u pun}^ nor :i
diseased creature can bo palmed off there either to his protit or his credit.

To insure healthy, active, thrifty progeny, then, the dam must l)c
sound and vigorous; and this is no less true of the sire. We dwell less
upon the latter because it is of far less frequent oc<'urrence for a broken
down and diseased stallion to be kept for the service of mares than for
mares of this description to be put to breeding because they are known
to be fit for nothing else, but are erroneously deemed useful for this.
The condition of the stallion, however, must not be overlooked. Every
breeder must have a care to choose a vigorous stallion, and one free from
blemishes, mal-formation and hereditary taints.

Nor should mares be put to breeding too young. They should be full
grown and vigorous, and when their powers begin to fail they should no
longer be subjected to this service. It is the practice of some to begin
to breed at two years of age. This is injurious to the mare, and
othcrAvise unprofitable to the owner. The gi'owth of the mare is
hindered ; her form is modified both by the weight of the stallion and bv
carrying the foal. And the foal itself is apt to lack fullness and power.
Yet, it takes from the young mother that sustenance which she needs for
her own development, so that she is dwarfed, while it grows up a more
or less puny creature — of insufficient v.alue to compensate for the injury
done to the dam. No mare should be so used till she is at least three
years old — four would be the better and more profitable age. It is said
that mares which are .allowed to mature, and are well treated afterwards,
will not lose enough of their natural vigor to disqualify them for bringing
forth good foals till after they are twenty years old ; but it is idle to

f • ■ !

TIIK HOUSE, IIKKRDINO AND ItAISINO.

vxpcct good, strong, wcU-forincd, thrifty, and spirited offspring from u
luiirt' that iH either too young or too old ; or that is subjected, oven in
•jiiiturity, to hard work, poor and insufficient food, and (Tuel handling.

' rv. Prinoiplea of Tranamission.

Lot us next notice this principle, that when the dam and the inre both
iHisxens a due amount of vigor, the foal will combine in itnelf the mom
warkfd charai'teristics of both; while any quality that in peculiar to either
\,f them is apt to be prominent in the offspring. This applies to both dis-
,;()siti()n and physical conformation.

It will be seen from this statement that no matter what the gononil line
of policy to be pursued by the breeder, that of in-and-in, ov that of
rrnmug, he must select his stallions and mares with the vicnv to having
Olio supplement the other. If the njaro is defici(!nt in any point, the
iiorso should be full or predominant there, and vice verm; and if any i)e-
(iiliar trait is desired, that should be very strongly developed in either
Aw or dam, while merely nominal in the other.

Another special point to be considered is this : that for the production
of 11 full-formed, symmetrical, vigorous, and thrifty foal, the mare should
{if proportionately larger than the horse. An overgrown stallion, of great
power, serving a marc of diniinutive size, or of size somewhat less in jiro-
portion than his own, will beget her a strong embryo that will require
inoi'o room and more nourishment than the mare can afford ; and the result
must be weakness, and, probably, deformity — almost inevitably diniinutive
t-izt". Men's minds were particularly called to this fact in Great Britain
when, during a course of years, the farmers of Yorkshire thought that by
Itii'eding their mares to the very largest stallions they could find, and
without regard to the size of the mare, they could meet the demand in
Loudon for great overgrown horses, which it was then the fashion to drive
in toiiches and other hi ivy carriages. The result was a rai;o of almost
worthless creatures.

Ill other points than mere size, more depends upon the selection of the
mare than that of the horse. The great majority are mares bred after
their own stock unless the stallion is so powerful as to neutralize or ov(U'-
coiuo this physiological peculiarity ; so that it is necessary for her to be of
2ood lineage if the best i-esults are wanted. If she has come from dis-
wised, vicious, or m any way evil ancestry, though she may bo free from
perceptible taint, the bad pomts of her stock will very probably appear
ill hor offspring. This principle makes it necessary to have a regard for
her color and for the color that is known to have been prevalent in her
line, since any dirty, vari-tfnted, and otherwise disagreeable colors may
appear in a foal of hers if her progenitors have had such a hue.'

^7'

a I

98 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

V. The two Methods, "In-and-in" and "Cross" Breeding Considered,

As for the two leading methods of breeding, circumstances generally
determine which the farmer or other breeder on a jnoderate scale is to
adopt. He is now almost always under the absolute necessity of ciross-
ing; and the main point with him is, Iiow to cross, in order to secure tho
best results. The main directions are already laid down, with sufficient
minuteness to enable anyone of ordinary intelligence to judge as to tlie
best means. One point must not be overlooked, that really to improve
the stock of horses as to blood — to obtain a strain that has the power (if
transmitting itself, and of so continuing in a steady line of improvement,
recourse must be had to pure blooded horses. The English racer or
thoroughbred is almost our sole reliance in this resi^ect ; although an
Arab may occasionally bo found. The true Norman Percheron is
endowed with this characteristic of pure-blooded horses — he has great
powers of impressing himself upon his offspring, and perpetuating tlie
strain ; but he is too heavy for the ordinary run of mares in this country- ;
and if heavy draft stock rather than the lighter horse of all work is
wanted, the Percheron mare should also be used — or some other of equal
length and weight. Good mares of the common mixed breeds in the
United States, bred to the light Arab, Barb, or thorough-bred stallions,
will almost invariably produce foals partaking of their own size and
strength, and of the finer forms, acti\-ity, and wind of the stallion. It k
difficult to lay down any specific rule for crossing. The whole matter
must be left to the good sense of the breeder, afver the general stato-
ment of principles previously set forth. If the breeder has in view ii
mere racer, and is unable to obtain both thorough-bred mare and stallion,
let him seek the racing stallion, at least, and one that will, as previously
directed, supplement his mare — supply the points in which she is want-
ing for that specific purpose. If he wishes a trotter, the same care must
be observed. As trotting horses are of late days in gi'eat demand in the
United States, we insert here a cut of one of the most celebrated of the
Old World trotters, the "Marshland Shales," a horse foaled m 1802,
and which was known to old age as the very best in the British Isles.
A careful study of his conformation will be of advantiige to those wh/i
seek to learn the peculiar points of a horse of known excellence. He
was a half-bred ; and the impression long prevailed among the si)Oi'tiiig
men of England, (if it is even yet extinct), that no pure thorough-l)reil
nor Arabian could excel as a trotter. ,

Now, let the reader compare him with "Dervish," and note the point?
of difference. "Dervish " was a little bay Arab, exceedingly fine, and
remarkable for a darting or straight trot — throwing out his fore-leg and

THE HORSE, BKEEDING AND RAISING.

straiofftteiiing the knee before the foot touched the ground. He was
sound, hardy, and a powerful foal-getter ; and a cross Avith such a horse,
upon any well-formed, large and reasonably long-bodied mare, would be

apt to produce the beau ideal of a trotter — moderately large, long, yet
compact, and with light and clean yet jjowerful limbs.

Notice particularly the cut representing "Gold Dust," a Kentucky
horse, foaled near Lexington, the property of L. L. Dorsey, a few years
prior to the civil war. He was mixed blooded, having been sired by

100

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Vermont Morgiiii, a great trotter, while his dam had in her both Arabian
and thorough-bred blood.

It is worthy of consideration on the part of the breeder that the colts
of "Gold Dust" showed stronger marks of their Arabian and EngUsh

ancestrv, which came by his dam's side, and remotely, than of titf
Morijan, his sire, so superior is the pure blooded horse as a transiiiittfrl
of his own qualities, and au improver of breed. " Gold Dust" is woilli} f

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THE HORSE, BIIEEDINO AND RAISING.

101

of study. Ho was not only beautiful, but a horse of the finest action — ■
a fast walker and famous as a trotter. When native American stallions
such as he can be found, the owner of good mares need not repine if he
finds it impossible to oome at the much-to-be-desired pure blooded

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foreigner. He may rest assured of gettinf;: nnprovcd colts, and of such
<hanu'tor as will, if judiciously handled, perpetuate, to some extent at
least, their own ffood qualities.
If it is heavy draft stock that is to be sought, the Norman Percherou

102

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

n\:'

,!(■ m

H: 1;

stallion, as we have previously intimated, ought to be had, provided the
breeder has mares of such size as to render it judicious to put them to so
large a horse ; othenvise, tlie Norman Percheron mare may be most
I'.dvantageously bred to some native stallion, say a Morgan, a good
Canadian, or some other comiaactly built and quick-paced horse.

But it is unnecessary to extend these suggestions. If the breeder will
consider with care what he really wants, and observe the points uiwu
which we have touched, he will be at no loss to judge intelligently Avhat
course to pursue when ^ross-breeding is his onh' resource. He niuv
often, of course, find it difficult to obtain just the stallion which his
judgment tells him he should have for his class of mares ; but this is a
pointed argument in favor of that care- which our farmers should long
ago have exercised in this matter. Intelligent attention to the imiarove-
nient of our stock throughout the Union will soon make it possible for
them to select their stallions, rather than to be forced to take up with
every hack that comes along with a flourish of red surcingles and a
wonderful pedigree, manufactured to order.

As to in-and-in breeding, but little need be said. All the long-winded,
voluminous, and learned discussions of the subject have resulted in
adding but little more to our stock of knowledge than this : that too
close in-and-in breeding is likely to bring about weakness, malformation,
and general deterioration ; but that to fix and preserve and intensify ii
certain strain, the Jew, (to speak in a figure), must not intermarry with
the heathens round about him. In other words, to have true Morgans,
both sire and dam must be of that stock, though of different families :
to keep up the real Norman Percheron horse, we must have Norman
Percherons, both male and female, to breed from ; and so on.

The objection to close in-and-in breeding seems to be here : that
nearness of kin is apt to be associated Avith likeness of qualities, both
physical and mental, (if we may so speak of the horse) ; and thus the great
requirement that one parent must supplement the other is not complied
with. If there is a weak point in both, the weakness is perpetuated and
made worse, whereas i^ weak point in one should be counteracted by a
correspondingly strong point in the other. If it could be known with
absolute certainty that two animals, close of kin, had strongly marked
opposite traits of character, constitution and conformation, they might
be bred to each other, and with the best of results. Such is sometimes
the case ; but it is not likely to be, and the rule should be as we have
said — let the strain be the same, but the kinship as far removed a.'-
possible. This is believed by the most candid observers to be the secret of |
Arab success. The individual breeder knows not alone his own animal.'.
but those of his tribe, and of other tribes as well. Moreover, the Aral»*

THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

103

are close observers and astute judges of horse flesh, and an intelligent
son of the Desert could by no reasonable means be niduced to breed his
mare to a stallion in which his eye had marked some weakness or evil
tendency which he knew the marc likewise to possess, however slight the
indications might be in either.

Then, to recapitulate briefly : if the breeder has it in his power to keep
up a certain stock, let him guard against the slightest admixture of heathen
blood ; and to be as sure as possible of no evil results, let him look to se-
curing sires and dams as widely removed from kinship as possible ; but he
ciin never afford to disregard the point previously so much insisted upon,
iis a principle to be observed in crossing, that if either parent has a fault,
the other must be correspondingly strong there.

VI. Treatment of the Mare After Being Served, During Pregnancy, eto.

It is proper r jxt to notice some little matters of detail in connection
with the man vgement of brood mares.

Forty-four weeks is regarded as the time wliich a mare goes with foal ;
but this must be taken as mean time, since one occasionally brings forth
a perfect colt four or five weeks sooner, and others will go equally as long
l)eyond this period. When once the time of a mare is known, the breeder
can generally regulate her going to the horse so as to have the colt appear
at whatever season he consideres most desirable, but without this knowl-
edge he cannot, l ' > ' .., ^-rf-v. . t; . . ;

After having been served by a horse, the mare should be allowed to
stand idle awhile, as conception will be far more apt to take place if she
IS left to herself. If put to brisk motion, or to any strain immediately
after copulation, she is apt to fail of conception. She should also be kept
away from string-proud or badly castrated geldings, not onl}'- at this
period, but during her entire pregnancy, as they are apt to worry her to
the casting of the conception, or, at a later period, to slinking the foal.

After she has been allowed a reasonable season of quiet, moderate work
will be rather beneficial than injurious ; and this may be kept up until
al)out the time of foaling. Special care should always be exercised to
guard her against being kicked, heavily thrown, or inordinately strained
in any way.

It sometimes occurs that at the time of foaling, a false presentation is
made, producing difliculty of delivery ; but no reliable instructions can be
here given as to what course to pursue in these cases ; and it is best to
seek the aid of some skillful veterinary surgeon.

The mare which has had a colt will be found in season sometime within
the next thirty days, and she ought to go to the horse at this time if she
IS to be bred at all. The ninth day after foaling will generally be found

104

ILLU8TBATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

to be the right time. Whenever iiidicutions of heiit are discovered, the
matter should not be delayed, as the season may pass off and not return.
After putting, the days of trial are the ninth, then, if she refuses, the
seventh after this, and upon a second refusal, the fifth after this, which
is sufficient to prove her. ,•-„,.-

Vn. How to Enow Whether a Mare is in Foal.

It is often important for both breeders and traders to know whether a
mare is really in foal ; and one writer has published the following direc-
tions for determining this point, which he says may be implicitly relied on :

"After the first service of the horse, and before the next trial, on ex-
ainining the vagina, or bearing, if conception has not taken place it will
be of a fresh, bright, or florid and moist appeai'ance, with a clear drop
appearing at the lower part, and which, if touched, will mcline to extend;
but if conception is present, a different appearance of the surface of the
vagina will be presented. It will be found dry, and of a duty brown or
rust color ; and a dark, brown looking drop will reiylace the former clear
drop. When these latter appearances are present, pregnancy may be re-
garded as certain."

Vm. How to Enow Time of Foaling.

Two days, (in some mares only one), before foaling, a sort of sticky
substance will be found protruding from each teat, somewhat resembling
drops of milk. Care should now be taken to provide a suitable place for
her, as this is a certain indication of near delivery. She should be
removed from other animals, and a careful person should see to her often
enough to guard against accidents. , .;;<,/';

Before the signs referred to, as shown by the teats, however, there is
on each side of the spinal colunni, from the tail to the haunch, a furrow-
like fold ; and the bag will generally be found considerably increased in
size. These signs show that delivery is not very remote, but cannot be
relied on to denote the day. ; >

IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal.

When about half the time of pregnancy is passed, more than ordinary
pains should be taken with the mare, as it is at this time, if at all, that
she is apt to slink. She ought now to have better feeding, and even
gentler handling than she had previously ; though at all times the owner
but consults his own interests when he carefully guards her against ill
usage. She has more need of food, and is less able, at this time, to
endure hunger, as the rapid growth of the foetus makes a constant an

THK HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

105

severe draft upon her system. Want of care may cause abortion ; and
if a mare once casts her foal, she is apt to do so at a corresponding period
of prcniancy afterwards, — more especially if like provocation occurs.

Various other causes of abortion, some of Avhich may be briefly adverted
to, for the purpose of pointing out certain preventive measures and sug-
ircstiii"" others. Blows, strains, and any violent excitement may have
this effect ; and it is said that to allow a mare to see and smoU food to
which she has been accustomed, and of which she is fond, without suffer-
iiiw her to eat of it, will cause slinking. Feeding hogs or other stock
upon corn, in sight of a mare that is not also thus fed, is, for this reason
dangerous. Sympathy is a known cause : a pregnant mare, seeing an-
other cast her foal, is apt to be affected in like manner. Nervous spasms,
or a sort of animal hysteria, resulting from sympathy of the womb with
a diseased stomach or other organ, occasionally results in causing the
foal to be cast. Some affirm that a smell of blood, or of freshly slaugh-
tered meat, will do it. , ' *r^i ••ii<i>' "''^S

If a mare slinks because of a hurt, a strain, or some acute attack of
disease, she is not apt to fall into the habit of abortion, provided proper
care is taken to guard against exciting causes at a corresponding period
of her next pregnancy.

When once this tendency is established, however, it is difficult to coun-
teract it, as the slinking is more than likely to take place at times when
the mare is not under observation. If symptoms of casting chance to be
discovered in time, it may be prevented by promptly burning pigeon
feathers, (or those of other birds, if these cannot be obtained), on a hot
pan, or a pan of coals, and holding them so that she will be obliged to
inhale the smoke. ...,,.,.,-.

Z. How to Baise Colts.

If the colt is healthy and thriving, he should be weaned at from five to
six months old. If allowed to run with the dam after this period, he is
an unnecessary burden to her, since he has already learned to pick up
and devote to his own use other sustenance, and he may most judiciously
he taken away. If at this time the dam is still inclined to furnish milk
!io I'opiousl}' as to render the udder painful to her, she should be looked
after for a few days, to see that the over fullness does not result in inflam-
mation and swelling. If necessary, draw away the milk by hand once
ii day for three days. It is a good plan to keep her at this time on dryer
food than usual, and at more than ordinarily steady work. This course
^vill tend to prevent the secretion of the usual quantity of milk, and the
udder will soon be dry.

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106

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No matter how well born a colt may be he can never amount to
anything if raised a starveling. If the dam is what she should be, he
will have been furnished with abundant sustenance from the time of
conception to that of delivery, which is one of the secrets of full-formed,
finely-proportioned, vigorous foals. From foal-time to weaning ho will
have been kept vigorous and growing by the quantity and character of
the milk furnished him, together with such little food as he has early
learned to partake of at the manger and in the pasture of the dam. And
now, upon being weaned, it is of the utmost imiiortance that he have
liberal food and sufficient protection from the inclemencies of the
weather. This must be carefully attended to during the whole period of
growth if he is expected to niake any adequate return to the owner,
Bruised oats and bran have been recommended as the very best food to
be given for a considerable time after weaning. In any event let his
food be supplied with regularity ; and it must be nutritious, yet of such
kind and so disposed as to be easily partaken.

He should not be stabled too much, nor in any otaer way too closely
confined — being allowed all that range and exposure to out-door weather
common to older stock in the more clement seasons ; but he should never
be left out in cool rains nor in the storms and biting cold of Winter. If
a place is provided in which he may always shelter himself when the
condition of the weather inclines him to seek cover, it will save troubk
and yet insure a natural growth and that hardihood which comes of
sufficient contact with cold and heat. For this purposs a straw I'iok is
sometimes recommended — so constructed as to furnish shelter on the
leeward side. This will give at the same time both bedding and a light
species of food.

Provision nmst of course be made for his obtaining readily, and at
such times as the wants of imture may dictate, plenty of pure wator—
the purer the better.

Thus much as to food, drink, and shelter. Another jioint of impor-
tance must not be omitted in his raising, that is, familiai-izing him with
his master or with whomsoever has charge of him. He should be
handled sufficiently and in such a way as thoroughly to overcome all
shyness, and to h^ad him to feel that man is his friend. This confidence
once established, his training — when the proper time comes for that — will
l)e easily and successfully accomplished ; his subsequent relations with his
master will be always pleasant, and his value thereby much enhanced.

And tiiis, indeed, touches a fundamental principle in the care of ail dumb
beasts. Lead tliem to recognize that man is their friend ; that they can depend
on iiim to advance their comforts, and to secure their welfare.

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THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING.

XI. Mules.

107

The breeding and rearing of mnles, so common in many portions of
the United States, requires more than a passing consideration. To obtain
the best results in crossing with the ass demands as rauuh intelligent care
as in the case of the horse : and the mule-breeder will find it much to his
advantage thoroughly to inform himself as to how these results are to
be obtained.

Many mistakeu impressions prevail as to the relative usefulness of the
mule, as compared with the cost of breeding and maintenance.

It is thought by the inexperienced that he is almost equally adapted to
every kind of draft work to which the horse may be put ; that his power
as ii pack-animal is nmcsh greater than that of the horse ; that his endur-
ance is greater ; that he can subsist on less food ; and that he demands
every way less care. All these things are set down to his advantage ; but
ill most instances the impressions are wholly erroneous. As a general
thing, he is not well adapted to road or to city purposes at all. Especially
are hard roads and pavements destructive to him if he is large of body
and disproportionately small of leg. He is not so stout as a horse of
proportionate size ; he is utterly incapa])le of carrying so great burdens
as some have represented, even if loaded and attended by experienced
packers, — particularly if the journey is to be continuous and the roads
are at all heavy ; his powers of endurance are not greater than those of
tiie hardier kinds of horses ; he will consume as much food as a horse of
proportionate size, if required to do like work and to maintain a like con-
dition ; and as to care, he can do without it — so can a horse — but both
fail thereby of that eminent thriftiness, sprightliness and longevity which
is to be expected of animals to which it is extended.

On the other hand, and to his discredit, it is commonly thought that
he is naturally vicious, and wholly incapable of appreciating kindly treat-
ment — that the only way to control him is by violence. Hence, those
who handle him generally feel as though they are justifiable in whipping,
beating, kicking and whatsoever other cruelties they may choose to inflict.
This is a grievous, foolish and wicked mistake. The mule has one means
of defense, and his heels are dangerous to those who wantonly provoke
or startle him and place themselves in his way. His long ears are sensi-
tive, and by roughly handling them his combativeness is easily aroused,
and distrust is awakened to that degree that renders him almost unman-
ageable. Yet, the mule may be so raised and trained as to make him
gentle, obedient, even affectionate and ready to follow his master like a
dog — so trusty that only the one always necessary precaution need be
observed in dealing with him — to keep out of the way of his heels, whioh

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IIXUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

he throws out as instinctively when startled, irritated or approached by a
ptranser, as a cat thrusts out her claws. It has been remarked that.
♦•when a mule gets perfectly gentle, he is unfit for service ;" and that,
taken in connection with the prevailing method of training him, is doubt-
less true ; but there is a better way, and, if followed, it would result as
we have stated above.

Now, while the mule is not adapted to everything, and endowed with
powers that ai-e ado(|uatc to endure starvation and brutal treatment while
in the performance of hard and faithful service, he is admirably calcu-
lated to meet many of the wants of individuals and corporations ; and his
breeding, rearing and training are matters for intelligent coiisideraticjn.
For supplying the army he cannot be replaced ; for towing canal boats
he answers admiral)ly ; for hauling cars inside of coal mines, he is indis-
pensable ; for the general knock-about work of a farm he is good in all
temperate climates ; and in a cotton and sugar country, where it is warm
and sandy, he is most especially valuable. Though he cannot endure
everything and still meet every requirement of a heartless task-master, he
is yet gifted with a hardihood that is admirable, and recuperative powers
that are astonishing. Seemingly half dead, utterly broken down and
worthless, he will, with a little rest and care, soon be again ready for
service.

In breeding for mules no less attention should be paid to the selection
of suitable mares and a suitable jack than in the case of horses. It is
folly to use old, Avorn-out, diseased, ill-formed, ill-conditioned mares, and
yet hope to obtain a good foal. As a general thing a great, overgrown,
long-legged mule is next to worthless. He is expensive to keep and
unreliable as a Avorker — lacking wind, sti'ength and nimbleness. The
medium-sized, clean, compact mule is by all odds the best, unless a team
can be found to combine more than the ordinary height Avith round bodies,
not disposed to fleshiness, and larger, stronger legs than usual, with feet
above the common size — which is seldom the case. The Spanish or
Mexican nnile — the offspring of stout, dose-built, active Mustang or
Mexican mares is superior in endurance to any known in the United
States. He requires less food, takes it quicker, and is always in better
fix for travel. If it is more profitable to raise good animals than poor
ones, (and no man of ordinary intelligence can doubt this proposition),
select mares for mule bearing that are sound, compactly built, and yet
without any contractedness of body — active, strong, every way service-
able. Then, the choice of a suitable jack is important — doubly so from
the fact that the great majority of mares breed after the jack in the
matter of legs and feet, and, if it is a good and poAverful jack, the foal
will generally bear his marks, which is a matter of some imnortance,

the better, otl

THE HORSE, MRKKDINO AND RAIHINCJ.

109

)i\we inuk's so nmrked are ahviiys rojjriirdod by oxpon-^ncod sto(;k iiicii ^l.s
being most hardy and valuable. The jack should be large — the larger
the better, other things being equal, sinee it i.s imnr-o.^ible to find one so

much surpassing in size the mares we have described as to render him
objectionable on account of disproportion, as may easily be the case with

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a norne. Moat especially must the breeder have an eye to his legs and
feet ; for here, if at all, the mule is upt to be a failure — having a horse's
body, ready to take on flesh beyond his requirements, mounted on legs
that are too slight of bone and too small of muscle, with feet below the
standard size for highest usefulness.

The cut on preceding page is a portrait of a large and powerful Poitoii
ass, an animal much valued in that district of France for breeding heavy
draft mules from cart nmres. The one here represented has liecn de-
scribed as being fourteen and one-fourth hands high ; greatest girth,
seventy-seven inches ; girth behind the shoulders, sixty-six inches ; length
of ear, fifteen inches ; ears, tip to tip across, thirty-two inches ; with
hoofs much larger than those of the common ass. Compare him with
the small, light ass, now in too common use among us. The differ,
ence seems to be almost one of kind ; and with these representations in
his mind, no observant stock-grower can be persuaded to put up with a
poor pretense of a jack for the service of hia mares.

As for the treatment of mares that are to be thus bred, no farther
directions need be laid down, since it must be substantially the same as
that prescribed for the breedinj< of horse foals. The like instructions
relative to weaning, feeding, and sheltering the colt must also be carried
out ; and too much importance cannot be attached to beginning early the
work of familiarizing him with man. He should be taught to regard his
keepers without fear, to allow himself to be haltered, and readily to
submit to direction and guidance. If this is done, he will be easily
trained, when the proper time shall have arrived f and if properly handled
and judiciously taught then, he will be not only a useful, but a trustv
and asi'eeable animal.

I. ('

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I *

CHAFTEB VI.

HOW TO BaSAK AND TBAIN A HOBSB.

AMERICAN VS. KNGUaH F0AL8. II. AT WICANINQ TIMK. III. THK TOUT LK8SON.^-<

IV. TRAINING. V. TRAINING TO WORK. VI. TRAINING TO BACK. VII. TRAINING

TO SADDLE AND HARNESS. VIII. TO HANDLE A HOR8B. IX. HOW TO HANDLE A

VICIOUS COLT. X. SADDLING AND HARNESSING. XI. HOW TO SUBDUE A VICIOUS

HORSE. XII. HOW TO TRAIN TO THE SADDLE. XIII. TRAINING TO TROT IN HAR-

tjB88. XIV. HOW TO TRAIN TO TROT IN LIGHT HARNESS. XV. HOW TO TRAIN FOR

THE PLOW. XVI. TRAINING TO THE WACON. XVII. HOW TO TRAIN A RAGBR.

XVIII. TRAINING A STALLION

I. American vs. English Foals.

It is a common remark among Englishmen visiting America that our
horses are more easily controlled and managed in the breaking in and
training than English horses, and hence they have been led into the error
of supposing that they were deficient in courage and spirit. Nothing
could be farther from the fact. The true reason is, the growing foals in
the United States are more the companions of the children of the farmer
than in England. They are not as a rule, beaten and abused, and thus
do not find their real powers of resistance as they do in England under
the handling of hirelings of little intelligence, and almost no education.
In the United States the fondling of the colts and fillies commences
ahnost with birth. They are special pets of the boys of the family. On
the farm, and even on the road, the mares are often regularly worked
with the colts running at the feet, a very bad plan for the celts, and
« 111

112

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

7 1^

especially so for the mares, but which, nevertheless, early accustoms the
young animals to strange sights, while it venders them tame and confiding.

n. At Weaning Time.

The true education of the colt or filly should begin early ; at weaning
time. They should then be haltered and taught to lead, to stand quietly
in the stall when tied. After this is thoroughly understood the colts may
then have their liberty, for there is nothing more healthful, or better
calculated to develop those powers necessary to the exhibition of speed,
endurance, or groat muscular exertion, than constant, every-day exercise,
which all young animals naturally take in their play, and this often of
the most violent character.

I£I. Tho First Lesson.

.■^;'fi

The first lesson the young foal should be taught is to come readily at
call. This is easily accomplished by providing one's self with delicacies,
such as sugar and salt, of which horses ai'e especially fond. If there are
a number of them they will all take the lessons together, and easier, for
the most intelligent will assist the others. At the same ime they must
be taught to be quiet by a light tap of the whip to unnily ones.

In haltering, the colt or filly should be approached from the near sidt,
the halter in both hsuids. Let the colt smell it until it no longer fears it.
when, holding it properly in the left hand the right hand may be passed
over the colt's neck and taking the strap of the halter it may be drawn
on and buckled almost before the colt knows it. In case the colt should
be wild, shy, or vicious, it must be confined in some place where the
halter may be put on, but no haste must be manifested, until at the
moment when it is to be buckled. Then do it quietly and quickly. If
very strong, two ends of rope, each ten feet long, should be attached to
the ring of the halter, and a free passage out of the stable allowed, one
man holding each rope. In the case of a colt three or more years old,
and strong, these ends should be twenty feet long, and the halter should
have a cavcsson so the muzzle will be pinched during violent struggles.
The men holding the ropes — there may be one or more, according to the
struggles of the animal — are not to seek to throw the colt or horse, but
simply to restrain him in his struggles to escape. The yard should be
soft so that if the colt falls it will not be injured. But if the animal
does fall, when down it should be firmly held so for five minutes, or until
resistance entirely ceases. As a rule, before the expiration of fifteen
minutes, the colt will take a lick of salt from the hand and thereafter
follow quietly. As soon as the colt gives up he should be led to the stable,

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

tied, "iven a little water and fed, and then be left to himself, being
certain he can neither break the halter or injure himself. As before
stated, the foal once haltered, taught to stand quietly, and to lead kindly
it may then be given its liberty until of the proper age for training. The
animal three years old and over once in hand should be thoroughly

broken a»d made waywise without delay.

■ 1 .- ■

^'\ ■. IV. Training. .^,,. \,,^,., ;^^^,,.'_.,y -."^ ,-,. ,;t

The regular training of a colt or filly should begin at the age of two
years past. There are many urgent reasons for this ; first, the animal has
neither the full strength, nor the disposition to resist, that it will have at
a more mature age ; second, it is more tractable, and will acquire its. les-
sons more easily ; third, it will not have contracted habits of self-will
difficult to be broken off ; and fourth, lessons in flexions of the body may
be taught that will naturally increase its usefulness in whatever direction
it may be wanted.

In the whole manner of breaking and training the trainer must not only
understand himself, but the young horse as well and also as of special
importance, the particular use for which the animal is intended. If the
colt is of cold blood, that is of no particular breeding, it will not pay to
spend much time on its education. It is simply to be taught to lead qui-
etly, to stand still to be harnessed and unharnessed, to be accustomed to
the ordinary sights and objects he will encounter, to work quietly at the
plow, or other farm implements, and to the wagon on the road, and to
stand quietly when tied on the public streets. If to be trained as a road
horse, or as a saddle horse, or both, or as a hunting horse, a trotting
horse, or a racer, all these will require special, and sometimes, long <!on-
tiuued lessons according as the animal is intelligent and tractable or
otherwise. It should always be remembered, however, that there is
nothing gained by cruelty and abuse. A contrary animal may be punished,
but it should always be done calmly and with judgment.

V. Training to Work.

The first lesson for any use is implicit and perfect obedience to the will
of the master. This thoroughly accomplished the rest of the task is com-
paratively easy, it is only a question of time. It is supposed the animal
is entirely free from acquired vice, that it has been halter broken, and
taught to stand quietly at the end of the halter, to follow quietly, to lead
by the side of the master, and to stand quietly in the stable.

The next step is to procure a l)itting bridle, a strong bridle with a heavy
smooth snaifle bit with a tongue piece and keys depending from the center

114

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i'l.

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iV}-

iM ■

of the bit, it must also have a check rein that may be lengthened or
sliortened, and two side straps one on each side. The harness is simply
a very wide strong surcingle, with padded back piece, having at the top a
strap and buckle to form a loop for tlie check rein and also a buckle on
each side of the surcingle in which to buckle co side straps. To the rear
of the pad of the circingle is attached a back strap and round crupper
strap, the latter to buckle and unbuckle.

Take the harness, and approaching the colt in the stall, let him smell
it until satisfied, then put it on without undue haste or fuss. If the colt
is nervous or skittish, talk to him and take time. The harness on, put
on the bridle, giving plenty of length to the check rein and side straps,
so the colt Avill not be unduly hampered, and let it out in a smooth, tight
yard, following it about with the whip under the arm. Sometimes a stronti;
colt will struggle and sweat violently, but if he has been properly handled
tieretofore, he will take the subjection pretty much as a matter of course.
Let him exercise an hour a day for a few daj's, tightening the check rein
and side straps gradually, until his head is brought into proper position.
but not a constrained position. When he ceases to fret at the harness,
pass the snap of a leading rope through the near ring of the bit and snap
it into the off one. This rope should be about fifteen feet long. Taking
the end in the hand, exercise the colt in a circle, allowing him to walk if
he will. When somewhat tired let him stop and standing in front of
him, say come, tapping him lightly on the fore-legs Avith the whip. If he
pulls, hold him firmly, but without undue violence while he resists, tap-
ping him on the fore-legs at intervals, using the word co7ne. He will
soon find the way to escape the whip to be to get near to you. Then
fondle him and give him a trifle of sugar or salt and let him follow to the
stable. So proceed from day to day, exercising him in a circle both to
the right and left, (lunging it is called), gradually increasing his pace to
a fair trot, until he will work as 3'ou want him, turning at the word to the
right or left circle, or to stand and come to his master at the word of
command. ^ .

VI. Learning to Back. . ,

This is one of the most diflScult things to teach a colt properly, and
one most commonly slurred over. No horse is properly trained for the
most simple use, until he will back as readily and as perfectly as he will
go forward. It should be taught him while in the bitting harness, so
that at the command to back he will do so to the extent of one or more
steps. This is done first by standing in fuont of the colt and taking n
j'ein in each hand ; or take hold of the rings of the bits themselves. At ^

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

115

the word back, use pressure enough to curb the neck somewhat, but not
enough to force the body in such a position as to cause the center of
gravity of the animal to be strongly displaced. In backing, a hind leg
should be lifted first, then a fore leg, and so on in rotation, the reverse as
in walking. When the animal will back promptly and in line for ten or
fifteen steps consecutively, the further lessons may be safely left until
the time when the rider is in the saddle or in the vehicle behind the
horses. Sometimes the motion may be made by standing at the side of
the animal. However it is accomplished, if strong resistance is made
the lesson must begin again and again until it is entirely comprehended
and well executed. When so, a slice of sweet apple, carrot, a little
suofar, or*something the animal likes may be given it.
./. -.

vn. Training to Saddle. and Harness.

We have stated that the colt should be broken at two years old. At
this age, however, it should never be put to hard labor. The work at
two years old should be more in the nature of exercise than anything
else, and this exercise should bd to insure proper flexions of the body and
limbs than for the amount of work the animal will accomplish, bearing
in mind always, as before stated, what the animal is designed for. If as
a saddle horse solely, or in connection with light driving, it is absolutely
essential that the flexions should be thorough. The word flexion is but
another name for rendering the head, neck, body and limbs perfectly
supple. The animal must first have been rendered so quiet and obedient
that he will not strongly resist the will and action of the trainer.

Put a bridle with a ciirb-bit on the colt, being careful to know that it

fits and that there is space between the chain and jaw, so the finger can

be easily slipped between. Standing in front of the horse, seize the right

curb-rein with the right hand, about six inches from the branch of the

! bit, and the left rein with the left hand at about half the distance from

[the branch. Draw the right hand towards the body, pushing at the

same time with the left, so as to turn the bit in the horse's mouth. If

[the horse backs, continue the operation until he yields. When the horse

flexes his jaw and lowers his head, let the left hand slip along the rein to

the same distance as the right, then drawing the two reins equally bring

the head near the breast, and hold it there oblique and perpendicular,

until it is sustained of itself. The horse will give notice by champing

(the bits. ' ?

The jaw is flexed to the left by a contrary move as given above. So
[the horse may be fnade to hold his head up, and perpendicular, to lower
jit, so the trainer can make the horse flex his neck to the right and left.

*16

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I !

Standing at his shoulder, the trainer may make him move the hind-legg
to one side or the other, the fore-legs remaining stationary, or to move
the tore piirts in a circle the hind-legs remaining intact, and this by meang
that will naturally suggest themselves.

But in all this there must be no ill temper displayed by the trainer no
matter how bad the horse vu".y act. Even if it be necessary to punish
him the operator must be perfectly cool, never speaking in a loud voice
or doing anything to cause undue resistance in the animal. The object
is to teach the animal subjection to the will of^man, and this can never
be done by intemperate violence. Our practice has always been to break
at two years old so the animal may become way-wise, tiexible t6 the bit,
to draw light loads, and under the saddle to walk, trot, or gallop, at com-
mand. Then at the age of three to four years, we let it again have ife
liberty. The reason of this is, at this age the colt is shedding some prin-
cipal teeth, and therefore not fit for work. If the lessons have been
carefully given they will never be forgotten. If however he be properly
fed, in the stable, he may contiime to do light work through his third and
fourth year. In no case, however, should ho be put to heavy draft until
he is five years past. As a carriage horse, the animal should not have 1
hard work until he is the same age. Then he will get better and better
until eight years old, and often do good service at the age of fifteen to
eighteen and sometimes when past twenty years of age. There are more
horses ruined between the ages of four and five years than at any other]
age.

^' vm. To Handle a Horse. ,. V

As we have stated, the foal should be handled as early as possible, and
by different persons, to early accustom it to different sights and sounds,
but always gently. It sh<mld be carefully brushed so as not to irritate I
it ; its feet should be lif ' .■ • and lightly tapped with a hammer ; a head
stall should be put on the foal having a ring but no strap, but so the
strap may be attached at anytime to lead and exercise it. Thus, the [
trainer beside it, the colt may be taught to walk, to trot, or stand still,
allowing it to do pretty much as it likes, within bounds. *iNever beat ill
under any circumstances at this age. Reward it with a trifle of sugar,
or a little bread, or a slice of carrot, and fondle it when it has done well.
Remember the fu'ure horse is to be the servant of man for ten or fifteciil
years of his life, and that it will pay to take pains wfth the education of I
so noble an animal, if well bred. In this day and genedition it is moneTJ
thrown away to breed or handle any other, whatever ti»e breed maybe.

When the foal is six months old strap a pad to itf back and attach stirrupl

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TR,\IN.

117

leathers so they may flap about. In the Spring following its birth put a

colt's bit in his mouth, with keys attached. Rein him comfortably to the

surcino'le^ to which a crupper must be attached. In this, however,

everything nmst be easy to the animal. Don't try to get his head up. He

may be flexed from time to time, that is taught to open his jaw to the

left and right ; to turn his head to the right and left shoulder ; to raise

and lower his head ; to turn with his hind or his fore-feet in a circle,

those not used being the pivot ; to come to his trainer at the word ; to

back, to guide right or left by the rein ; in fact at the age of two years

he may be made pretty well way wise, so that when actually ridden, or

hitched beside a steady horse, there will be little fear or resistance to

combat. ^To get him used to the rattling of a wagon, tie him by a lead-

innr strap to the trace buckle of the back band to the off and also to the

near horse in the team. This will instruct him and get him used to the

word, and to walking and trotting quietly. All this may seem like

taking a great deal of trouble, but remember that much of it may be

done while doing the ordinary labor of the farm.

-^■.-

1 IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt.

Suppose you come into possession of a wild colt at three or four years
old, or one that has never been handled. Put him in a close place like a
narrow stall, where he cannot turn round or by any means escape. Put
on a cavesson halter (a cavesson is a nose-band) and it may end under
the jaw in a running noose, so as to press with force when drawn tight.
Have lunging straps attached to the halter ring and securely fastened.
Allow the young horse free access out of the stable, being careful not to

I throw him down before he gets out. Let the yard be rather small, but
quite tight, and with none near except his trainer and assistant, who holds
the ropes. Thus with a strong man to each rope acting in concert the
wildest colt may be handled without danger. Let him struggle and rear
and plunge, the ropes being well spread to each side. If he rear, ease

I on the ropes ao as not to throw him, checking him as he comes down

I again.

Only one jlfetson should speak, the trainer, using only the necessary
Iwords and those spoken in a firm but rather low tone of voice.

Have a good and reliable whip, a long, straight, flexible one, but not
for use. except in cases of an emergency ; as in case the horse should
2;et his liberty by slipping the halter and turn to fight. Then it must
[l)e used determinedly, but without exhibition of temper. If he rushes
on you, a sharp, Strong cut across the muzzle, avoiding the eyes, to be
followed by others, as "q flpes sary . This will subdue him. If he kicks, a
determined sharp cut qmm '^ hind legs next the body, will tame him.

118

ILLUSTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A self-possessed man, understanding the use of the whip, is in but little
danger from a young horse. But there is no need that the animal es-
cajie. The straps and leading ropes must be secure.

When the colt gives up, let the assistant hold the rope, while the
trainer, with the whip under his arm, the butt forward, gently and grad-
ually shortens his rope, advancing to the horse. Take plenty of time,
speaking firmly but soothingly to the horse, watching for any indications
of vi -■. If the ears are held naturally or thrown forward, all is right.
Vr hci; liis'ihief is intended they will be thrown back. When the horse
allows you to approach him and will smell the whip or your hand, give
him a trifle of sale or sugar, rub his nose gently, and induce him to fol-
low you. Then lead him into the stable and tie him in the stall flecurely,
From this 'ime on he should have a daily lesson until broken.

.. •■ i.'ust be remembered; in first tying up in the stable, the
halter , ..o; <> so strong that the animal cannot by any possible means
break !. ao^ si p -i-feetly fitting and secure that he cannot slip or rub it
ojff. Thus you \ i ' pover again have to break him of pulling at the halter,

''•"idling and Harnessing.

U ii

'^1

The training of the horse fairly commenced, it should proceed day bv
day. Get him use4 to the harness and saddle by putting them on even-
day. Do not throw them on. Buckle every strap as carefully as thougl.
the animal was to be taken to work. The saddle being allowed to be put
on without restiveness, and kindly taken, gradually draw the girth tighter
from day to day until sufficiently tight so it will not turn. Begin bv
bearing some weight upon it, first with the hand and then by pulling on
the stirrup. If the colt cringes at first and leans over to the side pulled
upon, it will soon get over it, and will at length allow the full weight of i
the man sitting upright upon the saddle in the stall.

Then accustom the colt to being touched in different parts of the bodv
with the legs, to be squeezed somewhat with the thighs and knees, mount-
ing and dismounting repeatedly. This being permitted, lead him out of I
the stable, and while an assistant holds him by the bridle above the bits
— not by the reins — the trainer mounts, the assistant lets go, and in nine j
cases out of ten the horse will move off at the word of command. If he
doep not, use no haste; give him time. If he rears and plunges, the |
rider must have full command and confidence in himself, or else quietiv
dismount and use the previous course until the animal understands what
is wanted. If the rider is master of the saddle, and the horse plunges or
throws himself about, get him into motion in a field of not less than ten
acres, and if rather soft, so much the better ; circle him about the field |

ill;
1 1!

THR HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

until he wishes to stop, and then force him forward until he is thoroughly
tired and subdued. Hide him to the stable, gentle him, wash his mouth,
let him take two or three swallows of water, add a taste of some food
that lie likes, and the real work of breaking is done. Thereafter it \'i
simply a question of training.

When the horse is to be put to the wagon, know that the harness is
stronw, and that it fits perfectly and easily. If the colt has been tied be-
side another horse on the road, until he is not afraid of the wagon, so
much the better. Hitch him beside an old, thoroughly broken horse,
tying the doubletree back so the steady horse may pull all the load if
necessary. Get quickly into the wagon while an assistant is attracting
the attention of the colt by talking to him and stroking his nose ; pick up
tlie reins and bid them go. Keep the broken horse in a walk or slow
trot, as the case may be, and the colt will generally take kindly to the
work in less than five minutes. Drive for about half an hour, at a walk-
ing pace if possible, letting the colt have his own way if not too awkward
and ugly, turning from right to left in rather long curves. When the
colt shows signs of fatigue, and certainly before he is tired, but not until
he has ceased resistance, drive to the stable and unharness carefully and
quietly as before described.

•

k
XI. How to Subdue a Vicious Horse.

If he be a colt that has never been handled, the directions we have
given for bitting and training will succeed. If he has been made tricky
by a previous owner, who was timid, go into the stable when he is tied,
watch him closely, but keep cool and show no signs of fear. Take him
by the head, and speak to him in a firm voice, put on a strong bridle and
curb, and order him to back. If he docs not comply, give him a sharp
cut on the fore-legs with the whip, and hold him firmly with the left hand,
standing facing partly towards his rear, but with the head turned so you
can see every movement of his eyes and ears. If the stall is not roomy
and high do not attempt it. The sti'uggle is better in a small close yard.
If lie rear cut him sharply again over the fore-legs while up, and if hw
kick cut him on the hind-legs near the body, but never more than one
stroke at a time. "When he ceases to resist, gentle him, and so proceed
until the animal i? entirely submissive to your will . If a horse has ac-
quired vicious habits from having beaten a timid, or worse, brutal master,
the case is more serious. Have nothing to do with him unless fully
assured of your powers to subdue him.

To succeed he must be made to lie down ; to do this confine him in a
stall so close that he caqpot turu round in i^, and with the near side so

■1'"

120

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn.

arranged that you can approach him sufficiently near to operate in an^
direction. If the horse will submit to fondling so much the better.
Under no circumstances use a whip. The work must be done by showinw
.^e horse that his struggles are always against himself.

Have the side of the stall so arranged that it may be taken down and
allow free egress to a yard thirty feet square, with a high board fence,
or, better still, a large square barn floor covered a foot deep Avith straw
tramped solid. Procure the following articles : a simple single-rein bri-
dle, strong, and having a gag bit with large rings and long guards, the
reins to be only sufficiently long so they will lio on the withers ; have also
a strong, padded surcingle, made with a two inch ring at the belly ; also,
one strap an inch and a quarter wide, and three feet or more in length,
with a strong loop to form a slip noose, and a strong buckle on the end ;
and another strap five feet long with the end turned into a loop and firmly
sewed ; also two strong knee pads, to protect the knees in falling.

Put on the bridle, buckle on the knee pads, loop the short strap around
the near fetlock of the fore-foot, raise the foot and buckle the end tightly
around the arm of the fore-leg next the body, thus you have one foot
firmly held up. Put the loop of the second or long strap about the fet-
lock of the off fore-leg, and pass the end of the strap through the ring of
the surcingle under the horse. Do not be in a hurry, and in no case lose
your temper. If it takes two hours, well and good, you have the horse
then perfectly under command however vicious he may be.

See that there is entirely free egress out of the stable and let him go.
Approach him slowly, but without hesitation, steadying him by the voice.
If he show fight do not hesitate, he is on three legs and nearly powerless,
except to bite, or to strike you in the act of rearing. Seize him by the
near bridle rein about twelve inches from the bit, and placing yourself
immediately at his near quarter, or just behind his shoulder, gather the
long strap in the right hand and when the horse rears draw up the other
leg.

If the horse struggles let him do so. It will not be necessary to exert
much strength, simply tact and coolness in steering him. When he
comes down it must necessarily be on his knees. If he continue to
struggle let him exhaust himself. It will rarely take over five minutes,
and never ten by the watch. Having him on his knees always seek to
draw the head from you by pulling on the rein that comes over the neck.
Once you have the head turned keep pulling on him until he gives up
completely and lies down. Use no violence on the rein. It is only to be
used to steer or guide the horse. It is the strap that does the work.
However many attempts he may make to regain his liberty it will only
end in the more complete discomfiture of the horse. Once down unless

m\ \

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

121

he lies still hold his head still by sitting on it. When completely sub-
dued, stroke his head, rub him on various parts of the body, soothe and
caress him, and especially handle him wherever he is disposed to bo
touchy, being careful always to be on your guard, that if he resist he
may be immediately checked.

Show him a buffalo I'obe, an umbrella, or anything he would be likely
to frighten at, and alwai/s let him smell it until satisfied. Sit on his side,
handle his feet, tap them, and at last remove the straps from his feet,
and continue to fondle him. If he attempt to rise hold down his head
firmlv, and bend up one fore-leg. If he get the advantage do not struggle
with him but let him rise to his feet again. Lay him do\vn until he
gives completely up. He will soon come to lie down quietly at the
word, simply by tying up one foot, and at last will do so at your
bidding without tying. When down and quiet pass your hand repeatedly
over his body, breathe in his nostrils, gently open his mouth, give
him soothing words, and when on his feet give him a taste of some-
thing he likos.

This is substantially Rarey's plan, and it may be practiced successfully
on very vicious horses, as we have done. As a rule, however, the direc-
tions previously given will be found to be fully effectual in breaking

«olt ■• • ;'

XII. How to Train to the Saddle.

"<^

No person should attempt to break a horse to the saddle unless he be &
lliorough horseman himself. It is not sufficient that he be able to stick
on a horse's back with or without a saddle. He must be able to do so,
^nd without aid from the bridle, when the horse is undergoing any of the
movements likely to occur when on his feet. The bridle is used simjjly
to steady a horse under certain circumstances, and as a signal to guide
him. If the trainer be not able to ride thus, and with ease to himself and
the horse, he has no business as a trainer.

Walking. — A fast walk is the most valuable of all the gaits of the
horse. To walk rapidly is the first and most persistent of the lessons to
be given. To teach a horse to walk fast the head must be kept moder-
ately well up, and yet but little real weight should be borae on the bridle
—only just enough to assist the swa5'ing motion and nodding head always
exhibited in fast Avalking. During the acquirement of this gait, no other
should be aliowcd, and when the horse shows signs of fatigue, the lesson
should end. In this, the seat of the rider is important, it should be easy
•and with sufficient grip of the limbs to steady the rider, and with play of
the lower part of the legs to keep the horse well up to his work, and assist

i|i fi i 6' ljii n » r iri

112

ILLU8TRATBD STOCK DOCTOR.

I r

:!li.f'^

in increasing tlio gait. Thus by care and practice almost any horse can
be gotten up to four miles an hour and a really active cne to five.

In breaking to walk fast to the wagon, there should be just sufficient
])earing on the reins to steady the horse. The check-rein should be (jiiiio
loose, for no horse can walk fast and easily with his head gagged back in
an unnatural position. The horse, however, should bo first trained to
walk fast un'der the saddle, and by the means we have indicated. Then,
when harnessed, he will not forgot the lessons given, and may even he
improved in his Avalk, if not already brought up to his maximum speed.

A naturally slow walking horse may be made to Avalk much faster ; a
fast walking horse may be greatly improved in his gait, but a lazy, slow
dolt will never pay for any education beyond that of honestly pulling
such a load as ho may be able to comfortably move. For the saddle he
is a nuisance, and no attempts whatever, should be made to bring hini
out as a riding horse. If a good one, however, bring out his walkinjr
powers. Like the trotter, he Svill improve until he is eight or ten
years old.

How TO TuAiN TO Trot. — Every farmer's boy thinks he knows how to
drive a trotting horse to a wagor. Very few really do. Still fewer un-
derstand how to trot a horse under the saddle. If properly performed it
is the least exhausting to the horse within the limit of his natural speed,
and need not be unpleasant to the rider. That it is among the best anil
most pleasant exercise the horseman can take is without doubt.

Certain drivers have denied that the trot and the pace were natural hi
the horse. Every person who has been among the wild horses of the
plains knows the contrary. It is a fact, however, that the trot is but :i
modification of the walk. There are two stylos of motion for the rider:
one the rising motion, by which the rider eases himself in the stirrups—
not ungraceful when projierly performed — the other where the ridii
kecj^s a close seat, supporting himself by the knees and stirrups. Tiie
elbows should be kept rather close to the side, and with only just enough
bearing on the curb and snaffle to keep the horse's head correct and the
animal under perfect -command. In fact, under no circumstances is the
rein and bit for any other use but to guide and steady the horse. The
rider maintains his equilibrium, keeps his seat, and renders himself en-
tirely at home in the saddle, through the science of equitation and the
proper pressure of the limbs against the saddle. Until this is thoroughly
accomplished, no person has any business trying to train a horse to sad-
dle gaits. The rider must train himself first.

In the trot, when the rider rises in the stirrups, the snaflie-rein only
should be used, a rein in each hand, and once grasped and pro[)erly ar-
ranged, the arms must be held rather close to the body, but without

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

•JO"

oliiiLriii"' tliereto. The foet should rest in the stirrup ho the heel i.s well
jown, the leg from the knee down fully straight, and moving but little.

The rise and fall of the body must bo as slight as possible, only suf-
riciont to escape thumping, and to ease the horse. The head of the
liorso should be kept pretty well up, the limbs of the horse well under
control. The rider will appear to support the horse with the bit. lu
fiict, he docs not. He simply holds the horse to his pace.

TIuM-o is tliis difference between road riding and race riding : in riding
for pleasure, the animal is never severely pushed, whatever the gait nuiy
be. In riding a trotting or running race, the animal must put forth aH
his powers, the only object being that he extend himself as much as pos-
sible, and without reference especially to the stylo of going. As a rule,
race riders are disqualified for riding or trotting a horse gracefully on
the road.

In trotting, always train the horse to slacken his pace and stop if de-
sired, by slacking the rein, and at the word. In square trotting, the
hoofs move in exact time, 1, 2, 3, 4. Some horses acquire a pace denoted
by the time 1, 2. With this motion it is difficult to rise easily in the sad-
dle, and it should not be allowed. To ease the horse's wind let him walk
or canter slowly ; or better, give him a jog trot. The jog trot, however,
is under no circumstances to be allowed when traveling on the road in
company. After a hard ride at any gait, it eases the tired horse immensely.

XIII. Training to Trot in Harness.

In trotting in harness the horse is more firmly held- than when undej
the saddle, and for obvious reasons. Yet here a dead strong pull is to
be avoided. The horse is simply to be supported and steadied by the
bit. The driver must learn by his own study, and by observing others,
how to do this. The bit must be adapted to the horse. A boring, hard
mouthed brute could not be driven with comfort in a bit that would suit
a sensitive mouth. Very many trotting drivers spoil their horses' mouths
and make them pullers. The pull of a trotting horse should never be
such as to tire the well trained muscles of the driver, even thousrh it be a
lady. Indeed, one of the best drivers we ever knew was a ladv, and she
WHS superior by the delicacy and yet firmness with which she handled
the reins.

In training to trot in harness, the object should be to keep the horse
squarely to his work, and at the top of his speed, Mnthout forcing him
beyond it. In fact, no horse comes to his best trotting speed until he is
at least eight years old. '

Do not force him beyond his power, and above all do not rein him so

124

IMX'HTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i )'

hard as to tnukc him ii borer. One of the be.it piiir of road trotters wo
ever l)roke, were trained with curb bit.s, and wlien under .smooth motion
were apparently driven with a h)09e rein ; such, liowever, wa.s only u|)-
j)ttrent ; they had been ^iven 8uch delicate nioutha by careful drivin<r
that the least indication kept them in proper form. Below we give two
illustrations : one .showing a hor.so unduly checked and gagged back, the
other with the head in an ea,sy-going position. The use of tiic beu' "•■ '
rein is siujply to keep the horse from getting his lumd too low, n(
draw it buck in an unnatural position. Under the saddle this is precisely
the use of the curb. ■

^i I

BOR.HE'rt HKAD WITH HKAKING-REIN.

HOPSE'.S HEAD WITHOUT BKARING-RKIN,

The Pacing Gait. — This is a gait natural to many horses, and ej
ingly difficult to teach a horse that it is not natural to. On the ,
hand it is not difficult to make a trotter of a pacer. In pacing, a horse
lifts ])oth feet on a side simultaneously, and on i)erfectly smooth ground
it may bo made an exceedingly fast gait. It is easy to the rider but
ungraceful in the extreme, from the fact that, as in sculling a boat, the
body is swayed from side to side. If the horse ht^a the pace naturally
he should be trained to increase the pace by precisely the same general
rules for increasing the trotting pace ; ])y keeping him well in hand and
indut'ing him by every possible means to increase his stride.

The rack, amble, and single foot, as it is sometimes called, are all but
modifications of the pacing stride and the gallop, just as the jog-trot and
the walk arc modifications of the trot.

The aml)le is a slow, smooth gallop, or rather canter, and must be
taught to the horse under the curb.

The rack is a modification of the pace, the feet instead of being lifted
up sinmltaneously .side by side, represented by the figures 1-2, may be
represented by the figures 1-2, 3-4, that is, the feet are not lifted regularly
as in the walk.

Single foot is a trained rack. It requires patience and time to teach,
uxuupt in a horse having a natural adaptation thereto. Once the animal

h *V

THE HORSE, HOW TO DKEAK AND TRAIN.

125

BING-RKIN.

ciitrhos the idea he sure to lot him know that you appreciate it, and wi.sli
liim to preserve it.

It is difli<!ult to give written inatrucitons, for rules which would accom-
plish tlic n»att(.'r with one horse and rider, with another would totally
fiiil. There is only this fixed rule: The horse must be in complete
sulijoction to the \^ill of the rider before anything but the natural gait
is iittonii)ti'd. All these gaits, and the canter as well, are taught hy using
piitienco, Ucc])ing the feet of the animal well under him, and keeping him
sutficitMitlv well curbed so ho cannot extend his stride until he fully
uiKlerstands Nvhat you want of him.

Cman(>in<» the Leading Foot. — In developing any gait the horse
>li()uld be !nado to start witli either foot as desired. It should bo one of
the tirst lessons taught. 'I'o do this turn the horse's head somewhat I)y
pulling tlie rein and pressing the heel slightly on the side opposite to the
l(><r which it is desired to move. This will turn his head and croup
slii'htlv out of the proper line of progression, .something that the horse
iiiiturallv does when ho starts. To cliango the leading leg, if, for instance,
he is leading witli the off fore-leg, rouse the horse, turn his head to the
riirlit, while the left heel reminds him to throw his ( lup out of line,
upon which, by a peculiar motion the change is effected.

Galloi'in'c}. — Tlie gallop is often stated to l)e the fastest gait of the
horse. This is however not strictly true. When a horse is going at the
top of his speed under whip and spur, the wliole animal is extended to
the utmost, the head and tail straight out, and le animal going close to
the <rround. The slower he goes the more upright ho holds himself, un-
til wh(Mi in the fashionable canter— the most distressing gait for the
horse — he is almost on his haunches. All that is necessary to get the
horse into the gait is to rouse him, give him a check for the leading foot,
and restrain the gallop to the requirements of the case.

The hand gallop is an eas}-^ gohig pace, both for the horse and the
rider, and may be said to be half speed. The gallop proper is such a
<riiit as will exhaust the horse in going ten or twelve m^iles. Running is
that gait which cannot be continued longer than from one to three miles
without seriously distressing the horse. Being one of the natural gaits
of the horse it is only necessary to rouse the lazy horse to the proper
speed, or to check the ambitious one to the pace desired.

XIV. How to Train to Trot in Light HarnesB.

Trotting in light harness is generally considered to mean, being hitched
to a light vehicle, either single or double and being driven for pleasure.
Used in this manner horses may be driven either with the curb, the

126

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

snaffle, or other trotting bit according to the delicacy of the hand of the
driver, or moutli of the horse. We prefer, after they are way wise and
used to the curb, to drive them thus, until they have acquired the proper
carriage, and this entirely without the bearing rein. The object accoin-
l>lished in this is, the horse becomes entirely subservient to the driver but
at the same time learns to rely on himself so far as sure-footedness is
concerned. When he will go in proper form he may be driven with a
trotting bit, until he has learned to extend himself fully, when he may
again be placed in the curb, and if delic".tely handled will give satisfaction
any where on the road. Thus trained under the curb, when- used with a
trotting bit, they may be made to exhibit all the style they are capable of
at an ordinary gait, and n ay be shaken up instantly for a brush and ex-
tend themselves to the utmost.

In trotting at any speed the horse nmst be trained to take hold of the
bit, so he may be steadied by the rein. He must never be allowed to
suppose that this hold of the bit is for the purpose of pulling on. It is
to be used simply to steady himself, and as a means of quick comprehen-
sion of the driver's wishes.

XV. How to Train for the Plow, t ■ <u (f , -

In training a team for plowing, they must be made to walk at such a
pace as will lay the best furrow, to walk evenly and straight ahead, with-
out pulling apart or crowding each other, to obey the slightest check of
the driver in laying out lands, and at the end of the furrow to come im-
mediately and quickly about. To this end the reins should be carefully
adjusted, the whiffle trees should be as light as will suffice to do the
work, and the team must never be over driven. lu stony or grubby land
they must be kept so completely under control, as never to spring for-
ward when the plow strikcfs an obstruction.

In turning quartering about at the end, on square lands, in plowing
right handed furrows, the near horse should back slightly, that the off
horse may not step on his feet, and the traces should be kejjt slack
enough so the plowman may easily enter the point of the \Aow in the
next furrow.

In back furrowing, the section of the circle described must be that
which will l)ring the phnv, with the aid of the plowman, most ea.silytoj
the next furrow, the off horse in this case, keeping slightly behind.

In plowing there is nothing gained by hurrying a team, and then j
stopping to rest. Ph)wing is hard work because it is a constant strain i
particular sets of muscles. The team, however, may be very much eased I

-^(^^y

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREIAK AND TRAIN.

127

by the tact of the plowman in holding his team up in plowing through
hard or tough places, by knowing that the harness fits perfectly, and by
always having his plow clean and in a condition to scour.

In layiHg out land the team should be rather wider apart than when
plowing furrow after furrow, or so the plowman may see the line stakes
between the horses. In laying out lands always have the reins of such
length that they may be carried over the left hand plow handle. Thus
by taking the right hand rein a little beyond the center the hand may
easily gi'asp the handle. A pull directly back will carry the horses gee
and carrying' the hand forward will tighten the near rein and carry the
horses haw, while a steady bearing will keep the team in a direct line
ahead. - r- ■■■■;,',,: ,■'•■'':■■ .„'^ ■.;♦->-:: •■.';!.* .-"»> -^ ' ^.•■:T.■.^'■'-■ ■

The only position for the reins if carried otherwise than on the handle
is to carry them just above the hips, and of such a length that when the
team is going at ease they will be loose, and yet may be easily tightened
by the plowman walking a little farther in the rear than usual. With a
hard-mouthed team "feeling their oats" this will do. By the means we
have indicated, if the lines are nicely adjusted, the team may be made to
pull on the plow, and once used to this way of driving we have never
known of its being abandoned, except for a time as a change. The
practice of carrying a rein in each hand adopted by some good plowmen
is not to be commended, except with a kind team. In this case to cavry
them over the left handle is easier, whether the team be wild or gentle.
In any case the reins should never be carried over the neck. It is
awkward, and the teanj is never under control. Carried aver one shouU
der and under one arm is an improvement upon this awkward plan.

ZVI. Training to the Wagon.

But little need be said on this score if attention has been paid to what
has been said previously. Upon good roads and with an ordinary load
the team should be kept up to their maximum gait in walking. When
the road is good in some places and bad in others, as country roads
usually are, the load must be such as the team can move by hard pulling
in the worst places. After a heavy pull always give the team a breathing
spell, and in the middle of a pull if the team can start the load once
stopped. This any honest team will do unless the bottom is miry, that
is, unless from standing the team and wheels sink deeper and deeper.
In this case, the only way is to keep going until firm ground is reached.
The average driver is sure to hurry his team in the mud. They should
oe taught to pull steadily and slowly, and when started again, after rest-

128

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

If 1

'II

1 -H

ill'

-4) -A

ing, t'» take hold of the load steadily and with a growing impulse until
it moves.

XVn. How to Train a Baoer.

The training of racing stock, whether for running or trotting, is a fine
art, and one which it would take a volume to properly describe in print,
There are certain essentials, however, which are easily understood, and
which every one who breeds stock for speed should know. The colt
having been taught to gallop easily and naturally, should be put upon
good sound oats and the cleanest hay. He should be carefully blanketed
and groomed and his legs hand rubbed until fine. The exercise should
be daily, upon a good course, and ridden under the direction of a horse-
man who is thoroughly up in his business. When this cannot be, the
work must be done under the instruction of the master.

In race riding, the jockey throws about all his weight in the stirrups,
steadying himself with the knees and thighs. The seat of the body is I
carried well back, the loin slightly arched, so the weight will not b«
brought too far forward, as the breech would be if the rider should stand
straight in the stirrups. A jockey of ordinary weight will be found toj
carry his leg, from the knee, slightly thrown back ; thus by stiffening 1
knee he can change his center of gravity without ceasing to stand in the I
stirrups.

Very light jockeys ride with longer stirrups, throwing their weight!
principally- on their thighs, and with their breech raised entirely from the
saddle, thus giving them a strong hold on the horse. Standing in the
stirrup, however, cannot be long endured, and is only used for fast racing!
or walloping over bad ground, rough or deep, or in the case of a hill thatl
must be passed quickly over.

Traininfif to racing speed on the farm may be summed up as follows;
a smooth track, regular feeding four times a day with the soundest of I
oats and hay, with a bran mash often enough to keep the bowels in regii[
lar condition ; the most careful grooming, with plenty of hand rubbing oil
the legs ; sweating exercise every day, and thorough cleaning afterwards;!
a trial gallop to extend the limbs, with an occasional spurt to note the in- 1
crease of speed, and occasionally a fair trial at the distance which 1
horse is trained, to test his speed, powers of endurance, improvement |
and capabilities. »„,.,♦;»„,.

• XVm. Training a Stallion.

The training of a stallion should commence from the time that it is in* |
tended to keep him as such, and certainly from the age of one year,

THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN.

129

when colts are usually gelded. He should be exercised in a close yard,
first at the end of the halter, and at length without bridle or halter reiu,
and made to advance, to back, to circle, to describe a figure eight, to rear
and come down at the word of command, to kneel, to sit on his haunches,
to lie down, and especially to come instantly to his keeper at the word
of command.

All this takes time, but is labor well spent, for henceforth his usefulness
as a sire, and escapes from accidents by being kicked, may depend upon
his thorouo'h training. Any observing person will have noted that in
fully half the cases a stallion will be found dragging his keeper about
like a puppet. All this may be avoided by proper care and training, so
i the horse will retain his full exhuberance of spirit, and yet be entirely
under control.

His care and keeping should be of the best possible, and his daily exer-
cise enough to keep his muscles firm, certainly not less than eight miles
a day during the season of service. However well trained the stallion,
i when it comes to actual service, there is always a time when he may
I refuse to obey. Then he must be made to do so at whatever cost, and to
1 accomplish the object, the whip must be used to any extent sufficient to
j conquer him. Cut sharp and strong, but with temperate judgment. Do
not rain a succession of blows. This will only make him fight. A few
well-directed blows will generally suffice, if they are sharp and cutting.
Do not be afraid of drawing blood. If it can be done at the first stroke,
so much the better. Give him time to think before you strike the second
time. Give him the order you wish him to execute. If there is the
least hesitation, strike again, and so on until he is conquered. If he has
been properly trained previously, he will handle nearly as easy as a geld-
ing. If not, he may become a brute, dangerous for any man to handle.
Above all, a stallion once trained, never intrust him to an incompetent
keeper, and never allow a valuable one to be ridden during the season of
hard service. If he travels from one station to another, or is otherwise
exercised, it should be with a leading rein, the rider being on another
horse. , . , ,

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CHAPTER Vn.

-•'4 -.V'*.iv''"-'^!--rr/

,:;;'.5';<,rli;'

HOW TO SHELTEB.

— — ^^— ^^^— — '■-*'■■'

I. OOMFORTABLB 8HKLTER ECOMOHICAL. 11. CONSIDERATION IN CONSTRUCTINa STABLU.

in. MAM0BR9 AND RACKS. IV. UO\f TO INSURE A GOOD TBMPKRATURK. V. CLKAN-

ING THE STABLBS. VI. THE LOFT. VII. THE HARNESS BOOM. — VIU. THK OUT

8HXD. IX. WATER.

L Comfortable Shelter Economioal. < ..> i

Although the horse is found wherever civilized man has made his home,
and has been subjected by barbarian tribes wherever subsistence may be
found Summer and Winter, yet in a wild state he is only found where the
Winter and the Summer climate is mild enough to furnish herbage the
year round. While it is true that the horse will stand weather as inclem-
ent as cattle, yet the owner who subjects either horses or cattle to the
storms of Winter, not only makes no money from them, but deserves to
lose them entirely. Thus the humane man always consults his best
interests when he keeps his horse stock not only well fed but comfortably
housed. : ,

'■% ^ H. Considerations in Constructing Stables.

The first consideration in the construction of a stable is the number of
horses to be kept. After this comes iii economy of space in connection
with convenience, ventilation in couuection with the health of the horaes,
130

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

lax

«iid lastly the cost. In the construction of stables the question of
warmth, convenience and ventilation are the prime integers, and whatever
the character of the structure it must combine these three essentials, else
it is a failure.

In the construction of stables the horse and carriage floor, including
liarness and tool room, and the loft, in which should be situated the bins
for oats, shelled corn, corn in the ear, meal and bran, with suitable
spouts and slides for delivering the feed on the lower floor, are all that is
necessary. Every stable, however, should be supplied with a ventilating
pipe placed about midway over one of the centre stalls. If there are
more than four horses kept there should be two, and one in addition for
each other four, but all connecting with the principal air shaft at the peak
of the roof.

Wliere the horses are near the ground, and especiallj' if the first story,
or the walls of the whole building be of brick, there should be at least
two courses above the ground laid in water-lime, to prevent the dampness
from the ground ascending up the walls by capillary attraction. How-
CTer the fomidati on be laid there must be perfect drainage, either natural
or artificfll. under the stable. Many valuable horses have been lost
through iiitictention to this simple matter. ■ . .

The size of the stable must of course correspond to the number of
horses to be kept, and the number of vehicles to be sheltered. The
width of the stalls should not be less than five feet each — six is better —
and there should be at least one loose box in every stable, however small.
■If there are a number of breeding mares there should be one loose box
to each four horses. These boxes should not be less than ten by twelve
feet. Fourteen feet in depth for the stall is little enough. The travis
or partition between stalls should not be less than six feet six inches long.
If the stable is fourteen feet deep seven feet is better. It should be
beven feet high at the head and five feet at the rear part.

, ; m. Mangers and Backs.

The manjrers and racks should be of the most substantial character,
and, if expense is no object, of enameled iron, as to the mangers, and of
iron as to the racks. If made of wood, oak or elm is a good material.
Ilowovcr made there should be no rough edges to annoy the horses, nor
splinters to wound. The top of the cap should not be less ^han throe
foet three inches from the floor, nor more than three feet six inches.
The manger to be about thirteen inches wide at the top, nine inches at
the bottom and eleven inches deep. The caps may be four inches deep
and three inches wide, securely placed. The sides and bottom of th©

132

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

manger may be of inch oak, or other hard wood. If made of pine thej
should be of inch and a half thickness.

IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature.

• If the stable be of brick or stone, it may or may not be lined with M'ood
with an air space between. If of wood, there should always be a linhig,
and the sheathing upon which the weather boarding is nailed should be
covered With tarred paper. Ventilation must be attended to ; this is best
secured by oi'itices at proper distances next the ceiling, that may be
opened or closed at pleasure, and provided with lattice work to throw the
air up when opened. This with the doors and windows in Summer will
give plenty of ventilation and in Winter the ventilators alone will suffice.
It is one of the most essential points in building a stable in our American
climate, with torrid Summers and Arctic Winters, that no expense be
spared to make the buildings comfortable. We are decidedly in favor of
a vestibule, large enough to hold a harnessed team, or if preferred, if the
carriage room be largo enough and separated by a close partition from the
stable, as it should be, this may be made to do. From this the entrance
to the stable may be a sliding door, through which to lead the horses ; the
object being to prevent the rush of cold air into the stable chilling even-
horse in it.

Whore more than five horses are kept in a stable we advise a close par-
tition between each four stalls and their accompanying loose box. The
reason is, that in each compartment an equal temperature is retained. It
is not so much the degree of cold that affects horses, as sudden changes
of temperature. Thus each may have its separate ventilation and air
shaft, and conduce very much to the comfort of the animals kept therein.

v. Cleaning the Stable.

Cleanliness in the stable is of the utmost importance. There should be
sufficient bedding under the horses at all times to insure cleanliness ; all
damp portions together with the droppings should be removed twice a
day. We have never found a better nur more economical way than to
use a wheel barrow, with sides sufficiently wide and flaring to hold the
load a man may handle, in which the manure and damp bedding could be
thrown and wheeled on planks immediately to the pile. WTiere it is
thrown oilPof windows it often heats so as to be offensive in Summer,
and in Winter these windows, besides often allowing the wind and storm
to beat in, are objectionable in many ways.

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

133

iS,-Av'

VI. The Loft.

We have already advised that the granary be in the loft, the shoots,
however, should not enter the stable ; first, because they create more or
less dust, and second, they are liable to contract more or less effluvia
from the stable. They should communicate with a room by itself, suf-
ficiently large for sifting oats and mixing feed. The granary must also
be umde rat proof, which is best done by covering the bottom and two
feet of the sides, and the top with sheet iron. The floor of the whole
loft should also be covered with a tight floor of planks, plowed and
fffooved, so that b}' no possibility dust or trash can drop through ; the
loft should also be high enough to hold straw for bedding, and hay
enough for at least two months' feed. In fact, if it be a farm barn, it
were better to hold enough, if possible, for the Winter. This might de-
tract somewhat from the architectural appearance of the building, unless
the storage and stable room be large below. In any event we should not
build any stable, however small, less than eight feet high, with a loft
above of the same height, and in the case of a large building we should
extend the loft to ten, twelve or fourteen feet as the size of the ground
floor might allow.

Vn. The Harness Boom.

The harness room should be as complete as possible with suitable pegs

for harness and seats or frames for saddles. It should also be provided

with a saddler's horse for sewing ; raps, awls, needles, wax, thread, etc. ;

j also a table for oiling harness, and if it have a boiler set in a stove for

I heating water, it will often be called in requisition in Winter, not only

for its hot water facilities, but for drying harness and saddles as weU

Vm. The Out Shed.

If the stable is provided with an out-shed for cleaning horses when the
jweather is not inclement, it will be found to save much dust and dirt in-
[side. If this shed be a vestibule to the stable, with sliding windows, so
jmuch the better. It may even be used, in case of need, for temporary
jBtables or for baiting a double team when it is not considered necessary
|to unharness. In fact there are many uses to which it may bejfl^t aside
from the protection it Avould give the stable, in opening the doors in cold
land inclement weather.

IX. The Surroundings.
Every stable should have a smooth, close yard, with a tight high fence

134

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

'!fl

surrounding it, and if one side can be covered with a shed roof, fourteen
feet wide, so much the better. This yard should be about 30 or 40 feet
wide, and if it contains a place in the center of strong posts for a man to
take shelter in from a vicious brute, it is not amiss. We once saw a life
saved in this way, from an ugly bull, which broke from his fastenings
and would have killed his keeper but for this safeguard. There should
also be a grass lot near for cutting forage in Summer for soiling, and for
turning in a sick horse occasionally.

Z. Water.

The water supply is important. If taken from a well and pump it is
absolutely essential that there be no contamination from the drainage of
the stables and yards. If a tank can be so arranged that it will not
freeze, build one by all means, and connect by pipes, pumping the water
by means of a windmill. Or the tank may be situated where it will sup.
ply the house, and a pipe laid to the stable underground, ending in a
penstock. In this case, the windmill and tank may be entirely isolated
from the bam or house, and the water carried for any distance, i^rovided
the head is higher than the outflow.

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CHAPTER Vm.

.}i.^! 7'U -r>y vtiirf 'i fMC>"i

' » ■,.r^V'»;;i^i^.

EOW TO FEED, WATEB AND QBOOK.

■Aiit .-'{

tm}

N ;•«

'Mm

I LATINO THB FOUNDATION. 11. WHAT TO FBCD. IH. WHIN TO FKID. IV. WA.

TBRIMQ. V. KINDS AND QUANTITIRS OF POOD TO BB OIVKN. VI. HOW TO PR«-

PARBTHB FOOD. ——VII. HOW TO HAKB HASHES, GRUBLS AND HAT-TBA. ^— VIU. TBB

VALUE OF HAT AND BTRAW.^— IX. FEEDING GRAIN. X. STABLB GARB AND GROOM'

INO. XI. THE TIMB TO CLBAN. XII. CARE OF THB FBBT.— — 'Xin. BLANKBTINO

WHKM NECISaART.— PROPER TOOLS FOR THB STABLB.

■■■ii! :>.'' '-;■- I

:r.>h^' .<■■■

I. Laying the Foundation.

■<••'* ■•■'• ■rit't . •>»''Jf'';;,.. ■!■!';?
■ • *

The feeding of horses must be either simple or complex according to
i the circumstances under which they are placed and the nature of the
i work required of them. It would, for instance, be as foolish with the
farm or ordinary work horse to pamper with fire- warmed stables, highly
I' stimulating food, and exquisite grooming, together with all the parapher-
nalia of blankets, hood», bandages for the legs, and necessities of the
trotting or racing stable, as it would be to allow this latter ckttp to re-
ceive only the same care and attention usually bestowed upon the^am kept
[solely for the plow and other drudgery of the farm. At the same time
the extremes to which horses are subject, either on the farm or in racing
[stables, might well be modified in very many cases to the health and well

135

136

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is''

being either of the farm horse or the pampered and high-bred racer,
That is to say, racers are often "drawn down" too fine, and the ordinary
work horse too often suffers from neglect. Thus in the first class we sec
u number of diseases seldom shown in the stables of horses with suf-
ficient care, while the stables of horses carefully kept seldom suffer with
the class of diseases found when horses are allowed to go dirty from day
to day, and often from week to week.

To commence at the beginning, the breeder who would succeed with
any class of horses, should see that the mare, Avhile carrying the foal,
has suflScient food and shelter, and that the foal itself is sufficiently nour-
ished during the period of growth. Nothing is gained by insufficient
shelter and food, whatever the use for which the animal is intended, and
this brings us to the question of the food itself.

n. What to Feed.

:i«r vrnn
In the West the feed of all horses of whatever class is oats, Indian

corn, bran and hay. Whatever the work to be done, bran should always

be kept, since a horse being off his feed, or slightly ailing from any

cause not indicative of violent disease, bran mashes with good nursin"!

will bring him out all right in nine cases out of ten. So, in the Winter)

when horses are confined to hard food, a bran-mash ouce a week should I

be given, and this generally on Sunday morning. On the farm there is I

nothing better than an occasional feed of roots — carrots, Swedish turnips, I

or mangel wurtzel— ^being valuable in the order named. If a peck of I

these could be given daily as an evening or noonday meal, the

effects of this feeding would be quickly shown. For the mares beforel

foaling time, for the farm or draft horse, for the carriage horses of thel

citizen, and even for the fast driven roadster, or racer, when not

driven to exhaustive work, these will be found valuable.

The foal itself should be learned to eat roots as quickly as possible,!
and if the mare takes kindly to them it will not be a difficult matter fori
the foal to learn to eat them. As to the other food of the young colt orj
filly, oats alone with grass or hay, according to the season, should 1x1
allowed. In the Winter, half oats and half corn may be given with beihl
efit, unless the young things are intended for racing or trotting, and arij
kept in warm. stables ; then Indian corn would not be desirable, as
too hea^H^ under the circumstances.

For the ordinary farm team, or other horses of slow work, Indian conj
may be the main dependence in Winter, in connection with good liaji
especially so if a few roots can be allowed as a portion of the dailjl
provender. For fast working horses, sound oats and hay will be tli(|

THE HORSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND OROOM.

137

principal dopendonce, but in the Winter we have always given one-third
of the weight of tho daily grain ration in Indian corn, uud we have always
thought, with decided benefit.

m. When to Feed.

The importance of strict regularity in feeding is underestimated by
nine-teuths of the ordinary feeders, and by fully one-half of the stable-
iiieii having the care of well bred horses. The horso, for whatever pur-
pose ho is used, if actively employed, should not get less than throe feeds
ii day, besides the hay he eats during the night. All fast working horses
should have four feeds a day. The hours of feeding are of prime im-
portance. These should be, as closely as possible, at six in the morning,
at noon, and at six at night, except at those pressing seasons of extra
labor, when the morning feed may be an hour earlier and the evening
i feed an hour later. In this case, however, nose-bags should be carried
to the field, or they should be turned to the wagon at 10 A. M. and at 4
IP. M. to take one-third their usual allowance, as given morning and
evening, which meals, as a rule, should be rather more than the noonday
feed. When corn is the main dependence as feed these lunches should
[be of oats, and if bruised so much the better.

Fust working horses should receive their food four times a day, at six
iin the morning, at ten, at two, and at nine at night. Carriage horses
Ishould be fed the same number of times, the first feed being at six, and
llhe last after their real work for the day is done, tay at nine at night,
Uince simply going to some place of amusement at eleven o'clock or
llater can hardly be called work. The mid-morning and afternoon meals
jwill depend upon the hours at which they are generally used, nine A. M.
land 1 P. M. being the usual times for feeding.

IV. Watering. ' .'

Watering and the water used is of fully as much importance as the
Ifeeding. A horse is particular as to the water he drinks, but yet may be
accustomed to any water without detriment if it be fit for human use.
The water of large lakes, rivers and running brooks is best and in the
order named. That of ponds without outlet or inlet the worst ; in fact
pond water should never be used ; well water is altogether bettw and may
|)e given without fear, when used constantly, but as with man, the horse
ccustomed to lake or river water, which is always partially soft, should
|)e given well water, when necessity requires, with care and only in small
ijuantities, the change being gradually made. Water should always be

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ILLCSTRATKD 8T0CK DOCTOR.

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1/ -
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Hi '=1 = ;

offered before feeding, and never given in large drafts immediately after
feeding ; two to four quarts may be given with benefit immediately after
dry feed, to properly njoisten the stomach, and it may be freely given in
two or three hours after fegding. When driving, water should be offered,
especially in hot weather, at every stop, but only a few quarts should be
taken at a time, for a heated horse, like a heated man, will take more
than is good for him. Upon stopping, wash the horse's mouth with a I
sponge soaked in water, and lot him swallow each time two or three light
sips, just enough to moisten the throat, and upon starting give him four
to six quarts each as the occasion seems to demand. Under no circum-
stances allow a heated horse to drink heartily. Farm teams and slow
draft horses, at ordinary labor, may be allowed what they will naturally
drink, but when heated the same rule must be observed as with hard
driven horses. With these simple rules kept in view any intelligent owner I
or driver may keep his team fresh and without danger.

V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be Oiven.

We have already spoken of the proper food to be given under ordinarj'
circumstances ; they are sound, whole grain, and bright, clean hay. Cer-
tain classes of horses, as omnibus horses, stage horses, car horses, and
the draft horses of large mercantile firms in cities, are generally fed I
ground feed and cut hay. When the hours of feeding and rest maybe
estimated with accuracy, this is on the whole as conducive to the health
of the animal as may be, when the economy of such feeding is considered,
especially when we remember that in large cities a regular veterinary 8ur-[
geon is employed, who visits the stables regularly to look after the well-
being of the horses, and also where the sujierintendents and foremen are
supposed to be experts.

On the farm, and in the stables of road-driving horsemen, and where I
carriage horses are kept, cut feed may very ))roperly and economicalljl
form from one-third to one-half of the daily food given. When only onej
feed is given it should be in the morning ; when two are given, therl
should be the morning and evening feeds-

As to the quantity to be given, no definite rule can be I'lid <^
horse must have a quantity fully sufficient to keep •• •"'
work. Hard working horses may, if regularly fed, wii..

hay they will eat clean, and in this case there is no be. r judg' iiantlKJ
animal itself, except in the case of ravenous gluttons, so met ics founij
among horses as in the bi'Tian family. Elaborate rules hav» l)een \M
down by theorists, including a per cent, of grain according to the mm
of the animal. In practice they will not work, since the labor, conditioil

THE lIOnSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND OROOM.

180

of thu aiuiiinl, tomperature of tho suason, and uf stables must bo .^nsid'
iTod. In th« large cinnibuH stables whore all tho work is to be got out
of horses that they can endure, from ton to fourteen pounds of cut hay
niT (lav are given, with froni eighteen to twenty pounds of corn meal.
Mix into provender, and on it they will go from eighteen to twenty miles
each day. With this about three pounds of salt may bo allowed each
inoiitli. Some stable men do not feed more than one pound, arguing that
u liirsrc (luantity produces profuse staling ; others feed up to four. In
times of extra severe labor the cornmeal is increased by about three
pounds. It would be better if the three pounds of meal where omitted
and one extra feed of six quarts of whole oats be substituted, and given
ilailv. The average livery horse may be kept in good condition on twelve
pounds of hay and eight pounds of cornmeal daily, to be given at twu
feeds with the addition of six quarts of oats at noon, eight pounds of hay
to bo fed cut, with the meal, and Tour pounds from the manger. This
same feed would do for ordinary farm horses at usual work, or if tho
grain is fed whole, five quarts of shelled corn, or its equivalent in ears,
and six quarts of oats, w'tu what hay will be eaten should keep tho ani-
mal in working condition.

VI. How to Prepare the Food.

In preparing chopped feed, half the hay to be used, or clean, bright*
long straw cut into about three-quarters to one inch lengths, should be
put into the mixing trough half an hour before it is to be mixed, and
thoroughly moistened. On this throw the meal, mill-feed, or whatever
articiie is to be used, and moisten it. Then cover with suflBcient hay to
make the mess for the desired number of horses, weighing both hay and
meal. Let it stand until feeding time, when the whole should be worked
over and over until thoroughly mixed. If salt is given with the mess,
put in the required quantity for each horse, from one-quarter to half an
ounce per horse each feed. Many stablemen mix the mess half a day in
advance, but this we do not like. Horses, like men, like their food

sh. An iron box is best for mixing, and it should be thoroughly
■lemied after each meal.

VII. How to Make Mashes, Oruel and Hay-tea.

The ordinary sweet mash, as usually made, is to take four quarts ol
good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, and then mix with what
boiling ^\ • r will bring it up to the proper consistency for eating, cover-
ing it wi I cloth and feeding either warm if the animal will eat it so,

T40

, («■,*<

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

or else cold. What salt will lie on a quarter dollar may or may not be
mixed with it.

A better mash, especially for dry fed horses, is to boil two quarts of
oats and a pint of linseed, for each horse, for about three hours, and then
mix with it suflScient bran to bring it to a proper consistency. Cover with
a cloth and feed cold. Such a mash given once a week, if the horses are
on average feed, w Ul keep their bowels in condition. If off their feed,
add a little suit and a half pint of molasses.

Gruel is one of the best posoible things for a beaten out horse. Stir
gradually in a gallon of w„ter, a pint or a quart of oat-meal, or half flour
and half corn-nieul, according as the horse likes it thick or thin, and fill
up the pail with cold water. If the horse hesitates about drinking it,
give him first a mouthful of water. If he be very tired a quart of sound
ale will do him good, but under no circumstances, when exhausted, should
he be given a feed either of grain or hay. If the horse will take nothing
else, turn down a bottle of sound ale, rub him until dry and refreshed,
and then feed.

Hay tea is also a good stimulant. To make it — fill a bucket three-
quarters full of bright, clean hay, pour over it enough boiling water to
fill the pail, and cover tight, to keep in the steam. Press the hay down
occasionally, let it stand fifteen minutes, turn off, and add water enough
to make a bucket three-quarters full. Give to the horse when the liqui
is cool enough to drink.

. • I- ;- .J i I') ■■: ,i .«.?_■> tiA -..

: r; , 1. : VnL The Value of Hay and Straw.

II f

In the feeding of horses the principal use of hay is to distend the
stomach. For this reason lean horses, and those just off the pasture on
coarse feed, require more than those which are regularly stabled and
groomed. The change to grain must not be too sudden, else indigestion
is apt to set in. Once a horse is used to full rations of grain, if oats are
used, or corn meal and bran, he may get along daily with from six to
eight pounds of hay a day. The hay, however, must be of the verr
best, bright, clean and free from dust. There is no economy in feeding
bad hay. It is the cause of heaves, broken wind and other diseases
produced by indigestion. Good clean straw is altogether better than
poor hay. Straw is altogether the best material for bedding, and should
always be used when it can be had. In the West it is plenty, and yet
not one fanner in ten uses it for bedding in sufficient quantity or renews
ikt often enough.

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

DL Feeding Grain.

The most economical way of feeding grain on the farm is in its whole
state. Oats and corn should be shaken in a sieve with a mesh so small
that it will not go through, all dust and light matter blown uway, and all
stones, bits of iron or wire, carefully picked out. It will pay the farm-
er to do tliis as well as any other stable man. In feeding corn allow
one-half the measure of shelled corn that would be deemed sufficient of
oats, since corn weighs ffbout double that of oats. If com in the ear
is ted, one-third more by measure heaped should be allowed than when
shelled ^^rain is used. In other words the stable must use seventy pounds
of ear corn when fifty-six of shelled corn would be given, or 112 pounds
of oats.

Some horses eat their grain better for being moistened. If so, moisten
it, but as a rule we like to feed whole grain dry, since the horse is obliged
to orind it better to get it in condition for swallowing. Horses with bad
teeth always bolt their food whole. All such horses, and also aged ones,
should be fed cut hay and ground feed,

, X. stable Care and Training. ' ' '

The importance of steadiness and care in the management of the stable
and in the cleaning of horses cannot be over-estimated. A brutal stable-
man, or one which a horse fears, should be immediately discharged.
There is indeed now and then a horse that requires to be kept in terror.
These of course are exceptions. The competent stable-man should use
nt'ither fear nor brutality. Not half the so-called strappers (cleaners)
arc tit to be about a horse.

Many stable-men imagine the curry comb is an instiniment for cleaning
the legs and body of the horse. It is an instrument for cleaning the
brush and for loosening the scurf on the fleshy — not bony — parts of
the body. In using the curry comb, do so lightly, carrying it in circles
rather than in straight lines. Use a wisp of hay for rubbing the dust
from the legs, and a corn cob for the fetlocks, finishing with the brush.
In brushing, do so thoroughly, with firm, long strokes, where possible,
being careful in working about the head and bony parts. Clean the
brush often by passing it over the teeth of the curry comb. When the
scurf and dust are thoroughly cleaned out, go over the horse with a damp
^visp of hay, and finish with dry cloths, being particular to get any
particles of dirt out of the fetlocks, the ears, about the head, next the
tail, below the thighs, under the jaws, and between the fore-legs. A horee

142

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

thus cleaned, whether he belongs to the farm or the city stable will not
occasion shame on the part of the owner.

It is a question among horsemen, whether when a team comes in wet
and muddy at night, it is proper to wash them. We have never found
advantage in so doing. Clothe them warmly, bandage the legs loosely,
and when dry, clean them, at least so far as removing the dirt, and getting
up a glow at the surface is concerned. Thus handled, horses will seldom
be found liable to surfeit, scratches, grease, and other diseases induced
by checking the natural perspiration.

>T„;»ii.i

XI. The Time to Clean.

. Clean when the horse is dirty. Always once a day when the horse is
kept in the stable. Horses that run in the fields in Summer, or in the
shed yard in Winter require no cleaning. Nature provides a natural
scurf that defends them from the changes of the weather. Before work
horses are littered down for the night they should be again thoroughly
cleaned if necessary. As, for instance, if the animal has been on the
road or in the field ; it is important and will lighten the morning cleaning,
apart from real necessity of the ci'.sc.

Whenever the horse comes into the stable from the plow or wagon, for
the day, he should be thoroughly cleaned when dry enough, and if sweat-
ing or otherwise wet should be thoroughly scraped at once. The scraper
is a thin, flexible piece of wood ; a section of barrel hoop makes a good
one. In any event a horse once in the stable, clean him thoroughly, un-
less he be taken out again after being "baited." If he remain in the stable
long enough for the operation, clean him especially as to the limbs, and
if there is time, as to the body. It may seem like a good deal of work,
but it will pay. ,,-., , .,. .. , . - .-^ •, . <■ ."i

"" '" xn. Care of the Feet.

11 ii

The feet are half the horse, in fact a horse with bad feet, is as near a
worthless animal us possible. Attention to the feet is therefore of the
first importance. In this connection fehoeing is to be attended to. Know
that the blacksmith understands his business. There are as many igno-
rant botch-workmen in cities as in the country. The horse's foot should
be a study, and every horseman should understand the anatomy of the
foot ; this will be given in its proper place. How to care for the feet is
in place here. When the horse is brought in from work, each foot should
be lifted, cleaned, and examined with the picker to see that no gravel or
other hard substance has found lodgment between the shoe and hoof, or

THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER.

143

lable will not

about the frog. Examine the frog to see that no substance is wedged
therein, and that no nail or other sharp object has pierced the sole. If
the hoofs are inclined to be hard and dry, fill them with a mixture of
cow-dung and clay, or with oakum saturated with tar and petroleum.
Watch' them for contraction of the hoof, caused by allowing the shoe to
remain on too long, or from bad shoeing. If the frog gets torn and rag-
tred, cut the ragged edges but leave the frog intact. If the hoof be found
pierced with a nail, and you are not perfectly sure you have pulled out
every bit, cut it out at whatever labor it may be to you, or pain to the
animal. Then dress the wound with a pledget of tow saturated with tar.
If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and brittle, oil them occasionally, or
let the horse stand, say for an hour or two, or for a half day on Sunday,
ill a box of soft clay and cow-manure, coming pretty well up the hoofs.
Thus by the exercise of care and judgment you may keep the feet, what
they ought to be, the better part of the horse.

xm. Blanketing— When n'ecossary.

A blanket is always necessary when the horse is standing in the stable
in Winter. A light sheet is about as necessary in Summer, during fly
time. A blanket should always be thrown over the horse in cold weather,
or even in the cool weather of Spring and Autumn, when standing after
being driven. A horse should always be blanketed Avhen standing in a
draft, or in the rain, using a cloth or rubber blanket as the case may be.

In blanketing a horse, see that the blanket is sufficiently large to cover
the animal from the neck to the tail, see also that the breast flaps are
sufficient to protect this sensitive part, and that the blanket is large
enough to cover the sides and flank fully. If not, do not buy it at any
price. Buy a blanket for each horse, and having them use them when
necessary, buckling them on so they will stay. Very many stable-men
have a number of blankets for each horse ; this is well enough if they can
afford it, but one blanket to each horse, with enough in reserve so a dry
blanket may be had as occasion requires, and with a good siircingle to
each blanket, is all that is really necessary.

•\
■^ Xrv. Proper Tools for the Stable.

The tools necessary for cleaning a horse properly may be very few or
many. As a rule any horse may be properly cleaned with a scraper, a
curry comb, a brush, a sponge, a comb, a wisp of sti-aw, and a rubbing
cloth. Horse pails both for washing the horse and for watering are in-
t*) any stable but never use one tat the other. These should

144

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

'i^^K

mM^

99I

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be of oak, half an inch thick, and with strong iron bails, and to hold
fourteen quarts. The set of cleaning tools should be provided for every
two horses. Every stable should have two manure forks, one of steel and
one of wood, splint broom, a scoop shovel, and a wheel-barrow. With
these any stable may be kept clean, and if the eye of the master is kept
on the help, the horses will not suffer for want of care. And these essen-
tials to a stable, and the treatment suggested, are urged on the score of
economy. They pay. We also urge them from humane considerations,
and those of neatness and system. In all respects kindness and attention
to a horse ore both satisfactory and remunerative. vofr

»• ' ' . .

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t> ■}«> <:j'.>| :-,rb'i .n\1 .''•'

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, '.--vi»Mv.M> ii'UiWIf : f" ' .ys!' J./ Y'^lfl .>-. f;v> 'Willi

» ;(#;h:vp ((■iTAKi:**' ).».«>

?' '

CHAPTER IX.

BBNXFITS OF KIND AND OABEFUL TBEATMENT.

I. ABVSIRa A FAITHFUI. SIRYANT. n. WHAT ABB BARBARITniS. HI. A nOTURB VROM

LIFE. IV. THB OTHBR 8IDB. V. A GOOD FABMBR'S SURROUNOIMOS. VI. FAIUfBR

UNTHRIFT'S BABM. VII. HIS BOMB. Vin. THB CABBFCL MAM'S THBOBf. IZ.

OSIHQ THB MBANS WB HA\'B.^^X, AM U)FAIJJBI.B BULB.

L Aboiing a Faithftil Semmt.

The horse is the most useful servant of man, as he is one of the most
noble of animals. He is fortunate if he falls into the hands of a kind
and considerate master. Fully one-half of the horses used in civilized
countries are driven by persons brutal in ^heir temper and instincts, who,
coming into possession cf a horse suffering from disability, infiicted hy
some former owner, or perhaps reduced in value by age, are sold for a
song, and thereafter the poor tortured brutes wear out a most miserable
existence, until at length they drop in their tracks, literally driven to
death. This picture is not overdrawn. Go into any of our cities, and
on to many of the farms of the land, and see animals in every stage of
incurable disorders. On farms horses disabled for city use in the posseSK
lion of some renter, whose only aim seems to be to see how soon and on
how little food he can wear out the miserable animal. Contrast theso
With the horses that are carefully fed and cared for, and by actual count
the result will be surprising even to a veterinarian.

As a rule, the horses of the better class of farmers fare the best. They
are not pampered, it is true, neither are they overdriven or overworked.
If they remain on the farm, they are capable of full work until they are

145

146

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

twenty years old. How many arrive at this age ? Not one in fifty. The
most of them die under seven years of age.

n. What Are Barbarities.

Their name is legion. It is barbarous to overload or overdrive an-
unals ; to giva them iuisufHciciit food and water ; to allow them to stiuid

i/U!

* 1'

s ■ J

'.i ''.

TUK TKAK or THK CUUKL AND IMHKOVIUBNT MA8TBK, AND THK USUAL SUKKOUNUINGS

day after day uncleaned and in filth, denying them even the poor boon of
cleaning themselves ; to work them during the progress of spavin or ring-
bone, navicular disease, with corns, gravel, or other painful ailments of I

THE HORSE, KIND TREATMENT.

147

the foot ; to let them Htand shivering in the cold, or in apolugiea for sta-
bles, in inclement weather without blankets ; to drive them in the mud
and mire and neglect to clean them ; to ride them under torturing sad-
dles, or to drive them in galling collars and harness ; to use badly fitting

THETKAH OK THE KIND AND CARBFUL MA8TKK, AND THE NATURAL 8UKROUNOIN08.

or torturing bit«, and then jerk their tender mouths because their agony
will not allow them to carry their heads directly in line or go straight
ahead ; to ride or drive through deep mud at a pace which quickly ex-
hausts the animal, and then beat with a loaded whip, because they flag,
or s[)ur them until their sides are a gore of blood i to keep the poor

■^

148

nXUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

!'•

creutures in terror, from fear of the whip, and then beat with renewed
vigor because the innocent brute docs not comprehend what the muster
i-eally does not know himself ; to give the faithful servant over to the
tender mercies of some man who calls himself a blacksmith, who either
pricks him with a nail, pares down the hoof and the frog to the quick,
and then because the poor animal cringes, holds back or perhaps stum<
bles, beats him for it. Such are a few of the more common of the
cruelties inflicted, and which may be seen day by day by any who will
notice. A man cannot pass along the streets in any large city, on any
day, without seeing some of these things.

The observing man need not travel far in the country to see some such
picture aa we present of the farmer \vho believes in letting his stock shift
for themlllves when not at work, and is careful not to over-feed when
they struggle with the plow or wagon.

m. A Pioture from Lift.

'^1

But, say some readers, the picture on page 146 is a fancy sketch. Not at
all. It is drawn from life. The superannuated, rat-tailed horse, with
one ear gone, blind, spavined, ill kept and ill fed ; the mule, still more
rat-tailed than the horse, intact only as to his ears, the broken-down
fence, the edge of the marshy pond, serving as a wallowing place for
hogs, and as a watering place for the family and stock ; the dilapidated
stable ; the log cabin — all are true to life.' There is but one redeeming
feature in the whole scene : the wife begging that a little land may be
left in front of the house unplowed. Will it be granted? Not so.
The ragged edged plow will cut as close to the corner of the cabin aj
possible, and then bear off in a cu'cle in the near distance beyond. Land
is too valuable to spare any next the house, but the weeds and dilapidated
fence tell a tale of plenty of land beyond. If the traveler chose he
might learn the cause of all this. A history made in the comer grocery
of the village, over the broken bridge.

Contrast this with the companion picture we give on page 147, aod
which tells a very different tale.

IV. The Other Side.

■^

It is of the farmer who is well-to-do by his own tact and energy, H»
team is trained to almost human intelligence. Strong, able horses, whose
dams wex'e kindly worked and carefully fed. When foals they were earlv
taught to take their oats. In Winter they were carefully housed, their
training commencing within a few days of their birth ; broken in at two

XIIE IIOK8E, KIND TUEATMENT.

149

years old, worked gently, and ut three past given full liberty again until
four. They are now six years old, trained to go without iiues, a gray
and a bay ; well bred ; weighing 1250 each ; capable of going a mile in
four minutes to the farm wagon. How much think you they are worth?
Let us whisper it ; |8()0 has been refused. A foolish farmer is h© not,
to keep so much money in a/arm team? Perhaps not. He asks $1200,
and he will get it. He has fulHlled the conditions we have given as to
breeding, feeding, watering, care, shelter, breaking and training. They
have lacked for nothing ho could give them, and in turn refuse nothing
they may be able to do for him.

V. A Oood Farmer's Surroundings. jjjk

The surroundings of a man in any condition in life, whether he be rich
or poor, are an index to his character. The animus of all men is to make
money, but some possess in connection, a love of the beautiful. Without
method in labor no man can be successful. The farmer who has method,
and an eye for the beautiful, and only comfortably well off, perhaps, will
show his barn yards and surroundings something like the following illus-
tration : ,

THB BARN OF 1HE PROVIDENT MASTER.

His oarns are tight and ample, and filled to the ridge-pole with fodder
I llis yards are protected with shelter-belts and wind-breaks, his pastures

and meadows ample and luxuriant, and his crops well tilled and heavy.

Inside his barns will be found a place for everything and everything in
jits place.

VI. Farmer ITnthrift's Bam.

On the other hand we give a view of the barn of the improvident master.
IHis well, simply a hole in the ground where the drainage of the yard may
jenter, the roof of the hovel rent and torn, the delapidated doors propped

160

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

up with rally, the weather-boards fallen or fulling off, and the whole thini:

shaky, like the master's mind. Fine stock, fait, and well groomed, huvi

come out of hovels of bams ; thev
were made warm and comfoi'table. It
is not the most expensive structure*
that always contain the best stock,
but in the end the better barn will bt
built. We have never seen good
slock issue from such a barn as we
have shown, and it only needs to show
the house the farmer lives in, with
its brush heap, its line of ragged
clothes, the ragged, dirty children,

and generally dilapidated appearance, to complete the pictorial stoiyol

general unthrift

ER UNinRIFT'S BARN.

vn. Farmer Unthrift's Home.

FARMER UMTHRIFT'8 BOHK.

Such a man will raise his colts from spavined and broken down marw.l
they will shif^/ for themselves upon scanty pasture in Summer, and intbtj
brush in Winter. He believes in hardening his stock, and he does il;l
hardens them into "runts," not worth a month's keeping. They ani
literally broken to work, broken in body and temper with cruel blom;!
they are halter-broken too, the halter is a rope knotted about the mil
like the poor old horse shown on next page, tied outside the barn fortbel
benefit of the fresh air it may get ; a starved out skeleton horse, contem-I
plating the skeleton of a barn. Even in such a barn there are capahiliti»l
that may be utilized for comfort. It may be reshingled, and newclsf-j
boarded, and the doors hung on their hinges. It may even be patch«
up so as not to leak, and be banked up to keep out the cold. But willit|

TlIE IIORRR, HOW TO SHELTER.

be? Hardly 1 The picture of the old house, the wreck of a horse, the
old rope around the neck, the rotten barn, all tell of more money spent
at the dram-shop than for the maintenance and comfort of the family or
the well-being of the stock.

TUB B tRN OV THK CKURI. MASTER. A MODKL HALTBR ON A MODKL COLT.

VIII. The CareAU Han's Theory.

As an accompaniment to this we give an illustration of a well-kept

I rult in a model halter for unbroken horses. By slipping both ends of

the chill strap through the ring of the tying rope, it is a hatter for a well

broken horse. The man who possesses such stock and fixtures may not

I he rich ; probably is not, but he is a careful, thinking, reading, method-

lical man, who believes in doing everything well. He uses no cruel

[hridles, gives his colts no excuse for getting cast in their halters. His

Iharness seldom galls the team, and when it does, it is remedied at the

Urst indication. However dirty his team goes into the stable, it always

comes out clean and blooming ; not only this, such a master never finally

Reaves his team for the night, after a hard day's labor, until it is dry, well

!;rooired, well littered down, and in every way comfortable for the night.

Ill the morning his team are always ready for the field or road ; and

powever eager or spirited they may be, will travel along together, either

Miead of or behind the master, and looking like the picture that we here

rive on following page — a lordly team, that only could belong to a kind

fnd considerate master.

They are not too many. The cruel, or shiftless, or drunken masters
Ire plenty enough. The farm stock of many get barely enough to eat,
Ind that in an irregular and improvident kind of way. They never pull
lery heavy loads, the master has not many to haul, and he believ* s in

162

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

skim plowing. When he comes homo, he "runs them into the barn,"
such as it is ; or they take the yard for it, and in the morning very closelv
resemble the pi(;ture on the left •

TKAM or THE KIND MA8TBB.

TIAM OF TBI OBUBL MABTMR.

A "humped up/' hungry, thirsty pair of servants to a cruel, becaufi<>
improvident master.

Such a man may not be cruel in the sense of beating. He may W I
really a kind-hearted man, a good neighbor,*^' thoroughly honest, as th«
world goes," he may even be a good Christian man, or think soaij
least. Ho is cruel nevertheless. More cruel perhaps than the brute whu
belabors his beasts and then repents. Cruel in his improvidence, in bij |
neglect of his farm and his stock.

BIS DOOR-.TABD OATB.

IH6 riKLD-QATK

Is it any wonder that in the morning the team should bo found in tk
yard, waiting for their breakfast. The wonder is that there should ht\
anything, either in the house or out for either man or beast to breakfast (

If to neglect we add a cruel or brutal disposition, the animals of tk I
farm are to be pitied, and the household likewise pitied, and prayed for.

This chapter is pictorial, and not pailicularly given to practical infor-
mation on the care of horses. It is a chapter of contrasts, and givenj
deliberately, as indicating far more eloquently than mere words can, tbtj
difference between careful and kind treatment of stock, and cruel orl

TRB HOR8B, KIND TREATMRNT.

163

neglectful treatment. It is, in fact, the story of thrift and uiithrift.
Wo expect few whom it might beneHt will see it. The unthrifty uiun
whom wo have depicted, seldom sees books, and we might alntoHt say,
never buys one. Those however who do, may perform good mlHsionnry
work among the class w have represented, by showing them how (|uickly
thrift will follow good intentions, religiously kept, backed up by honest
industry, guided by careful judgment, and accompanied by a will to
iierf(>rm. It will repair houses and barns, build gates and fenceH, culti-
vate smiling fields, rear and train good stock, lift the mortgage off the
farm, educate the growing family, and bring comfort and happiness to a
once cheerless and suffering family. ^ '

IX. Using the Means We Have.

In the foregoing, it is not to be understood that expensive appearances
are necessary for training a horse, neither is it to be understood that
costly buildings are necessary. We have stated more than once that any
farm unimal may be kept in the most comfortable manner, in a structure
made of poles and buy, an^we will add, kept in as good health a.s in ex-
pensive stables. The reason is that the master who uses care in making
a simple structure warm and comfortable has humanity to start with, and
gcncrivUy gives his own personal care and supervision, Avhilo in costly
stables the animals are usually left to the care of men hired for the pur<
j pose. The owner, often, from the pressure of other business pursuits,
being uniiblo to do more than to drive a favorite animal or team. In
l)crhiips u majority of cases he knows little or nothing of how a horse
should be cared for, and of course nothing as to the fitness of those
I whom he pays for doing the work.

The object of this work is to present in a condensed form the best prac-
[tices, founded upon common sense, and the experience of superior
stockmen in the care of animals. A study of these pages will enable any
person to acquire a good idea of the simplest and best means for arriving
at a correct knowledge of how animals should be bred, raised, fed, trained,
land cared for. He may thus understand how to do the work himself, or,
tin case he be a man of business, or wealth and leisure, he may quickly
know whether the help he relies on are doing their duty, not only in feed-
ling and cleaning, in exercising and the general care of the animals under
Ithem, but also know at a glance, whether the animals are treated with
Ithe kindness and consideration that dumb brutes, but faithful servants,
■deserve from man. The closest and most constant attention to these points
Iwill abundantly pay every farmer, and every wise farmer will be certain to
Ibestow such care.

* y

ir>4

)

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

X An InfUlible Bule.

We have known a brutal stable-man to flog a horse in the most terrible
manner, simply to get rid of his own ugliness, as he expressed it, while
at ordinary times he petted and made moch of the animal. Such an ani.
mill will be frantic at the s'ght of a whip held in a threatening manner.
Animals that are in the habit of being struck with the pitchfork, or bcinv
ki'-ked and cuffed, will wiitch carefully the stable-man, and show by their
nervousness in the stable what they are expecting, while of the master
they will show no sign of fear. Stable-men are often cunning creatures ;
they will have soothing words to quiet the animal in ithe presence of the
iiiiister. miWf have always held that the horse should be spoken to firmly
but quifl|, and always have an inherent suspicion that a team exhibiting
signs of rear at times, nvhere we always hear the keeper speaking to them
in soothing tones, ai-e bbused in secret.

No sane man would practice such treatment to his own stock, and no
man who is obliged to leave valuable an'mals in the care of servantjs
should fail to know that they are doing their duty. It is not enough that
th';i stable-men feed the regular rations, that they clean and exercise prop.
ei.y. It should be made important that in all their intercourse with the
animals under their care, they be not unduly punished, nor in any utber
respect abused.

I, ■

', -Vlv?,

■. M(

\ - 'iUTi'.

"', '.n.- «.■'. r

CHAPTER X.

HOW TO BUT.

I. HOW TO OKT COHRECT INFORMATION. II. THB BUYER HFST KNOW WHAT BR WANTS.

III. PROPOKTION8 OF THK HORSE. IV. THB CLBVBLAND BAY FOR PROFIT. V.

THK LIOHT HARNESS II0R8B. VI. SADDLE HORSB8 OF ALL GUTS. VII. TIIR IllOIt-

BRED HUNTINO HORSE. VIM. RACINQ HORSES. IX. WHAT THK RACER SHOULD BK.

X. TO AVOID VICES AND DEFECTS— HOW TO DBTBOT. XI. OTHER FAULTS AND

IMPERFECTIONS.

I. How to Oet Correct Information.

Every horse owner sooner or later becomes a judge of what he is buy-
ing. If he depends entirely upon the lessons learned through cheats that
are practiced upon him by sharp jockeys, life is too short for him ever to
hcconie nil adept in distinguishing vice, unsoundness, "dosed up" and
used up horses as among the various tricks and swindles practiced upon
the ignorant and unwary. Generally after being cheated, or al aluteiy
swindled a few times, the breeder goes to the only correct source of
information, concisely written and carefully illustrated books. He is
thus enabled not only to study, but subsequently to caiTy in his mind
what he has read and seen ; he comes to compare critically the living
animal with the illustrations and descriptions, and thu.s becomes an expert
himself, and in a hundredth part of the time by which he could acquire
t'orrect information in any other way. This is precisely the means used
hy any prof<.'.ssional man in the accjuisition of true knowledge in the
pursuit (»f his profcs.sion, whether it be in a learned profe.ssion or in the
education to practical art. Thereafter practice makes perfect.

n. The Buyer Must Know What he Wants.

Suppose he is looking for stock from which to breed trotting horses.
He must then consider the type of horse he wishes to breed ; whether for

155

hit

156

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

speed alone, or fur style and speed. That is, first class road horses, o^
large, strong, able horses, combining in as great a degi'ee as may be large
size, strength, endurance and such style as may be conformable with this
class of horses.

iKi

V ^i

:?it|

, i

1 I

■ »

1 " 1

r '

*- ■ ,

'' '<■ W'l

" i

■=' 1

i
j

As showing what may be done in colts got by breeding up out of
roomy mares of fair style, bred to high class trotting stallions, we give
three cuts of stallions, certainly good enough for sires, and as models of
what such horses should i>e. The first showing eminent breeding, with

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

167

style enough : rather straight on his fetlocks, according to the idea of
iniiny good horsemen, but with length enough, from our standpoint, to
.rive flexibility. A horse compact and smooth, with excellent "flat and

sinewy limbs, good f«^et, ample chest, good lungs, fine eye, broad fore-
bead, and strong jaws. The head not the ideal of modern " blood
horseinon," but nevertheless showing docility aii«i intelligence in a high
degree. Sho>^TUg also high breeding in every part.

158

ILLUSTBATES STOCK DOCTOR.

is;

The cut on page 167 is of a horse of great style and endurance, fine all
over. A horse that will go with his head well up ; limbs exceedingly
tine, made rather light, but with plenty of tail, as a horae should have ;
evidently showing Morgan blood, dashod with Bell Founder and other
thorough blood.

Between th© two, for real and intrinsic merit., the first shccM be taken.
There is plenty of stylo about him, and strength. Thoip is also a luidv
of fine character on limbs of jrreat power. Such will be found accept-
able and sought after always hy gentlouicn wanting a single horso, or i
pair for driving oa the road, or for driving in the city park -ways ir thi

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

159

ce, fiue all
cceedingly
uld have;
iind other

X
K

i
>;

111"

:M he tiiken.

also !i hddv
|)Uiid aicept-

horse, or a

afteriioou. Either of the two will make capital and stylish saddle horses,
if well trained, such as no gentleman of ordinary weight or any lady
need be ashamed of when taking the afternoon trot or canter on the
fashionable boulevards (ir park-drives of our largo cities, or on the streets
or roadings of cities having no parks. The first the best horse, the sec-
ond the most stylish. •

The third cut we give is that of a horse of large size and strong build,
adapted for drawing as a single horse for the coupe, or one of a team to
the family carriage ; as one of a pair for a coach or barouche ; 'one that
will give satisfaction almost anywhere, if not driven over eight miles an
iiour, and capable as well of hauling loads on good roads, at a fast
walking pace.

A horse of this stamp, sixteen to sixteen and a half hands high, not
particularly heavy set, rather long-limbed, with i'angy neck and good
lieau, with plenty of spirit, and weighing about 1200 pounds, may be
called a general utility horse. Such will coR;:nand ready sale at any
time, if well broken and trained, say at from |2vlO to $300 each, and if
particularly nice and well matched, ofU-n at $800 or $900 the pair, as
carriage horses when five or six years old.

m. Proportions of the Hone.

rSOPORTIONfl or TUB VABI0D8 rABT8.

To arrive at a clear understanding of the proportions of the horse, we
give uu outline that will be a good study, not only for the be^nner, but

i/-l?

■; Jf

160

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

will be valuable for roforciu'e for any horseman, however expert he may
be. This illustrution coiiihines the average measurements of six horsen,
accepted for perfect symmetry, and taiieii, says Mr. J. H. Walsh (Stone-
henge) — one of the most grapliio and lucid of English writers on the
horse — two of them from celebrated stallions, two from thorough-bred
hunters, and two from chargers of great value. This, therefore, will not
apply to draft horses, but it will be found that the nearer the general
utility horse comes to these measurements, the better he will be.
; • • ' , •

Inobrs.

Height 63

Length from shoulder-point to quarter 60

From the lowest part of the chest to the ground 36

From the elbow-point to the ground 88

From the withers to thu pole, Ju8t behind the ears, in u straight lint 30 ,

llie same measured along the crest 32

length of head 22

Width across the forehead 9 1-2

From the withers to the hip 22

From the stifle to the point oi the hock, in the attitude shown in the plan 29

From the root of the tail to the stifltsjoint 26

From the point of the hocic to the ground 22 1-2

Length ot arm from the elbow to the pisiform bone (the rear bone oi those

forming the upper articulation of theltnee) 101-2

From the pisiform bone to the ground 19 1-2

Girth varies trnm 78 to 79

Circumference of fore-cannon bone (largo uietacarpel or shank bone, oxtind-

Ing fi-om the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9

Circumference of arm Just below the elbow ltil-2toI8

The foregoing is not to be taken as a fixed rule in comparing ordinary
horses, nor even those well-bred. Eclipse, for instance, nuiy be given as
a most wonderful horse, diff<'ring in many material respects from these
measurements. 1I<' was three inches taller at the withers, atul yet higher
in the croup 'lian at the withers. His linid was <if tlie same length as
the avera;;' nn, but it is sii!-' to have been twelve inches across at the
forehettd. He was a big lu)r>*«' in every respect ; tall, lengthy, capaciou!i
in i>ody, higher behind than b<>fore, his wH-k and back long, the loin
roached, his limbs would by some be (ailed long, iwi they were stroajr
with large joints, but fine ; his quarters stmiffht. rnqmuce and extended;
thighs long and mtiscular ; shoulders only niodenitrfy oblique, and of
fair depth ; his knees and hocks broad and well formed : head .-mall, aixl
as will be observed from its great breadth of forehead, Ar:!b-like. <)»
the whole it would probably be difficult to improve the proportion*' of
Eclipse, simply as a weight-carrying racer. For the hunting field, the
tine saddle horse, or any of the uses to which practical men put their
W)rsefc^ aside from flat racing, select as many of the superior points

■ '

THE ItORSR, WOW TO BUY.

161

E(!lipse as you can find, but leave out the low withers and high croup.
The horse that will come to the standard that we have given iu the dia-
<M;im, is us a rule the liorso to buy.

IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit.
Of late years this aJiiii ruble uiid stylish horso us iiuprovod from the

162

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

^1^

ii. t

old farm horso of fifty years ago, has nttractea attention in the United
States, and especially in the West, where many fair specimens have been
imported. As showing the characteristics when standing extended and at
rest, we give a portrait of a pure bay, in color, with a star in the forp.
head, and one white hind fetlock. These dashes of white not detracting
from the style of any horse, and showing breeding. It is a horse show-
ing blood and breeding, with lofty crest, magnificent withers, round bar-
relled, and clean limbed, a coat like satin, and a head of excellent pro-
portions. Colts from such a horso out of large, roomy mares of good
style, will always sell for high prices. When you find such a stallion do
not be afraid to buy, he will pa}', and his foals will pay for their feed and
training.

The old fashioned horse of this race, the Cleveland bay, is extinct and
gone. The present form is the result of crosses with staunch thorough-
breds, giving better form throughout, greater speed and eminent style.
We consider them as among the very best from which to breed stylish
animals from proper mares. Horses that may do the ordinary farm work
until six years past, and then be sold at good prices for stylish omnibus,
express, light draft, and carriage horses in our cities. Farmers who have
large, Avell built mares, wishing to breed colts that shall have size enougli
for any farm or road work ; that will breed to uniform (!olor, so that they
nuiy be easily matched ; that will have style-«-not that of the blood horse,
or light driving, or trotting horse — will do well to investigate the char-
acteristics of the Cleveland bays. Canada has acquired a high reputation
for stylish, well matched coach horses. It is founded in a gi-eat measure
upon crosses produced by breeding the modern Cleveland bays upon large,
handsome marcs of more or less breeding.

Such horses if properly cared for will do eight or nine miles an hour,
in harness, and under the saddle may be pushed up to twelve miles an
hour ; are active in all their gaits, tractable, easily managed, intelligent,
fast Avalkers, always ready for their feed, and as eager at labor, as they
are kind and intelligent every where. The late Henry William Herbert,
(Frank Forester), a thorough horseman, an accurate judge of horse flesh.
and a finished writer, : his voluminous work, "The Horse of America,"
thus descril)e8 the original Cleveland bay, and also the improved horse of
his time : "TIk? Cleveland bay, in its natural and unmixed form, is a tall,
powerfully built, bony animal, averaging, I should ssiy, fifteen hands
three inches in height, rarely falling short of fifteen and a half or ex-
ceeding si.xteen ond a half hands.

The crest and withers are almost invariably good, the head hony, lean,
and well set on. Ewe-necks arc, probably, rarer in this family than in
any other, unless it be the dray-horse, in which it is never seen.

THE HOR8E, HOW TO BUT.

163

The faults of shape to which the Cleveland Bay is most liable are
iiiirrowiicss of body, and flatness of the cannon and shank bones. Their
color is universally bay, rather on the yellow bay than on the blood bay
color, with black mane, tail, and legs.

riioy are sound, hardy, active, powerful horses, with excellent capabili-
ties for draft, and good endurance, so long as they are not pushed beyond
their speed, Avhich may be estimated at from six to eight miles an hour,
(111 a trot, or from ten to twelve — the latter quite the maximum — on a
friillop, under almost any weight."

Tlie large and more showy of these animals, of the tallest and heaviest
tvi)c, were the favorite coach horses of their day ; the more springy and
iitrhtly built, of equal height, were the hunters, in the days when the fox
was hunted by his drag, unkennelled, and run half a dozen hours or
more, before he Avas either earthed or worn out and worried to death.
Then the shorter, lower, and more closely ribbed up were the road
hticknoys, a style of horse unbuppily now almost extinct, and having
unequally substituted in its plat . a wretched, weedy, half-bred or throe-
i|iiiirters-bred beast, fit neither t<i go the pace with a weight on its back,
nor to last the time.

From these Cleveland Bays, however, though in their pure state nearly
extinct, a very superior animal has descended, which, aftei several steps
and gradations, has settled down into a family common throughout all
Yorkshire and more or less all the mid-land counties, as the farm horse,
iind riding or driving horse of the farmers, having about two crosses,
more or less, of blood on the original Cleveland stock.

The first gradation, when pace became a desideratum with hounds, was
tlie stinting of the best Cleveland Bay mares to good thorough-bred
horses, with a view to the progeny turning out hunters, troop horses, or,
in the last resort, stage-coach horses, or, as they were termed, machines.
The most promising of these well bred colts were kept as stallions ; and
mares of the same typo, with their dams, stinted to them produced the
improved carrmge horse of fifty years ago.

The next step was putting the half-bred fillies, l)y thorough-breds out
tif Cleveland Bay mares, a second time to thorough-bred stallions ; their
proi^eny to become the hunters, while themselves and their brothers were
liiwered into the carriage horses ; and the half-bred stallions which had
lipon the getters of carriage horses were degraded into the sires of the
now, improved cart horse.

V. The Light Harness Horao.

lu many cases, whi^ro ti.<^ roads are superior, and the animal is used in
a vehicle of the lightest couslructiou, to carry only one persoi:., size is

164

ILLirSTRATKI) 8TOCK DOCTOR.

not always ncccssarv. Very nmiiy horses of fourteen and a half hundM,
are exquisitely hamlsonie and capable of very fast work. One of the
bwt we ever knew wum a St. Lawrence niaro fourteen hands high, that

m
o

M
H

verj' few largo horses could get by on a smooth road — the "Baby, "<"
«he was called — when driven on a track, alwa3's ;;oiug as a pacer.

TIIK IIOUHK, now TO BUV.

165

Tlio illuHtriitioii on opportito pagi' \h of an Kii<(lisli light ImniosH, two-
wheeled turn-out, u vehicle now oceuriionally patronized liy funt living
vdunc gentlemen. For .style of going, the horso in as perfect as he in
liiindHonio in his inake-n|>, hut not showing the high knee action conHid-
tred stylish with ull two-wheeled turn-outs.

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VI. Saddle Horses of all Gkiits.

It liaa always scuniod a pity that farmers sons have not taken mor'V
kindly to the saddle than American youths du. It is well enough f Di-

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

,50
,56

1121 1112.5

IIIIIM 1^

itf III 2.0

lllll 1.8

1.25 III 1.4

1.6

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

Q-

166

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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men of mature age to favor the buggy or light wagon, but every young
i)ian and woman raised in the country should he; taught to sit a horse per-
fectly, and to manage him at all gaits. In the iSouth this it> the case, but

in the North the perfect saddle-seated rider is rarely found. Lately,
thoroughly trained saddle horses are much sought after in our cities, and
oertainly there is no place Avhere they may be so perfectly trained us in

There is one m
thorough-bred ra
that is valuable ii
bone, siaeAV and 1
on the race cours
there always will
t)y all breeders o:
tions rules of th(
lived up to. If d
animus of the tu
improving the b
weight, and with
high speed. Th(
end of a quarter
Englishman woul

The model rac
hands high, full
backed, round iu

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

167

the West. Every respectable farmer should have at least one well
trained saddle horse to sell when called for. Twelve months training
will put them in form. For good wear-artd-tear, compact, able as a
(rood leaper, of fine form, and undoubted bottom for any distance, the
illustration, page 165, will give an idea of what such a saddle horse
should be.

VII. The High-bred Hunting Horse. ^ <

When a long stride, great leaping powers, and ability to go long
distances at high speed is requir^^d, the horse should be not less than
one-half to three-quarters bred. A greater proportion even is favored in
the South, where the passion for hunting is only second to that in
Eii'Hand. The illustration of a horse of extra good action as given on
jjage 166 , will be seen to combine size, indicating capacity for carrying
iireat weight ; high breeding, as shown in the crest and head ; wonderful
luno-s ; great length of hip and limbs, and being near perfection as possi-
ble ; a high caste horse that will not fail his rider in time of need.

j-i.

viJx. Booing Horses.

There is one more class of saddle horses wortay of special notice : the
tliorough-bred racing horse, the foundation upon which has been built all
that is valuable in every horse where speed, bottom, elegance, and great
hone, sinew and muscle in every respect are required. It is the fact that
on the race course there have been schemes and tricks practiced, probably
there always will be those scandalous in the extreme, but frowned upon
l)y all breeders of respectability. Among the more respectable associa-
tions rules of the most stringent character have been drawn, and fairly
lived up to. If dishonest jockeying can be still further eliminated the true
animus of the turf may have a bright future before it in still farther
improving the breed of staunch thorough-breds, capable of carrying
weight, and with bottom to get the rider two, three and four miles at
high speed. These are what are really wanted, and not those that at the
end of a quarter or a half mile are entirely blown and jaded, or as an
Englishman would express it, quite "pumped out."

IX. What the Racer Should Be;

The model racing horse should be from fifteen and a half to sixteen
hands high, full and muscular in his build, with clean, sound limbs, short
backed, round in the barrel, with long hips, deep and oblique shoulders,

■^■\.

168

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i^ >f^

•m

a rangy and not too muscular neck ; a head fine, bony and with rathei
large muzzle and prominent nostrils, broad in the forehead, with a full,
bright, but mild eye, denoting a high nervous temperament, uniting

great courage witli docility. The accompanying illustration will give h
correct idea of a horse of great speed, high courage and lasting powers
of endurance.

leg than on the

animal a man c(

the latter, since 1

3. — Kicking, -

if approached in

sometimes from

their ears more c

tention. Examii

marks of their h(

propensity when

4. — Pulling a

close yard, Avith i

about half an hoi

5. — Crib-biti>

the central inciso

able him to get

stump, or at a I

tieing in his sight

6. — Balking j

when they do, th

denly when unde:

ticult to detect,

months all right,

exhibited by bad

respectable ownei

if a person stran

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. . 16fl

Z. To Avoid Vices and Defects— How to Detect.

Thev are legion, and he who at present buys any horse, whether for
speed or work, must be on his guard against them. Among the prin-
cipal disabilities to be guarded against are :

1. — Bone spavin, curb, ring-bone and splints. — To detect these
look at the horse from before and behind, for spavin and curb at the
lioc'ks ; for ring-bone, at the fetlocks ; and for splints, below the knee.
Feel the bones at all these parts for tenderness or enlargement. If they
appear, reject the horse instantly. He will be worthless as a sire, or for
riding or driving.

2. — Stumbling. — Examine the knees to find if they are scarred, or
show the marks of previous injuries, or that have been operated upon for
callosities. Then walk him over somewhat rough ground, and at a slow
pace, with an entirely loose rein, to see if he trips or goes weaker on one
leg than on the other. If he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous
animal a man can own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than
the latter, since kicking may be guarded against, when knowing the vice.

3. — Kicking. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back his ears
if approached in an apparently careless manner, though horses do this
sometimes from mere playfulness. If they are vicious, they will lay
their ears more completely back, and the eyes will also denote their in-
tention. Examine the stall where it is known they have stood for
marks of their hoofs, and above all, give the animal a chance to show his
propensity when the groom is not near. .■^.. .'■■■■, ■

4. — Pulling at the halter or bridle when tied. — Tie him up in a
close yard, with a halter he can easily break, leaving him quite alone for
about half an hour, to exhibit his propensity if he will.

5. — Crib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his teeth —
the central incisors — will show wear where he has gi-asped objects to en-
able him to get leverage to perform the operation. Tie him out to a
stump, or at a post about three feet high, and watch him, no person
beinjr in his siffht.

6. — Balking and backing. — Horses seldom balk under the saddle ;
when they do, they are dangerous in the extreme, often stopping sud-
denly when under motion, or backing into dangerous places. It is liif-
ticult to detect, for they Avill sometimes go days, weeks and even
months all right, a.id then suddenly show the vice. As a rule, it is
exhibited by bad tempered, badly trained horses. A warrant from a
respectable owner is the best guarantee. It may sometimes be detected,
if a person strange to the horse mounts and attempts to start him sud-

%'t4{i

170

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

denly. In harness it may often be detected by the manner in which the
animal starts and travels.

7. — The Rogue. — The rogue is the horse of vices ; he may take the bit
in his mouth and run away, he will rear, back, kick, strike, bite, and do
twenty other unpleasant tricks, not always from pure vice, but often from
exhuberance of spirits, or from being crossed in some way. They gen-
erally perform well enough after they have found out that their rider is
their master. They are difficult to detect in their vices, except by the
thorough horseman, who is well versed in every expression and act of the
horse.

8. — Bishoped Teeth. — So named from the scoundrel who invented
tiling an old horse's teeth to make him look young, even to burning and
blackening the cups formed. A careful study of the chart of the horse's
teeth, given in this book, will enable any person to detect this, since it is
impossible to cover the shrinking of the gums, by which the teeth show
narrow, and are peculiar in shape.

Jt. — Weak Eyes. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a
horse with bad eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just in-
side the door where the full ligh may strike the eyes. Examine the lids
and pupils carefully, to see if there is any considerable shrinking ; the
eye should be able to bear the full light. Horses are sometimes near-
sighted, and also far sighted. Nearly all shying horses become so either
from defect in vision or from cowardice.

10. — Moon Eyes. — ^This is a specific ophthalmy, from which one or
both eyes periodically change color, and during the paroxysm it may be-
come entirely blind. During the interval the eyes look natural. It is
better, if the buyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it.

11. — Blindness. — ^This is sometimes difficult to detect by the ordinary
observer by looking at the eyes. In rare cases the eyes may seem natural.
A blind horse, however, may be detected by his mode of progression.
As an example we give an illustration showing the mode of progreseioii
of a totally blind horse.

XI. Other Faults and Imperfections.

The disabilities noticed in the pre\'ious sections are those of positive
unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Some others that should not
be overlooked, are easily discovered by careful examination and test.

These are :

1. Glass Eye. — This, if not complicated >vith specific disease, does
not interfere with sight in any respect. It is a serious defect, simply so
far as looks are concerned. Usually only one eye has thi^ peculiar white

THE HOKSE, HOW TO liVY.

171

cl&HBy appearance, the pupil perfect, and the iris (juite natural. It should
affect the price of the ajiinial, only a.s detracting from elegance.

TDK MODE IN WHICH A HORSE PKOGRK8SK8 WHEN BLIND.

2. White Spot. — Sometimes a small white spot will appear on th«i
eye of a young horse, generally after thret- years of age, and usually
near the outer corner. It has a peculiar cloudy app' arance, sometimes
increasing to the size of a hemp seed, and occasionall) lai'ger. The du-
ration is variable, sometimes lasting for years, and again disappearing in
a short time. It really impairs the vision but little, if any. Unless its
history is known a veterinary surgeon should decide whether it is incipient
cataract or not. Some veterinarians have termed it spurious cataract, but
this is entirely a misnomer. The name white spot describes it perfectly.

3. Roaring. — This is the result of obstruction in some part of the
larynx or trachea, impeding the breath, and causing a peculiar roaring
sound when the animal is in motjon. It is rarely found in the tTnited
States, being chiefly confined to draft horses. It is often the result of
chronic cough. In England it is quite common, and when present in a
horse of fast work, will render him worthless for the road. It may be
discovered by urging the horse to a fast gait.

4. Oblique Tail, or Wry Tail. — This is caused by contraction of
the muscles of the tail ovt one side. It may sometimes be improved by
a surgical operation, and shonld be considered a serious defect in any
horse, and especially so in a driving horse.

«^'

172

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

5. Turning the Toe of the Hoof out or in Unduly, Sand Cradks,
Quarter Cracks, Dish Hoofs, Over-reaching, Interfering, etc., are
ull to be looked for before finally buyiiig a horse. They are all disabili-
ties that should not- be present where the purchaser pays full price for
the animal. They are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser in to
blame if he fails to see them.

(). Wolf Teeth. — These rudimentary teeth, which are found in some
horses but not in marcs, and which have been supposed by ignorant
persons to produce blindness, and other diseases, are entirely harmless,
except for the abrasion they sometimes occasion to the tongue and cheeks.
If they do so they are easily taken out by any sensible blacksmith. In
fact it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious
disease, but simply because they are not of any value, are useless to the
animal, and may occasion slight inconvenience.

7. Shying. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can
have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudi-
cious punishment — more common ; or from defective eyesight, or from
all these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse
endeavor to break him of the vice by allowing him to examine objects of
which he is afraid, by speaking soothingly to him, but never by whipping
or spurring him. When he shows a disposition to shy turn his head to
rather than from the objetit. Stop him ; let him approach the object and
touch it with liis nose, for soon he will approach it himself. If simply
caused by nervousness, he may thus be cured. If caused by being short
sighted there is no means of relief. Before you buy a horse be certain
that he has not this infirmity, as dangerous a one as it is disagi'eeable.
Such an animal is only fit to be driven by the side of another horse who
wil. keep him to his work, and upon which he at length will come to
depend, or of being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses.

CHAPTER XI.

HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED.

BTTTING CHBAP HORSES. TI. COLOR, IN RKLATION TO VALCK. •

FAST-WALKING HORSES. V. WHAT A HORSE SHOULD BE.

UNSOUNDNESS. VII. ILLUSTRATION OF FORM AND SYMMETRY.

in. ACTION. IV.

■VI. WHAT CONSTITUTES
VIII. THE BODY AND

LIMBS. IX. THE BODY A8 STANDING FACING YOU. X. FRONT VIEW OF FORE-QUAR-
TERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. XI. THE HIND-QUARTERS. XII.

THE VIEW FROM BBHJND. XIII. WHAT NOT TO BUY. XIV. BUYING FOR BLOOD.

I. Buying Cheap Horses.

In the preceding chapter on this important subject we have endeavored
to shoAV some of the principal points to be considered in buying a horse,
especially those relating to the use for which they are intended. Tlicre
is one rule that will always apply in buying any horse. Never buy him
because he is offered at a price evidently far below his worth, that is,
except it be from a friend that you can trust, who does not want the
horse himself, and wishes to do you a favor. These cases will be found
very rare. In every other case rest assured the horse has some danger-
ous vice, or is permanently unsound. In this country never buy a horse
at any price which has any appearance of broken knees by falling.
Hunting horses are too rare here for one to have gotten the hurt in the
field, and, accidentally, by being put at a barrier beyond his power.

Reject a horse with any weakness in his eyesight, unless you have xiae
for a bhnd horse, then buy him at a blind horse's price. A one-eyed
horse may do useful, but not elegant work. Never buy a lame horse at
any price, until you are assured that the disability is not permanent.

Foot lameness, except it may be from a slight coru, and consequently

173

.-^'.■;^iifJ-.-_ikn:i''ri,J'-..-'^i'ci4i^iS^

174

IlihUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOK.

curable, should bo an insuporiible bar to purchase. You can never patch
up a bad foot. Therefore be sure you always try the intended purchase
on a hard road. Many game horses, dead lame on hard roads, will get
along without much Hinching on soft roads, or the turf. If you are
certain as to the cause of the lameness and know you can cure it, the
purchase, as a speculation, may do ; but never rely on the assurance of
the horse dealer. Jt is his business to sell.

Never buy a narrow chested horse for hard service. It shows weak
lungs and those liable to inflammation. If for saddle, avoid a very broad
chested horse, though as trotters they arc sometimes fast. The best iiml
most perfect chest is a medium between the narrow and broad chest.

A^ftifked up washy looking horse should be avoided. They may indeed
do for light work or short drives, but are totally unfit for real work.

In buying avoid all defects in the wind ; be sure the disability has not
been temporarily covered up, by special means known to horse dealers.
A whistler or roarer may show no indication of his infirmity at a slow
pace, or up to a certain speed. Beyond that it is ajoparent. Broken
wind is an incurable infirmity and probably as distressing to the horse its
the asthma is to man. A horse may make more or less noise and yet not
have broken wind. Any indication of this, however, is to be looked on
with suspicion.

In buying a horse his points of excellence and infirmity are better
shown if only in fair working condition than when very fat. A horse
very fat is pretty nearly a useless creature until his condition has been
brought down to that of l)nne, sinew and muscle, with just sufficient fat
to lubricate, so to speak, the working parts. Yet a horse for slow draft
may be serviceable and cany far more flesh and fat than one used for
fast work. Many superior horses have been ruined by hard driving when
fat, or soft.

'< I

n. Color in Relation to Value.

It is a saying as trite as it is old that any color is good in a good horse.
Yet a horse, however good otherwise, should be invariably rejected if his
color is bad. For instance, it would essentially mark both an ignorant
and vulgar person who would select a piebald, spotted, or otherwise
extraordinary color for a carriage horse. It would savor of the circu.s
or show ring.

As saddle horses for gentlemen, self-colors are the best, and those dis-
tinct. A star in the forehead and two white feet behind give character.
A snip in the face, if large, is objectionable. Four white stockings more
so. Bay, brown and dark chestnut are the preferable colors. If the

TIIK MUK8K, MOW TO lUY,

170

horse is oxccptioimhly stylish, black und dapplo gray arc good colorb.
<iniy horses are often had ti'iiipcred, and Idack horses are not as a rule,
dticiU'. t^oi' ladies' use a dark i-reain color with white mane and tail, or
that rare combination, a dark chestnut with darker tail and mane an? ele-
pmt if of good form. So a .strawberry roan, if unexceptiomible in style
anil form, is elegant.

For single or double light driving, all distinct colors are good. Uneven
or curiously nuirked horses are allowabh- in a fancy team — as a misnnit<^h
ill distinct colors — as it is called. The colors should be distinct and in
strong contrast, or else liarmonious. A chestnut and a dark bay >vould
he harmonious, and yet distinct colors. So would be a chestnut and u
lirowii : a cream with white nianeand tail, and a chestnut with dark mane
;iiid tail would show u marked contrast, and yet bo elegant ; so would l)e
crciun-colored horses so marked. A pure white and a jet black would be
tlic most marked contrast jjossible, and not for a moment admissil)ie,
cxicjtt both were faultless in form and style of going. Here in fact is
where the line, art lies in teams of two distinct colors : Whatever the.
mixinatfh in color, the team should be as near alike in form and car-
riaije as possible.

IIL Action.

There are really but two styles of action : low, sraoorth, safe action, and
high-stepping, showy action. The latter of little account except for
j)ariide and showing off on the road in connection with lino style. A
liigh-stepping dolt is as unsafe as he is ungainly. The action that is
slow and safe, and fast and safe, if combined in an aninud is invaluable.

A horse with really good action moves all his limbs evenly, and brings
his hind legs well under him at every movement. Some horses with
round action in front — paddlers they are called — are often staunch and
sure-footed, but this is in spite of this action, not in consequence of it.
Horses that straddle behind are often exceedinjrlv fast trotters. Yet
neither of these movements are what would be sought, either in a fine
saddle horse or in a good harness horse.

IV. Fast-walking Horses.

We have before stated that a perfect and fast walking gait was not
only indispensable to every horse, but the most valuable gait a horse
could have for every day use. Yet w^e seldom see a horse that will walk
four and a half or five miles an hour, even when urged and in regular 1-
i-'d-4 time, nodding his head harmoniously in cadence. If a purchaser
gets such a horse, or one that will do four miles under the saddle with-

176

ILLIIRTKATKU STOCK DOCTOR.

\ I

m'- J!

U i d

■:.--r^ '

out Htuinblinfj, syiuffliiijr, droppiiifr the Htcp or ln-ciikinfr, 1>e Hun' you have
a good one at spocd, if Ik* Iiih sptu-cl, for many {jrcat walk«'r» juie i^
broad chested that they cuunot trot fast, and in galloping they will r*Al.

Yet occasionally a horse will be found good at all gaits. When so, it L» tHa?
result of exceptionably good form and careful training. He who can m trm
a horse, may get a long price for his trouble and skill.

We have hi
horse, and hav
sfiDiild be su]
riiitlioriticrt, W(
nructure of tl
(otiforniation.
"The point.-
indeed the wh(
inritors all tin
Tlicrcforc, to
(il'li(|iicly set,
,il)ovo. The u
Itroad, Hat and
not roinid, witi
and oblique, bi
wt'iikiieSH ; tlio
jri'iKTally larjjfe
hr<i(', powerful
from l)chind.
ft down, so as
should bo larjre
heir jjosterior c
short and flat, .1
>liould be short
Ahich ought to
and for a horse
great speed and
deep from the ti
whicli is i-alled
these parts gives
neck and settinc
the animal, but
k-nce, with an :
animal cannot b;
one to manajre.
above from the 1
so set on that wl
^ow, and brinjrs

tub; house, how to buv.

177

V. What a Horse flhouldBe.

We have been very miiuite in Htutln;^ th(( points of perfection in a
horse, iiiui have lu'en particular in urj^inj; tliiit thr luiigM, limbs and feot
.ifiDuld be 8uper-exo(!llont. In addition, and as from one of the best
aiitliorlti(!s, we quote from the hito H, W. Ilorber-t, upon the physicial
.4ruc'ture of the liorse, before illustratinj; physical perfection and perfect
conformation. Mr. Herbert .says :

"The points of the i)hysical structure of a horse on which the most,
nulccd tlie whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco-
iiKitors all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothiuj;? worth.
Tlicrcfon', to these we look tirst. The fore-shoukUu- should be lonjjf,
{ilili(lU(ly set, with a considernblo slope, high in the withers and thin
;ih()vc. The upper arm should be very long and nniscular, the knee
liroiul, tlat and bony, the shank, or camion bone, as short as may be, flat,
not round, Avith clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints modenitely long
iind oidique, but not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and
\v(iikiu!ss ; the hoofs firm, erect or deej), as opposed to flat, and the feet
irciicrally large and round. In the hind-legs the (jmirters should be
liir«i;e, powerful, broad when looked at in profile, and scjuare and solid
from behind. The hams should be sickle-shaped, not straight, and well
ft down, so as to bring the hocks well toward the ground. The hocks
should be large and bony, straight, not angular and convexly curved in
licir i)osteri()r outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to the cannon bones,
short and flat, and the hind feet similar in form to the front. The back
should be short above, from the point of the withers and shoulder-blade,
which ought to run well back to the croup. The barrel should bo round,
iirid for a horse in which strength and quickness are looked to more than
jrrpiit speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can scarcely be too
deep from the tij) of his shoulder to the intersection of his fore-log —
which is called the heart-place — or too wide in the chest, as room in
these parts gives free play to the most important vitals. The form of the
neck and settinj; on of the head are essential not onlv to the beauty of
the animal, but to the facility and pleasure of riding or driving him;
^ence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the
animal cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easy
one to mauaere. The neck should lie moderately lonir, convexly arched
above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the head, and
so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, like a bended
^'ow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it nearly touches
the chest. Horses so made are always manageable to the hand. The
converse of this neck, which is concave above and stuck out at the

178

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

windpipe like a cock's wuttle, is the worst possible form ; and horses so
made almost invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and ^he most excep-
tionable of brutes, regular Mav-gazers. The head should be rather small,
bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the eyes, and rather concave,
or what is called basin-faced, than Roman-nosed, between the eyes and
nostrils. The ears should be iine, small and pointed ; the eyes large,
dear and prominent, and the nostrils Avide and woll opened. A horse so
framed cannot fail, if free from physical defects, constitutional disease
and vice, to be a jrood one for any purpose — -degree of strength, light-
ness and speed being Aveighed in accordance with the purpose for which
he is desired."

•?-» 1

VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness.

I. — Spavin, whether it l)e hog spavin, blood spainn or hone spavin,
when sufficiently developed to be known.

2. — Osmjication of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints
and also without doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages.

.^. — Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must
be discovered within a short time, say a few days of the purchase.

4. — Curbs constitute unsoundness, but they must be shown to exisit
at the time of the sale.

5. — Founder or Laminitis, is unsoundness whether it produces lame-
ness or not, for if it has existed the laminee will have been injured and
the horse will be lame when worked.

fi. — Pumiced Foot is unsoundness as evidence of laminitis.

7. — Quittor may render the horse permanently unsound.

8. — liing-bones and side-bones constitute unsoundness.

9. — A N'erved i/orse is unsound as showing the existence of disease
for which the operation was performed, and also from the division of
thi- nerve«,

10. — String-Halt is unsoundness.

11. — Thrush is so when severe. •

1.9. — Breaking down, even though the horse has recovered so as not
to go lame.

13. —Thickening of the Back Sinews, or suspensory ligament, if known
to exist, is unsoundness.

14. — Broken Wind, Tliick Wind, Whistling and Roaring are all con-
sidered as constituting unsoundness, as forming impediments in breath-
ing, injuring the animal for drawing or other active service.

15. — Farcy and Glanders. , v

16. — Grease and Mange.

■-%'

Reuived (inse

v]P»?

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

179

17. — Cough, if it lasts. A horse with a chronic cough is clearly
unsound. • * <

18. — Megriems, if it can be shown that the horse has had an attack
before the sale.

19. — Ophthalmia, if it occurs soon after the purchase. The evidence
of a veterinary surgeon may be necessary to show the previous presence
of the disease. - ■ ..

20. — Cataract, however slight, constitutes a horse unsound.

21, — Broken kness, when the Joint is injured.

There are also vices for which a horse may be returned. These are :

1. — Biting, when clearly vicious.

•>. — Bolting, or running away.

;i — Crib-biting.

4. — Kicking, when shown to be vicious.

f).-^ Balking. .

(^. '^Bearing.

7. — Shying, when habitual.

8. — Weaving in the xtable ; that is, the horse throwing his head and
body from side to side with a peculiar motion.

VII. Definition of Unsoucdness and Vice.

unsoundness may be considered to be the existence of disease or alter-
ation of structure sufficient to impair the natural usefulness of the horse.
Vice may be defined as the prevalence of a habit which interferes with
the natural usefulness of the horse. In unsoundness or vice, however,
either must be marked, as for instance the following diseases or accidents
would not constitute unsoundness :

1 — Slight bog spavin ; 2 — broken knee, when the joint is not injured ;
3 — capped hocks, or elbows ; 4 — contractions of the foot, unless the re-
sult of disease, laming the horse ; 5 — curb y hocks; 6 — splints; 7 — thor-
ough pin, and 8 — thrush, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or
in a mild way. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in
the case of thrush. 9 — Cutting is not unsoundness, except the horse
be lame at the time of sale, neither 10 — soreness of the joints from labor,
or 11, windgalls.

They are found often upon colts, but if the animal be lame reject him.
When a horse is bought on warrantee, it must be written and concisely
so. Do not allow verbiage to cause litigation

cover the whole ground ;

The following form v* 11

Reeeiveri tlnsert place and date) of Mr ^insert name) Dollars,.

iJr;.

180

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

for (describe horse or mare, and pedigree of same, if any) warranted.

9ld (slate age) .sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive.

■pean

When filled out this might read as follows :

Received, St. Louis, Mo., March 1st, 18S0, of Mr. John Doe, five hundred dollars for n
bay mare by Lancer, dam Lady, warranted five years old and under six years, sound, fret
from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. Richard IIok.

This, with such careful examinatiou as we have advised, ous^ht to insure
any })uyer against danger in case the seller is solvent.

VIIL Illustrations of Form and Ssrmmetry.

The head of the horse is the seat of intelligence, and to the conforma-
tion of the head we must look n6t only for intelligence but docility and
c6urage, or the opposite character, as we must look to the teeth for indi-
cations of his age, to the nostrils as indicating his cai^acity for breathing,
to the muzzle and jaw for indications of capacity and feeding, and to the
eye and ear as showing fire, courage, and good temper. No man's head and
face are more expressive than are these elements of a horse.

Speed and bottom, which means the bone and ranscle of good breeding
whatever the family of the Horse may be, is the sine qua non desired in a
horse. His mission is labor, work of some kind, whether it be carrying
a man on his back, or trotting to a wagon, or hauling a load through the
mud. The head of the horse is, therefore, one of the first things to be
looked at. The extract we have given a few pages back, from one of the
most eminent writers of this country on the horse, will convey an idea of
what a riding or driving horse should be. The nearer the horse, for
general utility, comes to the illustrations we have given, the better be
will be.

The horse for heavy draft, while coarser, more stocky and heavier in
his frame, should conform to the general characteristics except that he
should be more upright as to his shoulders, and not so flexible as to his
limbs ; then the better will he be. In fact one of the 1)est draft horses
we ever owned was a three parts bred Monmouth Ecli])se, seventeen hands
high, weighing 12.')0 lbs., pretty well up on legs, and those of exceeding
flexibility. But when he got down to work he appeared to go close to
the ground. This getting down towoi^-— this getting close to the ground
with the body, so every bone and sinew may exert the greatest possible
leverage, is one of the fine arts of training. It really brings the oblique
shoulder of the blood horse straight in the collar a possibility few horses
have the knack of attaining naturally.

THE HOK8E, HOW TO BUY.

181

Explanation. — The illustrations we give on page 182 show a side
and fidiil view of heads of blooded horses, that may be taken as a type of
wiiiit should constitute as near perfection as may lie. Those on page 183,
side iind front views of heads are bad. By comparing them with the text
the reader may form a gqod idea of characteristics. Observe in the side
view, page 1^2, a tine head, tapering to muzzle, the chin, the prominent
n:id vet l)right, clear and soft eye, with a rather prominent brow; the
shape iiiul setting on of the ears ; the strength of jaw, and at the same
time its fineness ; how the head is set on to the neck, and the fine, clean,
ausculiir neck as well. In the front view observe especially the width
between the eyes, the eyes being in fact apparently at the side of the
head, and yet looking straight forward. Observe the cheek bones,
widening and strengthening the lower part of the head ; the temporal
hones at the side of the eye ; and the occipital bone at the top of the
head between the ears. Especially observe the nostrils and li[>s as to
flexibility and size. Turn back the folds at the end of the nostril, and it
will be found you can look clear into the passage, showing a moist and
healthy surface, or the reverse.

Let us now examine the side and front views of head on page 183.
The side view at the top shows a head somewhat heavy in character, the
nose and lower jaw thick to excess. Observe the peculiar formation of
the nose. It is not the dish face of the first illustration, giving temper,
accompanied with intelligent obedience. The eyebrows are prominent,
the head broad, but the expression indicates not only fire but malice.
The muzzle is that of a cruel horse, the intelligence that of self-will.
The ears, although of good shape and breeding, are thrown back, ana
the head is set on at too great an angle with the neck.

The figure to the left shows the front view of a badh' formed head. It
will be noticed that it is of nearly the same width throughout. The eyes
are placed veiy different from those of the front view of good head on
page 182 ; too close together, and too much in front. The expression
of the eye shows a stubborn disposition ; the ears are good enough, but
not held in that position of intelligent action as shown in the lower figurb
ofl page 182. They are pointed too close together.

The figure of the front part of a head to the right, on page 183.
-hows a head not badly formed, but the general expression of the face
?hows doltishnoss, and the drooping ears, and the expression of the eyes
show not only a cruel Imt a stupid disposition.

The lower side view of head and neck on same page shows a head indi
eating a horse that will not only be wild sometimes, but sulky ; a self
willed, obstinate brute, deficient in intelligence. The profile is curved,
giving a Roman nose ; the eyebrows are raised, giving the eye a wild

182

'LLUSTRATRD STOCK DOCTOB.

sa>u AND FRONT VIEW OF BEADS— GOOD. {See ExplatMtion),

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

183

SIDE AND FRONT VIKW OF HKAD!4 — BAD. (See E.rplanntion),

ill

!■

:h'-

i ]

184

ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

expression, and with the linn jaw, a stubborn character. Following the
subject still farther, wo may tiiid all the gradations of character, including
the exhibition of nervous timidity, fear, idiocy, and even insanity ; for
that there are horses subject to aberration, from mere hallucination to
actual insanity, there is no doubt. The latter the most dangerous trait
in a horse, since neither caresses nor punishment can cure.

L'.k

i(fe

BIDB VIEW OF FORK-QUARTERS, SHOWING A GOOD SHOULDER. {See Explanation.)

U f

IX. The Body and Limbs.

Explanation. — Followinjr up the subject on pages 184, 186, and
187, we present side views, showing good and bad fore-quarters. The

above heiivj

THE HOK8E, HOW TO BUY.

186

first illustration shows as near perfection as may be in the shoulder for
staunch qualities, good action and a fast walk. The neck muscular, but
without superfluous flesh, but with plenty of substance where it joins the
shoulder ; the shoulder oblique and deep ; the shoulder-blade high, help-
in*' to give stability to the withers ; the breast prominent, but tapering
Jowu to where the legs come out of the body ; the arm long, muscular,
and yet tapering; the joints large, but yet firm and compact; the fet-
locks of fair length and yet flexible ; and the hoofs of good size, round,
of good depth, tough and sound. An animal possessing the conformation
as shown, will indicate a hoi;se good for any purpose where speed and
long continued powers of endurance are required. While the illus-
trations we give are perfect of their kind, and more valuable than any
written description alone can be, yet the living animal must be studied,
not only at rest, but in motion. The harness horse, however, need not
have !«o oblique a shoulder as we have shown. In fact, few horses, even
of the best class, do.

So the trotting gait, combining speed with high action and grand style
might be considered vile in a saddle horse. In fact, the saddle horse
should have a springy yet smooth motion, and except for show on the
road, tliis will be found to be l)est for fast and easy work in harness. In
practice much of this is often sacriticed, in pleasure horses, for the sake
of mere style. The breeding of such horses is a fine art, often a costly
one : yet those which fail in the style and action necessary to command
the highest price ns road and saddle horses, will be found to amply repay
the breeding for the general purposes of the farm and for the road.

Explanation. — On page 186 are illustrations showing, the upper one,
to the left, a straight shoulder, a heavy chest, and legs placed too far
under. The arm seems longer than it is because it lacks muscularity ;
the shanks, while not i)ositively weak, do not show due strength near the
knee and pasterns, and are not as strong as they should be.

The upper figure, to the right, shows a shoulder as bad as the prece-
ding one, and also weak legs and pasterns, the length from hoof to joint
above beinjir too j^reat.

The left hand figure at bottom of same page, shows a shoulder fairly
well placed, but with the legs set too much under, and the pasterns too
straight. Such a conformation will give the horse the appearance of
standing on the toes.

The lower figure to the right, shows what old age, hard work, abuse,
or all combined, may bring any animal to, that originally may have been
not only well bred, but of fair quality throughout. Watch for such
limbs in buying, and avoid them. " *'

186

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

; i:1

i('>'>f; has:

SIDK VIEW OF FORE-QUARTERS, SHOWING BAD CONFORMATION. (See Explanation).

THE HOR8E, HOW TO BUY.

187

%..... li*

i >

FRONT VIEW, SHOWING BRKAST AND LIMBS— GOOD. (See ExptanaiUm),

1lll

•u

:*(!

ILLIJMTKATKD STOCK UOCTOK.

The Body aa Standing Facing Tou.

The body of the horne viewed in front should present an oval shape,
squared off from the uriii or elbow joint in front to the point of the
shoulder UH on piii;e 187. The perfect contour of breast, and especially tlu'
nia<riiiticeut muscularity of the arm is near perfection. The neck rising;
graudly from the cihest shows the perfect proportion of the j)iirts each ti^
llio other; the kucii and fetlock joints are strong and compact, ^raduiillv
rounded to meet the shank or leg and bones of the pastern joint. TIk-
lioofs are staunch, tough, strong, with nothing about them to denote a flat foot,
yet rather open behind, showing a perfect hoof.

Let us now examine the blood horse of the present day as (juoted
from Herbert, and also that of the an<'ient (ireeks as written ujjon by
Xenophon. It will show that in those days the breeding of horses was a
tine art, as was also equestrianism as exhibited in the exquisite sculptures
that have come down to us. Yet the quotation we make will show that ilie
horse of the Greeks, useful and admirable as he was, was what the English
would call a cab or Galloway, with a dash of thorough blood, and what
we would call pony built with a dash of thorough blood — something in
fact like a chunky Morgan horse. The quotation nevertheless will make
a good study for the young horseman, and is as follows :

"We will write how one may ])e the least deceived in the purchase
of horses. It is evident then that of the unbroken colt one must ju(J«;e
by the construction, since, if he have never been backed he will afford no
very clear evidences of his spirit. Of his body then, we say it is
necessary first to examine the feet, for as in a house it matters not how
fine may be the superstructure if there be not .sufficient foundations, su
in a war horse there is no utility, no, not if he have all other points perfect
but be badly footed. But in examining the feet, it is befitting first to
look to the horny portion of the hoofs, for those horses which have the
horn thick arc far superior in tlieir feet to those which have it thin. Nor
will it be well if one fail next to ol)serve whether the hoofs be upright,
l)oth before and behind, or low and flat to the ground ; for high lioofs
keep the frog at a distance from the earth, while the flat tread with equal
pressure on the soft and hard parts of the foot, as is the case with bandy-
legged men. And Simon justly observes that well footed horses can be
known by their tramp, for the hollow hoof rings like a cymbal when it
strikes the solid earth. But having begun from below, let us ascend to
the other parts of the body. It is needful, then, that the parts above
the hoofs and below the fetlocks (pasterns) be not too erect, like those of
the goat; for legs of this kind being stiff and inflexible, are apt to jar
the rider, and are more liable to inflanmtation. The bones must not,

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

18ft

howevflr, be too low and springy, for in that case the fetlocks are liable
to l)e abraded and wounded if the horne be galloped over clods or stones.
The bones of the shank (cannon bones) should be thick, for these are
the columns which support the body ; but they should not have the veins
;iiul flesh thick likewise. For if they have when the horse shall be
Uiiiloped over diilicult ground they will necessarily be tilled with blood,
iind will become varicose, so that the shanks will be thickened, and the
skin be distended and relaxed from the bone ; and, when this is the case
it often follows that the back sinew gives way and renders the horse
hiriu". But if the horse when in action bends his knees flexibly at a walk
you may judge that he will have his legs flexible when in full career ; for
all horses as thcv increase in years increase in the flexibility of the knee.
And flexible goers afe esteemed highly, and with justice, for such horses
are much less liable to blunder or stumble than those which have rigid,
unlieiidiug joints. But if the arms, below the shoulder-blades, be thick
and muscular they appear stronger and handsomer, as is the case also
with ii man. The breast also should be broad, as well for beauty as
strength, and because it causes a handsomer action of the fore-legs,
which do not then interfere but arc carried well ai)art.

"Again, the neck ought not to be set on like that of a boar, horizontally
from the chest ; but, like that of a game cock, should be upright toward
the chest, and slack toward the flexure ; and the head being long should
have a small and narrow jaw l)one, so that the neck shall be in front of
the rider, and that the eye shall look down at what is before the feet. A
horse thus made will be the least likely to run violently away, even if lie
be very high spirited, for horses do not attempt to run away by bringing
in but by throwing out their heads and necks. It is also vevy necessary
to observe whether the mouth be fine and hard or. both sides, or on one
or the other. For horses which have not both jaws equally sensitive, are
likely to be too hard mouthed on one si/'e or the other. And it is better
that a horse should have prominent than hollow eyes, for such an one
will see to a greater distance. And widely opened nostrils are far better
for respiration than narrow, and they give the horse a flercer aspect ; for
when one stallion is enraged against another, or if he become angry while
l)eiiig ridden, he expands his nostrils to their full Avidth. And the loftier
the crest, and the smaller the ears the more horse-lik(! and handsomi^ is
the head rendered : while lofty withers give the rider a surer seat, and
produce a firmer adhesion between the body and shoulders.

'A double loin is also softer to sit upon and pleasantcr to look upon
thau if it lie single ; and a deep side, rounded toward the belly, renders
the horse easier to sit, and stronger and more easy to keej) in condition ;
and the shorter and broader the loin, the more easilv will the horse raise

''*/

190

IIXU8TRATEI) STOCK OOCTOR.

I<i8 fore-quarterH mid collect his hiii(l-qiiart«irH uiuh-r him in going. Tb(;i*«
poiiitH, ntorcovcr, cuuho tiio holly to a))))car the sinallur ; which if it ht-
lut'^e at onco injurcH thu appoiiruneo of tiu^ animal and rc'iid<^t> him
weaker and Ichh manageable. The (|uat'tcrH hIiouUI he l>roud and fl<*<thviri
order to corn^apond with the Hides and che.st, and, HJiould they he ciitin Iv
firm and solid they would ho the lighter in the gallop, and the hone wouJ«j
he the Hpeedier. But if he should have his huttocks separated un<J<^ thf
tail hy a broad line, with a wider space between them, and no doinj; h*
will have a prouder and stronger gait and action, and will in all rt'*p<'<i,.,
be the better on them. A proof of which is to be had in men, wh<i,
when they desire to raise any thing from the ground attempt it f»y
straddling their legs not by bringing them close together." ,

•

XI. Front View of Fore-quarters, Showing Different Bad ContanoMtioo*.

B'.: : -"'

Explanation- — On page 191 the upper left hand figure shown the l*jf<»
fair to the knee, but from thence down, bad, and with toes tume<ij \*^rj
much out.

The next figure on the left, is very bad, the knees turned out and llw;
toes turned in ; a dangerous horse, and unfit for driving or riding.

The lower figure to the left is as unsightly as possible ; the legs H\tr»fa(lj,
weak, straddling, and with the foes turned out. Such a horse may >*
tolerably sure-footed, if carefully managed, and not hard-driven, hut on*
never to be depended upon.

The next figure at right of bottom, is bad all over, weak-limbe«l, kutttV-
kneed and splay-footed. A horse never to be depended upon and un-
s(!rviceable in the extreme.

Between these there are man}^ gradations, Avhich those who study tbesH
])age8 may profit by examining and comparing with the front vieir of »
perfect shape given on page 187, and which carried fully in mind witi
go a great way in enabling one to form a pretty accurate opinion in ttay-
iiiir a horse.

1-^,

XII. The Hind-quarters.

It has been said that the fore-quarters of a horse are simply to hold him
up, while the hind-quarters propel the machme. This in a sense U trtii".
but a horse, however good his hind-quarters be, must not only ha%'«? tb*
fore limbs good enough to hold him up, but to keep him out of the vaj
of the hind feet, and at the same time assist in propelling the [}<)dy. In
fact, the whole animal should be composed of parts working barrnoni-
ously together, each assisting the other while doing its owu work,

FRONT VIEW

XUB UOK&i:, HOW TO Ut'Y.

1!)1

!- ,1

FRONT TIBW OF FORE-QUARTERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS.

~ i-7^''T"7- '".i^

' W

192

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

nevertheless the hincl-quurtcrs are the propelling power, especially when
under the gallop. For then the motion is comnmnicated by a succession
of leaps, acting more in the nature of a balance than in walking or in

GOOD HIND-QUARTERS. {See Explanation.)

trotting. In order that the hind-quarters may do their work effecnvc/j.
there must be a strong loin, ample and muscular (juarters, great length

The figure to t
the position is en

The view of th
quarters, full and

THE HORSK, HOW TO BUY.

193

af hip, strong, dense bones, sinews like whip-cord, strong joints and flat

and wide legs. .-• — .. _

In order to determine this the purchaser s!)ould observe first, looking
at him from the side, whether he stands resting perpendicularly on every
lef alike. The legs should not be straddled outside of their true position,
neither should they be gathered together, or in horse-men's phrase, af*
thouo'h he were trying to stand in a half bushel. He should stand straight,
square, and distinctly on every leg. If he stands with the hind legs be-
hind their true position, induce him to move his fore legs forward, to
find if such a position gives him ease. Examine him as before stated for
splints, damaged back sinews, ring-bones or side-bones in the fore limbs ;
and in the hinder ones for bone blood or bog spavins, curbs or thorough
pin, as previously described. If he stands as in the figure given on page
192, and if he is free from blemish, one may go a long way to find
a better.

Examine especiallj' whether the pasterns, outline of the hock joints,
are nearly peri)endicular or angular, or whether they present a convex
curvihnear protuberance just above the union of the shank bone. If not
there will be little danger of curb, or a tendency to throw them out. If
the hocks are drawn in the horse will appear cow -hocked, a malformation
as serious as it is ungainly, for thus the animal will be weak. If the
hind-legs are wide apart and the horse straddles in going forward, while
it may not weaken his stride it is not elegant. However true it be that
some fast and strong trotters straddle — as going wide is termed — this
should be avoided. The illustration on page 192 will show accurately
gold hiud-quarters, as those on page 194 will show bad ones.

On pnge 194 the figure at the upper left side would be called fine and
in every way good to the inexperienced buyer. The buttocks are round
but lack character, and the legs ai*e too straight and far behind.

The figure to the right is bad in every respect — goose-rumped, cat-
hammed, with the legs thrown far back to equalize the strain ; the ankles
also weak.

The figure to the lower left on same page shows a fair quarter, but the
legs are thrown too far forward, and the animal stands too straight on the
pasterns.

The figure to the right is really not badly formed as to the quarter, but
the position is cramped and bent, and the iinjbs badly placed.

XIII. The View A:om Behind.

The view of the horse as seen from, behind should show good squar*
quarters, full and perfectly shaped (jradlis, as those nmscles are called

• v.'

"■T;^T-p'w.'?Tv7,"TrT '^Trr^^'i-'Vf

194

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Jl'^K

t is,*. II

eiDB vuw OF HiMD QUAaiCBs— BAD . (See Et;!lanation) ,

BAG

The outside r
Iniee, cannot wel

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUT.

which give the peculiar swelling shape to the inside of thigh . These should
be egg-shaped, or rather should swell from nea.ly a point below and them
oradually decrease in size till lost to view near the rump bone.

BACK VIEW OF HIND QUARTBH8 — GOOD. {See Explanation).

The outside muscle of the tibia, or greiit bone of the leg above tha
knee, cannot well l)e too large. The tendons connecting with the hocks

i^^ir

19«

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

'■•'mw,

g 'iW 1 ^JiL

^ I.»

'I?'

fn.

i^;!

UAOK VIEW OF HiND-QUARTSRS— BAD. (St'o Explanation).

dhoulJ be str

strong and we

fetlock joints.

should never ^

When the i

s(iu,irely, carri

/rid theconfori

195. then if y<

movement is si

not fail you in

As showinff

THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY.

197

-thould be strong and well presented to view. The hocks large, firm,
Htron" and well knit, but smooth and free from blemish, as should be the
fetlock joints. If the horse is flat-footed he has a weak hoof, which
should never go with a strong muscular horse.

When the animal moves forward, observe that the feet are lifted
scjuiirelv, carried straight forward, without turning or straddling. If so,
;rid the conformation is as presented in the rear view of the horse on page
195, then if you have attended minutely to the other directions, and the
nioveincnt is satisfactory', you need not fear to buy the horse. He will
not fail you in time of need.

As showing defects, in various gradations and malformation in the
hind-quarters, we refer the reader to the figures on page 196, a study of
which will enable the observer to steer clear of splay-footed, pigeon-toed,
how-lessred or cow-hocked brutes.

XIV. What Not to Buy.

Never buy a horse unbroken or half broken, unless you are thoroughly
competent to train him, or else have some one to do so on whom you
can depend. Never buy a horse overloaded with fat, expecting him to
remain so under work. The first thing to be done with such a horse is
to get him rid of the superfluous fat and water. This takes time and
takes money. Besides you never can knoAV the real defects of a horse
"very fat." An ox or a hog perfectly fattened, is pleasing to the eye.
They are intended for riucculent joints and steaks, or for hams, l)acon,
or pickled pork. A fat horse, except before the close coach of some
wealthy and aged spinster or widow, is woefully out of place.

Never buy a horse because he is big, unless you want him for slow and
heavy draft. Light horses are for light driving. A hoi-se weighing
eleven hundred is heavy enough for ordinary driving, and generally bet-
ter than a heavier one. A pair of horses Aveighing twenty-four hundred
jiounds is good enough for any ordinary work that comes, and heavy
enough for any city teaming, except when wanted as show horses before
some brewer's wagon, or as horses of slow draft on heavy trucks.

Don't buy a cheap horse, expecting perfection. The two never yet
1 went together. Perfect horses are not so plenty. Indc(id they are so
I scarce as to be entirely beyond the means of any except the very wealthv.
They are seldom seen even among this class. In fact perfection lies only
in degree. A horse may be measurably perfect for our pur))ose, and vet
huite defective for others. Therefore buy a horse for what you Avant,
jtmd expect to pay the honest price for what you get. Again, unless you

:fi

198

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

are a judge, Ijuy of some dealer who huA a reputation to lose, and the
means to back up any guarantee he may make.

XV. Buying for Blood.

In buying for fast work, buy blood every time, whether the work de-
sired is to be trotting to the wagon or carrying the owner under tho
saddle.

In buying blood, as a breeder, whether stallion or mare, never fool
awjiy any money on a half or three-quarters bred sire, expecting to get
liigh caste horses. With a staunch thorough-bred of trotting action, you
may successfully breed good trotters and workers on mures of cold blood,
if they be of good size and form .nnd are roomy. But for racing do iidt
expect a cold-blooded mare to bring a very fast one, however good tin
size, except it may be by chance, and a rare chance at that.

In breeding for any purpose select the best of the class. Staunch
thorough-brcds for fast Avork ; handsome thorough-breds for show horses,

For draft select from families that have been bred for generations for
this work. Above all do not buy horses and mares that happen to strike
your fancy, expecting to start a new b.eed. Life would be all too short.
It would be far more sensible to begin where the last man left off.

CHAPTER XII.

BACING, OB TURF HOBSEB.

KAKLY HI8T0KY OP THE ENQLISH BLOOD BORBB. HOW HB WAS IMPROVKD. — THK

AMERICAN BLOOD MORSB. CELBBRATBD AMERICAN HORSES. HISTORY OP THEIR

PERFORMANCES.

The care taken iu the breeding and training of horses for tlie chase
and for racing in Great Britain, extends back, according to the best au-
thority, to long before this people were convei'tett co Christianity ; in
fact, to long before the Christian Era.

Just when and how horses wore introduced into Great Britain is not
oertoin, but it seems clear that they were well known there long before
the Roman conquest, and that they bred horses not only {(fc domestic pur-
poses but also for war and for racing, seems true, from words in the
ancient British language, as rhediad, a race ; rheda, to run — from the
Gaulish language rhedti., a chariot, showing that these words applied to
the racing of horses. Hence the inference that horses came by way of
Gaul, and that chariot races were anciently one of the pastimes of the
people.

The Romans found different vehicles in use in Britain, including the
wav chariot. Youatt infers that from the cumbrous structure of the car,
the hardness of the roads, and the furious manner in which the driving
was done, that the ancient British horses must have been not only active,
but powerful in a wonderful degree ; and he says that Ciesar thought
them so valuable that many of them were carried to Rome, where they
were much esteemed.

After the evacuation of England by the Romans and its occupation by
the Saxons, increased attention was paid to the breeding of English
horses, and after the reigu of Alfred running horses were brought there

199

^'^

I <

: f ft ., t>l|

jiil.aa44 '

200

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

from Germany, yet these should not be understood as meaning racin»
horses as the term is now used. They are supposed to have been light.
speedy horses, adapted to the chase or for the roads, as o])posed to the
heavy war horse, capable of carrying a man at arms with his armor.

It does not appear that until the time of Charles I. horses were kept
exclusively for racing. Yet even before Athelstan's time English horses
had come to be prized on the continent, and in Athelstan's reign uianv
Spanish horses were imported, showing clearly that so long ago as this
the English were fully alive to the importance of the continued improve-
ment of their horse stock.

William the Conqueror is recorded to have used great pains in improv-
ing the horse stock of the country, after the conquest of Great Britain
by the Normans, through the introduction of tine horses from Normandv,
Flanders and Spain, and itccording to Beal it would seem that as early as
631 people of rank distinguished themselves by often appearing on horse-
back, and from which it would be natural to infer that thus early horses
were kept for pleasure riding, since saddle horses are known to have been
used during the Roman occupation of Britain, and cavalry horses lon^
before the Christian Era.

The first Arab horse Avould seem to have been imported in the reign of
Henry I., an Arab horse having, with his accoutrements, been presented
by Alexander I. of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew.

In the twelfth century a race course was established in London, ut
what was since called Sinithticld, and which was also a horse market.

King John paid great attention to the importation of horses ; one hun-
dred chosen Flemish stallions having been imported at a single time.
Later it is recorded of Edward II. that he purchased thirty war horses
and twelve heavy draft horses.

Edward III., upon the occasion of bujnng fifty Spanish horses, made
api)lieation to France and Spain for safe conduct for them, and so impor-
tant was the horse stock of England considered that the exportation of
stallions was forl)idden, and this prohiliition was contiimed up to and
during the reign of Henry VII.

In the reign of Henry VIII it was decreed that no stallion should be
allowed to run at large on any Avaste or common where animals pastured.
if under the height of fifteen hands, and that all foals, fillies or mares
likely to breed undersized or inferior animals, should be killed and bu-
ried.

All the nobility, gentry and higher orders of the clergy, were compell-
ed by an act to keep a number of horses proportioned to their rank, and
even a country parson, whose wife was entitled to wear a French hood or
velvet bonnet (no person below a certain rank being allowed to wear such

RACING, OR TURF HORSES.

201

a hood) vviis obliged to keep an entire trotting stallion, under a pcnalt}'
of twenty pounds sterling. So, also, it was made compulsory that every
detr park and rural parish should maintain a certain number of full-sized
mares and stallions. It is also interesting, as being the Hrst mention
iiKuic in English history, that Henry VIII. and Charles lirandon, Duke
or Suffolk, rode a race in the presence of Queen Catharine, and that in
his reign the first annual races on a regular race course were instituted.

H. W. Herbert, in his work. The Horse of America, thus sums up
the Avhole matter in relation to the value of Oriental blood in England, in
tlie time of Oliver Cromwell ;

It is now pretty generally admitted that, whether liarb, Turk, Syrian,
or Aral) of the desert proper, all oriental blood has had its share and
influence in reinvigorating the blood. of the English thoroughbred, and
tfiving to it those peculiar qualities which cause it, with justice, at this
day, to be esteemed the best, comiiletest, and most perfect animal in the
world.

In what degree these animals have ministered to our now dominant
strain, is by no means to be ascertained ; but it is to be noted that most
(if the early imported foreign stallions were not Eastern Arabs.

During the protectorate, Oliver Cromwell, who, though he was com-
pelled by the necessity of conciliating the absurd prejudices of the
Furiliuis, to forbid racing, was yet an ardent lover of the horse, and an
t'.iriiest promoter and patron of all that belongs to horsemanship, pur-
iliiised of Mr. Place, afterwards his stud-master, the celebrated "White
Tmk" — still recorded as the most beautiful south-eastern horse ever
brought into f^ngland, and the oldest to which our present strain refers.
To him succeeds Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his Helmsley Turk, and
to liim Fairfax's — the same great statesman and brave soldier, who
fought against Newcastle at Marstoii — Morocco Barb.

And to these three horses it is that the English race-horse of the old
time chiefly owes its purity of blood, if we except the royal mares,
specially imported by Charles II., to which «it is — mythically, rather than
justly — held that all English blood should trace.

Of all su((ceeding importations, those, which are principally known and
referred to, as having notoriously amended our horse — by proof of stock
begotten of superior qualities, and victorious on the turf through long
geiieriitions — but few are true Arabs.

We have, it is true, the Darley Arabian, the Leeds .\rabian. Honey-
wood's White, the Oglethorpe, the Newconie Bay Mountain, the Damascus,
('ullen's Brown, the Chestnut, the Lonsdale Bav, Combc"s (irav and Pells
(iray Arabians ; but what is generally called the Godolphin Arabian, as
it seems now to be the prevailing opinion — his origin not being actually

ii'ii

202

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

asccrtniiiod — was a Barb, not an Arab from Arabia proper. Against
these, again, wc Hnd Place's White Turk, D'Arceys Turk, the Yollow
Turk, Lister's, or the Straddling Turk, the Bycrly Turk, the Solahy
Turk, th(! Acaster Turk ; C'urwen's Bay Barb, Coinpton's Barb, the
Thoulouse Barb, Layton's Barb Mare, great-great-grandani of Miss
Layton ; the Royal Mares, which were Barbs from Tangier, and nianv
other Barb horses, not from the Pkstcrn desert, heading the pedigrees of
our best horses.

In this connection, 1 would observe that the very reasons for which tht'
Marquis of Newcastle condemned tlio Markhani Arabian — vi/., that whisu
rcgidarly trained he could do nothing against race-horses — on account of
which condonuiation he has received a sneer or a slur from every writn-
who has discussed the subject, are those which, at this very nioiupiit,
prevent i)rudent breeders from having recourse to oriental blood of any-
kind.

They cannot run or last against the t^nglish horse. They have not the
size, the bone, the muscle, the shape, if we except the beautiful head.
fine neck, thin withers, long, deep md sloping shoulders, which are tho
inevital)le characteristics of the race. Therefore, all men who breed with
an eye to prolit, — and howsoever it might have been in the olden times
of the Turf, there are few now who have not an eye to it, either n>
hoping to win on the turf, or to produce salable stock — prefer to [jiit
their mares to known English winning horses, proved getters of winners,
of uiKjUcstioned bottom and stoutness, rather than to try stallions of tin
desert blood, concerning which nothing is known beyond the attested
pedigree, and the visi'.yle shapes.

Farther our authority gives a list of all foreign, and the most celebrateil
native stallions which were used for covering in England in ITiiO, or just
150 years ago. They are as follows :

FOREIGN STALLIONS IN 1730.

The Alcock Arabian, the Bloody Buttocks Arabian, the Bloody SIkiuI-
dered Arabian, the Belgrade Turk, the Bethel Arabian, Lord Burlington's
Barb, Croft's Egyptian horse, the Cypress Arabian, the Godolphin Ani-
bian. Hall's Arabian, Johnson's Turk, Litton's Arabian, Matthew?
Persian, Nottingham's Arabian, Newton's Arabian, Pigott's Turk, the
Duke of Devonshire's Arabian, Greyhound, a Barb, Hampton Court
grey Barb, Strickland's Arabian, Wynn's Arabian, Dodsworth, a Barb.

NATIVE STALLIONS IN 1730.

Aleppo, Almanzer, Astridge Ball, Bald Galloway, Bartlet's Childers.
Basto, Bay Bolton, Blacklegs, Bolton Starling, Boltgn Sweepstakes.
Cartouch, Chaunter, Childers, Cinnamon, Coneyskins, Councillor, Crab.
Doctor, Dunkirk, Easby Snake, Fox, Foxcub, Groeme's Champion, Grey

RAC.'INd, <)U TUUF lIOIiSKH.

20.T

CliildcrH, Groy Crofts, Hampton Court Cliildors, Ilarloquin, Ilurtloy's
Blind Ilorsn, Hip, Ilobji^obliii};, Iliittoii's liliicklogs, Ilutton's lliiiitnr,
.'('wtriinip, ''ijlg. Liiinprey, Leedos, Mjirriclc Oy.stcrfoot, l*artiK;r, Uoyal,
>liiitlli'r. Skipjack, Sniale's ('liildors, Sorchccis, Sciuirrcl, TIftur, Truc-
liluo, Woodcock, Wyiidliatn.

Tlic importation of raciiip; horsos was, without doubt, first niado to
Viiicrica in Virginia and Maryland. Already had racc-coursos been
I'stalilisiiod there previous to 175J}, and during the exodus from England,
of llic Hovalists, to the South, it is undoubtedly true that they brought
with them descendants of such horses as were covering with success in
Ki)|j;laii(l. Certain it seems that quite early in the eighteenth century
there were a considerable number of thoroughbred horses fn.m the most
(•elol)rated English sires. That the perfect record has not couio down to
us h probal)ly due to the fact that, during the Kev»)l>iti(m).ry war the
records were either lost or destroyed between the sho(;k of contending
armies.

Spark was owned by (Jovenior Ogle, of Maryland, previous to lirad-
(l(){!k's defeat, having been presented to him by Lord lialtimorc, who
himself received him as a gift from the then Prince of Wales, fatliei" to
(ieorge III. Spark was a most celebrated hoi'sc, and ()r()i)ably one of
tile first of high distinction brought to America.

Other tclel)rated horses early imported arc said to luive been, Wilkes'
iiiil Hautboy mare, afterward known as Miss Colvillo. (iovernor Ogle
iilso imported Queen Mab, and about 17 M) Col. Tasker bi-ought to Mary-
laiul the celebrated marc Selima, the progenetrix of much of the mightie.st
blood of the country. In 17.52 ho won a sweepstake of oOO jiistoles,
lieating Col. Byrd's renowned Tryall, Col. Taylor's Jenny Cameron, and
;i marc owned by Col. Caujcron.

Nearly about the same time, there were imported into Virginia, Iloutli's
Oral), Ity old Crab, dam by Counsellor, daughter of Coneyskins, sup-
posed to l)e in or about 174.'5. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale Bay
Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb, daughter of the Byerly Turk and
a Uoyal mare. He was twenty-two years old when imported, i)ut left
pood stock. In 1748, Roger of the Vale, afterwards known as Jolly
Kojxer, by Roundhead, out of a partner mare, Woodcock, Croft's Bay
Hurl), Dicky Pierson, out of a Barb mare. Roundhead was by Flying
Cliilders, out of Roxana, dam of Lath and Cade, by the Bald (ialloway,
out of a daughter to the Acaster Turk. Woodcock was !)y Merlin, onl
of a daughter of Brimmer. Dickey Pierson by the Dodsworth Barb out
of the Burton Barb mare.

In about 17(54, was injported Fearnought, got by Regulus out of Sil>
vertail by Whitenose, grand-dam by Rattle, great grand-dam by the

%. I

■II

hi El'

204

1LLU8TRATKU STOCK DOOTOK.

Duii.^y Anibiun, <?rortt {jjrcut ;^mii(l-d»rn OKI ('iiild marc, by Sir Thttnvu
(Jrortlcy'H Anil)iun, {jrniit gnfut grout grund-dain, Vixt'ii, by HeluvtU-y
Turk, out of Dodsworth's dam, a natural llurb. KoguluM wan by th«
(iodolphin Barb, dam (Jrcy KobiiiHoii by the* Bald (iiilloMay, ^miidwJani
by Hiinko out of Old Wilkes' Hautboy marc. Rattle* wai* by Hir II
Iliirpur's Barb out (»f a Hoyid maro. WliitoiioHc wuk by tlu' Hall Ar\-
biaii out of dam to .ligg. Tlius Kciarnouglit is comi! of the v«'rv hinlu^tt
and purest blood in England, and luis l(>ft his mark largely on the IiIm^].
Iiorsc of Virginia. It is said that, before lii.s time, there wai* MitUr lj»(.
yond quarter racing in Virginia, that his progeny were of uiK-otnmon
tigure, and first introdu(!ed the size and bottom of the Knglit^h nu'e-hoTM-
into America. This must be taken, however, cum r/rcnio huUm, a* it i,i
evident from what has boon stated in regard to Seliina, that four-mil^
racers were the fashion in Maryland at least fifteen yean- lieforc thaf
date, and it is oidy to be understood in the case of second-rate racen,
that quarter running was in vogue ut this j)eriod.

These (capital horses were shortly followed by Morion's Traveller, irL.)
was jjrobably got by Partner, a grandson of tin; B\-erly Turk, and grainf^
sire of King Herod, dam by the Bloody Buttocks Arabian ; grarid-ilac^
by (irey-hound, a Barb: g. grand dam by Makeless ; g, g. g, dum hv
Brimmer ; g. g. g. g. dam l)y the White Turk ; g. g. g. g. g. iJam f,v
Dodswortli, a liarb ; g. g. g. g. g. g. dam Laydon Barb mare.

Mukeless was hy the Oglethorpe Arab out of Trumpet's dam. ^.
was a pure Barb by Dodswortli out of the Layton Barb mare. Wrinimt:
was by the Yellow Turk out of a royal mare.

These were probably the l)ost enrly horses that were im|>orted iirtft
America ; and to these, with the marcs Selima, (^ueen Mab, .leittiy Cam-
eron, Kitty Fisher, Miss Colville, and a few others of alxn'it tb<' »>an»
period, may be traced all, or almost all the families of rumiiiig htm*:*
now existing in the United vStates, in ii greatci* or less degrw, and wifL
nearly as much certainty as the English champions of the olden day nm
be followed up to imi)orted Arab and Barb on both sides.

This being most interesting history, we quote from The Horw of Amer-
ica, to show how much the United States is indebted to the South fortlw
foundati(iii of its mighty racers of the present day, and owing uwhmk-
ediy to the great interest the old planters of the South and their ri^'
8<^endants have taken in field sports. The record is as follows:

In Virginia, Col. John Tayloe, Messrs. Hoomes, Seidell and JobnMft;
in Maryland, Govtirnors Ogle, Ridgely, Wright, Lloyd and Spri^, wlw),
lis it has been remnrked, seemed by their practice to acknowledge tbt
the keeping up of a racing stud was a portion of their guliematoml
duty ; aud iu South Carolina, Messrs. Hampton, Washington, JAeVha-

BAC'INii, Olt TIMIK MORflKH.

20«

,!■

mm, Alnton and Singleton, wori! iw early, mid liuvc continued to be uh
(oiistunt and unduviuth)<; patronu of tlio Ainui-U-an turf, an have the
(Ju('CiiHl>ury», Kutlandn, WyudliautH, lU'iitiiu-ki^, Fit/willianis, and otliur
(iiuiilly renowned turf nuniuH, l)oun uupportcrs of this nol>lu sport on the
(.1(1 Kiifilisli preoMsward.

Fn»ni so early a date as that of the ante-n^volutionary cranks and
(hanipions, such as Cder, Traveller, Vorick, Tryall, Ari«;l, Partner, Marc
AfitoMV, Rogulus, Flaff of Truce, <ioodc's lirinnner, Butler's Virfjinia
Noll. Ik'l Air, Calypso, (Iray Dionied, Clneiiunitus, Vira<;o, Shark, Black
Muria, by Shark, Leviathan, (iallatin. Fairy, ('up-bearer, ColUustor,
Amanda, Balls Florizel, Post Boy, Oscar, Ilicrkory, Maid of the Oaks,
Bdiid's First Consul, Sir Archy, Potomac, Pacolet, Duroc, Hampton,
Tiickahoe, and others, the jianies of which aloiui would till a volume, wc
(^■aii easily brin<f down in these States — and the (tthcr.s coloni/ed from
them, both with men and horses, such as Kentucky, Tennessee, and more
recently Alabama — one uninterrupted and stainless ,su(!cession of noble
racers, to the day when the descemhints of Sir Anthy, that vcu'itable (Jo-
liolphin Arabian of the Turf of America, be<;an to show upon the course
—and wiien the renown of American Fclipst! be<;an to call ihe attention
(if the whole world, and of tlie mother country most of all, whence was
(Jerived that transcendent stcrk, which in all other countries has degene-
rated, but in this has contiimed to lival tli<> honors of its remotest ances-
try by the i)crformance of American ra<e horsiss.

As bciiigof value, we urive also tlic history and pcidij^rees of some of
tlie most celebrated horses of the days succeedinjr the revolutionary war.
They are :

First Mkdlky — Imported into Virginia in 1 7H.'{, by (iimcrack, dam
Aimiiida l»y Snap, out of Miss Cleveland by Ucjrulus ; <r. gr. dam M'age,
iiy a son of Bay Bolton ; g. g. gr. dam by Bartlett's Childers ; g. g. g.
i;r. dam by Honeywood's Arabian ; g. g. g. g. gr. dam the dam of the
two True Blues. Gimcrack was by Cripple, out of Miss Elliott, by
(irtsewood's Partner, gr dam ('elia by Partn(!r, g. gr. dam by Bloody
I'uttocks, g. g. gr. dam by (ireyhound, g. g. g. gr. dam Brocklesby
Hetty.

Cripple was by the Godolphin Arabian, out of Blossom l)y Crab, gr,
(lain by Childers out of Miss Belvoir, by Grantham.

Medley was one of the best sires ever imported into America. He got
Atalanta, Bel Air, Boxer, Calypso, Gray DionnMl, (iray Medley, Lamp-
lisrhter, the Opossum Filly, Pandora, Quicksilver, Virginia, and others —
racers in a high form, and themselves the getters of racers.

Second Shauk — Foaled iu 1771, aud imported into Virginia by

206

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

/ ! ;

Marske, out of the Snap mare, gr. dam Wag's dain, by Marlborough,
out of a natural Barb mare.

Marske, sire of Eclipse, was by Squirt, dam by Foxeub, gr. dam by
Conoyskins, g. gr. dam by Ilutton's (Jray Barb.

Stjuirt was by Bartlett's Childers, dam by Snake, gr. dam Hautboy.
Marlborough was by the Godolphin Arabian, dam large Hartley mare.

Shark's most distinguished progeny are : Amerieus, Annette, BUuk
Maria, dam of Lady Lightfoot, Opossum, Shark, Virago, and many
others.

Third DiOMEo — Foaled in 1777. Imported into Virghiia 1798. Ho
was by Florizel, dam by Spectator, gr. dam b}' Blank, g. gt , dam by
Childers, g. g. gr. dam Miss Belvoir, by (irantham.

Florizel was by Herod, datn by Cygnet, gr. dam Cartouch, g. gr. dam
Ebony by Childers, g. g. gr. dam old Ebony Basto mare.

llerod was by Tartar, out of Cypron, by Blaze, out of S(!liina, &c. &c.

Diomed is probably the greatest six-e of the greatest winner-getters ever
brought into this country. Had he got none but Sir Arehy, out of iai-
ported Castianira — who brought him to America in her belly — that re-
nown alono would have been more than cnougii ; for scarce a recent
horse in England, unless it be I'otHo's, has so distinguished himself as a
progenitor.

He begot Bolivar, Diana, Dinwiddle, Duroc, Florizel, (ialiathi, Grao-
thus, Hamlintonian, Hampton, Hornet, King Herod, Lady Chestertiolii.
Miidison, Marske, Nettle-top, l'eacc-nial:er, Potomac, Primrose, Sir Ar-
ehy, Top-gallant, Truxton, Virginius, Wonder, and many others. Most
of the horses named above were the greatest runners of tlieir day, and
the getters of the greatest racei-s and sires to the present time. Boston.
prooably the very best horse that ever ran on American soil, was bv Ti-
nioleon, grandson of Sir Archy, the best son of Diomed ; while Fiisluon,
the very best mare that ever ran on this side the water, by her dam. Bon-
nets of Blue, daughter of Reality, was great-granddaughter of that same
noble stallion ; and by her grandsirc Sir Charles, sire of Bonnets and son
of Sir Archy, was also his great-granddaughter, a second time, in the
maternal line.

Fourth GAHimiBJL — Foaled 1790, imported into Vii-ginia, was got by
Dorimant, dam Snap mare, gr. dam by Shepherd's Cnil), g. gr. dam,
Miss Meredith by Cade, g. g. gr. dam Little Hartley inare.

Dorimant was by Otho, dam Babrahain mare, gr. dam Chiddy by
Hampton Court Arabian, out of the Duke of Somerset's Bald Charlotte.

Otho was hy Moses, dam Miss Vernon by Cade, gr. dam by Partner,
g. gr. dam Bay Bloody Buttocks, g. g. gr. dam by Greyhound, g. <r. ir
^r. dam by Makeless, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Brimmer, g. g. g. g. g. gr.

RACING, on Tt'RF IIOPSRS.

207

dam by riaco's White Turk, g. g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Dodsworth, g.
(c ir «>•. ir. ff. ff. ijr. dam Lavton's violet Barb marc.

M0SO8 was by the Chodworth Foxhuutcr, dam by the Portland Arai)iaii,
4'r. dam, the dam of the Duke of Bridge water's Star, slu; by Kifhard's
Arabian. »

(rabriel was brought into Virginia, and became, like the. preceding
liorscs, very famous for splendor of his get and their great performances.

Ho <Tot 0*car, Post Boy, and others. The former of whom, dam by
im[). Medley, bred by General Tayloc, is his most celebrated son. lie
was a "■ood runiler, and his l)lood tells in many of our best modern stal-
lions and mares, especially in the Southern States.

Fifth Bkdkokd — Foaled in 17!)2, imported into Virginia. He was
(rot by Dungannon, dam Fairy, by llighilyer, gr. dam Fairy Queen by
Voung Cade, g. gr. dam Routh s Black K)'es by Crab, g. g. gr. dam the
^Varlock Galloway, g. g. g. gr. dam by the Byerly Turk.

Dungannon was by Eclipse out of Aspasla, hy Herod, gr. dam Doris
by Blank, g. gr. dam Helen by Spectator, g. g. gr. dam Daphne by the
tiodolphin Arabian, g. g. g. gr. dam by F'ox, g. g. g. g. gr. dam by
Childers, g. g. g. g. g. gr. dam by Makeless, g. g. g. g. g, g. gr. dam,
Sister to Honeycomb Punch, by the Taffolet Barb.

The vear of Bedford's im[)ortatlon is i^ot exactly known. He was a
<rreat stallion, and thei'c is hardly a family of horses in the Southern
States which do not in some degree, more or less, partake of his blood.
He was a sinsrularlv formed horse — a rich l)av — with a pectdiar elevation
on his rump, amouming in ap[)earancc to an unsightlincss, if not to an
absolute deformity. This mark, known as the Bedford Hump, he has
transmitted to his posterity, and, whatever may have been the original
opinion as to its i)eauty, it has been worn by so many celebrated winners,
that it has conu> of late to be regarded as a foreshadowing' of excellenci\
rather than a deformity. It has been worn by Eclipse, Black Maria, her
brother. Shark, Boston, Argyle, and many other horses of great note.

Bedford got ; .Eolus, Cup-Bearer, Fairy, Lady Bedford, Lottery,
Nancy Air, Shylock and others not inferior in repute.

Ou the Hist settlement in Tennessee, previous to its admission as a
State into the Union, the early settlers began taking with them cxcelhwit
stock from Virginia and Maryland, and the blood of Janus, Jolly Roger,
Morton's Traveller, Pacolet and other worthies of the olden times, still
percolates in rich luxuriance through the veins of their noble steeds. It
has been always a gallant and a sporting State ; and I feel proud tiiid
happy — the rather that the history of the i)lood str)ck of Tennessee and
of the neighboring State of Kentmky is nearly identical — to be allowed
the opportunity of i)ro8eiiting to my readers a most valuable memoir of

■ n .1

pup (I; , iH'snTn."; ' ""tWiW? y T ■'''* "^

208

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

fii^' ^^''

the blood of its best equine families, considerately and kindly compiled
for me from his own memoranda of old times, and from personal recol-
lection of events, even before General Jackson and his contemporaries
were on the turf, by a veteran turfman and a hereditary breeder, Mr.
William Williams — to Nvhom I take this occasion of tendt^ing my most
grateful and respectful thanks.

Race Horses at the North.

Prior to the Revolution there was a course for racing, neaf New York,
about the centre of the county, called Newmarket, and one at Jamaica
called Beaver Pond. Js early as the year 1800 courses were established
at Albany, Poughkeepsie and Harlem, New York, On these tracks
purses of from one to four miles were contended for. In 1804 an organ-
ization was formed extending for live years. The Newmarket course was
remodeled, and regular races were held in May and October of each year,
at which purses were contended for at four, three and two mile heats.

Among the celebrated horses of that time, some of which have left
their impress to this day, were Tippoo Sultan, Hambletoniau, Miller's
Danisel and p]mpress. Among these, as worthy of es[)ccial mention,
were Hambletoniau, as the progenitor of mighty trotting stock. Miller's
Damsel as the dam of American Eclipse, and Ariel, whose granddam was
this gray mai'e Empress, American Eclipse was the king of the Amer-
ican turf of his day, and Ariel may certainly be said to have been the
que(!n, since out of fifty-seven races she was forty-two times the winner,
seventeen of them having l)een four mile heats. They both of them may
be said to rank with the best race horses of any age or country.

The pedigree of Eclipse may be summed up in the language of Frank
Forrester, as follows: American Eclipse, bred by Gen. Coles of L. I.,
foaled 1814 ; was got In- Duroc, his dam the famed race mare Miller's
Damsel, by imported ^Messenger, out of the imported PotHo.s mare ; her
dam by Gimcrack., Duroc, brel by Wade Moseh', Esfj., of Powhatan
county, Virginia, foaled 1809 : Avas got by imi)orted Diomed, out of Mr.
Mosely's "extraordinary race mare Amanda,"" by Col, Tayloe's fanieil
gray Diomed, son of impoiied Medley, Thus far Eclipse's pedigree is
unquestioned ; for the bahmc^ see American Turf Register, p. ;")(), vol.
4, Of Sir Charles liunbury's Diomed, inq)orted into Virginia 17!*i», hav-
ing filled the measure of his glory," nothing more need he said. Mes-
senger, foaled 1788, imported about 1800 into Pennsylvania, was also ;i
race hoi'se of repute at Newmarket ; he won some go(5d races, and lost
but few. He was a gray, of great substance ; was got by Mambrino, a
very superior stallion, his dam by Turf, son of Matchem, Regulus — Star-
ling — Snap's dam. See English Stud Book, and American Eclipse's ped-
igree m full, American Turf Register, p. 51, vol. 4.

RACING, OR TURF HORSRS.

209

Of Ariel we find the following : Ariel's pedigree is worthy of her
porfnniiances. Her own brothers — Laiioe, a year older than herself, a
(listiiisruished runner that beat the famous 1'roublo, a great match —
()'Ki'llv» that beat Flying Dutchman, Miiry Randolph, and other.-, with
such eclat as to bring $5,000 — and St. Leger in the great sweepstake in
Baltimore, where he was so unaccountably beaten, but has since beat
Terror — her own sister Angeline, and half-brother Splendid, by Duroc,
that was beaten at three years old, in a produce match, by Col. .l(»hnson,s
Medley — are all well known to fame. Her grandam Empress, has also
been regarded one of the ujost renowned race nags and brood mares of
the North. October, 1804, at four years old, she very unexpectedly
beat the famous First Consul, for the Jockey Club purse, four-mile
heats, at Harlem, N. Y. Thetirst race he lost.

Resides combining the three valued crosses of Herod, Matchen. and
Eclipse, it will l)e observed Ariel's pedigree is "richly imbued with th(>
best p]nglish l)lood ;" to which she traces almost directly from Childers,
Partner, Crab, Snsip, Cade, Spark, Othello, Gimcrack, Mambrino, Med-
ley, Pot8os, Messenger, Baronet, Diomed, &c. ; besides deriving her de-
cent from the best early importations. No other stock pi-obablv par-
takes so much of the Messenger blood — no less than four crosses ; with
two, not very remote, from English Eclip'^e, two from Gimcrack, two
from imported Pacolet, and three from imiiorted Spark. Her color sus-
tains her valuable origin — running so much into tlie Arabian l)lood.

Black Maria was another of the wonderful performers of the early
part of tlie century, having been bred by Charles Henry Hall, Harlem,
N. Y., and foaled June 15, 18"2(). She was sired by American Eclipse,
(linn Lad}^ Lightfoot by Sir Arch}', gr. dam Black Maria, b}' imported
Shark ; g gr. dam the dam of \'^ing't un, by Clackfast, a half-brother
lo Modhy, 1)V Gimcrack ; g. g. g. dam Burwell's Maria, by liegulus.

Of lior dam. Lady Lightfoot, Frank Forrester says she was the most
distinguishf^d racer of her day, having won between twenty and thirty
races, the majority at four-mile heats, and never having been beaten but
once, except in her old age — her eleventh year — and then by Eclipse, on
the Union Course. Slie was l)red by the late Col. John Taloe of Va. and
wasfoaleil at Mr. Ogle's seat, Bel-air, Md., in June, 1H12.

Among the wonderful racers of forty years ago, Bost(m and Fashicm
will always be remembered as the two mighty exiimples of staunch
prowess and well-deserved fame.

Boston was foaled in 183.'$, bred by John Wickham, Esc]., Richmond,
Va. His sire was the celebrated Timoleon, out of an own sister of
Tuckahoe, by Ball's Florizel ; her dam by imported Alderman, Out of a
marc by imported Clackfast ; her gr. dam by Symmes' Wildair, &c.

^ "T^riVi'-"

- ,M'

210

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK.

He was a chestnut with white hind feet and a strip in his faee, 15 1-2
hands higli, ratlier short limbed, somewhat flat sided, but of ininiciisu
substance, and his back a prodigy of strength. From 1836 to 1841 he
ran thirty-eight times and won thirty-live races, twenty-six of which
were four mile heats and seven three mile heats. His winnings were
$49,500, and his earnings as a breeding stallion in 1841, $4,200, makiii"
a total of $53,700.

Fashion was bred l)y WilHam Gibbons, Esq., of Madison, N. J., and
was foaled April 20, 1837. Of this mare it is recorded that it would he
difficult t(> sit down over the Stud Book and compile a richer pedigree
than hers, and the same remark will apply to Boston. Each is descended
from the most eminently distinguished racing families on the side of both
sire and dam, that have iigured on the Turf for a hundred years.
Fashion was got by Mr. Livingston's Imp. Trustee, out of the celebrated
Bonnets o' Blue by Sir Charles, and she out of Reality — "the very best
vace-horse," says Col. Johnson, "I ever saw." lleality was got hy Sir
Archy, and her pedigree extends back through the in)ported horses Med-
ley, Sentinel, Janus, Monkey, Silver-Eye and Spanker, to an imported
Sp>,nish mare. Trustee, the sire of Fashion, was a distinguished raee-
horse in Enghmd, and sold at 3 3'rs. old for 2,00(» guineas to the Duke
of Cleveland, after running 3d in the race for the Derby of 101 suli-
scribers. He was subse(iuently imported by Messrs. Ogden, Corbin and
Stockton. Trustee was foaled in 1829, and was got by Catton out of
Emma, by Whisker, and combines the blood of Hermes, Pij)ator, and
Sir Peter, on his dam's side, with that of Penelope, by Trumpator, and
Prunella, by Highflyer, on the side of his sire. Trustee is not a chance
horse; in addition to other winners of his family, in 1835, his own
brother, Mundig, won the Derby of 128 subscribers.

Jn her three year old form slie won three of the races she ran and lost
one, ])eing beaten by Tyler after winning the second heat. In her four
year old form she ran and won three races, one at two miles, one sit three
miles and one at four miles.

Later, the p.* i.-i of victory rested upon horses bred west of the Alli-
ghanies and south of the Ohio river. Among the celebrated ones were
Lexington, got in 1851 by Boston out of Alice Carneal. Lecomi>te, bv
Glencoe, out of Reel. Pryor, by Glencoe, out of Gypsy, own sister to
Medoc, by American Eclipse.

Still later, and within the last ten years, the laurels of soutiiern hred
racers on various tracks in America and England, ai'e too well known to
need ret pitulation.

As showing English and American views on the speed of race horses
of twenty years ago, really the palmy days of the turf, and which coii-

ii -

RACINO, OR TURF HORSES.

tiiiued up to the lata vviii", Stonohenge, from an Engli«h point of view,

says :

Bv an examination of the racing time-tables as recorded of late years,
it will be seen that from 13 1-2 to 14 seconds per furlong is the highest
rate of speed attained in any of our races, above a mile, and with 8 st.
7 lbs. carried by three-year-old horses. In 184t), Surplice and Cymba
won the Derby and Oaks, each running the distance in .-hn. 48s., or ex-
actlv 14 seconds per furlong. I'his rate has never since that time been
reached ; the Flying Dutchman having however, nearly attained it, l)ut
failin"' by two seconds — making his rate 14 seconds and one sixth per
furlong. But the most extraordinary three-year-old |)erformance is that
of Sir Tatton Sykes over the St. Leger Course, 1 mile, (J furlongs, and
132 yards in length, which he ran in 3 minutes and 10 seconds, or at a
rate of as nearly as possible 13 1-2 seconds per furlong. With an addi-
tional year and the same weight, this speed has been slightly exceeded
by West Australian, even over a longer course, as at Ascot in 1854,
wli'iu he defeated Kingston by a head only ; nnuiing two miles and four
furlongs in 4m, and 27s., or as nearly as ])ossible at the rate of 13 1-2
seconds and one-third per furlong. This performance is the best in
modern day^s, considering the weight, the age, and the distance; and it
will compare very favorably with the often-quoted exploit of Childers
over the Beacon Course in 1721, when, being six years old, he beat Al-
maiizor and Brown Betty, carrying 1> st. 2 lbs., and doing the distance in
(!ni. 40.S., or at the rate of 14 seconds and on(»-third per furlong. Thus,
allowing him his year for the extra mile in the course, and for the 21bs,
which he carried above the Kingston's weight, he was outdone by the
latter horse at Ascot by one second per fnrlong, and likewise by West
Australian at the usual allowance for his age. Again ; comparing these
performances on the English Turf with the recenth' lauded exjiloits of
the American horses, it will be found that there is no cause for the fear
lest our antagonists in the "go-ahead" department should deprive us of
our laurels. On the 2d of April, 1855, a time-match was run at New
Orleans l)etween Lecointe and Lexington, both four years old, in which
the hitter, who won, did the four mile>, carrying 7 st. 511)s., in 7m. 19
o-4s., or as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds per furlong. This is con-
sidered by the Americans the best time on record, and is undoul)tedly a
creditable performance ; though when the light weight is taken into ac-
(^ount, not so near our best English time as would at first sight appear.
On the 14th of April, Brown Di(;k and Arrow ran three miles over the
same course in 5m. 28s., or at the rate of 13 seconds and two-thirds per
furlong: the former a three-year-old, carrying G st. 2 lbs., and the latter
live years old, G st. 12 lbs. Thus it will appear that Kingston, of th*

I'SWi^MB,? ' Ijlf .' g'.iQBI^iiiy^BfMW'.'UiU''!' .i'.'.f i'.ww"^f g|M'

212

ILLUSTKATED STOCK l>OC;TOi;.

same age as Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 7 st. 12 lbs., ran 2 1-2
miles at a better rate than Arrow did liis .'5 miles, by ono-third of a sec-
ond per furlong. And it has been shown that in the year last past, two
horses exceeded the greatest iDerformanee of the olden times by a second
per furlong, and beat the best American time of modern days by one-
third of a second per mile. The assertion, therefore, that our present
horses are degenerated in their power of staying a distance under weight,
is wholly without foundation ; since I have shown that, even taking the
time of the Childers' perforinanco as the true rate, of which there is
some doubt, yet it has recently been beaten very considerably bv West
Australian and Kingston. Many loose assertions have been made as to
the rate of the horse, for one mile in the last century, but there is not
the slightest reliance to be placed upon them . That any race-horse evtM-
ran a miic within the minute, is an al)surd fiction : and it is out of the
question to suppose that if Childers could not beat our modern horses
over the Beacon Course, he could beat them a shorter distance. Stout-
'>■;■ vas undoubtedly the forfe of the early race-hors(!s ; they were of
s« II siz,',.very wiry and low, and could unquestionably stay a distance,
an . mil race month after month, and year after year, in a way seldom
imitate ■'< 'hese days : but that they could in their small conq)act forms
:'i as fa :; ehort spin as our modern three-ycur-okls, is quite a fal

huy ; r.i/v / . ", man of any exi)erience would admit it for a moniont.
The. size a ad shape of the modern thoroughbred horse are superior ti>
those of olden days, if we may judge by the portraits of them handeil
down to us by Stubbs, Avho was by far the most faithful animal painter
of the eighteenth century. In elegance of shape we beat the horses of
that day very considerabl}^ more especially in tlie beauty of the hciul
and the formation of the shoulders, which have been much attended to by
breeders. In size, also, . there has been an immense stride made, tlic
average height of the race-horse having been increased l)v at least a liaiiil
in the last (century. This enlargement is. I believe, chieHy due to the
(jodolphin Aral)ian, who was the sire of Babraham, the only horse of
his time which reached Ki hands, and sire and grandsire of several wliicli
were more than If) hands, much above the average height of horses ;it
that time — as for instance, Feai'nought, Genius, Gower, Stallion, Infant,
Denmark, Bolton, Cade, Club, Lofty, and Amphion. Indeed it will he
found, by an examination of the iiorses of that time, that out of 13i>
wiimers in the middle of the eighteenth century, there were only 18 of
the height of 15 hands and upwards, of which 11 were by Godolphin or
his sons, three descended from the Darly Arabian, two from the Byeily
Turk, and two from other sources. It may therefore be assumed, witli
some degree of probability, that the increase in size is in great measure

RACING, OU TUltF HOliSliS.

213

due to the Godolphin, in addition to the extrn care and attention which
the horse has received during the same time. Nevertheless, all the care
iiud forcing in the world will not increase the size of some breeds ; and
unless there was this capability of being forced, no amount of attention
would have ])rought the horse to the present average, which may be
placed at about 15 hands 3 inches.

In relation to the comparisons of speed between English and Ainerican
race horses, the /Spirit of the Times, New Yord, sums up the matter,
and f^ives a list of the moat renowned racers of England and America,
which we append :

It will appear, on a critical examination of the subject, that iherc is
not much difference in the powers of the best race-horses for more than
ii century ; a period during which they have been brought, upon both
sides of the Atlantic, to the present high state of perfection. Withhi the
last two years have been exhibited faster running in England, by West
Australian and Kingston, and in this countrj^ by Lexington and Lecomte,
than was ever before known. The two last have run four miles, and
four-mile heats, faster, in either case, than has been performed in Eng-
liuid. " Stonchenge," who has been well endorsed in England, has shown
" the absurd fiction " of "a mile within a minute;" and that there is
"not the slightest reliance to be placed upon the many loose assertions"
—such as the reported accounts of Childers ; and that he and Eclipse
were a distance better than any other horses that have appeared, or that
they " could beat any other a half-mile in four miles!" On the same
authority, it appears that, in the fastest Derby, St. Leger, and Ascut cup
races, as won b}"^ Surplice, the Flying Dutchman, Sir Tatton Sykcs, Don
John, and West Australian, the distance varying from one mile and a
half to two miles and a half, that the fastest rate, with English weights,
has been a little over one miimte and forty seconds per mile. We have
no authentic report that the mile has been run in England under one
minute and forty-two seconds, the time of Henry Perritt at New Orleans.
Nominally of the same age, three years old, and with the same weight,
SI) lbs., Inheritor, at Liverpool, i"an two miles in 3.25; which is at the
rate per mile of 1-42 1-2. " Stonehenge," referring to what he con-
siders the best race ever run in England, states that West Australian,
four yoars old, carrying the St. Leger weight, 8 st. 6 lbs. — 118 pounds —
"defeated Kingston by a head only," the latter five years old, carrying
!' St. — 12(5 pounds — running two and a half miles in 4.27, "or as nearly
as possible, 13 1-2 .^seconds per furlong." "This performance, the best
of modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance, will
compare very favorably with the often quoted exploit of Childers, in

1721, at Newmarket, when six years old, carrying 9 st. 2 lbs. — 128 lbs. —
14

'!!

214

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I*;

if?

ho did the distance, three and n half miles, in G.40, or at the rate of U
sei'oiids and one-third per furk)ng." "Thus allowing Childcrs his year
for the extra mile in the course, and for the two pounds which he carried
above Kingston's weight, he, Childers, was outdone by Kingston at
Ascot, by one second per furlong, and likewise by West Australian,
at the usual allowance for his age." "Kingston, of the same age as
Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 6 st. 2 lbs. — 100 pounds — ran two
and a half miles at a better rate than Arrow, in his race with Brown
Dick, did his three miles, by one-third of a second per furlong," Bnt
Arrow's was a race of three-mile heats, the second heat in 5.43 1-2,
Lexington, nominally four years old, carrying lO.J pounds, ran four miles,
also at New Orleans, in 7.19 3-4. or, as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 soeontls
l)er furlong, at the rate, for four miles, of less than 1.50 per mile.

The often quoted exploit of Eclipse, of England, was that he ran four
miles, carrying 168 pounds, in eight minutes.

With these data before them, it is left for others to draAV their own
deductions of the relative merits of West Australian, Childers, Eclipse,
and Lexington, at the distances they ran, varying from two and a half
miles to four.

Some among us believe that Lexington and Lecomte were about as fast
and as good race-horses as have ever appeared in England. Undoubtedly
they could "stay a distance" about as v/ell as any horse that has run
anywhere, having run two heats, of four miles, in 7.2(5, and 7.38, and
the third mile of the second heat in 1.47.

It would bo difficult to institute a fair comparison between the raci'-
horses of England and America, the systems of racing being st) different
in the two countries. With the exception of the light weights, adopted
by us for convenience, the modes and rules of our turf are nearly the
same as they were in England the last century. In England, since that
pei'iod, the mode of racing has been essentially changed ; licavy weigiits,
even for two and three-ye;ir-()lds, at short distances, rarely beyond two
and a half miles ; no longer racer, of heats ; the great events being for
"baby horses," two and three-year-olds, instead of horses, as formerly.
They rarely, nowadays, I'each maturity in England. Priam, Touchstone,
Harkaway, and Rataplan, arc to be regarded as exceptions to a rule,
Childers and Ecdipsc were not introduced upon the turf until five years
old, an age at Avhich the mcst distinguished horses rarely run in these days.

The elastic turf and the straighter shape of the English race-courses,
better adapt them to speed than our circular "race-tracks," that arc
wholly denuded of turf. Therefore a fair comparison of English and
American race-horses cannot be made by time as tlic test; one, too, that is not
•iveld in as high esteem in England, but is frequently disregarded.

BACINO, OR TURF HORSES.

215

Kiither a long catalogue is here presented of the best raec-horsca of
Kii'fland and of this country, which might bo extended. Those now or
lately upon our turf are omitted, as some doubts might be entertained of
tlieir comparative merits. Of those furnished, who will agree as to the
pre-eminence of any two of them ; at least, to place any six above
the rest?

MOST RENOWNED ENGLISH AND AMERICAN HORSES.

1715*, Childers; 1718*, Partner; 1748*, Matchem ; 1749*, Rcgulus
\nd Mirza, by the Godolphin Arabian ; 1741)*, Spectator ; 1750*, Snap ;
1758*, Herod; 1764*, Eclipse, by Marske ; 1771*, Shark, by Marske ;

;^77a*, Pot8os, by Eclipse ; *, Saltram, by Eclipse ; 1777* f, Dio-

luod; 1782t, Trumpator ; 1784t, Sir Peter: 1790t, Waxy; 1792t,
Ilanibletonian ; 1796t, Sorcerer ; 1798t, Eleanor ; 1798t, Orville ; 1807t,
Whalebone; 1816, Sultan; 1822, Camel; 1827t, Priam, by Emilius f ;

ISint, Plenipotentiary, by Emiliusf ; 1831t, Touchstone ; f, Queen

of Trumps; 1» Bay Middlcton ; 1> Flying Dutchmaii ; ,

Ilarkavvay ; 1» l^"" John; 1» Sir Tatton Sykes ; f, West

Australian; , Kingston ; 1801*, Florizcl ; 1812, Potomac; 181.'^*,

SirArchy; 1812, Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy ; 1812, Vanity, by Sir
Archy; 1813, Reality, by Sir Archy; 1813*, Timoleon, by Sir Archy;
1814, Virginian, by Sir Archy ; 1815, Sir Charles, by Sir Archy ; 1820,
Rertnnul, by Sir Arch}"^ ; 1801, Maid of the Oaks, by Imported Spread
E;iirle; 1801, Floretta, by Imported Spread Eagle ; 1801, Postboy, by
Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Oscar, by Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Hickory ;
1H0«, Duroc ; , Sir Solomon ; 1814, American Eclipse ; 1820, Flirt-
ilia ; , Monsieur Tonson ; , Sally Walker; , Ariel, by

Aniorican Eclipse ; Modoc, by American Eclipse ; , Fanny, by

-, Ladv CI if den

Doubloon, by Imported

American Eclipse ; -

Margrave; , Blue and Brown Dick, by Imported Margrave; 1833,

Boston; 1837, Fashion; 1839, Peytona ; , Trifle, by Sir Charles ;

, Andrew, by Sir Charles ; , Wagner, by Sir Charles ; ,

Grey Eagle.

Another view of the comparative merits of race-horses that were not
contemporaries is presented by time on the same course, and with the
samp weight, or the relative weight for age.

It has been shown lately, that on the Chai'leston Course, at three and
four-milc-heats, in the races won by Nina, Ilighlnnder, Jefferson Davis,
aiui-Frank Alien, nearly the same time has been made ; besides the com>-
parison between that of Bertrand and Floride.

*Boston'8 ancestors.

tDerby and St. Leger winners.

i'\

216

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

Oil the Union Course, New York, the fastest four-mile heats were iw
follows :

Fashion, 5 years, 111 lbs., and Boston, 9 j'ears, 120 lbs., 7.32 1-2
—7.45,

Tally-ho, 4 years, 104 lbs., and Bostona, 5 years. 111 lbs., 7.33 — 7.43.

Fashion, aged, 123 lbs., and Peytona, 5 years, 117 lbs., 7.39 — 7.4.').

Eclipse, 9 years, I2k' lbs., and Henry, 4 years, 108 lbs., 7.37 1-2
—7.49.

Red-Eye, 8 years, 126 lbs., and One-Eyed Joe, 6 years, 117ibs., 7J)2
—7.39.

Lady Clifden, 4 years, 101 lbs., and Picton, 3 years, 00 lbs., Picton
winning first heat, 7.44—7.43 1-2— 7.56 1-2.

Frinoiples of Breeding.
In relation to the principles and jjractice of breeding for the turf
and for genei'al purposes, Stonohcnge on British Rural Sports, than
whom none could be more competent to advise, and although written
from an English stand-point is applicable to any country or conditions.
The author, in an essay holds the following:

THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR TUE TURF AND FOK

GENERAL PURPOSES.

Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical management of the
breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws ot
generation in the higher animals.

The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessary for
reproduction ; the male and female each taking their respective share.

The office of the male is to secrete the semen in tiie testes, and emit it
into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovun?
of the female — which remains sterile without it.

The female forms the ovum in the ovary, and at regular times, varyins
in different animals, this descends into the uterus for the i)urpose of
fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of
the semen.

The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which have an
automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is
believed that the semen is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells,
which are intended to co-operate with the germ-cell of the ovum in form-
ing the embryo.

The ovum 'consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of the
embryo, — and the yolk, Avhich nourishes both, until the vessels of the
mother take -upon themselves the task ; or, in oviparous animals, till
hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is

RACING, OR TDRP HORSES.

217

curried down by the contractile power of the fullopian tubes from the
ovary to the uterus, and henco it does not require uutoniutic iiurticles
Hkc the semen.

The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the
semen with the ovum, imujcdiately after which the sperm-coll of the
former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Upon thi.s a ten-
dency to increase or "grow" is established, and supported at first, by
the nutrhBent contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has
attached Itself to the walls of the uterus, from whioh it afterwards ab-
Horbs its iTOurishment b}' the intervention of the placenta.

As the male and female each furnish their quota to the formation of
the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in
it, which is found to be the case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo
vutircly depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of
the offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance
with her state than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnishes
ouc-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and
general character there is retained vl facsimile ^ to u certain extent of him.

The ovum of mammalia differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater
size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to
support the growth of the embryo from the time of the full formation
of the egg until the period of hatching. On the other hand, in niam-
niiilia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the
uterus to the embryo during the whole time which elapses between the
entnincc of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces
nearly the whole of the interval between conception and liirth, and is
called utero-gestation.

In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked by certain
disclitu'gcs in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms
in the male. In the former it is accompanied in all healthy sul)jccts by
the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a
strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other
times in them.

The semen regains its fructifying power for some days, if it be con-
tained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be
fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, although the latter part of
the time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then
the ovum is ready for the contact with the semen, yet if the semen
reaches the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because
it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum.

The influence of the male upon the euibrvo is pai'tly dependent upon
the fact that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the

•"•(■J-

■:'^

i!*;j

318

;

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

Bperrn-^cell, but also in groat measure upon the effect axerted ujion the
nervous system of the mother by him. Hence the prepoudcraiic* of
one or other of the parents will, in great measure, depend U|>on th«
greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law i.^
known by which this can be measured, nor is anything known of th«
laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color «r
conformation of the resulting offspring.

Acquired (pialities are transmitted, whether they belong to^c Hire or
dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad quulities af^ quitcr u
easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is ne y Ut taka

care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he be , from l»ad
points, as well as furnished with good ones. Jt is known Uy vx\H'riirtwe
that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or duiii are
almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the iiiinie'
diate parents in whom they Jire dormant. Hence, in breeding the rule u,
that like produces like, or the likeness of some ancestor.

The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to lie tr^nv
mitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent w of the
purest blood will be generally more re[)resented in the oflfhipriiig ; but as
the male is usually more carefully selected, and of purer blood ttuiii the
female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she do«!»;
the rovex'se being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than
the sire.

Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to mankind, and 1 '.lway*» l»e«n
forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most humai< 'ver». ()n

the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all jrre^
rious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his duugliterw and
granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and ulrtm^n
rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic aniniiils which are naturally jrre-
garious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeding "in-and-iii" i* n«t
prejudicial, because it is in conformity with tiieir natural 'umtUielM, if not
carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Sow, in
nature we find about two consecutive ci'osses of the same blood i» the
usual extent to which it is carried, as the life of the animal in the limit j
and it is a remarkable fact that in practice a conclusion has liecii arriiir«l
at, which exactly coincides with these natural laws. "Once in and onf«
out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on tbft
breeding for the turf ; but twice in will be found to be more in accord-
ance Avith the practice of our most successful breeders.

The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the mjIxw-
quent ones; this has been proved by several experiments, and i» s*pie-
cially marked iu the equine geuus. In the series of example* prestird

ill the Museu
quaggii, when
tlu''(( gcncrati
uikI tlicy are i
When sonii
ure in accordii
ill siicli a kinc
Imiul, when t
miHttcd fCr tl

Uy a carefi
horses, it will
the greater pa
It is difficult t
commence, foi
sire and dam o
(exception — am
which is the re
(ind that his s
through three
to page 215. '
direct a cross
lyzod, the resu
made up of E(
that a horse jr
through six oi
Ilcncc, it may
arc related, eit
i)rooding, we n
or, at the nio.si
lie found that
too fur, and tl
liicil ju this wa

KACINO, OR TURF II0R8RS.

21J)

in tho Museum of the CoUogo of Hurgcoiis, tho niiirkings of the nmlo
quiifrgii, when united with the ordinary nmro, ure continued cleiirly for
ihrt-'o generations l)eyond tho one in whieh tho quagga was tlio uetual sire ;
uiid they ure so clear as to leave tho question settled without a douht.

When sonic of the elements, of which an individual sire is composed
are in accordance with otliers making up those of tho dam, they coalesce
in sucli a kindred way as to make what is called "a hit." On tho other
lianii, when they are too incongruous, an animal is the result wholly
uuliltcd fOr the task he is intended to perform.

IN-AND-IN UKEEDINO.

Hy a careful examination of tho pedigrees of our most remarkable
horses, it will be seen that in all cases there is some in-breeding ; and in
the greater part of the most successful a very considerable infusion of it.
It is difficult to say what is not to be considered such, or when to make it
couimence, for in all cases there is more or less relationship between tho
sire and dam of every thoroughbred horse ; at least, I cannot find a single
f'xcoption — and again, for instance, examining the i)edigree of Harkaway,
which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, wo
find that his sire and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod
through three or four strains on each side, as will bo seen by referring
to page 215. The same will iipply to Ah 'in, who also is the result of as
direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in I'act, whatever pedigree' is ana-
lyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is
niiide up of Eldipse, Herod, and Matchem, or Kegulus blood. It is not
that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one lino only, but
through six or seven, and soniet les throii'/h nearly all his progenitors.
IIiMiPc, it may bo fairly assumed that all tlie horses of the present day
iire related, cither closely or,distantly ; but when we speak of ii'-and-in
iu'ccding, we mean a nearer relationship than tiiis, such as a first cousin,
or, at the most, ono in the second or third degree. But I believe it will
he found that even this amount of rehitionship is desirable, if not carried
too far, and that a vast number of our best modern horses have been
bicU m this way.

OUT-CROPPTNO.

By crossing the I)lood, we understand the selection of a sire composed
of wholly different blood frotn that of the dam, or as different as can
be obtained of such quality as is suitable to the i)articular purpose in
view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the
same strain beyond two stages deteriorates tho constitutional health,
iliminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to
avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to

I <l

220

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the same results as were previously in existence, without the above dete-
rioration ; and this is called out-crossing, or more commonly, crossing.
The great difficulty is to obtain this object without destroying that harmony
of proportions, and due subordination of one 'part to another which is
necessary for the race.horse, and without which ho seldom attains high
speed. Almost every individual" breed has peculiar characteristics, ami
so long SIS the sire and dam are both in possession of them they will
continue to reappear in the produce ; but if a dam possessing them is put
to a horse of different character, the result is often that the produce is
not a medium between the two, but is in its anterior parts like its dam,
and in its j^osterior resembling its sire, or vice versa, than which no more
unfortunate result can occur. Thus, we will suppose that a very strong
muscular horse is put to a very light racing mare ; instead of the produce
being moderately stout all over, ho will often bo very stout and strong
behind, and very light and weak before, and as a consequence his hind-
quarters will tire his fore limbs, by giving them more to do than tiiey
have the power of accomplishing. This is well seen in Crucifix, who was
a very wiry and fast, but light mare, with a fore-quarter hardly capable
of doing the work of her own hind-quarter. Now, she has several times
been put to Touchstone — a horse remarkable for getting bad-shouldemi
stock, but with strong muscular propellers — and, with the solitary
exception of Surplice, these have been a series of failures. Surplice
was also defective in the same way, but still he managed to get along in
an awkward style, but somehow or other at a great pace. Cowl, on the
other hand, was a better galloper, because there was a greater harmony
of parts ; but ho was somewhat deficient in the stout qualities which
Touchstone Avas intended to supply ; yet he will prove, I fancy, a l)otter
stallion than Surplice, because he is more truly made, and by consequence
more likely to perpetuate his own likeness.

COMPARISON OF IN-BRED AND CROSSED STALLIONS.

The following list of thirty of the most immediately successful stallions
of late years shows the proportion of in-bred to crossed horses of this
class to be equal. I have omitted such as only became celebrated through
their daughters as brood-mares, for instance, Defence, etc.

IN-BRED STALLIONS.

1. Priam. 2. Bay Middleton. 3. Melbourne. 4. Cotherstone. />,
Pyrrhus I. 6. The Baron. 7. Orlando. 8. Ithuriel. 9. Cowl. 10.
The Saddler. 11. Sweetmeat. 12. Chatham. 13. Flying Dutehmaa,
14. Sir Tuttou Sykes. 15. Chanticleer.

RACTNO, OR TURF HOR8KS.

CROSSED STALLIONS.

221

1. Partisan. 2. Emilius. 3. Toudistone. 4. Birdcatcher. 5. Sir

Hercules, G. Voltaire. 7. Plenipotentiary. 8. Pantaloon. 9. Lan-

ercost. 10. Venison. 11. Alarm. 12. Ion. 13. Harkaway. 14.
Velocipede. 15. Hetman Platoff.

SELECTION OF BROOD MARE. »

lu choosing the brood mare, four things must be considered — first,
her blood ; secondly, her frame ; tliirdly, her state of health ; and
fourthly, her temper.

Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the views of the
breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts he wishes to obtain,
and according to his decision he will look out for mares of the particular
kind he desires to reproduce, on the principle that "like begets like,"
])ut subject to the various considerations partly alluded to in the last
chapter, and partly in this and subsequent ones.

In frame, the mare should bo so formed as to bo capable of carrying
and well nourishing her offspring; that is, she should be what is called
"roomy." There is a formation of the hips which is particularly unfit
for breeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully selected, be-
cause it is considered elegant ; this is the level and straight hip, in which
the tail is set on very high, and the end of the Imunch-bone is nearly on
a level with the projectitni of the hip-bone. The opposite form is repre-
sented in the skeleton given with the article "Horse," Avhich is that of a
thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other
respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it will be seen that
the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that,
as a consequence, there is plenty of room, not only for carrying the foal,
but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are
important, the former evidently so, and the latter no less so on consider-
ation, because if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or
from ignorance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers,
and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide
and deep — that is to say, it should be large and roomy ; and there should
also be a little more than the average length from the hip to the shoul-
der, so as to give plenty of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of
back-ribs, which are necessary in order to support this increased length.
This gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than
is always desirable in the race-horse, which may be easily overtopped ;
and hence many good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great
number of bad runners have been dams of good race-horses. Beyond
this roomy frame, necessary as the egg shell of the foal, the mare only

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particular pm-,
pose she is intended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should
belong to a family having it. If one can be obtained with these requisites
in her own person, so nmcli the more likely will she be to produce race-
horses ; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as
jjossible to the needful framework, without which her office can hardly
be well carried out. But with this suitable frame, if she belongs to a
family Avhich, as a rule, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she
may be relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she herself
should fail in some of them. Thus, thei'e are many fine roomy mares
which have been useless as race-horses from being deficient in the power
of some one quarter, either behind or befox-e, or perhaps a little too
slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running fam-
ilies, should not be despised ; and many such have stood their owners in
good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never
thrown good stock, because they were only exceptional cases, and their
families were of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mure could
look much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but be-
ing of a family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville,
Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in the third remove, it
can scarcely occasion suprprise that she should resjjond to the call of the
Baron by producing a Stockwcll and a liatitplan.

In health, the brood mare should be as near jierfection as the artificial
state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important
point of all, and in every case the nuire should be very carefully exam-
ined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have
l)een entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited
from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, all
deviations from a state of health in the mare mav be considered as more
or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound constitution, no
ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and
it is only hereditary predispositions which, under this process, entails its
appearance. Still there are positive, comparative, and superlative de-
grees of objectionable diseases incidental to the brood mare, which should
be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defect, such as bro-
ken knees, dislocated hii>e, or even "breaks down," may be passed over;
the latter, however, only when the stock from whicli the mare is de-
scended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew
and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, largo splints, side-bones, and, in
fact, all bony enlargements, are constitutional defects, and will be almost
sure to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which

nAOTyo. on tttrf iiorsep.

OOT

they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and
should be avoided ; though ujany a one much bent at the junction of the
OS calcis with the astragalus is not at all liable to curbs. It is the defect-
ive condition of the ligaments there, not the angular junction, which
loads to curbs ; and the breeder should carefully investigate the individ-
ual case before accepting or rejecting u mare with suspicious hocks. Bad
feet, whether from cojitniction or from too Hat and thin a sole, should
also 1)0 avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing,
the defect may be passed over.

buch are the chief varieties of unsoundness in the legs which require
cinurnspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be look-
ed for, are those considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to
the shocks of the galloji. Calf knees are generally bad in the race horse,
and arc very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also per-
petuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such are the general
considerations bearing upon soundness of limb.

That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom
Inecd, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ;
hut no one would risk the recurrence of this disease, even if he could
fret such a mare stinted. Roaring is a much-vexed question, which is by
1)0 means theoretically ■settled among our chief veterinary authorities, nor
praetieully by our breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more
fioiiucnt and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any
person wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn,
it appears to be much more hereditary on the side of the niiirc than on
that of the horse ; and not even the offer of a Virago should tempt nie
to use her as a brood mare. There are so many different conditions which
produce what is called "roaring," that it is difficult to form any opinion
which shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen
from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of tbv) l-'vyiix,
the result of cold, it \y\\\ probably never reappear ; but when t':ie genuine
ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a
disease of the nerves of th6 lar^'^nx, it is ten to one that the produce will
suffer in the same way.

Blindness, again, may or may not be hereditary; but in all cases it
should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple
catjiraet without inflammation undoubtedly runs- in families ; and Avhcn a
horse or mare has both eyes suffering from this disease, witliout any other
derangement of the eye, I should eschew them carefully. When blind-
ness is the result of violent inflammation brought on by bad management
or by iuflueuza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself is more or less

224

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

rff

disorganized ; and though this itself is objectionable, as showing a weat
ness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract.

Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations from health in the
mare ; to which may bo added a general delicacy of constitution, wliitli
can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while
suckling or on poor "keep," or from her appearance on examination by
an experienced hand, using his eyes as well. The tirirj; fnll muscle, the
bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough
though it may be in winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which
is wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. Indeed,
sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst logs and feet,
chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had
to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, us
also is wind-sucking; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to
it, and is very commonly caught by the offspring. It is true that it iniiy
be prevented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the
mare, though of less importance than those to which I have nlrcadv allu-
ded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of health, as indicated by ema-
ciation, or the stsite of the skin.

Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must he un-
derstood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's fam-
ily to pet the mare, but such a temper as will serve for the purposes of
her rider, and will answer to the stimulus of the voice, whip or spur. A
craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the "mother of a family;'
and if a maro belongs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to an-
swer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task rather
than the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose
which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened to be an excep-
tional case ; but if of an irritable family, she would bo worse even than
a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects which are apparent in tlio
colt or filly, but the irritability which interferes with training often leads
to the expenditure of large sums on the faith of private trials, which are
lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous svstera.

CirOICE OF STALLION^.

Like the brood mare, the stallion requires several essentials — com-
mencing also like her, first, with his blood ; secondly, his individual
shape ; tlnrdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this
difliculty in selecting the stallion, that he must not only be sin'tabln /jt.w,
but he must also be adapted to the jjiirticuhir mare which he is to " servo."
Thus, it will bo manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixinj
upon a brood mare, because (leaving out of considerations all other

rough

— com-
ndividuul
TO is tlii«

«' servo."
ho fixiiii;
all other

RACING, OR TURF HORSES.

226

points but blood) in the o)''^ case, a mare only has to bo chosen which is
of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the
same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability
to the mare, or to " hit" with her blood. Hence, all the various theories
connected with generation must be investigated, in order to do justice to
the subject ; and the breeder must make up his mind whether in-and-in-
brecding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is
adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up
their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in
which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion. Q'he rock
upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular
horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Surplice
or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one be different in
blood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly be right if
there is any principle Avhatever in breeding ; and however good a horse
may be, he cannot be suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that
any horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able to
show that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw
many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I

am satisfied, and with constant crossing and

rc-crossing it

is almost a

lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am
tempted to believe that there would be fewer blanks than at jDresent. I
have already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustrated
l)y numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will now
be my objoct to apply tlies'; views practically by selecting particular
instances.

In choosing the particular blood which will suit any given mare, my
impression always would be, that it is desirable to fix upon the best strain
in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to
her the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course,
it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because
there happens to be a better horse of that blood to be had than of the
superior strain, which would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other
luiiid, the mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two degrees,
then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much inclined to believe, from
the success of certain well-known cases, that even then a cross into
hlood already existing in the mare, but not recently in-bred nor used
more than once, will sometimes answer. Upo;i these principles I should,
therefore, look for success. It is surprising to me that this very common
oeenrrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses has so generally
escaped observation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by
supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either

226

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

side it has been lost sight of, because the knowledge of the sii'e's and
grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus,
we find the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of
"Craven," asserting, at page 121 of "The Horse" — "There is uo
proximity of rehitionship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutchman,
Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Hero, Orlando,
Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or others of
celebrity." Now, of these the Flying Dutchman is the produce of
second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to Williiim-
son's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; and Orlando, containing in Iiis
pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Mel-
bourne Jilso is the produce of third cousins, both his siro and dam heinj;
descended from Highfl^'^er. But if to these four, which he has specially
named, be added the numerous "others of celebrity" to which I have
drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars too numerous to mention,
it will be admitted that he assumes for granted the exact opposite of
what is really the case.

The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their formution,
is not less difficult than that of the mare, and it must be guided by nearly
the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework
especially calculated for nourishing and containing the foetus, as in her
case. As fur as possible, the horse should be the counterpart of what is
desired in the produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select
an animal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is souglit
for, especially when that is not connected with the preponderance of fore
or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually
short-legged horse may be selected, or if her neck is too short or teo
long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reverse as tlic
case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to
attempt too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen-
erally end in a colt without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more
or less awkward and unwieldly.

In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to
the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far
as possible, though few horses are to be met with entirely free from all
kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, and others
,^'esulting from actual disease, occurring from other causes. Withrcffard
to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded
with fat, just as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It
is quite true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sijrn "f
a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried
to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertro-

HAriNO, OR TTTOP HORSKS.

227

pliy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, or any bony parts, so is
there often a like superabundance of fat causing obstruction to the duo
performance of the animal functions, and often ending in premature
death. This is in great nieasurc owing to want of exercise, but also to
over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and
also to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough of
the one and not too much of the other. ■

In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have said
relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tempered stallions to
be met with than mares, independently of their running, and this is
caused by the constant state of unnatural excitement in which they arc
kept. This kind of vice is, however, not of so much importance, as it
docs not affect the running of the stock, and solely interferes with their
stable management.

BEST AGE TO BREED FROM.

It is commonly supposed that one or other of the parents should be of

mature age, and th.'it if both are very young, or very old, the produce

will be decrepit or weakly. A great uiaily of our best horses have been

out of old mares, or by old horses — as, for instance, Priam out of

Crcii'sida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and

Lottery and Brutandorf , out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ;

Voltaire got Voltigeur at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton was the sire of

Audover at eighteen, and Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On

the other hand, many young stallions and marcs have succeeded well, and

in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever

produced. In the olden times, Mark Antony and Conductor were the

first foals of their dams ; and more recently. Shuttle Pope, Filho da

Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred and Pantaloon,

have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk

of superior horses are produced later in the scries. The youngest dam

which I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced

Ugly Buck at three years old, having been put to Venison when only

two )'ears of age. Her dam, also, was only one year older when she was

foaled ; and Venison himself was quite a young stallion, being only seven

years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that, altogether, the last mentioned

horse was a remarkable instance of successful breeding from 3'^oung

parents. As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were

not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and early in

the following yei^r, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I

helievc, is a very general rule in breeding all animals, whether horses,

dogs, or cattle. The general practice in breeding is to use young stal-

Elli

228

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

lions with old mares, and to put young mares to old stallions ; and such
appears to be the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice.

BEST TIME FOB BREEDING.

For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because the age
takes date from the 1st of January. The marc, therefore, should be
put to the horse in February, so as to foal as soon after January 1st m
possible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of tlio
eleventh month, it is not safe to send her to the horse before the middle
of the second month in the year. For further particulars, see "Thoughts
on Breeding," and the "Stud-Farm," in which the general management
of the mare and foal is fully detailed.

It will be interesting that the reader have a pretty complete record of
the best time at various distances in racing. Such a record has been care-
fully compiled for Turf, Field and Farm . up to the close of the sea-
son of 1879 ; and which we append :

Fastest and Best Time, and Most Creditable Perfbrmances on Record, at
all Distanoet, to end of Year 1879.

h:^

HALF A MILE.

Olitipa, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, 0:47 3-4.
Pomeroy, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 23, 1877, 0:49 1-4.
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 0:49 1-4.
Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Jerome Park, June 8, 1876, :49 1-2.
Lecina, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 1874, 0:49 1-2.
Blue Lodge, by Fellowcraft, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1879, 0:49 1-2,
Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 0:49 1-2.
Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Long Branch, July 4, 1876, :49 3-4.
Sensation, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 22, 1879, 0:49:3-4.
Kimball, by imp. Buckden, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, 0:49 34.
Observanda, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, :49 3-4.
Grenada, by King Alfonso, Long Branch, July 5, 1879, :49 3-4.

k O

r c

. o

1^ w

FIVE-EIGHTHS OF A MILE.

Bonnie Wood, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, July 20, 1878,
1 :02 3-4.

Grenada, by King Alfonso, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :03 1-2.
Harold, by imp. Leamington, Long Branch, July 4, 1878, 1 :03 1-2,
Rachel, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 6, 1 878, 1 :03 \-i
Palmetto, by Narragansett, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1876,' 1 :03 1-2.
Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1876, 1 :03 \-t
Egypt (aged), by Planet, Saratpga, July 19, 1879, 1 :04.

34,

\U.

V CO

■M^

EAOINO, OR TURF HOKKl-X.

229

AriHtidcH, by imp. Lcuinington, .Icromc Park, Oct. 7, 1874, 1 :04 1-2.
Volturno, by imp. Billet, .Sariitogii, Aug. 21, 1878, 1 :04 3-4.

TIIUEE-gUARTERS OF A MILE.

First Chance, by Baywood, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 1870, 1 -Aft.

Lady Middletoii, by imp. Hurrah, Saratoga, Aug. 1, 1879, 1 :17,
1:15 1-4. First was dead heat with Checkmate.

Bill Bruce, by Enquirer, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 187(), 1 :1.^ 1-2.

Connor, by Norfolk, Carson, Kev., Oct. 15), 1879, 1 :ir) 1-2.

Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1877, 1 :15 1-2.

Florence B., by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 1879,
1 :ir) 3-4.

Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 1 :15 3-4.

Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 15, 1872, 1 :lfi.

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Tenn., Oct.
y, 1876, 1 :1«.

Enquiress, by Enquirer, Detroit, July 5, 1879. 1 :16.

Egypt (aged), by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877. 1 :17.

Milan, by Melbourne, Jr., Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877, 1 :16.

Girofle, by imp. Leamington, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 1 :16 1-4.

Spendthrift, by Australian, Nashville, Oct. 8, 1878,1.16 1-2.

Checkmate, by imp. Glen Athol, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1879, 1 :16 1-4.

Kimball, by imp. Buckden, St. Louis, June 13, 1879, 1 :16 1-2.

Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1879, 1 :16 1-2.

Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1876, 1 :16 1-2,

Glendalia, by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 1-2.

Pigne, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 27, 1877, 1 :16 3-4.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, 1872, 1 :16 3-4.

BowHng Green, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Sept. 24, 1879, 1:16 3-4,

Duke of Magenta, by Denington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1:16 3-4

Spaitan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1 :16 3-4.

Sly Dance, by War Dance, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 1 :16 3-4.

Bye and Bye, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879,
1 :16 3-4.

McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17.

Wallcnstein, by Waverly, Lexington, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17.

Countess, by Kentucky, -Saratoga, 1873, 1 :17 1-2.

Beatrice, by Kentucky, Long Branch, 1 :17 1-2.

Luke Blackburn, by imp. Boimie Scot'land, Prospect Park, Sept. 6,
1879, 1 :17 1-2.

Odcn, by Vauxhall, Saratoga, Aug. 7, 1879, 1 :17 3-4.

Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1878, 1 :18.
15"

'980

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOE.

Spartan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1877, 1 :19.

' ONE MILE. *

Ten Broeck, by imp. Thaeton, LouiHville, Ky., May 24, 1877, 1 :3» ;m.

Lcundor (Searcher), by Enquirer, Le.xington, Ky., May 13, 187.>,
1 :41 3-4.

Redman, l)y War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1«7<;, 1 At 1-4.

Danger, hy Alarm, Baltimore, May 23, 1«78, 1 :42 1-2.

Mahlstick, by Lover, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 20, IH77, 1 :42 1-2, iJlia«.
Gorham, by Blarneystone, Lexington, Ky., Sep. 20, 1877, 1 :42 \-t.
Dead heat.

Grey Planet, by Planet, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1«74, 1 :42 1-2.

Dan K., by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Ky., May i*.i, \nl1^
1 :42 1-2.

Goodnight, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., Sep. 23, 1X7^, 1 :42 1-2

Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, N. Y., Sep. 8, 1H74, 1 At'^A.

Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 17, 1«72, 1 :42 '.\-\.

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 4, 1H79, 1 :42 3-4.

Virginus, by Virgil, Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1877, 1 :42 3-4.

CammieT., by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1:43,

Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Sept. 2(i, 1879, 1 :43 1-2,

Edlnburg, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 11, 1878, 1:43 1-2.

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. ih,
1876, 1:44 1-2.

Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bomiie Scotland, LouisvUie, Sept, i',
1876, 1:44 1-4.

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Nashville, Oct. 12, 1878, 1:44 1-4,

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, Sacramento, Sept. 27, 1877, 1 :44 i-2.

Astral, by Asteroid, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1873, 1 :44 3-4,

Parole, hy imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187.0, 1:44 3-4,

Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, Oct, 22, 1874, 1:44 3-4,

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 8, I87<i, 1 Ah.

Charley Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 1876, 1:45,

Firework, by Lexington, Baltimore, Oct., 1874, 1:45.

Hamburg, by Lexington, Cincinnati, 1869, 1 :45.

Battle Axe, by Monday, Saratoga, 1873, 1 :|5 1-2,

Spendthrift, (aged) by imp. Bonnie Scotland, J<'?"" i^' joe 6.
1876, 1:46 1-2.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Bran * 2, ,

MILE HEATH.

Kadi, by Lexington, Hartford, Conn, Sept. 2, TT), fiwtevt i«!«w«i

BAOINO, OH TURF HOR8£8.

hoal, and fnstost two heats ovor run, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :4l 1-4.

L'Ar«'cntinc, by Wur Dunce;, Louirtvillc, Ky., iSiipt. 27, 1879. liouti-
tudi! won tiist heut, 1 :42 1-4, 1 :42 1-:', 1 Af) 1-2.

Murk D., by Monday, Sacranjci." rti'pt. lU, 1«7H, 1 :43, 1 :42 3-4.

Himyar, by Alarm, St. Louis, June 4, 187H, 1 :42 1-2, 1 :4.'J 1-2.

C'amargo, by Jack Malone, Louisville, Ky., May 20, 187.'>, 1 :42 3-4,
1 :43 1-4.

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Juno 25, 187!», 1 :42 1-4, 1 :45.

Tom Bowling, by Lexington, ran mile heats at Loxinf:ton, Ky., May,
1873, in 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2.

Thornhill, by Woodburn, ran first two heats in 1 :43, 1 :43 ; Thud Ste-
vens (aged), by Langford, won the third, fourth and fifth in 1:43 1-2,
1 .-40 1-2, 1 :45.

Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, San Francisco, Sept. 13, 1878, 1 :43,
1 :43 1-2.

Brademante, by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2.

Bramble, by imp, Bonnie Scotland^ Nashville, Oct. 7, 1878, 1 :43, 1 :44.

Lena Dunbar, by Leinater, Saci-amento, Sept. 17, 1878, 1 :44 1-4.
1 :42 3-4.

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Uticu, N. Y., June 25, 1874, 1 :45,
I :A2 3-4.

ONE MILE AND ONE-EIGHTH.

Bob WooUey, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 6, 1875, 1 ;54.

Janet Murray, by Panic, Brighton Beuch, July 13, 1879, 1 :54 3-4.

Blue Eyes, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 28, 1879, 1 :55 1-4.

Warfield, by War Dance, Louisville, Ky., Oct. 1, 1878, 1 :56. ;

Jack Hardy, by imp. Phaeton, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :56.

Fadladeen, (aged) by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1874, 1 :56.

Picolo, Concord, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874, 1 :5t!.

Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1 :56.

Jils Johnson, by Longfellow, Lexington, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :56 1-2.

Fannie Ludlow, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :56 1-2.

Round Dance, by War Dance, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 1 :56 1-2.

Konrad, by Rebel Morgan, New Orleans, April 26, 1878, 1 :5G 1-2.

Ben Hill, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, dead
heat, 1 :56 3-4.

Mollie McGinley, by imp. Glen Athol, Brighton Beach, Sept. 10,
1«79, 1:57.

Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :57.

Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 1 :57 1-4.

Experience Oaks, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1872, 1 :67 1-4.

232

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 1878, 1 :58.
Bramble, " " " " " " 9, 1879, 1 :58.

Kennesaw, by imp. Glengarry, Louisville, May 28, 1878, 1 :58 1-2.
Essillah, by Lever, Nashville, Apr. 29, 1879, 1 :58 1-2.
Gabriel, by Alarm, Brighton Beach, Sept, 27 1H79, 1 :59. ,

Edinburg, by Longfellow, Louisville, Sept. 2h, 1H7«, 1 :.''>9.
Diamond, by imp. Leamington, Ogdensburg, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1878,
1 :59.

Lancewood, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1H7!I, 1 :59.

Belle, by Dickens, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 1 -M.

Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 187H,

1 :59 3-4.

Spendthrift (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 10,
1876, 2:00

Phyllis, by imp. Phaeton, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1876, 2:01.

Spendthrift, (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 12,
1875, 2 :03 1-4 »

ONE MILE AND A QUARTER.

Charley Gorham, by Blarneystone, Lexington, May 18, 1877, 2:% 1-2.
Falsetto, by Enquirer, Lexington, May 10, 1879, 2:08 3-4.
Grimstead, by Gilroy, Saratoga, July 24, 1875, 2 :08 3-4.
Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 1872,

2 :09 1-2.

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 9, 1879, 2:10.
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 20, 1H78, 2:10 1-2.
Mate, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1874, 2 :11 3-4.
Preaknefes, by Lexington. Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, 2:12.

I ONE MILE AND TIIREE-EKSIITHS.

Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 10, 1879, 2 :25 3-4.
Gov. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park, June 21, 1879, 2 :26 1-2,
Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 10, 1879, 2:27.

,\ . ONE AND A HALF MILES.

Ton Bowling,* by Lexington, May 12, 1H74, 2:34 3-4.
Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1877, 2:36 3-4.
Lord Murphy, by Pat Maloy, Louisville, May 20, 1879. 2:37.
Day Sttir, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 21, 1H7H, 2 :37 1-2.
Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Louisville, Ky., May 7, 1875, 2:37 3-4.
Glenelg, by Citadel. Long Branch, Aug. 2, 1870. 2 :37 .3-4.
Shylock. by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 31, 1874, 2:3K.
Baden Baden, by imp. Australian. Louisvi^'o, May 22, 1877, 2:38.

RACING, OR TURF HORSES.

1:58.

8 1-2.

10, 1878,
1 :59.
10, 1876,
, June 10,

k, June 12,
77,2:8 1-2.

May

1872,

:10.
) 1-2.
3-4.
2.

iS), 2 :25 U
2:2t) 1-2
1879, 2 :27

i« 3-4.

37.

-2.
I75, 2 ■^' ^■

7,2.38.

Vagrant, by Virgil, Loui.svillo, May 14, 1877, 2:38 1-4.

Peru, by imp. Glengarry, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 11, 1879, 2-38 3-4.

Belle of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Louisville, May 23, 1878, 2 :39.

Imp. Saxon,by Beadsman, Belmont stakes, Jerome Park, June 13,1874,
2:39 1-2.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 14, 1877, 2:43.

Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1877, 2:43 1-4,

Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 8, 1878, 2 :43 1-2.

•Tom Bowling was permitted to extend the run to two miles. He ran
the first mile in 1 :41 3-4 ; mile and a half in 2:34 3-4 ; one and three-
((uarters miles in 3 :00 3-4 ; and two miles in 3 :27 3-4. The last two
unotficial.

ONE MILE AND FIVE-EIGHTHS.

Ten Brock, by imp, Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 9, 1875, 2:49 1.4.

Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 2 :50 1-2.

Springbok, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 20, 1874, 2 :53.

Bradomante, by War Dance, Lexington, May 17, 1877, 2:53 3-4.

Harry Bassett, by Lexington, Belmonte stakes, Jerome Park, Juno 10,
1871, 2:5(5.

Miiitzer, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, July 23, 1879, 2:58.

Katie Pease, by Plant, Ladies' stake, .leromo Park, June 11, 1873,
2:58 1-4.

ONE AND THREE-QUARTER MILES.

One Dime, by Wanderer, Lexington. Sept. 12, 1879, 3:05 1-4.
Irish King, by Longfellow, Sept. 25, 1879, 3 ;05 1-4.
Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, M:iy 23, 1877, 3:05 1-4.
liefurni, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 3 :05 3-4.
Mat*', by imp. Austnilian, Long Bninch, July 15, 1875, 3:0(5 1-4.
O'Artagnan, by Lightning, Saratoga, .July 24, 1875. 3 ;()(> 1-2.
Geii. Phillips, by imp. (ilenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1879, 3:0(5 1-2.
Emma C, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1875, 3:0(5 3-4.
Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 2(5, 1872,
.■5:07.
Danichoff, by Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 187!», 3:07.
(iov. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park, Sept. J", 1879, 3:07 1-2.
Kenny, l)y Curies, Prospect Park, June 25, 1879, 3:07 1-2.
Liveler, by Lever, Lexington, Sept. 9, 1878, 3:07 1-2.
Neecy Hale, by Lexington, Lexington. Ky., Sept. 14. 187(5, 3 ;07 3-4
r;itcsl)y, by imp. Eclipse, S;iratoga, .Vug. 15, 1874. 3:07 3-4.
Parole, by imp. Leamington, .S;irat()g;i. \ns. H- 1877, 3:08.
Keniiesaw, by imp. Glengarry, St. Louis, June 5, 1878, 3:08.

234

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 3 :08.

Joe Daniels, by imp. Australian, Travers' Stake, Saratoga, July 13,
1872, 3:08 1-4.

Preakness, by Lexington, Baltimore, Oct. 21, 18(54,3:08 1-2.

Viceroy, by Gilroy, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 3 :08 1-2.

Volturno, by imp. Billet, Brighton Beach, Sept. 10, 1879, 3:08 1-2.

Atilla, by imp. Australian, Travers's Stake, Saratoga, July 25, 1874,
3 :09 1-2, 3 :08 3-4. The first was a dead heat with Acrobat.

Mintzer, by imp. Gleuelg, Saratoga, July 28, 1879, 3 :09 1-4.

Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, July 19, 1879, 3 :09 1-4.

Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 2, 1877, 3; 10.

TWO MILES.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phceton, against time, Louisville, May 29, 1877,
3:27 1-2.

McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, May 28, 1877, 3 :30 1-2.

Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 28, 1877. 3 :31 3-4.

Katie Pease,* by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. 9, 1874, 3 :32 1-2.

True Blue, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 30, 1873, 3 :32 1-2.

Jack Frost, by Jack Malone. Cleveland, O., July 31, 1874, 3 :33 1-2.

Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 5, 1879, 3 :33 1-2.

Lizzie Lucas, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 3:33 3-4.

Creedmoor, by Asteroid, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 187(5, 3:34.

Geo. Graham, by Rogers ; first heat ; Louisville, Ky., Se})t. '2f). IHT;'),
3 :34.

Lord Mui-phy, by Pat Malloy, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 3:34.

King Alfonso, by imp. Phseton, Louisville. Ky., Sept. 20, 187.'), 3 :34 1-2.

Hegira, by imp. Ambassador, New Orleans, La., Nov. 23, 18r)0, 3 :34 1-2.

Littleton, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 23, 1H71, 3 :34 1-2.

Monitor, by ini]). Glcnelg, Baltimore, Oct. 2i, 1879, 3:34 3-4.

Wilful, by imp. Australian, Prospect Park, June 24, 1879, 3:34 3A.

Charlie Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187(5, 3:3r).

Vandalite, by Vandal, Breckinridge StJike, Baltimore, Oct. 23, 1874,
3:36.

Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 2,'), 1879, 3:35.

Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1879, 3:35 1-4.

Volturno, by imp. Billet, Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1879, 3:35 1-4.

Vandalite, by Vandal, Dixie Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1874, 3:35 1-2.

Harry Basset, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1871, 3:35 1-4.

Vigil, by Virgil, Baltimore, Oct. 28, 187(5, 3:37 1-4.

*Katie Pease name iu first, but was disqualified, and race given to
Lizzie Lucas.

RAOINO, OR TURF HORSI>.

23.-)

TWO MILE HEATS.

•Bnidcmante, by War Dance, Jackson, Miss., Nov. 17,1877 (?)
M:32 1-4, 3:29.?

Willie D., by Rovolvcr, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 3:34 1-2, 3:35.

Lottery, by Monday, Sacramento, Cal, Sept. 21, 1878, 3:3(1, 3:3r) 1-2.

Arizona, by Lexington, Louisville, Ky., May 18, 1875, 3:37 1-4,
H:3r)l-2.

Aureola, by War Dance, Lexington, Sept. 18, 1872, 3 :37 3-4, 3:35 1-2.

London, by Lightning, Nashville, Oct. 5, 1872, 3:3(5 3-4, 3:37 1-4.

Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1878,
y, :;{(), 3:3(i 1-2, 3:38 1-2.

Princeton won second heat by bead. Bushwhacker second ; best aver-
ajre three heats.

BoUo of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Cincinnati, June 1, 1878,
;^:37 1-4, 3:3(i 1-4.

Mollie Jones, by Roxbury, Galesburg, 111., July 4, 1874 ; Kocket won
first heat, 3:3(i, 3:40, 3:37 1-4.

Eolus, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, May 28, 1874 ; the fastest
third heat, 3:40, 3:39 1-4, 3:3(5 3-4.

Lancaster, by Lexington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1867, 3:35 1-4,
;i:38 1-4.

Jack Sheppard, by Jack Malone, Nashville, Oct. 12, 187fi, 3 :35 3-4,
H:42 1-2.

Irish King, by Longfellow, Baltimore, Oct. 21 , 1879, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :37 3-4.

Harkaway, by Enquirer, St. Louis, June 7, 1878, 3 :3J«, 3:35 1-4.

* Bradeniante's time very doubtful.

TWO MILKS AND ONE-EKJHTII.

Aristidcs, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 187(5, 3 :45 1-2.
Mate, by imp. Australiiin, Saratoga, July 31, 1875, 3 :4() 3-4.
Monmouth, by War Dance, Louisville, May li', 1H75, 3:48 1-4.
Bi«: Fellow, by War Dance, May 15, 1874, 3:50.
Dave Moore, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 1(5, 1879, 3:50 1-2.
Forida, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 5, 1879, 3:54.
Springbok, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 3, 1874, 3:56.
Sultana, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 7, 1876, 3 :56 3-4.

TWO MILES AXD A QUARTER.

Prcakness, by Lexington ; Springbok, by imp. Australian, dead heat,
'A-.M 1-4.
Hiirrv Bassett, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 16, 1872, 3:59.
Wanderer, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 4:00 1-2.
K(Mitu<ky, by Lexington, Saratoga, .\ug., 1865, 4:01 1-2.
Fortuna, by p]nquirer, Louisville, May 23, 1H79, 4:01 1-2.

236

IIiLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Bultiniorc, May 24, 1879, 4.02.
MoUie McCarty, by Monday or Eclipse, Chicago, June 25, 1879, 4:02.
Muggins, by Jack Malone, l^aratoga, Aug., 1867, 4:03.

TWO AND A HALF MILE8.

• Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky.,May 13, 1876,4 :27 1-2,

♦ Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. 10, 1874, 4:28 1-2.
Ballankeel, by Asteroid, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1874, 4 :31 3-4.

• Helmbold, by imp. Australian, Long Branch, July 30, 4:32 1-2
Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 18, 1877, 4:36 1-2.

' Edinburgh, by Longfellow, Cincinnati, June 7, 1879, 4:36 1-2.

TWO MILES AND FIVE-EIGHTHS.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., 1876, 4:58 1-2.

♦ TWO MILES AND THREE-yUARTERS.

Hubbard, by Planet, Saratoga, 1873, 4:58 3-4.

Kentucky, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1866, 5 :04.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 17, 1876, 5:09 1-4.

THREE MILES.

Ten Broeck, by imp. Phseton, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1876, 5 :26 1-2,
Monarchist, by Lexington, at Jerome Park, 1872; tirst mile, 1:45;
5:34 1-2.

Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Long Branch, July 6, 1876, 5:35 3-4.

THREE MILE HEATS.

Brown Dick, by imp. Margrave, New Orleans, April 10, 1865 ; the
best second heat on record, and second best three mile heat race,
5:30 3-t; 5:28.

Mollie Jackson, by Vandal, Louisville, Ky., May 25, 1861 ; Sherrod
won the second heat. The last two miles of the tirst heat were run in
3 :35 : the last two of the second heat in 3 :36 3-4 ; the ninth mile in
1 :48 1-4. Tliis is the best three heats and the best third heat on record,
5:35 1-2: 5*34 3-4; 5:28 3-4.

Norfolk, by Lexington, Sacramento, Cul., Sept. 23, 1875 ; best avei-
age two heats, 5 :27 1-2 ; 5 :29 1-2.

Vandal, by imp. Glcncoe, Lexington, Miiy 26, 1855, 5:36 1-2; 5:33,

Whisper by Planet, St. Louis, June, 8, 1878, 5 :39 ; 5 :35 1-2.

FOUR MILES.

Ten Brot . k, by imp. Phueton, vs. Fellowcraft's tinie, Louisville, Ky,,
Sept. 7, 1876, 7:14 3-4.

Fellowcruft, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 7:19 1-2.

RACKING, OR TURF HOK.SES.

Lexington, by Boston, vs. time, Nwv Orleans, La., April 2, 1855,

7:17 3-4.
Lexington, by Boston, beating Lecomte, New Orleans, April 14, 1855,

7 :2a a-4.

Jiuiet, by Lightning, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 7 :29.

Wildidle, by imp. Australian, San Francisco, Oct. 28, 1875, 7 :25 1-2.

Idlowild, by Lexington, over Centreville Course, L. I., June 25, 1863,
7 :2(i 1-4.

Thad. Stevens, by Langford, best second heat, California, Oct. 18,
1873, 7;3().

Kentucky, by Lexington, Saratoga, 18(i(i, 7:31 1-2.

Silent Friend, by imp. Australian, New Orleans, April 21, 1873, 7 :30 1-2.

Kentucky, by Lexington, vs. time at Jerome Park, 1867 ; first two
milew, 3 :3(i ; first three 5 :2it : 7 :31 3-4.

Abd-el-Kader, by Australian, Saratoga, 18(59, 7 :31 3-4.

Abd-el-Koree, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Fall 1871 ; best time
for a three-year-old, 7 :33. '

Monarchist, by Lexington, Jerome Park, 1872; first two miles, 3 :39
.'M ; first three, 5 :3<i ; 7 :33 1-2.

Toiu Ochiltree, by Lexington, .Jerome Park, Oct. 12, 1876, 7 :3(;.

FOUR MILE HEATS.

Lec'oinpto, by Boston, at New Orleans, April 8, 1854, beating Lexing-
1^)11 and Keube, 7 :2(>, 7 :38 1-4.

Kupcc, by Voucher, April 10, 1858, 7:39, 7:35.

Mi«s Foot, l>y imp. Consol, at New Orleans, March 26, 1842, 8:02,

7 :;{r).

Fashion, by imp. Trustee, over Union Course, L. L, May 10, 1842,
boating Boston match, 7 :32 1-2, 7 :45.

Morgan Scont. by John Morgan, !it Lexington, Ky., 1870, best race
cv«'r run in Kentucky, 7:32 1-2, 7:43 1-2.

(u'orgc Martin, by (larrison Zinganzce, beating Hannah Harris and
Kcol. March 29, 1843. Reel broke down in first heat, 7 :33, 7 :43.

Bushwhacker, by imp. Boiuiie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. '2i}, 1878.
I'liiiccton won second heat, 7:31, 7:36 1-4, 8:29.

(ilcnniorc, by imp. (ilen Ath(>l, Baltimore, two and three heats, best
third heat, 7 :29 1-2, 7 :3() 1-4 7 :31.

Tally-ho, l)y Boston, at Tnion Course, L. I., Oct. 8, 1849 : Free Trade
won tlic first lu-at, Boston the third, and Tally-ho second and fourth,
7 :33 1-2, 7 :43 1-2, 7 :52, 8:10 1-2.

HURULE RACE8. ,

.l(K' Rodes, by Virgil, mile heats, over four hurdles, St. Louis, Juno 4,

1878, 1:;')0 3-4, 1 :aO 1-4.

238

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

■'k^:'

Judith, bj' imp. Glcnelg, mile heats, over four hurdles, Prospect ParK,
Sept. 11, 1H7!», li.Oi, 1:52.

Lobelia, by imp. Bounio Scotland, mile heats, over four hurdles, Fash-
ion Course, L. I., Sept. 11, 1861), 1 :51 ^-4, 1 :53 1-4.

Waller, by imp. Hurrah, one and a quarter miles, over five hurdles,
Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1878, 2 :21 1-2,

Disturbance, by Chillicothc, one and a quarter miles, over 5 hurdles,
Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1878, 2 :21 3-4.

Problem, by Pimlico, one and a half miles over (5 hurdles. Long
Branch, July 5, 1879, 2 :oU.

Derby, by Eugene, one and a half miles, over six hurdles, Lon-g Branch,
July 2, 1878, 2:52.

Judith, by imp. Glenelg, one and three-quarter miles, over seven nur-
dles. Long Branch, Aug. 28, 1879, 3 :3G 1-2.

Tom Leathers, by Camps Whale, two miles, over eight hurdles. New
Orleans, April IG, 1875, 3:47 1-2.

Redman, by War Dance, two miles, over eight hurdles, Louisville, Ky.,
May 19, 1876, 3:48 1-2,

Captain Hutchinson, by Voucher, two miles, over eight hurdles, Co-
lumbus, O., July 3, 1875, 3:50.

Jonesboro, by Lexington, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter weight* :
New Orleans, April 11, 18(58, 3:51 1-2.

Milesian, by imp. Mickey Free, two miles, over eight hurdles, wdter
weights; Long Branch, Aug. 3, 1872, 3:52 1-2.

Cariboo, by Lexington, two and a quarter miles, over nine hurdles,
Long Branch, 1875, 4:33.

STEEPLE CHASES.

Dead Head, by Julius, about two and three-(iuarter miles, thirty-six
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 2Q, 1878, 5 :33 1-2

Trouble, by Ulverston, about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six
leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 187(5, 5 :34 3-4.

Duffey, by Hunter's Lexington, about two and three-quarter miles,
thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1873, 6 :48 3-4.

FASTEST TROTTING TO WAttON.

One mile, Judge Fullerton, San Francisco, Nov., 1874, time 2:20 1-2.
Two miles, (JoM. Butler and Dexter, each a heat, J^ng Island, 1863, time
4 :66 1-4.
Three miles, Kemble Jackson, June, 1853, time 8 :03.
Four miles, I^ongfellow, Dec. 31, 1869, time 10:34 1-2.
Five njiles, Little Mack, Ixmg Island, Oct, 29, 1863, time 13:43 1-2,
Twenty miles, John Stewart, Ij(»ng Island, Sept. 22, 1868, time 59 :23.

RACINO, OK TITRF HORHtiS,

239

TRAIITINO TO TBOTTINO.

■ '■■■■■-■.',,•,■., '1 '

The idea of the average horse owner is that training means pampering
riie horse. Nothing could bo further from the mark. It truly means
the very best and most intelligent care, feeding and exercise for the work
to to be performed, and this exercise must be in proportion to the
distance. v - •• v. ' ^r o

The artificial care given the horse in confinement renders ])lankots
necessary for all fast working horses. Doubly so for turf horses, whose
pace is of the most exhausting kind. To get rid of superfluous flesh
sweating and exercise is necessary. The superfluous flesh and undue
moisture of the body having l)cen properly reduced, then the i)a(^e of the
horse should correspond to that expected in the final trial. That is for
mile heats a faster pace will be required than for longer heats, but the
horse must be carefully worked up to the point, the improvement being
mrefuUy and intelligently watched, that as the day of trial approaches
he may have a real trial of speed for the distance to be trotted. There
is, hoAvcver, no rule that can be laid down as to the amount of work to
be done before this trial takes place. It will depend upon his condition
while at Avork and the manner in which he accomplishes his brushes, as
spurts of speed are called for short distances. These are among the
most important parts of training, since they tend not <:nly to extend
the stride of the horse and improvement in speed, but the numner of
coming out of them will indicate the condition of the animal.

High-strung, eager, generous horses must be handled in a very differ-
ent manner from sterner tempered ones. In any case, th« horse must
come to place implicit confidence in his driver. The first must be re-
strained ; the second urged. The first named seldom have the power io
accomplish all they would. The second must be made to know that it is
speed and distance that is required, and that they must go the pace if it
is in them.

Feeding is essentially important. Some horses crave much hay. Such
must bo restrained ; some gluttons will eat their bedding. If so, they
must be muzzled when not feeding, and always so at night. If a horse
is so light a feeder that he will not eat twelve quarts of oats a day, he
may have a little Indian corn, but this only in exceptional cases. Sound,
heavy oats, thoroughly cleaned and sifted, should constitute the feed of
the trotting horse, or any horse of fast work. The light feeder nmst be
carefully watched in his work. Some horses will eat fourteen to sixteen
quarts of oats a day. Such should have correspoiuling exercise : for lu
uo event must fat be allowed to accumulate. We should prefer to limit
Miy horse, however large and powerful, to fourteen quai-ts of oats per

.3iO

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

day, or rather to thiit number of pounds. As a rule twelve quarts or
pounds should suflSce for the average horse.

Hiram Woodruff, than whom there is no better authority, in his work
on "The Trotting Horse of America," in relation to the preparation
which precedes the tirst trial, says :

During the preparation which precedes the first trial, it will be neces-
sary to give the horse one or two sweats. Whether it ought to be one or
two must be indicated by the condition and nature of the animal, the races
in which ho is engaged, and resolved by the judgment of the trainer. The
amount of clothes in which he shall be sweated must be determined by
the same considerations. Some may require a blanket and hood, and a
wrapper round the neck to start the perspiration out of them : while
there are others that will sweat freely with but little clothes, and scrape
well when moi-e have been thrown on at the end of the jog. One thing
may certainly be said, that a sweat obtained without the use of heavy
clothing is more satisfactory and better than one with it, provided the
latter method does not include a good deal more work to get the sweat.
Only a moderate quantity of clothing and little work while the horse is going
are the best for a sweat, if a good scrape can thus be obtained. When the
horse comes from the drive, and is taken out of the wagon, he Avill soon
be ready to scrape. That done, he must be blanketed up again, and
walked about out of the draft. A favorable day for the sweat ought to
be taken advantage of, as a nnittor of course. Another light scrape may
probably be had after some little time spent in walking in the blankets ;
but, if the perspiration does not continue so as to give this second scrape,
it is not to be forced by more vv()rk in the clothes. To be of use in itself,
and as a satisfactory indication that the condition of the horse is advanced
it must come of itself. During the time this scraping process is in
course of operation, the trainer having'tho conduct of it should not l)eiii
a hurry. The same things that are said to cure a man's cold — patience
and a little water-gruel — will often do wonders in procuring a good
sweat. Commonly, however, it is easy enough to get the sweat and
scrape, but more difficult to cool the horse out properly. In order to do
this well, he is to bo clothed again, and led very gently about for ii
considerable p<n'iod, so that he nniy become cool gradually, and the per-
spiration may dry away by degrees. This walking is to be out of nil
draft as much as possible ; and it will not do to linrry it over, and go tn
the stable, until the horse has cooled off well and gradually. When the
proper state has been reached, the horse is to be taken into the stable and
his body is to be well dressed. This done, he is to bo re-clothed, and
again led into the air.

A few sups of gruel, made of Indian meal or tine shoi-ts, from lialf »

RACING, Oh TORP HORSES.

241

|(iut to a pint of the meal stirred into a bucket of water may now he
•riven to the horse, or water with the chill taken off it may be used as a
^iubstitutc for the ;j;ruol. When taken into the stable again, which will
ho after a little more walking about in the air, tlu! legs are to be put in
tubs of Avarm water, the body clothing being kept on. The legs arc then
to be well washed with the water and castile soap, and Avhen dried off to
be bandaged. These bandages should be of light flannel, and it is in'ma-
torial whether it is red or white. They are not to l)e put on tight. The
Icfs of a horse ought never to be bandaged tight, for such a course im-
pedes the circulation into the feet, where there is a great necessity for it ;
l)ut losing sight of this, the bandages are sometimes pulled so that it
looks as if they were intended to serve as a tourniquet, and stop the oii/-
culutiou of the blood altogether. Neither can it serve any useful purpose,
that I can sec, to bind the suspensory ligament up to the bone of the leg.
Nature intended that in the horse it should stand out from it, as we see in
the fine flat legs of the best runners and trotters. Whatever support is
required may be obtained with ftnly a moderate degree of tightness ; and I
have^onietimes thought that an elastic stocking, such as our best surgeons
use in cases of bad strain to the nerves and muscles of the human foot
and ankle, would be a very useful article in a training-stable.

DRIVING.

The average farmer's boy supposes he can drive a trotting horse. Has
he not seen the pictures of drivers sitting back, apparently holding to the
reins with a grasp, as though the stronger the horse was pulled the faster
ho could go? Such driving never got speed out of ahorse. The best
drivers simply allow the horse to pull on the bit with sufficient force to
steady himself, and this pulling force nmst be graduated according to
cin^umstjuices. It is true many fast horses are hard pullers, and gener-
iilly so from defects in training. The bit and reins are intended simply
as the medium of communication between the horse and the driver, and
the more intelligently the horse is trained to their use, the more will be
got out of him. The horse should be taught to take a firm hold of the
bit, not for the purpose of pulling upon, but that the driver may give the
liorso noodod support and steadiness, and that intelligent action may be
«'s(»il)lishod between the driver and the horse.

Tlic object of keeping the horse well in command duiiiig fast work, on
the road as well as on the track, is that he may instantly respond to the
wish of the driver through the medium of the reiiis. Thus he may be
pressed from day to day in his speed, until he at last comes to the full
ineiisuro of his powers.

Although trotting speed does not come to the horse until some years

242

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

after he is fully developed in growth, the luHtory of trotting hIiows tliut
this inereiiHe of speed continues to develop until the horsi^ is from ten to
twelve years old. Hence there should be no hurry to ({((vclop the aniinul
while young. lie should he driven from the time Ik; is three years old,
sufficient to cause him to lengthen his stride as much as possible. Me
should be taught to listen ciuickly, never to frighten or shy at any ob-
ject, and this l)y familiarizing him with whatever may be near. In hi.s
brushes, either on the road or the track, however sharp they may bo,
they should never be extended until the aninnil shows signs of distress.
When he is being regularly trained for some public trial of speed, it will
be time enough to find out if ho can go the desired pace.

DRIVING ON THE ROAD. ''

Road driving, like driving or riding a race, is a fine art. In road
driving the object is not only to get good speed out of the animal driven,
but he umst also be made to go in tine style. With a horse of naturally
tine action, this, if the driver understands-his business, is not difficult. If
not a horse of naturally fine style and action, he may be spoiled.* For
road work the horse should have been better flexed than when he is to
be used for trotting a race. He must be able to turn out quickly and
handsomely in passing or meeting other teams. When being driven
slowly, he must carry himself handsomely. Thus something must be
sacrificed to this end.

Every horse should have a perfect fitting bit. It should be of the
proper size and length for the mouth, and this can only be decided by
trial. Keep trying different bits until you find one in which the horse
works comfortably. Above all, in handling a young horse do not injure
the mouth with a cruel or rough bit. Above all, never be so cruel as It)
jerk his mouth with the reins. The bit is the medium of communication
between the driver and the horse. If there is any speed in the horse, it
is to bo gotten out of him by means of the bit, and hence the more sens-
itive you can keep the mouth, the more likely you are to succeed. If
you render the mouth numb or callous through pulling, twitching, saw-
ing or other smart tricks of drivers, you do so to the permanent injury of
the horse. Therefore first acquire a nice touch yourself, and there vill
be no diffi(;ulty in imparting it to the horse.

Never lose your temper with the horse. If a horse does so that is no
reason why you should. Never strike a horse with the whip for any
fault, and then jerk him back with the reins. If necessary to punish
him, first assure yourself that you have him sufficiently well in hand so
he cannot "jump out of the harness." Have a definite object in view,
for every use of rein or whip. Above all avoid a steady, rigid pull on
the horse. Sonic horses will !iot trot without being pulled hard. It i>

RACINO, OR TUKP IIORHES.

343

usuiillv ffom defect in training. The perfect hor.se i.s trained to pull just
>iitficient to steady hiir>«elf in luirnesH. How Hiram Woodruff drove, ho
tollM in his " Trotting-HorHe of America." No one, durinjf his life, or
since his death, was better authority in such matters. Hence, wo cannot
do better than to give it to our readers in Ids exact words.

In order that a fast horse should be under circumstances to do his best,
ln! should bo as much at his ease in his harness and general rig as possible.
If he is not, he is placed at almost as .much disadvantage as if sore or
stiff, ••r sufferin." from some bodily ailment. Vou may see horses brought
out of the 8tal)le to trot with a very tight check to keep their heads up,
iind a ti<^ht nuirtingalo to keep them down. Such a hor»«! is in irons ; and
when to this is added a dead drag at the reins, and no movement of the
bit from end to end, I cannot see how he could do his best. l*eoi)lo talk
about a steady, bracing pull ; but, in my opinion, that is not the right
way to drive a trotter. There is a great difference between letting go of
your horse's head, and keeping up one dull, deadening pull all the time.
The race-horse riders practice what is called a bracing pull ; and, a great
many times, I have seen their horses tire under it without ever rumiing
their best. The steady pull checked them. Tho pull should be sufficient
to feel the mouth, and give some support and assistance, so as to give
the horse contidence to get up his stride. More than that is mischievous.
To keep the mouth alive, the bit nmst be shifted a little occasionally. A
mere half-turn of the waist, or less than half a turn, by which the thumb
is elevated and the little Hnger lowered, is sufficient to shift the bit, keep
the mouth sensitive, and rouse tho horse.

The reins are to be held steadily with both hands while this play with
the wrist is made ; and it is, of <!ourse, only done with one wrist at a time.
Tho hands should be well down ; and the driver ought not to sit all of a
hc;i]», with his head forward. Neither should he lean back, with his bod-
ily weight on the reins, which, in that case, are nnido a sort of stay for
biiii. He should be upright ; and what pulling he must do should
he (lone by the muscular force of the arms. The head and the arms are
what a good driver uses ; but some hold their arms straight out, and pull
hy means of putting the dead weight of their bodies on the reins. If,
instead of lying back, and putting their bodily weight on the reins, with
which latter they take a turn round their hands, drivers would depend
upon their muscular strength, they could lot up on the pull, graduate it,
imd so case the horse from time to time instantaneously. The driver who
depends upon tho arms has command of the horse : he who-'substitutes
bodily weight with the reins strapped round his hands, has not half com-
mand of the horse, or of himself either ; and, if the horse is a ]>ullor,
he will soon take command of the driver. The reason of it is, that there

244

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DlKTOK.

is no intrriiiisHioii of the exertion, no let np, fitiici fi»r man or honw.
IkHideH, in thiit way of driving, it is inipossildc to <rivt' tliow inuv<-m4»iitji
to tlic bit wliich wcein to refresh mill stinuilute tlie lM»rM' m» nimh.
When a horse has been taujijht tlie signiricanee of tliis nioveiiieiit of ihf.
bit, the shift bv tlic turn of the wrist, he will never fail to an-wror if, cv»>n
though he should seem to be at the top of iiis speed. The iiionu'iit he
feels this little nu)vc of the l)it in his sensitive mouth, lie will eolkil him-
self, and make another spurt ; and the value of this way of driving is,
that the horse is not likely to break when thus called upon, while a hijrh-
strung, generous horse, if ealli'd upon for a final effort with a whip, ii»3»
likely to break the moment it falls on hin: as not .' iiave won iitaiiy a
very elosc heat by practising this movement, and theiefon- I have no lift,,
itatioii in recommending it. It is not dithcult to acijuire, uiid the bone
soon comes to know what it means.

Let us come now to the way of takmg iiola ot ihe rehu*. A wrap
around the hand, such as running-horse riders take, is cluiiiity and iiad.
I do not know whether many people take hold of the reins a*» I do, or
not. Perhaps not. Sim. Hoagland is the only one who takett hold [ire>
cisely as I do, so far as I have observed. When we have In'cn ympns
horses together at early morning, we have often talked over thf»« mat-
ters ; and, whether our way was the best way or not. we «'ould nev«r lee
any other that suited us half so well.

I will try to explain how 1 hold the reins : 1 could show it in two sec-
onds. Take, first, the right-hand rein. This, coming from tb*? bit,
passes between the little linger and the third tinger, ov«'r the littU' rtngftr,
then under the other three fingers, and up over the thumb, Th*' leff-
hand rein is held in the left hand exactly in the same way : l»ut th«' bjj^bt
of the slack of the rein is also held between the thumb and forctiii^er
of the left hand. This gives .some substance in that hand : but, if rt i«
found inconvenient to have it there by those who have small hando. it mar
be dropped altogether. A firm grasp on each rein, with the \pai-]tt >,{ the
hands up, and without any wrap, is thus obtained. It is a gr«*at |»oint in
driving to be af»le to shift the reach — that is. the length <»f the hold yon
take — without for an instant letting go of the horse's hea<l. With this
way of holding the reins, it is easily done. If I want to 'shorten tb*;
hold on the left hand rein (the near one), I take hold of that ri'iii jntit
behind the left hand with the thnml* and forefinger of the right liand, ainrf
steady it. This is very easily done ; and it does not interfere at all with
the command of the off rein with the light hand. The near rein Ixnnir
thus steadied behind the left hand, I slide that hand forward on th*- rm,
which is kei)t over the little finger, under tlic other three tinger<». ainJov^r
the thumb all the time, and then shut the grasp again on the new reacb.

RACINO, on TITRP HORSES.

246

A shift with the right hand is made just in tlic snrao way, by taking hold
and steadying the roin bohiud that hand with the thumb and forofingor of

the loft hand. " " " '[

«» I have often observed, that, with other methods of holding the reins,
tliere wtis groat difficulty in shifting tho reach. The driver tries to do it ;
but for '"1 instant, ho has lot go of tho horse's head on one side alto-
ffcther, and broken his stride. When this is found lo bo tho case, the
dead pull all the time is adopted ; and this spoils the freedom and elas-
ticity of tho horse's stride, and chokes off his wind. I do not intend
this to be taken as instruction for professional drivers. Every driver has
a way of his own ; and some of them have very good ways, for, as I
have taken occasion to state before, they drive well. But what I have
set down above may be of service to gentlemen who drive their own
horses, and to those young men who, having as yet no settled method of
their own, may think it well enough to try that which I have found to
answer. Anothqr word about bits, I am opposed to the use of severe
bits, and complicated things of that sort. Some of the inventors of such
thinf^s say I am prejudiced; but I don't think I am. If a man has a
horse that cannot be driven with a bar-bit or a snaffle, ho may as well sell
him, except it is a very exceptional case. Whore are these kinds of
severe complicated bits most in use? Why, in England ; five hundred or
a thousand of them are used there to one that is used here : and where
do the horses trot the best? These bits are mostly invented by men who
have had no practical experience whatever as to what sort of driving a
fast trotter requires to keep his gait square and bold, and induce him to
do his best when it is called for. When a horse has a good mouth — and
a bad one is almost always the fault of bad breaking and driving — the
easier the bit you use, the better he will act for you, and tho more speed
he will show you."

Trotting Horses.
It has often been said of Northern and Eastern men, that they 'do not
take kindly to the saddle. In a sense this is true, especially in the
North. In England tho passion for riding in the saddle grew up at a
time when there were, so to speak, no roads. In the earlier settlement
of America, throughout the then vast timber region, the same state of
things existed ; but a people who settle a new country have something
else to think of than riding to hounds or other pleasure riding. So the
country became settled ; the level or gently undulating natui'e of the
country rendered good roads passable at light cost, and the absence of
preserves of game, a landed aristocracy, and the improvement in vehicles
for pleasure and use, tended to force public taste in the direction of driv-

•■*•■

246

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOU.

ing. Hence the early appreciation of the trotting horse, and tlie won-
derful development in speed in this direction.

Ill the South, racing stock held its own, and does oven to this day ; and
uobly have they contested the palm of victory, and successfully, on uimuv

hard fought fi«'lds of racing blood in Kiigland and our own rounfry. At
tlic North, however, the trotting iiofsc now reigns .supreme. It i;* tin'
inttMition licre to present sonK'tliing of the wonderful inoreuso in hpwI
and I'lidurance of the trotting liorse of Atnerica, with information of IIk'

BACINO, OB TURP HORSES.

24;

most celebrated horses that early gave fashion to this stylo of going, and
a full lidt of animals and performances, that the reader may see at a
glauco the growth of this passion for trotting horses.

' ' EARLY TBOTTER8.

Until 1823 wo have but little authentic information that regular trot-
tin" courses were established, ahd not until 1830 were fast trotting
courses established. According to Porter's Spirit of the Times, the first
public trotting in America for a stake was a match against time for $1,000.

In 1H24, A. M. Giles trotted his horso 28 miles in one hour and fifty-
seven seconds. The same year Topgallant and Betsey Baker were
miitelicd to trot three miles in harness for $1,000 a side. The race was
won by Topgallant by 40 yards, in 8 minutes, 42 beconds. Topgallant
ulrii) tk'otiod i'Z niii.es on tho road in bd minutes. The "Albany pony"
did a mile in 2 minutes, 40 seconds. The Treadwell mare did one mile
in 2 :34 : and Boston Blue trotted 18 miles within tho hour. Boston
Blue is reported to have been the fiist horse that trotted a mile in three
niinulcf ; it having been done in 1818. So that it will bo seen that the
TiTiuhvi'll mare in 1824 had reduced tho time to 2:34. Yet for many
years after a 2 :40 horso was considered extraordinary, as also was any
horse capable of going on tho road in 3 minutes.

In lH27,on the Hunting Park Association of Philadelphia, Screwdriver
won two heats at two miles, beating Betsey Baker in 8:02 and 8:10, the
tlu'ee Itcst time on record. Dutchman afterwards accomplished tho same
distance in 7 :32 1-2, and Lady Suffolk in 7 :4i) 1-2.

In 1.S40, on the Long Island course, Jerry beat Whalebone in a three
mile trotting race, in 8 :23 tho first heat, and 8 :15 the second. The l)est
time for 2 mile heats that year was 5 :22, 5 :21 r ''M' 3 miles, 8 :2«), 8 :27,
^■A\, ^:5(i. On long distances Sweetbrier accomplished six miles in
1«:52.

In 1H34 Edwin Forrest, as yet an unentered horse, trotted bis mile in
2:31 1-2, boating Sally Miller. Tho course was 1 mile and 10 yards in
Ifiiirth.

In 1K3.'') Dutchman made four miles, under tho saddle, in 11 :19 and
10:51, and Dolly, by Messenger, out of a thoroughbred mare, five miles
to wajjon, carrying two men, weighing 310 pounds, in KJ :4o ; and imme-
diuti'ly W!i:< started Jigain to do 10 miles more, which she accomplished in
34:07. Tiie same year tho horse Daniel I). Thompkins, under the sad-
dle, trotted three mile heats in 7 :.')!> and 8 : 10.

In 1H42 iiipton beat Lady Suffolk, at 3 miles in harness, in 5 :07 and
5:17.

In 1H43 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in 2 :28 1-2, 2 :28, 2 :28, 2 :29

J •" » fc"»*,,w»J<f

-nmt iJi"'"^"P""»*""f»m»|

248

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

■4' I

and 2 :32, which was not again equaled until 13.'')4, when this record Wft.,
covered by Tacony.

In 1844 Cayuga Chief made the first half mile in a race in 1 :15, the
fastjst yet made in public ; and Fanny Jenks accomplished 100 nules, in
harness, in 9 hours 38 minutes 34 seconds. The slowest mile was done
in 6 :25 and the fastest in 4 :47. At the end of the race this maro was
driven an extra mile in 4 :23.

In 1849 Lady Suffo'k trotted 19 times and won 12, beating Grey Eagle
and Mac twice, Pelham five times, Lady Sutton twice. Trustee four times ;
also beat Black Hawk, Gray Trouble, Plumbay and other horses. This
year a Canadian mare. Fly, is said to have been driven from Cornwall to
Montreal, ninety miles, in 8 hours and 15 minutes. Fanny Jenks made
100 miles in 9 hours 38 minutes and 34 seconds. Fanny Murray trotted
one hundred miles in 9 hours 41 minutes 23 seconds.

In 1852 Tacony won 12 races, beating all the best horses of the day,
making a single mile in 2 :26 ; two miles in 5 :02, and was beaten only
twice. As a 3 year Ethan Allen trotted this year in 3:20. Flora Tem-
ple this year won her first purse, on the regular turf, in 2 :41.

In 1853 the entire sporting interest was centered in Flora Temple and
Tacony. Flora this year beat all the best horses of the day, winning
seventeen times. Her best time at mile heats was 2:27, 2:28, a« ' *•
mile heats 5 :01 1-2, 4 :59. This year Tacony trotted a mile in ? - ' x-:,.

In 185G the contest lay principally between Flora Tcmptc and , ■ »<
Flora made 11 races, winning nine, beating Lancet four times in harness,
and Tacony three times in harness, Tacony going under the saddle. This
year Flora Temple lowered the one mile record to 2 :24 1-2.

That the trotting horse of America owes his great j)(>wers to the infu-
sion of tliorough blood, we have before stated. To Imported MesscMi-
ger is this due in the greatest degree. Messenger's sire was Mjunhrino,
his second sire Engineer, and his third sire Samson. Thence to HIazo,
Flying Childers and tho Durloy Arabian. Samson is reported to have
been coarse and homely, and Engineer rough and coarse, but both of these
horses were of extraordinary sul>stanee.

Another gi'eat trotting sire of America was impoi-tod Bellfoundor.
There has been much controversy over his l>reeding, first and last, but
that he was a staunch trotter, and a getter of adniiruble horses, there is
no doui t, giving splendid action to his get. Still, it must be adniittod
that, admirable as was Hellfomider himself, his get was not e»jua! to the
descendants of Messenger in all that constitutes speed, endurance ai:d
action.

Durac also became a valuable factor in our trottinjr blood. His strain
of blood appears in the Medley's, Durac Messenger's, Mambrino Chief's
and Gold Dust's.

'It-/ ■ ''MI

'J -k I

RACfKO, OR TURF HORSES.

249

One of the sub-families of Messenger's blood, Hambletoniun, who
united the blood of Messenger and Bollfounder, has raised the trotting
horse of America to the highest point of perfection. He was not
a handsome horse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed ho vraa
thorougiibred, which has been doubted. It has been given as follows :

Hunib.'ctonian was by Abdallah ;' he by Mambrina, a son of Messenger.
The dam of Abdallah, the mare Amazdnia. The dam of Hambletonian
by imported Bellfoundcr ; secoud dam by Hambletonian ; third dam,
Silvertail, said to have been by imported Messenger.

In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perfoim, in freedom
from tendency to disability, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for
immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magnificent
muscular development, prominent, square, massive build, mighty hips
and excellent barrel, all knit together to form a most admirable frame,
united to a nervous constitution, that reproduced itself m his descendants,
in a most wonderful degree.

One of the finest specimens of the Hambletonian stock is shown on the
preceding plate. This fine horse was by Rysilyk's Hambletonian, by Ab<lallali,
by Mumbrino, by Imp. Messenger. Dam Kitt, by Ijong Island Black Hawk,
by Andrew Jackson, by Young Bitshaw, by Imported Bashaw. Is half-brother
to Dexter, time 2.17^; Nettie, 2.18 ; Jay Gould, 2.21^ ; Gazelle, 2,2i ; George
Wilkes, 2.22 ; Volunteer ( who has eight trotters below 2.25); Eddall's Ham-
bletonian (Sire of Gorasmith Maid, 2.14); Kklward Everett (Sire of Judge
Fullerton, 2.18 ) ; Bruno and Brunette, that trotted double in 2.25^. Foaled
18G8 ; bright golden bay; two white feet ; star and small stripe on face ; black
legs, nuuu! and cail ; 15| hands high. A horse of fine finish, and shows his high
breeding ; remarkably strong and .vcll-backed ; t\wU through the heart ; game
head ; beiuitiful, strong eyes, set wide apart ; clean, sinewy limbs, and sound
feet ; perfectly sound, excellent constitution, good temper, and very intelligent ;
a natural trotter, with the big, open, fast, easy, stride of the Hambletoniuns.

Of Goldsmith Maid, one of the truly great descendants of this bloo<l, Mr.
H. T. Helm, of Chicago, in 1876, wrote as follows:

GOLDSMITIT MAID,

"The Queen of the Trotting Turf, was foaled in 18.'57, and is now
nineteen years old. She was bred by John D. Decker, of Sussex county.
N.J. Her dam was one of those yellow-bay mares so common in the
produce of old Al)dallah. She was undersized, fretful, and of a nervcjus
teuipcrament, and up to the age of six yeai-s had performed no work of
any kind, except to run oiiasional races about and on the farm, for the
amusement of the l)oys. In 1803 she was sold by Mr. Decker for $2ti() :
the purchaser selling her again, on the same day, to Mr. Tompkins, for
$.'5t'iO , and she was soon afterward bought by Mr. Aldcn Goldsmith, for
|<)(K). The eye of the practical horseman discovered that she was worth

260

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

the handling. Ho discovered her ability, and soon brought the world to
a knowledge of her value. Under his careful and patient management,
and the skillful drivers employed by him, she soon di*$played such speed

and extraordinary qualities of game and cnduninco, that he was a!>lc lo

sell her, at about the nge <»f eleven yearn, for the sum of $20,000. The

purchasers were B. Juckman and Mr. Budd Dobie, and, under th«' ^uid-

nce of the latter, she has steadily advanced ui u career of fume tkil -

RACING, OR TURF HORAES.

251

■vvitliout a parallel hi tho histoi'y of the trotting turf. She was suhtse-
<iuciitiy sold, hy the two goutlemon last named, to H. N. Smith, for the
sum of $37,000, and yet remains his property. She has been matched
a<'aiiist all the great trotters of her period ; and, while she has occasion-
ally lost a race, she has ultimately vanquished all competitors, and stead-
ily lowered the record for trotting performances, and at the ajro of

ago

(•i<'liteen, marked the marvelous, and thus far unapproachable, record of
a mile in 2:14.

"Twice during the year 1876 she trotted in a race in 2 :!;'), and although
ill licr iirst race against the renowned Smuggler she was beat<.n, she by
no means surrendered her queenly scepter, for again, at Buffalo, she as-
serted her sui)remacy in tho three fastest successive heats on record.
Proudly docs she command the sympathy and applause of all beholders
when she huls at her powerful competitor the defiant challenge, " You
may become King, but I am yet Queen."

"It were useless to ujention tho names and performances of others;
tlu'iv is no name that can be compared with that of the little bay mare ;
till' fame and tho radiance of all others pale before the brilliancy of a
renown that followed her to the age of twenty years, and has been wit-
nessed on every great course throughout the expanse of a continent. I
suljjoiii a dcscri|)tion of the Trotting Queen, from the pen of one of our
most acuunite ami capable writers :

"Goldsmith Maid is a bay mare 15 1-4 hands, no white. She appears,
at first glance, to bo rather delicately made, but this conception is drawn
from tiit^ form, rather than the quality of her make-uj). Her head and
neck are very clean and blood-like ; her shoulder sloping and well placed ,-
middle piece tolerably deep at tho girth, but so light in the waist as to
give her a tuckod-up appearance, and one would say a lack of constitu-
tion, hut for the abundant evidence to tho contrary ; loin and coupling
good; quarters of tho greyhound order — broad and sinewy; her limbs
are clean, fine-lxmed and wiry ; feet rather small, but of good quality.
Slie is high mettled, and takes an abundance of work without flinching.
In her highest trotting form, drawn to an edge, she is almost deer-like in
api)earanc(?, and when scoring for a start and alive to tho emeigencies of
the race, with her great flashing eye and dilated nostrils, she is a perfect
picture of aniniati'ui and living beauty. Her gait is long, bold and
sweeping, and she is, in the hands of a driver ac(|uainted with her pecu-
li.nities, a perfect piece of machinery. She seldom makes an out-and-
out break, liut frequently makes a skip, and has been accused of losing
nothiiii; in cither case. Aside from the distinction of having trotted the
fastest mile on record, she also enjoys the honor of making the fastest
three consecutive heats ever woi in a race, which renders any comments
upon her staying (pialities unnecessary.

252

ILLUflTBATED BTOCK DOCTOR.

:i|

She continued on the turf until past twenty years old, and after coni«
ploting that ago she closed her public career with the year 1877 by
trotting during that year forty-one heats in 2 :30 or better, and making n
time record of 2 :14 1-2. Her record stands at tho close of her career at
2:14, with 332 heats in 2:30 or better. Her record and ber career aro
** the marvel of the age." Goldsmith Maid finally found a home at the Fashion
stud farm, at Trenton, N. J., there to cud her days.

DEXTER.

Dexter has been so often described, that the public arc familiar with
his appearance. A dark bay or brown gelding, with a white stripe the
full length and width of his face, and four white legs ; 15 hands, 1 inch
high ; his head as finely cut in its outline as that of Australian or Bonnie
Scotland ; an eye that does not stand out with the prominence of the
Abdallah eye in Hambletonian, l)ut one that sparkles with a glaiico of
tire that speaks of that which is back of the orb ; his mane and tail arc
medium in fulness, and in form and blood-like appearance he is hanllv
surpassed by that of any thoroughbred of full ago lu the country. His
record of 2 :17 1-4 is familiar to all.

JAY OOULD.

Jay Gould is a bright bay horse, of fine mould and finish, 15 Imnds 2
inches in height ; rather light-appearing in fonn, but of great and j)o\vcr-
fuUy formed quarters, and a tolerably fair set of limbs. His head is a
finely formed one, and he has a face that indicates the high degree of in-
telligence that in so great a measure marks this branch of the family.
Ho has trotted twenty heats in 2 :30 or better, and reached a record of
2 :21 1-2, and in addition is credited with one son. King Philip, a young
horse only five years old, that has trotted nine heats in 2 :30 or better,
and reached a record of 2 : 21.

MAUD S.

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HOW SHE WAS RAISED AND WHAT SHE HAS ACCOMPM8IIED.

Maud S. was foaled on the Alexander stud farm, Kentucky, on the 28th of
May, 1875. She is of Harold, dam Miss Russell by Pilot, Jr., second dam
Sallie T?ussell by old Boston. She is 15 hands 3 inches in hciglit, li inches
higher oehind than in front ; her weight is 965 poumls ; slie is a red-chestnut
mare without a whito sjx)!. Until she was 4 years of age the nmie was owned
l)y Captain Stone and was formefl under his personal suixirvision. When she
was a colt she was gentle and affectionate, and a great pet with Captain Stone's
daughter. Miss Stone became very much attached to her \wt, and the mare
seemed to be just as much attached to her. Captain Stone, therefore, requested
his daughter to name her equine playi'ulluw, and iu compliance she gave it her

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263

own name, Mnud Stone, which was afterward ubbntviatcd into Maud S., a namo
whicli huH Hincc bc<H)n)u ut'lcbratod throuKhoiit Kiiroix) and America. When
Miuiii 8. woH 4 yeara old, liowcvcr. Captain 8tone hoM her to William II.
Vunderhilt of New York. That gentleman sent her to a well-known li<mg
Island stnd farm to Ihj formed. When hIio was 6 yean* old, liowever, he be-
came (lissatiHticd with her handling, and sending for Captain Stone rc(]UCHtcd
liitn to take entire eharge of her fntnre training, ('aptain Stone conHented,
and the mare has since that time lH>en in his care. When being H|M;eded the
nmre wears a 4-oiniee toe-weight, adjn.sted so that it can be removetl when she
it) jogging, as at that time her trainer never allows it to be worn.

IIKK I'KRKOKMANnKS.

Mand S.'h first pnblic exhibition was given Jnly Clh, 1880, ot Cincinnati.
Sh*! was entered in the 2.iM ultMi. Sho won in three heats. Time, 2.2'i, 2.U0
tt,„12.28. '' - ' '

Ilcr next race was at Chicago on Jnly 24th for a special ptirao against
Trinkctt. The mare won in three heats. Time, 2.19, 2.21 and 2.1<ij, in her
.second pnhlic race thns snrprising the sporting world by making u record ut
wliicli old tnrfmen held np their hands in wonder.

Maud S. next appearc<l at Cleveland on July 28lh in the 2.19 class. She
won in three heats; time— 2.24, 2.18, 2..'n.

At Hiiiralo, August 4th, was the next trot in the 2.19 class. The mare here
lost the tirst heat to Charlie Ford in 2.17 and won the next three in 2.1 5|,
2.16? and 2.1GJ.

At Rochester was her next trot, on August 12th, agnin.st time to beat all
records. The first quarter was made in 32^, the half in 1.05, the tiircc-quar-
tcrs in l..']8|, and the mile in 2.1 1^

Cliiitago was her next trotting place on an exhibition against time. In this
the now widely celebrated little mare was successful. The iirst quarter was
made in .'}.'1|, the half 1.04.J, the three-quarters in 1.36} and the mile in 2.1 1 J.

In her next race at Chicago, September 18th, against time, Maud S. still
more astonished the world. Sho made the first quarter in 34 se<;onds, the
Imlf mile in 1.04j, the three-quarters in 1.3G and the mile in the wonderful
time of 2.10J, trotting the middle half in 1.02.

After this she went into winter quarters at Cincinnati in the height of her
glory. On the 1st of January, 1881, she was taken np and gave her first
exiiihition at Columbus, Ohio, on June 30th, over a very slow track, against
llarus' best time over that track of 2.1 7 J. She made the first quarter in 33
secomls, the half in 1.06 J, the three-quarters in 1.40 and the mile in 2.13|.

At Detroit, July 4th, against St. Jnlien's best time over that track of 2.10^.
First (juarter in 35^, the half in 1.08, the three-quarters in 1.42^ aud the mile
iu 2.1;} J.

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

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(716) 872-4503

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804

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

At Pittsburg, July 13th, first quarter 33 seconds, lialf mile 1.0o|, three-
quarters 1.37^, and the mile in 2.10^, heating her former record.

At Chicago, July 23, three heats. Tlie first mile, 2.21 J. The second mile,
first quarter, 34J, half mile in 1.06, the three-quarters in 1.38 and the mile
in 2.1 1|. The third mile, first quarter, in 34 seconds, the half in 1.06 J, the
three-fourths in 1.37^, and the mile in 2.11. This was considered the greatest
performance ever achieved by Maud S. Beside trotting tlie three fastest
miles ever trotted by any horse, the track over which it was dpnewas believed
by the best judges to be at least three seconds slow. ,• .vii.i. .) „■ .,.-..

Her best record up to August, 1881, was made at Rochester (August
11th), when she trotted the mile without a break in 2.10^.

In short, she has put to her credit in three years the best heat as a 4-year-
old ; the best heat as a 6-year-old ; five heats faster than any other horse has
ever trotted or paced, one of them when 6 years old ; the fastest heat in a
race with other horses; the fastest first, second and third heats; the fastest
two consecutive heats, and the fastest three consecutive heats. Nothing more
is needed to demonstrate her superiority in point of speed and stay combined
over any animal living or dead ; but the public has set its heart on her beating
2.10, and, until she does it, tjje public's cap will not be thrown up.

W. W. Bair is entitled to great credit for developing the wonderful speed
of Maud S. She is a highly-bred mare, and wants to be humored. Her heart
is won by kindness. She will not stand harsh treatment; will not prove
obedient under rough usage. Both Bair and his wife made much of Maud
S. They petted her and treated her to apples and lumps of sugar. The result
is that she will eagerly respond to their call. When jogging on the track at
Chester Park the presence of Mrs. Bair near the rail at any time would cause
Maud to turn in that direction. During the winter the mare ran in a roomy box.
In April she was put in front of a break-cart, and Mr. Bair drove her about
the streets of Clifton and Cincinnati, and thus got her accustomed to the noise
and bustle of the toiling world. He also harnessed her double, and taught her
to drive on either side. She always behaved well to the pole. She does not
like blinds to her bridle, but will trot with any kind of bit in her mouth.
All she asks is that the driver shall not pull on the bit. She wears a 15^-
ounce shoe forward and a 9-ounce shoe behind. She also carries 4-ouiice
toe weights.

:#^

»v

PART IL
Diseases of the Horse:

THEIR CAUSES, HOW TO PEEVENT, HOW TO KXOW
AND HOW TO CURE.

THEIR

The vario
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"Diseases of the Horse.

THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW, AND HOW TO CURE THEM.

CHAPTER I.

\ fi

I. IKTRODCCTION.'

• n. EXTERITAL MANIFESTATION OF DISBASB.

I. T-troduction.

The various diseases to which the horse is subject, embrace nearly all
th. afflicting the human family, and including among them, as most
coramon, diseases of the skin and its integuments, those of the muscles,
of the ligaments, and of the bones, quite rare in the human family, and
to which the horse might be completely exempt, were it not for the igno-
rance, and in very many cases the brutality of the master in over-driving,
over-weighting, leaping, beating, neglect in clothing when heated, care-
lessness in grooming, want of proper ventilation in stables, and the
withholding of proper and sufficient food. Take away these causes of
disease and the labors of the veterinary surgeon would be light. We
should see but little of caries of the bones, causing degeneration of the
suhstance ; of spavin, curb, ringbone, splint ; of injuries to the sinews
and tendons, causing breaking. down ; swellings and other of the most
serious afflictions ; poll evil and other fistulous diseases ; of fractui'es ; of
rheumatism ; founder, including grease, inflamed glands and veins, cracks
of the hoofs, quittor, hernia, and all that class of diseases attacking the
faithful servant of man, and henceforth rendering him useless for the
purposes of pleasure or profitable labor. Instead of ending the sufferings
of the tortured animal by mercifully taking its life, many owners for the
sake of the few paltry dollars received, transfer the once favorite steed

255

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256

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

to some one else equally inhuman, who thenceforth drives and goads tho
sufferer to labor under the most torturing circumstances, until the animal
economy, entirely disorganized, perhaps by years of such unmitigated
torture, drops and dies.

The object of this treatise is to so enlighten the horse owner in the
nature of disease as to enable him to determine whether treatment can
be made effective — if so, what to do; and especially is it the pm-pose to
so acquaint him with the causes, that occasion for treatment may be
averted. By a study of the facts wo give it may be easily known whotber
cure is possible, and if not it is more merciful to kill and end the misery
of the poor animal.

EXTERNAL MAMFKSTATIONS OF SOME DISEASES OF THE HORSE.

II. External Manifestation of Diseasa.

For all the diseases we have mentioned but little medicine is needed.
Rest and nursing are most needed — often months of rest and care, as in
the case of spavin, commencing in inflammation and ending in the depo-
sition of bony matter, stiffening of the joint, or, as in the case of
exostosis of the heads of the bones, they in time become quite anchylosed,

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

257

when lameness ceases from the suspension of action of the joints caused
by their complete soliditication or growing together.

That the reader may form a more correct idea of what we here write,
and have it brought plainly to view, we present an illustration of some of
the principal diseases of tlie bones and tissues, caused generally by abuse,
v.-ilh a short description of their origin. 'J'he treatment will be given in
rho proper place.

jl Caries of the Jaw. Ulceration of the lower jaw, sometimes ends

in mortification. Caused by bruises from barbarous bits and curb chains.

5 Pitilula of the Parotid Duct. Fistulas are caused by bruises or

undue compi'ession of the parts producing inflammation and abscess.

CJ — Bony Excrescence. (Exostosis of the jaw). A. blow upon a bone
will produce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth through
increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful.

D — Swelling by pressure of the bridle, causing inflammation, and
sometimes tumors.
j^ — 2>oJl Evil. A painful fistulous disease, often difficult to cure.
p — Injlamed Parotid Gland. Caused by a bruise or compression.
Q — Inflamed Jugular Vein, caused in vai'ious ways, often by careless-
ness after bleeding.

TI— Fungus Tumor, from compression of the collar. The result of
sralls and subsequent want of care, and inattention.
l^Fistida of the Withers, caused generally by pressure of the sad lie.
J— Saddle Gall, caused by a bad fitting saddle ; sometimes ending in
sitfusts.

A'— r«?no;'q/'</<e^/ioi{>, caused generally by interference of the shoe
in lying down ; sometimes by a blow.
X — Induration of the Knee, caused by blows in falling.
M—Clap of the Back Sinews, caused by severe exertion in running
and leaping, destroying the integrity of the sinews of the leg.

X—Malknders, scurfy manifestations at flexions of the knee, sometimes
becoming cracked and itchy.

— SjMiit, caused by blows, kicks, etc., on the shins. They are to
!)(> dreudod as interfering with the action of the sinews.

P — Ringhone, caused by starting heavy loads, or excessive pulling in
going uj) hill.

Q — Tread upon the Coronet, the cor.tusion of the shoe of one foot by
treiiding on the other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the horn
of the hoof.

H — Qui (tor, confined pus, from prick of the sole, corns, or injury to
foi'onet.

258

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

|i 1

1! mi

S — Quarter Sand Crack. Imperfect secretion caused by dryness or
the hoof ; rupture of the laminte.

T — Contracted Hoof, or ringed hoof of a foundered horse. The
result of Laminatis.

U — Capped Hock. Injuring the point of the hock.

V — Sallenders. Scurfy eruptions on the seat of flexion of the hock.
Similar to raallenders.

W — Spavin. Inflammation causing painful bony enlargement, somo-
times stiff joint. Caused by blows, slipping and hard work, often from
weak limbs.

X^ — Curb. Inflammation and lameness of the posterior part of the
hock, ending in bony formation. Caused by wrenching or straining the
limb.

Y — Swelled Sinews, caused by strains or bruises, producing inflamma-
tion, and ending in enlargement.

Z — Thick Leg, caused by various injuries to the joint. Any inflamma-
tion may result in a thickening of the integuments. In all inflammatory
difficulties of this nature, including, spavin, curb, etc., cold water
faithfully applied at the outset will be indicated, but often the trouble is
not known until too late for cold water. The warm water fomentations
will then be indicated. [See treatment] .

1 — Grease, caused by debility, excessive labor and neglect, filtliy sur-
roundings, from stoppage of the secretions. Scratches are from the
same cause, as working in the mud without proper cleaning, etc.

2 — Toe Sand Crack, caused by the same difficulty as quarter sand
crack.

3 — Quarter Cra>\:. [See sand crack].

These are occasioned generally by severe labor of animals not strong
in the feet, by which the walls are ruptured, by breaking the hoof with
the calk of another foot. False quarter is occasioned by the absence of
the outside and harder portion of the hoof.

4 — Ventral Hernia. Rupture by which the bowel lies next the skin.
When hernia is accompanied with strangulation it becomes dangerous.

5 — Rat Tail, loss of the hair of the tail.

Fuller facts as to causes and treatment of these disorders will be found
in tha appropriate place in this work.

CHAPTER II.

DISEASES OP THE SKIN AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES.

I. SCRATCHES. 11. GREASE. III. THRUSH. IV. SWELLED VNKLES. V.

SWELLED LEGS. VI, SURFEIT. VII. MANCE. VIII. BINQ-WORM. IX.

HIDE BOUND. X. SADDLE GALLS, OU SITFAST8. XI. FUNGOUS COLLAR

TUMOR. XII. WARTS. XIII. VERMIN. XIV. LARVA IN THE SKIN.

XV. TETTER.

-XVI, RAT-TAILS.

-XVII. HALLENDEitS AND SALLFNDERS.

XVIII. POLL EVIL.-

-XIX. FISTULA.

Of skill diseases there are two classes : those resulting from neglect
and "•cnoval bad treatment, and those due to disorders of the internal
oifrans with wliich the skin is in sympathy, or which inflame it by uiinat-
iiial oxcrotious or irritants in the blood. It is almost impossible perfectly
to classify them, since even some that are generally considered to arise
from constitutional causes may be produced by external circumstances,
and the reverse.

Ill the following sections we treat the most important of both classes.
Others of less moment will be found in our chapter entitled •< Miscella-
neous Matters and Suggestions, Minor Disorders, etc."

I. Scratches.

Causes. — These are various ; as, clipping the heels, which is sometimes
done, and thus destroying nature's covering, so as to allow the jiarts to
become chilled ; washing off the legs with soap and water without subse-
quently thoroughly drying them, and then suffering them to be exposed
to cold air ; standing in snow or snow-slush ; standing in or upon hot and
stciiuiing manure of any kind, Avhile in stable ; or being long in mud and
filtli wliilo in service and not subsequently carefully cleaned, Ain'thing
that will produce inflammation of the skin of the heel, or in any way
^veaken it, may pi'oduce scratehes.

As is the case with other local disorders, this is most easil}'^ and rapidly
17 259

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■^1
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260

ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOIl.

developed when the horse is not in a condition of good genenil health ;
hut foul stubles, while furnishing the irritating tiltli innnediately to tho
seat of this disease vitiate the air also, und thus tend to hring about ;»
two-fold trouble.

It is believed to bo sometimes duo to tho existence on the skin of pur-
asitic plants and insects.

The sure preventive is to keep tho horse, if possible, in good goiicnil
condition ; and to confine him, when he nmst be confined at all, only in u
dry, clean, and well-ventilated stall. When he is forced to be Avorked
during tho day in mud or slush he should be neither stabled nor turned
out to pasture until both his feet and his legs are well washed and thoroughly
dried.

How to know it. — Sci'at<^:hes are said to be unknown to Europoun hovno-
nien ; but it is so well knoAvn in tho United States as to render a di'scrip.
tion well nigh unnecessary. It appears on the hndi part of the foot,
generally of the hind foot ; and extends from the heel to the fetloik. It
has been known entirely to encircle the foot, and to extend upward to the
hock and to the knee. The parts arc sometimes hot, swollen and sensi-
tive before any cracking or ulceration takes place ; then they l)0('()nie
dry and scaly, and crack open by ordinary motion. A horse thus affected
is apt to manifest a disposition to walk stifHj', with his hind legs, (when
the disease is seated in the hind heels), wider apai't than ordinary', .uulto
throw his foot rather violently forward Avhcn an effort is made to exam-
ine it.

It is often the case that at first there are littlo patches of a thick, dry,
scabby covering of the skin ; and these spread and inflame until they form
a solid mass of seal) and matted hair. These scabs may be distinguished
from those which sometimes appear in other skin diseases by this, that
they have an unusual itchiness, which leads the horse to ml) tlioin as
niuch as possible ; and he often does this until they bleed and bocomo
raw. This disposition of the suffering creature to scratch himself is said
to have originated tho name by which the disease is knoAvn.

What to do. — III cases where the patient is in good condition, and the
disease is in its incipient stage, a thorough cleansing of the parts with
castilo soap and warm water, and applying an emollient or softening
poultice for a day or two, -with rest, will bo sufficient. If there secnw
to be feverishness of the system, a dose or two of Epsom salts to move
the bowels, given in doses of from one to three ounces at a time, well be
beneficial.

The following is for ordinary cases a most efficacious and easily used
remedy :

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

261

No. 1. K Oi. powdered gum camphor,

1 (>z. gum myrrh,
1 Fluid oz. Nulphuric acid,
1 Fluid oz. HplritB of turpentine,
1 Pint of lurd.

Mix tliorouirlily, iincl ml) the ointment well upon the hods once ii diiy
Tlic leirs luul feet should be Avashed with soup suds before every applicii-
lidii.

When the disease is ehronie, and proud flesli has apjieared, make a
lioultice of ground flax seed and lime-water; sprinkle burnt alum over
the poultice, and apply. Vi^v. two or three poultices a day until the
proud flesh has evident 1}^ disappeared, then use the ointment. No. las
above directed.

Another course of treatment, to be ado])ted when there is a disordered
coiulition of <reneral health, and evidences of vitiated blood are man-
ifested, is this :

First bleed ; but observe to regulate the quantity of blood drawn by
tlic condition of the animal as to flesh and strength. If he is poor and
Avcak, take from the neck vein about three ])ints, and after nine days a
like (lumitity. If he is plainly in poor general health, but not reduced
ill tk'sli and still strong, bleed once, taking from the neck vein three
(luarts. Tlu^n make careful and thorough application of ointment No. 1.
It may Avell be stated here that in our practice we do not often resort
to Mcoding, nor do we recommend it except in rare case.. To the man,
however, who flnds it both profitable and agi'ceablo to be his own stock
doctor it is often the quickest, easiest, and safest means of removing
vitrious humors, and bi'inging about a more natural and healthful circula-
tion. In some acute diseases of violent character, as pleurisy, nuid
sta^rgcrs, and the like, it is freiiuently of the first importance, sometimes
alinost the only hope ; but we would caution the reader against the
iiuliscriiuinate blood-letting of the old i)ractitioners. ObseiTe well the
symptoms; consult this department of "The Stock Doctor" carefully;
iiml you will not fall into the mistake of taking awaj' gallons of blood
wlicu a little rest, some good grooming, and plenty of nutritious, lifo-
friving food, are the things mostly required. The manner of blood-letting
will bo found to have been treated of in our chapter entitled "Implc-
iiionts : Mliat to keep and how to use."

Tlio foregoing methods will answer in all ordinai'y cases ; but if the
putiont has not been taken in hand till the disease has become chronic
ar.d obstinate, the following is a most excellent preparation and may be
used instead of No. 1. It requires care in the using, as it will discolor
the hands and corrode the nails if it comes in contact with them, and it
should never be entrusted to bungling and inconsiderate grooms ; but in

262

ILLU8T11ATEU STOCK DOCTOU.

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the huud.s of cun'ful horsemen it Ih ii most vulual)le rc^mody for ull ohevfi.
iiute wounds, bruises, gulls, tiunors, and sores. We siiuil refer to it in
subue(^uent portions of the work us camphorated corfonive KubUinata or

No. 'i. 1 Pint Hplr!t.4 of turpentine,

1 Oz. finely iiulvuri/.ed uorroHive itubllniuto,
1 Oz. gum uuniphor. ,

Have the corrosive suhlinnite very finely ground in a druggist's mortur,
(the ettieaey of the compound dei)ends nmch upon this) ; pulverize; tiio
gum camphor ; put all together into a good strong bottle, and sliakii
thoroughly. Then let it stand for at least twenty-four hours — longer
would be better, as it l)e(;()mes mon* and more valuable Avith age and
repeated shakings — and it will do to use. In applying it, saturate a small
mop, made of soft rags, iK^atly and linnly tied uixm a stick. Wasii
l)efore making first application of No. 2, but afterwards, unh^ss the foot
becomes very foul, this need not be done. The liniment .should ho
applied onco a day till cure is effected.

Keep the horse out of the wet during treatment, especially if the cam-
phorated corrosive sublimate is used. See to it, also, that his stable is
not only dry, but airy. If it is pasture time, he will need no other food
than grass, unless it is found necessary to stable him, to keep him from
rains and dews. In any event, ho ought to Im; fed rather lightly at first,
and with food not calculated to inflame. If the time is Winter <;ivo as
much green, soft food as can be conveniently had, such as roots,
chops, etc.

n. Grease, or Cracked Heels.

Catises. — This disease is but a modification of scratches and of thrush
— partaking more of the nature of thrush, however, than of scratches, as
it is confined almost exclusively to the heel, the seat of the thrush, which
is seldom attacked by the scratches.

It is occasionally the result of constitutional w(!akness or derangement.
When the system abounds in morbid matter, its tendency is towards the
heels, and debility is felt in the distended vessels remote from the vital
organs, ending in inflammation of the skin of the heels, distension of the
sebaceous glands, a stinking de2iosit on the surface, and a purulent dis-
ch.irgc through cracks.

Cutting away the hair of the fetlock, and thus exposing to sudden and
protracted cold the parts which it is designed to protect, often causes this
affection, even in animals of otherwise good condition.

Frequently, however, it may be regarded as most probably a secondary
disease, originating in some other, which has resulted from careless or
Inhuman treatment, or from constitutional weakness.

TlIK HOUSE, HKIN UI8KAHE8, ETC.

263

It IS not oontngiouH ; l)ut filth ami wiiiit of iittcntion will jn'oducc it in
noiirlv nil horses tiiiuilarly subjected to their iiitliienees.

How to know it. — It manifestH nearly the very same Hyniptonis as
thrusli, as jriven in the foUowinj^ Heetion ; but there la one Htrikin<; pecu-
liuritv which (listin<:;uishes it from thrush, foot-evil, anil other disorders
of that kind — the, lied vracJcH open. In a healthy state, the heel of the
liorso is moistened, and so kept from bcconim^ dry and hard, by a con-
stant secretion and dischar^ife of an oily lluid from tho cellular tissues
under the skin. When this is obstructed, tho skin be(!omes dry and
feverish, and looks s(!urfy and hot. It soon thercaft(>r cracks, and the
pent-up oily secretion, now turned to a foul, 3'ellowish water, ilows out.
As tiie flow of matter increases, it becomes more and more thick, sticke}',
and stinkinji; ; and if not attended to, tho heel and sides of tho foot
l)ce()ine a mass of ulcerated excrescenses.

It sometimes manifests itself by tho oozinjjf
out of a thin matter through tho pores of the
skin from some deep-seated disease of either tho
coffin-bone or tho navicular joint — most fre-
ijuoiitly the latter. The more effective treatment
in this case would of course bo that directed to
the healing of the primary disorder.

What to do. — The treatment necessary is sim-
ilar to that for scratches. In the first place, seo
to it that the causes which have induced it shall
no longer operate. If tho disease is secondary, it
must 1)0 somewhat difficult to manage ; and the ani-
mal should bo allowed to rest, taking only such ex-
ercise as nature prompts, in an open pasture, ex-
cept in had weather. When it is necessary to con-
fine him, give him a good stable, dry litter, and
pure air. Remember that rest is one of the first
conditions of success ; while constant driving or any
other labor will most probably defeat the ends of the
physician.

iy,hc disease is discovered in its early stage, and second staok of cox-
tlie general health of the animal has not suffered, riBMioGiuiAaiiCaACKfl.
cleanse the parts well with tepid water and
castile soap, and make occasional applications of No. 2, or the camphor-
ated corrosive sublimate, say once a day, till a cure is effected. A few
applieations will generally bo found sufficient.

If the horse is thin in flesh, and in a low state of health from the
effects of this disease, mix sulphur and rosin, in the proportion of two

First Staqk of Confibhed

UnBAgK EXUDATIOX.

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK I>OCTOK.

parts of the former to one of the latter, and give him a quarter of a
pound of this every third day until he has taken three or four doses.
Meanwhile, thoroughly saturate the parts at least every other day with
No. 2 till the disease is thoroughly conquered.

If the liniment forms a scab upon the heel, so hard and dry that tlie
remedial effects seem to cease, omit the liniment for several days and
keo}) the heel well greased. The scab will come off, and then the appli-
cation of the liniment, (No. 2), may be resumed. This course must l)e
persevered in till a cure is effected.

The liniment should bo applied at night ; and the horse should not bo
turned into pasture when the grass is wet with dew or rain — at any rate,
not till six hours after the application has been made.

In Summer, pasturag<i will in general afford sufficient food ; but in
Winter it should be more nourishing, yet green and succulent as far as
l)ossi])le. Eoots and good bran mashes ought to be given in reasonable
quantity. Grain, as a regular diet in this case, is ol)jectionable, on
account of its tendency to produce hiflammation.

After three doses of the sulphur and rosin have been given, as directed,
the follo^ving mixture, given every night until all traces of the active
disease have disappeared, will be found an excellent tonic or strengthen-
ing medicine, and having the effect, too, of giving healthy tone to tho
skin:

No. 3. H Oz. liquor of nrsenicallB.

1 Oz. tinoture ofmuriuto of iron,
Ji Pint of water.

This constitutes a dose. Mix and give as a drench.
^\nicn it is difficult to procure No. 2, the following ma}' be prepared
and substituted therefor :

No. 4.

8 Oz. tar,

1 Oz. beeswax,

1 Oz. rosin,

1 Oz. alum,

1 Oz. tallow,

1 Oz. sulphate of iron,

1 Drachm carbolic acid.

Mix, and boil over a slow fire, stirring as long as dirty scum appears,
and then add 2 oz. of the scrapings of sweet elder.

m. Thrush.

Causes. — This, like scratches, results for tho most part from foul
stables, — the horses being forced to stand in mortar of dung and urine,—
or from working in muddy and filthy places, without having his feet ami
legs well cleansed when he is unharnessed for the night.

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THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

265

It is sometimes caused by injuries to the frog of the foot, as bruising,
snugging, and improper shoeing.

It may arise also from a gross habit of body, producing inflummation
of the sensitive frog, Avheu u sjiongy substance is deposited instead of
sound horn ; and this breaks away and leaves the frog ragged and tender.

Acain, it m.'iy come from too frequently stopping soft frogs with cow
dun<s as is the pi'actice of some grooms, thus encouraging rather than
curing decomposition .

Lastlvj it mivy be secondary, having resulted from other diseases,
superinduced by want of cleanliness and care.

How to Know It. — In some cases, the only means of detecting the
existence of thi'ush is a jieculiar smell, or by very careful examination,
as the hoof may show no change, and the frog may not be tender. In
tliis case the cleft of the frog will generally be found lengthened and
deepened, the opening extending to the sensitive horn Avithin, and this,
when thus closely observed, shows discharge of matter.

The progress of the disease is often slow, though showing mean\\hile
110 disposition to heal ; till after awhile the frog begins to contract,
liocomcs tender, grows rough and brittle, and emits a more offensive
discharge. The horny part disappears, and a hardcJied substance takes
its place ; th: easily scales off and leaves the sensitive frog uncovered.

Ill its advanced state, it is very easily detected, as it is characterized
by a continuous discharge of offensive matter from the cleft of the frog.
If not reasonaldy uttonded to, proud flesh sprouts up ; and as this spreads
the whole foot becomes involved in canker.

What to do. — lu the first place, if the causes Avhich have produced the
disease are still in operation, remove these. In any case, when the horse
is to he stnbled, use dry litter, and see that the stall is kept clear of
moist excrement, and that it is well ventilated.

If the disease is secondare', the treatment must of course be directed
to removing the affection from which it has sprung.
In its simple stages, it may bo easily cured in the following manner :
Clean well with soap suds, and allow to dry. Then, wet a [nece of
cloth or string of tow with the liniment No. 2, and press it into the cleft
of the frog and the corresponding pail of the heel. Remove the tow
next morning. Continue this treatment, (putting in the saturated tow at
evening), for four days; then omit a day; and so on until a cure is'
pffeeted.

Or, sprinkle a small quantity of blue vitriol in the cleft of the frog,
!ind then fill xip the cavities with cotton, which so press in as to koep out
all dirt. Repeat until the foot is cured.

^1 -l-'kiM

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266

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

When it has arisen from gi'ossness and inflammation, ratlicr than from
filth or other local cause, give a do.se of Epsom salts, from six to eight
ounces, according to degree of inflanmiation ; use less stimulating food,
and give him regular, but not too severe exeirise every day. Tlic local
application must not be of a stimulating character. Put the foot in a
bran poultice, and let it remain for some days, till the inflammation is
reduced. Be careful, however, not to use the poultice too nmch, as
undue softening is injurious. Then dress the frog with tar ointment, (a
mixture of equal parts of tar and grease). If the frog is found not to
harden by the application of the tar ointment, moisten it occasionally
with a solution of 10 grs. of blue-stone to 1 oz. of water; or, (wliich is
a somewhat more powerful medicine), 5 grs. of chloride of zinc to 1 oz.
of water.

When the disease has become chronic, it is hard to effect a euro, -and
the following course ought to be adoi)ted : Clean awa}' all the ragged
portions of horn, so as to reach the sensitive jjarts. Then smear some
tow with this ointment.

No. 5.

1 Drachm ointment of nitrate of mercury,
1 Oz. zinc oiutment,
4 Drops creosote.

Mix well ; and having smeared the tow with the preparation, as directed,
press it into the cleft of the foot and retain it there by a bar shoe, slightly
tacked on. Apply this every day, observing its effects. If found not
to do well, try a wash made of six grains of sulphate of zinc, dissolved
in one ounce of water. As the frog grows, it should bo kept supple
with tar ointment. The bar shoe should be kept on until the frog is
fully developed. Some degree of pressure must be employed by niciiiis
of tow, and this pressure should be increased as the horn increases in
substance. When proud flesh is obstinate it may bo burnt away at once
by forcing a stick of nitrate of silver (lunar caustic,) into it.

In chronic cases, the horse should have, once a day, in his food, an
alterative dose, (a mild improver of health), say a table-spoonful of
sulphur and powdered sassafras, of each an equal quantity.

The following mixture is sometimes found valuable when there is a
tendency to proud fiesh. The ingredients are to be woU stirred together
and sprinkled into the cleft of the frog, where it must be confined in the
same manner as directed for powdered blue vitriol alone :

No.G.

1 Oz powdered blue vitriol,

1 Oz. copperas,

2 Oz. burnt alum,
1-2 Oz. white vitriol.

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

IV. Swelled Ankles.

267

Qgy3e3 This affection invariably arises from a diseased condition of

the feet. Its origin may sometimes be traced to diseases of tiie navicular
and lower pastern joints ; but it is known to proceed for +he most part
from lioof rot. It seems occasionally, however, to result from a
i)lotlioric condition of the general system, a superabundance of blood,
hard work, severe strains, etc., etc.

How to Know It. — Confined almost wholly to the ankle joints, it is not
diffitult (■". detection — the only point of importance being to determine
wliethcr the swelling is merely spasmodic and temporar}', or Avhcther it
is the result of a primary disorder which requires attention. It is
generally perceptible of a morning, and disappears during the day,
because exercise restores healthful action ; but when there is really a
diseased condition of the bottom of the foot, the fever caused thcrel)y
inflames the membrane of the joint, under the skin, while the horse is
inactive, and the swelling again takes phu-e. If the ankles present a
swollen appearance from morning to morning, attention should be
directed to discover the real condition of tho foot ; and appropriate
treatment must be resorted to before the disease takes the chronic and
more atlvanced foi'm of swelled legs, cracked heels, or scratches.

What to do. — If the swelling proceeds from jilethora, or too grea;,
fulness of the general system, give an occasional dose of Epsom salts, to
roduce the tendency to inflammation ; and feed upon green and succu-
lent food.

If it proceeds from soreness of the l)ottom of the foot, apply No. 2
freely every day for four days ; then omit for two days, and apply again.
If there is any appearance of thrush or cracked heels, treat as directed
for the removal of these.

V. Swelled Legs.

Causes. — Swelled legs, may be the result either of an undue deposit of
serum or watery particles of the blood, or of inflammation of the cellular
tissue lying between the skin and bones in those parts of the leg most
destitute of muscles.

A poor condition of the blood, or feebleness from great loss of it, may
aiuse the legs to swell, since the fluids conveyed to the extremities by
the capillaries accumulate there, because, in the absence of nuiscular
netivity, the veins have no power to return them. Diseased kidneys
have a tendency to produce this disorder of the legs.

The inflammatory tyi^e may result from blows upon the lower leg ;
from concussion ; or, in general, from anything that may arrest the

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268

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

action of the cellulur tissue refeiTed to, causing it to become dry and at
lengtli acutely intiamcd. It may also arise from the shifting of intium-
niation from other parts, as from the lungs, kidneys, etc.

Horses of coarse liber and full habit, accustomed to exercise, if allowed
to stand idle several days, will have swelled legs from the accumulation
of watery fluid ; and, if unattended to, the parts may soon be attacked
I)y inflammation, when the tissues become involved, and the disca.so
assumes its more serious tyiie.

It is occasionally a mere extension of the effects of cracked heels, with
its primary cause resting in whatever may have produced the primary
disorder.

How to know it. — The leg becomes greatly swollen, and looks as
though it was stretched to its utmost tension. Occasionally, the swell-
ing appears almost suddenly', and tlien as suddenly subsides, in which
case the cause may be considered as having but just begun to opcnito ;
and if now treated, it is easily managed. Again, it is sometimes sudden
in its attack, and violent; the skin is hot, dry, and extremely tender,
and the jsulse is quick and hard, while a peculiar lameness speedily sets
in. The swelling may extend to the sheath and along the belly, as far as
the muscles of the breast.

In the more advanced stage of the disease small cracks appear in the
skin , and from these exudes a watery matter, of whitish-yellow coh)!-,
simdar to that which is seen in cracked heels. In this case it must l)e
taken for granted that no treatment, however skilfuU, can speedily
remove it ; that the improvement must be slow, and consequently niucli
time re(]uired.

What to do. — If the disease seems to be merely undue deposit of
serum, owing to confinement, nothing more may be necessary than to
give the aninnd a dose or two of niter, daily, to act upon the kidney.^ ;
and to exercise him regularly, to induce absorption. In the adminis-
tering of a diuretic, however, even so simple as niter, care should 1h'
taken that it is not left to ignorant and irresponsible grooms, since it
may be given in excess, and result in disordering the kidneys, and thus
ultimately inducing the very disease which it is intended to remedy.

When tlicre is a tendency to swelled legs which manifests itself in the
morning, but disappears dui-ing the exercise of the day, an excellent pre-
ventive is to stand the horse in cold water to h'l knees, half ' an hour,
just before night, and then rub dry before stabling ; but care must !«
t;iken to dry the legs thoroughly, or the plan is plainly objectionable. If
it should be found not to yield to this, administer the niter in modera-
tion, as previously du'ected, and exercise the horse regularly, causing him

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THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

269

to sweat, both of which have a tendency to diminish the accumuluted fluid,
iiiid to assist the veins and absorbents in their functions.

In case the horse is in a debilitated condition, and tlie swelling is mani-
festly owing to the sluggishness of the circulation, he should be well fed,
oil nutritious diet, and the leg or legs should bo firmly, but not tightly,
bandaged. Then prepare the following — a tonic and somewhat stimulat-
iiijr medicine :

No. 7. }i Oz. pulverized ogsafcDtlda,

1 Oz. crcum of turUr,

2 Oz. powOeretl gcnUun,
2 Oz. African ginger,

i Oz. lluely pulverized poplar bark.

Rub these ingi-edicnts together in a moi-tar until thoroughly mixed.
Divide tliis into six doses, and give one, in the food, every night till
exhausted. The bandage should be removed from time to time, and the
liiiil) subjected to a brisk hand-rubbing, or ruljbing with a medium
coarse cloth.

If tiie disease has become chronic, and the animal is nmch debilitated,

the following moi'c stimulating medicine should be used.

No. 8.

1 Oz. powdered golden seal,
1 Oz. gentian,

} Oz. balmony, for snakebead),
ii Lb. flux Heed.

Mix well ; and divide into six doses, of which give one night and
iiioiuing in the food. Bandage and rub altci-nately, as previously
directed. If the disease does not speedily .show signs of yielding to this
treiitment, apply, every night, omitting the bandage, the
liiiiiuent :

following

No. 9.

2 Oz. esHcneo of cedar,

1 Oz. tincture of capsicum,

1 pint new rum.

When cracking of the skin has taken 2>lacc, so that matter exudes, and
there is much fever, the following course has been found eminently suc-
cessful, and must be at once adopted: First, take from the neck vein
three quai-te of blood. Mix finely pulverized sulphur and rosin, in the
l)r()[)ortion of two parts of the former to one of the latter ; and give
daily, for three or four days, six ounces of this niLxture. It should 1m-
])ut into meal or bran, and the horse should be allowed no other food
until ho readily takes this. Meanwhile, apply No. 2 every morning to
the parts most evidently affected, until the swelling has entirely subsided.

In these chronic cases, it is best not to feed on very nutritious, or at

270

ILLITSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

least, stimulating food, unless the horse is in low general condition.
Ordinarily, pasturing will be best, when the season admits of it. If It
docs not, he should have light, moist ditit ; and his stable should he
clean, dry, roomy, aijd so supplied with litter us to induce huii to lie
down as much as possible.

VI. Surfeit.

:!i

Causes. — ^This disease, sometimes known as prurigo, has for its pre-
disposing cause a thick and impure state of the blood, with deranged
condition of the digestive organs. When the animal is in such case, unv
sudden exposure to chill, especially when he has been heated, will jjro-
duce surfeit-pimples ; and unless the general condition be attended to,
a confirmed case of skin disease may be the result.

It generally appears in the Spring, at the time of shedding, when the
skin is more exposed than at any other time of year, and tlie horse is
still exposed to sudden spells of cold and Avet Aveather. The skin, thus
bare, is easily affected ; and if the chill is severe or too fre([uciitly
repeated, inflammation sets in, and the cuticle or outer skin l)ocoiiie,s
hard and dry because the pores are so closed as to retain the oily soorc-
tions necessary to moisten the surface.

Some poisonous herbs produce this, or a siniihir, eruption of the skin,
and musty ha}' has been known to have a like effect.

Quick surfeit, or that which arises suddenly, even in animals in good
general condition, upon being overheated and suddenlj' cooled by chill
air or an over-draught of Avater, may disappear upon his l)eing lirouirht
to a SAVcat by exercise ; but that Avhich is contracted Avliile the horse is in
general ill condition is apt to become confirmed, and, unless timely atten-
tion is bestoAved, may .settle on the lungs and cause serious trouble.

How to know It. — No symptoms i)reccde an attack of surfeit by Avhich
its appi'oach maA' be knoAvn. The pimples or lumps, in quick surfeit,
suddenl}' appear, and almost as quickly subside. When a case of con-
firmed surfeit has set in, the skin is hard, dry, and feverish ; and pimplos
appear, sometimes confined to the neck, but more frecjuently spread over
the sides, back, loins, and quarters. Occasionally, these are attended
Avith great itching, Avhile again they seem to cause no aiinoyagcc. AVlieii
they have remained a fcAv days, they discharge, in small quantities, a thin,
Avhitish, oily matter. Small, scabby excrescences, formed b}' the dis-
charging sores, cover the parts. These come off, taking the hair Antli
them, and leaving a small scaly spot — sometimes, though rarely, a sore.

Sui'feit is sometimes mistaken for button-fan^y ; but it may be distin-
guished from this by the shape of the pimples : in surfeit these tiro

TJIE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

271

elevated in the center ; whereas, in farcy the lumps arc rather flat on
top and have thick edges, like a button in the skin. Farcy buds generally

A HOBSK AFFKCTXD with SultPEIT.

uppcar on the inside of the thighs and fore legs, while surfeit pimples
iiro seldom found in these places.

If not promptly and properly attended to, surfeit is likely to dogen-
ciatc into mange, which it is sometimes taken to be, even in its cai'ly
stages ; but it may be known from mange by trying the short hairs at
the roots of the mane : if it is mange, they Avill be loose and come out ;
l)iit if surfeit, they will show their natural condition.

What to do. — If the general condition of the horse is good, and the
affcetion has evidently arisen from sudden exposure or some other
iniprudonce on the part of the person having him in charge, little
treatment will be necessary. Prevent costivcness and keep down fever
1)V eooling food, such as bran mashes, roots, and other moist provender.
Give arsenical drink once a day, a pint at a time, to act on the skin, until
eure is effected, being careful, meamvhile, if the weather is cool, to keep
the horse comfortably warm — blanketing him if necessary; and a half
hour's Avalking exercise should be given him daily. The arsenical drink
consists of these ingredients in the proportions named :

No. 10.

1 Fluid oz. arsenicalis, or Fowler's solution,
1 >a Fluid oz. tincture of muriate of iron,
1 Quart water.

If the disease has sprung from a thick and impure state of the l)lood,
disordered digestive organs, and general ill condition, take from the

1 ^

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lilll

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I I

272

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

neck vein from three to five quarts of blood, according to strengtli,
extent of eruption and degree of fever. Keep him from becoming
costive J)}' cooling and laxative food, as previously directed ; see that he
is comfortably stabled, if the weather is at all inclement, uud give, ou
several successive nights, the following alterative :

No. 11.

a Drachma levigated (finely ground) antimony,

3 Dracbmg niter,

4 Draubms Bulpliur. *

The food should be good — if possible, green and succulent; and it
will be found advantageous to take the chill from water given him, if the
weatluT is at all cold. If the appetite is bad, place gruel in the maugur,
so tiiat ho may use it instead of water till sti'onger food is relisliod.

If it is Sununer, or Spring is sufficiently advanced to be mild, ho may
be turned to pasture ; but hi any event, he should be allowed to rest
during treatment.

In tlio more confirmed cases a speedy cure is not to be expected ; hut
good food, not of a nature to induce costiveness and inflammation, and
proper care .as to warmth and cleanliness, together with a proper use of
No. 11, will bring the patient round in time.

In very obstinate cases, occasionally anoint those parts whore the
lumps appear with a mixture of sulphur and lard, in equal propoi-tiou!!.

Vn. Slange.

Causes. — This is sometimes brougiit about b^"- the same causes as
surfeit ; or rather, it is indeed but an advanced or chronic stage of tliat
disease ; though in some cases of the same kind, it is of a nmch more
serious character in itself, and highly contagious.

"When not a- mere secondary stage of neglected surfeit, its innncdiate
cause is a parasite — the acarus — bred in the skin of the animal wlieii
subjected to dirt and filth, and debilitated by hard living and ill usisro,
or l)y total neglect and lack of food. The acarus produces mange in the
hoi'se in the same maimer as the human parsisite produces itch in man ;
but it is of a different species, and frequently so large a.s to be vi.sihlc
to the naked eye.

Neglect, starvation, and accumulated filth having induced a depraved
state of the digestive apparatus, with which the skin sympathises, and
the insect once having obtained a lodgment, the horse, unless promptly
taken in hand, soon becomes a loathsome object, and dies.

The disease once contracted in this way, may be connnunicated to tven
sound animals, in good condition ; in fact, the great majority of caws
are thus contracted, as comparatively few animals are so utterly neglected

THE lIOnSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

273

or cXf oscd t«k filthy iufluoiu'cs as to become in themselves the geiionitors
of those intihge-breediiijr insects. It is regtirded as one of tlic most
contagious diseases to which the horse is subject, and may be imparted
not only to other horses, but to cattle, hogs, and dogs, though it is
asserted by good authority that none of these can in turn communicate it
to the horse.

The curry-comb, brush, collar, or blanket which has been used on a
niaiigv horse will produce the infection in another ; and to lie in the same
stall or to rub where a mangy horse has rubbed l)imself is almost (certain
to coinnmnicate it unless the animal so exposed is exceedingly healthful
and in active condition of body.

How to Know It. — The skin is at first scabby, the hair comes off, and
the outer skin becomes broken into little scale-like jiieces. These fall
off, or are rubbed off, and leave the parts raw and sore. The general
uppoarance of the skin whei-e the raw spots arc not too numerous is a
dirtv brown, and it is loose, flabby and puckered. The horse is impelled
l»v itching to rul) himself frecjuently and violcntl}^ and he thus leaves his
scurf, dandruff, and in the more advanced stage, his parasites, at every
pliioo.

Usually, Avhere the disease is engendered in the animal itself, it appears
first on the side of the neck, just at the edges of the mane, and on the
inside of the (juarters near the root of the tail. From these parts the
oiiiption extends along the back and down the sides, seldom involving the
oxtreniities, except in the very worst cases. Sometimes, though rarely,
the cars and eye-brows arc attacked and left bare.

"When it is the result of contagion, the horse may at first be in health ;
Imt the constant irritation makes him feverish, the hair falls off as in the
Hist case described, leaving the skin in those places almost bai'e ; and
little red pimples appear here and there. Each of these contains a
parasite, and the pimiiles arc connected by furrows along which the
parasites have worked their Ava}'. In time they ircrease in number and
size, and from them exudes a matter which harde.is into a scab. Under
these scabs the parasites may be found, upon removing them and care-
fully examining in the sunlight.

Ill the early stage of the disease, where it may be suspected, but is not
yot fully manifest, it may be detected by placing the fingers among the
roots of the mane and tickUng the skin with the nails. The horse is so
sensitive to titillation when in this condition that he will thereupon stretch
out his nock and cAdnce the most unmistakable pleasure as long as i'le
tieklins continues.

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What to do. — The most effectual preventive, it will be readily iriferred

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274

ILLU8TKATKI) STOCX DOCTOU.

from the preceding statement of cuuses, is clojinlinoss. In no cast'
should a healthy uninud l)e aUowed to occupy ii stable where a inan"')-
one lias been kept until it shall have previously been washed with water
strongly impregnated with sulphur and chloride of lime — say half a
pound of powdered sulphur and one pint of chloride of lime to each
gallon of water. If the sitable is thoroughly' cleansed of loose litter anil
dirt, and all parts that may have been rubbed against by a mangy horse
perfectly saturated with this solution two or thnio times, on as many
consecutive days, there can bo no danger in using it. (Clothing, curry-
comb, brush, etc., that may have come in contact with such animal,
should l)e I)urned up.

If starvation, weakness, and general iU condition have caused the
mange, a patent means for its removal will be found in giving him clean
(juarters and good nourishing food ; which, however, should not he at
first of a heating nature, (ienerous pasturage, unless the Aveather is
damp, will be sufficient ; otherwise, a full supply of oats and chop food
should be given. It cannot be too much insisted upon that cspeeially
while treating a horse for disease his stable should be dry, well ventilated
and properly supplied with litter.

In cases of full habit of bod}', where the disease is the result of
contact, and the presence of high fever is noted, l>l('cd once, taking from
the neck vein from three to five quarts, according to tlw condition of the
animal and the degree of fever ; but if it is the result of poverty and
debility, do not bleed at all.

Next, have him as thoroughly cleansed of scab and dirt as possil)le, with
a wisp of hay, and by softly and lightly using a curry-comb. I'lieii
prepare a liniment of the following ingredients and in the proportionb
here given for greater or less quantities :

No. 12. 1 (JiiJirt nnimal glycerine,

1 (iill creosote.
>4 Tint turpentine,
1 Gill oil of juniper.

Mix all tojxether and shake well ; and with this saturate the whole skin,
as nearly as possible, I'ubbing in well Avith a soft cloth. Care must lie
taken to rub it in thoroughly. A little well rubbed in is better than
nmch merely smeared on.

Leave him in this condition tAvo days ; then Avash him Avell Avith Avsirm
Avater and soft soap ; stand him in the sunshine if the Aveather admits,
and rub Avith a A\'isp of hay or Avith suitable cloths until he is dry ; after
Avhich, anoint him pretty avoU all o\'er Avith the mixture described, No.
12, and rvb it in. This course should be pursued until a cure is effected.

THE HOUHE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

27i

Two to four applications will generally be found sufficient, even in
()l),stinutc cases, if care is taken as to food and drink. The following
iiltcnitivo will bo found beneficial :

1^0. 1!1. 1 Oz. tortnrlzml nntlraony,

2 Dra, inuriuto of quicksilver,
8 Oz. poWilored s'lKcr.
i) Oz. powiiurud uuIho sceda.

lilix with mucilage so as to form a consistent mass ; divide into six
halls, and give one every morning till the eruption disappears.

Care must be taken that the patient is not exposed to rain or heavy
dews while under this course of treatment.

VIII. Bingworm.

Causes. — There are two kinds of ringworm ; one simple, of sponta-
neous origin, and non-contagious. The other contagious. The first
is usuallv the result of indigestion or confinement in close and foul
ii()artmonts, as in filthy and ill-aired stables, railroad cars or ship holds.
The latter, or contagous kind, is found on horses of good condition, as
well as on diseased and neglected ones, and is produced by vegetable
[larasites in the hairs and hair-glands.

How to know it. — it is especially common in Winter and Spring, and
appears on the face, neck, shoulders, sides, and sometimes elsewhere.

AVhen non-contagious, it may usually bo known by its ajDpearing as an
eruption of small blisters, about the size of a wheat grain, on inflamed
patelies of skin. These assume a circular form ; and if not seasonably
attended to, the circle enlarges and covers fresh portions of skin.

The contagious tj'pe appears in round, bald spots, covered with white
seales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, brokei. , or split hairs, with
seabs around the roots, and some eruption on the skin. These l)rokcu
hairs soon drop out, and a Avider ring is formed. The most marked
characteristic of the contagious or parasitical ringworm is the splitting of
the hairs in the ring, and the pei'fcct baldness of the central part.

Occasionally the patches, in either form of the disease, assume an
irregular rather than a really circular form.

Any attack of this sort is usually marked also by the horse's inibbing
ard scratching himself against the sides of his stable, or convenient
ol)jeets outside ; but this is not to be depended upon as a nuirked symp-
tom, since it likewise indicates surfeit and mange.

What to do«_If a simple, non-contagious case, shave the hairs as
closely as possible from the affected part, and paint with tincture of
iodine; or, if scratches or little ulcers have appeared on the patch, rub it
with the following stimulating and healing ointment :
18

lii

270

No. 14.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

10 GruinH nitruto of lilvor,
1 Uz. larU.

If It in It ciiso of tho oontiigious or sculy vuricty, wiish the patchos
thorouf^lily with noft AviitiT iiiid soft soap, and then rub every day with
tho folh)wiii;' oiutuiout :

No. 15.

K Drachm iodine,

1 Urucliiii ioilUlo ofpotasb,

1 Uz. uoMtuullnu.

If through neglect and long standing it has ulcerated, use this ointment
twice daily :

No. 10.

6 Oz. pyrollgneoug add,

I) Oz. IliiHccd oil,

2 U/. Mplrits of uumplior.

If it has become obstinate — not yielding to tho foregoing treatment-
apply a blister directly over the patch, and then treat as for a coniiiioii
sore, using some simple ointment.

If there ai'c signs of constipation and fever, care nmst bo taken to keep
tho bowels open and regular, and to avoid stimulating grain food. A
seasonable supply of cut grass and sliced potatoes, or of carrots, if they
can bo ol)tahied, should be allowed. If in Spring and Summer, and the
horse is not in active use, put him to pasture for a few days.

When the horse shows a tendency to weakness, as is sometimes the
case with young animals, and with those suffering from neglect, give
good nutritious food, and tonic medicine in moderation.

To prevent spreading the contagious form, clean the stable Avhcre a
horse so afflicted has stood, and white-wash its interior thoroughly.
Wash the harness, collars, and whatever else may have covered the vin<r-
worm, with strong soup and water, and rub thorn over with a solution of
corrosive sublimate, (one drachm to a pint of water.) If the horse hius
been blanketed while suffering with tho disease, tho blanket should be
well boiled.

IX. Hide-bound.

Causes — :Strictly .speaking, this is not of itself a disease, though tho
skin is in a peculiarly abnornuil condition, but the result of a diseased
condition of the general system or of derangement of some specific vital
function. With respect to the causes from which it arises, it is some-
what similar to mange ; but, unlike mange, it is neither eruptive nor
contagious.

Poverty and ccuel .usage — the food being deficient in quantity or

THE IIOUHK, SKIN DISKAHKS, ETC,

277

ONB or TUB CAlTilKli ( V lIlUR-IIOUND IN llulf^IS.

(|U!ilitv, ami tlio liibor onorous — l)riii<; on iiiipairod tlifrostion ; the blood
Ik'coiik's thick, dark, and fovcrish, hccanso the sccrctivo processes arc
sluir<rishly performed ; tlie .skin sympalhize.s witii these; internal disorders,
iiiitl the lubricating fluid throujjfh the pores is suspended; and then,
instciid of remainin*; soft and pliant, it becomes dry and adheres to the
liddy. A disorderi'd stnte of the stomach, bowels, and urinai'v and
respiratory or<j:ans may l>e considered as haviiij; produced it when no
siH'cilic form of disease can l)c>, discovered as existing; ; l)ut it is an almost
iiiviuiabh> accompaniment, in a frreator or less dojjfree of intensity, of big
lu'iul, jilanders, grease, farcy, founder, distemjier, bad eases of swinney,
hiiX sliowhler, h)ck-jaw, eonsunii)tion, and chronic dysentery. The fever
ill these dries up the watery secretions and shrinks th(( liide.

Formerly it was sujiposed to be eiiused by worms in the stomach and
nlinieiitar}' canal ; but this is erroneous. "Worms may of course exist
\vliile the liorse is in this state, but they are rather a consequence than a
cause — the result of imperf(H't digestion and excretion. The skin, as
has heeu elsewhere stated, sympathizes readily with the vital internal
orirans, and in all obscure cases hide-bound should be considered a
''.vinptoin of disorder in these, and treated accordingly.

How to know It — The skin is dry and liard, and the hair is rough and
rusty. Both arc evidently d(>stitutc of that oil by which in health they
are kept in .soft, pliant, and glossy condition. Adhering almo.st inunov-
al)ly to the ribs, legs, neck — almost every part of the body — the skm
cannot ho caught up in folds with the hand. At times it appears scurfy,
and the cxhalants, (having the quality' of giving out or evaporating), jjour

278

ILLU8THATEU STOCK OOCTOU.

forth unusual quantities of mutter, the more solid portions of which
form scales and give the horse a filthy appearance.
The excrement or dung is dry, hard, and black.

What to dO—Especial pains must bo taken to discover, if possilile,
what specific disease has given rise to this state of the skin. If the
cause is obscure, direct the treatment to restoring a healthy condition of
tlio digestive organs. Begin by bettering his treatment in every way.
Instead of hard labor, he should have only gentle exercise, and instead of
being left exposed to the rain, snow, and merciless winds, in barren pas-
ture land or filthy barnyard, he should bo well sheltered, and, in Winter,
blanketed — using for this purpose two blankets joined along his back hy
tapes so that a pace of an inch or two may bo left for the escape of
insensible perspiration. Instead of allowing tho skin to grow clogged,
torpid, and dea% for want of cleanliness and friction, ho should have
regular daily currying and brisk rubbing with good brush or coarse cloth,
which will materially aid in restoring healthy action of the skin.

If it is pasture season, give him a run at good gi'ass during the day;
bat stable at night in a clean stable, funiishcd with dry litter, and give
him a generous feed of })ran and oats, or moistened bran and chopped
hay, Mix with the food night and morning, the following alterative :

No. 17

3 Oz. powdered sasafras bark,

3 Oz. sulphur,

3 Oz. bait, *

2 Oz. bloodroot,

2 Oz. balmony,

1 Lb. uatmeal.

Bi;i

Mix, and divide into twelve doses.

If he appears in tho beginning of the treatment to be filthy, feverish,
and stiff, bleed him — taking from the neck vein thrc quarts. If the
stiffness continues, bleed agahi after seven days, taking a like quantity.

If the appetite is bad, mix with No. 17, (the alterative above described),
a spoonful of ground ginger ; but in general you should avoid cordiab,
tonics, and aromatics, (that is, warm and pungent medicines). They
may arouse fever that would otherwise fail to develop itself, and thus
defeat the object for which the mild laxatives and temperate alteratives
prescribed have been given. Cordials may indeed arouse the vital
functions to sudden action ; but even if no lasting fever is created, the
action soon subsides, rendering it necessary to continue the cordial or
forego whatever seeming advantage may have been derived from it. If
cxcitment is continued by this means, the i)owers of nature are impaired
tnd lasting injury done.

A good and sufficient tonic may be furnished, of which the horse will

THE HORSE, SKIN DI8EASH8, ETC.

279

partake as much as the system requires, by placing a poplar pole in the
stable, upon which he can conveniently gnaw.

If the time is Winter, it will generally bo found necessary to begin the
course of treatment by giving a purgative, say two ounces of Epsom salts,
which may be repeated within seven hours if it fails to produce the
desired action ; and to feed him on laxative food until constipation is
overcome and a healthful action of the bowels restored.

Reiner iber that one of the very first objects is to establish regular
action of the bowels ; and then generous diet, (let it be green and succu-
lent if possi])le, but at any rate nutritious Avithout being inllammatory ) ,
with cleanliness and regular friction of the hide, will do more than
medicine. Do not expect to effect a speedy cure ; in any event, the very
existence of hide-bound indicates chronic disorder, and all chronic dis-
eases require time.

If it is known to be the result of a well-defined disease, as big-head,
farcy, etc., the treatment must of course be directed to the removal of
tliat, according to directions elsewhere given in this Work ; and the hide-
bound will disappear as its immediate cause is removed.

X. Saddle Qalls, or Sit-fksts.

Causes. — These are swellings, sores, and tumors, caused by ill-fitting
saddle or harness. Different names are applied to them according to
their appearance and character. "When- a mere heated swelling on the
liorso's back or shoulders is unjittended to, Avhile he is kept in constant
use, it sometimes assumes the appearance of a dead patch of skin, and
is then called mcarhle; when these ulcerate and discharge pus, and a
leather-like piece of skin is firmly fixed upon the top of it, the name
Kit-fad is applied ; and when, by the use of sadulo or harness before a
warble or sitfast is thoroughly healed, a hard, callous lump is formed, it
is called a 7iavel gall — said to be so called because it is generally on that
part of the back opposite the navel.

How to know It. — These swellings, soi'es, and tumors require no
further description than has already been given.

What to do. — The first and most essential thing is, that the animal
shall be allowed to rest ; or at any rate be subjected to such labor only
us will not require the same chafing, abrading saddle or harness which
has produced the trouble.

Then, if it is merely a gall or scald — a heated, tender swelling, without
cither suppuration or hardness — bathe with cold salt and water two or
three times daily. When the heat and tenderness are sensibly reduced,
anoint occasionally, until the lump has entirely disappeared, Avith a mixture
of tar and olive oil, equal parts.

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280

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

If it has assumed the character of a sitfast, do not use the knife, nor
try to tear the dry skin away, but bathe with warm soft water, and then
apply a poultice. This must be repeated, if necessary, until the callous
skin is easily removed, and then anoint frequently , until the sore is healed.

with the following ;

No. 18.

1 Dr. iodide of potash,
6 Dra. siaiplu ointment,

2 Drs. glycerine.

When it has reached the stage of navel gall — hard, grisly, almost
horny — apply daily the camjDhorated, corrosive sublimate. No. 2. Sliake
the bottle well before i)ouring it out ; use a mop with which to put it on ;
then, Avhen it is thoroughly saturated with this liniment, use a hot iron
with which to dry it in.

"When one iinds his horse suffering in this way under saddle or harness,
his own interests, as well as the promptings of humanity, demand that
he shall at once remove the cause, if possible ; but it is sometimes tlie
case that this cannot be done — absence on a journey, military necessity,
press of farm or road work, requiring regular service. Under these
circumstances the saddle or harness should receive immediate attention
and subsequent watchfulness on the part of the rider or driver. The
padding must be taken out of the saddle or collar so as to olniate
pressure on the part affected ; or, as for the saddle, the blanket may be
so arranged as to lift it from the spot. The sore place must be loathed
Avell with salt and water as soon as possible after it is discovered;
!.nd then covered with a piece of adhesive plaster, heated, of course,
until it sticks readily. If matter has formed, a hole should be cut in
the middle of the plaster to allow it to escape.

Treated in this way, the horse may be ridden from day to day, and
recover while in use.

Greasing collars and other parts of harness will frequently prevent
that chatinir which results in sores and callous tumors.

If the horse, through constitutional tenderness, is subject to these
Bwellings and sores, it is well to put the saddle on half an hour before
using him ; and leave it on, having slightly loosened the girths, for a half
hour or an hour afterward, thus preventing sudden change in the temper-
ature of the skin.

XI. Fungous Collar Tumor.

Causes. — This in its nature is essentially the same as that described in
the pi'cceding section as saddle gall, or sitfast — differing, however, in
location and specific cause. It is an inflammation and swelling beneath

the larg(

by the ci

Howtc

tion of £

l)oint of

or scvcrit

standing,

detect an

Where thi

and no cu

tliere will

Under s

it may for

What to

scar or lun

quont use,

order Avill 1

use a brcas

is recent, a;

over the sh

Tills must 1

But if tl

(iiid contaii

smooth, ve

the pus.

No. 1!

If the wo|

diseonlinue
to promote

No. 20

received as t
plethoric cor
I'ily to high
'>e taken as
iiiiinials, of

TIIE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

281

the large flat muscle that covers the front of the shoulder, and is caused
by the chafing of the collar.

How to know it. — it is scarcely necessary to undertake farther descrip-
tion of a well-tnown, visible affection. It is usually found near the
point of the shoulder ; and the character of the tumor as to simplicity
or severity can be readily determined by examination. If of considerable
standing, it will be found so hard as to render it almost impossible to
detect any fluctuation that would indicate the presence of matter.
Where there is much swelling, hoAvever, there is almost invariably matter,
iind no cure can be effected until this is removed. In cases less marked
there Avill be a small, hard or indurated lump Avithout matter.

Under similar conditions as those mentioned in the preceding section,
it mav form a leathery patch in the center and become a real sitfast.

What to do. — The tumor must, if possible, be so treated as to leave no
scar or lump, as this would be easily irritated by the collar upon subse-
quent use, and prove a source of constant trouble. The first thing in
order Avill be to take the horse from work, if at all practicable. If not,
use a breast-strap, so as to prevent all further chafing. If the sAveiling
is recent, apply cold water often, or cover the part with a wet rag hung
over tlio shoulders in such a way as to remain in contact "with the swelling.
This nuist be kept constantly Avet.

But if the tumor is large, and of long standing — already hardened
and containing matter deeply hidden, open with a knife — making a
sinootli, vertical cut, and of suflScient depth to thoroughly evacuate
the pus. Syringe the opening Avell every day Avith the foUoAving solution :

No. 19.

30 Grains chloride of zinc,
1 (^uart water.

If the Avound seems inclined to heal and leaA'e a hard lump in doing so,
discontinue the injection, and rub frequently Avith the foUoAAnng liniment
to promote the absorption of the callous or gristly formation :

No. 20. 1 Oz. iodine,

1'2 Oz, Bonp liniment.

xn. Warts.

Causes — it is diflScult to point out anything that may be implicitl}'
received as the cause of these excrescences. Generally accompanying a
plethoric condition, they may be considered as OAving their origin prima-
rily to hiffh feeding and insuflUcient exercise. This, hoAvever, nmst not
be taken as conclusive, since they not unfrequently appear upon active
animals, of meagre habit.

i-1

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282

ILLUSliUTED STOCK DOCTOR.

1- ■

The manner of their formation seems to be this : Knots in the true skin
are gnidually developed, being surrounded with a covering of the scarf-
slun, something thickened and matted together ; and tliis outer coverinir
generally dries and splits into fibers towards the top, while blood, in
greater quantities than usual, is sent to the inner or vascular parts ; and
more nutriment is thus diverted to it than to the surrounding flesh, so
that an upward or outward growth is promoted.

Seed warts usually make their appearance on the eyelids, the nose, the
sheath and adjoining parts of the belly ; the encysted or sac warts, on
the pasterns, hock-joints, and knee-joints, and sometimes upon the sheath
and neighboring parts.

Unless warts appear upon the penis they are not injurious to health,
and at first occasion little inconvenience unless upon the shoulder or
some part where harness or saddle touches constantly ; but they should
be removed, nevertheless — particularly the sac wart and those seed warts
which manifest a tendency to enlargement. If the encysted or l>]ood
wart is allowed to remain it will almost invariably enlarge and spread.

How to know it — There are two kinds of these formations, one of
which is fibrous, white, and gristly or cartilaginous, but somewhat
spongy lump, contained in a sac or cell wliich has .aken its rise from the
outer or scprf-skin ; and the other is a somewhat cartilaginous substance,
not inclosed, but adhering fii'mly to the skin — a hard excrescence, — the
" seed wart," — which is too well known to require particular description.
It i'j sometimes difficult to distinguish the blood wart, as the former is
sometimes called, from the seed wart ; but it generally presents a more
rounded, smooth appearance, and sometimes hangs as by a little stem, ui
which last case it is readily known.

What to do. — If there is doubt as to the character of the wart, tlie
matter may be speedily determined by running a shaip-knife through it ;
when, if a blood or sac wart, the contents Avill como out, accompanied
by more or less copious bleeding ; whereas, the seed wart will in this
case be merely divided by the incision, each part retaining its finnness or
consistency.

When the blood wart is thus opened, nothing more will be necessary
than to touch the part with a solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to
the ounce of water, or lunar caustic. When these warts are attached to
the skin by narrow bases, or small stems, they may be clipped off with
knife or scissors, and the part slightly burned over with caustic as pre-
viously directed.

If the growth is of the fixed kind, or seed wart, remove by moans of
scissors or knife when standing singly ; but if the stem or base is large,

THB HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

283

or if the warts grow in bunches, too numerous and too close together to
be cut away, pick off or otherwise chafe tlio rough outer surface so as to
make it bleed ; then with a stiff brush rub in yellow orpinient wetted
with a little Avater, and in a few days they will come awa}', or may be
rubbed off, and leave a healthy sore, Avhich soon heals. If the entire
wart does not come off by reason of one application, repeat.

When the penis is wholly covered with Avarts, the best plan is to have
it amputated, as the warts cannot easily bo removed without destro}'ing
as much of it as it would bo necessary to remove entirely in order to be
rid of them.

Xni. Vermin.

Causes. — ^Vermin a/e both a cause and a consequent of skin disease ;
and being also bred in the hairy covering, perhaps in the very skin
itself, tliey are pr<>;^yerly treated in this connection.

Every species of animal is more or less troubled with his own peculiar
insect tormentor ; and while no well-defined cause cari be assigned as to
their origin, they are almost always found associated with tilth and
squalor.

They sometimes, however, trouble animals of fair condition, and accus-
tomed to reasonable care ; but in this case they arc caught by contact.

Poor, ill-cared-for, mangy horses, colts in tlic Spring of the Acur, with
long, uncurried coats, and old and feeble horses with like rough and
shaggy covering, most probably breed them ; and on these they are most
frequently and plentifully found.

The itching torment to which they subject diseased animals doubtless
intensifies whatever disorder may exist ; and the very earliest opportunity
should be taken to eradicate them from the sufferer.

When horses stand in proximity to a hen-house, they are often
seriously annoyed with hen-lice, which are even more tormenting than
those peculiar to the horse himself.

How to know it. — ^The horse infested mth vermin will usually mani-
fest his uneasiness by biting and rubbing himself ; but their presence
may be unmist^ikably detected by a more or less careful examination of

his coat.

What to do. — If the horse is suffering from some skin disease requir-
hig treatment, the means adopted for this will almost invariabl}' suffice of
themselves to remove the vermin ; but where no such disease exists, and
it is a simple case of lousiness, anoint him with the following salve :

nil

ill

284

Ko. 81.

1LLU8T1UTED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 Dr. carbolic acid crystals,
1 Quart frc6h lard.

Bub it upon every part of the body thoroughly ; wash with warm soap
suds next day ; repeat if necessary — at hist washing and drying.

Attention to his general health will also be demanded ; and to this end
he should be upon good pasture, or a liberal supply of nourishing but
not heating food should be given.

If it is 11 case of hen-lice, the first thing to be done is to remove the
horse from the place infested with these, and then to anoint and wash
as before directed.

XIV. Larva in the Skin.

Causes. — The lar\'a, which infests chiefly the back — ^that part of the
horse upon which saddle or harness must press — is not only a source of
trouble to the animal, but of great inconvenience to the master, as the
acute painfulness of a tumor raised by one of these grubs often pre-
vents use.

The larva is the offspring of a fly which deposits its eggs upon the
])ack and sides of the horse while he is out at pasture or roaming at large
upon the common. This fly does not frequent the barn-yard and stable,
so that horses which are confined to these when not in use are never
annoj'cd with the larva.

The eggs are hatched by the warmth of the animal ; and the creature
burrows into the skin, where it remains and grows till Spring, raising
meanwhile, by its irriuiting presence, a small lump, which is eventually
develo[)cd into a painful tumor, upon the pus of which the insect pro-
longs a life that it began upon the natural juices of the skin and cellu-
lar tissue.

How to know it — The most unmistakable sign of the trouble, when it
is not plainly discernible with the eye, is the restlessness manifested bv
the horse when subjected to the saddle. When he does this, and no
well-defined occasion for his displeasure and his pranks is readily per-
ceptible, examination Avill reveal a tumor or abscess if the larva is present;
for the horse will hardly grow restive at first, when there is a mere lump
in the skin. Upon the top of this abscess a black spot will be found,
which is the point of entrance, and the opening through which the
insect obtains the little air that it needs.

What to do. — The best thing to do, because both quickest and safest,
is to open the top of the tumor slightly with a lancet, and then to
squeeze out the larva. T'he wound should then be dressed a time or two

THE HOUSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

285

w ith a solution of one grain of chloride of zinc to one gill of water ; and
the trouble will soou be over.

XV. Tetter.

Causes. — This seems to arise from some constitutional cause, which it
is (lirtioult to point out. It appears on horses of different conditions or
habit of body. On some it* breaks out periodicdly. Summer after
Suniiner.

It is not contagious, unless neglected until it assumes the epizootic form,
which it sometimes does, after which it is communicable to both man
and horse.

Tlicre are said by some to be two or three forms of tetter, but in
rciiHty whatever different forms it may assume, when not complicated
with otlicr affections, they are indications of different degrees of severit}'.

How to know it — The attack is usually sudden, and the animal is
observed to rub himself severely, as suffering from intense itchiness.
The neck, shoulders, back, and thighs are the points ordinarily affected.
Upon examination, the skin will be found red with inflammation, some-
times torn or scratched by rubbing ; and the blisters or pimples will
be seen on those parts of the inflamed spot not so torn or scratched.
These l>listers break, and a watery fluid is discharged, which keeps the
surface moist.

In its more advanced stage it may be tiiken for mange ; but it may be
distinguished from mange by its manifesting less tendency to spread and
invade all pails of the skin ; and by the absence of parasites under the
sca1)by portions.

What to do. — First, see that the horse's bowels are put in good condi-
ion. If there is any tendency to plethora, (too great fulness), to
constipation, or general fcverishncss, give him a purgative dose ; and in
any event let his food be of such character as to prevent costivcness.

(live, once a day, an ounce of Fowler's solution of arsenic. Eub the
affected parts well with sweet oil, and let it remain thereon for a few
hours ; then wash with warm soapsuds so as to remove the scabs or
scales. Then cover the diseased surface and some portion of the healthy
skin all round with the following ointment ;

No. 22.

K Lb. flour of sulphur,
M Lb. carbonate of potash,

1 Oz. carbolic acid,

2 Lbs. lard,

2 Lbs. olive oil.

^'W

286

Illustrated stock doctor.

Mix well with a gentle heat. Allow it to renin in on the skin for two
or three days, and then wash off with strong soai) and water.

Tar ointment, (equal quantities of tar and lard well mixed with gentle
heat), is an excellent external application, and may be used when Mo. 22
is difficult to procure.

XVI. Bat Tails.

Causes. — Simple tetter, as also mallenders and sallenders, is soniotimes
allowed through neglect to become obstinate ; the skin thickens ; ugly
cracks are formed, from which flows in abundance a sort of purulent
half-watery fluid ; upon the thickened portion of the skin the scabs
increase, growing up into somewhat perpendicular layers, and the liairs
growing from these are glued together by the exuding matter. Such
bunches of matted hair are called, by reason of their appearance, "rat
tails."

The disease seems occasionally to be produced outright, without the
supervention of any other kno^^^l disorder, by much exposure to wet
gi'ound of a chalky or loamy nature, or to sticky mud.

How to know it. — It appears chiefly upon the legs, one or all of
which may be affected at the same time ; but the hairs of the tail,
especially near the root of the tail, are often found in the u)nditioii
described, and for a like reason. Tetter, ringworm, or some other dis-
urder produces itching ; the horse rubs the part till it becomes raw ;
matter exudes at length, and the hair is nuvtted in bunches along the
upper portion of the tail bone, as shown in the figure exhibiting external
manifestations of disease.

If resulting from either neglected tetter, no matter what its position,
or from mallenders and sallenders, it is accompanied by itchiness ; but
this is generally less severe than is the case with these disorders in their
simple foi'm. When the disease is fully developed, the ai^pcarance of
the bunches of hair upon the parts is a sufficient indication.

What to do. — As in simple tetter, attention must be directed to ostau-
lishing a good condition of the bowels ; and to this end a purgative may
be given — especially if there is any indication of constipation and
general fevcrishness. The food must be regulated by the necessity of
keeping down all inflammatory symptoms. Make a tonic powder as
follows :

No. 23.

12 Oz. sulphur,
1 Dr. arsenic,
1 Oz. bruised coriander seed.

Divide into twelve parts and give one in the food night and morning.

THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ^TC.

28Y

Dress the sores three times a day with the following lotion, applying
with a soft rag ;

Ho, 24. 1 Fluid oz. budanum,

1 Fluid oz. glycerine,
H Oz. carbonate of soda,
1 Quart water.

XVn. Mallenders and Sallenders.

Causes. — By those terms are denoted oozy, scurfy patches upon the
knee ami liock — those which appear back of the knee being called (for
•Aliat reason nobody seems to know) mallenders ; and those which appear
ill front of the hock, sallenders. They spring from idleness and neglect
—1111 impure state of the blood having been brought on by heating and
uiisiiitiible diet, and disorders of the bowels, liver, or kidneys.

Though of no serious importance as diseases, they are unsightly, and,
if neglected, they result in troublesome sores.

How to know it. — They first begin as a moist tetter, apt to escape
olisorvation until they appear in a roughened state of hair about the
purts mentioned, under which the skin is scurfy, feverish and somewhat
tender. Itching of such severity sometimes attends them as to render
the horse restive and hard to keep under restraint.

What TO do. — In the first place attend to the cleanliness of the horse
and put him upon a regular course of moderate exercise. Give him
twice daily, night and morning, a pint of the excellent alterative and
tonic drink :

No. 25.

1 Fluid oz. liquor arsenlcalis,
IX Oz. tincture muriate of iron,
1 Qt. water.

Rul) the parts affected two or three times a day wita an ointment made

as follows :

No. 2G.

1 Oz. animal glycerine,

2 Drs. mercurial ointment,
2 Drs. powdered ointment,
1 Oz. spcrmacetti.

If the scurfy i)laces have developed into suppurating sores, use, instead
of the ointment, the following lotion, saturating them well twice a day:

No. 27.

K Pint animal glycerine,
X Oz. chloride of zinc,
6 (Quarts water.

Be careful that his food is such as to keep him from constipation and

fever,

288

llLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

XVm. Poll-evil.

Causes. — Poll-evil is tlio name given to a deep abscess having its sonl
of primary inflammation botwocn the ligament of the neck and tlui first
bone which lies l)eneath without being attached to it ; and it i.s serious
in its nature by reason of tliis depth and of the diliiculty with wiiiiii tlio
matter formed tinds its way to the surface through the strong libroiis
membrane that envelopes it. If not attended to in its early stug(!s, tliu
surface of the first bone from the head, or that of the joint lictwcou the
first two bones, becomes inflamed, and the joint or joints involved.

The disease may be said to owe its origin almost wholly to violence of
some kind. A blow upon the poll by a brutal driver may very reiidily
produce it ; and much slighter causes, often repeated, result in this
affection ; as, the forcing on of a tight collar day after day ; hanging
back and so bruising the poll Mnth bridle or halter ; and excessive rul)I)iii(r
of that part because of itch produced by diit accumulated about the ears
and upper point of the neck and not carried away by brush or cirryconil).
Striking the head against low ceilings aad the heams of low doorways is
doubtless responsible for very many cases of this dangerous and disa-
greeable disorder.

How to know It — A certain restlessness, a throwing back of the lioad
and then returning ; again, a drooping tendency, turning the head fnnii
one side to the other ; a dull appearance about the eyes ; a sluggishness
of movement — all these are sometimes observed before any symptoms
of t':e disease may be discovered about the head.

Sometimes no notice is taken of its existence until considerable swelhng
and even an unwholesome discharge ht've set in ; but more frciiucntly iiii
oval tumor is discovered, — hot, tender, situated directly in the region of
the nape of the neck, but generatly inclining to one side. In the luildir
form this tumor is evidently superficial ; and the horse moves his IhikI
with comparative ease and freedom ; whereas, in the more advanced staj;c
he caiTies it stifHy, and every movement of it or the neck causes great pain.

Sometimes the disorder is so decplv-
seated that the tumor is not developed
sufficiently to make much outward show.
It is much likelier to discover itself plainly
as a well-developed swelling when the
hurt is superficial. In any case, it must
be examined with the fingers to deter-
mine this point. Place the fingers jrentlv
upon it, and give the animal time to re-
cover from the little scare intowhiehtlm

POLL-KVIL DURIKa THS FiBST STAOI.

touching

of a sore at first srivcs him;

THE HOUSE, SKIIf DISEASES, ETC.

289

then gradually press upon the part.
If the hurt is near the surface, ho Avill
flinch quickly ; if deeply seated, ho
will be correspondingly slow in sliow-
iii<r evidences of pain. If suppura- '•*•
tion has already set in, it can readily
he known when near the surface by a
sort of fluctuating feeling ; but this
fluctuation can scarcely bo felt at all
if the matter is deep seated.

roLL-IVII, IX ITS SkCOND STAOB.

What to do. — If discovci'ed when there is nothing more than a swelling,
no matter having yet been found, reniovo all tendency to general ft vcr
ishncss by giving purgative medicine according to evident fullness of
condition ; allow the liorso to rest ; and put hiui on moderately light
diet. Then make the following cooling lotion, and keep the swelling
constantly moistened Avith it by having a small rag pud laid over it and
uaturatcd with the mixture from time to time :

No. 28. 2 Oz. tincture of nniicn,

1 Dr. iodide of x'otuijgium,
1 Qt. vinegar,
1 <jt. uuiuoiuilo infusion.

If this docs not reduce the inflammation and remove the swelling
within a few days, it may be inferred that nnitter is ah-eady forming,
though it may have been imi)ossible at flrst to detect it ; and you nmst
bring it to a head as soon as practicable by poulticing. Use for this pur-
liosc a mixture of ground flax seed, corn meal, oil of turpentine, and
lioir's lard. As soon as matter can be felt, have ready a larg«5 and very
sluu'p knife ; cast the animal, and have some one to sit upon his neck to
prevent struggling ; thf^u open with a quick, steady, and strong sweep of
the blade through the tumor — being careful to have the wound open at
the lower point of the tumor, so as to provide for more easily draining it
of mutter that may hereafter form. Be careful, too, not to cut the
tendinous ligament that runs along the neck under the mane. If the
matter appears to be on both sides, open the places separately, so as to
leave this ligament undivided. It may, if absolutely neccssar}', be
werod between the second bono and the head, and the support of the
head he not materially weakened, since the main stress is on the second
hone, and the diAnded ligament, if healthy, will soon heal again ; but it
is best to avoid all risks; and if at all convenient, the aid of an exper-
ienced veterinary surgeon should be had Avhen it becomes necessary to
«se the knife.

i;ri'

290

ILLUMTUATKU 8TOCK UOCTOll.

'i'lic wound iiiUHt now ho cleansed hy l)('in<^ H^rinircd dailv with ii .stiin-
uliitinj^ wiihIi, (1-2 dr. chlorido of /ine in 1 <iuart of water), initil u
healthy dischurgo sets in, und ovideneos of healing begin to manifest
thoniMelvos. Nothing further will then bo neccssury thuu to keej) tliu
parts chian by daily sponging Avith warm soapsuds.

It sometimes occurs that before remedial measurcis aro resorted to, not
alone the Heshy, but tho tendinous, ligaimuitary, and bony structurt's
have become involved, and the disease has assumed a desfjerate clmr-
acter. If furtluu- neglected, the spinal cord is likely to l)ecomo diseased,
and (ho case hoi)eless. If, upon opening a tumor, the matter is found to
tlow in great (juantities, resembling melted glue, with something of an
oily consistence, it nniy bo known that the disease is dcep-seutcd and
dangerous ; and the probe should be employed to (ind Avhat(!ver cavities
may exist. If any are found, the knife should again bo employed, and
another cut made, smooth down, and in the same direction as the tirst, to
prevent all rough and hacked walls, till tho lowest depths aro reached,
Then cleanse tho wounds AvitL warm soapsuds, using a good gum com-
press syringe ; and dress with a mixture of 8i)irits of turpentine, lioiiev,
and tincture of myrrh. When a thick, light-colored matter begins to
ajipear, tho dressing must bo disecnitinued, and tho parts nmst he kept
clean, as previously directed, by sponging with warm soapsuds.

It is sometimes necessai'y to cut away loose pi(!ces of ligament till a
healthy aspect is presented on the walls and in tho depths of the incision.

In tho more desperate eases, numerous openings are formed, and these
discharge a matter resembling tho white of an egg, which adheres to the
8U>'rounding parts, and gives to the animal a most repulsive appcaraiiee.
In this case the knifo should be used so as to take in at one swocj) the
greatest number of openings, and then the other openings should l)o eoii-
nected by cuts with this main channel ; after which tho Avound should he
cleansed as previously directed, and dressed with the mixture 2>rc.senhed
— spirits of turpentine, honey, and tincture of myrrh.

After matter has formed, tho knifo is tho only sure means of saving
tho horse ; and, in the hands of the skillful man, it is a mcreiful
means. The operation is brief; and the relief is more speedy than can
otherwise be obtained. Let no one attempt it, however, who cannot
'>l)erate as though for the moment; divested of feeling, as there must hn
no hesitation, no aAvkwardness as to direction, no notching and hacking.

A horse that has once had the poll-evil should never afterward have «
collar thrust over his head, or be hauled around with a halter or any
other head-gear pressing upon the part. The poll will long reniuin ten-
der, and a return of the disorder is likely.

If it is necessary to treat during Summer, when the horse is apt to ho

TIIK IIORNE, SKIN DISEAHF.N, KTf.

291

annovod with flics, keep tho wouiul covered willi ii rag moistened in n
solution of tur.

XIX. Fistula.

Causes. — This i.s ftomotlmoH known rh fisfuIoiLt withers, to distinpjuish
it from listnla of tiu^ parotid duct. It ia aiiniiar to poli-cvil and is <j;en-
criilly canscd in lilie manner, hy bruises. In^tho case of tistula, tln'so
hniiscs may be caused l)y an ill-tittinfif «'ollar ; (A)y u lady's saddle, partie-
ulai'lv if awkwardly ridden ; by the presHiii}; fnrward of a man's saddle,
(■,>|MMiiillv in case of hij^h withers; by striking tho withers against the
tti|» of a low door-way ; by rolling and striking the withers against some
hiird substance ; by the biting of other horses ; and by a blow of the
l)la(ksniith's hammer. 'I'lie ])oints of tho spinal processes, (little pro-
jections of the sj)ine or back bone,) arc luirt, intiammation sets in, and
the fistulous tumor is produced. Its site is tho spine abovc^ the shoulders ;
Mild it is more troublesome tlian poll-evil, beeauso it ia more exposed to
r('|K'iitcd injuries.

How to know It — The first indication will be a swelling on one or

})oth sides of the withers, generally rather broad and flat. Upon exani"

inatioa with the fingers this will be found hot, tender, and apparently

(Icq) seated. If observed wlwn first formed, it will be of uniform

li.'irdncss throughout. If unattendt^d to while in this state, the tumor

soon becomes an abscess ; and owing to the difliculty in the way of the

matter's escaping, (its natural outlet being at the top of tho shoulders),

the pus sinks doAvnward ; and the abscess sometimes becomes enornious

before there is any well defined head, and before there is any opening.

Wlieu it breaks, or is opened, a large quantity of extremely offensive

matter flows out. Ordinarily, the tumor will come to a head in from one

to two weeks. When the discharge has begun, the tumor does not begin

to grow healthy and heal, but he walls of the opening thicken, and

continue to discharge matter which becomes more and more offensive.

The matter l)urrows between the shoulder blade and si)inal points, and

everything around seems to be rotting away ; and it is both difficult and

dangerous to trace the opening. In process of time several holes will

iippear along the course of the muscles in contact with the original abscess,

find from each issues a foul discharge, till the ulcerating process seems

to extend itself to nearly all the muscles of the shoulder.

The health of the animal may at first be excellent, and there may be
110 lameness ; but as the inflammation extends, there is lameness of the
shoulder, and he suffers generally — often greatly. He is averse to
motion, and will suffer for food and drink rather than undergo the paia

li-n

292

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

|i' '

bLiQUT Enlarcembnt wrtcii mat bnd

IN FlSTULUUB VVlTUUUti.

of trying to reach iiiid partake of it. In its worst stages the bones
extending into the sinus decay.

What to do — Be careful to ascertain, in tho
first phicc, whether tho tumor lias ncv/ly
risen. The matter may form in one, evnii
while it is quite small ; and it is important
to know when the knife may be used to
advantage.

If matter has already formed, it can bo
detected by the somewhat soft and fluctuat-
ing feeling of the abscess.

If discovered while still a newjormation,
take the horse from work, if possible ; if
not, take especial i)ains to protect the in-
jured point or points from i)res.sui'e.
A bruise at that point of the with-
ers where the collar rests will not
unlit a horse for the saddle, unless
considerable inflammation and ex-
tending soreness has already sot in ;
nor will a saddle bruise, farther
back on the withers, necessarily un-
fit him for harness.

A recent swelling should be im-
mediately treated with fomentations of bitter herbs.

Boil wormwood, or nmllen stalks, or life-everlasting in soft water, to
make a strong decoction ; and apply it with large woolen cloths, as hot
as can be borne, to hasten the formation of matter. When the tumor
begins to soften and show signs of heading, have a suitable, fine-pointed,
shai'p knife. Ascertain the lowest point of the abscess. Then stand
close to his side., near the middle, to avoid both hind and fore feet in
case of kicking or striking, with the back of the knife to the shoulder;
point upward and outward, stick at the lower edge, and cut open with a
free incision. Next, syringe the abscess till it is as thoroughly cleansed
as possible with a solution of carbolic acid and water, one part acid to
t^'/o of water. Then dress wth coal oil, or some convenient salve.
After two or three days, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed by
syringing with warm soap suds ; then use the carbolic acid water, and
repeat the oil or salve dressing ; and so on till a cure is effected.

The patient must in no case be turned to pasture, since the eonstiuit
motion of the neck and jaws necessary to procuring and masticating his
food aggravates every symptom. Stable him comfortably, and feed

FiSTDLOVS WlTHBRS— WOBST STAOB.

THK HOUSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC.

293

iiccording to his general condition. Let him have water freely ; and give
opportunity each day for some exercise by allowing him the run of a
.sniiill inclosure.

When the case has become chronic, and holes in considerable number
have appeared, make a cut so as to reach the bones, and to include in its
couitie as many holes as practicable. If there are other ojienings, (par-
ticularly below), cut from them hito the main incision. Have an assistant
to press back the sides of the greater opening till the matter is cleared
out ; and if the spinous processes or points aire found to be carious or
rotten, nip off with a pair of bone forceps till the healthy bone is
leached. If any of this decaying bone is left, the wound will inevitably
iHatter and break again, though it may for a time appear to have healed.

After thus cleaning out the bulk of the matter and picking away the
dead bone, use the syringe and warm soap-suds still further to clean the
parts;. then inject the carbolic solution as previously directed. But
instead of coal oil, use this ointment once u day ;

No. 29. a Oz. verdigris,

H Oz. copperas,
1 Oz. oil of turpentine,
4 Oz. yellow rosin.

The copperas and rosin must be finely powdered — then mix all together
thoroughly. When a kind of thick whitish discharge is observed to have
set ill, discontinue the ointment ; but still wash or syringe thoroughly, at
intervals, with warm soap-suds. To keep away flies, cover the wound,
after each dressing, with a large cloth saturated with diluted tar.

Sliould the horse grow feverish from the effects of blood poisoning,
which takes place in a greater or less degree in this chronic stage by
reason of absorption, bleed him once, at least, taking from the neck vein
from tliree to six quai'ts, according to general condition and severity of
the iiitiammation.

When the disease has proceeded to the length of requiring this severe
treatment, the recovery is necessarily slow, and the horse is inevitably
distigured.

In very desperate cases it is sometimes best, or, indeed, almost indis-
pensable, to use the rowel. The pipes, (or sinuses as they are sometimes
called), the openings whence the matter exudes, take a dangerous direc-
tion, and tend from the withers to the chest. Use an elastic probe, to
ascertain the direction and the depth ; and if it is found that cutting will
not answer, use the guarded seton or rowel needle described in the chap-
ter on medicines, ointments, etc. Insert it as far as it will go, then give
it a tirm rap on the handle, so as to force out the cutting edge and drive
the point tlu'ough the liesh. Kuot one end of a long, slender tape,

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

place the other through the opening near the point of the needle and
draw it through. Then tie a knot at the other end, and leave it. lu
this way, the sinus will have an opening below, and the tape will act as a
drain, while tending also by friction to remove the hard lining of the
pipe. As soon as a healthy looking matter is seen to be issuing from
the lower orifice, remove the seton, but cleanse occasionally with warm
soap and water.

I GLANDERS.-

CHAPTER m.

DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBRANES.

I GLANDERS.-

• IV. NASAL OLBBT. •

NASAfc

-II. FAROT. UI. DISTEMPER. —

POLYPUS.

I. Glanders.

Causes. — This seems to be primarily a disease of the lymphatic and
nasal glands, and confined to them ; but upon this point authorities dis-
ajrrce, and it is contended by some that all the air passages are always
affected — that it is a kind of phthisic, or incipient pulmonary disorder —
and that whether the ulcers appear on the membrane of the nose prior or
>ul)>^oqucnt to the formation of tubercles in the lungs does not invalidate
the proposition that the earliest external manifestations are but the
effects of pulmonary derangement. The most tenable conclusion, how-
ever, is plainly this : that inflammation of the membrane of the nose,
and confined to that membrane, at last results in ulceration ; that the
matter discharged from these is poisonous, and acts upon the glands by
means of the absorbents with which it comes in contact, and is also
iiilialcd into the lungs with the air as it passes through the nasal cavities,
till at length both the circulatory and the respiratory systems are gen-
erally diseased.

Whence this poison is derived is not at all clearly defined. The disease
is both spontaneous, (bred in the horse), and contagious ; but it is doubt-
les.i due fur more frequently to predisposing cause than to contagion. It
is found as a prevalent disease where neglect, filth, and foul atmosphere
exist ; and we may reasonably conclude that poisonous inhalations, acting
upon the delicate and easily irritated membrane of the nose, produce
that incipient ulceration from which the subsequent ge.ieral poisoning
proceeds. In close stalls, the carbonic acid given off I'-om the lungs,
(which gas is of a deadly poisonous character), passes again and again

205

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296

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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into the lungs, mixed with other impurities of the stall itself ; this, acting
perhaps more readily upou the nasal membrane than upon tlic other
litiings of the air passages, produces inflammation. Tliis inflannuation
may long exist, and unsuspected by the ordinary observer, till some
intense action is set up, when ulceration takes place.

Or it may be produced by anything that injures and weakens the vitiil
energy of this membrane ; as vicMsnt catari'h, accompanied by long con-
tinued discharge from the nostrils ; a fracture of the bones of the nose ;
and the too frequent injection of stimulating and acid substances up the
nostrils. Everything that weakens the constitution, may, under peculiar
circumstances, produce glanders. Among the hurtful influencics that
may operate to this end we may enumerate : hardships and an exhiui.stod
constitution ; any interference Avith the duo elimination or throwing off
of morbid and Avaste matter from the system ; want of regular exercise ;
sudden and violent exercise Avhen the horse has not been previously jirc-
parcd for it ; placing a weak and worn-out horse upon a course of diet
that is too nutritious and stimulating ; and hereditary predisposition to
certain forms of disease.

One i^oint is deserving of special mention : it is sometimes present and
contagious in animals apparently in fine bodily condition ; f)tlicr horses
may contract the disease from such a one and die of it Avhilc it is still
tlifficult to discover unmistakable traces of it in the first. There may ho
inflannuation, and minute ulcers so far up the nasal passages as not to lie
seen ; these little hidden ulcers may discharge so small a quantity of mat-
ter as to escape notice, and yet the matter is so poisonous that Avhcn it
comes in contact Avith any thin and delicate membrane, by Avhich it may
be absorbed, it Avill produce glanders. Weeks, and even months, may
intervene betAvcen the first existence of inflamed membraiie and tlio
development of the disease. In this case there may be couutcractiiij:
tendencies, requiring some violent action or sudden change to detcrniiiii;
the issue.

It nmst bo observed that its infectious nature is not general, but par-
ticular — depending upon inoculation Avith the matter exuded from
glanderous ulcers, or at least from poison received in some Avay from the
glandered animal and communicated directly to a Avound or to some del-
icate ujembrane of another horse, an ass, or a human being.

How to know it. — As may be inferred from the preceding, it is not
ahvays easy to detei;i, the actual presence of this disease, though it is
often a matter of paramount importance that it should be known. It«
dangerous character as an infectious disorder makes it essential that it
should be knoAvn in its very earliest stages, that the proper precautioiin
may be taken to prevent the infection from spreading.

THE HORSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL OJLANDS, ETC.

297

There arc some symptoms that may be observed, even before the
iit)i)earaiioe of any discharge whatever ; and these may be described,
thouirli they may sometimes prove falhicious, and are found to be but
extraordinary indications of sonic otlier disease.

The tirst signs are those of heaviness, dulhiess, foUowed by fever ; the
eyes are red and unhealthy looking, while the light is seemingly painful to
thoin. The hair is one day dry, the next, perhaps, it resumes its natural
impoiirance, and so alternating until after awhile it becomes staring and
unnatural. The flesh wastes away rapidly for ii time ; then, and particu-
larly if a change of food is introduced, shoAving some improvement, and
so alternating till at li^ngth ho begins to sJiow signs of permanently
failing health and of a general debility.

Tiicse may be regarded as for the most part premonitory signs, and up
to tl'.is time there may be no appearance of tumors and no discharge
from the nostrils ; but the animal should be subjected to the most rigid
scnitinv, to discover Avhether there is anv'tbing to confirin the impression
made bv the symptoms enumerated as to the probable existence of glan-
(Icrcd condition.

After these manifestations there may be said to be three stages of the
disease, the peculiarities of each of which, in so far as they are distinctly
defined, arc^ gcn<'rally as follows : In the first stage the discharge so
nuieli resembles that which attends some other nasal affection as some-
iiines to pass unnoticed, but examination will disclose a curious fact
wliieh has not been accounted for, — it will be found confined to one
nostril, and that, in the vast majority of cases, the left. Occasionally it
is the right, very seldom both. This, however, must not be regarded as
II |)e(u]iarity of the tirst only, as it is common to every stage of the
disease.

Tile second stage is characterized l)y an increased flow, and it also
becomes more mucous and sticky, while its color changes from an almost
tninsjiarenl clearness to a whitish or yellowish tinge. It often begins
iiow to drip from the nose in stringy clots. 8omc of the matter in this
staire, now more actively i)oisonous, being taken up In' the absorbents,
affeets the neighboring glands. If both nostrils are discharging, th(>
Ldinids within the under jaw will be enlarged on both sides ; if from one
nostril, only the gland on that side. As other diseases will produce
these swelled glands, as catarrh, for instance, it becomes necessary to
look for some peculiarity in order to determine certainly as to the exist-
ciue of glanders. At first the enlargement iniiy be spread over so much
surfaee as not to make any distinctly marked lumps ; but this soon
clianjres. and one or two sinall swellings remain, and these are not in the

touter of the channel, but adhere close to the jaw on the affected side.

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This may be regarded as an almost conclusive test. The membrane of
the nose will now be found of either a dark puqjlish hue or a leaden
color— rthe latter, unless there is some of the redness of inflammation;
and ulcers will probably appear upon the membrane, usually approaoliin<'
to a circular form, and deep, Avith abrupt and prominent edges. When
these appear there can be no further doubt, but care nmst be taken to
know thiit they are not spots of mucous. To this end, try whether thev
may be brushed away. Notice particularly, too, that the oriflce of the
duct Avhich connects with the tear glands is just within the nostril, and
ci >-'■•■ '. >jr side of it; otherwise, this, if foul, may bo mistaken for an
ulcer, 'ibis orifice may be readily distinguished from an ulcer hv
observing that it is on the continuation of the conunon skin, while tiie
glanderous ulcers are on the membrane of the nose.

When these ulcers begin to be visible, the general condition of the
anim;'' s'^ ■ > : l)')\vs signs of change ; his coat seems dead and staring, the
hair i- Aiiuar. oi' ei'sily ; his appetite is impaired ; he loses flesh ; his belly

contracts ■ .^e :. . ..s
cough ; the dischi^-j.^,
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tinged with bJ 0, -r
In the third stage

more and more debilitated ; there is more or les8
iiMreases in quantity, and its increased poisonous
'omovo the hair where it flows, while it seems
: .. Tjoiisive to the smell.

l.'ie • j.y. liave become larger and more numerous;
and upon placing the ear to the horse's chest, a grating, choking noise
will be heard at every act of breathing. The air passages being obstructed,
every breath is drawn with difficulty. The skin of the forehead will he
found somewhat thickened, swelled, and peculiarly tender ; the nicmbrant'
lining the frontal openings of the nose will be not only ulcerated but
evidently inflamed ; the discharges are increased and become more stiokv
and of darker color, though still somewhat flecked Avith blood. The
absorbents become more and more involved ; it seems now that general
ulceration has set in •- and the additional symptoms are henceforth those
of farcy.

To prevent its being mistaken in its earlier stages for strangles, whicli
is sometimes done, the following directions will suffice :

Strangles is peculiar to young horses, and at the outset resembles cold
with some fever and sore throat, accompanied generally by distressing
cough and some whee/ing. The enlargement Avhich sometimes appears
beneath the jaw in strangles is not a single small gland, but a swelling
of the Avhole substance between the jaws, growing harder toward the
center, and at length, if the disease runs on, breaking. In strangles the
menibrancs of the nose will be very red, and the discharge from the
nostrils profuse and mattery almost from the first. When the tumor has
/)urst, the fever will abate and the horse will speedily get well.

THE HORSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

299

To distinguish it from catarrh, for wliich also it is sometimes mistaken,
observe that fever, loss of appetite, coughing, and sore throat all
iiccompauy catarrh, whereas these symptoms are rarely if ever found
together in glanders. In catarrh, the horse quids his food, (drops it
from liis mouth partially chewed), and gulps his water. The discharge
from the nose is profuse and sometimes mattery ; the glands under the
jaw, if swollen, are movable, while there is a thickening around them
and they are hot and tender.

What to do. — The first thing to do, and in the first stage, will naturally
jsuo'o'est itself to any one who has taken the pains to inform himself of
the dreadful nature of the disease. Its contagious character renders it
diiiigerous, as has been said, not onh' to all of the horse kind but to
mail ; and no time should be lost in removing a glandered animal fi'om
the possibility of oomnmnicating the disorder to another. If stabled,
there should be no connection whatever between his stall and those of
other animals, as the discharge from the nostril, (in which lies the
(hiiijrer), may bo communicated through any opening sufficient to allow
horses to bite or nibble at each other. If i)laced to pasture, it should l)e
known that no other horse is at all likely either to be turned in with him
or to approach the indosure. And this removal or separation shf)uld
take phice whenever it is observed that there is that constant discharge
from one nostril Avhicli has been descril)ed, even though it nniy seem but
watery and natural, and the horse be in the very ))est apparent condition.
Kcmembcr that a glandered condition may long exist, and minute ulcers,
ill the hidden recesses of the nose, discharge a sort of limpid or dear
thiid, without any of the active and violent symptoms being manifest ;
hut that all this time the horse nmy be able to connuunicate the disesise
til others ; and that these may die of it while he is yet in reasonably fair
cdiiditioii.

It eaii hardly escape the intelligent horse owner that ever}' knowni
cause of the disease should, if possible, bo promptly removed. Close,
damp, dark stables, reeking with exhalations distilled from mingled dung,
urine, and rain water, ought at any rate to begin to receive a little
attention after the poor occupant has caught what is more than likely to
prove his death ; if he is jaded and exhausted by labor, no hope of cure
rail he entertained unless he is promptly released from his toils and put
i)|)on moderate and health-giving exercise only, with such generous di(!t
as will restore the wasted tissues ; if, on the contrary, he is pampered
:nul stimulated and grown unwholesomely plethoric for want of labor
jnoportioned to his good keeping, his food should be gradually changed,
and a regular course of moderately increasing exercise be instituted and

300

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

It V

persevered in till that point is discovered at which such cxerciwe U
recuperative rather than exhaustive, and then maintained.

It may be well, before proceeding farther, to caution the reader aij;aiu.it
the advice of quacks, and point out what not to do. This may l)e
summed up in the one single injunction, do nothing cruel. All such piiK ■-
tices as slitting the nose, scra^jing the cartilage, searing the glands, tirin;;
the frontal and nasal bones, and injecting mustard, capsicum, vitriol, uiul
corrosive sublimate up the nostrils, are but the hurtful devices of ignore
ance combined with brutality.

If tho disease is in its first stage when the horse is taken in hand for
the purpose of employing remedial agencies, place him in a good, dry
and airy stable, if in Summer, or in an open pasture where most of his
food may be obtained b}^ himself, observing the precautions already laid
down. If in Winter, he should still have the dry stal)le, not too oIohc,
and supplied with clean litter, and care should be taken to guard hiiii
against severe cold and exposure to any sudden change. The matter of
food may be regulated by this : it must l)e nutritious without humjr
inflammatory ; and the condition of the animal as to previous treatment
and present condition of flesh must regulate the (piiiiitity, as also to Honio
extent the quality. Then prepare and administer tho following mediciiit.':

No. 30.

1 Drnolim po\V(Iero<l sulphnto of camphor,
4 Kluiil drucliniH Fowler's solution ot'urscnic.

' \-l.

Mix with linseed meal and s^'rup to form a l)all, and give one of liko
<iuantity each day for three days ; then omit a day ; then give the halls
for three days again, and so on till a change for the better is percc))til>l('
or its failure is manifest. Meanwhile, swab out the nose every da}^ with
a solution of pyroligenous acid — using warm water, (as warm as tin'
horse can Avell bear), and putting in sutHcient of the acid at first to luako
the solution of medium strength. It should be a little increased from
day to day ; but care must be taken not to make it too strong, as violent
acid injections or swabbing solutions are calculated to do harm latlicr
than good. A good mop for this purpose may be made by attaching .>ot't
rags, (old cotton cloth is best), to a light stick, two foot in length— si>
arranging the cloth as to have it project beyond the end of the stick to
be inserted, to prevent any loughness that might abrade or scratch the
membrane, and fastening very securely, to prevent its slipping off.

If this treatment is found not to be efficacious, or if the disease li.i'
already developed into the second stage — the discharge more nnioouf',
sticky, and stringy, with glands swollen and the membrAne of the nose
of a dark purple or leaden color — adopt the following treatment, and
carry it out energetically and persistently :

aeen instanc

THE HOUSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

301

Tiiko from the iicok voiii from throe to six quarts of blood, aeeord-
in<f as the horse may appear feeble or i)lethori(!. Make a gallon of
very strong decoetion or tea of tol)aeeo leaves, -whieh keep ready for use.
Put enough of this into warm water, (as Avarni as the horse can well
bear), and swab out his nostrils with it, as high up as possible, using
mop as just directed. Then put a gill of this same strong tobae(;o tea
into a i)int of warm water, and drench him with the solution. Th(!re
must 1)0 no uneasiness on account of the dreadful sickness whi(!li this
will produce. The tobacco is necessary thoroughly to relax the system
and overcome fixed or chronic tendencies, and to counteract the influence
of the glanderous poison. Swab out the nose every day for eight or ten
days, and drench every third day for from two to four weeks, or until
the discharge has ceased and the ulcers are perceptil)ly healing.

So for the first two stages. If all these directions, (those as to food
and care as well as for the administering of medicines), are faithfully
carried out, a rcasonal)lc hoix^ of success may l)e entertained. If the
disease has [jassed into the tiiird stage, however, no treatment can be
oontidently reconnnended. So doubtful is it as to whether any remedial
agencies will avail, that most veterinarians in the United States conti-
deutlv declare that the Ix'st thing to do is to kill the sufferer in the
quickest and most humane way, and l»ury him deep in tlic ground, beyond
the possibility of his contaminating the atmosphiire witli liis decaying and
poisonous carcass. This is made a matter of legislative enactment in
England — severe penalties attac^hing to the keeping of glandered horses
—and it is contended by some that the general safety of l)oih animals
and man rc(piire like legal enactments in this country; but, as we have
said, until lie has passed into the third state, or where he seems to be
suffering with both glanders and farcy, a good horse ought not to be sac-
rificed. It cannot be too strongly urged, however, that no effort ought
to 1)0 si)ared to prevent the spread of the contagion ; and the man
who M'ould expose a horse for sale, known to him to be glandered, but
not ai)parent to a casual observer, ought to be confined in the State
prison.

A horse affected with this disease, in any stage, is dangerous to the
man who handles him ; but ho is doubly so, perhaps, when he has become
a loathsome object in limbs and body as well as hi head ; and under
ordinary circumstances it is doubtless l)est to destroy him as quickly as
possible. In case treatment is determined upon, nothing better than that
prescribed for the second stage can ho recommended.

The reader's attention oujrht to be called to this fact: that there have
been instances of a spontaneous cure of glanders — that is, of cures
having taken place without the agency of remedial means used by man ;

ill

302

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

but all such I'lisos may have been apparent rather than real — a more sus-
pousion of the active powers of tiie ])oi.son — and they ought to be looked
upon with suspieiou. These may bo resumed at some future time and
with fatal result. ,

It remains now but to suggest some precautionary measures to prcvcsiit
contagion, in addition to thowe which have already been given. If a
stable is known to have been used by a glandercd horse, no other aninml
should be allowed to occupy it until the trough, the rack, and the walls
have been thoroughly scraped and scoured whh strong soap and warm
water. Then take one pint of chloride of lime and dissolve it in two gal-
lons of water, with which thoroughly saturate every part that the horse's
nose may have touched. Next, white-wash the Avails inside. Then hum
bridles, halters, buckets out of which he has drunk — whatever may havo
been about his head — and if any blanketing has been used have it care-
fully cleansed by washing, or burn it up.

n. Farcy.

Causes — In treating of glanders and farcy there is a great diversity
of opinion as to the relations in which they stand to each other — which
IS the antecedent, which the consequent ; but the most sensible view of
the matter, and the one taken by the ablest veterinarians, is this : fiiat
the two arc but different manifestions of the same disease, and that thev
might with propriety be so treated. Regarding them separately it is
difficult to say which is the more acute form, which the more chronic, as
it is now generally conceded that a horse afflicted with what may seem iit
first a well-developed case of glanders may be presently laboring under
confirmed farcy — the last state apparently worse than the first ; again, ii
case of farcy may assume the type to which the name glanders is applied,
and in this case also there seems to be a development of the first into a
more hopeless disorder.

This would be a matter, however, of no special consequence to the
intelligent horse owner were it not that the confused notions of. men
concerning the two affections might chance to bring him face to face with
this difficulty: that, unable to eliminate the truth from the tangled
statements of some who, entertaining diverse views, may take it upon
themselves to advise, he may find himself halting between two opinions
when it is of vital consequence that he should be doing something. Let
him be assured that it is wholly unnecessary to trouble himself mth nice
questions as to the priority of either disease or the real difference
between them ; the one important point for him is to be able to detect in
the incipiency of an attack of either that one of them is present.

TIIK HOUSE, DI8EAHKS OF THE NA8AL ULAND8, ETC.

303

Si)i'iikiiig now of the farcT as u di.stinct dist'a.se, it is to bo regarded as
II trfiKTiil poisoned condition of tlu' liorse — tlie poison iiaving its innne-
diiito origin in an ulccrutod condition of tlic lynipluiti(! glands ; and its
ii'iiioto origin in wliatever tends to disorder these lymphatics. Tlie
iTinotc causes are often found in constitutional or inherited tendencies,
hut more freciuently, no doubt, in neglect and abuse — some of the forms
which these take on being overwork and under-feeding ; lack of the
curry-comb and brush ; exposure to the foul atmosphere of dark, damp
stables, and their ac^cumulutions of tilth.

The glands so affected are more numerous along the jaws, neck, and
flanks than elsewhere near the skin. Some species of poison is taken
into tlie system «)f the animal, which manifests itself by an enlargement
of some of these glands into the hard, rounded lumps, called /«rcy-/;M^/.s,
or buttons, which presently secrete and discharge dangerous infectious
niiittor. The absorbents Avhose office it is to remove useless particles
from the I)ody, take up from beneath the skin some of this virus ; they
iuHiune with it and swell ; and by their connection with the veins give the
hitter a corded, swollen appearance. The poison, of course, finally
reaches the veins and is mingled with the blood ; l)y the blood it is
conveyed to every part of the system. Acting U})ou the valves of the
veins — those little membranous sacs which assist in giving the blood a
uniform tendency towards the heart — the poison creates new knots oi'
buttons, and thus they increase until many portions of the skin are
covered with putrid ulcers

The lirst existence of an ulcerous condition may not be upon any visible
portion of the body. ]Minute poisonous ulcerations may arise; in the
recesses of the nose, and discharge so slightly as to escape observation
until the general system is thoroughly inoculated with the virus.

It is, however, extremely capricious in its manifestations ; probably
owing more to the peculiarities of different animals than to any difference
as to either immediate or remote causes of the disease itself. It occa-
sionally takes on a lingering form, and will continue for months and
years ; again it will run its course and kill the horse in an incredibly
short time.

It is extremely contagious in all its stages, and is communicable not
only to other brutes, but to man.

How to know it. — it is difficult to give in few words such directions
as enable the unprofessional and inexjjerienced reader readily to detect
this disease in its inwpieucy, and to distinguish, in its somewhat advanced
state, between it and some other diseases which have, occasionally similar
manifestations. It often perplexes by the different forms it assumes ;
i)ut dose attention to the following particulars and a wide-awake interest,,

304

1LLU8TUATKD HTOCK UOCTOU.

timt U'lids ono to oh.Si'rvo rlmnjics ami peculiar coiiditionH will prohiihly
sufKrt' :

111 .soiiio cuHOS the hoi'Mc? will droop for iimiiy days before the uppear-
unce of cither bud.s or corded veins ; the appetite in impaired ; the coat
is starinjj^, or rou^ii and uiii)leaHaiit lo (lie Mi<;lit ; his mouth is hot; his
thirst great and ditHeult to (lueiich ; tiie urine is highly (colored ; the liajr
comes off easily ; and he evinces then the syniptoiiis of a geiierullv
deranged condition.

Sometimes the horse will ajjpear to be perfectly well at night, and n-
morning one leg, usually the hind leg, will be fearfully swollen, ,
with fever, and almost without tlu* power of moving.

At other times the head will sw»!ll, the mu/zl(>, paiticularly, M'ill bo
enlarged, and an oifensive discharge proceed from the nose.

Again, this tendency to the swelling of the leg is accompanied l)v
cracks at the heels, leading the inexi)erienced to mistake it for ordinary
"swelled legs" or for "grease."

When taken by inoculation, (the poison having been received from
another animal or from trough, stable, or curry-comb), it is ajit to
manifest itself in its earliest stiiges by shivering, followed by heat of
body, a frequent and hard pulse, dullness, accelerated breathing, and
rapid elevation of temperature. These attacks may speedily prove fatal.

Jn all these cases, the poison has been working, but is not yet
((utwardly manifest. Generally the first stage of unmistakable le
manifestation is a swelling of the lymphatics, a development oi
"farcy-bud." A single bud will sometimes appear near the pastti.
joint and run up in an uneven knotty form. They usually ai)i)ear,
however, along the sides of the neck or inside the legs, and ai'e rounded,
with an elevated edge, and a pale surface. These in'csently burst and
discharge a watery fluid for some time, when a change tiikes ])lace and
the discharges become more mattery and offensive, and are mixed with
blood. They frequently increase in number until the neck, shoulders,
and legs are almost entirely covered with them — sometimes almost the
whole body becomes a putrid loathsome mass. In this last case there are
no longer any buds or knots, as the veins have become so generally
injured as not to show^ special prominences at the valvular points.

Occasionally it will be found that the buds will not idccrate, but
become hard and difficult to remove. This indicates that the progress of
the disease is susjiended ; but the poison is in the system, and if steps
are not taken at once to eradicate the seeds of the malady, it mil in
time break out and destroy the horse.

When it rises along the spine, as it occasionally does, it is to be
considered malignant and very dangerous, particularly to those horses

THE HOUSE, DI8EASRH OV THE NASAL ULANDS ETC.

.105

that aiv flit ""<l fiill-l'loodc'd — Ihc diHoiiso in thin niso lit'iiijjf mont
luolmlily tlif n"<u'H of inft'ction.

To »'iiiil)lc' our to (listin^uiHli it from those disease's for which it in
siiiiitlinics iiiistiil^'ii, the following tlirectiuns, if eloscly observvd, will he

Mitlicit'iit :

It differs from surfeit in this : that the l)udH uro goiiorally higher than
tlic surfeit tumors, more knotty, not so broad, und are found prineiimlly
oil tlic inside of the limh and not on the outside.

'riie sudden swellings of the U'gs, head, or chest ar(> chunuiterized by
linit and tenderness that do not aecomimny other enlargements ; und the
f;iiTV may !)»' distinguished from greusc or swelled legs by this : thai in
.ricase there is usually a peculiar tightness, glossiness, and redness of the
>kiii, with scurliness, discharging cracks, and a singular spasmodic catch-
iii<r up of the leg. In farcy the swelling is more sudden — the leg that is
aiiitarentlv sound at night is found in the morning swollen to an
(iiornious si/e. It is owing to a simultaneous inllatnmation of all the
:ibsorl»ents of the limb ; but instead of the redness and glossiness of sur-
feit there will be burning heat without outward manifestation, and the
!(■;: will be j)eculiarly tendcu', while the body will be generally feveri.sh.

It niav be known from that local dropsy of the cellular membrane pro-
ducing an enlargement beneath the thorax called water-farcy, by sim|)ly
oL^erving that in water-farcy there is general weakness unaccompanied
1)V inllaninialion.

What to do — Tlu! treatment must of course hi? dirccited primarily to
the removal of the blood jjoison and to the r toring of the assimilative
jiowcrs of the digestive and circulating organs. It must be both general
and local : as the vital functions arc to be restored to their nonnal condi-
tion at the same time as the outward manifestations of the poison are
removed. The buds must be dispersed and the ulcers healed by active
external ai)plieations, since the powerful internal remedies nmst be more
(ir less inoperative Avhile these receptacles of poisonous nnitter furnish a
eonistaut supply to the absorbents, to be carried by the various organs of
(ireulation to all j)arts of the body.

The tirst and most necessary thing to do is to exercise a wise discrim-
ination (/,s- fu the staye of the dLsedsi-. If found to be in its incii)iency —
few l)uds having appeared, and biding slow to spread ; no foul discharge
from the nose ; no sudden swellings and violent heat — ^the following
treatment may be adopted with every hope of success :

Pay particular attention to feeding, and to keeping the stable, ( if nec-
essary to have the animal confined), clean, dry, and comfortable. The
food should be easy of digestion, but nourishing, aud especially of such

•f

i i

806

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a character as to keep the bowels regular. Bran, oats, long forage,
(green if possible), are good ; and an occasional mash of boiled carrots or
turnips mixed with bran or shorts, to which a table-spoonful of suit is
added, will be found beneficial. He should have moderate daily exercise ;
and as much good pure water as he will take should be given him. If
the food given does not have the effect of keeping the bowels open, give
an occasional mild purgative compounded as follows :

No. 31.

3 Drachms finely powdered aloes,
1 Druchm ground ginger.

Stir these ingredients thoroughly together ; then use sufficient soft
soap to make a paste that can be rolled into a ball. Wrap this in tbiu
paper, and give by elevating his head and thrusting it into his throat.

Give the following tonic, to stimulate the digestive and secretive
functions :

No. 32. 6 Oz. powdered sulphate of iron,

6 Oz. rosin,
3 Oz. gentian,
3 Oz. ground ginger.

Mix thoroughly, divide into twelve powders, and give one night aud
morning. When these powders are exhausted, make up the same
mixture, with the exception of the rosin, which, by too long continuance
is apt to affect the kidneys unduly, and give as before, night and
morning.

To remove the buttons and ulcers, take a large stick or pencil of lunar
caustic or of caustic potash, and with it burn out the central portion of
each bud, and cauterize each ulcer. When convenient to obtain what is
called a farrier's "budding iron," the work may l)e more expeditiously
done by heating the iron to redness, and, after rubbing it on sometliiiiir
to clear off the scales, inserting the point into every bud and ulcer—
remembering that it must be done moderately, and not so as to destroy
the tissues. When these burnt places begin to slough out, and look
pale, foul, and spongy, "\vith thin matter, wash them frequently with a
solution of 1 drachm of corrosive sublimate in 1 oz. I'ectiiied spirits.
When the wounds begin to look red, and the bottom of them is even aud
firm, while tht^y discharge a thick white or yellow matter, use some
simple ointment.

If the disease is plainly in an advanced stage — ^the buttons and ulcer?
numerous and widely spread over the body ; the thirst great and hard to
satisfy ; signs of glanderous ulcers on the nmcous membrane of the nose:
the hair, where the sores have not invaded the skin, staring and easy to

THK HOUSE, DISEASES OK THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC.

307

<onic off ; the general uppcai-ancc filthy and loathsome — the following
Kcvere treatment should be adopted and pcrseveringly carried out :

111 the first place, obsen^e all the precautions as to diet and the state of
the l)owels previously recommended, l)eing careful to guard against
extensive purging, for this Avill tend rather to reduce the disease to a
lower stage, and to retard recovery.

Bleed at once, taking from two to four quarts of blood from the neck
vein, according us the body is more or less inflamed.

Take a gill of very strong solution of tobacco and pour it into a pint
of warm water, and drench with it. Repeat this dose every third day
until a change for the better has evidently taken place. If the feverish
state continues he should be bled again, taking a like quantity as at first,
witliiu a week or ten days. The practice of bleeding, as insisted ujion
by some veterinarians, cannot be recommended ; but there are cases in
wliieh it may be employed with the greatest advantage. In farcy, it
eiiunot be said to remove the poison to any great extent, though it does
ill some measure have this effect ; but the vitiated condition of the fluid
soems to render it turgid and slow, and to produce an -unnatural disten-
sion of the veins and capillaries, Avhich bleeding partiitlly relieves —
possibly by both diminisiiing the quantity a little and by a reaction which
follows the shock given to the organs of circulation by the act of blood-
letting.

The tobacco drench is a powerful medicine in counteracting the poison
in the system ; and while the dose recommended vtill make the horse very
sick, from its well-known nauseating properties, its effects ai-e not to be
feared.

On those days which intervene })etwocn the doses of tobacco tea, the
tonic powder, No. 32, may be given as directed for tiie milder stage of
farcy, omitting the rosin.

AA'lien the poison has been long at work without betraying its presence,
till all at once the horse becomes lame, his legs swell, violent general
lieut sets in, large and vicious looking buds appaar suddenly and presently
tireak, while a stinking discharge takes place from the nose — corded veins
imrt 1)uttons apjiearing in some instances along the spine — the case may
well be looked upon as hopeless ; and if there are other animals that are
ill (lunger of taking the affection from him, it is doubtless l)est, as is
jrenerally reconnliended by English veterinarians, for even much milder
forms, to kill the horse and burv him bevond the reach of all daiiffcr to
others. In this stage of the disease he is dangerous to man, and no
one ought to be required to take the risk of handling him.

Lastly, every precaution should be taken to guard against the sprcaci
of the contagion. "W^hon a horse is known to be affected with, farcv, ii"
20

i.?!

Si
i

308

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

time should be lost in cleansing the stable where he has been confitied—
washing the trough, rack and walls thoroughly, — saturating them aftei
that with a strong solution of chloride of lime, (one pint of chloride to
two gallons of water), and then white-washing the walls inside. Curry-
comb, blanket — whatever may have the poison adhering to it— had
better be burned.

m. Distemper

Causes. — This is an epidemic disease, occurring in young horses, gen-
erally, and when it once breaks out all the animals in the stable are likely
to be infected with it, unless they have already had it. Colts and young
horses will take it from older ones more easily than older ones from the
young.

If it is not actually generated by filth and uncleanness in the stables,
the disease is certainly aggravated bj' causes producing miasma and bad
air in the stables. Therefore cleanliness is essential not only as a means
of preventing the disease, but in rendering it of a mild type when it
breaks out

Horses will contract the disease from others when at a considerable
distance. It is supposed to be communicated both by actual contact and
also from germs proceeding from the breath. Hence when once it breaks
out, at the first symptoms, isolate the sick animal or animals, fumigate
the stable thoroughly and daily.

To do this fill the stable with tobacco smoke, both the stable from
whence the sick horses have been taken, and the place where they are
confined during treatment. Let the smoke be so thick as to become
quite inconvenient. Make all the animals inhale as much as possible,
Wash every part of the stable, and especially the feeding places and hay
racks, with a «trong decoction of tobacco stems, using for the purpose
cheap, rank tobacco. Keep powdered tobacco leaves in the mangers of
all the horses.. This 'being early attended to its spread may be generally
arrested.

How to know it. — The disease has three stages. In the early stage of
the disease there is a dr)% hacking cough, and there will be noticed a
discharge from the nose, first of a thin, watery fluid succeeded by a
thicker, purulent discharge -of a whitish color.

The next stage of the disease shows itself in a swelling: of the throat.
The salivary glands, which at first were inflamed, are now closed, and pus
is being formed. At lengtli an abscess is formed.

The third stage is the suppurative stage, in which the abscess breaks ;

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

S09

sometimes there are two. From this time on, the animal is in a fair way
to ineiid, and every means should be taken to promote the discharge. In
bad cases the suppuration may continue for weeks, and in extreme cases
it may continue for months.

From first to last there is a fever. The pulse is quickened and hard.
The appetite fails, both from the fever and inability to swallow. As the
fever increases the eyes become dull and glassy ; the hair is dry, will not '
lie close, looks dead ; and the animal stands with its head drooped, and
the whole appearance is stupid.

What to do. — In some cases, bleeding will be indicated. This, how-
ever, should not be allowed except under the advice of a competent
veterinary surgeon or physician. If the animal is fat, or if there are in-
dications of blood poisoning, from a quart to three pints of blood may be
taken from the neck vein. The animal must be warmly clothed and kept
in a thoroughly well ventilated but comfortable stable. Let the food be
li^ht, but nourishing. Mashes made of oat-meal and bran ; also boiled
oats; oat-meal gruel, and hay-tea should be given for drink. Give the
following :

So. 33. 1 table-spoonful pulverized gum myrrh,

1 table-spuonful guii powder,
1 table-spoonful lurd,

1 table-spoonful soft-soap,

2 table-spoonfuls tar.

Mix, and put a spoonful of this mixture on a long, narrow paddle
down the throat twice a day, so it will lodge about the glands of the
throat.

Let all drink and food have the chill taken off before giving it. If
there is considerable fever and the tongue is coated, give a little cream of
tiirtar in the drink. If the limbs are cold, bandage them and hand rul)
to promote circulation. Give once a day in the food the following :

xN'o. 34.

2 or three ounces flower of sulphur,
1 ounce resiu.

To be mixed in the food if it will eat, or in the drink. Give also three
ounces of sulphur per day, if the animal will take it. Wash the neck
tflo or three times a day with a decoction of tobacco as hot as the animal
will bear it. If these remedies are taken in time and faithfully applied,
tliev will often prevent any tumor from forming. If the tumor forms,
then every means must be employed to cause it to .suppurate. It will
then be dangerous to scatter it. If the bowels arc obstructed, remove
the contents of the rectum by the following injection :

310

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ko. 35. 4 Drachms powdered aloes,

1 Drachm common salt,

2 Drachms hot water.

Mix, and inject when blood-warm.

Use eveiy possible means to promote the formation of pus and its dis.
cliarge. Common distemper and strangles are similar in ."omc of tllei^
symptoms, and one may run in the other. Stimulate the swelling with
the following:

No. 36.

Two parts spirits of turpentine,

One part laudanum,

One part spirits or camphor.

Apply this three times a day with a
brush until soreness is jiroduced. Af-
ter each application keep the ])arts
warm with folds of flannel, kept in
place with an eight-tailed bandage, a
piece of flannel having three slits
cut in the ends for tying, and long enough to go round the throat and tie
over the top of the head.

K this does not cause the tumor to form, prepare a poultice as follows:

KIGHT-TAILED BANDAGE.

No. 37.

1 Tart powdered slippery elm,

1 Part poplar bark,

1 Part ground flax seed.

Moisten with vinegar and water equal pai*ts, quilt between two folds of
cloth and apply to as large a surface as possible. When the tumor has
formed pus and is nearly ripe, which may be known by a soft place wlieiv
it is working its way to the surface, open it with a knife with u round-
pointed blade, and if necessary increase the opening with a button-pointed
bistoury, to allow free exit of matter. It will give almost immediate re-
lief. Then apply to the swollen glands night and morning, the following:

No. 38.

4 Ounces spirits of camphor,
3 Ounces pyroligneous acid,
1 Pint neat's foot oil.

Mix. If the acid is not to i)e easilj' obtained use .strong cider vinegar.
Prepare the following powders :

No. 89.

2 Ounces powdered gentian,
1 Ounce powdered golden seal,
1 Ounce powdered pleurisy root,
1 Found powdered liquorice root.

Mix, and divide into six powders, to be given in the food night and

morning.

THE HORSE, ITb DISEASES.

rv. Nasal Gleet.

311

Causes. — Tliis affliction sometimes follows distemper and strangles and
is one of the attendants on glanders, sometimes running into it. It is
sometimes caused by a chronic affection of the schneiderian surfaces. It
is caused sometimes by the relaxing and enlarging of the ducts comnui-
nicating between the cavities of the mouth and nose by disease, allowing
the semi-liquid food and its juices to jiass into the nostrils. This is true
chronic gleet, and the discharge is tinged with what the animal eats. It
is in one of its forms a suppuration of the mucus membrane lining in the
facial sinuses, producing distortion and a terribly oifensive discharge,
which may have been produced by a blow on the face. In bad cases the
cheapest way is to end the animal's misery by killing.

How to know It. — Discharge is not always present, neither is it uniform.
Sometimes during fair weather it will be discontinued. The discharge is
a thick yellow mucus tinged with green, if the food be grass, or with the
color of the food. If it becomes purulent, that is pus, matter, and
tiiiffcd Avith blood, it may end in ulceration of the cartilages of (he nose,
and in glanders. If the discharge is confined to the loft nostril, is tena-
cious, elastic, accumulates around the edges of the nose, if there is
enlargement of the lymphatic submaxillary gland, under and on the side
of the jaw, it is cheaper to kill the horse, or else call in a surgeon, since
for the proper treatment of the disease the trephine should be used,
hy which a circular piece of the bone may be taken out to facilitate
treatment.

How to Cure. — In mild cases look for decayed molar (grinding) teeth ;
if found, remove them. Look for swelling of the frontal bone, produced
hv bruises. Put the horse where he may be comfortable, let his diet
be lijrlit, but soft ; fresh grass in Summer, with good food. Inject the
nasal passages thoroughly with the following :

No. 40.

1 Ounce bayberry bark,
1 Pint boiling water.

When cool strain through a close linen or white flannel cloth, and inject
ilaily.
Prepare the following :

No. 41.

1 Part Grains of Paradise,

1 Part white mustard seed,

1 Part powdered sulphur,

1 Part powdered charcoal.

Mix, and give one ounce daily in the food.

312 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Give occasionally in gruel the following :

Ko. 42.

^ Ounce balsam copnlba,

2 Drachms sweet epirits of niter.

This with warm clothing and nutritious food will suffice for mild cases.
Where the trephine is not to be used, ti-eatment must be persisted in until
the animal is cured.

V. Nasal Polypus.

Polypus may form upon any of the cavities of the body which com-
municate with the air, being peculiar to the mucous membrane. These
grown to such size as seriously to imiaair breathing, are accompanied some-
times by discharge of mucus which is pure. That is, it is thrown out as
soon as formed, and therefore it is not fetid.

What to do. — If the polypus which is generally pear-shaped and at
tached to the membrane of the nose, by a small neck, can be made visible
by causing the horse to cough, it may be removed by a ligature or a
pair of polypus scissors by any physician, if no veterinary surgeon is
at hand.

When the polypus is entirely concealed from view, tracheotomy may
have to be employed before an examination can bo made, since the poly-
pus may have gone so far as to oppress the breathing. Thus in all cases
of pol3T}us, unless it be so low that a ligature can be employed to strang-
ulate it at the neck, it is altogether better to call in the aid of a veter-
inary surgeon.

4 ). -„

CHAPTER IV.

DBOPSICAL AFFECTIONS.

«. DROPSY OP THE HEART. II. DROPSY OP THK BRAIN. HE. DROPSY OP THE CHKST.

IV. DROPSY OF THK SKIH OF TUK CHEST. V. DROPSY OP THK SCROTUM. VI.

DROPSY OF THE ABDOMEN.

' m

il!«

I. Dropsy of the Heart:

Causes. — ^The pericardium or membranous covering of the heart is
subject to inflammation ; by this inflammation and consequent obstructed
circulation in the minute vessels that supply it an effusion takes place,
and either thickens the walls of the pericardium itself, and thus contracts
or compresses the heart, or it is deposited in the cavity of the pericardium
in quantities varying from a pint to a gallon. This diseased condition is
generally found in connection with dropsy of the chest or abdomen.

How to know it. — In the early stjiges of the disease there is a quickened
and irregular respiration, with a bounding action of the heart. As the
fluid increases the action of this organ becomes feeble and fluttering.
There is a peculiar expression of anxiety and alarm on the countenance
of the animal. If he docs not die of the disease before the pericardium
is filled, violent palpitations and throbbings charactei'ize the advanced
stage. The breathing becomes difficult, and when the head is raised
there is a tendency to faint.

What to do. — If it is observed while there is yet a painful state of the
perioarclium by reason of inflammation — profuse effusion not having
tuken place — the first thing is to reduce the inflammation and allay the
pain, and thus forestall the further accumulation of the fluid. For this
purpose relieve constipation, which is usually found as an accom]ianiinent,
by moderate doses of salts, or of oil. Then give the following draught:

313

314

No. 43.

ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 Oz. nitrate of potash,
15 Drops tini'tiiro of uuonite,
1 riut of water.

The animal must be kept coinfortablo, according to the sea.son, and
have a plentiful supply of fresh air and cold water.

If there are no indications of relief within four hours, give the following

draught ;

No. 44.

4 Oz. solution of ncctate of ammonia,
10 Drops tincture of uconitu,
13 02 of water.

Repeat this after eight hours, and then leave off the aconite, hut con-
tinue to give, at intervals, the acetate of auunonia in water.

If the disease has leached an advanced stage, and the cavity of tlie
pericardium is largely filled with water, it is scarcely to be hoped that the
animal may be saved ; but even in that case tlie course hero proscnbed
should be adopted, unless there is some more general disorder under such
treatment as will render it unnecessary or objectionable.

II. Dropsy of the Brain.

Causes. — The remote cause of this disease (known also as hydrocepha-
lus), is some constitutional disorder of the brain, or of its membranous
covering — chiefly, as is believed, a scrofulous tendency. The immediate
causes, or the excitants to its development, are various, as castration, foot
puncture, staggers, acute diseases of the stomach, defective nutrition, etc.

How to know It. — At first an unnatural sleepiness will appear, with ap-
parent unconsciousness and a tendency to reel when moving on foot.
The pupil of the eye is perceptibly dilated ; the animal breathes in a
hard and grunting way ; he tosses his head about and throws it upward
or backward, as though in much pain. When down, with neck lying
prone, as is often the case, he will sometimes raise his head, then drgp it
spasmodically, beating it upon the ground. If unrelieved, convulsions
finally set in, and death ensues.

V/hat to do. — If the head is hot with fever, denoting an acute attack,
sponge frequently with cold water, and see that the bowels are kept mod-
erately open. If there is decided constipation, as is sometimes the case,
use an injection of soap-suds at intervals, until the bowels are moved.
Then give the following in doses of ?. ounces, morning and evening :

No. 45.

4 Oz. fluid extract of buchu,
2 Oz. iodide of potassium,
Oz. water.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

315

Continue this, keeping the liorso from labor and as quiet as possible,
until all symptoms of fcverishness disappear from about the head, and
the unnatural torpor no longer manifests itself.

in. Dropsy of the Chest.

Causes. — This disease, (called also hydrothorax), is frequently the
sequel of pleurisy, and la the result of the intlamed condition of the large
surfaces of the covering of the heart and lungs. The absorbents are in-
adequate to the taking up of the abundant effusion, so that the chest is
tilled, the luugs are pressed upon and death by suffocation follows.

How to know It. — The impaired appetite and chilliness of the ears and
legs which characterize the last stage of pleurisy, change when it is about
to assume a dropsical form, and the horse becomes more lively, his appe-
tite returns, his legs and cars become warm, the eyes look more cheerful,
and his manner is every way more encouraging. A fow hours after this
first apparent improvement, however, the breathing becomes labored, the
muscles quiver and twitch, and the nostrils flap. The animal stands
with the legs wide apart, head low, or resting upon something, neck
stretched out, eyes staring, and the motion of the flanks increased, even
brought into forcible heaving action. The pulse is more frequent, but
small, irregular and fluttering; and the nose, ears and legs become cold
again. His weakness rapidly increases, and if not relieved the animal
dies, sometimes within a Aveek, though he may linger much longer.

The disease may be detected in its early stage, or immediately after the
horse has shown signs of relief from pleuris}-^, by placing the ear to the
chest, near the breast bone. If the dropsical effusion has set in, the ear
will detect no sound, nor will any bo detected until the car is placed high
up the shoulder or flank, past the niiddle of the ribs. Holding it here,
lit the point where the breathing is first audible, and directing a slap to be
made on the other side with the open hand, the examiner Avill hear a dull^
splashing noise as though of disturbed water : and there need be no
longer any doubt as to the nature of the case.

What to do. — lu the first place adopt the use of diuretics and laxatives,
that the various organs may be assisted in carrying off the accumulated
fluid. For the first day give every six or eight hours, the following ;

No. 46.

4 Drachms powdered nitrate of potnsli,
1 Fluid ounce tincture of cardamoms,
10 Oz. water.

■mi

i'U

Mix the potash and water, and when a clear solution is fornjed adil the
tincture, and give irom the bottle twice or thrice in the twenty-four hours.

3 -.i

316

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

• Oil the second day, two or three times a day give :

No. 47. 2 Flukl ounces solution of aceUte of ammonia,

1 Oz. nitrous ether.

Mix with water and administer from the bottle.

If this treatment does not seem to be giving relief at the end of three
to five days, draw off the liquid by tapping the chest. It is a simple and
safe operation and will give relief unless treatment has been too long de-
layed, so that there is an accumulation of substances that will obstruct
the mouth of the canula and iJrevent the flow of the liquid. The instru-
ment to be used, the trocar, armed with a stylet, must not be large, as
drawing off the water too suddenly would prove fatal. The smallest of
those made for human practice is largo enough, but it must be of greater
length. Having the instrument, and that in good condition, select a place
behind and about on a level with the elbow, and take a small portion of
skin, between the eighth and ninth ribs, which must be pulled forward.
Then niiiko a narrow slit with a sharp knife upon the place which the
skin originally covered. Still holding the skin gathered forward, insert
the armed trocar into this opening and press it with such force as suffices
to push it gradually onward until resistance ceases. It is then within the
cavity of the thorax, and the stilet must be withdrawn, whereupon the
water usually begins to flow out. Take all the water you can get if the
horse will suffer so much to be withdrawn ; but if at any time during the
operation he shows signs of faintness, withdraw the trocar and let the
skin fly back. It is necessary always to have the skin drawn forward so
that on returning it may cover the wound lest the air may enter the chest
from the outside, which would prove quickly fatal. In an hour or two
after the first attempt a second may be made but the trocar must be in-
serted in a new place, as the first wound might be irritated by an effort
to re-insert the instrument.

There is sometimes apprehension lest this operation may injure an
artery by approaching too near the posterior border of a rib, but this is
groundless, as the artery is protected by the groove through which it
travels.

If the trocar is properly inserted, and no water flows, the case mayk
regarded as well nigh hopeless. A Avhalebonc may be inserted to break
away the pus or whatever substance may lino the thorax, but this is not
known to have ever resulted in any good.

If there is fluid on both sides, it should be drawn off on both sides at
the same time, to prevent pressure upon the delicate divisions of the
«hest. The fluid is generally confined, however, to one side.

The operator should stay by the animal during the slow abstraction of

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

317

the water, so thtit upon any sign of fiiintness he may withdraw the trocar
and prevent death through sudden colhipse.

After the water is pretty thoroughly drawn off, be careful to give the
putiont as much nourishing and carefully prepared food as he will con-
sumo ; and the following tonic ball should bo administered night and
morning for several times on alternate days :

Ko. 48. 1 Drachm iodide of iron,

H Or:dn Htryolinia,
Si Druubtu hulpliatfl of zinc.
4 DrauhniK cxlruct of gentian.

IV. Dropsy of the Skin of the Chest.

Causes. — This is an effusion of fluid underneath the skin of the chest ;
aud it is a sequel to various diseases — beginning genei'ally to manifest
itself only after the animal is reduced to a debilitated state. It is most
likely to occur in the Spring and in the Fall of the year, at the time of
clianging the coat.

How to Know it. — A swelling appears on the chest and somewhat
l)etwecn the forelegs ; and its dropsical character nia}' be known by its
yielding to pressure of the fingers with a fluctuating feeling.

What to do. — If it is the accompaniment of any more general disorder
the first thing, of course, is to remove that primary disease. Meanwhile
if the fluid accunmlates in any considerable quantity, draw it off with the
trocar ; and if there is not too much soreness, subject the part to regular
raid moderately vigorous friction occasionally for some days.

Diuretics arc always good in these dropsical complaints. No. 45 is
good. It is important that the bowels be kept regular, and that good
nutritious food, as boiled oats or boiled barley, with wheat bran, be given
regularly, and in sufficient quantity to nourish well. Give 4 drs. of
gentian every other day for u week or two.

It must be remembered that these medicines are to be given only in
case there is no treatment in progress for a more general disorder,

V. Dropsy of the Sorotum.

Causes. — This is usually found in connection with dropsy of the abdo-
men, and arises from either local injury and consequent inflammation,
followed by effusion, or by sympathy from that cause which has produced
the general abdominal trouble.

How to Know It. — It is readily known by a chronic distension of tho
part, except when mistaken for scrotal hernia or rupture, from which it

;

■rjji'i

:||S

,,,^^'

318

ILMmXRATEU 8TOCK DOCTOR.

muy 1)0 distinguished hy ita not puHHing l)iu'k ■with a sudden movement,
when pressed witli the lingers, hut with ii steady current and gradual
diminution.

What to do. — If it is associated witii dropsy of tho uhdomon trt at that
first, and until it is relieved, without wliich being done it is unuccessaiv
to attempt tlio cure of tho more local and dependent disorder. lu any
event, lind out, if possible, and remove tiio primary cause. Next sen to
it tluit tho bowels of tho patient arc kept noderately active ; and as in
tho case of dropsy of tho abdomen, give sutfitiient of diuretic No. 45, to
act freely upon tho kidneys.

If tho ihiid has accunmhitcd in any considerable quantity, so as to
render the scroliim painful by distension, draw it off with a lino anripci
trocar, or a hypodermic syringe, and support tho parts with an elastic
bandage.

VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen.

Causes. — This is a collection of water in tho abdomen which is gener-
ally tlie result of chronic inflammation of the peritoneum, a tough, white
membrane which lines tho abdomen and embraces tho bowels in its folds.
When this inflammation has assumed a chronic condition, the peritououra
secretes a watery fluid, because of long obstructed circulation, which tills
the cavity, and unless attended to will linnlly cause death.

rrc<iuently it follows injuries of the abdominal walls, when flic perito-
neum has been subjected to violence, and is associated with local inflam-
mation of tho muscular tissues, from which effusion is directed inward.

Sometimes it arises from obstructed circulation caused by diseases of
the liver, lungs or lusart, and again frona a poor, watery state of the
blood, superinduced by exhaustion or by scanty and innutritious food.

It is more f rccjuently found in old than in young and vigorous aniniiils.

How to know it. — Generally, a low state of health precedes tho more
uimiistakablo manifestations ; there is thirst and loss of appetite ; the
pulse is hard and small ; tho membrane of the nose is jjale ; the mouth
is dry; the head droops; there is a condition of weakness and laniruor;
and there are some signs of heart and liver diseases ; pressure "
abdomen is so painful as to cause a groan. Sometiim ., tli^
dropsy of tho sheath, legs and breast, as well as < ' i"i'

bowels are apt to be constipated, but arc sometimes ^ular ; ihe
coat is loose and staring.

When tho wat^r has begun to fill the cavity, tho horse manif ^^ n de-
sire to lie down and re!r..Jii long in one position ; there is a giadual
enlargement of the abdomen, and as tho fluid increases there is increased

(lilliciilty i,

is .slow ; h

.stances tilt

tho .skin ail

The prcj

tity, may h

one sliij) th

la niarc-

l)rognaiit (•(

feeling whi(

tluid inotioi

What to

disea.ses of
of treatincni
l)iit when it
results from
tlio horse in
imd give liin

No.<

Mix with
GuCieieiit firn

It is inipoi
iig diuretic

No. 5

Melt the so
Piit.s while th
«itli liii.seed i
'ip a .soniowii

If at any ti
''v means of
part of the dii

THE IIOllSK, ITS DISKASES.

319

(liniculty in brcatliiiij^. In tho (chronic stagi's of the d icuso, tlio projirrcss
is slow ; l)Ut tho belly bcooinos nioro tind more bii^j^y ; iind in souio in-
stiiiitTS tlio hair of tho tail comes away easily or drops out, showing that
tho skill and capillary glands of that part of tho body aro affected.

Tho presence of water, when it has collected in any consideriiblo (juan-
titv, may bo detected by placing tho ear to tho abdomen and h'lving some
ono slap the horse on tho opposite side ■with tho open palm.

Ill mares, this enlargement of tho belly is sometimes mistaken for a
jirognaiit condition ; but it may be readily distinguished by a tluetuating
tVcling which follows a pressure upon the parts with the fingers, a soi'tof
tiuid motion, us of water forcibly disphiced.

What to do. — Tf it is known to proceed from local injuries, or from
diseases of tho vital organs, it is scarcely necessary to adopt any course
(>f troutmeiit, unless, indeed, tho primary disease can itself be removed;
hut when it depends upon inliiimmation of tho peritoneum, or when it
results from bad or deficient food and unwholesome surroundings, place
the horse in a good, dry and well-ventilated stall, feed him generously,
mid give him tho folio tving tonic ball, night and morning :

No. 40.

1 Oz. powdcrod (llf,'itn1!s,
)i Ox. hiilpliuto ot'irou.

Mix with mucilage and a spoonful of linseed meal to form a ball of
Giiricient firmness for handling.

It is important that the kidneys should bo kept Gctive, and the foUow-
iig Uiuretic must bo used for that purpose :

No. 50. 2 Pounds 80'\p,

2 Pounds nitriito of potash,

3 Pounds rosin,

2 Pounds Vcnlco turpentine,
>i Pint oil of turpentine,

Melt the soap and rosin slowly together, and stir in the other ingredi-.
cuts while the former mixture is cooling. Make it into 2-ounce balls
with linseed meal, and give ono at a time as often as necessary to keep
lip a somewhat copious action of the kidneys.

If at any time the water accumulates in a great quantity, draw it off
liy means of a fine trocar, plunged into the most dependent or lowest
part of the distended abdomen.

^::'-:M^.

■i

*|;i

CHAPTER V.

DISEAS2S OF THB THROAT, CHEST ASTD LUNQS.

CHKST-POCNDER. II. BRONCHITIS. III. PNEUMONIA, OR lNFLAMMATIO.^l OP THE

LUNas. IV. CONSUMPTION, V. PLKURISY. VI. COLDS. VII. BNLAROBD GLANDt.

VIII. SWELLED THROAT, OR LARYNGITIS. IX. CHRONIC COUGH. X. MALIGNANT

EPIDEMIC. XI. DIPFICULTY OF BRRATHING. XII. BROKEN WIND, — BELLOWS,—

HEAVES. Xlir. INFLUENZA. XIV. SPASMODIC ACTION OF THE GLOTTIS AND EPI-
GLOTTIS XV. CROUP. XVI. BLEEDING FROM THB NOSE. XVII. STRANGLES.

I. Chest-Founder.

Tills when It is not soreness of the muscles from hard work, is rheii-
juatism in its acute form. Sometimes it is caused by lesion, or straining
of the muscles or the tendons connected with them.

Causes- — Tt may bo brought on by suddenly allowing the horse tn
become chilled after heating, giving large drafts of cold water wlien
warm, or driving him into cold water up to his belly when heated.

How t*l know it. — The horse is dull ; his coat may be staring ; lie
is stiff, and moves unwillingly. Sometimes the soreness extends to the
limbs ; usually does from sympathy. There is fever in the parts affected
and accelerated pulse, the latter from 70 to 80 beats in a Ininutc. Also,
sometimes profuse sweating and heaving at the flanks, but the legs will
remain warm. The parts affected may be more or less swollen, but
always tender to the touch.

What to do. — Clothe the horse warmly, and put him where lie niiiy
be kept so. If the animal is fat, and full of blood ; if there is evident
determination of blood, bleed moderately, say a pint from the neck vein.
320

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

321

We never, however, advise bleeding, except by a veterinary surgeon or
physician who knows his business. Wash the throat in warm salt and
wttter. Relieve the bowels as soon as possible by an injection of soap
suds, if the rectum be impacted. Give as a laxative 4 drachms Barba-
dnes aloes. Pulverize and mix into a ball with molasses and linseed meal
to form a mass or give the following :

No. 51.

}i Oz. grouiitl ginger,
1 Uraehin turtur emetic,
1 Pint suit unil water.

Mix and give as warm as the horse can swallow it. As a rule the
hors? being thoroughly physicked will get better ; if not, apply a mild

blister.

No. 52.

1 Oz. powdered cantliaridcs,
8 Oz. lurd oil.

Heat to blood heat and mix thoroughly. Shave the hair from the
breast, wash with warm vinegar and apply the mixture rubbing it well in.
When the blisters rise dress with a plaster of mutton tallow.

'-^'

A FIT SCUJHCT FOR FOUNDER OR BKONCIIITIS.

n. Bronohitia.

Causes. — Exposure of a hoatcd and steaming horse to chill, or over
Pxortion, and leaving the horse in the stable, when the system is quite
roliixod. Killing to town and leaving a horse in the cold and wind while
the owner is making himself comfortable. There is first a cold, enlarged
glands und swelled throat. The inflammation extends down from the

C^f

i-'^'l '\{'<i

;

f; ■

i=is

322

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

larynx through the trachea into the broneliial tubes and air passages of
the lungs, and ends sometimes in confirmed and incurable bronchitis.

How to know It. — In the acute stage there is difficulty and rapidity
of breathing, from the filling of the membranes with blood and the con-
sequent diminishing of the size of the tube. After a time mucus is
formed and increases the difficulty of breathing and causes a cough. The .
pulse will be 60 or 70 beats per minute ; the cough will become hard and
dry, and the sound in the throat will bo rattling, and after the secretion
of mucus a gurgling sound will be given similar to that made in ])lowinw
soap bubbles. In extreme cases the breathing becomes extremely labori-
ous, the cough is constant and distressing, the legs are extended, and at
lon<^h the animal dies of suffocation.

A HORSa DRBSSBD FOR BROKCHITIS.

What to do. — ^The first step is to find the extent of the inflammation.
Never bleed. Clothe the animal warmly and give an injection of warm
water to relievo the bowels. Avoid all strong purgatives. In fact, give
none unless the bowels are decidedly bound up. Let the food be soft ami
laxative, green grass in Summer, or mashes and gruels in Winter. For tlio
throat, scalded soft hay, fastened by means of the eight tailed bandajji's,
will be good. "Wash the neck and chest with a weak decoction of tobacco
us hot as it can bo borne. "When dry, shave the hair from the chest and
apply a blister of better strength than that advised for chest founder
The following will bo good :

Xo. 53.

1 Ounce powdered cantliaridcj),
1 Outine powdorcd resin,
i OunccD lard oil.

Melt the resin and lard together, with just sufficient heat to melt the

fOSlll. J

f'liest nn(
folloHiiii;

Shave

For tlic

two piocei

also four

pieces wit!

on piich .sit

and laid :i]

to hold all

ininicdiatcl

nniy l)e, ai;

recovered.

In \ery a
pulse rcijaii
once a day,

No.

At llie (
irive the fo

Rul) dowi
f'vorv hour
till' I'ludanur
"inniended.
I'ot-'itoes, aiK
'li'"fy food.
P-'^s and In:
f-'ivcn moistoi

^f the di

''■emnlous.
'"ir diflicultv
iiiit with fr

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

323

fosiu. Add the ciintharidos und stir until it sets together. Apply to the
"host and throat if the case is desperate. If only irritation is desired the
lollowiiig will be good :

No. 54. 4 Ounces lurd oil,

1 Ounce turpentine,

Druclims powdered ciintbarides.

Shave the hair and apply by rubbing in.

For the body prepare a strong cloth as shown on preceding page. Got
two pieces of Hannel three yards long and the full width of the fabric,
iiUo four pieces half a yard long and a foot wide. Saturate one of the
picics with cold water, fold, and apply near the top of the back, equally
on oacli side. Two of the smaller pieces are to be saturated with water
iiiul laid along the sides of the chest, fasten the jacket at the back so as
to liold all snug. "When the flannels are warm remove them and replace
immediately with others. So continue for two or three hours as the case
muv 1)0, and then allow them to remain until the animal is pretty well
recovered.

In very aggravated cases of congestion give every half hour until the
iHilse regains its tone, and then at longer intervals, reduced at last to
once a day, the following :

■■ i ■■1

Ko. 55.

1 Ounce sulplniric ether,
1 Ounce luuduuuui,
1 Tint water.

At (he tliiixl dose discontimio if the effect required is not produced and
irivc tlie foUowintr :

No. 5(5.

)i Ounce of nconifc,

H Drachm oi extract of belladonna.

Kuh down tlie belladonna with an ounce of water. IMix. Give this
rvorv hour until the pulse is better, then witlidraw the aconite and half
the liudiiiuni, and ado half a drachm of belladonna to the drink lirst rec-
ommended. (No. 55.) Let the food bo thick gruel of oatmeal, l)oilcd
potatoes, and oattncal and bran mashes. Give no dry, and esiiccially no
dirty food. When the animal begins to recover so as to cat whole grain,
pass and liay, let them be especially freed from dust, and let them be
piven moistened, until the horse bo perfectly recovered.

If the disease is to terminate fatally, the i)ul.se will grow (juick and

tremulous. In drawing the breath the body will quiver, showing incrcas-

iii;: difficulty and pain. The membrane of the nose becomes of a bluish

iiiit with frothy blood and purulent matter about the nostrils. The

;

•

!!■:

324

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

respiration, will become more and more difficult, and the cough most
distressing, and continuing until a quantity of Huid matter is ejected from
the nostrils, only again and again to be resumed. Thus the animal suifors
and dies, or else slowly recovers, remaining through life with the couirli
of incurable bronchitis.

A COUaU OF INCUKAULU BKUNCUITI8.

III. Faeumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs.

This may follow acute congestion of the lungs, this being really its
first stage, though often not noticed, by the ordinaiy observer, as such.
Hut congestion may occur in its sudden and fatal form from ovcrtaxiiii;
a fat hoi-sc, or one otherwise out of condition. Suppose from lianl
driving or hard riding he hangs heavily on the bit ; droops and staggers^;

A CASK OK COXGE8TION.

if not pulled up he may fall ; or getting to the stable ho stnnds with
dilated nostrils, extended head, quick, convulsive or labored broatliin:'.
eyes staring and bloodshot, his nasal memln-ane deep red or l)luc, aini

pulse nipid
ii'sj)initory
if the heart
the linil)s ai
the body, th
the nock veil
hiii cases.

Koinove 0}
iillow liini ph
lie h:i<i ; whi
water. Jf tl
itf water, or
water. Give
active liand n
while the bo<
covorod with (
treatment the

How to kno

have just dcsc
■^^liivoniig, and
Thorc will he s
hut opj)ressed
''I' rod, and as
<dnic from tlie
■■il'"i't: so will
•iihI llic latter
I'inition of t
'!ii^' ox will lie
'■'■'■pitation of
■M'at of (|,(. ^]]^

'i"niml iniirmi

'•"■• Rv ixMvn

'''•'•tod parts, t

•'■'d ovoii groani

^''•" "f the dis(

'■'ill its hoaithv

'•'«'d ])arts will

'nnis.l.v f|,(, ,,

'lie hand, the j:

'''•alioii of tlio

•"hat to do.-

'''•""I may be di

i t. 'Sc

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

,12:1

pulso nipicl mid Aveak ; if in putting the ear to the chest there is a h)ud
respiratory murmur with crepitation (a peculiar sliglit cracking sound) ;
if tlic licart, as felt behind the left elbow, is beating tumultuously ; if
the limbs are cold, with perspiration breaking out on different i)arts of
the l)()dv, there is no time to lose. In extreme cases bleed at once from
the neck vein. The blood will be turbid, dark, almost jelly-like in very
hjul cases.

Kemove everything from the aninntl that may impede breathing, and
allow iiini plenty of fresh air. Give an active stinmlant, the easiest to
lie had ; whisky, four or five ounces, or a tumbler full in a half pint of
water. If this cannot be had give an ounce of ground ginger in a pint
of water, or a half ounce of oil of turpentine in half a tumbler of
water. Give also warm water injections to relieve the bowels, and also
active hand rubbing of the legs to promote circulation to the surface,
while tiie body is enveloped in blankets wrung out of hot water, and
covered with dry ones. If the patient does not soon recover under this
treatment the case will be one of pneumonia.

How to know It. — If tin? disease does not succeed to the sj'mptoms we
have just described, those of acute congestion, there will be u chill with
i^hivering, and generally a dry cough, but deep as though from the chest.
There will be a hot skin, indicating fever, quick-labored breathing, a full
liut oppressed pulse. The membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth will
lie red, and as the disease advances a yellowish or whitish matter will
conic from the nostrils. The horse will always stand with the legs wide
apart : so will the ox in bad cases,
niul the latter will moan with each ex-
piration of the breath. Generally
the ox will lie down. There will bo
crepitation of the lungs about the
Mat of the disease, and a more than
iionnal iinu-nuu' upon applying tlio
car. Kv percussion, striking the af-
fected parts, there will be flinching
aid even groaning, but except at the
H'al of the disease the chest will re-
tiiiii its healthy sound, while the dis-
lased ]iarts will sound dull and solid.
ilms.iiy tlio ear, and sounding by
the hand, the progress of the solidi-
ticatioii of the lungs may be followed from day to day.

What to do. — Under the advice of a veterinary surgeon or physician,
'lood may be drawn. If none such are near, if the; animal be voung and

-su-«--^

TUB POSITIOK AtOTMKn BY TIIF, IinlIHE
UUIIINO AN ATTACK Or" I'NF.C.M'iXI A .

in ''•.•■5

. I'-'i. :^

^■^■■l^^

^nna^tmir' »iP"w ■ ■

326

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

plethoric, blood may bo drawn in the earlier stages. Place the aiiiniul m
a loose box stall, with plenty of ventilation to the stable. If the bowels
are costive, loosen them by injections of warm water. Bandage the
limbs to keep them warm, and give the body such clothing as the noces.
sities of the case seem to require. Let the food be simple, laxative aiij
cooling. Bran mashes, boiled carrots, linseed meal, soft sweet hay. Dn
not check diarrhoea or profuse staling ; it is an eff(n"t of nature to relieve
the system. If there is fever, give plenty of Avatcr. If there is swift
l)ulso and oppression of the lungs, give 20 to 30 drops of tincture of
aconite in half a pint of water, or 1 to 2 drachms of tincture of veratrum
in water every two hours. If under this treatment the system becomes
depressed, and it must bo ■watched, discontiime. If the pulse falls — if
there is trembling sweats, and a peculiar anxious expression in the eves,
discontinue. If there is great exhaustion, give moderate doses of whiskv,
but discontinue it unless good effects are seen. If there is much weak-
ness, give two drachms each of camphor and of carbonate of ainnionia,
made into a ball with molasses and linseed meal, twice a day. la the
case of considerable congestion, strong mustard jJOuUices will bo indi-
cated, to be applied to the chest ; or in extreme cases, blister.

In the case of cattle, the same general treatment should be followed.
Double the quantity of aconite and ammonia should be given. As a rule,
cattle require more than the horse ; and in giving medicine to cuttle it
must trickle down the throat, in order that it may not pass into the first
stomach.

In this disease symptoms must be watched. Good nursing is of espe-
cial value, and as the animal begins to recover, give soft and easily
digestible food, and assist the system if necessary with Avino, ale or
whisky in vei'y light doses.

IV. Consumption.

This hereditary affection is much more common in the West than i>
generally supposed. More common in cattle and even in sheep and
swine than in horses. In horses it is comparativel}' rare. The disease
may bo connnunicatcd to healthy animals by inoculation, and by catiiifr
the raw flesh of diseased animals, and it may also be superinduced in an-
imals predisposed to the disease by local inflanunation ; so also the germs
may bo received in milk, when the disease has invaded the inainmarv
glands of the cow. Deep milking cattle with narrow horns, thin nocks
and narrow chests arc especially predisposed to the disease. Tuberolcs
may bo developed in any part of the body, even, in rare cases, the bones
and muscles ; the lungs, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries
and the kidneys are tho usual seats of the disease.

'*?*«.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

327

Causes. — Budly constructed and illy ventilated stables ; moving from a
warin to a cold climate ; exposure to cold and wet ; or any thing which
tends to lower the health in a predisposed auinml will bring on the disease.

How to Know It. — The disease may bo acute, carrying off the animal,
sometimes, in a few weeks. It is generally chronic. The attack is insid-
ious, tubercles often being formed before danger is suspected. There is
a cenonil dullness and loss of spirit, tenderness of the withers, back, loins,
and of the walls of the chest. In cattle the nose will often l)e dry, sliow-
inir fever ; the ears and horns will be hot ; the skin loses its elasticity and
pliant (juality. The heat of the body may go up to 102 degrees ; the
pulse is weak but accelerated, and there is a slight, dry, but not frequent
couifh ; the lymphatic glands about the throat may be enlarged and there
nmv be swelling of the joints. If the chest is sounded there may bo
heard a murr.mi'ing sound hoarser than natural, if it be listened for just
over the lower end of the wind pii)e or in the chest. As the disease ad-
vances, the eves become more and more sunken, the skin becomes more
and more hide bound, the hair is dry and erect. If the bowels are
involved there will be more or less scouring, and if the lungs are jjrin-
eipallv affeeted there will be swelling and lameness, labored breathing,
exhaustion and profuse perspiration (jccmn'ing upon th(! slightest exercise.
There will be temporary windy distention of the stomach after feeding,
and tlie appetite fails. The cough increases with rattling, the dischaige
at first liglit, increases. There is ci'epitation (a rattling or snapping
sound) of the lungs, with a Avhirring or gurgling of the chest, and percus-
sion gives a dull sound, Avith wincing when the parts covering them are
handled. So if tubercles are formed iu the liver, pancreas, or kidiu'vs it
will show the involvement of these parts. KcH-overies are rare. Occasion-
ally ealeifieation of the tubercles occurs in animals naturally of a strong
constitution, but the disease usuallv ends in death.

What to do. — A cure is scarcely ever accomidished. The symptoms
may he mitigated. The animal must have dry, pure air, plenty of sun-
shine, Sunnner and Winter, and be protected from suddi'U changes, and
must he kept warm. The food should be light and digestible, good grass
iu Sunnucr and jrround food with linseed meal and roots in Winter. }\\
the earlv stajxes of the disease four to five drachms of gentiap nmv be
given daily in the food, at two or three doses, alternated with two drai'liins
of sulphate of iron as a tonic. As au expectorant, and diai)horetic, give
occasionally three to four ounces llowers of sulphur every other day, or
ouce in tlu'ce days, or to act on the skin and as a diuretic, the following:

No. 57.

2 Ounces of flowers of sulphur.

2 To 3 three Oruchms powdered reHln.

' ■■''

328

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Mix and give a dose daily until the effect is pr()du(iod ; and afterwards
as needed. As an antiseptic (to <-ounteract putresence) the funics of
burning sulphur would he indicated.

How to Prevent. — From what wo have written the owner will under-
stand the difficulty attending the treatment of this disease, and also its
danjrerous character in the case of cattle. The flesh and milk it is hotter
not to use at all, although danger can be destroyed by the most th()rou<.fh
cooking. Using consumptive animals as breeders, or selling the milk of
consumptive animals should not bo thought of. Drainage, good i)astur-
agc, a warm, sunny location for the stables and yards, care against all
chronic and debilitating diseases, good, liberal feeding, especially when
animals are giving milk, the prompt removal of all consumptive aninuils
from pastures and buildings, and the thorough fumigation of the latter is
recommended.

V. Pleurisy.

This is an inflammation of tho membrane lining of the chest and
covering of the lungs. It is common to all domestic animals, in exposed
situations and those liable to rheumatism. The pleura is one of the serous
membranes, those lining close cavities, as the chest, abdomen and joints.
In health they are insensible to us, but under the effects of inflainiiiiition
tlic most sensitive and painful possible. Since every inspiration and
expiration of the breath moves these membranous linings upon each otlier,
we can at once see the extreme anguish it must occasion. If relief is
not soon obtained the disease quickly ends in death.

How to know Pleurisy. — There will be some alternations of shiverinjr
followed by heat of the skin, sometimes extending to the limbs. Tiiere
will be localized sweating and congestion of the muscles. If confined tn
one side the foot of that side will be extended. The animal will look at
the flank, lie down, rise again, and there will bo general uneasiness indi-
cative of pain. The pulse will be quick and hard, seeming to strike tlii'
finger under tho compression. There will be inclination to cough, but
which tho animal will fear to exercise. The cough is not always present,
but when so, is always suppressed, short and hacking. Tho breathing
will be hurried, but apparently confined to the abdominal nmselcs, the
inspiration short and checked, but the expiration slow and j)rolon<rcd.
In pneumonia and bronchitis there is often intense redness of tho
nose, in pleurisy less. There is no nasal discharge and the heat of the
breath is not so great as in pneumonia. After effusion of serum (fluid
matter or water) into tho cavity of the chest ensues, which may be in 24
or 36 hours, the pulse becomes soft, aud the anin»al seems better. If

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

32!l

the effusion is re-absorbed the iiuinml will recover. If not, the pulso
loses its full tone, and again becomes hard and (luick. The breathing is
a<;:iiii (litiicult and attended with lifting of the think and loin. The nose
and head is extended, the nostrils are dilated, with signs of suffocation.
The pulse at length becomes weak, thrilling at each beat until at length
the nuinial wavers, staggers, falls and dies.

An attack of pleurisy is oft<Mi taken hy those unacquainted with the
disease for spasniodic colic. This error, if made, will probably bo fatal
to the animal affected. In colic the pulse is natural at the commence-
mcut, and the paroxysms of pain are of short duration. In pleuris}' the
arterv is thin, the pulsations seem to strike the fingers, but the stroke is
short. The pain is continuous, the body hot, but the feet generally cold.

What to do. — The same general care as in bronchitis and inflammation
of the lungs is to be observed. If there is a chill, wrap the horse com-
pletely in blankets wrung out of hot water, and cover with dry ones.
AVhen removed, do so a little at a time, rubbing dry, and re-clothe warmly.
If taken in its earliest stage, give :

No. 58.

yi Ounce lauJunum,
>i Pint Ilnacca oil.

This will often prove effective ; if not, repeat the dose in a few hours
For ail ox, give double this dose. If the symptoms increase, apply a
strong mustard poultice to the side of the chest, or a blister. No. 53
may be applied to the chest. The bowels should be kept moderately
open. If effusion of water takes place, give (i drachms of acetate of
potiissa once or twice a day in a pail of water. The following will be
found excellent in place of the last named remedy, if there is weakness
uud ii rapid pulse (70 to 80), and scanty urine :

No. 50.

H Ounco tincture of cblorido of iron,

?«' pull water.

Give as a. drink twice daily.

The effusion of water not yielding, the che-st may be tapped with a
trochar. Divide the skin with a lancet, between the eighth and ninth
ril) and near the lower end. Be careful the air does not enter. Draw-
off only a part of the water if it produces a shock. In this, one should
liiive the advice of a veterinarian. Repeat in 24 to 48 hours. The ani-
mal sliould be kept up with sulphate of iron, two drachms, twice a day,
in water, with stimulants and easily digestible and nutritious food.

It is al)S()lutely necessary, after effusion of water has taken place, that
the urine should be passed freely to assist absori)tion. To this cud the
following will be indicated :

'IT

I liii;^

330

No. 60.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 DriiL'hm todlilo of potuKsluni,
1 Drat'bm carboniito of ammonia,
^ Ounuo powdered guntian.

Give twice a day as a drench in a (juart of water, or as a hall niixi'ij
with linseed meal and molasses.

VI. Colds.

Colds in horses, as in the human family, are usually the result of im-
l)roper care or undue exposure. Taliing a horse from a liot, illy ventil-
ated stable, and allowing him after driving to become cold, is one prolific
cause; of colds. There are so many means of causing this disability that
it would be impossible to cimmerate them. If the attack is light, all tliut
will be necessary will bo to clothe the animal warmly and rela.x the bowels
with a warm mash, and give rest for a few days.

Sometimes, however, the attack is prolons^'od
and severe. The appetite ceases, the coat rouirli-
ens, parts of the body arc hot and others coUl, the
membrane of the nose at first dry and i^ilc,
with the facial sinuses clogged, at length ti'imi-
nates in a discharge more or less great, but with-
out injproving the health of the horse.

What to do. — Keep the animal warmly clothed,
in ample box stall, with plenty of bedding. If
A HOBSE's HEAD WITH COLD, tlic cold docs uot givc Way in a few days after

the first attack, and the symptoms arc as wchavc
indicated, or if the membranes of the nose are dry, make a sack of
coarse gunny cloth, large enough so it may fit the nose properly, hut eii-
larjriujr to the bottom, and two feet or more long, with a slit covered with
a Hap in the side, half way down. Put into the bag half a \wvk or iiioro
of coarse pine sawdust with which half an ounce of spirits of turpentine
has been thoroughly mixed. Place the bag on the nose as shown in
the cut on next page.

Turn two gallons of hot water in the slit, and every twenty luiinites
repeat, allowing the bag to remain on an hour each time, use this six
timds a day until the discharge begins. AVhen water runs freely from
the nose, three times daily will J)o enough. Let the food bo good scalded
oats or other like food, with mashes if the l)owels are constipated.

An animal with this kind of a cold should not be put to sto.'uly work
until entirely recovered. The result of protracted cold is great weakness,
and work before recovery often leads to disease of the air passages and

lungs.

If there is nmch fever givc the following :

»i! 4

inutes

lis six

from

laldcd

v.'ork

bsand

No. 01.

THE IIOH8E, ITS DIHEASKH.

2 T>rn(!liniR f>plrltii ot ammonia,
2 UruuliiUM cthor.

ly.ii

Mix aiul ii'ive ill !i lit III' frnu'l, (say 1-2 pint,) twice ii diiy. If tlu' tliroiit
is iuvolvod poultic'i' it with linseed iiieiil in which ii little niUHtard han been
mixed. When the symptoms give way and improveniont begins, or if
till! appetite is not good prepare the following :

No. 02.

2 Ouncpn powdered frcntiaii,

2 Ouucus curbouatc uf uniiuonin.

Fiuiii this into a mass, with linseed oil and molasses, divided into eight
pints and giv(' one twice each day. If the cold beconies chronic it ends
ill ciitanh. When there are catarrhal syniptouis and soro throat give the

following !

No. 03. 1 Dniclim extract or bellttdoniia,

2 Drnchm.s Ipooao,
2 I >rarlimM powdered camphor,
•1 Dracliuis nitre.

^lix into a hall with linseed oil, and give one
oviTV throe or four hours. In inveterate or chron-
ic <(»ld there is discharge, and swelling of the lym-
liliutic gland. We have already shown how glan-
ders may be known.

"We give :i cut show-
ing the enlargement
of the lymphatic
gland ill chronic
cold. In case the
horse gets cold it is
better that he l/e ex-
amined by a competent
veterinary s u r g e o n,

«/~i^'

HK>U WITH l.YMPItATIi' <ILAND
(If TMK TllHOAT SWOLI.K.V.

l-Tlie cnlurgeil lyiiipliutlc within
tliL' Jaw.

KOSB IIAO FOIl KTRA.MIN'U
llwIlKE WITH L'UL1>.

(.not hy a (juack,) in order to bo sure the disease is not glanders.

Vn. Enlarged Glands— (Goitre.

There are various glands in the throat that are subject to enlargement
from (liseaso, and which remain permtineiit after the disease is passed.
This rci-ult is generiiUy more unsightly as a blemish than as a real disa-
bility. Goitre, however, is a disease peculiar to sf)mc ruiiestone regions,
producing in animals sis in man a swelling of the thyroid gland. In some
IHirtioiis of the Eust it is quite prevalent, producing extensive enlarge-

Wl*

■ Wr- UuJ

l^f\X; ]'.■ :' E^

^T.-v'l:.. ''lllPii

■ ' '^'1 mm

ft m

-i'-N|: m

..Ii m

%'H Wm.

i^^^^^ AWtm

3.32

ILLUSTKATKU STOCK UOCTOK.

■13

til*

■"*■■ S.I

uieiitM ill l!iiiil).s. It also iittiicks ciittlo ami swine. In solid-hoofed ani.
nials, a.H in the liorsc, thoro may he u swelling on either side ; in oth' rs it
is in the ccntei- just below the roots of the jaws. For all enlargements
of the glands, lineture of iodine will disperse the swelling if it ni v W
possilde. In bronehoeelo or goitn;, rainwater only should be given to
drink ; iodine in doses of ten grains daily may be given on an empty
stomach, and the swelling may bo painted with the tincture. This to he
porsist<'(l in for months. Another remedy that has been suceessfiij, is

tlic following :

No. 04.

ii Oniclim toilUlo of potaBsiuni,
1 DriK'hm lUjiior potaRgo;,
>i riiit riiiuw;itcr.

jSIix, and give as a dose night and morning, using the tincture of iodi

on the goitre.

VIII. Swelled Throat, or Laryngitis.

Causes. — Foul stables or any cause producing colds, catarrhs, etc. It
is sometimes divided professionally into laryngitis and pharyngitis, but
practically they are one — intlammatiou of the air and food [)assages of
the neck, generally accompanied with cough, difficulty in swallowing
and fever.

How to Know It. — The animal is dull. The head is carried in apeculiiir
manner, as though the neck were stiff. There is a short, frequent
cough, the breath is hurried, the pulse full and throbi)ing, and the mem-
branes of the nasal jiassages are high colored, almost scarlet. There
will be a hoarse sound, approaching to a grunt, at each breath taken, if
the ears are held against the animal's wind-pi[)0. Externally there is
more or less ciilargement over the region of the larynx, the enlargement
of the •windpipe next the throat. Handling the throat seems to produce
extreme pain.

What to do. — Reduce the pulse at once by doses of tincture of
aconito in a wine glass full of water, repeated every half hour. Phue
the steaming-bag on the nose, as recommended for colds. Keep it cm-
ployed almost constantly, for there may be danger of strangulation. If
the steaming seems to distress the animal, omit it, or use it only occa-
sionally, and soak soft hay in boiling water and apply to the throat m
hot as can be borne. Bandage and fasten with the eight-tailed bandage
previously described. Or, ferment the throat with cloths wrung out of
hot mustard water. If there is difficulty in swallowing, put a tea-
spoonful of the following m'cU back on the tongue several times a, day;

Do not i

gently as p
give three t

No,

III case i
throjit will I

No.

Mix, sliiik(
Jay. If this

Xo. (1
Mix, and ai

A llDllsg WHU Til

^Vheii the sj

nose beeoiniiio

"lore free, or

■•'I'lX'araiico of

"1 tile throat,

Move tlic seto

"IIP of (he kii

food— hay .„,(

stones or grit a

'"?• In this, .,

*»orse may quid

TIIK IIOUHK, ITH UIHKASE8.

3;]3

No. 0.1.

1 Oiiiico iiowUorod guiilai'uni,

4 OiniuPM powdered vhlorittu of potuxli,

>■ I'illt of lllolUHIOI.

Do not ill administoriiijjf iinythlujj, force tho jiiw.s wide apart. Act as
ccntlv as nossililc. If the iinimal is fcvcri.xli and the throat hot and drv,
five throe times a day, in a pint of cokl linseed tea, the foHowing:

No. 00.

1 Drnclim i)owdorcd Ipccnc,

1 Ouiiuo Holiittoii ot uvotatu of ammonia.

Ill case the disenso becomes chronic, the foHowing excitant to the
thrimt will 1)0 indiciitcd :

No. 07.

1 Purt oil of turpontlne,
1 I'art Nolutlon of ammonia,
1 I'urt oUvo oil.

ilix, shako the bottle before using, and rub well in on the throat every
day. If this does not relieve, apply the following bli.ster:

No. (W. 1 Drauhm crofon oil,

1 Drachm sulpluiriu ether,
10 Drachmn alcohol.

Mix, and apply by rubbing with considerable friction.

ll'^U

i-,

A IIOIISS Willi TMIt TIIIIOAT DLISTSHXD.

A 8KT0N i:< TUB TMIIOAT OF A IIOItSK.

When the symptoms become more favorable, by the nieml)ranes of the
nose hocoming i)ale or more natural in color ; by the cough becoming
nioic froo, or louder, easier and with less violent breathing, and by the
iippcarauco of a white and thick discharge from the nostrils, put a seton
ill the throat, (see cut,) and allow nothing but moist and succulent food.
Move (he scton daily until healthy pus (matter) is formed. Then cut
Olio of the knot.s and withdraw it, and as the horse recovers allow dr'cr
food— liay and grain — but that entirely free from dust. See that no
stones or grit are in the oats, and soak for five or six hours before feed-
ins. In this, as in diseases where the throat is more or less sore, the
horse may quid his food. This is not a symptom of laryngitis as is some-

! I

334

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

times supposed, but known to all diseuaes wljero there is obstruction ii

A IIOU'B CjI'IDUINli.

swallowing.

IX. Chronia Cough.

There arc many cases of long standi n<» or
chronic rough. Cough is an attendant upon
so many vVisoiders of the air passages, from
the most trivial dithculty in teething to jrlaii-
ders, that a cough should not be overlooked
in the diagnose of diseases. And so inaiiy
diseases leave the patient with (chronic coii"!),
that its symptomatic stages should be care-
fully observed. , ^

Coughing tends generally to a thickening of the membranes. Whcii
the membrane covering the larynx becomes thickened, and conseiiuciitly
morbidly sensitive, th(! cough becomes fixed or what is termed chronic.
The sense of smell in tlu; nose is pc<'uliarly acute, and the meml)nuR's
of the nose and throat, as a matter of course, are fully as sensitive;. Wo
iiave said, "the liinl)s and feet are half the horse : the lungs tiie test of
ins endurance." Yet nine in ten of the stables in which horses are kept
are offensive to man and irritat(! the air jiassages when first entered. Y.i
the sense of smc;' in man is not very acute, except in a few directions.
A stai)lc therefore, offensive to man is not a fit place for horses to lie
kept, where the lungs constitute one of the principal excellencies of the
animal.

Tna ACT or col-oiiino.

The cough which accompanies the several diseases of which this Toi-
uine treats, will be described in the treatment of the diseases th'Mnsolvcs.
In this article chronic cough will be treated, the cough tluit is iijwavs
present in eating, drinking and inhaling u cold draught of air, or fnim

any cause
cure. Th
For this,
lU'uuiid the

(jivif twi

If this (1(
cough, the

(iWo, onc(
we((k or ten
wl 1 first di

THE HOK8E, ITS DI8EA8EH.

335

aiiv oiiUHO of cxfiteinont, rc(iuiring long uud careful nursing for their
cure. TJjc (-hronic t-ough, resulting from colds, is hard iind inetullic.
For this, the following will bo good, to be rubbed ou the throat and
mound the whidpipe, once iu ten days :

No. m.

1.') Drops croton oil,
1 Ounce glyueriue,

Give twice a day, for a week, the following :

No. 70. 40 DropH diluted prusslo auid,

1 Ounce nitcr,

1 Ounce hicurbonato of Hoda,
1 (juurt wutcr.

If this does not give relief, the following, valuattle for irritable chronic
louijii, the result of influenza or sore throat, may be used :

No. Tl.

1 Ounce Fowler's solution oru:'senlc,
1 Ounce chlorate ofpotaMli,
1 Di-uchui bulludonu.

(iivn once a day in water or gruel and note results, ceasing after a
week or ten days, if no iinpn)vcment ensues. For cough and sore throat,
wl \ lirst discovered, take :

No. 72.

1 Drnchm powdered cnmplior,
1 Drucliin extract bcUadona,
'i Ounces swcut spirit.'i nitcr.

(live ill a i»int of cf)ld gruel three times a day. Tnr-water is well known
to lu' valuable in obstiinite coughs. Give every morning us a drink, the

fitllowinir :

fl! M

''"i.

-m

I i

,.!?■

No. 7.1.

1 nr.ic'ini powdered squills,
H I'iut tar-wnter,
}i Pint liuic-water.

If the cousrh is violent, use as a sedative, the following ;

No. 7U

1 Drachm dilute prussic add,
'1 Drachms powdered opium,
•1 Drachms niter.

Mix in a pint of linseed tea aiid give from five to six tablc-spoonfuU
three limes a day.

Kxpeetorants, calculated to loosen the cough and restore the secretions
tot'iieir natural conditions, do not act so kindly as could be wished on
farm animals. For a long standing cough, try the following :

336 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR,

No. 75. 1 Druvbni aloes,

1 Druulini ii(|uill8,

2 Urucbiu8 t;um ammonlacum.

Mix into a IkiU with nioal and give once a day in tlio morning. If th«
cough is iiTital)le and easily excited, and the howds natural, omit the
aloes and substitute for it one drachm of opium.

For a cold settled in the chest, with cough, give every morning the
following :

No. 70.

1 Drndim Ipecac,

1 Di'uclini liquorice powder,

a Ounce nitrate of uuimnnl:t.

Add tar, the size of a hazel-nut and mix with molasses to form a liall.
All coughs resulting from indigestion or worms, and some of those
resulting from irritation of the passages of the throat, are often curcMl
by turning the horse out in Summer where he may have free range on the
prairie, where resin weed grows plentifully. A long standing ((miuI;,
however, re(|uires time, and the operator nuist use ju<lgment in adminis-
tering medicine. If ho bo a veterinary surgeon ho will make up his niiiul
from various symptoms. The farmer should endeavor carefully to do
the same.

X Malignant Epidemic.

Under this head the older veterinarians were accustomed tn tirni
several diseases that sweeping over a country Ikh muio unusually prevsileiit
or fatal. Thus Dr. Lavard and Ohmer long ajro wrote of malijrnuiit
epidemic, probably a severe forni of catarrhal fever, or epidemic <'atarrh,
and also known as influenza distemper, malignant epidemic, niurvaiii,
pest, etc.

Youatt describes a malignant disease occurring in 1714 in ICnghuui,
imported from tho continent and dcsti'oying in tho course of afewmoiitlH
70,00') horses and cattle. Professor linKjuon, of Turin, says of this
tliscase, thai it commen<'ed with loss of iip[)etite, staring coiit, a wild ;:ii'l
wandering look, and a staggering from IIks very c(>mmen<!eincnt. 'Hio
horse would <'ontiiiualIy lie down and get up again, as if lonncntcd I''
colic ; and he gized alternately at both Hanks. In moments of coiniwr
ative ease there were universal twitchings of tho skin and .spasms of the
limbs. The teni))eratur'* of the ears and feet was variable. Tf thcro
happened to be almut the animal any old wound or scar from setoniii<r"r
firing, it opened afresh and discharged a cpnintity of thick and Mack
blood. Very shortly afterward the flanks, which were (]uiet Ix'fore, bejriin
to heave, the nostrils were dilated, tho head extended for breath. Thi-

horse had

could rise

iiig, and 1

tongue wli

proceeded

of tlie dis(

iiniinal lin^

scrotum fo

IJhick sp

tissue of a

nioseiiteric

The niemlii

Avcre filled

The l)rain u

From wh
iziition, or c
over the ol):
ca» he doiK
witii judgnu
closing or ol
not pass awi
•h' mitigated

<1'1S(, giviliir

<histy. mIi.-
ci'l.v open, ai
h'oaring h:
in tlio riiitct
duccd \)y „1,.

tlic larynx ;i
iiiiiiatcs in r(

II .

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

337

horse had, l)y this time hccomo so weak that, if he hiy, or fell down, he
could rise no more ; or, if ho was up, lio would stand trembling, .staggcr-
iii<f, and threatening to fall every moment. The mouth was dry, the
tongue white and the breath fetid ; a discharge of yellow or fetid matter
proceeded from the nose and fetid mutter from the anus. The duration
of the disease did not exceed twelve or twenty-four hours ; or if the
animal lingered on swellings of the head and throat and sheath and
scrotum followed, and he died exhausted, or in convulsions.

Black spots — extravasation — were found in cellular membrane, in the
tissue of all the membranes, and on the coats of clie stomach. The
nioscntprie and lymphatic glands were engorged, black and gangrenous.
The membrane of the nose and pharynx were highly injcu-tcd, the lungs
were lilled with black and frothy blood, or with black and livid spots.
Tlie brain and its meninges were unaltered.

yi. Difflculty of Breathing.

From whatever source this may arise, v>-hethcr from some disorgan-
iziitioii, or cliango in the lungs, or obstruction in tho uir passages ; what-
ever the o])struction be, it must first bo traced to its cause l)cf()ro good
can be done. This is sometimes not easy to do ; tho owner must act
witli judgment. Thick wind often follows pneumonia, and is caused by
closing or obliteration (li('i)atization) of u portion of the lungs. If it docs
not pass away after the disease which preceded it is cntin^ly cured, it may
he mitigated by feeding the aninuil on sound oats, entirely freed from
(lust, giving but ittlc hay, that moistened, and avoiding any food that is
(lusty. Mashes aid caiTots in Winter suflicicMit to keep the bowels prop-
erly open, and turning on prairie pasture in Summer will 1h« indicated.

h'oiiring has rendered n(>arly useless many valuable horses in l>ngland ;
in the United States horses are not subject to it. It is said to l)o pro
(luced l)y ol)strtiction in some })art of the respiratory canal, most often m
the larynx imd next in the fracliea. Thus chronic cough soinclimes tcr-
niiuatt'i in roaring. In this country heaves is tho most usual termination

!• 'i

\:-\: t\.

xn. Broken WincJ ; Bellows ; Heaves.

Causes. — Broken wind is tho I'csult both of disease of the lungs i\::(\
violent e.vertions. Feeding on dusty h'".v and grain are prolific sources ff
the disease. Where no clover hay is used, the disease is i-are. It is
nminly ({tntined to horses that have arrived at maturity. A horse fed for
(lays and weeks on dusty hay, and then driv(>n hard, will exhil»it heaves,
unless his lungs and digestion arc extraordiiuirv. This diseas(> i; usually
known in the South under the name of bellows, and in the ;. >rth as
heaves, cither of them (wpressivo of the disease.

H1:t^

338

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOU.

How to know It. — Brokmi wind is nearly allied to asthma in man, bm
is more continuous in its action and less liable to occur in paroxysms.
At each breath there will be a two-fold motion of the flank, caused by a
falling in of the abdominal walls, causing the Hank to lift, then after a
l)orcepti})le interval a rising of the back part of the belly assists in freuintr
the lungs of air. There is a short, dry cough, sometimes almost iiiaudi-
bie, followed by whirring. When the horse is moved suddenly, or drivt-n
hard, when a draught of cold water is given, or the animal is suddenly
brought into the cold air, the spells will occur. Indigestion is almost
always present, and as a consequence of flatulency of the bowels. The
appetite is ravenous and umiatural ; eating the litter given for bedding, is
one of the many exhibitions of it.

What to do. — There is no permanent cure for this disability. The
symi)tonis and distress may bo alleviated by giving only sounu' grain iiiid
In'ight, hard stalked ha}', freo from dust. Prairie hay Avith ['Iciity of
resin leaf in it is the best ; noxt, clean cured corn-stalks. But little Avater
should be allowed at a time, and not more than G to 8 pounds of hav,
daily, and this given at nijrht, tho provender being confined as nmch as
jjossible to grain ami grass in Sunnnor, and grain, bran-mashes and car-
rots oi jjotatoes in >Vintcr.

This will enable many brokon-v.inded horses to do a fair amount ol
work with comijarativo comfort. In any event, a horse inclined to 1k'
thi' !»-winded in any degree, should never be tiglilly checked up, nor
al)()ve ul), 1)0 driven by jjulling in the head, causing nitduu bearing eitliir
of the c'lrb or snatlle on the jaw.

The animal should bo allowed to hold its head
in the easiest jiositiou, since its work nuist l)o nec-
essarily slow. One of the most usual palliative
means of the a;\im:il a^jpeaii:!'; for a time sound,
is to give 10 U) 1.', gr.ii'.is of arsenic a dayfnrii
week or ten days. A better preparation to give
relief — afterwards, the anim.il to be turned out
on clean, short grass, is the followitig ;

BIT BBAIIIMO UPON JAW.

No. 77.

1 Ounce Fowler's iiinlutlon of urseoic,
1 Draoliin extract of belludonim,
>i Druchin tincture of (rliigcr.

Give once a day, in the morning, in one j>i!;t of water, and continue foi
four to ciuiit weeks, as cirrmustanifs iiiuv dictate.

THE HORSE, ITH DIHEA8E8.

XIII. Influenza.

339

This opizootio, which lirst aiul last has 1)Pen protalent in nearly all
countries where tin- horse is usod, is, as to its orij^iii, liut littlo under-
Htood. Its syniptoMis, however, are well known, hwt these may bo
cotiiplifated liy inMainni:itorv symptoms of all the air passages; also hy
rlidiaiatir swollinjis, paraivsis, dulirium and inllammation of the eves.

How to know It. — The attack may ho sudden. Tliere will he stupor
aud weakness, the head will ho held low, the eyes dull and half closed,
the <rait will be weak, with enieking of tho joints somotinios. There will
111' 110 appetite, and fovor ; tho mouth hot and clammy, the bowels costive,
with t^canty urine ; the [udso (piick and weak, but sometimes hard ; the
iiicriihruno of the nose nuiy be pink, or a dee[) leaden hne ; tht! cough will
lie deep and harsh ; the coat rough and staring ; the skin tender and
sonictiiues trembling, and tho oar;* and limbs nlt<'rnately hot unci cold.
rpoii applviiig tho ear to the lungs ere})itation will bo heard, or somc-
I imps a harsh blowing sound. As the disease progresses, and the nose
(liscliarires a while, yellowish or grcenisli water, the uniinal ma}' get bet-
ter ; hut when tho lungs nrc seriously involved, the symi)tonis will in-
.roHSo. As a rule there is constipation, although purging is sometimes
[irv'scnt.

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CONriHHKn INFI.I-ENZA.

What to do. — Place tho animal in a well littered stall, free from drafts
of uir. Do not depend upon strong physic. The cliro nmst be effected
liy watching the symptoms and combating them. If there is costiveness
keep the Ijowels open by injections of two wine ghisses full of linseed
'lil. Uclicf must be had by means of sli?nuhnits and tonics, (rood
tAisinji; must bo constant, with ch>tlnng enough to keep thu uuimul warm .
A l'ockI tonic and stimulant is :

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2 Oz of gpntlnn,

2 Oz. curbuiiiitt: ummoniu.

Form in eij^ht doses and «^ivc ono ni<rht and morning. If the cough is
distressing prepare the following :

No. 70.

H ''>z. extract bclladunna,
2 Driicliin^t powtlereil opium,
■') Drudims ciinipbor,
2 Oz, lii|)ioric'u,
H I'liit iuula88L>8.

Mix thorouglily and spread a ta))1e~si)0()nful on the tongue twice a day.
If, with the cough, there is sore tliroat and catarrh, prepare the followiii<':

No. 80. 20 OraltM iodine,

1 Draclini iotlido of potasHiiim,

2 Oiinrps swt'cl spiritii of niter,
1 1'iut watur griifi.

Give this as a do.se twice a day. If the animal should begin to improve
it will be id)out the tifth day.

Sometimes recovery is complicated by various disabilities. If there in
dropsy or swelling of the legs or sheath, prepare the following:

No. 81. I Oz. iodido of poliiKNiiiin,

1 Oz. ciirlionutu of iiniinoiiiii,
1 Oz. powdered p'nliun.
Form into eight balls and give one morning and evening.

If a .si)asmodic cough follows the attack the following will l»e indicated.

No. 82.

1 Drachm I'xtrnot of belladonna,
1 Draclira <lili)roforni,
10 Drachms alcohol.

Mix in a pint of gruel and let it trickle slowly down the throat, in
order 1 produce a full I o» a I effect.

As ivfovcry ensues, the food should be I'oui'ishing and easily (ligcsted.
The animal should be induced to take food during the disease, especiallv
in the form of nourishing gnul. When tho tmUe changes, and espcmllv
when it loses its wiry character: w'kii iischai-ge from the mom

becomes steady and copious, a pint al Kd-ii-ionallv is a good stiiiiu-
hint. In any event, good, easily (iiLT.-ii-d food should be given, u»J the
animal must be nursed until entirely rei-overed.

XIV. Spasmodic Action of the Glottis and Epiglottis.

This may be occasioned rarely by food sticking in the «sophagu.s. Ii

;in<l whi'iv (h(
clntliiiig. Gi\
(|ii.irt of warn
-Vs an ant is
'■n'ry iiour in j
disease warm 1
^ later, use tl

THE HOBSE, ITS DISEASES.

341

is sometimes attendant upon rutting the teeth. In the latter case tVe
gnuis should be cut. Spasm of the glottis passes away by a peculiar
{•rowing inspiration. It is so ruro in horses that it will only be necessary
to say that its cause must bo looked to in the <]joncral health of tie
animal.

This disease is jrcnerally confined to young animals, and is more ra.\X3
ill colts than in calves or lambs.

Causes. — Bcin^' confined to damp, low lying ground, or in cold, damp,
or much exposed hjcalities.

How to know it. — The first symptoms arc like those of sore throat.
Tlicro will l)e u dry whirring breathing and a hard metallic cough.
.<iiiiictiiiics it will be heard only when spasm of the larynx comes on.
.\> tlic disease progresses the fever increases, the temperature of the
ImkIv running to 107 degrees, and the pulse from ninety to over one
hiiiuircd. White films or pellicles (albuminous false membranes) foi'm
ill the throat, which come away from time to time, or if not, the aninuil
(lies of suffocation.

What to do. — IMace the animal where it may have free air but no drafts,
tiiid where the temperature nuiy be kept con.fortablc. Allow sufHcient
cloihiiig. Give as a laxative twelve ounces fJlauber salts dissolved in a
(|iiart of warm water.

As au untispasmodio give two or thn^e drachm doses of laudanum
. vorv hour in a decoction of marsh mallow. In the early stage of the
iliscasc warm fomentations persistently applied may scatter the disease.
If later, use the following :

No. 82.

1 Part oil of turpentine,

1 Part lard oil,

1 Part soluUoii of ammonia.

Rn!) well on the affected jjarts of the throat. If the membrane in the
throat do not give way, and there is increased difficulty in breathing u.se

till' followinjr ;

No. 83.

10 Grains nitrato o( silver,
1 Ounce rainwater.

'lix and swab the throat well over the forming membranes, by means
nf a small pice*' of soft sponge tied over the end of a smooth, ficxiblo
nioco of whalebone and saturated with the nitrate of .iilver. In the case
(if foals and calves, only half the doses named must be used, and for
laml>s not more than one «|uarter. In any case damp, exposal st ibling nuist
»' a\ oidinl.

^'.

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342

ILLUSTKATKU STOCK DOCTOH.

XV. BleodiDg tcovi the Nose.

> ;rt ;

This ofton occurs from various injuries to tlio mucus mcinlmmo of tJn'
uostrils, from hard pulliufr up iiili, loo ti^'ht a collar, and from oth.r
causes, especially if tlio animal l»c full of ))lood. In theso cases, t'*-
IdoedinjjT is from oii'.' nosli-il and in drops, accr.'npanicd l)y Kncoziiur. If
the bleeding conies from the lungs, it '.vill l»o bright red and frotiiy, and
there will be a cougli. if from the stomach, it will be l)lack, clotted,
sour and accompanie(! Ity retching.

What to do. — III simple cases tic the head up as high as possiltK', blow
strong alum water from a tube into the nostril at each inspiration, and if
obstinate, plug the nostril with pledgets of tow. (Jive internally one
scruple of acetate of lead, to bo followed in half an hour with aiio'licr
if n(H:essary. In the c,is(' of an ox, two scruples nniy be given at a di)>v.

If both nostrils are involved, and the How is continuous, only one nos-
tril nuist be stopi»ed at a time, unless tracheotomy is performed, since
the horse cannot breathe throngli the mouth. '11, e ox, however, can d(i
so. Therefore both nostrils may \h\ plugged if necessary.

In performing this ojairalion (tracheotomy), on the horse, sonictiin('>
necessary in various obstructions of the throat and windpipe, a ring of
the windpipe shouKl not be severed, but only parts of two. That is, a
circular flai) sliould be excised. It should always be j>erformi>(l l»y ;i
veterinary surgeon, except in a case, when' death fi-om strangulation i«
imminent. In this case ilo not hesitate, tiiko the lancet or sliarj) knife
and, holding the horse's hcjid high, cut in u foot above the breast-boiip
and in the center of the neck, doicn to and info the windpipe. The open-
ing through the skin should be about two and a half indies long or even
three inches, and tiirough the windpipe from one-half to thrcc-(|uai'ti'r'
of an inch. If a surgeon performs the operation he will l)e proviOi !
with a tracheotomy tube ; if not, any smooth metal tube which may lie
inserted Mill do, as the spout of a tea-kettle ; this must be held to it*
place by proper fastenings, and until the wound is healed the horse must
not be allowed to i)ut his head to the ground.

XVI. Strangles.

This is a disease but little known in America. Our distemper take*
its place. It is thus described in English works : It usually occurs in
young horses, highly-bred horses being more subject to it than cM
blooded ones. When the animal is "In-eeding strangles," there is a jri'i-
eral though slight indisposition. After a few days the neck bccoiin'
stiff, the throat swells, the tumor being hard, hot and tender. Ads

THE HOUSE, ITS DISICASE8.

343

(•lmr"'L> from tho nose tnkos pliice, the throat becomes sore, the breathing
(ippri'ssi'd, the huir is staring, tlio appetite is gone, and tlie animal stands
with haif-flosed eyes. At lengtli the tumor l)cc()mes ripe enough and is
opened, as is usual in distemper. It is more than probable that the dis-
,-nso is really the same, and that strangles and distemper are one and the
.siniie thing, only modified by conditions and climate.

OPIMIICO TUB AH8CE8g OP KTIIANOLKS.

The general treatment is the same as we give for distemper. As an
aplilu'iition to the swelling to produce suppuraticn, the following is

ivioinineuded :

No. 84.

1 Part liiudnnum,

1 I'lirt spirits of camphor,

2 Paris spirit* of turpentine.

Mix, and apply with a paint brush to the swelling. In treating either
>tiaii<rlcs or distemper, no physic should be given. Good nursing, sooth-
•III.' tirinl<s, as much nourishment in tho food or gruel as the animal can
take should be allowed, and the strength nmst be kept up by every
possible means, and to induce the ripening into pus of the tumor is im-
portiint. Until the animal be again entirely recovered and in good health,
it should have no work.

CHAPTER VI.

DI8BA8BB OF THB STOMACH AHH B0WBL8.

il^

'■• !

BODR STOMACH. II. COLIC. III. THE BOT. IV. INFLAMMATION ANE

RUPTUKB OK THE COLON. V. INFLAMMATION AND BLBGUINO OK THE HEC-

TOM. VI. SPONTANEOUS SALIVATION. VII. INFLAMMATION OF TUB STOM-
ACH. VIII. SUKENES3 AND ITCIilNtt OK THE ANUS. IX. CHRONIC OA8TRIT18.

X. SPASMS OK THE DIAPHRAGM. XI. RUPTURE OF THE STOMACH.

XII. INFLAMMATION OK THE PERITONEUM. XIII. STRANGULATION OF TOE

INTESTINES. XIV. FUNCTIONAL DISEASES OF TUB LIVER. XV. PARASITES

WHICH AFFECT THE LIVER. XVI. DIARRHEA.

I. Sour Stomaoh.

Animals living upon vegetable food, where the mastication or the
grinding down of the substances taken into the mouth is iniporfcttly
accompliBhcd, or where a greedy aniniul is allowed to overloiid tin'
stomach with food, since it thus is imperfectly moistened witli .xaliva.
are subject to acidity of the stomach, fermentation of the fooil, ami
the diseases attendant thereupon. Carbonic; acid gas is evolved, and if
not checked in time will sometimes cause violent and extreme disteii.'»iipii
and iiiHammation of the stomach, the result of decomposition, or s|)ii>-
modic colic, with paroxysms of extreme agony, and sometimes the niojt
violent rupture of the stomach ending in death.

We often see violent distension of the stomach in cattle when tiiriu'd
into a field of flush clover when hungry; the remedy in this case i*
thrusting a trochar or knife into the stomach to allow the escape of tlif
gases. When in the horse inflammatory action has been set up it may
lead to many diseases, each of which must be treated according to the
symptoms exhibited.
344

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1 UU

THE HOH8K, ITS DIHKAHKH.

.145

In the first stage or that of simple iicidity of the Htonmch, if taken in
lime, treutment iH oomparutivoly easy. It is called Hour Htoniacli, acute
fruMtritiH, indigestion, tympany, etc.

Causes- — Suspended digestion and eonse<|uent fermentation from over-
lna(iin<r the sloniaeh with improperly chewed food. This will never occur
in flow feeders that fully grind and saturate the food with saliva, siiH^e in
this case tiie appetite is fully satisfied before overloading ensues. Colic
may occur hy giving largo draughts of water innnediately after feeding,
thus washing forward the food heyond the stomach. Sour stonnich may
ulso ensue from indigestible and easily fermented food, and inflammation
from eating plants that irritate the stonnich.

How to know It. — 'The first symptoms are sour stomach, simple colic,
(ir fermentation. There is fullness, causing undue distension; then
(|uirkcnc(l, deep, l)Ut oppres«ed breathing; the animal is dull and stupid ;
tiiere is increasing pain, and at length, if relief is not obtained, more
violent symptoms set in.

What to do. — ^''^^'^ innnediately one or two ounces of magnesia.

Kvacuate the bowels l»v means of injections of warm water. Kub the

lu'lly with considerable friction one way, from the forelegs back. If
tliorc is griping give the following :

No.BS.

i:> lo 20 Props oil of pcppci ..lint,
1 Uuni-o ol luiulumim.

If the weather ib cold, blanket and walk the horse to assist in giving
relief.

In the ease of the ox, give double the dose mentioned ; sheep one-
t|U!irter to one-third the dose for the horse, except of laudanum, of
which ;:ivc the sheep, 2 to .'} drachms.

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n. Colio.

TIlis may be of two kinds, spasmodic, or flatulent colic. The first is
the result of cramps or spasmodic contractions, «'ausing severe pain with
tciulcmy to inflammation. The other of distension of the bowels with
tciidency to inflammation and rupturi- of the coats.

How to know Spasmodic Colic. — There will be spasms of pain, with paw-
in;:, striking of the belly with the hind fool, looking round at the fliinks.
Iviiifj down and suddenly gelling up, rolling, or lying stretched out for
!iii instant : then suddenly rising, Ihe horse will shake himself as the
fiiiin interniits. Agai? the pain returns and the same perforniano-s are
ffone through. There nniy be fre<|uent snndl discharges from the bowels

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346

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

and bladder, and during the attacks the pulse and breathing are
accelei'ated.

THE FIRST STAUB OF SPASMODIC COLIC.

What to do. — Relieve the pain by means of an opiate, and cause move-
ment of the bowels. To do this in mild cases the following will be good
in connection with injections of warm water :

No. 86,

}i to 1 Ounce of laudanum,
4 to 6 Dnu^lniH aloes,
1 Pint liot wiitcr.

BKCOMD 8TAQB OF SI'ASMODIC COLIC.

Pulverize the aloes and dissolve in the hot water. Cool as quickly as
possible and add the laudanum, and give as a dose. If there is abund*
ant formation of gas, give the following promptly :

No 87.

K Ounce powdered aloes,
1 Ounce uroniutic ainniouia,
1 Ounce kulphuric etbor,
1 a Ounce warm water.

THE HORSE, ITS DISE\SES.

347

Mix and jrive at once. Another colic drench in good repute is the
following :

ITo. 88.

4 Drachms oloes,

1 Ounce sulphuric ether,

1 Ounce laudanum.

TBIBD STAQIC OP 81>ABM0UIC COLIC.

Mix, pulverize the aloes in a pint and a half of hot water; cool, add
the other ingredients and give immediately. If relief is not obtained,
ifive as a second dose the following :

No. 89. H Ounce sulphuric ether,

^^Ouiico hiiiiluinini,
H Ounce 8;)irlts rnniphor,
H Ouimo o.-oiicL^ ol peppermint.

Mix in a pint of gruel and turn down. The symptoms in cattle are
uiiPiisiness, shuffling of the hind legs when standing. When (ying down
they will kick with the outer limbs. There will be moaning and twisting
of the tail. The same treatment is advised as for the horse, except that
one pint of linseed oil should replace tlie aloes. Give the doses by
allowing the liquid to trickle down the throat very slowly. The doses
should be double that of the horse. Swine should have castor oil one
ounce in place of the linseed oil ; and sheep three-quarters of an ounce.
Otherwise the doses should be about one-quarter to one-fifth those
ordered for the horse.

Flatulent Colic. — This disease is dangerous, and is generally the rosult
of a chronic distension of the bowels, with tendency to inflammation and
rupture of the coats.

It may be the result of some other disease, or appear as a consequence
of the sjjasniodic form ; or, nuiy be produced by the same causes as
those assigned to the acute form.

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know It. — The expression of pain is constant but not so acute.
The pulse is rapid and feeble, with difficult breathing ; the feet and ears
are cold ; the abdomen is tense and swollen, and it sounds drum-like
when struck. The animal is weak and sometimes delirious. The intes-
tines are painful (sore) as is shown by the cautious manner of lyin"
down ; if, indeed, the horse lies down at all.

FIRST 8TAOK OK FLATULENT COLIC.

What to do. — Be careful about giving purgatives. Act by injections
of soapsuds and oil of turpentine ; removing the contents of the impacted
rectum with the well oiled hand. Give the following injection:

No. 90.

a Pint oil of turpentine.
1 Quart of soupsuds.

B0R81E DYINO OF FLATULENT COLIC.

Repeat in half an hour if necessary. If there is great distension
puncture the large intestine, or, where the sound when tapping with the

lv>. ;|

■0^

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

349

knuckles is most dru n-like, plunge in a trochar and allow the gas to
escape through the canula. Give the following according to circumstaLcos :

No. 91.

X to 1 Ounce laudanum,

2 to 4 Ounces tincture assafoctida.

Mix in a pint of gruel.

If the colic is the result of disease and exhaustion, with JXiUch swelling
of the belly, try the following :

No. 92. X Ounce chlorate of potash,

a Ounce Hulphurlc ether,
ki Pint water.

To he given in a half pint of gruel.

Later in this disease when it is required to act moderately on the
bowels the following will be found useful :

No. 93.

H Ounce chlorinated soda,
2 to 3 Ounces aloes.

Powder the aloes and dissolve the whole in a pint of warm water, and
give Avhen cool. During recovery, the health of the animal must be
attended to. Give easily digested food ; avoid large draughts of water,
and over feeding. Give good grooming ; blanket if necessary, and keep
the circulation active by hand rubbing of the body and limbs.

m. The Bot.

The female bot ^y^yEsh'US-equi^ is too well known to need description.
They lay their eggs on the legs, flanks, and other portions of the horse's
body easily reached. The animal in licking its body takes the egg into
its mouth and being swallowed they hatch, and the young fasten them-
selves by means of their hooks to the mucous membrane of the stomach.
Here they live and grow and the next season become mature and are
passed from the animal, and undergo their transformation to the perfect
fly in the earth. So long as the animal is in perfect health they do little
if any harm. But in case of disease or insufficient food they becom*?
troublesome. Or if they exist in great numbers when nearly or full
grown and they are passing from the animal, they sometimes cause severe
injury by attaching tbemselves to the sensitive lining of the bowels.
This irritation is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion
or colic.

In the Spring when the animal is hungry, and there is indication of in-
testinal difficulty, they may be suspected. If the horse turns up his
upper hp, and if the edges of the tongue are red and fiery looking, it

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I^.KCl '^V^^-

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

! i

will be evidence of their existence At this time physic will hasten them
away. A usual remedy is to give once a day for three days, 1 dnichm
sulphate of copper, to bo followed at the end of the time with 4 drachms
of Barbadocs aloes, and repeat at the end of a week if necessary. Or
the following will be found safe and effective :

No. 04. la Drachms cnlomol,

1 >i Dracliins powdered Buviii,
2 Drachms jiowdcred assaftrtidn,
30 Drops oil of mule shield lern.

Make into a l)all with molasses and linseed meal, to be given at night
and followed next morning with 4 drachms of aloes.

In the South, Azedarach (pride of China) is grown around stables for
its supposed efficacy in destroying bots by being eaten by horses. If so,
it can only be whi'.o the bots are quite young. Since, after acquiring
some age and be'^wtning fastened to the stomach, they resist alike, strong
acids, alkalies, irrespirable gases, narcotics and mineral poisons.

Colics, etc., arising from bots, r ay 1)0 treated by anti-spasmodics as
given under that head. As a prevoiitive against bots, keep the long hairs
of the jaws, breast and fore-limbs trimmed close, and apply a little oil
daily ; and brush off any eggs that may be found. Animals kept in sta-
bles and well groomed are seldom troubled with bots.

aSTRUg UBMOnRHOIDAI.IS.

2.— EggsmapfniOed. 3.— The Rot. 4.-The
CryaallB . 5.— The male fly.

Another bot fly ( (Estrus IlemorrhoidaMi) resembles the oestris equi
quite closely, and deposits its eggs upon the lips and upon the liair^
under the jaw. Dropping into the food, they are swallowed and fasten
to the stomach in dense clusters. The larva; are somewhat longer in pro-
portion to their bulk than the species equi.

When ready to pass away they sometimes cause irritation of tho
bowels and anus by sticking there. The same means must be used tor
*\x\s species as for the other.

Intestinal worms. — ^There are various intestinal worms that inhabit the

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

361

hoi'sp, at least three species of tape worms and seven of round worms. The
ox has two tape worms and seven round worms. The sheep one tape
worm and seven round worms. A good vermifuge for tape worm is the
following :

No, 09. H Oiinco powilorod aloes,

}i Ouiico i)()vvilc!re(l UHsiifditida,
1 Ouiii'o oilof turpciiiilno,
1 Ouiiuo sulphuric ether.

Mix the two first in hot water and Avhcn cold add the turpentine and
ptlitT, and give in gruel as a drench. If the animal is weak and out of
(oiulition, give an ounce of arcca nut, and follow with nourishing food.
For round worms, if suspected, give 4 drachms of aloes, and if worms
iiie found in the dung, give immediately on an empty stomach the
followinii :

Ko. 00.

1 Drachnif il of mule fern,

2 OuiiccHOil of turpentine,
>i Tint linseed oil.

Follow this for thi'ec days with a dose of 1-2 drachm sulphate of copper.
For thread-worms in the rectum give an injection every two days for a
week, of the following :

No. (»7.

2 Drachms oil of turpentine,
1 Pint linseed oil.

Inject every day for a week, a purgative dose to precede the first injec-
tion. A strong decoction of wormwood is also a good vermifuge used as
an injection.

IV. Isflammation and Buptiire of the Colon.

This disability is usually the result of colic. If through constriction of
one piu't and expansion of another rupture actually occurs, the animal
will die. The colon is the largest division of the intestinal canal. Be-
ginning at the c(p,cum, (the commencment of the large intestine) it ascends
hy the right kidney, passes under the hollow part of the liver to the
spleen, thence descends by the left kidney and passes in the form of an
8 to the upper part of the os sacrum. It thence runs straight to the anus
and this part of it is called the rectum.

How to know Rupture. — ^T'he sides of the flanks will 1)e distended, there
^vill be fever and heat, and the animal will give evidence of its severe suf-
fering. The pulse will be hard, wiry and quick, the belly tender, the

HlV

I ^

; (

.•}52

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ears cold ; the pain will be constant, and medicine will increase it. There
w^ill 1)0 great and rapidly increased weakness. The symptoms are directly
opposed to those in colic.

What to do. — In the first stages of the disease give the following, in
lime water, every hour or two until throe or four doses are given :

No. 98.

20 Drops tiiKiture of aconite,
>i Ouuue luuduuutn.

in very severe cases a hypodermic injection of 40 grains of chloral
hydrate, to be at once followed by one of 3 grains of morphia, to l)e
repeated in an hour ; this, however, must be performed by a competent
The following may be given by the mouth :

No. 99.

10 Grains morphia,
1 Ounce clilorul hydrate.

Give in sweetened water, and repeat every two hours until three or
four doses are given, or until the s^nnptoms abate.

Extensive fomentations to the bowels will be beneficial. This may be
done by folding a blanket inside a rubber cloth which is fastened over the
back. Keep the blanket soaked with water as warm as can be borne.

If the disease he inflammation of the bowels, or enteritis, whether it
does or docs not follow an attack of colic, among the symptoms will he.
stretching of the lips upward. This may however be done when tiiere

is al)d()niinal irritation of any kind. If the
inflammation be severe, so shown by increas-
ed heat and fever, an ammoniacal blister may
l)e applied. Dilute strong liquor of ammonia
with six times its bulk of cold water, saturate
a cloth with it and lay it on several folds of
blanket, to be held to the belly by four men
who will not mind the fumes. The maimer
of holding it is shown in the cut on next page.

Watch the action of the ammonia. It may blister within ten minutes,
or it may take twice that time. Do not allow it to eat the skin, else a
bad sore will be the result. When the proper effect is produced remove
it at once. It should really be applied only under the direction of a
veterinary surgeon. They are, unfortunately, not always near. In this
case, to save life, something must be risked. The worst inflammatory
symptoms being stayed, give every two hours until three or four doses
are given, or a favorable result is obtained, the following :

NOSE BTBAINED UPWAKD.

No. 10«.

30 Grains calomel,
I Ounce laudanum.

THE HOK8E, ITS DI8RA8E8.

363

Mix in half a pint of gruel. As the aniiniil begins to take food it
should have bran and oatmeal njashes, mixed with tea of slippery elm bark.
C'dokcd food should be given, and if carrots are at hand, give a mess of
tliein boiled every day. Skimmed milk is excellent if the animal will
driuk it.

Al-lLI(JATluN OK AN AMMONIACAL IlLISTEIt.

V. Inflammation and Bleeding of the Rectum.

This is u ditficulty that often accompanies or follows inflammation of
the bowels.

How to know It. — There will be heat and swelling, with or without
protrusion and bleeding of the rectum.

What to do. — Wash the parts with a weak solution of salt and water,
ami also use injections of the same as often as may seem necessary. If
this do not give relief add a slight infusion of chlorate of potash and

golden seal.

VI. Spontaneous Salivation.

Causes. — This infirmity is generally the result of or symptom of some
other affliction. It is often produced by something the animal has eaten.
AVhite clover will produce it. Caries and other diseases of the teeth :
d(Mititioii, paralysis of the lips, ulcers of the mouth, irritating food,
initalion by the bit, and especially from medicaments attached to the bits
of horses by ignorant stable men. It occurs as a free discharge of saliva
in frothy masses or in stringy filaments, with frequent swallowing, thirst,
and generally indigestion.

What to do — Remove the cause. If the cause is from alkalies, wash
the mouth with weak vinegar. If from acids, use lime water. If from

:^M

364

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

caustic salts, use white of egg, or tea of slippery elra l)aik. If there U
iiitlaintnation with costiveness, open the bowels with iujeetioiis of warm
water, or soapsuds, and wash the mouth fro(iuently with vinegar and
honey. If this do not effect a cure wash the mouth with alum water.
If there are ulcers touch them with a feather wet with the following:

No. 101.

10 Grains lunar paustic,
1 Ounce distilled water.

If there are tumors with pus, lance them. If there is sloughing wash
with the following;

No. 102.

1 Dnu'lim Rolutiou of permungunuto of potassa,
1 riut rainwater.

Give iilenty of cool water, so the animal may take it at will, and food
with soft or boiled food, and if there is much swelling, keep the head
tied up.

VII. Inflammation of the Stomach.

Causes. — This disease is not common in horses, and occurs rarely from
eating vegetable ])oisons, and more generally from poisoning by arsenic
given in the food by ignorant stable-men, to make the horse earrv a
shining coat and foam at the bit. It is also produced by the licking of
external corrosive applications, thus producing acute gastritis.

HORSK eOFFEUINti FROM ACCTE OABTBITIS.

The symptoms are various in unison with the (fauses producing them.
These are, refusing food, extreme thirst, redness of the nasal and con-
junctival membranes, discharge of ropy saliva, frequent eructations with
fetid smell, colic, rolling on the ground, pawing, .striking at the al)donien.
etc. } tuckod up flanks, heaving, panting, small, quick pulse, violfit

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

365

straining, passing of mucus in largo quantities, protrusion and inflamina-
tiou of tlio optMiing, glances at the al)domcn, prostration of strength, con-
vulsions, madness and death.

What to do. — The first thing, if jiossible, is to find out what caused the
tiouhlo. If this cannot be found, give at once :

Ko. 103, 3 Ounces sulphuric ctlier,

a Ounces luudanuni,
4 Ounces carbonate of magnesia,
1 Quart cold gruel.

Mix and give as a dose. If the nulse be low, add to the above one
draciim carbonate of ammonia. If the animal is weak, but able to swal-
low, take plenty of time, do not use violent means. If there is paralysis
of the throat, or the horse is in delirium, the dose must be injected
tliiougli tlie nostril, by means of a pump and pipe, or horse catheter.
See article tetanus. As soon as there is evidence of recovery, and in
fact ivhcncver the animal will take it, thin starch or gruel of Hour should
1,' freely given to sheath the mucus surfaces.

Vin. Soreness and Itching of the Anus.

This is a disease following inflammation and disease of the rectum.
and also produced b}' other causes. The anus or orifice of the I'ectum
'l)oconies sore. There is a peculiar dryness with scurf, and to I'olieve the
itching the horse sometimes rubs the roots of his tail until the hair is en-
tirely worn away.

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, to keep the
liowels ill a natural condition. Mix a little fine salt with lard oil, and
koop the parts well oiled, with friction. If the trouble be inside, a little
iroldeuseal well rubbed down with salt butter and passed carefully within
the anus, will give relief. If the difficulty is occasioned by worms, see
that article.

i')

r 1

IX. Chronic Oastritis.

Causes. — Anything which impairs the digestive functions may produce
this disease. It is, however, in its chronic form, extremely x'are. The
<:rdinary food will be refused, and the animal will persist in eating for-
eign substances — old lime mortar, the wood work of the stable, earth,
litter and beddinjr.

How to know It. — ^There is a dry cough ; the membrane of the mouth
and nostrils are dry and pale; the breath is tainted ;: the evacuations
23

356

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

finell badly ; the eyes are sunk, the coat dry and rugged ; the horno loses
condition and becomes pot bellied ; the anus is lax and prominent.

What to do. — The cure will take time. Prevent the animal from in.
dulging its unnatural appetite. The following made into a ball will he
indicated.

No. 104. X Oriiln itrychnia,

1 Drachm bichrotnuto ol amtnonio,
H Druchm oxtruct ofbuUadonna,
1 Drachm powdered goDtinn,
^ Drachm Bulphato of zinc.

Give this as a ball once a day. If after continuing several days there
is no improvement, give the following :

No. 105. K Ounce liquor arscnicalis,

K Ounce tincture Ipecac,
1 Ounce murlated tincture of iron,
a Ounce laudanum,
1 Pint ot water.

As the animal gets stronger give an ounco of sulphuric ether daily in a
pint of water.

If the animal has simply chronic indigestion, that is, the disease docs
not show in the severe form we have depicted, to improve the general
health the following will be indicated :

No. 106. 1 Ounce powdered assafoctlda,

1 Ounce powdered golden seal,

2 Ounces powdered ginger,

2 Ounce'i powdered poplar bark,
5 Drachms powdered sulphate of iron,
1 Dratbm powdered red pepper,
1 Pound ot oatmeal,

Mix, divide into sixteen messes, and give one every night in the food.
In addition to this the following will make a good appetizer :

No. 107.

1 Quart brandy,
1 Ounce salt.

■':. ■ It!-/. M

Mix and give a wine glass full night and morning in gruel, just before
the food. The food given must be of the very best, and that which !.<
easily digested. Boiled oats, shorts and carrots, with sufficient good hay
to distend the stomach. Keep the animal muzzled during the interi'als
of feeding, to prevent foul feeding. That is, eating litter or other inju-
rious substances. If acidity of the stomach be shown, moisten the hay
ffivcn, and sprinkle it freely with magnesia.

TUK IIOltSE, ITS DISEASra.

X. Spasm of the Diaphragm.

3«7

Causes. — Hani riding or diving of a horse constitutionally weak.

How to know It. — If the horse is being ridden, tlioro will be a sensn-
tiou to tlie rider as though a Budden blow was given inside the horse
TliiH is IVoni spasmodic aetion of the diaphragm (the midriff or niusi'li 4
st'imrating the (dicst from the abdomen) in drawing the breath. If tlu'
iininial is still driven forward it sonietimes suddenly fuUa and dies ol"
suHocation.

What to do. — There is no cure. Relief may be given by clothing the
aiiinial. Lead him to the nearest stable or shed and give the following :

No. 108.

3 Drachms nroniatio spirits of ammonia,
3 Drachms tincturo ol ginger
8 OiiDces laudanum,
l^ OuQces elher.

Mix in a pint of oil or gruel and give as a drench, or give the following :.

No. 101). >» Drachm camphor,

1 Drachm powdercil ginger,

1 Drachm ciuboiiate of ammonia.

^lix with sufficient linseed meal and hot water to form a ball. Repeat
at an interval of three hours if relief is not afforded by the first dose.

A horse subject to this affection should have only slow work. The
diaphragm may be strengthened by giving for some time a daily dose of
one drachm of powdered sulphate of iron in the food.

XI. Rupture of the Stomach.

Kupturc, when it ensues, ends pretty surely in death. Rupture of the
stomach is produced oy working or driving a horse until he is very hungrj
and then feeding and watering unduly. The only symptoms which .show,
arc violent colic, and the tenseness of the tissues. There are many rup
tares where animals die, and the owner does not know what is the diffi
• ulty. If the mischief has proceeded to rupture, the animal may as weh'
l)e killed.

One of the positions assumed by a horse suffering from abdominal
injuries, is this : He will persistently sit on his haunches. Animals ^
will assume this position and yet occasionally recover. Another position
assumed is, for the animal to kneel and support himself upoa his hind

i:i s

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: . mi-

'III

358

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

legs. Such unn.ituriil positions show the intense pain which leads to suck

attituies to get relief.

UNNATURAL ATTITUDE INDICATIVK OF ABDOMINAL INJURY.

Xn. Gorged Stomach.

Wlien this occurs from over feeding, the 1)owels should he immcdiiiti'ly
relieved by removing the contents by rei)eated injections of warm water.
Lot the anin]al be gently walked about, and Avarmly clothed in cold
weather. The operator must act according to circumstances. If discov-

POSITIOJJ ASSUMED UY IIOnaB SUFFEIIINO PROM ABDOMINAL INJURY.

ered early, or before colic sets in, give the following to evacuate tlie
bowels after having relieved them by injections :

No. 110.

l>nicliiii<i powdiTt'd iilocs,

1 Ounce sirup of bufkthorn,
1 Ounce tincture of ginger.

*'j'

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 359

Dissolve the aloes in a pint of warm water, add the buckthorn and gin-
<rer, and give as a drench.

XIII. Inflammation of the Peritoneum.

Inflammation of the lining membrane of the abdomen is likely to occur
ill nil domestic animals. In ruminants the right side is most affected, and
the animal will stand with its feet well together.

Causes. — Injuries cither from rupture of the stomach or intestines, <ir
from injuries to the abdominal walls, exposure to chill or cold, or giving
an exhausted horse a wet bed to lie on.

How tl know it. — Theroi may be colic, or steady pair.. This will be
acute when the aifected parts ai'c pressed. There may be chill and fever
alternately, and loss of appetite. The pulse will be rapid and hard, and
the breath quick and catching, but when effusion takes place the breath-
ing will be deep and easier ; the pulse will soften, the lielly will be pend-
ent, and there will be fluctuations when handled, from the water contained.

What to do. — 111 the early stages, give full doses of laudanum ; 1 to 2
ounces, as may be needed, to iillay pain and keep the bowels inactive.
Apply mustard poultices to the abdomen, or in extreme cases the ammo-
1- .cal blister as i)reviously described. Frequent injections of thoroughly
cooked gruel may be thrown into the rectum, but until the worst symp-
toms are past the animal should take nothing into the stomach. As the
disease progresses favorabl}', great care should be exercised in feeding.
Oat or rye meal gruel may first be given. If these agree well, give warm
soft bran-mashes, with a little oat meal added, and at length hay and
sound oats.

In case absorption of the effusion of water in the cavity does not take
place, which may bu knosvn by regular and ample staling, give G drachms
potassa nitrate, duily, until the kidneys act. If tonics seem to be de-
manded, give daily doses of 1-2 drachm oxide of iron.

XIV. Strangulation of the Intestines.

This is produced by various causes, the result of colic and rupture
being the most frequent. Strangulation maj' be produced by the forma-
tion of false membranes, by the involvent of the intestines, by the
rupture of the mesentary, or by the rolling on itself of the intestine uncil
it is entirely strangulated. In this as in other abdominal difliculties, the
animal will often assume unnatural positions, as shown in the article
Rupture of the Stomach. If it be a ruminant, and in good flesh, it is
better to kill the animal at once. Some forms of stranjfulatiou in cattle

t# ■

i 11 ill

fli

■ i ■ fif ■ ■■<

j i

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360

ILIiXJSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of suflScient value, may be remedied by a veterinary surgeon. In this
case, give laudanum in 2-ounce doses to keep the animal quiet until the
doctor arrives. Relief is obtained by cutting into the side and releasing
the intestine. For the horse give opium in one or two drachm doses as
the nature of the case may seem to require to relieve the pain, and trust
to nature to effect a cure by releasing the parts naturally.

XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver.

The liver of the horse is not particularly subject to disease. It was
formerly supposed to be almost entirely exempt, but later researches
show it to be an agent, through obstruction, and the principal local seat
of various disorders, as diabetes, blood poisoning from imperfect oxyjren-
ation of the albuminoids, etc.

How to know It. — In active congestions of the liver, which is the dis-
ease most usually prevalent and this principally in the South, there
may be sluggishness, irregular bowels, abundant liquid discharges of

deep yellow or orange colored duii;r.
There will be extreme and painful
pi'ostration, tho eyes will be sunken,
the pulse excited, and the limbs will
tremble. There may be colicky pains.
If the last ribs are struck with some
force, extreme pain will be shown.
If the horse faints and there are pal-
lid mucus membrane, with quick and
weak pulse, it may be conjectured
that rupture of the liver has taken
place. In this case, the end is death.
The illustration we give will show
the test alike for ruptured liver and spleen.

What to do. — In the beginning, that is when the pulse is strong, free
])leWing will often check the disease. When the pulse is M'cak, iilood
must not be drawn ; or, if the blood does not flow freely, close the orifice
at once.

Apply mustard poultices to the limbs. Give one pound of sulphate of
soda dissolved in a quart of water, to deplete the portal sj'steni and liver.
Apply ice to the last ril)s to check effusion. Apply a blister over the
region of the liver. Continue the sulphate of soda in doses of one to
four ounces daily.

During the attack and recovery the animal must have pure air, and

TKST OP IIKUOKKIIAOB FItOU Tllbl LIVKK.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

361

soft, easily digested food, and as recovery ensues, daily moderate exer-
cise must be given.

Iniammation of the liver is rare. If congestion has proceeded to
iiiflaniination the region of the last rib will be very tender. There will
be quickening of the pulse. The mouth will be hot and clammy ; the
bowels may be at first loose, yellow and bilious, but soon become costive.
The iieat of the body is raised ; patches may appear on the mucous
membranes ; and the limbs, especially the hind ones, will swell.

What to do. — In this case all bleeding should be avoided. 'Give as a
purge a pound of sulphate of soda (glauber salts) aided by injections of
warm water. After the bowels are opened, keep them so with small
(loses of glauber salts, six ounces, or, cream of tartar four ounces daily.
If the horse eat anything it must be very light mashes, pulped roots or
fresh grass. As the horse improves, give twice a day two ounces of
Peruvian bark or two drachms twice a day of gentian.

XVI. Parasites which Infest the Intestines.

The general symptoms for intestinal worms, in large quantity, are
general ill health. The animal will lose condition ; the skin will be scurfy,
dry and often itching ; the animal
will become hide bound and pot
bellied ; the appetite will be irregular
l)ut voracious ; there will be fetid
l)reath, diarrhea, passing of mucus
with the dung, colicky pains, swelling,
itcliing and puffy aims, and especially
the passage of the worms or their
eggs will be certain proof. The horse
will raise the upper lip and rub it
against anything near. Colts will pick
and bite the hair from the body and
limbs. Tiic annexed cut will give a
good general idea of an animal suffer-
ing from worms.

Besides the bot, already treated of, which inhabits the stomach, there
are tliose of the intcstrhes proper. These are the tape worm, round
headed and flat headed, and five species of round Avorms.

What to do. — Vermifuges are without number, some general in their
nature, and others specific for particular classes. When worms arc sus-
pected, aud the owner of the animal is not sure of the reality, it is safe

COLT PICKIHO HAin FROM ITS LKO,
oiviNO PKOov or WUUUS.

I '■■

I j

862

ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOR.

to give a purge and watch the droppings. The following is a good
vermifuge drench :

No. 111. 4 Drachms aloes, . .

1 Ounce powdered male fern,
20 Drops oil of worm seed.

Give this in a pint of warm gruel an hour before feeding in the morning.

If it be found that there are tape worms, if tlie horse is weak, give an
ounce of areca nut fasting and follow with 4 drachms of aloes. If the
animal is strong, give an ounce of oil of turpentine in an ounce of water.
In four hours give another dose and follow in an hour with 4 drachms
aloes. In the case of common pin worms, (Sderostomum Equinum) and
all worms inhabiting the bowels except the tape worm, the following
vermifuge will act kindly :

No. 112.

1 Dracbm tartar emetic,
X Drachm powdered ginger.

Mix with enough linseed meal to form a ball, then moisten with hot
water and give a dose daily for a week, before feeding. Follow with a
dose of one pint .of linseed oil, wait another week, and repeat as before.
Then give good generous diet, with tonics daily, say 2 drachms sulphate
of iron, or 4 drachms gentian in the food.

For worms lodging in the gut near the rectum, give an injection of a
strong decoction of wormwood or tansey. The pi'evention of worms is to
pay attention to the water the animal drinks, to be careful of dog's drop-
pings in the pasture, and to give sound grain and hay as food, since lib-
eral feeding and good general care will often extirpate the parasites.
For other vermifuges see article 3 of this chapter.

n-i*'-

t XVII. Diarrhea.

Diarrhea is a condition of frequent watery discharges from the bowels,
and may be produced by so many causes, as irritating and indigestible
food, worms, severe purgation by medicines, disorders of the liver, or
constitutional tendency, that no general rule can be given. The owner of
the animal must find the cause before proceeding intelligently to give
relief. The most we can do is to give some general indications.

Sometimes diarrhoea is an effort of nature to rid the body of injurious
matter ; then the effort should be aided. Early in the effort give the
horse a pint of linseed oil, or if an active purge be required, a pint of
castor oil. If the diarrhoea does not cease check it with ounce doses of
laudanum and follow with tea of slippery elm bark, or linseed. If the

1*1.

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

363

difficulty refuse to give way, doses of 2 scruples of tannin may be given,
or doses of 3 drachms of catechu every hour until checked. The ox
requires double the dose. Follow ^ith tonics, say 4 drachms of gentian
(lullv, or one ounce of peruvian bark, with sound, easily digested food. If
viiuscd by bad water, throw a handful of charcoal in the water before
tr\v\n<r it to drink. The following will be found beneficial in the several
cases mentioned.

For sour and fetid discharges mix the following ingredients in the food
*vvice or thrice daily.

No. 113.

1 Ounce powdered chalk,
1 Ounce bisulpbate of soda.

For sour discharges with griping, take :

No. 114. 1 Drachm powdered opium,

1 Drachm powdered chalk,
20 Drops carbolic acid.

Form into a ball with linseed meal and molasses.

If the bowels are simply in an irritable, relaxed condition, use the
following : • •

No. 115. 1 Ounce powdered chalk,

1 Ounce catechu,
1 Ounce ginger,
1 Drachm opium.

Make into a ball with linseed meal and molasses.

When the diarrhoea is the result of violent medical purging, try the

following :

fji

i! il

No. lie.

2 Ounces laudanum,

2 Ounces powdered chalk.

Mix, and give in a quart of thin starch, or flour gruel. For excessive
aud continued purging, give at one dose the following i

No. 117.

1 Ounce laudanum,
1 Ounce sulphuric ether,
20 Grains taiuiic anid.

Mix in a pint of tiax-secd tea.

A.stringent injections may be given as follows :

No. 118.

2 Ounces laudanum,

2 Drachms acetate of lead,

1 Quart starch water.

fe'fvi;

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364

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Inject half of this and follow with the remainder in three hours, if nee
essary, or give at one injection the following :

No. 119.

4 Drachms tannic acid,
1 Pint starch water.

In case of cattle the same quantities may be used, but when given bj
the mouth it must be made to trickle slowly down the throat.

> ; -ij.

riHAPTER VII.

irm

DISEASES OF THE TjIVEB, URINABY OBOANS, ETC.

I. JALNDICE. II. ENLARGEMENT OF THE SPLEEN. lil. INFLAMMATION OF THE KID.

NKYS. IV. I'ROFUSE STALING, OR DIABETES. V. BLOODY URINE, OR H.EMATURIA,

VI. THICK AND ALBUMI.NOU3 URINE. VII. WHITE, On LI.MB URINE. VIII.

GUAVEL, OU SrONK IN THE BLADDER. IX. SUl'PRKSSION OF URINE. X. INFLAMMA-
TION OF THE BLADDER. X!. FOUL SHEATH. XII. RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER.

XIII. Sl'ASM OF THE URETHRA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION.

I. Jaundice.

The horse is subject to but few diseases of the liver. Jaundice or the
yellows, is a conditiou in which the visible mucous membranes, the skin
(if it be naturally white) the urine and the tissues arc stained yellow,
not by non-secretion of the bile from the blood, but by the* re-absorption
of bile already secreted.

Causes. — Obstruction of the bile duct from any cause. Obstruction of
the bowels hindering the proper discharge of the bile. Diminished
fullness of the capillary vessels of the liver from obstruction of the
hepatic artery or aorta. And from undue seci'etion of the bile in cases
of eongestion of the liver.

In solid hoofed animals the blood is easily dissolved. In flesh-eating
'snimals it is not so. Hence, although there is often a jaundiced appear-
ance of the membranes in horses, it is comparatively harmless.

How to know It. — There will be a general coloration of the ti ?sues.
The mucous membrane will be yellow. The urine will be yellow. In
obstruction of the bile duct the dung will be fetid, and of a clay color
fi'om being devoid of bile.

3ij5

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366

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

What to do. — No gcncrul rule can be laid down. The following is a
good remedy for torpidity of the liver, when there is general dullness
and biliousness.

•

120. 1 Pound Epsom salts,

1 Pound Gluuber Halts,
1 Pound common solt,
1 Ounce esBeneo of ginger,
1 Qallou warm water.

Mix and give a pint from one to three times a day until a gentle but
full purgation is produced. Follow this up with daily doses of one
scruple of podophyllin.

This remedy will also he indicated for cattle, except that they should
have the following formula as a purge instead of No. 120 :

No. 121.

K Pound Nulphato of magnesia,
y. Pound conmion Bait,
2 Ounces powdered ginger.

Give this dose in two quarts of w'ater once a day until a free evac-
uation of the bowels is produced, giving also daily one scruple of
podophyllin.

Saline purges do not alwa3's act kindly on hoi'ses. If so the following
will be indicated if there is considerable congestion :

No. 122. 30 Grains calomel,

1 Drachm aloes,

2 Drachms soup,

4 Drachms powdered rhubarb.

Mix with mtilasses into a ball and give twice a day until a moderate
operation of the bowels is had.

If the disease occurs in the Spring, turning upon succulent grass,
especially where dandelion is plenty, will generally effect a cure.

n. Enlargement of the Spleen.

The pancreas and the spleen are subject to a variety of diseases, very
difficult to determine. The pancreas is a gland which secretes tiie pan-
creatic juice, by which emulsion takes place with the fatty aliments lij
means of a duct leading into the intestines. The presence of fatty
matter in the dung will imply a suppression of these juices. If there
are sharp, colicky pains without fever, obstruction of the duct by calculi
may be suspected. If there is <?eneral fever, with pain and tenderness
behind the last rib on the right side, inflammation may be suspected.

For calculi use fomentations of hot water over the parts affected, and

.#^:M-v"> < :

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

867

('ive imti-spasniodios, chlonil hydrate in half ounce doses daily, or hyos-
cvainus extract two drachm doses, or belladonna two drachm doses, as
the case may he.

If there is inflammation give laxative medicines, one and a half ounces
(laiick'Hon ; Itlistcr the right side, and confine the animal to light diet.

For suppressed secretion give one ounce doses of sulphuric ether.

So far as affections of the spleen are concerned, it is an involvont in
disoiiscs of the liver and other glands. In highly fed animals eidarge-
iiipiit ensues ; in badly fed ones degeneration or wasting. Oi)structed
circuliition through the liver will engorge the spleen almost to rupture
snnu'tinics. In tuberculosis, cancer, glanders and blood jjoisoning it is
affiH'tcd. Anthrax and other fevers tend to enlargement of the spleen,
soinolinios to rupture. So little is really known of the spleen and its
true functions, that but little can be done except l)y giving general atten-
tioii lo the health and by means of tonics and good imrsing to build uj)
the health.

III. Inflammation of the Kidneys.

SYMPTOMS ATTENDIxa DISEASES OP THE URINARY OKGANS.

Causes. — Inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis, is produced by a
variety of causes. Blows on, or sprains in the region of the loins, cal-
culi, the excessive use of diuretics to which some stablemen are prone,
musty fodder, or that which contains iiTitaut plants, etc.

How to know It. — There will be more or less fever, sometimes a high
fever : colicky pains ; looking at the abdomen; the horse will lie down
with extreme caution ; frequent passages of urine in small quantity, but

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368

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 i: -i:

very high colored, sometimes containing blood and oven pus ; the lc<'s
swell uniformly from the hoofs up ; the pulse is rapid, the bowels costive
and the breathing excited ; the horse straddles in his gait ; this, however,
is a general characteristic of all diseases of the urinary organs, but in
severe inflammation it amounts almost to helplessness.

There is, however, one test that is constant : there is extreme tender-
ness of the bony processes about six inches from the spine in the loins,
pressure over the kidneys will show the terrible pain from tiic crouchinc
attitude the horse assumes.

TEST FOR INFLAMMATION OF THR KIDNEYS.

If the urine is examined under a microscope, the fibrinous casts of the
kidney tubes will be found. In chronic cases, stocking of the legs, casts
in the urine, more or less tenderness upon pressure of the loins, and
general ill health, may be all that will be observed.

What to do. — 1» acute cases, if there is a strong pulse and the aniimil
is full of blood, bleeding m»y assist a cure. It ig not always safe, except
under the advice of a veterinarian of modern practice. Bleeding should
never be practiced except in the earliest symptoms. Give an active
cathartic.

No. 123.

: 1.

1 Dracbm calomel,

4 Drachms powdered aloes,

Make into a ball with linseed meal and molaasea.

Wrap the loins in woolen blankets and foment thoroughly with an in-
fusion of a handful of digitalis leaves in a pail of boiling water, putting
it on as warm as the hand will beal" it ; or wring a sheep skin out of hot
•vater and apply the flesh side, changing as often as may be necessary.

THE IIOKHE, ITS UISF.ASES.

369

To assist the cvaouiitioii aiul case the pain give injections of linseed tea,
Olio qutirt, to winch an onncc of laudanum is added, (iot up a good sweat
if possible. This will relieve the kidneys. Keej) the liowels gently open
with laxatives and relieve the pains with anodynes, and as the animal im-
proves, give bitter tonics, 3 ounces of Peruvian bark daily in three doses ;
or uu ounce of gentian in two druchui doses three times a day.

rv. ProfUse Staling, or Diabetes.

This disease, called by various names, as diuresis, diabetes insipidus,
poluriii, etc., is simply an excessive secretion of urine, causing loss of
flesh, weakness, and at length terminating in exhaustion and a general
breaking down of the system.

Causes. — The most common cause is dosing with quack medicines, a
favorite pastime of ignorant stablemen, especially for "the water." It is
also produced by musty hay and grain, new oats, distillery slops, acid
diuretic plants, or any cause irritating the stomach and at the same time
stimulating the kidneys.

How to know It. — There is excessive thirst, profuse and frequent
stalinsr, of pale colored urine, thin, and with little odor ; loss of condition
ami spirits ; the appetite fails ; the skin is hai-d and dry ; the hair harsh.-
tlio pulse will be weak, Avhether fast or slow ; depraved appetite for lick-
injr noxious substances.

What to do. — Change the food at once, well seasoned hay and grain,
with linseed tea given freely in the drink. The horse must not suffer
from thirst, but inordinate drinking should not be allowed. Iodine is
one of the chief specifics in this disease. The following will be a good
formula, to be given three times a day in water :

No. 124.

20Urains iodine,
1 Umclim iodidu ofpotasBiuni,
4 Draelim.s earljoimto of soda.
Mix, and give in water.

Or, give daily the following
No 126.

2 Drachms phospbatc of iron,
2 Draclims iodide of poUBsium,
4 Draclims Peruvian baric.
Mix, and give once a day in water.

If this docs not soon show a disposition to check the disease, add 15 to
20 grains of creosote daily.

Another good formula, to be given once a day, or in bad cases twice
tlaily, is the following:

370 ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOU.

No. 126. itO Orain.. iuilini>,

2 Oriicliiiii Hiiljiliiito of Iron,

H Uuiiuo powdured guutiun. .

Give us a hall, nmdo with niolassos and linseed njoal. If four or fjvo
doses do not show decided effect di-scontinue. Six or seven days should
effect a cure.

tmk

V. Bloody Urine, or Heematuria-

Causes. — Sprains or bruisinj? of the loins, stono in the kidneys, uriiiaiT
passages or bladder ; l)lo()d poisoning.

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uonsB suKFKniNa from bloody urink.

How to Determine the Condition.— If from local irritation, the blood
being in a healthy state, there will be clots of blood passed, and tibriciouj
casts of the urinary tubes entangling blood globules. These may lie
seen witii a good lens. If there is gravel more or less gritty matter will
be passed. If from blood poisoning, the tests must be made l)y a veto-
rinary surgeon, from the urine, who can then prescribe the proper
treatment.

What to do. — The general practice is to give sound food, good .slieltor.
mucilaginous drinks, as linseed or slippery elm tea, or marsh mallow ten.
Also acid astringents, vinegar, buttermilk, a Aveak decot^tion of white oiik
bark. If the passages are profuse apply cold water to the loins. If
there is inflammation foment with warm water (cloths saturated with Iiol
water) and follow with a mustard plaster. If the bowels arc inactive,
give the following :

No. 127.

4 Drachms nloes,

1 Ounce cream tartar.

Mix in one and a half pints of warm water and give when cool, aiding
the operation by an injection of one quart of soap suds and four ounces
oil of turpentine.

TUB 1IOR8B, ITS I)IHKA8KS.

VI. Thick and Albuminous Urino.

371

This disability in horsos, charnctcrizod by ii thick, rn[)y, nlbuiiiinous
(lisihiir'c (if uiine, is (juitc! coininon in its iiiildor forms, being iiii atttMid-
unt on oxtensivo inilatnmation of important orjrans, on rlioumatism,
fevers, and some conditions of blood poisoning. It is especially attend-
ant on inflammation of the kidneys, both acute and chronic, attended
with (IciTcncration and shedding of the epithelium (^the layers of cells)
liiiinj,' the kidney tubes.

POSITION ASSUMED BY HORSE IIAVINO ALBUMINOUS URINE.

How to know it. — There are two special positions assumed by horses
suffering from severe secretion of albuminous urine. One is the stretched
(lut position. In the other the back will be roachcd, as seen in the cut.
In its mild stages the urine is thick, rop}', mucilaginous ; when it first
liogins to flow, of a reddish-brown color, but changing to a more natural
condition, ending with a whitish, milky fluid; sometimes the reverse ;
coiiinieneing white. When the disease is farther advanced the urine is
thicker, more deeply tinged, and sometimes offensive to the sense of
smell. It may degenerate into a number of forms, and finallr terminate
iiiBright's disease of the kidneys.

What to do. — Place the animal where it may be comfortable ; clothe

warmly. If there is inflammation of the kidneys, foment with a sheep

skin wrung out of hot water ; or better, with an infusion of a handful of

digitalis (Foxglove) in a pail of scalding water, and use other measures

recommended in this article. If it be thought necessary to liquify the

urine, not always beneficial, prepare the recipe given on the following page,

aud exercise great care in the attendant treatment as there prescribed.

■ 'i .*;*'■

I i' f

Hill r

372 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 128. 1 Ounce powdered assufHiUdn,

2 Ounces powdered juuliier berries,
8 Ounuea powdered poplur bark.

Mix, divide into eight parts, and give one night and morning in tli^
food.

The real animus should be to remove the cause, which, as we liiivo
stated, is various*. Attend to the general health of the animal, keep the
bowels open b}' a free use of bran mashes and other food of an ()i)eniii<'
nature. Give a laxative if necessary — say, 5 ounces salts, and Peru-
vian bark 1 to 2 ounces daily at two or three doses.

vn. White, or Lime Urine:

The urine is one of the agents used by nature to pass away the excess
of calcareous or other stony matter from the body. So long as tiio con-
ditions are normal, even when limy secretions are excessive, it may be
nature's means f)f removing this excess. When the urine becomes albu-
minous, the c;»lciferous matter unites with the albumen, and the result
is calculi.

How to know It. — A white matter will be passed at the end of each
urination, or the urine may become decidedly limey.

What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, give none but
sound oats and Indian corn, and sweet clean hay from upland meadows.

Sand-like Deposit in the Bladder. — Sometimes a sand-like deposit,
or soft magma is made in the bladder, and to such an extent tliat the
urine flows involuntarily and constantly by drops. The remedy is by
means of a stomach pump and catheter, to fill the bladder with water,
Sliake up the contents with the hand introduced through the rectum, and
allow- the water to flow through the catheter. So proceed to again pump
full and empty until all the deposit is cleaned.

When an animal is inclined to this disability, 1 drachm of caustic soda
given daily in the water will correct the secretion.

Vni. Gravel, or Stone in the Bladder.

The existence of urinary calculi, whenever found, is due to the dc-
jjosit of mineral matter around some body as a nucleus. This may consist
of mucus, fibrine, blood-clot, or even of a crystal deposited from over-
saturated urine.

Causes. — They are so various that it would be useless to cnuincratc
them. Impaired breathing, whether from weak or diseased lungs, inipcr-
fect action of the liver, or impaired functions generally, are among tlio

I*" !*■-

-fl

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

37.3

prominent causes. Any causo favoring concentration of urine might
brill"' about tiie formation of calculi.

How to know It. — Cistus calculus, or stone in the bladder, occurs in all
domestic animals, producing straining in the effort to pass the urine. It
will escape in driblets, often drop by drop, or not at all. Blood will often
Repassed in clots, and crystals of microscopic calculi will be 2J»«'^«-'d.
By iiitrodu(!ing the oiled hand into the rectum up to the bhidder the stone
may lie felt. Sometimes there are a number of them.

What to do. — I'l the case of a female the stone may be broken with a
litliatritc. In the case of a male the operation is called lithotomy. The
mule is opei'ated on standing, or else thrown on the right side. The
operation must in any event be performed by a competent surgeon, since
it involves cutting and the use of instruments that may not be attempted
by the novice.

Preventive Measures- — The seed of Jamestown Aveed, or thorn apple
(Datura Kf ran wnium) has been given with good effect in preventing the
formation of large calculi. Give an ounce of the powdered seed in the
feed every other day until six doses are given. In connection with this
give the following :

No. 129.

1 Ounce oil of juniper,

1 Ounce oil of siiKsufras,

4 Ounces sweet spirits of niter.

Form into four doses and give one morning and night for two days.
Animals predisposed to gravel should be fed on sound hay from old
meadows, sound grain, and watered only with soft water.

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IX. Suppression of Urine.

Causes. — Retention or suppression of urine is due to so many causes,
especially in old horses, as paralysis of the bladder, meningitis, lockjaw,
severe colic or other acute disease, or from irritating drugs given by
iiinorant stablemen, that the operator must be informed as to the nature

of the case.

What to do — If it be caused by paralysis the urine must be drawn otV
several times a day with a catheter. The following will be indicated tu
be given internally :

NO. 130.

,',' Drachm extract nux vomica,
1 Pint water.

Give as a drench twice a day.

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374 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Another remedy, if one bus a hypodermic syringe, would be ;

No. 131.

4 Dropi sulphuric acid,
2 Grains stryctniinc,
>a Ounce alcoliol.

Throw one-half of one grain twice daily under the skin.

If the difficulty is due to general weakness of the bladder, give the

following stimulant ;

No. 132.

20 Grains powdered cantharides,
1 Drachm powdered digitalis.

j\Iake into a ball with soap.

If there is an accumulation of hard fieces in the rectum it must be
removed by full injections of strong soap suds, and if necessary removal
of the i^artially softened dung with the oiled hand.

If there is inflannnation of the neck of the bladder, as shown by heat,
swelling, tenderness, give injections of one drachm extract of belladonna
in a quart of warm water, thrown repeatedly into the rectum of liorses
and into the vagina of mares. To relieve pain give from one-half to two
drachms of opium as may be needed.

X. Inflammation of the Bladder.

Causes. — A disease very rare in animals, and when occurring the effect
of violent external injury, or the result of irritating medicines, as crotoii
oil, cantharides, administered by the ignorant. It is quite rare, and may
be known by tiic frequent passing of urine, with great pain and ditiiculty.
As a sure test grasp the horse by the mane half way between the head
and slioulder with the left hand ; place the right hand under the ilank
when all nervousness is jiassed, press more or less strongly on the abdo-
men. If intiammation be present the animal evinces intense pain. If
the muscles be tense and hard there is no inflammation.

What to do. — Give full doses of opium, two drachms, to relieve pain.
Give Unseed tea, milk, and white of eggs beaten up with water as drinlcs.
As a laxative to relieve the bowels give one to two pints of olive oil ns
may be needed. Inject into the bladder the following if you have an
instrument :

No. 133.

1 Drnclim opium,

1 Drachm gum arable,

1 Pint ?)lood worm woter.

In severe cases the ammoniacal blister may be applied, as given on
the next page, if there is paralysis of the parts, with or without

'■:?!■.:

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

375

fomentations. The acute symptoms having subsided, give small doses of
copaiva, one to two drachms, or buchu, two to three drachms, as may
seem to be needed. Give soft or sloi^py diet, with linseed tea, slippery
chn, gum arabic, or other mucilaginous drinks.

XI. Foul Sheath.

A horse with a foul sheath is unfortunate in his master, unless the
difficulty occurred before purchase.

What to do. — Clean the sheath of all foul matter with Avarm soap suds,
removing all lumps. To Avash the sheath, take hold of the yard when
protruded, and without undue violence hold it Avith gentle pulling until
there Ijc no resistance Avhen it may be pulled out its entire length. "When
washed, oil thoroughly Avith lard and salt, three parts of lard to one of
suit. Every other day or every three days Avash again and oil until a
cure is effected.

XII. Rupture of the Bladder.

This difficulty occurs only in the female, the result of difficult parturi-
tion. The animal strains violently, and on examination a red, tumid,
rounded mass is shoAvn betAA'een the lips of the vuh'a.

What to do. — ^Vash the parts carefully Avith tepid Avater, in Avhich an
ounce of laudanum has been mixed Avith each quart. Then return care-
fully, by pressing the center of the mass inAA'ards to correct the eversion.
The difficulty Avill be in returning it through the neck of the bladder.
There will be more or less inflammation and softening, therefore care,
judgment and time must be used, not to tear the tissues. If there is
renewed straining, place a truss or compress over the \'agina.

Xni. stricture of the Urethra.

Stricture of the urethra is the result of local irritation, the results of
iiravel, or of strong astringent injections. The symptoms are difficult
unnation, with great pain and freiiuent erections. The cure must I)0
effected by the use of catheters, gradually increasing them in size until
the normal condition is regained.

XIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation.

(?. — In stallions, there is occasionally inflammation of the testicles,
f'iiused l)y external injury and other causes. It may be knoAvn by the

376

ILI-ITSTnATED STOCK DOCTOR.

W '-"i

iP 1

swelling of the parts, ii straddling gait, with drawing up and again lei
ting down of the testicles.

What to do. — Give a purgative, 4 drachma aloes in 1 1-2 pints water.
Foment the parts twice a day with warm water. Then dry and apply ex-
tract of belladonna or laudanum. If pus (matter) should form, known by
fluctuation of the parts, open at the soft part. If the gland is involved,
smd there is threatened destruction of the part, castration had better be
performed.

b, — Inflammation of the Womh.

Causes. — Bruises or other injuries at the time of giving birth, or in
getting rid of the afterbirth ; retained afterbirth, or exposure to wet or
cold after parturition.

How to know It. — Two, three or four days after parturition, there Avill
be an attack of shivering : pains, with looking at the flanks, similar to
those in colic ; shifting of the hind feet ; the loins and abdomen tender,
with aching of the loins ; the vulva red and swollen ; there is frequent
straining with fetid discharge. Tne oiled hand being introduced into the
womb, the neck and body will be found filled with fluid ; the holly will
be tense and swollen ; the respiration and pulse will be increased, andtlie
temperature of the body Iiot. There will be grinding of the teeth, great
thirst and loss of power in the limbs.

What to do. — After having drawn out the contents of the womb with a
catheter, fill it again with tepid water, introduced through the tube, and
wash out thoroughly. Then inject one drachm jDermanganate of potassa
in a pint of lukewarm water, adding four ounces of glycerine and half an
ounce of laudanum. Give a purgative dose to move the bowels freely,
4 drachms Barbadoes aloes for a mare ; (for a cow, 1 pound of gbiuber
salts) . Follow this with 20 drops tincture of aconite four times a day for
the mare; (for a coav, 30 drops). Give also once a day 5 drachms
nitrate of potassa, and also once a day 1 to 2 drachms chlorate of potassa.
Apply a blister of mustard to the right flank of the mare, or for a cow,
mustard and oil of turpentine. If there is a Aveak pulse, prostration and
stupor, use stimulants ; quinine in 15 to 20 grain doses, camphor and
whisky : also antiseptics, chlorate of potassa, 1-drachm doses, or carbolic
acid 1-2 drachm doses in a pint of water.

c. — Leucorrhoea, Catarrh of the Womh or Vagina.

The same general treatment is to bo observed as in the foregoing. It
may be known by a whitish discharge from the vulva if caused by re-
tained afterbirth. Repeat the injection recommended for inflammation
of the womb, daily, and keep up the system with tonics and good food.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

377

The following will form a good tonic, appropriate in any enfeebled condition
of the marc, bnt especially so in the forms of disease just treated.

No. 134

2 Drftchms sulphate of Iron,

1 Drachm black pepper,

H Ounce ginger,

>i Ounce gentian.

Divide into three doses for each day.

'• It

CHAPTER VIII.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH.

I. TEETHING, OR DENTITION. II. SHEDDINQ TEETH. III. BLIND TEKTH. IV. DECiY

OF THE TEETH. V. 8CUKVY. VI. BTUMP SUCKING, OR CUIB BITING. VII. LAM-
PAS. VIII. INFLAMMATION IN AND AROUND THE MOUTH. I.\. SLAVERING. X.

INFLAMMATION OP THE TONGUE. XI. SHARP xiND PROJECTING TEETH. XIL SCALD

MOUTH. Xni. APTHA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF TUB PAROTID GLA.ND. XV. FIS-
TULA OP THE PAROTID DUCT,

I. Teething, or Dentition.

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Dentition in the horse has already been -vvi'itten of and illustrated in
the map given in this work. In teething, all animals suffer more or less
from irritation and fever of the parts, probably as much so as the human
fanjily. In puppies ond in kittens it often causes convulsions l)etween
the third and sixth month. Cattle are principally troubled between the
second and third year, and horses from the third to the fourth year, since
in the third year they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the
fourth year four front back teeth, eight back teeth and the four tushes
Hence the reason why it is advised that at this period of their lives they
be not hard worked.

In both cattle and horses the rising teeth are sometimes entangled with
the teeth that are being shed. There will be retlness, swelling, tenderness
of the gums, and the inflammation sometimes extends to the throat,
causing coughing and general fever.

What to do. — If there is slavering ; if the animal seems to chew hard
food with pain, or bolts soft food with haste, examine the mouth. Ex-
tract the loose teeth ; lance the gums to allow easy dentition ; wash the
gums with tincture of myrrh : relieve the bowels if necessary witli gentle
376

LiMiJil

THE 1IOK8E, ITS DISEASES.

379

liixativos, and give as much rest and soft food as possible. Swino from
tlic sixth to the twelfth month usually cut thirty-six teeth, and sometimes
rccjuirc attention.

n. Shedding Teeth.

In the shedding of the teeth the mouth should be examined frequently
for loosened teeth, to find if the new teeth are growing properly. If
they arc likely to become crowded, causing twisting, they should be
stvaiglitcncd, and if necessary one of them extracted to allow them to
(now properly. Sometimes there will be disease of the membranes sur-
rounding the roots of the teeth, causing loosening, deviation from the
proper course, suppuration, and even shedding of the teeth with much
pain, even to inflammation and other diseases of the gum. Kelicf is to
be given l)y careful examination, keeping the bowels open with soft food,
sucli manipulation as may be necessary, sponging the gums with tincture
of myrrh, lancing the gums, and extraction of the loose teeth when
necessary.

m. Blind Teeth.

rated in
or less
human
)etwecn
'eon the
ar, since
id in the
tushes
:es they

lew hard
th. Ex-
tash the
th gentle

Supernumerary teeth may occur among the nippers and grinders.
When so they should be extracted. Blind, or wolf teeth, are not super-
numerary, but natural as they are insignificant, and would not be necessary
to notice here were it not from the fact that ignorant i^rctenders have
given the impression that they are the cause of blindness, big head, and
even apoplexy or staggers. These teeth are certainly useless, and occur
in horses (not in mares) immediately in front of the grinders and may
be extracted without difficulty or injury, care being taken that they be
not broken and thus irritate the gums.

IV. Decay of the Teeth.

The teeth of horses under an artificial system of management, are quite
subject to decay. Usually this is found in the grinders, although it
sometimes, but rarely, occurs in the nippers.

Causes. — Anything that will destroy the enamel or corrode the teeth,
strong mineral medicines, fermentation in the stomach, breaking of the
teeth by biting hard substances, or natural causes from increasing age.

How to know It. — ^The horse will suddenly drop the food from the

r.iouth; slavering and exhibition of pain. This means toothache in its

jacuteform. The general symptoms are imperfect chewing of the food.

ill

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380

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

A IIORSB WITH TOOTIIACIIB.

and consequent finding of whole grain in the dung; indigestion, u;v
thrifty state of the hair and skin, irritability, loss of condition, geiierallj-

with swelling of the legs ; swelling of the
jaw-l)onc about the carious tooth, qulddiiig of
the partially chewed hay, accumulation of food
around the tooth, and between it and the cheek.

What to do. — Put a balling iron in the
horse's mouth, and examine the jaws for bro-
ken or decayed teeth. If suspected, tap it
gently. If there is inflammation, lance the
affected parts, and sponge with tincture of
myrrh. If the tooth is ulcerated, it is better
to extract it at once ; if not, it may be cleaned and the cavity filled with
gutta-percha. If tender from exposure of the nerve, it must be relieved
or deadened with crystalized carbolic acid and powdered opium, before
filling. As a rule, in extensive caries, the tooth may be extracted. If
so, the opposing tooth must be occasionally rasped down. The extract-
ing of teeth, however, should only be undertaken by a veterinary surfreoii,
except in the case of loose teeth, which may be extracted with a largo
pair of forceps.

V. Scurvy of the Teeth.

Old horses are subject to deposit of calcareous matter, by which the
teeth become ridged with a white scurf, extending down upon the gums
inflaming them and keeping them sore. This is generally confined to the
front teeth. Young horses also sometimes suffer from this disability.

Causes. — Imperfect digestion and sour stomach, evolving gases, oraiiv
cause injuring the enamel of the teeth.

What to do. — Fii'st, find if his system is in good condition, or put
it so. Put a twitch on the animal's nose and with proper instruments
remove the incrustations. Files, scrapers and fine emery paper arc the
means to be used, the teeth afterwards to be oiled. In ordinary cases, ;i
stiff brush and a mixture of tartaric acid and salt will do it ; rubWnii
afterwards with clean, hard wood ashes. Keep hard wood ashes and siiU
where the horse may take it at will.

VI. Stump Sucking, or Crib Bitiog.

Stump sucking is when a horse rests its teeth against any projection,
arches its neck with spasmodic action of the throat, chest and flanb.
Crib-biting is when the horse seizes the crib or other hard substance bo-,

twccn (
sucking
its i.'ctb
niodic ai
with .swi

Whati

of the to

examinee

any disal

ered with

of tlie in

iron bars

over and

pure wiiK

neck -will

a roarer.

Lam pas
of the bar]
tion in yoi,
chewing fr

What to

sliirlit cutt

or hmcet

tion to the

only al)()ut

third l)arai

Hence tlic

tlie roof of

cident the a

"ird arount

to tlic guni.-

iwssible.

"''ifice and s

for the

gum

No.

Sever hiir

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

381

twccn the tocth and pulls, with or Avithout spasmodic action. Wind
iiUfking is when the hor.so suddenly seizes any hard, tirni substance with
itsi't'tli, pulls back, sucking in the air, sometimes with so loud a spas-
modic action, noise and groans that it may be heard for a long distance,
with swallowing and eructation.

What to do. — It is probably more generally connected with disease
of tlic teeth than is generally suspected, and these should be immediately
examined for cause. At length it becomes a confirmed vice. Relieve
iiuV disabilities from the teeth. The remedy is to allow no surface uncov-
ered with sheet-iron where the horse may reach it. Smearing the front
of the manger with aloes has been recommended. A muzzle with two
iron bars projecting from the lower jaw over the mouth and extending
over and between the nostrils, will i)revent the vice. If the disease be
nurc wind-sucking, .. strap fastened tightly aI)out the upper part of the
nock will prevent the effort, but there is danger of the horse becoming
a roarer.

Vn. Lampas.

Laninas is congestion of the palate ; a redness and swollen condition
of the bars of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, caused by denti-
tion in young animals, and in old ones from indigestion, causing pain in
chewing from the protrusion of the tender parts.

What to do. — If in young horses, the means advised in dentition, with
sliiiht cutting (scarifying) of the roof of tlie mouth, with a sharp knife
or lancet will suffice. In old horses, scarification, with a general atten-
tion to the health of the animal will be indicated. In scarifying, cut
only al)()ut an inch back of the teeth, and never deep. Just behind the
third bar an artery lies near the surface, difficult to manage if cut through.
Hence the cai-e required in bleeding in
the roof of the mouth. Should, by ac-
cident the artery be severed, put a strong
(ord around the upper front teeth close
to the srums, and strain it as tightly as
possible. This will generally close the
Oiifice and stop the bleeding. As a wash
for the gums, the following will be good :

UUU><IMa Foil LAMP AS.

No. 135.

1 Oz. chlorate of potash,

2 Oz3. soft water.

Never hum the bars of the mouth for lampas. It is as senseless as it

II rf

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■*.vl

382

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is brutal and cruel. Never use cauntici. The l)ar.s of the mouth aiv
useful to the horse, as tiie i^alato is to man, and may not be tauipeied
with with impunity.

Vm. Inflammation in and Around the Mouth.

Causes. — Irritation from wounds, bruises, acrid or poisonous plants,
savage bits, injuries from the bit, twitch or rope around the under juw
and tongue, medical irritants, bites or stings of reptiles or insects, the
use of calomel and other salivating drugs, fungus growths, specitic
fevers, etc.

How to know It. — There will be difficulty in feeding and drinkinir, sla-
vering with or without fetid saliva, swelling and rigidity of tlio lips,
cheeks or between the l)ones of the lower jaw, blisters or sores within
the mouth, swelling of the glands, etc.

What to do — Find the cause, whether from mechanical injur}', irritating
food or irritant drugs. If injui-ed by alkalies wash with vinegar and
water, equal parts ; if by acius use lime water or a weak solution df
bicarbonate of soda ; if caused by caustic salts use mucilage of slippciv
elm, or white of egg ; if from venomous bites apply jimmouia and i/m.
one-half ounce of liquid ammonia internally to the horse, and one-half
to one ounce to the ox. For bite of venomous snakes, tarantula, etc.,
cauterize the wound in addition and give whisky in full doses. If thtie
is simple inflammation, open the bowels with a gentle laxative, two ounce
doses of magnesia, and wash with vinegar and honey. Give plenty of
cool water and soft food. If there are ulcers, touch them with a feather
dipped in

No. 136.

10 Grains lunar caustic,
1 Ouneo rain water.

If there is much swelling keep the head tied up. If tumors resolving
into matter (pus) appear, open with a lancet or knife. If there is slough-
ing of the parts (separation of dead flesh) wash with the folio sving:

No. 137.

1 Dractitn permanganate of potassa,
1 Pint of water.

IX. Slavering.

Causes. — The result of mercurial salivation, symptoms of various
affections, as apthous fevers, epilepsy, cutting teeth, ulcers of the mouth,
irritating food, alkalies, acids, bad fodder, etc. White clover will often
cause undue secretion of saliva by the glands.

THE IIOU8E, ITS UI8F.A8KS.

38.1

It iniiv I'C known by the free discharge of saliva, great thirst and often
indi;if>^tioii.

What to do. — Find the cause and remove it. Give cold water to drinli,
■iiul sound frrain, grass and hay. Use as washes
fur tho month, vinegar and water or vinegar
jiiui lidiu'V. If the saliva is offensive, use water
>li<;htlv tinctured with carbolic acid as a wash,
and attend to the general health of the aninud.

EFVKCT or CRDBL DSB OF TUB BIT.

X. Inflammation of the Tongue.

How to know it. — There will be difficulty in eating and drinking. The
toiiLHU' will be swollen and inflamed, sometimes hanging from the mouth.

What to do. — Use the same means recommended for inflammation of
the iiioutli, first having thoroughly searched for wounds from any sharp
sul)istiiiicc having punctured and remained in the tongue. If the tongue
liiiiijrs from the mouth put the end in a bag, and support it with tapes
extciidinu; from tlio corners of the mouth and tied behind the ears. Clroat
rilitf may be atfurdcd the suffering animal by this means.

k.tm

XI. Sharp and Projecting Teeth.

The remedy for this disability will be obvious. Secure the animal, put
;; twitch on its nose, if a horse, and a balling iron in the mouth and file
the teeth until smooth and even, using a rasp made for this purpose, fiat
aiKJ with a slightly crooked handle.

XII. Scald Mouth.

Causes. — The ignorant use of acid drenches or corrosive drugs by
(iiioless or ignorant stable men. Medicines of unusual strength are
>(tmetimcs sent with directions for diluting. If labels Averc carefully
loiid, and directions implicitly followed, there would be less of this
u:>ti'ossiiig malady, often ending in chronic disea.=;e of the stomach.

How to know It. — The mouth is red, often raw ; the lips are in constant
iiiotidn, moving up and down ; the saliva flows continually, showing the
l"iiii the animal endures.

What to do. — Give well-made cold giniel, either of corn or oatmeal,
!'ihI soft food if the horse can take it. Boiled carrots are excellent if
tlic aiiinial will eat them. Prepare the following lotion :

; ( i'.: ' (

If II *'

884 ILLLSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 138. (V Oiirn!CH of powdered borax,

'i I'oiiiK^ o( honey,
1 (lulloii of boiling water.

Mix, let it become quite cold ; hold up the horse's head inodoriitclv and
pour Imlf 11 pint into the mouth. At the cxpinition of hulf n iiiiniitf
allow tlio head to gradually drop so the lluid may flow over the iiiHanicMl
surfaces. This should l»e repeated several times a day. Beyond tiiis
nothing can ho done exccspt to attend to the general health of the animal,
which should do no work until entirely recovered.

Xin. Aptha, or Thrush.

A disease incident to sucking animals and young horses, generally
occurring in the Spring and Fall.

How to know It. — Red patches will appear on tongue, checks an<\ lips,
which assume a whitish color, caused l)y a fungus growth
(^(viUioiidlhicaiifi). The lips swell; the tongue liaiiL's
out of the mouth ; vesicles form containing a clear,
gelatinous fluid. At length these burst ; crusts form
and recovery ensues. '

What to do. — Give the animal soft food as rcrom-
mended for other mouth diseases. Wash the mouth
with the lotion prescribed for scald mouth, or prepare
equal parts of honey anfl powdered baj'berry bark into
a paste, with wlilch^noint the affected parts every iii^rht.
To pui'ify the blood and promote the general health give the following;

No. 139.

1 Ounce flowers of sulphur,

1 Ounce powdered sassalrns bark,

2 Ounces powdered goldcu seal.

Mix, divide into four jiortions and give one every night in scalded
shorts allowing it to get cold. Or give it in cold gruel as u drink. This
prescription will- be found valuable in any case and for all farm stock
when the blood is thick and inclined to humors. Give fully grown sniiie
half the dose prescribed, and full grown sheep one-third the dose ; that
is, divide into eight doses for swine and twelve for sheep.

XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Oland.

Causes. — ^This gland, which lies in the hollow that extends from
the root of the car to the angle of the lower jaw, sympathizes with in-
flammation of the upper part of the throat, and becomes hot, tender and
swollen in almost ever case of cold. It is liable to inflamtnation al?'

THE IIORRE, ITS DlflEASES.

886

from inooliiinical injury, mul from ohHtnictioii of its duct. In bad cumos
of 8tmugl*'"« oi" distonipef, it will Honx'timos .swc^ll to groat Hizo and will
liiTiik, 11 tistulouH 8orc being the termination.

How to know It. — "When llio gland has Iktohio swollen, it is easily
dis('('rnil)le by sight or feeling. There is a hard and painful lump be-
neiitli the ear, with a softer feeling about its edges. The horse earries
his head stitUy, ehcws slowly and with dilliculty, and has sonic general
fever.

What to do. — As this state of the gland is almost always preceded l)y
cold, and is accompanied by it, the treatment must bo lirst dire<ted to
the removal of the exciting cause. I'lace the animal in comfortable sur-
roundings, attend to the state of his bowels, giving 3 ounces ghiul)ers or
qwoin salts, in case of constipation, and a few warm maslies. Mean-
wliilo, cover the affected gland with a good poultice until the inllammation
is subdued.

If inllammation results from mechanical obstruction, that obstruction
imist of course be removed before any permanent relief can be ol)taincd ;
iiiid this may require the removal of a calculus or stone from the parotid
duct, which can be safely done'only l)y an experienced surgeon.

If attention is not directed to the swelling until matter is forming,
allow it to ai)proach the surfitt.'c and come to a head before attempting to
open, to avoid cutting any of the ducts, which might result in a listula.
If the tumor becomes, hard, use iodine, almost to the extent of i)listering.

Any wound iifflicted mechanically, as a cut into the gland, or a prick
with a stul)le-fork, must be treated externally according to its nature —
the main point being to close it so effectually that the salivary fluid which
it i(j the office of this gland to secrete cannot escape through the wound.

^ XV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct.

Causes. — The parotid duct, which is formed by a Union of the smallei
ducts of the parotid gland, enters the mouth after it leaves the gland, in
frout of the large masseter muscle of the cheeks — having passed for
some distance upon the inner side of the jaw, and then turned mider the
lower border of the bone. The saliva secreted by the parotid gland,
which lies at the spot where the neck joins the jaw, is poured into the
Mouth by this parotid duct, to be mingled with the fi)od during the pro-
cess of mastication. If the mouth of this little tuoo is closed in any
way, 80 as to prevent the free egress of the saliva, distension of the duct
t»kes place, and the confined secretion causes suffering, inflammation,
i'lid finally rupture. This stoppage is sometimes caused by hayseeds or
ntliev particles of food that cuter the mouth of the channel while the

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386

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iuiimal is feeding. Tlic presence of food in the mouth and the motion
of the jiiw stiuiuhitc the notion of the glund, and since the saliva thus
secreted cannot escape by its natural opening, there is constantly more
and more pressure until some outlet is found. This, as we have said,
may be by bursting, or it may be by external accident. A wound iiiflicteil
on the jaw with any pointed instrument, as a hay-fork, has been known
to penetrate this channel. The saliva thereupon pours through the open-
ing, and by its constant flow it prevents the healing of the wound, so
that its edges speedily become hard and without that liveliness essential
to the closing of punctured or gashed flesh.

The stopping of this passage into the mouth is said to have been some-
times caused by calculus or stone in the cheeks of the animai. These, of
a size exceedingly large in proportion to the size of the duct in wijieli
they lodge, have been taken from the jaw.

Every wound which penetrates this or any other duct of the salivary
glands soon becomes a flstulous and offensive sore ; the fluid secreted by
the gland finds its way out through the false opening, while none of it
enters the mouth to perform its natural function in preparing the food
for the stomach, so that the horse soon begins to lose flesh, and finally
assumes a wretched and loathsome appearance.

The opening of the parotid duct occasionally occurs, perhaps, from the
opening of abscesses attending strangles or distemper.

How to know it. — The digestion necessarily becomes deranged when
the process of mastication is carried on for any considerable length of
time without the foods being moistened b}' that secretion which the paro-
tid duct in a healthy condition furnishes ; but the orifice in the skin under
the jaw or on the cheek at the large muscle, discharging a liquid some-
what resembling the white of an ogg, is the unmistakable indication of
the disorder under consideration. During the act of feeding this fluid is
freely discharged, even sometimes squirting from the wound, and ospeui-
ally so if the food is dry and hard to chew. It will be noticed that in
chewing the horse uses the opposite side of the mouth from that on
which the opening occurs, and that the process is slow and difficult. The
edges of the wound soon become callous, the running of the stream down
the cheek destroys the hair, and the whole part has a fistulous and iilthv
appearance.

What to dO> — In the first place, especial care must be taken to keep
the animal, during the jjcriod required for effecting a cure, upon food
that requires no chewing. It should be sufficiently plentiful and nutri-
tious to prevent the uneasiness of hunger. Soft mashes and gruels alone
should constitute the diet. Another precaution is necessary when he is

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

387

left to himself — that is, to tie him up in such a way as to prevent him
from rubhiiig the wound. This can be done by having a rein at each side
of iho halter, and tying it up, one to each side of the stall, and suffi-
ciently back and high up to keep him from putting his jaw against either
the trough or the wall against which it stands.

If the wound has recently broken, shave the edges so as to remove all
rouirhness? and bring them closely and evenly together. Then cover with
collodion, putting on coat after coat until it is strong enough to keep the
wound from bursting.

If the sore is of long standing, and the case evidently obstinate, the

first care must be to determine whether the channel has become closed

between the wound and the mouth, as sometimes hai)pons. If so, make

;i new one and keep it open by passing a thread through it. This thread

must have a Hat button affixed to each end, one inside the mouth the

other outside the round, to retain it in place. It should not be so closely

.shortened by the buttons as to prevent its being slipped a little, first one

\v;iy then the other, until the walls of its passage have become callous or

tinii, and not likely to adhere. It nmst then be withdrawn, and the Avay

iieing open fur the secretion to escai)e into the mouth the outside wound

must be closed. To do this, make an adhesive fluid b}- saturating gum

mastic with the strongest spirit of wine, or by dissolving India rubber in

fulphuric ether. Pare off the edges of the wound till the healthy skin

and tlesh are laid bare, which may be known l)y bleeding. Now wash the

,-urroundiiig parts thoroughly with warm soap suds, so as to remove the

-lily secretion from the skin and hair, and render the latter dry, so that

;tii adhesive preparation may the more readily stick. "\\'hen the bleeding

has stopped and the hair is dry, lay over the orifice a piece of India

lubber, and over that a cotton cloth. Fix the cotton firmlv by means of

ihc adhesive fluid above mentioned, first attaching one side, then, w hen

that is dry and firmly fixed, stretching and fastening down the other

idsre. Continue to fasten on these strips one after another in this way —

Mime of them cross-ways — until there is a good body of them ; then

thoiouiilily saturate the whole with the adhesive fluid and tie up the

animal as already directed. When his reins are hjosened in order that he

may eat, he must be watched to see that he does not rul) and re-open the

wound.

This one covering, as described, is generally sufficient to effect a cure ;
''lit if it falls off before the orifice is entirely dosed, wait a day or two,
still feeding on soft food, and then put on aimther coat of the India
rubber, cotton, and mastic solution ; and so continue until a cure in
cffeeted.

; t

CHAPTER IX.

DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, ETC.

I. THUMP8. n. 8CR0PDLA.-

MBNT OF THE HBART.

MBNT OF TBB ARTKRIBS.—

III. FEVER, OR GEMERAL INFLAMMATION.

•V. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. -
—VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE JUGULAR VBIN.'

-IV. BNLAKGK-

VI. ENLAKGE-

-VIII. INFLAM-

MATION OF THE AB80RBBNT8.-

-IX. SCARLATINA.

I. Thumps.

Palpitation of the heart, or thumps, as it is usually called, may occur
from fright, in highly fed, irregularly worked animals, but is not as a
rule connected with structural disease of the heart.

Causes. — Indigestion, some blood diseases, sudden excitement or fright
in animals predisposed to nervousness.

How to know it. — The action of the heart will be violent and comnjl-
sive ; the beatings can be seen, felt and heard. The disorder comes on
abruptly, generally from excitement, has perfect intermissions with al)-
rupt jarring thumps, and a jerking motion of the al)domen, and unaccom-
panied l)y redness of the mucus membranes ; excited eyes, rapid breathiiiL'
and a more or less sudden diminution of the palpitation. If signs of
temporary excitement are not present ; if the attack comes on slowly, i>
constant with aggravated intervals ; if there is a heavy, prolonged, une-
qual beating, with red mucus membranes and swelling of the limbs, it
may be inferred that the difficulty is connected with structural lieait
disease.

What to do. — Avoid sudden excitement and over-exertion, but givv'
regular but gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics. The following wouM
be indicated as a stimulant, cither whisky, or 1-2 ounce li(iuid ammonia.
Give 15 to 20 grains digitalis twice a day in the feed, for some weeks.
388

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convul-

t)mcs on

ith all-

naoconi-

l)vealhii>i-'
ns of
lowly, is
rod, unp-
limbs, it
ul lieiirt

I'll

hut giv^'

'i-i

i\mmonia'
weeks.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

389

If there is a full, strong pulse, and increased size of the heart, add to
the digitalis 20 drops tincture of aconite, twice a day, or drop it into the
water given twice a day. If there is general debility, the following will
be indicated, to be given twice a day for several weeks :

No. 140

H Orachm powdered nux vomica,
1 Drachm extract or belladonna.

Form into a ball with liquorice powder and molasses, and give.

n. Scrofula.

The horse is not subject to scrofula, as is man, and the lower farm
animals. Swine are essentially scrofulous ; sheep are often so ; cattle
more rarely, and horses least of all. Yet that this noble animal has the
irprms of this dread disease in his system, would seem to be indicated by
ulcers on the liver, tumors in the glands, and tubercles of the lungs.
Thus it may be found in connection with other diseases, or show itself in
eruptive skin, or of the organs.

What to do. — Stramonium, known to farmers as Jamestown or Jimson
weed, is a specific. Give every other day half an ounce of the dried
seed, bruised, or 20 to 30 grains of the stramonium of the druggists,
daily. The ox may have from 1-2 to 1 drachm ; sheep 5 to 10 grains,
and swine 4 to () grains daily, the state of the bowels being carefully
attended to by giving laxative food if costive, or if necessity occur, med-
icine, Glauber salts in light doses.

III. Fever, or Qeneral Inflammation.

When from any cause injury is done to any part of the frame, or in-
tlammatory action is set up either in the tissues, membranes, or any of
tiic organs of the body, heat is produced, and this is fever. This often
liecoiues general from sympathy, thus in a measure relieving the pressure
on the more closely affected parts. Fever is not the disease itself, but
the result of disorganization, a symptom of disease, or internal disorder.
In fact, a symptom of disease arising from sympathy of the system with
disease of the animal economy. Remove the cause and the fever will
tease. \Vc may do something to alleviate it in connection with the treat-
ment of the disease itself, but we must not lose sight of the latter.

In intermittent fevers there is a cold stage, a hot stage and a sweating
stajre. Those may vary in succession and degree, but the real difficulty
i>* in a morbid state of the viscera, but particularly of the liver and
organs employed in the formation of bile, and of the mesentery. In
fevers the tongue is coated. Yet no quack is so ignorant as to suppose

1: P H : 5 ;

a * J. *

390

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the fever can be cured by scraping the tongue, and yet this is fully (ts
sensible as to suppose fever to be the disease itself when it is an effect of
disease.

In the horse fevers often manifest themselves through inflammation of
the mucous or serous membranes, producing catarrh or influenza. When
it affects the mucous surface of the stomach and bowels it produics
extreme languor and debility. In i)leurisy there is inflammation of the
serous membranes v, ilhin the thorax. The fever is the manifestation of
the disease. In typhoid fever there is inflammation of the brain and
viscera and especially of the stomach, intestines and pcyers gland. The
fever is the attendant simply upon the cause of the inflannmition.

Fever in horses has been described l)v the author of Hippopatholoofv
to be 1st. Common fever — a general diffuse inflammation. 2d. Idiopathic—
arising without any apparent local injury. 3d. Symptomatic — iirisiiiiv
from some local cause or irritation. The late Dr. Dadd, V.S., very truly
says:

"A rational s^'stem of veterinary medicine contemplates, in the treat-
ment of febrile symptoms, nothing more than a kind of expectancy. If
the patient be in the cold stage, administer warm diffusible stimulants
and diaphoretics, aided by warmth and moif^ture externally ; friction on
the extremities, and, if necessary, stimulating applications to the chest and
the extremities. In the hot stage, and when, the superficial heat of the
body is great, cooling drinks are indicated : water acidulated with cream
of tartar, makes a good febrifuge. The patient may be occasionally
sponged with weak saleratus Avater. The alkali has a beneficial effect on
the cutaneous vessels, while the water lessens the temperature of the
body. No treatment, however, can be of any rational use, unless it
ontemplates a restoration of the healthy etiuilibrium of the whole system.
Let the doctor treat the disease, and a good, attentive groom can manage
the fever."

In treating general fever or inilammation, therefore, we nuist first find
the cause, and '. eat, giving such agents as have been indicated throughout
this work, for iLe febrile symptoms as they occur. As a rule we do not
advocate l)leeding, l)ut in the horse in the early stages of acute inflamma-
tion, especially of the brain, and all that class of diseases which involve
the general system, and Avhen the blood is thick and dark, sonietinK'>
almost brown, bleeding may be practiced with success. It is never will
however to bleed blindly. In apoplex}' and that class of diseases, bleed.
It is a "ase of life or death. For fevers in {general there can be no
specific. In diseases of the blood, accompanied by fever, alteratives will
be indicated both as a preventive and corrective of the diseased function?.
Sometimes the couditiou of the absorbents are so inactive that alteratives

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

391

cannot act. Here bleeding would seem to bo indicated. Yet it is better
unless in the case of life or death, that it be not resorted to, except
under the advice of a competent veterinarian or physician.

rv. Enlargement of the Heart.

Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart is an increase of its muscular
sultstance and may be confined to one side or one ventricle. Sometimes
disease of the valves leads to enlargement much beyond its usual size.
Enlarnfenient of the heart also accompanies broken wind and other im-
i)cdinients to the free action of the lungs and breathing tubes.

Causes. — Long continued hard work ; chronic indigestion, or some
obstruction to the circulation.

How to know it. — There is palpitation, the beats forcible and jirolonged,
the intervals of silence shortened. The first sound is low, muflled and
prolonged, the second loud, and if only one ventricle is affected some-
times repeated. The pulse is as a rule regular, except under excitement
of the animal, and, the excitement removed, soon returns to its usual
state. The breathing is often hurried, and exertion increases the general
symptoms in a marked manner.

What to do. — Simple hypertrophy is seldom the cause of imminent
danger. It is not unusual for horses with an enlargement of the heart
to do steady, slow, moderate work, and live to be old. If there is
dilatation, weakness, blowing murnmrs with the first heart sound, spells
(if oppressed and difficult breathing, if the nasal and other visible nmcous
membranes are livid, there is danger of sudden death at any time.

Keep the animal (juiet, and at only slow, moderate labor; never over-
load or put him to speed. Let the diet be of good, easily digested food ;
iipver allow the stomach to become overloaded. Give twice a day from
I'dto 30 drops tincture of aconite root as the case may need. If there is
lii'okcn ^yind or other serious impediment to breathing, 3 to 4 grains of
arsenic in the food has been found useful. If the case, however, be of
long standing, or due to permanent obstruction, treatment must be simply
alleyiation. The case will eventually end in death.

V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart.

This disease is occasioned by a change of the muscular substance of
the heart to a fatty state, by which the organ is weakened, at length lead-
ing to rupture of its tissues. It is not uncommon in high-bred stock,
including cattle and swine.

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392

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Causes. — High feotling, inactivity, want of exercise, and the result of
such diseases as purpura scarlet fever, and diseases the result of pro-
found alteration of the blood.

How to know it. — Debility in the circulation, irregularity and weak-
ness in the pulse, lessening of the heart sounds, swelling of the legs and
sometimes a general dropsical condition, dilatation, a want of correspond-
enco between the heart beats and the stroke of the pulse, appetite irre<r-
ular and capricious, and the membranes of the mouth and nose a rusty
red color.

What to do. — Humor the appetite with sound, easily digestible food.
There is no remedy. Attention to the general health, and an ounce of
chlorate of potash twice a day in the food may mitigate symptoms when
more violent than usual. In all heart or arterial diseases give rest, aud
in fattening stock, do so as quickly as possible.

VI. Enlargement of the Arteries.

D'lat.'.tif>n of the arteries (Aneurism), is rarely found. It is a thinnin;r
and V : enmg of the coats of the vessels, sometimes to bursting, causing

nulsii • -mor containing blood.

Cau'Jti'^. — ' stvains in the vicinity of an artery, blows, kicjjs,

stabs, or weakening from overstretching, as in fatty degeneration. In
the mesenteric arteries of horses, they are common from immature
worms (Sderostomum eq^dnum) in the circmlation.

How to know it. — There is a soft, fluctuating, visible tumor if iipar
the surface, which may be reduced by pressure, but which instantly
reappears.

What to do. — Treatment is not successful except when near the .sur-
face. Then steady pressure by a pad if taken early will sometimes caust'
its disappearance. An animal with enlargement of the arteries is un-
sound and should never be bought. The same rule applies to all diseases
of the heart.

VII. Inflamed Jugular Vein.

CausOS. — This is due, for the most part, to bleeding, and the treatment
to which the horse is subjected, or rather lack of treatment inunediately
after blood-letting. It is not to be attributed to any particular manner
of bleeding, or to any awkAvardness in its execution and in the closing of
the wound. Some horses have a constitutional predisposition to inflam-
mation upon any occasion of punctured veins, and the most skillful
phlebotomist cannot avoid throwing them into this state unless care is taken

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

393

after the operation to see that there is as little exciting cause as possible.
Infliimnmtion may, indeed, result from bruising the vein in the act of
hlecding, but this must be of so rare occurrence as to be scarcely worthy
i)f notice. The same may bo said of a large and ragged wound made by
11 l)unglii)g operator.

The motion of the animal after bleeding, and rubbing so as to displace
the pin and tow by which the wound is usually closed, may be set down
a,s the great sources of danger. If the horse is turned loose and allowed
to graze about, hanging down his head and keeping it down at will, with
his jaws in almost constant motion, inflammation of the vein is apt to
result. So, if he is allowed access to food in a trough or stable. When
allowed his freedom he is apt to rub the wound whenever itching sensii-
tious .supervene, as they are apt to, and the trouble is thus easily induced.
If put to the saddle inmiediately after blood-letting from tjje neck, the
bridle reins may rub the wound, and especially irritate it l)y disturbing its
fastenings ; and if put to harness the collar may press the blood too
violently and constantly against the orifice, and so bring on inflammation.

How to know it. — The earliest indication is a slight opening of the lips
(if the wound, whence exudes in small quantity .1 thin, watery discharge.
A slight swelling appears ; this is followed by a hard, cord-like enlarge-
iiimit of the vein, which feels hot; and there is some visible swelling at
the angle of the jaw. The swelling takes place above the orifice, and
the intlamniation tends almost wholly in that direction.

If neglected, the second stage of the disorder soon sets in. Abscesses
form along the vein, and those finally burst and discharge a thin but
filthy pus. These tumors are united at their bases l)y sinuses in the
interior of the vessel.

It may be reckoned as a tliird stage of the disease when the vein feels
hard under the skin, and the abscesses discharge a dark, impure and
slinking pus, resembling rotten blood. At this stage the horse grows
(lull and stupid ; then at last the inflammation extends to the brain, and
11 madness similar m violence and fatal effects to the rabies may supervene.

What to do. — In the first place, "an ounce of prevention is worth a
pound of cure," and whenever it is necessary to bleed an animal, let it
1)0 done in as neat, skillful and expeditious manner as possible ; then
itose.the wound with care, leaving no part of the fastening pin to project
liver the suture or winding of tow or cord by \\hich the lips are drawn
•lose; and at once tie up the horse in a stall. If the stall is contracted
in width, it is all the better, as he will be less likely to stir unnecessarily.

Tie the halter above and something back from the manger, so that he
• iinnot rub his neck against the trough nor anything pertaining to that
part of his stall. Give him no food that will necessitate chewing^

^ h^ iff

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394

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

nothing but a sufficiency of thin, cool jfruol, having in it no inflammatory
ingrcdientH, to prevent the a))solute gflawings of hunger. Water may be
given in as great quantities as lie will take.

Allow him to remain in this position twenty-four hours. Even then,
do not turn him into a field, as the traveling to and fro, with the houd
often pendent and the jaws in motion as he grazes may yet cause inHani-
. Jiiation. He may now, however, be allowed a more roomy stable; but
the food should be for another day only such as will necessitate no con-
siderable chewing. This precaution will in all probability wholly prevent
inflammation, even in those cases where the animal, has a strong consti-
tutional tendency to it.

These directions, however, are not to be understood as applicable to
every case. When a horse is bled to relieve some sudden or acute local
trouble, there is really l)ut little danger of inflammation of the jugular,
especially if the acute trouble is attended with marked local fever.

When inflammation has actually set in, from whatever cause, the cure
is easy and speedy, -if steps be promptly taken to this end. If befrun
while in its simplest stage, place the horse at once in a stall, as previously
indicated, and tie his head up during the day — giving him food and drink
by raising a bucket within easy reach for the time. Then sponge the in-
flamed part very frequently with the following lotion, as cool as it can
easily be made :

No. 141. 3 Ounces tincture of arnica,

2 Ounces muriate of ammonia,

4 Ounces methylated spirits of wine,

3 Pints water.

It will be more effectual if some soft padding is confined along tlie
whole extent of the inflammation, and this kept constantly saturated
with the cold lotion.

After the inflammation has subsided, mix biniodide of mercury and
lard in the proportion of 4 drachms biniodide to 4 ounces lard, and rul)
the vein well with this, if it remains enlarged, every night until the new
deposit has been absorbed, which will be known by its having produced
a free watery discharge.

The treatment thus laid down is intended to apply strictly to the first
stage of the disease. When the second stage has set in before treatment
is begun — that is, discharging abscesses along the vein — begin by remov-
ing the pin and suture, if not already done, and then blister along the
whole extent of the inflamed and tumorous surface by rubbing in effect-
ually the oil of oartharides, or liquid blister. One blister must succeed
another till every sign of the disorder has disappeared. If the case seems
^o be violeut aud to yield slowly, one blister must not wholly cease to

THE HORSE, IT8 DISEASES.

390

act until unothor coating of the oil has been applied — though this is not
iieci'ssiirv except in very obstinate cases. If the liijuid is to be applied
over an old one, still raw, use a tine brush with which to lay it on, and
then cover over with an application of some unctuous oil to soothe the
severe smart that presently sets in. Be careful always to have the blis-
ter cover every spot where there is indication of inflaHimation.

If the disease has progressed to that stage in whi(!h there is a foul and
hlaik discharge, the abscesses must all be joined by slitting up the inter-
vening minuses. Cut the M'hole extent of the hardened vessel except a
little at each end. which must be left to prevent copious bleeding. Em-
ploy a small, suital)le probe, carefully and patiently, and cut along the
track indicated, from abscess to abscess. Then a])ply the liquid blister
!i!i directed, regardless of sores or cuts, and contiime to do so until the
part is l)ut one blister sore and not a lot of discharging tumors.

The vein will of course be destroyed. Wiienever the corded and
suppurating state sets in this is inevitable, as no human agency (^an
restore its functions ; but this will not seriously inteyfere with the circu-
lation, since the smaller vessels that ramify every part of the neck (as,
indeed, of the Avhole system) soon accommodate themselves to the new
order of things, and the life-current flows regularly on. It requires
nimh time, however, to bring him to that condition in which he will not
need more than ordinary attention. Throughout the day his head must
lie tied up to the rack, while at night he may be loosened so as to permit
him to lie down. The floor should be ("overed with tan, as he would
chew straw, and thus render cure more diflicult by that motion of the
jaws which is to be guarded against. He should be kept this way for
from four to seven weeks, according to progress of recovery. Meanwhile
liis food should i)e hay tea, sloppy mashes, and cooling gruel moderately
thick. No solid food should be allowed — no corn nor oats. Potatoes,
earrot.s, turnips, boiled, reduced to pulp, moistened and mixed with bran,
form the best diet.

At the ciose of the time designated begin regular daily exercise — very
httle lit tirst, but gradually increasing it, which may be contiimed for two
or three months, during Avhich time he should not wear a collar, or be in
aiiv way sul)jected to pressure about the neck. After three months ho may
be restored by degrees to the use of solid food ; but much care should
ho observed during a whole year, after which he may be considered
iiieusurahly sound.

lutiamniation may follow bleeding from leg veins, and those elsewhere,
but it is most common in the jugular and most troublesome. The treat-
ment were prescribed is of course applicable in its general principles to other
veins.

ill! ii-

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396

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

vm. Inflammation of the Absorbents.

Inflammiition of the absorbents { Lymphangith), has a variety of
names, among which are Weed, and Shot of Grease, and nniy be a con-
stitutional case, or a mere local affection. h\ its constitutional form, it
IS found in heavy lymphatic, fleshy-legged L.jrses that, hard worked on
heavy feed, are left in the stable for days together.

In its local form it is the result of wounds, bruises, injuries of viiriou>
kinds, putrefying matter in and around the stable. It may occur from
the specific poison of glanders, farcy, etc., and in the constitutional form
may go on to abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores, and death ; or the
horse may be left with the limb permanently thickened. In the local
form there may be abscess, diffuse suppuration, induration of the glaiid.s,
and even the vessels and surrounding parts.

How to know Constitutional Lymphangitis — There will be more or less

shivering; in bad cases severe, tiuickened breathing : rapid, hard pulse :
a general feverish state, and fever in one or both hind limbs. Enlarge-
ments may be detected high up in the groin, by the side of the sheatL in
the horse or udder in the marc, and great tenderness of the inguiiiiil
glands. The shivering fits will be succeeded bv fever with l)iirniii;:
sweats, swelled limbs, exudation and filling, sometimes to the body.

Wliat to do. — In mild cases, give moderate and daily exercise, pay at-
tention to diet, ventilation, and cleanliness. If the case is more severe,
give from 4 to 6 drachms of aloes, apply warm fomentations continually
to the limb, with Avalking exercise The bowels having been thoroughly
moved, give diuretics, an ounce of saltpeter in a gallon of water two or
three times daily ; or 10 grains of iodine. In very bad cases, when (he
subject is plethoric, bleed from the jugular vein until the pulse softens,
and proceed as before directed. For "thick leg," a chronic thickeniajr
of the limb, bandage from the foot up when the animal is in the stable.
and apply tincture of iodine for four days, giving daily exercise ; or rub
the limb with iodine ointment, and give the following once a day:

No. 142.

>i Ounce powdered resin,

a Ounce niter,

10 Drops oil of juniper.

Mix into a ball with liquorice powder and molasses.

If abscesses form, open them with a sharp knife, and dress with the

following ;

No. 148.

1 Ounce carbolic acid,
1 Pint distilled water.

' ! . )[

Tm: HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

397

In the local form there will be slight swelling of the cords, and redness
in white skins. The lymphatic glands will be enlarged along their course,
and become nodular or knotty. There will be pasty swellings of the
piirts, and even erysipelas.

What to do. — (^ivc rest, and a purge of aloes as recommended for the
ibronic state. Wash the diseased limb with the following :

No. 144. H Dracbm opium,

1 Drachm acetate of lead,
1 Drachm carbolic acid,
1 Quart rainwater.

In case of excessive inflammation, poultice with flax seed or bread and
n)ilk to hasten suppuration. Ojjen the suppurating parts to let out the
matter, and dress with the carbolic solution as in the other form of the

disease.

IX. Scarlatina.

Causes. — This disease, called also scarlet fever, is not considered
tontajfious in its milder forms, but in a malignant stage it would doul)t-
less 1)0 as much so as the same disease in the human family. It is
sometimes regarded as but a mild form of acute anasarca, and not
entitled to be treated as a distinct affection ; but we cannot dwell upon
the niceties of classitication, and where the necessities of the case (the
knowledge re(juisite for treating certain manifestations of disease success-
fully) an; met, it is not important that we should.

It genoniUy follows influenza and other affections of the respiratory
organs ; and may be justly said to have its origin in colds, and in some
cases, perhaps, in the breathing of vitiated air in close, dark, ill-ventilated
.•^tables.

How to know It. — The patient exhibits great thirst, with a failing
appetite, and evident weakness. He is more or less unsteady in his gait ;
his breath is hot and stinking, and all the limbs are swollen. But the
most unmistakable signs arc elevated blotches on the skin about the neck
and fore limbs, and scarlet spots, of variable size, on the membranes
within the nostrils.

What to do. — First, remove the animal from its fellows, for fear the
disease may develop into that putrid form which is found so contagious
among children, and prove infectious. Give an occasional watery bran
mash to keep the bowels open and allay fever. If this is not found
sufficiently laxative, give a dose of Epsom salts, or linseed oil. Guard
against too active and violent purgatives. Mix three ounces liquor acetate

5k 'Ti..!!:

' IS

398

ILLtlSTUATED 8TOCK DOCTOR.

of ammonia with three ounces of cold water, and drench with this onc»
or twice ii day, according to tlio violence of the fever, for three Uuys.
Mcanwliile, spongo tlie elevated spots on the skin with a tincture of
muriate of iron mixed with warm water ; or, if found more convenient,
put two ounces of hartshorn (acjua ammonia) into a quart of soft water,
and use that.

There is a tendency in this disease to dropsical effusions, and tlic limhs
become very much swollen, even during tiie treatment prescribed ; and
by the third or fourth day a whitish mucus will begin to run slightly
from both nostrils ; the scarlet sjjots will have spread a- ^ 'become redder.
(live now, night and morning, one-half fluid ounce swc rits of nitor.

for four or five days. Discontinue to sponge the elevated spots, but rub tlif
limbs closely and often ; and blanket the animal if necessary to keep him
comfortable. The niter acts as a diuretic, and the dose and length of time
it is given must be regulated by the effect upon the kidneys. Tf urine is
voided too often and too freely, lessen the dose, or discontinue it alto-
gether. • Follow this up with a daily dose of twenty grains of sulphate
of (luinino for from three to six days, and continue to rub the limbs.
When there are signs of returnmg appetite, give him, in addition to the
bran mashes, a few oats and a daily small allowance of hay ; and \)hvc
him in a small indosure, where he may have such moderate exercise u,s
he may be prompted to take. Do not fail to supply him from the tirot
with all the pure water that he will drink.

w-si'

CHAI^ER X.

DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NEBVOUS SYSTEM.

1, HYDROPnOltlA, OR RABIES.

GBHS, MKCiKIMS, OR VKHTIGO.
WITIIKN TUK UUAIN.

II. MAI) STAOOERS, OR PIIRKNITIH. III. BLIND STAO-

IV. Al'Ol'LKXy, OH SLUKl'Y HTAUGERS. V. AUCKSS

I. Hydrophobia, or Rabies.

Causes. — This is the niinic given to a madness Avhicli generally arises
from tiic l)ito of a dog, though wolves, foxes and cats are also sulijeet to
it liy ii spontaneous generation, and this hito is as fatal to another animal
mid to man as that of the dog. It is believed by some authorities that
ill rare cases hydropho'.ia arisen spontaneously in the horse; but of this
tlipie is no proof; arJ since it may have been conununicated i>y some-
tliiiiir of the dog or cat kind, eve in those eases where all the outward
>i<rn.s iuc lacking, it is safe to say lliat the horse takes it only by inocula-
tion, lie need not be absolutely bitten. The licking of bridle-bit sores
i!t the corner of his mouth by a mad dog is sufficient to introduce the
poison l)y absorption ; and if the horse by any means chances to take into
his month and stomach, with his food, the saliva or spittle of a mad ani-
iiiiil, lie will very probably be attacked, and especially if the animal so
iliopping the spittle is suffering Avith the disease in its violent stage.
The jjoison is known to reside in both the spittle and the blood of its
victim.

Wlien once the virus has been generated in or communicated to any
i'liimal, hot weather, abuse, want of water, Avant of good food, will pro-
cure that feverish state which is so favorable to its development ; and the
CToator or loss time in which it manifests itself decidedly in horses after
inoculation, is prol)ably due to these conditions or the absence of such.
The poison remains in the system, without producing the positive symp-
399

'■1

,jf

!»' V

400

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

COCNTBMANCB OF A IIORSB W!TI1 RAnllH.

toms, from throe to eight weeks. Some deckro that a longer period than
even eiglit weeks sometimes intei'venes between inocuhition and positive
madness ; hut such cases, if there are such, must be extuemelv ruro.
Thev form the exception, and contradict the great mass of testimoiiv on
this subject.

The remote cause — that which produces it in animals of the dog and
cat kinds — we need not attempt to discuss, as it can have little if any
practical bearing on the subject in hand. It may be well to ol)servp,

however, that most of the lower aiiinial>
contract the disease when bitten by (lo"s
that are violently mad, whereas ainon<.'
men it is widel}^ diffetent. Statistics
seem to show that less than tiftv pii
cent, of the latter take the disease. It
has been offered in explanation, that the
bite is generally through clothing, tliiit
serves in many instances to cleunst' the
teeth of the virus before the skin is
reached. In the case of horses, the iiitc
is generally on the lip — a sensitive ainl
vascular part, where the absorbents are readily reached.

How to know It. — Blood on the lips, or elsewhere, with marks of
violence, are of course to be regarded as symptoms of dog l)ite, if am
known occasion for such a thing has existed ; am' for a few days tiitw
will be the only indications. If the horse is high 13d and full of Wood,
and the weather is hot, the poison may begin io produce outward effects
in from five to ten days by a swelling of the l)itten par^s, and hy a diffi-
culty manifested in swallowing. In from twelve to fifteen days there i:
l)er('oi)til;ly inccased pulsation ; inllamcu throat, with thi(^keiiing of tlio
membrane that lines it ; from the fifteenth to the twentieth day tlu'
stomach inflames, and perliaps rejects food, — but nothing ccutalnly on
be stated as to this point, since here the symi)tonis vary gicutly witli
different animals: in some cases the appetite is voracious, and so nioiliiil
that the sufferer will devour his own excrement and urine. Soiiictime<
he will exhil)it burning thirst and driidc freely, while again water will
cause spasmodic movements and be avoided with horror. IJut in gcnml.
the appetite is destroyed, and that dread of water which charactori/o^
the disease in man is present in the horse.

In a very short time the indit^ations increase, and usually (asive
have said, with full blooded, feverishly disposed horses, at a time of liigh
temperature) befra'e the twentieth day, aljsolute madness sets in. Hf

<v of lllO

(liiy tlu-
;iinl_v i-in
■iitlywitli
<() nvM
^0luctinu'*
water will

11 ifClHTll.

iracteri/.oi
ly (iisffe

IK! of llii-'ll

s ill. '1*'

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

401

ji'.'w rubs tho bitten part against anything convenient with increased
violence ; sometimes instead of rubbing he will bite and tear the wound ;
the eves assume a wilder and more umiatural appearance ; some patients
iicii'h s(iueakingly, shove out the tongue, or gnash the teeth. The progn.-ss
of the disease is now very rapid ; generally there is profuse sweating ;
tlifvo is suppression of the urine, and inflammation of the parts of
<reiii'ration ; his countenance changes from a look of anxiety to one of
(Uiinii^' and a sort of grinning ferocity, and there is an irrepressible
desire to l)ite man or animal — whatever living thing may be within reach ;
he <fazes sometimf^s at an imuginary object and si)rings and snaps madly
at vacancy; lii'^ propensity to destroy grows with his |)aiii, and at last he
wreaks iiis furv up(»!i Inaniniate oi)jects — the manger, or trough, the
rack, whatever is seizeable in his stall is torn to pieces with his teeth oi'
smashed with his feet ; if not coniined he darts ferociously at whatever
ohicet of attack may present itself ; plunges about like a demon of
destruction, snorts, foams, sometimes uttering a kind of crying neigh,
iiui perhaps l)eats himself to death l)cfore the last and comparatively
Wlpless stage comes on.

DESTnDCTIVB IMPUL8K OF UYDIlOPIIoniA.

Tf not destroyed before the disease has run its course, paralysis,
usually eoiilined to tho loins and the li.iii(ler extremities, sets in, and
involves with it all those organs which depend for their nervous inllucnee
upon the posterior portion of the spinal cord. Tnable to stand upon the
liiiid legs, the animal will sit on his haunches, and strike and paw with
Ills fore fe(>t. The suffering is sometimes rendered more terrible by
tonesnnis or •etching of the bowels, which seem dreadfully oppressed but
have lost the power to act, while the kidneys are fevered and torpid and
the urine caimot he voided.

■(Ml

Mi'

):■,

■!;>

• ' 1 '■ ■'■

t. ,>1

■ 1 : . .

!;^|

■ ^'1

' (

402

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

It sometimes happens that the disease is developed l)v exertion and
heat, when no previous indications have been manifest, and shows itself
in a peculiar manner. The horse stops all at once in his work, heaves,
paws nervously, trembles, staggers and falls. In a moment he will be
up, and may, if put to it, proceed for a few moments, when he will stop,
stare about, and lie down again. This stage is sometimes mistaken for
blind staggers, but it may be distinguished by observing that in blind
staggers the horse loses his senses, while in hydrophobia he is always
conscious, often acutely intelligent and observing.

What to do — This is a disorder of so dreadful and dangerous a chahio-
tcr that some of the ablest veterinarians do not hesitate to advise the
instant killing of the sufferer ; and they refuse to give any directions for
attempting a cure. When the furious stage has come on there socnis to
be a sort of demoniac maliciousness and treachery, with a watchful tun-
ning, that makes it hazardous for friend or stranger to trust himself anv-
wherc within reach. It is extremely doubtful, too, whether recovery
ever takes place after the madness is developed.

Yet, it is not improbable that much may be done in the way of preven-
tion after the bite has been inflicted. The first step is to check the flow
of blood from the part, if possible, to prevent the rapid spread of tlu'
poison over the system. If a limb has been bitten, this may ho done in-
tying a handkerchief around it, above the wound, and twisting with ii
stick until a sufficient degree of compression is had. Then cauterize the
wound thoroughly, making sure that the very deepest recesses of everv
tooth print or lacerated place is reached. Lunar caustic is best, beeau>e
most easily and surely handled ; but if impossible to get a stick of this,
any convenient caustic may be applied, as oil of vitriol, nitric acid, caus-
tic potash, butter of antimony, etc. : or, a small iron, not too sharp-
heated to a white heat and cleaned of scales, will answer if the aniiii;il
can be kept still enough to apply without danger of injuring him other-
wise. The handkerchief should l)e left on tiirht until the cauterization
is effected.

Cauterizing thoroughly, even two or three days after the injury, may
result in saving the animal, as the absorption does not always speedily
take place.

If the wound is upon a part that forbids the use of the handkerchief,
it may be cut open to its depth, and a freer flow encouraged, l)otli I)y the
larger opening and by squeezing and wringing — soaking, meanwhile, with
warm water. Then use the lunar caustic wherever a sijrn of tooth niarii
can be seen.

But when unobserved till the virulent stage has come on, it is not evon
known to science that anything can be done to save ; and the l)est, the

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

403

most merciful thing to do is to shoot at once. When there are strong
syinptonus of mildness, but still some doul)t, put him by himself in u sta-
ble, l)arc of everything destructible except food and water, which must
he placed where he can get it, and barricade the door. Leave a window
oppii for observation, and keep him here until the symptoms disappear
or hydrophobia is unmistakable — then act accordingly.

II. Mad Staggers.

Causes. — This disease is sometimes known by the more learned term of
phrcnitis (the delirium of fever ; frenzy, raving) ; but it will be by prac-
tical iiicn most readily recognized when treated of under its old and fa-
miliar name.

It is an intlamed condition of the brain and its covering, with effusion
of the small cavities and the spaces between the membrane and the brain
itself. Sometimes both the brain and its membranous covering are in-
volved ill this intlammation, sometimes but one, and that most frequently
the moml)rane.

It ii;a y be caused by concussion of the brain by reason of blows upon
the head. The brutality of a driver, which finds its gratification in using
the butt of his whip upon the head of the horse, may result in a frac-
tured skull, to be followed by slight pressure upon the brain, a speedy
fever and the consequent determination of too much blood to the head,
whiih, combined with the burning inflammation, brings on this madness,
perhaps death.

Au\ong the causes other than violence we ma}-^ name the following :
The slujiging of the vessels of the brain with clots formed elsewhere in
the system by some abnormal action ; the growth of tumors upon the
Itrain or upon its covering, from some remote and probably hidden cause ;
sudden and great changes of temperature in the body brought about by
instantaneous exposure to extreme heat or cold ; over-exertion in pletho-
ric or full-blooded animals, especially in hot weather ; congestion from
close collar, short-draw^n check, or light throat-latch ; congestion from
internal compression, as by over-loading stomach and bowels ; feeding on
parasitic grasses or smut, of which r3'e grass may be noted as the most
hurtful ; infection of the blood by poisonous animal matter or fluids ;
imprudent over-feeding and insufficient exercise.

How to know It. — The symptoms often differ but little from apoplexy,
comparinjr the Jirst stafje of each, but they may generally be distinguished
hythis: that in mad staggers the horse is not so comatose, or sleepy and
insensible, as in apoplexy. Light affects his eye a little, and he is sensi-
tive to the whip, whereas the horse laboring under a genuine attack of
2tt

WS I

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404

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn.

apoplexy seems blind, deaf, and without bodily feeling. In som*
instances in mad staggers, it is true, the animal ma^'^ sleep till he drops,
but on recovering himself ho will manifest the sensitiveness above
described. >

Occasionally, the brain aloQe is involved, in which case he is stupid,
dull, and awkward of motion, the nerves of sensation and of motion
being both affected ; and during this stage he will sometimes bore bis
head against some object ; at others he will rest his haunches upon his
trough or anything else convenient.

When the membranes covering the brain arc inflamed, which is most
generally the case, there is restlessness rather than stupor ; the horse
trembles ; his genwal temperature is elevated, while there is great heat
about the upper part of the head ; his iiulse is excited, his breathin"
quick ; his eyes glare ; his movements are irregular ; he paws, stamps,
champs his teeth ; an interval of stupor may occur, but even when just
aroused from this condition of repose he is extremely excitable and trenil)les
^'iolently.

BORSE DUKING THE MAD STAGE OF BTAGGERS.

When the worst symptoms arc rapidly developing themselves he bojrins
suddenly to heave at the flanks ; his eyes brighten and his nostrils expand;
the pupil of the eye dilates to the utmost, and stares wildly and vacantly ;
his breathing becomes shorter and quicker ; sometimes he will neigh
uneasily ; his ears are erect and bent forward ; the membrane of the ere
reddens and contrasts strangely with the clearness of the cornea or ball;
ho becomes more and more excitable, and trcmljlcs at every sound, and

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

405

delirium seisin. He i. v dashes himself about with fury; his motions
arc xiiddeii nnd violent, but without an}' disposition to misehief, as he is
ovideiitlv unconscious. He sometimes becomes ferocious, and dangerous
to :dl who may come within reach ; he then bites and strikes at those who
come near him ; he plunges, rears upon hi» hind logs, whirls round and
round and falls with dreadful force. lie Avill now lie awhile exhausted,
iuid his pulse and breathing are slower.

At length the mighty anguish returns, and he becomes again a terrif}'-
iusr and dangerous animal. The second paroxysm is worse than the iirst ;
he darts furiously at everything within reach ; sometimes bites and tears
liiniself ; and this continues until his former stupor returns, or until he
h;i; worn himself out and death puts an end to liis sufferings. Each
succeeding attack increases in intensity, and brings on increased weakness,
so tliiit his periods of stupor become longer and longer till at last he dies.
In those cases where at first onl}' the brain is involved the premonitory
svni|)t()nis may continue a day or two, when the membranous coverings
niiiy become suddenl}' intlanied and delirium speedily set it. Whenever
tlie inenibrancs are attacked the disease reaches its crisis in a few hours —
there unist be speedy relief or death will quickly follow.

This disease may sometimes be mistaken for colic or for hydrophobia ;
but to distinguish from the former, notice that in the colic the horse rises
and falls with less violence, and that though he sometimes plunges, he
more fre(iuently rolls about. He looks freciuently at his flanks with an
expression of pain, and he '.s all the time conscious. To distinguish it
from hytUophobia, observe that while there is violence in the latter, and
•renerally an inclination to do mischief, there is always consciousness.

What to do — If the earlier .symptoms — stupidit}-, sleepiness, awkward,
stiijrjrery motions — are observed, apply ice cold water to the head, both
liy jiouring and by means of a sponge or rags secured between the ears
and idonjr the forehead ; and bleed severely — not enough, however, to
render the horse faint. Then give an active purge, as the bowels will
almost invariably be found to be torpid and constipated. Use at first :

Ko. 145.

7 Dniclims aloes,

4 Draclinis custilc soup,

6 Drops oil ol curuways.

Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a ball, and give this quantity for
•mo dose. If this is found, after four hours, not to have produced the
licsiicd effect, give one scruple of croton meaJ in water, if he will drink
it; if not, he must be drenched. This is a powerful medicine ; but it is
nf the utmost consequence that his bowels be free, and no effort must be
spared to effect that object. If the croton cannot be had, I'esort to the
clyster (of warm soap suds), or to back-raking.

■ i 1

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ijii

i' 1

i: 1

■■i'r,
■ hNgi ; I

S'Plftl'lS

i-i'lll

i>'B

ilu^V

iii^E

li'l

H»- *'!' x'-^-

H^l

m' Wi:

HHH

^Sii M.\ '*■

406

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The bowels having been opened, give two or three times a day, the foU
lowing compound, the effect of which is to decn'ease the action of the
heart and prevent the tendency of the blood to the hi ^d, as also to pro-
mote the activity of the urinary organs :

No. 146.

1 Dracbm digitalis,
1 >i Drachm tartar emetic,
3 Drachms niter.

Keep him in a cool, airy stall, and feed with the greatest moderation,
giving such green and njoist food as has a laxative tendency, and such
quantity only, for a few days, as will prevent gnawing hunger.

But if the paroxysm has already come on when remedial means are to
1)0 adopted, seize tiie first opportunity, during an interval of stupor, or
of comparative stillness, to bleed him till he falls, or, if down, till he
grows faint and weak. Open the vein on both sides of the neck, if pos-
sible, as the quickness with which the blood is drawn away from the
brain is of almost as much consequence as the quantity. Tiie operator
must observe great caution, as the fury may return suddenly and with
much danger to himself.

If successful in bleeding, the next step to take is to purge in the least
possible time. To affect this, use half a drachm of croton meal. Some-
times the horse will drink readily and freely, in which case the meal can
be well stirred in water and given in that way ; but if necessary, pour it
down him according to directions for drenching. If the meal of croton
cannot be had instantly, give an ounce of aloes dissolved in hot wafer. If
this does not act within four hours, give a quarter of an ounce more, and
so continue till purging is produced. The next step is to give as a sedii-
tive the digitalis or powdered foxglove, etc., as previously directed. It
may be necessary to back-rake and then give a clyster of warm soap-suds.

All this will of course leave the creature in a dreadfully depleted and
weak condition ; but the only hope of saving him lies in the use of power-
ful means, especially when delirium has already set in. It may not he
l)ossible in every case to bring him back to fullness of life and usefulness,
even with the best of care. At all events, he must be treated gentlv
thereafter, and guarded from excitement, as the attack is otherwise likely
to recur.

in. Blind Staggers.

CaUMt. — ^This disorder, by some called megrims, by others vertigo,
and still by others dizziness, is not well understood ; and there is a difli-
culty in determining whether some of the forms it assumes ought not to
be set down as separate diseases. The causes, however, that will produce

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

407

ccrtiiin manifestations in one horse will produce different ones in another,
ii() tliiit it may be readily inferred that the varying symptoms do not mark
different types of disease but mere difference of degrees ; and that the
same general causes act throughout.

The immediate cause is clearly pressure on the brain, resulting from
unusual How of blood to the head. This is doubtless in some instances
the result of a constitutional tendency — a predisposition to epilepsy — .
that is brought to manifest itself on occasion of excitement, over-exertion,
or "•ciieral ill condition of the digestive apparatus. In others it is most
probably a watery suffusion of the brain — the blood being subjected to
some sort of decomposition in its passage through the head and leaving
the scrum or watery portion to collect there.

The brain requires a proportiona'tely far greater amount of blood than
anv other organ ; but while ample means are provided for supplying it,
nature guards against doing this with that velocity which would endanger
it by overloading and rupturing. The arteries make their way tliiough
the head in a peculiarly circuitous manner, and they enter through minute
l)onv holes that will not admit of much distension. When the horse is
overheated, however, or when the return of the blood is impeoed, this
fullness takes place. In great heat the arterial passages are enlarged to
their utmost capacit}', and the rapidity with which the now uncommonly
heated and the thinner fluid makes its way into the brain is not counter-
balanced by a similarly rapid return, and the effect is jiroduced to which
the various names referred to have been given. Imjieded return of the
blood from the extremities, through the veins, is caused by a tight collar,
pressing, during the act of pulling, upon the large or jugular vein, on
one or both sides of the neck ; by a tight throat latch, producing a similar
compression of the jugular ; or by a check-rein drawn so short as to
liring down the head, and bend the neck to the extent of crowding its
parts togetlier and interfering with the circulation. By this compression,
thougii the blood may not be forced to any undue arterial activity, the
large veins will be too long distended by reason of the sluggishness of
return, and the small veins running through the substance of the l)rain
will 1)0 so increased as to pres3 upon the nerves at their points of origin
and produce loss of power and of consciousness.

The immediate cause, or pressure upon the brain, is doubtless some-
times to be found in tumors, arising from blows on the head, as well as
ill coniLri'stion, or too great fullness.

Other remote causes besides those already named may be found in a
diseased stomach and intestines. Inflaniniiition of all the organs of
(lifrestion and secretion may be brought on by the retention of great
masses of indigestible food, and this clogged state superinduces conges-

■%u

!*t

*, tji,.

408

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOU.

tioii by a sort of internal compression, and this tendency is of course
increased by rapid exercise and tlic consequent heat. That this is one of
the primary causes is evinced by the fact that constipation attends noailv
every case. Indigestion and foul stomach are tlie natural results of con-
finemcnt in hot and badly aired stables, unwholesome food, or food in
excess of the quantity required by the amount of daily exorcise, of
extreme cold, of extreme heat, and of great fatigue. Hot weather,
when the horse is of full habit, will sometimes derange the digestive
functions, and undue exercise will then quickly develop a case of blinj

staggers.

Draft horses, and particularly those that are young and of a pletlioric
or full blooded tendency, are most subject to it, though it is not contind
to any age. It is rarely the case that 'a horse under the saddle is attacked
■with it.

The dread of the whip, combined with the consequent fretting and in-
terference with both the digestive and circulatory functions, is tliought
to produce it in sensitive horses.

It is ordinarily regarded as an incurable disease. If there is an organic
predisposition to epi'ie[)sy, entire recovery is of course out of the (]ucs-
tion ; and when a horse has been once attacked, though previously fiw
from any sutih tendency, he is sul)ject to a return of the comphiint 1)0-
cause the vessels have been weakened by violence, and offer loss resist-
ance to the rapid flow of bh)od in the arteries, or the abnormal gutherinjr
of it in the small veins of the brain.

How to know it. — In its final manifestations it is unmistakable ; but tlio
careful and intelligent owner ought to be able to detect some syini)tonis
of an appoaching attack in time to guard against its most hurtful effects.
That condition of body which superinduces congestion by internal com-
pression and derangement is not difficult to detect, and attention to tiiis
may be the means of warding off a violent attack. This is indicated Iiy
an offensive breath; somewhat impeded respiration, or expelling of the
air from the lungs ; chewing food slowly, [)erhaps letting some of it fall
from his mouth only partly nuisticated ; a foul tongue ; a dry and clammy
mouth ; disposition to plunge his head into the water above the nostrils
when drinking; fieces (or dung) hard and difficult to pass; and urine
ejected in small quantities.

As previously observed, the attack very seldom comes on while the
horse is ridden, but while he is being rapidly driven, or after he has been
subjected to a long, hot pull under a tight collar, a closely-drawn check
rein, or a throat-latch buckled almost chokingly.

Occasionally the attack will be sudden and without the slightest wani-
Ins: ; he will fall almost as thoujrh shot, or make an effort to run around

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

400

ami tlien fall ; usually lie will first exhibit some signs of uneasiness, as
^liakiiiij the head and twitching the ears, and the eyes, if observed, will
1)0 found to have a wild, staring and bloodshot appearance. Sometimes
he will stop and staro about — look wild and irresolute — and then go on
us though nothing were the matter. Again, he will rear up or stagger
iil;c a drunken man, and then fall. He often becomes stubborn, and will
(.() only his own way — evidently uneouscious — and then come convulsions,
followed by insensibility.

When down, it occasionally happens that he
lies in tliis insensible state at first, but he usu-
ally struggles violently, then becomes quiet ; ^'^
gradually recovers himself, and gets up, ready
to proceed on his way — being yet dull, how-
over, and evidently affected by what has hap- ^*
pcued.

What to do. — ^^Vhen it is discovered in time
that he is suffering with disordered digestion
and is constipated, relieve him from Avork, if
possible, and lessen the (luantity of dry food.

Turn him out at night, at any rate, even
11 found imperatively necessary to have his services during the day. If he
can have some contiimed rest, anil the run of a good pasture, or else bo
woU fed with food suitable to his condition, and well watered, while occu-
pying a roomy, dry and well-ventilated stable, his chances for restoration
to health and escaping violent attacks altogether, will be greatly in-
creased. Of course he should have sufficient exercise, but in moderation.
If the animal is young, and of full habit, yet fallen into this disordered
state, restrict his diet, increase his exercise by degrees, or turn him out
to pasture until his normal condition of stomach and bowels has returned.

In the beginning of this treatment as to diet — what may be called the
pnventiva treatment — give him the following purgative :

BXrnBSStON OHAnACTEllISTIC
UITMEUUIMS.

No. 147.

7 Drnclims nions,

4 Drai'lims ojistiln sonp,

6 Drops oil ol caraway.

Mix with mucilage or syrup sufficient to form a ball. This amount
CDiistitutt-s a dose. It may be repeated after twelve or fifteen hours if
the first does not produce pro[)er action.

Hut if these jjrenionitory symptoms i)ass unobserved, or if it is a case
of sudden attack owing to violent ex(>rcise, great heat, or develojiment of
epileptic tendencies, stop him, if driving, upon his showing any of the
iudicatious described, and go to him ; examino collar, eheck-reiu, throat-

\' I

m '

JIM

410

ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOIl.

latch, iind soo tliat all is right; pat and sootim liiin, aiul allow him to
stand for a few iiioiuoiitH in quiet. Where it is found that the cdllar li.us
been pressinj; the neck veins see that it Ih altered without more a<lo— .
cither by cutting or by pressing in against the l)reast on the lower part of
the collar a cloth of sufficient si/e to prevent its tightening upon tiic^ sides
of the neck. If he recovers sulHciently to be driven, allow him to niovr
at a very moderate pace ; if not, remove him from the vehi«de and jcud
Iiini home. When there he must have rest and (juiet, and care nnist hv
taken, as previously directed, to bring him, by food and laxatives, into a
good state as to stomach and [)owels.

When the attack is so violent that he rears, plunges, and falls, hlcol
as soon as ho becomes comi)osed enough to allow it — taking from tho
neck vein from three to six (piarts, according to the violence of the III,
and the weight, fullness, and fleshiness of the patient. During the lirst
paroxysms of his attack dash cold water ov<'r his head, if it. can l»e Iiiul;
anil a wet sponge made fast between his ears will be found useful.

From these violent attacks, entire recovery is doubtful, even tlioii<{li
he may not die outright; but every cIkukhi of even a partial return to
health and usefulness is increased by rest. A horse once affcctedin this
way should really not be driven again, though apparently recovered, for
the lit is likely to recur, and the driver may himself bo thereby seriously
endangered.

The noi-essary steps as to feeding and care, and tho administration of
laxative medicine have already been pointed out.

IV. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers.

Causes. — The different stages of this disease are sometimes treated :is
though they were two different types ; iuid we find even professed vctoi-
inarians, who ought to be nuu'e discriminating, so regarding llieiii.
Apoplexy is the term by whi(di alone it should be known — the state of
sleepiness and staggering being but premonitory .symptoms, or rather the
earliest stage.

The immediate cause of this disorder, as in blind staggers, megrims,
vertigo, giddiness, dizziness, or by what other name the disease previously
treated may be known, is undue pressure upon tho brain, and their re-
mote causes arc generally identical also — the difference in the discuses
being simply a difference in the modes of their manifestation.

Pant mnriem examinations of horses that have died of apoj)lcxy, have
sufficiently indicated the cause. The vessels of the brain are founilto lie
peculirly bloated or distended with black blood. Sometiuics there may
be no inflammation of the membranes of the brain, but the stomach is
found loaded with undigested food or the intestines with foul matter. It

TIIK llOUhK, rrs DIHKASKW.

Ill

is Hour that cnn^cslioii of the hraiii, prrliiips of the vonous svHtfin jr<'ii-
crullv. is the (■(UMlilioii tliat prcviiils wIhmi IIk^ (iisciisc iiiiiiiifcsls itself in
i(^ iiclivc ami violent .sta^o. And this too jjjreut. fiillncHH of hlooil \h in
most eases owiiifj; to dinordc^'ed di<reHtion, wliieh may bo brou^rlit about in
two ways : the horse may b(! ()V(M'fed and Hul)j»'et(Hl to insulKeient cxcr-
ciso, so tliiit the stomach beeoiiies weiik, and lacks tlu^ ))o\ver to dij^est or
I'xpel the food ; or h(! may suddenly fjjorjLje himself when chiincin;; to
coiiie upon abundance of food of \vhi<li he can i)!irtake witiioiil restraint.
Tlic fulness of the stomach and bowels produces that internal eonii)roH-
sion which precludes the rei;nlar How of blood throuirh the veins, and
woiikens th(> venous system, and the brain soon becomes overchar,'.fed,
inid tliiil, too, with a lluid in ii decree i)oisonous for want of perfect oxy-
iri'iKition, or pnrilication l)y beinj; re<j:idaily passed throujrh the lunj^s and
exposed to the air. Hot weallier is pecnliai'ly fa.voral)le to the attack,
Imtii lu'cause of the more <lebilitate(l state of the system fi'om heat, and
l)i>('ans,' the heat predisposes a inonM'apid arterial tlow of blood, that is
not coinilcrbalanced l)y an e(inally rapid return of the blood through thu
veins t( the heart and Imigs.

Luxuriant pasture, warm weather, and the dependent postui'e of Iho
aniniiirs head in iiis continual crop[)in<j:, esi)ecially if hv is in over-condi-
tion and full of blood, may readily produce apoplexy — the inmiediate and
the remote cause in this case seeminjij to act simultaneously. Iloises in
])oor condition may be attacked after Inivinji' been overworkeil juid re-
(liieed to a debilitated state through want of carci and of nourishing food.
I'lil upon rich pasture, with a ravenous appetite, the}' are iipt to gorge
!Uk1 liring on indigestion and its attendant constii)ation.

Tin 10 is sometimes ii softening of th(> brain, ralh(U' than effusion or
too groat fullness, and this may aris<i from tumors, caused l)y blows, or
liy tlie plugging of the vessels with clots of iibrous matter.

How to know it. — This differs from l»lind staggers or megrims in this,
at loast, that the prevailing symptoms force themselves upon the atten-
tion of tlio ordinary observer while the horse is at rest. He exhii)its at
fust a want of appetite, and is more liiati usually dull. When he walks
his movements are slow and unsteady. Examination will discover his
pulso to ho slow, heavy and dull, yet full. When lie is exercised a little
tlioso symptoms go off, but they soon return Avlien he is left to himself,
and more umnistakably. In the open air he balances himscdf as though
about to fall, and stands with his head depressed. Jn the stall he bears
upon the trough or the wall, and a good deal of his weight seems to be
supported in this way. Sometimes he gets his head against some rest,
stands for a length of time, and then drops as though shot, but presently
gets upon his feet again, to relapse into the same sleepy listlcssuess.

m I

W-\

III iikiMi if 'i^

412

ILLU8TKATEU STOCK DOCTOIl.

WluMi ill this coiulition it is iliiiijioroiiH lo he noiir him, or to ulUinpt to
liiovo him. When uioiisml from this apijiiiciit alecp ho h)oks vacaiitlv
nrouiul, j^iiircs uiimomiiii^ly, and «oiiu'tiines the eyan will not ch)se wIkmi
un ohject is moved before tlu'in — and the indieiitions tiro that he nciljior
sees nor hears. If food is within reaeh he will sometimes tal<e ii nioutii-
ful, hut h)se consciousness while it is yet hut half chewed ; and if lu;
attempts to drink, the power of swallowing; seems to ho partially lost,
and the Avator will return throu<^h his nostrils. As ho jxrows worse ho will
twist his logs over each other when trying to go straight forward. In the
last stage he i)egins to foam at the mouth ; his hreathing i)ec()nics loud ami
laborious ; the pulse is depressed : the jugular veins are distended aliiKbt
to bursting : the mu//lo is cold, and sometimes he discharges fa;i'es almost
involuntarily ; he grinds his teeth ; twitchings steal over his face iiml
limbs; and at last he falls into convulsions and beats himself al)()ut in a
terrii)lo manner. There is no disposition to do mischief — he is evidoiitlv
well nigh unconscious. All the powers of life are wrought uixjii, and
death speedily results unless some powerful means can bo brought to
bear to bring instant partial relief.

It is well to caution the reader against mistaking for an apoplectic sijrii
a certain sleepy, listless, stupid ex[)ression of countenance that is hroijijlit
on by ri'peated attacks of megrims. A little examination will generally
disclose that all the other symptoms of apoplexy arc wanting.

What to do. — That treatment which will most speedily relievo tlie
overloaded vessels of tho brain is clearly best. If anything is done
before the violent stage of the disease comes on, bleed freely from tlio
neck vein — so freely, indeed, that tho horse falters or begins to lilnw.
If the case has been neglected until tho violent stage is upon him, IjIwiI,
if possible, until he falls. It may sometimes happen that a lull in the
paroxysms ensues, and even at this late hour it is well to make the
attemi)t to save l)y drawing blood.

Next, determine, if possi'oio, whether the cause is a j)res(Mit-oxistinL'
gorged stomach, and constipated, torpid bowels. If so, use the stoiiiaeh
l>ump promptly. Force warm water into his stomach till the food is so
thinned that it may escape by the pylorus and by the mouth and nostrils.
When this extreme fullness of the stomach is overcome, give a purgative
bolus as follows :

No. 148.

7 Drachms uIocr,
4 DrncliniN castilo fr
Drops oil 0/ ca^a^

:ii<i

•if ''Ml

Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a II, whi give as a dose.
If the constipation is obstinate, and docs not ^iold to this pifrgative,

TIIK IIOItHK, ITS bIMKASKH.

41.1

Htir !i liaiKifiiH of line salt in oiu) j^iilloii of warm water, and injt>ct it into
his iMtwi'i.-^. Tlii-' failing he niu.st hu haclv-raliccl.

Wlu-n tlio sy.stcin is onco rcliovcd the (lijrt'stivc functions nniy 1h' stini-
ulutcd by giving, every four hours, for two days, a wine-gUiss-full of

Ko. m.

4 Ouni'OH flulil oxtnict of Muck pepper,
Ounces llulil extract (if Kiii),'cr,
'i OiiiiccH liyposiilplmtu of 8odu,
4 Ouiicen water.

Dissolve the soda in the watt-r ; then add the ginger ''ud pepper.

Attention nuist now ho paiil to diet, at first reducing it to a snudl
(|Uiiiititv, and to sueh in <iuality jis will have a laxative tendency. He
iiiiiv lie tiMMied upon a pasture, if it is not too I'ich, hut he shoidd have
food iulniinistered morning and evening in moderation. He shoidd have
free access to water.

In the l)eginning of the paroxysm it is sometimes found advantageous
in (|uietiiig him somewhat to apply ice to his head, or to pour tv stream of
ice colli water steadily between his ears.

rati! he is so far recovered as to render it safe for him to go to
Ijiistiu'c, keep him comfortable. If the weather is hot — tind it usually
comes on during hot weather — keep him in a cool, well-aired place, or
ill an open place well shaded.

Complete recovery is seldom to be hoped for. Generally, the horse
onco soverelv affected, is useless for Summer work, though mcU able to
p) through that of Winter, if properly cared for.

As in the blind staggers, the unnatural distension of the blood vessels
renders a recurrence of an attack very probalde ; and it may l)e brought
ahoiit l)y external compression, so that tight collars, tight throat latches,
and short-draw cheek-reins, should be avoided. A breast-straj) shotild bo
snhstituled for a collar, and overwork should bo sjjccially gtiarded
airainst.

Ai)o])lexy is not contagious, though it has been so regarded. If more
than one horse on the same farm or in the same stable is affected with it,
be assured that the same causes are present for both, and that when they
»re removed the danger of now cases ceases.

V. Absoeas Within the Brain.

This not unusuid and terrible affection is produced almost invariably
hy external injury. From being struck or striking against some hard
substance, as in running away, striking the head in the stable, or other
similar cause. It is possible the owner may know nothing about it. A

-jin;-.|;|^

!l 'I

'^';

ih I

. i:.^:i#-^f j

414

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

wound, perhaps a trivial looking one, is found on the head, from which
perhaps only a little watery fluid issues. Soon the hoi'se becomes dull,
and from day to day gets worse, refuses his food, and at last falls and
commences knocking his head against the floor or on the ground ; thus
he continues until at length death comes to his relief.

A 1I0H8B DYING FKOM ABSCESS WiTRIN THK IIRAIN.

What to do. — There is nothing to be done once an abscess forms within
the brain. Tlic only means of cure is to allow the matter to escape. The
thick muscles covering the cranium of the horse would prevent the use of

I , .-i:

A nORSR, MAD FKOM INFLAMMATION OF THK BRAIN.

the trephine, and if, indeed, a hole was made through the skull to the
brain and perchance the abscess cured, who would want the horsc?

THE HORSE, ITS DISKASES.

415

Tli'iic is but one sensible way : kill the suffering animal and end its mis-
ery at once.

Another terrible afllietion of the brain, fortunately not common, is in-
ttainniation of the brain, or phrenitis. It is indeed madness, with the
exlul»itioii of terrible strength, which no human power eun cope with to
successfully relieve, in its frenzied state.

If discerned in its earliest stage, before violent frenzy attacks it, resort
niiiy be had to bleeding. Open both neck veins and allow the blood to
flow until the dull, heavy, listless expression brightens or the animal
sinks. Bleed again if necessary. Give 8 drachms of aloes, and repeat
lit the end of three hours, if the bowels are not thoroughly relieved, or
the pulse changes for the better. Afterwards give 20 to 30 drops of
tincture of aconite, or half a drachm of the powdered root infused in a
pint of hot water, or a drachm of digitalis, infused in the same way, to
1)0 given cold every half hour until relief is obtained. In ninety-nine
cases out of a hundred, however, relief will come in death.

w ^

CHAPTER XI.

DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AND TENDONS.

I' BLOOD SPAVIN. H. n>0 SPAVIN". III. CURB. IV. THOROUGH PIN. V. TKTAMLS,

OR LOCKJAW. VI. CKA.Ml'j*. VII. RHKU.MATISM. VIII. STRING HALT.

I. Blood Spavin.

This may be defined n.s a distension, or enlargement (dilatation) of the
veins of the hock joint, and overlying the seat of hone and hog spavin;
a local venous congestion, caused generally h}' swelling, im[)eding the
flow of the hlood, and often connected with hog or hone spavin. It is
harmless ; in fact it may he considered as accompanying, or the result of
other disease of the joint.

What to do. — In the early stage cold water perseveringly applied, fol-
lowed hy cooling h)tions, equal parts of alcohol and rain water, or one
pint of hrandy to one-half pint of water, applied as a lotion. If tlii?
does not relieve the difficulty, use a strong infusion of hayherry Kirk,
using considerahle friction hy hand ruhhing with cither of the reini'dics
named.

n. Bog Spavin.

Common bog spavin is technically (as is windpdl) an enlargement of
the Bursa INIueo.sa, just as a distension of the sub-cutaneous (l)ene!ithtlie
skin) veins in the region of the hock is called blood spavin. Those cause
an undue secretion of joint oil and a dropsical effusion hito the joint,
producing swelling having all the character of inflammation of the tw
hock joint. This inflannnation of the upper or principal hock joint \^
true bog spavin.

416

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

417

Causes. — Overwork, sprains, injuries cither from punctured wounds,
fractures or bruises ; also from the effects of riieumatism. All produce
inflammation of the structures of the joint.

How to know it. — In its acute early form there is a tense, puffy, fluctu-
atin<T swelling of the front and inside portion of the hock at the upper
or principal point just where usually there is a depression. There is also
ii swelling behind, where thorough-pin occurs, but it can be pressed
forward, the anterior (front) swelling filling up ; but there is no swelling
below and behind the hock as in thorough-pin.

What to do. — Absolute rest and the use of a high-heeled shoe. Con-
tiiniod pressure on the swollen parts, by means of a truss or compress,
with cold water applications, or brandy and salt.

Ill case there is nmch inflammation reduce it hy means of fomentations
of water, and if there is pain let the fomentations be an infusion of hops.
In the later stages use tincture of arnica diluted with water. If the case
is a l)ad one, when the extreme heat and tenderness has suljsided a blister
mavbc applied, since it sometimes goes on to ulceration of the joint, and
even to bony deposit destroying all movement of the joint. See No. 1()0
and Kil for blisters.

m. Curb.

This is a swelling in the middle of and just behind the lowest part of
the hock joint. At first it is soft and doughcy, (H' retaining for a time the
■^hapc of the prcssun;, jiroducing an enlargement about two inches below
the hock. Curby hocks are also somclinics congenital and hereditary.

Causes. — A blow, but more fre(piently a sprain of the tendon, or of
the shealli through which the flexor tendon passes. The ligament of the
hock when injured increases the gravity of the disease.

How to know it. — 'i'licre is heat, inflammation, tenderness, lameness,
and a tendency to knuckle forward at the fetlock.

What to do. — Absolute rest, a high-heeled shoe, and cold water bandages
will jrciicrally remove the difficulty if applied in the early stages of the
disease. If, from neglect, the lameness becomes decided, apply the

following ;

No. 160.

1 Ounce powflcrci) blooilroot,
1 Ounce turpentine,
4 Ounces aectli: luncl.

Apply night and morning for a week or ten days and afterward bathe

daily with vinegar

'■)■ '^

^'■i

f ',

418

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

If coaguluble lymph forms, threatening callosity, (a hard swollinf .
daily and long-continued friction — hand rubbing downward — and tlie
application of a more decio id stimulant will be indicated. If so, prepare
the following :

No, 151. 1 Ounce oil of cedar,

1 Ounce oil of m^joram,
1 Ounce oil of Hussufras,
1 Pint soft 8oap.

Use this daily, rubbing always downwards.

IV. Thorough Pin.

Causes. — This is a sprain of the flexor tendon behind the hock, and
wliich has a large sheath which extends both above and below the joint—
a dropsical enlargement of the sheath of the tendon, so the Huid con-
tained may be pressed from one side to the other. Hence its name.

How to know it. — Pressure on one side will cause bulging on the other,
and pressure on both sides will cause fluctuation along the tendon below
and behind the hock.

What to do. — Use the same treatment as for curb ; cold water band-
.ises, or hot fomentations in the earlv stages of the disease ; also absolute
rest and a high-heeled shoe. When tenderness ceases and lameness is
gone, apply a spring truss, so the pads will clasp and cover the puff on
both sides, and exert a pretty firm and steady pressure. Success in re-
moving the puff has occasionally been had by puncturing the lower part
of the swelling, into the sack, and injecting a solution of the following
strength :

No. 152.

10 Grains sulpliato of zinc,
1 Ounce rainwater.

HIHI

■;<

H^^^^^^^^Bi,

t ■ 1 .)

( '

• r - —

^^H^^^^^H'

.IE ' i.

Inject one or two tea-spoonfuls, as the case may require. Then biini'
the walls of the sack closelv to<fcthcr and hold them so for a week liv
means of a firm flannel bandage.

Another plan is to apply with gentle rubbing, the following ointment
every day until the skin is inflamed :

No. l&

1 Part blniodido of mercury,
7 Parts neats foot oil.

Rub together, either in a mortar or with a spatula on ginss, until inti-
mately incorporated, and use as directed, observing regularity and sliunnin:
violent liandling.

THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES.

V. Tetanus, or Lockjaw.

419

This terrible affliction, which consists of persistent and often acutely
l)iiiaful drawing together (cramps) of the voluntary muscles, causing ex-
tienu! rigidity, drawing together the whole muscular system, and closing
(,r locking the jaws.

Causes. — Often a wound in the leg or foot, seemingly of the most
trivial chara'cter, as the px"ick of a nail. It is also produced by castra-
tion nicking and docking; by hard riding or driving, and leaving the
uuiiiml shivering in the night air. When it proceeds from a wound, it is
(ailed truinatic : when from no apparent cause, it is called idiopathic. It
laielv occurs from wounds until they are well advanced toward being
healed ; though it may display its symptoms immediately upon or a
month after the hurt, but generally from the sixth to the fourteenth day.

How to know It. — In the earliest stages there will be stiffness and rig-
idity of the muscles near the injury, and the limb will be moved with
(iitlicultv. There will be excitement, the ears will be pointed forward,.
the head elevated, the legs stiff and stretched out ; the horse will seem
excited and yet 'obstinate to move ; the tail will ([uiver and the skin and
tlosh will feel hard like a board. The lower jaw being taken in the
hand and the head raised, if the haw [)rojects over the eye, you have a
ease of lockjaw. See cut.

TUK TE8T FOK TKTANOa.

What to do. — Give the animal a loose or })ox stall, and in the most
luiet place possible, and where it will see no one except the attendant.
I'laee slings beneath him so he can stand clear of them or rest in them at
"ill. Remove all straw, litter or other sources of excitement, and avoid
:ill noise or unusual movement. Keep the stable darkened and without
iitlicr animals present. If the disease is produced by a wound examine
it. and if contracted or containing pus (matter) widen it, and cover with
27

'^J

*:'^ |i

"'.■?'•' »■■■

'*.r

420

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

a bread and milk poultice containing laudanum or extract of belladonna.
Give a powerful purgative, as the following

■S'

No. 164.

6 to 8 Drops croton oil,

4 to U Druuhtus iiowikrcd aloes.

Dissolve in a pint and a half of water and give as a drench. If it
cannot bo given by the mouth administer it through the nostrils by nieani
of a stomach pump and the horse catheter, to be hereafter shown, in
feeding ; or prepare the following, if the horse can swallow a ball :

No. 155. 4 Drachms powdered aloes,

4 DrachniH extract of gcniian,
1 Scruple croton farina.
Slix witU llu^ieud lueul and molasses into a ball.

Follow this up with three doses daily of anti-spasmodics, ns, one to
two drachms belladonna, or one-half ounce chloral hydrate, or ouu-half
to one ounce dose of tincture of lobelia in a pint of water. Give bytiif
mouth if the animnl can SAvallow ; if not, as an injection. Keep tlio
bowels open with one drachm podoph^-llin and two drachms extract of
belladonna, smeared on the back of the tonirue.

^ .7,

BLINGB FOB TETANUS, Oil FOR FIIACTCUBD LIMU.

If the animal can bear it, a thorough sweat with a blanket wniiifr niit
of hot water, and covered with dry blankets will do good. Feed with
nourishing gruels if the animal ciui swallow; if not. feed as next described.

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

421

Attat'h a horse ciithctcr to ii stomach pump, \m»s the oiul tarcfully uj)
the nostril and into the jrullct as shown. If coufrhuijr is i)roduced, with-
draw the catheter and eommencc anew. If two feet are inserted without

MODE OF CEKDINO KOItSK HAVING CHRONIC TETANUS.

alarming syniploins, pump in only u quart of linseed jrrucl, if the horse
has fustod for some time, and as the stomach can hear it, give more.
This, however, must not l)e attempted while the disease is in its acute
form (its earlier stage), but sifter the disease assumes a chronic form it
miiy 1)0 resorted to.

eilOWINd HOW FAB AN ANIMAL, WITH TKTANU8 IS CAIAI'LK OF ilOTION.

The disease is apt to leave the animal in a most deplorable condition,
«nd it will be a long time before it becomes sci'viceablc, if indeed it ever

! U^

\ ft'

,^ ^..T.ii

:i: !!>!:'

m ..;

422

ILLUSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

does. Six weeks or even two months nmy l)e required before the luiiinai
rej^ains the use of its powers. The cut uiinexeU will illustrute the condi-
tion of Ji horse with tetanus.

It will tlius be seen that in a decided case it will l)e policy as well lu
liuinanity to seriously consider whctiier it may not l)e better to relieve
the sufferings of the poor animal at once }}y shooting through the brain.

VI. Cramps. "*

Some horses are quite subject to cramps of the muscles and tendons,
It may be an irrital)ility or spasm of a particular muscle or set of nius-
cles, which refuse to act, becoming stiff and inflexible. They cramp ami
sometimes twitch excessively. This is again succeeded l)y another staire
in which the muscles relax and arc restored to their normal condition.

Causes. — Sti-ains, bruises, or over-taxation of the powers. In jnain-
cases it is undoubtedly allied to rheumatism, a disorder attacking horses
much oftencr than is supposed ; rheumatism very often being attributed
to bots, founder and various other causes by the ignorant. Hoth diseases
:ire quite painful, and leave the animal very 'wore, and rheumatism often
for months.

What to do. — Clothe the body warmly, find the scat of the difRiultv
by feeling of the jmrts until the sore place is touched. Wash the pait^
with salt and water, and rub dry. Then apply the following Huiment:

No. 156.

1 Part solution of nminonia,
1 I'urt spirit!) of cumphor,
1 Purt ollvo oil.

Rub it in well, and hold a hot iron or brick to the parts to heat it
thoroughlv.

Vn. Bheumatism.

This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous strueturos
of the body, such as the joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles, and i?
accompanied by stiffness, exceeding tenderness and pain, shifting from
place to place, often implicating the valves or other structures of the
heart, and when so usually results in death.

Causes. — Exposure to cold, wet or drafts, especially when the .systfin
is overworked. Tliere is usually a constitutional jjrcdisposition in tlif
subjects, and in such it is easily brought on by diseases of the respiratoiv
or digestive organs, especially in horses of a full, gross jiabit.

How to know it. — In its acute form there is dullness, followed bycv

TllK llOKHE, ITS DISKASES.

423

trcmc lameness in one or more of the limbs. There is tenderness and
then sAVC'lling of the joint, tendon or muscles, at first soft, then iiard.
There uiiiv he lluctuations from excess of synovia (joint iluid). With the
iuilanuuiition there is fever. The pulse is full and hard ; the mouth is
dry and ciiunmy ; there is hurried breathing, scianty urine and costivencss.
lu the chronic form the symptoms are the same as in the acute, but
not so pronounced, and in this form it is unattended with fever. It may
iippcur only upcm undue exposure, or in damp, lowcry weather, and dis-
appear again upon the recurrence of fine weather. Chronic rheumatism
is also less inclined to shift from jjlacc to place.

What to do. — I'^oi* rheumatism in its early acute stage relieve the bowels
liv laxative medicines, say four ounces of aloes. Put the animal in
sliii<:s, MS for tetanus, and clothe him from the hoofs to the ears in llan-
lU'l. If jiracticable the first thing is to fill the box in which the horse is
kept witii steam, keeping it up for an hour. If the ]Mi\n is extreme
lessen it with ounce doses of laudanum.

Give the following three or four times a day as a drench in a pint
of gruel :

No. 157.

J Ounco Wrarl)onafo of soda,
1 OuDco Salicylic add.

If this cannot be obtained, give the following, at a dose, ni<rht and

1 i

I r

5111

uioniiii!' :

No. 168. H Ounce powdered onltpcter,

1 Drachm powdered oolclileum,
1 Ounce oil of tiirpciiline,
Mix in half a pint ut' linseed oil.

For rheumatism in its chronic form the following will be found to be
'uluablc, used internallv :

No. 1B9.

1 Ounce powdered carbonate of potash,

1 Oun«ro powdered saltpeter,

2 DracbuiH iodide oi potash.

(iivc in one and a half pints of water.

As a liniment for the joints and other affected parts, to be afterwards
wnippcd in flannel, the following is excellent:

No. 160.

1 Pound pompntind soap liniment,

2 Ounces liquor anunoniii, ,

2 Ounces tincture eunthuridev,
2 Ounces laudanum.

Rub in with as much friction as the horse can bear, and apply until

424

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Hii;iis of bli.stcriiiir niv. uppurcul. If this Uoea not produce tho desired e:
feet, U80 the following :

No. 101.

)• Ounce laudunuiu,
ii Ounce cumphorutoU oil,
1 Ounvo tlnuturi! canthnriilcR.

Apply to the joints with a soft hrnsh, hut without friction.
A soothing and stimulating embrocation, when feo severe measure* m
tho foregoing are not considered necessary, may be made as follows :

No. 163.

1 Purt HplriU of camphor,
1 I'art Holutlon of ammonia.
1 Part olivo oil.

Mix, and apply by rubl)ing it in.

Vin. string Halt.

String-halt is the sudden jerking up of n hind limb, sonietimos Ixtth in
succession. iSometimos several efforts will be made before the iiniiiinl
can progress at all. In other cases the spasmodic action of the hiiul le:'
is shown in starting off, and the aninuil becoming warm, it will ncnrlv w
(|iiite cease. An exceptionally bad case is shown in the illiistratidii
• •iven below.

A HOR8B HAVIN-a STKINO HALT.

Sometimes the action is so slight as to be almost uimof.iced, and aga
it may bo so strong that tho hind L^g will strike tho belly.

TIIR IIOKHR, ITS DISKAHES.

42r)

Causes. — The cuusoh aro unknown. It is supposed to ho produced by
11 variety of injuries, Imt i)rincipiilly as a rclli-x nervous action. It in-
creases with age and liard hil)or, and nervous excitement, and is a positive!

iiiisounthicss.

What to do. — There is no cure. Rest, kee^ping tlie bowels open with 2
.Iriuliin doses of l)clladona daily, will lesson the spasms for a time ; but
f:iti"ue or nervous excitement is sure to bring on a recurrence of the
rtttiuk. A careful driver will often pn^vent the disability being much
shown by being careful not to excite or overwork the horso.

i ■'
>

'■rn

CHAPTER XII.

DISEASES OF THE EYE.

T. NlTtTBALLY WKAK EYKS. II. BORB KYE-L1D9. HI. MOON KYK8. IV. CAT*«ACT

V. INFLAMMATION OP TII8 HAW, Oil BOOKa, VI. PIMNESii OV VISION. \||.

WORMS IN TUB KYK. VIII. PURUl-KNT OPIITIIALMT.-^IX. FUNGOID TUMORA IX TIIR

SUBSTANCE OP TIIK KVE. X. IMPEDIMENT IN TUB LACUUYMAL DITOT. XI. Cini

SERENA.

I. Naturally Weak Eyes.

Very many persons, otherwise well informed, when from nny cause tlic
eyes of horses become weak, inthimed, watery, or drop tears, .suppose tlu
cause to l)e from a natural weakness of the sight. So "blind teeth" iuv
supposed to cause serious trouble, .md even blindness in horses. Nothiiij;
I'ould bo further from the truth. It is exceedingly rare that hor.ses liiive
naturally weak eyes ; it can almost always be traced to .some local cause.
Thus, watering of the eyes is caused by ii stoppage of the lachrviii;il
duets leading from the eyes into the nostrils, the natural chaiuiels fur
carrying off the superabundant moisture of the eye. Inflanunation of
the eyes is not uncommon from a turning in of the eye-lashos. Tlio
remedy is to snip them off with the scissors.

"Blind teeth," or "wolf teeth," as the immature supernuineraiv
tushes are called, do no injury whatever. If it is feared the}' may, it i?
easy to take them out with a pair of forceps, or to knock them out with
a punch and hammer.

Occasionally a supernumerary tooth may be found growing in tlio
upper jaw, between the first and second teeth, and lapping over botli I'f
them. This is considered by many persons as producing inflammatinii of
the eyes. It is true that if pain results, the eyes may be affected Iiv
sympathy. This tooth should alwivys be removed, and may be done with
a strong pair of forceps. It may cause distress from pain in the jaw;
nothing more.

42G

TIIK IKIUHK, ITS l)ISEASK8.

427

C'oltK lire often sul)j««t Id iiilluiiumitioii of the eyes in ii slight dcjrroo,
duriii" teHiiin<x. PiXaniino liic leetli, liuu-c tliu gums, and the eyes will
rirovir. It is u ouse of sympathy.

n. Sore Eyo-Iids.

Til llic outset of more serious disease, soreness of the lid^ of the eyi's
is coiiiinoii. It is also produced by irritation of various kinds. In in-
tliinunulion of the eyes, soreness of the lids is ahviiys present. If from
other disease, it is sympathetic, and will pass away with the disease itself.

Tlicre is one form, however, that is characterl/cd l>y a redness, swi-li-
\wf uiul itchinjr, the edires becoming raw and exuding matter. This mu>t
liavc specitic treatment.

What to do. — The horse should have a laxa(iv(> dose if the howels are
not in a natural state. The following will he indicated :

No. 163,

1 Draclim flowers of Milphiir,
tJ Druelinis iiowiUtimI iiiiindruke,
3 Druclimit jiowilercd ulucs.

Form into a ball with hont>v, and give as a dos<>.

To rod\icc the intlammation, make a curd. In' beating throe eggs tlior-
oii^rlily and then stirring them with a quart of tillered rainwater until
mixed ; let it come to a boil, stirring oe'^-asionally. Add half an ounce of
sulphiitc of zinc, and continue the boiling for a few minutes. Bind the
curd over the eyes, by placing a portion between layers of thin muslin.
The cleiu' water strained throush scv(>ral thicknesses of iine linen is excel-
lent for sore or intlamcd eyes of any kind. AVct the lids three or four
tini(>s a day.

In aggravated cases that will not yield to treatment, and that remain
i!iw and exude matter, the edges should be carefidly touched with nier-
curial ointment, the utmost care being taken that it does not come in con-
tact with the eye.

During the whole treatment the horse nmst.be tied uj) l)y two lines to
tiic rear i)osts of the stall, so he cannot rulj the eyes, and must be fed

from a nose-bajr.

m. Moon Eyes.

This is ophthalmy, recurring at periodic times, or iit intervals of three
weeks, a month or more, and not, as is often supposed, at iho full moon.

Causes. — Hereditary predisposition ; from malarial causes ; herding in
low, damp situations; rheumati' affections; irritation eonse(picnt on

428

ILLIJSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

tcetliiiig, and, in fact, where predisposition occurs, from any cause tenu>
ing to lower tlio general state of the health.

How tl know it. — There will be a sunken look to the eye ; the haw of
the oye will protrude; the whitT of the eye may bo of a pinkish cast;
the eye will !>e watery ; the pupil of the eye will bo cloudy, at the (!d<,'es,
iind dull and discolored at the crntor; there will bo haziness, milkiiicss,
or a whitish spot may appear, which will contiimo to overcast the eve.
In the intervals between the attacks tho transparent coat of the eye will
have a hazy, bluish cast about its border, and the iris will lack its natural
brightness ; tho upper lid or eyebrow will be wrinkled or furrowed.

What to do. — Look first of all for carious or defective teeth, iuid if
found extrai't them. There is a strong sympathy between any diflicultv
with tho teeth and tho eyes, though unsound or "wolf teeth" do not, us
was once supposed, cause blindnesp.

Place th(! animal in a darkened stable ; give four drachms aloes, and
apply tho following lotion twice a day :

Mo. 1(U.

20 (irnins ncotato of lead,
20 Drops bttllndonna,
1 (jiiart illiervil ruin water.

Alternate this twice a day with tho following ;

No. 1G6.

20 Grniiis Hulphatu of zinc,
20 Dropii tinuturu of MuUbar bean,
1 (juurt Ultcrt-U ruin water.

The 2)hysic having acted, give two or throe times a day tho following:

No. 100.

1 Orachm Riilplinte of Iron,

X Ounce puwdurei! Pcruviun bark.

Mix in one quart of warm water, or give in the feed if tho horse will
oat it. When another attack is expected double this dose.

Sometimes an ounce daily, foi .several weeks, of Fowler's solulinii ff
arsenic will be s('rvi('ea])l(', intermitting a few days occasionally. If, how-
ever, the attacks recur, luid at lessened periods, tho trouble may '"'
expected to end in cataract and blindness.

IV. Cataract.

As II rule, cataract is tho result of inflammation of the deep strueturos
of the eyeball (internal ftphthalmy or tho periodic form). It also occur'
occasionally from diabetes and other constitutional disabilities.

How to know It. — Put the horse in a dark place. Take a lifjhtcd can-
dle. Throo images will bo reflected, one from tho surface of the eve,

THE HOKSR, ITS DISIOASFCS.

429

one from tlio front surfaeo of the lens, unci one from tin- rciir snrfacc of
llie 1(11.-;. If in moving tlio liglit cither of llic postfrictr iniai:»'.s are
cliaiijrt'il into a white hazo-, tl»ero is exudation into that part of the lens ;
in otlu'r words, a cataract is forming.

What to do — Unless the cataract is only just forniing tlie horse will
lie evoiitualiv blind. Give aloes as rtv:omniended for moon-hrmdness,
iiiul iilso the prcscriptioij for lotions in that case. Follow this up with
liiiritiilis in doses of fifteen to twenty grains daii}-, altorna ed daily witii
six to tiirlit drachms of niter in the water taken. Keep the iinimul in u
(lark room ; apply blisters to the cheeks and behind the cars, using the
followiiisr, well rubbed in:

W.i ■<

No. 107.

2 DmdiraH powilereU cuDtbaridei),
>4 Ounce lurd.

Mix thoroughly and rub well in, treating the blister* when formed with
linen elotlis covered with mutton tallow to keep them ruiniing.
Applv also to the eye daily for several months the following:

No. 1G8.

2 (traitiH phoiiphorus,
1 Ouuou ulniouii oil.

Mix and keep in a dark, cool place, in u bottle with a ground glass
t^tiiiipor.

V. Inflammation of the Haw, or Hooks.

The liuw is a triangular shaped cartilage situated just within the iime.w
niiiier of the eye. In health but little of it can be seen. Its use is to
pass over the l)all of the eye to remove dust or o er offensive substances
finni the eye. This is done so (piickly that it is dilllcuU to disti;iguish
ihe action. Its play may be seen by opening the lid of the eye, or by
iUteinptiii;; U> touch the eyeball with the lingers.

Causes. — This is often produced by inilanimation or swelling of other
pjiits of the eye: It may end in producing a hard, bony state, protrud-
in;: from its place tis jv whitish lump. "When it jjresents this appearance
si>ine persons are fond of cutting out the "hooks" to keep the horse
fritin " jjoii.g blind." Our advice is, •' Daii'f <h> It.''

What to do. — Tf there is inflammation and swelling, trent the <\ve as
^T ophthalinv (inflammation). In all cases of inflammation of the eyes
U!se the bandage as shown in the cut on next page.

If th(> iutlaniniation is slight, but active, keep a linen cloth over the
pye, or eyes, s;<turated with the following :

'.\W

* ■)

^'1$

430

No. 169.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

4 Ounces Bassafrns pith,
1 (jiiurt raiu water.

Let it stand throe or four hours, and apply <*id, straining it as uscO.
If the inflammation is more pronounced, use the following as a lotion :

No. 170.

4 Drnchni!! liiudanuin.

2 DracliiiiH extract bulludoniia,

1 (^uart ruin water.

MOI>K OP DLI><DI!«^> A nOKXR, ANI>
AITLYIMO LOTIOM TO THE BYE.

Also raise the eyelids and swab the inflani.
ed haws occasionally with the c<xg and sul-
phate of zinc lotion recommended for sore
eyes. If the lachrymal duct is closed, tliiit
is, if water runs from the eyes, swab out
the ducts M'ell up the inside of the no)»triN
with weak tobacco water, finishing with
clean water, or use the sulphate of zinc in
the form of a lotion.

If the blood vessels are overloaded, Ici'i h-
ing the lids of the eyes will ])e boneficinl.
and in extreme cases half a gallon to one gallon of blood may Ito ta-
ken from the neck vein, to i)e repoatod at the expiration r'*. days, if
necessary.

The inflammation having subsided, the haws will resume ' uturi!

place and appearance, and again become almost invisible.

«
VI. Dimness of Vision.

Very many horses have defective vision. Some do not sec well i!
night ; some are near-sighted ; some are far-sighted, as in man, from !»o
great convexity of the eye, or the reverse. Old horses gradually :i((|
dimness of vision.

There is no spt'.'ific for defective eyesight. Spectacles would ro\h<'
the difficulty, but, spectacles tlnvt might be worn by a horse have not vtl
been inv( nte.l, and for the reason that tney are not practical, lie must getnn
as In.'st he nmy.

Vn. Worms in the Eye.

This is occasioned by a worm ( FiJaria 0«nth'), and may bo cxtnutii
by u skillful puticture. It should only be undert^iken by a v impptfii
veterinary or other surgeon, the horse being first securely hainperod mi
he cannot struggle.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

vm. Purulent Oplithalmy.

431

Purulent Ophtlialniy^ confined to the conjunctiva (mucus membrane
(if tlio eve), unci it is in this iiiembrune that the redness and ordinary
swullin" of the ryes luivc tiieir seat. The eyelids arc niuch swollen, and
the nicmltrane rises up, puffy and red above the level of the cornea (the
tiiiiisnarcnt disc), sometimes in fungoid excrescences. This species of
iiiilanuuation is epidemic, and when occurring often, goes through the

What to do. — Place the animal in a moderately dark stable, keep the
eves wot constantly — by means of the cloth shown in the cut withinflani-
iiKition (»f the hooks — with the following :

No. 171.

2 Drachms 8Ulphato of z\nc,
20 Ornins luorphin,
1 IMut ruiiiwuter.

I -M

Use the water tepid if possible, but if used cold at first, it must be so
(•(iiitiiUK'd, and vice vrrfia.

Tlu- bowels should be kept moderately open with physic if necessary,
(!!• with soft feed, and the same general treatment used as for the other
forms of ophthiilmy.

If the disease does not yield to this treatment, and becomes chronic,
pieparo a wash as follows :

No. 172.

(i Cirnins nitrate of silver,

t OiiiK'o (liHtlllcd water, or rainwater filtered througli sharp
washed sund.

Mix. and drop a little into the eye, daily, from a quill.

IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye.

This is ;v rare affection, and fortunately so. The causes which pro-
(liR'c it aic obscure, but probably the same as in any other cancerous
iiffi'ctioii. The end will probably be death, for the taint of the cancerous
iiffeilidii is probaljly in the system. Upon close examination, the eye
li:ill may lie dear, but a brilliant yellow substance may bo secji at the
' asc of tlio interior.

If it be not deemed best to destroy the animal, the eye must be extir-
I'litod. Two knives arc required, of a peculiar shape, one of small size
ami ^lightly lient to one side : the other hirger and curved to one side
until it nearly reaches the shape of u senii-'ircle. A sharj) scalpel (the
knife ordinarily used in surgical operations) v.ill also be re(|uired. Two
••^traiglii, triangular pointed needles threaded with strong waxed twine, a

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432

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

curved needle, similarly threaded, water, a sponge, lint, injecting tube
and a bellows.

Cast the horse, and fasten him so ho cannot ^ve. Pierce each eyelid
with one of the straight needles and tie a secure loop for raising and
holding the lids us shotvn in the cut.

■ XTIIU'ATIOif or Tin XTI,

Let an assistant then hold the lids wide open. The surgeon with the
straight knife quickly describes a circle around the gl()I)c of llio eve,
severing completely the conjunctiva mucous nienjl)rane of the "ve. He
then takes the small, curved blade, and piissing it through the divided
conjunctiva it is carried around the eyeball close to tho bone, sevcriiigthe
levator and depressor muscles. The cornea is then pierced with the
curved needle, in and out, the thread drawn and a loop fixed. 'J'liPii tlie
eye being drawn ou', a& far as possible the curved knife is passed around
the rear of the eye with a sawing modon, the integuments arc scvmil,
and the eye is drawn fi)vMi.

It is (piickly done when all things arc ready, bi\t should not lie ;ii-
tempted except by a competent surgeon. Some bleeding will follow.
Inject cold water; if this do not check the hemorrhage, force cold air
into the cavity with the licllows. If this do not sivail, plug the cavilv
softly with lint, bandage the wound to secure the dressing, and leiivo tin'
result to the natural process of healing.

X. Impodimont in tho Laebryma! Gland.

The lachrymal ducts of the '>yo8 are small canals loading from tlicfvos
into tho nose. Their uhc is to convoy away the superlluous inoistun'
(tears of the eyes). When it is closed by iiiflammution oi other i<'ni|ii>-

i •■*.

THE IIOR8K, ITS DISEASES.

483

rary cause, the water of the eyes (low over the face as shown in- the
sul)j<>ine(l cut.

Occasionally, howevv, the duct becomes pcr-
manentlv closed. The usual remedy is to swab
the nostrils where the duct enters with weak to-
bacco water and afterwards with clear water.

If this do not effect a cure after two or three
trials, the duct must be opened with a probe.

The duct commences by minute openings near
the tcrniinations of the upper and lower lids at the
inner corner of the eye. It comes out upon the
dark skin which lines the commencement of the
nostrils, lying on the inner membrane.

A delicately thin clastic probe must be used, and about twelve inches
Ion", the horse being cast and securely fastened. It may be neces.sary
to introduce the probe both from the corner of the eye and from the
nostril. Next charge a tine i)ointed syring<^ with tepid water and placing
the point into the nasal termination of the duct, force the water through.
The operation should only be performed by a surgeon.

ODSTRDOTIOIf or LACIIIIVXAL
(JLAMD

XI. Outta Serena.

This is sometimes called g ass eye, incorrectly, however, as the term is
understood in the West and South. In glass eye, as understood there,
the pupil is sound and perfect, the iris distinct and natural, but has a
white ring around the cornea. It mav injure the sale of a horse, but
simply from the singular expression it gives the eye of the i.Minial.

True guttu Serena, or ^liiKturos! \ is palsy of the nerve of siglit, or of
the nervous expansi(.ii called the retina, and due to functional and organic
disease of the optic nerve. In the early stages of the disease it may
>onietin)cs be relieved, but is likely to occur again. In the later stages
It is iiu'urable.

Causes. — rongestion, tumors, dropsy or other diseases of the brain.
Also l»v injury to the nerve of sight, by ))ressnre or other cause, from
intliumnation, excess of light, and may be symptomatic, from indigestion
or during gestation.

How to know It. — In the early stage s the insensibility of ^ iirht may be
"Illy partial; the pupil will be unmdurally large; up(m dosing the lids
of the eyes, and opening them in a strong light, there will be little or no
viiriation in the pupil; the eyes will 1>(> jninnturally clear from extreme
dilatation; the animal will be partially or totally blind, as shown l»y high
'•<q>ping and failure to ;lin<h when the fingers are suddenly [loiuted dose

■i:U

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

■ YIC AKFKCrilU IIY HHIIBNA.

As wc hiive said, tlio

to'tho eye ; the earn will bo in constuut motion as a compensation for the
want of sight.

What to do. — If from overloading the stomach, indigestion, gostiition,

etc., turn the animal ujjon grass, if in the season ; or clothe warmly uiid

feed ujjon easily digested food, as ma&hos aiid
roots. If the attack is recent and from sucli
cause as inflammation of the brain, bleed td
the extent of a gallon, and put a seton close to
the eye. In fact the cause must bo found
and removed, if it be duo to one that can h
removed. Success is sometimes had l)y l)lis.
tcring as for ophthalmy. Use in counection
with this nciTo stimulants. Of these strydi-
nia, in one to two grain doses, accordiiifr tn
circumstanres, or five grain doses of nitrate of

silver may be given.

Sympathetic amaurosis may admit of cure.

deranged function must be restored.

If medicine is re(|uired to deplete the system the ft)llowing will hi

good :

No. 1T.1. 2 DMi-liini pov.dcrci) (.'cntliin,

4 Iirucliiii.i piiwilfrt'il iiloc»,
1 Oiinci! coiiiiiiiiii hult,
1 riill wanii WiiliT.

Give as a drench, and keep the animal on light nnishes with an occa-
sional injection of salt and water if necessary.

If there is ddiility alteratives and tonics will i)e indicated:

No. 174. t Oiinro powilcriMl ({olilcn Kcnl,

I Ollllro powilrrcd fii'iitiiill.
1 <*llliri; pDWili'i'i'il Milplilir,
I (Miiiic powiicrcil giiigur,
I ()iii<-.'t! mill,
1 Touud outiiu^ul.

Mix, «livide into twelve jwirts iukI give one in the feed — of good, 2fii-
iMous diet --night and moniiicE

As a lotion for batkimig tine ey>r the following is recommended as u good
a'tringcnt :

No. 175.

1 Oiinro powilereiJ bayberry bark,
1 rim liuiltn!; wutur.

Let it stand until cool. Strain through a close linen doth, add >
tuble-spoonful of tincture of bloodroot and bathe twice a day.

CHAPTER XIII.

DIBBASES OF THE BOITE8.

I. nn ntAP *Nn bio .taw. n. hwkk.nv ok thk hrodldrr. m. awKKinr or thb

HIP. IV. BONK SPAVIN. V. KNLAROKI) 1I(»CK. VI. RINCi-HOWB. VII. -STIFLB.

VIII, rtPMNT. IX. 8(IRK HIIINS (INFLAMMATION OF TlIK MXTACARPAI. BONK).

X. KorrKN BONK. XI. INKLAMMATION OP THK KNBK-JOINT. XU. OARIB8 OP TIIK

WlWKK-.IAW.

•

I. Big Head and Big Jaw.

Causes. — This discaso, called also fXfin(tms of the hnnea, in manifested in
iin eiilurgonieiit or Itoiiy tumor on the face, on a line between the nostril
and the eye. Ft finally l)reak.s out in small holes, which discharge a thick
pus, and at last ends, if not treated opportunely, in a complete decay of
the bone. The bone continually enlarges, and cells or channels are
formed as the minute bony plates become thinner and thinner, till the
4ructuro can be easily cut with a knife or crushed with the fingers. The
interstices arc lilled with a red, bloody mass. In some ca.ses the ligaments
and tendons are .separated by decomposition of the bone, and crumblings,
dislocations and fractures take place for want of firm attachment for
ihcxc supporting ligaments.

The primary cause of the disorder is not known ; but the tendency is
iiplieved to be transmitted. A horse manifesting signs of the big head
1'^ frpnenilly di.ieased not alone in the bones of the face, but the whole
"SRPous >ystem seems to be to some extent involved, so that there is not
mfre(|U('ntly a .soreness of the limbs and a lameness accompanying it.
Iho immediate exciting cause is most probably defective nutrition — a
want of that power of assimilation which is necessary to the supplying of
'hr hones with (heir phosphate constituent.

It may be developed by both over-feeding and \,y deficiency of food, as
•^« 436 '

i IM

I ^ i \

430

II-LUSTRATri) STOCK DOCTOU.

the iligcstiv<5 functions are «loran<;(Ml hy oithor excosHive hurdeiis iinposfd
upon tlu'tu or want of surticient nutrition in that food which is digested,

It ''s difficult to assign any reason why the general predisposition siiould
be 'j<'tern>ined primarily to the face.

it has l)een ol)served to prevail mostly in those regions where Indiiin
corn is constantly fed, and in those, whatever he the i)red' niinant fnod,
where the animal uses only, or chiefly, free stone water — a fluid laekiii!:
in that phosphate element so essential to bony structures.

Hard laftor and abuse, poor food and bad stable management, doui>tli'<s
do much to pn'«'ipitate the disease.

How to know it. — Before the visible .'-wellitig of the face there will
generally l)e evident weakness, loss of appetite, laziness ; a slight suffu-
sion of the eyes with tears — one or both according as one or both sid(>
of the facial bone is affected ; then a swelling, about half way between
the eve and the nostril, sjuall and hard, but gradually increasing in size.
Jf the swelling is pressed upon with some force the horse will wince with
pain, but gentle riibl)ing seems to give ease. The lower jaw, umler tlm
chin, will next appear thickened ; a degree of gen<'ral stiffness sets in;
at last the joints are swollen, and seem pjiffed up with winfl ; the liorsi'
rapidly fails in fle-^h ; and the head l^'comes enormously swollen, anil
finally bn^aks into little openings which discharge an offensive pu.-.

What to do. — It i'* well, perhaps, to warn the reader in the outset imi
to do any of those foolish things which characterized the old ])rii(tiiT,
such as boring into the diseased [)art and injecting corrosive poison; lin-
ing open the jaw and sawing out a portion of the bone ; blistering, Iturii-
ing, etc. The disease is not local, but constitutional, and though perliii|i'
having no other visible manifestation than on the face, it has extensive
connection with various portions of the frame, so that purely local tint-
uient is of little conse(|uence.

The first step will be to sec that the patient is well stabled or other
wise cared for according to the season of the year, an<l put upon a sv.-
tematic course of food, drink, and moderate exercise in the sun. Oivi'
him from five to seven (piarts of oats per day, and if these are boiicil iiml
m' ':'d with a little wheat bran, all the better. When green vegetiilili-
can be had, they should be fed liberally, to counlera«'t a sort of scorluitii
or scurvy tendency which nnirks this disorder. Ap|)les, beets, oarmtN
turidps — whatever fruit or vegetable you can get him to take is good
When seasonable, put him upon a bountiful pasture.

CJive the following dose night and morning in such food us he will
most readily eat:

THK IIOR8K, ITH UI8EA8E8. 437

No. 176. 'i OunuuR clilurntc of potUHli,

4 Oiiiu'ps powdoriMl iij'inger,
•'< Uuiu't'!* ^'I'liiiiin,
2 Uiinui!^ iiDilopliylllii,
U Uuucu!< |iui>lur burk.

fiivo also willi the food, oiu-c daily, 2 ounces phosphate of lime.
Hull upon tlie swelled faee with moderate vijror, twice daily, the fol-
lowing preparation:

No. 177. (I OiinccH RiiiritH of fiiinphor,

4 UllllCUN coil liviT oil,
2 Ounces oil of ct'tlur,
1 Pint diluU'iluct'tlc acid.

If the ease has heen ne<;lected until there are already l)reaks in the
-kill, and exudation of matter, adopt the previously descril)e<l course,
witii tiiis exception, that the part nuist he thor()U«rhly cleansed with warm
M)iip and water, and then, instead of No. 177, apply the camphorated
corrosive suldinnite every other day for six or ei^^ht times, then omit
tlirce (lavs, ,ind !)e<rin a<;ain,and so on until the skin shows sijjiis of heal-
iiii:. Ap! ihe suhlimate with a little mop of soft rags, and dry it in
with a hot iron held near the part, or i)resscd smoothly over a layer of
intervening cloths, thick enough to prevent actual burning.

II. Sweeny of the Shoulder.

The common effect of all lameness and disease of a limb is a wasting
of the inus(!los connected therewith. Therefore in all sprains entailing
iiit!atninntion and continued disease of a liml), and in all injuries entailing
(iiroiiic, long-continued nnmifestations, there will be wasting or atrophy
of the iniisclcs, and in extreme cases sometimes permanent contraction,
(■veil of the cords of the limb. This is popidarly called swiimy or sweeny.
It i> the result of disease and not the disease itself. The cause of this
waslinjj nuist therefore be looked after in order to obviate the <lifficultv.

Tiicre is, however, from sprain of the nniscle outside the shoulder
hladc, a tendency to waste of the muscles, to such a (h>gree sometimes,
that they arc so shrunken as to cause the skin to be drawn tight to the
shoulder blade.

Causes. — Sweeny is usually acquired by young horses, when first put
to work, from over-strain ; or, it may occur in horses of any age, froni
hard pulling on imeveii ground, by stepping into holes, etc., thus causing
injury to the muscles of the shoulder, and particularly those supporting
the joints.

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IIXCSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to know it. — Sorm'(iine« the hoivso iiuiy be al)lc to walk or ovoi,
tntt without Horious liiHiculty. If one ntuiul dirottly in front of him
thorc will Ik* koimi tliat the tiffoctod shouldor is hold in an unnatural posi.
tion, MiH'niiiij; to lie rolled outward farther thun is natural. There will 'n.
a peculiar motion in the piit, and heat, tenderness and sw(>llin<; on l\w
outride of the joint.

What to do. — Hy pressure on the parts di.scover the seat cf the inllnin.
niation hy the t1inehin<r of the animal. This found, reduce it by eontiiiiitMl
application of cold water t(» the part, if in the earlier sta;res. This mav
be done by foldin<; a lon^ blanket and hati<;ing over the shoulder so us to
eovi^r the affected part. Over this keep a cloth continually wet with told
water, until the acute symptoms have subsided.

After these have subsided, excrci.so must be given every day, either In-
driving on a smooth road or using nt any light work on smooth grounil.
Every effort should be nuule to increase the circulation over the falli'ii
muscles by active rubbing. If the case do not yield to treatment, ami
there i» decided wasting, the mu.scle being hard, use the fuUowiug:

No. 178.

1 Pint ■mnionla,
1 (juart oil.

This should be rubbed in with considerable friction, until nearly the
excitx^mont of a blister is produced. This with subsetjuent friction and
an occasional use of the l>lister, will effect a cure; but it may take
months of j)erseveranee to bring the shoulder buck to its perfect shape.
Light exercise should bo given every day.

III. Sweeny of the Hip.

The wasting of the muscles of the hip are due to analagous causes with
those of the shoulder. It is, however, far more rare, since the power of
the horse being in the hindH|uarters, the enormous muscles of those part.«
act as cushions to pn)tect the parts from injury. As n rule, the cause of
the wasting of the muscles of the hip must be looked for low«r down,
uidess the injury is known to proceed from !i fall on the side.

A careful examination of all the nmscles will enable the owner pretty
generally to tix the seat of the tlisease, from the heat and tenderi»M9 of
the parts. This discovered, use the means prescribed for shoulder swconv
In old and ditticult cases, either of the shoulder or hip, it may be iic'i"
sary to resort to active blistering and subsetpient stimulation by means of
the galvanic battery. In old and <'onfirmed sweeny that has come with i
horse bought, or from neglert at the proper time, a cure will prohaldy
not be effected ; but u partial restoration of the parts may be made.

THE IIOKHR, ITH OINKAHKH.

439

Sweeny Ijhh boon placed amoiij; the diseu«e8 of tl»c honcH heeuuHO it
.(iiiiilimeM inocecds from injury to the hones and joints. Tho ditiiuulty
itself, htiwevor, is eontincd to the niUHcU's.

IV. Bone Spavin.

Tho dothiition of hone spavin may })e {riven as an inflammation, uh'or-
atidii and Itony (h'p(t!*it of the small flat hones in the lower and inner part
of the hoek joint : or of Itoth the outer and iinier ones, or from inflani-
iiiutioi. of the euiiiform and nietutarsal l)ones, terminating in anehyloHis
(ii Itouy union of the parts) reuderin*: the joint stiff.

Fuot, InmiiHlileiif lii'lnjf miiml frnm
Kroiiiiillty leuaun nr ■|iiivlii.

Natiirnl iioaitinn of (li« lii'iiltliy foot when ral8e<l
from theKrounilituriiiKitueaay trot.

Causes. — Injury to the joint hy eoneussion, sprains of the lijraments,
the UM' (»f shoes with hi^rh heels or ealks. Hereditary predisposition to
-|)uviii is eommon fiom weakness of the joints, hones and li<jraments.
('(tiis((|uenlly weak limhed lutrses or mares, or those with spavins, or
"ilicr tiJNease.", of (In* l)ones should never lie hred from.

nmn' spavin is really one of the most formidahle diseases with whieh
the lior.-enian has to deal, and the attack is sometimes so slow and blind
tliiit jiickcys arc often enabled to }>ul off a spavined horse on the unwary,
llic li(ir>e afterwards iroing ileati lame. .\ev«'rlhclcss it will show its»'lf
if the horse is allowed to c(»ol, or is ridden into the water and allowed to
stand awhile, for a horse with spavin ctnninj; on as he becomes warnn'ti
the lipmients become freer in their action, and an animal lame at lirst,
will ^'(1 well enouirh afterwards; yet, in the end the horse becomes pcr-
niiiiiciitly lame, until the deposit aI>out the bon«', called anchylosis,
ti(<iiincs soliditied, when the joint is stiff and the lameness ceases.

Causes. — The <'auses producin<; spavin may be various. Hereditary
weiikiioss of the limbs is undoubtedly one of the principal causes. Thus
a hlow, a sprain, or any injury producinjr intl.ammation will cause spavin
in !<ueh an animal, when in a stron*; museleil anil line bontMl animal it

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would yield readily to treatment. The reason is, a feverish and unhealthy
condition of tlie membrane secreting the synovial fluid is produced, and
the firm membrane affording no outlet, it settles into the spongy bone,
and a diseased condition ensues, which the weight and motion of the
animal intensities until confirmed spavin is the result. When only the
splint bone is affected there is chance for recovery, but when the cul)o
bone is affected there is but little chance for relief until the disease has
run its course, and ended in a joint more or loss stiff.

How to know it. — Sprains do not invariably cause la-aieness. There
may be little or no local swelling as in occult spavin, as ulceration is
called, in the center of the joint between the flat bones. The swelling,
when it does exist, is in front and on the inside and on the lower part of
the joint, and may best be seen by standing about midway of the body
so as to get a side view of the front of the hock. When the swelling is
in front of the hock it Is most to be feared. It is hard and is to be dis-
tinguished from the tense but elastic swelling caused by sprain of the
flexor tendon, or from the flexible and fluctuating swelling of bog spavin.

The swelling of bone spavin may be more to the front or farther back
on the inside of the hock, rr even shown principally on the outside, and
in case it extends to the true hook joint, it may end in bony formation to
such a degree as to close the articulation (play of the parts) and produce
a stiff joint. The animal if turned from side to side in the stall will
move stiff and on the toe. This same stiffness is also seen when the
animal first starts off, but which may nearly or quite disappear when the
animal becomes warm. The horse will sometimes jerk up the limb as
though he had string-halt. By turning him quickly in a small circle he
will carry the limb more or less stiff, or rest on the toe only.

What to do. — In any case rest and a high heeled shoe should be allowed.
In the acute stage or early in the development of the disease, place the
horse in slings if possible. Foment thoroughly with hot water in which
an ounce of hiudanum is mixed to each two quarts of water. Give four
drachms of aloes if the bowels are costive, and give half an ounce to au
ounce of saltpeter in the water, morning and night, until a free flow of
urine is had. When the inflammation has subsided blister. The follow-
ing will be effectual :

No. 179.

1 Part corrosive eublimate.
12 Parts oil of turpentine,

Mix thoroughly and rub in. Firing with a white hot iron is still more
effectual, yet the iron and the corrosive liniment are apt to leave a blemish.
A milder preparation is :

No. 180.

THE HORSI3, ITS DISEASER.

2 Drachms oil of rosemaiy,

yi Ounce powdered cantburiden,

4 Ounces mercurial ointment.

441

Grind thoroughly together and rub on heating it in with a warm iron.

If there is simply swelling, in old cases, thorough and frequent rubbing
with oleatc of mercury will dissipate what swelling has not actually be-
come bone. Setons are also most valuable in spavin. The needle should
he passed for a considerable space under the skin, over the seat of spavin.
\noint the tape with the following :

No. 181.

1 Part powdered -yhlte hellebore,

8 Tarts lard,

Mix witii gentle heat.

Before the application of either blister or seton we woula advise
thrusting a narrow-pointed bistoury under the sprain and scarifying the
parts. In no event, however, should resort be had to cutting away the
honv parts which have formed, with mallet and chisel, as Ave have seen
them. It is barbarous, inhuman, andean do no good whatever. Some
cases will absolutely resist all and any means for cure ; others again will
vield kindly in from one to three months. In young horses if treatment
bo given in time, a cure may generally be effected. With old horses the
cure is difficult.

V. Enlargement of the Hock-
Nature has protected the hocks in a most ample manner, to prevent
injury under ordinary circumstances, and in fact, under exceptional cir-
cuinstaiues, except those of an accidental or violent nature. From vari-
ous bruises or strains, inflammation and lameness may ensue. Rest and
fomentations will generally set this right if taken early. Sometimes,
however, the enlargement will continue to grow in spite of all efforts to
the contrary, and until the entire joint is involved.

How to know it. — There are two forms of this disease. In one, the
tendons and cartilages only are affected. This will generally yield to
fomentations and a few applications of oleate of mercury. If not, blister,
using the prescription No. 180. Another form is more serious. From
a severe blow or other cause, there is a bruise of the bone, b}^ which the
investing membrane, called the periosteum, is either severely strained or
torn loose, giving rise to inflammation and formation and deposit of bony
matter on the surface of the bone, sometimes to such a degree that the
parts are of excessive size, and the leg so lame that it is only with great
(lifflculty the animal can walk. The aninial may, indeed, as in the case

■ -
i

iW: \

<^i^l'.

■•■:. .:W

Inffil

I Vil * 1" P 1*7^ ^ T»:\W.'yiT 'JfflW^'-^ J^'y^T

442

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of bad spavin, be capable of doing farm work even with a stiff leg, but is
totally unfit for driving on the road.

What to do. — Precisely the same treatment must be pursued as in the
case of bone spavin. Fomentations, while in the stage of fever or in-
tiammatipn, and blistering, firing and setons to assist absorption, it
must be remembered, however, that either in spavin, or any other disease
of the bones, joints, cartilages, or muscular tissues, that straining of the
parts is likely to ensue again, and consequently care nmst be taken about
overworking or injuring by fast driving, especially on rough ground.

VI. Bing-bone.

This is a deposit of bony matter above and below the coronet of the
foot, just v/here t!ie hair begins above the hoof, or of the bone of the
hoof, as the coflin bone is called, or bony growth on th^ pasterns.

Causes. — It is caused by heavy work, hard pulling, by draft horses,
bruises of the bone by pounding of the feet on hard roads and pavements
generally beginning as infiammation of the membranes covering the
bones, and at these points giving attachments to the ligaments at the side
of the lower or small pastern bone, or of the lower end of the upper or
large pastern. Sometimes the bony formation proceeds to such au ex-
tent, involving and ct vering the whole surface, as to produce a kind of
club foot.

How to know It. — There may be lameness or not, except on hanl
ground, or upon binding the limb, in old-seated ring-bones. During the
beginning of the evil, or while there is inflammation, and a tender, eks-
tic swelling, and a more or less doughy state (engorgement) of the soft
parts. In the course of the disease this matter becomes hard, from being
turned into a soft or spongy bony formation. The swelling may be
scarcely seen and confined to the sides of the pastern bone, or there mnv
be great enlargement of the whole surface. If the trouble occurs in a
fore-leg, the heel is put down first ; if the ring-bone is in the hind-foot,
and in the sides or back part of the pastern, the toe will be put down
first.

What to do. — For the fore-foot, put on a thin-heeled bar shoe. If iu
the hind-foot, a high-heeled shoe. That is, if the animal walks ou the
toe, use a high-heeled shoe ; if on the heel, a thin-heeled shoe. If there
is inflammation, known by heat and tenderness, use fomentations of hot
water, perse veringly applied until it is reduced. Then blister severelj
with the following :

"»'l"l<4.«i*",Ti^^

TH£ HOBSE, ITS UI8EA8E8. 443

Ko. 182. 10 Drops muriatic acid,

20 Urains corrosive sublimate,
20 Grains camphor,
1 Ounce oil of turpentine.

Mix, and apply until a sufficient blister is formed : then wash off to
prevent blemish and keep the blister running as long as possible, hy cov-
t:im with a rag well smeared with mutton tallow. Blister again if neces-
sarv. Or, use the means pursued in spavin, oleate of mercury, if the
case is not difficult.

If the ring-bone has been of long standing, the only relief will be the
irrowth of bony matter over the joint. There will be more or less stiff-
ness in the joint, l)ut the horse may do slow work. Old horses are more
difficult to cure than young ones, and in any case to avoid blemish, the
case muse be taken at the first indication. Then thorough fomentations,
slight blistering, a proper shoe and rest will accomplish a cure. If there
is simply a hardening of the integuments, oleate of mercury, in developed
rinii-bone or spavin, will reduce so much of it as is not already bony
growth.

Vn. Stifle.

Any difficulty of the stifle joint, by which the animal is more or less
disabled from the use of the limb, is by the generality of horsemen
termed stifling, it being supposed to be a dislocation of the stifle bone,
corresponding to the knee-pan in man. Dislocation, however, is ex-
treinelv rare. The displacement of the whirl bone of tlie stifle joint when
it occurs, will cause the animal to throw the limb straight out behind.
This form often becomes chronic ; that is, occurs, and the habit is fixed
from apparently slight causes, or any cause that shall compel the animal
to throw the leg back farther than is usual in going at a slow gait. It is
often produced in the first place by catching the hind leg or hoof iu some-
thing which forcil)ly holds it.

How to know it. — The horse will hold the leg extended out behind ,
the head will be raised and the animal will go on three legs ; there \ti
every evidence of extreme pain, but no heat nor swelling. Upon exam-
iiiinirthe stifle bone, the patella, corresponding to the knee pan in map,
will be found outside those against which it should fit. When the
dislocation is inward, the limb will be drawn upward. (^

What to do. — Get the animal into a close place ; have him held firmly
hy the head ; pass a rope about the fetlock and over any projection, so
the limb may be drawn forward. Bring the liml) forward and upward,
and standing behind and against the hip, press the bono toward and into

■i

h fill il

444

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

its place. Hold it there firmly until the muscles regain their orifrinal
contractibility in some measure, and use an infusion of bayberry or oak
bark, cold, freely, for some days.

In addition to this it is better that the horse be made to .stand on the
injured limb. To do this it is usual to tie a cord tightly about the otlier
hind leg. This is apt to make a blemish. Tie the other foot so it cannot
bo thrown back.

In nine cases out of ten when the owner supposes his horse to be stifled
the ditficulty will be found to be from injury to some other \y,ivt of the
limb, as sprain of any of the ligaments of the Itg, of the fetlock, a
prick of the hoof, etc., causing the animal to hold the limb in .such a
way as to cause the stifle bone to seem displaced.

Horses often injure the parts around the stifle joint l)y running, leapin;;,
or from bruises or other hurts. In this case the treatment is to be the
same as in any other sprain or bruise. In mild cases the following will
be found good to bathe the sprain or bruise with :

Ho. 183.

1 Ounce tincUire of arnica,
1 Pint rain water.

Bathe the aifected part freely ^ ith this from time to time. If the
difficulty is severe, fomentations of hot water must be perseveringly used
until the inflammation subsides, and then resort may be had to l)listerincr
if necessary, or a seton may be placed under the affected part to get up
counter irritation. In severe cases the cure is slow and the animal niu^t
have absolute rest.

In any difticulty in or about the stifle joint, it is well to examine care-
fully for wounds or bruises.

A wound of the parts will often cause intense pain, and to the unin-
itiated, apparently all the symptoms of dislocation. The veterinarian i'^
never deceived, and no one need be if he brings common sense and :i
careful examination to bear upon any wound, bruise, strain or other
injury. There will be blood, matter, swelling or heat in the part af-
fected. This found, use the remedies prescribed in such cases.

Vni. Splint.

Causes. — The name is given to a peculiar enlargement generally found
on the outside of the small bones of the fore leg, and inside the leg.
The causes are not well defined. Splint may be caused by violent blows
or other injuries, but it seems to be more a consequence of weight and
strain. The inner splint bone, or small bone of the leg, is placed nearer
the center of the body than the other, and there is at almost all time?
gi'eater weight upon it, while on certain occasions it may also be subjected

to more \i
deposit resu
contributes
The term sf
pear on the
as this part <

How to k

forming, the

brane; there

vou can disc-

with the thui

two small be

pressed upon

When the f

erally atteiide

lomniodated

eousequent so

splint uill oft(

easily seen at ;

hi ca.scs of

resting the to

great heat nia

nearest the spl

Sometimes
put to a walk,
ooiicus.sion \)V(
'^'ill disclose t

What to do.

do nothing, m
'^■ill disappca
provided tlm\
unskillful attoi
of the splint.

If it i.s a VQc

'^■'lether the irr

"le part, and s

inflammation, a

Ifrequent applje

jfroni over and

jloffing mere-uri

No. 184.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

445

to more violent strain, whence inflammation may set in, and a bony
deposit result. Raising the outer heel of the shoe more than ordinarily,
cHiitributes in sonic degree to produce an unnatural strain upon this hone.
The term splint is applied also to those bony tumors that sometimes ap-
pear on tlio outer shank bone. These are more readily accounted for,
•IS this part of the leg is peculiarly liable to blows and other injuries.

How to know it. — Ii^ the first stage of the disease, while the splint is
forniin", there is inflammation of the periosteum or bone-covering mem-
brane; there is lameness; and though no swelling may yet be visible,
vou can discover it by passing the open hand down the side of the leg,
with the thumb on the small bone, or rather in the groove formed by the
two small bones. A small, hard swelling will be fouAd, which, being
pressed upon, will cause the animal to flinch.

When the tumor is well-developed and plain to the sight, it is not gen-
erally attended with lameness, from the fact that the periosteum has ac-
lommodatod itself to the new formation, and the inflanmiation, with
consequent soreness, has subsided. Then it happens that a very little
splint will often cause more lameness than one which is so large as to be
easily seen at a distance.

In cases of nmch inflammation and extreme soreness, the horse stands
resting the toe upon the ground, with the leg slightly bent ; and this
great heat may extend itself by sympathy to the soft parts of the leg
nearest the splint, but this is seldom the case.

Sometimes the animal is apparently free from all trouble when merely
put to a walk, but will discover extreme lameness in trottinj — the extra
concussion producing much pain, and examination, as previout 'y directed,
will disclose the seat of the trouble.

What to do. — If the protuberance is small, and there is no lameness,
do nothing, unless the horse is valuable and the tumoi is unsightly. It

I will disappear by natural absorption as the animal increases in years,
provided there is no directly exciting cause constantly at work. An

I unskillful attempt to cure will sometimes lead to lameness and an increase

[of the splint.
If it is a recent formation, and treatment is thought necessary, observe

I whether the irritation is such as to have produced exti'eme tenderness of

jthe part, and swelling of the soft parts of the leg. If so, lessen the

[inflammation, and thus also the soreness, by cool, softening poultices, or
frequent application of cold salt and water. Then shave the hair off

jfrom over and around the protuberance, and rub in, at e\iening, the fol-

jloffing mercurial ointment :

No. 184.

1 Dracbm biniodide of mercury,
1 Ounce lard.

i- ' !
.1' '

I!!

446

UiliUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Continue this until a free watery discharge is produced from the sur-
face. As a general rule this is sufficient, for even though it may not
directly disappear, it will gradually do so from this time, unless the
tumor interferes materially with the ligaments or tendons.

If it is large, or near the joint, or extends so as to destroy the motion
that naturally exists between the two small bones, cast the horse, and
secure him from violent struggling — then scarify the periosteum or
membrane covering the bone, over the splint. For this purpose, have k
small, probe-like knife, shaped like a scimiter, with the cutting edge on
the convex side. Make a small opening about an inch below the splint,
turn the little probe knife flat and insert it into this opening ahd urge it
forward until the point has passed over the protuberance. Now turn the
cutting edge down, and scarify the periosteum well, making several cuts
across the splint, and wi^h such force as to reach the naked bone every
time. Withdraw the knife and insert a seton needle, with tape fixed is
usual ; pass the point up past the splint, send it through the skin, and
draw the tape through. Slightly enlarge the upper end of the tape, so
that it cannot come out below, and the work is done. Suppuration will
ensue in from seven to fourteen days ; absorption will follow, and the
splint will almost invariably disappear.

During treatment the hoi'se should be kept from work, as any consider-
able exercise, particularly any straining in harness, or concussion by rapid
motion, will increase lameness and render cure more tedious and difficult.

matter ( lyn
in necrosis,

What to (J
{died during
will be neci
tiplint.

In very s
doughy swcl
hladcd knife,
cutting down
as a foHientat
anum to a pii
prompt, appl^
iiig the follow

No. 18

It may be n
5 drachms of a
or four times
on 8ound hay s

U f I

TX. Sore Shins— Inflammation of the Metacarpal Bones.

This is an inflammation of the membrane covering the shank bones,
an*.^ is not confined to any particular classes of horses, though racing or
other fast worked horses dre more subject to the affection than are draft
horses, the difficulty generally occurring before the animal becomei;
mature.

Causes. — The cause is undoubtedly over-working and abuse before the
bones and integuments become fully developed.

How to know it. — The lameness resembles that of splint. There is
swelling over the shin bone, which is tense as though stretched, elastic,
and doughy to the touch. There is heat and tenderness, and sometimes
the swelling becomes excessive, and breaks, but always preserves its ellip-
tic feeling. Or the swelling may not be extensive, but gradually hardens
through the formation of bony matter, until at length the pain disappears

In these slight cases, the matter thrown out between the bone .iiiJ |
membrane, is generally converted into a bony formation and the skinr^|
mains permanently thickened. In severe cases the throwing out of I

This is calle(
»nd caries whe

8.— De
We to occur ii
inflammation o

How to knov

or more absces
I form fistulas (i

smell, but afto
I of decayed bon

What to do.-

decayed bone,
with chloride o;

The

So. 186.

Wound

THE HOKSB, ITS DISEASES.

447

Diattcr (Ijniph) may separate the membrane and the bone, and eventuate
in necrosis, or death of the bone.

What to do. — If the dilHoulty is ndt severe, cold water faithfully ap-
plied during the inflammatory stage, and later, blisters, will be all that
will be necessary. In fact, treat it precisely as is recommended for

splint.

hi very severe cases, where there is great tenderness, and decided
doughy swelling, make a series of incisions with a bistoury or narrow-
tikidi'd knife, carrying the blade a short way beneath the skin, and then
(uttiii*' down to the bone. This is done to let the contents escape. Use
as a fomentation hot water containing half an ounce to an ounce of laud-
anum to a pint, and afterwards with cold water. If the healing is not
prompt, api)ly a blister. In a majority of cases it should yield by apply-
ing tlie following astringent lotion :

No. 186.

60 Dropg carbolic acid,

H Ounce sugar of lead,

2 Quarts rainwater.

It may be necessary, in fact it will be better, to give a purgative, 4 or
5 drachms of aloes, to be followed by 20 drops tincture of aconite, three
or four times a day. The animal should have perfect rest and be kept
on sound hay and bran mashes.

X. Botten Bone.

This is called necrosis when it attacks the shaft or body of the horse,
and caries when it is confined to the ends at its joints.

Causes. — Death and decay of the bone, from inflammation. It is lia-
ble to occur in poll-evil, founder, from cracked or broken bones, and
inflammation of the membranes.

How to know It. — There will be severe inflammation, followed by one
or more abscesses, which break and discharge. They do not heal, but
form fistulas (pipes). The discharge at first may be thin and without
smell, but after a time there is a peculiar and fetid odor, characteristic
of decayed bone.

What to do. — The proper thing to do is to cut down at once to the
[ decayed bone, scrape it clean, remove all loose portions, wash the wound
I with chloride of zinc lotion, made as follows :

So. 186.

40 Grains chloride ot zinc,
1 Ounce distilled water.

The wound made in cutting is to be treated as is any wound. If the

J' j (>■"; "I

448

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

cutting 1)0 extensive enough to warrant it close with stitches, cover with
lint steeped in oil to which u little carbolic acid is added. If healiii" do
not progress satisfactorily, that is jf the granulations at the edges do not
contract fast enough, stimulate by washing with tincture of aloes and
myrrh. So far as this cutting and scarifying is concerned it should U-
done by a surgeon. If this cannot be done, open the fistulas clear to the
bottom and wash out once a day with the following :

No. 187. K Ounce Riilphute of zinc,

H Ounce Nulplmto of copper,

1 Ounce solution of 8uh-ucetate of lend,

6 Ounces pyroligeouH acid, (or butter, white wine vinegar).

To one part of this use ten parts of water, and inject with force from
a syringe once a day for two weeks If necessary.

XI. Inflammation of the Knee-joint.

Inflammation of the knee or other joints may occur in all stages, finm
the most simple form to those most violent, with ulceration, and the
formation of destructive al)scesse8.

Causes. — .Tarring on hard roads ; various injuries, such as bruises,
.strains, etc.

How to know it. — In light cases the horse in starting forward vnW do
so from the knee and with pain. There will be excessive flinching if the
knee is extended l)y force. The animal stands square on his foot, and
without inclination to raise the heel. In walking he takes a fair step, but
carries the knee joint as much without bending as possible, and in putting
■down his foot exerts the greatest pressure on the heel.

What to do. — Take off the shoes. Treat the inflammation as directed
in other cases ; first l)y hot water embrocations perseveringly applied,
using laudanum as directed if necessary to relieve pain. There must be
perfect rest, and if the animal will use the limb put him in .slings, and i
apply splints and bandages to the knee. The inflammation having been ^
cured, blister the parts, to promote absorption of the fluids. When thej
animal is better let him have the run of a quiet pasture until entirely |
sound, or keep him in the stable with gentle walking exercise everyday. j

Xn. Caries of thd Lower-jaw.

Causes. — Caries, or ulceration of the lower jaw bone, between thej

tushes and grinders, is caused almost wholly by the barbarous use of bitsj

and curb-chains. Injury is also sometimes inflicted upon the bony platej

-of the roof of the mouth by pressure of the curb, when a tight nosej

THE HOR8E, ITS DISEASES.

449

hand keeps the month shut down. The gums of the Ipwer jiiw are very
(iften hurt, and not infrequently the bono itself is so bruised us to result
ill tills ulceration. When this is the case, the gum, unless forcibly opened,
must slough, so that the injured portion of the bono can be cast off. Thus
n stinking sore is made, and one of long continuance, as the scaling of the
Iwne and the escape of the loosened particles is a tedious process, and
attencK'il no little sntt'oring.

How to know It. — Examination of the gums is n(!ccssury to disclose the
tniulde when it exists simply as a bruise. The spot will appear of ii
Kjlor different from the adjacent parts, and pressure upon it will cause
tlie uninial to wince with pain. Even if neglected till there is a discharg-
iiiff sore, it is not always detected at oice, as the discharge is, in the
beginning, of a watery character, and is lost in the saliva, though coii-
stantlv going on. On contact with the bit, however, there is a mixture
of Wood and watery matter, and some of this escapes constantly while
the horse is in use. This ought to attract the attention of the master, if
nothing else has, and lead to thorough examination. There will be found,
ill that case, a depression in the gum, and, fixed to the bottom of the
cavity, a mass of proud flesh. The discharge will be characterized by a
very offensive stench.

What to do. — If the bruised place on the gum, accompanied with sens-
itiveness to pressure, is discovered before there is any break or exudation
of matter, have a strf)ng, keen knife, and cut to the bone. The incision
niado ought to correspond with the extent of the bruised bone. The
grating of the knife upon this sore portion will cause the horse to strug-
gle with more or less violence, owing to the exceeding soreness and ten-
derness of the injured part ; and this may in some sort furnish a guide
ii< to the amount of incision necessary. If the opening is too small for
the scaled bone to be easily cast out, it will be necessary to employ the
bone forceps with which to grasp and withdraw it.

Upon cutting it, a thin, watery fluid will flow out. Care must now be
taken to see that the incision is not allowed to close over and retain the
injured bone, as this would ultimately result in a foul and troublesome
ulcer.

When the discharge has somewhat thickened, and is peculiarly of-
fensive to the smell, showing that the bone is decaying and that nature is
making an effort to cast off the injured portion, wash it out with the
syringe, several times a day, with the following solution :

vLfj

No. 188.

1 Scruple chloride of zinc,

4 Drachms essence of anise seed,

1 Pint water.

^1- oC

460

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

If trctttriKMit is deferred, however, till there \h nn open, ulcerous {fum,
with the; existence of proud Hesh, push a stick of lunar caustic doep into
the unhealthy granulation in the cavity, so as to destroy it. Then keep
down the fungous growth by the use of the caustic, day after day, until
the stinking discharge has ceased. This will not he until the bone haii
ceased to scale away ; and the wound may now be safely left to heal.

A cure affected, the next thing to do is to select a hit that shall prps^
upon another part of the mouth, or there may be a repetition of the evil
The snaffle may be used with comparative safety where the curb has iu-
flicted serious hurt.

Sly.,!-

)1 v>. •••! ;! u> M

CHAPTER XrV.

DISEASES OF TECB FEET.

"TT'

1, ULCRKATION OF THE FOOT (NAVICULAR DISEASE). 11. CRACKED HOOFS. III. HOOF

ROT. IV. CORNS. V. CONTRACTION OK THE HOOP (NARROW IIEKI.). VI. INJU-

UIBS TO TUB FROQ. VII. FOUNDER. VIII. NAIL I'RICKINU. IX. CANKER. X.

SAND CRACK. XI. FALSE QUARTER. Xlf. QUITTOR. XIII. TOE CRAC;k. XIV.

rUMICK FOOT. XV. SEEDY TOE. XVI. OSSIFIED CARTILAGES. XVII. SIDE BONES.

XVIII. INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF TUB SOLE.

I. Uloeration of the Foot— (Navicular Disease).

Between the coffin bone and lower pastern there is a small bone which
forms the projection of the heel and rests upon the frog of the foot.
This bone is called the shuttle or navicular bone. The inflammation of
the surface of this bone is called the navicular disease. It may implicate
the synovial sac, the ligaments and the flexor tendon which plays over it.
One of the uses of the navicular bone is to give increased strength to the
connection between the coffin bone and the joint above. Another use is
to enable the flexor tendon, which passes over it and is joined to the
coffin bone, to give increased pliability, strength and motion to the foot.
In high bred horses, and all those used for fast work, this bone is
peculiarly liable to injury and consequently to disease. This disease is
inflammation and subsequent ulceration of this highly organized bone.
The difficulty may extend to the interior of the bone, to the tendon which
passes over its surface and even involve the adjacent parts.

Causes- — It is thought that a rheumatic constitution predisposes an
snimal to this disease. Certain it is that highly organized and weak
limbed animals most usually suffer from it, probably fi'om the fact that
they are not able to withstand an injury that a stronger limbed animal
would do, especially when carrying a bad fitting shoe, or subject to
violent exertion or ov^r strain of any kind. Other causes than bad shoes
29 451

<tm

1 J

Hi ■•'

452

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and concussion of the bone may exist, injury from nails picked up on thr,
road, impaired nutrition, by whicli tlie bones are not sufficiently nourished
acting to assist injury to the bone.

H^W to know it. — The foot will feel hot, yet particular heat is not
always present. The toe will be pointed, in the stable, eight or ten inches
before the other, and with the heel slightly raised. This peculiarity may
indeed be noticed often for a long time before any particular lameness is
noticed. By-and-by the animal will be observed to step short, and on
the toe, with liability to stumble when first taken out of the stal)lo. This
will disappear as the animal gets warm, but will show again wiien cool.
The toe of the shoe will become more worn than other parts. As the
disease progresses the hoof will decrease in size, particularly in the
quarters and heels. Trying the edges of the hoofs will not niiiUe the
animal flinch unless there be corns, but by tapping the sole on each side
of the body of the frog with a hammer, or upon the walls of the hoof
about the quarters, will give pain. By bending the foot back and press-
in"' with the thumb in the hollow of the heel on either side of the flexor
tendon, with considerable force, it will cause intense pain. These are all
characteristic tests. There may be sweeny of the shoulder from disease
of the muscles. This is an effect of the disease and not a disease in
itself.

What to do. — ^If the injury is new, the first thing to be done is to re-
duce the inflammation. Do this with cold Avatcr applications or any of
the remedies advised for ring-bone, spavin, or other inflammation. Give in
laxative dose, 4 drachms of aloes ; have the shoes taken off and let the
horse stand during the day time in pure wet clay up to the top of tiie
hoof, and at night poultice the foot. If there is much inflannnation,
bleed in the arteries above the coronet. The coronet is the lowest part
of the pastern, where tiie hair grows around the hoof. Keep the lunse
perfectly quiet, and if he has a fast pulse, give an ounce of salt petre in
the drinking water night and morning. At the end of two weeks, or
sooner if the inflammation is gone, blister the coronet all around. Or.
use the following :

No. 189.

1 Ouiico cnmphor gum,

1 Oiinoe corrosive RUblimate,

1 Pint oil turpentine.

Grind the sublimate thoroughly in a mortar, and put into a strong hnt-
tle ; pour on the turpentine and shake occasionally. It should he tit for
use in from 20 to 30 hours. This is to be applied every other day to the
heel and bottom of the foot, first paring away all scaly, rugged part-.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

453

Heat it in with a hot iron. This preparation is of great strength and
power and must be used carefully. , , ,, - i;

If preferred, a seton may be put in the bottom of the foot at the frog.
To do this, lirst pare the scale as thin as possible without reaching the
quick ; provide a sharp, short, well-curved needle threaded with tape ;
pierce the sole about an inch from the toe, and bring out midway be-
tween the two parts of the frog and the hoUow of the heel ; or enter at
the hollow of the heel and bring out the needle at the body of the f ro^.
The utmost caro must be had not to pierce deep enough to injure the
tendon or bursa which lies close there. Tie the tape, and wet daily with
No. 18J), or the following:

No. 190.

1 Purt powdered cnntharidcs,
1 Part oil of turpentine,
8 PurtH Cunuda bnisam.

Shake the two first well together and add the balsam, shaking occa-
sionally for 24 hours, and apply to the seton tape every day, turning it
at the same time. The object in this disease is to produce suppurative
running of the parts. This done, the cure is only a question of time.

If, in .s})itc of all that has been done for relief, the disease proceeds to
degeneration of the bone, resort must be had to cutting the nerves lead-
ing to the foot, (Neurotomy) which will be described in the proper
( . ..ptcr.

n. Cracked Hoofa.

^ I

Causes. — This is not an unusual occurrence in
horses, and arises, as a rule, from weak and
Itrlttlc hoofs, produced by a dry state of the
hoof, whatever may be the cause, whether fever
or other causes of degeneration. Tlio prolific
causes are drying of the wall of the hoof,
uneven l)cariiig of the shoe, calking or other
wounds or injuries of the coronet. This crack
may extend down from the coronet according to
the time it is allowed to run.

CLOaiNO CHACK IN HOOF.

What to do. — If taken early, a bar shoe,
having an even bearing all round will generally

rolic\e the difficulty. In connection with this, apply a plaster of pii, li
over the injury.

If the cnick becomes determined, as in the cut given, it must be kei)t

)i^ '*

dif

464

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

closed together by clinching a thin nail on each side of the gap near the
bottom and top, or else with thin wire as shown in the cut.

Also burn a groove just below the crack about an inch long nearly
down to the quick. It is also well to slightly blister the coronet at the
top of crack. An efficient and stimulating liniment will be the oil of
eantharides, made as follows : •>! ;.t . ■ ,1. ; ii uv jv ., i , ;-

No. 191.

1 Ounce powdered caiitbarides,
8 Ounces olive oil.

■l: £

< Mix in a strong bottle and set it in water kept near the boiling heat for
three or four hours, and filter through close linen. Ap^ily once a day
with friction until the part is tender. Let the horse have rest, or turn
into a pasture until cured.

ni. Hoof Rot.

This difficulty, sometimes called tender feet, arises from diseases of
various kinds, spavin, ring bone, chronic founder, navicular disease.
There is a dry, feverish state of all the parts, and the hoof, and especially
the sole, becomes decayed and soinctiiues perishes entirely.

How to know it. — The bottom of the hoof is dry and chalk-like, 80
that it may easily be dug away with the point of a knife, or even easily
scraped awa3^ The frog of the foot diminishes in size, and the ankle
joints are apt to swell. The hor.se steps short and goes lame, if in one
foot, or if in both, cripples in his gait. The affected foot will be pointed
forward to enal)le the animal to rest on the sound foot, or if both are
affected, first one and then the other will be placed forward. Sweeny or
wasting of the muscles of the leg and shoulder result simply from disease
of the limb.

What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare away all unsound portions of the
hoof until all the pumiced parts are got rid of ; also the frog and tiie
sides of the hoof. Stimulate the bottom of the hoof by washing withNn,
189 once a day for three days, heating it in with a hot iron. Then omit
for two or three days and conmienoe again. During the treatment tiie
animal must be kept in the stable and the feet should be kept dry.
When hoof rot is due to other diseases, as ulceration of the navicular
joints, it will do no good to follow the rule laid down until the cause of
the difficulty is removed.

IV. Corns.

Corns are in very many cases the result of other diseases, tending to
weakening of the solo rather than the result of a bruise to a sound hoof.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

455

Thus a horse with corns should be thoroughly examined for injury to the
bones of the hoof, rotten hoof, etc. i(;;,,,( i,t., .r /.,.'• -t.-A i, ..; •„!i t,, .41,1,

Causes. — A bruise on the sole below the bars and the wall at the heel,
producing a horny tumor or hardening, which presses on the quick.
Sometimes thei-e is inflammation, owing to tbo formation of matter
which works out cither at the top of the hoof or at the toe, from the
formation of a fistula. Then it is Quittor. They may be found on
either side of the heel, but usually on the inner or weaker side.

How to know It. — There will be flinching when the walls of the hoof
and sole are seized and strained with the pincers ; thus revealing on
which side and the locality of the corn. The toe Avill be pointed, when
at rest, and with the heel slightly raised. In motion the gait will be
short and stumbling. If it has proceeded to suppuration, the pain will
be so extreme that the horse will fear to put the foot to the ground. If
there is a horny tumor forming, it may be known upon paring the hoof
by the evident appearance of a white, spongy, horny formation, as in sand
crack.

What to do- — If the corns proceed from other disease, causing con-
traction and other disabilities of the hoof, remove these causes and the
corns Mill disappear. If the corns proceed from a simple and recent
bruise, remove the shoe and rasp down the bearing surface of the heels,
so there may be no pressure. That is, the heels should be rasped lower
than the other bearing surfaces. If there is inflammation, let the hoofs
rest in cold water, or keep them moist with a wet cloth and the sole with
a soft sponge, or the whole hoof may be enveloped in a large sponge cut
to tit. The animal should wear a bar shoe, arranged to avoid pressure
on the parts affected. When the foot ceases to be tender, keep the hoof
and sole smeared with the following ointment, to render it soft and pro-
mote healthy growth :

No. 192.

)i Ounce tallow,

1 Ounce oil of turpentine,

4 Ounces beeswax.

Use the horse at light work until entirely recovered.

If the dilficulty be found to be a suppurating com (one containing
matter), the hoof must be cut down to let all the matter escape; cut
away all the horn that has become separated from the quick, and pare
away all the horn around the parts 10 a thin edge. Poultice the part
with a linseed poultice, renewed until there is no longer tenderness, and
the surface is smooth and healthy. Then put on a bar shoe with a
leather sole, and fill the space from behind with tar held in place with a

¥%i^^

456

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

i'!

stuffing of tow. Give entire rost and no pressure on the heel until the
sole of the foot has grown out naturally.

If the corn has become a tumor it should be cut out, and tlie same
treatment pursued as advised for a corn that has formed matter.

Old corns sometimes result in disorganization of the parts, or death of
a portion of the heel, disease of the bone of the foot, or ulceration of
the cartilage. In this case they must be treated as advised for Quittor or
for navicular disease.

V. Contraction of the Hoof, Narrow Heel.

In a healthy condition the hoof of a horse should be nearly round.
Whatever shape the hoof may assume, it is not a disease in itself but the
result of disease or of some disability. It is generally tlie result of
fever in the feet from injury to bones, ligaments or frog, or tlie effect of
founder, etc. Contraction of the hoof exists in nearly all diseases of
the feet, and may occur from standing idle in the stable. So it may
result from undue paring of the heels, the bars on the frog, from a shoe
remaining on so long that the foot is prevented from taking its natural
growth.

What to do. — The only thing is to remove the shoes and round the
edges of the hoofs to prevent their being broken or split, and keep the
affected hoofs standing every day from early in the morning until late at
night in puddled clay reaching well up the hoofs. Continue this for two,
three, or four weeks as the case may be. Then use prescription No.
192 as a hoof ointment until the hoof is brought back to its natural
shape as near as may be. In shoeing let the shoe be without bevel on its
upper side, and let the bearing be equal on all parts of the wall of the
hoof.

VI. Injuries of the Prog.

The frog of the horse's foot is especially liable to injury from behig
bruised upon projecting stones, pierced by nails and .splinters. It is also
liable to inflammation of the secreting membrane, resulting in the forma-
tion of matter, and ^o canker.

What to do. — In all bruises with soreness pare aw^ay the frog carefully
until the difficulty is found. If bruised, treat it by using the liniment
No. 189. If pierced with some sharp substance extract it and inject
tincture of aloes and myrrh. If the difficulty be thrush, caused by expo-
sure to wet and filth, bruise of the frog, hard substance lodged in the
cleft, or other cause, there will bo soreness of the skin behind the cleft

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

4ft7

of the frog, and a bad smelling discharge from the cleft with more or
less hiiueuess.

Wash the affected parts thoroughly. Cut away all ragged surfaces
and press into the cleft or wound dry calomel, or finely powdered sul-
phate of copper.

VII. Founder.

Founder, or inflammation of the feet, called by veterinarians laminitis,
consists in fever, inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, including
the laminiE, and of the foot bone, but is most severe in the forward por-
tion, where greatest strain occurs when standing. Acute inflammation of
the foot, or founder, differs but little in its physical manifestations from
other inflammatory symptoms, except that it seems more complete and
permanent. Acute founder is generally produced by ovenvork or over-
heating and exhaustion and sudden cooling, while the sub-acute form
may l)e the result of diseases of the respiratory organs, suddenly leaving
those parts and manifesting itself in the extremities.

Causes. — The disease may be brought about directly from hard work
on dry, solid roads, and consequent strain on the laminee (scale of the
hones), from over-feeding or drinking cold water when warm, especially
when the predisposing cause already exists. So it may be brought about
hy other diseases, as inflammation of the lungs. Heavy, fat horses are
especially predisposed to founder, and so are those with small and de-
formed or large, flat feet.

ACUTB FSVER IK TUB r»T.

How to know it. — ^I'here will be general fever and stiffness, and sore-
ness ; there may or may not be shivering. Soon extreme tenderness of
the feet follows, generally most severe in the forward part, but soon in
the Jieel ; the pulse is strong, full and rapid ; the breathing quickened.

458

ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOK.

with dilated nostrils ; the intensity of the pain will often cause the animm
to groan and to break out into a sweat. If pushed backward the horse
will elevate the toes and throw his weight on the heels by a peculiur
motion. The hoof and frog will be hot and very senoitive to pressure,
and the arteries of the pasterns will beat with violence. . .■>'><>•

When the inflammation is in the hind feet, the fore feet are carried as
far under the body as possible to support the weight, while the hind ftH;t
are thrown forward to bring the weight upon the heels. In cither oaso,
the animal will often lie stretched out for hours to relieve the intense
pain of the feet.

Founder has sometimes been mistaken for a disease called myositis, an
inflammation of the muscles of the limbs, especially of the hind quiuteis
and loins. They should never be so mistaken, as an observation of the
several symptoms will show.

Founder. — First one foot and then the other is lifted from the ground.

Lying down lessens the pain and the fever of the feet.

The difficulty usually occurs in the fore feet.

Myositis. — Both feet are kept on the ground with refusal to move
either.

The animal will not lie down, and if thrown down the pain is increased.

Generally in the hind quarters.

In many cases the symptoms are not so aggravated as Ave have shown,
but the symptoms, whether one or more of the feet are affected, are the
same, and often, especially when repeated attacks have been suffered,
leave the animal with seedy toe, pumiced feet, corrugated and other-
wise distorted hoofs, and always more or less liable to recurrence of stiff
spells during life.

What to do. — In light cases, when discovered early, clothe the animal
warmly, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite every two hours, pre-
ceded by a gentle laxative, say .?.

No. 103.

8 to 3 Drnchros powdered aloes,
1 Ounce bicarbonate of soda.

Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench. If there is severe pain
give ounce doses of laudanun^ every hour until an effect is produced.

As an application to the feet keep them in large warm poultices of
linseed meal and water, or let the feet be placed in water kept as hot as
the animal can bear. Put him in slings by all means, if the}' can be pro-
cured. Have the shoes carefully taken off as soon as the sedatives given
will allow him to bear the pain. As early as possible the animal should
be bled in the veins above the coronets of the affected feet. The l)leed-
ing will be assisted by the feet being placed in hot water, and for this
reason, if for no other, the slings should be used as quickly as possible.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

459

If there is much thirst make the drink slightly sour with cream of
tiirtar. If at the end of two days the fever and tenderness does not get
lietter pare down the soles and open them at the toe to let out any watery
matter that may exist, for fear the horn may separate from the quick,
keeping on the poultices afterwards as before. When the intliintmation
subsides blister the pasterns and apply the corrosive liniment No. IH!) to
the soles of the feet, and keep the horse standing on soft clay, or if in
;?uniiner time turn him into a moist, soft pasture.

As a rule, neither bleeding from the neck or active purging shouhl
be allowed in founder. There are, however, cases occasionally in simple
founder, from overfeeding when tired, or giving cold water when warm,
when a gallon of blood taken from the neck and an active purge of a
quart of linseed oil has acted like a charm, the patient recovering almost
iinmediatch'. In this the operator must be guided by circumstances. If
tlie horse is fat and full of blood it will tend to reduce the inflammaticm
1)V drawing the blood to another part of the system. If so the blood
s^hould be allowed to flow in a full stream.

VIII. Nail Pricking.

The prick of a nail in shoeing, or from having a nail enter the foot in
traveling often leads to the most serious consequences if allowed to pro-
ceed, such as ulceration, ending in quittor and other disabilities. An
aiiinialhcing lame without swelling, inflammation or other indication of
i^train or bruise, the feet should be carefuU}' examined, and the nail or
other substance be cut out, at whatever pains it may take. Then dress
the parts with hot pitch, cover with tow and give the animal rest for a
few days.

IX Canker.

This is one of the diseases that may arise from the prick of a nail or
l)ruise. Again it may occur without apparent cause.

How to know It. — ^It is a disease most prevalent in heavy, coarse-boned
horses. The frog will become large, spongv, and covered with a fun-
srous ffrowth of a cheesv texture, and throwina: out an aliundant colorless,
bad smelling fluid. If cut away it will again (juickly spring into growth.
The discharge is more offensive than in thrush, and the disease more ob-
stinate, often resisting treatment for a long time.

What to do. — The horse must be kept in a clean, dry, well-ventilated
''table. All di.seased portions of the hoof must be carefully pared off so
ht as the knife may bo able. The cure consists in destrovinir the fun-

460

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iff
i! ' '

goid granulations. Thus in cutting do not be alarmed at tlie sight of
blood from the canker. Over the well portion of the hoof spread tlie

following :

No. m.

4 OrainB chloride of zinc,
1 Ouuue flour.
Mix, uud apply dry.

Cover the diseased parts Avith the following :

No, 195.

H' Ounce chloride of zinc,
4 Ounceii tlour.

Tack on the shoe lightly, pad the parts within the shoe well, and secure
good pressure by cross pieces driven firmly within the shoe. The second
day after remove the shoe and padding, cut away everything that appears
to be in a sloughing condition ; repeat the dressing every two days until
the parts are sound. As soundness begins to appear in portions of the
surface, dress these with the following; that is, when fungoid granula-
tions have ceased to sprout :

No. 190.

2 Grains chloride o( zinc,
1 Uuuue flour.

As the canker improves, the dressings may be extended to the third or
fourth day, and during the Avhole time of treatment the horse should be
liberally fed, and be exercised gently for four hours every day.

X. Sand Crack.

These are of two kinds, quarter crack, occurring in the inner quarter
of the fore foot, and toe crack, occurring in the toe of tlic hi:id foot,
both beinff cracks and fissures in the walls of the hoofs, be<>inninij at tlie
coronet and extending downwards.

Causes. — Defective quality of the hoof, causing brittlencss ; bad shoe-
ing, or splitting of the hoofs from hard driving on solid roads.

How to know It. — When the horse leans his weight on the hoof, the
crack will open ; when the foot is lifted the crack will close. Siuid and
dirt work into the parts, causing excessive pain and lameness, often fever
and the formation of matter.

What to do. — In recent cases, before there is much inflammation, all
that will be necessary to do will be to remove the shoe, clcanscf the crack
thoroughly, cutting into it if there is dirt or sand lodged inside, drawiiijr
the hoof together closely again, by the means of two thin clinch hor«e
shoe nails, one at top and one at the bottom, and filling with the follow-
ing composition •

461

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

No. 197. ' '' « Ounce tallow, ' ■" ' '

1 Ouncu oil of turpentine,

2 OHnci-Hi-csin,

4 Ouuceg beenwax.

Melt together, and fill the crack with it quite warm, and lot it cool.
The foot should be protected so no dirt can enter, and the horse turned
to pasture until a now hoof is grown, placing a bur shoo ou the in-
jured hoof.

If the crack is an older one, and there is inflammation, the edges must
lie pared and the fissure sutficiently laid bare so it may bo thoroughly
cleansed of all grit and dirt. Tho crack must then bo thoroughly
fomented to reduce tho inflammation, and poulticed until it assuincs a
hoalthy appearance. Tho parts nmst then be brought firndy together by
means of clinch nails ; covered with ointment, No. 11)7; a bar shoe put
on, and a new hoof allowed to grow.

XI. False Quarter.

This difficulty differs materially from sand crack, inasmuch as it is a
deticiency in the growth of the horn of the hoof extending from tho cor-
onet to tho sole. It is a gap in the Mall of tho hoof rather than a crack.

Causes. — It is produced from a deficient secretion of the horn making
power, owing to previous quittor, frostbite or other injury to tho coronet.

What to do. — The principal means to be used is careful shoeing with
A bar shoe. If the injury has been recent, stimulate the coronet with a
mild blister, or if there is a wound, cut the edges Avith a knife and dress
with weak carbolic acid water, to induce a healthy growth of horn. In
old eases, all that can be done is to fill the fissure with gutta percha, and
protect the weak hoof with a bar shoe.

XII. Quittor.

Causes. — This fistulous condition of tho fibrous cartilage of the foot —
inflamed, suppurating, penetrated by canals in various directions, with
openings upon the quarters and heels of tho coronet — is caused by pricks
in shoeing, by threads, by suppurating corns or bruises, by neglected
bad tread or over-reach, by neglected thrush, by irritation from sand-
crack and false-quarters, by bruised sole that sometimes takes place when
f.at-footed horses are ridden over stony ground ; in short, by any injury
which leads to inflammation of tho cartilage of the hoof and the forma-
tion of pus inside. When the sensitive portion of the foot is pierced oy
11 nail, or when iuflammation has followed a bruise, suppuration speedily

Ifi)

462

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

follows, and the acciimulatiiig matter presses in every direction, and,
finding no ready outlet, the little fleshy jilates of the coffin bone iirr
forced from the horny ones of the crust, or il may burrow between the
horny and flesiiy sole, and far towards the vnry central portion of the
foot. Pipes and sinuses are then made in every direction ; but the outlet
is generally by abscess of tlio coronet, or that portion of the hairy skin
running immediately down upon the hoof.

How to know it. — A recent wound or ordinary abscess of the coronet
may bo mistaken by the inexperienced for quittor, especially if any hime-
ness attends it ; but a little examination will readily disclose the true
nature of tlio case. From a simple wound, there is not apt to be a fetid
discharge of so unwholesome a character as that whicli oozes from the
sinuses of tlio quittor, and the parts must bo more or less swollen, and
yielding to prcsiiure, wliercfts, in quittor, the surrounding tissue is hard,
though it has taken on a peculiarly unhealthy action, and i)robing with
the flexible probe, or bougie, will discover the presence of a sinus or of
sinuses, of more or less depth. There is almost always lameness, whih
is sometimes excessive, and of a halting character ; the coronet is some-
what swelled into a ridge around the top of the hoof, and about the
center of which one or more small orifices arc found, that discharge in
small quantities an offensive matter — sometimes rather thin and watery,
again, thick and having a curdled appearance. The probe, as we have
said, will disclose sinuses, and these generally tend downward into the
foot. The quantity of matter discharged is often very small at first, so
much so as to be out of all proportion to the very serious nature of the
trouble, and the difficulty attending a cure. Even when the openirg or
openings will scarcely admit the small bougie, there may be much matter,
and this may have penetrated under the cartilages and ligaments, and to
the coffin-joint itself. Wherever it has gone, it has formed fistulous
pipes, or ulcerations that are difficult to heal. There is usually increased
heat, as well as nmch tenderness of the foot.

What to do. — The first step is to discover, if possible, the cause ; and if
this is still operating, to make every effort in your power to remove it
Sometimes there is such swelling around the hoof, and such excessive
tenderness, that the animal cannot bear to have the foot handled except
in the gentlest manner. In this case, apply a good softening and cooling
poultice, and keep him as still as possible — renewing the poultice as
often as it begins to grow dry and hot — until the inflammation is some-
thing reduced, and the extreme tenderness overcome. Then, remove the
shoe and withdraw every nail if it can be done. If the trouble has been
caused by a nail, and the nail can be removed, there is already something

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASEH.

4G3

of II depondent oponing made by which the uccumulutcd pus may cscupc,
iiiid this opening mfty bo enlarged by farther paring away the hoof, so as
to reach the softer part, that can be more readily cut with a keen knife.

A small probe, or bougie, should bo inserted from above, and worked
to the lowest depth of the sinus. If this extends far towards the base of
the foctt, the prime object should bo to get an opening from below to
meet it, no matter what may have been the cause — whether a prick, a
bruise, or irritation caused by other foot diseases. This depondent open-
iin' established and kept open, the pus Avill in time be evacuated, and the
foot will return to its healthy state, unless the joints have been attacked,
ill which case a cure is scarcely to be hoped for. , .

If the disease is of long standing, the internal surface of the sinus or
HJuuscs has become more or less callous, and a stimulating lotion must be
injected with a syringe every day, composed of one drachm chloride of
zinc to one pint of water — increasing the chloride gradually to two
drachms.

This treatment will suffice. The main trouble, however, is tog^ake the
dependent outlet. In case this cannot be done, owing to the shallowness
of the sinuses from above, reduce the inflammation by poulticing, as pre-
viously directed, and then inject this somewhat caustic solution into each
channel or pipe :

No. 198.

5 Grains bichloride of mercury,
1 Ounce RpiritB o( wine,
20 Drops niuriutic acid.

Do this three times the first day, twice the second day, and once a day
subsequently. When the discharge has ceased, stop the injection, and
simply keep clean by tl>.<j use of warm soap suds, used as necessary.

If it is found impracticable to inject this solution into the openings,
adopt this instead : Insert, by means of a wet probe, a mixture of
cnn'osive sublimate and flour (three parts of flour to one of corrosive
sublimate). Persevere until you know that every part of the sinuses has
felt the caustic. In two or three days thereafter they will begin to dis-
charge a white, curd-like matter. It may be necessary to repeat this,
hut if thoroughly done, and there is no affection of the joints, a cure may
he exi)eetcd.

Sometimes the trouble rises from a gravel having insinuated itself
between the shoe and the sole, and creating a bruise or corn. This may
lie ascertained by removing the shoe and seeking for a spot unnatural in
appearance, hot, and tender on the sole. If found, it ought to be pared
down so as to reach the more sensitive part of the foot, and, if possible,
to discover and liberate matter.

■C'l'l

ill

464

ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOR.

In makiiirr oxftminntums prcliminiiry to treatment, the preatcst pare
pliould always ho oxercised, as tlio treatment, to bo successful, must Itc
specially adapted to tho exigencies of the ease. It sometimes liiippcns
that the trouble is critical, and that only an experienced practitioner ought
to bo intrusted with it. When tho probo indicates that tho direction of
the sinuses is backward, the chances aro in favor of recovery ; but if it
shows the direction to be forward, tho important and comi)licat('il parts
of tho foot aro in danger, and tho result of even the best trealiufiit is
doubtful.

In any event, a complete cure requires much time, and a more than
ordinary exerciso of patience and care.

If tho patient, in moving about, strikes the swollen parts above the
fore-foot with the too of the hind-foot, or if ho hurts it in lying down,
some stops ought to be taken to obviate those additional causes of irrita-
tion and pain.

If the general health of tho animal is scrupuously attended to. It will
materialll' assist in the management of tho local disorder.

XIII. Toe Crack.

A hoof with crack in the toe should bo treated precisely ns though the
diflSculty occurred in another portion of the wall of the hoof. The diffi-
culty in all cracks of the hoof, is the difficulty in healing, for tiio reason
that when tho animal steps, especially on uneven ground, the walls are
strained apart. In sand-cracks, the principal cure must be to extirpate
the grit and dirt, whatever the amount of paring and cutting it miiy take.
If granulations appear, they must be cut out. Then wash with a solution
of chloride of zinc, made as follows:

No. 199.

1 Grain chloride of zinc,
1 Ounce of water.

Whatever the quantity made, let it be in this proportion. Cleanse the
whole interior of the crack fully. In cutting away the hoof, it should
present an oval shape when finished, the points at top and bottom.

Having cleansed the inner portions, if tho crack dAes not extend com-
pletely from tho coronet to the toe, with a firing iron, just hot enough to
cause the horn to smoke, the iron not at a red, but at a black heat, soften
the crust and continue the cutting until the diseased portion is all ex-
posed. If granulations (proud flesh) show, cut it out and let the parts
bleed. Then continue the application of the chloride of zinc lotion three
times a day until a healthy reaction is produced. The crack may then
be stopped with pitch or tar aud tow, or gutta percha ; a bar shoe put

TIIR II()R8R, ITH L>I8EA8ES.

465

nil with two dips in front to hold tho parts to^uther, and tbo uniinal kept
III a clean, soft pasture until u new hoof is grown. An examination of the
imiiri l>i'in{j; made from time to time to see that no grit or foreign sub-
stiuue has entered to increase tiio ditHeulty.

Siuul-erucks, quarter-cracks, and false-tmarters, will require time to
ensure full recovery, and tho time so consumed should not be grudged.

XIV. Pumice Foot.

Puniico foot, tho effect of chronic laminitis, is an excessive growth
of Koft, spongy horn in place of the healthy hoof, forming rings running
to<'etlu'r at tho toe, causing a bulging at that point and a depression
iiluivt' This growth in front of the laniiiue of the too separates tho
cortui bone from the wall of tho hoof, and allows the bone to press upon
tho solo and even to pierce through it. Thus tho solo beccnncs convex
iiisteacl of concave, the animal becoming groggy, and in time quite crip-
pled. This state is almost entirely confined to animals with flat feet and
weak limbs, weak and brittle crusts to the feet, with largo, prominent frogs.

What to do. — In bad cases thcro can bo no cure. Much may be done
t(i iilloviiite distress, and enable tho horse to do slow work, especially on
the fiirin. Put on a thick, broad webbed bar shoe, a dished shoe having
the web hollowed out, or beveled toward tho inner side on the upper sur-
face and thinned down from tho toe to tho heel. It is better that the
shoe he also assisted with a l)earing of leather next the sole .

Tho hoof should bo smeared daily with equal parts of glycerine and
tar. If heated in slightly so much the better. The sole should also
have the same application. Apply a mild blister to the coronet from
time to time to stimulate action, and turn the horso into ii soft, damp
pasture. Thus in time a fairly smooth hoof may be grown, but it can
never be expected to be entirely sound.

XV. Seedy Toe.

The wall of the foot is composed of two layers, the outer one darker,
harder and thinner than the inside one ; the inner layer thicker, softer
and li<i;litor in ( olor than the outer. The outside layer is secreted by the
coronet, the inner one from the sensitive laminte. In health these a^'e
intimately united, forming the thick, tough, elastic hoof, capable of
bearing the shocks of the body in traveling.

Causes. — If from any cause, inherent weakness, undue shocks, disin~
tcgrating the lamina;, or other cause, the separation hegins at the toe,
just as in the human nail the separation begins at the margin — it produ-
ces secdv toe.

I-I.

Ifii Vi

t ' El «' ''

t 'M

4(>6

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

How to know It. — If a seody too bo struck with a hammer it will give
n hollow cound, Hhowiii*^ thut it In diMUiiited. Roniove the uhuu uiid u
sepanition will be found between the two coats of the hoof.

What to do. — Fhid the extent of tho separation with a thin probe. Cut
away such portions of tho crust as may bo disunited, and to where there
is firm adh(!sion of the i)arts. If there is a powdery substance clean it
out. Kcoi) tho cavity filled with warm tar, properly held in place, and
shoo so as to give a uniform bearing, and support tho weak part with a
clip if necessary. This dressing must be repeated from time to time as
recjuirod, until tho cavity is entirely filled with a new and healthy growth.
. :, ■ ■■ •■ ' ■ "-. v.i , .,: , ,^

, , XVI. Ossified Cartilages. , ,

Ossification of the cartilages is sometimes called false ring-bone. It is
H disease to which many horses are sometimes subject, and oftcu exists
in connection with ring-bone and side-bones.

Causes. — 'Tarring, by hard driving over rough roads, or poundinj^ on
hard pavements, or any of the causcvs producing ring-bone or inflauniiation
of the parts.

How to know It. — When the difficulty is new, there may bo fovor in the
parts. Later there will be more or less enlargement of the bacrk of the
coronet and the heel, the parts feeling hard, irregular or hnnpy. The
horse is not always lame, but if driven over hard roads, the horso will
show soreness and travel short after cooling off.

What to do. — In old standing cases, l)ut little can be done ; rubliinz
the })arts Avith oleate of mercury will reduce so much as is not already
bony substance!. In connection with th's put in a scton under the nf-
fected part. In more recent cases, if there is heat, bleeding from tlip
foot will give relief. Then apply cloths dipped in cold water to evm
(juart of which has l)een added a half pint of tincture of arnica. The iii-
fiamination Ixung reduotnl, apply repeated dressings of biniodidn nf
mercury. This will pronn)to absorption, but a complete cure may not
bo expected.

XVII. Side Bones.

Side-])ones are ossifications from tho heels of Iho coflSn-bonc into tlif
lateral cartilages. Li luMivy horses, side-bones may occur in connection
with ring-bones. In fact, ring-bone has its seat in the o« »vfr(i(fimii,tmi
side-bone in tho parts about ; tho first being in tho pastern ; tho latter
lower, or about tho cotllu-bouo.

THE 1IOH8B, ITS DISKAKKS.

407

How to know It.— The ciilaigcmcnt is just ahovo Iho foronct and im-
Dwdiiitcly below, when riiig-l)()iie exists. Sido-boiio may ho found at tho
hack aiul lateral parts of tlio coronet. There will be more or less soro-
iies(< and lameness, but after ossitieution bony fornnition of the [mrts has
hcen (■()nij)leted, the joint is either stiff or nearly so.

What to do. — The treatment should l)o precisely identical Avith that
j)ruNC'ril)od for ring-l)t)ue.

XVIII. Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole.*

Incised wounds are those made with a sharp instrument; punctured
ones arc those made with a blunt one, as a nail. If the cut be a (^loan
one, all that will bo necessary to do will be to pare away the sides to be
nurc that no foreign substance is lodged th«(re ; wash out with tincture of
alooa and myrrh, and keep the wound ch)sed with tar and tow, and give
rest until iiealed.

If the diflicully be from a nail, care must be taken that it is all ex-
tracted. This must be done at whatcvei- cost of cutting. Then dress as
proficribod for the incised woiind. In old cases, where sup]>uration has
taken j)laco, the matter must be let out by enlarging the oriiicte. Then
tho same means for cure may be adopted as in ijuittor or other nuitu-
ratod sorcti.

.4^ i

»l^f|JJW!'<)(l.|,,|llJJ||JlljpjlllHI

CHAPTER XV.

WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS.

STRAINS AND 8PKAIN8. II. OVKR-RKACH. III. BRUSHING, OR SPKKDY COT, IV.

BKOKKN KNKK8. V. CAPPED KLBOW. VI. FROST BITB. VII, BURNS AND SCALDS.

VIII. BUPTURK. IX. CHOKING. X. WOUNDS FENBTRATINQ THR ABDOMINAL

CAVITY. XI. C0NT08KD WOUNDS. XII. LACERATED WOUNDS. XIII. PUNCTURKD

WOUNDS. XIV. BROKKN HOCK. XV. DISLOCATIONS. XVI. VARIOUS FRACTDHKS-

XVII. VARIOUS DISTORTIONS. XVIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR.

1; I

r T

I. Strains and Sprains.

In the human subject, a strain is simply a wrench, by which a fiber, a
ligament or tendon is stretched beyond its pi'opcr capacity, and followed
by pain, lameness, and inflamniiition of the parts.

A sprain is an incomplete luxation (dislocation) in connection with
stretching, with more or less laceration of the ligaments of a joint, and
even rupture of the tendon. In veterinary practice the word strain \-
used. It is far nior*' dithcult to handle than in man, and for the leasou
that it is often dithcult to prevent an animal from using the parts.

Replacement of the parts as near as may be, and rest, are tho .surt:^t
means of cure. Therefore in every case the intelligent horsomuii will
use the best means to ensure this ; consequently it will be simply iiect'j-
sary to lay down certain rules of guidance to be followed.

Strain of a joint. — —In a joint that is easily flexed, (moved bacii mul
forth ) the parts should be held firmly by means of a starch baudage, if
there has been sufficient stretching to produce loss of eontiimity.

flow to make a starch handage. — Provide a long strip of strong un-
bleached muslin, and of a width proportioned to the part injured. Soiili
this in strong starch, and bind on while wet, making a half turn of tin
cloth in passing about the limb, so it will form a figure eight. Allof

4G8

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

460

this^ to dry without niovenieut ami it will hold the parts tirm. If the strain
occurs in the fetlock, hock, or knee, this will he indicated. For a lighter
t-train, a simple cold water bandage will suffi'-e.

In all fit rains, rest must be given, the diet should be light but whole-
ijoiiK', and if the bowels become costive, they must bo stimuhited to action
by alterative medicines. Strains of the ligaments or muscles must bo
met with cold water bandages. In all strains, ho\wiver, dependence in
the early stage must be upon arnica, equal parts of the tincture and rain
water. Bathe the i)arts tluu'oughly and carefully two or thi'ee times a
day. and then apply the cold water bandage, keeping it wet.

If the strain is in the shoulder or loin, lay a wet blanket over the part
affected, and cover with a dry one, changing as often as may be neces-
sary. Sponge the affected parts with the diluted tinctux'e of arnica, as
heforc roconunended.

This, with rest, a light diet, keeping the bowels regular, and an ounce
of cream of tartar to the bucket of water, ought to subdue any cura}>le
case of strain.

n. Over-reach.

Uauses- — A tired horse, especially when going at a fast pace, sometimes
fails to lift the fore feet quick enough. The result is the imier part of
the hind foot strikes the outer side of the coronet of the fore foot, or
higher, often producing a severely lacerated or contused wound.

What to do. — The only remedy is to clip the torn portions away, and
keep the parts washed with chloride of zinc, (No. 1!).')), tirst cleansing the
parts with water if at all dirty. The healing nuist take place through
the sloughing of the torn parts, and by granul.'ition. If slight, tincture
of arnica will be sufficient as a lotion. Treads from calking may receive
the same general treatment.

in. Brushing, or Speedy Cut.

This is a bruise, abrasion of the skin, or contused wound, produced by
the shoo of one foot striking the opposite fetlock ankle, or even the knee.
It is more owing to weakness than other causes, though a horse striking
once is more liable to the same injury thereafter. It is really the foot
that is resting on the ground that causes the hurt, from its being put
<lown out of the proper line.

What to do. — For horses of slow or moderate driving, the difficulty is
<oufincd to striking; the ankle and below. The usual remedy is to cause
the horse to set his foot in proper line by raising that side of the shoe,
thus tlirowing the inside of the ankle slightly up. Any common sense

'f.

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470

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

blacksmith should know how to do it. For fast horsos, the limbs iniist
be further proterted by means of pads and other appliances to bo found
at all saddl(?rv establishments.

IV. Broken Knees.

This is a common disability of stuml)ling horses, and of saddle horstx
kept for riding, leaping, or hunting. A horse witlx the scars of })rok(:ii
knees should never be used as a saddle horse, unless it can be doarlv
shown that tlie hurt was done accidentally in leaping upon a foul liiudiiii;
place.

What to do. — The first thing to do is to tind the extent of the iiijiin.
It may be that it is only a slight bruise with or witliout abrasion of tin'
skin. In this case, using the tincture of arnica two or three times a da\ .
and a cold water bandage, if there is heat, should ensure recovery.

Sometimes, however, there is an ugly, lacerated wound tilled with din
and gravel. In this case the parts nnist be well washed by ropoatt'div
filling a large sponge with clean, warm water, and scjueezing it dry against
the limb above the hurt. Never, under any circumstances, put it ag:iiiist
the hurt. It only soils the sponge and presses the particles of dirt
farther into the Avound. If there is a sac below the cut containing dirt
it must be carefully probed, and opened from the bottom with a kcpii,
sharp pointed knife. The object is that no grit may remain in the wound
to prevent its healing. A seton should be tied so the sac may be emptied
of its contents in the pi'ocess of suppuration. If the granulations bct^ome
soft and flabby, showing proud flesh, they must be touched Avith nitrati! of
silver. In three days after the estal)lis]nnent of suppuration the .seton
may be withdrawn. The wounded parts must be kept wet with lold
arnica water, the proper proportions being one ounce tincture of aruiia
to each j^int of water used.

Copious suppuration having been fairly established, discontinue tlio ii:<e
of the arnica, and use instead the lotion made by dissolving in each
ounce of water used a grain of chloride of zinc. Use no l)andiig(.-.
Cleanliness of the parts is necessary. These means should carry the
knee to a favorable issue.

Sometimes, however, the injury is so severe that the ligaments and
even the joint is injured. It then becomes a most serious case. In tlii:*
event the animal must be i)ut into slings, the joint brought together, after
being thorougly cleansed as ))efore stated, the parts must be bandaged
and iistringent washes used to promote the uniting of the parts, while tlie
same general treatment is pursued with the laceration as advised before.
In case the injury be so severe as to involve the joint, if a veterinary

iia^^S^VK^ffji^

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

471

gurgoon raiinot be had with proper appliunccs for caring for the horse he
had liettcr be killed at once.

liosiiK's injury to the knee by falling, it is sometimes injured by having
some sharp substance driven forcibly into the ligaments or even between
the ioints. These should be carefully looked for and removed, since old
ruiiiiiu"' sores, fistulas and other disabilities may result, completely des-
tniviu" the usefulness of the animal. Joints other than the knee may be
similiirlv injured. If so, the general treatment should be the same.
First reduce the inflammation, and then use means for cure. In ordinary
cases, as a healing agent, in wounds, either lacerated or contused, we
liiivc never found anything better for promoting healthy gi'anulation or
healing of the parts than a free use of tincture of aloes and myrrh.

V. Capped Elbow.

Causes — 'Ibis tumor at the back point of the elbow is generally cf.used
1)V a 1)1' isc inflicted by the calkings of the shoe while the horse has slept
with ' ,s legs doubled up under him. Inflammation of the sub-cellular
tissue is established, and that condition sets in which gives rise to enlarge-
ments by increased deposit near the part. The tumor is circumscribed,
lieini.' lonfined to the elbow, l»ut it sometimes grows to an enormous size,
and liiings h)o,-fly from the back point of the ell)0\v, and interferes with
it!- a( ti(ni.

It may be produced also by long heels, as well as calkins, by striking
with the shod hind foot, by a blow, and by lying on uneven surfaces.

How to know It. — A slight swelling of the point of the elbow is first
jieneived, and unless the cause is removed this will gradually develop
into a hirge-sized tumf)r. When of an}- considerable size, it will contain
serum, or a watery matter, and has a fluctuating feeling to the fingers.
This fluid is contained in tough, fibrous Avails, and may remain for a long
time, or it may at last be absorbed, and leave a hard tumor. At this
>1age there will of course be no fluctuation.

What to do. — If discovered in its early stage, and serum is evidently
present, let it out by opening the sac at the lower edge with a keen knife,
or a thumb lancet. Press upon it so as thoroughly to remove the fluid.
Then, with a small rultber syringe, inject a mixture of equal i)arts of
pyroligneous acid and water. Next, moisten it externally, morning and
ui^lit, with the camphorated corrosive sublimate. No. 2, which will have
the better effect if dried in at once with a hot iron held near. Before
the horse is allowed to lie down again, make a soft pad, covered ^ith
chamois skin, without a seam on the outer side, of such thickness as to
keep the shoe from striking the elbow when the leg is doubled under him.

li^

^=;,a

'^^^.uiS

Mi""

472

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and tie it securely round the imstern. This should he on every njwhtj
and ev(>ii after cure is effected it will be necessary for the animal to wear
this pad, to prevent recurrence of the bruise, or else to have tlie .shoe
shortened The pad must be at least two and a half inches thick.

If it is in its new state (a simple swelling without matter), it can W
assuaged b}' using frequently, at moderate intervals,, some cooling lotion.

If large, watery, somewhat pendant, and unsightly, have an exptr-
ienced surgeon remove it entirely ; and then dress as an ordinary wounil.

If, after it has been opened, and the fluid pressed out, it heals witli
hard substance left behind, rub frequently with acetate of niercurv
until the natural state is restored.

If treatment is undertaken only when there is no watery matter, no
fluctuation, remove it absolutely by making a vertical .slit, of siitticifiif
length, and dissect the lump ; after which treat the wound with simple
cerate, or any healing ointment.

Care must always be taken to guard against having the elbow injuroi!
again while treatment is going on, and t(t in-cvciit rcbruising the part
after cure is effected.

If there is constipation or otherwise feverish tendency in the animal,
the cure of tumors or other local troubles will ahva>'S be more ditHi'ult
unless this tendency is removed by suitable purgatives and carefully reg-
ulated diet.

VI. Frost Bite.

Injury from the effects of frost is more common in the North anci
West than is generally supposed, and in many cases rheumatism, founder
and other "stiff complaints" may undoul)tedly ])e attributed to this as the
predisposing cause.

Causes. — Long exposure to cold, cither standing in the open air or
confined in cold stables ; standing in half melted snow and slush ; keep-
ing young animals in exposed yards, where they cannot take exercise and
with insurticient food.

How to know it. — The skin of the injured parts in light cases, turn^
purple, inflames, cracks and exudes a hloody scrum ; or if severe, the
skin and tissues beneath lose color, and become dead and eventually
shrivel. The skin, particularly of the heel, will crack, often from one
side to the other, refusing to heal.

What to do- — If the limbs are simply chilled, friction will be all that
is necessary. If actually frozen, the animal should be warmly clothed
and the frozen parts be rubbed with snow until circulation is partly re-
stored. Then put the parts in cold water and continue rubbing until

THE ilOKSE, ITS DISKASES.

473

wiirmtb and circulation are entirely restored. Then dry thoroughly with
cloths* and hard rubbing.
If the frosting has been rioglectcd and raw sores make their appear-

.iiicc, prepare the following :

No. 200.

2 Drachms belladonna,
1 Ounce petroleum,
1 Ounce liirJl

Rub the whole thoroughly together, and apply twi(!e a day to the raw
or ulcerated places. If this does not promote recovery, and decided ul-
rer8 occur, add to the above prescription 2 ounces red oxide of mercury.
Rub all well together and apply once a day to the ulcerous parts.

VH. Burns and Scalds.

Bums and scalds seldom occur in horses kept on the farm or employed
nn the road. The}' are, however, of frequent occurrence when horses
arc employed about mills or factories where steam is used ; or in iron
/ouiulories and in cities.

What to do. — One of the best and most easily obtained applications,
for a fresh burn or scald, is to dredge bicarbonate of soda, common
baking soda, tliickly on the part, or moisten with water into a thick paste
and bind it or lay it over the injury. For slight burns, which sometimes
cover a large surface, there is nothing better than several coats of thick
white lead paint laid on with a brush.; cover the whole with cotton and
bind on dose.

Strong alum water is also an excellent remedy for fresh burns and
scalds, the proportions being 2 ounces of powdered alum to each pint of
rain-water. Keep the parts well soaked with it, and wet cloths saturated
with the same constantly over the surface.

Sometimes indolent sores follow burns and scalds. If so, the ulcers
should be well and carefully washed with tar waier, ancT the following
mixture dusted over the parts :

\i >4

No. 201.

1 Ounce oxide oJ zinc,

2 Ounces powdered starch.

Mix intimately and dredge on thickly to form a crust. Wherever the
moisture appears through, keep adding the mixture until the crust be-
fomc" permanent and fixed.

*»**>*•■

Vm. Kupture.

Rupture or burst (Hernia) is the displacement of an internal organ

■ ,,f : '1

474

ILLlISTUATEt/ STOCK DOCTOU.

\ii- '■■

through ail openin<r, oith(!r natural or otherwise. Tho ruptuvo most com
monly seen is of tho Imwt'ls and onicntuin. The oiiieiituin is tlm
inem>»ranous covering of the bowels or the caul . The bowels may pass
through the caul by rupture, or the bowels and involved caul mav, it ii
possible, pass thrf>ugh tin- nioscntary, the incinbrane retaining the inteis-
tincs in their proper itositinn.

If the rupture is into the chest, it is called diaphramatic, and nmv
occur from ti violent shock, as in leaping, or in 'bucking, 'as jumping stiff-
legged is called. In bad cases death is sudden from suffocation, Jn
tlie slight forms thcr(? may only be difficulty of breatliing, with liftiii"- of
the flunks, as observed hi heaves. Tiie only remedial means lo be used
are to give anodynes and rest. Thus slight cases may at length take ou
the chronic form, l)ut will never be cured.

Hernia of the mes(!ntary and omentum is difficult to know, and no
remedy can avail, except r(!st, with anodynes if there is pain.

Naval rupture, and that tlirough the scrotum, is most commoM. The
only means of cure in naval rupture is where pressure can be had bv
means of a bandage or truss and taken intlu; eai-Jicr stages. The intostinc
must tirst be carefully prt^ssed back and pressure made over the parts bv
means of a soft pad, securely fastened, and to be worn until the orifice i>
closed or at least permanently contracted. Of course an animal witli
rupture of any part is not capable of violent exertion.

Rupture of the scrotum is also common in males. In cases of colic in
entire animals, an examination should be made for scrotal rupture, since
there may be colickey symptoms. There may be a swelling of the hn^
containing the testicle, the contents being movable, and disappearing up-
on pressure. In the smaller animals, castration may be employed, the
gut returned and the wound sewed up.

Vt-ntral hernia is known by the contents being movable and gurgling,
and easily pressed })a<'k to their place. If recent, the animal should be
thrown on its back, using ether or chloral to keep quiet, I'eturning the
protrusion, padding the orifice, and covering with strong factory muslin
wound round the abdomen and lai-ed along the back, the bandage bcinif
k<^pt in place by bands fastened in front and carried to a collar worn on
the neck. Except in the case of valuable animals, treatment scarcely
pays, unless a veterinarian can be employed who understands anatomy.

IX. Choking.

Choking occurs in two distinct forms. The high choke, when the sub-
stance is lodged in the throat or neck ; and the low choke, when the sub-
stunce is lodged in that part of the gullet lying low down within the

THE HOUSE, ITH DISEASES.

475

chest. Ill I'igli olioke, ilio animal may die in a fow minutes ; in low
itiokf , there is not sueli spociul ne(>d of haste.

How to know it. — Tliere is intense distress ; the head is raised ; there

i« >;lavering, violent eoughing and continual efforts to swallow.

Wbal to do. — Examine carefully the furrow on the left side of the
iKck for the substance. If solid, endeavor to i)ress it ui)wards with the
tinkers on each side. If not, endeavor to extract it l)y putting a balling iron
into the mouth to hold it open ; pull out the tongue ; pass the hand into
the throat and endeavor to dislodge it with the finger, the head being held
(lilt in a straiglit line with the neck. If this do not succeed, and the
ohstruction is in the gullet and is clear of the windpipe, procure a probang,
(il it thoroughly, cast the horse, put the balling iron in the mouth, intro-
duio the probang anil by steady pressure for a few seconds at a time,
ciideuvor to move it. If it moves continue the pressure until it is pushed
into tiie stomach.

If tlic substance is o firmly held that the probang will not move it, the
iiKiss must l)e cut down upon and taken out. Let an assistant press the off
-idc of tlic neck to get as much bulge as possible. Then with a bold cut
(if a sharp knife, cut through skin, tissues and gullet, to the mass, with
:iu ample cut, and remove ; bring the edges of the gullet together, stitch
them with fine catgut, or strong silk, nud then the wound in the skin. The
JitKculty here may cause subsequent stricture of the gullet, which may
thereafter ])revcnt the animal swallowing solid food. In any event only
»(ini-liquid food should be given for ten days after choking, or until the
iiiiiraal seems well .

Ill desperate cas(!s, where there is instant danger of death from choking,
tracheotomy must be emi»loyed. This is cutting into the windpipe and
inserting a breathing tu])e and will be treated in its appropriate place.

The Low Cuokk. — Tliis is wlicre th<^ obstruction is low in the gullet,
or in the thoracic portion of the sesophagus.

In this form there is great distress but the head is not held so high ,
saliva runs from the mouth, and the discharge is coj)ious from the nooe ;
if the animal attempts to drink, the water is cast forth from the nose ; the
breathing is laborious, the flanks tucked up, the l)aek roached, and the
animal shows symi)toms of general distress.

What to do. — Give a gill of linseed oil or lard oil once an hour, and
between these doses every hour the following anti-spasmodic :

'im

No. 202.

2 Ounces Rulphurfc ether,
2 Ounces lauilunum,
^ Pint water.

Use the prol)ang carefully after each anti-spasmodic. If the whole of

476

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iu->

the dose is apparontly returned, administer chloroform from a sponfe, bv
inhalation, unt'l entire insensiljility is produced. Then extend the head,
insert the probung, well oiled, and use steady but constant prcHsure.
until the substancie moves. It may take ten to lifteen minutes, or more.
When the substance moves do not use much violent pressure, but move
it carefully until it entt^rs the stomach, care being taken not to force thf
instrument too far and thus wound that organ, renieinbering always timl
sudden violence may bring on spasmodic action, in which case effort*
must cease. Violence may also rupture the lesophagus.

4!. '

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. -f. 'v-^^^^"

THK LOW OIIOKK

X. Wounds Penetrating the Abdominal Cavity.

K h

A penetrating wound of the walls of the abdomen is generally followed
by protrusion of the bowels. Sometimes it is so extensive as to allow
a large portion of the intestines to escape. If so, they should be sup-
})orted by a sheet fastened over the back to prevent injury by the fwt
and the admission of dirt un*il relief is given.

What to do- — The horse should be cast, the bowels washed with tepid
water, the horse turned partly on his back, the intestines properly returned
to their place by pressure, and the wound sewed up with catgut, well soaked
in warm oil, and at intervals of an inch apart, bringing the edges nicely
together. Then encii'cle the belly with a strong bandage properly fas-
tened, by being laced along the back. Empty the rectum, if necessary,
by means of injections of warm water or soap suds, and keep the bowels
open by feeding scalded shorts pretty well salted •

XI. Contused Wound's.

A contused wound is one occasioned by injury from some blunt ineteii-

THE HORf<K, IT8 DIHEASES.

477

incnt, as a hook, wjigon shaft, or other similar medium. They often
leave a gaping wound with torn and bruised edges.

What lo do. — C'lip iiway all torn and bruised flesh that present ra;rged
(■(Ijrcs. If the injury is not extensive all that will be necessary will be tu
koep the bowels of the animal in health, and moderately loose, with bran
iiiaHhos, using the following lotion daily. This is l<nown as the compound
tiiictiac of aloes and myrrh and should be kept in every stable as a
dreHsiiifr for wounds, galls and other injuries of that nature. It is made
as follows :

No. 208. 4 OunceH myrrh,

4 OunccH benzoin,
4 OunceH of cutechu,
8 Ounces pulverized aloes,
1 Gallon Jumuica rum.

Mix, keep in a warm place for two weeks, frequently shaking it, and
tilter through linen. If the wound assumes an unhealthy character, wash
with water in which a little carbolic acid is mixed. When granulations
;i])pcar, if pus,inatter,fornis,wash daily with a syringe and warm water,
iiiid use the carljolic acid wash for dressing, or, if the wound is in such
[I place that it may be done, cover with tow saturated with the wash. If
the granulations are soft, flabby and ])rojecting, showing proud flesh,
touch them with a sticrk of lunar caustic, and expose to the air until dry.
Then dress as before dii'ected.

XII. Lacerated Woxrnds.

A lacerated wound is a torn wound. The wound by treading, calking,is
a lacerated wound. The tearing up of the skin and sub-cellular tissues,
leaving a flap, is a lacerated wound.

What to do. — In any wound, if feverish symptoms occur, give an ounce
of pulverized saltpeter in the drink night and morning, and administer a
moderate purge, unless the bowels are open, say 4 ounces of aloes.

In the case of any lacerated wound, if extensive, clip away all torn
shreds, bring the edges nicely together and sew them with fine catgut, or
white waxed silk, and let the subsequent treatment be as directed for
other wounds.

Xm. Punctxired Wound.

A nail, the point of a fork, a splinter of wood, a thorn, or any similar
iobstance, makes a punctured wound. They are the most dangerous of
wounds, from danger of internal poisoning, or fistula, lockjaw, etc.

fiV'IA"- '" I " »«ii«F^«i»"«iTir7W^

478

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

What to do. — First, oxuiuiiic (^urofully by iiMninH of a probo for any
foriMjiii siihst;inc(' l()cl;i;((d iiiHido. If ho, veiiiovo it, ovon if ii clfuii cut
has to 1)0 iiiikIo. A cloaii cut is not daiigorous uiih'ss an artery i.s Ni.y.
ored. If the iiiHtruinont iiitlicting the wound was dirty or rusty, svrinjrf
the wound thorou<,'hly with weak carbolic water. If the wound hciils
kindly, use the tincture of myrrh dressing. No. 203. If inflainiimtion
sots in, and nmtlt-r forms in a deep, narrow wound, it may be riccnssiiry
to enlarge the opening to let out the pus. Then treat as directed for
contused or lacerated wounds.

XIV. Broken Hook.

This is a term applied to a severe injury-
breaking the cap of the hock. The only tivnt-
uicnt is absolute rest, the application of s(>(lutivc>
as lotions, laudanum etjual i)arts with water, to
remove pain, and astringents — white oak buri(.
It is sometimes necessary to blister near the
part to get up counter irritation, or put in u sc-
ton below the hurt. The mode of using a fixed
seton needle, to bring a wound togctlicr, in
sewing, where a proper crookctd. Hat nofdh; Is
not at hand, is hero shown. It will also servt;
to show the manner of using a noodle for a se-
ton, to be threaded with white tape.

MANNBIl OF UBINO SETON NBEPLK.

XV. Dislocations.

Dislocations in the horse are rare, and when they occur are difficult t/)
manage, except with the aid of a veterinary surgc^on. DishiCition of the
lower joints, and of the hip, is most (ioinmon, from catching the foot,
twisting and pulling thereon to get free. In fact, dislocation of the hip
is scarcely ever seen except in connection with fracture, but is soiiietiiii(',>
met with in lean, under-fed, young cattle and horses. Dislocation of tiic
shoulder is most seldom met with.

What to do. — In any case of dislocation the iirst thing to do is to put
the joint in place, not always an easy matter. The means we have indi-
cated for dislocation of the stifle will servo to show the manner of
operation. A veterinary surgeon should be employed if possible in aav
case of dislocation. If such cannot be had, any humane surgeon should
he willing to give advice as to how to operate. The means to be employed
are so different, varying with each particular case, that it would be im-
possible to state them except in a general way.

THE IIOKHR, ITH tHWKAHEH.

479

If infl.'immiition and coiisidcrtilth^ HW«>Ilin^ liiiH mt in lu^forc the hurt is
(liHcovcied tills niUHt bo lirst. rcdiKuid l»v cold wattT aiipliciitions, or iK-ttcr,
hot wMltr fomt'iitiitioiis, if jxa'siistt'ntlj appiird. 'I'licii the joint nnist he
|iroii"'lil to pliKU) by traction and force. If tliorc is no intlaniination tliis
iviil notl'c ditlicnlt.

When ii starch bandaj?« may bo oniphn'od, this sjiould always bo used
to liold the |)arts toiT'^thor. If not tiio dislocation must l)0 .splintered <»r
padded, or both, to keep the parts intact and in place. The slin<rs should
iilwavs be employed to rest the horse w\wn thoy may be had. This with
(•(loliii"' lotions tx) subdue inH:immation, rest, proper care antl fcedinj:,
will ensure recovery in the end. A bad dislocation, however, usually
leaves the horse out of condition for anythinj^ but farm or slow work.

XVI. Various Fractures.

To fracture a limb completely, .so the lej; han«j;s loose, \» of so serious
;i iiiiturc, ill the horse, that unless in the case of a very valuable animal
for lirecdinj; purposes it had better be killed at once. In v('rv many
cases, however, one of the bones of the le<; is fractured or split part way,
ilKiujiii the horse nuiy not exhibit extreme pain, may even travel upon it.
Softening, however, sets in, and sometime aftci', in yettiiifr up in the
st«l)le, the bone jjives way entirely. So the tilnila, as the smaller bone of
the leii is called, may be fractured. If there is lameness after fallinu" in
harness, or from a blow, Avith tenderness, it is safe to treat for fracture.

What to do. — Place the horse in the slings and .splinter the limb, first
having iipplied a starch l)andage, when it may be made to act. .Ml that
will l)e necessary further will be to feed and water reguhu'ly, keep the
liowels iiiiturally open, reduce inflammation and soreness by the use of
aniiea, and trust to time for a cure. A month or six weeks ought to so
■itiengthcii the l)one that the aninuil can eat grass, or be fed in a box
stall until recovery is perfected.

XVn. Varioxis Distortions.

A distortion arising from fracture or from any chronic difficulty cannot
lie eured. In case of severe recent strain of the ligaments of the neck,
bv which the head is thrown to one .side, and held so, the neck .should he
brought straight, splintered, and held so until the ligaments recover their
iioriiiid tone. Poll evil often leaves the animal with a .stiff neck, pro-
ducing a distorted manner of holding the head. Distortions are often
produced by injuries of various kinds. These nmst he attended to during
the euro of the superinducing cause. Di-lortions often occur in young
iiuiraals, as knuckling, turning the fetlocks from weakness, etc. The

480

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

remedy is starch bandages and splintis. Distortions of the tail by whinh
it is curved awry, are remedied by wlioliy or partially severing the ten-
dons which are constricted or drawn. This, however, should never l)e
attempted by one who does not understand the anatomy of the paits,
else mischief may be done. As a rule, however, any distortion, except ii
be old and chronic, may be cured l)y taking proper measures, spliateriii;;,
bandaging, and the use of fomentations where relaxation is necessary.
These means the intelligence of the operator will readily suggest.

XVin. Diseases of the Ear.

Causes. — Injuries to the ear are generally caused by l)Tutal treatmoiit.
Twitching them, nipping and pulling upon them "'itli the bliioksniitli\
plyers, and blows upon the head with cudgels, sometimeis result in
troublesome bruises, ulcers and tumors that close the auditory passage,

Deafness may be an organic defec't, or it may be the effect of sdiue
disease! vvhicii has disordered tiie head, and, by synii)athy, the uuditoiv
nerve ; and the sense of hearing is no doubt dulled by old iiirc, even
when the horse may have been well used and reasonably free from div
e^se ; but it results in most cases from pulling the ears, cuttiiif^ or clip-
ping either them or the surrounding skin to remedy supposed deft'('t>,
and from beating upon the head.

Sometimes scabln' or mangy eruptions make their appearance upon tlit
tips of the ears and spread downward, covering them entirely; l)ut [\n>
is most probably the accompaniment of some general skin disease.

How to know It. — The cuts, breaks in the skin, or sutures, that result
from pulling, pinching, and twit'ihiiig are r<!adily discernible, as are also
the ulcers or suppurating sores in which they sometimes end. Wlientlip
tendons which sustain the ear in its upright position are broken, there l>
no difficulty in perceiving it, as the ear drops down and flaps about with
the motions of the head and neck.

liunning sores, similar to the poll-evil, .sometimes result; but tlie>e
r'.iay be distinguished from that disease by their being contiiied iiiore
closely to the ear, either inside or out.

When deafness is suspected, an examination of the internal ear will
be necessary ; and if the swollen parts or ulcers are not perceptil)Ie, sonic
artifice miist be resorted to to find, whether the hearing is actually d^
stroyed. Deafness may be only temporary, as is sometimes the ca*
with man, and the matter can be decided only by making a seriw nf
examinations.

What to do. — A simple laceration of the skin, and even of the eiirtila^'e,
if small, will retpiirc no special attention ; but if it is so great tliiit the

THE UOR8E, ITS DISEAHES.

481

iiocs do not ooinc in contact, they must be brought together and sewed,
after wliich the trouble will soon be over.

But it occasionally hai)pens that ulceration of the skin and cellular tis-
tiuo luid a rotting away of the cartilage sets in. This is past all remedy,
;ind necessitates the cutting away of the ear.

When there has been no laceration of the skin, anv* a tumor is forming,
aoplv camphorated corrosive sul)limate. No. 2, occasionally, till it en-
tirelv subsides ; l)ut if matter seems already formmg, apply May-npplc
lininieiit, made by taking ()ne gallon of May-apple roots and boiling them
until ii thick syrup is formed ; then, having removed the roots, adding as
jimch lard as there is syrup, and stirring well together while the syrup is
still boiling. This liniment will draw out the fever and bring the matter
speedily to the surface.

Sometimes an abscess forms on the outside, which will need lancing in
order to afford the most speedy relief. In this case, cut at the lower
extremi*;y of the rising, and let the lancet slant upward into it.

Deafness, unless sim[)ly a temporary result of some prevailing disorder
of the head or ueck, is beyond the art of the veterinary practitiouer.

■1

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1^' il

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h.^m

CHAPTER XVI.

ki ■ i)

POISONING.

1. INTERNAL POISON.-

-II. roisoMNOi rnoM stinos.-

-III. POISONEn SKIN.

I. Interna) Poisoning.

The cases of internal poisoning are more frequent, especiallr with
horses, than is generally supposed. Among the most common arothoso
arising from drastic or powerful doses, hlindly given hy the iiriioriiiu.
cither in disease, or from some effect sought to be produced u})nu iln
general health — to make the coat blooming, cause champing of the bit
and frothing at the mouth, or to excite the aninuil spirits. Of {hw.
strong purgatives, diuretics and arsenic are the most con\mon.

"^'^^.

A II0K8E 8UFKKUIN(! KHUM DllASTIC I'OIeoN .

(Xher causes arc from eating poisonous plants, either in the hay or in
*he pasture, the ergot of rye and other grain ; ergot sonietunes attacks thf

482

THE HOUSK, ITS UISEASES.

48n

^nisscs — thus, smutty grain, castoi* beans, hellebore or poke root, laur';;!,
?.tniiiioniuni or Jamestown weed, and cured tobacco, among plants, may
1)0 mentioned iis common. Among minerals, sulphuric, nitric and
muriatic acid, and all the concentrated vegetable acids are caustic and
iiritiiut poisons. They are never taken unless forced down. The anti-
dote to these is large doses of powdered chalk, whiting or linie water
In the absence of these give weak lye (white lye) until relief is obtained
and follow with a full dose of linseed oil.

Alkiilies destroy the tissues. If quick lime, caustic potash, strong lye
or washing soda has been taken give vinegar and water to neutralize it,
Mild follow with a dose of oil.

Horses that are dosed with whisky to "give them strength" sometimes
show alcoholic jioisoning. Never give it except as a stimulant as advised
for disease.

Forty grains of arsenic will kill a horse. The symptoms are, intense
fliirst, (juick, feeble pulse, great pain in the bowels, with purging some-
times, irregular breathing, faintness, paralysis, convulsions and deatfr..
(iive full doses of oil, in which is mixed two, three or four sjjoonfuls. of
QiU'bonate of iron as the case may seem to demand.

Corrosive sublimate is a fatal poison. A quarter of an ounce will' kill
a liorso. The symptoms are violent jjain, intense thirst, effusion,, an(i
liloody discharges from the bowels, trembling, salivation, ending in stupor
and death, fiivc tlie whites of a dozen eggs, stirred in a little warm
water. Follow this Avith linseed tea, or better with mucilage of slippery
elm. Litharge and .'*ugar of lead are poisonous. The symptoms arc
staring coat, arched back, a protruding tongue and foaming at the mouth.
sta^rnering, and sometimes dashing wildly to and fro. Give large doses
of jmi'gativcs to be followed by from one to two ounces of iodide of
potash daily for seven or eight days.

Stryehnine is a <pjick and potent poison. Eight to ten grains will
always kill. The .symptoms are violent trembling succeeded by stiffnes-
and jerking of the limbs, spasms, rigid limbs, arched back, diHicult rcspi-
lalioii, succeeded by intervals of quiet ; but which are again brought on
liy a slijrht noise or even a touch. Soon the animal dies. Keep the
aninial ((uiet and in a dark place, and give a quart' of sweet oil or linseed
oil. Follow with powdered charcoal mixed with thin mucilage. Move
the howels l)y means of injections as quickly as possible, and if exhaustion
ensues give stimulants (whisky) freely.

Tartar emetic in doses of two to four ounces will sometimes kill a
horse. The symptoms are, thirst, vomiting and purging, staggering,
eolie, salivation, convulsions and paralysis.
Give strong tea, followed as soon. :uf you eim get it, with a decoction
31

i >\

■hm

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!*r':

H Ml

484

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of white oak bark. For the vomiting and purging, if they continue, give
ounce doses of laudanum iu a little water.

Poisoning from aloes, castor oil or croton beans, known by excessive
bloody purgii.g, and straining, cold ears and legs, hot, dry mouth, and
bloating. Give two ounces of laudanum in a quai-t of linseed tea, ami if
necessary give a like dose by injection. . ■ , .

In poisoning from ergot or other diseased and injured foods, give full
doses of linseed oil, both by the mouth and as injections, with stinmlaiits
afterwards ; and tonics, say eight grains of quinine three times a da}'
during recovery.

For poisoning by white hellebore or Indian poke, give whisky iu pint
doses. The same means may be used in poisoning by laurel, followed
by injections of salt and water, and also by linseed oil given as a pur^e.
In case of poisoning by opium or laudanum, pour cold water on the head
from a considerable height, and keep the animal in constant motion. For
poisoning with Jamestown weed (jimson) known by faintness, giddiness,
followed by convulsions, paralysis and stupor, give a quart of linseed oil
with two ounces of laudanum . Give also an injection and subsequently
stimulate with pint doses of whisky.

Tobacco poisoning is shown by purging, offensive dung, colic pains,
weak pulse, prostration, convulsions and stupor. Give a purge of oil,
and follow with pint doses of whisky in slippery elm or linseed tea.

n. Poisoning from Stings.

It is not infrequent that animals are badly stung, or bitten by venomous
serpents or insects.

For the stings of insects, as wasps, hornets and bees, wash the stings
repeatedly with onion juice, or ammonia three parts to one part of oil,
Washing with salt and water is also an excellent remedy.

In some portions of the West and especially in the South, gnats and
certain species of venomous flies come in Summer. The remedy against
this is to use petroleum. When these insects are very bad it is usual to
smear the uni*! .jtected parts of the animal's body with a mixture com-
I)osed of one i)art of tar to two parts of lard. We prefer equal parts of
petroleum, lard oil, and tiir. Bacon drippings may be substituted for the
Jard oil or lard. For the stings of centipedes, scorpions, tarantulas ami
'Other venomous spiders, give the following :

No. 208.

1 Tea-spoonful of ammonia,

1 Pint of whisky.

H Pint of warm water.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

485

Wash the bitten part with ammonia frequently, and keep it soaked
therewith by means of a sponge.

Bites by venomous serpents are to be treated in the same way. The
wound should be well cauterized when first discovered with an iron at
a white heat. The doses of whisky we have given are full ones. One
half this quantity of proof spirits given every hour with a little ammonia
until relief is obtained will be proper, but in bad cases give the full dose
a8 a first one, and always with water.

m. Poisoned Skin.

There are many weeds and plants that sometimes cause irritation and
poisoning of the skin. The means of cure is to move the bowels and
apply some soothing wash to the irritated parts. For injury from poison
oak, poison iv}', hemlock, St. John's Avort, etc., wash with a decoction of
polden seal three times a day, oiling the surface at night. In the morn-
ing wash away the oil with soap and warm water, and use the golden seal
again. A solution of sugar of lead is also a specific for vegetable poison-
ing of the skin.

; i; +

•if.' «. i.nihi«»mji^iij^

CHAPTER XVII.

VETEBINART SUBGEHY.

1. CA8TRATI0N.-

-II. BLSBDINO. III. TRACRBOTOMT. IV. FKRIOSTSOTOMY.'

KOTOMY. VI. DIVISION OF THE TENDONS.

-V. XEU-

HUi

Gkneral Remauks on Surgery. — Every person who has the care of
: .ai si.\)ck, or who has the care of horses, sliould understand some of
th-; £ 111] )ler means used in veterinary surgery. The castration of aniiiiiils,
for . ' :"ce5 is exceedingly easy and safe if a few simple rules arc oli-
^jpry^^.l f done in a bungling or improper mniiner, the chances, except
in tnt <;a 1' ery young animals, are against recovery, liloedinj; h
sometimes absolutely necessary to save life. When necessary it .should
he promptly performed. Tracheotomy also, as cutting into the windpipo
is called, must sometimes be performed before a surgeon could ])ossilily
reach the animal. Periosteotomy, as operating upon themembnnie of the
bones of the leg is called, liad better be left to the veterinary surgeon
entirely ; so again, neurotomy, the division of the nerve which supplier
the hoof of the fore leg with sensation, had also better be left to the
surgeon. In all division of tendons, fractured limbs and various disaliil-
itics to which animals are subject^ every liorseman ought to know what
to do. The diseases of animals have been pretty thoroughlj' treated of
in this work. Some of the operations of surgery must therefore receive
the attention their importance deserves.

I. Castration.

Calves, lambs and pigs should be castrated when quite young, alnn}'
before the sixth week of their life. Lambs and pigs should be ciistrsted
at from one to two weeks old. Colts are not usually castrated until one
year old, since thus they retain more of the natural vigor and style of
the entire horse.
486

THK HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

487

In the case of colts and old horses the structures are tough and the
cords strong, consequently clamps (grooved sticks) so twined t«)gethor at
one end that when pressed together and tied firmly the cord will be held
so tight that circulation is entirely stopped' are generally used.

How to do It. — Cast the colt or horse and fasten him securely, having
everything ready, a keen, round-pointed knife, clamps and cords. Seize
the scrotum making a clean cut through the integuments and well into the
tostiele, and in a line so the cut shall be parallel to the median line, or
line dividing the scrotum. Clean the envelop of the testicle, leaving it as
near intact as possible, as the envelop must remain with the animal. Draw
the testicle out, put a clamp on the cord and seizing the other end of the
iliinip with a pair of pincers press it strongly together, and tie securely
witli a waxed thread. So proceed v;ith the other side. The horse may
thou 1)0 allowed to get up. In thirty-six to forty-eight hours, the sticks
;UT to he removed by cutting the strings.

Another mode, and a most excellent one, especially in the case of colts,
is after freeing the testicle of its envelop and exposing the cord, to seize
the artery beyond where it is to be secured, with a pair of pincei's made
for the purpose, cut the cord and twist the artery seven or eight times ;
lot iro, and with its retractive force it will retain the twist and prevent all
hleeding. Another way is to tie the artery and allow the ends of the
strings to hang out of the orifice. The plan by torsion, twisting by the
pincers, is the plan to be preferred.

In castrating, do not be afraid to make an extensive cut, and do not
leave the cord too long, else it may be strangulated, and fever and infla-
matiou ensue. If this should unhappily occur, enlarge the opening and
push up the cord. If there is formation of matter, hasten it by foment-
ation with warm water. When a free exudation of cream-like matter is
pstablislicd, the animal will go on to recovery as granulation progresses.
Wash the parts daily with tincture of aloes and myrrh. If, however,
the work has been properly done, the animal will suffer little inconveni-
ence, and nothing more need be done.

The best time for castrating colts and horses is from the middle of
May to the first of June, in the North, and in the South about the time
the young grass is a full bite.

H ?J

• n. Bleeding.

TJicre are cases where bleeding must be resorted to to save life. These
are })rain disorders and some forms of inflanunatory disease. The jugu-
lar vein is the one to be bled from, and when the object is to deplete the
systen, six, seven, and even eight quarts should be taken. Always catch
the blood in a vessel, as it is neccessary to know how much we take.

I ^i

488

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

By pressing on the jugular vein along the neck, below the spot select-
ed for the incision, it will soon rise up prominently. In bleeding, always
make the incision in the line of the vein, never across it. Make the in-
cision large, but never through* both walls of the vein. When sufficient
blood has been taken, raise the lips of the vein between the lingers, tluust
a pin through and wind some thread dipped in the blood about it to
hold it.

In staggers and diseases of the brain, it is usual to bleed in the roof of
the mouth.

Whenever a horse is to be bled, it is better to blindfold him, since it
prevents his starting, and thus causing a miss with the lancet or fleam in
the hands of an inexpert person.

m. Tracheotomy. ,

The operation of tracheotomy consists in cutting down into the wind-
pipe, in all desperate cases "where the animal is likely to suffocate for
want of breath. In bad cases of strangles, or other obstruction to breath-
ing, it is sometimes necessary to save the life of the animal, and there is
no time to wait for a surgeon.

How to do it. — Have an assistant hold the horse's head high, witli the
nose extended, so as to best stretch the skin of the neck. Then feelin-r
along the neck for that pai-t least covered with flesh, make a bold in-
cision with a sharp knife — one with a round point, and thin, being prefer-
able. Make the incision about four inches long, and along the central line
of the windpipe, and down to it. Then with a sharp-pointed knife fierce
one of the upper exposed rings of the windpipe, cut downward along the
central line, dividing two or three of them ; introduce a tracheotoiiiv
tube, which has a movable collar to prevent going in too far, and fasten
its strings around the neck to hold it in place. The spout of a tea-kettle
has been extemporized as a tube, and with good effect. This tube must
be allowed to remain until the animal can breathe through the nostrils,
when the wound may be sewn up and treated as any other clean cut.

rv. Periosteotomy.

This is cutting down to the bone, and through the periosteum, the ner-
vous vascular membrane immediately investing the bone, and which in
health has little or no sensibility, but which in disease of the bones is ex-
ceedingly sensitive. It is sometimes performed in inflammation of the
shank bone, when exudation has taken place between the membrane and
bone, giving rise to thickening and the formation of bony matter.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

489

How to do It. — Pass an extremely narrow-hladed knife through the
skin half an inch below the swelling, and carry the point carefully up
over it, dividing the periosteum or membrane. Then cover with a wet
ImiKJage, or put in a seton.

A better way is first to make a snip above and below the tumor with a
pair of roweling scissors. Then with a lilunt seton needle fixed in a
hollow handle by means of a screw, and armed with a tape knotted at
the end, force it in at the lower snip and carry it up and out at the other,
breiikins down the cellular tissue of the tumor. A probe-pointed knife
is then introduced slicing the tumor. The knife is withdrawn, and the
needle, released from the handle, is passed in at one opening and out of
the other, the end withdrawn from the needle and thus the seton is
fixed. The operation should bo performed by a surgeon. The first
operation, simply cutting through the periosteum, is altogether the better
course.

V. Neurotomy.

This is the division of the nen'e of the hoof in navicular disease when
other means fail. It will give relief from pain, but it is no cure, and
generally the disease goes on advancing until the animal becomes worth-
less. We should never advise the operation upon an animal with a weak
hoof. The operation must of necessity be, performed by a competent
surgeon who understands the anatomy of. the foot and leg.

VI. Division of the Tendons.

There are some disabilities, as bad cases of knuckling over, carrying
the tail awry, or only the toe of the hind leg may be able to be put to
the ground, from contraction of the perforans tendon. Relief is obtained
by division of the tendons, but it should always be done under the advice
of and by a competent surgeon and with proper instruments.

'' 'i

i ;

«: :.

CHAPTER XVIII.

MISCELLANEOUS MINOR DISEASES.

PIGMENT TUMORS. 11. EPITHELIAL CANCKR. III. PROPSY OP THE LL'.VGS, iv

Sn.NGS AND BITES. V. FALLLNQ OFF OP HAIR. VI. ACUl K IKUITATION OK THK SKI.v.

VII. HARDE.NIXa OK THE 8KIX. VIII. KXOSTO.SIS OF THE LOWEU JAW. IX. SWELL-

IXa BY PRE8SUKK OF THE BRIDLE. X. SORE NOSE. XI. ROARING, OK HIGH-BLOW-

I.NG. XII. WIND-OALLS. XIII. RUPTCRE OP THE HAMSTRING. XIV. I.NTKRML

HBMORRHAUB. XV. PARTIAL PARALYSIS.

P:t

S^t.: *^!

I. Black Figment Tumors.

Those black pigment tumors known by the learned name of Melanosis,
and which are so common in gray and white horses, attacking the biiru
parts of the skin, as the anus, the vulva, the sheath, the udder, the lip*.
the eye-lids, etc., are occasionally cancerous, but for the most part quite
harmles-s. If they are deemed objectionable, as disfiguring the animal,
remove them with the knife.

n. Epithelial Cancer.

This is a nipple-like cancer, M'hich sometimes appears on the lips of
horses. It should be promptly removed Avith the knife, after which the
part should be burned over with lunar caustic.

m. Dropsy of the Lungs.

This results from valvular and other diseases pf the heart. When tiie
car is placed to the chest, and the horse struck on the other side with the
open palm, the sound heard is nearly the same as that heard in pneumo-
nia ; but it may be distinguished from pneumonia by the entire absence
of fever which characterizes lung dropsy. It is usually beyond niodiciil
reach, as the diseased heart, its original cause, is generally incurable.
490

THE IIOR8E, ITS UI8EASES.

491

Xo treatment, in addition to that already prescribed for heart disease,
iiiii be recoinmeuded.

rv. stings and Bites.

Hornets, wasps and bees often attack horses, and sometimes cause
them serious injuries. 'To relieve a case of this kind, wo use one of the
following rcniedies, with which the coat must be thoroughly saturated :
Solution of anunonia i weak carbolic acid wash, (1 ounce to a (juart of
water) ; 1 i>int of lime water, in which 1 drachm of carbolic acid is dis-
M)lved ; or oil of lobelia.

Cases are recorded of hoi'scs having died in consequence of an attack
of hees. In ordinary cases, the preceding direction properly carried out
will be sutHcicnt ; but in more aggravated ones, sponge the whole body
with lime water, and then smear with linseed oil. Jf lime is not accessi-
i)le, use a weak solution of soda. Spirits of turpentine and laudanum,
in eciual parts, will give relief.

To [)revont the stings of gad-flies, make a strong infusion of the green
hark of the elder, and wash the Hanks before going out. To prevent the
l)ites of buffalo-gnats, that are so troublesome along the lower Alississippi,
I'overtlie parts most likely to be attacked with a mixture of tar and lard
—two parts of lard to one of tar.

V. Falling Off of Hair.

lor that unwholesome state of the skin and hair glands known by the
learned terms of humid exanthema and dry exanthema, that causes the
fallinir off of the hair, the following is an excellent local remedy when
the animal is not under gejieral treatment for some disease primary to
the state now under consideration :

No. 209.

1 Ounce pulverized charcoal,
1 Pint olivo oil,
5 Ounces pyrollgueous acid,
1 Ounce common salt.

Mix, and rub upon the parts daily with a sponge or a soft rag.
VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin.

For that acute irritation of the skin consequent upon clipping, wit^
which some horses suffer so much, wash twice a day carefully with a
solution of soda (2 ounces of soda tp a buckot-full of water). If the
horse is especially feverish and sore, give the following purgative :

1 'i

f ^

»> ':

No. 210.

8 Ounces castor oil,

2 Ounces tincture of aloes,

2 Dracbms essence of peppermint.

»,i

49a

II<I,U8TIIATKI> STOCK DOCTOIl.

In grooming;, umq a soft bruttli, und iliMc-iird the curry-coiul) until [\k
Horunuss and IcndornoHH arc gonu. ,

VII. Hardening of tho Skin.

For flint Imrdoning of tluj wkin which takes phico in oonHO(iu»«n(o of the
pn-sHuro of sonic portion of tho hunu'SH, from ciitling l\u' in((';j;iiiiii'iit,
and sult-ccllnlar tissue, from tho calkings of tho shoos, from niutiuimi
fungi, ot(*., UHo tho acotato uf cantharidcs aH an application to the in.
durations :

No. 211.

m § '

1 Otiiico acctato acid,

T) Ounoim wiiWr,

1 Otiiioo imlvorlzcd viinUiuriilog,

Mix, and lot tho mixture stand fourteen days to soften. Then Ijltcr
through linon or ))lottin}i! jjapor, and add one ounce of spirits of wine.
Api)ly it occasionally hy means of a hit of sponge. Or, use 0(|ual \mU
of oil of turpentine and olive oil applied in the samo way.

Vm. ExostOBis of the Lower Jaw.

That unnatural enlargement or l)ony ex-
crescence of the lower jaw, known hytlie
above name, is gciierallv eauscd hv ti tiirlit
curb-chain used with a curb-bit of suuh lev-
erage as to enable the rider to intlict injurv
by violent jerking. The ; w'-bone is Imiis-
ed, and soon enlarges. ' injured portion
must exfoliate, or scale ; le presence nf

TOMoncAwiDnYccRn-cnAiH. this uimatural substance under the flesh iind
tendons gives rise to a foul ulcer, unless steps arc taken to give relief
while the hurt is comparatively rei'cnt.

Nature nnikcs a constant effort to heal, however, and unless tho tiiiiKir
is irritated by passing particles of bone, it partij^lly heals, so that an ob-
stacle is interposed from time to time to the escape of tho scales ; and in
this way an unnatural bony structure is formed and matured l)eforc the
bony tumor is entirely healed. To prevent this, o])en with a keen knife,
as soon as the bone is found to bo injured, and keep the wound open lij
using tho elastic syringe and Avarm water, until tho discharge has assumed
an offensive odor-r-theu syringe into it several times daily, this solution;

No. aia.

1 Scruple chloride of zinc,

4 Drachms essence of anise seed,

1 Pint water.

TIIK liOltHE, ITS DIHKAHKS.

4!);{

If tuk(!ii ill timo, and trciitud in this way, tliu houlitig inuy tiiko placu
williout deformity.

Wli('i> <>»('" ^''" bony (;x(;i'(!m-uncu hii8 VHlaliliHliod itself, no oiiu Itut u
fikillful veterinary surgeon Hitould bo entruHtvd witii ilH ruinuvul.

IX- Swellings by Frossuro of tbo Bridle.

Those, lis tlio designation indicates, arc Hwcllings, sotnetinies sores, and
wnisiciiiilly, when of old standing, callous lumps, made by the pressure
(iiiiil)liiiig of the bridle upon that, little prominence on the ne(!k just
hclow aiitl l>ack f)f the root of the ear. Jf the swelling is simph! and
rrecat, remove by saturating it with the camphorated corrosive sublimate
(No. 2) and drying in with a hot flat iron, \nM close without touching.
This iniisl i)e attended to once a day, and the bridle must be kept off
iluriiij; treatment. If there is a sore without fungous growth ( proud llesh )
llic muiie treatment will be found effeetivo.

If the tumor is of old standing and fungous, the proud tiesh tnust be
Imnied away with lumir caustic. If it is old and horny, resort must bo
had to the knife, after which the wound nuiy bo healed liy a dressing of
viinplc '.enito, or of any of tho unctuoua oils.

X. Sore Noso.

The nose sometimes becomes sore from long-continued purulent dis-
churgcs, from any irritating substance introduced, but generally fiom
frnizing iieiir some irritating weed or vine .hiniestown weed will often
pni.'ion the noses of horses, yet the leaves, buds and pods are eatc^n with
impunity. So-called '•sneeze wcod" will also irritate tho nose and cause
it to bcromc sore. As a rule rubbing tho nose with mercurial ointment
in which ('([wal parts of sulphur and lurd has l)een intimately mixed will
effect a cure. Apply with a mop, if out of roach of the hand, to be
i;il)l)ed in as well as may be possible.

XI. Roaring and High-blowing.

This is when a horse emits any umiatural noise in traveling, whether he
simply be thick winded, or emits the peculiar noise when hard urged, or
tlio sharp sound denominated whistling and piping, similar to roaring,
luit a more confirmod type, occasioned by a strong closing of tho rima
glottidi^i. Whistlers are simply chronic or confirmed roarers, and roaring
propctlcs whistling. Both impediments to breathing arc produced by
atrophy or wasting or degeneration of the' muscles whoso office it is to
dilute tho larynx.

Thick wind is from an inflamed and thickened condition of the smflller

494

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

U: ■'

and lower branches of the breathing tubes, whistling from a narrowing
or constriction of tiie windpipe. Roaring, again, is of two kinds, acute
and chronic. The first is, in comparison with the chronic and coiitirnied
state, light and trivial. Fortunately it is comparatively rare in the United
States, but quite common in England, and essentially a disease of hi<r|i
or well-bred horses.

True high-blowing, as understood by English horsemen, is not consid-
ered a disease or impediment. There is no sound made during inspira-
tion. The air is expelled during and after hard exertion, with force and
a peculiar vibration of the nostrils, causing the sound.

Causes. — Any and all of these impediments are produced by various
affections, and some of them, as thick wind and roaring, are considered
by some as hereditary. Laryngitis, distemper, bronchitis, pneumonia,
tumors, diseases of the nasal membranes, and tight I'eining. lloaringand
whistling are decided unsoundness. So also should thick wind be con-
sidered, if the horse is to be used for any other than slow work.

How to know It. — One of the means used is to go into the stall, take
the horse by the head, and make a motion as though to strike him across
the side with a stick. The animal will probably spring towards the man-
ger, and if a roarer, the peculiar grunt accompanying the habit will be
made. Yet it must be admitted that some horses, under the impulse of
sudden fear, will grunt. The best test is to put him to speed more
severe than usual. If the trial is objected to, be sure there is sometliinj,'
wrong, and be sure also that there are no straps about the neck to pre-
vent or ease the habit. In addition to the ordinary sound made by
roarers, they often, indeed usually, have a loud, hard, sharp cough, be-
tween a cough and a roar. If occasioned by laryngitis, this cough will
be indicative of the chronic stage of that disease. So a thick-winded
horse will have a short, hard, dry cough, which he will give upon making
au}'^ sudden movement, or upon being struck shari)ly upon the abdomen.

What to do — Remedies are of but little avail, except as palliations. In
slight cases, and during the earlier stages, swabbing the larynx with a
solution of nitrate of silver has given relief. It is prepai'ed by dissolving at
the rate of ten grains of nitrate of silver to each ounce of distilled water,
and is applied by means of a small, soft sponge fixed on the end of n
piece of whalebone, the sponge having a cord attached and longor than
the handle, so as to be recovered if it comes off. Pads have been at-
tached to the nose-band of the bridle, so as to lie on and compress the
false membrane of the nose. These have given relief if the horso is not
required to make extra exertion. Firing or blistering about the regioaof
the larynx has also been successfully used as a means of relief.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

495

When roaring is caused by paralysis of the muscles of the larynx, hy-
podermic injections of strychnine every two or three days io half grain
doses has given relief.

Relief is also sometimes given by rubbing on daily, or once in two
days, the following :

No. 213.

1 Draobm iodine,

2 Drauhms iodide of potasb,
2 Ounces lard.

Mix at a heat little more than to melt the lard, by placing in a vessel
of hot water.

In all of the diseases mentioned, good, easily-digested food should l)e
(riven, ai'.d only sufficient water to satisfy the actual demands- of the sys-
tem, and the animal should not be jiut to work within an hour of eating
his food.

Thick Wind. . ; .,

This may be alleviated, and sometimes cured, by giving the following
bull once or twice a day for several days in succession, as the animal may
seem to need it: . . .» ,

No. 214.

1 Drachm powdered camphor,
1 Drachm powdered niter,
1 Drachm powdered opium.

Or if preferred, to be given once a day, until five or six doses are taken,
the following .

No. 215 1 Drachm powdered niter,

1 Drachm extract belladonna,
ingrains araenic.

XII. Wind-galls.

Causes. — Windgalls may arise either from strains, over exertion, or
dropsy of the parts. As a rule they are elastic, round swellings on each
side of the tendons, rarely becoming solid from coagulation of the lymph,
unless !is is occasionally the case, the strain is so seyere as to cause iii-
flanmiation of the bone, ulceration and bony deposit. They do no injury
whiitcver, and do not cause unsoundness.

What to do. — If the puffs, windgalls, are just appearing they may be
scattered sometimes by a strong decoction of white oak bark and alum.
They may be reduced by blistering from subsequent contraction of the
skin; so the liquid lymph maybe drawn out •with a hypodermic .syringe,
after which a wet bandage should be applied over the part.

' 1 1

li I

496

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

\:Vx <

>h<

If there is heat and tenderness in connection with the windgalls it must
be treated with fomentations and a high-heeled shoe as recommended for
such disabilities. As a rule simple windgalls being so common, often
appearing on colts, and doing no injury, had better not be meddled with
unless there is inflammation attending them.

Xm. Bupture of the HamBtring.

Not only the hamstring but other sinews are subject to rupture or even
division. In this case the parts should be brought together and held t^o
])y starch bandages or splints or both, wiien fibrous tissue will form and
the ends will unite in three, four, or five weeks. If inflammation occurs
it must be treated as heretofore advised.

XIV. Broken Wind.

A horse with broken wind is in pretty inuoh
tlio same condition as a man with the usthnia,
It is said often to occur suddenly, as after unu-
sual exertion, or after severe work upon a full
stomach. The facts are, these may have agjjni-
vated and suddenly made apparent syniptoins not
noticed before. There is no cure, butniui-h may
be done to alleviate the distress and enable the
animal to do ordinary slow Avork.

now TO HKAK TUB SOCMD MADB
IN THK HORSX'S VINDPIPX.

How to know It. — ^There is often, for a long time previous to a scvcro
attack, more or less cough — a short dry hack, and occasioned by irritabil-
ity of the larynx. The appetite is often ravenous and morbid, the thirst
excessive. As the disease progresses there is flatulence, a pendulous
belly, a ragged coat, and a general dejected and unthrifty appcariiiioe.

In breathing there will be a three-fold effort. The inhalation will be
quick, the expiration slow. Then the abdomen will rise as in an effort to
drive forward the diaphragm, and thus empty the half expired lungs.
The two last efforts seem laborious, and the double effort is often ouly
partially completed when the animal is again forced to gasp for breath.

In the earlier stages the peculiar sound made is in the windpipe. The
cut given will show the manner of listening to sounds for throat ditfiiul-
tics. Every horseman should accustom himself to recognize not only the
sound indicative of healthy breathing but also those given out in various
diseases of the throat. No horse with heaves or broken wind should be
driven immediately after eating. The food should be sound, and water
should be given ouly in small quantities.

T^f^tmmmi jp J ^;yf « i;« n iff ^if ' i " i jj j n ■■ fJiKfa

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

XV. lotemal Hemorrhage.

497

Internal bleeding or heniorrlmge is rare unless made by puncture of
some of the deep-seated bleed vessels. The orifice leading to the surface
l)ein"' obscure and high, will cf course occasion internal bleeding. AVhen
thev can be got at the remedy is of course tying. Punctured wounds do
not bleed much, the clot usually closing the orifice, assisted by the con-
tiiictioii of the vessel. In transverse or oblique clean cuts of an animal
inusiii"' wounds to the important arteries death must follow unless they
can be cut doAvn upon and tied.

Rupture of the blood vessels of the lungs sometimes occurs from over
exertion, and is also common from the nose. Or hemorrhage of the
lunirs may arise from any pulmonary complaint involving the blood
vessels. In this case it must be determined. If
the blood comes from both nostrils and is frothy,
it is from the lungs. If the horse has no
specific disease of the lungs, and is in full flesh,
bleeding from the ncok vein, a full stream, may
check the l)lood. Digitalis in fifteen grain doses
nuiv be given. It may give present relief, but
probably there is no permanent cure.

If the bleedinsr is from the blood vessels of the
nose, a strong solution of alum may be syringed
up the nostril. If this fails, pour half a pint of boiling water on a
drachm of matico leaves, and when cool strain and inject it up the nostril.

Chronic hepatitis, congestion and inflammation of the liver, often results
in hemorrhage internally. The symptoms confirmi'ig this state of things
arc. the mouth cold, nasal membranes pallid, the eyes ghastly, sometimes
yellow. The horse will look for the scat of pain on the right side, and
iisuiiUy lies on the left side when down. The head is depressed. As the
disease progresses there is increased weakness with staggering. The
pupils of the eyes are dilated ; the sight is bad, and if the head is
attempted to be raised high the animal instantly shows signs of falling.

What to do. — Put the animal in a roomy stall, or loose box. Keep
the bowels regulated by grass and bran mashes only, with nutritious food
and as much gentle exercise daily as the animal can take. Prepare the

following :

INTBUNAL VSMOBRnAGS.

No. 216.

2 OiinceH iodide o( pctassiiim,
1 Qur.rt liquor potass-a.

ill

lii

!■ ^,

Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls twice a day in a pint of water.

I M

498

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

v. Partial Paralysis.

Hi! n

This is a disease principally confined to fust driven horses, or those
used to extreme exertion. It is also occasioned by ergot in the hay or
grain and then is known as ergotism. An injury to the brain may causi'
paralysis of the opposite side of the body. So paralysis of the face,
body or limbs may arise from pressure on the brain. Paralysis of one
side of the body, called hemiphlegia, may result from disordered brain
or spinal cord. So paralysis of the face, ear, eyelid, lip, tongue, larviix
and tail may arise from local causes. A current of cold aiv continually
striking a part, bad fitting bridles, collars, o; other parts of the Imriiess.
Paralysis of the hind limbs is the most common form and may result from
injury to the loin or back, from indigestion, from tumors, parasites, in-
flammation or softening of the spinal cord, from eating freshly ripened
seeds of some of the grasses (the loliums) as darnell, flax rye grass, and
perennial rye grass.

What to do. — The cause must first be found. See articles on inflam-
mation, poisons, indigestion, etc.

IIORSB 8UFFBUINCI FROM PARTIAL I'AnALYSIS OF THE HIND LIOS.

If the paralysis proceeds from an incurable disease it is to l)c trentod
by cold water shocks and subsequent friction by rubbing. Among the
best means is a current of electricity daily.

The following ball has resulted in relieving the difficulty when it wa?
partial paralysis of the hind limbs :

No. 217.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

>i Grain strychnine,
>i Grain iodine.

499

Work this up into a ball with powdered quassia and molasses and give
daily, gradually increasii. the strychnine according to its effects, so that
at the end of three weeks one grain will be given daily, and, if good
effects are produced, a grain and a half may be given daily at the end of
five or six weeks . .?: , /,-,•; i v r •< ;

Panilysis is, however, past cure. Something may be done for present
relief, but each recurring attack is more and more severe. The most
strengthening food should be given and the best of care, always being
lareful that the animal be not subject to cold drafts, or extraordinary
labors. During the recurrence of the attacks, absolute rest and quiet
must be given. In the giving of nerve stimulants, as strychnine, wheiv
increasing the doses gradually, if twitching or slight cramps of the
muscles are observed, cease giving for a few days and then begin again
with the smallest dose.
32

-•.■V,

i :!!

CHAPTER XIX.

MEDICINES.
What to Keep, How to Obtain, How to Prepare, and How to Give Them.

I. ALTBRATIVK8. II. ANESTHETICS.

THARTICS. VI. CARMINATIVES.

IX. DIAPHORETICS. X. DIURETICS.-

lU. ANTISEPTICS. IV. ASTRINGENTS. y. CA

VII. COUNTER IRRITANTS. VIII. CAUSTICS

XI. DEMULCENTS. XII. DISINFECTANTS AND

DEODORIZERS. —
AND SEDATIVES.
VERMIFUGES.

— XIII, EMETICS AND EXPECTORANTS. XIV. NARCOTICS, ANODYNES

XV. RELAXANTS. XVI. SJIMULANTS. XVII. TONICS. XVIII,

-XIX. IMPORTANCE OP SYMPTOMS. XX. DISSECTION. XXI. 8URGI-

CAJ, AND OTHER INSIRI.MENTS. XXII. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT. XXIII, DOSES.

It is not necessary that every fanner should keep a large quantity of
medicines on. hand. A few simples will suffice, excei^t in the case of
those who, having a large stock of animals, require medicines to meet
cases apt to arise. The great point we liave insisted on, and here reiter-
ate, is good care and attention, in health, and good nursing in sickness,
as being most important in the care of farm animals. The day has past
for bleeding and purging for every ill that even horse flesh is heir to.
Good nursing, attention to the general health, and to symptoms, with the
prescriptions we have given, will enable any one to carry an animal
through an ordinary sickness.

Every person who has carefull}' studied this work M'ill sec the necessity
of keeping some medicines on hand, since there is no reason why, with
the aid of what we have pi'cscnted, he may not be able to treat nine in
ten of the diseases to which farm animals are subject, and without tlic
aid of a professed veterinary surgeon. The very full glossary which will
be found as a part of this work, should be consulted for medical terms
used when the definition does not immediately follow the use of the term,
In naming the medicines and their effects in this chajiter M'e shall give
definitions that mav be found in the jflossarv, since in the division of tlif
subject of medicines it seems proper that we should follow the rule
adopted of defining the meaning of terms in the body of the work. Tlie
operations of medicine may be defined as follows :

I. Alteratives.

Medicines acting generally and continually on the system, especially on
the blood and glandular system. Among the alteratives are, antimony,

500

TIIK HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

501

niter, sulphur, ginger, ctUomol, arsenic, iodine, iodide of potHsaiuni,
^^ulphite, or bi-sulpiiite of «oda.

Antmony. — Black sulphuret of antimony. Dose 1 to 2 drachms.
Given in connection with sulphur, 1 to 2 ounces, and niter 4 to (> drachms.

Ginifer. — Given as an alterative only in connection with other medicines.

Calomel. — Give in broken doses, say 1 scruple. Another form of
mercury, suli)huret, give 3 drachms once a day in connection with 4
dwchms cream of tartar in a pint of Avatcr. This has been recommended
ill obstinate cases of surfeit, and other affections of the skin.

xirscnir. — Dose 5 to 10 grains daily. It should only be used under the
direction of a veterinarian. Its action is principally on the nerves.
Fowler's solution of arsenic contains 4 grains to- the ounce. It is the
best form in which to administer the mineral.

lodiw. — As an alterative give 10 to 20 grains.

Iodide of potassium. — Dose 1-2 to 1 drachm. Valuable in chronic
rheuinatisni, chronic cough, scrofulous enlargements, and to cause ab-
sorption in pleurisy, and inflammation of the lungs.

Bisulphite of soda. — This must not he confounded with sulphate. Dose
1-2 to 1 ounce relieves tymphany.

n. Aneesthetics.

These remedies benumb the senses, relieve pain, and are used largely
in destroying sensation in performing principal surgical operations. All
that will be necessary to notice are :

Chloroform and Ether. The best and safest preparation is the fol-

lowing :

No. 218.

1 Ounce alcobol,

2 Ounces chloroform,

3 Ounces ether.

Cast the animal to be operated upon ; pour a table-spoonful on a
sponge and hold to the nostrils so that the animal can take some air with
it. since if not mixed with air, it is fatal to life. Keep the fingers on the
pulse, and if it ceases, or intermits decidedly, discontinue, and hold harts-
horn to the nose, and commence again more lightly. So soon as uncon-
sciousness is produced, suspend the use of the anrosthetic, and renew
again from time to time, until the operation for which it is given is
oompleted.

Sometimes the animal will continue low for some time after the admin-
istration, with failing pulse and irregular ])roathing. If so, pour pails of
cold water on the body, and if necessary, gentlv inflate the lungs with a
pair of bellows, at the same time pressing upon and releasing the ribs, as
ill natural respiration. Also press pieces of ice into the rectum, or

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Viigina, according to the sex, as an additional means of restoration, if
necessary. As the natural functions again act, cloth«i the body and nih
dry. From two to four minutes should be sutticient to produce complitv
insensibility in either the horse or ox.

III. AutiscptioB. '

These are used to arrest mortification and putrefaction. The ])riii(i|i;il
agents are charcoal, creosote, pyroligncous acid, sul[)hate of zinc, aijil
yeast. They should be applied directly to the parts affected. '•" '

^ IV. Astringents. ,

These are agents used to stop or lessen discharges, either of the howols
nose, blood vessels, kidneys or glands, and are applied l)oth intcnialK
and e.xternally. Among those usually employed, are, acetate of icai],
alum, catechu, ergot, kino, opium, per sulphate of iron, tannin, the min-
eral acids, and gallic and tanic acids. ^

Thc}"^ should not bo used when there is considerable inflammation ; nor
for diarrhrea, in the beginning of a difficulty, since this flux is ofteu an
effort of nature to relieve the body by natural means.

Acetate of lead. — Dose, 1 to 2 scruples. As a wash, use a saturated
solution.

Alum. — Dose, 2 to 3 drachms ; useful in sore throat and dysentery. In
powder, used for stopping the flow of blood.

Catechu. — Dose, 2 to 5 drachms. Useful in diarrhrea.

Ergot. — Dose, 1-2 to 1 ounce. Checks bleeding from the lungs, nosp,
stomach and bowels. As an astringent, for this purpose, it is better tn
give it by liypodcrHiic injections, using ergotine in solution in five grain
doses.

Kino. — Dose, 1-2 ounce to an ounce. Given in diarrhoea.

Opium — Laudanum. — Dose, powdered opium, 2 drachms. Lauda-
num, 2 to 4 ounees. It is a well known agent in relieving the spasms of
colic, dysenterj', lock-jaw and other convulsive ailments. In diseases of
the lungs and breathing tul)es, if the respiration is short and quick.it
should not be given. So, if there is much fever it should not be given
until these symptoms abate.

Per sidphate of iron. — Dose, 1 to 2 drachms. Useful for arresting!
bleeding or hemorrhage.

Tannin. — Tannic acid is the best form. Dose, 10 to 20 grains. A
powerful astringent in diarrhoea or mucus discharges.

V. Cathartics.
These are medicines acting strongly and directly on the bowels as a
purge, in from 3 to 12 hours. Strong purgatives should not be given
except it be necessary to thoroughly evacuate the bowels, and deplete the

mc-W«',w w»«w*'«H.«!«;

THE HORSE, IT8 DISEASES.

503

animal systom. Tho pnnoipal agents enipUn'ed arc aloes, croton oil,
liii8tr(l oil, podophylliii ami salts.

JA/^N, liavhudoeit. — This should alwa^'s ho used in preference to Cup^
aloes, which is more griping. Dose 4 to 8 drachms.

Croton oil. — A j)o\vorful and sharp purgative, valuable in obstinate
,iiii.ti|)ations. Api)lied externally it is apt to irritate and produce blem-
ish. Dose internally 20 drops.

IJiiki'hI oil. — A safe, and pretty sure, mild purge. Dose 1 pint to

Pmlnphnllln. — This is the active principle of the 'May apple. It is
both purgative and sedative. Dose 1 to 2 drachms. Its effect on animals
i« iiDt so marked as on man. In the commencement of fevers it is
I'Xi'ollent.

.SV(/A'«. — Sulphate of soda or Glauber salts is generally used when pui--
lative effects are rcfpiired. The dose is 1 to 1 1-2 pounds. Epsom salts,
>iilpliatcof magnesia, dose 1 to 2 pounds, or 8 to 12 ounces, and repeated
evm three or four hours until an operation is had.

VI. Carminatives.

Tiiosc are usctl in colic, griping, etc., and are often given with griping
medicines. The principal agents are black pepper, caraway seeds, cloves,
giiigiT, peppermint, sage, etc.

Black pepper, — Dose 2 drachms. When a quick and powerful remedy
i> nM|uirod give 2 drachms red (cayenne) pcj)per.

Coraurn/. — Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce of the seeds, as a powder, or a.s an
infusion. ■ ;

CJiiiTK. — Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce of powdered cloves steeped in hot water
and L;ivcn warm, or ;}0 to GO drops of the oil of cloves given in thin
Miuciiiiirc of gum arable.

Peppwmint (oil). — Dose IT) to 30 drojjs in mucilage. Sage or any of
the heating herbs may be given as a tolerably strong infusion or tea.

VII. Counter Irritants.

These arc divided into classes : Kubefacients, which simply excite the
skin to redness ; vesicants, which blister, and suppurants which produce
sores oil the surface. They are serviceable by setting up inflammation
iiti tile surface near the seat of disease, in congestion and inflammation of
intorniil organs : also of the bones, joints and tissues. Rubefacients are
L'nod in intluenza, and other attacks of a general nature, where there is
l(i\v fpvor ; as, for instance, rubbing a paste of mustard on the legs and
washintr it off in ten or fifteen minutes. Vesicants should not be used
wlien fovcr or inflammation is high, and suj-purants are chiefly of value
in old clironic complaints.

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ILLU8TKATED BTOCK DOCTOR.

liubefacients. — Alcohol, anitnonia, mustard, turpentine.
Vesicdtifn. — Ciintharides, s^calding water, and a liol iron at 212 de^ees,
Fahrenheit.

Suppumnts. — Croton oil, ointment of tartar emetic.

Vni. Caustics.

Agents which burn and destroy the flesh. Used to kill the virus in
poisoned wounds, eat out proud flesh, destroy sloughs, and stimulate old
ulcers ; to produ'jc healthy action in fistulas, and remove warts and otiier
excrescences. Among the best agents are butter of antimony, cnutitir
{jotash, chloride of zinc, lunar caustic (nitrate of silver), nitrate of
mercury, nitric acid, and the hot iron at a white heat. Chloride of zinc
and nitrite of silver come in pencil shaped sticks. Nitric acid must be
used with care. It is powerful and intensely eating, causing extreme pain.
but which soon ceases. It may be used by dipping a suitable slip of
wood in the acid and applying. The hot iron is the most powerful cauHtii',
as it is the most eflicient. It however requires nerve and judgment tu
use it properly and efficiently.

IX; Diaphoretics. ^

These are medicines to cause sweating or to increase the insensible
perspiration, and thus relieve pressure on other organs. Acetate of am-
monia in solution, Dovers powder, ipecac and cantharides are mainiv
employed ; the animal being covered quite warm. Warm water is also
useful, but steaming the most prompt of all.

Acetate of ainmonia. — Solution. Dose, 2 to 3 ounces.

Dover's poivders. — Dose, 3 drachms.

Ipecac. — Given in 2 to 3 drachm doses in warm water, until the effect
is produced. Not especially useful for horses.

Cantharides.— ^jyo^Q., 4 to 5 grains.

X. Diuretics.

These are medicines used to act on the kidneys. Saltpeter, sweet
spirits of niter, cream of tartar, turpentine and digitalis are princi-
pally used.

Saltpeter. — Dose, G to 8 drachms.

Sweet spirits of niter. — Dose, 1 to 2 ounces.

Cream of tartar. — Dose, 1 ounce.

Turpentine (Oil). — Dose, 1 to 2 ounces.

Digitalis. — Dose, 1.5 to 20 grains.

Both diuretics and diaphoretics are similar in their action. If swentin'
is intended, it must be assisted with warmth and friction. If operation

THE I10i;8E, 1T8 DIHEAHEH.

505

Ull

the internal organs is required, warmth and friction should not be

(1.

XI. Demulcents.

These are gummy or glutinous Hubstunccs, used to soothe and cover in-
fluiued surfat'ce, or those in un irritable condition ; us inflammation of
the throat, stomach and bowels ; in diseases of tlic kidneys, or for irrita-
hlc conditions generally. Those most in use arc : Linseed tea, gum
;iral)i(' water, slippery elm bark tea, starch water and olive oil. Marsh
iimllows makes one of the most valuable agents known, being especially
soothing to the bowels.

Xn. Disinfeotants and DeodoriErrs.

The most valuable of these arc, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, car-
bolic acid, chloride of lime, used for disinfecting and deodorizing drains,
etc. The cheapest is a solution of sulphate of iron, a good handful dis-
solved to each bucket of water used. As an atmospheric fumigant and
disinfectant, the following is cheap, and one of the best known ;

No. 219.

}i Pound flowers of sulphur,
'i ]'oiin(lM pine lur.

Mix with a gentle heat, saturate tow with it and burn without flame.

Carbolic acid in weak solutions, or crude carbolic acid in its liquid, in»-
pure form, as it conies from the gas works, is valuable for brushing over
any wood, iron, brick or .stone work. Also valuable for wetting cloths,
and hanging up ^o destroy disease germs, keep away Hies, etc.

The following formulas will be found valuable disinfectants :

No. 220.

1 Part sulphate of zinc,
1 Part powdered oak bark,
S Parts sulphate of iron.

Mix into balls of proper size and place in drains, .sinli-holes and cess-
pools.

Collins' disinfecting powder is made by adding 1 jiart of burnt alum to
two j)arts of chloride of lime. Pour on water to thoroughly wet the
mass, and set in shallow pans about the stable.

The following is a powerful disinfectant •

No. 221.

2 Pounds common salt,
1 Pint oil ol vitriol.

Pour the oil of vitriol gradually and slowly over the salt, and the act-
ive disinfectant, muriatic gas, will be evolved.

The follmving, known as chloralum, is not poisonous, and has no smell.
To make it take,

ILLUSTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ko. 222.

1 H Poondfi chlorido of aluminum,
1 Oulion water.
DJggolve.

\iiiii

•f!-f

A most effectual, powerful and cheap disiufoctant, but poisonous, if
taken, is made as follows .

Ko. 223. 8 Ounces chloride of zinc,

ItJ Ounces Hulphate of iron,
1 Gallon water.
DUtiolve.

A i^int mixed in a gallon of water will bo quite strong enough for use.
XIII. Emetics and Expectorants.

What would act as an emetic on man, would be simply a nauscant with
the horse. The horse does not vomit, nauseants act to loosen a t'ou"h
and to loosen the mucus in the air passages, and thus facilitate its expul-
sion. Nauseants also act as a sul)stitute for the old practice of bleedintr.
Tartar emetic, blood root and sulphate of zinc are among those usuallv
employed.

Tartar emHic. — Dose, 1 to 1 1-2 drachms, in connection with lobelia
and saltpeter.

Blood root. — Dose, from 2 to 4 drachms of the powdered root.

Sulphate of zinc. — Dose. 1 to 2 drachnjs.

Tartar emetic. — This is often employed in connection with saltpeter
and lobelia. Dose, tartar emetic 1 drachm ; saltpeter 1 ounce ; lobelia
1 drachm.

XIV. Narcotics, Anodynes and Sedatives.

These run one into the other, and are used to soothe pain, allay tlio
irrital)ility of the system, and quiet excessive nervous action, ^arcotio^
quickly quiet the system, induce sleep, and if taken largely, ])roducc'
death. When given simply to allay pain, they are called anodynes. The
action of a sedative is to lower nervous force, reduce the pulse and abate
febrile symptoms, especially in the beginning of acute inflammiition.

yarcotics. — Opium, or its jireparations, laudanum and morphia, bella-
donna, tol)acoo and Indian hemp.

Opium is generally given as a tincture, in the form of laudanum.
Dose, 1 to 2 ounces.

Morphia. — Dose, 3 to 5 grains.

Belladonna. — Dose, 2 ounces.

Indian hemp. — The dose of this drug 1-2 to 1 drachm.

Sedatives. — Aconite, tincture. Dose, 20 to 30 d>'

Veratrum viride. — The dose of this is 1 scriple

THE nORKK, ITS DTSKASKS.

507

XV. Relaxants.

These deprive the musolos of tlioir i)()\ver. Of this class lobelia should
be I'iven in doses of 1 to 2 drsK luns,

XVI. Stimulants. . • . i

These nrc, nloohol, and tiro givvn in tlic form of brandy, whisky, nun,
i;in iiul ale. The latter when iin aniniiil is exhausted by liard driving,
luedoso of brandy, whisky or gin is H to fi ounces, and of alcohol 1 to
.bounces diluted witii water. Other stimulants arc: c^tljcr, dose, 1 to 2
minces; carbonate of ammonia, dose, '2 to 1 drachms; turpentine, dose,
1 to '2 ounces ; and ginger, dose, 1 ounce. The ginger to be given as
a tea.

Stimulants are used when it is necessary to (juickly raise the animal
from exhaustion. In nervous exhaustion its effects are marked, but it
must not bo given in intlammntii)n or fever.

XVII. Tonics,

Tonics sharpen the appetite, increase the nervous vigor, and thus im-
|irove tlu' ctnidition of the patient. Many horsemen arc fond of giving
^•llndition^wwders, the nuiin vahie of which lies in the alteratives and
tunics contained. In this they suppose that they are lieneficial to already
licaltliv animals. Nothing could be farther from the truth. They arc
iidt liciieticiiil unless the animal is out of condition and the system needs
l■:lllvill,L^ To get the best effect from tonics, they should l>e given in
liglit doses, and continued for a considerable time. Then intermit for a
few duys, and if necessary, commence again, or substitute another tonic.
Tlip mineral tonics, sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper and arsenic are
more active than the vegetable ton'cs, Peruvian l»ark, gentian, quassia,
etc., though often the two forms combined act with greater efficacy.

XVIII. Vermifuges. '

These are medicines supposed to be useful in expelling worms.

For round worms, common salt, to be licked at will, is one of the
I'cst agents to expel them. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce. Tartar emetic 2
drachms and sulphate of iron 2 drachms ; give tive or six days in succes-
>ion. and follow l)v a purge. Four to drachms of aloes is one of the
I'cst direct vermifuges.

Taj)p n'orm. — Oil of turpentine 1 ounce doses; or root of male shield
fern, 1 ounce of the extr.act. Give all vermifuges fasting, and at the end
nf four hours give a purge of aloes. For weak aninuds give areka nut
1 ounce.

In using a vermifuge it is always better to clear the bowels before
giving it, and in case the worms are in the intestines give injections as well

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508

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

as a purgative by the mouth. It should be remembered that vermifu(;e.s
that destroy by mechanical irritation, as iron filings, pounded glass, (>U;,
should never be given.

From the foregoing the action of the different classes of mcdiciines will
be learned. Some of the more common we have given as examples. In
the vast list of drugs used in medicines, and which arc drawn alike from
the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, and some of thcni, the most
valuable, being deadly poisons, must not be given in too large doses, the
practitioner cannot be too careful in their use. The doses we have given
in this chapter are from medium to large. If there is any doubt in
using those, especially the strong poisonous extracts or crystals use the
smaller.

There are really but few medicines out of tiu- large list tliat are of
real and well known value in common practice. The druggint in prepar-
ing medicines, uses delicate scales and weighs accurately. It is alwsvs
better that they compound the prescriptions if j)ossible ; yet, as it is not
always convenient to seek the druggist, especially when a stock of medi-
cines in ordinary use is kept, it is better to have a pair of scales and a
liquid measuring glass. We therefore append a table of weights and
measures as used by veterinarians :

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.
Apothecaries' Weight.

20 grttins make 1 i)criiple,

3 scruples make 1 drachm,
S druchms make 1 ounce,

16 ounces miike 1 pound.

Wine Meap .re.

60 minims, or drops make 1 drachm,
8 d aclims make 1 ounce,
• 10 ounces make 1 pint,

2 pints make 1 tjuart,

4 (juurts make I gallon.

Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent ia its
action, will be the following :

60 drops, or 1 ten-spoonful, make 1 drachm,
/ 4 tea-spooDfuls, v r 1 table-spoonful, make H ounce,

2 tablc-Hpoonl'uls make 1 ounce,
1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces,
1 tea-cupful makes 4 ounces,
1 tumblerful makes H pint,
' 1 tin-cupfkil mnkes 1 pint.

A handful of flaxseed, or other seed, usually innocent in their nature,
will weigh about 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves of dried herbs will weigh
about 1 ounce.

THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES.

IX. Importance of Symptoms.

509

The importance of understanding symptoms in disease, not only of the
borfsc, but of all farm stock, is generally underrated by farmers and stock
iiii'ii, and yet it is the key to all remedial means. Unfortunately, dunil>
animiils cannot tell how they feel, and thus the practitioner must judge
l)V outward signs, which, by the way, are pretty ample to the ( eful ob-
server. These are ditticult to describe in print, yet they have ])cen so
doscril)cd as fully as i)ossible in the list and treatment of diseases.

PiVory horse owiier, and especially every stock-raiser, should educate
himself to understand symptoms in such diseases as he must necessarily
have to deal with. This will not be found diHicult, if the reader will use
the means we have presented in this work. The pulse is one of the most
important agents in this direction ; through this, we may get a pretty
acourate indication of the state of the system in relation to fever, ple-
thora of blood, or <^.he reverse. It cannot well be described, and yet it is
soon learned by use and observation. In the horse, the mouth is hot and
dry in fever, and moist and cool in health. In health the nose of the ox
is espceiailv cool and moist, and in fever hot and dry. The full or small
pulse, depends upon an excessive quantity of blood in the vessels indi-
oiiting a full or a weak nutrition. A thready or wirey pulse is indicative
of a small (juantity of blood in the vessels, combined with an increased
or diminished contractibility of the heart. A sluggish or oppressed pulse
will indicate unusual fulness of the vessels, the vital powers of contract-
ibility and sensibility not being increased, or, it may even be one or both
of them being diminished. Among the internal causes operating on the
pulse are irritability and nervousness. Outside causes are tcni|)erature,.
other atniosi)heric causes, and manner of feeding. Tin* stock man who
will habituate himself to feeling the pulse of his animals, will soon com«^
to understand how slight causes will sometimes affect this agent, and thus
will soon learn to detect disease, often by this indication alone. This and
attention to the outward symptoms we have given in diseases enumerated,
will soon enable him to dispense with the services of the practiced veter-
inarian, except in critical cases.

XX. Dissection.

If a fanner would, when an animal is sick, in addition to attending to
!<tudying the symptoms as they appear, take the trouble, in case it dies,
to open it, with a view of stmlying the altered structure, knowing as he
may. how they look in health, this would assist him greatly in und»'r-
st^mding disease generallv ; for bv this means he may find just when and
how the parts affected are changed. II*' will thus, also, come to tinderstand
the importance of good care and nursing in the prevention and elimination
of disease, more fully than by any other one means.

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ILLUSTRATED 6TOCK DOCTOR.

XXI, Surgical and Other Instruments.

With all our care it is necessary to meet disease and accidents when
they come, and to this end we must be provided at least with a few sim-
ples, and the means of arriving at quantities.

To this end we have advised the purchase of a pair of scales to wei^h
grains, drachms, ounces and pounds ; certain surgical instruments, also,
and a small store of the medicines such as are in common use.

In the horse stable a balling iron should bo kept. This is an iron riii"
through which the closed hand may be passed ; on the top and bottom
are two bars, which placed between the front of the jaws enable the
mouth to be kept open while the hand passes the ball of physic to the
root of the tongue. Sponges of several sizes should also l)e kept. A
roomy nose-bag and an atomizer Avill be useful. The little India rubber
bottle with which tho wife sprays her plants, will answer very well in
place of a better, for spraying the external surfaces.

Means for giving injections should be procured. This may be the
regular horse or cattle syringe, though the pail and India rubber pipe,
described in another part of the volume, will be found simple and
effectual.

A drenching horn or bottle is another implement that should not ho
neglected. A probang should always be kept. A trocar will bo found
useful in case where the stomach is to be punctured to permit the escape
of gas. A knife will, however, answer in its place veiy well, if tlic
blade be sutHcientlv long and pointed. An outfit larger or smaller accord-
ing to the necessities of the stock owner, may be bought in any store
where sui'gical instruments are kci)t, and in fact in any of the larger drug
stores of cities.

A convenient one which we have used contains: 1. A blunt-pointed
bistoury, an instrument for making incisions. When only one is to he
used we recommend the slightly curved form, with tlie shaip edge on the
inside.

2. Thuml) lancet. We are opposed to tlie old time fleam. It soem«
to have been invented for ignorant persons ; certainly none such should
ever operate, even on an animal. A little judgment will soon enable the
operator to use the lancet properly and witii effect, gauging the depth
properly to which the puncture is to be made. It is better than tlie
spring lancet.

3, A spring forceps, most valuable in dressing wounds, catohing
arteries for tying, for removing foreign substances iu wounds, and for a.
variety of other purposes. ...^ i... ,,.rf„ .,..., «!+»..,
, 4. An aneurismal needle — a long Idunt needle. It can be used a8 a
probe and for introducing small setous. ,,_ ,,, ,^j,, ,,,f,^ ,,,,,,, ..,..::„,,„

THE HOnSE, ITS DISEASES.

5, A silvei" probe, for exploring wounds. It is blunt at one end and
sharp iit the other, tmd is indispensable.

G. A frog knife, a narrow straight blade, sharply curved into a strong
od!!t'tl hook at the end, and used for paring and cleaning the frogs of the
hoofi*, etc.

7. A pair of curved scissors, for trimming the edges of wounds, cx-
cibing ragged flesh, clipping the hair, and for other purposes.

8. A straight, broad scalpel (knife), used in dissecting, opening al>
scesses, castrating, and various other .surgical operations. Any straight,
liioiid-bladcd, keen-edged knife will do. In castrating, however, we
have always preferred a round-pointed blade, similar to that used by
nurscrynicn in budding.

9. A !*t>ton needle for threading and introducing tapes or other setons.

10. A few surgical needles, white thread and silk, or better, thin cat-
(nit. These may all be carried in a neat morocco case mnde for the
purpose, and vnn l)C afforded, wholesale, at ten dollars. (In fact Ave will
send them at that price, delivered with this book.)

XXII. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses.
The following drugs will be found handy. Keep everything in white
bottles, well corked. Corrosive substances must have ground glass
stoppers. The druggist, if so instructed, will arrange things. Quanti-
ties of these to be kept should be about ten doses each. 1 dose is :

1. AcHic acid — Antidote to acids, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ;
ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple.

2. Thirfiirc ofaroniff, — Sedative, dia])horetic. Horse, 20 to 30 di'ops :
ox, 30 to 40 dro]is ; sheep, 3 to 5 drops.

i\. Alrnhnl. — Stimuhmt, diuretic, narcotic. Horse, 1 to 3 ounces ; ox,
.^ to () ounces : sheep, 1-2 ounce. Locally," cooling astringent.

4. Bnrhndops aJopft. — Purgative. Horse, 4 drachms.

5. AJiiw. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms; ox, 3 to 4 drachms;
sheep. 1-2 to 1 drachm.

fi. Amnuinw, lifpiid. — Diffusible stimulant, anti-spasmodic, anti-acid,
diuretic. Horse, 1-2 ounce : ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

7. Carhnnnfp of ammonia. — Diffusilde stimulant, anti-spasmodic,
aiiti-!ieid. diuretic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 4 to 6 drachms ; sheep,
1-2 to 1 drachm.

8. Ani.<<o RpprJ, caraway, cardamon, fennel seed. — Stomachic, carmina-
tive. Horse. 1 ounce; ox, 1 to 2 ounces; sheep, 2 to-4 drachms.

0. Arnica tinchtre. — Stimulant, diuretic. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 1
drachm ; sheep, 1 scruple.

10. Asafa'tida. — Diffusible stimulant, carminative, vermifuge. Horse,
2 drachms; ox, 4 drachms; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

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512

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

11. Balsam of Peru. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horse,
1 ounce ; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces ; sheep, 2 drachms.

12. Borax. — Nerve sedative, uterine stimulant. Horse, 2 to 6 drachms ;
ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

13. Blackberry root. — istringent. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 1-2
ounce; sheep, 2 scruples. : .

14. Camphor. — Antispasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4
drachms ; shoipp, 1 scruple.

15. Carbolic acid. — Sedative, anodyne, astringent, antiseptic, disin-
fectant. Horse, 1-2 to 1 drachm ; ox, 1 drachm ; sheep, 10 drops.

16. Cherry bark, wild. — Expectorant. Horse, 1-2 ounce ; sheep, 2 to
3 scruples.

17. Copaiva. — Stimulant, diuretic, expectorant. Horse, 2 to 4
drachms ; ox, 3 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm.

18. Cream of tartar. — Diuretic. Horse, 1 ounce ; sheep, 4 to fi
drachms. Laxative : horse, 5 ounces ; ox, 5 to 8 ounces, sheep, 1 to 2
ounces.

19. Ergot. — Checks bleeding, parturient. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce; ox,
1 ounce ; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms.

20. Iron, peroxide. — Tonic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms; ox, 4 drachms;
sheep, 1 drachm. An antidote to arsenic.

21. Lime, chloride. — Checks tympany, disinfectant. Horse 2 to 4
drachms; sheep, 1 to 2 drachms.

22. Linseed oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints; ox, 1 to 2 quarts;
sheep, 1-2 pint.

23. Lobelia. — Sedative, antispasmodic, expectorant. Horse, 1 to 2
drachms ; ox, 1 to 3 drachms : sheep, 15 grains ; swine, 5 to 15 grains.

24. Mallow. — Demulcent. . Give freely of cold infusion.

25. Mentha piperif a {peppermint). — 30 to (50 drops.

'M. Oak bark. — Astringent. Horse, 1 oui»ce ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces;
sheep, 4 drachms.

27. Olive oil. — Laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 pints; ox, 2 to 3 pints;
sheep, 3 to G ounces.

28. Opium. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, antispasmodic. Horse, 1-2
to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 4 drachms ; sheep, 10 to 20 grains.

29. Opium, tincture laudanum. — Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, anti-
spasmodic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep, 2 to 3 drachms
Of the powdered drug, give: horse, 1-2 to 2 drachms; ox, 2 to 4
drachms; sh'^ep, 10 to 20 grains.

30. Peppt-: hlack. — Stomachic, stimulant. Horse, 2 drachms ; ox, 3
-drachms; sheep, 1 to 2 ,s<'ruple,s. * , . ^^j^ (,

31. Pumpkin seed^. — Vermifuge, tainiafuge. Horse, 1 pint.

THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES.

513

32. Rhubarb. — Laxative, tonic. Horse, 1 ounce ; ox, 2 ounces ; sheep,
Idrachin.

;i3. Resin. — Diui-etic. Horse, 4 to G drachms ; ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ;
^heep, 2 to 4 draciiuis.

,M. Soap. — Diuretic, antacid, laxative. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; sheep,
to <i drachms.

35. Silver nitrate {lunar caustic). — Nerve tonic. Horse, 5 grains;
ox, T) to y grains ; sheep, 1 to 2 grains.

3li. Sweet spirits of niter. Spirits of nitrous ether. — Stimulant, anti-
>.p;isinodic, diuretic, diaphoretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4
ounces ; sheep, 3 to 6 drachms.

37. Tobacco. — Sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 4 drachms ;
ox, 4 to (i drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm.

38. Tar. — E.xpectorant, antiseptic. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; ox, 1-2
to 2 ounces : sheep, 1-2 ounce.

39. Turpentine oil. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to
2 ounces; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces; .sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuge:
Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sliecp, 4 drachms.

40. Valerian. — Diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse,
2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 1-2 ounce.

41. Wild cherry bark. — Expectorant. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 1 1-2
ounces ; sheep, 3 drachms.

42. Zinc, .Hulphate. — Astringent, tonic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox,

2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 to 30 grains.

XXIII. Graduating Doses.

In tlie administration of medicines the foUoM'ing statement of ages and
doses will he found valuable in determining quantities. The doses men-
tioned in the preceding list being full ones :

A horse of 3 years, ox 2 years, sheep 1 1-2 years and swine 15 months
old, should have a full dose.

A horse 15 months to 2 years; cattle 1 to 2 years, sheep 9 to 18
months, and swine 8 to 15 months, 1-2 of a full do.se.

A horse 9 to 18 months, cattle 6 to 12 months, sheep 5 to 9 months
and swine (5 to 8 months, require 1-4 of a full dose.

A colt 5 to 9 nionths old, calves 3 to H months, lanibs 3 to 5, and pigs

3 to ti months old, may have 1-8 of a full adult dose.

Colts 1 to 5 months old, calves 1 to 3 months, lambs 1 to 3 months, and
pigs 1 to 3 months old, may have l-lfi of the dose.

Nervous, excitable animals retjuire h^ss than others. The continued
use of medicines renders their action slow and decreases their power.
The intlueuce of disease also checks or modifies action. In diseases of
the l)rain, and spinal cord, and in impaction of the stomach, double

\ i

., . I

514

ILLIISTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR.

quiintitios must .sometimes be given, while in low fevers one-half the
usuiil (luantity may produce evil, and somotiniejs prove fatal.
As a rule, anodynes, narootict*, sedatives, stinmlants and unti-spasniodii!^
may be repeated once in four hours until the recjuircd effeet is produced.

Twice daily may be given as the rule for alteratives, refrigerants, touiu,<
diaphoretics and febrifuges.

Emetics should be repeated every tlve or ten minntes and their ui'tinn
induced by opening the nioutii and irritating the throat with a fctithor.
If the animal will drink, give large draughts of slightly warm wuter.
Emetics are not given to horses. ,, ,.

Purgatives should not be given the second time until the first has had
full time to operate. In tlie horse not before .'i(J hours ; cattle anil sheop
12 to IT) hours ; swine in 7 to 10 hours.

Draughts of tepid water, or warm gruel assist the oi)eration of purgativis.

A ball is not to be made round, but longer than it is wide and not
larger than a walnut for horse or ox. It nmst be small enough so an
animal may swallow it easily. Balls are made of drugs in powders niixod
into a semi-solid state with honey or molasses and linseed meal, and cov-
ered with oiled tissue paper. ;. ,, • * .Wv. ,

Drenches (liijuid medicines) are made as infusions, with Avarra or cold
water, or as decoctions with boiling water. Powdered substances nut
solvent in Avater are mixed with thick gruel or mucilage.

A ball is best given with the aid of a balling iron. This has been pre-
viously described. Put the iron between the front of the jaws, and place
the ball well back on the tongue with the hand. Hold the head well up
until swallowed. This may be aided by stroking the throat next the jaw,*,

Liquids are given from a horn or thick quart bottle with a pretty Ioul'
heck, such as a champagne bottle. No liquid or irritating medicine should
be given until sufficiently diluted with water so that it will not injure the
mouth if held therein some minntes.

Oil of turpentine, eroton oil, and other strong irritating substances
that will not mix with water, should be mixed with palm or olive oil,
milk beaten with eggs, or it nniy be given in mucilage as the case may
require.

Powerful agents, that do not irritate, act promptly injected under the
skin with a hypodermic syringe. A surgeon's advice should be used in
administering them.

Injections are given with a horse syringe. There are patent injectors
that pump in the liquid continuously. We have described an itnplemfiit
that works well, by gravity, and is easily made. Snuill syringes are used
for injecting abscesses. Also the hypodermic syringe for injecting under
the skin.

.:■ '■( ■■■■ •; ><■';> r:-,- .»:-i / !■'••'• i.

CHAPTER XX.

lUFLEMENTS AND APFABATUS.

"Wiiat to Keep, and How to Use Them.

Catheter. — This is a round gutta percha tube, Avith one end open, the
other rounded and near the end with two openings. Used to draw away
the water when the horse is unable to pass it natural!}'. They are also
iiitrod)iced into deep ulcers, and liquid injected through them by means
of a syringe. In using the catheter, it should be well oiled and carefully
and slowly pushed along the orifice or canal.

Drawing knife. — Frog knife. The knife in common use by black-
smiths; a thin blade with a sharply-curved end fixed in a handle, and
used in cutting into and paring the hoof.

Firing iron. — A heavy, blunt-edged blade fixed in a handle, and some-
times used for blistering when the actual cautery is considered necessaiy.
Vuluablc in skillful hands.

Forceps. — These are pincers Avith long jaws, and used for extracting
spHnters, pieces of bone, or for seizing arteries in order to tie them up.

Knives. — These should be always keen and should be both sharp and
round-pointed. A iieavy bistoury is a long, narrow-bladed knife for
openin"; deep wounds and abscesses.

Lancet. — These are of three kinds : the thumb lancet, the sjiring lan-
cet and the fleam. The thumb lancet is gauged by the thuml), the spring
liincet by a spring, and the fleam is struck by a hard wood stick. Always
make the incision lengthwise of the vein.

Ligatures. — Cords for tying arteries, and in tying, a surgeon's knot
should be used. Instead of passing the end of the cord once round the
other, pass it twice around before drawing tight. It will hold securely.

Probes. — These are made of silver wire, with the ends slightly knobbed.
They are useful in exploring wounds.

Uowel. — This is a ring of leather, an inch or so in diameter, the rim

616

;/ii..

WU-

516

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

being about a quarter of an inch wide. It is wrapped with flux or
thread moistened with turpentine, and pushed down into a pockot nmdc
in the skin, to induce a running sore. They are little used now; setons
accomplishing the object fully.

Setons. — A cord or ligature of leather thrust in, under and out of tlie
skin, and tied. It is soaked with turpentine or smeared with irritating
compounds, and turned every day, the object being to promote and keep
up a discharge of pus, and reduce inflammation.

Seton needles. — These are broad, curved blades, with a round shaft
eighteen inches long, and with an eye at the blunt end. Used forthreud-
ing setons of tape, cord or leather into wounds made. Needles for sew-
ing up wounds are of several sizes, curved, square needles.

Tents. — These ai'e pledgets of tow, lint or other substances introduced
into wounds to cause them to form matter. They should bo moistened
with Venice turpentine.

Tioitch. — A loop of leather or strong cord, fastened securely upon a
stout handle two feet long. Used for holding refractory horses, or dur-
ing surgical or other operations. Pass the upper lip through the loop,
and twist until sufficient force can be used to keep the animal still.

Hopples. — Ropes for casting a horse. They should be each twenty-
five feet long. Have two strong straps of leather double, with a two
inch seam between, and so they may be buckled tight to the fetlock.
Fasten both ropes securely to the bottom of a collar placed on the horse's
neck. Or if the rope is long enough, loop the middle to the collar;
buckle a strap securely to each hind pastern, pass the ends of the rope
through the rings, and back through the collar. One man manages the
.head to bring the horse down properly and easily, while assistants pull
forcibly on the ropes ahead. A horse should never be cast except u|)oii
a thick, soft bed of straw or tan bark. If it is simply wished to hopple
the horse, fasten the ends of the rope to the collar, and of such a length
that the horse cannot kick. '

Slings. — ^These are an apparatus to suspend a horse's weight in case of
fracture, rheumatism, or other diseases Avhen the animal cannot bear full
weight on the limbs. First a broad strip of leather or strong canvas two
feet wide and six or seven feet long, stiffened at the ends by being sewn
around smooth billets of wood. To this a breeching is attached to pajs
around the buttocks, and others to and about the breast, to hold it se-
curely. Loops must be fastened to the billets at the ends of the girdle of
sufficient strength to bear the weight of the animal. Double blocks and
pulleys are attached to these, suspended at proper points, and thus the
animal is lifted and suspended so as to bear much or little weight on bis

limbs. r ..' • ■:■":■• ^ ,; rv^^ •

PART III.

CATTLE;

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

/ J

tBRIR ORIGIN—

ITIEa IM

AYRSHIREa-
TKXAS CATT

The nativ(
has long sine

The Urus
described in
ncss, and fat
all legends tl

The dome,'

Our earlici
who lived in
sueh as have

Noah cert
they caiTied

Cattle wei
ancient nati(
eration.

lu the daj
the days of
and probabb

■Mfi ',tHT/:;n''^'U.,iT

it..':

vfiv-.

i'-':>:*.

CATTLE.

CHAPTER I.

NATUBAL HIBTOBY OF CATTLE.

BBKrH ORIGIN KARLY DOMESTICATION THK DIFFBRK.NT KINDS AND THEIR PKCULIAK-

ITIES IMPROVKD BRKBDS DEVONS SUSSEX SHORT HORNS ALDBRNKYS

AYBSHIRES HOLSTKINS POLLED CATTLE KERRY C0W8 THK CHBROKXB OR

TEXAS CATTLE, ETC., ETC.

The native country of the genus Boa ia not known, and the wild type
Las long since passed u.wuy.

The Urus is regarded as the parent of domesticated cattle, and is
described in its wild state, as an animal of enormous size, of great fierce-
ness, and fable has thrown around it an air of mystery, as is common in
all legends that have come down to us from the far past.

Domestication of Cattle.

The domestication of cattle is also a matter of conjecture.

Our earliest record comes from scripture. • Jubal, the son of Lamech,
who lived in the lifetime of Adam, is recorded as being "the father of
.such as have cattle."

Noah certainly had cattle, and wherever the sons of Noah migrated,
they carried cattle Avith them.

Cattle were worshipped by the earliest Egyptians, and among the
ancient nations of Judea, they were, and still are, held in great ven-
eration.

In the days of Abraham, cattle certainly were regularly bred, and in
tile days of Jacob wo have an account of systematic breeding to color,
and i)rol)a])ly to type.

519

620

ILLt'HTUATEU 8TOCK DOCTOU.

In ovory civnizccl nation, tho kcopingof ciittlo forniH amonj; thocurlipst
l>ro'Jiu'fivc industries recorded, and every Celtic; nation has at one tiiiic
or another represented thcni a« divinely given, or else, like the Hindoos,
held theni in the greatest veneration.

Scientiflo Nomenolature.

According to naturalists cattle belong to the class Mami mlin ; that is,
having mannnoD or teats ; their natural order is culled ruiiiuKintia, from
their habit of ruminating, or chewing tho cud. .

Their TUinE is termed bovida, meaning the ox kind. The oknis is
f)OS, tho ox ; the horns growing, from the crest, proj<'cting at tirst side-
ways, and porous or cellular inside, Avith a film of true horn encasing tlio
cellular bony structure inside ; tho 8t;n-(iKM's, wliich will form tlu*
subject of what we have to say, is termed bos Imtnis, or the donu's-
ticatcd ox.

Of these there are many families, or sub-families ; each distinctive
breed being a family. Mixed breeds, grades, and crosses, may bo tenmtl
sub-families.

Tho Teeth.

Cattle are distinguished as to their teeth by having eight lower inoisorp,
and none upper ; these aro tlio cutting teeth. They have no canine
teeth or tusks, but have twenty-four molars or grinding teeth ; six on
each side of tlie lower jaw, and six on each side of tho upjX'V j;i\v. Tiie
upper jaw has no incisors ; but the skin upon which tho lower iiui-
fiors meet in tl)o upper jaw is thickened,
hard, and in aged aiiinials almost horny.
The teeth may be roprescntod as follows ;
the figures above the line representing the
upper, and tiie figures l)elow the line rep-
resenting the lower jaw :

6 6

Cattle, incisors, — , cnnincs, — , molars .

8 6 ti

• ,,,( Total, 32 teeth.

We annex a cut of a section of the lower
jaw showing the eight incisors, of a mature
ox, or at the age of five years. Before
and afler tins age the teetli vary very
materially, as other portions of this section
show.

Tkkth of Ox at Agk ok Fivk yK.»n.«.

Fig. 4

Hat one month o' *^
8|or the full set. wc

Ffg. 11.

three jears pasf ^eai
Jers, and two (
'" gone ; also wej

ibf

.'■>V

Fig. 4

lUt one month o' *^'^
8 |or the full set. yf^^rp,

Fig. 7.

Teeth at twelve montho old, showing ab-
sorption in all the nippefS, except outside
pair, and wear in theue.

, Fig. 11.

h threu years pasf ^c*"" ""<!
' fcers, and two <
Igone i also wei

Fig. 14.

'leth at tei years old, showing permanent
spacs betwcei them ; and also sha^o from
natiul wear b- use.

iher facts cosceroiDgllie ipi t Ciltle see preoedin; pa^es.

. *■>

Fig. 1.

Teeth of Calf at Birth, showing the first

two incisors, milk teeth.

Fiff. 8.

Teeth at fifteen months '^H, showing ab-
•orption ind wear in all the temporary nip-

pers.

Fig. 2.

Teeth at two weeks old, showhg four
temporary incisorv

Cu],i-I<ihu,l nrfuriliiiij l„ Art „/ I uut)

ijre**.

Fig. \h

Teeth iit eighteen months old, ihowing
two first permanent incisors (i-i)< *"' next
two p:iiis.'2-2 and 3-0, growing ani push-
ing upwards towiird the (surface ; aho .1-4,
1^-5 and 6-6) Hhowing nhsnrption. At 8-8)
is shown the alve.ili, or cells for the leoh.

FliT. 3.

Teeth at three weeks old, showing sit
incisors.

Fig. 4.

Teett at one month old, show!
incisors or the full set.

Fig. 10.

Teeth at two years old p..st, showing four
permanent incii^ors.and four temporary ones,
absorption nearly complete ; also marks of
wear on two Hrst pairs.

Ffg. 11.

Teeth nk three years nast, showlnj
maneut nfcjpers, and two outside te
ones near^ gone ; also wear on tw<
pairs.

ilirw^/

'TBOLJLjJLXSrGt ITEXEI .A^OrlSim OJ?* O.A.-r>

VJLmHm

Pig. 4.

at one month old, showing eight
or the full set.

Ilg. ff.

Teeth at six to eight months old, showii«
wear on first two, or central teeth.

Ffg. 11.

:d thret- years nast, showing six per-
ij)per8, ftticl two oiitsiclc temporary
l\ gone ; also wear on two central

Fig. 12.

Teeth at four years past, slewing eight
permanent incisors — the full nouth — and
complete complement ; also w«ir on all but
outside teeth.

Fig. 6. \\

Teeth at ten months old, showing absotp<
tion in first two pairs of teeth, and wear o*
two outside pairs.

Fig. 7.

Teeth at twelve motitho old, showing ab-
sorption in all the nippers, except outside
pair, and wear in thetie.

Fig. 13.

Teeth at five years past, showing wear and
dark marl<8

^ Fig. 14.

l«th at tei years old. shewing permanent
spaoc hetweuj them ; and also shaj o from
natiial wear 1» use.

-\-

' Fr Mm iul' (Cjciniijtbi ips t httli w pmilii; fipi,

prod
or ai
held

A
havi
thei

1
bos
Ava^
cell
sub
ticii

(
bre
sub

and
teet
end
upp
sors
hare
The
the

Up|).

resci
O

Weii

jaw si
ox, or
and a
materi.
dhow.

I .4,- .,1.

la»w owl t<i fflosT

^r^)

^ l»nft ' -s) »iiiRf| <>v/)

.8 .Till

-rfn pntwoffH ,hfo sHtnom nasnii' l« ♦fJ"'''
(111. (,njno(j[m9! 'jill ll»< ni ('la-// hiic noij<i^

Hvvtviv..' 'I "'• ; '' "^ v."*^'*"'^''" ^>'''i'''V A" '

Til

CATTLE, THEIR ORIGIN, ETC.

521

The annexed cut of section of the head
of an ox will show the molars, or grind-
iiiir teeth, and also the terminal bone of
the upper jaw, corresponding to the lower
face jaw, and destitute of teeth.

TlTplanation. — a — Molars or grind-
ers, b — Superior maxillary bone — its
palatine process, c — Cells of the pala-
tine bone, d — Anterior maxillary bone,
destitute of incisor teeth. *i

t- ^-um:

Breeds of Cattle

SECTION OP Head of Ox.

, ^ ! tr.-'

Tiie breeds of cattle which have acquired favor in the United States are
confined to but few. '. ' " '."

The Devons are the typical race of England, as among those that have
retained their purity, through long generations, breeding with entire uniform-
ity as to color, symmetry, horns, and other general characteristics, fully as
much so as the Chillirigham white cattle, which are regarded as desceudanta
of the original or aboriginal cattle of tho British Islands.

' ^m

ill!

FiKST 1'ui;;e Devon Hi'i.i., "Wii-mot."

Two YenrHOUi.

The Property of Mr. (icorge Rii«l(l, Giiolph, Out.

023

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The foregoing: cut is a good illustration of a Devon bull as he appeared
when but two years old. Such an animal may be regarded as a most admirable
specimen.

Classifloation of Baoei.

In England cattle are divided into beef and dairy cattle. Beef cattle
''again are divided into long-horns, middle-horns, short-honis, and polled
or hornless cattle.

>ii>f. 1.1^ ' • •■ "

^ Long-Uoms.

i lO-

Of the long-horns ; the old Irish long-honii showed a striking pecu-
liarity, Avhich was, that their horns turned directly downward.

In Craven, England, has long existed a breed of cuttle peculiar in
themselves, broad in the chine, quick, and easy tc fatten, and noted for
making excellent beef. ,

Under the scientific breeding of Bakewell, a hundred years ago, and
his immediate successor, Leicester, long-horns acquired a wide celebrity.
This was undoubtedly attained by breeding in-and-in. He was kuown
to have done so to a remarkable degi'ee.

With the death of Bakewell and his immediate ficcessors, excessive
delicacy of constitution began to tell, and they began to lose caste years
ago, as a race.

They have left their impress, hoyvover, and, most decidedly, \ pon the
Avholo family of long-horns. They became better feeders, better hand-
lers, and made better beef than before the infusion of this blood.

Thoy have long been superseded by the shoit-hovn and the Hcrcfords,
and are only noticed here, as forming a part of the mixed blood of cattle,
of the United States and Canada.

We occasionally see hy reversion, arimals among our so called native
cattle, showing strong chaiacteristi«s of Leicester, Hereford, Devon, tlie
old Teeswater, the Dutch and polled cattle.

Middle-Horns.

Of the Mlddlc-IIorns the only catt!o valuable in the United States, an
the Dcvons and the Herefords, both wonderful families, in their make up,
and valuable whether for beef or working oxoin

In fact the Devon is the best working ox in the world, and as beef
makers their flesh is superior to that of any other breed, exccj)t the
Scotch, or West Highland cattle.

Besides the Dcvons t'le other families of tiio Middle-Horns, ue the

CATTLE, THEIK ORIGIN, ETC.

622

, M 5

Sdssex, Pembroke, Glamorgan, Angehea, and, in Scotland, the West
Hii'hl.iud cattle, noted for the superiority of their flesh, and which have,
for many generations, remained unchanged, or improved except by selec-
tion.

Their lirincipal valuo? after all, is their extreme hardiness, and aptitude
to fatten where other animals would starve. ^

Above, us showing the characteristics of this breed, we give an illustra-
tion of u West Highland ox, in good feeding flesh.

The Devons.

•■;;;; i

'•).;.

The celebrity that the Devons long ago attained for their superior beef
and working qualities, is wholly due to the fact that they have long been
bred, in North Devon, .pure. Hence, they are often called North Devon,
to distinguish them from the South Devons and the Sussex, both uife-
riorctittlc, either from a feeding or working standpoint. . , .,

The Devons are undoubtedly an original and pure race, and have been
noted for their high excellence for many generations.

It is only within the last two hundred years that systematic efforts have
been iiuidc to increase the excellence of English cattle, and it is not more
than one hundred and fifty years ago that Devon farmers were waked up
to the improvement, that might bo made in these high strung generous
feeders. They have Avithin the last seventy-five years been )rought to
such high perfection, that they do not suffer in comparison with other
high caste cattle, and they would certainly suffer by intermixture vith
any other breed. i ;.. i ; ,' ii .: > ■

Th2: Standard Devon Bulu

\i^:'«fim>f ■

624

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn.

Where Devons Thriyo.

They cannot compete with the Short-Horns und Herefords, on flus),
western pastures.

They lack size, and early maturity, but on hill, or broken pastures, and
in climates too cold for these breeds, and especially in climates unsuitable
to Short^Horns, they are the best cattle ever known.

On the previous page, as showing the extraordinaiy symmetry and
style of this remarkable l)reed, we present a likeness of a Devon bull
remarkable for eminent characteristics of tiie breed.

impossible to j:
roomy t")w.

These cou's,
projection of tl
roomy tiian a c;

Devon Cows. '^^

f •

The bulls of this breed are inclined to be vicious as they got old.
The cows are gentle, and if gently used, kind in the extreini!. Jioth
males and females, however, are so high strung that they will not bear
abuse. A l)rutal master they will light, but if managed with a firm, yet
gentle hand, they are the most familiar, as they are the most intelli-
gent, of honied cattle.

The cows give exceedingly rich milk, and many of them fair (juunlitics.

The males are said to cross kindly with the Guernseys, and these
make va'uable dairy cattle.

There arc however now so many excellent jiure breeds of miikerh that
it would be futile to experiment with the cross, since it will surely redun-
the vahu! of the animal either for work or beef.

As workers, milkers and beef makers combined, for the amount of
food taken, they have no superior, if they have their ecjual. As beef
makers alone, in the West, the Short Horns and Hereford are superior.
As milkers the Jersey, the Holstein and Ayrshire take the palm. As
working cattle the Dt-vons arc superior to all known breeds.

The rut on the following page is a good illustration of a high caste
Devon cow.

Charaoteriitios of the Devon Cow.

This we give as follows :

There are few things more nmarkable about the Devon cattle than the
comparative smallneHH <if the cow. The bull is a great deal less than llii"
ox, and the cow smaller ihan the bull.

This is some disadvantage, and the breeders »re aware of it: for,
although it may not be neeeHsar}- to have a larg*- bull, and ('specially hi-
those of an extraordinary size are seldom hand'-'>me in all tiieir p»»iiii""<
but somewhere or other present coarseness or deformity, it is ulmost

CATTLE, DEVON8.

impossible to procure largo and serviceable oxen except from a somewhat

roomy cow.

These cows, however, although small, possess that roundness and
projection of the two or three last ribs, which make them actually more
roomv than a careless examination of them would indicate.

•;

■»f!?

\> 'Tt

ill;

•,M

Hk cow is particularly distin<^iisl>od for her full, round, clear eye, the
L'olii-colorcd circle around the eye, and tlR' same color on the inside skin
iif the oiir. ■

I he lountcnancc is cheerful, and the muzzle oruns"" or yellow.

S26

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Tho jaws are free from thickness, and the throat from dewlap.
The back, the barrel, and the hind quarters differ from those of other
breeds, having more of roundness and beauty, and being free from angles.

Points of the Devon*.

Youatt, than whom none have written more intelligcncly on domestic
animals, describes the characteristics of tho breed as follows :

The more perfect specimens of the Devon breed are thus distinguished:

Tho horn of the bull ought to be neither too low nor too high, tapering
at the points, not too thick at the tip.

The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of tlie
white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color.

Tho forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, by the smallncss
of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated.

The cheek should be small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose must be of
a clear yellow.

The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the head.

The neck should bo thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault.

Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull does not mate-
rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There
are exceptions, however, to this rule.

" The head of the ox is small, very singularly so, relatively to his bulic;
yet it has a striking breadth of* forehead ; it is clean and free from He
about the jaws.

The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing vivacity of i

CATTLE, DBVON8.

687

countenance, distinguishing it from the heavy aspect of many other

breeds.

Its neck is long and thin, admirably adapting it for the collar, or the
more common and ruder yoke.

It la accounted one of the characteristics of good cattle, that the line
of the neck from the horns, to the withers, should scarcely deviate from

that of the back.

In the Devon ox, however, there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder,
reraindin'^ us of the blood-horse, and essentially connected with the free
iiud (luick notion by which this breed has ever been distinguished.

It has little or no dewlap depending from the throat. '

The liorns arc longer than those of the bull, smaller, and fine even to
the base, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yel'.ow.

The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little oblique ; the
breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted
with the fineness of the withers. ' " "

The fore logs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support
11 jreat weii^ht.

The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no projec-
tion of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck.

■'»i*^ H-

CharaoteriBtios and Important Points. H'wNtti

• ii; r

Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much
flesh and fat.

The fineness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and
tlio l)road and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten.

A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or

With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, dis-

j lilced in the blood or riding horse, and not approved in the horse of light

draught — the legs are far under the chest, or rather the breast jii-ojects

far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this in the beast

of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, except when he is goaded

[oil in catching timss, and the division of whose foot prevents him from

stumbling.

The lightness of the other parts of his form, however, counterbalances

Iheaviness there. ,, ,,. . . ' . \ .-.. -^ .' ' . r.. '. >

The legs are straight, at least in the best herds. If they are in-kneed

lor crooked in the fore-legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and compara-

jtive incapacity for work ; and for grazing, too, for they will be hollow a

Inphind the withers, a point for which nothing can compensate, because it

jtalies away so much from the place where good flesh and fat should be

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

thickly liiid on, and diminishes the capacity of the chest and the power of
creating arterial and nutritious blood.

The Llmbt of the Dtrwu.

The fore-arm is partirulurly lar^e and powerful. It swells outEud-
denly above the knee, but is soon lost in the substance of the shoulder which
is specinlly full and round.

Below the knee the bone is small to o very extraordinary degree, indi-
te' eating a seeming want of atrongth ; but this impression imnicdiatclv
oeases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in the bono ; tbc lew
is deep, r.nd the sinews are far removed from the bone, promising i)oth
strength and speed.

It may bo objected that the leg is a little too long. It would be so in
an animal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animnl, and some
length of leg is necessory to get him actively over the ground.

■j^i"'

^h\ I...! I The Body of the DeTons.

There is some trifling full behind the withers, but no fioUowneag, and
the line of the back is straight from thence to the setting on of tbc tuij.
If there is any seeming fault in the beast, it is that the sides are u
little too flat. It will appear, however, that this does not interferu with
feeding, while a deep, although somewhat flat chest is best adapted for
speed.

The two last ribs are particularly bold and prominent, leaving room
for the stomach and other parts concerned in diger tioa to be fully
developed.

The hips, or buckles, are high up, and on a level with the back, whither
tlie boast is fat or lean.

The hind quarters, or the space from the hip to the point of the rump,
are particularly long and well filled up — a point of importance both for
grazing and working. It leaves room for flesh in the most valuable
part, and indicates much power behind, equally connected with strcnirth
and speed. This is an improvement quite of modern date. The full-
ness here, and the swelling of the thigh below, are of much more n»ii-
soquence than the prominence of fat which is so much admired on thf
rump of many prize cattle.

1 he setting on of the tail is high, on a level with the back, rnreh t^nwl
elevated or depressed. This is another great point, as connected with the |
Derfection of the hind quarters.
W The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the j
bottom.

The Ilorofordf
"riginaliy red or
'>r<'ti to brownish
"•'tliin the last Ini
It wiis finally n
(h'wlap, l.risket a|
tail are 1,,)^ fashi.
I'lipy are a very
they very tniioli

CATTLE, HEREFOKDH.

620

Of the Skin and Hair.

Tho skin of the Devon, with his curly huir, ia oxcoodingly moUow und
elliptic, (iraaers well know that there is not a more important point than
this. When tho skin can be easily raised from the hips it shows that there
\i room to set on fat l)olow.

Tho skin is thin rather than thick. Its appearance of thickness arises
from the curly hair with which it is covered, and curly in proportion to
the condition and health of the animal. Those curls run like little rii)-
])\i'» on water. Some of those cattle have the hair smooth, but then it
siiould bo fine and soft. Those with curled hair are more hardy, and
fatten more kindliv.

Tiic fuvorite color is blood red. Ttiia is snpponed to indicato purity of
Itrpcd ; but there are many gooil cattle approaching almost to buy, and others
of internictliate hues.

If the oyo is clear and good, and tho skin mellow, the paler color will
Ih'ui hard work, and fatten as well as others, but a boast with pale hair,
and liiud under tho hand, and the cyo dark and doud, will bo a sluggish
worker, and >in unprofitable feeder.

Tliono of a yolhjw color are said to bo subject to diurrh(i>a, or scouring.

Tiiese arc the principal points of a good Devon ox ; but he used to be,
periiaps as many are yet, a little too flat-sided, and the rump narrowed
too rapidly behind the hip bones ; there was too much space between t\w.
hip liones and tho last rib, and he was too light for plowing in tenacious
and strong soils.

A Heleetion from tho most perfect animals of tho true brood — tho bono
small and the neck fine, but tho brisket deep and wide, and down to tho
kaeos, and not an at^)m of flatness all over the side — these have improved
the strength and bulk of the Devon ox, without imparing, in tho slightest
degree hiu activity, his beauty, or his propensity to fatten.

Tho Horefords.

Tho Herofords, named from the county of Hereford, England, wore
i»i'i}!;i"idly red or brown, with no white about them. From that thoy wero
bred to brownish or yellowish red, some few oven being brindlo. Only
within tho last hundred years have they liocn l)n*d to white faces.

It was finally made to extend along the top of the neck, along tho throat,
dewlap, brisket and fore legs, belly and flanks ; and white hind feet and
tail an; iiosv fashionable.

Tlipy arc a very ancient breed, and undoubtedly allied to the Devons, whicii
tlipy very nmch resemble. -. l||

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14500

(716) 872-4503

€3

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630

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

.^i^. i>a*i liiJsia 0,'lJ lO

The II(
111 ways ha

Hero
Devon,
breedinn:,
order thai
inside.

With t
large or

CATTLE, HEUEFOIiDS.

Herefords Fifty Yeara Ago.

531

:it

Mr. Marshal, a most competent authority, gives the following account
of the improved Hei-eford as it was known tiftj years ago :

"The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open ; the foreliead broad ; eye
full and lively ; horns bright, taper, and spreading ; head small ; choj)
lean ; neck long and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom broad, and projecting
forward ; shoulder-bone thin, flat, no way protuberant in bone, but full
iiud mellow in flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standuig wide, and level
with the chine ; quarters long, and wide, at the neck ; ininip even with the
level of the back, and sharp above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly
haired ; barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well
spread ; ribs broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming
a smooth, even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strtiugth ; neck
bones snu<T, not prominent ; thigh clean, and regularly tapering ; legs up-
riffiit and short ; bone below the knee and hock small ; feet of middle size :
flank large ; flesh everywhere melloAV, soft, and yielding pleasantly to the
touch, especially on the chine, the shoulder and the ribs ; hide mellow,
supple, of a middle thickness, and loose on the neck and buckle ; coat
neatly haired, bright, and silky; color, a middle red; this, with a bald
face, is characteristic of the true Hereford breed."

The Hereford Cow,

The Hereford cow compared with the ox is small and delicate, and not
always handsomely made, to the superficial observer.

Here again this Ijrccd would seem to show their relationship to the
Devon. She carries but little flesh, in breeding condition, and when
breeding, should not be fed sufiiciently to accumulate muclr fat ; for, in
order that the young be superior, the dam should have plenty of room
inside.

With the Herefords, experience has siioAvn that the dam may not be too
large or coarse but she should be roo»ny. Then the breeder will get,
even from apparently inferior cows, large, haud.somo steers, that will
fatten early, and kindly, and to great weights.

When the cow is done breeding, and ready for fatting, it ^vi\\ please *
the owner to see how she will spread out, .nnd accumulate flesh and fat,
and this to a greater degree, than if not allowed to breed.

The Herefords are a hardy, gentle race, maturing early, and are long
lived. The flesh is superior, handsomely nvarbled, heavy in the prime
partH, and they fatten to weights fully as heavy as any known breed.

Their massive strength, honesty and gentleness make them the fljk,
working oxen known, and the potency of the bull«, when en)fwed u|>oii
34

iji

532

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

red or nearly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily matched
in color, as they will be easily matched in general characteristics of
the progeny.

Herefords in America.

Herefords were first brought to America for systematic breediu" in
1816 or 1817, by the great Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay. 'l".ev
were soon, however, allowed to run down and were at length entirely lost
sight of there. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, a few years after, sent out from
England a Hereford bull to his friends in Massachusp'ts, which was used
in crossing upon the native cattle of the State. He made a very marked
impress there, and for many years the good result was seen in the cattle
of the State, ., .

About the year 1840 there was a large importation made into the State
of New York, from England. They went principally to Jefferson county
and some to Vermont.

About the year 1852 there was another considerable importation of
Herefords into Ohio — very fine animals, where they, in connection with
later importations, have been successfully bred.

In 18C0 and 1861 two importations were made into Canada, consistinir
of two bulls and eleven cows and heifers. From these there have come
down many most excellent animals, which have left their impress far and
wide. Since tliat time there have been various importations, priiioipallv
in Illinois and Maryland, the produce of which have foujrht their wav
.against the opposition of the Short-Horns, until now they may be said to
fairly divide honors with this famous breed in America as they are well
known to do in England. ;

'" » ■.^...f.i'- As Milkerisi. ' ' '■t-.-. ■

The cows are not very deep milkers, in fact they give but little milk,
They were never large milkers, and a course of breeding for many
generations as beef makers, while it has brought up the animals to great
weights and such wonderful symmetry that they fairly dispute the palm
in the showrings with the best Short Horns, the milking qualities have
gradually become less and less. It is but another exemplification of the
fact, that all goodness cannot be combined in one animal.

It is enough that the science of breeding within the last fifty years haj
brought all our domestic animals far toward perfection, in the two great
clssses needed in cattle : that is, superior excellence as beef makers, or
else siuperior excellence as deep and rich milkers. It is ob\4ous that it
must be so, for the animal superior as a milker must necessarily be
JBogether different in her conformation from one destined to produce a
maximum weigjit of prime beef at the earliest age.

ittle milk,

'or many

to great

the palm

ities have

ion of the

produc«

CATTLE, REREFORDS.

633

m 11

' ^v

, ^!

534

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The Hereford Ox.

Whether we consider this remarkable breed either in tlicir adaptability
to heavy draft, or in their wonderful fattening qualities, it is the steers
that make the money for the feeder.

Their capability of standing fatigue and constitutional adaptability in
resisting winter weather, has of late made them great favorites with the
ranchmen on the plains.

So, while we see them winning honors in the show rings at home, the
young bulls are eagerly picked up for transportation to Colorado, New
Mexico, Montana and Wyoming, to put with the herds there, for the
purpose of breeding grades.

Thus two valuable ends will be conserved : That country will
send East most superior cattle for feeding fat, in the great corn region
of the West, while at the same time they will bo raising up steers
admirably adapted to the heavy freighting business in the mountains and

mining districts.

The Hereford of To-day.

As showing the extreme care that has been exercised of late years
this

improving this comparatively rare breed in England, to such great
perfection as to fairly claim honors with the very best Short-Horns, the
following extracts from leading agricultural journals, relating to one of
the great show rings there in 1878, the Bath and West of England, the
Mark Lane Express speaking of the Hereford exhibit says :

•'They are not so numerous as the more fashionable breed, but the
quality throughout is excellent. In the aged bull class there are five
animals of which the Hereford men need not be ashamed. • • •

"The heifers in milk or in calf numbered only three, but two of them
were such animals as it was worth while coming to Oxford on purpose
to see. Mrs. Sarah Edwards, of Wintercott, took first and second,
leaving Mr. Lutlcy the reserve ; but Mrs. Edwards' Leonora is one of
the most perfect animals that has been shown for years. It was first last
year as a yearling at Liveqiool, and will likely be first wherever it goe^.
The champion prize given by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society ^'9.*
also awarded to this heifer as the best female horned animal in the yard.
The companion heifer, Beatrice, is also very handsome, and took second
to Leonora's first at the Royal last year, as it did last week at Oxford.
Mrs. Edwards may well be proud of such stock as that ; if Leonora had
been a Grand Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in
Mnonor, and translated into several languages by this time. But no
InRrt-Hom that we have ever seen was oast in such a mould.

|i';-

CATTLE, HEREF0RD8.

636

In the AgncuUural Gazette (London) we find the following:
"This breed enjoyed the reniarkiiblc distinction of producing both the
(luiiiipii'ii animals at Oxford. Mr. Aaron Rogers' Grateful being
(leilared to be the best bull, and Mrs. Sarah Edwards' lieatrice (a two
vcar old heifer) being declared to be the best cow or heifer hi the yard.
l)oth, as may be supposed, were very good, the heifer pre-eminently so.
She is a daughter of the famous bull, Winter de Cote', and another
iiistiiuce of hereditary merit.

"The yearling heifers and calves indicate thiit this bi-eed is, us beef
makers at an early age, quite up to the highest Short-Horn sttmdard.
The Teeswater may milk better, and be more ready in adapting itself to
local circumstances ; but where the pasture is good, it is hard to beat the
white-faces for grazing.''
The Chamber of Ag-viculture Journal (London) also sa^'s :
"The old bull Hereford class produced an extraordinary ar.imal in Mr.
Aaron Rogers' Grateful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford Show
ill 187*), but did not make his appearance at Bath or Liverpool last year.
He has made wonderful development since, appearing as a t\vo-ycar-f)ld,
a.s is proved by the fact that Thoughtful, who Avas then placed above hint,
and has since taken firsts at Birmingham, Liverpool and Bath, has now
been put second to him ; and that not only was he selected by the judges
as the best Hereford bull on the ground, but in the contest for the
ihampionship succeeded in carrying it off against such a Short-Horu
eompetitor as Sir Arthur IngraTn. This is no slight honor to the
Hereford breed, and of course any animal counted worthy of such a
distinction must be a first-class one, GrateJul, at four ^'ears old, has
eapital loins and chines, with great thickness and depth of frame, and ie
very level all over ; but his grand feature is the astounding mass of
flesh with which his frame is covered. His girth is eight feet ten and
one-half inches. Thoughtful has frequently been described in these
eolumns, and it is sufficient to state that he is a massive, grand bull, who
well supports his merit. The next class was a veiy weak one, only
eonsisting of tAVO, and those not so good as the herds of Mr. H. N.
Edwards and Mr. Philip Turner are accustomed to supply.

"In the coAv class the late Mr. Wavreu Evans' Lady Blanche, which tooK
second prize at Bath, now came to the front position. She is marvelous
iit her fore flank, and displays a great mass of flesh on a well-shaped,
Sn-and frame, which, however, fell off slightly at the rump. The second
piize cow, Mr. E. J. Lewis' Little Beauty, had a highly commended at
Rath, and wonderfully retains her show-yard merit at eleven years old
The two-year-old heifers of Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Leonora and Beatr
were, of course, sure to win. Beatrice has" recently reared a calf, whicl

1*^11-
'^hicn

536

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is slightly against her for showing ; but Leonora is in full bloom with
her beautiful head, symmetrical form, and all that loveliness which is so
taking to the eyp . After being selected as the best Hereford female on
the ground, she carried off the champion prize against a reuiurkablj

pely Short-horn heifer, and one of the best Devons that has ai
or years, so that both cups were awarded to Herefords."

CATTLE, SUSSEX.'

Sussex Cattle.— Distinguishing Marks.

537

This breed is closely allied to the Devons, but coarser. Their distin-
ffuishinj^ murks are :

The horns are more tapering, pushing farther forward, and turning
up more. The head is small and well formed, the eye full, large and
mild in the ox, but rather wild and unquiet in the cow. The throat is
clean and the neck long and thin, but coarser than in the Devon. The
shoulder is wider and rounder on the withers ; straighter from the
top of the withers towards the back, and carries much flesh, giving too
much weight to unprofitable parts. On the other hand, the barrel is
round and deep, the back straight, and the back-bone entirely hidden by
the muscles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and large, and the
belly and flank capacious. The barrel is well-ribbed home. The loins
arc wide, the hip-bone low, free from raggedness, large, and well spread,
and the space between the hips well filled up. The tJiil, which is fine
and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is nearly as
straight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of flesh and fat swelling
above. The hind quarters are cleanly made, and if the thighs appear to
be straight without, there is plenty of fullness within.

la color the Sussex is a deep chestnut red, or blood bay. They are
all lighter in color than the Devon, but in color they are fully as uniform.

The Sussex Cow.

The cows have fine hair, a mellow, rather than thin skin ; a small teat ;
horns fine, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from the head
and turn up at the tips ; the neck is thin and clean ; back and belly
straight ; ribs round and springing out well ; shoulder flat, but projecting
at the point.

Hips and rump wide ; the tail set on level with the rump, and the car-
cass lai-ge ; the legs are rather short and fine.

The cows are not good milkers ; they are often uneasy in the pasture,
and as before stated, unquiet in temper.

They have been, some of them, imported to the United States and
even exhibited and sold as Devons.

This description of the Sussex is given for this reason : Those who
ouy Devons should be careful that they have no stain of this blood ;
in other words, their pedigree should be perfect.

Short-Horned Breeds.

The Short-Horn breeds of England are represented by the Duvharn^ the
Yorkshire, the Lincolnshire, the Teeswater and the Holderness breeds.

538

1LLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

9
o

•* -A oil

CAITLB 8UOUT-I10RN8.

639

Tlio Yorkshires and Lincoliishircs arc now but littlo known, being super-
sijded by tlic improved brtuid now generally known and recognized by
iho uiinie of Sliorl-IIoni, or the crosses thereof.

Tlieir chuniet eristics were those in u nKnlitied degree of the ohl Dur-
ham and Teeswuler cattle.

■'}'■

Short-Horns Proper.

Tlio only representation of this class worthy of notico here, are the
dcscendiints of the old Durham or Teeswater cattle, which have existed
ill the counties of Durham and York, from the earliest historical periods.
These uniforiuly had shoi't honif-, were of large size, and were extra-
oidiiiary milkers.

As to their characteristics, they Avcre thin-skiinied ; sleek-haired ;
rather delicate in cronstitution ; not mellow to the touch ; coarse in offal ;
defective in girth forward ; slow to fatten ; the meat inferior, and often
of a dark hue. ' \ , • ""V

Excellence in the aptitude of the Short-Horns of latter years to fatten,
caiiv iiiatuiity, and mellowness of hide, go back almost one hundred
and lil'tv years, when the Short-Horns, on the banks of the river Tees,
(and hence called the Teeswater breed), began to assume the distinctive
characteristics of the Short-Horns of a later period.

Short-Horn History.

/■

Whatever may have been the oi'igin of the cattle from which have
descended the present race of Short-Horns, it is not of moment here. It
is enough to knoAV that they had been for many generations bred suf-
ficiently pure to establish certain characteristics that attracted the most
eminent breeders of the day.

Among the breeders of the latter part of the last century, and the
early jjart of the present century, Avere the Collings, (Charles and
Robert), Sir Heni-y Vaue, Col. John Trotter, and Mr. Mason.

In the early years of the present century, Mr. John Stevenson, Mr.
Bates, and Mr. Booth, each became celebrated for the eminence of their
animals. Earl Spencer also acquired a great reputation, as the possessor
of extraordinary animals, and for prices received by himself and Mr.
Bates. 'J : z^;??*-'''"

Since the death of the latter gentleman in 1849, Short-Horns have
steadily increased in price for fashionably bred animals, running far into
thousands of dollars, of late years, for a single animal, while those not
so fashionably bred were equally sought at prices that would have seemed
large fifty or sixty years ago. ' ■■'■':'■■ '■::.':^^-

540

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Below may bo found an outline representation of a fat Short-Horn cow.

It will he ol)8crvod that this animal carries groat size, a square l)ody of
great substance, while the legs are sufficient for locomotion, although
from the fullness of the carcass they seem short, and that there is abund-
ance of meat iu the prime parts, including tbo thighs, which carry their

V:.',

(■■.'■;-

fullness well down to the hocks. It will be seen that she is characterized
by massiveness, smoothness, and that she shows the appearance of carry-
ing light offal. The brisket is deep, the udder small, but compact, and

CATTLE, SIIOHT-HORNS.

extending well forward. The rump is smooth, but broud, und without
patohincHH — that is, grt-at lumps of fat stJiniling out like blubber. The
liij)H arc broad and well covered with Hesh und fat ; and the loins, and
indiH'd the whole top, exceptionally good. In fact, she is an animal
carrying boef all over, w'here flesh may im laid on, and full of fat inside.
Sho ifi a grand representative of the breed, and one that may bo fattened
to a great weight.

70.

Bhort-Horns in America.

Mr. Allen, the editor of the American Short-Horn Herd Book on
American cattle, from a very exhaustive research of importations in
relation to the introduction of this most valuable breed into the United
States, says:

Soon after the termination of the Kevolutior.ary war with England, a
few cattle supposed to be pure Short Horns, were brought into Virginia
by a Mr. Miller. These were said to be well fleshed animals, and the
cows remarkable for milk, giving as high as thirty-two quarts in a day.
Some of the produce of these cattle, as early as 1797, were taken into
Kentucky by a Mr. Patton, where, as little was knoMU of "breeds,"
they were called, after the gentleman who brought them, the "Pattou
stock." They were well cared for, and. made a decided improvement in
the cattle of the "blue grass country," where they Avere first introduced.
Some of this early Virginia stock also went out to the "south branch of
the Potomac," in that State, a fine grazing country, which, fifty years
ago, was famous for its good cattle. In the year 179(5, it is said that an
Englishman, named Heaton, brought two or three Short Horn cattle from
the north of England to New York. They were taken to Westchester
county, near by, and bred, but no results, in pure blood, have been
traced to them.

In 1815-10, a Mr. Cox, an Englishman, imported a bull and two
heifers into Rensselaer county , New York. These were followed in 1822
by two l)ulls, imported by another Englishman named Hayne. Descend-
ants from this Cox stock were said to be bred pure, and afterwards
crossed by Mr. Hayne's bulls. The stock now exists in considerable
numbers and of good quality, in that and adjoining counties.

In 1817 Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, made an
importation of three bulls and three heifers from England. They were
of good quality and blood, and laid the foundation of many excellent
herds in that State. In 1818, Mr. Cornelius Cooledge, of Boston,
Massachusetts, imported a yearling heifer, — "Flora" — and a bull —
"Cicero" — into that city, from the herd of Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in

I; f

•/

-jmm

^''

?i '

;• i

542

TLLUSTBATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

the county of Durham, England. ' These were carefully bred, and rmny
of their descendants are now scattered throughout several States. About
the same year Mr. Samuel Williams, then a merchant iu London, but a
native of Massachusetts, sent out a bull — "Young Denton" — and some
cows of the same and later importations, and their descendants iirc still
numerous among well bred Short Horns of the present day.

The same year, Mr. Gorham Parsons, of Brighton, Massachuscttfs
imported a Short Horn bull — "Fortunatus" — bred by Geo. Faulkner,
of North Allerton, Yorkshire, England. He was used consideraljjy on
the native cows of his State, Ijut we have nevcp traced any thorough-bred
pedigrees to him.

In 1820, Mr. Theodore Lyman, of Boston, Massachusetts, imported a
bull, which he sold to Israel Thorndike, of that city, and he sent him to
his farm in Maine. Of his produce we hear nothing.

About the year 1820, and during a few yeai's succeeding, several
spirited gentlemen of Boston, and i^s neighborhood, imported a nuuiber
of cows and bulls from some of the best herds in England. They were
Messrs. Derby, Williams, Lee, Prince, Monson, and jjerhaps others.
These were all fine cattle, and of approved blood in the English Short-
Horn districts. Their descendants are still nmnerous in New England,
and some otlicr States.

About the year 1823, the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coflin, of the British
navy, a native of Massachusetts, sent out a cow — "Anabella" — and »
bull — "xVdmiral" — as a gift to the Massachusetts Agricultural Socio' ,
They Avere good animals, and bred with the other jMassachusetts impor-
tations.

Shortly previous to 1821, the late John S. Skinner, of Baltimore,
Maryland, imported for Goveruor Lloyd, of that State, a l)ull — "Cham-
pion" — and tAVO heifers — "White Rosic'' and "Shepherdess" — from the
herd of Mr, Champion, a noted English breeder. From these, several
good aninmls descended, some or which are now known.

In 1823, Mr. Skinner also imported for the lute Gen. Stephen Van
Rensslier, of Albany, Now York, a bull — "Washington" — and two
heifers — "Conquest" i\\d "Pansey" — from the same herd of Mr.
Champion. Conquest did not breed ; Pansey was a successful breeder,
and many of her descendants are now scattered over the country.

During the years 1822 to 1830, the late Mr. Charles Henry HaUl, of
New York, imported several Short-Hor^ bulls and cows, from som* of
the best English b.erds. Several of these he sold to persons in the neighhor-
hood of thiit city, soon after they arrived, and others he sent to his farm
in Rensselaer countv, near Albany, and there bred them. Their descend-

ants are now scattered through several good herds.

;-i.(

« -♦■

GRADE SHORT HORN TRIPLETS.

Fine specimens of Grade Short Horn Steers, and remarkable as being triplet brothers,
I, "Tom;" a, "Dick;" and 3, " Harry." Exhibited at the Centennial Ex-
hibition, 1876. Photographed from life by Schreiber & Sons.

I' :■!

f. i

wnf'

*■

'•'■'m

-3s^'

^'' CATTLE, SHOUT-HORN'S

543

wm,^>

544

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia, Pa., com.
menced importations, and for several years continued them with much
spirit and judgment. His selections were principally from the herds of
Jonas Whitaker, of Otley, in Yorkshire, England. He bred them assid-
uously at his fine estate at Powelton, near the city, and sold many to
neighboring breeders, and to^o into Ohio and Kentucky, where muuy of
their descendants still remain.

About the year 1828, Mr. Francis Rotch, then of New Bedford, Mass., .
selected from the herd of Mr. Whitaker, and sent to Mr. Bcnj. Rodman,"
of New Bedford, a bull and three heifers. They were afterwards sold to
other breeders, and their descendants are now found in several excellent
herds.

In the year 1833, the late Mi*. Walter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im-
ported a bull and several valuable cows from choice herds in Yorkshire,
England. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now
found in many good western herds.

But the fii-st enterprise in importing Short-Horns upon a grand scale
was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the Scioto
Valley, and its adjoining counties, in Ohio. They formed a company,
with adequate capital, and sent out an agent, who purchased the best cattle
to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nineteen animals in
one ship, landed them at Philadelphia, and drove them to Ohio. Further
impoilations were made by the same company, in the years 1835 and 1836.
The cattle were kept and bred together in one locality, for upwards of
two years, and then sold by auction. They brought large prices — $500
to $2,500 each — and were distributed chiefly among the stockholders, who
were among the most extensive cattle breeders and graziers of the famous
Scioto Valley.

In 1837-8-9, importations were made into Kentucky, bj' Messrs. James
Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well-
selected Short-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the importers,
and the others sold in their vicinitv.

In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker, above mentioned, sent out to Philadelphia,
on his own account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own
and other herds, and put them on Col. Powell's farm, where he sold them
at auction. They were purchased at good prices, mostly by breeders from
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and distributed widely through those
States.

From 1835 up to 1843, several importations of fine stock were made
by Mr. Weddle, an English emigrant, to Rochester, N. Y., and by Amer-
ican gentlemen, among whom were Messrs, E. P. Prentice, of Albany,
N. Y., Mr. James Lenox and Mr. J. F. Sheaffe, of New York city,

CATTLE, SHORT-HORNS.

545

Me-isrs. LeRoy and Newbould, of Livingston county, the late Peter A.
Remsen, of Genesee county, N. Y., and Mr. Whitney, of New Haven,
Ct., IVIr. Gibbons, of New Jersey, and some others, not now recollected,
11 valuable animals. They were bred for some years by their owners,

with much care. Mr. Prentice, for several years, had a large and excellent
herd on his home farm. After some years all these herds were sold and
widely distributed,
herds. ''-'■"

Their descent ants still remain among our valuable

';.t?'V:'-

546

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In the year 1849-50, Col. J. M. Sherwood, of Auburn, and Mr. Ambrose
Stephens, of Butavia, N. Y., imported from the herd of Mr. Bates a bull
and from Mr. Jno. Stephenson, of Durham, Enghuid, three bulls and
several heifers, all choice animals, and successfully bred them duriiifr
several years. The stock became widely distributed, and well kuowu among
stock dealers. ,^. ^\ ' iV.,;!

Ai)out the year 1839, Mr. George Vail, of Troy, N. Y., made an im-
portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirk-
leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had been intro-
duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and inipoiled
several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Ducliess"
and other families. He bred them with success and widely' distiil)utod
their blood. Mr. Vail made a final sale of his herd in the voixr IS'):?.

A period of some years now occurred, in which few more, if uuv,
Short-Horns were imported. Cattle, as well as all kinds of agricultuni!
prodiice, were exceedingly low ; but as things grew better, the demand
for "blood" cattle revived, and the spirit for their breeding was renewed.
Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, died
in 1849. His herd, fully equal in qualit}' to any in England, was sold in
1850. The choicest of them— of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes-
fell mostly into the hands of the late Lord Dacie, at Fortworth Park,
already the owner of a noble herd, to which the Bates .stock was added,
He was a skillful lireedcr, and of most liberal spirit, and during the brief
time he held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased,
Within three ycai's from the time of the sale of Mr. Bates' herd, Lord
Dacic died. In 1853, peremptory sale of his stock was widely advertised.
Allured by the reputation of his herd, several American gentlemen went
over to witness it. The attendance of English herders was very laipe.
and the sales averaged higher prices in individual animals than had been
reached since the famous sale of Charles Colling, in 1810. Mr. Samuel
Thorne, of Duchess county, N. Y., bought several of the best and highest
priced animals, of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes, and added to
them several more choice ones, from different herds*. Messrs. L. G.
Morris, and the late Noel J. Becar, of New York, bought others of tiie
"Duchess", and "Oxfords," to which they added more from oilier
choice herds. These were all brought over here, and bred. Mr. Ezra
Cornell, of Ithaca, and Mr. James 0, Sheldon, of Geneva, N. Y., pooh
afterwards made some importations, and obtained some of the "Batea"
blood also. The late Gen. James S. Wadsworth, and other gentlemen of
the Genesee Valley, N. Y., also made importations. These "Bates"
importations have since been bred so successfully by their holders here,
that several young bulls and heifers, bred by Mr. Thome and Mr. Shel

CATTLE, 8HORT-HOKK8.

547

don, have been purchased by English breeders, and sent over to them at
good prices, where they are highly valued.

In 1852-3-4, several spirited companies were formed in Clinton, Mad-
ison, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Favette, and some
35

548

lI.Lim'rilATKU WTOCK DOCTOK.

other counties of Kentucky, and nmdo inii)()rtutioii8 of the best cattle to
be found in the English herds, and after tlu^r arrival here, distributed

Mfii'

Hmong tlioir stockholilors. Mr. li. A. Alcxandoi , of Kciituciiy, silso,
during those years, made oxtonsive imjiortatious of choice blood for his

(!ATTLE, 8IIORT-HOBN8.

hid

own breeding, so that in the year 1856, it may bo said that the United
States possessed, according to their numbers, us valuable a selection of
Short-Horns as could be found in England itself . ft./

Keeping pace with the States, a number of enterprising Canadians,
sinco the year 1835, among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam Fer-
gusson, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. Frederick
Wni. Stone, of'Guelph, and Mr. David Christie, of Brantford, in Canada
West, and Mr. M. H. Cochrane and others, in Lower Canada, have made
sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred them with skill and
spirit. Many cattle from these importations, and their descendants,
have been interchanged between the United States and Canada, and all
may now be classed, without distinction, as American Shoil-Horns.

;t,,,>,., , ;,.,,,

Short-Horns in the West.

In the Northwestern States the first importation of Short-Horns direct
from England was by the Hlinois Importing Company, in 1858. This
was an association of gentlemen, a part of them members of the State
Board of Agi'iculture, in connection with prominent breeders of the
State. They retumed in July of the same year with twenty Short-Horn
fows and seven bulls, of approved blood, which were sold at auction on
August 27th, at Springfield, to breeders throughout the State. They
also brought over two stallions, three Cotswold rams, nine ewes, four
Southdown rams, eight Southdown ewes, five Berkshire boars, four
Berkshire sows, and ten boars and sows of Irish breeds ; also Cumber-
land and Yorkshire boars and sows. From this time on, various States in
the West have taken up the breeding of Short-Horns as they have
increased in wealth and population, until now no finer herds can be
found in any other locality ; and, the fact that at the New York Mills
sales indi^adual animals brought prices all the way to over $30,000, for
exportation to England — prices which before this time would have been
considered fabulous — shows conclusively that Short-Horns, as bred in
the United States, have not suifered in comparison with those bred in
their native land. No such prices were ever reached before in any
country in the world ; nor have they been since. To-day they are found
wherever civilization extends. As beef producers they have no superiors ; "
as milk producers there are families eminent in this respect, and they have
left their impress upon the stock of the country wherever introduced.

Short-Horns for the Dairy.

It has been held that the Short-Horns are as good for milking as they
are for beef. That they once were most excellent dairy cows there is no

5B0

IfJiUSTRATRI) STOCK IMXrrOK.

doubt. That American Short-Horns of the present are not, as u class
even decent milkers, there is as little doubt. The early importations of
Short-Horns were of the milking strains. For the last thirty years,
however, they have been bred with such special reference to beef points
and early maturity that it is now difficult to find a decent milker in any
of the more fashionable strains of blood, and very many of the cows
will not give milk enough to properly raise a calf. Once in a while
however, a very superior milking animal appears, showing," by reversion,
what the (capabilities of the breed might be in this direction.

That the early importations of Short-Horns were uniformly good in
this direction, as well as admirable beef cattle there is no doubt. That
they have left thoir impress upon the native cattle in this direction is
unquestioned. That they exist to some extent in England and America,
in particular herdir, is certain. We have seen them here and know thev
are there. They have grown less, year by year, as the improvement of
other dairy breeds became more and more manifest, until of late years
little has been claimed for them as milkers. Their great value as earlv
maturity beef makers, — attaining great weight — having superceded then-
purely milking characteristics. Among the better milkers may be niuncd
the descendants of the "Patton breed," the " seventeens," or the im-
portation of 1817, and some descendants of the Ohio importation of
1834. In fact, this latter importation was made solely with a view to
beef and flesh points, and since this time milk has been ignored by the
more fashionable breeders both in England and America.

Short-Horns for Beef.

Throughout the whole West, especially, beef was the object sought.
The land was cheap, fertile, and the pastures flush. Until within the last
few years, butter and cheese was not an exportable product, beef was.
It is not strange that a class of animals was sought that would produce
the most beef in the least possible time. How this has been developed,
the great herds of Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, WLs-
cousin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and later, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kan-
sas, give ample proof.

In breeding there are no superior cattle in the world. Their usefulncs.s
as beef producers will continue to grow with the settlement of the country.
The value of the bulls for crossing upon the ordinary stock of the country
is becoming more and more appreciated every year. It will continue to
be an increasing integer for many years to come.

On the next page, as showing a modern bred Short-Horn bull, combi-
ning excellent beef points, with great stamina and constitution, we give
an illustration of "Hiawatha." •

CATTLK, HIIOiiT-IiOHNH.

551

The modern Short-Horn has groat thiokneHH of (tan^ass, squnriHh-rotund
shape, rapid growth, early maturity, and a ripciuiHs at two, three, four,
or live years, that is attained by no other breed. Many are nho the hand-

somest cattle to look at of any known bnuid — weight, substance and style
being taken into eonsideration. There is a w()nd<!rful fullness in the
earcass, extending to every part. The choice flesh is put on in parti

a „i.;i«

562

ILMWTUATKI* MTOCK I)0<T(H{.

wh«ro ordiniiry cattlo fail ; Uio offiil in Dxcc^ijtioimlly Ii<>;ljt, uh li<;lit tw it
would bo luiioii^ coiiiinoii niitivc luiltK; of two-lliinis tlin weight. In th«
niillt-yioldiiig Short-Horns Hkto \h ii IciuliMicy to loiuiiu'ss. Many ar«

lighter before, flatter in the side, l)ut; yet exceedingly firm all over, from
a dairyman's standpoint. In the beef animals there is a rotund fulliies«i
a smoothness, a majesty, no where else seen.

OATTI.K, MIIOUT-HOKNN.

Ah sliowiiigboof ill tlm Sliort-IIoni cow, in an iMniiicitt dogrct', wo givti
ft iiortrait of tlio cow "Rosiiinoiid," nhowing not only good \wi>.f pointt*
hut milking iinulities lis well.

Points of ShortHorns Desoribed.

The points of Short-IIorns — and whicii will apply in judging all hoof
aiiiniiils, witli slight variations, to l)o honniftor described — are worth} of
ii somewhat minute description. The points are of two classes — those
olistivod with the oye and those felt by the touch. By the eye one
ohacrvcs the general contour of the animal ; size, length, bi'cadth, thick-
ness, fineness of l)ody, head an<l limb ; the loin, back, thigh, th(^ spring
of (iu) rib and the manner in which the animal is ribbed up close to the
hip l)()iics. The touch — that is, the feeling under the touch — shows
Ifiiglii and ({uality of the hair, thickness and chwticity of the skin. The
cvo and expression of countenance is indicative of disposition and tem-
per. An elastic, mellow ami yet firm hide, of medium thickness, is an
iiulieation of well marbled flesh, while a floating, soft skin will indi-
cate blubl)ery fat, and often dark colored llosh.

The Butcher's Profit.

The butcher in buying an animal for beef has now-a-chiys but a single
object in view — the animal that will turn out the greatest amount of lean
meat in the prime parts, with the least offal, and only a moderate amount
of fat ; for fat is now one of the cheapest portions of the animal. Years
ago, in the days of tallow candles, the reverse was the cttao. The back,
loin, and ribs are the choice bits ; next the rump and thigh ; then the
shoulders ; while the neck and head are comparatively worthless. The
ttagaeious breeder, while keeping this constantly in view, seeks to add
oiiily maturity to good flesh. He who comes nearest to this has the best
animal, whatever the breed, or the pedigree of the particular breed. Th«
butcher's block is the final, the crucial test.

A description of the points of the Short-Horn was so carefully and
admirably given by Dr. A. C. Stevenson, Prej'dent of the Indiana Short-
Horn Breeders' Association, at the first convention thereof, that wo
append a synopsis, accompanied with an outline of a Short-Horn, to
whicli reference can be made, illustrating the principal points.

In this it will be seen that n, b, c, d,f\ h, m, j, k, «, y, z, represent the
inferior parts ; from the girth p, back, including ?•, s, t, «, y, the superior
liarts. From this it will be easy to understand the points and th«
lespeetive numbers as given in the scale.

The Head.
"The head should be small." This is a very imporfecrt description of

654

ILLU8TKATRD STOCK DOCIOB.

the head, but in too many accounts, all that is given. If the size of the
head were all that was of consequence, a pound difference in any case

Points of Short-Horn Bull. • ^' ' -■

would be of little consequence in the sale of a bullock. It is the form
of the head that becomes of so much interest to the breeder. The head
above the eyes should be wide, giving space for large cerebral develop-
ment. The intelligence of the animal depends upon a well-developed
brain and nervous system ; upon which, also, so much depend the vigor-
ous and healthy action of the organs of digestion and assimilation ; the
cdrculation and the vital functions generally ; the intelligence and temper
of a cow depends much upon a well-developed brain. It will be found
by observation that most vicious beasts have small upper heads, and are
large below the eyes. Again, the upper head should be wide, to give
width to the articulations of the lower jaw. It is necessar}'' that the part
of the mouth where the food is to be masticated should be large, that the
supplies required for the stomach may be well masticated and re-mastica'
ted in chewing the cud. There is another reason for width at the base of
the head and between the angles of the lower jaw : it is here that the
very important passages have their entrance, which supply food for the
stomach and air for the lungs. Close at hand, also, is the important con-
nection of the spinal marrow and the brain, to say nothing of many hvrge
and important blood-vessels that find their way to the head. These con-
siderations we think conclusive as to the necessity of size of head.

The portion below the eyes, the face, should be comparatively small.
Its principal office is to gather food and air. Ihin lips and elastic
nostrils are wanted. The eyes should be large, bright and lively, and yet
quiet. The physiognomy of the ox is as clearly indicative of his character

CATTLE, SHORT-HORNfl.

66&

as that of a man is written upon his face ; and the reason that less is
indicated in the face of an ox is because he has fewer vices, and has been
guilty of fewer transgressions. A small dark eye, set in a dark circle,
with a large face below and a narrow head above, will indicate an animal
that is bad tempered, wild, and consequently a poor feeder. The circle
around the eye should be of a bright yellow color, the nose the same.
These considerations may seem trifles, yet this color is the result of a pe-
culiar secretion, and the inference is a probable one, at least, that other
secretions will be apt to resemble it in color. Hence, the secretion of
milk will be apt to resemble it in color, and a bright colored flesh is be-
lokened by these peculiar secretions as indicated in the color of the nose
jind circles about the eyes. As a very large ear mostly indicates sluggish-
ness, one of medium size is preferable. A bullock of fine organization
will manifest very clearly his impressions by the movement of his ears.
If he flees from danger his ears are erect, or a little inclined backward,
that he may be the better warned of danger behind. If he is in haste to
meet a kind master, who is bringing him a desired meal, the ear is pre-
sented forward. The horns should be clear, without black tips or any
black marks whatever — some say of a waxy color, some again, claim that
they should be flat in Short-Horns. But these matters are, most of them,
non-essentials. We dismiss the head, after attaching it to the neck in its
proper position — not at right angles, but at an angle of so many degrees
that, with the under part of the neck it forms an arch. This gives a
better throat and a freer passage for the food and air to the stomach and
lungs, and is graceful withal.

The Neok.

The neck expresses very much less to the breeder than the head
and face. The neck should be just long enough to enable the taking of
food easily from the ground. It should be strong and well muscled upon
its sides, covering at its base the points of the shoulders well, and at its
junction with the head it should be small and round, with its skin fitting
it pretty much as a well-fitting stockmg does the leg — ^the under line of
the neck with the under line of the jaw. A thin, broad neck,is sure to
indicate weakness and poor feeding and fattening qualities. Animals
having such may well be avoided as breeders.

Contour of the Body.

The butcher, the breeder and the stock dealer, may now meet
and consult profitably on the general contour of the body. Here the
opinions of the former may be a'iopted, as he fixes the price of all
'butchers' stuff.' The ox of givea weight that will sell for most in mar-

556

ILLU8TBATBU STOCK UOCTOU.

ket possesses the points that must be adopted. These points are now
however, well established, and wo have only to refer to them and notice
the reasons on which they are founded. We proceed to name theni be-
fore we give their rationale. In general contour the body should be
nearly a square. The crops should be wide. The line of the back should
be straight ; the line of the belly nearly so, swelling a little behind the ribs ;
the flank low ; the ribs barrel-shaped ; the loins wide, and the rump loii"
and wide ; the back should be wide, and the thigh should be long and
wide; the legs short and comparatively small, or at least not coarse;
tail light ; hair soft and fine. The color should be red or white, or a
mixture of the two, as roan or pied.

As has already been said, the body should be nearly a square. The
vital currents moving in short lines are more effective than when moving
in those of great length. The blood moving from the heart along very
extended channels, flows with much less force as it recedes from the
cause that set it in motion. The same is probably true of the nervous
currents. The gi'eat vitalizing organs are located near the center of the
system — a provision of nature by which the vital currents arc shorter
than under any other arrangement. Here is the heart sending out its
gi'eat currents of arterialized blood in all directions, to supply and
nourish all the members of the body. Sitting over it is that wonderful
air machine, the lungs, receiving the entire venous currents — an atmos-
pheric bath — by which they are so renovated and changed as to make
the blood again fit for the heai-t's use, to which it is returned by the
shortest possible route. These organs lie encased together, and never
cease their operations night or day. But just here in this great center is
another great vitalizer of fully equal importance — the stomach. Here
the food is received and changed into chyle, which is at once thrown into
the circulation, where its oflice of supplying the system is performed.
Now, the nearer a body is compacted around these great vitalizing
systems the more effectual will ho the supplies. Observation fully
sustains these views. A very lengthy bullock never fattens so readily as
a short one. The breeds of hogs with long bodies arc known not to
fatten so readily as those of short, square forms, as the Siamese and
Chinese. The same is true of sheep, and also of the horse. And even
in man, wo rarely find a corpulent man who will measure six feet.
Obesity will generally be found under six feet. Health and vigor is
equally confirmed by observation, as a result of the square structure,
Longevity may also be claimed with the greatest propriety for the same
proportions. A bullock with a square frame will be sure to possess all
the qualities of health and vigor, and will feed and fatten us well or
better than a long one-

CATTLE, 8HORT-HORN8.

Broad in the Crops.

567

The animal broad in the crops has a better back ; but it is also
evidence of a better rib beneath the shoulder-blade, giving greater width to
the chest within, and consequently greater play to the lungs. This position
of the shoulder-blade enables the legs to be brought more gracefully
under the chest beneath. There are some beasts whose fore-legs stand
go wide apart that they very much resemble two sticks stuck into a large
pumpkin. Such animals are considered awkward and inconvenient at least.

The Back Should be Straight and Broad.

A broad back affords valuable roasting bits, and will be the delight of the
butcher. The straight back affords a better spinal column, and gives th«
proper space to the cavities beneath, which, as we have just seen, are
occupied by the most important organs. A straight line also gives to the
ribs a more graceful as well as more convenient attachment.

Bibs Should be Barrel-Shaped.

The ribs rising well from the spine, giving to the body a round or
barreled shape, gives much more room to the organs within — the heart
and lungs — than there would be if the ribs descended in such a manner
as to give a flat side. A beast with flat sides, and consequently a narrow
throat, will lack greatly in vigor and health, and all the essential qualities
that constitute a good bullock. A bad rib gives poor space to the
abdominal organs which lie immediately behind those of the chest, unless
the belly is greatly sagged, which is generally the case.

The Loin Should be Wide.

This is an interesting point to those who love choice bits and are willing
to pay well for them. The butcher makes large estimates here, and is
sure to suit liberal purchasers. But nature is ever true to herself, for
here, as elsewhere, beneath a broad loin she has provided largo space for
iniportiint organs, as the bowels, kidneys, and the organs of the pelvis.
Iho rump of a good Short-Horn is a very nice point. The back should
extend out straight to the setting on of the tail. The thigh should pass
up to this point nearly straight, so as to make the junction a right angle.
This point, in many beasts, will be found to be a circle, which is unsightly
and causes a loss of prime beef.

The Legs,

The legs should be short. There are precisely the same reasons for

568

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

objecting to long legs that there are to long necks or long bodies. Obser-
vation proves a leggy animal to be not so good a feeder as one with short
limbs. The bone of the leg should be fine and smooth, and not too large.
The legs should stand well under the animal, and the hocks directly in line
with the bod}', so that in moving, the hocks will be well separated, or
about as far apart as the hind feet. The fore-legs should be straight and
stand well under the chest, that the animal may have an easy and free
movement. The inner side of the fore-legs, as it passes the sternum,
presents a beveled appearance, to bring the limbs to their proper position
beneath. Upon the proper position of the limbs depends that ease and
gracefulness with which a bullock should move. It may be thought of no
consequence how a bullock moved so that he is able to get to the market,
but be assured there is much in it, it evinces strength and health, which
are indispensable in feeding. I have seen Short-Horns carrjdng two
thousand pounds and upwards, with limbs so perfect that their movements
were as nimble as if they were carrying but a thousand.

■■:-'.rK^-i- The Touch. . ,■ , .■■^^■•- ■ ' , . .

By this the butchers ascertain beforehand the quality of the flesh. By
it the breeder ascertains the aptitude to fatten as well as the quality and
quantity of flesh that the animal will carry.

Of all the qualities o* the ox, this is probably the most difficult to
understand. It is the peculiar sensation of softness and elasticity that is
produced by the pressure of the hand on different pai*ts of the body.
This sensation depends, in part, upon a large cellular development
beneeth the skin and between the muscles, and part upon the muscular
structure, adapting itself to the laborious duties it has to perform. It
is, therefore, to the cellular and muscular tissue that this sensation of
touch is to be attributed. It is very common to find a softening of tlie
muscular fibre as an accompaniment or a precursor of disease that may
mislead. The same may be observed in the aged of both man and beast.
What is 'touch,' or what is it to 'handle well?' How is it to be distin-
guished from that which portends bad health and old age ? By its elas-
ticity — its power to replace the parts when pressed — a springy sensation.
Mellowness from disease has a sluggish feel and moves slowly when
under the hand ; to a less extent, it is true, still something of the same
that is manifested in the pressure of the fingers On a dropsical limb as
compared with a healthy one. In the one the indentions replace them-
selves sluggishly, whilst in the other with a ready elasticity.

It will require much practice to become an adept in this knowledge.
Still many useful lessons may be daily had by the examination and hac)-
ling of one's own stock. Comparative handling will afford much

CATTLE, 8HOKT-HOBN8.

559

assistance. Take those animals that are known to accumulate fat readily
and largely, as the opossum or the bear, or any other known to take on
fat readily, and you will find a peculiarly soft and mellow 'touch.'
Those breeds of swine, as the Chinese or Siamese, that are known to
accumulate fat largely, as compared with some of the poorer wood
breeds, mW offer good and ready illustrations. But probably the most
ready illustration will be found in man himself. All that class of persons
disposed to corpulency will be found to have a soft mellow touch, while
those disposed to leanness will be found rigid and hard. This may be
readily recognized in shaking hands. A very delicate lady may some-
times be found to have a hard hand as well as a sharp tongue. Smooth,
soft skin will also be found belonging to this class of persons.

V > The Skin.

The sldn should be thick, soft and elastic — fitting aMke either a poor
or fat ox. A lean animal, with an inelastic skin stretched upon him,
could not fatten for the want of space to expand in. But with an elastic
skin he may be swelled to great dimensions in what seemed to be but a
covering for his bones. The skin performs very important functions in
the animal economy. It is not only a covering for all the parts beneath
it— a protector against cold and heat, and all external causes of danger,
but it is the seat of a vast system of minute blood vessels and capillaries,
of exhalents and absorbents. A vast nervous tissue centers here that
renders the skin sensitive in the highest degi'ee. The great viuil worth
and importance of the skin may be readily appreciated by any injuries
done it. The rapidity with which extensive burns destroy life, may
serve as a sufficient illustration. ' Destroy my skin, and you shall have

my bones also.'

-' ■ . *

The Hair.

The hair should be thick and fine, forming a protection against inclem-
encies of weather. It is not sensitive, and is, therefore, a proper shield
to the whole body, and it is an evidence of the wisdom displayed in the
creation of this family of the animal kingdom, that its hair — its outer gar-
ment, against which all injuries must first come — should be without
sensation — a complete c(Jat of mail, injuries to which cause no pain.
Fine hair is also an evidence of a finely organized skin, a skin exquisitely
finished in its whole structure of minute vessels and tissues. A skin thus
delicately organized is also evidence that other organs are alike con-
structed. Nature, in all her paits, undoubtedly produces a coiTespond-
euce, 80 that if one part is of a peculiar structure, either fine or coarse,
other parts are apt to correspond. Parts seen may be considered indica-

WK^

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

tivo of paits uot seen. It may be permitted to add that in all the scrub
cattle that I have grazed and fed, I have never found (iie with fine silky
hair that did not fatten well and make a desirable bullock.

- Color. /'.■' '

Short-Horns are red or white, or these colors blended as roan or pled.
Fashion, for the time, may make one or the other of these colors
popular. This is probably so now with the red color. It may be so of
another color in a few years. A caprice that excludes all but the reii
color is injurious. It limits improvement and confines it to a liinited
portion of the breed. It encourages the use of inferior auimuls just to
obtain a fashionable color, and rejects better ones because they are of
different color. There is, in consequence, great danger of deterionition
of this noble breed of cattle aa a result of such puerile practices. If
the breed is to be kept up to-its past high standard the very best selec-
tions should be bred regardless of color, provided it is the one peculiar to
the breed. We would admonish breeders and lovers of this noble race
of cattle to give no encouragement to such departures ; they are evil,
and that continually.

Ferfeotion.

Both ignorant and cultivated alike ; the ordinary breeder and the scien-
tific one ; the practical man and the visionary one ; each Avill establish in
his own mind an ideal of what any object should be. When this ideal
is requii'ed to stand the test of practical experience, to be defined by a
Bcale of points, not one in ten, even among those who think tbcuiselvts
conii)etont to establish a standard of excellence can do so, point l)y point.
The reason is he has never read, nor has he educated himself in any other
way to that exactitude of judgment required in matters of such iiicetv ;
in other words wc have not the scientific idea of what is necessary in the
premises ; no absolute rule to goby, and so the Avhole iimounts, after all,
to something very like mere guessing. For dairy purposes the udder of
the coAV is the strong point. In animals bred for their flesh, the nieati-
the essential thing and also that it be laid on in the prime parts.

To enable any person to judge more or less cori'cctly according to the
study he gives, and the manner in which he has educated his eye and
touch, we append the scale of points for judging Short-Horns, as found
in the American Herd-Book.

In studying this scale it will do quite well for all beef breeders — always
bearing in mind the difference in make up of the breed. Thus the Short-
Horns will be found full in the rump behind, the Devons and Hereford.^
more pointed, and essentially different in other respects ; yet these ven

I all the scrub
ivith fine silky

I roan or pied,
f these colors

may be so of

II but the red
it to a limited
auimals just to
lae they are of
of deterioration
c practices. If
very best selec-
e one peculiar to

this noble race
i ; they are e^nl,

«*».

ler and the scien-
will establish in
When this ideal

be defined by a
think thcmsehes

, point by point.
nself in any other
[s of such nicety ;
necessary m the
^uounts, after all,

)scs the udder of

flesh, the meat i=

ic parts,
according to the

..ated his eye and

h-Horns, as found

Ibreedcrs-ahvays
Thus the Short-
is and Horofords
; yet these very

SHORT HORN STOCK.

Fine specimens of the breed of Short Horns. No. i, the celebrated an-.mal, " Baroness
the Seventh;" No, 2, the noted |3S,ooo bull, "Star of the Realm."
Property of A. J. Alexander, Woodbum Farm, Ky.

imi

9huIj

^i 1

f |t 1

m^^,'<

V 1 1'

whI

Mi^

9wi

fwi.

iP'i

differen
of the ^
such thi
near it ;
have but
too few,

Art. 1.-
repu
to fi
giviu
nuiki
Art. 2.—
dimii
tiiO bi
color
and ti
ered '
short,
eyes h
a jellf
and w
of il (
open ;
Art. 3.— >
head i
round!
Art. 4.— C
line th
Art. 5. — S
short,
forc-ar
full ab(
stronff :
the hoo

Art. 6 B;

Art. 7 B:

settino; (
bones o
the bad
without
with th

CATTLE, 8HORT-HOKN8.

r>oi

differences constitute thoir value ; their beef is certainly better than that
of the Short-Horn ; but still they fail in other particulars. There is ua
such thin" as absolute perfection in any thing finite. Wo simply corneas
near it as possible. The Short-Horns, in all their attributes, certainly
have but little more to be desired as beef makers, and some families, ala»
too few,' are deep and excellent milkers.

Scale of Points for Short-Hom Bulls.

Points.
j^j^. 1, — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten; sire a good stock-getter, dam a good breeder; and
giving a large quantity of milk, or such as is superior for
making butter or chsese. -_____-7

j^ijx. 2. — Head muscular and fine ; the horns fine and gradually
diminishing to a point, of a flat rather than a round shape at ^
tue base, short and inclined to turn up, those of a clear, waxy
color to be preferred, but such as are of a transparent white,
and tinged with yellow, admissible ; ears small, thin and cov-
ered with soft hair, playing quick, moving freely ; forehead
short, broad, especially between the eyes, and slightly dished ;
eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with
a yellow rim around them ; lower part of the face clean, dished
and well developing the course of the veins ; muzzle small, nose
of a clear orange or light chocolate color ; nostrils wide' and
open ; lower jaw thin ; teeth clean and sound. - - - 5^

Art. 3. — Neck fine and slightly arched, strongly and well set on the
head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening and
rounding as it approaches the latter point ; no dewlap. - - 2

Art. 4. — Chest broad, deep and projecting, the brisket on a lower
line than the belly. - - - - - - - -5-

A.RT. 5. — Shoulders broad, strong, fine and well placed; fore-legs
short, straight, and standing rather wide apart than narrow ;
fore-arm muscular, broad and powerful, slightly swelling and
full above the knee ; the bone fine and flat ; kuccs well knit and
strong ; foot flat, and in shape an ()l)long semi-circle ; horn of
the hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. - - . _ 2

Art, G. — Barrel round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4

Art. 7. — Back short, straight and broad from the withei-s to the
setting on of the tail ; crops round and full ; loins broad ; buckle
bones on a level with the back ; tail well set, on a level witli
the back, fine and gradu.ally diminishing to a point, and hanging
without the brush an inch or so l)elow the hock, at right angles
with the back. ._4

662

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Art. 8. — Hind quarters from the hucklo to the point of the rump
well filled up ; twist well let down and full ; hind legs short,
Straight, and well spread apart, gradually swelling and rounding
above the hock ; the bone line and flat below ; legs not to cross
each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - .

Art. 9. — Skin of medium thickness, movable and mellow; a white
color is admissible, but rich cream or orange much preferable ;
hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercqated
with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure
white, red roan, bright red, or reddish yellow and white. (A
black or dark brown nose or a rim around the eye, black or
dark spots on the skin and hair decidedly objectionable, and
indicative of coarse meat and bad blood.) - _ _ .

Art. 10. — Good handling.

Art. 11. — Sure stock-getter. __-.-_.

.Art. 12. — Stock, when made steer, certain to feed kindly for beefers
at any age, and make prime beef. - - - _ .

Art. 13. — General appearance. ----..

3
4
4

5
2

Perfection.

Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows.

Points.

Art. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam
reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude
to fatten. Sire a good stock — gotter. Dam a good breeder ;
giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for making
butter or cheese. -__.___. J

Art. 2. — Head small and tapering; long and narrower in propor-
tion than that of the bull. Horns fine and gradually diminish-
ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the
base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxy
color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent white,
slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and
well covered with soft hair ; playing quick, moving freeely.
Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished.
Eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with
a yellow rim round them. The lower part of the face clean,
dished, and well developing the course of the veins. Muzzle
small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the
former much preferred. Nostrils wide and well opened. Lower
jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. _ _ - -

CATTLE, 8110RT-nOUN8. 563

^UT. 3.— Neck fine and thin, stmight, and well set on to the head
and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly
niundin*' in a delicate feminine manner as it approaches tlje
hitter point. No dewlap. - - - - - - - 2

^^^ 4_ Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore-legs short, straight

and well spread apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly
swellin*'', and full above the knee ; .the bone fine and flat below.
Kiu'os well knit and strong. Foot flat and in the shape of an
ohlonf semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear
waxy color. ----------2

\^^.f_ ,-). Chest broad, deep and projecting — the brisket on a lower

Hue than the belly. 5

^^T. (5. Barrel round, deep and well ribbed up to the hips. - 5

\,{rj.. 7. Back short, strong, straight from the withers to the set-
tin" of the tail. Crop round and full. Loin broad. Huckle
bones on a level with the back. Tail well set, on a level with
the back or very slightly below it ; fine and gradually diminish-
in"- to a point ; and hanging, without the brush, an inch or so
below the hock, at right angles with the back. - - - 4

Aur. 8. — Hind (juarters from the huckles to the point of the rump
Ion" and well filled up. Twist well let down and full. Hind
legs short, straight and well spread apart ; gradually swelling
and rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below.
Foot flat, and in shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the
hoof sound, and of a clear waxy color. Legs not to cross each
other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - - - S

A^RX. 9. — Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the belly,
and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely
placed with a slight oblique pointing out ; wide apart ; when
pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra
tei'ts indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be
milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins large
and swelling. -- - - - - - - -4.

Art. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness : movable and mellow ; a
white color is admissible, but a rich cream or oi'ange much pref-
erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if
undercoated with soft, thick fur in the Winter, so much the bet-
ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white,
spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black or
dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown
spots on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic-
ative of coarse meat and bad blood.) ----- 3

lii

ifAi

wV4

IKM KTIiATKlJ STorK DOCTOK.

Akt. II. — (iood himdUtr.
Art. 12. — Sure and j^oocl hn'odor.
AitT. 13. — General appciinince.
Perfection.

,;/:i;,i/;,!,:|l'|jlii;,J|
ilihi.,:||Sii|:i||if(ll||l ,

V. The Aldenieys.

In the British Channel , between Great Britain and France, are a num-
ber of islands noted for their salubrity of climate and fertility of soil.
Many years ago these islands, particularly Jei-sey, were noted for their

('A'rri.K, Al.UKKNKYH.

r,(',n

superior fruit, uiid largt^ (|UiiiititioH of «-idor and purry w«ro annually
iiukIo then\

Of Into years these islandH, Alderney, Jersey, and Gu<u-nH<iy, have
bcconio celebrated throughout Kngland and America, for their breed of
ctittlo ; the cows of whicli give milk of unsurpassed richmws.

These cuttle are undoubtedly of French origin. The Normandy cattle
arc larger thaii the Jerseys, and Youatt says, have a greater tendency to
fatten. He passes them by, in his admirable work on cattle, with
Hciirccly more than a mention ; this is to be regretted, sintn^ he was so
oarcful and conscientious a historian. He says:

"Thoyare found mainly in gentlemen's parks and pleasure grounds,
iiiid tlicv maintain their occupancy there, partly on account of the rich-
ness of their milk, and the great (juantity of l)utter which it yi<!lds, but
more from the diminutive size of the animals. Their real ugliness is
passed over on these accounts ; and it is thought fashionable that the
view from the breakfast or drawing room of the house should presiMit an
Aider uey cow or two grazing at a little distance.

"They are light red, yellow, fawn or dun colored ; short, wild-horned,
(Iccr-nccked, thin, iMid small-boned ; irregularly and often very
iiwkwardly shaped." " > " ; ■

A Prejudiced Statement.

Quoting from Mr. Parkinson, who, Mr. Youatt says, seems to have
Imtl a determined prejudice against them, he writes:

"'riieir size is small, and they are of as bad a form as can possibly bo
(Icscnbed ; the bellies of many of them being four-fifths of their weight.
The nock is very thin and hollow ; the shoulder stands up, and is the
liinrhest part ; they are hollow and narrow behind the shoulders ; the
cliiuc is nearly without flesh ; the bucks are narrow and shaq) at the
(!ii(ls; the i-ump is short, and they are narrow and light in the brisket."
Mr. Youiitt adds for himself :

*'This is about as bad a form as can possibly be described, and the
|)icture is very little exaggerated, when the animal is analyzed, point by
point ; yet all these defects are so put together, as to make a not unplei»s-
ing whole."

Mr. Youatt, however, compliments chem with giving exceedingly rich
milk, and with fattening in a surprising manner when dry.

We have quoted the above for two reasons : one as showing probably
what may have been nearer the truth than we might naturally expect
from seeing the best specimens now, and the other as showing that this
breed has made a great advancement since his day, both in quantity of
milk given, and in symmetry and perfection of form.

ir-T-

r^«i

n I"'

i.A[^r

■'t

566

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

From an American Standpoint.

Mr. Lewis F. Allen, the best known historian of American cattle, says:

"Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature the

muzzle is fine, the nose either dark brown or black, and occasionally a
yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair running up the
face into a smoky hue, when it gradually takes the color of the body •
the face is slightly dishing, clean of flesh, mild and gentle in expression
the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of the color of
the nose ; the forehead is bold, horns short, cui-ving inward, and waxv
in color, with black tips ; the ear is sizable, thin, and quick in niov(!inoiit.
The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, more so than in

A Trio of Jkrsbys.

almost any other of the cattle race — reminding one strongly of the head
of our American p]lk. The neck is somewhat depressed — would be
called ' ewe-necked,' by some — but clean in the throat with moderate,
or little dewlap ; the shoulders are wide and somewhat ragged, with
prominent points, running down to a delicate arm and slender hp
beneath ; the fore-quai'ters stand rather close together, with a thinnisli,
yet well developed brisket between ; the ribs are flat, yet giving sufficient
play for good lungs ; the back depressed, and somewhat hollow, the ))clly
deep and large, the hips tolerably wide, the r''mp and tail high, the loin
and (juarter medium in length, the thigh thin and deep, the twist wide, to
accommodate a good sized udder, the flanks medium, the hocks or
gambrel joints (-rooked, the hind legs small, the udder capacious, square,

CATTLE, ALDERNEY8.

567

set well forward, and covered with soft, silky hair ; the teats fine, standing
well apart, and nicely tapering; the milk veins prominent."

Charaoteristio Colors.

The colors are mostly light red or fawn, and black, mixed and plashed
with white ; the solid colors are, we think, generally favored, and, to our
mind, the best cattle, as showing careful breeding, though we have seen
the most superior cattle among all these colors. So we have seen some
distinctly roan, with round, quite smooth forms, called pure ; they should
always be avoided, as there is more than a suspicion that such have
Short-Horn blood in them, which can do this breed no good, but on the
contrary, harm.

The breed is distinctly a milk breed, and is of no value whatever
except as yielding fair miesses of exceedingly rich milk — giving largely
of the most superior cream, producing hard, and most delicately flavored
butter. Thus any cross on this ancient and carefully bred stock must
necessarily injure them in the points where they excel other cows. These
are : Superiority of the milk, cream and butter, golden in color, delicate
iu texture and flavor, and commanding prices in the market, from wealthy
citizens, that no other make can reach.

They are. Milking Cows.

Whichever of the three varieties may be chosen, they should be bred
for this and nothing else. Whether they be from Alderney, Jersey, or
Guernsey, no infusion, of other blood can improve them, neither canthdy
improve any other breed. The bulls may improve our native cows, if the
cows be good milkers, the hereditary milking qualities of the race being
pre-potent in the progeny. For this improvement, however, none but
pure blood bulls should be used, and this rule will hold good in all
l)rpeding.

The pure animal is pre-potent, the grade is not, and pure bred animals
of all the superior races are now so plenty that it will not pay to use grade
nulls for the improvement of stock.

The Value of Purity.

To show the value of purity, we will perhaps, find no more appropriate
place than this.

A thorough-bred animal upon native stock produces in the first succeed-
ing generation an animal partaking equally of the blood of the sire and
dam, or what is called a half-blood. The next generation, or the produce
of a full-blood and a half-blood will give a three-quarters-bred animal.

!•

T* M

;(;!

ll0

568

ILLUSTRATED STOCK OOCrTOR.

V.l

The 3'oungof a pure-bred and three-quarters-bred will give a seven-eighths-
bued. Following in the same line the next generation will give an animal
poMsessing fifteen-sixteenths of pure blood.

In reality it will be far more than we have stated, for the pre-potent
element of i)ure blood, constantly present, will continually be an increas-
ing integer in the progeny. Hence animals from seven-eighths to fifteeu-
sixteenths-bred, cannot be distinguished from one purely bred, except by
a most critical, and at the same time expert judge. For all practical pur-
poses they are fully equal to an animal purely bred, that is to say, as
dairj' cows, bit here the comparison must end. A taint of impure blood
once in, cannot be bred out for many generations — never in fact. There
is always danger of reversion. One may, theoretically at least, breed
grades up for a thousand years, and yet not have purely bred animals.
Hence the extraordinaiy prices paid for stock, the pedigrees of wliich
have been kept absolutely without taint of admixture.

The Value of Points.

So important is the question of symmetry of form, and points of excel-
lence, in stock, viewed as integers in the make-up of an animal — real value
being adaptation to the necessities required — that, of late years, all auimals
are judged thereby. As a study of these we give a figured portrait of a
model cow, illustrating perfection.

These points may be adopted in judging any cow, so far as general
characteristics are concerned, deviations being only in matters of form,
color, peculiar markings, shape of horns, and general contour; The
Guernseys, for instJince, are larger, somewhat coarser, and have of late
years been placed in a family by themselves.

The scale of points given are those adopted by the Royal Jersey Agri-
cultural and Hortic;ultural Society, in determining the merits of animals
to be passed upon :

Scale of Points— Cows and Heifers.

POIMS

1. IIbad, — small, fine and tapering.. 1

2. Chkkk,— small 1

3. Throat, — clean 1

4. Muzzle, — fine, and encircled by a bright color I

6. N08TRIL8,— high and open 1

6. Horns,— smooth, crumpled, not too thick at tlie base, and tapering 1

7. Eaas, — small and thin. 1

8. Ears,— of a deep orange color within 1

9. Etb,— full and placid '

10. Neck,— straight, flnc, and placed lightly on the shoulders 1

11. Chkst,— broad and deep» 1

general

form,

; The

of late

,y Agri-
uuiuials

Points

1
1
1
1
\

(iATTLK, Af.DKKNKYS.

569

Points.

12. Barrkl,— hooped, broad and deep 1

13. Well ribbed home, Imving but little space between the last rib and the hip. 1

14. Back,— straight from the withers to the top of the hip 1

16. Back,— straight from tlie top of the hip to the setting on of tlio tail, and

the tail at right anjr/ea with tlioback 1

16. TiiL.-nne 1

um/fit*

■< !'"?., 1

at—

V m

570

ILLUSTKATKD STOCK UOtrrOK.

17. Tail, — han^ng down to the hocks- j

18. Hide, — thin and movable, but nol too loose j

19. HiDK,— covered with fine, soft hair j

20. Hide, — of good color j

21. FoRB-LBGS,— short, straight and flne~ i

22. FoRB-ARM,— swelling, and full above the knee j

23. HiND-QOARTBRS,— from the hock to the point of the rump well tilled up. ]

24. HiND-LBOs,— short and straight (below the hocks) and bones rather fine. l
So. Hind-legs, squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from

behind 1

26. HiND-LBOa,— not to cross in walking j

27. Hoofs, — small..... ]

28. Udder,— fullin form, t. «., well in line with the belly i

29. Udder, — well up behind ]

30. Teats, — large, squarely placed ; behind wide apart j

31. MiLK-VBiNS, — very prominent i

32. Growth- 1

33. General appearance 1

34. Condition. 1

Perfection- 34

No prize shall be awarded to cows having less than twenty-nine points.

No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than twenty-six points.

Cows having obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twenty-four
points, shall be allowed to be branded, but cannot take a prize.

These points, nanaely, Nos. 28, 29, and 31 — shall be deducted from
the number required for perfection in heifers, as their udder and milk-
veins cannot be fully developed : a heifer will, therefore^ be considered
perfect at thirty-one points.

To this we add :

One point must be added for pedigree on male side.

One point must be added for pedigree on female side.

Again, the size of the escutcheon, or milk-mirrors, is a point of
especial attention. This, however, will be treated in another chapter, for
the escutcheon is now coming to be accepted as an indication of the
millr-ng qualities of a cow, and whatever the breed may be, stronglv
relifid upon. And those who discard it, that is, refuse a cow with a strong
escutcheon, will surely go astray.

In judging bulls, many of the same points will serve. The head will
not be so small, and the forehead must be broad ; the horn.* inu.st be
tipped with black; the neck, arched, powerful, but not too coarse and
heavy ; hide thicker than in the cow — certainly not thin — and mellow;
fore legs short and straight, fore arm large and powerful, full above the
knee and firm below it. As in cows, pedigree must have two points, one
for purity of blood on the male side, and one for purity of blood on the
female side.

CATTLE, ALDERNEY8.

571

H
»
w
H

•<

r S

Dt
|«
M

!< -J

4 "'

<t'

9 S

The portrait of a bull given above illustrates the ' ' points ' ' adopted bv
the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society, and (tontinued after an experience
of ten years without alteration. Through it the reader will easily become
•onversant with the points l)y which Jersey bulls are judged. By refer-

672

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOtsrOR.

ence to tho figures given below, and corresponding in tins illustration with
the points the reader will understand the following

Scale of Points for Bulls.

Articlk.

1. Pbdiorbb on male side

Pkdiorbb on female side

Hbad, — fine and tapering

FoRBHBAD, — broad

Chbbk, — small

Throat,— clean „

MuzzLB, — fine and encircled with light color

Nostrils,— high and open

Horns, — smooth, crumpled, not thick at the base and tapering, tipped

with black

Ears, — small and thin

Ears,— of a deep orange color within

EYK8,—full and lively

Nkck, — arched, powerful, but not coarse or heavy

CaEST, — broad and deep >

Barrel, — hooped, broad and deep

Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hip.

Back, — straight from the withers to the top of the hip

Back, — straight from the top of the hips to the setting on of the tail,

and the tall at right angles with the back

Tail,— fine

r'AiL, — hanging down to the hocks

HiDK,— thin and movable

IIiDF, — covered with fine and soil hair

HiDK, — of a good color

Forb-legs,— short, straight and line

FoKE-ARM,— large and powerful, swelling and l\ill above the knee and

fine below It ,

HiND-quARTERS, — from the hock to the point of the rump long and well

filled up

HiND-LEGS, — short and straight (below the hocks) and the bones rather

fine

Hind-legs,— squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from

behind

HiND-LEGs, — not to cross in walking

Hoofs,— small

Growth

(lenenil appearance

Condition

POWTH.

4.
5.
0.

7.
8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

i'l.
22.
23.
24.
25.

26.

27.

29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

Perfection «.,

Judging by Points.

The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This must
not only be full in form, that is, in line with the belly, but it must not hi
cut off square in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded, full,

CATTLK, ALDKHNKYH.

078

presenting great breadth behind, and curried well up between the thigh.
The milk veins should be full and carried well forward toward the fore
leers. If knotted and with curves, so much the better.

The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it
muKi be large and tapering, and have a good .switch of hair.

The chest should be broad and deep : this shows good res])iration,
es!<eiitial to feeding and health. This, however, must not be taken in the
sense in which we view it in the blood horse. It is then one of the essen-
tial points, necessary to fa.st and long continued exertion. •

In tlie dairy cow, especially when viewed from before, there will be no
appeiiviincc of massiveness. On the contrary, she will give an appearance
of delieate tineness, and will look large behind, swelling gradually from
behind the shoulders. She may not be closely ribbed, in fact should not

i'f

Jersey Cow.

iH' close, only comparatively so. The best milkers, every where, will bo
found to be rather loosely put together between the last riband the hips,
and good milkers must be roomy in the flank.

The hind (luaiters must be long from the point of the rump to the hock,
and well tilled up ; yet this docs not mean rounded and massive in flesh ;
on the contrary, the best milkers will be rather lean and perhaps high
boned. Nevertheless, the same animal, when out of milk and fat, may
fill up, and perhaps, present a fully rounded contour, while yet possessing
all the delicacy of points characteristic of the high bred dairy cow.

674

ILLUSTKATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

A COW may have large and heavy ears ; her back may not he fully
straight from the withers to the top of the hips ; her rump may be (slonjno' ;
her tail may not reach the hocks ; — all these are defects — the latt(>r a se-
rious one — ^yet, if the milking organs are super-excellent it will outweigh
all these.

A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points : we have
never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials are to carefully
consider each point of excellence with reference to its bearing upon the
animal as a dairy cow.

A high open nostril would count but little as against a poor milk vein ;
a very delicate ear, nothing as against a very superior udder.

The Jersey, to the uncritical eye, when in full milk, is lean, scrawny,
and misshapen ; are so, fat or lean, from the standi)oint of a Short-Horn

|i! ':

^"V^-

5! !

.Jkrsey Hkikkii.

or Hereford breeder. The Short-Horn, or Hereford, is a gross, lubberly,
disgusting, mountain of fat in the eyes of a Jersey breeder.

Color, Temper, and Size.

Do not be too particular about color ; solid colors, and black points look
well in the show ring. The animal that will turn out well at the pail,
that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as she ad-
heres to the distinguishing color-marks of the race, is the one for the
milking yard.

ii !

■■.■ ■■-,^«i

be fully
3 sloping ;
itter a se-

outweigh

I : we have
carefully
iiyxui the

milk vein ;

, scrawny,
Jhort-Horn

Iss, lubberly,

v:*k5j,(*B*^'''

L £^5S^J*hii.^

ii^Vrt^Si^f ■

-'^^ ., , "

. ^^^^:

JERSEY STOCK.

Fine specimens of the breed of Jersey catUe, celebrated for milk. No. i. Centennial prize
cow, " Black Bess," owned by CHARLES SHARPLKSS, Esq., Philadelphia; No. a,
imported bull, " Billy," owned by Colonel James Young, Middletown, Pa.

(■!i

tJ-i.

»'-•,-<»

^ef^

^"Po

CATIXK, ALUKItNKYS.

676

In relation to size, the Jerseys are a small ra(!e of cattle. In no breed
are overgrown animals the most valuable. With the Jersey it is especially
to be avoided. 80, an undc^rsized animal is not to be countenanced.
Fair hIzu, however, is desirable.

He who seeks to increase the size of the .I(^rsey unduly, will certainly
go astray. They have been carefully ))rcd, for many generations, with
especial reference to milk.

The Jersey is the product of islands [)<!culiar in soil, crlimate, and people.
TniiiHplaiitcd to our flush pasturiis, with good shelter in winter, they will
necessarily increase in size This is to be expected.

If vou fancy "solid colors," and can get plenty of rich milk, with solid
colors, well and good. If not, breed to whatever color, characteristic of
the breed, which will give you this desirable result.

As a Dairy Cow.

The Jersey cow can hardly be called a dairy cow, in the general accep-
tation of the term. She lacks size to give quantity ; as a cheeso maker,
she is not a succes:^ . as butter makers, they stand without equals, if quality
be the test.

The butter globules of the milk are larger, and with a weaker covering
than in other breeds ; hence it churns quicker than the milk of other cows.

The uiilk, oream, and butter, of the Jerseys are yellower than that of
oth(!r breov<f<. This is due to the excess of orange pigment secreted by
this breed.

Jerseys are especially adapted to the villager, or family, requiring a
medium (juantity of rich milk, and superior cream and butter. They have
taiicn kindly to our summer climate, from Maine to California. In winter,
however, and in the early spring and late fall, they should be as carefully
housed as Short-Horns, else they will fail to give even a moderate degree of
satisfaction.

The cov.-rf are always docile, gentle, and tractable, when properly treated.
h is not to be denied, however, that the bulls are often vicious. An en-
thusiastic. ATiter has attributed this to their long lineage of aristocratic
hrt'odinj.'. The Short-Horns are far more aristocratic in their lineage of
ancient s^i-s and dams ; they are also notably peaceable.

It is a fact that animals kept in confinement are apt to become surly,
and cross. The breeder of Jerseys must accept the fact that the bulls
must be kept under strict discipline, and this by the exhibition of both
firmness, careful handling, and gentleness. Otherwise, they themselves will
be troublesome, and their offspring also will bear these characteristics.

»!' '

-1^

I <: si-';k-1

676

ILLIIWTKATKI) MT0(;K IJOCTOK.

VI. Ayrahire Cattle.

'B.'

The origin of these cattle ciuiiiot be dintiiictly traced. That Ayrshire,
in Enghuid, has hnig been noted for a very sui^M-ior breed of inilkiiiir
eows, is indisputable ; yet anything like what were Itnown as Ayrshires,
fifty years ago, did not exist one hundred years prior to that time.

That the present breed was not produced by a cross of Ahh-nicv, on
the native cattle of Scotland, as has been asserted, is evident oiu)U"li
from their form and characteristics ; that they were not produced li\
selection, is equally as well grounded. They may have origiuiitod in ;i
happy cross, and careful breeding thercaft*

That the Ayrshire owes much of its sup .ity to crosses of the litt-
ter milking strains of the old Short-Horn race, would sc(>m to be borne
out, not only by tradition, but particularly by unmistakable clianictcr-
istics of both these breeds.

Ayrshire indeed is eminently adapted to the production of .superior
milking cows. The climate is moist, with plenty of soft ruins ; conse-
quently, the grasses would naturally be succulent, and tend to |)roilu('e
the greatest How of milk of which a cow might bo ca])able.

Of the three divisicms of Ayrshire — Carrick, Kyle, and ('uniiiii<;liiuii—
the latter is regarded as the true home of this most valuabh? biccd.
Indeed, they once went by the name of Cunningham cattle.

Ayrshires of the Last Century.

Mr. Aiton, an old English writer, who written more largely and

intellig(Mitly than perhaps any one else of reed, has given nnich val-

uable information concerning them as they existed in Ayrshire early in
the last cei'.tury. Speaking of them, he says :

" The ( ows kept in tlu; districts of Kyle and Cunningham were diinin-
ntivc in si/c, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they yielded but a scanty return in
milk ; they were mostly of a black color, with large stripes of white
along the chine or ridge of their back, about the flanks, and on their
faces. Their horns were high and crooked, having deep ringlets at the
root, the plainest proof that the cattle were but scantily fed ; tiie chine of
their l)acks stood up high and narrow; their sides were lank, short ai'd
thin ; their hides thick, and adhering to the bones ; their pile (skin) was
coarse and open ; and few of them yielded more than six or eight quarts
of milk per day, Avhen in their best plight ; or weighed, when fat, more
than from twelve or sixteen to twenty stone avoirdupois, sinking offal."

The Husbandry of Ayrshire, published in 1793, states upon the
authority of Mr. Bruce Campbell, that the introduction of the improved
breed was made by the then late Earl of Marchmont, and Mr. Youatt
thinks that it must have happened between 1724 and 1740.

(ArrLK, AYKHIilUK>«.

577

Thero then were succeHsivo iiilroducftioiiH of iinprovnd blood iiinoiig
them, till' I)iinlii|) .strain of Short-Horn about I7H(), or one liundriul y(!ur»
airo, Tliin breed bocanu) woll (!.stabli.slicd in reputation, and in tlu^ oarly
piirt of the preH(Mit century became n^j^ularly known a8 Ayrshire, and
was widely diHMen»inat<'d in Enfrland.

The above likeness is a good one of the improved or modern Ayr-
shire cow.

Mr. Alton describes the breed in its improved form, or as it existed
late in the last century, and early in this, ivs follows :

'■!f1 i

llUX

M .li/

; h

m ♦

578

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

"The shapes most approved of, are — head small, but rather long and
narrow at the muzzle ; the eye small, but smart and lively ; the horns
small, clear, crooked, and their roots at a considerable distance from each
other ; neck long and slender, tapering toward the head, with no loose
skin below; shoulders thin; fore-quarters light; hind-quaiters lar^e-
back straight, broad behind, the joints rather loose and open ; carcass
deep, and pelvis capacious, and wide over the hips, with round fleshy
buttocks ; tail long, and small ; legs small and short, with firm joints ;
udder capacious, broad and square, stretching forward, and neither
fleshy, low hung, nor loose ; the milk-veins large, ahd prominent ; teats
short, all pointing outward, and at considerable distance from each other;
skin thin and loose ; hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and
all parts of least value, small ; and the general figure compact and well
proportioned."

In this connection, it should always be remembered that the Ayrshire
•cows were always noted for their thighs, and in fact a general thinness of
body, as compared with beef breeds. The bulls were always selected for
their feminine appearance, especially about the neck and head ; they were
not required to be roomy behind ; they were required to be broad in the
hook bones and hips, and full in the flanks.

Tameness and docility of temper, hardiness, a sound constitution,
plonty of spirit and life, and the capability of giving large messes of
milk, rich in butter and cheese, are noted characteristics of this breed in
an eminent degree.

Mr. Youatt says of them : " They yield much milk, and that of an
oily, or butyraceous, or caseous nature ; and that after she (a cow) has
jrielded very large quantities of milk for several years, she will be as val-
uable for beef as any other breed of cows known ; her fat will be much
more mixed through the whole flesh, and she will fatten faster than
any other."

As far as milk is concerned, it is true of the Ayrshire of the pres-
ent day.

In America, the breed has not yet been sufficiently disseminated to
determine whether the quality of beef shall be borne out by the state-
ment of the author quoted. _ /

Mr. Youatt agrees that the breed has much improved since Mr. Alton
described it ; that it is short in the leg, the neck a little thicker at the
shoulder, but finely shaped toward the head ; the horns smaller than
those of the Highlander, but clear and smooth, pointing forward, turning
upward, and tapering to the points ; they are deep in the carcass, but not
round and anlple, and especially not so in the loins and haunches.

Some, however, have suspected, and not without reason, that an atten-

CATTLE, AYRSHIRES.

579 H

tion to the shape and beauty, and attempt to produce fat and sleek cattle,
which would be admired at the shows, has had a tendency to improve
what is only their quality as grazing cattle, and that at the certainty of
diminishing their value as milkers.

Yields of Milk, Butter, and Cheese.

Experiment' made early in the century, to determine the relative value
of different breeds for milk and butter, we find as follows :

"In some experiments conducted at the Earl of Chesterfield's dairy
at Bradley Hall farm, it appeared that, in the height of the season, the
Holderness would yield seven gallons and a quart ; the Long-Horn and
the Aldorney, four gallons three quarts ; and the Devon, four gallons ono
pint, per day. Yrhen this was made into butter, the result was, fromthu
H()klcrnc«s, thirty-eight and one-half ounces ; from the Devon, twenty-
ei^ht ounces ; and from the Alderney, twenty-five ounces."

The Ayrshires average five gallons per day, and from that is produced
thirty-four ounces of butter.

This shows the degree of superiority the breed has obtained in Mr.
Youatt's time.

Mr. Aiton, indeed, asserted that 3 3-4 to 4 gallons of this milk would
vieUl a pound and a half of butter, and that 27 1-2 gallons of milk would
yield 21 pounds of full milk cheese ; and that Ayrshires in their best con-
dition and well fed would yield 1,000 gallons of milk in a year.

With respect to yield in the United States, we have the record that the
first Ayrshire cow imported hy the Massachusetts Society for the Promo-
tion of Agriculture, in 1837, yielded 16 pounds of butter a week, forseveral
weelcs in succession, on grass feed only.

Mr. Rankin, a most reputable English authority, reporting upon a Kylo
farm hi Ayrshire, holds that Mr. Aiton's estimate is too high. In relation
to two farms visited, upon one of which was kept from twenty to thirty
cows, and on the other from tlnrty to forty very superior cows, he says
of the first, that, "at the best of the season the average milk from each
cow, is Scots pints (4 1-2 gallons,) and in a year 1,300 Scots pints
(fioO jral]ons,)i that in the summer season, 64 pmts (32 gallons,) of
entire milk Avill make an Ayrshire stone (24 pounds) of cheese ; and 96
pints (48 ffallons) of skimmed milk will produce the same quantity ; and
that 180 pints (90 gallons) will make 24 pounds of butter." Of the
other farm, he states that "the average produce of each is 1,375 pints
(687 1-2 gallons) ;" and adds as his belief, on the whole, that although
there may be Ayrshire cows capable of gi\Hng 900 gallons in a year, it
would be difficult to bring half a score of them together ; and that in stocks
«7.

i i;ti; j

680

ILLU8TRATF.D STOCK DOCTOR.

of the greater number, most carefully selected and liberally fed, from 650
to 700 gallons is the very highest produce of each in the year.

Upon his own farm, the size of which, he says, is of an inferior nature
his cows produce only 550 gallons in a year ' , il;

Ayrshires in Amerioa.

The AjTshires were first imported to the United States in 1831. They
were different in appearance from what they are now, the colors bein^
either deep red, or brown flecked with white, many of them having likck
noses. They have been materially changed since then, and vary much iu
color. The most of them, however, retain the characteristic colors of the
breed, and whether they be dark red or black, they are generally more or
less pied, mottled or blotched with white.

Mr. Allen, himself a Short-Horn breeder, in his work, "American
Cattle," sums up the Ayrshires as follows ;

"Their thirty-six years' trial here has been successful. They are hardy,
healthy, well fitted to our climate and pastures, and prove good milkers,
both as to the imported originals and their progeny. Their flow of milk
is good in quantity and fair in quality ; yet, Ave must be permitted co say,
that in this country they do not yield so nmch in quantity as is alleged
they have produced in Scotland. Tlie chief reason for this is obvious.
Ayrshire has a moist climate — an almost continuous drizzle of nihis, or
moisture pervading it — making fresh, green pastures ; a cooler and more
equable temperature in summer, and it is warmer in winter than with us.

Our American climate is liable to extremes of cold in winter, heat in
summer, and protracted droughts, for weeks, drying up our herbage.
These differences alone account for a diminished yield in milk from
Scotch to the American Ayrshires. They have softer grasses for hay,
and plenty of root-feeding in winter, which latter we have not. This
fact of a diminished yield of milk on this side of the Atlantic is acknowl-
edged by those most conversant with them in both countries.

In the year 1837, we visited the Ayrshire herd of the late Mr. John P.
Gushing, at Watertown, near Boston, Mass. They were of the choicest
quality, imported by himself, on an order sent out to an expeiienced
dealer in Ayrshire cattle, "without regard to price, so they are the best. '
Two or three of the cows were "prize" milkers at home, and certificates,
duly verified, were sent with them of the quantities of milk they had made.
They had then been a year or more at Mr. Cushing's farm, and had the
best of keep. We questioned the manager as to the quantities of milk
the cows gave since their arrival, compared with the certificate. His
answer was, "about one-third less, on an average. The best ^prize' cow
gave 33 quarts per day when at her maximum in Ayrshire, and 22 quarts

CATTLE, AYRSHinES.

SSI

here and the others in about like proportion, but they are all good niilkcra,
and Mr. Gushing is satisfied with them."

Wo note the fact of the declension in milk of the Ayrshires in thia
country, knoAving the same to have occurred with cows of other breeds
from En"'land. It is nevertheless true, we think, that the milk produced
here is richer in the constituents, as it is undoubtedlj'^ true that cows on
flush, soft pastures, or those fed on soft, sloppy food, give far poorer
milk, although more in quantity, than when fed on shorter rich herbage,
or upon other rich food. , ^

Ayrshires in the West.

In the West the Ayrshires have not gained the celebrity that the
Jerseys or the Holsteins have. The probability is that the Jerseys owe
much of their popularity to the fact that they are par excellence the
fiuuily cow, where quality of milk has greater weight than quantity.
The latter are hard keepers ; that is, they consume a large amount of
food for the quantity of milk given, and probably more than either the
^ryshires or Holsteins for the quantity of butter and cheese produced.
Tlie Jersey must have rich food to enable her to sustain herself. Never-
theless, the texture, solidity, hardness and delicacy of the butter amply
compensates for this. The Holstcin has grown in favor in the \7e8t
rapidly within the last few years. Our abundant pasture and jheap
forage and grain in winter, has made them prime favorites with all that
class who must have a large quantity of fairly rich milk. As a cow for
making cheese thc}^ are unsurpassed, as is the Jei'sey for butter. For a
great flow of milk, rich in butter, our experience is that the Ayrshire
carries off the palm, especially on pastures not good enough for the
Holsteins.

Description of Ayrshire Points.

In judging cattle of any description, reference must always be had to
the characteristics of their breed. Thus, while all cattle are judged l)y
wrtaiu undeviating standards as respects feeding and assiinilation, beef
cattle must be judged from a becf-makmg standard, and dairy cattle from
their nnlk-producing powers. It is more than probable that, weight for
«ci;j;ht, the Ayrshire being a cow of medium size, will produce more
milk than any other breed. In selection no surer test can be had than a
careful study of her points. Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of South Fram-
iughaiii, Massachusetts, who has given the Ayrshire particular attention,
and who is one of the most careful farmers and breeders in the East, thus
desorihea the Ayrshire, and the same principles may be applied to the
whole race of dairy cattle.

:m^»^

582

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

"' ' XJBefulneB8. ''-'*'= = '

The usefulness of the dairy cow is in her udder, and toward the udder
its shape and its yield, all the capabilities of the cow should be directed.
We may first view it as a reservoir for the milk. As such, it must be
lai-ge and capacious, with broad foundations, extending well behind and
well forward, with distinct attachments ; broad and square, viewed from
behind, the sole level and broad, the loi>os even-sized, and teats evenly
distributed ; the whole udder firmly attached, Avith skin loose and elastic.
Such a form gives great space for the secreted milk, and for the lodirniciit
of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full ves.sel.
The glands should be free from lumps of fat and muscle, well set up in
the l)ody Avhen the cow is dry, and loosely covered with the soft and clastic
skin, without trace of fiabbiness. Such a covering allows for extension
when the animal is in milk, Avhile the glands ai'e kept in proximity M'ith
the blood-vessels that supply them. The necessities of the lacteal glands
ai*e larger supplies of blood from which milk can be secreted, and this
harmonizes with the demands of the udder as a storehouse. For broad
attachments means broad belly or abundance of .space for the digestive
organs, from which all imtriment must originate. The blood is furnished
to the glands of the udder by large and numerous arteries. As secretion
is dependent on the freedom of supply of blood to the pai"t, and a copious
flow, wo find branches coming from diiferent arterial tinmks and freely
anastomozing with each other. Although these arteries are internal anu
out of sight, yet fortunately tlie veins which carry the blood from the
udder pass along Ifie surface, and from their size and other characteristics
indicate the quantity of blood not only which they carry away, but which
must have passed through the glands from the arteries. These retmu
veins pass both backward and forward. Those passing forward are known
as the milk veins, and the size of these superficial veins on either side of
the belly, and the size of the orifices into which they disappear, arc excel-
lent points to determine the milking probability of the cow. Still better
is it to find, in addition, the veins in the perineum, which also return from
the udder, promiueut and circuitous.

Escutcheon.

The escutcheon is now generally conceded to be a good indication of
milk in the cow. This mai'k is sufficiently well known not to re(]uire de-
scription in detail. I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign as
a long one ; that quantity or quality mean more than shape, yet I would
not discai'd the shape entirely. One error nmst, however, be avoided.
It may be well to compare the size of escutcheon of cows of one breed,

CATTLE, AYIiSIIIRES.

683

but never to compare the size of escutcheon in cows of different breeds.

I think th' point means more relative to size in the Ayrshire than in the

Holstciu c)r Dutch ; and I am certain that while it may be safe to follow

it iu the Ayrshire in the majority of instances, it would be equally unsafe

to adopt it in selecting a Short-Horn, for the obvious reason that that

breed has been bred for generations fur other purposes than tliose of the

dairy.
The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the escutcheon

mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshire cow. These in-
fluence profit, and also the shapes of the bodyand the form of the animal.
The milk vessel is placed in the pubic region of the cow, and is protected
on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its attachments secures
breadth of body, and the weight requires also a depth of quarter and of
flunks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip above, and length of
loni here ai)pears related to length of pelvis. So much for the physical
uDrtion. The physical function of milk-producing demands a great and
continuous tlow of blood, for it must not be forgotten that milk is blood,
so to speak. This flow is dependent on the supply of food, and on the
faciUties of digestion. To gain this, a large body is required in order to
hold tho suitable digestive organs.

"To gain further room for these, we desire to see arched ribs, depth,
yet no heaviness, of flank, and breadth of hips which we see was also
required for the broad udder. To sustain this bod}', a strong, firm back
is needed. To gain the most of our blood after it has absorbed the chyle
from the digestive organs, reason shows that it should find its way freely
and speedily tarough the system on its labors of supply and removal,
cleanse itself in the lungs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points
to a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity ; for the
yield of milk drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitu-
tion must needs have the ^^gor given by healthy and active heart and
lunjrs. In this way the chest is correlated with the udder.

"The reproductive functions requu'e hock bones of good size, and a
broad pelvis is desirable, as underlying within are the generative organs.
Defwts here are to be shunned.

"Thus the necessities of the body of a good milking cow require
the wedge shape, and this not only from the flanks, but also when viewed
from above."

A Summing Up.

The points of the Ayrshire cow, as given l)v the Ayrshire Agricultural
Society, and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed
up as follows :

S84

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

The Body.

"The whole fore-quarters thin in front, and gradually increasing in
depth and width backward, yet of sufficient breadth and roundness to
insure constitution ; back should be straight and the loins wide, the hips
rather high and well spread ; pelvis roomy, long, broad and strai'rht
hook bones wide apart ; quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full iu
their upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should
have a degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the
flanks well let down, but uot heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very
round and full, affording space for a large udder — the whole carcass thus
acquii'ing increased volume toward its posterior portion.

"We see that the points as given are those of utility, and that at thia
stage the udder-poiuts and body-points are correlated.

Tho Skin.

♦' In connection with the body and the udder, the skin is of gi-eat value
in assisting our judgmcjit. Between the portion of the external coverin"
used for leather, and the muscle, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue,
which contains a lai'ger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow
handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this
mesh work.

"The skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, ti
a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, unu
a similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on tho other. The
thin, papery hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitutiou ;
the thick, elastfc hide cushioned on fat, and which on the flank conies
into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vi^or,
accompanied by the fattening tcndonc}', and the possessor of this hand-
ling endures climatic changes, low quality in his food, and neglect, with
remarkable hardihood, and quickly responds to full feed and good care.
The harsh handler is a dull feeder, consumes much food, and generally
contains more than a just proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire
cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product
that we wish the food to be utilized, and it is almost an unchanging law
of nature, that deficiency in one direction must be compensated for by
excess in another direction, and vice versa. At an}' rate, the cow that
lays on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well
known is it that the cow of large yield milks down her condition ! A
cow that has a moderately thin, loose skin, of suflScient elasticity nnd
suppleness of touch, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, with hair
soft and mossy, or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk

CATTLE, AYRSHIRE8.

585

a lar^e quantity, and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into con-
dition. In truth, the handling of the Ayrshire cow must be good ; it
cannot be too good ; but it must not be of exactly that quality souglit for
in the grazing breeds.

"There, as everywhere, the dairyman must keep to his line ; milk, not
fat, is liis profit ; and in seeking excess of both, he will be liable to fall
below the average of either."

Belating Especially to Milk.

It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal as
much as possible, or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of those part3
not conductive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying this
rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders,
small brisket and small bono. Moreover, small bone usually accompanies
thrift, and is universally found in improved breeds. We thus have a
reiison for these other AjTshire points, which I now quotie :

" Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their
points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle ; brisket light ;
neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and
tiipeiing to the head ; tail long and slender ; legs shx)rt, bones tine, joints
firm.

If the dairyman's policy were otherwise, he would have to supply
extra food for the support of parts useless to him, and whose larger
development is of no especial value.

The Head.

"The head should be small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad
in the forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by
the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the nose tapering to
an exi>anded muzzle, with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the
srenem! shape of the head. A bi*oad forehead and short face occurs
more frequently in bulls, and is generally esteemed a masculine charac-
toristic; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some families of
well-bred and good milking A^Tshire cows have the broad and short head,
and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorite in the show-yard in
Scotland.

"The eye should be moderately full, lively yet placid looking. The
eye is a mirror of the disposition, and interjDrets the character of the
cow; a fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fattener, and usually
disappoints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and
physiognomy aids our judgment.

iit'i^;'

586

ILLUSTRATED STOCk DOCTOR.

**The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich
yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and these
may be considered, to a certain extent, indicative of general coarseness.
The color of the skin, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered
indicative of the richness of the milk in butter.

"The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an out-
ward and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightly inwards,
according to the taste of the breeder. They should be set on rather
widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as
there seems an intimate relation between the composition of the horii,
hair, and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an
appearance oftentimes of correlation between the two.

The Top Points.

"The neck should be of medium length throughout, and tapering to
the throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet
too thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate aiiiinal.
A thick-set neck, well covered yet not overladen with muscle, accompa-
nies hardiness and vigor of constitution.

"The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoulders is
called the crops ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A liollow
behind this point is a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should
blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This
shoulder and a well defined spine produce the sharpness of shoulder so
much admired. The back should be straight, with spine well defined,
especially forward. The tail long, firm in the bone, and set on a level
with the back, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom-
panies fine bone, and the fine bone is not only decrease of offal over
heavy limbs, but accompanies early maturity, and a tendency to thrift.
The limbs should be fine-boned, flat-boned, and with joints of moderate
size. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and
round bones are found very frequently on dull feeders and on animals of
little profit.

The Teats.

"The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and project
slightly outward when the bag is full, of even thickness throughout, and
of fine texture. They should be placed about one-third of the length of
the "vessel" apart in one direction, and about one-half the other.
When the udder is not distended, they should hang peiiiendicularly.
Large teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by

CATTLE, UOLSTEIKS.

587

coarseness of build in the cow. Thoy are seldom found on well-bred
auiiiiiils, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should
be large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half inches in
length. A shorter one would bo an objection ; with larger, I should fear

coarseness. • , .1 , . . ■ ; . < .

Color and Carriage.

««In color the Ayrshires vary gi'catly. Brown, red, and white appears
to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well
distributed, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and Avhito
is frequently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating
lack of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs of argument having
been brought forAvard to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of
taste, for its correlations are hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure
black, through the reds to almost pure white, are colors found on the
best cows. Black spots on the skin, barely perceptible through the hair,
often occur on the best cattle. Strawberry-blotched and red and white
are perhaps the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan,
or animal with white on the ears, the Avriter has never yet seen among
the Ayrshires in Scotland or in this country, when the i^edigreo was
unquestionable.

"The carriage should be light and active, the head well up, and the
hind legs should not cross in walking. The condition should be neither
fat nor lean, but that average which a good cow holds when in good
fiesh at calving, liberally fed while in milk."

Holstein Cattle.

Dutch cattle were undoubtedly among the first cattle ever brought to
America. Canada was visited by the French in 1808, Avhen they founded
Quebec. Soon after colonists arrived and brought with them the little
Normandy cattle. The English first settled on the James river, in
Virginia, in 1607, and New York M'as settled by the Dutch in 1G14. In
1625 the first cattle were imported from the mother country, and they
were undoubtedly the Dutch cows noted for milk, or a race nearly allied
to what are now generally recognized as Holsteins. That this supposition
is correct is probably true, since these cattle were considered valuable for
milk and labor. It would naturally follow that these two qualities should
be considered of prime importance by the practical Dutch settlers, in a
country where game in abundance might be had by all who knew how
properly (0 aim a gun. Rearing cattle for the sake of meat would be a
secondary consideration there.

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

"^ History of Holsteins.

In the adaption of breeds to special purposes we must always bear
in mind that feed, climate, care, and careful breedin<5 '"ust he tiikeii
into consideration. Thus for the most excellent dairy cattle, wo must
look to countries noted for dairy products. In such districts will aiwiivs
be found tolerably uniform and excellent milkers. Really stioiititic
breeding has not been practiced until within a very few years. It was
more experiment than anything else. Yet so long ago as 1(525, Ehglund,
Holland and Switzerland were lioted for dairy products, and also for
breeds of deep luid lasting milkers. As education increased, and woiilth
became more general, improvement by selection was supplemented l)y a
careful study of certain points and characteristics that might be expected
to perpetuate themselves. Thus we now have the Jerseys, the Ayr.shii'es,
the Swiss cattle, and Holsteins, each specially adapted to the soil and
requirements of their respective localities. The Holsteiu cattle, or those
of North Holland, are noted for largo frames ; for being of two distinct
colors, black and white mixed. They belong to the great short-horned
division of cattle, which race, from the best accounts extant, would seem
to have been peculiar to the transient inhabitants of Germany from time
immemorial, and to have been carried with them in all their niijirnitions.

The size, adaptation to districts yielding strong, plentiful herbage, and
extraordinary milking qualities, have made them universal favorites in
the West, and wherever introduced in all that great counti-y of the
Northwest that of late years has so suddenly become celebrated for its
dairy products. Within the last century this breed, like all other pure
breeds, has been wonderfully improved by the astute and practical
Hollanders, so that it may now be called as distinctly a breed as any
other of the more reputable families. Like the Durham and Teeswater
cattle of a hundred years ago, they were then noted for a fair uniformity
in appearance, and as deep milkers, good at the yoke, and as making
heavy weights of fair beef when ready for fattening. The general
characteristics of these two breeds would seem to point conclusivoly to
the fact that originally they had a common ancestry in cattle belonging
to the ancient races inhabiting the north of Europe, and that they were
carried wherever these people, in their wanderings, migrated.

Improyement.

We have no definite knowledge when this wonderfully constituted
short-horned race of cattle first became broken up into the various
families that have of late years become celebrated both as dairy cattle
and as beef cattle. It is probably within the last three centuries that

CATTLE, HOL8TEIN8.

589.

systcnintic attempts havo been inudo to breed them with a view to their
I'liivfiil iiiii)roveinent and toward tixiiig th(!ir fharat'teri sties — in Enghmd
with tlu' Durhams, now known as Siiort-IIoniM, and in Holland with the
Diitcli cattle, now known in the West throuj^li tlio importation of the
Ilolstc'in.s, from the fact that in tliis district more care seems to have been
taken to breed their cattle, not only to type, but also in line as dairy
oiittlc. It takes long generations of such breeding to tix undeviatingly
peculiar traits and characteristics, io they may be transmitted with great
fixity to the resulting progeny. The Ilolsteins of the present century
liiivo presented uniformity, and to-day they may be called as persistent
in the transmission of quality as the other great families of the genus
Bos in any country.

Tliese have superior excellonco in their milking qualities. They are
dairy cows noted for giving enormous quantities of fairly rich milk. They
have massive compact frames, and make good beef; as working oxen,
from their strength, docility, paticuice, amd fairly active habits, they should
make excellent workers. The horns of the Ilolsteins are short. The
hair sshort, soft, and fine. The hides are of moderate thieknes.-), of good
texture — that is, mellow. The color should be always black and white,
cither in bands, or else pied, mottled or spotted over the body. The ud-
ders of the cows are capacious, of great breadth and depth. The teats
\,el] shaped and standing well apart. The milk-veius prominent, large,
and running well forward.

Holsteins in America.

jrciieral

onstituted

ic various

lairy cattle

turies that

As we previously stated, the old Dutch settlers of New York brought
over with them this valuable breed of cattle. They have, however, become
entirely lost, except that they havo left their impress in resulting genera-
tions of mixed blood.

Since the time noted, there probably were none impoi-ted until the
present century. In the early part of the century, at the time of the im-
iwrtatioii of Merino sheep, by Mr. William Jarvis, of Vermont, in one of
bis voyages he brought over a bull and two cows. They remained on his
farm for some years ; the bull was bred to the common stock of the coun-
try, producing a decided impress, but at the end of u few years the pux'e
blood was lost.

It is recorded, that, somewhere between 1820 and 1825, Mr. Herman
Le Koy, a puT)lic spirited merchant of New York city, imported some im-
proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his farm near the city. Between
1827 and 1829, some of the pi'oduce of this herd were sent to the fai'm of
bis son, Edward Le Roy, on the Genesee river. Mr. L. F. Allen de-

690

1LLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

scribes this herd in 183'1, us he then saw them, us being largo, wcll-spicud
cattie, bhiclc and wliite in color, and remarkable for their unoonnuoii vicld
of milk, and of great value as dairy animals ; their qualities in that lino
were universally acknowledged wherever known. ' '" " '" '""

About Dutch Cattle Generally.

In treating of Dutch cattle we have adopted the name Hoh'tein, and for
the reason that in the West certainly the importers seem to have fiiiuied
the cattle found in llolstein, and to have imported more largely of tiioni
than any other of the Dutch cattle. That the right name for all thosu
families of ancient lineage, bred in North-Holland, and recognl/inl ns
having been for nniny generations great milkers and as making heavy hoof
cattle, of good (luality, M'hen dry, should be Dutch cattle, there is, from
the testimony, little doubt. So also it would seem that the llolstein cattle
are a sub-race of the older Dutch, as the following letter from Prof. J.
G. Hengweld, of the Netherlands Royal Veterinary Institute, to Mr.
Charles Muller, United States Consul at Amsterdam, would seem to .show.
This is dated Utrecht, November, 1872, and pul)lished in the Kcjjort of

the on Dutch Cattle in Agriculture of Massachusetts, second series,

1873-74. From it we extract as follows :

Quoting from Low's Agricultural History of the Domestic European
Animals, etc., he says : "In comparing these varieties of cattle to the
breeds of the Continent, there is an analogy found on the one side between
the great breeders of the marshes and the black cattle, natives of the
plains and marshes of Holland ; and on the other, between the more various
kinds on the north of the Humber and those of llolstein and Juthuid,
whence the best cattle of Northern Europe have sprung." It is not un-
reasonable to suppose, that these latter breeds may have been introduced
during the first period of Saxon colonization l)y the Jutes and Anglos, who
settled down in that part of England. But at a more approximate i)criod
to us, it appears that cattle were frequently imported from the neighbor-
ing continent, and that they were mixed with native breeds.

It was especially the Dutch cows that were considered the best milch
kinds of Northern Europe.

There is here a very clear and evident difference made between the ex-
cellent Dutch cattle and the llolstein n- ' -".tl
Low traces to a Saxon colonization. 1 '

can make the Dutch cattle ' "*•«•• *' j^iii

— from which lines the 'herd ». Ui.. t« i
in the French version, 'whence t best Di . > oh races themselves originate')—
is incomprehensible ; and it is evident \jow errs, or is not sufficiently ao

breeds whose origin

few lines further on,

m the Holstein cattle

renee (the same occurs

CATTLE, HOL8TKIN8.

591

nimiiitiHl with the history of both countrios. For nh-ciidy fu'vcu «'(>iitun('S
|„.f(MT tho coloiiiziitioii ill Ei)<>;hiiui, of tlio .lutes ami Anglcrf, tho Kriesiimn
rildlliimUTs] Avcro known for the greutor nniiiber of their eiittio, iw M'ill
furtiicr appear.

Kvciv Sprinjr, tliousands of Ilolstein heifers are driven to th(^ fieklH
of Norliiern (ferinany Jind IloUand, where peoph) find it is more i)rotita-
l)l(>t() buy heifers than to raise them ; and tho name of the l»reed j;ot
coiifused, 80 that tho name " IloUand cow," was here transhited into
"Dutch cow," etc.

About Hord Books.

Th<! "herd-hook" takes the unwarranted liberty, whenever it should
siipiik of Dutcli cuttle, of adding immediately after, the word " Ilolstein."
It i^ivcs to Ilolstein eattle purchased in North Holland — and of wliich
the lirst importation took plaeo in Massachusetts in .18/)2, afterward in
1857, etc., but tlie greatest in 18(11 — all the honor the Dutch cattle so
iilmiiiliiiitly deserve, and appears to have made the geographical l)lunder
of supposing Nortli Holland, Friesland, Groningen and 01denl)urg as
belonging to Ilolstein.

The thesis so arl)itrarily adopted and set forth hy tho "herd-book,"
that the large black and white eattle imported into North America from
the Ncliicrland provinces of North Holland and Friesland have " undoubt-
cdlv descended from the original stock of Ilolstein," as it proclaims on
liajre !), re(iuires a most decided denial and refutation for the honor and
reputation of Dutch cattle ; and, without being led astray by tho most
strunixely jumbled-up references mentioned, I wish to point out, —

True History.

1st. That the history of the Dutch or Holland cattle dates further back
than that of Ilolstein.

2ikI. That the Ilolstein cattle descended from the Dutch ; and

3id. That the name of " Holstein cattle" is only a local appellation
for a peculiar indigenous breed, constituting only one of several apper-
taining to the same group, namely, to the groups of the Lowland races,
of which the Dutch breed is the fundamental type. To this I now proceed.

According to the "Allgemeino Deutsche Real Encyclopedia," the
origin of Ilolstein Schleswyck lies buried in obscurity, and Holstein was
l)rol)!ilt]y visited by the Cimbri ; while a century after, the Roman
Eniiicror, Ciesar Tiberius, arrived with his army and fleet before the
mouth of the Elbe, without, however, setting foot on the Holstein shore.
According to Tacitus, it may be stated, that the Holstein Baltic coast was

592

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

inhabited, as fur as Mecklenburg and Schleswjck, by seven petty Ger-
man tribes, of whom the Angles and Warnes have preserved their iiiiincs
down to tlie present time ; while the others have been melted down into
tiiat of the Saxons. In the Hfth century, the Saxons and Angles uiiiteil
with the Jutes and Friesiaus, and migrated to England. (This is Low's
colonization.) Subsequently, the Holstein Saxons, who dwelt to tlie
north of the Elbe, were called by the name of Normans ; while tlie iiiime
of Holstein is not mentioned in history before eight hundred 3ears after
Christ. In 1128-64, the Holstein province Uagrien was conquered mid
converted to Christianity, and partly peopled with strange colonists from
Friesland, Holland and Westphalia.

It appears that, with regard to its fitness as a grnzing and cattle-brcpd-
ing country, Holstein is of later date than Holland ; which fact will
appear the more prominent after some account has been made of the old-
est inhabitants of Holland and their pursuits.

What History Says.

For this purpose I at once direct the attention of the reader to the
coining of the Friesians and Batavians. The former were the. oldest
inhabitants of Holland, and were known as herdsmen, hunters and tisher-
men. Their history in this country goes as far back as 300 yesus hefore
Christ. Tlie Batavians came 200 years later (100 years befor*^ Christ)
down the Rhine ; and, altliough they were likewise herdsmen, thev occu-
pied themselves more particulaHy with hunting and fisliing.

The lands of the Friesians comprised the whole country to the north of
the Khiiie as f a ' as the shore of the North Sea, to which West and East
Friesland liolonged, composmg ihe present Dutch provinces of Groningcii,
Friesland, Drcutiie, and North Holland, besides the provinces of Utrecht,
Ovoryssell, and a part of Guldcrland and South Holland. Of all these
provinces, Groningen alone appertained to East Friesland.

Tacitus says of tlic Friesians and Batavians : "They owned cattle, not
excelling in beauty, but in number." He further states, as does also
Julius Ciusar, that the Frh sians and Batavians paid each other in cows,
sheej) and goats, and gave likewise to their children as dowry, oxen adapted
to the yoke and plough, cattle and horses. When they were subdued liy
the Romans in the first century of our era, the conquerors derived much
advantage from this wealth in cattle, and imposed upon the Friesians an
annual tril)ute, consisting of cow-hides and meat; while they chose their
most valient wan-iors from among the Batavians.

The Friesians and Batavians applied themselves to the draining of their
marshy la:ids and their islands, created meadows ou the reclaimed soil,

CATTLE, HOL8TEIN8.

59S

whicli tboy first protected against inundations by raising hills, breakers
mid (lik^^^j "f which the traces are everywhere discernible along the coast
throughout West Friesland and Groningen. Something is even known
rcardiii"' the color of their cattle, namel}', that thov held those of a Avhite
color ill religious veneration. It is a very plausible theory that the Fries- «
ians, who, at as early a date as three hundred years before Christ, peopled
the north of the present Netherlands, and wrought those alluvial plnins of
Scandinavian clay into soil fit for the requirerneut of their cattle, did, in
after-centuries, spread themselves in more northerly and easterly directions
as far as the Elbe — as Ave already know they did, in the fifth century,
unite with the Jutes and Anglo-Saxons in emigrating to England ; in addi-
tion to which, we must obsei-ve that these wore probably East Friesians
and not West Friesians.

The Friesians, from Oldenburg and the country near the mouth of the
Elbe, both south and north of that river, were compelled, through the
inclemency of those regions — then in their original condition of low allu-
ml swamps, inundated at every tide — to desert them. It was oAving to
these local cinmmstances that the Romans were prevented from endeavoring
to land their army.

It can be shown that the inhabitants of this territory were unable to
make sure provision for tiieir own wants because of the robberies and pi-
racies connnittcd by the Normans, dwellers on the west coast of Denmark,
people from Ilolstein and Schleswyck, Jutes and Angles. These were by
uo means peaceful breeders of cattle, as were the Friesians and Batavians,
whose lands Ihcy constantly plundered and laid waste, burning and ravag-
ing their possessions, massacring the inhabitants, making them i)ay tribute,
penetrating far inland to the mouths of the Rhine and Yssel, and every-
where giving unbridled vent to their ferocity and love of plunder. This
was between the eighth and eleventh centuries. Giving due weiffht to
these statements, which, from the nature of the case must be necessarily
brief, it cannot l)e doubted that the cultivation of cattle in the Notlicrlands
existed a long time before such a thing r^ould be thought of in Holstein.
It is also quite as certain that the colonies from Friesland, Holland and
Westphalia, carried with them their cattle into Holstein. Their wualtli
larjrciy c()iisistc<l in their herds.

Hence we see that, first, the Dutch racs of cattle date from an older
descent than those of Holstein ; while, probably, second, the Hidstein cattle
originated from the Friesian breed and from that of the Dutch and Westpha-
lian emigrants.

After tins colonization, we have our attention directed to another
remarl<able particular in the rapidly advancing history of the Dutch ciattle
cultivation.

594

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Regular Markets Established.

From the fourteenth on till the eighteenth century, a large num])or of
Danish oxen were annually turned for pasture into the grassy uieadows
of North Holland — formerly West Friesland, and sold at the weekly
North Holland cattle market. The oldest of these cattle markets is that
of the city of Hoorn. This market was already established in 1311, and
in 1839 the Danes and the inhabitants of the Eydcr were allowed liv
Albreoht, duke of Bavaria, to hold a weekly market there. In I'iOo.tlic
Danish cattle mai'ket was removed from Iloorn and transferred to Eiik-
huyzen, when, in 1(524, the number of 1,179 oxen were sold. There was
also in Amsterdam a lean-cattle market, begiiuiing in the Spring, in the
montii of April, but held at irregular periods, depending upon wind and
weather, M'heu cattle were allowed to be conveyed from Denmark and
Holsteiu hither to graze. These were mostly brought by vessel. Mr.
Hengeveld says :

"These importations of Danish and Holsteiu cattle into North Holhind,
to Avhich the 'herd-book' might refer, did not consist of 'heifers' l)iit of
lean oxen, which were pastured on the f(>rtile meadows of the Polders,
and afterwards sold at the markets of Hoorn, Enkhuyzen and Amster-
dam as fat cattle. As to heifers, either then or now, having been imported
from Holstein into Friesland and North Holland for the purpose of l)reed«
iug, no such thing is known."

To withhold nothing, and to put nothing in a distorted light, I may
add, that in the middle of the IHth century several importations took
place into Friesland of Danish cattle, consisting of young calves. This
was at the time of the raging of the cattle-plague, which desolating dis-
ease carried off thousands of the finest cattle in Friesland and Holland.

For the purpose of keeping the cattle trade alive, and to fill the places
of tlio.sc destroyed by the plague, small Danish breeds and German cows
of diminutive size were substituted and crossed with the reniaininij; and
recovered natives.

"They were," says Scheltma, "Danish, Holstein and small German
cows, of which the greater part were smaller in size than the native race."
In the same work we find, "that one was I'cduced to the necessity, in
17(!9, of purchasing the needful cattle in the county of Benthelm, in the
district of Oldenburg and Munster, in Hanover and other parts of
Germany."

In the work, "Present State of Friesland," it is mentioned that,
"owing to the cattle-plague, the ]icople were compelled to in port from
abroad all kinds of small cattle, chiefly Danish. But, what was remark-
able, however small and ill-favored these animals might be, when com-

cattm;, ll(>l.^■n.I^^.

.Wf)

ll!|ll|l||N|ll 'Iji'l fill]

"r\i "'l-iijll
MM

i|,l 'i 111;

Wii^

'!■■'!■■

BW^h ' jkn.

£"' ' ■'* If

696

ILLIIHTUATKIJ 8T0(;K UOCTOU.

pared with the handsome Friesiiin homed cattle, aa a natural consequence
an improvement of food induced a favorable development of body, and
from the mixture of the two broedn, good and choice milch-kine were
attained within tvo or throe genorationu of the introduction of theforcitrn
blood, no matter how much the race had in the beginning deteriorated
through the prociess, and, eventually, the type of Danish and Gerinan
cattle was quite lost." This ia, however, already one hundred years a^o.
A fair consideration of what has been thus far stated will leave iir
justification of the "herd-book's" imputation upon the antiquity and
purity of descent of our Friesian or Dutch cattle ; or its assuruption
that they are of Holstein origin. No ; the genealogy of Netherlaud cat-
tle is pure and unadulterated, and it is at least two thousand yauvs old.

Fsots a* to Dutch Cattle.

Our authority continues as follows :

" I come now to the present time, and the question whether it is tenable
to give to one variety of cattle the name of an entire group, and to
reckon as aj^pertaining to it all its several varieties or breeds, — as, for
instance, the Duttih, Friesian, Oldenburg, Holstein, etc., — and would it
not be imperative in such a cjvse to give it the purely historical name l)j
which it is generally known? If it could be desirable to give a general
name to the cattle of the just mentioned districts, then that of Holstein
rattle would not be appropriate, and for it should be substituted that of
FricHian cattle, whence all the varieties originated.

"The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk-
giving and fattening qualities — we find in ail the just mentioned districts,
iiiid extending still further southward ; wiMi this difference, however,
that wherever the land is more fertile, the clii; ate milder, and the tending,
feeding and breeding of the cattle observed with more care, in that
luciisure, and according as these requisites stand to each other in the
closest projjortion and harmony, they are n)ore developed, attain lar<jer
si/f and are of a finer texture.

" If the intention be to convey a coiTect understanding of the true
qualities of the several varieties or breeds mentioned in their own dwclHiiL'
pl!ic(!s, it is better that each l)reed should retain the name by which it \>
known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should lif
given them.

" Tn order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of proa!
exti. , possessing the same chief qualities in form and productiveness.
Sturm* proposed, so long as fifty years ago, to give to a grf)up, subject

•Dr. Sturm :
KIbcrfliilil. 1825.

' Of RacM, Crossing and Improrement of Indigenous Domestic Anini»l»"

that of

inilk-
itricts,
wovcr,

; toiulillg,

111

that
the
liivjior

the tnii'

Ihich it i'-
fihoiihl he

■Oil'.

of p'

kctivPiiess'

pubjeot

Aniin»l«'

CATTLK, IIOI.HTKIN8.

597

li/'f

.'♦

f'l n^

I'^J

'It

■1

Ell !•'

i' it mF 1

HIBKj'

?fii

918

ILLIISTUATKI) STOC!K IMXrroK.

to the same conditions of 8oii uiid diniiitu, a uaino indiiuiting tlio89
conditions, and tliU8 originated Mountain Cattle, Highland CuUlo, tiiid
Lowland Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions hy the hnnui
best representing the distinctive feature of its class, ax Utt ti/pe. It U
under the denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the diffcruut
breeds of the coast lands along the North Sea. Schmal/, P:il)8t, timl
many subsequent writers, adopt this clarification ; some witii a fow
modifi(;ations, but all in the physical characteristics of the country tn
which they are indigenous, the general denomination of the collccttivf
ifi'oup, according to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Sturm's clussi-
Hcation, may be distinguished in the following manner :

Baoes of Dutch Cattle.

i-acc, \

Oldoiib

Dutch 1

|»iirtiallj

it IH ('ill I

U'ilstcr

their si/ij

like till! I

Other

hIiow thii

minio, Jill

so is to u

"A. Lowland Race. — Primitive cow ; Dutcb-Fricsian cow.

" B. Mountain Race. — Degenerate, (juite tb«( contrary of A ; Swiss cow.

"C. Middle Race. — ^Highland race; forms the transition from A to
B ; Frankish cow. ,

"Schmalz says, 'To the race A belong the DutcJi, an reprexentativeH,
the Friosian, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races l)eariii<r tli>.'
peculiar characteristics which identify it with the place of its sojouiii."

♦'This is a purely natural division, and there is not the least arroiranco
in asserting, what history points out, that the I)ut(!h cattle constitute the
type of the oldest, purest, and best breed. All other variiities iire of
less intrinsic value ; they are coarser or smaller, possess hiss prochictivc
qualities, though of local excellence in their native pla<!e8. <■ If v.olllc of
the genuine breed are bought, imported ehewhere, and there bred, why h
it not called by itx native name, and tohy nrnnt an appellation be given tn
it quite foreign and unknown to itf

"One hears in Europe of 'Lowland cattle,' but purchases of them foi
the purpose of improving other breeds have, for the last huiub'ed yeurs.
been only made in the (^hief Netlierland provinces, where the elioicest
cattle of the Lowland^ are found. Thus, thousands of Dutcih and Friesian
cattle are annually sent abroad under the name of Dutch cattle,"

Dr. tfeorge May's Testimony.

Finally, 1 beg to add quotations from Dr. Ocorge May,* director nf
the agricultural est4il)lishment at Weilienstei>li!in, who visited IIoilMii^i
about ten years ago.

"The Dutch cattle constitute the ty|)eof tbcpro|)crly so-called Lowland

In reiati
his Ohio A
"The na
nu?nerou8
fine 1)01108,
iiiid delicate
'•lit thero ai
"ffood coil
iiiiy other i
wudit aft('
The ticsl, \fi
for slock
•'•itlaiid aiK
'"''V^'eiiiiir
'feeder of A
^^<"'<', ) in oi

"III the
f'wii the An
as f 1,0 ]\r,i,.s
<'<>'■» not d„
^'"••'••^ of the
''''"III fortv-c
milk dailv.
^"•■t. I was
•'ff'-et that rn

'SO

'''■<'iun, w

*Dr. George May : "The Cattle." Munich. ISUa. Vol. III., p. :W.

f'"Vis verv
w Rwoet f)r

CA'ri'LK, IIOI.HTKIN8.

599

i-acc, wliich extends throughout Nctherhinds, Flanders, Norinundy,
Oldenburg, and I^enuiiirk. Tho Oldenburg fiittlc descended from the
Dutcli race, aiid arc likewise distinguished as East Friesian cattle, as still
purtiallv found in Hanoverian Friezland. In the adjacent parts of Bremen
it is ciilled Bremen (tattle." "Th(! Holstein and Breitenburg cattle in the
Wilster and Kempner markets are equal to • * • ; hut with respect to
their scjuare build, the Breitenburg cattle are in their properties more
like the finer Dutch cattle."

Other writers of repute may be (juoted, but enough has been given to
show that the name of "Holsteun" is only a local, and not a coll(!ctiv(!
iiaiiie, and may not be given to cattle bought in North Ilollund. To do
80 is to underrate the Dutch eattlo rac^e.

Mr. Klippart's Testimony.

In relation to the native cattle of Holstein, the lamented Klipi)ait in
his Oiiio Agricultural Report of ISi'u), says:

"The native (lattle of Holstein are the Angle cattle, which are far inore
numerous than any other, kind or rac^e. They are small animals, with
tine hones, short legged rather than otherwise ; a very fine, snijfll head,
and delicately formed neck. The predominating color is red or brown,
hilt then; are many dun, black, or spotted ones. According to the amount
of food consumed, this race give a more abundant su|)ply of milk than
any otluu- in the duchies. It is a vcuy highly esteemed race — is nmeh
MHiirht after for its milking (pialilics mid kindliness in taking on flesh.
The flesh is very fine, tender and juicy. On ac(;ount of the great demand
for stock of this race, cattle dealers have not unfrequently gon<> into
Jutliuid and other points, and made purchases, which they represented as
hciiitj genuine Angles ; but in recent years a law has been passed that ev(!ry
hrccdcr of Angle stock nmst brand the calves with the letters A. K. ( Aiufle
l{(iii',) in order to prevent impositions.

"Ill these marshes are found a race «)f cattle much larger and heavier
than the Angles, larger boned, and of a dark, reddish brown, and known
as the Marsh race. This race set^ms to be adapted to the marshes, but
does not do well on the higher and dryer u[)lands. Upon the rich pas-
turi's of the marshes, for a time after calving, the best (^ows will give
from forty-eight to sixty-four pounds, (from six to eight gallons), of
milk daily. But the milk is not ni^ar so rich as that of the Angles ; — in
fact, I was shown ;., stat(Mnent, apparently wcdl authenticated, to the
effect that milk of the Marsh race contained no more than two per cent.
•if crciun, while that of the Angle nwc contained sixteen i)er (;ent. One
thiiiir is very certain, namely: the butter of the Marsh race is not near
H) Rwcct or • nuttv ' as that of the Angle race.

< 4

'^i^Mlj

i'jl

600

ILLI.'WTKATKI) MTOCK DOOTOU.

" 111 SchloHwig, rathof timii in Jlolstciiii, arn found many of tlio JuMaiiil
race of cattle. Tluwe havo very tine bones, and are long in proportion to
their heigiit, and are, as a rule, short-legged. The prevailing color ii
gray, black, or gray and black mixed with white, but very rarely red or
brown. Thin race in more highly <!.steemed for its early maturity and
readhiess to fatten than for its iniikiiig (pialities."

- In the transaction of the ()hi(» Boiird of Agriculture, 1872, in an article
on Dutch cattle, by I'rofi'ssor Furstcnburg, we find the foUowiiiir;
"The breeds of cattle* in Ilollaiid may be divided according to their locality
as follows: 1, The breeds in the provinces North and South Holland and
West Friesland. 2. The breeds in the provinces Groningen, Gueldcrlaiid,
Utreiiht, and Overyssel. .'J. The bre^^ds in the provinces of Seohuid.
Although these breeds are closely related, still they show difference result-
ing from keeping and the various purposes f(u- which they are bred.

Breeds in the Frovinoes North and South Holland and West Friesland.

"The breed most renowned in th(^ kingdom for its milk-producnig qujili-
ties is found in these three provinces. But North Holland in particuliir
is noted |or the manner of keei)ing cattle, which are known by the iiiuiKi
of Amsterdam race, being no less remarkable on account of size than f.ir
the great production of milk. The pastures of North Holland arc said to
contain 100, 000 morgen ( l.')8-l()() morgen to an acnf) ; every acni furiiislics
nourishment for 4!)-100 head of cattle. The peasants are engaged aliiiosi
solely in cattle breeding, and the keeping and care which th(>se aniiuMls
recoivo here has iilmost become proverbial on account of its j)erfectioii.

♦♦The cattle here are mostly spotted black and white ; however, brown
and blue or gray mix<!d are found. Tlu* height is considcirable, bcinir "'"t
under two Amsterdam ells (4 51-100 feet) ; tlu; length of tlu; body in pro-
portion to the height, the middle [lart of which is particularly developed,
the quarters fleshy, neck rather short, than long, with a strong dowlii|);
head narrow and long, with the foreliea<l slightly dei)i'essed ; tine lioins
crooked forward, and large projecting eai"s. The withers an; often narrow ;
the back, on the other hand, broad acntss the hii)s, which are not very
prominent; the tail fine and long, with a good tuft of hair; the position
of the hind legs strong and straight (not knock-kneed), the liind-<inartors
broad and roomy, and the bag well developed. The lower ))art of the
loffs above the hoofs is invariablv white, whii-h is rejjarded as a sign of
the pure unmixed br(>ed. Tim live sveight of t\w cows is 1,200 to 1,400
pounds ; that of bulls rcniches 2,000 pounds when full grown and fattiid.
The cows are unusually productivt! of milk, and give an average of .'J,009
quarts and over per annum.

CA'rrt.E, llULJtiTKINS.

801

«'A very excellent inilch tow of the 'Amsterdiiui nice, from tlio royal
cow stable in Eldenu, which was brought with a few otheru to the luter-
uatioiial Exhibition, took the tirst premium for milch cows of the
Nctiiorluud race at the International Exhibition of live stock at Stettin in
18G5. This cow, fed in the stall only, gave in one year the great
quantity of 6,142 quarts of milk, and kept up afterwards to 4,000
(|iiaits in an equal length of time.

"To the breed of North Holland are nearly relattsd those of Soutli
Holland and West Friesland, and differ perhapw only hi that the latter
are larger boned, and in general of not so pleasing a form. In regard
to tlioir milk-producing qualities they are about equal. The manner of
keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same, viz. : the
manufacture of cheese, while the calves are raised and sold as young
stock at high prices. From these three provinces, the former two of
which suffered so much lately from rinderpest, milch cows are bought
for the best dairies in Germany.

" Holland cattle ai*e well adapted to soiling, although at home they are
accustomed to pasturage. They are kept protibibly on the hitter only
when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion inniec-
essary. Therefore a great error would bo made in placing these animals
on a scant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pastin-agci of
a light soil. The result of stall-feeding is more favorable, because pro[)er
care and fodder can be given the stoek without its exertion. We liava
received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed,
as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at Eldena.
has shown.

"Three years ago (in 1865), different nwres were kept here, vi/,. : milch
cows of Toudern and Breitenburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, of Ayrshire, is.
Scotland, and of Holland.

Yields of Milk.

"The yield of milk this year of these races was :

"1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,337 (juarts, or an average of 2,334
quarts, or 6 3-10 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gav«
2,345 (juarts, the smallest 2,020 quarts.

"2. Three Breitenburg cows gave 8,5SJ4 cjuarts, or an average of
2,8(U 2-3 quarts, or 7 85-100 quarts per daj' for the year. The largest
iiilker gave 2,946 quarts, the smallest 2,820 (juarts.

"3. Three Ayrshire cows gave 5,386 quarts, or an average of 1,79.') 1-3
quarts, or 4 92-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gav»»
2,249 quarts, the smallest 1,415 quarts.

I' >l

tt02

ILLUKntATKI) PlOOK UUOI'UU.

■

"Altho

ally, tliaii

weighed oi

^^1

compiirisoi

irrcator iiiri

viz.: Niiit

^^H
^^1

iiiiothcr of

The propor

'>f liiij, tho

"From t.

5 pounds w

6 25-100 p„

of hay. i;

^ H

preferable.'

CArri-K, IIOLHTRINH.

mil

••Twonty-two Holland vowh gave 7>S,1()() quailH, or an avorag»i of
3,550 (juarto, or 9 73-100 (juarts pt-r day for \\w year. 'I'lu' liirj^dst
milker pivo (5,142 (iuart.s, tlit! snialloHt 2,52(5 <]unrts.

" Tlio avcirago food \wv head in the Winter was daily — 10 poiindn Suni-
nicr straw, out lino: 2 1-2 poundH oat and wheat eliaff ; 2.''i pounds
beets ; 10 poundH hay ; 8 poundH refuse malt from hc.or ln'cweiy ; .1
pounds ryo bran. This food is considered al)()ut (tqual to t2 }>-lO
pounds hay.

"During the Sunnner the {-ows were fed daily per head 13.') pounds
irreen fodder, viz., clover an«l V(!tehe.s (of the latter very little wan used),
aud three times a day 8 pounds of hay."

Feeding Qualities.

"Although thcro is no doubt that the Holland cows oat more, genei--
ally, than the smaller Ayrshire and Toud<>rn (for tho fodder wiis not
weighed out for each aninnd separately), this is of minor importiinee in
coinparison with the greater amount of milk given by the fornu'r. Tho
LTcuter aujount of feed eonsunuid by thi; Holland cows can be (!stiniatcd,
viz. : Nine of them stood at one crib, whilo ten of the sntaller stood at
another of equal size ; the fodder was, however, divided tlu! sain(i in each.
Tho proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows ciit 4.5 ))ounds
of hay, the larger ones eat SO pounds.

"From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used a trifle over
5 pounds weight of hay to produce one quart of milk ; Brcitenburg us<h1
C) 25-100 jwiuiids of hay ; 'I'oudern 7 jjounds of hay ; Ayrshire !) pounds
of hay. By these results it cannot nunain doubtful whic^h race i»
preferable."

Early Importations Betained Pure.

"Le Roy, father and son, should not have allowed their hord to become
soiitteretl and lost as a pure breed, when they subsequently turned atten-
tion to the breeding of Short-Horns. That this was t\w fad is evident
from the record, that at the sale of the farms of these gentlemen, after-
ward, none but grades were found in the herd or in the adja(!ent country.

"The first importation of animals that have been retained i)ure, M'ere
tlio.se of Mr. \V. C. Chenery, near Boston, in 18(51. This was a bull and
four cows, which were successfully bred and ke])t pure. Mr. Chenery,
previous to that time, in 18.')2, imported a single cow; in 18.'')7 he made
importations of a bull and two cows, and in 18.59 a further importation of
four more cows. With this latter importation he was so unfortunate as
to import pleuro-pneumonia. The ravages of this dread disease extended

■vt ,

r 'mM"^

ILLUHTKATHD HTOCK IMM'roH.

t<) the entire breed, mitl with tlio exception of u Hingle young hull thoy
were entirely destroyed. In 18G1 Mr. Chenery nmdc another iuiportutioii
of H bull und four oowh, which cunio overwound. These and their d(v*
Hcenduuts were the only pure bred herd in America for years. That thej
jvere the best representatives of their breed is certain from the fact tliut
they were selected with care from the besf dairy herds of North Holland^
and were so certified to by the official authorities of the districts whert
they were bred."

Holsteins aa Milkers.

Ar being interesting history and also as a means of comparison with
their tlcscondants and also with later iini)ortatioMH, we give some iiitt'rest-
ing data :

The four year old bull girted 7 feet 10 inches. His length was 8 feet
7 inches ; height 4 feet 11 inches, and his weight was 2,465 pounds. IIIh
color was jet black and clear white, the white being confined to the fore-
head, with a largo patch on the withers and top of the rump ; the limbs,
brisket, belly, and flanks being also white.

In relation to yield and quality of milk, Mr. Allen says :

"The four imported cows, each seven years old, have an average weight
of 1,325 pounds. The weight of a past two-year old heifer is 1,240
pounds. A past yearling heifer weighed 900 pounds ; and the weight of
six calves at an average of eight riionths, reared in the usual way, without
forcing, was an average of 57G pounds each.

"The milking, qualities of the breed may be judged by the following
memormida : One of the imported cows, when six years old, dropped a
calf on the 15th of May, weighing 101 pounds ; and from the 2(Jth of May to
the 2()th of July, by a careful and exact record, gave 4,018 pounds 14 ounces
of milk. The largest yield in any one day was 70 pounds 5 ounces
(35 1-3 quarts). In ten days she gave 744 pounds 12 ounces, or an aver-
age of 74 47-100 pounds per day. She gave a good flow of milk during
the season, continuing to the 24th of May following, and on the succcding
day dropped twin heifer calves, which weighed 155 pounds. ThoiiinounI
of cream jjroduced from this cow's milk, in a vessel specially prepared for
measuring it, produced 22 70-100 per cent of the milk, as tested bviui
accurate examination.

"The nutritive qualities of the milk were also tested by a thorough
chemical analysis, and found to be excellent. It is also rich in its cuseine,
or cheese-making properties. Six days' milk of this cow was set for
cream, and the produce was 17 pounds 14 ounces of good butter — nearly
3 pounds per day ; and it is claimed by the owner that she is not the verf
best cow of the herd.

CATTLK, HULHTElNrt.

ffOi

"Tliost* n^HultH hIiow not only tho rcmiirkiihlo productioiiH of tlio cow,
but till- lu'ciinito und puins-tuking euro of the proprietor of the herd in
U'stiii<r their ul)ility at tiie puil. Of whut tho food given to tho oow wuh
compoMcd, wo are not informed. Wo are to pre.sumo, however, that it
was of the best, as every cow ahould have, to test to tho utmost her hieteul
fucultioH."

Weights and Milk Product!.

The Ilolstein bulls weigh from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, and aro kind,
tiii(tiil)K% good tempered. A half-blood Ilolstein steer is recorded that
\vfi<'lic'd 1,900 pounds, und some two-year olds that averaged 1,300
poiiiids.

In a large immber of tests that have been made with Holsteins and
imtives at various factories in the West, the results reported showing as
follows: Natives range from 5.000 to 8,000 per year ; Holsteins, from
8,000 to 12,000 lbs. per year of milk.

Ill aroinparisoii of Ilolstein and Ayrshires, the following is the report
of three herds of Ayrshircs, including Dr. E. L. Sturtcvant's herd. Tho
Dr. gives tho record as follows : General average with 13 Ayrshires for
four years, /i,. '543 ll)s. Tho best year was 1872 — 13 Ayrshire cows (no
heifers), (!, 047 ll)s. Mr. E. F. Miles, of Massachusetts, gives tho fol-
lowinir yield of Ayrshires : Best year's uverugo out of five years was
6,2!)2 llis., from a dairy of 11 cows ; general average for five years, 5,014
lbs. Mr. F. H. Appleton, of Massachusetts, gives the following record
of three Ayrshire cows for one your, average, 7,055 lbs.

It is (juite s!if(! to say that these cattle will give from 8,000 pounds up
to 12,000 pounds a year. Mr. Hubble, of Onarga, 111., gives the record
of one cow, which gave 14,000 pounds in less than one year, auU another
whiili. in 1878, gave 15,960 1-8 pounds of milk.

Herd Records.

As showing the great value of any pure breed in the production of milk.
Keeping in mind always that the Jerseys give exceptionally good milk,
;iiid the Ayrshire and Short-Horns the next in richness, we append a list
if herds for a series of years, showing the number milked, the average
yielded per cow and the average of all given breeds, which is tabulated
on next page.

As milking cows the Holsteins aro wonderful, as cheese-makers thoj
are superior, as butter-makers they do not sti'.nd the test so well. lu
faet, Holstein breeders always tell how much milk their cows will give ;
the Ayrshire men, how much milk, and butter, and cheese their cows will

,11-; fi.'

•M

ILLUSTRATRD STOCK DOCTOR.

AYRHIIIRR IIKRDH.

No. of
Years.

11
6
2
1
6
8
4
9
1
1

No. of
Yields.

100

1«

r>7

:«

12
37

55
60
74

Jflerds.

Average Yield
per Cow.

Waiubakum

Cherry Brook

Koad.-tldo

CiMhing'n

Mapiowood

New Jersey Agricultural College

Cociilchewick

A. ;j«'bby'8

Oneida Oomniunlty

Cornell's

Average of all

HOLSTUIN UEmDS.

Togus I 5,922

Oneida Community | 8,771

Miller's „ I 8.500

Average of all | 7,761

[Let us add to these two well-known herd:*].

.a.

5,22!)
5.372

5.705
5.583

«.5:m

5,671
7.5H2
5.-108
0.405
881 3-10

lbs.

Col. H, C. Hoffman's
Unadilla Valley Association

0.3G0
8.384

4,128
4.G22
4.1)58
3.808

4.2n»

4,303

Average of all 8,8781-!

JKR8RY lIBRnS.

Togus

E.P.orUhoile Island

Deerfoot

Nordhelm

Hillsdale

Average of all

Let us add to this Il&t the

SHORT-HORN HERDS.

R. Ashburner, California (i.870

Harris Lewis 6,400

John Lea, Eng.,600 lbs cheesu in 8 mos., and roilk

for calves— milk sold in winter

Bcauchamp'8C'rt,Lng 8,000

(These w«!re samples of a large herd).
Average of all 6,736

' i

e =

a
(I

■3

make ; the Jersey owners, how much butter und cream to the quart of
milk. To show that the Holstein is not a butter cow, the following
deduce'Jl from a table publish(;d hy tlie London Agi'iculture Journal, the
results of tests made by Mr. Amersfoordt, of Badhoeve, in tho Lake of
Haarlem, Holland, a most competent authority, who tested tiie iiiilii of
46 cows in June, and 49 cows in November, with Prof. Tesse/'is lacto-
scope, which is claimed to give a close approximation to the actual fat
in the milk.

In the table made by Mr. Amersfoordt, the yield of eiich ''ow on the
15th of Jui.e and the 24th of November is given with the per centajrc of
fat. The average yield of 4(5 cows in June, is 13.87 litres, or 31 ll»f».
each, and the per centage of fat 5.217. Six of the largest milkers gave
80.2 litres, or 46 lbs. per day, with 5.2 per cent, of fut.

the Holsi
.""Id .') r,

CATTLK, HOLHTBINN.

607

On till! 2Gth of November, 49 cows gave an average of 6.24 litres, or
13.92 1I)Sm with (5.32 per cent, of fat. The largest per centage of fat
was IJ^O. If tlio lactometer of Dr. Fesser is accurate, this would show

the Holsii'ins to ^ivc tnilk as ricii as our iiativi' cows, whose milk will
pld 5 per cunt, of butter on flush grass in .hiiu-. and 7 per cent, in

808

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

November. So considering the noble milking powers of this breed, iirid
their well-known ability as cheese-makers, their outcome in butter should
be considered satisfactory.

The Kerry Ck>w.

In Ireland, from time immemorial, there has existed two distinct races
of cattle that were valuable in their day and time ; one a long-horiicd
breed, and the other belonging to the middle-horns and (tonsidcrcd
an abcnginal breed. Of the long-horns we have already made whut
mention is necessary here, except that we may add that from their rcs(!m-
blance to the English long-horns, they have been supposed to have had
the same origin ; but whether the English family came from Ireland, or
vice versa, is not known ; history is silent on the subject, and it mutters
but little to this generation. The middle-horns and the short-horns are
the valuable cattle of the present day, and they will be the cattle of the
future.

The other representative branch of the gentts Bos in Ireland, the
cattle of Kerry, or as they are now termed, Kerry cattle, are worth more
than a passing mention, because there have been representative aiiinmls
imported to the United States, and tliey may have val'ie in some moun-
tainous countries of the United States, and the far Northwest, for their
extreme hardiness, their facility in shifting for f'^omselves, and their
adaptal)ility in fattening when not in milk. As ' '-n' ■ J they arc rare,
and even in the last century were not to be fou ' v . ^pt inland on the
mountains. They are described by Youatt jis small, light, active and
wild.

The Kerry at Home.

The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in various
parts ; and .so numerous, indeed, are these oxt^eptions, that sonic descrilM'
th<- native Irish cattle as having tiiick heads and necks ; the horns arc short,
as compared with the other breed, all of tlu«n fine, some of thcni nitlior
upright, and frequently, after projecting forward, then turning lux kwiird,
Vltliough somewiiat deticic-.l in the hind-quarters, they are high-lioncd
and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally i« not heavy. The hair is
coarse and long; they arc lilack-brinr'led, black, or brindled, witli whito
faces. Some arc fin«»r in the bone, and finer in the neck, with a good ev*'
and sharp nmzzle, and great activity.

They are exceedingly hardy ; they live through the winter and «omP-
times fatten on their native mountains and moors ; aiul when ri moved to
a l)ett«r climate and noil they fatten with all the rapidity of the iihorijrinai

CATTLE, THE KERRY .

■i^lifk

oattle of the Highlands and Wales. 1'hcy are generally very good
milkers, and many of them are excellent.

The cow of Kerry is truly a poor man's cow, living everjrwhere hardy,
yielding (for her size) an abundance of milk and fattening rapidly.

These cattle usually are small, and are confined to the hilly and moor
fffounds. Some are of considerably size, elsewhere, and are improved
in form as well as weight. The horns, usually of middle length, turn
up, as do the horns of those on the mountains ; they are shorter in the
le*', shorter in the body ; their loins p.nd haunches are heavy and wide ;
although the hair is thick, the hide is mellow, and thoy thrive with rapidity.
This is as they were known many years ago. They have since been bred
with care. The London Stock Journal of a late date says of thom now :
"These characteristic points of the breed are unmistakably well marked.
The size is small. The legs in most cases are very short in proportion to
the size of the body. The head is somewhat small, though the muzzle
is long and clean. The lips are thin ; the expression of the countenance
is pleasing, and the eye is particularly clear and fairly prominent. A
symptom which is most indicative of purity of breed is the "turn up"
of the horn, which is of medium length. Occasionally, however, the
horn will, after turning up, turn backwards. The nicety of the horn
and the manner in which it is set on adds immensely to the style. The
neck is not massive at the junction with the head, bur, it thickens gradu-
ally, and affords reasonable covering to the siioulders. The latter are
flat and thin. The dorsal vertcbrce rise more than in other cattle, which
soinetinics gives the back an irregular api)carance. The ribs spring well,
especially the last of those approaching the hip ; this makes the body
very compact. The loins arc of medium width, and the hip not promi-
nent. The distance between the hip and the setting on of the tail is not
considerable ; the latter hangs neatly, and is well (M)ncealed l)y tao
adjoining bones. The chest is full and deep, and the hind-quarters long,
but rather light. The favorite color is black, though l)lack and white,
brown, and red, are by no means uncommon. TIh; coat U invariably
tine and thick, and the hide elastic and mellow, showing great capacity
for the production of flesh and fat.

"Sixteen quarts of milk per day may be regarded as the maxinuini
(luantity the best speciniens of the breed M'ill give, and twelve quarts may
Im> rpgiirded as a good average for the entire season. Tiiis is, of c urse,
on good keep. The milk is rich in cream, and the butter delicate in ilavor,
superior in color, and, us in the case with the Jersey cows, one or two
Kcrries will give the milk of ten to fifteen other cows in the i)rodu(!tion
of butter. Ah an indication of the richness of n>ilk of the Kerry cow,
ei?ht to nine quarts are said to produce a pound of butter."

iiSi

a.'

:li Li

Stsli^'

610

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

■•!'.

In relation to tboir udaptability to fatten, it is said to be a remarkable
peculiarity of the breed, but tiiey take a long time to mature. At tiirce
to four years of age they will not dress more than three to four hundred
pounds of beof to the fore quarters. They are not however beef cattle
nor are they adapted, in this country, to dairying, except by mixinc, to
improve the messes. In fattening, however, when of mature age, they
thri','0 most rapidly, and the beef in point of being well marbled, in flavor,
and tenderness, is not excelled by that of any other breed.

With proper care and breeding, there would seem to be capabilities in
this breed well worth perpetuating and improving, especially now thut
dairying as a distinctive brr.nch of agriculture is assuming such proportions
in the United St'ites, and particularly in the West.

In relation to constitution, hardiness, etc., the authority last quoted
says : "It is already observed, the hardy constitution of the Kerry most
enhances its value ; for daiiry puri>o8e8 especially n remunerative yield is
obtained on what would be to other animals •stai'vation fare.' In the
depth of the winter season I have not only known the animals to live
jumping from rock to rock, and from cliff to cliff, picking a. coarse scanty
bite from among the mountains, but with very small additional keep at
the farmsteading, whither they come to be milked morning and evening,
to a(!tually thrive under the circumstances. Few people think of housing
the Kerry, either night or day, at any '^~eriod of the year. When not
giving . ny milk they remain for months away concealed in the ravines of
mountain passes, seeking the best shelter they can from the excessive rain
and snow storms M'ith which their abodes are perio "«cally visited. The
hair is thick but fine and long — a i)rovi8ion of nature typical of cpld
lati«^ud*^H.

"What, how(!ver, is fiir more singular in the constitution of the breed,
is the readiness with which it adapts itself to circumstances of a wholly
reverse ciiatacter. In acclimating breeds of cattle, sheep, or pigs, the
transition iwii-t be gradual ? but with the Kerry we have it suddenly and
indiscriniina'elv transferred from it'< home in the mountains to the richest
grazing valleys which our island can boast of without experiencing the
slightest change in regard to health. Not alone this, but we have seen
the beasts ushered at once into the dairy sheds, and there confined for
years, in the f-losest bondi'ge, without any appariint effect on the constitu-
tion. They further enjoyed the full benetit of the change as well as if
the new alxxh' was their native Lahitation. It was for a time believed
that the fi-anie of the bnuMl was impregnabin to pleuro-pneumoiiia, or
other contagious diseases. Recent experiments which have been con-
ducted ha\c failed to establish this view."

.;ir»j CATTIP, POLLED.

611

PoLLKD Angus Cow.

Angus cr Aberdeen Polls. •

There are but three prominent i)eef5ng breeds in the world : the Short Horn,
Hereford, and Anguj or Aljerdeen \m\\.

Several others are eminent Itotli in quality and adaptability to particular cir-
cuinstaiiws, hut none of them liave proved equal to these three in all that goes
lO make tlio modern mo<lel ox on pasture or in tlie stall. Angus, or Forfar-
■iliire, in Scotland, some fifty years ago, t(«)k up the important question of the
improvement of its native cattle upon the principles then well known through
iliu successes of Short Horn brecilers, and ere long immense progress rosultod.
Hiijlh Watson, of Keillor, was the principal agent and worker-up of nil tins.
He was unquestionably the father of not only this branch of these polls, but
noeessarily, as we shall see, also of that of the Alwrdcen line. These {'alllc
wiire hornless, black, good milkers, somewhat stiff fattoners and good at livinj;
"11 "nothing" upon the somewhat bleak rolling pastures of Angus. The
i'laninof animal now on hand by Mr. Watson's skill and perseverance is oon-
«!<]iieiitly very hardy, grand graziers, fattening and ripening early on i)asture,
ai'd, as a natural result of man's interference, also good as stall feeders.

The men of those parts and times were not indifferent to the illustrious
Durham, as several purchases were already in possession of the more choice
farms of the north of S<!otlanil, but, in view of securing the more valuable
Aaracturistics of England's famous becfer, along with a hardier constitution,
?9

t :

i .

■r

612

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

It.

I ii '

or one then supposed to be more suitable to the district, this Angus or
"Keillor Dodiiie" was cstabliflhed.

The growing importance of the Angus breed led the farmers of Aberdeen-
shire to consider the improvement of their own horulem black cattle and in
order to render this more certain and rapid, they made use of the larger and
best specimens of the Angus.

William McCombie, of Tillyfour, stood pre-eminent in this work. His
ol)ject was to seouro a larger frame, and, if possible, a better stall f(>eder than
the " Watson " type, in short, a " Sootch Durham," and he succeeded beyond
all expectation.

These breeds had their separate herd books until three years ago, when in
consideration of their essential oneness, in history, points and chnractcristicg
they were joined, and hence the new name, Angus or Abenleen polls.

^^"•^^ >^:^v^'A

^l^^^w^^^^

V:^^^^

■^ V ' ■ ■' \.\

fW:

^K, T ^ M (

-■,r^:^-f^-^^

-jP

^\^^\ ;,'';Vn\\A\\>:A<^v,;

^sp

Polled Anous Bull.

At the present dny, therefore, we have a |)olled or hornless breed of eattle,
entirf'lv hlaok, with (x^-asionnl S|)ot« of white on the l)elly and ndder, a deep
miimre frame, having all or nearly all the details that make up the tnixlerii
IShort Horn. W^ith the fTi-eption, then, of the color and horn, the Anf;ns or
Aberdeen poll, is prav<*n»iiy a Short Horn, but more able to do well on inditt'erent
pastures, in ae i whole iteaser built behind the shoulder ond arm, and df<;ide(lly
better in quality of mili: and pnxlucing pkhI niarb|p<l flesh, tb ;;:f;li not ho
deep at the pail as the average Siiort Horn, nor probal)ly so heavy when
matured.

It is evident from the circumstances urHer which this breed has been estab-
lished — th(>^ of hill-side grazing, little grain, and plenty of hay, straw and
turnips, with severe winters aud moderate sumners, that for many prU o^

CATTLE, POLLED.

613

the world they are superior to the Short Horn and Hereford. They have every
year during the last quarter of a century so suocessfuUy competed with all
other breeds that their extension in Britain and importation to most civilized
countries is becoming a thing of common occurrence.

The Ontario Experimental Farm has had a herd of thera for five years,
and as we write (April, 1881) we read of other purchases for other parts of
Canada, as well as for the United States and Australia.

In view of the great field now open for the raising of cattle upon the prairies
of North America, several importations are being made of the best animals of
this breed for the purpose of improving the common herds :

ChOloway Oftttle.

'■

The Galloways we have seen have proved to be most, admirable cattle,
thick-moated, deep-flanked, short-lo^god, fine-haired animals. That
they were considered most valuable cattle, and worthy- of being brought
!iere in the early settlement of the country, is evident from the fact that
forty years ago those hornless or muley cattle, as they were termed, were
not extremely rare, often breeding back by reversion entirely hornless or
with but the rudiments of horns, as gentle and good milking cattle.
Gentleness is a characteristic of the pure Galloway. Even the bulls arc
noted for their docility and quiet tempers. For the reason that this
l)reed of cattle have of late years been growing in favor in the "West as
grazing and milking cattle, and for the further reason that it is thought
that crossing the Galloway on the half-wild Texan will bo most valuable,
we append the following general characteristics of the breed.

The (falloway cattle are straight and broad in the back, and nearly
level from the head to the rump ; are round in the ribs, and also between
the shoulders and the ribs, and the ribs and the loins, and broad in the
loin, without any largo projecting hook-bones. In roundness of barrel
imd fulhu'ss of ribs they will compare with any breed, and also in the
proportion which the loins bear to the hook-bones or protuberances of
the libs. When viewed from above tho whole body appears beautifully
rounded, like tho longitudinal section of a roller. They are long in the
quarters and ribs, and deep in the chest, but not broad in the twist.
There is less space between tho hook or niji-bonos and tho ribs than in
most other breeds, a consideration of much importance, for tho advan-
tage of length of carcass consists in an animal being Avcll-ribbed home,
or as little space as possible lost in the flank.

The Gallowny is short in tho leg, and moderately fine m the flank-
Itones — ^the happy medium preserved in tho log, which secures hardihood
md disposition to fatten. With the same clcauuess and shortness of

w '

!.»• i*l!

i'l

¥^

614

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

blmnk, there is no breed so largo and muscular above the knoo, wliilo
I'.iero is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest. Ho i.s cleun
not fino and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps ; a tliin
and delicate nock would not correspond with the broad shouldci-H, dcci)
chest and close, compact form of the breed. The neck of tlio Gallowiiv
bull is thick almost to a fault. The head is rather heavy ; the vyos aro
not prominent ; and the ears aro large, rough and full of long huirs on
the inside.

The Galloway is covered with a loose mellow skin of medium tliiok-
ness, which is clothed with long, soft, silky hair ; tho skin is thinner than
that of tho Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of the Sliort-llorn
althougli it handles soft and kindly.

Tho prevailing and fashionable color is black ; a few are of a dark
brindle l»rown, and still fewer arc speckled with white spots, and some of
them aro of a dun color. Dark colors are uniformly preferred, from
the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution.

Tho Galloway cows are not good milkers ; but although the quantity
of milk is not great, it is rich in quality, and yields a largo proportion of
butter. A cow that gives from twelve to sixteen quarts per day is con-
sidered very superior, and that quantity produces more than a pound and
a half of butter. The average, however, of a Galloway cow cannot bo
reckoned at more than six or eight quarts per day, during the five
summer months, after feeding her calf. During the next five months she
does not give more than half that (juantity, and for two or three months
she is dry. There is, perhaps, no breed of cattle which can ])c more
truly said to bo indigenous to tho country, and incapable of improvrment
by any foreign cross, than the Galloways. The Short-Horns almost
everywhere else have improved the cattle of the districts to which they
have traveled ; at least in the first cross produced manifest improvement ;
but even in tho first cross the Short-Horns have done little good in the
Galloway, and, as a permanent mixture, tho choicest southern l)u]ls hiive
failed. The intelligent Galloway breeder is now perfectly satisfied that
his stock can only be improved by adherence to tlie pure breed, and by
care in tho selection. While this is undoubtedly true of all pure or
thorough-bred stock, it seems especially so of the Galloways to-day. It
does not however follow that pure breeds may not improve tho mixed
stock of a country. They must and do, as the magnificent Short-Horn,
Hereford and Devon grades amply testify in all our great markets.
That the Gallowaj's have many valuable points cannot bo denied. One
of these is their absence of horns ; another is their extreme docility. W
by crossing Galloway bulls with Texan cows their honis could bo toned
down their wildness tamed, their frames thickened with superior flesh,

their I

would

know.

TEXAV, OR SPANIRII CATTLE.

616

their milking qualities improved, and the whole animal ameliorated, it
would 8com as possible with the Galloway as hy any other means we
kuow. It is certainly well worthy of trial.

Texan Cattle. ■: •\; ...

"Within the last few years certain theorists have harbored the idea that
liio immense herds that cover the groat plains of Texas, Mexico, and
America are a race native to the soil, and that have existed there from
time immemorial. Such however is well known not to be the fact. As
well miiy the great droves of horses that occupy the same region bo said
to 1)0 !i native and wild race. On the contrary, their well known char-
iictcristics, and similarity to the Spanish cattle and iiU that country including
Austria, Hungary, and other regions bordering the Mediterranean, Black
;iiul C:i-*i)ian seas, points distinctly to their origin, if, indeed, it were not
(Veil known that they were introduced by the Spanish settlors about the
year l.')00 and succeeding years. In fact, neither cattle or horses were
known in America prior to the Spanish invasion, and that they have mul-
tiplied so amazingly since is due to the genial climate and abundant
^turiige, 80 that the original cattle brought by the Spaniards succeeding
I lie discovery of the various countries along the Gulf of Mexico and
ijouth America, has caused them to spread over all the region from Cali-
fornia to a latitude &outh, bound only by a lino beyond which the coldness
of the climate precluded constjint Winter and >Sumnier herbage.

Unlike tlio wild buffalo, a race indigenous to America, cattle are not
migratory to any considerable extent. Not so much so as horses. Hence
while the buffalo is found in Summer far north, even into the British pos<
svssious, cattlo have never been found beyond the limits of abundant
Summer and Winter pasturage, and they have never been brought into
suhjection by the wild Indians of the plains as were the horses, that escap-
ing from domestication gradually increased and occupied in a wild state
niiiny valleys to which cattle never reached.

Oharaoteriatics of Spanish Cattle.

This race of cattle should therefore be called Spanish cattle — what
they really are ; gjvunt, bony, long-horned cattlo, semi-wild, capable of
great endurance of heat, and adapted to the dry but fertile regions they
have gradually overrun. So vast has become their numbers that ton
yours ago these cattle were estimated at 4,000,000 in Texas and Now
Mexico, being in point of numbers about one-seventh of all the horned
cattle in the Union. Semi-wild, impatient of restraint, lean and lank in
body, high-boned, furnishing but little meat, and that of an inferior

Ij.,

♦i*^

616

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

quality, giving: littlo more milk than wild buffalo — scarcely enough for a
few montliH Hunuuor Hupport of a calf — they wore for f^oiuM'atioiiH run
down like wild hcastH and Hiaughtcrcd for their hides and H«Mintv tallow.
The gradual 8(>ttlnnicnt of the country, and the incrreasing dciuaiul for
beef, lM>th in Europe and America, at length caused them to he movod
north into Kansas for summer pasturage, wlienco they were driven to the
nearest railway station, shipped east and slaughtered, either for puci^inir,
or sold at un inferior price for consumption of flesh.

Various attempts have l>oen made to reduce them to subjection to nmn
BO they might be divided into small herds to bo confined in pasturos or
fed in winter. It has been in every instance unsuccessful. Thcv rciiiuin
shy, wild, irritable, and refuse to fatten kindly. The writer, innucdiutcly

A TEXAS STEER.

after the close of the war, having a largo quantity of forage and fatten-
ing material, with mills for grinding corn, and stables for the aocoinmo-
dation of 450 cattlo, on account of scarcity of stock was obliged to put '
iuTexaus.

Feeding Tezsne in OonflnemMit.

They were bought in Kansas and were knovvn as Caerokeo cattle, s
moditiod form of Toxans, bred by the civilized tribes of the Indian reser-
vations occupying tlio territory between Kansas and Tejxas. They hud to
be lassoed and dragged into the stables and made fast to the staucbioos,

TEXAN, OR BPANIRII CATTIX

from which thoy could not bo allowed to oHciipo until turned off in tho
Si)riii}i. Undcrjfround pipes convoyed their drinking water, tho feed,
(rrc)iin(l corn and hay, toj^ether witli residuum from u mill was conveyed
to them l>y cars on tramways running between onch two lines of cattle.
Tl>e stal)l('H were kept only tight enough so that tho workmen could sec
to feed and oleiui ; good ventilation was provided, and at the end of six
iiioiitl»< they were turned out, and shipped to New York, — good ripe cat-
tle so far as Texans could lie made such, — and brought the price of fat
ciitth^ ill the market there. Of this lot only two car-loads wore culls or
untit fi>i' the New York market. They wore strictly coni-fed, or rather
nioul-fcd. For the first month they were sulky and savage, refusing to
take kindly to their rations. They never became so <]uiot that strangers
coiiUl be allowed in the barns without danger of thniwing them off their
foecl, and yet thoy were altogether superior to the ordinary Tc'xan cattle
of ton years ago in point of docility, for they had been closely herded.
Novcrllu'loss, the one experiment was sufficient. If other cattlo could
Imvc been had at a fair price it would not have paid to have fed them.
At that time good cattlo were high and scarce, Texans wore cheap. Tho
lodpr acctount came out all right in the Spring, but the wriU^r did not
euro to try the experiment a second time. As to how thoy looked when
off of ^'ni8H and ready for tho stable in tl[io Fall, the full page illustration
wc have prepared will show :

Weisht of Texan Cattle.

Tho average weight of full grown Texan steers as usually sold from
grass in tho Western markets, may be stated at 1 ,000 pounds ; of this
tliL' average beef and bone will bo 400 to 450 pounds ; of the balance,
except the hide, it is pretty much offal, the tallow being exceeding light.
Of lute years very many Texas cattle are yearly bought for feeding in
distillery stables, on the slop made in the manufacture of high wines.
Thev are roped and fastened and remain there until sold to the butcher.
Others again are bought in the Autumn and shipped to the vast corn-tieldi*
of Kimsas, Iowa ond Illinois, and fed in the fields during the Winter.
They really take more kindly to this latter system of feeding than any
other, and they will gain about two hundred pounds of flesh during the
Winter, weighing an average of 1,200 pounds, and making in the neigh-
borhood of 700 pounds of beef.

From what we have stated it will readily l>e seen that there is no profit
in breeding Texans, when other cattlo may be kept. There are, however,
vast outlying territories where the herding of these cattlo is found profit-
able, lu Texas, New Mexico, the Indian Territory, Western Kansas and

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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TEXAN, OR SPANISH CATTLE.

619

Jfebraska and Dakota, in the valleys of Montana and Wyoming, they
may Inive unlimited range, and enjoy their semi-wild condition, and fat-
tened on grass may be shipped east to be slaughtered and barreled for
export, or fattened as we have previously stated. Of late years enterpris-
ing herdsmen have bought great quantities of Short-Horn and Hereford
bulls to bo used in the improvement of their stock. The effects are
already apparent. It is well understood now that the produce of either
of the bulls we have mentioned, in the first cross, produce an animal
much superior to the dam, and which will sell at three or four years old
for nearly double what the natives will. The cows give a largely
increased quantity of milk, they make better and fatter calves ; and here
iiijaiii is a conclusive illustration to the breeders of cattle everywhere, of
the utility of improved breeds in inducing early maturity, increasing the
weight and improving the quality of the beef.

Profits in Breeding Oradea firom '?ezans.

Withiii the last ten years fortunes have been made in herding Texas
cattle, not only in that State, but in various Territories of the United
States. There are two essential requisites ; plenty of good grass for Sum-
mer and Winter pasturage, and abundance of water. The latter is the
essential. Many persons have failed in their efforts to profitably breed
Texas cattle on the, plains, for the reason, that water was either not near,
or insufficient in supply. The cattle must go long distances to slake their
tMrst, and consequently become very dry and uncomfortable before start-
iuc to the watering place. Then they drink such immoderate quantities
of water, as again to be uncomfortable for some time, and will, if allowed,
han" about the water, on scant grass, until again forced to take the range.
Thus they cannot gain in flesh uniformly, but bn the other hand, abso-
lutely lose condition in the constant travel necessary to get water. Perhaps
some epidemic sets in, and they die by hundreds, and the owner finds
himself the loser, simply from entering into a business hastily, and with-
out studying carefully the absolute necessities in the case.

There is another class of failures. These have been persons who have
supposed they could take fifty cows, and make money by herding them
until groivn up. In all that wild region inhabited by Indians more or less
predatory, the force about a ranch must be strong enough for some pro-
tection. The profits must come principally from the increase in cattle.
If the small herder has water privileges, he can make money if he has
stock enough. If he has but few, the expense of herding will be the same
as when the herd is larger. Owners of other and large herds, or those
seeking to become such, will not take kindly to the appropriation of water

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

privileges, for so small a drove. There will b3 quarrels ; cattle will be
stampeded, and get mixed with other herds, and at last the owner will he
obliged either to leave, or take a partner with sufficient capital to properly
stock the ranch. '; ^ i. .. '. ••.;.:

The yearly increase in value of cattle on the ranch will be all the way
from 25 to 50 per cent, according as the business is managed. In north-
west Texas the value of cattle on the ranch is for yearlings $0 ; two year
old |10 ; three year old $13 ; cows $12 to $15 ; beeves $15 to $20.

The Cattle InteroBt of Texas.

•).';';

To give some idea of the vast numbers of cattle in all that region
■where there is abundant pasturage and water, it has been estimated that,
from the Red River, in Clay county, west to the Pease River, and south
to the Colorado, embracing a territory of perhaps twenty-five thousand
miles, the whole region is now stocked to its fullest capacity, and in the
better portions thereof, it is estimated that an average of one head may be
kept to eight acres. The loss in cattle may be estimated at about four or
five per cent, per year, and the expense of herding 300 head and their
produce, has been given as follows :

Dll.

To three hundred cows ami calves $ 3,000

To two imported bulls, $125 260

To one man'rt time and boar 1 for live yoars, $3(K) per year 1.500

To one man's time and board for tiinHj years. $3(10 jwryear 900

To sundry items of expeuite 330

Total - $ 6,000

CR.

By three hundred five year olds, $18 $ 6J)0

By three hundred four year olds $15 4.3U0

By three hundred three year olds, $12 3,000

By three hundred two yearolds, $10 3.000

By three hundred one yearolds, $0 1.800

By three hundre<l old cows, $10 3.000

By two buUs, $100 - 200

Total $21,500

Less loss 25 per cunc 6.3U0

$10,200
Original investment 6.000

Profit in five years $10200

This is approximately correct, except as to the value of the bulls, if
by these are meant acclimated thorough-bred bulla of Short-Horn,
Hereford, or Galloway blood. It is well known that it is useless to take
mature bulls or other cattle raised in the North, to Texas. They die off
with Texas fever before they have time to leave their impress to any

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TEXAN, OR SPANISH CATTLE.

621

considerable sxtent. An acclimated bull two years old past, should be
worth $250. Not less thar. three such bulls should be used in the herd
of 300 cows. The second year 150 heifers will be in breeding condition,
and the increase will then be increasingly fast. The fourth year tw o more
bulls must be bought, and at the end of the five yearsj the three first
bulls will be practically of little value. With these exceptions, the
figures may be taken as correct.

Aoolimating Improved Bulla.

The serious losses that have constantly occurred from the death of
thorough-bred bulls sent to Texas for the purpose of infusion of blood
has prevented, to a gi'eat extent, the improvement of the stock. In all
the plains regions of the West this difficulty has not been so severely
felt. The improved breeds take kindly to the Summer climate and only
require protection in Winter, and if put with a herd in which the germs
of Texas fever have been eliminated are healthy. Not so those taken to
Texas. Whatever the cause of the disease, it is certain that nearly every
animal taken there has succumbed to this dread disorder, if placed
immediately in the herd, and generally before they have had time to
serve more than from twenty to forty cows, and from weakened condition
the impress they have left has been deficient in vigor to that of either
the sires or dams.

Select Your Bulls.

To obviate this a thorough system of acclimation must be established.
And above all none but very young animals should be taken. In every
case they should be calves of early Spring, bought when they ai-e eight
mouths old. The cars in which they are carried should be carefully
prepared, to provide for the comfort of the animals. Pay particular
attention to feeding and watering regularly so as to keep the bulls
yigorous and strong.

Buy none but animals of parents and families of known soundness and
vigor of constitution. Avoid all fancy or highly in-bred families. Ab-
jure excessive style and fineness, and look only to the single points,
mvMilutional soundness and vigor, and thick beef. It is better that they
be a little rough from having been bred out of doors, and with out-of-
door care, rather than stable bred, pampered animals. Such are not even
fit to put with the breeding herds of the plains. To carry them to the
very home of Spanish, or as it is now called Texas fever, can only result in
loss. When they arrive establish them in good, well ventilated stables,

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

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and under the supervision of a keeper who fully understands both hreodinw
and raising, and do not allow them to mingle with the native cattlo until
they are at least two years old ; and, no contact should be allowed with
stock that are known to show indications of the malady. One more su"-
gestion : the bulls should not be freely used as breeders until they are
twenty months old. In acclimating the bulls, watch for the lirst syinpK)mg
of the fever, and give prompt treatment at the first discovery of tiie dis-
ease. This may be kno^vn by the restlessness of the animal. The eves
Avill be dull, the movements constrained and moping, there will be more
or less straining in the attempt to urinate ; that voided will be scanty, hi^h
colored, and of bad odor ; and the bowels may be costive or very much
relaxed. Treatment, said to be most successful, is to give at the first in-
dication of the disease one tablespoonful of finely pounded charcoal, and
one teaspoonful of ground ginger, to be followed in an hour with a quart
of strong decoction o^ marsh mallow, .'md one quart of camomile ten.
This to be repeated in ten hours if the animal does not get relief. If
marsh mallow can not be obtained, salt peter is recommended. This
remedy, however, had better be given under the direction of a veterinary
surgeon. Above all, endeavor to keep th» pores of the skin active hy
brushing and friction. By jjroper care in tliis direction it is stated that
ninety per cent, of the cases treated can be saved.

In all this, care of course must be taken in regard to the food of the
animal. Bran, boiled outs, and corn, or corn meal, may be given ; if root.s
carrots, parsnips, or sugar beets can be had they ■will be excellent. In
fact they should always be kept in supply on breeding farms. Grass in
plenty and of good quality should also be supplied freely.

A Texan's View.

An intelligent and educated correspondent of the Live Stock Journal,
gives the following excellent ad\'ice in relation to the transportation, care,
and feeding of stock bulls to be carried to Western Texas. He advises
that care should be used in the selection of calves of stout, robust frames,
the offspring of sires and dams of good constitutions. Calves cropped in
the early Spring will be found most suitable for shipment say about tho
last of November or early in December. Plenty of milk from birth until
September should be given them ; then they should be fed on wheat bran,
boiled oats, and crushed corn, until date of shipment ; and if kept in stables
during the day they should have a good grass lot to graze in during the
night. They should be handled, made very gentle, and well broken to
the halter. The cars for transportation should be well bedded, and food
for the entire trip transported with the stock.

TEXAN, OR SPANISH CATTLE.

"PVi'

Arrangements should also be made for through trip when starting.
Food, AViiter, and careful watching by the herdsmen will land them at
the place of disembarkation but little damaged by the trip. Care should
be taken not to cro-flj^ too many in one car — thirty head can be taken if
thevarc properly cared for — yet twenty-five head would do much better.
The calves designed for shipment in one car, if more than one is to be
sc:;t, should be permitted to run together for some time previous to
starting.

After reaching the terminus of their wearisome journey by rail, a week's rest,
in dry lots, should be granted them, with the same kind of" food as was use 1
before shipment. When taken any distance slow and easy travel should
be civen them. If either costivencss or its opposite is exhibited, simple
remedies should be given to prevent the too active purging or relieve the
constipation. The preparation for their reception at their Texas home
should have been completed before their arrival ; and in addition to a
supply of corn, oats, and wheat bran, pure running water and free access
to a "rowing oats or barley patch, which should have been sowed in early
Autumn for their benefit, should be allowed. Suitable protection must
be provided to guard them from the cold blasts of the "northers ;" then,
by prompt attention to any symptoms of fever and the immediate use of
charcoal and ginger, one table-spoonful of charcoal and one tea-spoonful
of ffinser will relieve them.

If December and January are passed without fever you can feel safa
from its ravages until the rains of Spring, followed by the heat of June,
when the ticks and vermin menace them. Then avoid exposing . >em to
either rain or sun, and destroy the vermin by a free use of coal oil and
lard, using two parts of the latter to one of the former. If only Spring
calves are brought there will be less of fever than if older animals were
brought.

Too many speculators, who bring young stock to Texas, stint and half
starve them, thinking that to keep them in good growing condition
increases the chances of disease. My observation teaches the reverse to
Iwtrue. To secure a complete development of bone, flesh and growth,
and early, profitable maturity, a calf must have generous care, plenty of
nutritious food, good water, and kind treatment. I have heard men
comphiin that Texas Short-Horns are not thrifty and handsome, like
those exhibited at Northern fairs. The reason for the dissimilarity is
readily found on investigation to be that the one had excellent feeding
and growing, while the other — in addition to a long winter, starvation,
and acclimation, with a Spring and Summer with rain and hot sun — had
his vitality almost destroyed by ticks and vermin . Cattle from the North
cannot be acclimated unless generous food, comfortable quarters, and

G24

ILLUSTRATED Sl-OCK DOCTOB.

kind treatment are given to them during their first year in Texas ; and
unless this treatment be Icept up they are worthless when acclimated. Tiiey
will be weak and sickly in spite of the best efibrts to the contrary. Care as
to condition of animals will always pay. That which irosts us the grcaiest
pains in cattle raising will always reward us the best.

',■.>'-,

CHAPTER II.

BREEDINa AND FEEDINO.

In the breeding of animals, ono must have a definite object in ■'■iew.
ft'e liuvo already stated that in this ago of civilization, where industry is
divided uud subdivided, so that each set of workmen have separate and
distinct lines of labor in the make up and finish of the most simple articles,
so in stock breeding, the farmer must understand the nature and adapta-
tion of his soil, and its adaptability to certain crops and animals. In
rocky, liilly, and comparatively barren regions, or where the soil suffers
under drought, the farmer caimot compete, either in the raising of beef
cattle, or in dairying, with the more favored well matured countries of
deep soils and jBush pastures. Again, in a country noted for its short,
Sffcet perennial pastures, and cold springs of water, the stock breeder
cannot compete with the dairyman. The stock feeder of cattle and hogs
must bo in a region where corn, or other feeding grains can be clicaiily
and ubundantly raised. Fortunately, such countries are well adapted to
ttie meadow grasses, producing heavy crops of hay and pasture.

About Qrasses.

Here again, the grasses cultivated will bo somewhat different. Tho^
stock feeder will depend shiefly upon blue grass, timothy, red top, orchard
grass, and clover, and where blue grass is natural to the soil, he will de-
pend almost solely upon this grass, for late fall and Avinter feeding, as he
will upon blue grass and orchard grass for spring feeding, depending later
oa clover, timothy and red top. The dairyman, while he will depend
upon clover, timothy, red top and orchard grass for ha}', will not use these
for pasture exclusively. He must have in his permanent pastures a great

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ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

variety of grasses. His pastures, to produco the greater quantity and
l)est quality of milk, must be pernuiueut ones, and the older the better.
Thib with a moist climate is what has made some sections of England, uiul
especially Ireland, Holland, and Denmark so celebrated for tiu'ir dairy
products. This, also, with the peculiar care given in feeding, has niady
England and Scotland celebrated throughout the world, not only for the
heavy weight, and superior quality of the beef, but it has resulted in such
superior beef cattle as the world has never before known. Some of these
breeds, transplanted to the United States, have taken kindly to our soil
and climate. The wonderful fertility of the land lying west of the AHe-
ghanies and north of the southern line of Tennessee, and especially tiiose
States bordering upon tho Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and principjil
tributaries, and, also, the great Southwest — this teeming foitility of
soil has made all this great region of country the true homo of tlic most
celebrated I)reed8 of cattle — where they have reached weight, .'lud rich-
ness of milk given, no where else attained except in very contined areas,

What Breeds are Best?

This becomes a most important question. In all that great region of
the West, of gentle undulating prairies or grassy plains, Short-IIoriis and
Herefords will be found the very best cattle to breed from, M'heii oiilv
beef is the object. If labor and beef are wanted, the Devons and Here-
fords will be found most valuable. If beef and milk are to bo the pro-
ducts, the Duchess and Princess families of Short-Horns, and the Ilolsteiiis
will give the best returns. If dairying is to be the chief industry, then.
for butter, the Ayrshire, with a few of Jerseys intermixed will produce
the best results. If for butter and cheese, Ayrshire or Short-Horns. If
cheese alone, the Holstein, and for quantity of milk given this latter
breed will certainly carry the palm. If milk and butter, without refer-
ence to quantity, be required, the Jersey is the cow. All the breeds
except the Jerseys will make good weights of beef and fatten rcadilv
when dry — the Short-Horns, Holsteins, and Ayrshires making weight
in the order named. For milk, we have not included the Devons ; occa-
sionally a cow will be found giving a large mess for her weight. Devons,
however, are not dairy cows, at least, now-a-days ; having been bred most
exclusively for their superior quality of mai bled beef, and their uuiform
excellence, courage, and kindliness in the yoke. :

How to Breed.

All farmers cannot become breeders of highly bred, pure stock. For
this the animals must be isolated from all other breeds of the same race,

CATTLE, now TO BREED.

627

At lonst the mnlcs must ho strictly confined, so thoy may not intermix
with otlu'if*. WluTc farms join, divided only by fences, this will not bo
fouiiil priic'tic'iible in ii majority of eases. One's neighbor may funey scrub
stot'k. They arc notoriously l)reachy. Onco they intermingle with ii
pure breed, the taint of their blood is not only found in the calves, but
in the (liuus themselves. In the calves and their progeny, it may never
be bit .1 out. We see the Kyloo cross in some families of Short-Horns,
even to this day, cropping out in single individuals after u lapse of nearly
a century. The writer so saw it at the last fat-stock .show in Chicago —
tkt of 1H79. The animal was a most excellent .specimen ; fully as per-
fect us many of the very highest brqcding, yet the taint of the family
was then; and the breeder of "high caste Short-Horns" would not have
bred from such a cow or to a bull showing the taint, at any price.

About General Utility.

Just here is where the difference comes in, ns between breeding for
general utility or absolute purity of blood. The breeder for general util-
ity caves not so much about a particular strain of blood, as he does to get
ocrtaiii characteristics that will furnish him, at the least expense, either
the most beef, the best working oxen, or the most and the best milk.
Those who undertake breeding, or in fact any other business, in a hap-
hiizard way, always fail ; the only exception to the rule being pure luck.
Luck is not a good business integer to depend upon. Like lightning, it
never strikes twice in the same place.

There is another thing in connection with luck that it is well to bear in
mind. It is as apt to mar as to mark. The farmer, therefore, who
undertakes the breeding of stock, with a view to the money they will
bring from the butcher, or from the sale of dairy products, must be
guided by an entirely different set of rules from that of the breeder who
breeds solely with a view to selling sires and dams to other breeders of
pure stock. So particular, now-a-days, have breeders of this class
become tliat some of them will breed only paiticular families. Some
T\ill not allow a Booth cross, others abstain from the Bates blood.

Many high caste breeders are pretty well agreed that a top cross of
what are known as seventeens, and some other sub-families of later
importations, and also of particular bulls of pure breeding, but which
have been considered more or less coarse, must be rigidly excluded.
They have their particular fancies. To gratify this fancy they will pay
extraordinary prices, while the great mass of really superior and really
pure Short-Horns will be passed unnoticed. It would be unadvisable for
the ordinary farmer, or even the Short-Horn breeder to buy these
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il:.U8Tratei) stock doctou.

••terribly brid cattle." And tho fiirmor must nirrfuUy discrimiiuite.
Let liiiii get stauiu'h heiiltliy cattle to start his herd, if beef ho tlin oltjci't,
and animals ^vith ffoml milk points if milk bo the ol>ject, rather tliim to
strive for color. So lonj;: as tho color of tho animal is charncteristic
of the race, tho beef points and tho milk ))oints are what he sliouUl seek.
Tho body in tho beef animal, and tho udder in tho dairy cow, is wliu*
ho wants.

Breeding in Line.

Breeders of pure stock are espc^cially i)articular in tho Bolection of
sires ; so much so that many of them breed solely with referen<'o to the
strain of blood particular families contain, the selection often \muir
without reference to tho uniformity or quality of tho animals sc-lpcted.
Really, however, breeding in lino means tho selection of males of n
common type, and belonging to the same family. Thus in l)rocdiii('
in-the-lino, tho expert, while ho objects to going out of a sub-fuiiiilv,
nevertheless seeks to couple animals together whoso uniformity is ideiiti-
cal, or, when one is weak in some essential, to improve it by eouplinc
therewith an animal of superior excellence in this particular. Thus, if
the head and horns be rather coarse in an aninud, it is bred to one iiiio in
head and horns, but not lacking in other essentials. It is one of tho
most fatal mistakes that can possibly bo made in ])rceding, that to
acquire one essential other disabilities be allowed to enter. Manv
breeders have committed irrepara])lo injury to their stock by not uiulci-
standing the necessity, while trying to improve one essential, of k(!('|)in!r
all others intact. Therefore tho sagacious breeder will pay more
attention to those points indicative of heavy succulent beef laid in the
primer points and without an undue proportion of fat, if combined witli
genex-al symmetry, rather than stylo and carriage, connected with
deficient characteristics in fiesh. The ono animal may be striking to the
eye, while the other will bring tho butcher's money. This is really all
there is to beef cattle.

Form a3 an Index to Quality.

Whatever the animal, its form, organization and general make up, will
be an indication of its true type and character. It is a fixed law of nature
that this should be so. A few illustrations will suffice, and which will
easily commend themselves to the reader.

The thorough-bred horse, is courageous, high strung, active, sinewy,
impatient under restraint, and not given to (!arry much flesh or fat. The
heavy draft horse, carries much flesh, is docile, honest at the collar, pos-

CATFLK, now TO lUiKKI).

629

scHsiii"' pT''"* 1)011(1 and siiii'w, imd is on tlic wliolo nioro sl-.if^gisli. The
horse (»f nil work should Im ii iiioditicatioii of l)otIi llu's(> clianu'lfrisfu's.
All Iiorst's have great clu^sts, and consctjuently <rn>at luiij; powiT, littinjj
tliciii for Hovcro and long font iiiucd muscular exertion. Thej must ho
j,j,|(r(.(| hy a standard where muscular exertion is the important integer.
Ciiltle liav«< lu'cn lired so long with reference to their bodies, as lieef or
liiillv producers, that they have; hecoino so distinct fnuii the supposed wild
tviH' as to jxissess but little in comnion tlu'rewith. The head, neck and
liiiihs, have been refined, the lungs have less power, since it is only neces-
surv that tlu-y supply sufficient oxygen to tlu; blood to keep uj) a uniform
iiniiniil heat under exercise, never violent. The loin and ruuip are broad-
ened, llie ribs spring out mori^ to give ca[)acity for a stomach of size to
(li<'esl a largo (juantity of food. In swine the diminution of lung power
is particularly seen. They are essentially slow in all their movemonte,
and averse to exertion. Their forte is simply catiiig, sleeping and laying
on flit. Ko one would mistake a hog for either an ox or a horse. The
iiilellijreiit breetler so educates his eye and his touch, that he can distin-
iruisli between animals of any given riieo as to their capabilities for the
purpose intended. The external eonformation comes ut length to l)e so
keenly associated with the correlated structural affinities, that he tells at
once, and exactly, the important points that would entirely escape the un-
edutatcd eye and touch.

Practical Suggestions.

As the greatest oxcellcneo in the production of meat, milk or labor in
(Utile; of wool and carcass in sheep ; and of hams, loin, sid(^ meat and
liird in hogs, involves peculiarities of structure and function — a(ia|)ting
the animal to the special purpose for which it was intended, and us all
thcso rerjuire close study of anatomy, jjln'siology, and the correlations ex-
isting in the different forms of ])roduction ; and since scientific breeders
hiivc for the last hundred years been seeking to establish a higher and
hidier oxcellcneo, the intending breeder would be unwise to undertake
to breed up from the common herds of the country. It would be time
ill sjient. ri»! should first inform himself of the practical necessities
within liis reach, and breed from tY[w.s already existing rather than create
(mo. This will simplify his study, he must educate his eye by points and
the observation of the best animals, and his touch l)v feeling them accord-
ing to the rule heretofore given ; and this brings us to

Broeding Grades.

At the meeting of the American Association of Short-IIorns, at India-

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ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iiiipolis, 1872, "pure-l)rcd," "full-blood," and "thorough-bred," were
defined as being synonymous terms, and to hidicate "animals of a distinct
and well-defined breed, without any admixture of other blood." The fol-
lowing defiiiitions were adopted by the association.

"'Cross-bred' — ^Animals produced by breeding together distinct
breeds."

"'Grades' — The produce of a cross between a 'pure-bred' and a
'native.'"

'"High grade' — An animal of mixed blood, in which the blood of a
pure-bred predominates."

The produce of a Devon and a Short-Horn would be a cross brod
animal. In-and-in breeding is considered to be the coupling of animals
of the closest relationship, as the produce of one sire and dam, etc.
Close breeding is the breeding of animals together that are closely related ;
as animals one or two removes from the parent stock, in rclationiship.
High breeding is sometimes incorrectly used in this connection ; it is
M'rong. Many of our most highly bred horses are not closely related.
and the same ma}'^ be said of our pure cattle. High breeding properly
signifies the selection of the breeding stock, within the limits of some
particular family, and within a definite standard of excellence and
charactei'istics.

How to Breed Grades.

Select the best cows 3'ou can find, that is, those that come the nearest
to the standard of excellpnce for the purpose wanted ; then select a l)iill
combining in the most eminent degree possible the points of real excel-
lence for the outcome expected, not in fancy breeding but in adaptability
to the end sought. Thus, if for beef, he should be of fair size, not too
large, certainly not too small, but of excellent fineness combined mth
great loins, rumps and thighs, round-ribbed, and well ribbed to the
hip bones, — in otiier words, what a breeder would call a well-bred, serviceable
animal.

If for milk, the bull must have come of a line of uniform milkers, for
here tlie udder and milk-veins are the essential part. In fact, the male
must possess the peculiarities characteristic of the breed, and better if
from a family of extraordinary excellence. Why? Such animals are pre-
potent ; that is, they will impress upon their progeny the distinguishing
characteristics and excellence of their race. By following the directions
we shall give, in ten years one may have grades bred to such excellence
that none but the most critical judges of stock can tell them from pure bred
cattle. -

. distinct
The fol-

d' and ii

TOSS bvod
»f iininv.ds
dam, etc.
ly related ;
!lation,^hip.
tion ; it is
dv related,
ig properly
ts of some
ellence and

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

Start the Herd

631

With one yearling bull for each ten two-year-old heifers, selected as
we have stated, and which have not been bred. Keep them from contact
with other cattle, and especially keep their own bull as much in their
siirht us pos^blo. The next year's produce should be ten calves, one-
half of which should be heifers. Geld the steers, and make what use
may he desired of them. Rear the heifer culves in the best manner pos-
sible, and with their sire and dams when in the pasture, and at other
times do not allow them to see strangely marked animals, especially
when in heat.

At the age of two years breed them to their sire. He will now be
four years old, and should be kept simply in good flesh, not really fat,
certainly not lean ; but strong, vigorous and healthy. When these calves
arc two years old, breed again to the same sire, and so on to the fourth
generation, if he last so long with vigor.

Thus this produce will inherit 15-1(> of the blood of the sire, being the
fourth generation from the original sire and dam. It may be fornmlated
thus: at one j^ear from starting the herd, you have the first generation ;
lit four years the second ; at seven years the third ; and at ten years the
fourth generation. They will grade as follows : First, one-half bloods ;
second, three-quarter bloods ; third, seven-eighths bi'ed ; and fourth,
fiftcen-c .teenth bred.

Besides these you will also have generations successively from the orig-
inal cows, or seven-eighths, three-fourths and one-half bred heifers
corresponding with the succeeding years from the first. If these again
hiive been bred to the same bull, or another pure bred bull, their produce
will be respectively fifteenth-sixteenths and seven-eighths bred.

Ten Years' Froduoe.

Let us now figure how much stock, young and old, will be the produce
of this system, allowing that none have died. In one year, from the ten
cows and one bull, we have ten calves, five heifers and five steers ; the
second year, ten calves, the third year ten calves, the fourth year ten
calves. This year we have also five calves, the produce of the first year's
calves. The sixth year Ave will have twenty-five calves, the seventh year
tliirty, the eighth year thirty-five, the ninth year forty, and the tenth year
forty-five calves as the produce of the original cows and their progeny,
making in all two hundred and forty animals ranging in age from
calves to thirteen years old, of which one hundred and twenty-five should
be femaks.

.^•i

III

H. .r mm

\ ¥%

'^Ul

..tf

■

. m

- '■ . '■ 1-.

"^-■^tfifii

^B*

■u-'it'

"■■ '''"^sa

^V^v'

■;|>'i

^B''

it? ■ , ■ '

'-.,:■ ■ !

S'lffi

Mf^'""

-'^1

.. 1

632

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Selection.

Just here selection may come in. Some of the cows and their profeny
will have proved superior beef makers or milkers, according as they were
originally chosen. Their progeny should be carefully raised and bred.
It may seem dreadful, this incestuous breeding, but please feemcraber it
is animals that are the subjects. The records of the improvement of ani-
mals and their erection into fixed breeds, will show very much closer
in-and-in breeding than this. The object is not only to throw the sjood
qualities in a lump, but to fix them by concentration. Thus a cow bred
during her whole breeding life to one bull, never having had contact with
another, will bring her calves nearer and nearer to the sire year by year,
through the infusion of the blood of the sire into the dam, through iuter-
circulation by means of the foetus, during its growth.

As showing close in-and-in we find in the first volume of the American
Herd Book a diagram of the breeding of Comet from Hubback, and Lady
Maynard. It is explained as follows :

1. Bull, Hubback.

2. Dam of Haughton.

3. Richard Barker's Bull.

4. Cow, Haughton.

5. Bull, Foljaml)e.

(y. Cow, Young Strawberiy.
7. Bull, Dalton Duke.

8. Cow, Lady Maynard.

9. Bull, Bolingln-oke.

10. Cow, Lady Maynard.

11. Cow, Phoenix.

12. Cow, Young Phoenix.

13. Bull, Favorite.

14. Bull, Comet.

In relation to Favorite or Lady Maynard, ISIr. A. B. Alien says : It was
conceded by a company of old breeders in 1812, in discussing the question
of the improvement of Short Horns, that no stock of Mr. Colling's ever
equalled Lady "Maynard" the dam of Phoenix, andgranddam of Favorite
(})y Foljambe) and of young Phoenix (by Favorite, her sou, upon his own
mother,) the dam of Comet 155) so celebrated as having been sold for
1000 guineas $5000) also by Favorite, a specimen of as close-in-and-in-
breeding as can perhaps be found on record.

To show wonderful depth of in-l)reeding with continued good results,
the cow Clarissa may be mentioned ; she possessed sixty-three sixty-fourths
of the blood of Favorite. Her pedigree runs thus : "Cow Clarissa, roan,
calved in 1814. Bred by Mr. R. Colling, got by Wellington ((580) out
(jf — by Favorite, (852) — by Favorite, — by Favorite, — by Favorite— by
Favorite — by Favorite — by a son of Hubback.

Wellington, the sire of Clarissa, was also deeply iubred with the blood

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

633

of Favorite. Taking the two pedigrees — that of Clarissa and "Welling-
ton together — they will read thus :

)rogeny
ey were
d bred,
raber, it
it of aui-
2h c\o8ei'
the good
jow bred
itact with
r by yeur,
igh iuter-

Amcrican
, and Lady

lays: It was

the question

oUing's ever

of Favorite

ipon his own

leen sold for

■se-in-and-in-

ood results,
sixty-fourtlis
larissa, roan,
u (680) out
Favorite— I'V

rith the blood

1. Bull, Hubback.

2. Son of Hubback.

' 3. Cow, by son of Hubback.

4. Bull Favorite.

5. 1st cow by Favorite.

6. 2nd cow by Favorite.

7. 3rd cow by Favorite.

8. liu cow by Favorite.

9. 5th cow by Favorite.

10. 6th cow by Favorite.

11. Clarissa.

12. Bull Wellington, sire of Clarissa.

13. Bull, Comet.

14. Cow, Wilduir.

15. Cow, Young Phoenix.

16. Cow Phoenix.

4. Same bull Favorite on the side of
Clarissa's sire as on the side of
her dam.

17. Bull, Bolingbroke.

18. Granddaughter of Hubback.

Exercise Common Sense-
In l)rooding po closely as we have advised it will be necessary that
iutt'lligcut judgment be used. The effect of in-and-in breeding is to
rctine and render delicate the constitution. Animals closely in-bred, in
fact all highly bred animals require better care than those of a coarser
nature. They are not as able to take care of themselves, to shift for them-
selves ; are in fact artificial. But on the other hand they Avill repay the
eavo and attention bestowed, in increased profits for the food given. In
in-and-in, or other very close breeding, care must be taken to give the
imimals an out cross as soon as you find they are suffering in constitution
and hardiness ; in fact when you find they are no longer getting better
and l)Pttor seek another sire, and so continue until you have got animals
fully equal to any thorough-bred for all practical purposes, and that shall
at the same time be marked with vigor as well as the characteristics
wanted, whether they be for beef or milk, or both.

Once having begun, however, with pure sires on native stock, never by
any chance allow a grade animal to become a sire, no matter how good
lip may 1)0. It can only result in loss, whatever the attempt at improve-
ment 1)0 in animals of any kind. In swine in-and-in breeding may not
l)p carried so close as in other animals. They^ arc scrofulous and weak
luiigcd at best, and close breeding soon shows in the progeny. As a rule
one-half or three-fourths bred are good enough to bring enhanced profits
fiver those usually denominated land-pikes, a picture of which may be
found in another part of this work.

v134

ILLU8TRATFD STOCK DOCTOR.

Oestation of Cowa.

■f'.V

There has been much surmised first and last upon the subject of the
length of time of gestation, and its effect upon the sex of animals
produced. It is a prevalent idea that if an animal goes over her time a
male will be the result. Let us see how careful records kept by soientific
men will tally with this.

Ml". Tessier, a most accurate and acute observer for over fortv vears
embracing various animals, gives "results of over 575 cows and these
subsequently having been extended to 1,131 cows the extremes were not
changed but results as to averages are as st^ated below.

Upon the 575 cows the results ware as follows : Twenty-one calved
between the 240th and 270th days, the mean time being 259 days.

Five hundred and forty-four calved between the 270th and 2*J9th days,
the mean time being 282 days.

Ten calved between the 299th and 321st days, the mean time beiuf
303 days.

Earl Spencer has also carefully tabulated the period of gestation of
cows as we find in the table on the following page.

In these 766 cows the least period was 220 days ; the mean 285 days ;
the longest period 313 days. He states that he was able to rear no ealf
produced at an earlier period than 240 days. Thus it may be accepted
that, according to Tessier, a cow may carry a calf 321 days and produce
it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer agree almost
exactly as to the meantime of gestation, (1,895 cows being observed),
285 days or nine and a half months may be taken as the average time of
gestation of cows, slight variations being allowed from this for differ-.
ent breeds.

Earl Spencer was inclined to the belief that a cow would carry a bull
calf longer than a cow-calf. In stating the case, he says :

•* In order to try this, the cows who calved before the 260th day, and
tho?e Avho calved after the 300th, ought to be omitted as being anomalous
cases, as well as in cases in which twins were produced ; and it will then
appear that, from the cows whose period of gestation did not exceed 286
daj's, the number of cow-calves produced was 283, and the nnml)er of
bull-calves 234 ; while, from those whose period exceeded 280 days, the
number of cow-calves was only 90, while the number of bull-calves
was 152."

The author, however, omitted to notice t\ at all the calves born after
the 299th day were females, and of those born before the 2()0th day, 10
were females and 15 males. And again, omitting the twin-calves, 340
were females and 401 males — a large excess of bull over cow-calves. It

of the
aniiuuls
' time a
ioieutific

y years,
i\d these
were not

calved

'S.

9th days,

ime beuig

station of

285 days ;
ear no oalf
[6 accepted
l\d produce
jrcc ahnost

observed),
icrc time of

for differ-,

arry

a bull

th day, and
anon\ulous
lit will then
I exceed 286
I munber of
i() days, the
bull-calves

horn after
|oth day, W
l-calves, 340

calves. It

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

TABLE KELATIVE TO THE GESTATION OP COWS.

685

Number of Days of Gestation.

Cows.

Cow
calves

B11TI

calves

Twiu

cow

calves.

Twill

bull

calves.

Twill cow
anil bull
calves.

220

0.)(1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
2
6
6

5
6

.„...

' i
......

..„.

"2"'

2
..^...

10
11
16
15
20
26
30
33
20
2i
25
13
20
10

"i"
1
3
1
1

9'1'4

•

OQi

O'Vi

(V^Q

1 ■

o*:;

OJfi

OiQ

Qjin

252

051

... i

1
2
1
1
2

057

>•■••••••

25S •

259

oa.) „

203

Ofifi

oea ,..

0(!Q

970

271

272

273

074

1
1

275

270

277

1
1
3

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

::::::"::::

290

291

292

293

2«4

295

396

297

299

304

306

800

807

1 ■ "

313

1 1

'li^^^^^^l

V 1

J. c*'.

; 'Jl %»'^'\\

■' t^iill

.mai

\ '- ''mm

' ' liMH

' ^iiUH^^Pffl

feit ?t£ f .^ oa

EiISM^iSilll

li H!

ill

I'll

pi"'

636

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is also curious in this connection to note, thut of the 764 cows, 23 pro-
duced twins, or one coay i" 33 1-3 of these ; 7 cows had twin females • 5
twin males, and eleven had twin male and female calves. Those in the
twins produced their owner 18 female calves and 16 male calves.
. From the many facts collected in various races of animals, it is quite
, safe to concludQ that the sex of the young has no particular influence on
the period of gestation. It is more probable that heredity, sires, early
maturity, and various other integers in the problem, may control the
tendency to long or short gestation.

Food vs. Product.

The value of an animal depends upon the profit it will give in compar-
ison with the care and expense in rearing and fattening, in the case of
beef cattle, and, of the cost of feeding, in comparison with the milk
yield, in connection with dairying. In this we may safely conclude that
an animal will produce less and less gain the longer it is kept, and thus
early maturity becomes the most important integer in the breeding of
stock, whether it be for beef or milk. The reason why the mature ani-
mal consumes more in proportion to gain than the younger one is, that it
takes a certain amount i3er pound of live weight to supply waste. The
animal of a given age, according to breed and adaptability to fattening,
can only arrive at a certain Aveight. Hence this ultimate weight reached,
it will not increase. Long before this ultimate weight is reached, the
animal will increase only in fat. Thus the flesh-forming element in the
food is wasted, save that which supplies the daily waste in the animal
economy. Thus from the data which we now present it will be seen how
much may be considered necessary as food, under various conditions.

Conclusions ftom Experiments.

Prof. W. S. Johnson, in his report of the Connecticut Agriculture Sta-
tion for 1877, gives the following translations from Dr. Wolff, a German
experimenter. These, of course, must only be considered as approxima-
tive. They, however, will sho.v as being the result of practical exjieri-
ment — principles upon which ratios may be made up of other material.

Dr. Wolff, in illustrating the standard for a milch cow, says that 30
lbs. of 3'oung clover hay will keep a cow in good milk ; that this contains
of dry organic substance 23 lbs., of which is digestible — albuminoids
3.21, carbo-hydrates 11.28, and fat 0.63. This is 71 lbs. albuminoids
more, and .22 lbs. of carbo-hydrates less, with .13 lbs. of fat more, than
the standard. The richest and best meadow hay contains in 30 lbs., of
organic substance 23.2 lbs., having digestible albuminoids 2.49 lbs., car-
bo-hydrates 12.75 lbs. and fat .42 lbs. This comes very near the feeding
standards.

23 pro-
nales ; 5,
80 in the

in coinpar-
;he case of
1 the milk
iicludo that
t, and thus
ji-eeding of
mature ani-
10 is, that it
waste . The
o fattening,
trht reached,
reached, the

iment in the
\\ the animal

be seen how

nditions.

CATTLE, HOW TO BREED.

Feeding StandardB.

FRR DAY, AND PER 1,000 LBS. LIVE WEIGHT.

637

1, Oxen at re.^t In stall 17.5

I " inodprately worked 24,0

3. " heavily worked 20.0

4, » falltnlng, llrsl period -27.0

" " . swoiul period 280

" " third period 25

5, Cowsinmilk 24.0

6. Growiiijt Cattle:

AGB— M0>TH8. AVE. LIVE WT. PBR HEAD!

2— 3 150 pounds '22

3-6 300 " 23.4

6-12 500 '* 24.0

12-18 700 " 24

18-24 850 " 24.0

PER DAY AND PKR HEAD.

2-3
3-6
G-12
12-18
18-24

150 "

300 "

500 "

700 "

850 "

3.3 "

'•

2.1"

0.30 "

3.00 "

70 "

1.0 "

4 1 •'

0.30 "

5.40 "

12.0 "

1.3 '•

6.3"

30 "

8.40 "

16.8 "

1.4 •'

9 1"

0.28 "

10.78 "

204 "

1.4 "

10.3 "

0.26 '•

11.96 "

1:4.7
1:5.0
1:6.0
1:7.0
1:8.0

1:4.7
1:5.0
1:6.0
1:7.0
|1:S.0

To show how a ration for milk cows may be arranged of various mate-
rial, he gives the f oUoAving :

Bation for Milch Cows.

12 pounds average meadow hay.

6 , " oat straw

20 " mangolds

25 " brewers' grains

i " cotton-seedcake

Standard .

Disrestlble.

.a 3;

B -i

S <3

ic2

'S
i,

■s

lbs.

lb«.

lb".

9.5

0.65

492

0.12

4.9

0.08

2.40

0.04

022

2.00

0.02

5.0

0.98

2.70

0.20

1.6

0.62

0.36

0.24

238

2.65

12 38

0.62

24.0

2.50

12 50

0.40

Prof. Johnson gives the following rations, calculated from the table ;

20 poinids cured corn-fodder ,

6 " rye straw

6 " malt sprouts

2 " cotton-seed meal .

Standard..

13.7
4.1
50
1.6

244
24.0

0.64
0.04
1.16
0.62

2.46
2.60

8.68
1.82
2.70
0.36

13.66
12.50

0.20
0.02
0.10
0.24

0.50
0.40

I Ml

638

ILLUSTBATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

fill

Or, again ;

•5 I
ben

DI);ef>tlb1e.

15 pouiiilH corii-luddiT

6 " bran

6 ° " iiiultsprouis

3 " corn-iiu'Hl

2 '■ cotloti-8«ti I m«ul

12.1
4.1
4.1
2.5
1.0

24.4

0.10

6 55

0.U4

2 21

0.07

2.25

0.08

0.22

2.05

0.U7

0.62

0.36

0.24

2.60

12.42

058

A corre.spondent of tho N'ational Live Stock Journal gives tlie follow-
ing na a practical ration which he used to feed forty steers, weighing an
and gaining 2 1-2 lbs., per head, per day:

average of 900 lbs.,

12 pounds oat fetruw

5 '• hay

6 " corn-jni'iil

4 " bran

2 " Linseed meal.

Standard for fattenintr cattle of this weight

0.80

4.81

U.OS

3.98

2.05

0.05

6.04

0.50

3.04

0.28

3.22

0.50

1.70

O.IU

1.61

0.70

0.18

23.C5

1.91

1290

0.G9

24;«)

2 2.)

13i)0

0.45

This corresponds quite closely with the German standard. The albu-
minoids are slightly less, and the fat more. One gallon of cheap molasses
add(^ 1 to the rations of hay for forty head, would nearly bring up the
carbo-hydrates to the standard. Again he says : The following is a
practical ration fed to 10 steers for 90 days ; their average weight for the
90 days being 1,348 lbs. ; and this was the average ration fed — the aver-
age gain being 3 lbs. per head, per day :

'tT

16 pounds oat straw .
6
7
3
3
1

hay

com- meal
pea-meal.. ,
oat-meftl...
flax-aeed...

Standard for fattening cattle of this weight
— 3d periofl

12.25

0.21

6.01

0.10

4.77

0.32

2.40

0.06

5 80

0.69

4.24

0.33

2.48

0.61

132

0.05

2.48

0.29

129

0.14

0.80

0.17

0.18

0.20

28.70

2.09

16.50

0.97

33.70

3.63

19.95

0.80

This seems a wide departure from the German standard ; but that all
the conditions may be understood, it is stated that the corn, pea.se, oats
and flax-seed, in the proportions stated, were mixed and ground together,
and then 14 lbs. of the mixed meal was mixed with the 15 lbs. of oat
straw, cut into inch lengths, and all well cooked together ; that is, 420
lbs. of the ground meal was mixed with 450 lbs. of cut oat straw, placed
in a steam-box and well cooked with steam, and this served for three

U.Ol
015
0.08
0.07
0.-24

058

lie f ollow-
jighiug an

0.06
0.05
0.28
O.IO
0.18

0.09
0.45

The albu-
ap molasses
•ing up the
[owing is a
icrht for the
[ — the aver-

0.10
0.06
0.33
0.05
0.14
0.2»

"^.97

0.80

but that all

^ pease, oats

Ind together,

, lbs. of oat

that is, 420

Itraw, placed
led for three

CATTLE, now TO BREED.

63J/

davs' rations for tho 10 head, except that. 6 lbs. of lonjnr hay was j?iven
to each ;it noon. Perhaps the explanation is, that the cooking rendered
a so iiiiich larger per centago digestible, that it was, in effect, equal to
the German standard. These steers weighed 1,210 lbs. when the exper-
iment began, and 1,485 lbs. at the end of 90 days ; so that 1,348 lbs. was
the averao-c weight during the period. The meal ration was but 10 lbs.
duriii'T tlie first two weeks, and increased gradually up to 16 lbs., at tho
end of ()0 days ; making tho average ration 14 lbs. per day.

As supplementary to this we give three rations applicable to the East,
South and West, in the order named :

CLOVER AND OOR.N RATION FOR FATTENINQ CATTLK OP 1200 I,B3.

•Mponnds b(!.«t clover hay

,•) '■ straw or cornstalks-
la " corn-meal

Stiimliiril lor fattening cattle of 1200 lbs
2il period

OF PKAS AND OATS, DRIED IN BLO8S0.M,
WITH CORN-MKAL.

27 pounds pea and oat hay

12 •' ciirn-uieal

•is
?li

DifTPstlble.

f "3

= a

^■3

IIm.

lb*.

Ib.s

lb*.

15.20

2 14

0.4a

4.i0

1.S2

0.03

11.77

1.17

8 4H

0.50 .

31.07

3.:i5

17.82

0.00

31.20

3.00

17.70

0.84

2.10
1.00

9 61
7.27

0.48

0.57

30 liU

3 10

17.^8

1.05

WINTEU RATION OPWE.STKRN CATTLE, COIl.N
AND STALKS.

20 pounds dry cornstaliis

•20 " ear-corn

1G.52
1682

0.10
68

7.30
12 12

0.08
0.06

33 14

1.84

19.42

1.04

It will be of interest now to show the chemical composition, digestibil-
ity and money value, according to the German standard, for 2,000 lbs. of
clover hay, meadow hay, corn fodder, oat straw, oil ake, wheat bran,
corn meal and oats. These foods, used more in the United States than
any like number of others, are also complementary to each other : (See
tiilile on following page).

Comparing Values.

The comparisons of values by the ton of these very dissimilar foods is
as follows : We find clover hay worth $17.82 and oat straw |9 per ton :
but it cannot be inferred that oat straw Avould be as cheap at that price
as clover hay to make an entire food for cattle, or other animals, because
clover hay is a well balanced food for cattle and oat straw is only a

I 1

f Si

■A ;?iV

f'iili^illl

I'll

640

II-LIJSTHATEI) STOCK DOCTOH.
RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFEnENT KINDS OF FOOD.

CI.OVKH HAY.

Albuminoids

(-Hrl)ii-iiv(lrat»'s

Crudt! lihrc

Fat

AVEKAGK MEAnOW HAY.

AlbnminoidH

C'lrbo-hydniU'R

OikIo f1br«!

Flit

COn.N FODnKR.

Albuminoids

Ciirl)o-bydrutL's

('riul»i libr<>

Fat.

AU)iiminoid.s ,
OHibo-bydrale-i

Crude rtl)re

Fat

OAT STRAW.

Albumlnoid.s .
CHrbo-hyiiraifh.

Flbri'

Fat

OIL CMiE.

Albuminoids.
Carb()•lly(lratl•^

Fibre

Fat

wiii-.AT i'.i;a\.

CORN' MEAL.

Albuminoid-....
Carbo-hydraii's

Crude ti'brc

Fat

Albumlno'ds ....
Carb«»-by(lratH^.

Crude ll'm'

Fat

OATS.

"3
B

15 3

35 8 \

XVif

n.7

41.(i\

21. !t/

37.!»\

25 i

1.3

4.0
30 21

3!t 5 /
2.1)

28.3
32.3

32.31
10 0/
10.0

15
52
10
3.2

10.0
02. 1 I
5.5 J
C.5

12.2

5,1.0 )

03;

6.5

10.7

37.0
2.1

5.4

40.1
1.0

3.2

43 4
1.0

1.4

39.5
0.7

23.77

35 15
9.0

12.C

42
2.(i

8.4

co.a

4.8

9.0

43.0
4.7

214

752
42

1008

180

820
20

0'8
(!0

sna

954

802
14

844

475

703
180

1358

252

852
52

1156

168

1212

147C

180

8G0
94

1134

$(» 24

70
182

$17 82
$4 08

7 38

$12 iJ3
$2 86

7 81

Sn 54
SI 21

7 21

$9 01

$19 00

0.S2
61

$:m> 12

S10 92

7 07
2 2.5

$20 84

$7 23

10 00
4 16

$22 34

$7 80

7 74
407

$19 81

CATTLK, now TO BUGEU.

641

partial food, coutiilning so little albuminoids and fat that cattle \Nould
stiirvi! to death upon it if fed long enough. The muscles and nerves
could not 1)0 nourished upon it ; and yet a good article of oat straw is
worth the price named, because of the digestible heat and fat formers it
contains. Now, put a ton of the best oat straw with a ton of the best
clover hay, and you have a fairly balanced food. It compares well with
common meadow hay. The digestible albuminoids in clover 10.7, in
straw 1.4, making the two added 12.1, and the average per cent of thf
mixture is <j.05, whilst meadow hay is only 5.04. The digestible carbo-
hydrates in the mixture is about 31). to 41.0 in hay, and the fat is 1.4
to I.O ill meadow hay. The parallel is very close ; and as the mixture
hiis slightly more albuminoids and fat, it may be considered the better
ration. These valuations of the different elements simply mean that
each is worth the relative price named when fed in due proportion with
the other elements. Oil-cake, for exiimple, is as far from being a
balanced ration as oat straw, for it contains as much too largo a propor-
tion of alI)unnnoids as straw does too small. It has also oil in excess.
Like straw it nmst be fed with other foods. If 400 lbs. of oil-cake bo
mixed with a ton of oat straw, the mixture will make a ration equal to
meadow hay.

Feeding Where Corn is Cheap.

When stock of any kind is kept and fattened in stables, on ground or
cooked food, these tables will be found valuable. So far as our OAVn
experience goes we have found that for growing animals there is nothing
better than ecjual weights of corn and oats, or corn and barley, with
what good hay or shocked corn fodder they will eat. We have also
found that when corn was less than 30 cents per bushel it did not pay for
frriuding even for cattle, if it could be fed in the ear or in the husk, the
experiments being based on the toll taken, and the cost of hauling ten
miles to mill. For sheep, horses, and hogs it will not pay for grinding
when it is less in price than 40 cents per bushel.

In all that great scope of country in the West known as the corn zone,
the most economical manner we have ever found in fattening cattle Avas
to feed, first, shock-corn ; next, snapped corn; and, third, husked coi'n*
in the ear. In feeding the two latter, the animal weighing 1,000 pounds
should have about 25 pounds of corn and 10 pounds of best hay.

In feeding shock corn the animal will cat no more than it requires, and
it should have twice a day whatever it will eat up clean, of ears. In
feeding in this manner in the fields or dry yards with abundance of water,
allowing hogs to run after the cattle after they have finished the ears, to
pick up wasted corn and droppings — if the cattle are sheltered from wind
and storm, they may be most economically fed and to very heavyweights.

■■■i,f 'Ml

■■, 'f

t snKS

',m »| ! ...

642

1LLU8TRATKU STOCK UOCTOK.

Baising Young Cattle.

Hero again tho breeder muHt bo guided by sound judgment. It will
not pay to starve even tho coninionoHt stock. A (-ulf, to use a roimnon
expression, •'knocked in tho head with a pail of Hkiniined milk," will
never make a tirst class steer or cow. Neither is it necessary that they
suck tho cow. In fact, in tho case of dairy cows or licifers intended for
the dairy, they should not suck, for it surely tends to diminish tlu; flow
of milk, except tho calf is turned with the cow at stated intervals, and the
cow milked clean at tho same time. In tho case of heifers, thoy should
bo milked as soon as the calf has drawn the first milk, both as n moans of
training and to develop the flow of milk as niuch as possible ; besides this,
a calf taken at two or three days old is easily taught to suck the finger or
an aitiiicial teat attached to a reservoir.

:H|J

I t'l

The First Two Weeks,

They should have nothing but new milk. It should be fts warm ns it
comes from the cow, and the calf should bo fed four times a day. Then
they may have milk twelve hours old, from Avhich the cream has been
taken, adding four ounces of finely ground meal made into thoroughly
cooked nmsh, to each meal, for strong, hearty calves. Thus they may
bo fed for two weeks more, clianging to oat-meal or wheat flour if the
calf is inclined to scour. Some feeders add a teaspoonful of linseed meal
once a day. It is not a bad plan. When the calf is four weeks old it
need be fed but twice a day, giving milk warmed to about ninety or
ninety-five degrees, which last is the natural animal heat. From this
time on more and more mush, or its eijuivalent may be added as the calf
increases in size and strength, until it begins to eat gras'; and threshed
oats, which it should be encouraged to do.

Peed Early.

At ten weeks old it should eat freely, and at three months old it may
be gradually weaned from milk and taught to subsist on grass and oats.
During all this time the calf should be sheltered from the hot sun and
rain, by providing a shelter to which it may retire, well ventilated, dry
and clean, and sufficiently dark to keep out green-head and other biting
flies. In the autumn its rations of grain should be increased, and as grass
fails the finest meadow hay should be substituted — ^>vhatever it will eat^
clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old, and
when weaned see that it never lacks for water.

It will
poinmon
ik," will
I hut they
•iidcd for
I the flow
s, iiiul the
lov nhould

I IflPftllS of

;>si(lps this,
le finger or

■warm ns it
day. Then
in hiis hcpn

thoroughly
IS they may

flour if the
linseed meal
weeks old it
it ninety or
From this

d iis the calf
t\w\ threshed

CATTi.r:, now to iuuoku.

Figuring Profits.

fJi;i

Duriiiir tho winter kncp tho calves in tho wannest qiiartprs possible ;
fped iilierally willi }?niin and hiiy, and in the sprin;^' you will havo tho Hat.
isfiictioii of ixoowinj; that you have received the l)est profit that you will
ever n'ii|t from the animal at any subsequent a<^o ; hut upon compurini;
ili'liil :"i(l <i'cdit with your neifjhbor who has fed skim-milk alouo in sum-
mer and poor huy in winter, you will find that tho loss on his calves has
I'oue in the shape of i)rofit in yours.

From lliis time on feed lil)erally of frrain in tho winter, and p;ive a litlii>
all summer wlu'U they will cat it. Let them in winter he so warm that
tlipv never i)ecomo ehillod. So continue until tho aninnd is within six
months of heinir ripe for tho butcher. Thou food the best you can, and
vou will bo rejoi<'ed to find that you may <r(!t two to three cents a pound
aioss weight more than your neijjhbor who has oidy half fed and has turnecl
lift' his cattle totally unripe for the butcher.

The same rule will hold <rood for those calves intended for cows. To
iiiiikc' M irood cow, she must 1)0 fed well to bring early development and
niiitui'itv. She may thus l)c brought forward strong and lusty, and in
liittcr condition at (wo years ))ast to bring you a perfect calf, than those
iif vom- n<'ighl)or at twice that age, whose policy has been to grudge them
fecdund allow theui to shift for themselves.

Castration.

When the Imll calves arc throe Avocks old, if in good health, tlicy should
lif ciislnitetl. It should ccrtaiidy be done before they are four weeks old.
Many of our best stock raisers incline to tho opinion that as soon as the
calf begins fairly to gain size and flesh, say at two weeks old, is the proper
time. ^Xq huvo never had better success than at this time. Every person
who purposes to breed cattle should know how to do this. The opei'ation
is quite t^iniple, and easih" performed.

Secure tho calf so it may remain standing on its feet, but cannot struggle
severely. Have a knife ready with a keen-edged blade. The blade of a
'mdding-knifc is tho proper shape. Seize tho scrotum from behind, and
with two light, swift, sharp strokes cut through and into tho testicle.
^qiarato the mcmbrano where it unites, pull the testicle out until the cord
^hows from four to six inches, and cut it with a pair of nippers or rather
dull shears. It will .save loss of blood. So operate with the other, and
tho work is done. If from any cause severe bleeding ensues, inject a
little tincture of n\uriate of iron 'nto the cavities, and wet a soft rag M'ith
the tincture and press it well into the cavity. If these be not at hand,
push a little salt and lard into the cavity. If tho operation has been care-
41

Ti'-:-

m I

'l:i»:

^i-i]

■ii<ti

644

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

fully performed, nothing will generally bo required. The culf should bo
kept free from interference by other animals

Until the Parts are Healed,

which will usually occur in a week. If they have been used to tho com-
pnny of other calves, they should not bo deprived of it now, cIho tliey will
pine. One reason why wo advise early gelding, is, it should bo done be-
fore the calf is taken off of new milk, and it should not bo doprivcd of
tho n.<,tural milk until it recovers from the shock. Care must he tiikoii
that flies do not get near, to deposit their eggs in the parts ojioratcd on.
To prevent this, if there are flies, keep tho calves in a pretty dark, but
well ventilated plac-<3. Most persons will find it awkward at first to geld
as we .'lavo directed. A little practice, however, with tact and finnnoss,
will render all easy, especially if one can have the advantage of sccintr an
expert operate once.

Sometimos Suppuration Ensues.

In this case recourse must bo had to mild palliative moasui'(>s. Keep
tho parts washed clean, twice a day, with warm rainwater and castilo soap,
and inject a small quantity of tincture of aloes and myrrh. If tlu! parts
become unhealthy, or nlceratod (for more suppuration is hcailliy action),
wash with a weak and clear solution of sal sod;i, or hard wood asbcs. If
proud fl(!sh should arise (a rare occurrence), burnt aluin, {)v)iind(Ml voiy
fine may be applied, or the parts may bo touched with lunar caustic.

n i^

CHAPTER III.

TBAININQ AND WORKING.

TRAimXO vs. BREAKINO THAININ(} THK CAI.F IIALIKIUNO THAININO TO MILK — —

KKKDINd AT MIT.KINO TIMK VICIOUSNKSS IN COWS IIOOKINO C'OW8 TKAININ*

„XKN rUAIN STOCK YOUNO SUMMING I'l' MANAOINO A KICKING COW.

Training Cattle vs. Breaking.

Tlio word "breaking" horHcs or stoors to work, or broiiking a hoiforin
to milk, li!is iiow-ii-diiys bocomo pretty well obsolete. Breaking by brute
force iniiy make a kind of a machine of an animal ; it may do stupidly

WOIIKINO HY MAIN KOHCK.

(545

V?' ijll

■'■m

- 'SI

f- .

646

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

what is desired, and yet not do it to the best advantage. Intelligent per-
sons now do not break an animal by destroying its will, they simply malte
it subservient to that of man, hy letting it know at the first haiiiperln<'
for training that it will not be hurt, if it does not resist. All domestic
animals arc naturally subservient to the will of man ; they require to
be taught what is wanted, and the individual should know that no {rood
can come out of any system of training which compels the use of the
v/hip constantly. The whip is necessary only as a means of corrodioii.
when an animal is refractory after understanding the Avill of the inaster.
An intelligent trainer wi'i* easily distinguish between stubborn antagonism
and a want of conijn'ehension. We have never seen young animals stul)-
born, except that the}' did not understand what Avas Avanted of thoni;
and in aniinals that have at length been made to Avork in the yoke, or to
stftnd quietly to be milked, but which liave "freaks," as tliey arc ciillcd.
when they seem wild or stubborn, it is usually the result of bad treal-
ment in "breaking," and the animal is actuated almost so k^ly by fear.
If, in the struggle Avhich ensues, the animal becomes master, it is there-
after of but little use. It is better in training that the struggle be not
made necessary.

Training tho Calf.

If the calf has been raised by hand, that is, fed with milk from the
pail, it Avill, or should have, become so gentle and familiar as to allow
itself to be approached readily, and to respond to the call of its nia.ster,
Many i)cr9ons at this time name cA'ery calf, and thus they soon come to
knoAv their names when called. If firmness and at the same time gentle-
ness have been used, so that the calf Avill understand that there is nothing
to fear ; if no struggle is made, it is Avell on the Avay to understand what
is further expected of it. It should be rubbed and curried occusionnlly,
especially on those parts of the body that itself caimot reach, as the
head, neck and shoulders,; or, if kept in the stal)le constantly, it should
be brushed all over at least once a day. Here is one of the first iiiiil
most important lessons. At first, tho calf docs not knoAV Avhat i^
intended. If the master gets angry and beats it, it Avill ever after assi>
ciate currying and brushing with a beating ; and Avhen it gets older iiiid
stronger, in the constant successions of struggles to escape punishmont,
it Avill at length find it is the stronger animal of the tAvo. Thereafter
itself and not the man is master. The object of currying is not to pvei
pain. It is an operation of cleaning that the animal cannot perform for]
itself, because confined in a stcble. If the animal is turned out during

■

tlie iiiii

<tMc

liiiiidlei

Tho

raril, h

..t u

It oil thj
(lor-t;iii(i
i likes,
Villi \vill|
it may I J
to turn
^"K it hi
is put 01]
To ilk
I genden",]
'n fiiftle

I willingly

iligcnt per-
mply make

huinpering
U domestic

require to
liat no good
s use of the
' correction .

the muster.
1 antngouism
iinimals stuli-
tcd of them ;
3 yoke, or tn
CA' are eiilh'tl.

of badtreal-
olcly 1)y fear.
cv, it is there
tru<'2le be not

CATTLE, TRAINING AND WORKING.

647

the dav, and confined only at night ; or if 14 have the range of the yard
and sheds day and night, the cleaning is not needed. Animals can, and
do perfonn these offices for themselves and for each other by licking, so
fur as is necessary. The accumulating scurf in an out-door life is a pro-
vision of nature for the protection of the animal. It should not be
tduched. In the stable, however, it is different. The lack of exercise
tends to a sluggish movement of the blood, and hence a clean skin be-
(jonies one of the most active integers in preserving the health of the
iinimal. In using the comb or brush, or, in the case of cattle, the c^rd
;ind brush, a light hand with the comb and card will do better work than
:i heavy hand. It should be unnecessary to say that about the bony parta
the card or curry-comb should never be used.

Haltering.

The first thing a calf should be taught is to stand quietly when tied,
and under all circumstances. If it is taught this by being tied up immo-
(liateiy upon being taken from the cow to be fed milk, or at from three
(tiivs to a week old, there will bo no difficulty. If the calf has run with
tliecow, it will be strong and lusty. In tiiis case, the lot if tlicy are to
he stabled, should be put into a close pen, and a strong halter faste led to
t!io head, of one of them, using discretion and time so as not to frighten
till' animal. {3nce secured, two men Avill easily place it in jiosition in the
-taiile. So proceed until all are handled. Here they may be gently
bundled untd quieted, vvhatsoever the manipulation.

The next step will be teaching it to lead. Take it into a closely fenced
van!, having the calf haltered at the end of a ton-foot rope : stand in front
(if it and utter the word "come." Of course, it will not move. Utter
the word again, and at the same time let an assistant tap it lightly with a
Imiriry whip on the legs, from behind, or hold the whip yourself and tap
it (Ml the forelegs at the utterance of the word. The animal will soon un-
derstand Avhat is wanted and come forward. It should then have something
i likes, the least possible lick of salt, for instance. From this time on
you will have no diffi(;ulty in teaching the calf to follow quietly^ ; in fact
it may be taught to do many things : to back or come forward at the order ;
to turn to the right or left. In fact, it should bo half broken to milk bo-
fore it has had a calf, or should be half broken to labor before the yoke
I is put on.

To illustrate the difference betwetn this plan of uniting firnniess with
jg;entlpn"ss in the training of cattle, one has only to observe the difference

n cattle on different farms. The stock of the brutal farmer will never
pvillingly allow the owner to come near them. If a master's animal be in

■fr-i

vi.

^.'i

Urn '

! »

^'im

'^^^

648

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOd^R»

a corner and he approaches, there is a dash to escape, swid perhaps some
young, animal is maimed. Such stock soon acquire the habits of thuir
master : they are morose, ugly, often vicious ; for in a herd under had
management animals sometimes get the better of the master, and arc apt
to become breachy, tricky, and generally unmanageable.

Training to Milk.

In 'raining to stand quietly while being milked, the udder sliould be
ofteft handled while the heifer is growing up ; the bag should be ru))l)ed-
it should be pressed and the teats gently pulled. This need take but verr
little time. The real work comes when the animal is to l)e milked. Tlicre
are many things to be ttiken into consideration here. The heifer must ho
put in a pen where she cannot hurt herself, and where the nnlker can oit-
erate easily ; a pen just long enough and just Avide enough for the licifor
to stand in, five feet high and tight enough so there Avill be no duiiijor of
the heifer injarmg herself, and with an oi)cuing for the milker to oponitii
through, will thoroughly subdue the wddest. Geneially, all that is iioodid

will l)e to tic the lieifo,'
by the head, and then
patiently show her that
.she will not be hurt.
She will soon como to
nsso('i;ite the act of
milking as casing; tlio
udder and t'lenccfoi-
ward will stand qui-
etly, unless Ihc hag
or teats hurt her. If so, seek the cause of the difficulty and euro it.

If the animal has never been tied up, but has been handled in the ysiid,
one person may take the heifer by the horns, while another milks. If
she be very refractory she may have to be "nosed." Seize the off horn
tirmly with the right hand, and thrust the two first fingers and thunih of
the left hand into the nostrils, clasping the membrane tightly if tiio
So soon as the struggles cease, ease the pi assure of
nostrils. If she again struggles, again tighten tlio
rasp. L/et the milker u.se gentleness. It does no good to kick an
animal ; it may do much harm. If the heifer kick, it is probalily because
she is hurt. A person of ordinary strength need not be kicked while
milking, unless in the case of a cow of extraordinary stren2:th and
viciousness. The wri.st of the left hand holding the teat, if kept well
against the stifle, and pressed firmly back when the foot is raised, will

KUfiUI.T OF BAD HANDLING.

struggle
tiae

severely.
fingei'3 in the

Let the milker use gentleness.

1-^

CATTLE, TRAINING AND WORKING.

649

generally cause it to be jet down in plueo again. Use soothing words
when tlic animal is quiet, and low but tirni words of command when
refractory. If the udder is ii.fiamed, as is very often the case soon after
calvin"', bathe it carefully -with cold water, so as not to shock the animal.
She will soon come to associate a feeling of relief with the operation and
lilce it. lu fact, the whole art of training may be summed up in the
sentence : Use discretion and judgment, and shoio yourself superior to
(he bnde — in truth, its friendly master. The conquering of brute force
by brute force is a relic of barbarism. There are vicious animals as
there arc vicious men ; there are dangerous animals as there are danger-
ous men. Both may have been bred or educated thus. Vicious men are
placed where they cannot injure their fellows ; vicious animals had better
(ro to tlie butcher — they are as unprolitable to breed from as they are
useless for what may be got out of them.

As showing tie effects of
bad and good handling, we
•rive the pict ire of a cow
made wild '.nd vicious b}'
bad handling, and that of a
cow used to kind treatment
and gentle but firm handling.
Tile reader can drnw his own
conelusions as to which is the
best system.

REbllLT UF KiOOO UAMJLINU.

Feeding at Milking Time.

Some persons, to induce gentleness, give the cow a mess before sitting
down to milk. This is a bad plan. It leads the animal to expect it,
and if it is not given, even if she is gentle, she is restless and discon-
tented. The very act of feeding induces moving about more or less,
and prevents standing as quietly as she otherwise would. On the other
hand, if she be fed after milking time she will stand quietly and entiiely
at ease. Many good handlers feed before milking. By the time the
wliole are fiid and the stable cleansed the cows will have finished and be
ready for milking. This is the plan we have always pursued, and we
think the better one : Before sitting down to milk we have been aecus-
tomed to have the milker give the cow to bo milked the slightest lick of
salt from the hand, or a single mouthful of extra nice soft hay. AVhen
you beuiii milking do not intermit until the cow is milked entirely clean.
Milk fast. Slow milking not only worries the cow but tends to dry her

1i'^:

* 1 1

W' ■ i

I , 1

L-..i4i

650

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

up. If the milk is not drawn as fast as it is given down it is apt in the
end to bo witlilicld.

B.OW to Milk.

Supposing the cows to be in tlic stable, after feeding, and eloiu-.inu: the
stable and the animals themselves, carefully Avash the udder and toiitn, if
they arc dirty, or thoroughly brush with a soft brush, or wi[)o with a
cloth if only dusty. Sit down quietly on the off or right side of tlio cow,
the face slightly to the rear ; tak(^ hold of the rear teat furthest fi-om vou
with the left hand, and speaking the word " hoist," slowly and in a low
but firm tone, press the arm against the leg, to carry the foot in place
slightly behind the other. In milking, grasp the upper portion of the
forwai'd teat nearest you, so the hands operate the teats dingoiiiillv. In
grasping the teats, do so Avell up towards the bag, according to the IcnTth
of the teats, with the thumb and foreliiigor, and pulling gently down, at
the same time, close the other fingers, thus forcing out the milk. So
proceed, first with one hand and then with the other, until the milk is
pretty much drawn. Then change to the other teats and iinisli tlicni.

In strippmgdo not use the thund) and finger, jjullingtlu^ tciif from the
root to the end. It is a sens(!less plan. Every drop can be hm\ l)y press-
ing the top of the hand well up under the bag, gathering the milk with
the thumb and forefinger, and drawing the milk with the others.

Viciousness in Cows.

Sometimes a person will have a cow that is given to viciousness from
bad training, and which may be so valuable in other respects that the
owner may not wish to part with her. She may be a kicker. If so, and
she be strong and decidedly ugly, use the following apparatus, which will
explain itself, and which, by the lever and notches, may bo made to grip
tightly into the fiank. Another plan is to draw a strong cord (juiti-
tightly around the girth. The most usual plan, in the stable, is to huckle
a strap around the legs and to fasten it to a ring in the wall l)cliiii(l, so
the cord will be loose Avhen at rest, and yet so tight that the cow cannot
get her leg forward to do mischief. The cut we give will show the first
device mentioned and the manner of fastening :

Cows Sucking Themselves.

Sucking Ihomselves is another bad habit which cows sometimes acquire,
There are two objections to such cows. The first is, we lose their milk,
and not rarely other cows will acc^uirc the habit from them. It is a well

CATTLE, TRAINiyO AXD WORKIXO.

651

Icnowu fact that sclf-suokiug cows ure
(rciii'iiillv good milkers. It is quite
certain tlitit tlioy iiO(iuire the habit
from the fact that tin; milk pressure in
the ha';' hurts them, iind in rubbing
tlic udder with the nose the}' at length
(Tct a taste of the milk, and thus be-
come fixed in the habit. Hence the
necessity of regular milking, and of-
ten enough to keep the udder from to i-uevknt a cow fhom kicking.
beiiii; unduly strained. There are vari-
ous devices for preventing this vice. One is a halter and nose piece, with
spikes, snuilar but hirger than those used upon calves to prevent suck-
ins. It is given behnv, but besides hampering the iinmial to a consider-
able extent in gHthering her food, it is not always effectual.
A veiv shnple, and said to bo effective

means, is to take a tough hickory stick,

fourteen inches h)ng, three-fourths of

!in inch thick in the center, sharpened to

ii point at each end ; cut a grove around

the eent(!r, half an inch wide, and half

the depth of the thickness of the wood.

Whittle each end nicely to a point, or

leave it somewhat blunt, and insert a

shin'pened piece of wire in each end.

Make a hole m the animal's nose, in the

soft portion, but close up to the hard

membrane of the nostrils, as you would

for ringing a l)ull, and small enough so it

will re(|uii'e coiisid(!rable pressure to slip

the Imlge of the stick until it reaches the middle notch, when it Avill

remain tixed. This does not prevent the animal from feeding, nor

titMiiu: fiistened in stanchions, and it must be an inveterate sucker that will

draw her milk with this jewel in her nose. Still another but more com-

plieated yet quite effectual plan is given in the cut on next page.

TO rr.EVENT SUCKI.NCi.

H-i?

rrrr. ■ ; .11

Hooking Cows.

Another vicious habit sometimes acquired by otherwise excellent cows,
if* the vice of attempting to gore every animal that comes near,- that they
ran master, and even individuals. Various devices have been recom-
mended to prevent this. One is a bai- across the horns, to which is

K *■

652

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

' !■

fastened a slender, springy piece of
liiclvory to reach a position just above
tlie nostrils and armed with a sharp
peg underneath, so that the sliglitcst
pressure will cause it to wound the
nose. In a majority of cases balls
placed on the tips of the horns, and
which may be purchased at any hard-
ware store, will suffice, if the animal
is not vicious to mankind.

These are made to screw on. To
do so fasten the cow securely, and if
the horn is too large to take the ball
pare it down till it will fit. Stick
a large potato baked soft, and thoroughly hot, on each tip^ of the horn.
It will soon soften it, wlien the ball may be easily screwed on with the
proper tool, and will never come off. In the ease of animals vicious to
man, the following device, Avhich the cut fully explains, will prove
entirely effectual.

HARNESS TO PREVENT SUCKING,

Training Oxen.

The value of a working ox lies not

only in its ability to draw a heavy

load forward ; to be thoroughly good

in mud, or on roads ; to be al)le to

back whatever Jic can draw forward,

and to be quick-paced. It is tnic you

cannot make a slow breed fast, nor

a hizy ox active ; neither can you

make an ox that lacks muscle do

heav}^ work. If the reader has studied

the characteristics of the Devons as

wc have presented them, he will he

I)retty avcII able to judge whether an

animal under ius2:)ection Avill be fit

for the yoke. If not fairly perfect

TO prevent hooking. ill the principal points, discard him.

It will not pay to train an inferior steer. If he is to be used for very

heavy work, agility must to a considerable degree 1)e sacrificed to weight

and muscular power. As a rule, however, it is better that you use t ree

ece of
. above
i sharp
lightest
ind the
ies halls
•lis, and
ny hard-
3 aiiiiual

c the bull
t. Stick
the honi.
11 with tlie
vicious to
Avill prove

CATTLE, TKAININO AND WORKING.

653

yoke of medium sized iictivo steers in the toiuii rather than two yoke of^
heavy, lubberly, siiiiil-iiaccd brutes tluit are always vexing the driver.

Select such as will walk evenly, look as nearly alike as possible so that
they may be hitched together: lirst, for disposition, carriage, and pace ;
and second, for color and general appearance. If they are three years
old, and to be put to Avork immediately in a breaking or freighting team,
select a pair of mates, hamper by lirst roping and tying, and then yoking
t()"ether. So proceed until you have the team, whatever the number,
made up Once yoked, they should not again be released until they
cease struggling, and work (juictly in the team. Fasten them together,
three, four, or five yoke, as the case may be, putting a well broken
steady yoke of ox'cii on the load. Thus you may have a team in a few
days that Avill learn to pull steadily forward and turn "haw" or "gee"

A PRIMITIVK TACKLE, BUT GOOD TRAINEK.

—to the left or right — as is wanted. They, however, will never become
.1 team, in the sense of the Avord, as used by those who know what a
tiiiiiied yoke of oxen are.

To properly train steers, they should be taken when quite young.
Selecting one at a time, halter-break him as heretofore directed, cause
liim to come close to you by tapping him on the forelegs Avith a light
vlii|i. Teach him to Avalk quietly, but at a quick pace, at your side, you
hnkliiicr him lightly^ by the halter, neither before nor behind, but directly
iiiul closely at your side. Make him turn to the right or left at Avill, and
toaoh him to stand quietly when so ordered. In all this do not hurry.
Be quiet, low-voiced, patient but firm. Angry demonstrations and outcries
may produce some spasmodic results, but the real, patient, Avorking force of
the auiuial will not be brought into eliective operation by any such means.

y '• I
' 1 'mi

\ i 'I

f f '

''1*

'1 r,'>!.

\\\

'«<• '

'\'v >■' ;

m'fJ

]'\\ '^1

1LLU8TUATRU STOCK DOCTOR.

Train Stook Young.

Lot the steer, which sliouhl not exceed one year ohl — eight months ia
better — be taught one lesson iit u tnne, iind thsit thoroughly. It will ren.
der the next lesison easier. When tlu^y are quiet and will do your huldinir
in the yoke without halter or ^trap, they may bo left until three yeiirs
old before bcnig worked, though it is better to begin at two years of a;,'(',
especially if they are to be used on the wagon. They will not i)ull much,
but they may thus l)e taught to walk fast, to do their share of the work,
and to become thoroughly "way wise."

The greatest difficulty in training oxen, as a single yoke, is teachiiij,'
them to back promptly and well. To do this requires patience. Never
overload them. Make them back promptly twelve to fifteen feet*at a
time, and then come forward, stopping instantly at the word, with heads
up ready to back again. In traveling along the road never allow them
to flag, nor exert them so long at any one time as to seriously weary
them. Patience alone will secure the end sought. When you have occa-
sion to speak sharply to them, do not let it be in a very loud voice, but
let it be accompanied by a touch of the '^wiO or a blow of the whip suf-
ficiently sharp so the animals feel it. To touch both animals so near
together that it seems almost simultaneous, ia a fine art. It is acciuired
by always touching the slow ox first, for scarcely ever will two animals
bo found so evenly matched as to bo exacitly alike. When you find them
you have a prize. W^hen not so, we have always found it best to have
the slower ox on the near side.

Summing Up.

In summing up the whole matter of training, the individual must keep
the points aimed at steadily in view. First, the animal must be rendered
entirely subservient to man, and this by showing it that man is its friend;
that under no circumstances is it to bo injured. A well trained yoke or
a team of oxen will command a fancy price as easily as a well trained
span of horses. There will be, for man}' years to come, uses to which
neither horses nor mules are so well adapted as are oxen. In lumbering,
especially in breaking prairies, in much of the work of the farm, and for
teaming in wild regions generally, where there is nothing but rank, wild
grassy feed, they \\nll be indispensable. In these cases the trained team
will do one-third more work than the untrained team, and do it easier for
themselves, and much more satisfactory to the driver. Here again the
driver should be himself trained. A brutal driver will soon ruin a good
team, yet canuot entirely destroy their value.

CATTLE, THAIXINO AN)> WOUKINO.

655

All intelligent driver will uccoiuplish what ho wants without undue
severity ; his voice and signs are the polciit powers. In starting a lu-avy
load each ox is called by name, however large tlie team be. They under-
stttiid that they are to place tluMnsclves in position for action ; every
chain is straightened, every muscle is brought into tension ; they get avoH
into the yokes, and at the signal all start together. With such a team
the load must come.

So with cows. The training of the heifer is begun in calfhood : she
learns to rely entirely upon the muster. Tliey kiK)w his voice either in
the yard or field, and come clustei-ing about him, expecting some «'tid-l)it,"
01' at least a kindly word or caress. "Wloii the llrst calf is droppeil there
IS no fear of the master; he mav t; ke it and do with it what he will —
oiilv f(Mi<l solicitude is shown. Let a stranger come aI)out, and instantly
this solicitude is changed to fear. If a person who has beaten them or
otherwise ill-used them a})proat'hc3, the fear is intensided, and if lie offers
to hiuulle the calf, a liattle for the mastery is likely to ensu(>.

We have never liad any trouble in teaching u luifer to stand to 1)0
niil'vod. If the udder is tender, as in nir.e cases out of ten it Avill be, they
will gently submit to the means used f(n- relu I" and seem grateful for tho
effort. If strange heifers are to be operated on, the lii'st thing to teach
thcin is, that you are a friend; whatever t!i(^ time it takes, whelher half
an hour or half a daj', do not intermit tlio effort until the animal is sub-
dued. If refractory it is better that the heifer or cow be tied up at once
and kept there until entirely quiet and Avithout fear. I'lien fully half tl;o
work is done aud tho subsequent work is only a question of time and of
iwticnec.

Managing a Kicking Cow.

We once subdued an unusually refractory and kicking cow, hy having
her held firmly by tho head while wc seized the teats firmly one with each
hand. There was no attempt to milk. The lesson to be given was that
she could do no injury by kicking. It took three-quai-tcrs of an hour to
accomplish the object. "When she kicked the grasp was tightened ; the
wrist was brought back firmly against tho leg above the hock. When she
ceased kicking the grasp was relaxed, and the motion of milking was jier-
fornicd so far us pulling gently on the teals*\vhen she kicked, or rather
attempted to do so by bringing her foot forward. She soon found it was
invana))ly brought down again nearly in its proper position m the roar of
it? mate. In the end she gave up and submitted to be milked. One
new lesson she had to learn, to stand without holding. This was nceom-
plished by following her about until she was content to .stand, which she

(366

ILLDHTUATED STOCK DOUTOU.

tUd after thr«o or four breaks. Within a wook, there was no more quiet
cow in tiiu yard thua thla hurutofuro iiicurrigiblo vixou.

A nappy Family.

As showing the benefits of superior care and training, it ran he dem-
onstrated how nicely all farm stock will get along together in peace, when
owned by a small fann(;r who (tannot afford to separate into distinct licnK
on account of scarcity of numbers. If raised togcithcr in the sanie yurj
each will find its proper levc^l. They will agree kindly in a small pustiiiv,
and if the pigs are ringed there will bo no dffRculty about rooting up the
soil ; and of the different classes of animals each will eat grasses and jilanU
not relished by the others. The fact well illustrates tho udage, "A mer-
ciful njan is merciful to his boast."

CHAPTER IV.

HOW TO SHELTER.

NeoesBity of Shelter.

ireCESSITY OK SnELTBR ARTIFICIAI, I'UOTKCTION A FRAMKD HTAnLR A CHKAP

STAlll.K ABOUT BARNS A COMMON 8KNSK BARN A SQtIAUR CnoSS llAUN

11ASKMKNT.S FOR CATTLH AUKANOINa TUB BASKMKNT ADAPriNQ MKANS lO TUB

KM) WHAT TO PLANT.

In all cliuiatcs whoro cattlo have to bo fed nearly half the yoar, the
question of shelter boeomes of the first importance. In the inidtlle eorn
ivfrloii of the West, cattlo must be fed from four to live months ; and
fiirtluT north, from five to six months. If the pasture in Octobi'r bo
oiilv siitlicu'nt to supply the animal waste, then such f<!0(lin;j; is entirely
lost so far as jjrotit is concerned. The object of keeping cattle is to get
iliowtii aiul weight. The extra food given over and al)ove the natural waste,
represents the proHt. Hence in the artificial feeding of cattle the question
of shelter comes in. A cold storm will often seriously reduce the weight
of stock. They will begin to full away, and before they g(>t ready to
iijjfuui increase in weight they will have had a season either longer or
shorter when they will perhaps neither have gained or lost. The natural
heat of the ainn»al must be kc[)t to a])out 100 degrees. In fact, the
imtural heat is !)(> degrees whatever the temperature of the air. If it
fill's below this the animal begins to chill, and the body is called on to
fmiusli additional heat. So long as this can be supplied the animal lives.
When it is exhausted the animal dies.

The fooil given may be compared to the fuel used under the boiler of
!i steam cngme. So long as the water stands at 200 degrees no steam is
prodiued ; above 212 steam accunnilates, xmtil at length enough power is
raised to start the Avheels in motion. Thus it is with stock. Food nmst
be ffiven in proportion to the animal waste. With the thermometer at
Mrn, and air slirring, whatever the feeding jnay be the animal cannot
'::iiii ii' (>Ai)();;ed to the wind. Under slu'ilcr 'div U'ltural ho.iL of l!io

(i-)?

668

1LLU8TUATKI) S^OCK DOCTOK.

animal is conserved, and it remains comfortable. If the teniporaturc of
the stable can be kept at (50 deirrees, the niiiiimum of food only will lio
required. Just hero two integers come in ; the cheaptiess of food as
against shelter, and the cost of labor. It is possible for food to be so
cheap and labor so dear, and the price of cattle so low, that the interest

OLD STYLE FARM YARD.

on the shelter and the cost of labor would eat off tlio profits. It has
been so in every section of the "West first and last, and is so still in ?oiik'
new sections ; but nowhere so low that cattle could be protitably fed
without the protecting influence of gullies or timber to break the forcoof
the wind. This is natural protection, and is the groundwork upon wliicli
uU other is to be built.

Artificial Protection.

If the stock l)reedor liii- not
timber, then the sooner he pia!it>
wnid-brcaks to protect his y:ir(l>
and farm buildings the soonor
will ho reap profit therefrom.

This is the crudest of artilKi:il
protection and yet or" of great
importance, both m AViiitor aiiJ
Summer. In winter it breaks

FAR.MBR THRIFTLESS MODE OF PnoTECTION. . , . i •„

the force of storms of wind, rmn,
sleet, and snow, and in Summer furnishes shade.
The next crudest means of shelter ia a shed of posts and poles, mid

utuvc of
; will 1)0
food as
to l)e so
3 interest

,tits. It 1^'^^^
still in some
.rotitiil'ly fed

k upon

wliicli

.dor bi»s not
|,ner I'-e l'>'>«t^
H-t bis yi>nl>
L the soouov
Ihcrofroni.

1st of !»'t>''''"'^

or- <^1' ?'^''*
U Winter ;»i'l

Lev it i'rw^l'^
lof wind.wi"'

Ld poles, lUKl

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

659

FAKMER THRIFTY'8 MODE OF PROTECTION.

covered with slough hay or straw, and slabs, or poles, filled in betAveen
with such litter as stock
will not cat, tte whole
tirnily pounded down to
muke it wind proof.

This, if well made and
so low as just to adnnt a
man to Avalk under, is
both cheap and Avarnv.

Another cheap form
of shed or shelter from storms is made by setting posts firmly in the
ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plate pieces,
laving on scantling for tlie peak, supported temporarily, and nailing on
Ijoards, for a roof, at one-quarter pitch, up and down from the plates to
the peak, covering the joints with wide battens and boarding up the side
from whence the prevailing winds come. If twelve feet l)oards are used
for the roof, a shed may thus be made over twenty feet wide, that will
furnish good shelter for stock cattle where forage is cheap.

A Framed Shed.
A still better shed ma}'^ be made by running the posts up eighteen feet,
framing in cross-ties to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this
shod a good deal of fodder may be stored, to be fed from when the
weather is too inclement to allow it to be handled on wagons. From this
wo may go on to more and more elaborate structures until we come to
the l)arn proper.

On all well onlered farms the owner fully appreciates the importance
of shelter. Hence we see the feeding yards with one or two sides pro-
tected with more or less serviceal)le shed, until ui)on some farms we lind
tho feeding yards entirely surrounded with this means of Winter pro-
tection.

Ill all this the owner nmst l)e guided
In his pecuniary means. If he have
not money enough to put up the bet-
ter class of buildings, it by no means
follows tli!it he is to leave his stock
without shelter until he is able to build.
So far !is the simplest sheds are con-
cerned, it is almost entirely a ques-
tion of labor. In the case of simple
sheds of lumber, it is simply a ques-
tion of the cost of boards and nails.
Any intelligent farmer, assisted
42

,^»^^ji^33S55fc5>,

PRIMITIVE PROTKCTICK.

060

ILLLSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

by his hired help, can do tlie work. It is true, however, that few per-
sons, the first time they build, do so ecououiically. Let us see how tliis
may be fairly acooniplished. Suppose the structure i*i to be a simple
roofed shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not be
more than twelve feet for a single pitch roof. Allow that it is to Ije
ninety-eight feet long. Set four heavy posts for the corners, three feet
in the ground, and of the required height. The lower it is the warmer
it will be, so it be high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates.
Between the tvro end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen
feet apart, and five and one-half feet high from the average ground line.
Proceed in the same manner with the front, the posts to bo nine feet
above ground. At the back, now set seven lighter i^osts in the fourteen
feet spaces. Saw them all off to an equal height, spike on four inch
scantlmg from post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is
now ready for the roof, v/hich is to be firmly nailed from front to reiir.
Board the front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and
the ends and back entirely to the ground. Thus the shed is complete,
except banknig up. This is important and aviU add fully one-half to its
ivarmth. A good way to do this is to lay a line of sods one foot from
the rear, and till in with earth or old litter, carrying the banking at least
four feet high ; or, posts may bo sot two feet from the wall, with suf-
ficient strips nadcd thereon to hold the litter, and the whole filled in and
rammed tight.

A Cheap Stable.

rV'i.-m

Do you prefer a stable, take the form given for a hip or doublo-roofed
shed. Board the whole tight all around, leavmg space for door^ and
windows ; battcMi the cracks, lay the floor, put m stanchions or upriirMi!
for fastening the cattle, leaving a feeding place m front, and the whole
is complete.

~*Ve prefer rings to slide iqi and down, upon standards three inches
(hick, to stanchions. Now this style of stable will not be strong enouirli
to allow their being fastened to the floor above. Set strong posts sevpii
foot apart and four and a half foot high, sawed off square on top, and
three feet out from the wjill. Prepare six-inch scantling to be ])iniicd
firmly to the posts, twelve inches from the ground, and on the inside next
the wall ; the scantling bored, each three feet, with two-inch holes. Tim
Avill be wide enough for cows. Larger cattle must have three feet, three
inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops nf
the posts. Take three-inch smooth saplings ; sharpen the lower end." jii^t
so they will drive firmly into the holes in the lower scunthng when it is

CATTLE, HOW TO 8HELTEK.

661

few per-
\»ow this

a simple
Id not be

is to be
three feet
10 Avarniev
the \)liites.
\ fourteen
L-ound line.
a nine feet
,ic fourteen
I four inch
;)ack. It is
•ont to reuv.
n-round, und
is complete,
c-hiilf to its
lie foot from
king at leiist
ill, with !*uf-
> tilled in and

ouWo-roofed
or door* ami
or upri<:lil>
lid the whole

three inches
strong euouiili
ig posts seven
•e on top, and
to he pinned
the in^'ide next
..holes. Thi^
irce feet, three
'or the tops nf
lower endf> j"'t
lling wbeniti*

pounded in phice below. Shave the upper end.s so they will fit the holes
in the scantling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below, pinning
each one fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each
stake. Lay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as you
20. It is better that they have some plav. Lower the scantling on top
of the posts, and pin and spike them firmly to the posts. Cut stout rope
six feet, six inches long, splice a four-inch loop on one end, whip the
other end with small cord so it will not unravel ; pass the rope through
the rinir and back to the loop so the end of the loop will be eight inches
from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through the loop, draw tight and
make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whip the two portions of
lone together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready to be tied
uj), In* passing the rope about the neck and through the loop, and draw-
inji; just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the horns.. Iron
chain l)ails that will last a life-time arc kept ready made by agricultural
implement men, and are much the cheapest in the end. Tied thus, cat-
tle ciin easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest perfectly,
l)ut cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch lioard nailed along the
standard at a proper height, say about six inches below the tops of t!i"
shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the fccd-

mg passage.

About Bams.

The ^rst thing to do in the erection of any building is planning to a
I'prtainty what accommodations are wanted and the probable cost. The
faiiu l)arn, if there is to be only one, must bo made to answer a variety
of purjjosos. It must contain stables for cattle and horses, calf pens,
shelter for sheep, a threshing floor, bays or mows for hay and grain, room
for vehicles and many tools, humess room, granary, and, if the barn is a
large one, room for placing a horse-power.

Years ago barns were seldom made higher than eighteen-feet posts. In
these days of improved machinery it is as easy to fill a barn twenty-five or
thirty feet high as one that is lower. The nearer square or octagonal a
I'lrn is and the higher, the less its relative cost, so that now barns are
'milt of two or three stories when a slight declivity may be had for the
>ite. If of two stories, the basement is cut up into stables for cattle and
-heop, storage for heavy tools and machinery, calf pens, etc., etc.

The main floor will contain bays for hay and grain, threshing floor, a
harness room and granary. Practically there is no advantage in the third
story. The ham may be as high as is needed, the bay continued to the
roof ; the stable, harness room, granary, etc., may be floored over, and a

M i'

■I J

tlll'1

"y " * '

^a *Wm

'ijl"

iSisfl

||i

(562

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

.^Z

mow be had overhead ; so, a floor may be carried over the threshino' floor

and this space utilized in the siime way. Practically you have the space

at less expense.

A Quarter Section Farm Barn.

In the West and South, the farmer of 160 to 200 acres may get alonw
very well with a side-hill barn fort3'-two by sixty feet. It will give iiuiple
room for a bay 16 by 60 ; a floor 13 by 60 ; horse stable 13 by 60, con-
tauiing 5 single and 1 double stall, or 2 single stalls and 3 double stalls;
a room for implements 10 by 13 ; a granary 12 by 13, an(i a tool room
half that size ; while the basement may be devoted entirelj' to the sttiblins;
of cattle, with calf pens, a sheep pen, and, if nccessar}^ a shed enclosed
on three sides. The granary will hold over 600 bushels of grain, and
may be divided into bins for Winter and Spring wheat, oats, l)ai-ley, and
ground feed for stock. The basement may contain two rows of cattle
stalls, with passage way between, six feet wide, with shoots leading to the
upper part of the barn for delivering hay, grain, and other feed. This
will leave a space 12 by 60, which may contain calf-pens and a place for
sheep, and it may be so arranged by means of sliding doors that it may
be entirely closed in inclement weather. This basement will contain stalls
for thirty-two cattle, and the maimre may be thrown directly into a cart
or wagon and hauled directly where it is wanted.

This barn may, of course, be enlarged by adding on, to accommodate
any required amount of stock ; but, if a much larger barn than this is
wanted, the square or octagonal form should be used. It will give largely
increased room in proportion to the cost.

A Common-senso Barn.

NORTH

HAY HOUSE

MAIN BARN

MAIN FLOOR OF HAIRY BARN.

Above we give an outline of the basement of a barn forty feet wide and
^ixty feet long, with a lean-to overshot extending twenty feet in front.

ig floor,
le space

;et along
ve ample
(50, cou-
ilc stalls ;
ool room
e stabling
[ enclosed
grain, and
lavley, and
s of cattle
cling to the
eed. This
a place for
tliat it may
ontain stalls
y into a cart

ccommodate
than this is

(rive

largely

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTEU.

663

Ifcet wide and
Ifeet in front.

This bam Avill contain about 100 tons of hay. The barn would be better
facing the South if the lay of the land as to declivity will allow. The
hay-lu)use may extond twenty feet in width and height in the form of an
L and of such a length as may be wanted for storage, say forty feet-
This barn, if the space below the hay-house is utilized, will stable six
horses and forty cattle.

The basement of the main barn may be divided into stabling as follows.
A, liorse stables 12 feet deep, with mangers two and a half feet Nvide for
hay, with suitable troughs for grain and manger for hay. B and C are
cattle stalls. Those in B hung with swingmg gates, opening siQe ways,
G the same, but each stall having a separate gate entering direct from the
yard. E is the main entrance eight feet wide and may contain feed chests ;
e is an entry five feet wide, with steps up to door D, and having an en-
trance into the horse stables at each end, F is the overshot or shed. G
is the portion under the hay-house to be utilized in stalls, if the hay is
not desired to run clear to the ground ; and H is the yard connected there-
with. If necessary tliis may be roofed over making additional shed room.

Square and Octagonal Bams.

In the square or octagonal barn the bay is in the centre, in which a
vast coni))aet mass of hay can be kept, and this will run from the basement
to the peak. The basement will be used as a stable, and if desired the
main iloor may also be so used ; modern builders understand perfectly the
art of making a floor proof against the leakage of liquids.

One especial advantage in the octagonal shape for barns, when a large
number of cattle are to be fed, is, the roof is easily supported and con-
tains more economy of space for its size than any other form except the
circular. In this the hay will be in the center, and the cattle next the
wall, facing inwards. Above the cattle will also be a mow for hay, ex-
cept such portions as are wanted for granaries, grinding machinery and
other conveniences. At the peak may be a windmill of sufficient power
to do the pumping of water for the stock, unless it be feasible to conduct
water by its own gravity. In this case it may be used for grmding and
cutting fodder.

Let us see what an octagonal barn sixty feet in diameter will hold.
The width of the stal)le will be twelve feet, and the feed next the bay six
feet, making eighteen feet in all. This running clear around will have a
central c re of twenty-four feet, besides the entire area, from the floor
above the stock. The stable will be one hundred and eighty feet in cir-
cumference, and, allowing three feet, six inches to each steer, will accom-
modate fifty head of steers, or if cows, a still greater number.

664

ILX.UBTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Below we give the plan of the dairy barn which will explain itself. We
have represented a cistern and also the meal room, protected by an earth
embankment, so it may be used for roots and other feeding material that
would be injured by freezing.

"'mr.m'J

PL4If OF STABLES IN BASEMENT.

The following diagram will show a compact basement for a Bank Burn
for feeding cattle and also accommodating a limited number of horses
and milch cows, to be seventy by one hundred feet square.

'ill

iYtr

•0X30

TXlOO

•oxao

4XaT

air U

a4xn

CATTLK-FEKUINa BASEMENT.

A is the horse stable with six stalls ; B, cow stable for six or eight oows;
C C main entry ; D D two small entries, running on either side of the

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

660

cattle stables ; E E E E are the cattle stables, 80 by 30 feet each ; and if
the cuttle arc placed 4 feet apart, will accommodate forty head of steer::
for fattening.

MAIN FLOOKOtf DAIKY BARM.

To bhow another plan we give a diagram of a ilair}' barn fifty by one
hundred feet. In the plan of the main floor a is a ventilating shaft, and
h feed shoots to basement through trap door which will be shown in the
plan of the basement.

A Square Cross Bam.

For a large number of cattle we know of no better form than a square
biuu for the center, with four wings running therefrom, each 30 feet
wide by any desired length. In this arrangement the cattle might be
placed with their heads to the wall, leaving a passage-way between each
two rows, by Avhich the manure might be taken up and carried away in
cults. In some parts of the West cattle-feeding is carried out on an im-
mense scale. Feeders are already beginning to ask, how best they may
build stables to save cost in feeding, and at the same time jjlacc the cattle
in the best possible position for economical feeding.

A writer in the Rational Live Stock Journal, under the signature of
"Alimentation," gives data for a barn to feed 1,000 head of cattle. The
principal ol)jection to the plan is the concrete wall advised for the base-
ment. In a building of this size and weight, it will be found to be quite
unreliable in the West. The basement should be built of good solid
stone, or the best hard burned brick. In lieu of this, if concrete nmst
be used, the weight of the building should be on stone piers. The details

1.5 i

I 44 I

^1V

"!':«[(; ^

G6G

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOU.

for building the barn are given as follows, the wings being 30 feet wide
and 200 feet long :

"This s(iuare cross barn will have all its pxtrcme parts equi-distant
from the center. It will Ijo tiie same distance from the (]uadriui"-u]jir
center to the extreme animal in either Aving as from the octagonal coiit(>r.
By douI)ling the width of the wings, we dispense with eight loii" sides
200 feet each, or 1,000 feet ; and as the ends of the four Avings aro the
same length ns the eight wings, the saving in outside ■wall is l.fiOO f(«et.
And if these sides are 20 feet high, and boarded up and do^vn Avith a two-
inch batten, it Avill take 3(),033 feet to cover these sides thus dispensed
Avith. It will also save all the outside and interior posts of the four
Avings dispensed Avith, as it Avill re(iuire no more posts in a Aving fJO feet
Avide than in one 30 feet Avidc. Tliis Avill make a saving of about 22,000
feet ; and the outside sills and plates on these
long sides Avill be saved, amount-
ing to 24,000 feet, besides girths
and braces — amounting in all to
a saving of 100,000 feet. The
roofs and floors will coA'cr tlic
wiNTKBKD WITHOUT gamc Humbcr of square feet as in
the eight wings, and cost the same.

"It would also save 14,400 cubic feet of Avail,
building the Avings GO feet Avidc could not be less than two-tifths of the
Avhole cost of the barn ; and the convenience and economy of labor must
be even greater than Avith the eight narrow Avings. This square cross
barn has the capacity to feed conveniently and comfortal)ly one thousand
head of cattle ; and it now remains to notice some of the details of
construction.

"The quadrangular center, GO feet in diameter, may bo built Avith large
corner posts, say 14 by 14 inches square, 37 feet long, and the plates
and girths of the Aving may be framed into these posts ; but it probably
would be better that the Aving should have separate corner-posts, and
they be bolted to the posts of the center. The quadrangular center
should be high enough above the Avings to clear the ridge of its roof.
This would require the posts of the center building to be 17 or IH feet
longer than the Aving posts, as the ridge of the wing roof should rise at
least 17 feet in GO feet, and come up under the cornice of the center
building ; as these A\ings aa'III cost about the same money Avith posts 20
feet, and the latter height will hold about 40 per cent more, and as this
storage room Avill be Avanted for so many animals, it Avill be better to
provide room in abundance, and make the posts tAvonty feet long.

Wl.NTKUED WITH GOOD
t-MKUTKll.

The Avholc savinir I'V

cct wide

li-distunt
Iniuirnliir
il cpiitcr.
)ng sides
;s iiro tlie
000 feet,
illi :i two-
dispensed
the four
iig r.O feet
3ut 22,000

le saving I'V
fif tlis of tlie
l:il)or must
IsfiUiire cross
uc tliousaiid
(C details of

lit Avitli large
the plates
it prol)iil)ly
kr-posts, !ind
Lular center
[of its roof,
or 1« fci^t
lould rise at
the center
|ith posts 20
and as this
jlic better to
lions;'

CATTLE, now TO SUKLTEH.

(5(57

"Tho floor in tlic wing above the basement Avill run lengtliwise of tho

building, and it will bo IG feet wide, so that the posts on either side of

the iloor, running up to the cross-l)cani over the floor, may stand on a

sill running lengthwise over tho basement, and eight feet from tho center,

supported by tho stanchion timbers. These two sills will be strongly

supported the whole length by the stanchion posts, placed only 38 inches

from center to center, and will consequently hold the Avhole interior

structure above. The bays on each side of the floor will l)e 22 feet wide ;

there will bo no loss in so Avide a floor, as the hay may bo mowed one or

two feet upon each edge of the floor if more room is desired. There

will 1)0 42 bents, the outside posts being about 18 feet 2 inches from

center to center. The top of the cross-beams, running from side to

side of the barn, will be 1.3 feet above tho sill, and will bo spliced at tho

post, or between the posts, on either side of the floor. On three of tho

l)eiits the cross-beams should be carried up nearly to tho plates, and tho

posts at tho side of the floor must also bo carried up to sujiport tho

litiun. The three bents (every third one) will tie tho barn together,

mid being so far apart, will not obstruct pitching with a horse-fork.

Tiicsc high beams, besides being pinned to the outside posts should have

astiiTup around tho post coming back ten inches upon tho beam, with a

lline-eiglith inch bolt through the stirrup and tho beam, turned up tight

with a nut, and if the beams are well spliced in the middle, this will hold

tho l);irn lirmly from spi'eading i;,t the plates. Now, to prevent this long

wing from rocking or swaying by a strong broadside wind, these bents

witii the hijih beams should have a lonsr stiff hraco running from the foot

of the post on the side of the floor to the outside post just under the

high beam. Such a long brace on each side will hold tho barn rigidly

from rocking. And while speaking of braces, let it be remembered that

a Imice is valuable just in proportion to its length. The i)races from the

outside posts up to the plates show a four-foot run. They will assist

very much in sustaining any weight upon the plates.

"It is not intended to have any purlins in these wings to support the roof,
oven though they be GO feet wide. The brace on top of the beam will
have a run on beam from post of 8 or 9 feet, running up the post just
umlcrtlio plates and fastened by a bolt. This will hold tho plates abso-
lutely rigid, and the roof will not spread them. Tho rafters should not
ho plueed more than two feet apart, and tho collar-beams should be 1 1-4
I'v 5 inches, anil placed six foot below the ridge, with every other pair of
rafters double collar-beamed ; that is, with a collar-beam nailed upon each
side of tho rafters. This will make a strong shingle roof. The collar-
beums will be some 20 feet long, and will be about as good a support to

The collar-beams should be as high as the

" .iJ

thereof as purlin-beams.

66d

ILIiUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOU.

burn would ho likoly to l)o lillcd, so that no room will bo lost, and tho
barn will !)(• pnu'ticiilly froc from obstnution to ])it(liing with a horse-fork.
'•In the bonts, whero the cross-lK'uniH ar(5 raised nearly to tlic plates
there nmst be a beam framed into tho jjosls on (>ac'h side of tho floor, I?,
feet above the sills, to correspond wiih tho other beams over tho iloor
upon which scaffolding may be placed for using tho room over the floor.
It remains only to be nicntioned th:it tho interior sills aro four cross-sill ,
40 feet apart, to tic the barn together at the bottom, and two sills rumiiii';
lengthwise, one on each side of the Iloor — that is, the centro of eiicli of
these long sills is placed 8 feet from tho centre of the barn. Tho joists
for the bays will run from these long sills on each side of tho floor to the
outside sill — about 21 feet. Each of these long sills come over a row of
stanchion timljcrs in the basement below,"

' !■;■«

1.1 ■)''

U' •

"' i';i|

■ li-*

FARMEB TUKIFXY'S CArTLK.

The reader will see that these wings above the basement are built in
the simplest manner, using no surplus material, and as cheap as iimy le
consistent with strength and durability.

Basements for Cattle.

««"We will now examine the construction of the basements of these long
wings. The wall under each of these wings, if built of concrete, 1^
inches thick at bottom, 12 inches at the top and eight feet high, Dcing
460 feet long, would contiiin 4,140 cubic feet, and could be built ia most

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

609

places for 10 cents jjcr cubic foot, or $414 per wing. Tlio muU under
the cTiilcr would be 1,440 cubic feet, and co.st $114. The wall utider
tlic eiilirc square cross barn would cost ♦IHOO. The long sides would
icquiro something to stiffen the wall sidewise ; but a pier built against
the wall oil the inside would be in the way, and on the outside would
h)()k uiisi^rhtly ; so to avoid the necessity of such piers, let a X be made
(if strong iron, say three-fourths by two ln<'hes. The long end of
the T v.'ould be about 20 inches, and built into the Avail, and the cross lie
across tlie top of the wall dirc( tly under the sill. The end of the J should
piojoct heyoiul the sill on each side far enough to have a three-cjuarter
inch liole ])unched, into which to insert a piece of the same flat iron, six
liuhcs long, rounded at one end. Tliis will attach the wall to the sill.
There should bo four of these T'« for each side — one near each ci'oss
sill 40 fc( t ai)art. This will hold the whole wall to the beam, and
picvcut iuiy swaying. These long sides will give room for hiserting

FARMER SLACK'S SIIELTKR.

plenty of Anndows for light, the frames being into the boxes, and the con-
crete built over them. The sash may be hung on a pivot in the centre,
so as to open easily to give ventilation at certain seasons ; but the fresh
:iir should he introduced throuirh the wall near the bottom, through hard
Imnicd earthen or pottery pipes, la-inch bore, just long enough to reach
tliroujrh the -wall. These pipes may be laid in the boxes, bedded in the
concrete, mid the concrete tamped down upon them. They may be placed
ten feet apart, and will not weaken the wall. Close covers may be fitted
to the iusidc, so as to shut theui out at will ; and with proper ventilators

WMn

m:^:m

670

ILLU8TUATEU STOCK UOCTOB.

I '\

to disohiirf^o the heated and vitiated air throufjh the upper part of the harn
there will he a eoiiHtuiit cireulatioii of fresii air throujrli thi^ ImHciiu'ut,

One otlier point niU8t be mentioned ni refereiier to the wall. A concroto
wall contains a hirge amount of mointure, and if the sills are to he placod
on before the wall boeonjes quite dry, whieh is usually the case, tho
.moisture will pass up into the jjreen timber of the sill, form a eoatiivof
hme on itj and prevent tho sap from eseapinji;, and the result is a rapid
deeay of the timber. To prevent this, take well-seasoned pim^ hoards
12 incihes wide, coat one side with <^as tar, and bed this tarred sido in tho
mortar on top of tho wall. Tho sills aro laid on this leveled board, and
no moisture can como through this board into tho sill to rot it.

Arranging the Basement.

These long stables must bo laid out so as to render the la1)or as coiivon-
ient as possible. There must bo easy access to every animal intlid stable
and this becomes more important when one thousand cattle are to bo pro-
vided for. Cattle are most easily attended when placed in douhhi rows
with their heads turned towards one feeding floor.

In tho long basement, tho first row of stanchion posts will Ik; placed
seven feet from tho first wall, on tho side of tho first feeding lloor, 14
feet wide. On the other side of the feeding floor is the second row of
stanchion posts, coming up under one of the long sills, as dcscriht'd bc-
fori^. Two and one-half feet being occupied by mangers on each side of
this floor, will leave nine feet for a drive-way. Along this llo '11117
pass a cart or wagon, with green food in Summer, or fodder ii or.

The third row of stanchion posts will be 10 feet from the last, uii^ tlio
second long sill, on the side of tho second feeding floor ; and the fourth
row will be fourteen feet from the third, on the other side of the second
feeding floor, and seven feet from the other wall. Hero two rows of
cattle stand, with their tails to the walls, and the two middle rows stand
tiil to tail, facing upon opposite floors. The largest animals rliould he
placed in middle rows, as there is the most room. These stanchion posts
are placed 3 feet 2 inches from center to center, and the cattle are best
fastened to the center of a chain stretching from staple to staple driven
into each stanchion post. These chains slide up and doM-n 011 staples.
The mangers may be placed 20 inches from the ground, and, with long
staples, the cattle may lie down comfortably. One of the best wa^s to
feed cattle, with plenty of bedding and muck for deodorizing, is to let
them stand three or four months on tan manure, and, the mangers being
placed high, the manure may accumulate two feet deep under them, and
they may keep quiet clean, with the bedding and muck, aud the manure

■m

CATTLE, HOW TO SUKLTEU.

671

will 1)0 trocKltMi HO hard as to fornjciit very littlo. When n lot of ciittlo
lire sold, then wagons may be dnvon through to carry off nianun\ I
Imvc soon catth^ fod in tins niani'cr, carded dady, and kept quite clean,
stiiudiiig oil tlieir manure for four months.

Tlicst' feeding floors, as described, stretch through the whole length of
tho barn. A feeding car passes through two wings, and, having a turn-
tal)l(', iiiiiy pass through any wmg. Fecid may bo drojjped through n
chute on the side of the upper floor into the car ■wherev(>r placed on any
feeding lloor. This form of J)arn gives every facility for cutting and
eodkinglhe food — a hirger engine, placed in the center, cutting, grinding
and cooking all the food ; and this also offers the best facility f«)r soiling
tliiTc thousand head in Summer, if such should bo necessary. In tho
West, li iwever, where only tho feeding of such largo numbei's of cattle
would be prolitablc, soiling is out of tho question.

Adapting Means to the End.

Xo person can possibly know so well Avhat an individual wants as
himself, if ho bo a rellecting man. Tho architect scarcely ever gives
attention to tho planning of barns. Tho best barns in a country are
thoso of intelligent farmers who have car(>fully observed the conveniences
of various kinds in tho barns of tlu'ir friends in the localities visited, and
who \vlien in building their own varied them to suit their own wants.
F(ir this reason wo have simiily given outlines of thoso illustrated with
discri|)tions of others adapted to various nmnliers of cattle. See i)23. 5WHj
o(ill, 501. To give tho cost would bo a wastv- of spaco that may be bettor
emploved. Tliis will vary with locality aii'' I ho price of material, and
any master carpenter or mason will quickly intimate them. As a rule,
the elaborate and well furnished structure is not tho most convenient
one, Init those which have the greatest number of permanent convcn-
icnees, and in which tho spaco is most thoroughly economized. Hence
within tlie last few years, or since tho general introduction of improved
iniulnnerv, farm barns have undergone a complete change in tho manner
of eonsfvnetion.

Fonnerl y barns were comparatively low structures where cveiTthing had <
to l)e done by manual labor; it was not economy to pile up hay, grain,
or other farm produce, story after story ; tho lal)or of lifting, or carrying
did not pay. Since the invention of hoisting machines and hay carriers,
the invention of modern windmills, grinding mills, horse powers and
other labor-saving niachiner}', twenty-five feet posts are not unusual, and
no barn slionUl be built of less than two stories. The gain thus secured is
abimdantly worth what it costs.

672

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

:«r H

.'r'"'

flPhcre are few farms where the drainage ia so iioor or the hmd so level
but that a declivity sufficient for a basement burn may be had, by throw-
ing the excavated portion up to assist in forming the trackway or rise to
the main floor. Windmills are now so nearly automatic in their Morkiii"'
that they may very safely be trusted to jiretty much take care of them-
selves. Therefore, in all the more pretentious farm barns, thev should
be built with special reference to the erection of a windmill on top.
This may be used for a variety of purposes, cutting fodder, griudinir
grain, pumping water, being its principal work. If the water is collected
in a reservoir in the center of the mow it will not freeze, tind tlie
pressure will always be equal, and thus the water maybe carried in pipes
an}' distance, to the house or the dairy, and become a most valuable
economy.

In the building of barns of superior size we have given descriptions of
all but the circular barn, which can hardly be called a practical or
economical structure, and the octagon barns will come under the same
category ; for while economical in respect to space, they are more oosth'
to build, if for no other reason than that they are unusual. We there-
fore recommend the square bani in every case when the width is to lie
forty or more feet, with not less than twenty feet posts. This, with tlie
the basement, will give two or three stories as necessity may require.
The basement of course Avill bo used for the stables, and if additional
room be needed one or two wings may be added, and when farther space
is needed two more. The diagrams showing the internal arrangements
may easily be obtained to suit such a structure while pursuing the general
features of economical and labor-saving utility.

li'

Summer Shelter.

While the question of Winter shelter is of the first importance, it i?
necessary that Summer shelter be provided, and also for protection
against the inclement storms of Spring after stock has been put upon
pasture. During the feeding season the sheds and barns will sufKcc;
before pastures are flush the Winter shelter can be utilized, for some food
must be given night and morning. During the lii-evalence of storms the
stock will of course l)c kept up and fed. Later, however, it will not be
found practicable. What i.s wanted is a range where stock may not only
be secure from the winds of drning storms, but wliere they may retire
for shelter durinir the extreme heat of Summer daA's.

We do not believe in shaded i)astures. They arc poetic but not prac-
tical. The object in keeping .stock is to make them eat as much as possi-
ble. The pasture should be devoted to grass. If shaded by single trees
here and there, stock will very often haunt these when they should be

CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER.

673

ug tlic general

feeding. While in motion in the act of griizing they do not suffer from
lieat. Thcrefoi'e it is better that they bo obliged to do some travel to
reach the shade, and this shade if natural will generally have water near.
If not, the artificial shade should be given at such places where water
may be had fi'om mills or ponds most cheaply.

■ c?^^
■-■'M*^

m} ::>m

r^^'iiiiiiin''?!

;,,iT^-i'^lai

h pt

t ! V

' ;!.

A PASTORAL SCENE.

The acconipanynig cut will sliow liow this artificial shelter is accom-
plislied both by isolated trees in the pasture and by clumps and groves in
iho distance. As previously stated, the single trees we condemn, and
t'.uy have l)cen introduced to illustrate the ^loint, and at the f5ame time
irive effect to a most pleasant pastoral scene, and which any farmer may
(ilitaiu in a gently undulating country.

Where to Plant Shelter.

This sliclter should be planted along tho crest of ridges, about gullies
iiiid ravines, and in fact wherever tho soil is not adapted to cultivation.
These points Avill bo cspecialh' sought during tho heat of Sunnner, and
ilio tinilter will eventually more than pay tho cost of planting in any
piairie country. All high points are generally free to a gi-oat extent from
I'iting insects. The ravines will afford shelter from winds and driving

♦I ■

f ii

674

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

stoims, and also will be valuable as places where permanent water may
be had either naturally or artiHeially by drauiing. In lieu of this pluut
shelter belts and groves near the low places where water may be had, or
near natural water holes on the farm.

f, '

What to Plant.

For dry soil, anywhere south of 42 degrees, the Catalpa (Sped nsa)
will be found hardy. The variety Big nonioides is not hardy in llio West
north of about 38 degrees. Black walnut is valuable, so are nil the
maples, the cotton-wood does well almost anywhere, and if care is taken
to procure cuttings of the male variety, (this tree bears male and fomiile
flowers on separate trees), you will have no trouble with the hiowin^r
about of the cotton during seeding time. Evergreens may bo })liiiited
almost anywhere if the soil be moderately dry. The Norway spruce is
most valuable, and next to this the white pine. For low lands, pottoii-
wood, the soft maples, and the white, the black and the golden willow-
will be indicated. Thus the farmer will find that this question of shel-
ter, while one of the most important of the many connected with fnrm
economy — the pomts relating to Summer shelter — will in the end prove
one of the best paying investments in a prairie country of any m the
whole category.

: 1

CHAPTER V.

HOW TO PASTURE, PEED AND WATBB.

IBOUT PASTURAOE. CL0VKR8 TOAT DO WELL. UNDESIRARI.K CLOVERS. ALFALFA.

TUB TRUE GUASaBS. TIMOTHY, OK CAT'S TAIL GHA8S. BLUE GRASS. RED

TOP. ORCHARD GRASS. FOWL MEADOW GRASS. TIME KdU I'ASTURINO. WA-

TKUINQ. FEEDING STOCK CATTLE. HOW TO FEED. FEEDING MILCH COWS.

About Pasturage.

Tlie sul)jcH't of pasture and meadow is ouo of tlic most important with
whii'h the farmor ha.s to deal. It makes feed in Summcv and forage in
Winter. Yet, in the United States, nearly all our meadows consist of
(1110 clover and one gras.s ; in oth^r words, timothy and clover are our
(rro;it nioadow plants, and the addition of blue grass to tliis forms the
Imlk of our pasturage, always excepting, of course, the vast areas of wild
grasses that still cover the great prairies and vast plains of the West, yet
to be brought into cultivation by man.

Until within the last few years, or until the dairy interest began to
assume such gigantic projjortions, farniei's got along well enough with
tlieso ; for, where stock raising for beef is the solo object, and wild
enisscs are plenty and grain easily raised, and consequently cheap, a very
few nrnisses will suffice ; but the imjietus given to dairA'ing within the last
fpw years, has fairly shown that the best results, nay, that even fair suc-
cess oaiiuot be had with a few grasses. This the dairymen in New York
Sliito came to understand years ago, and yet so little was known of the
lulaptubility of varieties to soils and climate, that our best fanners
ttorkoil l)lin(lly in experimenting, and unfortunately, our botanists could
do little more than furnish long strings of mere classical names of varie-
ties US tlicy were known in books, and could give almost no information
as to their adaptability.

43 675

* fife I

4 \^\ J
It* I

676

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Clovers that Do Well.

1 i *

Practically, the clovers are confined to three species. First, red clover
natui'al to all soils that are adapted to the cereal crops, as wheat, rye
barley, oats and corn, or such rich soils as do not heave under the frosts
of Winter and Spring. If so, clover is apt to be thrown out, or at least
to be so heaved as to be practically worthless, esi)ecially so from thefu't
that it is really a biennial plant ; that is, dying out at the cud of the sec-
ond year if allowed to seed.

The next clover in general use is Dutch, or -white clover. This does
well on soils somewhat moist, although it will not stand flooding. It is
not especially relished by cattle, and at some seasons is apt- to give horses
what is termed the slobbers ; tliat is, it causes them to form saliva to such
a degree that it drops from the mouth freely. Cattle do not relish it,
and it can hardly be called good feed fov horses. A small portion of it
in a permanent pasture does not couie amiss, yet it is so natunil to iiiany
soils tliat, like the plantain, which the Indians have termed the white
man's foot, white clover they have called the white man's grass.

The only other variety of clover that wo can recommend for cuUiva-
tion, is Alsike, sometimes called Swedish clover. This does well on
moist land, and even bears some flooding. We consider it the next in valug
to red clover, and altogether better pasture than white clover. It also
makes good hay on soils too wet for red clover.

Undesirable Clovers.

There are a number of other species of clover, some of them indigenous
to the West, which we only mention as a caution against their being
sown. These are ; two species of so called Buffalo clover; the upright
and the running Buffalo clovers ; the upright or 3'ellow clover ; and tlie
low hop clover, a half-creeping variety. Tliere is only one more variety
worth mentioning, and this simply as a warning to farmers not to sow it,
except for bee pasturage, and then only when it may not become a
troublesome Aveed. We have reference to the tree clover or Bokhara clo-
ver, specifically the white-flowered melilotus. It has been reconiniended
as valuable for soiling ; that is, for cutting green for feeding to stock in
stables. We give the same advice about sowing this clover that the
crabbed lawj^er did to a young client who asked his advice about getting
married — Don't.

Alfalfa.

The case is different with alfalfa, the Spanish name for a phint known
botauically as medicagOy and, in English by its French name Luzerue

CATTLE, HOW TO PASTURE, ETC.

(577

This is valuable in soils adap^-d to it, deep diy soils not subject to hard
fieeziu"' iu Winter. In Caluoruia it has become one of the standard
fora"o crops. In some of the far west plains country it will undoubtedly
be found to stand well, as it will iu Texas and New ^Mexico. In Soutii
Aiiici'i«^''i> in the vast grazing region, it has become thoroughly naturalized,
ami is well worthy of trial wherever the Winters will not be too cold for
it, siiy south of forty degrees north latitude.

The True Orasses.

It is to these that we must really look for our pasture plants, outside
the few clovers we have mentioned. It is a vast, as it is the most impor-
tant of plants to man, comf)rising some 230 botanical genera, and not
jesis than 3,000 species, and includes all our cereal grains, as wheat, rye,
barley, outs, corn, etc.

It would not be in place in this work to enter into a history of grass,
anil the characteristics of the several species, valuable as they may be.
Our readers nmst therefore be content M'ith a list of some of the more
imiiortant varieties, as the}' have been tried, and their seasons, and some
of their characteristics ; and this more for their value as pasture than
hay, and foi- reasons previously given.

,.y

Timpthy, or Cat's Tail Grass.

The first in importance is timothy ; a better name, as more perfectly
(lesrribing its characteristics, Wv)uld be catfs-tail grass, by which it is
known in England. It does well in all clayey or day loam soils that are
not too wet, and nnikes the best hay of any of our grasses. For pasture
it \!i among the least valuable, if we except cattle, since one peculiarity
is that just at the ground it forms a bulb, which if bitten in close <rrazing,
U'^ horses, sheep and hogs arc apt to do, it dies. It is also a grass that
will not bear hard tramping.

Blue Grass.

Tiiis is the great pasture grass of the Western States, in its two varie-
ties, Kentucky blue grass, which flourishes best south of forty degrees
north latitude, and wire grass, which is found well u[i into Wiscfuisin and
Minnesota. Here again is confusion of common names. In Pennsylvania
it is called green grass, and this is really a suggestive name. It really
remains green early and late, longer than any other of our cultivated
grasses.

Blue grass forms a tough, firm sward, sijringing early in the Spring.

t ' {

,1, ,1

1 '«i';LJ

678

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOK.

m?!'

growing lato in tho Fall, and holding its subslancf well in (Ik- Winter,
So that aftor Ix'ing pafsturod in Spring if allowed to grow on thr()iii>li tlic
Suninicr and Autunni, rattle and other stoek nuiy be wintered on it
udinirablv, when deei) snow does not eover the ground. Both vnijoties
are found in their best perfection in limestone soils, although tlicv do
well aeeording to latitude on all strong, rieh, and even on some Tutlicr
thin soils if well drained. Neither variety is adapted to wet soils. It
cannot be called a hay grass, its great value being for pasturage.

Red-Top.

The next grass in importance, boeause found to do well on a in'CMt
varit^ty of soils, is red-top. It nuikes good hay and is valuable for
pasturage. It should be more generally cultivated than it is, bcinir
adapted to a very considerable range of soils, neither veiy wet iior vory
dry. As before stated, in Pennsj'lvania this is called herd's grass, luul we
may add in Rhode Island it is known as Burden's grass. ^Vhile roci-toi)
has a goodly range of soils to which it adapts itself fairl}-, it does best
on a rather moist soil, ilowering rather late, or about the same time or
later than timothy. It dries out considerably in curing into hay, niid is
not very rieh in sugar, gum or starch, three important elements in feeding.
It is a strictly perennial species, and foinns a pretty dense sod, when well
established.

Orchard Orass.

il|!-i ::l

; ♦; i '

This is really one of the most valuiible grasses for extensive trial iis a
first-class pasture grass in the whole list of cultivated grasses. The
wonder is that a grass so generally regarded as excellent in Eui-ope, slioiikl
have made its avu}' so tardily in this grass country. This is prohalily
from its habit of growMig in tufts where sown thinly. It is one of tin'
earliest of the gi'asses to start in the Spring, is strictly a perennial, starts
freeh' after being grazed or mown, and if sown tliickly makes excellent
hay. It thrives better than most of the grasses in a i)artial shade, and
hence its common name, orchard grass.

For pasture it .'■hould be sown at the rate of not less than two busliels
of seed per acre, — three bushels is better. It is very light, weigiiingonly
fourteen pounds per bushel. When sown for hay we have had excellent
success by seeding at the rate of sixteen pounds of orchard grass, and ten
pounds of clover i)er acre. It is excellently adapted to sowing with red
clover, since it blossoms more nearly with clover than almost any other
of the grasses.

CATTLE, HOW TO PA8TUUE, ETC.

Fowl Meadow Grass.

679

This Is another most valuublo grass, considered especially so for hay,
and to our mind quite valuable for pasturage, particularly for dairy stoclt.
Liiie prairie hay it is quite free from dust, and at the same time it possesses
all tlic essential elements of nutrition in a high degree. In all new coun-
tries tiie first dependence must be on the wild grasses. The real difficulty
is, fanners do not undeitake the cultivated grasses until forced to. If a
trial of the important varieties here noticed shall lead to the testing of
still other sorts, the time will soon come when our farmers will wonder
how they could have gone on so long without appreciating at their true
value many varieties, that the aim and scope of this work precludes even
tbp mention.

Time for Pasturing.

It is important that cattle be not only fully fed but that they have their
feed at regular intervals. Where stock are driven to and from pasture
thev should be turned on soon after daylight in the morning, and not taken
out uutil sundown. It is especially necessary that they got the grass
while yet it is covered with dew. So, where stock are kept and fed in
stables, the lirst feed should be given early in the morning, just whattlio)'
will eat dean. This should be supplied not less tiian three times a day ;
and at night, to insure full stomachs, some extra feed as meal, shorts,
etc., should l)e added.

Salt should be kept where the animals can get it at will. They will
thus get enough for their wants, and just as they want it, and will eat less
than where supplied at the stables, or out-of-doors, at irregular times.
Irregular feeding of salt is one of the worst possible practices. Salt is a
cithartic when given in large doses, and this danger should be avoided.

In Winter, whether the animals are kept in stables, in sheds, in feeding-
yards or in the shelter of groves, the same regularity of feeding should
he observed. Stock should also be graded, if possible, so there will be
no very strong and very weak ones together. And those of a given age
should be fed together. Where animals are fed in groves or in fields a
much larger, and, in fact, more irregular drove, as to age and strength,
may be kept together, than under open sheds or in clos<5 feeding-yards.
Feed early always, as soon after daylight as the animals can see to feed,
and let the last mess at night be given so as to be well finished just before
dark. When fed in stables the same rule should be ol)served. Early
and late feeding of good fodder, and in such quantities as they will eat
tolerably clean, is what keeps growing animals going right along. This

n , N . 1
."' '^\ - i

G80

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is what tho Aviso feeder .seeks, for thus he seeures the l)est possible fain
with the least loss in daily natural waste of the physical system.

Watering.

Whether it he Winter or Summer, it is absolutely necessary that cattle
have un ubuuduuee of water. Without this, given at regular times, there
can be no profit to the feeder. Cattle may l)c driven to it twice a day, if
the conditions are such that they cannot be fed in the same i-aiige whcro
the water lies. When cattle are kept in stables, it is altogether ix'tter
that the water he conducted there in pipes so as to run directly into their
drinking troughs. It will bo found cheapest in the end. If there is no
living water, do not depend upon holes cut in the ice of ponds. It is not
only dangerous to the cattle, but will cost more in the end than anv other
plan of watering. If tho water is to be taken from wells, or ponds, erect
a good windmill, with suitable tanks, with pipes so they '.'.'ill not freeze,
leading to ample troughs. Let these be in the yards where the stock
take their rest, or else in the feeding range. Then see that they have
plenty of it, and ])lenty of salt where they can lick it at will. If the cattle
are to be fed out-of-doors on ear corn and hay, see that proper (n)u;.'li^
are provided for corn and racks for hay ; let them be large and ample.
Where this is done, close yards should be provided with warm shelter and
water.

M^i'

ilf

Feeding Stock Cattle.

In wintering stock cattle the main dependence will I)e ha}' or com
fodder. These, if good, are perfect food, that is fed together, or hay
fed alone will keep cattle growing, if they do not suffer from the cold.
In feeding the same rule should be iidopted as in fattening cattle. Sec
that they are not given enough to waste, but do not force tiicm to eat
rough, coarse, stalky or weedy hay clean. No animal ever did w(;ll on
food it did not like. To make money in growing cattle they must not fro
hungry Winter or Summer. If the fodder is prairie hay see that the
best and softest is reserved for tho calves, and next best for the cows.
The oxen and steers will do fairly well on hay somewhat coarser.

How to Feed.

Calves should have some grain daih' ; oats are best, one quart each, or
the equivalent in other grain. Cows expected to calve the succeeding
Spring, should have from four to six ears of corn daily, or its equivalent
in some other gmin ; and oxen when not wosking, about the same.

CATTLE, HOW TO PASTURE, ETC.

681

When working, give the same an to u fattening steer, or about a half
bushel a day.

Cattle intendcil for fattening the .succeeding year should have especial
care the previous Winter. Tiiey sliouUl have feed enough to keep tiieni
(rrowin"" right along, say about lialf the (juantity of grain given to falten-
'iiic steers, that is, allowing the feeders do not l>elieve in forcing liie animal
from mifhond constantly, until ready for the butchei-. The best and
most successful feeders do force, and none that we know who have ever
tried it could ever be induced to go back to the old way of lotting stock
make a g'dn in Sununer, to lose half or more of it in Winter.

Feeding Milch Cows.

Whatever the plan of feeding or sheltering cattle for the butcher — of
course, fattening cattle will have more attention given them, so far as
food, water, and shelter are con(!erned — milch cows must have soft food.
No dairyman ever made any money by feeding cows in milk on dry hay,
car corn, or dry grain ; for cows it nmst be ground.

Ill feeding, the owner will, of course, bo guided by the relative value
of food in (he market. If possible, a little ground oil-cake should form
II (iuily portion, about half a pound per cow. In all the West, corn-moal
is the eheiii)est food, except in the neighborhood of large merchant flour-
in;: mills. One great difficulty Avith corn-meal is it is heating. It should
be fed almost measure for measure with bran ; ten pounds of this with
the addition of half a pound of ground oil-cake, with plenty of good hay,
will l)e liberal feeding. If the cow will eat fifteen pounds of meal and
bran, it will be wise economy to give it to her. She will not eat so mucfi
hay, and in a corn country hay is dearer than corn, and as a rule an acre
of coru is raised fully as cheap as an acre of hay.

i^J'J'l mm

»r

"•I i

i;..

IIP

Iff:

Mi;

CHAPTER VI.

BENEFITS OF KIND AND CABEFUL TBEATMENT.

PERDING FOR PROFIT. AS BETWEEN WELL AND ILL KEPT STOCK. HKAVY WKIOHTS

PKOKIT IN EARLY MATUKITY, MAKE BEEF YOUNQ. BABY MEEK. FEKUINO ; COST

IN ENGLAND. SUMMER FEEDING. ANIMAL WASTE. ANIMAL HEAT. ADVA.X-

TAGES OF SUMMER AND WINTEK FEEDING.

Feeding for Profit.

It should require no argument to show the benefits of kind and consid-
erate treatment in tlie rearing of live stock of any kind, and in the treat-
ment after they become mature. One reason why so many persons fail
to be successful in fattening stock is that they do not use due considera-
tion in their treatment. The man who kicks and clubs his stock, or
allows his hired help to do so, never yet produced a prize steer, and never
will. Obesity and activity do not go together, neither will undue excita-
bility allow of a steady increase in fat. Hence the feeder, for the sake
of his pocket, should see that fattening cattle are. kept cntirel}' quiet. To
insure this the sagacious breeder avoids not only cattle naturally irritable,
but those raised by persons of known bad or brutal temper. We have
known a stable of cattle thrown off their feed for days by a sudden frijjflit.
Those frights are quite apt to occur from the slightest causes. Wiieie
strange Cattle, raised half wild, are confined together — and this is not
rare among stock that have been picked up indiscriminately, and what
are known as woods or prairie cattle — the first effort of the sagacious
feeder is to get the confidence of the stock. This is only accomplished
by gentleness, not by any means inconsistent with firmness. The cattle
must know and obey their master. Their knowledge of him mustbetiiat
they receive food and kind treatment at his hands, and not stabs with the

682

CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT.

683

nd consid-
the treat-
crsons fail
cousidera-
;tock, or
and never
ue (!Keita-
)r the sake
(luiet. To
irritable,
Wc have
don f riflkt.
Where
his is not
,ivnd what
susaoious

loinp^i'*^^'''^
The cattle
visthethat

hs with the

fork, nor I)C!itiiif!;8 with the liandlo, or kicks, booauso they happen to .stand
witliin rt'acli of some brutal feeder. The inference is that the hunnmo
man is "I't to liave hunianu help ; the brutal stock man will have brutal
help, and the stock will bo very apt to partake of the character of their

master.

Ab botnroen well and ill»kept Stock.

Aside from some wealthy professional men, hnvinp' suburban farms,
stock is kept solely for the protit it will bring. The stock of amateurs
»rc not only carefully housed and fed, but they are kept at the height of
perfection, so far as costly appointments and careful grooming is con-
ceriK'tl. The j)ractical man arrives at the same I'csults in a different and
tlu'ai)cr way, but none the less certainly. Ilis shelters may be of the
most lionu'ly kind, even made with poles and slough hay, but are warm
ami com fori able. lie cannot afford iron mangers and water pipes through
his fitalilcs, l)ut his troughs arc light and solidly built, and his animals are
ro^niiarly fed *nd watered. He will not have blankets in winter and
sluTls in summer, but his animals will be well and carefully fed, and
sln'lt( It'll from the earliest age until ready for sale.

Tiic humane man will get ten dollars more for a cow because she will
lie gentle and well trained to giv(i down her milk without resistance. His
steers will bring from one to two cents per pound extra in maiket, for
the reason that the constant care given them will have result(!d in extra
wciiiht and condition. Let us see what two cents per pound amounts to.
His steer of a given age, say three 3ears,'is fed from birth so that it has
lU'ver fallen in condition, but has constantly gained, and will Aveigh from
KlllO to KiOU |)ounds, according to the breed. The steer of the man who
does not hclieve in feeding nor properly treating his aninuils, will weigh
off of grass })00 or 1000 pounds. The good feeder will get tive-and-a-
lialf cents per pound gross weight, or $71.50 forthe I.'jOO lb. steer, and |H8
for the hoiivier one. The poor feeder will get, say three cents per pound,
or $27 to $.10. One may see this every day of the 3'ear at the stock-yards
of our western cities. It does not cost $20 more to make the good steer
tlwn the i)oor one ; so the enhanced jjrofits are nearly $25 in the one ease
and $48 in the other ; in other words, the good and humane feeder gets
tlie enhanced price on the poor feeder's 1000 pounds, and on what he Iuil;
put on besides by his considerate care and constant good feeding. We
Iwve partially showu'this in another part of the work, in alluding to the
daily animal waste. That is an integer. This animal waste may be pro-
duced excessively, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are sub-
jected to frights and bruises, as well as by exposure to stoi'ms and lack
of sufficient food.

lh.^4

M '^^'■■■'■i

.' ■ . -'. 1'! g
; : • m

■'•■'!■, 'ii

-■(,, /[: ;,!!v

-4i;j '[ift^;vll|

,*|.i|;'i:^|

lH m /;;^i

Hk iiii

,.!:,. si*'*

684

1LLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

Heavy Weights.

. Until tho inaufruration of tho Chii'ago Fat Stock Show, under the
auspicoH of tho Hoard of Agriculturo of IlUiiois, very littlo rcHahK^ iliua
could 1)0 had a.s to gain in feeding animals of various agcH. It was well
understood, however, that (he joung animal gained faster in proiioitiou
to tho amount of food consumed, than the nutturo animal, and that the
older and fatter tho animal became, the loss the daily gain. As showhi"
actual facts we append tho Htatomonts of exliihitors, sworn to in some of
tho more important clussos shown there, and tho reports of coniniittt'o
thereon :

"Among tho heavy cattle were tho following, and credited to wcijrh.iis
taken from the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steer (iov.
Morton, 3,11)0 lbs; Burnsido, 2,H70 ; Hoosier Boy, 2,040; Nels. Morris,
2,840 pounds. The following arc tho actual, weights as given h\ the
committee, on animals 1 year to 4 years old :

Messrs. Graves & Co., one bieer 4 years old, 2,445 ; one steer '6 juars
old, 2,0()0.

A. F. Moore, ono steer 2 years old, 1,7S6.

J. D. Gillett, one steer 3 years old, 2,13i).

"Wing &• Thompson, one steer, 4 years old, 2,240; one steer 4 vpuis
old, 2,l<)(i; one cow, 1,.')2.'); one cow, 1,(!10,

John B. Shennan, one steer 3 years old, 2,019.

J. N. Brown's Sons, ono steer 2 years old, 1,44(5 ; ono steer 2 vonrs
old, 1,449; one steer 2 years old, 1,()3(;; one steer 2 years old, l,;ilil;
one steer 2 years old, 1,24(>; ono steer 1 year old, 1,33H; aiw .stcor 1
year old, 1,249; ono steer 1 year old, 1,193,

Do.xtor Curtis, one cow, 1,H33 ; ono cow, 2,042 ; ono cow, 1,9,3(5."

In this, of the interesting facts shown, is the great weight attaiiifd by
one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as tho great ultimate weights
attained by mature oxen, viz, : Best one-year-old, weight 1,.'{;{.S pouiuls;
best two-year-old, weight l,78fi pounds; best three-year-old, 2,l''f
pounds; and the heaviest 3,190 pounds, Tho crucial test in evcrv
examination being simply the value of tho animal for the butcher. Tlio
,rv'C(M'ds given below will repay the study, and tho reports of tho, com-
mittees, as given, will show the points upon which the several decisiong liave
been made :

The connnittee on Sliort-IInrn steers, 4 years old and o*- <)iiK
. followinir report on ages, weights, and gains per dav. ^wi v-
which are appended :

lor the

lo (lilt a
us well
ij)()vti(m
hilt the
hhowlivi

fiOUlC of

(Uimilti'i;

iv('i;rh, US
Cl'V (iov.
1. Movvis,
>n hy the

e'r 3 years

t^r -l V011V9

2 Yoiirs

.1. i;U(l;

w steer 1

iittaiiieil hy
v.ite wei'.'hts
5:JS pounds '.
.„hl, 2,i:''.'
st in every
teher. Tlic
of the com-
ifcisions liave

laV

CATTLE, KIND TUEATMKNT.

0LA88 A — CATTLK. HIIORT-nOnNH — TIIOKOUOHIIREDa.

car)

[TABLE 1].

EXHIBITOR

wTvV. I'fiirteld

W. W. IViiHeld

J, 11. OriiveH

Wiii>; A 'riioinpDOii

Wlllg&TllOUipHOII

Avvrnge

Aj;<^ III

Wflght

N..V. 10,

1870.

Averiige '
giilii |M>r(liiy
ill |i(iuiiils
sliicv blnh.

a.oim

2.1.").')
1.048

i.m»8

J, 578

1.8(11

2, (MX)

1.22

2.4;w

l.Ki

2.415

1.25

2,in«

i.im

2,250

1.42

2,;tr),s

1,28

The (•(•iiniiittcc in their report on tliin rinfr sny :

The rinjjf wiis niudc up of a renmrkiilily Hne bunch of well-developed
eteeis ; all wt^ro uniformly fiit, with tlesli well distributed in the most
valuiii)k' portions of the eareiLss.

The iiiiinial.s reflected great credit upon the States in which they wore
fed, namely : Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois.

The llrst-i)re!niun» steer was deep red in color, smooth and even throiio^h-
out, with .straiirht top and bottom lines ; broad, deep loin, well filled out ;
nmiul, smooth, compact barrel ; short in leg, with fine bono and small
littid.

This steer excelled the others in the ring in having ntoro good flesh on
the l)aek and loin, with a small iiortion of cheap, unsalalile fat meat,
with s(|uaic, deep, symmetrical ijuarters, well covered down to the kneo
iiiid gaiubrel joint.

Tiie sec()nd-i)ri'mium stocr was a deep red steer of superior quality, and
iiiclioiee condition for the block, and, in the niain, as good ;is the first-
liieniiiiin steer, but Avas not as free from bunches of fat, especially on
the niiiii).

The remaining steers in the ring, while Avorthy of special ronimendntion,
w re coarser and older than the prize-winners, and not as well filled out
ill the shoulder and thigh, and were patched.

The lirsl-premium steca was th(> youngest in the ring, and showed the
hirirest average! gain per day since l)irth.

The seiiond-premium steer stood second in this respect.

SnORT-llORSS— TnonOUOHBUEDS. cows TIIREK YKAR9 OR OVER. REPORT OP COMMITTEB.

The ring consisted of eight cows of unusual excellence as a lot, showing
Srreat ditferencc, however, iu the matter of age, type, form and mode of .
kndlinw.

The aged animals were uneven, and carried too large a portion of meat
of inferior quality ; too gross ; some Avere very badly patched,

;> ";!i

^ W

1 1 ^*";!\

St" \n

686

ILLII8TKATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.
L'I'AULE a].

No.

EXFUBITOri.

l»i'Xt«?r(-iiiHn

Di'XtcrUiirlls

U. K.& A. 8. Urownllf

Sitin. K. Prathwr

Sum. K. I'nither

W. F. Oonloii

W. K. OariliHi

Willi; •^ '('hoii;|).suii

Average

Ajie ill
duyM.

2M)
3.0«7
3.0(13

2.7:n

1.180
3.(H(4
2.241
1,428

2,:»u

Weight

N..V. 10,

1870.

2.042
l.l).-iil
l,7(a)
l.KU
1.525
l.UOl
1,(H»)
1.0 Ui

1,780

■

(iiiVkcr

Avf-rjfiif )f„lii ■

-olid .'III

IXT ilav H

)<iii<'<! iilrlh, ■

.•1/1(1 ucl

(IikI file

:>i ■

'PI...

O.SII ■

1 lie ,s

0.(17 ■

lirsf iii-c

■

O.d'i ■

prt'iiiiuiii

74
i.l:)

,.si

The cow-s avonif^cid over six years in age, and some were over ten years
old. Some of tlie old hreedinj^ cows were very undesirable for the lilocit,
and th(> meat would not be rated m even medium.

Tile first-premium cow was a deep red and of the lot the (in<'8t in bone,
head and neck, tiie smoothest and best proportioned tin'ou<;boiJt, wilh an
extra well-filled fore and hind quarter. In the jjieat depth and even dis-
tribution of 8«>lid, mellow Hesh, strai<.^ht top and bottom line, l)roud liaek,
and thick loin, this cow excelled.

The second-premium (row was somewhat <;oarHer in head and not u.s
smooth or evenl}' fatted, and ratlmr deficient in back and loin ; otlKuwisc
a.s good as the first-premium animal.

8UOKT-IIUKN8 — TUOKOUOHURKD. 8TKRKS TWO AND UNUKK TUKEK YBAltH

iTABLK 3].

No.

EXIIIBITOR.

Asfo in
diiys.

Welt.it

Nov. 10,

187J.

Avcrajfo
jfiiiii per (lay
HliKMt Itlrtli.

.1. V. Brown'H 8oiis.
J. N. BrowirH Soiit).
A. V. Moore

Average

845
814

871

i.(i;m

1.440

1,7S0

1.024

l.ltt

1.7.S

l,H7
l.HO

The committee reported on this ring as follows :

Thi^ ring was composed of three very superior .steers, showing iiiiiisu,;!
development and ripeness for age. In size, symmetry, and disliilmtidii
of meat in the best cuts, they would pay the bntch(!r the mo.st pioli(,aii(l
furnish the consuntor with the best <|uality of first-class meaf.

The first premium steer was red in color, had the best back and loin 'if
the three steers, and showed the great(^st di^velopment for ag<'. Was the
smoothest steer, with smaller head and lighter in horn ; small, iical, short
neck, with the widest and deepest breast ; better in width of buck and

\'o.

'■ I .'ohil

2. 1 .;. /I.

I Av(

'lie roini

"Tin's rill

I'IKlcllcd .s((.
'Ill' .SlijICl

"((■■'(I ill !lic
!<(('{'r,s.
'Hie /iiM I

ficiii llllllcll,.

'"" (''ili)pc(i((|
li(';i\y-si.( .s(,l

""•"■•K- slun-tl
'"■■'ivv |„i||, ,J

"c IIICll J
"■'"''•ll "-.'IS f,.|,]

■'""' ''iinii.sl, „ J
"'(' >('<'()|),|

IIK'l-lf

; \\:\s l;\

"'licr steer.

^" (lie f.iro.r]
^i«''' one ^•,.J

'"■".vi"irolU,nl
'^"s '■" sfecr thil

CATTLK, IIKAVV WKKHITS.

687

tliii kcr in loin. This steer was sniootli find free from buiielies, with tirnr,
solid iiiul ni('lh)W th'sh. The (|Uiirters were heavy and well pmpor'" )ne(l
iiiid Htll lilled down to knee and frninhrel joint. The shortness in lej;
mill tlic fineness of hone is worthy of Hpoeial mention.

Till- second premium steer was a rich roan, not as tjvenly fatted as the
lirst |)niniiim steer — more uneven top uiid hotton line than the lirst
premium steer.

3TKKH8 TllltEK AND UNDEU FOUIl YEAK8.
ITABI.E 4].

.No. EXniBITOR.

1. I .lohii Slicniiiin

2. I .1. II. (Jriivcs

AVt'MJIt*!

Avcrnjfo

^aiii pcrdiiy

HJnueblrtli.

"7.53
1.45

1.5111 2

Till' committee's report on this rin;^ is as follows :

"This riiijr consisted of two very superior, well-developed and ovcnly-
inatclicd steers in point of aire and weijrht.

The superior ijualily of the llesh Jiiid the proper distrihulion of the
iiiiul ill I lie best parts of the carcass was particularly noti(;eiihle in both
steers.

Tlie lii>l premium steer, a lijilit roan, was perfectly smooth and free
from ImiK lies, and a <j;o()(l handler. He was strai^htc^r on the l)ael< than
his eoiiipctitor, with better hind-ijuarteis. This steer was a low hlocky,
lie;ivv-s( I steer, short in le^r, tine hone, neat head, well cut up under
tliidiit, short neck, hroad and deep in brisket, I)n)ad, straiji^ht Itack,
lieiivv loin, with thick round, well meatt^d down to the knee and j^aml)rel
joint.

Tlie meat was firmer and more solid than on the fir.st premium animal,
wlijcli WHS fatter, and from all appearances would cut to better advantage
iiinl fiiniish meat of a superior (luality.

The sei'diid premium steer was an extra well fatted red ' 'eer of p-eat
iiH'iit ; was rather more legiry an<l coarser in head and hone than the
other .steer."

uflmi

;i).\

-4it:ir-:•-■i^

Profit in Early Maturity.

Ill tlic forofroinjr reports it will be noticed that the best }i;ain was in
steer one y^iU' old and under two ; the ne.\t best pain was in steer
two year old and under three, l.!);i pound.s per day; the ne.\t best jfain
^vasj ill steer three years old and under four, 1.51 pound.s [)cr day. Then

ft '

G88

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

ill following the gain in cows over three years old, the average will he ;i
diniiiii.shing quantity, until in the t-ase of the cow ten years old, table 2
No. 12, the daily gain is but 0Jy2 of a pound; and in the case of the
oldi'Ht .steer, nearly six 3'ear8 old, table 1, No. 2, the daily gain was ].l;i
pounds per day. These great results were arrived at by warm shelter,
careful feeding, and as careful care froui birth — most potent factors in
any case when money is to be made in cattle, either for beef or the dairv.

As a rule, a yearling, as it is ordinarily wintered, Avill weigh imieh less
in the Spring than in the previous Autumn. The next Spring and Sum-
mer it must first regain the flesh lost, and then add to growth aiul \vei<;lit.
The next Winter it again loses flesh, and at two years old often will not
weigh as much as it did at eight months old. So it goes on gainiiifja
little in Summer and losing as constantly in Winter, .until at the end of
the fourth year the animal will weigh 1,000 pounds — loss than the sauio
animal would have been made to weigh at eighteen months old with j-ood
common sheltei and feed. There are cases in new countries Avhere feed-
ing, except hay, cannot be had ; wiiere this is plenty, and the range good,
cattle may be raised at a minimum cost— eimply salting and herding in
Summer, and feeding in Winter. Here again the (juestion of shelter must
be considered and will be found to pay, and without which no profit can
be realized.

This'system of feeding, however, is no longer feasible except in limited
areas. The great West is fast settling up and increasing in weaitli.
Herds are yearh' improving through attention to breeding and feedinjr—
the result of the cultivation of vast areas in corn, the seeding of meadows
and i)astures, and in superior buildings for wintering stock. The history
of the thickly settled portions must be the history of the newer regions
in the future. The profits, in farming in the West, are in the stock sold.
Pastures and meadows are the groundwork of good farming everywheio.
Thus verifying the Belgian maxim : No pasture no cattle ; no cattle no
manure ; no manure no crops.

M-jko Beef Young.

The time has gone by when it would be l)elieved that an animal must
reach the age of four or Ave years before it could make good beef. The
time has also passed when the mere tallow in an animal would sell it.
The reason why we have so little beef lit for export to the English nnnket.
and which will bring in Wesicrn markets from five to six cents peri)ouml
gross weight, is that very few western farmers have adopted the Eiij.disli
standard of forcing a calf from the time it is born until it is killeil, the
age never exceeding three years. This tendency of English breeders and

feeders Ji

tliat beet

I'oniproiii

cattle wcr

found tha

t«o-year ,

attained a:

Has sold, t

lioi/al A(/i

fanners it

or, as they

.4moi)g
li.'iving sold
liigli-gradc g

Oneplpvcn-moni
Oue tlline..|i.ni(i
iirotM,Hirt,.,.n.n
liw flft.rn-inoi
Oiiesixuri,.,,,,,,,

(•iieci-flirccii-nio
11(1
am

The Weight
I'rire is state
-'iicani.'i.r
^*fwr must 1
'lu.iitors to

.'illon-

ia\

nice fo,-

"'I' ''est steei
•''^•"' old and i„
^''""- fully as e;
^"")'good,v,.i.

'" lelatioi) I

irritcs ;

"I'lieahove
;;• ' "••■f'k fro,,
'''"^<"Sho,-(.Ii„

'.'"^"■'^^'f.andtho..
'•""• »"t of hi.

CATTLE, HEAVY WEIGHTS, ETC. G89

feeders has been the growth of years. They had rirst to coml)at the idea
that beef must have age before it could be healthy meat. First, they
compromised on three years ; the beef was proii')unced good. Then the
oiittle were pronouneed at thirty months fully as good and ripe : they also
found that they got enhanced profits from tliis manner of feeding. Then
two-year olds were forced to the same weight that had previously been
attaiued at three years. Last year beef from eleven to twenty months
was sold, and from an article prepared by Mr. Henry Evershod, for the
Royal Agricultural Journal, in which the experience of some entinent
fanners given, we tind interesting matter in relation to very young beef,
or, us they term it,

Baby Beef.

Among others, Mr. Stanford, of Charlton Court, is credited with
having sold the following heifers and steers in 1^^7H, the animals being
high-grade Short-Horns, at ages and prices given below:

Return per inontli

Price. iViiiii Itirtli.

One olncnmonths-old steer $ 74 00 $(i 73

One tliiriecii-months-olil sUwr 101(14 7 82

Throe loiirtccii-nioiuhs-old hfilfr.-, nvi'rnjrt- 02 40 (5 00

TlireefllU'i-n-innnlhs old ht'lk-rs, aviTiijjf.. 101 04 't 77

Oiiesixiii'ii-miiiitlH-oldPlccr 102 'M\ H9

One eiif liti'fii-iiioiuli.s-(>l(l slwr lln TK) (5 42

Oneiif{lit<'«"ii-iiii(l-a-liiiH-inonths-«ld siitr 12!) 30 7 00

Twoeij;liteiii-an(I-a-half-iii()nths old sieers, aver.ige 122 10 (J 00

The weights of these, some of them were calves, is not given, but the
imec is stated at from 1() to IM cents (our money) per pound, net wciglit
—meaning, we suppose, the four (|uarters. The best Ki months old
steer must have weighed something like 1,200 lbs. alive, allowing the
i|uai'ters to have been 65 per cent, of the whole weight — a not very large
allowance for such yoiuig cattle. In tiie last Chicago Fat Stock Sliow,
the bi'st steer, 2H months old, weighed l,()H(i lbs. The best steer one
year old and under two \,'i\'M ll)s., showing that our best feeders not only
show fully as ear?y maturity as Englisii feeders, but likewise as wonder-
fully good weights.

Ill relation to the English animals mentioned above, Mr. Evershed
writes :

"The above figui'es show that tolerably-bred Short-Horns will return
'".a week fronj birth on this system, at from 1.'5 to 18 months old.
1 hose .Short-Horns which afforded the least return were bought in the
1 iiiiii'kot, iind those which gave the highest were by Mr. Stanford's ])edigrw3
'"ill. out of his well bred, but not pedigree cows. The best feeders of

.ri:r

!^1» tjl '

ili

■

^ifoii

iVI* Miff Kill InlSllifK it

11111

u.m

iMm

, !

»' 1 f I

■ ;>

690

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

foil 111 ry-brcd cattle in Sussex and Surrey inform mo that tlioy coimmora
fair avernge weij^lit for aiiimals, well fed from liirtli, 100 Smiihiicild siouo
ut one hundred weeks, j-'iving u return of one stone (8 [Iw. diesseil
M'eight) per week, or (!». ($I.H2) per week."

Our autliority mentions a steer killed that dressed 1.12 stone ut one
hundred weeks, equivalent to 1,700 Ihs. live weigiit. Some sixlceii
months steers dressed, in the (juarters, 000 Ihs., having 120 lbs, of rouHi
fat, and a very snudl proportion of offal. He states that Ihe host feeders
arc able to reach un average of $1.43 per week at sixteen to twenty
months, from a Short-Horn cross on common cows.

Feeding— Cost in England.

The English feeder is content with the miinnre resulting from (his
manner of feeding sto<'k, if indeed he can get (his for his Iroulile. As
to the cost of nudving what is termed a "hahy l)ull()ck" of seveiitv-oiic
weeks, the following is given, reduced to our standard of dollars aiid
cents :

Purcliase of enlf. $ S Sv

Four weeks' new milk, (i quarts diilly, at'iil piTcniurt li )u

Eij^lit weeks' skimmed milk, qimri« iliiily, iit l-'iil per quart, a.ii(l 2 \\n. of meal at;

1 111 per It) na^

Seventeen weeks in . I une, July, August and September, on a daily diet <>t' 2 llis. ot'

linseed e.ike, 2 ll)s bean meal, manjfel, hay, jfra".-". elover, ele..'. 17 57

Twenty-six w<<eks to end of Mareh— 5 lbs. of eake and meal daily, Jt 1 liiisliel el

roots, hay imd >*traw for fodder 30 27

Sixteen weeks f(» harvest — 8 lb«. of caku and meal daily, mandrel, j;raw<, elover— loinl,

$1 no per week «ll

At tendance, 71 wi eks at. 11 eents 7 M

liisuranee, interest, and rent of shwi B SI

Total $H)TX->

Our authority estimates the value of the niiinurc at 20 per cent, of
the cost of the food, $!5r>.12, or value of manure $17.02. llis iiceouiil
stands thus :

DR.

A biiJloek 71 weeks old $1»7 «

I'rofll i:'9

Total ...$liJWi

CR.

A bullock sold at 71 wwks old J^llj

Value o( manure '' "^

Total.

..$1!JW

Let any feeder take n calf at five dollars at hirtii, figure the cost ofj
everything fed in rtiising. new milk, skim milk, oil-cake, and ground Mj
if raised by hand, or the interest on the cow if allowed to run, wrtt

iiisura

side ol

feet Ion

.steers <

younger

ycaiN

Im ftaiiiil

loiig(>r t

of catth

^Tass ail'

From

ive arc a

have givi

pi't'taiscs.

lilt' |)i-opo

■^fitsoii, w

m fcedci

the shofioi

I'lider t
ill (lie fact
I'lat hrutcs
'las Ill's rew

It is only

"ll'llfed j);,s|

''it years,
''iir'ii'.st po.sJ
I'liidiiet. full!
I'l'iii'ticaldo (I
|)astii|.,.s \vi|

"'•',>■ '>i'gaii t\
''"' "liiiiial.s \i
""'V will eat

'•'"'^"f dm ,1

"'" jirass
wlieii

• tiihl
"II sued

'■I'vatsurh t\
"""lifies tlip
from seventy

CATTLK, HEAVY WEKJIITS, ETC.

691

iiisiiniuco, etc., it will, if ourofuUy manujiod, show figures on the right
side of the lodger. Unfortuniiti'ly thcro is no diitu to show, hut our hcst
fi'cdors for oiirly maturity eceni pi-rfi-otly salisfiod with the outi-onio on
steers of from two to three years of age, and jjrohahly might he so wirh
voua^er ones if it wore not the fact that animals do so well until tiu'ee
v(<nrs of ago that they dislike to kill them younger ; hesides, in the West it
is foaiul clieapor to grow the cattle rather slowly and give them somewhat
loujrcr time. It is a question of eheap food as against lahor in the care
of I'iittlo ill stables, in Winter, and soiling; that is, feeding in stables on
iTiiss and other food, artificially prepared, in Sununer.

From what we have shown, the reader will come to the conclusion that
wo lire a firm believer in shelter and hiimane treatntent. The facts we
have given will, Ave think, fully substantiate the correctness of these
preiaises. No sensible person will, we think, doubt the soundness of
the proposition that the animal should bo kc[>t growing during the cold
sciison, when both feeding and shelter are necessary. The o1)ject with
iiiiv feeder is to get the greatest net gain for the food consumed, and in
the shortest time.

Umler this system of feeding the profit was seen. The humanity lies
iiitiu' fact that the animals had during their lives the greatest enjoyment
that brutes are capable of — that of feeding and (juiet rest. The owner
has his reward both in a pecuniary and conscientious sense.

\ r

■4 ,. l\:\\\

.sui7;i.i

1 $i-]ji«

..$l!oM

Ivound f««1
run, f»f^'l

Summer Feeding.

It is only within the last few years that our best feeders Imve supple-
inciiti'il pasturage in Summer with grain. In England this has been done
fdi' vwirs. Tlic nitional of the matter is this. To keep animals in the
hiihost possible condition, the pastures must be fiush, that is, they must
produce full feed at all times. Kvery master-feeder knows this is not
in'a(titiil)io during some of the Summer months. The July and August
piblmvs will not carry what the May and .lune pastures will. (Jradually
thov lu'gaa to adopt the pra»'tice of fully stocking the pastures and givinn'
the aiiiatals wiiat jjrain thev would eat in I'onncction with jjrass. At times
thi'vwill eat very little, especially when pastures are in their full succulence
of vouiig greenness : but a little meal will be eaten every day. The sys-
tiMiH (if the cattle thus remain in belter average condition than when fed
•m irnss only, in Siunmer, and on hay and grain in Winter. Animals
when oil succulent pastures recpiire some dry food ; they M'ill often (>at
liay lit such times. The meal or soaked corn, if animals arc used to it,
iiindifios the succulence of the grass and clover, containing as they do
from seventy to eighty per cent, of water. Full grain feeding, with hay
44

V •' 'i

■k'Js^.

tijjt

t 'i

692

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

in only small quantities, tends to the creation of unnatural heat and fcvcr.
Food gro' .id, and fed moist Avith considerable buy, obviates this tendency
somewhat, and the more the stomach is distended with fodder the k'Hs
the tendency to fever.

; ;•(. ■.

Natural per cent, of Water in Food.

The proportion of water to flesh-forming and fat-forming substance In
natural food, (herbage), will range from seventy to eighty per cent.
The proportion of water necessary with dry feed may be stated at aljout
sixt}' per cent, in Winter, and more in Summer, varying witii the heat
and humidity of the atmosphere. Upon succulent herbage in Summer
the animal tissues will contain more fluid than in Wintcir, on dry food ;
h(!nce the necessity and economy in Winter-feeding to keep the animals
fully supplied with water, so that certain portions of their systems will
not be obliged to abstract the natural fluids from other parts of the Ijody.
Upon turning cattle to pasture in Spring they often seem to fatten sud-
denly. Much of this is due to increased assimilation of water in the
tissues. The advantage of pasturage in Summer is that it tends to ameli-
orate the condition of the animal by reducing the feverish state of the
system, acquired during the Winter feeding on dry food. Hence the
value of roots, where easily and cheaply raised — turnips in Eii<rlinid;
turnips, carrots, and beets, in the Eastern States ; and Iw'ots iuid carrots
in the West. In the West, roots are not given so much for their fattening
(piality ; but when these arc fed at the rate of one quarter bushel or less
per day, they act as a digestive element to the other food, causing more
jierfect assimilation. When these are not to be had, bran should consti-
tute a portion of the food given.

Animal Waste.

It is generally considered as true that about two-thirds of the fond
consumed goes to supply the animal heat and waste. All grass-feediiiL'
animals that have to sustain themselves for long periods in the wild state.
on scanty food, accumulate large masses of fat in the Sunuiier montlis,
During the Winter this is gradually dissipated (cousuuH-d) in t lie effort
to keep up the animal heat, and by Spring the animals are thin and weak.
Precisely the same thing occui's in the ordinary way of Avintering stock ou
ha}' out-of-doors. They become thin, often emaciated, and sometimes
die, in the effort of the owner to see upon how little food ho can brin?
them through alive. Not onlv all the food ffiven has been consumed,
burned up, in the effort to keep warm, but also all the fat, where accumu-
lated in masses about the body. Not only this ; before the animal finally

CATTLE, KIND TREATJIEXT.

693

succumbs, the fat niinglod Avith the muscles and other heat-forming sub-
stances, will have been consumed. Yet many persons who consider them-
selves humane and Christian men, follow this plan year after year. It is
true tlipy suffer in purse and in vexation. Is it possible to be supposed
that their depleted pockets will compensate for the suffering of the poor
l)rutes under their care ? It is hardly a supposuble case that it should
be 80.

Animal Heat.

The natural temperature of the body is 100 degrees. If the tempera-
ture go above that it indicates fever ; if below it is a chill ; either condi-
tion, if not counteracted, will be fatal to life. The advantage and
economy of full feeding in Summer, as well as in Winter, will bo under
stood when we remember, that, whatever the temperature of the air, the
iininiiil heat will be 100. When the temperature will average CO to 65
degree?; as it will during the season of pasturage, it will require only food
enough to raise this temperature by 35 to 40 degrees to bring it to 100.
All else the animal eats goes to make weight. If during the Winter tho
average temperature bo 30 degrees, it will require food enough to be
eaten to raise the temperature by 70 degrees to reach blood heat and
koep up the animal integrity. Here again all food taken in excess of tho
animal waste is gain. But another integer here steps in. It requires less
proportionate food to keep the animal force intact with a high thermome-
ter than with a low one ; that is, it requires more than doul)le to supply
the waste with the thermometer at 20 than it docs with tho thermom-
eter at CO.

Tlieroi is a limit of cold beyond which neither animal nor plant can
endure. In other words, when the cold becomes so intense that tho
capacity of the stomach to digest is counteracted by the animal waste,
death ensues. Thus we often hear of whole droves being destroyed,
where exposed to the force of strong chilling winds, as the "Blizzards"
of Minnesota, "Northwesters" of the plains, and "Northers" of Texas.
In a still atmosphere tho animals would have withstood a much greater
degree of cold, for the reason that they would have carried an atmosphere
of heat about them. In the wind the heat was blown away, and in the
attempt to supply heat as fast as destroyed the animal economy gave way
and refused longer to exert itself.

Advantages of Full Summer and Winter Feeding.

From what we have written the reader will have learned that there is
no economy in scant feeding of animals either in Summer or Winter.

uii ■■mm

mrt

>MK^

■^tm

694

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The facts are, those feeders make the most money who not only give the
warmest shelter in Winter, with liberal feeding, but who carry their
stock fully up to the feeding point in Summer. Where corn is us easily
raised as it is in the West, many of our best farmers will tell you thev
can produce an acre of corn for less than an acre of hay. We have cul-
tivated G5 acres to the hand in a field of 1,500 acres, and at a tost of one
and one-third days' work for team and man per acre, up to the time of,
but not including, the husking.

One advantage of feeding grain the year round is that you may stock
your pastures so fully that the grass will bo kept evenly graz('<l, thus
enabling you to carry more cattle in Summer on a given area of pasture,
and enabling you to produce more corn for Winter feeding. Another
advantage is, the animals become fatter, and thus do not lose so much
animal heat in Winter. Still another advantage is, you hasten maturity,
and thus save interest on capital, insurance and other items of cost.

These facts should be enough to convince the sensible man of the value
of high feeding in connection with shelter, aside from the animux of this
chapter, that the humane feeder — he who treats his animals most kindly
and feeds best— is really the one who makes the most money.

: I

CHAPTER Vn.

HOW TO B1T7 AND HOW TO SELL.

IH« VALUE OP GOOD CARE. ESTIUATINO WEIGHT. ESTIMATING BT VBAS-

UREHENT. BUYING TO FEED. HOW TO BUY BKEEDEItS. WHERE QOOO

BEEF MES.—— BUYING FEEDING STOCK. ANALYZING THE CARCASS.

PROPER SHAPE OF WELL-BRED FATTENING STOCK. HOW TO BUY. BUY-
ING MILCH COWS. BUYING DAIRY UlLKBRS. MILK MIRRORS. THE

TRUE VALUE OF MILK MIRRORS. VALUE OF ESCUTCHEON MARKS. MILK-
ERS IN ALL BREEDS. HEREDITY. DIGESTION. RESPIRATION. SYM-

UETRY.

The Value of Good Care.

There are very many farmers who, by care and attention to details in

feeding their stock, and by kindly treatment, have done so with profit to

tiiemsclves. They have raised them from calfhood. Let them under-

talie to buy cattle for feeding their surplus grain and fodder, and they

are very apt to overrate the weight and true value of the cattle purchased.

One point should always be kept steadily in mind : Never buy an old

steer or cow for fattening. They never repay the cost and trouble they

give. Thin cattle, ready for grass, if healthy, may give good returns on

flush Suinmer pasture, if bought at the price per pound that you expect

to get in the Fall. You will not only get the price of the flesh put on,

but tiie Ciittle being thin and the musclqp dry, your profits will be added

to in the fluids absorbed, and the loss will lie with the former owner in

making mere frames to be built upon. So animals bought in the Fall in

common grass 'flesh, will increase wonderfully with good feeding and

shelter. If you buy at $2.50 per 100 lbs., and so add 200 lbs. in flesh,

and sell at $4 per 100 lbs., you not only get $8 for the flesh put on, but

the difference between $2.50 and $4, or $1.50 per 100 lbs. on the orig-

inaUeight. That is, you buy steers at 1,000 lbs. each, feed 50 bushels

695

)

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

of corn per head, nnd sell them weighing 1,200 lbs. average . They cost
$25 and sell for $48, leaving $23 as the value of the corn fed uiid cure
given. The manure in any country will pay for the care taken ; mo, your
corn will have netted you near forty-six cents per bushel. From this
knowing the cost and price expected when fat, it will be easy to 1i<tuio ou
profits, fluctuations and accidents excepted. '

Estimating Weight.

An expert judge will estimate from seeing and handling steers often
within ten pounds of their live weight. The buyer will always underes-
timate weight, and in nine cases out of ten convince the inexpert owner
that the guess is right ; in fact, more than half the time the s^er will be
convinced that he has tho best of the bargain. The only safe way in
such cases is for the seller to weigh. Every man who makes u business
of fattening cattle should own a proper scale. He may save the cost in
a single year. The merchant, the manufacturer and the builder, who
work by guess, always end in bankruptcy. The only reason why fanners
do not, is, they have that generous bank, mother earth, which never falls
to respond, even to indifferent managers.

In weighing cattle note carefully why certain ones weigh out of pro-
portion to others, and study whether the weight is in the prime parts, a
broad loin and hips, and good barrel, or in heavy fore-quarters, with thick
neck and big head and horns. Study carefully the points as given in
detail elsewhere in this book, and as carefully remember them for future
use. Thus you may in time become yourself an expert judge of stock.
If an animal is to be killed, estimate his weight alive, how much he will
shrink in offal and hide. When the quarters are weighed, if the record
is not as you expect, examine carefully wherein the discrepancy lies. It
is an especially interesting study for the young man, who expects himself
to become a breeder and feeder of cattle. If a breeder, he must know
how to sell ; and if a feeder, he must know both how to buy and sell.

4 Estimating by MeasurAment.

Many breeders have rules of estimating the weight by measurements.
There is no rule that comes nearer than good guessing, and all guessing
should be avoided, especially when the guessing is to lie on the part of
the buyer ; that is, the seller should avoid trusting to the guess of the
buyer, based upon measurement. No two animals will weigh alike
according to measurement. " ■ '

One rule, perhaps as good as any and for this reason given, is to find
the superficial feet by multiplying the girth, just behind the shoulder-

hi buying
)'')uiig, tliat
If to be kep
and Devoiis
Buy 110 ov(
should they
for money,
Dieek-eyed, ^
through the
the twist wc'l
fatten kindly
concerned, th
has carefully

CATTLE, now TO BUY AND SKLL. 697

blade, by the length from tho fore part of the 8houIder-l)liide to the root
of t\w tail. Thus un ox girthing 7 feet i) inches) uad meuHuring G feet in
leii"il» would contain 7 3-4 times G, or 40 1-2 superficial feet. For cattle

irruss fat the following is given as the weight per superHcial foot :

Girth 1p8!( than 3 feet 11 pouiuls.

" 3 to 6 feet 16 '>

" 6 to 7 feet JXi "

" 7 to 9 feet i 81 "

Thus the steer as per above nicusuremcnts should weigh 4fi.50 by 31,
or 1,441 lbs. gross. Under this rule it is usual to deduct one pound in
twenty qn half-fatted cattle, from 15 to 20 lbs. on a co\7 having had
ciilvesr, arid if not fat an equal amount. The, rule as above stated is of
little or^-no value, except to those having no other means. In taking
account of stock, this may come somewhat near the weight. For buy-
ing or selling the scale is the only true standard.

4|? Buying to Feed.

In buying cattle either to graze or to feed fat, choose cattle that arc
young, that is, that will not have become ni'iture before ready for sale.
If to be kept a year, three year old past to four year old for natives
and Dcvons, and one year less for Short-Horns or Hereford grades.
Buy no overgrown, leggy animals; they are hard feeders. Neither
should they be undersized, as this indicates want of thrift. The cattle
for money, whatever their breed, are compact, smooth, fine boned,
meek-eyed, soft haired steers, with skin of medium thickness ; thick
through the heart, round barreled, well ribbed, with broad rump, and
the twist well down to the hock. Such cattle, whatever their breed, will
fatten kindly and the meat will be of excellent quality. So far as age is
concerned, the teeth must be the teht. In this no person can err who
bus carefully studied the chart of the teeth in auother part of this work.

How to Buy Breeders.

If the intention is to raise beef cattle the same rule will apply as in
buying steers. In no case should the cow be more than three years old,
and it is better that she never had a calf. In breeding for beef, milk is
not the first essential. It is necessary, however, that the dam give a fair
amount of milk, since the proper sustenance of the calf is what lays the
foundation of the future value of the steer. No calf starved when
young can make a valuable cow to breed from, and as is the dam so
naturally will be the produce. Whatever is to be the outcome, avoid at

ill

M i 111 "■'■■* ♦ *- - ■" -■'

098

ILLL'STIIATKI) HTOCli IKX.TOK.

any price a viciouN cow, or one witli a wild oyc or Itaviiig a dislicd fuc^^
H»'r projrcny will hv Hurc to jjivo you tr(»ul)l(', and will not givo you ciitdc
that will fatten to the standard of the picturu wc give you of Eurl

o
u

M
•<
H

Spencer's prize ox ; given not only as showing what Short-IIonis were
fifty years ago hut as illustrating the terms to he used in deserihiiig tlio
VHrioua beef points and other outward portions of the bullock.

CATTLR, HOW TO UUV AND HELL.

099

Explanation. — .4— Forchcud. JJ—Vmo. C — Clieok. /> — Muzzlo.

(J Nei'k. /' — Ncfk-vein. G — ShouldiT-poiiit. // — Ann. / —

Giiinlirt'l Of hock. K — Kli)<)W. L — HriMket, l)osoni or broast. iV—
(^Yops. C — Loin. P — Ilip. Q — Kunip. Jt — Pln-l>ono. iS — Round-
lioiict hurl or whirl. 7' — Huttock. U — Thigh, or sjiisket. K— Flunk,
ir— I'lutcs. A"^ — Buck, or chine. Y — Throat. Z — Chest.

Where Good Beef Lies.

The prime parts of tho ox lie, as Hhovvn in cut, from JV to /?,th(Mico to
,S', ;iii(l liack to iV". Between P, Q lunl Faro the prinicst parts. Tho
siccdiitl Ix'st are between M, *S, T, V, W, and /f. Between aS" and 6^ are
vahiiil)l(! pieces for smoked or dried meat. The ribs l)etvveen M, and /S';
the llimks V, W, an<l thenco to the brisket K are}j;ood corninfj; pieces. It
will \w seen that this animal has u very smtdl proportion of ofTul, and a
vcrv large proportion of valuable meat, being full and broad in the loin,
thick ril)hed, with the rump massive, sfpiare behind, and carrying beef
below tho twist, or junction of tl)e thighs, well down to tho hocks.

Buying Feeding Stock.

Tho iiovico in buying stock should carefully note tho shape and make
up. To the superficial eye tho superior animals when thin will appear
worst' tliiin tho inferior ones ; tho bony parts will appear more prominent,
and for this reason their breadth, when thin, will seem to bo exaggerated ;
this, however, is only apparently so. An animal of no particular character
iiiiiv sL'cni fairly smooth to the eye. Those accustomed to handling stock
will know that supertiinal observation goes for little. The touch is what
dci'iilos the value of an animal. The well-bred animal carries softer,
siiiodthcr, and finer hair than the ill-bred one ; its breadth from the shoul-
der to tho rump gives it a bony ai>pearan(H' when thin, that in tho scrub
stocr is partly concealed by the higher backbone and coarser hair. Wo
iire now speaking of no })articular breed, but of all l)reeds and crosses
that Imvo characteristic points enal)ling them to lay on flesh. The scale
of points for Short-IIorns will make a good study. The illustrations of
fat cattle show what they should be when fat. The picture of the Devon
itx will show what a good feeder should look like off of good grass, and
may bi; taken as tho tyi)o for our best native cattle.

&.nalyzlng the Caroass.

In all lirsc-tdass steers ovory part of tho animal, except tho bones, hide,
talhiff, and offal, will be good eonsun»able (losh. The roasts, steaks, and
corning pieces will bo of tho best, so that when tho four quarters are hung

■pnH'M

I nil

\ ' ■*tr,

lii '

^ii

i ;: J 1 ,

'fi

HMit

ilHMII:lli'''i

'.i' <^:MiPiJ

■:ii

'.!!

-^.^Vf*— .'-'>*^-" *—'■■•■

700

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

up there will be no loss except bouo. Let us now see what such an ox
us we have shown will give. In the first place, his quarters will dress
sixty-five per cent, of his gross weight. The loin above P and fj-oiu
thence to the top of the shoulder above N will give most superior steak
and roasting-pieces. The shoulder-point or neck-vein back of T and the
thigh at aS' make the best smoking-piecej. The plates Wwill uiuko the
richest of corned beef, while It, iS, and L (the rump, round and hriisket)
make the best pieces for packing — ^gcod thick, juicy meat, and in lan'e
quantities. In fact such un animal will convert the food he cats into
good beef, and plenty of it.

Proper Shape of Well-bred Factening Stock.

Cut off the head, neck, legs, and tail, and well-bred beef cattle will
present the appearance of an oblong square. Thus there is ample room

OUTLINB or f>KIZB /AT BULLOCKS.

for the legs and viscera through the width of the bosom and spriiig of
the ribs, and this carries corresponding breadth behind, giving a l^ioaJ
loin and massive rum[). Such an animal will feed heartily and kindiv,
satisfy the butcher when brought to the block, and bo profitable to the
feeder. Above we give four outlines showing animals made very fat, auJ

CArrLE, HOW TO BUTT AND SELL.

701

cut square to 9how the shape. There is no profit, however, to the feeder
iu cattle fattened to obe^o or immense weights ; they are mere mountains
of fat, and contain no more lean meat than animals fattened fairly ripe.
There are few people who do not like well-futtened beef. Few, however,
cure to eat any but the lean. An animal, therefore, that is fattened just
ripe is the heaviest in muscle, well marbled with fat. This is what the
consumer wants, and what the feeder shviul J seek to make. Smooth, fine-
lioriicd, medium cattle, according to the breed selected, are what give
profits in this respect.

How to Buy.

In buying ordinary (that is native) cattle for pasturing and feeding fat
durin!,' the Summer and Fall, always buj' '" the Spring. If the grass is
good at the time of purchase, us it should be, no matter how thin the stock,
if healthy and hearty. The thin stock will weigh less, and you will have
to pay less for it. The loss will be with the farmer who grudges his
animals sufficient to eat in Winter, rather than with the bu^'cr. Gener-
ally all this class will sell cheaper in the Spring than in the Fall, and as
a rule yearlings may be bought for less money in the Si)ring than the
same i alves would have brought in the Fall. If they have been fairly
wintered they will be profitable to feed ; if badly -wiiitored, it will be
questionable, unless the price paid is low enough to wariimt the purchase.
Iu any event the feeder nmst usually depend upon buying steers off of
common keep. Good feeders are not apt to sell half-jrrown steers, nor
those that one more season's keep wll make rii)c. The best nionoy-
nialting friends of the sagacious buyer are, after all,ttiose who never
read, uiul will not l)clicvc that anything in print relating to agriculture in
any of its various departments can be of value. Tin " do not know that
as great adva'^ees have been made in agricultural art wiihjn the last thirty
years as in any other industry, and that the best practical talent in
Europe, and within the lust few years in America, have be<'n earnestly
eagiiged in elucidating and applying practical science to agriculture.

In selecting milking cows the following doggerel verses from an old
Englisii magazine are as true now ms when written as to what constitutes
a cow fur both milk and beef :

1 '.$m

■ %

T141 P .. ,7 (■

■r I'llll

' ; • Ml

1 '"i
,■ I

Sim's long In \wr fncp, she's fine in her horn,
She'll quickly get fitC without cake or corn ;
She's clean in her Jaws, and full In her chine.
She's heavy in flunk, and wide in I er loin.

She's brosd in hor ribs, and long in her rnmp;
A straight nitd ll:;t back, without e'er a hump ;
She's widii ill iii-r lilps, and calm In Idt evc8;
She's d;ie in her abouiders, and Ihiii in her thighs.

!■!

.■ill

iin:, .!'■

pi!

702 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

She's light in her neck, and auiall in hc-r tali ;
She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail ;
She's fine in her bone, and silky uf skin —
Slie'a a grazier's without, and a butchitr's within.

Buying Milch Cows.

In selecting cows for milk, or heifers from which to breed milkinjif stock
the breeder nmst be guided by the same general principles as in buying
beef-making steers. That is to say, the animals must be fiiu', with
nu'llow though rather thin skin, and mossy hair ; the head small, but face
straight and rather long ; the horns should be tine, short, and if some-
what curved it is a good indication. The eye must be bright and vet
placid. Tlie barrel, pelvis, ramp and thighs should bo roomy; and, for
obvious reasons, avoid a dish-faced, and especially a wild-eyed cow, or
one with a dull, heavy eye. The Hrst shows viciousness, the last 8tu|)idity
— both dangerous and both unprofitable.

In buying for milk, the object being to breed your stock, select hcifors
of three years old ready to come in, ))rovidcd the stock l)ulls were
suitable ; if not, have nothing to do with them. In this case buy heifers
of two years old that have never been bred. Then, by attcntiou to
what we have said upon breeding, you cannot go amiss.

Buying Dairy Milkers.

When the buyer is selecting cows simply to wear out in the dairy, n '
without any reference to retaining or improving the bn^cd, all lie has to
h)ok to is an animal that will give a good How of milk, and hold the How
for a long periotl. Many cows will start out with large messes, and at
the e,id of three monthn will hardly give enough to keep a calf ; others
will ••ontinue in milk for six monthn ; others, again, will ((iiilinuc in milk
well up to the time for again dropping a calf. These latter arc the rows
to buv. Select them i-ccordiiig to th(^ rules heretofore given, and of from
three to live years old, but not uidess they are well along in calf. A
dairy cow will continue to improve in her milking (pialitics until she is
six years old, Homctin-es until she i.s hcvcii or "ight ; thc^' will lontiniie
to give ample retU'.UH until ten years old, and often until eleven or twelve.

Milk Mirrors.

BcKides the rulcn already laid down, there is nn infallible sign in (he
miik mirror — or "escutcheon," an it in now called — in cows, heifers
calves, and also snown distinctly in the hulls of milking breeds. Vi
have studied and bmd by it since its first puldication in the United Stiitos.
It is the result of yews of study by M. Francois Gueuon, a practical

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

703

farmer of Libournc, Fruncc, und first reduced to a system in 1822. In
182H, at a public test and careful examination by the Agricultural Society
of Bordeaux, the committee made an absolute and exhaustive report, in
wiiii'h tlioy used this strong language : " This si/nlein we do not fear to

The society decreed Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made him a member of
tlic soc'ietVj ordered fifty copies of his work, and distributed one thousand
copies of their full report among all the agricultural societies of France.

This systiMn was first made known in the United States, if we remem-
ber ariirht, between 1838 and 1840, and has been studied, believed, and
aeted on by many practical men ; yet, curiously enough, it has never
attracted general attention until within the last few years, since which
time dairying atid the breeding of dairy cows has come to be a regular
profession. While we should not rely entirely upon the many classes
and tiieir variations, including a bastard escutcheon to each class, the
sif'iis as given by the author are most valuable in connection with other
matters wliich are given. In the Guenon theory there are tw(Mitv-soven
cuts or diagrams to illustrate his idea, vaiying from the fullest dcvclop-
moiit ill the growth of hair turned upward, to as near nothing, as is ever
sliowu in tlic cow, but all having more or less of this peculiar devch)p-
uient of hair on the parts named ; this hair, to indicate a good milker,
siiouid turn upward, be short, fine and close ; the skin easily raised, and
with peculiar oval marks and scurf spots.

'I'm

The True Value of Milk Mirrors.

So far as x. e have studied these signs, wo have found them while not
coiistaiit iiiariv < by which the quality and flow of milk could l)e accurately
jud<red. yet most valuable in connection with other characteristic signs
und <()iilifrunition8, which we have given forjudging accurately what should
cDiistituto a good dairy cow. We have found it a most valuabh; aid in
juil;riiig the milking (pialities and time of continuance in milk. That in
itself it (iocs not constitute an infallible test is no proof of its being an
unsound tlit'orv. That it is correct, as a rule, is sufficient to cause it to
lic<nven careful study and attention.

We do not hesitate to say that he who will study carefully the illustra-
tions wc «rive, and the stntcmont's made, while he will find many varying
si|riis, will not only be convinced of the accuracy of the system, but will
lie al)le, either in the cow or calf to select with judgment. The milk sign
aluo follows in the bulls as we sh;ill show.

Mr. Charles L. Sharploss, of Pennsylvania, a close observer and good

■ ''? ■if , ■■ ! 1 lit

704

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

breeder, in relation to the viiluo of the escutcheon, as seen in Jersey oiUtlc
give!, his experience, wliich wo condense as foUows :

There is no point in judging a cow so little nndei-stood as the esciitclieon.
The conclusion of almost every one is, that her escutcheon is good, if tlure be a
broad baud of up-running hair from the udder to the VJilva, and around it.

Fia. 1.

Fio. 2.

Via. 3. Fio. 4.

MILK MIRROR OF JERSEYS.

Tlioso P0W8 with the broad vertical escutcheon are nearly always pnralltl
cows ; that is, with bodies Ions; but not larjro, and with the under line par-
allel with the back. Their thi<rhs are thin, and tlri thijrh escutcheoii mIiows
on the inside of the thi<rh rather than on its rear.

Next comes the wedjre-r^li.iped cow, with ihe hodv slr(irtf-r hut wv
large, deep in the flank, and very capatious. This foru) does not usually

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND 8ELL.

705

n]\\h\t the vertionl escutohcon running up to the vulva, but with a broader
thiifli may exhibit a thigh escutcheon, which is preferable to the other,
tlius 8ee Fig. 2. — Milk mirror of Jerseys.

In both vertical and thigh mirrors, where the hair runs down, intruding
oil the udder (as low as above the dotted lines) as in Figs. 3 and 4, it
tlainiv'cs the escutcheon. If you find a cow with the hair all running
down, and between the thighs — that is, with no up-running hair — stamp
her us a cipher for yielding milk.

There arc times when the udder of a cow with an escutcheon like Fig.

1 will 1)0 ciilargod by non-milking, for the purpose of deception. It is
iilwitvs safer to judge by the escutcheon ratiier than by the largo size of
the lulilcr.

The escutcheons of the best cows — those yielding the most and con-
tinuing tiic longest — will be found to be those which conform to Fig. 2.

Tlie vertical escutcheon of Fig. 1 would not injure it ; l>ut if tliat
nrnaniciital feature has to be at the expense of the thigh escutcheon. Fig.

2 i:< best as it is.

Whein vor an escutcheon is accompanied by a curl on each hind-tjuarter
of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order.

ffo far, we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or that which repre-
sents the two hind quarters of the udder. The two front (juarters are
just as important, and should l)e capacious and run well forward under
ihi' body. If tlie udder in front be concave, or cut up, indicating small
lupacity, it represents reduced yield.

This front or level escutcheon is distinctly mashed in the young heifer
nr hull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder
hair under the body all I'uns backward, commencing at the forward line
of the e.seutelieon. This dividing line is very perceptible, from the fact
that the hair in front of it all runs for\^ard towards the head of the
animal, while the escutcheon, or udder hair, all runs backward, over tlio
fiiiward (i'.iarters of the udder, around and beyond the teats, and ceases
at the markings of the rear escutcheon on and between the thighs.

The hreadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon indicates the
li'liacity, in the nuiture animal, of the front (]uarters of her udder. In
snnie eases this front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it
1- in others, and is evidence of that much more yield.

This examination enables one to see the size of the teats and their
distance apart, and to test the looseness and softness of the uddor skin.
It is marked precisely the same in l)ulls, and can be easily examined at
iiiiy age between one and ten months •

lii, :'?'C

t ^•■r'.

^■i^t^iiv' -'Ut,

m'::§

706

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Many think that tho escutcheon of the bull is of little moment, so thnt
he has a good look. So far is this from being the case, that a hull with
a mirror like Fig. 4, or worse, will stamp his escutcheon on, and to that
extent damage, his daughters out of cows with escutcheons as choirp as
Fig. 2. In this way the daughters of some of the best cows coriu' very
ordinary, while, if you use a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will makp a
poor escutcheon better, and will improve the best. His injury or licncfit
will be doubled according to the escutcheon markings under the Itodv in
front of his scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull hoincr
unexceptionable in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities inherited by
her son will be transmitted to his daughters.

GREAT MII.K M.RUUKS ON HiM.MTEIN COW,

While careful as to cscutcheo.n<. we miKt not neffloct the other essential
features of a good cow — the BaK-k. *kin, kide, the rich colored skin, and
the fine bone. Let the hair Iw soft and thickly set, and let the skin he
mellow. This latter (jualitv is easily determined by grasping Ixt ween the
thumb and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the doiilde thick-
ness at the base of the flank that joins the stifle-joint to the body, or that
on the inside of tho rump-l)one ut the setting on of the tJiil. Let the

CATTIiH, HOW TO BUV AND SELL.

707

teats 'k' ^voU apart; let them yield a full and free stream, and bo large
eiu)U"l» \vitl)!)ut the necessity, in milking, of pulling thorn between tho
thuiiil) and forefingers. And let us over koep in mind that the large
yielilcr must he well fed.

Prof. Miigne, V. S., of tho Veterinary School, Alfort, some thirty
vciirs !i<'o, as to tho relations below tho escutcheons and tho functions of
the luilkv glands, and as differing from M. Guenon in some of the details,
givt'« the following explicit information :

"The (iiiTction of tho hair is subordinate to that of tho arteries ; when
a liiriro plate of hatt" is directed from below, upwards, on tho posterior
face of the udder, and on tho twist, it proves that tho arteries that sup-
ply tho milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it,
I'onvey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Ui>-
pcr tufts, placed on tho sides of tho vulva, prove that tho arteries of the-
"I'liLTiitive organs are strongly developed, reach even to tho skin, and
sive great activity to those organs. Tho consequence is, that after a cow
is again with calf, it draws off tho blood which was flowing to tho milky
glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk.

" In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary/ arteries of
the cow, heiiKj intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very slightly
developed; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small extent."

Value of Esoutcheon Marks.

After the explanation, which accords very well with all that has been
observed, it is easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheons. The
iiKire the lower ones are developed, tho greater tho (quantity of milk ; but
.nhtipe is of conseijuonce.

Still, whatever be tho cause of the relations existing between the pro-
duction of milk and the escutcheons, these marks cannot furnish data so
certain as some have aflirmed them to be.

In fact, the quantity of njilk, and its quality, do not depend solely on
ttie form and size of tho escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par-
ticular miinagcmcnt, the climate, the season, tho temperament, tho size
anilcnerjiy of the principal internal organs, tho capacity of the chest, the
influence of tho gonerativo system, etc. All thoso circumstances cauo
the (iiiiiiitity of milk to vary, without making any change on tho extent
f'' the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that tho same relation
'an always exist between the escutcheons and tho quantities of milk. We
often see cows ocjually well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon,
and placed under the same hygienic conditions, yet not giving equal quan-
40

m '^m ^i

hi III

•I.

•^, ,!|

708

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

titles, or equal qualitie8 of milk. It could not bo otherwise. Assuniinit
tliut u giveu tuft has the siune value ut birth, it cannot be the Munie iu
adult ugo; since, during life, an intinite number of circumstan .oti occur
to diversify the activity of the milky glands, without changing the ligurc
or size of the tuft.

Is it not sufficient to refer to the inequality of milk given by tlu 'ume
cows, according us they have had one, two, or three calves, ju order to
make clear that M. Guenou has assigned too much value to the mark which
he has discovered?

It often happens that two horses, having exactly the same coustructure,
and the same external forms, have not the same energy, the suine titites^
for work. The difference is owing, evidently, to the temperament, and
the activity of the principal external organs ; in other words, to conditions
which it is often impossible to estimate by any direct method.

Now, seeing that temperament has an influence on muscles and hunes,
the action of which, however, is partly mechanical, resembling that of a
lever, and exerts this influence so powerfully as to render their movtMiieiits
unecjual in respect both of power and promptness, can wo suppose that it
has no influence on the entirely vital, or, at least, the entirely niolcculur
working of the mammary gland?

It might, therefore, have been argued a priori that the mathcnjiitieul
precision assigned to a classification of cows is contrary to tin- most jfeii-
eral laws of physiology ; to propose a mark indicating that a cow will give
so nmch milk daily, and for so many days, is to deceive ourselves, or to
attempt to deceive others : the study of the phenomena of life proves that
the action of the organs depends not merely on the size and iheir form,
but on the general condition of each individual

We are able not only to oppose argument to the assertion of M. (Juenon,
but wo can appeal to the difficulties hitherto experienced in applying his
classification to practice. M. Guenon has not yet found a sinrjk pupil
worthy of him. And among the thousands of persons who occupy them-
selves with his method, is there a single one who has acfjuired suflii'ii'iil
skill to justify the claims which the author makes for it?

It may be affirmed that, to form pupils as sklUful as himself in judgiiij.'
of cows, ^^ Guenon would not only have to teach them that a certain fig-
ure for the tuft corresponds to a certain number of pints of milk, but he
would have, above all, to communicate to them his perspicuity, his tiilent
for observation, and his groat experience ; he would, in fine, have to lit
thom for estimating, in addition to the direction of the hair of the twist,
the whole of the marks usually employed in making choice of milch cova.

All the attempts made on the Guenou method, not excepting those of

ling
) ill
ccuv

'lime

llT to

which

icture,
tituess
it, and
editions

bones,
luit of a
vemeuts
le that it
loiecular

lii'iiuitical

most }?ou-

will irive

vcrt, or to

roves* tlml

xv\r form,

CATTLK, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

709

the author himself, provo the souiKhicss of our opinion. The most skill-
ful, when called to tleeiilo on the qualities of cows, whoso yield of milk
was well known, erred seven times on eight oows, and fifteen times on
twcnty-ono. And, lest these errorfc may bo attriliuted to chance, on ac-
count of the small number of cows submitted for trial, wo should mention
that other estimates proved erroneous ICrl times on 174 cows, and li'2l
tinips on 352, and that the error amounted to 5>2l pints of milk on a total
of 2,<)83 pints ; in other words, there was error in regard to almost all
the cows ; and error amounting on an average, on each, to inoro than a
third of the yield. On some individuals the estimates were wrong to the
extent of from 17 1-2 to 21, and even from 2(5 to 28 pints a day.

Sucli is the truth as to the perfect nicety claimed for the escutcheon
system. The system cannot do more than furnish an approximate, csti-
Miiitc of the quantity of milk, and that in regard not to all, but only to
the nmjority of cows.

What, then, has led so many persons to put confidence in M. Guenon's
discovery? TIic great talents and knowledge of the author. The system
has obtained tlic crcdii ^^v to the experience of him who applied it.

Hv his discovery M. (iucnoii has rendered great service to agriculture;
the escutcheon has the advantage of furnishing a mark which can bo
ciisily discerned, and estimated even i)y persons of no great experience
ill the selection of cows — a mark per<'pptil)le on very young animals, and
iiu liiilln as well as heifers — a mark which, when disencumbered of the
complicated system in which it has been wrapped up will bo in common
use and facilitate tlie increase of good cows, by not allowing any but
those of good promise to be reared.

''M.1

M.' ""

(iuenon,
Iplying hi*
\nfjk ])«]"'
^upy thoiii-
hufficit-'ni

I in judgiii?
Icertaiu tig-
lilk,i>«tl>e
[, his talent
have to fit
the twist,

LiV'h <^**-

|„g tliose of

Milkers in all Broods.

Professor Magnc also gives the following concise directions in relation
to choosinji a jxood cow, where ho says :

"We liiul good milkers in all breeds, but they arc rare in some and
vi'-y eomnion in others. It <'()ul(l not be otherwise. Milk properties,
depending on the conditions which determine the formation of breeds,
arc due partly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of tho
oountrios where the breeds liave originated ; and must then^fore vary in
our different breeds of horned cattlo, witli the hygienic conditions
pcculiiir to each locality.

"Milkers, and more especially animals intended for breeding, must bo
selected iiinong breeds celebrated for abundance of milk. Not that wo
c»n hope to import into our department, with a dry and warm climate,

'Mil

m n

710

ILLU8TIIATED STOCK DOCTOH.

nil the qualitios of the cxccllc'iit milking brcods possessed by countries in
which the soil is fertile, the iilr moist, muJ the sky often cloudy; hut uh
the influence of cliniiite, though very miirked, takes effect only in the
long run, the properties of the uninuils imported are nniiutuined — thou<rh
subject, doubtless, to gradual deterioration — during a period which varies
with the precaution taken to preserve them ; and for several generations
the descendants of a good imported breed give more milk than individuals
behmging to a breed found on the spot, where hygienic circumstances
are not favorable to milking properties.

It is not to be forgotten, moreover, that under the influence of
particular circumstances, which it is sometimes impossible to call into
existence, animals manifest properties which we cannot produce directly.
This explains why it is often more advantageous to imjjort qualities
possessed by foreign stock than to try to develop them in native stock.

As milking qualities are in a great measure dependent on stnicturo niid
temperament, which are more or less hereditary, descent exorcises a

grej.t influence.

Heredity.

In each breed, therefore, wo should choo.^o individuals belonging to
the best stocks, and the offspring of ])arents remarkable for their inilli-
ing (jualilles ; for it is certain that good milch cows produce others wliicli
resemble them.

But it is especially necessary when selecting stock for the jjurpose of
breeding milch cows, that pai'ticular care should bo taken to select indi-
viduals belonging to good families. A cow of a bad milking family, or
even breed, may occasionally be an excellent milker, and more thsui tills
is not wanted when it is not meant to breed from her. The same cannot
bo said Avhen breeding is intended, because there would be little chance
of her transmitting the accidental or exceptional qualities possessed by
her; whereas the qualities forming tho fixed and constant characters of
the stock would almost to a certainty bo transmitted to descendants.

These remarks, with regard to breed and parentage, apply to the sele^
tion of the bull, which, as experience demonstrates, acts like the cow in
transmitting tho milking qualities a\ Ii'ch distinguish tho breed and stock.

Digestion.

The digestive organs have a great influence on tho exercise of all tiie
functions, and particularly on tho secretion of the milk-glands. Where
the digestive organs arc defective, good milch cows are rarely met with.

Good digestive organs are known by a belly of moderate size, witli

yioldin
lurgc, I
nioiitli,
fflossy ]
inmln pi
heavily,
(ju«uliti(

Tho re

•'Wng the
toni of uf
u h(faltliy
largo flow

If the v(

(dilated at
coii,sc(|uent,
I'lo veins c
all authors I
activity of t
These vei
tliey form,
I'roceed tow
(li'^tinct, oft(
'Jody by sov
^V« can m
'" tlit'ir pass;
tlic liody.
"'<' vein pass
''''ill. and the
0^ l)lood will
is then neces
fler to form a

''''le veins
Hons. Thev
^"^e; that is,

CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL.

711

yielding nidcs, frco from tightncHS, (in aged aiiiinulH tlio bully Ih often
Im-ifc, tliougli the organn wliicii it contuiui} uro in good condition) ; ii largo
nioutli. thicii and strong lips, a good apputito, easy and ({uick digcution,
irloHHy hair, supplo skin, yot firm, and Honiowhat oily to the touch. An-
iiiial'4 poHNOssing those charactoristicH may bo cxpcctud to feed and drink
hctivily, and, if tiiey aro proporly fed, niaku much blood, and yield largo
(juaiititios of milk.

Respiration. '

The respiratory organs < ompleto tho system of nutrition. The lungs
briiijr tl»e air breathed into contiuit with tho blood, and rtiuder tho sys-
tem of nourishment complete. Hence, a good form, (|uick digestion and
u lioiilthy condition of the lungs aro necessary to tho production of a
largo flow of milk.

Milk Vnlns.

)SC of

imli-
ly, or
u tliis
■jiiiuot
'hiincc
ed by
er8 of

selec-
cow in
1 stock.

If the veins which surround the udder are largo, winding, and varicose
(diluted lit intervals), they show that the gluntls receive nnich blood, and,
toiLscquently, that their functions are active, and that the milk is abundant.
The veins on tho lateral parts of tho belly aro most easily observed, and
all authors decide them to be among tho best tests for ascertaining tho
activity of tho glands.

These veins issue from the udder, in front, and at tho outer ang\e, where
they form, in very good cows, a considerable varicose swelling. They
proceed toward the front part of tho body, forming angles, more or less
distinct, often divide towards their anterior extremity, and sink into the
body by several openings.

We can make tho size of the milk veins prominent by compressing them
in their passage, by pressing them at the place where they penetrate into
the body. If we press the thumb strongly into tho opening through which
the vein passes: tho width of the opening represents the diameter of the
vein, nnd the thickness of tho thumb whi<'h stops it, represents the volunie
of l)lood whose place it occupies. Sometimes tho veins are divided. It
is then necessary to examine all the openings by which they pass, in or-
der to form a correct estimate.

all the

IWhlTC

It with.
|e, witli

Veins of the Udder and Twist.

The veins of the udder and twist are able to furnish valuable inuicn-
tions. They should, in both cases, be highly developed, large and vari-
cose ; that is, appear swollen and knotty. The veins of tho udder have

;ri

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

'-IIIIIM IIIIM
- Illlitt i^

III 1.8

1.25

1.4

1.6

-« 6" -

►

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

H>'

■1?

'^^^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, NY. 14580

(716) 872-4503

L<y

rTWSif^7?5

■''i'*vT-''tv,7^^'?^''^ry'->j:-f.Tf*ny^^f!-;,-^^

712

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

I ' 1

no dvjfinite direction. They jjresent themselves irregularly, with zigzaf
lines, knotted, and more or less oblique. They are never of very lavcc
size, except in cows that give large quantities of milk. •

The veins of the twist directed from above downward, forming a wind-
ing line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of the udder in not
being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality. We
cannot ascertain their presence in any but very good cows.

Of all the marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact the
only infallible marks, are furnished by the veins of the twist and of the
uddor. To estimate them correctly it is necessary to take into account
the state of the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability
to stand fatigue, heat ; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause vari-
ations in the general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the
veins. It is necessary, moreover, to recollect that in both sexes all the
veins are larger in the old than in the young ; that the veins which encir-
cle the udder are those >vhich, if the cows are in milk, vary most accord-
ing to the age of the animal. Small when the animal is young, they
continue to increase in size until after the cow has had several calves,
when they come to their full development.

This proportion betw^een the size of the veins and the milk secreted, is
observed in all females without excejition. The size of the veins and
their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased
activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, of
this activity — this connection. In fact, this connection is so close that, if
the glands do not give an equal quantity of milk, the larger veins are on
the side of the udder which gives the largest quantity.

The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the
activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which give most milk a
day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mark is perceived,
we can judge much of the duration of milk by the marks which determine
its quantity. It may therefore be accepted that as a rule an abundant
milker may be expected to give a long continued flow of milk.

Judging Age by the Teeth.

For the reason that the age of cattle can only be approximately judged
by the horns, and in consequence of the liability to error, and especially
the doctoring of the horns by the use of the tile, sand paper and oil, we
give a chart, showing from the cuts presented, the ages of cattle, from
birth until they are five years old, when the teeth are fully developed,
and also the appearance of the teeth at ten years of age. Thus at birth,
it will be seen, there will be but two central teeth, Jigure 1 ; at two weeks
it will have four teeth, Jigure 2 ; at throe weeks it will have six teeth,

CATTLE. HOW TO TELL THE AGE.

713

^h zigzag
jry large

ig a wind-
ev in not
ality. We

n fact the
und of tlie
to account
;)od, ability
cause vari-
,tion of the
exes all the
^'hich cncir-
aost accord-
young, they
reral calves,

c secreted, is

lie veins and

he increased

measure, of

close that, if

veins are on

nds with the
I most milk a
lis perceived,
ich determine
Ian abundant
Ik.

lately judged

[nd especially

and oil, we

cattle, from

hy developed,

rhusatbirtli,

Lt two weeks

Ive six teeth,

figure 3 ; at a month old the jaw will contain eight incisors, and present

tlie appearance as in Jigure 4. The mouth is then called full, as contain-

iiiff the ultimate number of incisors. These are not permanent, but

temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. At six to eight months old

the central teeth begin to be worn, and show smaller than the others, see

Jigure 5. At ten months absorption and the widening of the jaw will

have carried the two central teeth still farther away from each other, and

two other teeth, one on each side, will have begun to diminish, in fact

will have distinct spaces between them, bqq figure 6. At twelve months

absorption will have continued to two more teeth, leaving intact only the

two outside teeth, figure 7. At fifteen months the whole of the teeth

will present the appearance as seen in figure 8. At this time the true or

permanent teeth will have been growing in the jaw, between and back of

the milk teeth. Figure 9 shows the appearance at fifteen months of age,

the two permanent central tectii appearing in the place of the two first

milk teeth which have disappeared, and the other permanent teeth are

shown in their several stages of growth. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show

tlie teeth at two, three and four years past. At the age of five years

tlie animal will have a full mouth, as shown in figure 13, and at ten years

the incisors will present the appearance as in figure 14.

Thus any person by the use of the chart, and by examination of the teeth
of cows, of ages known to correspond therewith, may easily become an
accurate and prompt judge of the age of cattle, up to the age of four
years. It will be seen, however, that in the four year old mouth, the
two central pairs of teeth are beginning to be worn down at the edges,
and in a flat direction,' or inclining slightly to the inside ; yet the animal
has not a full mouth — that is, the incisors are not all fully up until it is
five years old. Qee figure 14.

At five years old the teeth are all fully grown, and the peculiar mark
on the teeth, called the cup, is shown in all. At the same time all will
have become flattened, while on the two center ones there begin-* to be a
distinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bone.
From this time on we may depend both on the incisors and the gritiders.
At six years old the animal will have acquired the last grinding tooth.
Tliis is the sixth molar and is, from the beginning, a permanent tooth.
From tliis time until the eighth year, and indeed thereafter, in determining
the age of the animal, the nature of the soil upon which it has been fed
must be taken into account. Gritty, close fed pastures will wear them
faster, and flush pastures slower. Thus in All the pasture regions of the
West, and Southwest, the wear will be light. As a general rule, but
admitting of many exceptions, at seven years old this line is becoming
broader and more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a second and broader.

>-i ',

714

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

and more circular mark appears within the center of the former one, the
most distinct in the central, or two central pairs — and which at tiwht
years has spread over the six central incisors.

At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. Tlie
process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is
slow in progress, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth,
but is suflSciently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller
than their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the
surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the
corner teeth.

At ten the four central incisors are diminished in size, and the mark is
becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. The six central
incisors are smaller, and at twelve, all of them are very considerably
diminished; but not to the same eAtent as in the young animal. The
mark is now nearly obliterated, excej^t in the corner teeth, and the inside
edge is worn down to the gum.

From this time on they continue to diminish in size, and it is difficult
to accurately determine the age. In fact except in the case of valuable
blooded cows, bulls, or extra trained wosk oxen, and occasionally extra
milkers in the dairy, few steers ai"e now kept in the West past six years
old, and few cows over nine or ten years of age.

;-(i

;^!i:i;

' one, the
I at eight

ken. The
sors ; it is
milk teeth,
tly smaller
ilace on the
I all but the

the mark is
I six central
considerably
nimal. The
id the inside

it is difficult
> of valuable
sionally extra
last six years

CHAPTER VIII.

THE DAIRY.

BDSHING INTO NEW INDUSTBIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF DAIRYING. ESTIMA-
TED PKOUUCTION OF BUTTER AND CUEESB. CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO

DAIRYING. HOW TO BUILD. SUU-EARTH VENTILATION. CARE OF MILK,

TEMPERATURE. VARIOUS METHODS OF RAISING CREAM. MAKING DAIRY

BUTTER. SALTING BUTTER. WASHING OR WORKING BUTTER. PACKING

BUTTER. PREPARING PACKAGES KIND OF SALT TO USE. CHEESE

MAKING. CHEDDAR CHEESE. CHESHIRE CHEESE. HOW TO SELL BUT-
TER. UTILIZING WASTE PRODUCTS.

1 ;^•i

I »•:

,. ),;

Bushing Into New Industries.

The impetus given to dairy farming within the last ten years, caused
by the increasing export demand, and tiic large price which superior pro-
ducts both of butter and cheese brought in the markets at home and
aliroad, caused many persons all over the West to rush into the business,
supposing that flush pastures and cheap grain were the sole conditions of
success. Unscrupulous persons also made cheese of skimmed milk adul-
terated with oleo-margarine. Butter makers adulterated their j)roducts
with oleo-inargarine, and extensive factories East and West, bucked by
large capital, entered into the manufacture of oleo-margarine ; vast (quan-
tities of which were sold as butter. In addition to this many persons
supposed it was only necessary to stock their farms with cows, milk them,
secure the cream, churn it, salt the butter and thus get rich. The result
was, the markets were glutted with grease butter and skim or grind-stone
cheese, as they were aptly termed, causing the degradation of really good
cheese of American make in the English market, for the reason that the
markets being flooded with dishonest cheese, and the industry being in its
mfaiicy here, but few makers had established a reputation, considered

715

1 1

716

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

good beyond doubt in foreign markets. During 1878, especiallj', the
price of cheese went so low as to cause much money to be h)st in it« man-
ufacture. The consequence was, many, who went into the business hastily
and witn few natural facilities for the manufacture, or knowledj^c of the
business, us hastily went out of it. In 1879 a reaction took place, and
both butter and cheese during the latter half of the year again paid the
manufacturers large profits. These variations are not pecnli;ir to this hiisiness
alone, but they belong to every branch.

..•!I"1>1

The Importance of Dairying.

Within the last ten years, Ohio, Michigan, the northern half of Indiana
and Illinois, southern and central Wisconsin, central Iowa, and later some
portions of Missouri, Kansas, raid Nebraska have become great butter and
cheese prodi cing States, and the premiums awarded to Wisconsin, Iowa,
and Illinois for dairy products at International and Inter-State fairs, show
conclusively that there is plenty of territory in the West, where the con-
ditions are of i\e highest order for the manufacture of first class butter
and cheese.

As showing the worth and importance of this industry in the West, we
need only show the receipts and shipments, at two principal markets,
Chicago and Milwaukee, the first for butter from 18G9 to 1878, inclusive,
and Milwaukee for butter and cheese for the year 1878
was as follows :

That of Chicago

Receipts. Shipments-

Ypbhi. lbs. Ibn.

1872 14.574,777 11.497.537

1873 22.283.7fio ]2.S51,303

1874 28,743.600 16.020.190

1875 21.868,991 J9.249,08I

1870 33 941.572 34,140.6(19

1877 42.236,366 3(i,r)14.983

1878, Aug. 24 31,714.318 29,263,586

For the regular butter season — May, June, July and to August 24, 1878,
inclusive, the receipts have aggregated 21,414,520 pounds, against 16,-
493,031 jiounds for the same time 1877 — an increase of 4,921,489 pounds,
, The shipments for the same period — May to August 24th inclusive, aggre-
gated 19,821,660 pounds, agahist 14,49.5,864 pounds for the correspoudiiig
time in 1877 — an increase of 5,325,796 pounds.

In Milwaukee the receipts for 1878 were :

Rpceipts of Burter« ., 6.111.2S6 lbs.

Phiprnfititi* of Butter B.739.041 "

Receipts of Cheese 13 2o6.80S '

BUipmentscf Cheese 12,866.110 "

CATTLE, DAIRYING.

717

:ial\y, the
u its man-
less hastily
d'jjc of the
phice, and
tin paid the
this l)Visiiie88

The exports of butter and cheese from the United States, and value,
for 1877 and 1878 are given by the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at
Washington as follows :

1878. 1877.

Twelve months ending Dec. 31, butter, lbs 26,(550.198 23.014.268

" cheese, lbs Ib9 240,270 112,567,354

Estimated Production of Butter and Cheese.

If of Indiana
id hitev some
at butter and
consin, Iowa,
te fairs, show
^bere the con-
it class t)utter

, the West, we
cipal markets,
L878, inclusive,
bat of Chicago

[)18.

1777

1765

l60«

1991

1572

1,366

1.318

Shipments-

lb*.
11.497.537
12.851,303
16.020.190
]9.2t9.081
34,14l>.fi09
3K,r)14.983
29,203,586

Lugust24,1878,

i, against 16,-
)21, 489 pounds.
Lclu8ive,aggre-
[e corresponding

6 111.286 Ite.

13256.80S
12,865.110 "

The value of land and cows in the United States employed in furnishing
raillc, butter, and cheese, is not less than $1,300,000,000, or the sum of
nearly half the national debt at its highest point. Over three thousand
factories are engaged in the manufacture of these articles.

The production of cheese is estimated at 350,000,000 lbs. per annum,
and of butter about 1,500,000,000 ; of the former, 130,000,000 lbs. will
be exported this year, and 25,000,000 lbs. of the latter. The value of
the two is about $350,000,000 or $50,000,000 more than the wheat crop
of the country ; three times more than the oat crop ; four times more
than the potato crop ; one-seventh more than the hay crop ; one-third
more than the cotton crop, and but one-fifth less than the corn crop.
The numl)er of cows in the United States is over 13,000,000, Avhicb is
six times the number in Great Britain, over twice the number in France,
two and a lialf times more than in Prussia, and more than in the countries
of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wi. "^s, Denmark, Norway, Sweden,
Russia, Finland, Austria, Hungary and Sv/itzerland combined — although
these countries together contain four times the population of the United
States. The proportion of cows to the inhabitants here is twenty-three
to each one huadred persons.

The production of cheese and butter increased thirty-three per cent.
in 1877 and the exports have been in like proportion.

The cheese and butter exported in 1878 have paid freight to the amount
of over $1,000,000 to the ocean commerce, or a sum almost sufficient to
support a line of ocean steamers. These articles pay to the j uilroad
companies over $5,000,000 annually for transportation, and the article of
milk pays nearly as much more. Loaded on railway cars, ten tons to
each car, the butter and cheese produced in the United States in one year
would fill 22,000 cars, and make a compact line 135 miles long.

It is estimated that Great Britain, with a population of 32,000,000,
consumes about 2(50,000,000 pounds of cheese annually, while the United
States, with 50,000,000 inhabitants, consumes about 200,000,000 pounds
annually. It i.s claimed that when only a good quality is put into the
home market Americans will become as great cheese eaters as Enfflishmen.

■* M

718

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Conditions Necessary for Dairying. >

There are three natural conditions necessary for the successful prose-
cution of dairying : abundance of pure water, plenty of grass and cheai)
grain. There are also three essentials in its manufacture without wbioh
no person can succeed. These arc, good cows, proper buildin<rs and
fixtures, and absolute cleanliness, from the stable to the packace in
which it is sold. Of course a thorough knowledge of the business must
be possessed or acquired. If the dairy is conducted on the factory,
associated, or co-operative system, only one person, the superintondont
need be an expert. Cold water is absolutely essential. In the ^Vest
recourse must be had to ice for cooling purposes, except for the family
dairy, and it is better there. The great drawback to dairying in the AVest
has been the absence of cold springs and spring brooks. Deep wells,
with windmill i)umps, fully supply this need when there is an abundant
flow l)eneath the surface, and when there is not, ice is used for toolin<r
purposes. In fact, no large dairy, where butter is made, is complete
without an ice house of sufficient capacit}', not only for cooling the milk,
but also, to afford cold storage for butter. Whatever the size of the
dairy, whether large or small, no i^erson can make money in the manufac-
ture without facilities so that the temperature of the milk and butter can
be kept at GO degrees or less. It is not our purpose to enter into details
as to the minutia of dairy work on a largo scale. The person under-
taking the business must employ a competent dairyman as supei'intendent.
The owner will have plenty to do in attending to the farm, the business
details of manufacturing, shipping, selling, etc. To enable those having
good facilities for the business to get an idea of the building, we give an
illustration showing ground plan of model creamery.

The cut given is a model in every respect, not only in arrangement,
but in cheapness. The main building is two stories, 52 by 26 feet, with
two annexes as shown, and cost all told, including all the fixtures and
apparatus, only $2,500, the building itself costing |1,800. The arrange-
ments are made with special reference to economy of space, labor and
travel ; to securing an equable temperature, and to the isolation of the
cream and butter from odors that may arise in the manufactui'e or curiiiir
of cheese. The walls have three air spaces, one between the clapboard-
ing and sheathing, one between the sheathing and building paper, and one
between the building paper and plastering, thus making most perfect iso-
lation. The windows are double. The milk, as received and weighed,
is strained directly into the cheese vats, or into the deep cans, for the
pool. This is about 20 inches deep, and is made by laying a brick wall
to that height, and QeoieDting it on the iuside. It 19 supplied with water

CATTLH, DAIRYIXO.

719

from a woll iioar the rear of the buildin<r, pipes boinf? so arranged that
the stcain-pinin) can deliver either hot or cold water or steam where
necdod. U'^^ i-^ used for this pool as needed. The press-room joins the
manufacturing-room, and from the door of this a stairway leads to the
cui'iiijjroom, which occupies nearly all the second floor ; the front stair-
way leading to an office and to a bed-room for the attendant, in front of
the curing-room, which is designed not only for the cheese made here,
hut iis a curing and storing-room for that from several factories in the
vicinity. The cheese is delivered, as sold, from a door in the rear of the
curing-room.

)000000|

■■■■

r \

T ::::::i7

■1 — /

GliOUND PLAN OP MODEL CREAMEUY.

Explanation — ^— Milk receiving room. B — Cheese manufacturing room.
0-PiC89 room. D— Engine room. E — Pool. F — Cream and churning room,
tf— Butter v,-orking and delivering room. //—Refrigerator a a — Cheese vats.
i-Cuid sink, c c— Wash vats, d d— Churns, e— Butter worker. /—Boiler.
S-Engine. h A— Whey drains.

720

ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOK.

It will bo seen tluvt the cream and ehuniiiig-rooin /'is a scparuto oiulo-
sure within the main building, and wliich may bo entirely eneloHcd fiou,
the main room, so that when the cream is placed it may be ciitirciv iso-
lated and kept so until churned and stored in the refrigerator. Tiioso
contemplating erecting a creamery cannot well improve upon this |)l[iii,
one of the most modern known, except it bo in some minor details to
suit local wants.

How to Build.

Where the drainage is good the lower story may Consist of a Ijaseincnt
sunk three feet into the ground, of stone or brick, and it will bo hotter if
the whole building be of brick. The system of drainage should be
mapped out, and a chart made. The drains should bo laid in the most
perfect manner, and with fall enough so they will not clog. IJcsides the
factory drains leading to the waste vats, there should also bo tile dniiiis
to carry off surface water. The foundation of the floor of the factory
should, if possible, have a thin coating of tin shavings, or brok(!ii "lass,
say six inches thick well pounded down, and covered with water lime
cement. Upon this a flooring of flags or bricks may bo laid, covered
with cement of water lime, which in time Avill become entirely hard, and
the tin or glass below will prevent all burrowing of rats. The jjipes,
leading to and from the cisterns, etc., should be placed before tlie floor
is laid, and the mortar carefully fitted to them. The ice-hotiso AwnU
be plastered with water-lime, and a little vacancy left between the ice
and the bottom of the house, to allow the water a small space. The top
and side walls of the dairy-house should be finished with plaster, by
which means a uniform temperature, indispensable to curing cheese, is
more perfectly secured.

Sub-Earth Ventilation.

Of late years Mr. J. Wilkinson has advocated a system of sul)-eartli
ventilation, simply by a six-inch tile, laid six feet deep and 300 or more
feet long from the building. Two of this length, — or better, one of twice
the length, with a wing, and vane connected with the out-door end, to
catch air and convey it to the tile — will keep the basement well ventilated,
and of the earth temperature of the depth at which the tile is laid.

Care of Milk.

The first requisite is absolute and unqualified cleanliness.
already given directions as to cleaning animals before milking.

We have
The least

irato t'lulo-
.(»sod fi'om
ntircly iso-
or. Those
I this plan,
r dctiiiU to

• a buscincnt
I bo better if
;o shouUl 1)C
in the most
Besides the
bo tiU^ dniins
if the factory
broken <rlivss,
;h water lime
, hiid, covered
rely hard, ami
!. The i)il)i'S
sforc the iloor
lousc oliould
twcen the ice
aec. The top
1 plaster, 1)y
niYT cheese, is

n of sub-ciirtli
d 300 or """'••'
H-, one of twice
it-door end, to
well ventilated,
is laid.

tess.
ting.

•\Vo have
The least

CATTLE, DAIRYINO.

721

slovenliness in the help, in this respect, should bo sevei'cly rcprimimdcd,
and if this docs not iivuil, dlschargo him, or her, at once ; it is us necessary
iis kind treatment of the cows.

If the milk is set in shallow pans, see that there is good ventilation to
the dairy rooms, and that the pans uro regularly scalded, and with hot,
bubbling water — slight scalding will not do. Wipe dry, and sun, when
possible. Allow no bad odors to accumulate near by from garbage or
other causes. For this reason the family dairy should never be in the
house, since the steam and odor from cooking, the dust from sweeping,
etc., will taint the milk, cream and butter. English dairy women are
iiiiiuv of them so particular that they Avill not allow the men who carry
the milk from the yard to enter the dairy house. It is poured into a re-
ceiver outside and conducted in through a pipe, regularly scalded each
time used, and covered tight from dust.

Modern Home Dairies.

One plan of setting milk is by the "Hardin system." By tliis system
the milk is strained, immediately after being drawn, into deep pails and
covered with a well-fitting lid, to exclude both air and water. It is then
placed in a refrigerator, with ice above it. The drippings fall upon the
|)iiils of milk and form a pool of water, in which they are allowed to stand.

When a cold spring of running water can bo had the milk may be im-
mersed in deep open pails, in the cool waters. Unfortunately, in the
West, s[)rings are scarce.

Another excellent plan for small dairies is that known as the Cooley
system, setting the milk in deep cans ; a medium sized refrigerator box,
containing space enough for from ten to twenty cows. These cans have
close fitting covers, and are surrounded by ice cold water, and thus, if the
lieat and animal odor be expelled before putting in, there is no tainting
or souring. The cream is taken perfectly sweet, in from twelve to
twenty-four hours. It is very compact, and may bo economically used
even in small family dairies, of from ten to twenty cows, if the farmer
cares to pay the royalty, the system being patented.

Animal Odor.

Expelling the animal odor is most important. To do this the milk ia
poured into a receiver, in the bottom of which are a few small holes,
through which the milk is allowed to drop into a tank, large enough and
nigh enough to catch all without spattering. This tank stands in cold
^ater nearly to its brim ; in this the milk may remain about fifteen min-

^ ![^l,

I :(■

I m

tl.

722

ILLUSTRATED STOCK nOCTOIl.

utOH, when it niny ho sot in any of tlio ways we hnvo nipntioncd. An-
other plan in to heat tho milk to 100 or 110 degrees anil tiien allow it alowly
to cool.

Temperature.

Good butter can he made, if the temperature of the dairy-room docs
not go above (iO degrees. This is the proper temperature for churiiiiii;
and working the l)Utter. The temperature for milk may be uurIi lowtr;
it should not be higher from tho time tho milk is brought in until the
butter is carried away. So far as storing the butter is coiu'criiod, if the
teniperature be kept at 40 degrees, so much the better. This, however,
camiuL be done without ico.

;f!f!l- t,3-

Various Methods of Baising Cream.

G. C. Caldwell, Professor of Agricultural Chemistry, in Cnrnoll Uni-
versity, located at Ithaca, N. Y., in relation to some European iiiethaig
Bays:

"Among the different systems prevalent in Europe, wo notice the
Dutch method in which the milk is cooled down to (JO degrees in a water
tank, which requires usually from one and u half to two hours, and the
milk is then set to tho depth of four or five inches in a room where the
temperatuie ranges from 54 to GO degrees, and renniins about twenty-
four hours ; the llohtein method, in which tho milk is set at al)out the
same temperature, without being first cooled in water, to the depth of
one and one-half to two and one-half inches ; the Devonshire method,
described as long ago as 1784, where the milk is put in a cool room,
standing at a depth not greater than from three to four inches for twelve
hours ; tho vessel containing it is then set over the fire and heated till
blisters begin to appear in tho cream, or to about 200 degrees, Avbon it is
set aside again for twelve hours ; the cream is vei-y firm in consistcmv
and can be nuide into butter by simple kneading, and has a sweet, pleas-
ant taste. Mueller states that the skimmed milk does not retain more
than one per cent, of cream ; tho Gussander method makes no aceount
of temperature, except that it shall not exceed 61 degrees, so that no milk
cellar or but only a light, dry and niry room is required ; the milk is put
in large shallow pans, filling them to the depth no more than from one to
one and one-half inches ; the milk is skimmed after twenty-three hours;
in such a thin layer the milk is so well cerated that it remains sweet to
the end, and the cream is sweet and very rich in fat."

These various experiences should be very suggestive.

ioiunl. All-
low it slowly

y-voom «lops
for rhunii\ig
much lower ;
t ill uiiti' the
•oniod, if tlie
'his, however,

1 Cornell Uni-
•opeiiii inetlKxls,

■we notice tlic
pfrecs in a wutcr
hours, luid tlic
•oom where the
i about twentv-
ict at iihout the
to the depth of
mshire method,
in a cool room,
Inches for twelve
and heated till
;ree9, ■when it is
11 in consistciiiv
|s a sweet, pleas-
not retain move
lakcs no iiccount
I, so that no milk
the milk is put
^han from one t"
nty-three hours;

•emains sweet to

CATTLE, OAIRYINO.

Making Dairy Butter.

723

Mr. C. C. Bucll, ono of tho makers of high-cnsto dairy butter in tho
West, stated his mode as reported by the Secretary of tho IlUaois Duiry-
man's Association :

«Cows were common stock — Durham grades and sprinkling of Jersey.
Fed by running in fresh corn stalks during day time, on timothy and clo-
ver at night ; in stable, with two mosses of meal daily, consisting, by
inoasure, of two parts corn and one part oats, together with the greater
part of tho sour milk and buttermilk from tho dairy room. Number of
cows, fort-y. The milk was strained through an iron strainer into deep
piiils, as soon as drawn, standing in open air until tho milkinc was fin-
ished. It was then strained again into the same pails thmugh a double
thickness cloth strainer. The milk was set in a room without fire, tem-
perature lieing between 40 and 50 degrees, Fahrenheit. During a
part of the time, the temperature being above 50 degrees, the milk was
set in water for twelve hours. The milk was skimmed after standing
twelve to forty-eight hours, it being considered desirable to mix tho
newer and older cream, fo** the sake of flavor ; but the whole stood mixed
together from two to four hours after the last skimming and during the
process of warming to proper temperature for churning. Most of the
milk was .skimmed a second time, the cream being included in succeeding
churni'ig. The churn (a dash cliurii with solid dasher, surface undci*
Death concave), was started at a temperature of 62 degrees ; as the but-
teniiilk began to appear a couple of gallons of tolerably strong brine was
added at a teniperaturo of 58 degrees, and the churn stopped a moment
afterward, — as with the addition of the brine, at the proper temperature,
the butter separates very rapidly. As much brine as necessary was used
in washing down sides of churn, cover and dasher. The butter was then
dipped into a bath of not more than two gallons of brine ; a churning of
forty or fifty pounds being washed in four parts, in the same brine. Re-
moved to a worker with I'oUing lever ; tho butter was so handled as to
mix with the proper amount of siilt with the least working possible. It
was tlien placed in a tub slightly packed, covered with brine and allowe":
to stand three or four hours, when it vt^as again placed on the worker,
lightly worked and packed for market."

Care of Milk.

We have given the modes of some of the best butter-makers in the
world. Now the principal points to be observed are ; warm shelter, per-
fect quiet, lor the animals, absolute cleanliness in all operations connected
46

'■• f

• ' 1

«;,,,:

i ', :■■.■'. ::';''

; ; '»' ■ ;' i

■'

.■ i

:l;

\ \ 'iiiii

I*!:

t !

■ml

h'j,'

'■A

724

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

With the milk, from the time it is drawn until it is made into buttei.
Just as the butter is forming in little granules, suddenly reduce the teiu
perature to 56 or 58 degrees, so the butter will not rnasc together. I:
should never take less than half an hour to churn ; quicker churuiiif-
causes the butter to come salvy.

''"'!• ■..•,,,,!,(. ,.,;j •,• Coloring Butter. ,,,.

The best coloring for butter is plenty of succulent grass in Summer,
and rich feed in Winter. For home consumption we !?hould never color
butter. For sale it may be advisable. If so, use any of tho pure prep-
arations of annotto. It is perfectly harmless. If used, stir it in the
cream. As to quantity, this cannot be stated. It ^^ill vary with the
season. Every person must experiment, only do not use too luuch.

Salting Butter.

Take the butter from the churn in its gi'anular state, and salt at the
rate of two-tliirds of an ounce to the pound of butter. Do not work it
more than enough to fairly distril)ule the salt'; and this by ioldiii<r luiil
pressing; lot the grains of salt dissolve. It may stand from 12 to :'4
hours before being worked the hist time. Butter, through all the tiiin'
and process of working, from the time it is churned until packed, should
be kept in a pliable, waxy condition, about (iO degrees Faronheit is ri<rhl,
so as to work easily, and the salt all the time be in a dissolving (.'ondilion.
It is utterly impossible to work butter well that is operated upon wiiilp
either too warm or too cold, or that is allowed to l)econie so l)etweeii
times of working. The benefit derived by standing after the first saKim:,
awaiting the second working, is to dissolve the salt by the inoistui-o in
the butter, and so set the butter-milk free, that it may bo tho nioic easily
pressed out. The amount should not be more than will dissolve entiioly,
and this moisture should be well worked out before adding more. After
this add salt sufficient to season to your taste, working to mix it evenly
through the butter ; then leave it there to cure and preserve.

A good average is aliout one ounce of salt to a pound of butttM": snnio
tastes prefer less and some more. Tlu'ee-fourths of an ounce tn tin
pound is light salting, while one and one-fourth ounces to the pound is
heavy salting. We use to the fii'st salting just two-thirds of the anionnt,
and after the second Avorking add the balance. Never go by jiiicsh. but
use the scales, and in this way insure uniformity. No one can ai'quire n
reputation for good butter, who does not make a uniform article. It
never yet was made by guessing. If on a churning of butter you guess

ntohuttei.
CO the teni-

igethcr.

in Summer,
never color
ic pure prep-
stir it in tlie
•ary witli the
)0 luuch.

nd salt at tiie
)() not worlc it
by folding ainl
I from V2 to '24
crh all the time
piu'ked, f^bouM
irenhcit is riiilil,
Llvinir condition..

lilted \ip"" ^^'^"^^
,,110 >^o between
the tir^t salting,
[the moisture in
the more cusily
llis,solve entivoly.
L niore. Attir
]o mix it evenly

■rve.

|,)f hutti-r : somo
Hu ounce to tU
Ito the pouiHl i-
L of the awemit.
L hv guess, but
[ncean acquire ^a
Iform article. It i
,uttcr you guc*>

CATTLE, DAIRYING. 72o

it three pounds less than it is, and on the salt three ounces more than
it is, you will make it far too salt. There should be a slight allowance of
.salt made for the condition of the butter, for when it comes soft it
usually contains more butter-milk than when it conies hard, and a greater
percentage of the salt will be carried off in the extra whey.

Washing vs. Working.

Equally good results can be obtained by washing or working the milk
from butter, when skillfully done under favorable circumstances. In
either case the only object is to free the butter from the milk, with as little
injury to the flavor or grain of the butter as possible. In washing butter,
the daiiger is mostly in injuring the flavor by introducing foreign matter
ill the water, Avhile in the other case, there is more danger in over-working
and so injuring the grain. In localities where pure water cannot be ob-
tained, washing siiould not be resorted to, for butter is always sure to
take up the impurities contained, as it will the taint of any decaying veg-
etable or animal matter that may be near. Many wells and springs which
the owners of, or users from, believe to be pure and good, have in them
(loeaying substances which render them entirely unfit for any use, much
less to wash butter with. Decaying organic matter so introduced into
butter acts very much like yeast in dough ; at least, it starts a fermenta-
tion, so to speak, which soon destroys the butter. AUoav no surface water
to got into spring or well, or any filth to remain in them, and if they are
not highly charged with lime, mineral or salts of any kind, there is no
better or easier method than to wash the milk out quickly and thoroughly
before salting.

Packing Butter.

If for sale pack in good, strong, oak packages, whatever the size that
nwyhe decided on, and let them be uniform, clean, and nice looking. A
good package will not soil poor butter, but a slovenly package will often
(oiulenni the best. Never use the round wooden boxes, with handles,
tliey are an abomination, in packing have the butter still at 60 degrees,
it is then firm and yet not hard. First rub the package, bottom and sides,
ivith salt, just what will adhere. Put a quantity of l)utter in the niidUlc
of tlie package, and press down firmly — do not rub. but pros.*, tlnis cnus-
inj a perpendicular and lateral pressure ; thus you make all firm and exclude
^''' Then what brine remains in the butter will work to the sides and
^ith the salt ])revent it from sticking to the wood. Sn continue until the
butter is within an inch of the top. Lay on a cloth cut half an inch larger

726

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

than the package, and wet with brine, working the edges down smooth
cover with a quarter inch of salt, cut another cloth an inch larger than
the package, lay this on the salt, working smooth, as before. Head tight
bore a small hole through the head, fill full with brine, cork tight, and if
kept level, and the butter has been properly made, it will come out all

right when wanted.

Preparing Packages.

Use nothing but white oak ; scrub them thoroughly inside and out
with hot water and a clean brush ; fill with clean, pure water ; let them
stand forty-eight hours in a cool place ; turn out, scrub again with hot
water, rinse thoroughly with cold water, and, while wet, sprinkle with
salt, what will adhei-e. It is then ready for use.

What Kind of Salt to Use.

None but absolutely pure dairy salt should be used. So far as the
manufacture is concerned there seems little to choose between the best
American or English make. There is one thing about English goods, if
warranted good they are so — laws against adulteration being very strict
in Enj^land while they are very lax in the United States. At a butter
test some years ago before a 'committee of experts to decide if it could
be discovered whether the samples were salted with English or American
salt, the committee were very much at sea, guessing sometimes one war
and sometimes another. Price being equal, we should use the best
English dairy salt. Yet in all the best dairy salt, whether English or
American, the impurities are so slight that in the salting of either
butter or cheese there could be no taste whatever. If the impurity be
sulphate of lime it would amount to nothing. It requires 400 times its
weight to dissolve it, and there is almost no moisture in good butter.
Another impurity is sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom Salts) which if
present in sufficient quantity would give butter a peculiar but not a bad
taste. Chloride of calcium would give butter a sharp, pungent taste,
and which would seriously depreciate the value both of the butter and
cheese in which it was used.

Cheese Making.

The makitiff of butter is both chemical and mechanical. It has tl
advantage, that any person can make butter as good as the best if abso-
lute cleanliness is used ; if there are no foul odors about the premises ; if

f L:

n smooth,
arger than
lead tight,
srbt, and if
ome out all

ide and out
!r ; let them
ain with hot
sprinkle with

5o far as the
ween the best
lUsh goods, if
jiiicr very strict

At a butter
ide if it could
ih or American
etimes one way

use the best

;her English or

llting of either

.^le impurity be

400 times its
[^ good butter.

,alts) which if

but not a bad

pungent taste.

tbe butter and

kl. It has this
Ibe best if «^^«-
1 tbe premises; »

CATTLE, DAIBYING.

727

the temperature of the dairy be kept equal, and if pure water be used.
This is all that is required, besides attention .to a few simple rules.
These we have given, and there leave the subject.

The making of cheese depends almost entirely upon chemical action.
Unless the conditions are right, good and uniform cheese cannot be made.
These conditions can hardly be obtained in a farm house. Hence cheese
so made is never uniform, except in rare instances now and then in the
bauds of a perfect cheese maker. Such, if this strikes their view,
should lose no time in building a factory, or engaging one already built.
Hence it would be a waste of space to enter into the details of cheese
making even in a general way. Yet many will want to make some cheese
and we append an account of the process of some celebrated English
brands from the pen of Mr. John Chalmers Morton, of England, who
has written upon the subject in thu following concise yet comprehensive
manner :

Cheddar Cheese.

" The Cheddar cheese shall be described as it was carried on upon the
farm of the late .Mr. Harding, of Marksbury, Somersetshire, who was
one of the best makers in England, and who did good work for cheese-
making in Ayrshire and other counties and districts which he and Mrs.
Harding visited on the invitation of agricultural societies and others for
tbe purpose of giving instruction in the maimfacture of this kind of
cheese.

"The morning's and evening's milk are together brought to a temper-
ature of 80 degrees Fahr. If the night has been warm, a temperature
of 78 degrees will give as great effectiveness to a given quantity of
rennet as one of 82 or 84 dcg. would give if the milk had been at a
lower temperature for some hours of a cold night. The evening's milk
having been placed in shallow vessels during the night to cool, and having
been stirred at intervals during the evening is skimmed in the morning,
and the cream, with a portion of the milk, is heated up to 100 deg. by
floating it in tin vessels on the boiler. The whole of it is then poured
through a proper sieve into the tub — into which the morning's milk is
being also strained as it arrives — so as to raise the whole, as I have said,
to from 78 to 82 deg. Fahr. This tub may be a large tin vessel, capable
of holding 150 gallons, and provided with false bottom and sides,
enabling hot or cold water to be passed under and around its contents.
The renuet, made from two or three dozen veils, in as many quarts of
saltwater, and allowed to stand three weeks, is added — half a pint to
100 gallons — and the curd sets in about half an hour. The small veils of

#^'

728

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Irish calves, which are killed at about a week old, are preferred, and they
should be eighteen months old before use. The curd is slowl}' cut with a
single long blade to and fro throughout its depth, in lines forming a 4-iiK.h
mesh upon the surface, and the whole mass is gently turned over from
the bottom with a skimming dish and the hand. The whole is then ii<'iiiii
worked throughout with a "shovel breaker," a four-iingered paddle with
wires across the fingers — great care being taken to do it gently, so that
the whey shall not become too white. The curd is thus broken up into
pieces not much larger than peas, and at least half an hour is taken in
the process. Hot water is then let into the space around and below the
cheese tub, and the whole is raised to 100 deg. Fahr. ; and this, too, is
done gradually, so as to raise the whole by degi'ees, not heating anv
portion to excess. Thia also takes half an hour. The hot water is then
drawn off, and the curd is stirred by the hand and a skimming dish for
another half hour in the midst of its hot whey, being at last reduced to
a mass of separate bits the size of small peas. The whey, after settling
for half an hour, is then removed — ladled, syphoned, or drawn — to its
vat, whei'c it stands about six inches deep, and is skimmed next day,
yielding a butter, which should not exceed in quantity six to eight ounces
per cow per week.

The curd stands half an hour after the whey is drawn off, and it is theu
cut in four or five pieces, turned over and left fen* half an hour, after which
it is again cut and left for a quarter of an hour. After this, it should be
in the slightest degree acid to the taste. If allowed to become too acid,
it will not press into a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will be apt to sink
broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and left to cool:
and thereafter it is packed in successive thin layers in the vat — a cylindrical
or wooden vessel twelve inches or more wide and twelve inches dee)) —
whence, after being pressed for half an hour, it is taken out (it is then
probably midday,) and broken up by hand, and allowed again to cool.
Then, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, and tough enough, (all
this, of course, being left to the judgment of the maker), it is ground up
in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt are added to the cwt. of curd, and
the whole is allowed to cool, and as soon as cold, it is put in the vat, and
taken to press. It is then probably 3 p. m. The pressure on the cheese
may be 18 cwt. The cloth is changed next morning. A calico coating is
laced (<n it the second day, and the third day the cheese may be taken
from the press, placed in the cheese room, bandaged, and turned daily,
and afterwards less frequently. The cheese room should be kept at nearly
65 degrees Fahr. The cheese will not be ready for sale for three months.

The process lasts nearly all the day, but it is believed to produce the
best cheese in the world ; and its use is everywhere extending. Taking

1, and tbcy
,' cut with a
iiig a 4-'mdi

over from
s then agiiin
paddle with
itly, so that
ken up into

is taken in
id below the

this, too, is

heating any
water is then
ling dish for
5t reduced to

after settling
Irawn — to its
led next day,

, and it is theu
ur, after which
irt, it should be
come too acid,
be apt to sink
d left to cool:
■a cylindrical
inches deci)—
out (it is then
again to cool.
h enough, (all
it is ground up
.. of curd, and
in the vat, and
B on the cheese
lalico coating is
may be taken
i turned daily,
e kept at nearly
,r three months,
to produce the
iiding. Taking

CATTLE, DAIRYING.

729

its name from a single parish, it now prevails all over North Somerset-
sliirc, and is gradually extending into Wiltshire. Many dairies hi
Gloucestershire adopt the system ; and some of it8 characteristic details
are followed in Cheshire ; and it is well known in Lancashire, Ayrshire,
J and Galloway.

The Cheddar cheese is made of various sizes, generally twelve incho.s
wide and a foot high, but sometimes larger in both dimentions, and from
70 to 100 pounds in weight ; the object being to make all the milk of one
day ou a farm of thirty to forty cows into a single cheese.

Cheshire Cheese.

Cheshire cheese, like the Cheddar, is made only once a day. The
evening's milk is placed, not more than six to seven inches deep, in tin
vessels to cool during the night, on the floor of the dairy ; it is skimmed
ill the morning, and a certain portion is kept for butter — in early Summer,
only enough, perhaps, for the use of the house, but in Autumn more, and
in some dairies at least, nearly all the morning's cream is thus taken for
churning. The skimmed cream, with a portion of milk, is heated up to
130 dog. Fahr. by floating the tins which hold it, on the boiler — sufficient
(luantity being taken to raise the whole of the evening's and morning's
milk together to 90 deg. or thereabouts. The rennet is made the day
before it is used ; 12 or 14 square inches of "veil" (rennet skin) standing
in a pint of salt water, kept in a warm place, making rennet enough for
100 gallons of milk. The Irish veil (rennet skin) is used, as it is obtained
from very young and milk-fed calves.

The curd is set about 50 minutes ; it is then cut with the usual curd-
bieiiker, a sieve-shaped cutter, very slowly. The whey is syphoned,
pumijod, or lifted out as soon as possible ; but before it is all removed a
portion is (on some farms where the Cheddar system is followed), heaiH
luul returned to the tub, and the curd is left in this hot whey for half an
hour. The whey is then drained away and the curd is left to get firm.
When linn enough to stand on the hand in cubes of about a pound weight
—this is an intelligent indication — without breaking asunder, it is lifted
out on the drainer (a false bottom of rods), in a long tub with a stop-cock
to it, and there left covered up for 45 minutes, after which it is I)roken
up and well mixed with the hand with 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 lbs. of salt per cwt.
It is then allowed to stand with a light weight upon it for about three-
quarters of an hour longer, and is turned over once or twice during the
time, being cut for the purpose into squares with a knife. It is then twice
passed through the curd mill, and at length put into the vat, a cloth being
first pressed into place by a tin hoop, and the salted curd being packed

i %l

730

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

gently by hand within it. The vats will hold a cheese of 70 or 80 up to
100 lbs ; and tin hoops, placed within them, are used to eke tlieiu out'
and give capacity for a larger quantity of curd if necessary. After stand-
ing in the vat, with a weight upon it, from one to two hours, uccordii.<>

to the weather, it is turned over and put, still in its vat, into the oven

a warm chamber in or near the brickwork of the dairy chimney where it

remains at a temperature of 90 deg. to 100 deg. during the night. Both
when in the press and here the cheese is skewered, skewers beinc thrust
into it through holes in the vat and every now and then withdrawn, so as
to facilitate the drainage of the whey. The cheese is taken out of the
vat in the morning and turned upside down in a fresh cloth. It is in the
press three days, and it is turned in the press twice a day, being dvy-
clothed each time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re-
moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at length only
occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewering is
dispensed with, and no pressui'e is used at the time of making, nor for
two days afterwards, but the whey is allowed to run out of its own accord.
Cheese manufactured in this way requires from 5 to 7 days in drying, but
afterwards matures more quickly for market.

The cheese varies considerably in quality throughout the year, the
earlier make of March and April being considerably less valuable than
that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying quality is
owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but more of
it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a portion of
curd over from day to day, when the quantity is insufficient to make even
one, or it may be two, full-sized cheeses daily. In such cases it is com-
mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd
over till the next day, keeping it wrapped up on the drainer or pan, and
grinding it up in the curd-mill along with the curd of the next morning.

How to Bell Butter.

There is never any difficulty in selling good butter at a liberal price in
any market, however low grease butter may be. The maker of prime
butter need never be in a hurry to sell. The butter once made, will
KEEP. But it will not be necessary to keep it. There are always partic-
ular people in every town, however small, who are ready to take good
butter at good prices. Thus it is usual for makers to contract ,to supply
during the year at a stipulated price. During the flush season of grass,
butter is packed down, to be drawn on when needed. Thus the manu-
facturer always has a supply on hand, and the customer is more than satis-
fied to have a good, sweet lump of butter on his table every day in the

l\^'

CATTLE, DAIRYING.

731

year, and does not grudge the extra five cents above what he would have
to pay the grocer, for what those who do not know the difference might
suppose was good.

If a larger quantity is made than will supply the family trade of the
villtt"'c, the large markets ai'e always open, and there goc>d butter will
always bring a good price. All that is wanted to know is that the butter
is made by one whose reputation is established and who would not sell a
bad article, and all that can be made will be eagerly taken. It is simply
a question of cleanliness, attractive package, careful attention to the de-
tails in making, and as careful a determination never to ship when there
is danger of the thermometer going below 60 degrees. The rest is all
plain, clear sailing, with large profits accruing. To insure large profits
from dairying, the master must be about early and late, night and day,
and Sundays as well.

Utilizing Waste Produots.

The skim milk, buttermilk, and whey, must be fed either to calves or
hogs. As far as whey is concerned, there is not much good in it for the
nourishment of calves, unless it be supplemented largely with meal and
oil-cake. A shoat will fatten on the waste products of the dairy, one to
each, cow, by using a very little corn. Some dairymen prefer to feed the
waste to the cows. This is probably not the best use to which it could
be put. Skim milk and buttermilk is worth more to feed to calves, we
believe, than disposed of in any other way. Here again we will give the
experience of Mr. I. H. Wanzer, of Illinois, who believes with us that to
make dairying permanently profitable, the raising of dairy cows must be
apart of the business. To close the chapter we append his statement :

I tried the experiment, last season (1875), of raising calves upon the
skimmed milk from my creameiy ; and as the result of this experiment
may interest some of you, I will give you a few figures kept in connec-
tion with the experiment, from which you may draw conclusions as to
whether it pays to raise calves in connection with a creamery or not.

Number of ralvos put In. 130. at: $4.00 each $ 4.S0 00

Number of gallona of milk fwl, 67,200, atl l-2c. per gallon 1.008 00

Oals fed, 840 bushels, at 30c % 252 00

Cost of labor In feeding 25.5 00

Pasturage, stabling, etc KK) 00

Total $2,005 00

These calves gold at an average of $21.50 eaph, at an average of seven

months old 2,580 00

Leaving a profit of. $486 00

: m

Uh t' ''

732

ILLnSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

This amount passed to the credit of the milk would bring it up to two
cents per gallon, which is equal to six cents per pound for cheese, and
this kind of cheese would not have brought three cents per pound at the
season I fed it, for it will be rememl)ered that this milk set thirty-six to
forty-eight hours, and all the eream was taken out.

I am so much encouraged in this way of raising calves that I oxppct to
stock again the coming season. I have now fifty-five young calves and
ten older ones. Many of my neighbors and patrons are bringing their
best heifer calves to mo, and marking them, expecting to bid thetn in at
my sale next Fall, I paying the market price for them when received

i^m

ir !•

•'(■'"'B*'

Si?

PART IV.
Diseases of Cattle;

THEIR CAUSES AND PEEVENTION ; IIOW TO ICS"OW
THEM; WHAT TO DO.

*.i

-:r

lip

.' I

iilii^t;

u.m

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

THEm CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW THEM; WHAT TO DO.

CHAPTER I.

Diseases in General— Recognizing and Dintine^ishing lliem.

KARMHRS SHOULD UNDERSTAND SYMPTOMS OF DISKA9E9 IN OENERAI.. USK

COMMON 9EN8E. GRADUATION OF D09E9. FKEQUENCY OF ADMIN19TKK-

INO- FORM9 OP DOSE9. HOW TO GIVE MHDICINE. INJECTIONS.

VAP0R9, SPRAYING AND FUMIGATION. ANyE9T!!ETrC9. TO DEPniVE OH

SENSATION. BLISTERING. FIRING. 9ETON9. ROWELS. SEWING

UP WOUNDS. FOMENTATIONS. OPERATION OF BLEEDING. RECOGNIZ-
ING AND DISTINGUISHING DISEASES. THE PULSE. THE BREATIIIN'^.

THE ANIMAL HEAT. TUB SKIN AND HAIR. THE POSTURE. INDICA-
TIONS Olf PAIN. SPECIAL SIGNS H« CATTLE.

Introductory.

The immense value of the stock interests of the United States and the
frequent outbreak of introduced contagious plagues, and of enzootic,
cpiznotio and various epidemic diseases, that at intervals have visited
lonilitjps or swept over whole continents, would seem to call for special
ti'iiiiiiii;^ in veterinary science and art in every agricultural college in the
United States ; yet, until within the last few years, but little attention
has been paid to this profession, and to-day the subject is not given that
attention its importance demands, except in a few instances. Veterinary
surgery has heretofore been flippantly termed "horse doctoring" by
professors and heads of too many of the colleges, endowed with the
people's money "to teach such branches as relate to agriculture and the
mechanic arts."

735

#■-1

r-.i

736

ILLITHTIIATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.

Of latr, however, a more eiilijjhtciicd courHo Iuih been pursued. Manr
of (he tigricultural eolleges are paving attention to tiiis important study
eM|)e(iallv sinee the violent outbreak of wpU'nie fever over the West im,!
Kant fnMU the introduetion of Texas cuttle, and still more lately fidm
the outI)reak and wpiead of contajrious pleuro-i)iieumonia in a niniilicr of
th(! Atlantie StalcH. Owing to the low state of veterinary Micucc (r,.„.
crally, and the disdain with which the few highly educated and lli(ir(ni<:lilv
selentitie Investigators in the United States — mostly French and (Icnimii
graduates — have been lookcid down upon by those who should have hvvu
too glad to welcome thiiiu to the profession of medicine, and the cstcciu
in which mere (juacks and leeches have been regarded by the coinniunitv two
notable facts arc made patent: First, the cxelusiveness of ccitaiu jjuffcd
up ••college Dons," who suppose that ull knowledge must come from
classic sources. Second, that the people at large, farmers and .stock
raisers, ■who from their habits and training could not bo supposed to
understand surgery or medicine, except in its simjjlest forms, have hecii
thrown into the clutches of mere pretenders to anatomical kii()wl(dj.'i'
and the treatment of diseases. Of late there have been many honoiiililf
exceptions, until now nearly or quite all of these people's collegis, forced
thus in many instances by public outcry, are taking strong nicinis to
foster veterinary science, and malce it what it should be, and really loiiir
has been in other enlightened countries, an important, as it is an houonihlc
branch of human science.

There arc many valuable works extant in various languages, upon
veterinary science and practice. Thov Avill bo of little value to fiu'incrs
and stockmen ; all that this class can deal with must necessarily be oiilv
those symptoms that can readily be discerned, and remedies so simple in
their nature that they can bo easily procured and applied. In fact great
care and attention should be given to first symptoms, as also to jrood
nursing. Discard all strong pln'sics, and heroic treatment by i)iirixiiifr.
bleeding, and the surgery of main strength. Good care and iiursiiijr in
the treatment of animals is now regarded (as it is in the troatiuent of
human i)atients) as among the most important means of cure. Indee'l
with animals it is of the greatest importance, since brutes are only iil';
to indicate the region of pain and disease b}' mute signs, entirely unin-
telligible in the majoritv of cases to the ordinaiy observer.

Of Diseases in General.

In the description of symptoms, and the treatment of diseases, it
would be out of place here to go into learned discussions on the nature
und pathology of diseases ; so also it would be futile to dilate upon the

CATTLK, THEIK DISEASES.

737

svniplciri.s and trcutinoiit of distnisPH. Only those most coinmon, or
filial, will 1)0 H|U'ciiilly noted. Fortunately veterinary art is (.'on^eniul
;^itli ilio medical treatment of the human family, and the same paths that
load to II knowledge' of human diseases will indieatc to any intelligent
Idcil pliysieian the means to be used with l)rutes. Ilumune physiolr.n::,
ii()»v-;i-dayrt, — to their credit he it said, — are not slow in coming to tlir
relief of the farmer and stockman in prescrihiug and giving advice lU fh(
iiliseiK'o of regular veterinary surgeons. Such are veritable benefactors,
iimsiiiiich as they greatly alleviate distress and do much to discourage
quiickery ; and when found, they should l)e freely consulted- This dcvi-
iitioa from the regular medical i)ractice, owing to tlu; sparsely settled
iiatuii' of many portions of the country, seems very necessary and
even imi)erative.

Ill the prescriptions for cattle, we shall use the most simple formulas
possible, wherever found, and whatever simple medicines will avail,
cspet'ially those compounded of herbs, as better ada[)ted to the treatnunt
(if (lomesti<' animals. In comiection with these, other agents, both min-
eral iiirl nieclianicul, must, 1)0 employed. In short, what we bav(( aimed
at is to state symptoms and remedies for such diseases as may be treated
without the advice of a regular veterinary surgeon, and in such language
iisany intelligent person may understand.

Ill this, whil we shall not attempt originalitv, except rt may be in the
mattor of presentation in sonc instances, we shall use and (piote from the
very hvtest authorities in veterinary science in the United States, Eng-
land, France, Germany, Austri;;, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, and
other minor countries, where veterinary science has been accorded that
lespei'tability which should a(!Cruo to a labor having for its aims the sav-
iiii.' of life, and the amelioration of suffering, in a direction second in
iiuportauce only to that of the human family ; and in i)reventing loss, so
far as it may be possi])le, of live stock, the raising of which is of greater
iiiipiutanco to mankind than any other single human industiy. Thus, in
ineseiiliiig symptoms, we shall use and (pjote freely froni the latest works
ill ivformod practice. "What we present wiM not be as seeking so much
til aid the veterinary practitioner, as the farmer himself; not a work to
>iiperso(le other authorities, but a substitute, in a limited sense, as to the
treatment of certain diseases, so that the intelligent reader may compre-
lu'iul; advising, in every case, when the operator does not understand
ilio symptoms clearly, to seek the advice of the professional veterinari:.n,
ifsuehmay be had. Tf such 1)e not within reach, then ccnsult the best
plusieian in tiie neighborhood. Diseases are substantially the same in
'■Mses, symptoms and treatment, whether men or beasts be their subjects.
Rwuembering tiiis may suggest a helpful course of treatment in many cases.

'W'. ■ t'^'

738

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Use Common Sense.

Why, in the sickness of animals, the owner should try random remedies
and go from one to another, at the suggestion of each different adviser
as the matter may seem to strike them, is inexplicable ^ In nine cases
out of ten, with proper nursing and care the animal will recover, simply
by keeping the bowels moderately open by mild physics and injections
(which will be indicated) when costiveness and impaction is present; or
by sedatives, stimulants- and astringents when the reverse condition is
exhibited.

Such conditions as are often fatal during the gravid state of female
animals, and succeeding delivery, abortion, false presentation, etc., and
the means of relief; contagions and epidemic diseases — tliese from their
special importance will receive due prominence. Of the non-contagious
and local diseases every farmer should seek to make himself familiar
with the symptoms, so that ready means may be used for the relief of
suffering animals.

In all this detection and treatment the operator must I)e guided by
intelligence and use the least possible exhibition offeree. It may '>» necessary
to hamper an animal for the performance of some operation. When
necessary, it is not merciful to use half-way measures. The luimunc man,
however, will do so with as little pain to the animal as possible. If necessity
should require killing as the best means of dealing with the ailment, the
humane man will be actuated by no sentimentality about taking the life of an
animal. He will kill promptly and surely, as the best means of alleviating
the suffering of the animal, or of preventing the spread of infectious and
contagious diseases. Prompt measures under the.se conditions will often save
the loss of many lives.

Graduation of Doses.

A., a rule cattle require one and a half times as much as horses ; sheep
and pigs require one-third as much. Professor James Law, of Cornell
University, in his work, Veterinary Adviser, has presented the numnor
of graduation, frequency, and form of administering doses, in the
following concise language :

The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of
medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any cases in
which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A
similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on
account of their smaller size but also of their greater susceptibility. The
following table may serve as u guide :

CATTLE, THEIU DISEASES.

TABLE OP DOSES FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS.

.".0

Horses, etc

Cattle.

I Sheep. I

Swine.

3 years..
114-3 years.
9-13 iiioiithd.
5-9
1-5

2 years.
1-2 "
6-12 months.
3-6
1-3 '•

1 -2

years.

0-18

months.

6-9

.3-5

1-3

15 inoiitlis.

1 part.

8-13 "

1-3 part.

6-8 '•

1-4 "

3-6 "

1-8 '

1-3 "

1-16 *

Allowance must also be made for a nervous temperament, which usually
renders an animal m re impressible; for habit, or continued use, which
tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy,
which can only be discovered by observing the action -of the agent on the
niirticvaiar subject, und for tlio influence of disease when thiit is likely to
affect the action. Thus, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord,
and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of
purgative medicine will bo necessary : while in influenza, and other low
fevers, half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute c ngestion of the
brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyanuus) would
aggravate the symptoms, etc.

Prequenoy of Administering.

Anodynes, antispasmodics, narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants, may
geiieniUy ho repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their
effect. Alteratives, diaphoretics, fel)rifugos, refrigerants, and tonics,
miiy be administered twice dail}'. Purgatives should only be given when
necessary, and should never bo repeated until from the lapse of time we
are assured that the first (los(! remains inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent
need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six
hours after the exhibition of the first ; and in all cases, until the medicine
has worked off, he should 1)0 kept at rest and allowed only wai'm bran
inashes uiul water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose
may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora (dogs,
etc.) and omnivora (swine, etc,) in from seven to ten hours. Emetics
should be given in full doses, and repeated in five or ten minutes if they
fail to take effect, their action being further provoked by copious draugl)^^;
of tepid water and tickling the roof of the mouth with a feather.

Forms of Doses.

Drugs may often bo given as powder or solution in the food or water ;

theymiiy l)e made into a soft solid Avith syrup and linseed meal, rolled

into a short cylinder and covered with soft jiaper ; they maybe converted

into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ;

i i!

ffl «.'

1, /f-

1- *» /;:jpp\;^''';v ■'■ -^."T" ,77*vt:^' '^T-;ii''T

740

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gniel or niucilafe.
They may be given, in a li(iuid form, from a horn or bottle; or, as a
short cylinder or pill, whicli may be lodged over the middle of the root
of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be snieared on the liack
of the tongue ; may be given as an injection into the rectum ; or, finally,
in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be
injected under the skin.

No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation,
if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not niix
with water (oil of turpentine, Croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland
oil, iu milk, or in eggs after being thoroughly mixed.

How to Give Medicine.

i i

mi'^

i I**

!. .

Few things are so awkwardly done, as a rule, as giving medicine to
farm animals. In the hands of a careful and expert person, a strong
glass bottle is good. A better instrument is a flattened buttle of block
tin, which for cattle should hold two quarts. The most usual instrument,
and on the whole the best for ordinary operations, is the horn. Select
one of which the point turns down and the hii-ge end up ; form this of the
proper size and fashion so the opening will hv oblique.

Drenches should always be thoroughly mixed, and well shaken before
they are given. If a fie of coughing ensues, free the animal at once and
until it be ended. In operating with cattle do not irritate the animal un-
duly. Always operate from the right or off side. Pass the left hand
over the head, and in front of the horn, seize the upper jaw firmly in
front of the grinders, turn the head firmly back, the operator standins
well braced, the hack firm against, and as well forward of the shoulders
as possible. Thus having the animal with one side against a M-all, or the
side of the stall, it must be a very vicious cow or bull that a strong, expert
man cannot handle. If, however, the operator does not stand well for-
ward and Avell braced, ho may be severely kii'kcd, since an ox, like a
deer, can reach well forward with their hind feet. The usual (|uantity
for an ox is from one to two ouarts at a dose, if liquid, of ordinary de-
coctions and solutions.

InjectioDB, or Clysters.

4 large number of medicines, both liquid and solid, may iie as easily
administered per rectum as by the mouth. In administering injections,
it is not necessary that '-^uch pressure 1)o used. The intestinal canal of
animals is lower than the opening. Thus fluid substances will fall by

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

741

their oravity. A good iu-strumeiit for use muy bo a pail, with a tube
exteiitling from the bott )ni connecting with a half-inch rubber hose, of
suitable length, so that the pail may hang just high enough above the
aniiual to be out of their reach in moving about. Oil the end to be in-
serted into tiie rectum, and the fluid may be passed into the gut, as much
01' as little as may be desired, and with much better effect than when
stroll"' pressure is brought to bear on the fluid.

When solid substances are administered per rectum, they are called
suppositories. They fire often useful and simi)le, as in the case of a
siiiuU (.yiinder of soap, for young calves, to encourage the action of the
bowels and ducts : and in the case of cows, in the use of disinfectants,
to purify the dischai'ges and lessen the danger of puerijeral fever; sup-
positories are made into form by means of soap, starch, lard, etc.

Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation.

These are medicaments drawn in with the breath. Chloroform and
other may he administered by means of a sponge tilled with the agent and

APPLICATION OP STEAM TO THE NOSTRILS.

h?lJ to the nose. Vapors arc easily produced from liquid substances l)y
melius of an atomizer, sold by all drug£rists.

Steaming ia often of great benefit. Hot water, cither plain or mcdi^
oated. inny be held under the animal's nose, and the steam strongly
(I'ivou oi¥ by plunging a hot iron into it at intervals. A hot bran mash,
in a nose bag, readily gives off steam. Abetter form for steaming the
nostrils would be that given above.

If Hfc^i

■m-

742

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

For the promotion of discharge of the nostrils, the nose-bag avIU be
indicated ; its form and fastenings are shown in the annexed cut.

Powders for easing the expulsion
of the secretions of the nostrils, or
-^^.^^ T'NX /Or ^r-a^ for local application to diseases of the

!3*--^^ mH^^^T^ inner surface of the nose, may be a

♦ K 'id V'^^iSVf simple tube of tin in two pai-t^i, Avhich

may be taken apart and put together
like the joints of a stove-pipe, with u
rubber tube on one end and a mouth-
piece on the other. Charge Mith the
powder, and blow with sufBcient forte
to carry the agent where wanted.

"When an anossthetic is used, it
should not be held to the nose cc itin-
uousl}', since, if undiluted w\li air,
it is fatal. Watch carefully and sus-
pend the use of the anaesthetic as soon as unconsciousness is pro-
duced, to be renewed from time to time as may be necessary. They
should not be used unless under the advice of a surgeon or physician,
since the need can hardly be expected except for the performance of
some intricate surgical operation
veterinary authority :

K08E BAG FOR BTF.AMIXG.

The following is endorsed by high

Nol.

1 Oz. ftlcohol,

2 Uz. chloroform,

3 Oz. ether.

Shake the bottle well before using it ; pour a tcaspoonful or more at a
time on a sponge ; hold it to the nostrils. Two or three moments should
be enough to overpower the strongest ox.

Blisterins:.

Blistering is a valuable remedy, when it is required to case the absorp-
tion of deposit, to stimulate the vessels to effect organic change, a*
ha.stening the ripening of an abscess, or the reduction of an enlarged gland ;
they should be entirely confined to cases where the acute inflammatory
symptoms have ceased. Blisters do no good in deep-seated inflammations.
Yet the quack, if ho suftpect internal inflammation, claps on a Mister,
which only agonizes the dumb brute, and generally leaves a permanent
blemish. When a blister is found necessary, before applying, always as

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

743

an ointment or fluid, and never as a plaster, cut or shave the hair from
the part, wash and dry thoroughly, and apply with strong friction for
several minutes. The following, if thoroughly applied, will raise a blister,
and will not leave a blemish :

No. 2.

1 Oz. Powdered Cantharidefl,
12 Oz. Lard heated to 212 deg. Fabr.
Mix well together and stir uutll cooL

A sweating blister of medium strength to be used to produce irritation
and a watery discharge without raising a full blister, and which may be
applied separately to the same spot and without removing the hair, is
made as follows :

No. 3.

1 Oz. Powdered Oantbarldes,
1 Ft. Alcohol.

Add neither corrosive sublimate, arsenic, acids, nor turpentine to blis-
tering agents. They are not useful, are often injurious, and always give
unnecessary pain.

As ii rule, sufficient irritation can be produced on cattle by mustard and
hot water, well rubbed in, and this form should be used except in partic-
ular cases. The following rules should be carefully remembered :

1. — Never blister more than one or two spots at the same time.

2. — Be careful about blistering in hot weather.

3.— Never blister an inflamed part when there are symptoms of
mortification.

4. — There is always danger of producing strangury in horses from
blistering.

5. — When a blister causes great nervous irritabilit}', loss of appetite,
or ditficult urination, wash the blistered surface with strong soapsuds of
soft soap, dress it with sweet oil, and give a full dose of opium.

6. — The second day after a blister has been applied, foment the part
with warm water, and dress it with lard or oil.

7. — An animal that has been blistered should be prevented from biting,
rubbing, or othermse irritating the blistered part.

Firing.

The actual cautery is most valuable in bone diseases, or chronic lameness.
In certain diseases it cannot be successfully replaced by any other counter-
irritant. The iron should be at a full red or white heat, and used with a
light baud, so that a distinct impression is made. More than one leg

S-:

M? l'

|:;

744

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

should not be operated on iit one time. It should never be perforaed l)v
inexpert hands. The hair must be closely shaved, and the auiniul securely
fastened. A better way for the novice is to cut a piece of bacon rind
with some of the fat attached. The iron, which should be flat or slio-litly
hollowed, is to bo heated to a dull red heat. Place the bacon rind on the
sprain or tumor, and apply the iron firmly for two or three minutes, and
afterwards more lightly, until the rind is dried or burned. This nnn- he
repeated at intervals of two or three days. The influence will be potent,
and will leave no scar. It should never be used on cattle, except in the
case of a tumor, where the animal is valuable.

Setons.

Setons are used in cases of bone diseases, in the healing of old fistulas,
by producing a new and healthy inflammation in its sides. They should
be inserted the whole length of the canal.

Setons are composed of tapes, threads, or fine wires, pushed just
underneath the skin by means of a seton needle, entering at one point
and coming out at another. Fasten the ends, to prevent droppino- out,
smear with irritant salve and turn every day or two to keep up a constant
irritation and discharge. The following will be found good ointments
for smearing the setons :

No, 4.

1 Part powdcml enntharides,
8 Parts oil of turpentine,
8 Parts Cuuadu Uulsum.

Put the two first in a bottle and keep warm for two days and add the
balsam

A simple ointment Avould be :

No. 6. 8 Parts citrine ointment,

1 Part oil of turpentine.
Mix.

Bowels.

These are wounds made with rowel scissors or a bistoury, and kept
open with a pledget of tow or other substance, smeared with ointment, as
used for setons. They are rarely used now b}' good surgeons, and are
not to be recommended, since their action is that of the seton.

Sewing up Wounds.

The bleeding of wounds having been checked and properly cleaned,
the edges are brought together and held in position by means of stitehes

■i ■■'•■'

vo days and add the

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

745

or sutures. The interrupted suture is made by carrying a suture needle
iinned witli wliite silk or white linen thread, through the two edges of
tho wound and cutting off, leaving about three-inch ends on each side of
tlie cut : bring together and tie. So proceed until you have the wound
nicely closed, the lips of the wound or sKin being carefully brought
tosrether.

TIic twisted suture is better in inexpert hands when it can be used.
Bring the edges of the wound together, pass a strong pin through to
iiold in place, and twist a tine wire or lace a strong thread across the
protruding ends of the pin to hold the edges of the wound lirndy
together. So proceed at intervals of three-eights of an inch until the
wound is closed.

The wound thus sewed, dress with a plaster or ointment and bandage
to prevent threads or pins from being torn out. Remove them as soon
as the surfaces have united, which should be in four or five days.

Fomentations.

These are applied by wrapping the part to be treated with flannel
liaiuhigcs or woolen cloths, and keep the wrappings constantly wet with
hot or cold water, or mixed with any appropriate addition as vinegar,
liuidiiiiuni, etc. They are used to cleanse or soothe irritable wounds, to
reduce internal inflannnation, or relieve external inflammation. Unless
persistently used for hours and kept constantly wet, they had better not
Ije attempted. After the operation is finished, rub dry and clothe warmly,
to prevent chill, which will surely occur. As an additional precaution,
a little nmstai-d rubbed in would be beneficial. When it can be applied,
a sheepskin with the wool on, wrung out of hot water, makes a good
agent for fomentation.

The Operation of Bleeding.

There is no operation in veterinary practice that has been more abused
by (juaoks and other persons ignorant of the true necessity, than bleed-
ing. It should never be performed except by those who have been
instructed in the operation, and only in those cases where by connnon
consent of the profession it is allowed. If a decided impression is to be
iiuulo, lis in apoplexy, from five to seven quarts should be taken from an
IX, according to the conditions. If the jugular vein is pressed upon just
liolow M-here the incision is to be made, it will soon show prominently.
Use a thumb lancet in preference to a fleam. When sufficient has been
taken, raise the two lips of the wound, and bring them together between

. nil 'ji^J^

i 2K

746

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the thumb and finger, puss a coniuiou sniuU pin through the edges aud
weave thread across and over to keep all in place.

Beoognizing and Distinguishing Diseases.

The following explicit and detailed rules for recognizing diseases in an-
imals, should be carefully studied : Anyone who would become expert in
recognizing diseases in animals, must study them carefully in the healthy
state, and make himself thoroughly familiar with their habits, appearance
and general physiology. He nmst ijractice feeling their pulse and the
heart, listening to the sounds of their lungs in breathing, and taking their
temperature, by feeling the skin and also by using a properly constructed
thermometer. He should watch the appearances of the eye and tongue,
and note the positions assumed when asleep and awake. He should ob-
serve the character and frequency of their appetite. For it is in the
variations from health in these particulars that the veterinarian discovers
the guides which lead him to the recognition of the particular disease he
has to treat. We will examine each of these items separately, and assure
our readers that if they will verify our statements by practice on the liv-
ing animals, they Avill soon be in a jjosition to take charge of them Avheu
sick, quite as well and often a great deal better than the average farrier,
as he is to be found in this country.

The Pulse.

The pulse differs very much in the domestic animals. In the full
grown horse at rest, its beats are about forty per minute ; in the ox from
fifty to fifty-five ; and in the sheep and pig, about as in man, that is,
averaging seventy to eighty beats in the minute. In calves and colts,
and in animals well advanced in years, the pulse increases, in health, to
about twice these figures ; and it is also increased by hot, close stables,
full feeding, and the condition of pregnancy.

The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a
bone. It is usually examined in the horse on the cord which runs over
the bone of the lower Jaw, just in front of its curved portion ; or on the
bony ridge extending upward from the e3'e, or inside the elbow. In cattle
conveniently reached over the middle of the first rib, or beneath the tail.
There is a marked diiference of force in the pulse of the two species;
that of the horse being full and rather tense, while in the ox it is soft
and rolling.

When the pulse differs materially from these conditions' in any direc-
tion, it is a sign of disease. If rapid, full and hard, there is high fever

ges and

es in an-
expert in
u licaltliy
jpeavance
i and tlie
king their
)n6tru(;ted
id tongue,
iliould ob-
is in tlie
discovers
disease he
and assure
on the liv-
Lheni when
ajic farrier,

In the full
the ox from
^an, that is,
and colts.
In health, to
lose stables,

lisses over a
runs over
1 or on the
In cattle
Lith the tail.
Iwo species;
\x it is soft

b any

direc-

k high fevei

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

747

or acute inflammation ; if rapid, small and weak there is low fever, loss
of blood, or weakness. If very slow we may suspeet brain disease; if
irregular, now fast and in a few seconds slow, we should look for a
diseased condition of the heart.

In the sheep, the pulse if felt by placing the hand on the left side,
where the beatings of the heart can be felt ; or at about the middle of
the inside of the thigh, where the femoral artery passes obliquely across
the boue.

The Breathing.

The breathing is next in importance. If the ear is applied to the throat
of a licalthy horse or ox the air will be heard passing through the
windpipe with a regular, steady, blowing sound ; if applied to the chest
a soft rustling murmur will be heard, like a gentle breeze in the tree
tops, caused by the air passing in and out of the tine tubes and vessels
of tlie lungs. But where the lung or throat is diseased, these sounds are
very nmdi changed and in many directions, which it is not necessary to
dwell on here, but which will at once indicate the presence of something
amis:j witli these important organs.

If the forefinger of the the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and
smartly tapped with the ends of the three first fingers of the right hand,
the sound will be noticed to be more resonant and clear than when the
same jjrocedure is practiced on the solid thigh. This is because the lungs
are not solid, but are always in health well expanded with air. But in
various diseases, as pneumonia and pleui'isy, they fill up with fluid and
l)eiouic solid, then the sound given out, by thus percussing them, as
it is called, is like that on any other solid part of the animal. Hence
tliisis another very important indication of disease.

By practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries of these
sounds can be learned so closely that any variation from them will be at
onte detected, and will sometimes reveal the presence of an unsound
condition when nothing else will.

The rapidity with which the act of breathing is performed can easily
he counted by the heaving of the chest. In health in the adult horse at
rest it is from eight to twelve times a minute, and in the ox a little faster.
Any great increase without obvious cause, is a positive sign of diseased
condition.

The Animal Heat.

The temperature of animals can be ascertained, to a slight extent, by

mmu

748

II-LUSTHATED fiTOCK DOCTOR.

« ■■

the feci of tho skin, the cars, and the ]ojxh. A hot, dry skin in a liorse
gi'Mcrally acroniijanies a feverish eondition. Cold ears and h-irs arc u
sign of serious disease. But tlie only seientiHc, that is, aeciinile idiui, is
to use what is ealled a "elinieal thernioinetcir ;" that is, one, the liulh of
whicli ean be bared and inserted into the roetuni. After it has rciiiaiiu'il
there two or three minutes, the nicreur}' will aeeurately iiulieate the tem-
perature of tiie blood. This in healtii is i»8 degrees, and any (leviiition
from this, even of a few degrees, is a eertain sign of disease. Those vet-
erinarians who have pra<'tieed sufiiciently witli tliis iiistruni(>iit to I'ccoiiie
skilled in its use, deelare it invalnal)le in their l)usines8, as affoi'din<r theiii
grounds for opinions about diseases which no other symptoms coukl.

Thus it has been fouyd that every disease has its own degree, ii toin-
perature at whieh it is either favorable or fatal. For example, if in that
sometimes prevalent epidemic among horses, ecrebro-spinal nieiiiii<ntis
the thermometer rises as high as 104 degrees, it is a certain indication
that the horse will shortly die ; while in such a disease as inflaniniation of
the lungs, the mercury will register 108 degrees, or 100 degrees, and the
horse recover. If in gastric or typhoid fever the heat has l)een 1(J.'5 de-
grees, and fiJis to 100 degrees, and then suddeidy rises again to its previous
figure, the chances are terrildy against the patient, no matter what tho
other appearances may seem to say. These few examples will serve to
show how \aluable the instrument may become in the hands of an intelli-
gent person.

The Skin and Hair.

The skin in its general feeling and appearance is an important guide to
the condition of an animal. A dry, scurfy api)earanee is a system of in-
digestion, and liability to joint affections. What is ealled "hide bound"
is a symptom of a genex'al state of poor nutrition, arising from iiuliircs-
tion, improper food, worms, or a want of proper exercise. Tlie skin
feels stretched and hard, as if too snnill for the body. The condition
known as "staring coat," when the haii-s stand out like bristles, is often
the Old}' symptom of a low state of health. Whenever an animal is dis
^ posed to shiver, with shedding of the coat, M'hen exposed to iiiodenito
cold, or without such exposure, it is on the edge of some disease. \\
persistentlv staring coat, witliont other symptoms of disease, often iiiili-
cates the approach of an attack of farcy or glanders ; and when withtliiH
are repeated shivers or chills, avc may expect the strangles, weed, or dtlioij
diseases with sup])uratioii. When in an attack of disease the skin iH'coniosj
covered with a cold sweat, the life of the animal is in great danger.

in n horse
\o}Is lire 11
\v \)\iiii, is
\n' \)uUt of
LS romiiiueil
te the toiu-
IV (lovinliou

"Those vt't-
it to hecome
ovdiiij: Ihm
IS could.
I'crrcc, 11 tcm-
,lo, if in tlmt
i\ nu'uinptis,
iiin imlii'iUion
rtuninmtiou of
(rroos, tu\d the
' ^„.(MA 10;\ de-

to its previous
iittoi" wluit tlio
■s will servo to
Is of 1111 intclii-

lovtaiit iiuide to

■i system of ill-

'hide bound"

(liiTcs-

1<T from ill

The skill
The conditio"

•oitfo,

Ihristl

cs,

Jin ivnimi

often
x\ is dis-

ced to 111

odeviitf

)ino

■use, o
i\ wV

(liseiisc.

ften

\en

ieed,or(V

thtli'M
itlior

,tbcskiiiheoomes|
l-cat danger.

CATTLE, TUEIU DISEASES.

The Posture.

(49

The position of an ivninitvl, its mode of standing and l}nng down, are all
sii'iiiticaut. Lying porsislontly on ono sido, or obstinately maintaining ono
position, shows tliat any other is painful. Horses stand as long as they
|)()ssil)iv ean, as they breathe much easier in the u[)right position ; and if
thev oiHO lie down, they soon despair and die. Ilenee the rule is wjth a
hoise to sling l»im up, in various ailments. With cattle it is different,
imd it is nnich less important to keep tiiem erect. When animals caimot
rise, it may bo from weakness, or from palsied limbs, or from severe
injuries or sprains.

ludioation of Fain.

Tlie feelinj of pain in animals is indionf od by their flinching when the
painful part is touched ; b^' tiie care wliich they take in lying down, walk-
ing or standing to "favor" the part, and l>y the appearance of the eye.
Distress and suffering are generally i)laiidy apparent in the face of sick
lioi'ses and cattle.

Special Signs in Cattle.

Ill cattle, the horn at its root yields, by the sensation it imparts to the
haml, a rough idea of the temperature of the blood, and the cow-leech
generally feels it as the doctor does the pulse, as a part of the indispens-
alilo programme of a professional visit. If the tem[)crature is natural,
heeoiuludes there is no fever; if cold, and the tips of the ears also cold,
itisii sign of some serious internal congestion ; the blood no longer cir-
culating in natural force through the extremities.

Tlie muzzle is another part ho takes note of. In health this is moist,
covered with "dew," as the saying is ; but in disease, especially fever, it
is dry, hotter or colder than natural, and sometimes changed in color,
paler or injected with blood. By looking at the flanks, the regulaiity of
t!io lespinition is noted, rapid and irregular heaving there betraying the
. distuiliauce of the important function of Ijreathing. In ruminants also,
the seeoiul mastication of the food is among the first of the vital pro-
cesses to become disturbed in disease. Wiien a cow or an ox "loses the
™d,'' as it is called l)y herdsmen, that is, ceases to ruminate without
apparent cause, there is sure to be a feeling of sickness about the animal
tlmli is tlius interfering witli one of its processes of digestion. No animal
ftin tliiivL' in this condition, it needs attention.

.ii;j

rii

CHAPTER n.

GESTATION, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS THEREOF.

FLURAL AND MULTIPLE GESTATION. TREATMENT DURINO GESTATION. BIRTH.

PROLONGED LABOR. LARGE FKESENTATIuN. UNNATURAL POSITIONS

OF TUB CALF. KLOOUINU. PRESENTATION OF AFTER-BIRTH. INVKH-

SION OF TUB WOHII. -LANGUID LABOR. lUltlTABILITr AND STKAlMXi.

— T£MPOKAKt PARALYSIS. ABORTION. ISOLATION.

Plural and Multiple Gestation.

Fleming, in his work on Veterinary Obstetrics, gives a lucid and accurate
account of single, plural, and multiple gestation in animals.

Among the domestic uniinals there are species which are naturally uni-
parous — produce only one at a birth ; and othei's which, in a iionnal or
physiological manner, bring forth two, three, or more, at a time, and are
therefore designated gemelliparom or multiparous gestation, being known
as double, triple, quadruple, &c.

It is seldom that twins are produced by the larger domesticated animals,
and particularly by the mare and ass, though instances are recorded of
these ; while in the cow, sheep, and goat, the occurrence of twins, triplets,
or even more young creatures at a birth, are not so scarce.

The causes of multiparity are not well ascex*tained. It may be due to
simultaneous ripening of two or more Graafian vesicles, which, rupturing :
at the same time, allow the escape of the ovules they contain, and which i
may become impregnated at a single coitus. Or a Graafian vesicle may
contain two or more ovules, as Brischoff has witnessed in women; and!
these arriving together in the uterus, may be fecundated at one time. Orj
it may even happen that the vitelline membrane contains two yolks, as j
sometimes occurs in the fowl's egg ; and as the vitelline mass is the essen-j

760

CATTLK, TIIRIR DISEASES.

761

IBEOr.

ATUKAL Pl)snHiN9

IJIRTH. • '^^■''■""

If AND STUAlNlX^i.

icid and accurate

lis.

re natuniUy uni-
in a uonniil or
a thue, and are
Bou, being known

■sticated animals,

arc recorded of

,f twins, triplets,

je.
^It may be due to

which, rupturing
»ntain, and ^vticN
^fian vesicle may
in women; wiil

Ori

atonetnne. ^M
^ins two yolks, a«
jmassistheessen'l

750

tiiil part of tho pjrn', it is evident that when this ooiitalns two of those
,„nsHC.;, they ought, if FecuiKhitcd, to produco two embryos.

hi the first ease, as 8aiiit Cyr points out, each fcetus has ordinarily all
its mim'xcs distinct and completely indei)eiident ; or it nmy be that the
twixliiirions are fused together, iu which eircunistanco the two f(i''i.e8
will then have a commou envelope. In the second hypotlutsis, this fusion
of tlic charions appears to be the rule, althougli the envelopes may also
he iiKJcpcndeiit ; and in the third case — that of the two vitelluses contained
ill tlie same vitelline membrane — not only the envelopes but also the
fn'tUHc.-t mav become united more or less closely and thus give rise to
doiihle monsters.

Finiiilv, it is also possible that two ovules may become detached from
till' ovarian cluster, though not simultaneously, but successively, and bo
fecuiidiiti'd, one after another, at two successive copulations within a
brief period. Oci-urronces of this kind are by no moaua rare, yet have
been wrongly adduced as instances of superfcetution.

What to Do During Oestation.

As a rule the cow should be dried about the sixth or s(!venth month
wlicn stock breeding is the object. When milk and not calves is the
object tlic flow may bo continued to within six weeks of calving.

(ha/iiig should always be allowed as much as possible, the exercise
iukI <ri'ass both being favoral)le to health}' gestation. In Winter the food
jiven should be mitritive, easy of digestion, cooling, and of such quality
a« lint to indtice either constipation or undue laxity. Water should be
e<|)eeially pure and i)lentiful, and not excessively cold ; in fact, all frozen
food is to he avoided. Cleanliness is essential. Harsh or cruel treat-
iiiont, running by dogs, all danger of fright nuist be avoided. Surgical
openitions and severe medication is to be avoided, especially di-astics.
Suitable diet is to be used as a regulator of the bowels ; powerful
mivotics, sedatives, and other strong physics, if they do not impair the
im may imperil the life of the foetus. The veterinary anomalies in
srestation are fully treated in Fleming's Avork on Veterinary Obstetric ,,
to which we are indebted for much valuable information.

Births.

As a rule in natural parturition there is nothing gained by undue haste.
The animal should have quiet and be left to itself so long as everything
i^sring on tolerablj' well. In the majorit}' of cases nature will assist
lierself to a safe delivery. A roomy stall, in Winter well warmed, should

■m

762

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

sMtt* i

be provided with rather thin but compact bedding. In Summer, or other
mild weather, let the cow be out-of-doors by all means ; in a small (tiujjjj
lot is best.

Prolonged Iiabor.

When the labor is prolonged from excessive size of the foetus, and
this is suspected beforehand, or if time do not press and tiiere Is no
special excitement in the cow, and there is delay in the descent of the
calf, oil the hand and arm and feel for the neck of the womb in the
vagina. If it be rigid carry extract of belladomia up the vairinii and
smear the neck of the womb for a few times. This should cause relax-
ation of the parts. If the time is passing carry a narrow-hladcd,
blunt-pointed knife in the hand in the vagina ; tind the mouth of the
womb with the forefinger, slip the knife along the linger until it enters
the neck of the Avomb about a quarter of an inch, and make a sliirht
cut in all four sides of the neck by turning the knife. A slight nickinfr
will suffice, since the mouth once loosened in its contraction, the neek
will give way, and the bag of water will accomplish the rest. Tiic utinust
care is needed in such work, however.

Large Presentation.

Sometimes the calf is so large that the muscular efforts of the cow
can not force the mass forward. In this case do not resort to stronj:
means until all others fail. Let a small-handed man introduce lioth
hands, well oiled, up the vagina, carefully working forward beside the
calf, gradually [)ressing apart the orifice ; pass closely to the calf with
the hands, and as the pains connnence, pull forward as strongly liy
pressure against the fa3tus. When a main effort is made pull foiwiird,
and at the same time slip the hands slowly back, and the calf will often
follow. Repeat this again and again as the pains are renewed. We
have never failed in but one case in so delivering the calf, and in thi>
case the calf had to be dissected in the body. This no person unskillctl
in surgery should attempt.

Unnatural Positions of the Calf.

These are various, and, except in the six cases we mention, and in the
order of their ficquei.cy, resort should be had to a veterinary surgeon.
The following manner of relief is endorsed by various reliable and well-
known authorities :

Uiuififuni! PosifinnH of the calf.— The natural position of the c:ill' ou

iier, or otlicr
smiiU grass

lio fa>tuis, and
d tlitM'e is no
sscent of the
wonil) ill Mip
;he vairiiiii and
i cause rolax-
liirrow-ldadod,
! mouth of the
until it putcvs
uiiike a sli<rht
sliirlit iiickiiiL'
L'tioii, the neck
St. The uliiiust

rts of the cow
osovt to :*troi!-r
intvoduee hoth
Ivuvd beside the
lO the ealf with
as strongly hy
pull forward,
calf will often
renewed. We
calf, and in thi^
bersou unskilled

Ition, and in the
Irinary surgeon.
[pliable and well-

of the cult' ott

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

753

its exit from the womb, is with its lietid and fore-fcct first, the head be-
tween the feet and the back ui)\vards. Six unnatural iJositions are
enumerated by writers, which denumd the assistance of the surgeon. We
(five them iu the order of their frequency, with the appropriate treatment
they require, '

pii'st — Position with tail first. Press tlie liannchcs back with the palm
of the hand, take hold of the bend of the hougli of one leg, pull at it and
reach the foot ; seize the other foot in the same manner, l)ring them forth
and deliver the l)()dy.

gccond — Position Avith fore-feet appearing without the head. Push the
feel hack until tlie head can l)e seized either by the jaw or nose, and pull
it down between the feet. No further aid '.vill be required, Tliis needs
along arm, and prompt action l)etwecn the pains.

Third — Position with belly upward, head over one shoulder, fore-legs
tir>t. Gently push the calf back between the pains, and bring the head
down between the legs.

Fourth — Fore-feet first, with head under the brisket. Push the calf
liaek, tind the head, and draw it down between the fore-feet.

Fifth — Head alone, or only one fore-foot Avith it. Push the calf back
and search for the fore-feet, or foot, under the belly ; when found, bring
foiwaid one at a tinic, by placing the hand under the knee and using
gentle pressure.

Sixth — B(dly upwards, the fore-legs folded and against the mother's
li;uk, the head, side or hind-leg appearing. If the hind-leg a[)pear, put
it liack ; seek for the head, and if possible turn the calf, to bring the
fiiie-feet and head to the mouth. When this fails, throw the cow, put
lier on her back, and with a rope and pulley, or two or three stout assist-
ants, raise hei- hind-quarters considerably higher than her shoulders. In
tills position the calf can be easily pushed back in the uterus, so that it can
lie tinned and brought to the natural position.

Many surgeons make it a rule to fasten th<^ j)art presenting with a cord
ami slip-knot before going in search of the \r,irt they desire to t)ring to
till mouth. The cord is held by an assistant, and serves as a guid(>.

The [)rineipal obstetric instrument in the cow is the hook. This is
made of wrought iron, four inches long, with a loop for the; cord at the
straight end. When by no other ni(>an.s the calf can be delivei'cd. or
when removing a dead fo'tus, this hook is fastened in the socket of an
w, under the jaw or in an ear, and by gentle and steady traction the
I'c^i^tance is overcome.

I'inally, the foetus may have to be taken out ])iece-meal, an operation
'vliieh n'r|nir?s considerable skill on the part of the operator, to avoid
^'oundinii the womb and vagina when he is dissectinj; the calf.

H'i

• - *i * L

754

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In all such operations certain general rules should be observed as
follows :

First — Thoroughly anoint the hand with lard, or oil, before introduc-
iug it into the vagina.

Second — Make the examinations while the cow is standing, and between
the pains.

Third — In pulling at the feet, enclose the claws in the hollow of the
palui, so that they will not tear the delicate coats of the womb.

Flooding.

Sometimes after a natural birth which has been rapid, and often after
an abortion which has been brought on by violence, there is a severe at-
tack of "flooding," or bleeding from the womb. It may escape from
the vagina, or it may be indicated by paleness of the mouth and nose
weak pulse, great weakness and coldness of the surface, and the womb
be found to be filled with clotted blood.

Treatment. — The hand should be introduced into the womb, the clots
and any remaining portion of the after-birth seized and extracted, and a
sponge dipped in hot vinegar and water, or very hot or very lold wattr
alone, be wrung out in the uterus. A full dose of fresli ergot of xyc, one
to two ounces, should be given without delay.

If tliesc measures fail, a piece of ice the si/e of a walnut .should lie car-
ried into the womb and left there ; or a tea-.sjKJonful of powdcictl alum
should be stirred in a tea-cupful of milk, and a sponge of this 1)0 :-(iue(>zed
out in the womb. Internally, Prof. Gangec recommends, for either the
mare or cow,

No. e

3 Oz. Compound tinctiirn of cinnamon,
6 Oz. Diluted sulplitiriu acid,

Mix and give two table-spoonfuls for a dose every one or two hours, in a
quart of water.

Retention of After-birth.

There are many causes leading to this. The most common of the'e
are hurried deliveries, adherence of the after-birth to the walls of the
womb, and poverty of the animal. Retention for two or even three days
under ordiiuiry circumstances is not especially serious. If left to putrifv.
fetid discharges will exhaust the animal. The blood is poisoned, and the
animal either dies or remains unhealthy for life. After forty-eisht hours,
if trouble still exists, the hand and arm well oiled should be introduced,

id often after
is a severe at-
■ escape from
utb and nose,
and the womb

•two hours, in i

CATTLE, THETU DISEASES.

75.5

;uid the after-birth carefully separated from the walls of the womb by
nickiu"' ^^ith the fingers and nails, and gradual but firm pulling. The
whole having been completely removed, syringe the vagina thoroughly
with the following :

No. 7.

1 Oz. Chloride of lime,
1 Qt. Soft water.

Give the following as a physic :

No. 8. 8 Oz. Epsom salts,

a Oz. Ginger pulverized,

>4- Oz. Caraway seed pulverized,

2. Drachms Copavia.

Give as a drench. If there is a tendency to bi'ieding, give tae following :

No. 9. 2. Oz. Ergot of rye, powdered.

Inversion of the Womb.

This occurs from long-continued and excessive straining, and there
haufs from the birtliplace a large red or violet colored bag. Clean the

TO PREVENT INVERSION OF THE VAGINA.

bag thoroughly by the free use of warm water. If it is much swnllon
ami enlarged, puncture slightly Avith the lance in several places to let out
engorged blood. When sufficiently reduced, stop the effusion with cold
wnter. Stand the cow so that her head will be permanently lowest in the
stall. Lot two assistants place a cloth nndcrnoath the bag and raise it
to the level of the vagina. The operator with his right hand well oiled,
48

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750

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

iiliif

PvS '

HSuB ^

BBInl i

af t^r oiling the surface of tiio bau;, places hia hand against the point ot
bow of the bag farthest fn ni the vagina, presses it steadily but gently
back and as far up the vagina as possible. With the left hand, also oiled
he now presses in the dependent portions in and up in a similar manner.
The assistants follow the retracting bag until it is restored. A Imll of
tow is introduced to keep it in place, and a harness (ac shown in the
foregoing cut), which includes a raised stall. In any event tlio l)<)\vels
should be restrained for a day or two by doses of laudanum. After
twenty-four hours, if the pains have ceased and the animal is (|uict, the
bail of tow may be removed, and later the harness. A simplilitatiou of
the harness will easily suggest itself to the operator.

Languid Labor.

If the presentation is all right and there is no obstruction, and the
mouth of the womb is dilated but the labor pains are infr qucnt and
weak, careful mechanical assistance shonLt be given with the hands as
heretofore stated, or try first full doses of ergot ( ' ryo., one to two
ounces. It is often inefficient in cows and must be given in large doses.

Irritability aud Straining.

If this is seen after birth, unless it subsides promptly, or if it sliow
itself l»y repeated spasms and convulsions, give the following in a ([uail
of warm milk: Chloroform and laudanum, each half an ounce. If the
muzzle is dr}* and the horns hot, showing tendency to fever, the following
will be better :

Ko. 10.

2 Oz. swppt spirits of nitre,

2 Oz. laudaiiuin,

4 Oz. Kulutiuii ot uuctatu uf ummonia.

This dose to be given in a quart of tepid milk eveiy hour until relieved.

Temporary Paralysis.

Cows are frequently paralyzed in their limbs before parturition. If
they tloes not regain the use of their limbs soon, or if tlioy improve
slowly, give the following:

No, 11.

2 Drai'.lims powdered mix vomica,
2 DrucbuiH Milpliute ol irun.

Give in a pint or two of gruel twice a day. Avoid all so-called cleans-
ing drinks ; they are generally injurious. When there is unusual debility

the following will be indicated :

point 01
t gently
so oiled,
manner.
^. ball of
wu in llie
le l)o\vels
11. After
(luiet, the
tication of

)n, and the
ijucnt and
lO liiuiels as
one to two
[;ir<::;c doses.

Ij. if it show
r in a (juart
m-c. If the
he following

bitil relieved.

Uurition. If
Ithov inipi'ovo

usual debility

767

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

No. 12. 1 Oz. powdered anise seed,

1 Oz. '* myrrh,

1 Oz. " ttllspice,

1 Oz. " cuiiimin seed.

To be stin-ed in a quart of warm gruel as a drench.
If constipation is strong and persistent give :

No. 13. ii Lb. sulphate of magnesia,

1 Oz. ground anise seed,
Oz. olive oil.

Give in a pint of gruel, and repeat daily if needed.

If tliere is strong relaxation with continued diarrhea, the following

will be indicated

No. 14.

2 Drachms powdered catechu,
1 Oz. " ginger,

30 Drops sulphuric acid,
1 Oz. luudanuni.

Give- in a quart of gruol, ale or weak whisky and water.

Or,

No. 15. 1 Oz. powdered ginger,

1 Oz. blciirbonate of soda,
1 Oz. hiuUitnum,
1 Oz. decoction of oak bark.

Give several times n day in gniel or alo. Half this dose suffices for six
moiitlis' calves, in similar conditions of the bowels.

Antiseptic washes for cleansing the vagina when the discharge is foul :

No. 16. 1 Quart clean wood tar,

2 Quarts boiling rainwater.
Stir, settle and pour off.

Another,

No. 17.

1 Lb. chloride of lime,

2 Gallons cool soft water.

Let it settle and pour off clear. A pint or two of either may be injec-
ted twice a day.

Abortion.

Abortion may be said to take place in cows when the fnetus is expelled
tliirty-fivc days before the normal period. It may occur from a variety

1 WT,

•r' M

T"rf

iiifii

:^%.J^M

'^^■■C',

758

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

of reasons, and is nmoh more conimou during the first half of the noniml
period tlian in the latter. It may be sporadic, that is, induced by iuci-
dental or local causes, as atmospherical iulluences, such as bad weather
and irregular seasons — severe suddenly sueceec^ing mild weather. Cold
storms, etc., arc especially to be guarded against. As extcriiai causes
access by the male, explorations in vagina, surgical operations, throwincr
the animal down, bleeding, and bad or improper food, are among the
most common of external causes. Excitement, fear, surprise, certjiin
odors, contagion, arc credited with playing an active i)art in this dis-
ability. Various diseases arc also active parties in this direction. \)'li(ii
cases occur simultaneously over wide extents of country and without
known causation, it may be enzootic or epizootic. Ravajjos of this kind are
not uncommon^ and have attracted the attention of veterinarians.

Milk Fever.

This fever occurs from the first to ti)e third day after calving; rarely later
than this time. Select breeds and good milkers seem specially liable to aUaeks
from this disorder.

The primary trouble in this disease is inflammation of the lining membranes
of the womb, extending sometimes to its substance and adjacent parts; and in
some cases involving the bowels themselves. Among its more remote etJects
are aft'eetions of the brain, congestion of the spinal cord, apoplexy, blood-
poisoning and death.

Causes. — Injury to the womb in calving; the retention of the aftcr-hirtli ;
exposure to chill and cold by sudden changes of temperature, poor nuinage-
ment, etc., may cause milk fever. At times a contagious character seems to at-
tach to the disease, and many cows of the same herd suffer. It is also regank'd
as quite certain that a cow having once imd the fever, will have it with her
next calf. Over-feeding as the time of calving approaches is also prominent
among the the supposed causes of tiie disease.

Antliorities dilfor somewhat as to whctiier " milk fever" is identical with
infianimation o!" the womb. Some think it is not identical ; others, that it is the
same disease in dilferent stigcs, or different degrees of violence.

Si/riiptoins, — The suspension of the milk secretions is one of the earliest in-
dications of this troid)Ie. The cow iiangs her head, neglects to feed, ceases to
chew the cud, moves her hind feet restlessly, staggers if she attempts to walk,
looks wild, falls and cannot rise, sways her head from side to side. In this
stage of disease the head is intensely hot. Power to see and to swallow is lost
early in the disease; paralysis of the hind-quarters sometimes occurs; if not
relieved, the breathing becomes hard and rapid; the pulse becomes faint and
quick ; and sometimes the animal dies in convulsions, or sinks slowly away in
stupor.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

769

ble to atUifks

Usually the bowels do not move, and the bladder ceases to act. The turn
of the disease for the better usually comes in thirty or forty hours, when the
animal becomes rational, is able to arise, and the secretions all begin to resume
their functions.

TrealineiU, — When trouble of this character is anticipated, preliminary treat-
ment is strougly recommended for about a WP'i' before calving. Tliis may
consist iu a purgative of

1 Lb. Epmnn Balta,
i Lb. table nalt,
J Oz. ground ginger,

Mixed with suitable quantity of cold water, and sweetened wjth molasses.

At this time the cow's food should be of the lightest kind also, avoiding
meal and grain. The cow should be carefully sheltered also. After calving,
if fever be anticipated, give twenty-five drops of tincture of aconite in water,
repeating the dose every six hours, till four doses have been given. This has
a very direct effect upon the heart and circulation generally.

If the disease has set in clearly, but exhaustion is not apparent, free-bleed-
ing is recommended by good authorities. When the pulse is weak and
thready, however, and when exhaustion is appan^it, bleeding is not called for,
hut a stimulant is required. Whisky may meet this case, or

1 Oz. cirbonate of aiuraonia,
1 Pint of water.

If the cow be unable to swallow, a ball may answer better. It should be
well oiled and pushed far back into the gullet. Active purges are always an
advantage, and injections of soap and warm water may be used frequently
wiien swallowing is impossible.

To relieve a heated head, cold water may be used. Carbonate of ammonia
given as a ball may relieve swelling of the bowels. When the attack comes
on, the following formula may be used as a laxative and sedative.

} Drachm calomel,
2 Oz. latulaniim,
1 Lb. castor oil.

Mix with hot water and molasses, and give in four doses at intervals of

four hours.

For the exhaustion following the more acute stages of the disease, the fol-
lowing is highly commended :

1 Oz. RpiritA of turpentine,
i Oz. carbonate of ammonia.

To be given in a quart of cold gruel.

lUi

■60

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Mammitis.

This disease Is known as caked -bag, or garget, and is sometimes erroneoiisly
called milk lever. It is a disease ot" rare oecurrenee in t!ie mare, but in com-
nionly met with in cattle and sheep.

Definition. — It consists in aente inflammation of the whole or part of tlio
mammary gland (udder).

Oiuscs. — These are numerous; sometimes it is the result of external injiirv'
such as blows of any description. Another common .source of this di(«easu is
the cruel practice of "over .stocking," which consists in the preparation of the
cow for show or market, by allowing her to go unmilked until the iiddor
becomes enormously distended with milk. This is done to give the gland a
fine appearance. Cows giving no milk, when being fattened for the butclior,
sometimes undergo a modified form of tiiis disease; this is caused by some of
tlie milk remaining in the gland and acting as an irritant.

Symptoms. — This disease seldom attacks the whole gland, but is usually con-
fined to one or two quarters. The affected parts become hot, hard, swollen,
tender, and red ; the milk is curdled and whey-like, and usually mi.xcd wi'li
blood. The constitutional symptoms depend upon the severity of the attack,
the disease being often ushered in with rigors (trembling), followed by iiicroascd
heat of the skin ; the bowels are usually costive, but are sometimes nmiatiivallv
loose. The muzzle more or less dry, appetite slightly impaired, pulse quickened,
together with general fever.

Tri'dtment, — The first thing is to determine the cause, which must be at once
removed. If the bowels are costive, a brisk purgative must be given — such as
one pound common salt mixed with one pound Epsom .salts and half an ounce
of ginger — the whole stirred in a quart of boiling water and given as a drench
when cool — for sheep, about one-third of the above will suHice — for marcs,
about eight drachms of aloes with a drachm of ginger must be substituted for
the .salt, etc. After the purgative has done o|)erating, diuretics in the sha|)e of
salt-petre, may be given night and morning, for about three days — do.se, cattle,
two drachms ; mare, one drachm ; sheep, half a drachm, in say a pint of water.

The local treatment, which is of great importance, consists in fomenting the
part thoroughly with warm water, for half an hour at a time, three times a
day, drying and hand-rubbing ; after which, the parts may be smeared with
olive oil, or goose grea.se. Poultices of various descriptions are also advanta-
geously applied to the part, and may be made of spent hops, marsli-n)allows, or
some such substance, bearing in mind that the heat and moisture must be kept
u|), for the poultice to be effectual.

The animal must be fed upon food which is not calculated to produce milk,
such as bran-mash, and the like. The milk must be frequently removed for a
week or ten days. In serious cases, the nearest veterinarian should at ouce be
consulted, as individual cases differ so much.

«».

•onconsly
it 16 corn-
art of tl>e

liil iiijuryi
disease is
,ioii of the
tl)c lulder
lie gliunl a
ic butelu'i',
l)y some of

isiially poii-
rJ, swollen,
niixcd wi'h
; the attack,
by increased
uniialiivally
iC quichciu'd,

ist be at once
ven — such as
udf an ounce
\\ as a drench
for marcs,
,d)stituted for
the shape of
•dose, cattle,
[)int of water,
[oiuenlint; llie
hree times a
nieared with
lalso advanta-
li-mallows, or
must be kept

iiroducc niilk,

|-enioved for a

kid at ouee be

CHAPTER III.

INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES.

PNEUMONIA

—HISTORY ITS MvVLIONANT CONTAGIOUSNESS. DEFINITION

now THE INFECTION ENTEItS THE SYSTEM. HOW I.ONO IS A DISEASBD AN-
IMAL INFECTIOUS. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO PO. TEXAS FEVER.

-now TO KNOW IT. BLOODY MURRAIN.

-I'ltKVENTIVES. WHAT TO DO."

-ITS MALIGNANT CHARACTER.
FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASB. CON-

TAGIOUS PLEURA -

-MILK FEVER.

Infectioua, Contagious and Epidemic Diseases.

Among the most terrible of the diseases ever imported into the United
States is ph'uro pneumonia conf(t(/iosa known .scit'iitifieally by u large
miml)er of names, but now generally designated as Bovine Pneumonia
Plairuc, and the Lung Plague in cattle ; 'J'exas Fever, known also as
Spanish Fever and 'J'exas Cattle Disease, and scientifically as Splenic
Fever; Bloody Murrain, also known as "Black Quarter" (Quatran) and
"Quarter Ail," is known among veterinarians by its French name
(7/(?/7w?(, and ahso as Contagious Anthrax. Thus these will be all that
it will be necessary to treat at considerable length as among contagious
diseases.

Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia.

This disease which has lately excited so mu^h attention in the United
States from its violent outbreak in the Atlantic States, and the well
jrounded fear that for the lack of national legislation it might overrun
the whole country, is the most malignant with which the farmers of the
country have had to deal. Once fairly established in the West there

761

:ll \if

lltl

^^i

762

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

will bo no possible mcuiis of emdicating it. It will remain a fixture
forever.

History.

This disease has been known in Europe and Asia from the remotest
civilization, and has been treated since the first gathering togotlier of
cattle in large herds. Aristotle, evidently writing of this disease tlut'c
hundred years before Christ, describes the symptoms accuratelv, iims-
nmch as ho says: "The cattle which live in herds are subject to a
malady during which the l)reathing becomes hot and frequent ; the ears
droop and they cannot eat. They die rapidly, and the lungs are found
spoiled." Greek and Itoman writers also describe what appears to ho
the same disease, and Valentine particularizes a fatal lung plague Avhich
evidently corresponds to this malignant and terrible scourge.

Its Malignant Contagiousness.

Unfortunately veterinary science has never yet discovered a remedy.
Its attack is so insidious, and often occupies so long a time in the stajfe
of incubation, that a whole herd may be infected almost before it is
known. As in the case of all (jerman plagues, nothing is known of its
origin ; but just as soon as it is apparent that a case is being well devel-
oped, the only safe plan is prompt killing, deep burying of the carcass,
skin and all, and the free use of quick-lime (a barrel to the carcass)
before being covered up.

Definition.

This disease is defined as follows :

A specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a
long period of incubation (ten days to three months) b}^ a slow insidious
onset, by a low type of fever, and by the occurrence of infiamniation in
the air-passages, lungs and their coverings, with an extensive exudation
into the lungs and pleural.

That the infection is carried by the animals wherever they go is certain.
That it is carried in the air to a very considerably extent seems altogether
probable. That it is carried by inoculation is well demonstrated ; and
also by contact of diseased portions of an animal with the membranes of
a well one, is as certain as that the contagion is carried by attendants on
sick animals and is proved almost beyond controversy. That the conta-
gion will hold in stables for months even after being thoroughly cleaned
and washed with disinfectant liquids, is proved just as clearly as that it

'fill.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

7G.T

may be carried by tbo inmiy. That it uuiy bo taken in pastures antl with
fodder is toa well authenticated to leave room for doubt.

Vitality of the ViPUB.

Thoro is much difference of opinion with rep^ard to the power of the
virus to resist ordinary destructive inilucnces. In many cases the free
expofiure of an infected place for three or four months to the action of
the iiir lias puriticd it so tliut fresh stock have been introduced with
impunity. On the other hand, instances can bo adduced in which cattle
have boon infected by being placed in stables in which cattle had not
been kept at least four montlis previously\ Other things being ocpial, it
will he preserved longest where it has been dried up and covered from
the free access of the air. Thus in very dry and close buildings, in those
having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-tilled cracks in the masonry, and
ill those with a dosed space beneath a wooden floor, it clings with the
greatest tenacity. Again, when the buildings contain piles of luml)er,
litter, hay, fodder, or clothing, the virus is covered up, secn^ted and
preserved for a much longer time than if left quite empty. In these
hist it is preserved just as it is in woolen or other textile fai)rics, and
carried from place to place by human beings.

As carried through the air, the distance at which the virus retains its
infecting properties vai'ics nmch Avith varying conditions. The author
has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy one by not more than
tiftecn vards and a moderately close board fenc^e of seven feet high, and
ill the absence of all inter-communication of attendants, the ox[)ospd
hold kept perfectly sound for six months in succession. On the other
hiuul, infection will sometimes take place at a nmch greater distance
without any known means of conveyance on solid olijects. Roll (piotos
50 to 100 fi'ot, while others claim to have seen infection at a disiaiice of
200 and 300 feet. But it may well be questioned whether in such cases
the virus hud not been dried up on light objects, like feathers, ])aper,
straw, or hay, which could be borne on the wind. This, from being in
thicker layers, would escape the destruction that would have befallen it
had it been carried in the air only as invisible particles.

How the Infection Enters the System. .

The seat of the disease, its progress, and the result of all attempts at
inoculation, favor the presumption that the virus is usually taken in with
the air breathed. Not only are the lesions concentrated in the lungs,
but they begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air-tubes and
•urroundiug connective tissues.

704

ILLl'STRATKl) HTOCK IJOCTOR.

The exudation into the intcrloltiiliir tinsiu', the congestion of tlic lun(r
ti:iHU(.' it8clf, and the imijlication of tho hnig covering, are Hct'ondMiy pho.
nonieiiH. In other words, the disease begins wliero tlie inspiicd air must
lodge (lie germs. Tlnis the inoculation of tlie virident lung luodiicts on
distaiit parts of tlie body of a sound beast rarely determines the <liiiiii(tor-
istic lesions in the lungs, in lieu of which it induces in the seat of incx uhition
un exudation less abundant, as might be expected from tho greater (Iciisjlv
and resistance of the integument, but which can, like tho morbid luni'
products, be inoculated on sound animals with protective effect. It sci'ins
prol)abl(? that the poison is niulti[)lied in both cases, but that tlie spocjnl
h)ose and sus( eptil)le texture of tht renders its production iiiconipar-

ably more abundant, as tho continu>,u.-. ingress and egress of air tliroii'fh
the diseased organ renders it immeasurably more infe(^tiiig.

How Long a Diseased Animal is Infectious.

Proof is wanting as to the infectious nature of the disease duriii<' the
incubative stage. If negative evidence were of any value! in a case like
this, it would be easy tt) adduce cases in which the removal of un animal
as soon as it showed s^'inptonis of the jdague had appnrciitly saved the
rest of Ili(! herd. In other cas(>s, the malady has been eradicated fnmi a
lierd by careful "watching, and the i)romi)t removal of every aiiiiniil as
soon as sickness appeared. Tho period of greatest virulence is that iit
which Hie fever runs highest and when the lung is being loaded with the
morbid exudation.

Hut it must not 1)0 inferred t' ith tho subsidence of tho fevcv tlic

danger is removed.. It is a mat' every day observation that animals

which have passed through the fever, that arc now thriving well, or fiiviii;'
a free supiily of milk, and to ordinary ol)servers would appear in pcifirt
health, retain the jjower of transmitting the disease to others. This may
continue for three, six, nine, twelve, or, according to some, even tiftocn
months after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. This is eiisily
explained. Tho tendency of the disease is to interrupt the ciirulation in
tho most severely affected parts of tho lungs ; tho exudation around this
becomes developed into a tough fibrous envelope, which closes off the
, dead mass from tho adjacent lung and from all communication whh tlie
external air. Tho dead and imjirisoned mass now undergoes a process of
breaking down, litiuefiiction, and absorption, commencing at tlio surfiuc.
and slowly advancing towards the centre. The encysted jiortion of tlie
dead lung is one mass of infecting material, and as it undergoes no rliiiMe ,
except that of liquefaction, and exhales at no time any putrid odor, itroj
mains infectious so long as it retains tho solid form. At the outset more]
than half a lung may be thus encysted, and five or six months after alleged ■

t I

rm 'Hftf

CATTLK, TilEIU DIlSKAHKfl.

7G5

rocovcrv wc still find massoiJ of from one to two pounds woi<jlit wiiitiiij^
fortlu' slow procosH of Holiitioii. Wlionovor there iiro indiciitions of the
exiHteiiL't' of suc;li (nu'jslcd masses, tliu animiil should Ix; looked on as ui-
fei'tioiis, and disposed of as summarily as if In (he aeute stajres of ihe
(rhcii-if. Mr. Law <fives the following rules when Ihe discasf is suspected :
1. Ucinove all litter, manure, r»'ed and foddei' from the sialiles ; scrapo
the walls and lloor — wasii them if nceessury ; romovo all rotten wood.

i. Take chloride of lime one-lmlf lb., crude csirholie acid, l o/s., and
WiittT, 1 iral ; add freshly-Imrned (luick-lime till (hick enouLdi to make a
tronil whitewash ; whitewash with this the walls, roof, floors, posts, man-
(rpis, drains and other fixtures in the cow stahles.

i. Wash so us to thorou<j;hIy cleanse all pails, l)uckets, stools, forks,
sliDveN, brooms and other movable articles us»!d in the; buildings ; then
wet llicin all over with a solution of carbolic acid l-'J lb., water 1 jral.

4, When the empty buildin<if has been cleansed and disinfected as
iilidvo, close the doors and windows, place in the center of tlu^ buildinir a
iiu'lallic dish holdinij 1 lb. flowers of sulphur ; set fire to this and let the
cmv-shi'J stand closed mitil filled with the fumes for at least two hours.
Till' iiltDve should suliicefor a close stable capable of h()l(lin<; twelv*^ cows.
F(ir liirjrer, or very open buildinj^s, more will be reipnred.

;'). Tlu) manm-e from a stable where sick cattle have been kept, must
\)^^ tiuiu'd over and mixed "with <iuicklime, two bushels to <'V(>ry load ;
tlu'ii hauled by horses lo fields to which no cattle have access, and at
(imr pktwed under by horses.

ll. The pits, where the uianure has been, must be cleansed and washed
viththc disinfectant fluid ordered for the bmldinj;.

i. The survix MLi' herd should be shut ui) in a close buildinj; for half
iiiihoiir, once (. iwico a (Liy, and made to breathe the fumes of burning
Mil|iliiii'. Close iloors and windows, place a piece of paper on a ch^an
sliiivi'l, liiy a few pinches of flowci-s of sulphur upon it, and set it on fire ;
luliliiig more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it
witlimit couirhing. Continue for a nioiith.

H. (iivc two drachms powdered cop[)eras (green vitriol) daily to each
'will meal or grains; or, divide 1 lb. copperas into 50 powders, and
i;ivi' Olio daily to each adult animal.

■'. l)i) not use for the surviving cattle any feed, fodder or litter that
lias liicn ill the same stables with the sick. They may safely be used for
j liiiiM ^ uud sheep.

Wliat to Do.

There is only one remedy — entire isolation of the herd infected. The
[pi'ompt killing and slashing of the hides of diseased animals, deep burial,

>. ■ H

766

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and covering the bodies with quick-lime. It may be stamped out only
by the free use of the poll-uxc, and the thorough disinfection bv the
most severe means of the premises, utensils and attendants. It is one
of those cases where heroic treatment is of supreme value.

How to Know It.

I')

The symptom most easily known in the early stage is an increased tem-
perature of the body. If a clinical thermometer be introduced into the
rectum of a beast in an infected district, and an abnormal heat is ascer-
tained, it is safe to suspect the disease ; therefore send for a veterinarian
at once. Next a slight cough will show itself ; the hair will bo erected
along the back ; there may be shivering and always teudcnioss of tlie
back when pinched ; the breathing and pulse is accelerated ; the bowels
are costive, rumination is irregular. The urine is scanty and high ccl-
ered, the appetite fails, the milk-flow is diminished, the nose will I)e alter-
nately moist and dry. The horns and other extremities Avill be altcrnatelv
hot and cold. In the field, the sick animals will sepai'ate from the herd.
All the symptoms become more and more apparent until the animal
remains in a fixed posture, the head rigidly extended, the mouth open, at
every inspiration a moan, until at length the animal succumbs, a loath-
some and noxious mass of contagion.

What to Do.

A resort to remedies should not be had unless the animals are taken
earh' in hand, and can be isolated in a building far from any herd. It
will not pay except in the case of thorough-bred or otherwise valuable
stock. This is especially the case in the West, if that section should lie
unfortunate enough to import the disease. Prof, Gamgcc, who made an
elaborate report for the Government in 1871, strongly and wisely coii-
dennis purgatives and bleeding, but believes the disease may be checkKl,
if taken in time, by isolating the whole herd, and depending on active
interiud astringents. He advises daily doses of sulphate of iron, one-lwlf
to one drachm to the bullock, mixed with an equal weight of linseed and
coriander seeds, given in bran to disguise it ; this he has found to miti-
gate the cough, followed hy the disappearance of the disease.

In the second stage of the disease, he advises light but nutritious food,
copious warm water injections, and the following stimulant:

No. 20.

K Oz carbonate of ammonin,
1 Qt. linseed oil.

ed out only
:tiou by the
s. It is one

ncveascd tem-
iuced into the

heut is aseer-

a veterinarian
vill be erected
derncss of tlic
id ; tlie howeU

,and high col-
se will be alt ev-
il be alternately

from the herd.
ntil the aniuv.il

nu)\ith open, at
^cuiubs, aloath-

nimals arc taken
in liny herd. It
Iherwisc valualile
[eetioa should bo
;eo, who made an
and wisely eon-
may be checked,
len«iin^ on active
of iron, one-lwW
ht of linseed and
[vs found to miti-
.-iease.
[t nutritious food,

lant :

CATTLE, THEin DISEASES.

767

Mix, and give this dose two or three times a day. When only one
lull" is involved, recovery occasionally takes place ; when both ai'c in-
v(jlved, there is little or no hope. For cough and debility during con-
valescence, he advises the following tonic :

No. 21.

}i Oz. oxide of magneRia,
« Oz. iron filings, fine,
}.H Oz. tincture of gentian,
1 Pt. water.
To be given daily.

Another prescription is recommended-

No. "-3.

1 Drachm carbolic acid,

1 Pint water

To bo given as a dose three times a day.

The reader will see, upon a careful study of the foregoing, that but
nne i)rescription — killing — is the only safe plan.

Texas Fever.

This disease, now called Splenic Fever, resembles in some of its phases
the tcrrilile Rinderpest of Asiatic Russia, but it is far less malignant and
bs contagious. It also disappears with tlic tirst frost, being effectually
stiiniped out during the Winter, not to be again seen until again reintro-
diKcd by the passage of Texas cattle. So again it is not given by our
NiMthern cattle to other beasts. The disease has its home on the coast
iif Texas, but how it originated is not clearly known. After death the
spleen is found greatly enlarged and softened, the kidneys broken, dung
and the blood fluid.

How to Enow It.

The period of incubation extends over four or five weeks after the poi-
snii has been introduced. The fever will at fii'st be moderate, the tcm-
lUTature as shown by a clinical thermometer, introduced into the rectum,
nill l)e 1(13 to 107 degrees. Then follows dullness, cough, trembling,
j 'iking of the muscles, drooping of the head, arching of the back. The
Uiisare hot, rumination ceases, 'uid the appetite not good. The eyes
lireonie ghissy and watery, the urine deep red or black from the blood
inntained ; the dung is hard and coated with blood ; the mouth and rec-
tum will be a dark red or copper color ; and the animal dies in a stupor
or convulsions.

fianigee always found present in the examination of nearly 5,000
aiiinials that the fourth stomach was distinctly inflaniod and the spleen

'li

WfflHIi

768

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

always enlarged and of a purplish color — on cutting the pulp ooziiiff out
soft like currant jelly. Hence the name, "Splenic Fever."

What to Do.

Put the animal in a roomy stable with good ventilation, and give soft
food. As an internal remedy give

No. 23. Ji Oz. chlorate of potash,

1 Uz. tincture of chloride of iron,
1 Quart wuter.
Mix und glvo us a dose to to be followed two or three times a day.

The most dangerous s^'mptoms being passed, give plentiful food and
the following tonic.

•,-¥

No. 24. H Oz. sulphate of iron,

1 Oz. tincture of ginger,
1 Qt. wuter.
This amount twice dally.

Professor Gamgee does not regard medical treatment as being liopoful.
In addition he advises that tlie limbs be well rubbed, and the bowels
moved by injections. During the fir.st two or thi'ee days he reconiinciids
ounce doses of laudanum, and later as a stimulant the following:

No. 24. >i Oz. cHlphuric ether,

4 Oz. of acetate of ammonia.

Give in a quart of linseed tea three times a day.

Bloody Murrain.

Contagious Anthrax, known also as charbon, black leg, l;laik quarter,
black tongue — is so called because the parts attacked turn lilack,
owing to decomposition of the blood. It arises undoubtedly from (.'oii-
tagion, eating bad food, pasturing on swamp lands in summer, drinking
stagnant water, etc. Whatever the poison, certain it is it has wondorfiil
tenacity of life ; evevy part of the animal will carry it, even the excre-
ment. Flics will carry it, a yoke worn by a di.scased ox retains it. Even
alcohf)l is said not be able to kill the poison. Fortunately it raroly occurs
in its truly malignant form. There are many types of the di.xoase
attacking particular parts. In ihe tongue it is known as black tongue, or
blain ; in the throat as putrid sore throat. When it attacks the bowels
it is called bloody nmrraiu.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

Its Malignant Character.

769

In this disease it must be rcnicnibered that in its malignant form it
attacks not only cuttle and horses, but all the herbivora, swine and birds.
It is coniniunieable to other and different animals by inoculation, showing
itsolf in different fo;'nis, but all characterized by the breaking down of
the blood globules, rupture of tissues and letting out lilood and albuniin-
niis fluids, with gangrene, ycUov. or brown mucous membrane, enlargement
mid sonictiines rupture of the sp'een, and a very high death rate. Immense
numbers of human beings have died first and last from eating the flesh
of diseased animals. This is especially the case among the Tartars, who
do not refrain from eating even the flesh of anthrax horses. As many
as a thousand persons are recorded as having died in six weeks in San
Domingo from eating the flesh of such diseased animals. Mosquitoes,
and other biting insects are su])posed to cause breaking out of the malig-
nant pustule in man, from the fact of its always arising on exposed
portions of the body. In relation to the various manifestations of the
maliiriuuit anthrax Professor Law says :

"Malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling
or without such appearances. To the first class belong the carbuncular,
ervsipehis, of sheep and swiiic, malignant sore throat of hogs, gloss-
antliiax or black tongue, black <]uarter or bloody nmrrain, the boiled
plajruo of Siberia, apd the malignant pustule of man. To the second
liplonsr all those forms of disease in which there are the specific changes
in blood, with engorgement of the si)leen, blood-staining, and exudations
into internal organs only.

Preventives.

Upon the first intimation of the disease the well animals of the herd
sliould ho removed to clean, new pasture, where there is pure water.
Avoid all bleeding, purging, and lowering medicines. The animals must
lie kopt up. So all local applications to the swellings seem useless. A
scton, composed of a yard of broad coarse tape, inserted in the dewlap
liirmd every day and smeared with irritating ointment might prove ben-*
otirial, This should remain in from four to six weeks.

iouatt and others advise the followinjj:

No. 23.

2 to 4 llrui'liras clilorido of liiue,

1 Oz. prcpnre<l cliiilk,

2 DriU'hmt liuid-iiniin.

Mix u'lul >,'ivo ill tt pint of wiinn gruel every two or three hours.

Keccnt French authors, in treating the malignant form of the disease,

•«i '

.» „.!l

iH ^ih,

770

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

rccoiunicnd quinine, one or two draohnis, repeated everv two or three
hours in severe cases. Also liypodcrnuc injections of a solution of iodine
as follows :

No. 26.

2 Grains iodine,

5 Grains iuiiidu of potassiuoi,

1 Oz. water.

Use a syringeful ever}' hour in severe cases. In extreme ones, it is ad-
vised that this be throwi . directly into the veins ; also that the streiifrth be
kept up by stimulants , among those recommended most strongly is car-
bonate of ammonia.

Blain.

When bloody murrain attacks the tongue it is called blain. In the ease
of blain it is recommended to open the pustule freely from end to end,
with a sharp lancet, before the poison has been absorbed. Treat the
same surface freely with the following :

No. 27.

20 Grains chloride of lime,
1 Oz. water.

Mop the parts frecl}'.

Sulphuric or nitric acid, nitrate of mercnrv, lunar caustic, and other
strong caustics, arc equally good. When it may be accomplished, 1)urn-
hig with a hot iron is advised.

Foot and Mouth Disease.

One other contagious disease '.vill be necessary to be treated of iicre,
as beginning to be of common occurrence, having prevailed more or less
since its introduction into the United States in 1<S()!I. This is epizootic
uptha, generally known as foot and mouth disease. Although a coutagiou'
febrile disease occurring in cattle and sheep, and com!nunical)lc l)y trans-
mission to swine and even man, it is fortunately rarely fatal, and is
characterized in animals by an crui)tion of small blisters in the mouth,
and between the clefts of the hoofs, and along the upper margin of the
coronet. It is a specific poison of obscure origin, remaining in the fivstem
from one to four days before producing its characteristic symptoms.

How to Know It.

There is an increase of temperature in the body, followed by an erup-
tion of small blisters, of the size of a dime, situated on the tongue, the
roof of the mouth, inside the lips, and occasionally on the udder. The

wo or three
ion of iodine

ones, it is ad-
le strcnfrtli ^c
:rongly is car-

1. In the case
m end to end,
jd. Treat the

^stio, and other
plishcd, l)urn-

treated of hove,
;cl more or less
This is epizootic
urjb !i contagiouj
n'ctiUlo l)y trans-
ly fatal, and is
•s in the mouth,
>r margin of tlie
ing in the system
symptoms.

lowed by an crup-
.. the tongue, the
the udder. The

CATTLE, THEin DISEASES. 771"

hiisters in the cleft of the lioofs and around the coronet and heels, are
identical with the others, but smaller.

\yUci\ the disease is mild, it is easily cured by daily applications of a portion
(if the following, applying by means of a swab or sponge :

2 Oz. powdered golden se.il, 1 Oz. tincture of niatico, 4 Oz. honey.

When the disease is violent and of long standing, it is apt to extend through
the whole coarse of the alimentary canal. The method of cure, in this event,
is by tonics and astringents. The remedies are tincture of matico, golden seal,
and sulphur, in the following proportions :

4 drachms tincture of matico,
2 drachms sidpiiur,

2 drachms powdered golden seal.
1 pint water.

Tiie patient's diet should consist of oatmeal gruel, slightly alkalized with
hyposulphite of soda.

Malignant Catarrh.

Caused by feeding in damp, cold situa-
tions, and feeding on marshes in peculiar
seasons. Low, wet river bottoms are
most suliject to give it to stock. The dis-
ease somewhat resembles the Russian cat-
tle plague, but is not usually contagious.
Professor James Law gives symptoms and
■ treatment as follows :

A slisiht (liarrhciea may be followed by
co«tive:.css, the dung being black, firm
ami scanty. The hair is rough and erect ;
shivering ensues ; the head is depressed ;
the roots of the horns and forehead hot ;
eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity

Ml the interior and intolerance of light ; muzzle dry and hot; mouth hot with
much saliva ; the membranes, month, nose and vagina bluish-red; pulse rapid;
impulse of the heart weak ; breathing hurried ; cough ; urine scanty and high
I iloreil, ami surface of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours
;illthe synitoins are aggravated ; the nose discharges a slimy fluid ; forehead is
warmer and duller on percussion ; the mouth covered with dark red Idotches,
iroin whifh the cuticle soon peels off, leaving raw sores; appetite is completely
l'Bt;dnng and urine passed with much pain and straining, and there is gener-
ally stiffness and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sixth day
"leers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place l)onoath the
J3«'8, chest and abdomen, and on the legs the skin may even slough off
49

MALIGNANT CATARRH— SLOUOniNO

l.^ii

i .W|i

772

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

in patches ; a foetid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking Uiarrhoea
succeeds the costiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the
tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation.
The treatment is to clean the bowels with the following :

No. 28.

1 Pint olive oil,
1 Oz. Iiiudauum.
Mix.

In eight or ten hours, if it do not operate, give another. Follow this
with diuretics, sweet spirits of nitre in half-ounce doses, and also with
antiseptics, potassa chlorate, in doses of one-quarter drachm. Wet cloths
should be kept on the head ; the mouth and nose sponged with quite a
weak solution of carbolic acid. Give as food only soft mashes.

Isolation of Infected Cattle.

When abortion is about to occur in a stable, at the very first symptom
the animal should be entirely separated from the others, and tlic stall
thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid. In relation to measures pre-
ventive and remedial, these will be found in the list of properly labeled
drugs to be kept for that purpose ; they may be referred to at will. Iso-
lation, however, is of absolute importance, lest the cause extend to other
or perhaps all the cows in the stable. Ergot or other fungus spores in
the food may be the cause. All possible causes should be carefully ex-
amined and remedied. A thorough cleansing of the stables should be
made, and disinfectants and fumigants used. The following in the foim
of powder is good as a disinfectant in any case.

No. 18.

1 Bushel air-slacked Ume,
1 Pound copperas,
}i Pound carbolic acid.
Mix.

A liquid form ;
No. 10.

1 H Pounds chloride of aluminum,
1 Oallon water.

Disaolve. This is not poisonous.

CHAPTER IV.

MEDICINES AND INSTBUMENTS-WHAT TO KEEP.

:8t symptom
ana the stall
;icasurcs \m-
,ncrly labeled
at will- Iso-
xteud to other
rtgus spores in
j^caref uUy ex-
Ij^es should be
(ig in the fovm

I. DI88BCTION. II. ACTION OF MRDICINE8. III. MEDU'IVES TO BE KEPT, AND DOSES.

IV. SIMPLE AND VALUABLE HKCIPES. V. FOKMS OP CLYSTERa VI. INFUSIONS.

VII. ANTI-SPASMODIC4. VUI. FOMENTATIONS. IX. MUCILAGES. X. WASHES.

XI. POULTICES. XII. FUMIGATIONS. XIII. TINCTURE FOR WOUNDS.

I. Dissection.

In the dissection of cattle the axe and meat saw, and butcher's knife
must be largely depended on, in the hands of farmers, since all that is
necessary is to get at the diseased parts to note their appearance and the
■soiitof the disease, the symptoms having been previously carefully noted.
This matter has been treated of in diseases of the horse, chapter XIX.,
article Dissection, to which the reader is referred.

n. Action of Medicines.

The action of medicines, doses for horse, ox, sheep and swine is also
treiited of in chapter XIX., of the horse, together with much other val-
Uiilile mutter applicable to animals generally.

III. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses.

It will not be necessary to keep more than a small stock of the medi-
cines in niost common use, or such as may be required in an cmernfency.
Tho-^o adapted to the horse, will, as a rule be also adapted to other stock.
In chapter XIX. a pretty full list will be found, with the appropriate
tloses for cattle, sheep and swine, as well as the horse ; also the proper
proportionate dose for animals of various ages up to the adult. It will
not be necessary to repeat them here.

773

«?■' ; ■?, "1

1 1

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

For tlic purpose of enivl)ling our readers to become familiar with the
hony structure of cattle we give an illustration of the skeleton of the ox
with the correct names of the various parts as known in veterinary sci-
ence. It will be found valuable for reference, not only to the student in
veterinary art, but also to every oue who proposes to keep and breed
cattle.

SKELETON OP THE OX.

Explanation of Cut. — A — Cervical Vertebrae. B B — Dorsal Vcrtcl)i;io.
C — Lumbar Vertebrae. D — Sacrum. E E — Coney gcal Bones. FF
— Ribs. G — Costal Cartilagcr,. // — Scapula. / — Humerus. K A—
Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Seniihniar.
3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. G — Os ^lagnuin. '—
Unccifonn. 8 — Pisiform. XX — Large Met^icarpcl or Cannon. 0—
SniJiU Metecarpel. PP — Sesamoid Bones. Q Q — Phalanges. 1— 0>
Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2 — Os Coronae. 3 — Os Pedis. 7?— Pchis.
1— Illium. 2— Pubis. 3— Ischium. /S— Femur. T— Pntolla. U-
Tibia. r— Fibula. IF— Hocks. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostrngulus. 3-
Cuneifonn Magnum. 4 — Cuneiform Median. 5 — Cuneiform Parvuin.
(!— Cuboid. A'— Large Metatarsal. 1, 2, 3— Phalanges. T— Small
Metatarsal. Z — Head. 1 — Inferior Maxilla. 2 — Superior Maxillii. 3-
Anterior Maxilla. 4 — Nasal Bone. 5— Molar. 6— Frontal. 7— Parietal.
8 — Occipital. 9 — Lachrymal. 10 — Squamous. 11 — Petrous.

7W\

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

776

Iij conipai'iiig the skeleton of the ox M'itli that of the horse, we can
readily pcrcieive the difference in the length of the limb and neck pos-
bossed by the latter. Speed seems to have been an object at the creation,
mid as the body was elevated the neck needed proportionate length in
order to feed. The body of the horse corresponds to u square, while
that of the ox to a long rectangle. The limbs of the ox are straighter than
those of the horse, much less speed being demanded. The ribs of the
former are both longer and larger than those of the latter, greater pro-
tection with sluggardness of movement being required. In the head of
tiie ox we find the two plates or tables noticed in the horse ; in the latter,
however, they lie close together, while in the former, as in all horned
aiiiHials, there is considerable space between them. This diversity creates
a number of cells, having bonj-^ ridges passing from the inner to the outer
plate, which secures the firmness of the parts. These cells form roomy
and strong sockets for the horns. The cavity containing the brain of the
ox Is about one-fourth the size of the other parts of the skull ; the organs
of mastication and those of smell taking up the remaining portions. In
oattle the frontal bones extend from the nose to the superior ridge of the
-kull, presenting a flat, irregular surface, totally bare of any muscular or
tleshy covering. The weapon of defense and offense employed by cattle
is the horn and nature has securely based it and rendered it effective by
this expanse of the frontal bone. There is the same division in the
center of the frontal sinuses as in the horse, but the perfection of divis-
ion between the nostrils is wanting. Conuncncing about half wa}' up the
nose, tlie septum is wanting at the lower part, and the two nostrils are,
as it were, thrown into one ; the frontal sinuses connect with the nasal,
thus forming a continuous cavity from the muzzle to the horn, and from
one muzzle to the other. In polled cattle the frontal bone holds the
same situation — reaching from the nasal bones to the parietal ridge — l)ut
as they were not designed for the base of horns, they narrow off towards
the poll. The temporal bones in cattle are small, deep in the temporal
foN^a and destitute of the squamous structure. The occipital bone is,
ill the ox, deprived of almost all the importance attached to it in the
coi.formation of the horse. The sphemoid and ithmoid bones are in tho
same relative position.

IV. Simple and Valuable Medical Recipes for Cattle.

Dr. G. H, Dadd, M.D., VS., a medical practitioner of repute, and
celebrated as a veterinary surgeon, up to the time of his death, some
fifteen years ago, attributed much of his success to not being bound by
any ri<rid rules of practice. Thus he, while having been bred under the
Allopathic system of medicine, used largely of botanical agents, as in

»!;

«'l

'ii

■ I-, ;ti

r If!

776

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

fact do all our best physicians now, more largely than formerl}'. In the
appendix to his work on the diseases of cattle he gives a series of recipes
under appropriate headings, which we reproduce in a somewhat diifcrent
and condensed form, as being at the same time simple and efficacious.
In his observations on the action of medicine, and external agents on the
animal body, he says, that warmth and moisture always expand it, and
bayberry bark, tannin, and gum catechu always contract it ; and thiit
these agents have these effects at all times (provided, however, there be
sufficient vitality in the part to manifest these peculiar changes) and under
all circumstances. If a blister be applied to the external surface of nii
animal, and it produces irritation, it always has a tendency to produce
that effect, whatever part of the living organism it may be appKed to.
So alcohol always has a tendency to stimulate, whether given by the
mouth or rubbed on the external surface, it will produce an excitement
of nerves, heart and arteries, and of course the muscles partake of the
influence. Again, niarsh mallows, gum acacia, slippery elm, etc., always
lubricate the mucous surfaces, quiet irritation, and relieve inflaniniatorv
symptoms.

It follows, of course, 1st. That when any other effects than those just
named are seen to follow the administration of these articles, they must
be attributed to the morbid state of the parts to which they are applied ;
2d. That a medicine which is good to promote a given effect in one form
of disease, will be equally good for the same purpose in another form of
disease in the same tissue. Thus, if an infusion of mallows is good for
inflarnmation of the stomach, and will lubricate the surface, and allay
irritation in that organ, then it is eqMally good for the same purpose in
inflammation of the bowels and bladder. What we wish the reader to
understand is this : that a medicine used for any particular symptom in
one form of disease, if it be a/sanative agent, is equally good for the
same symptom in every form. /

The medicines we recommeud owe their diuretic, astringent, diaphoretic
and cathartic powers to their OTomatic, relaxing, antispasmodic, lubricating
and irritating properties ; ajsd if we give them with a view of producing
a certain result, and thev/do not act just as we wish, it is no proof that
they have not done good. The fact is, all our medicines act on the parts
M'here nature is makjrfg the greatest efforts to restore equilibrium ; hence
they relieve the constitution, whatever may be the nature of their results.

Laxative clyster :
No. 29.

V. Forms of Clystera.

8 or 4 Quarts warm water,

8 Ounces linfteed oil,

1 Tabl&«poonful common salt (fine).

,'. In the
of rci.'ipes
t different
efficacious,
ents on the
imd it, and
; and that
?r, there he
i) and under
irfaoe of an
to produce
e apptted to.
given by the
11 excitement
irtakc of the
, etc., always
inflammatory

lan those just

les, they must

y are applied ;

^t in one form

other form of

s is good for

ace, and alhiy

ne purpose in

the reader to

r symptom in

crood for the

mt, diaphoretic
die, lubvieating
of producing
no proof that
ict on the parts
ibrium ; hence
f their results.

Another :

No. 80.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

4 Quarla warm water,

1 Gill BOft 80BP,

^ Table-spoonrul fine §alt.

777

Useful in obstinate constipation, •' stoppage," or whenever the excre-
' ment is hard and dark colored.
Emollient clyster :

No. 31.

2 Ov.nces slippery elm bark,
2 r^uarte boiling water.

Simmer over the fire a few minutes, strain through a fine sieve, and
inject, when nearly cool. The following articles may be substituted for
elm: flaxseed, lily roots, gum arabic, poplar bark, Iceland moss.

tine. — In all cases of irritation and inflammation of the intestines and
bladder.

Stimulating clyster :

No. 82.
Another :

No. 83.

TVTien cool, inject.

8 Quarts of thin mucilage of slippery elm or linseed tea,
1 Teaspoonful African cayenne, pure.

H Table-spoonful powdered ginger,
3 Quarts boiling water.

Use. — In all cases when the rectum and small intestines are inactive
and loaded with excrement, or gas.
Anodyne clyster :

No. 34. 1 Ounce lady's slipper (cypripediom),

1 Ounce camomile flowers,
3 Quarts boiling water.

Let the mixture stand a short time, then strain through a fine sieve
when it will be fit for use.

Use. — To relieve pain and relax spasms.
Diuretic clyster:

No. 85. 8 Quarts linseed tea,

1 Table-spoonful oil of juniper.

Or, substitute for the latter, cream of tartar, half an ounce.

Use. — This form of clyster may be used with decided advantage in all
acute diseases of the urinary organs. This injection is useful in cases of
red water, both in cattle and sheep ; and when the malady is supposed to

778

ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOB.

result from general or local debility, the addition of tonics (gfolden seal
or gentian) will bo indicated. Their active properties may bo extracted
by infusion.

Astringent clyster:

Take un infusion of hardback, strain, and add a table-spoouful of
finely-pulverized charcoal to every three quarts of fluid.

Another is uu infusion of witch hazel.

Another :

No, 86. 1 Tiible-spoonful powdered bayberry bark,

8 QuurU bolllug wuter.

When cool, it is fit for use.

Use. — Astringent injections are nsed in all cases where it is desired to
contract the living iibre, as in scouring, dysentery, scouring rot, diurrheu,
bloody flux, falling of the Avomb, fundament, etc.

Nourishing clysters :

Nourishing clysters are composed of thin gruel made from flour, etc.

Injection for worms :

Make an infusion of pomegranate (rind of the fruit), and inject every
night for a few days. This will rid the animal of worms that infest the
rectum : but if the animal is infested with the long, round worm (lere.'),
then half a pint of the above infusion must be given for a f»>w uiuniiiigs,
befoi'e feeding.

Another for worms :

No. 87. 1 Ounce powdered lobelia,

1 Ilundful wood ix»\>e»,
3 Quarts boiling water.

When cool, it is fit for use.

VI. Inflisions.

These are made by steeping herbs, roots^ and other medical substances
in boiling water. No particular rules can be laid down as to the quantity
of each article required. It w'ill, however, serve as some sort of a guide,
that we generally use from one to two ounces of the aromatic herbs and
roots to every quart of fluid. A bitter infusion such us wormwood or
camomile requires less of the herb. All kinds of infusions can be ren-

" l^n" uantity of honey or molasses.

i^i .)od criterion ; for if an infu-

u 1, it is unfit for cattle or .sheep.

iwi) irticles is valuable in colic, both

.isses of animals: caraway, pe2)permiut,

dered palatable by the addition
As a general rule, the hu»nnn
sion be too strong oi

An infusion of eit. 't' tin
flatulent and spasmodi . in all <

CATTLE, TUEIU DISEASES.

779

speurniiiit, fonnel seod, angelicu, borgutuot, ttuuke rout, uuido acud,
ginseng, etc.

Vn. Anti-spasmodios.

Bv anti-spasmodics are meant those articles that assist, tlirough their
physiolog'i^'il action in rehixing the nervous and uiuscuiur systems.

vni. Fomentations.

Tliif chiss of remedies is usually composed of relaxants, etc., of sevc-
riil kiuds, combined with tonics, stinmlants, and anodynes. They are
very useful to relieve pain, to remove rigidity, to restore tone, and to
stimulale the parts to which they are applied.

Coiumou fomentation :

m. 38.

1 Fart wormwood,
1 Part tiinBy,
1 Purt hops.

Moisten them with equal parts of boiling water and vinegar, and apply
fflicn blood warm.

Use. — For uU kinds of bruises and sprains. They should be confined
to the injured parts, and kept moist with the superabundant fluid. Where
it is not practicable to confine a fomentation to the injured parts, as in
shoulder or hii) lameness, constant bathing with the decoction will answer
the same purpose.

Anodyne fomentation :

No. 80.

1 nandftil of hops,

1 Ounce white poppy beads,

Equal purts water and viuegar.

Simmer a few minutes.

Use. — In all painful bruises.

Relaxing fomentation :

d\\\

iE\ iVfi]

Ho. 40.

2 Ounces powdered lobelia,
2 Quarts boiling water.

Simmer for a few minutes, and when sufficiently cool, bathe the parts
with a soft sponge.

Use. — In all cases of stiff joints, .and rigidity of the muscles.

Cedar buds, or boughs, iiny quantity, to which add a small quantity of
1^ pepper and ginger, with boiling water sufficient.

780

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Use. — Efficacious in chronic lamenoas and paralysis, for putrid sore
throat, and when the glands are enlarged from cold and catarrh.

IZ. Mucilages.

f Mu<!ilages are soft, bland substances, made by dissolving gum aruhic
in hot water; or by boiling marsh mariows, slippery elm, or lily roots,
until their mucilaginous properties are extracted. A taljlc-spoonful of
either of the above articles, when powdered, will generally suffice for a
quart of water.

Use. — In all cases of catarrh, diaiThtea, inflammation of the l<i(l!i(«y8,
womb, bladder, and intestines. They ohield the mucous niciiibiaiics,
and defend them from the action of poisons and drastic cathartics.

X. Washes.

Washes generally contain some medical agent, and are principally used
externally.

Wasilj for diseases of the feet :

No. 41.

4 Ounces pyroligenoua acid,
8 OunceH water.

U»f^ — This wash excels any other in point of efficacy, and removes rot
and its kindred diseases sooner than any other.
Cooling wash for the eye :

No. 42.

I Pint rain water,
20 Dropii •uctic Head.

Use, — In ophthalmia.

Tonic and anti-spasmodic wash :

No. 43. K Ounce camomile flowera,

1 IMnt boiling water.

When cool, I'rain through fine linen.

Use, — In chronic diseases of the eye, and when a weeping rcmaiin
after an acute attack.

Wash for unhealthy or ulcerated sores :

A weak solution of soda or wood ashes.

Wash for diseases of the skin :

Take one ounce of finely-pulverized charcoal, pour on it one ounce of
pyroligenous acid, then add a pint of water. Bottle, and keep it well
corked. It may be applied to the skin by means of a sponge. It is also
an excellent remedy for ill-conditioned ulcers.

CATTLE, THEIU DISEASES.

781

Physic for cattle :

Mix.

No. 44. }{ Ounce extract of butternut Ouglsni ctncrea),

1 T<]»-it|)oonful cream ' tartar,

2 (juartii boiling water.

When coul, administer.

Another :

No. 45. K Ounce extract of blackroot (leptandrs vlrginica),

1 Ounce Uocheile Halt*,
K Tea-npoonful powdered ginger.

Dissolve in two quarts of warm water.

Another :

No. 46. 1 Table-gpoonftil powdered mandrake,

1 Te»4poonful cream of tartar

2 Quarts hot water.

Hero are three different forms of physic for cattle, which do not de-
liilitate tlic system, like aloes and salts, hei^ause they determine to the
hurfac-c as well as the bowels. They may fje given in all cases where
imr<,'(',.s are necessary. One-third of the al)ovc forms will suffice for sheep.

Mild physic for cattle :

No. 47.

2 Ounce* «yrup of buckthorn,

H Tublc-Hpoonlul Hulpbur,

X Tco-spooiiful K'Hger,

8 Quarta hot water.

Aperient :

No. 48.

1 Pint ilniiccd oil.

Yolk* of a eggs.

Mix.

Another :

No. 49.

1 Pint aweet oil,

Mix.

H Tea-spouuful powdered cayenne.

A shoop will require about one-half of the above.

Stimulating tincture :

No. M.

1 Pint boiling vinegar,

2 OunccH tincture of myrrh,

2 TeaiipoonrulH powdered cnpNlcum.

Uk. — For external application in putrid sore throat.
Another :

782

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOH.

Ko. 61. 4 Ounces tincture of camphor,

)i Ounce oil of ccclur,
4 Ounces tlucluru ot capsicum (hot drops).

To be rubbed around throat night and morning.
Stimulating tincture for chronic rheumatism :

No. 62. 4 Ounces tincture of capsicum,

1 Ounce oil of cudur,
1 Ounce oil of wormwood,
H Pint vinegar,
1 Gill goose grease.

Mix. To be applied night and morning. The mixture should be kept
in a, well corked bottle, and shaken before being used.

XI. Poultices.

If a foreign substance enters the flesh the formation of matter is a
part of the process by which nature rids the system of the enemy. A
poultice relaxing and lubricating will then be indicated. If, however, the
foreign body shall have entered at a point where it is impossible to con-
tine a pt)ultice, then the suppurative stage may be shortened by the
application of relaxing fomentations, and lastly by stimulants.

Mr. Cobbett says of marsh mallow plant : It is among the most valua-
ble that ever grew. Its leaves stewed, and applied wet, will cure, and
almost instantly ease, any cut, or bruise, or wound of any sort. Poul-
tices made of it will cure sprains ; fomenting with it will remove swellings;
applications made of it will cure chafes made by saddle and haru<?Ss ; and
its operation, in all cases, is so quk-k that it is hardly to be believed.
Those who have this weed at hand need not put themselves to the trouble
and expense of sending to doctors and farriers on trifling occasions.

If the use of this weed was generally adopted the art and mystery of
healing wounds, and of curing sprains, swellings, and other external
maladies, would very quickly be reduced to an unprofltable trade.

Lubricating and healing poultices :

No. 63.

1 Part powdered marsh mallow roots,
1 Part marsh mallow leaves.

Moisten with boiling water, and apply.
Use.— In ragged cuts, wounds and bruises,
poultice :

Stimulating

No. 64. 1 Part Indian meal,

1 Part slippery elm.

Mix them together, and add sufBcient boiling water to moisten the

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

783

mass. Spread it on a cloth, and sprinkle a small quantity of powdered
ciivcnnc on its surface.

Utic. — To stimulate ill-conditioned ulcers to healthy action. Where
tliere is danger of putrescence add a small quantity of powdered charcoal.

Poiiltico for bruises :

Nothing makes so good a poultice for recent bruises as boiled carrots
or niiirsli mallows.

Poultice to promote suppuration :

No. 55

A suffli'iont. qtmnHty of Indian meal,

1 Iliimllul of linseed,

1 Teaspooiifiil ot cajenne.

T(i ho moistened with vinegar and applied at the usual temperature.

Stvptii's to arrest bleeding:

Witch hazel, (Winter bloom,) bark or leaves, 2 ounces.

Make a decoction with the smallest possible quantity of water, and if
ihi- l)lcc(ling is from the nose, throw it np by means of a syringe ; if
from tlu! stomach, lungs, or bowels, add more water, and let the animal
drink it, and give some by injection.

Styi)tic to ari'cst external bleeding:

Wot a piece of lint with tinctuie of muriate of iron, and bind it on
tho part.

Tlioro are various other styptics, such as alum water, strong tincture
of mitgiills, hloodroot, common salt, tine tlour, etc.

Altsorbonts :

Al)s(>rhcnts are composed of materials paHaking of an alkaline charac-
ter, and are used for tho purj)osc of neutralizing acid matter. Tho form-
Mtinii of an acid in the stomach arises from some derangement of the
(lii'ostive organs, sometimes I)i-onght on by tho improper quantity or
Hiiility of the food. It is useless, therefore, to give absorbents, with a
vinw of neutralizing acid, unless the former are combined with tonics, or
;ii;i'i\ts that are capable of restoring the stomach to a healthy state.

A mixture of chalk, salaratus. and soda is often given by farmers; yet
tlioy do not afford perniinient I'clief. They do some good In' correcting
til' !i!'idity of the stomach, but the animals are often affected with
iliiniica or costivenoss, loss of appetite, colic, and convulsions. Atten-
tion to tho diet M'ould prol)Mbly do more good than all the medicine in the
world. Yet. if they do get sick, something must be done. The best
'■Min^ of absorbents are tho foUowing which have been very carefully selected.
riiiy restore healthy action to tiic lost function, at the same time that they
""iitnlize the gas :

Forms of absorbents :

t^i'i

784

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

No, 00. 1 Table-spoonful powdered charcoal,

H Table-8poonful powdered snakeroot,
1 Tea-gpoonftil powdered caraways,
1 Quart hot water.

Mix. To be given at one dose for a cow ; half the quantity, or indeed
one-third, is sufficient for a calf, sheep or pig.
Another :

No. 67.

1 Table-8poonful powdered charcoal.

To be given in thoroughwort tea, to which may be added a very small
portion of vinegar.

Another, adapted to city use :

No. 58. 1 Tea-spoonflil Bub-carbonate of soda,

1 Ounce tincture o( gentian,
1 Pint infusion of spearmint.

Mix. Give a cow the whole at a dose, and repeat dailj', for a short
time, if necessary. One-half the quantity will suffice for a smaller
animal.

Drink for coughs :

No. 6e.

H Ounce balm of Gilead buds,
2 Table-spoonfuls honey,
1 Wine-glassful vinegar,
1 Pint water.

Set the mixture on the fire, in an earthen vessel ; let it simmer a few
minutes. When cool, strain, and it is fit for use. Dose, a wine-glu»$ful
twice a day.

Another :

No. 60. 1 Ounce bnis?m copaiba,

1 Ounce powdered licorice,

2 Table-spoonfuls honey,
1 Quart boiling water.

Rub the copaiba, licorice and honey together in a mortar ; after they
are well mixed, add the water. Dose, half a pint, night and morning. '
Another :

No. 61. M Ounce balsam of Tolu,

1 Ounce powdered marshmalloW roOU,

H OPI honey,

a (^arts boiling Water.

Mix. Dose, half a pint, night and morning.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 785

Drink for a cow after calving :

No. oa. 1 Ounce bethwort,

1 Ounce murshmallowi.

First make an infusion of bethwort by simmering it in a quart of <
water. When cool, strain, and stir in the mallows. Dose, half a pint,
every two hours.

Diuretic :

Bearberry (uva ursi), is a popular diuretic, and is useful when com-
bined with marshmallows. When the urine is thick and deficient in
quantity, or voided with diflSculty, it raay be given in the following form :

No. 63.

1 Ounce powdered bearberry,

2 Ounces powdered marshmaUowt,
2 Pounds Indian meal.

Mix. Dose, half a pound daily, in the cow's feed.

Eruption wash :

Borax is a valuable remedy for eruptive diseases of the tongue and
mouth. Powdered and dissolved in water, it forms an astringent, anti-
septic wash. The usual form is :

Mo. 64.

H Ounce powdered borax,
2 Ounces honey.

Mix.

XII. FumigationB.

For foul barns and stables, take,

No. 65.

4 Ounces coininon salt,
IH Ounce manganese.

Let these be well mixed, and placed in shallow earthern vessel ; then
pour on the mixture, gradually, sulphuric acid, four ounces. The inha-
lation of the gas which arises from this mixture is highly injurious ;
therefore, as soon as the acid is poured on, all persons should leave the
Ituildiiijr, which should immediately be shut, and not opened again for*
several hours. Dr. White, V.S., says, "When glanderous or infectious
mutter is exposed to it a short time, it is rendered perfectly harmless."

Ulceration of the mouth :

A .strong infusion of goldthread (coptts trifolia), makes a valuable
application for eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth. We use it in
the following form :

■«■ 'in

s. .

786

No. G6.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 Onnc« jroldthrond,
1 1'ini boiJing water.

Set the mixture aside to cool ; then strain, and add a table-spoonful of
honey, and bathe the parts twice a day.

Astringent :

Kino is a powerful astringent, and may be used in diarrhea, dysentery,
and red water, after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided. We occa-
sionally use it in the following form for red water and chronic dysentery :

No. 67.

20 Grnlno powdorrd kino,
1 Quart thill flour grud.

To be given at a dose, and repeated night and morning, as ocnasion
requires.

Simple cough remedy :

The following makes an excellent cough remedy :

No. 68.

1 Ounce powdered licurice,
1 'IVa-spoonfiil balonin ol Tolu,
1 Quart boiling; water.

To be given at a dose.

Antacid for hoven :

Lime water is used in diavrhcra, and when the discharge of urine is
excessive. Being an antacid, it is very usefully employed when cattle
are hoven or blown. It is unsafe to administer alone, as it often de-
ranges the digestive organs ; it is therefore very properly combined 'vith
tonics. The following will serve as an example :

No. GO.

2 Onncps lime water,

2 Quarts iuAisIon ot'snakehead (balmonj*).

Dose, a quart, jiight and morning.

XIII. Tincture for Wounds.
Myrrh makes an excellent tincture for wouuds, prepared as follows :

No. 70.

2 Onncca powdered myrrh,
1 Pint proof spirits.

Set in a dose covered vessel for two weeks, then strain through a fine
seivc, and bottle for use. It should be always kept on hand.

Opodeldoc :

Used for strains and bruises, after the inflammatory action has some-
what subsided.

CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES.

787

Liquid opodeldoc:

Ku. 71. 6 Ounces soft soap,

1 a Pints New £uglttnd rum,
^ Pint vinegar,
2 Ounces oil of lavender.

The oil of lavender should first be dissolved in an equal quantity of
alcohol, and then added to the mixture.

Mucilages for catarrh, etc. :

We have given pleurisy root, (^andepias tuberosa), a fair trial in cattle
practice, and find it to be invaluable in the treatment of catarrh, bron-
chitis pleurisy, pneumonia and consumption. Take:

No. 72.

Ji Table-spoonful powdered pleurisy root,
1 Ounce powdered marshmullow roots.

Boiling water sufficient to make a thin mucilage. The addition of a
small quantity of honey increases its diaphoretic properties.

For eruptive diseases :

The bark of sassafras root is stimulant, and possesses alterative prop-
erties. Used in connection with sulphur, for eruptive diseases, and for
measles in swine, in the following proportions, it will be found valuable :

vBlf.

i r.!

iUhl

m'm,

No. 73.

1 Ounce powdered sassafras,

1-2 Table-spoonAil powdered sulphur.

Mix, and divide into four parts, one of which may be given night and
moroiug, in a hot mash.

LICE ON CATTLE.

All cattle, and especially those in poor condition, are liable to attacks of
lice of various species, whicli will propagate vt-ry rapidly, soon infesting other
Jtiick and even the stables and barns tliem.selve.«. Treatment must, therefore,
1)6 directed promptly at the animals, and tiieir surroundings also. Stables
shmld be cleaned and whitewashed. Their scratching places should be coated
will petroleum or coal tar.

For treatnicDt of the cattle, poisonous substances must be shunned carefully,
as their habit of licking themselves would result in their injury. One of the
simplest preparations is a strong solution of tobacco leaves saturated with
rwk 8alt. This may be applied thoroughly on several occasions at intervals
of three or four days. Repetition is necessary to the extirpation of the
young, which may be hatched after the first application. If alcohol be used
in the (kcoctir 'i of tobacco leaves it will destroy the nits as well as the lice,
and prove the ([uickest relief from the pests.
50

r 1'

l.g i .ita

788

ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOR.

A good preparation which will remain well npon the hide is this:

Linnceil oil, 4 parU.

Com moil cruosole, 1 part.

Mix well, and rub thoroughly.

An ointment of cayenne pepper, orSeotijh snuff mixed with Iiol^'s Itirfl, well
rubbed in, will be found very effective, Especiully look out lor venmii iu
young stock, or stock in poor condition.

FOUI^ IN CATTLE.

Foul claw, or foul in the foot, is a disease characterized by inflaiiiination
and suppuration of the substance in the cleft of the hoof. Somctinios it
extends to the entire foot, and even includes the whole leg, causing (Vver,
failure, and death in some oases. Usually it affects the hind feet. Foreign
substances between the claws, excessive weight and strain upon the foot, era
scrofulous condition of the system may cause this trouble. Its best trcatniont
consists of careful cleansing of the sore; poulticing, if much inflamed, ami
astringent applications. In cleansing, a syringe may be needed, using a
solution of carbolic acid. Cloths saturated with the solution should be pressed
into the opening and bound there. A clean stable, or a dry pasture ground
are essential. In extreme cases amputation of the loot has been tried, anti the
animal afterwards prepared for the butcher. This, however, is scarcely a
paying operation.

For a wash, use carbolic acid 1 drachm, water ounces.

Fur an ointment, use :

Oil of turpt'iitine, 4 oz.

Lard, 4 oz.

Powdered >ulplmte of copper, lot

MR- 'r

■m

PART V.

Sheep and Sheep Husbandry.

origin. breeds, characteristics
and management.

^^ f ' III

rr*

SHE

ORIG

CiiSBOPOIJTAN
II. noKDKl
— COTSWd
■'•IIKKP. ■

WIIITEFAC
XI, H

DOWNS. —

H.KKCE.-

IJIVIsio^s

lii-t of tho an
^I'l'ply the tv
i^iii'v are fomi
Aivtic to (he

To show th(
'" quote the el
Rliid--f!i(-pd, S
""npod. Biiohj
^*y be added

SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY,

CHAPTER I.

OBIQIN, FBINCIFAIi BREEDS AND CHABACTERISTICB.

COSMOPOLITAN NATURE OP SHEEP. LONO-WOOLED SHEEP. I. I.E1CE9TEB.

II. noKUEU LEICESTER. III. COTSWOLD. — GOOD QUALITIES OP COTSWOLD9.

— CDTSWOLDS IN THE WEST. IV. LINCOLN ."HEEP. V. NEW OXKOKDSHIRB

SIIKKP. VI. MIDDLE WOOLED SHEEP. VU. CHEVIOT SHEEP. VIII.

WHITE-FACED HIGHLAND SHEEP. IX DORSET SHEEP. X. 80UTHDOWN9.

XI. HAMrSIttRE DOWNS. XII. SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. XIII. OXrf)RD

DOWNS. FINE WOOLED SHEEP. — - XIV. AMERICAN MF.HINOS. — — THB

H-KECE. THE HEAD. THB BODT. THE MOST FROFITABLB SHEEP.

DIVISIONS OP WOOL.

Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep.

Whore sheep originated is a question difficult to answer. They are the
lii-'t of the animals domesticated by man, and reasonably so, since thoy
upply the two principal wants of the barbarian, food and clothing.
I !:■ V are found in every inhabited country, not entirely savage, from the
.livtie to the Torrid zone.

To show the great diversity in character of sheep, it is only necessary
'» quote the classification of Linnreus, which is : The Hornless, Horned,
Bliik-facod. Spanish, Many-horned, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat-
nmipod. Bucharian, Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these
nay be added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and

791

.\.l !)£ iJ'l

ih^^

.%^'

\'A

7U2

ILLLSTUATKl) HTOCK DOCTOR.

Harhiiry and the ('retail islifci) of tbo (Jreriaii Ihlaiids, Ilmipuy, and
Boiiii! portions of Au.striu, und we have about all the ijrineipal species.

POINTS OV HHBKP.

Explanation— ^1— Face, i?— Muzzle. C— Neck. D— Shoulder. E—Vu\nt
of 1 111! Shoulder. F— IJrcast. (/ —Girth pluec. //—Back. /—Loin. A—
Ruuip. X— Thigh. 3/— Hip. JV— Root of tail.

ii!

Notwithstanding the fact that sheep are anion<r the principn] sources of
wealth of all peoples, it is only ainonir enlightened nations that tlu-v hiivc
reached (heir highest development; and among these, Spain, KnuHr.
(ii'iniany, (ueat Britain and her colonies, and the Unitcil States min Ic
mentioned as those where systematic hreediiig have produced llie ukiM
practi«'al results. In no tountry has this iu'cn attained in the itrodiictieii
of line wool, to a more excellent degree than among what are now isiiown
as American merinoes, the result of scientific lireeding of the Spaiiisli
sheep. From present appearances, it will he l)ut a few years he fore we
shall excel in the i)roduction of long-wooled, and nnitton sheep. 'Iln
United States has of course, no native sheep, if we except tiie (jris
Moiifatifi, whicli really is a sheep and not a '^nt\t' (Uapra) as nian\ |

KT-

(llll

sons sup|iose. It inhabits the highest ranges of theKoeky jNh)untainsfi'
well north down to New ^lexico. The hair, for it is not wool, altli(>iii;li
it is crimped, resembles the hair of the elk — is coiirse, but soft to tin
toui'h, and'sjiirlitly crimped throughout its length ; about two \w\w^ loiiir
on its back, and on the sides one and a half inches. "We believe tiuv
have never been bred in eontinement. Tn passing it maybe interesting tn
our readers to know that at the Paris Exhibition of 18(55 there were
exhibited the wild sheep of IJarbary, Ovis Tragelapus, more reseinblii-g

my. and
ecics.

PUF.r.f. OirKKI.'KNT miikkds.

ro3

n.roiil llmu our wild s|>i'iics. Tlicii! wi-ro aUn ahnwu ihoro the Puiijaub
ttilil slicf|>. Or/,-* l.'ifvhncntH, a native of Xortlicni Imiia, :iiul tlic Kuro-
nciiii iiK.iitllon, (h'lH Mminuj.i, !iv.!t<i.;;iii-i u> (.Jor.siia ami Sai-iliuia, hut

r. E— Point
-Loin. K—

\\ snvii'iM's of

lit tll''V llilVC

\in, KrMiMi'.

Mtcs Hill} ''«'

(I tlif nioM

protliictinn

i n»»\v ki!ii\v!\

the Spuiiisli
..; lu'foiv we

slKH'p. 'Ill''

^j)t llio O'^'i
as iiiiHix jifi-
)Uiiti>iiisfroin
ol, ivUliou;;li
soft to iIk'
„ inclic* loivi
l„>lirve tlu'V
intorostiiig to
b there were
e resoniblii.g

Mb 1)1-0(1 ill conliuomont. As illustratiiK' somothiiiir of tlic cIiiiractcM-istics

nf tl

IC \V!lt

1 slioon, as well as to illustrate points the out wo give on

ln'C'ci'diiiix page may serve as an example.

I ;

794

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

I '

Long-wooled Sheep.

There are but a few kinds of long-Avooled sheep that have hold their own
in the iinprovenicnt of the nice for tlie hi.st 100 years, sufficieiitiv to he
widely disseminated in the United States. These arc the Leicester Cots-
wold, Lincoln and Romney Marsh. Of these, Leicester, as inipiovoj i,,,
Bakewell ann succeeding bleeders, has perhaps exercised a more potuiit
effect in crossing than any other of the long-wooled varieties. 'J'hov fut-
ten very kindly, and the best wethers will weigh at twelve to tiftppn
months old from 20 to 25 pounds per cpiarter, and at two year.-; old fro,,,
30 to 38 pounds per quarter. The fleeces are valuable as long couil,ii,<r
wool, and will weigh from 7 to 8 pounds each. "

I.E1CK8TEK RAM,

f 1^'

I. Leioo8t6vs.

This brc'd ia pure white, tolerably haj-dy, without horns, the bond
''inal! and clean, eyes bright, neck and shoulders square and dct'ii, the
back straight, carcass full, hind-quarters tapering to the tail, logs cleaii.
with fine bone, flesh succulent in (juality, not the best, being ninth \m
f.'it for American palates ; nevertheless, the grades make good moat with
the single exception of possessing too much outside fat. LcircstPis
recpiire the best of care and shelter, and of course good feeding. The
ewes are not the best of mothers, nnd the young lambs require special
attcution. The wool is among the most valuable of any, l)eing in I'specicl

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

795

request for combing, an<L will average seven pounds per head in good

flocks.

The Leicesters are well thought of in many parts of the West, and are
increasing in popularity. The true typo of the breed is as follows : The
head should be hornless, long, small, tapering toward the muzzle, and
projecting horizontally forward. The eyes prominent, but with a (juiet
expression. The ears thin, rather long, and directed backward. The
neck full and broad at its base, where it proceeds from the chest, so that
there is, with the slightest possible elevation, one continued horizontal
line from the rump to {ho poll. Thn breast liroad and round, and no un-
even or angular formation where the shoulders join either the neck or the
buck ; particulaily no rising of the withers, or hollow behind the situation
of tliese bones. The arm fleshy through its whole extent, and even down
to tlio knee. The bones of the leg small, standing wide apart ; no loose-
ness of skin about them, and comparatively bare of wool. The chest and
barrel at once deep and round, the ribs forming a considerable arch from
tlie spine, so as in some cases, and especially when the animal is in good
condition, to nvke the apparent width of the chest even greater tliiui the
doptli. The barrel ribbed well home ; no irregularity of line on tlic back
or belly, but on the sides ; the carcass very gradually diminishing in
width toward the rump. Tho quarters long and full, and, as with the
fore-legs, the muscles extending down to the hock ; the thighs also wide
iind full. The legs of a moderate length ; the skin also moderately thin,
but soft and elastic, and covered with a good quantity of white wool.

jrvTif

n. Border Leicester.

The infusion of the blood, of the Dishley, or new Leicester as they
were called, l)ut which are now dassitied simply as Leicester sheep, upon
the border iloeks of Engla '., gave rise to a sub-family, known as Border
Loieestcr, and which have wou a distinct position in English show yards.
Their -jood ajid bad characteristics are as follows : Tl:e moi^t marked
feature in their structure, is the smallness of their heads, and of their
bones generally, as contrasted with the weight of carcass. They are clean
in the 'iws, with a full eye, thin ears, and placid countenance. Their
''acks are straight, broad and Hat ; the ribs arched, the belly carried very
li^it, so that they present nearly as straight a lin? below as above ; the
'best wide, tiie skin very mellow, and covered with a l)eautiful lleece of
long, soft wool, which weighs, on the average, from six to seven pounds.
On good soils, and under careful treiament, the sheoj) are usually brought.
!o weigh from eighteen to twenty poiu'ds a quarter at fourteen months

796

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

old, lit which age they arc ii(»\v <^ciionilly shiujrlitercd. At this af;e tlicii
flesh is tender and juicy, but wiien carried on until they are older and
heavier, fat accumulates so unduly in proportion to the lean nient iis to
detract from its palatableness and market value. This fat accuniulution
ou mature animals is pretty constant in all the larjre and improved breeds.

III. Cotswold Sheep.

The Cotswolds were im|)orted ijito the Unit.-d States about 18.",2. pince
which lime they have been rcinfinvcd from time lo time Uy .successive

1)11

( 18.12, pincp

Tl... s

UplM

SHEEP, UIFFEKEXT BREEDS.

797

importations, and now stand in the West, in the front rank of long-
woolt'd slieop.

Tiii.s is one of the hirgest English breeds, though the improved race is
f;iuiill<'i" than the originals, on account of the influence of the Leicester
oU'iiu'iit in its anieiionition. As a hrecd, it is of great antiquity. It h:is
•ruined in Heece and form, and comes to maturity earlier; is more prolili •
tliiiii llic Leicester, and has greater strength of constitution ; is oft.Mi f:it-
tciied at fourteen montlis, yielding fifteen to twenty pounds of mutton
per t|ii;irter, and twenty to tiiirty, if kept till two years old. They havj
a liir::*' head, hut well set on, a l)r()ad chest, a well-roundc(l liiirrel, and a
?ti;ii,i:lit hack. They are often used for crossing upon other hrceds. and
for olilaiiiing earlier market-laml)s, both in this country and in Kuropc.
Tlu'V are more widely disseminated in this country than any other long-
wooled hrecd, and preserve well the popularity which they have attained
hero. Some imported sheep of this breed have borne fleeces in this
loimtrv of eighteen pounds. A great weight when we renieml)er that t!io
wool shrinks comparativel}- little in washing.

i I

If ;■• .^-^

siiKAnr.D c(>r.swi>Li> ka\i.

The Cnt>*wolds have been extensively crossed with Leicester sheep ii
l.ii::Liiid. by which their size has been somewhat diininished, but tlieii
i:iniiss ii(»tal)ly improved, and in addition, earlier maturity has been
iiltaiiK'd. The wool is strong, mellow and of good color, though rather
warsc, (J to 8 inches in length, and from 7 to S pcmnds per fleece.

Good Qualities of Cotswolds.
Tl.j superior hardihood of tho improved Cotswold over the Leicester,

798

ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

and their adaptation to common treatment, together with the prolific
nature of tlie ewes, and their abundance of milk, have rendered tlieiii in
many phiocs rivals of the now Leicester, and has obtained for thein of late
years, more attention to their selection and general treatment, uiulcr
which management still further improvement appears very proJjuhlc. Tlic
• luality of the mutton is superior to that of the Leicester, the tallow l)ciii<'
less abundant, with a larger development of muscle or flesh. The ewes
are prolific, and good mothers and nurses.

(1!0T8W0LP SlIKEP.

Cotawolds in the West.

Throughout the entire West, the Cotswold has become a most fsivoiitr
breed, and this not only on account, of their long, iiaiidsonic tlei'ccs,
sppoinlly adapted to the purpose of combing wool, but from tljo kiiulli-
noss with which they take to our kcci) and climate. For this reason \vc
have given this breed special prominence in our illustrations. It i.*< not
our pvovince to go into long dis.scrtations or detailed description, it would
take too tnuch sjiiice, and be productive of no good end. Tlic illustra-
tions we give will furnish a better index of value and characteristic".
The cut on ut-xt page will sliow the appcaraitic at one year old.

In i-elaCH« to the adaptability of this breed South, c. prominent Clark
cotznty, YirgBai.i, farmer says : It is far more profitnhlc to keep the dif-
ferent varietie-» of nmtton broe«ls. than the fine wools, or Merino breed in
this portion of Virginia. I say this from my own experience, and that
of manv intelligent gentlem^'n with whom I have conversed. The (\it>-
•rold «heep, uud its cro8:»es, with the Southdown are le»» liable to disetut!:

BHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

79y

)^'t

of all kinds ; they are more prolific, better nurses, and less liable to Io-jO
their lumbs than the Merino. The lumbs are more vigorous unU hardy ;

YEAKLINU CUT6\VOLU.

th(Mi !uld their early maturity, their fitness for market at 18 months old,
and llifir almost double value when in imirket, and you have advantages!

CUT8WOLD KWK8.

ffhirh far outwei«;h the additional amount of food which the mutton
'^hcc]) may consume in proportion to his size. There is (»no thing in ooii-

t^'iti

800

ILLU8TRATKI) STOCK DOCTOH.

iiection with nil tho loiig-woolcd iind large breeds of sheep thut nmy be
appropriiitt'Iy mentioned hero : tiiey euiiuot bo kept in largo llockt*, lijte
tile sinaller and fine-wooled iireeds. Merinoes are often kept in flcicks of
1,000 or more iii the far West. 7'lie long-wooled, the middle-wouls and
tlie mutton breeds are especially adapted for farmers, when botli imitton
and wool arc the considerations, and aru seldom herded togetlier in lields
exceeding one hundred.

Thus in all the better settled jjortions of the West and South, wlicro
|)Hsturo and grain are abundant, imd where the nearness to market nffonls
sale for the mutton, tho long wools are increasing in numliers from vpur
to year, and with profit to tho breeders and feeders, us well us in the just
apprcuiution of ^hose who consume tho flosh.

IV. Lincoln Sheep.

The Lincoln shoop are both larger and heavier than either tiio Leiorstor
or Cotswold, and are l)red to u limited extent in the United Stales. The
first importation was made in 1835. They are hardy, large fccdt-rs.
[)rolific, yield fl(!eces of from (J to 10 pounds each, and the curcuss(!,-s Imvi'
been known to dress 12.') pounds.

V. New Oxfbrdabire Sheep.

KKVr OXrORDSHIRR KWK.

This breed should not be confounded with (he Oxford Downs, ti cros^
breed between Cotswold and Hampshire Downs, and wliicli liavf (lark
faces. Tluy are less hardy than the Cotswolds, and have not made umili

SIIERP, DIKFKKKNT IIUEKDS.

801

nrosiross in llio UniU'd States. Tlicy are t\w result of ii cross hetwciMi
till' Ni'^v Lt'ii'«'><t('r and Cotswold, tlio latter UU)m\ l)eiii<j; in exre.ss.
ll.iwi'vor tliey may l)o re<rarde(l in Kn^laiui, and tliev are ivjrai'ded liijfhly,
thcv liave not hoeonie popular in the West, as a<;ainst the t'otswold.
On till' |»recedin<; |)a<;e, we <jive a cut of a New Oxfordshire ewe. to
, lost- the snitjeet i>f improved lonj^ wools in the I'nited Stiitos us em-
liniciii^' the more [ironiinont lu'eeds.

VI. Middlo-Wooled Sheep.

Tlic lilack-faced Seotch IIi<j:hhind sheep aro sjnall, active and doeilo
wlicii we consider that they are u purely mountain race. They stand
irrt'iit hardship, and W(n'k kindly in lar<i;t! Iloeks, sul)sistin;jf on scanty fare
wlifii necessary. IIene<! they may he valuable in <'old and mountain
iv.Mims of the United States, for erossinj; on other l)re«'ds. Thcv have
■i|icii hairy Heeees, and black faces, weijjh to av<'ra_«re (!.'> pounds, and will
.lii'iir almut ;i pounds of clean wool. Their mutton is of most excellent
(|ii!ility. and crossed on larjrer hreeils (heir Heeees will jro to G or H pounds
anil their live weight to 128 pounds for w(!tliers.

ULACK-rACBD IlIUIILANU &11EKP.

Vn. Cheviot Sheep.

^^■il

!
I

Illii.

This is another mountain V»rped that has been introdiieod, to a small
•■xtont in the United States. Their fleeces however, are too coarse for
oiirding wool. They arc less hardy than the blaek-faeed highlands, but

802

ILLIMTUATKU HTUCK UUCTUlt.

nro «|ui('! iiiul tlocilo, ciiMily iiiaimgcMl, pflvinf? fl<u>r«M avornj^in}; iilxiiit l\ I-;'
I)oiiiul.s, fiiiiiisliiii^ g(»(n| imiltoii, \vi'ij^liiii<f 12 to 18 poiiiulH pur tjuuiter,
ttt Uu'uu yi^aiM old.

VIII. Whlte-IUoed Highland Sheep.

HI«IIII.*NO SIIIKr.

'riiis is 11 HJioop of trpt'iit liiinlincss, fiirniHliiiig <{oo(l iiiiittoii, ImiI not :i
wool (if nuii'h vtiliK , iiiul is iii(ro<liic<>(l only as ii<-<-«>ssarv to illiistiiitc n
hivvd a(lapli;«l to sluriiu ri't^ioiiH, where better linnMls would not Hurvivc.
Many siicli rc^ioiiH are found in our own land, eH|HM>ially in tliu UimIv
MmiiiLiin uections, wliuru the trial of tliia raoo might well be made.

IX. Dorset Bhocp.

I)orsetshiro hti8 a IuhmmI peculiar to itself. Stroii}?, active, and will
able to takt care of itself: heavier iu every respect than the hi;.'lil:iiiil>.
and lik(> this breed, a stron*; horned race. On tbiH account, licit lur of
tin'se breeds would be considered viilua!>l", «'Xc<'pt in rej/ions wlityc lln'
better ticeccti itn'cds would not liv«'. The cut is jriven like tli.it oflln'
hi^rlil ind loiijir horned family, as affordinj; possilde vnUw in Alpine icirimi .
Kortiiimtely there is but little eoimlry of this nature on this W<'sterii (•(iiitiiiiiil.
And yet there are ri(j;(ir»>us climates, where this bree«l wouhl iiiidoiihliiily
thrive and make a go<i I return to itis eultivutur. The experiment iiiuy 'x'
niailu with much hope of tHiceu88.

hllKK.!*, DIKl'ICUICNT IIUKKDH. (^(JJ

Sbort-wooU'd EiigUah Brood*.
Oftlio mutton Iu'ociIn, tint Dowiih iindoiihtodly Htand at tho hniul in

iMillnl'. I' If AM.

'olh Kii;^fliiii(l ;iii(l AiiKTicii. Tlii'V lire all roiiipiiri , ininly, tlofil'S li<»rij-
li'HH, Mild ot' ciivly iiinliirity iit r('i'iiiii;r ; aii<l with llr.^li of iiomI excvllent
ijuiility, tliat always coiuiiiaiiils tlio Ix-sl prico in any nuu'licl.

X. Southdowrn.

SOUTH DO 'AN HAM.

These iiro without doubt the most snptu-ior, tak(M) us a whole, of any

liftho iiiuUon l)rood8, and have for many ycara boen lirod with the greuUst
51

.■: I

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

W ^0

1.0

I.I

:;i45
,50

IM IIM

IIIM

2.0

2.2

1.8

1.25 1.4

1.6

-* 6" —

►

Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

^\^

€>

<\^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

'\P

Q-

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

care in both England and America, Their faces and legs are dark brown
the fore quarters wide and deep, the back and loin broad, with round
bodies, and square and full hind quarters.

The ewes are prolific, producing from 120 to 140 lambs, to the flock of
100 ewes. The staple of the wool is fine and curled, with spiral ends Avell
adapted to carding, and will shear on yearling rams and wethers, from 6
to 9 pound?. In the neighborhood of large cities, where there is a demand
for mutton, they are most valuable as a distinct breed, or for crossiiur
with the cmmon sheep of the country.

HAMPSHIRE DOW^.

XI. Hampshire Downs.

This breed had its rise in Hampshire, through an infusion of Southdown
blood, followed later with Cotswold, and of course, since the Cotswold
have an infusion of Leicester, they have this blood also. It has given
them increased size, more wool, and at the same time they have preserved
their great hardiness of constitution. For many years they heve been
bred pure, and so far as introduced into the United States, they have
given satisfaction, especially in the South, where, before the warj they
were in good repute. Those who have used them, claim that they are
more hardy than Southdowns. It is also claimed that they have been
crossed upon Cotswold and Leicester grades, with benefit to both, and
this we do not doubt, where mutton was to be the object.

Xn. Shropshire Downs.

Of late years this breed has grown into repute in the West, and in
Canada. They are heavy sheep, nearly as large as the Cotswold, yield

for crossing

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

nearly as much wool, with thick compact fleeces, are hardy and healtliy,
have even, compact, uniformly symmetrical bodies, with dark brown
faces and limbs, and are about one third heavier than Southdowns.

xm. Oxford Downs.

This comparatively new family, which has come into prominence in the
United States within the last twenty years, was originally made by cross-
ing the Hampshire or Southdown ewe with a Cotswold rain. Tliey are easy-
fattening sheep, producing mutton of superior quality, witli fleeces of 8 to 10
pounds for ewes and 12 to 13 pounds for rains, and in length from seven to
eifht inches; a wool of good luster; neither hairy nor harsh.

Br Ff^ >■<■•■

Elf ■ , . f

t ' u

OXFORDDOWNSHIBE RaM.

-,!">•.

In reality the only reason why these sheep should be called Downs, is,
from their dark legs and faces. They really are not a short-wooled
breed, in fact, as we have shown, they are a long-wooled race, and the
characteristic has been carefully cultivated by breeders of this variety of
sheep. In color, they are much lighter than the Southdown, their faces
and legs being gray, instead of brown. The ewos are prolific, producing
with good care, 150 lambs to the 100 ewes. They herd close together,

£»-

806

ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

are not particular about their feed ; tlioy mature early, and upon hil]
pastures produce mutton of high qualitj'.

XIV. Fine-Wooled Sheep.— American Merinos.

In treating of fine-wooled sheep, it will not be necessary to go into their
history. It is enough to say that Spain and France have contributed
from time to time their best specimens, which, under such management
as that given by Mr. Jarvis, — selecting from five families of Spanish
sheep, the Paulars predominating, — produced what was known as tlie
mixed Leonese or Jarvis Merinos. In 1813 Mr. Atwood commenced the
breeding of pure Merinos, from what was then known as the Humphrey
stock. About 1844, Edwin Hammond, of Middlebury, Vermont, com-
menced breeding, taking for his stock selections from the Atwood family.
To the judgment and skill of !Mr. Atwood, end later followed by Mr.
Hammond and other American breeders, we have seen produced what
have been known distinctly as American Merinos ; jierfect in all that

•■"'4 k' ououp of amkkican merinos.

goes to constitute length and thickness of wool, evenness and fineness of
staple, that looseness of skin which, while it lies in low, rounded, soft
ridges over the body, offers no obstruction to the shears. These were
the points sought, and for the last twenty years well met and sustained
by the best breeders, East and West ; so that we now have as tlioroughly
established, the descendants of the Infantadft — large and of good length,
and the descendants of the Paulars, a smaller breed, originally established
in the United States bv Mr. Silas Rich and his son, of Shoreham, Vei-
mont. Thus making two well marked families, which it is altogether
probable would be injured by the infusion of foreign blood.

SHEEP, DIFFEKENT BUEEU8.

The Fleece.

807

The fleece is the important point in Merinos ; they are not mutton
sheep, and their carcass is of secondary importance. Dr. Randall, nearly
twenty years ago, in his work entitled "The Practical Shepherd," in
writing of American Merinos, as they then were, says: "The greatest
iittiiinablc combination of length and thickness of wool, of given quality, it:
the lirst to be regarded in a market where all lengths are in equal demand.
And the more evenly this length and thickness extend over every covered
part, unless below the knees and hocks, the higher the excellence of the
animals."

It is in this point especially that the modern breeder has improved on
his predecessors ; and it is this, in a very considerable degree, which gives
'.he improved American Merino its vast superioi'ity in weight of fleece,
over all other fine sheep, of the same size, in the world.

Wool of full length below the knees and hocks would hardly be
desirable, on account of its liability to become filthy ; but a thick shoil-
ish coat, particularly on the hind legs — making them appear as large "as
a man's arm" — is i-egarded !)y many as a fine, showy point, thouuh it
does not add much to tlie value of the fleece.

link- I'ihiJl

The Head.

The wool should extend in an unbroken and undivided mass from the
back of the neck over the top of the head and down the face for an inch
or two below the eyes, and there abruptly terminate in a square or
rounded shape ; it should cover the lower side of the jaws nearly to tlio
mouth, !uid rise on the cheeks so as to leave only the front face bare,
terminating abruptly like the forehead wool. The cheek and forehead
wool should meet unbroken, immediately over the eye, l)etween it and the
ear. But it must l>y no moans unite under the eye — though its outside
ends may touch there for a little way. The eye should have just naked
space enough about it to leave the sight unimpeded, without any resort
to the scissors.

The nose should be covered with short, soft, thick, perfectly white
liah". Pale, tan-colored spots or "freckles" about the mouth, and the
same color on the outer half of the ear are not objected to by the breed-
ers of the Paulars — but Infantando breeders usually prefer i)ui'e white.
Wool on the lower part of the face, as is often seen on the French
Moruios, whether short or long, is regarded as decidedly objectionable,
!ind any wool which obstructs the sight in any degree, is a fault.

Those who grow such fleeces now need not be ashamed to exhibit
to-day in the best show rings of the country.

808

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The Body.

The frame upon which the wool is to gi-ow is important, for upon form
and constitutional vigor depends the value of the animal. Below wo
fpve an illustration of a ram that would leave little to be desired, so far
as ability to produce the best wool is concerned.

MERINO RAM.

Medium size, for the family, will hold in sheep as well as in other
animals. An ovei'grown animal is not profitable in any breed. The
body should be round, deep, of moderate length, the head and ncek
short and thick, back straight and broad, the legs short, straight, but
well apart and strong, giving a deep full bosom and buttock. The fore-
arm ample, and the junction of the thighs well down the hocks. The
skin should be rather thin ; mellow, elastic, and loose. If it be thick and rigid,
it will evidence a bad feeder, and consequently inferior wool.

The Most Profitable Sheep.

Of all the breeds of .sheep ever introduced into the United States, the
Merino has more than held its own in the estimation of breeders every-

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

809*

where. Even in the neighborhood of our largo cities, to-day, there are
more grade Merinos sold for mutton, than of all the mutton breeds, dis-
tinctively. It is only near our great cities tluit the breeding and feeding
of Cotswold, Leicester, and the Downs, could be made prolitable, and
thi3 bus mainly come about through the change in wearing apparel. Since
the fashion came about among both ladies and gentlemen, of wearing
garments of medium wool, a strong impetus has been given to the breed-

^n.

ir of the Downs, and long wooled breeds. They are more tender and

ill

MEKINO BWE.

delicate in their constitution, cannot stand extremes of cold and heat, as
the Merinos ; cannot shift for themselves as well, and for the reason that
they cannot be kept in large flocks, are only suitable to small farms, in
thickly settled districts, where good shelter and succulent food may be
obtained. Thus the Merinos, and their grades and crosses will always be
found the most profitable in all that great region West and Southwest,
and in much of the country South, where the flocks to be profitable must
number from one thousand to many thousands.

Ud Stsites, the
Dreeders every-

Division of Wools.

Most persons suppose that the wool of a sheep is uniform in quality.
Such, however, is not the fact. As showing divisions and quality of wool,
we give a cut of sheep with divisions accurately numbered, which shows
poiats in the pure Merino and Saxou, and whore the different qualities of

A'' m

' I

);"■"

"i IvV'- SI
.'tiSi if

810

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the wool are found. Some gi-adcs of sheep will often exhibit seven or
eight qualities iu the same fleece, whereas unalloyed breeds show but four
qualities. The rejina, or pick wool, (1) begins at the withers, and
extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches onh- a
little way down on the quarters, but dipping down at the flanks, takes in
all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck
to the angle of the lower jaw. The finn, (2) a valuable wool, but

■safe^'

DIVISION OF WOOL.

not CO deeply secreted, or possessing so many curves as the rejina, occu-
pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint;
(3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and
the shoulders, terminating at the elbow , forelegs, and reaching from the
•stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that
grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below
the hock. . >

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CHAPTER 17

BBEEDINQ AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP.

WATCHFULNESS NECES8ART. HOW TO BREED. TIME FOB BREEDING. —

COIPLINO. —KEEPING TUE KECOKD THE MANAGEMENT OK UAMS.

TKAINING RAMS. PASTURING SHEEP. SHADE IN PASTUIIEJ. WATER.

DOSING SHEEP. FALL PASTURAGE AND FEEDING. SHEEP BARNS.

SPECIAL WINTER FOOD. MANAGEMENT OF LAMBS. DOCKING LAMBS.

CASTRATION. WEANING. THE NUKSKRY.

Watohfliluess Necessary.

The fecundity of sheep soon enables the breeder to gather a flock.
To keep them healthy is one of the most difficult problems of the breeder,
since they arc generally kept in large flocks, and herding closely together
as they do, if an epidemic or contagious disease gets among them, it
surely goes through the whole flock unless the shepherd is ever vigilant.
The lack of care and vigilance causes more than half the losses in sheep,
and hence, no person should undertake sheep breeding unless he make
ap his mind that they are to have not only gentle treatment but daily
care and watchfulness, even in the Summer.

■^ How to Breed.

The ewe may be bred to the buck at the age of eighteen months, and
the buck will be fit for service at the same age. If the object be to breed
grades, it will be found to "be money squandered to buy an inferior buck,

811

.™

-'il

812

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Avhiitever his blooil may bo. So, if to save a few dollars, the breeder se-
lect a grade l)UC'k for breeding purposes, the money is as good as thrown
away. One buck if properly kept A/ill serve one hundred ewes, .so tlmt
the cost per lamb is really light. Thus in breeding grades, pursue tlie
same course as advised for cattle. Select a good staunch ram, of wt-H
known purity of blood, avoiding the excessively high priced animals that
are simply the best breeders of pure bloods. Such an one may l)o bred
to the common stock of the country, and to his own progeny, to the third
generation. As a rule the sire will give the leading characteristics of
form, size, length and density of fleece and its yolkiness, he will do this
eminently in pr<)i)ortion to the purity of his blood. The tinciiess and
principal characteristics will bo probably controlled by the dam. Ilcutt'
the importance of none but the best sires.

In crossing, the Merino may be bred upon the common ewes of the
country, always with benefit to the fleece, and never at the expense of tlio
carcass. So the Southdown will improve them in mutton and wool. The
Cotswold and Leicester will give increased size, early maturity and k'nt'tli
of stai)le. To breed Merinos on any of the long wooled vaiictics wduhi
be useless. It would detract from the valuable (jualities of the wool of
either, reduce the value of the mutton, the size, propensity to fatten, and
prolific qualities of the long wool. In the West the sheep for nionov arc
either pure Merinos, or pure Merino rams bred unto the connnon sheep
of the country, with the exception before stated, whore farms arc small
and near markets where prime mutton is in demand.

Time for Breeding.

The average period of gestation in the sheep does not vary much from
one hundred and fifty-two days. They usually carry a male longer than
a female, the period of gestation varying a week and sometimes two
weeks. Therefore the shepherd can easily calculate when to have hk
ewes served by knowing when he wants his lambs in the Spring. Tills ;\i
a rule should be at the time of. new grass in the Spring. Allowing that
this occurs the first of March the ewes should begin to bo served about i
the middle of September, and the season will then proba])ly continue to
the middle of October. If lambs for slaughter be the object then tlie
ewes should be served fully a month earlier than usual, and extra shelter,
warmed with fire heat provided for lambing time. This always pays.
Tliey are the early lambs that command the high prices in the important mar-
kets of the country, and he who furnishes these must use proper means to|
anticipate his neighbors.

SHEEP, BKEEDINO AND MANAGEMENT.

Coupling.

•»

Wo do not advise the use of tensers — that is, common rams aproned to
show till' rutting ewes. The better way is to drive tlie Hoi-lt up to tiio
Viirii twice a day and let tlie ram out witli tlie Hoek. Innnediately lie lias
served a ewo eatcli and separate her from the flock. Keep all served ewes
t(i''('tlu'r, and under no consideration allow but one service. If they
iimio airain in heat it will be from the fourteenth to the seventeenth day.
Tlius tliov may be again returned to the ram after the thirteenth day,
;iiul if not in heat it may bo set down that they have been properly
a'lveil.

Keeping the Record.

lu l)rccding grades it is only necessary to keep a correct record of the
time of coupling, to correspond to the murk on the ewe. Where pui'o
gliocp arc bred it will also be necessiiry to keep a record of the ram us(^d.
In tlic lirst case it is necessary to know when each ewe will drop lu-r
liunl). In the case of pure bred sheep it is imperative that a full iuid
iiwiirati' record be kept, else confusion will ensue and the breeder Avill
hiivi' lost all that was gained before him, and no breeder of pure sheep
will buy from his flock. In order to bring the ewes into season at a
spoiitio time in seasons of drouth, or scant jjasture, the ewes should have
extra feed for three weeks before they are required to take the rum.

The Management of Rams.

The rams should never be allowed to inin with the ewes at any season
o( the year. They are brutal always in their teasing, and if allowed so
to run they not only exhaust themselves, but the ewes drop their lambs
out of season. His separate enclosure should be dry and comfortable,
ami kej)! strictly clean, and be entireh' away from the sight and hearing
of the owes, except when admitted to them. His feed must be the best
of hav, or fresh grass, with what oats lie will eat clean dailv, beiiiiminj;
six weeks before the season with half a jiound daily, and increasing the
ft'oil jrradually to two pounds daily, if he will eat so much. Sonic flock
ni;isters sow oats and peas together, two bushels of the former to three
Feks of the latter. This when threshed and ground together and fed,
gradually increasing to a quart a da3% makes most excellent feed for a
hard-worked ram. On such feed, with pure water within reach at all
times, a ram may be exiieoted to properly serve one hundred to one

.11

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814

1LLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

hundred and fifty ewes, and hut few of them should come buck the
second time.

Never keep two rums in the sumo enclosure. They are essentirtlly nu"-
nacious, and very often a valuable ram is thus sacriticed, throu"li tlu'
mistaken economy of the owner. In the beginning of the .season, a ram
should not be allowed to serve more than two or at most three ewes a
day. This may bo gradually increased to five, and again towards tlic
close of the season, he may bo again only allowed two or three. To do
justice and retain full power of fecundation, he must have a good amount
of exercise. To insure this, if inclined to be inactive, he should bi« driven
about the yard for an hour every day. As a last word of caution we add :
Keep the rams away from the ewes in Winter. They often seriously in-
jure them, and by their teasing are a cause of abortion, to say nothing of
other serious injuries they may iufiict. The best experience of sheep-raising
confirms this rule.

Training Bams.

It is quite necessary that rams should be made to understand that any
vice will be severely punished. They should be eai'ly trained to stand
quietly when tied, to lead at the end of the halter. They should nevoi'
bo tied with a rope about the roots of the horns. It is apt to gall, and
make lodgment for maggots. Fasten polled sheep by a strap about the
nock, and horned breeds in the same manner while they are young.
When their horns are largo enough, drill a hole through the left horn,
near the tip and put in a bolt with eye and two inch ring, the whole fas-
tened with a mit. Never tease, or allow a ram to be teased. It is suro
to make them vicious. Handle kindly and gently, yet with a firm hand.
If inclined to be vicious, punish them severely and until they are
thoroughly cowed. A vicious old ram is dangerous at all times. Some-
times tliey become incorrigible ; when this is tiie case geld them at once. It
is useless to waste time and patience on them.

Pasturing Sheep.

The flock should go in the pasture as early in Summer as possible, but
should be housed nights, and during cold storms. They should be rejru-
larly salted, at least every other day, and when salted should be counted
and examined for any ailment that may occur. The best shepherds count
every day, and salt every day, graduating the doses so the sheep will eat
it entirely clean ; and once or twi(!e a week, giving a larger quantity. Care m
salting, as in feeding, pays abundantly. • ,>:

8IIEEI', UnERDINO AND MANAOEMENT.

815

Sheep are eager for sliade in warm weather. Wo do not helicvo in
shading puBturos with trees. It ia hotter and cheaper to have j^hedM,
nnon on all sides, and of ample size to .shelter the Hock. The covering
iiiav 1)0 of houghs, or anything that is cheap. Wo have used con)nion
factory muslin, stretched on a light frame, double pitched roof, with a
two foot space at the peak, for the escape of wind ; the shed twelve feet
wide and running north and south. This gives free ventilation, and is
the coolest shade wc know.

Water.

Water is not generally considered an absolute necessity to sheep when
on pasture. Where they are allowed to graze when the dew is on the
CT11S9, or the grass is succulent, they seem to get along pretty well. Wo
like them, however, to have a chance at water once a day. In the case
of ewes suckling lambs it is necessary that they have water in plenty.
Absolute purity of water however is always indispensable. Sheep object
tn drinking foul water, and their instinct ought to satisfy any person that
it ii< not fit for them. Many serious disorders to stock of all kinds are
occasioned by drinking impure water.

Dosing Sheep.

Wet, low, or mucky pastures are not fit for sheep. It is an entirely
true adage that the sheep's foot must be kept dry ; nevertheless there
are many sheep kept other than among firm, dry, hill pastures. Some
sliephcrds are continually dosing with salt and alum, salt and sulphur,
ami various other compounds under the supposition that it tends to health.
Give them what salt they need, always, and examine them often for
disease. When they are well, however, let well enough alone.

Fall Pasturage and Feeding.

In the Autumn, as the season advances, sheep should have some
fodder.. It is the time of year when, if allowed to fail in flesh a mis-
thief is done that cannot bo remedied. There is a peculiarity about wool
that one shepherd in twenty knows nothing about. To have a uniform
giwrth, and of equal strength, the wool must gi'ow steadily, as the
season advances. If the sheep are allowed to fall suddenly away, the
?fowth of wool ceases. When growth again commences, the wool, in-
stead of coiitinuing even in texture will have what is termed a joint.
IMs is often so weak that very slight force will break it. The microscope
j "fill reveal every period of starvation and subsequent good feeding that
I weep may have exi.erienced in the course of tbe year's gi'owth of wool.

816

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Thus the shepherd who would do well for himself must do well for his
flock. lie must not only feed and water well, and attend to the "•eneriil
health of the sheep, but ho must house well.

^^ i:v''' ■:''■' ■. ' •:;■ ' ' ' ' Sheep Bams. ---';, ,..,.!,,■-;, ,

These need not be expensive .structures, but they must protect thor-
oughly against wind and drifting snow, and at the same time he well
ventilated. The barn is to bi^ entirely enclosed with doors and windows
which, if made to slide, will serve for ventilation. Along the peak

CONVK.NIKNT rKEDIMO TROUQH FOR 8HBKP.

should be slatted chimneys of wood to assist ventilation. The stable
should be divided into suitable pens to contain from twenty to fifty shoci)
each, according to the size of the flock, with doors from one to the other,
racks for feeding hay, and troughs for grain, and for water also, if the
sheep are to be wuilered in the bam. There should also be 8uitul)le pas-
sage ways for feeding, etc. The arrangement of these racks, troughs I
and other conveniences, Avill readily suggest themselves, by referring to]
the plan for feeding cattle iu barns. There is to be no tying up, off

well for his

SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS.

817

course, but the same general arrangement may be followed, and when the
basoinont of a barn is to be used, the hay, grain, etc., may be handled in
the siinie manner as there given. There is one thing, however, indispen-
sable : As an attachment to every sheep barn, each pen should have a
yard in which the sheep may be turned out in pleasant weather, for air
and exercise. They may also be fed here in pleasant weather.

The annexed cut will show a good and substantial rack for outside
feeding.

1, w Special Winter'Food.

While it is the fact that sheep may be fairly wintered on hay, it is not
the most economical food in all the regions of the West and South, where
corn and cereal grains are cheaply raised. Many shepherds object to
corn as being too heating. We have never found any difficulty when it
was fed with hay, and with a small feed of roots daily. It seems almost
necessary to the health of shncp, that they have succulent food. In all
the West, turnips ai'c out of the question. Our hot Sunnners, and dry
Autunnis are not suited to this crop. Swedish turnips do better, since
they may be sown late in May, or early in Juno and get root, so they

ffriS

AILOWKI) TO SHIFT FOR ITSELF.

WINTKllKD WITH OOOD 8HEI.TEK ANP FEED.

will stand and produce good crops lato in Autumn. They are also easily
saved by keeping them nearly down to the freezing point in the winter
pits. Sugar beets or mangel wurzel may also be raised at a cost — placed
in the pits or cellar — that need not exceed two dollars a ton. Carrots and
piirsnips may be raised at a cost not exceeding three dollars per ton.
Witii carrots, beets and parsnips so that each sheep may have even half
» pound weight of root food once a day, they may bo kept in admirable
liealth, corn and hay being the only other food. Not only this, but "we
liave winten d lambs in this way, and had them come out Spring after
Spring, in the most admirable condition. Kept in this manner, they will

818

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

look like the young buck, shown at the right hand side of the pawe. Al-
lowed to shift for themselves as best they may, they will resemble the
sheep shown on the left side of the page. Which would you choose?

There is one thing that should be observed in feeding roots. Carrots
may be fed at all times. In feeding other roots, feed the Swedish tur-
nips first, and after they arc gone, the beets. Beets fed early in the
Winter I have not found profitable. They have an acrid quality, that
after the new year seems to be lost. Parsnips may be kept in the ground
until Spring, and will be found, in. connection with grain, most excellent
for ewes, after lambing. Until lambing time we prefer to feed carrotti,
and corn, with enough bran mixed to keep the bowels fairly open. Thus
fed, the fleeces will be heavy and even in texture. The sheep will not
shed their wool when put on to grass, and the shepherd, if he has attended
to the general health of the flock, will find that sheep really pay twice ;
once in the fleece, and once in the carcass. , ,.^, , . , ,.

Management of Lambs.

It is absolutely necessary, when early lambs are expected, that a
warm place be provided for the ewe at lambing time. The room need
not be large, and may be divided into pens suitable for each ewe when
there are a number to lamb at one time. Heat the room by means of a
stove, and if the ewes are healthy and hearty they will take care of
themselves as u rule. But the shepherd should be present in case the
young lambs want assistance, and here will be found the advantage in
having made the sheep perfectly familiar with and relying on the keeper,
for thus there will be no fear displayed. If the lamb appear weak and
disinclined to suck, handle it carefully and hold it to the dam. A young
lamb is at first the weakest and most foolish animal imaginable. Once it
has got on its feet and sucked it is all right.

Docking Lambs.

This should be performed as soon as the lamb is fairly strong and gi'ow-
ing ; say when a week old. Let an attendant pick up thelamb, and holding
his rump pretty firm against a post of suitable height, the shepherd
seizes the tail, and pressing the skin back toward the body, places a two
inch chisel at the point of separation, holding it firmly enough so that it
will not slip, when with a light blow of a mallet it is severed. Throw
the tails of rams in one pile and those of ewes in another, and enter in
the shepherd's book the sexes and numbers. It is well at the same time
to place a paint mark on the rump for future reoognition. A pinch of

SHEEP, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

819

powdered copperas on the end of the tail will stop bleeding. Occasionally
a lamb will bleed severely. If so, tie a ligature tightly around the stump,
to be removed in about ten hours, or a touch of red hot iron will be
more effective.

.#'^ ■ -■" '■■ ;■'•■''■ Castration. ■■ .-"i-^: ^•■■•- ^^■ '^,, ,, ' -: . .

Many perform this operation immediately before docking. It has

always been practiced by myself and I have never found any reason to

discontinue the plan. In any event the sooner it is done the better for

'the lamb. I have docked and gelded at three days old, and with the best

success. An attendant holds the lamb, rump down, and with the back

pressed against his own body ; drawing the hind legs up, the body is

pressed strong enough to cause the belly to be forced between the thighs,

and the scrotum is thus well exposed. Seizing the scrotum the operator

cuts away one-third of it ; take each testicle in turn and sliding back and

off the enveloping membrane, with a quick jerk the whole cord and

connecting tissues snap and come away. The object in cutting away a

part of the scrotum is that it makes a better surface in shearing. This

pulling away of the cord may seem cruel. It is not so ; there is almost

no bleeding, and the violence of the rupture deadens the pain. It is

sometimes necessary to geld an old ram . The best way is to tie a waxed

linen cord as tightly as possible about the bag, being careful that it is tied

entirely above the testicles, and that there shall be no possibility of

slipping of the knot. Thus circulation is stopped and in a few days the

strangulated part will drop away ; or the operation may be performed

precisely as in the case of the horse. We have however never used any

other means either with bulls or rams than that indicated above, and with

success.

m^n

l'''\:- ^^m

Weaning.

Spring lambs should be weaned early enough in the Fall so they may
become fully accustomed to grass and to grain before Winter sets in. If
acorn-field has at the last cultivating been sown with rye, it will afford
nice feed for lambs in the Fall, and in the following Spring it will be
found most valuable for breeding ewes. If there is stubble ground, in
which green oats or wheat have started, it makes excellent pasture for
liiinbs, since they will also pick up some grain. In any event, tliey should
^ learned to eat grain by having their salt sprinkled on grain in a trough
under cover, so they may learn to eat it. So far as Winter management

i concerned, the same rule will apply as to other animals. Give them
63

820

ILLUSTBATEi) STOCK DOCTOE.

the best of the hay and a liberal quantity of grain, to keep them growin
right along.

The Nursery-

In all large flocks there will always be some lambs that do not do well.
These should always be separated from the others and have extra care.
So in the older sheep — the flock should be graded as to age, size and sex.
It is better that the wethers and the ewes be kept apart, and that in the
sexes that very strong animals be not put with weak ones. If they do
iiu other mischief, they rob the weak ones of their food, the Aery thini'
they most need. In fact, every farm should have a nursery, however
small the flock, where weak ones and wethers may receive special atten-
tion and care. Sheep upon farms suited to them are very profitable, but
however suitable the farm, the profits will be in direct proportion to the
intelligent care and atteutioa the aoimals receive.

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PART VI.
Diseases of Sheep.

CAUSE, PRETENTIOi!^ AKD REMEDIES.

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ift!3!

Explanafion.

'^\>. \r ,;;( •;, -j

CHAPTER. I. .

ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP.

/ 1

laE HBAD. ^THE TRUNK. THE PORE-LEO. THE HINDLEO. IMPORTANCE

OF THE HEAD TO BREEDERS. DISEASES OP THE HEAD AND BItAIN.

THE TEHTH. SWELLED HEAD. VEGETABLE POISONING. INFLAMMA-
TION OF THE EYE. SHEEP DISTEMPER. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO

DO. GRUBS IN THE HEAD. HOW TO SAVE THE SHEEP. APOPLEXT.

PREVENTION. INFLAMMATION OP THE BRAtN. TETANUS, OR LOCK-
JAW. PALSY. RABIES. HYDATIOS ON THE BRAIN. PARASITES OF

THE BODY AND SKIN. THE SCAB. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO.

DISEASES OP THE GENERATIVE AND URINARY ORGANS. DISEASES OF

THE LIMBS AND HOOPS, FOOT BOT. HOW TO CURE IT. TOULS, AND

TBAVEL-SORE FEET. GRAVEL. THE BIFLEX CANAL. MAGGOTY SHEEP.

LUNG WORMS. INTESTINAL WOUJUS. ROTTEN LIVER. COLIC.

SKELETON OF LGICBSTBR SHBBP.

The Head.

Explanation.— 1— The intermaxillary bone. 2— The nasal bones. 8— The

823 ■ ■ .f

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824

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

upper jaw. 4 — The union of the nasal and upper jaw bone,
the molar and lachrymal bones. 6 — The orbits of the eye.
bune. 9 — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teeth or nippery.
or grinders.

The Trunk.

5— The union of
7— The frontal
11 — The molars

1, 1 — The ligament of the neck,' supporting the head, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7—
The seven vertebrse, or bones of the neck. 1 — 13 — The thirteen verlebru', or
bones of the back. 1 — 6 — Tto six vertebrne of tlio loins. 7— The sacral lione.
8— The bones of the tail, varying in different breeds from twelve to twenty -one.
9 — The haunch and pelvis. 1 — 8 — The eight true ribs with their cartilages.
9 — 13 — The five false ribs, or thoss that are uot attached to the breast bone.
14 — Th« breast bone.

-- .t:^:.,i,i ■■!:.• <.^/--, :■'■: ipj^g Pore-leg. '' ' ''■ ' '"

1 — The scapula or shiulder-blade. 2 — The humerus, bone of the arm, or fower
part of the shoulder. — The radius, or bone of tlio forearm. 4 — The ulna, or
elbow. 6 — Tlie knee, with its different bones. 6 — The metacarpal, or shank-
bones ; the larger bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller metacarpal.
8 — One of the sessamoid bones. 9— The two first bones of the foot; the pas-
terns. 10 — The proper bones of the foot.

The Hind-leg

1 — The thigh bone. 2 — The stifle joint and its bone, the patella. 8— The
tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — The point of the hock. 6— Tlie
other bones of the hock. 6 — The metatarsal bone, or bono of the hind-leg. 7
— Rudiment of the small metatarsal. 8 — A sessamoid bono. 9 — The two first
bones of the foot, the pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot.

The bones of the loins bear a strong resemblance to those in the back,
but instead of springing from the sides, as do the ribs, they are fixed,
bony processes, several inches in length, and their peculiar duty is to af-
ford protection to the abdomen. They are the timbers that support the
roof, or covering of this part of the system. Next in position to the loin
comes the sacrum, which is formed in young animals of separate bones,
but at maturity is consolidated into one. At this point the passage for
the spinal cord becomes very much diminished, and, at the end of the
bone, terminates in several nerves, which continue their course into the
tail. The bones of the latter are numerous, but not perforated. Wfi_
pass now to the limbs, and find that the number of joints are the same in j
the horse, ox, and sheep, but in the latter animals, at the fetlock, these j
become divided and the four bones beneath it are thus doubled.

8HEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

825

BKULL OF A POLLED aRKXP.

The bone which forms the elbow-uhia does not support much of the
ffei<^ht of the animal, but serves to attach the powerful muscles, so notic-
al)le iu bones, with good fore-arms. The attachment of the ulna to tho
radius forms a lever. The carpas or knee is composed of seven distinct
boucs, placed in two rows. The upper row articulates with the radius ; <
'the metacarpus. .* .= . . '■: If ■'' '. .r

Explanation — 1 — Occipital bone, depressed
out of danger. 2 — The parietal bones, the
suture having disappeared, and also out of
danirer. 3 — Tho squamous portions of the
temporal bone — the buttress of the arch of
the skull. 4 — The meatus auditorius, or
bony opening into the ear. 5 — The frontal

bones. G — The openings through which blood-vessels pass, to sup-
ply the forehead. 7 — The bony orbits of the eye. 8 — The zygo-
matic or molar bones, very much developed. 9, 10 — The bones of
the nose. 11 — The upper jaw bone. 12 — T!io foramen, through
which the nerve and blood-vessels pass, to supply the lower part of the
face. 13 — The nasal processes of the intermaxillary bones. 14 — The
pahitiue processes. 15 — The intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartila-
ginous pad, instead of containing teeth. ' - .. i.i-

Explanation— 1—Nasall bone. 2—
Upper jiuv bone. 3 — Intermaxillary
hone sui)porting the pad, supplies the
place of upper front teeth. 4, 4 —
The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or sinus
of the horn, co;nmunicating with the
frontal sinus. It is here shown by re-
moval of a section of the base of the
horn. 7 — The frontal bone. 8 — Verti-
cal section of the brain. 9 — Vertical
The cineritious portion of the brain.
brain. 10 — The'ethmoid bone, li-
ef the ethmoid bone

HEAD OF SHEEP— VEHTICVT, SECTION.

section of the cerebollum. a — •
h — The medullary portion of the
The cribiform or perforated plate
12 — The lower cell of the ethmoid bone. 13

— Ti\e superior turbinated bone.
—The sphenoid bone.

14 — The inferior turbinated bone. 17

Importance of the Head to Breeders.

The head of the sheep is one of the important points by Avhich to esti-
mate the quality and profitableness of the animal. The frontal bone (1)
projects both forwai'd and laterally, and gives to the sheep a peculiar

826

ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

appearunce as regards breadth of foi*ehcad and prominence of the oyp.
This design of nature is intended for the base of the bonis. thou<'h in
breeds known as hornless, or polled, the same formation is observu))lo.
The room from eye to eye is occasioned by the frontal bones (5, 5, of
polled sheep) reaching as far below the range of vision as above it, and
very materially shortening the nasal (10, 10,) bones. These reach up-
ward to the parietal bones (2) which latter constitute an important portion
of the posterior, slanting portion of the skull, just below the junction of
the frontal and parietal bones ; the head falls off in fullness — a l)ackwiu'd
sloping, so to speak, and the part of the frontal bone most important be-
cause covering the brain, is removed from the danger resulting from
concussion of the head in fighting. The form of the brain in the sheep,
is similar to that of the horse and ox, but is longer in proportion to size,
and )>roader in the back than in the front. The brain of the sheep so
closely resembles, in its conformation and structure, that of a man, though
smaller in proportion, that it furnislics the medical student with a good
substitute for the human subject. The membrane covering the bnuu is
technically called the ^ia mater. The dura ?nater lines the skull, and be-
tween the latter and the former is a delicate membrane called ternica
arachmides. The nerves, of which ten pairs are connected with the brain,
and thirty with the s^jinal cord, supply the sense of feeling, seeing, hear-
ing, tasting, smelling, «S;c., and a portion conveying the volition of the
brain to all parts of the body, are termed nerves of motion.

Diseases of the Head and Brain.

In Europe, and especially in Great Britain, sheep are subject to a long
category of diseases. Fortunately, in this country sheep thus far have
been subject to comparatively few diseases, and especially so in the West ;
owing probably to the fact that, except in the Spring, and sometimes for
a short period in the Autumn, the climate and the soil are dry. Mr.
Spooner, the able English veterinary writer, remarks upon the rarity of
inflammatory diseases in American sheep. This he attributes to the
muscular and vascular structure of the sheep, comparing the indifferently
kept sheep of his day with highly fed British sheep. The real cause,
however, of exemption from disease lies more in the climate than anything
else. Another special reason probably is that our flock masters are, as a
rule, men of intelligence, who trust but little to ignorant shepherds, as
is not the case in Great Britain and on the continent. We shall therefore
touch lightly upon many diseases specially treated of in foreign works,
and pay more particular attention to that class of diseases most prevalent
with us.

sffellinjr
wound, wi
the insect
hour until

The faces
noxious plai
fith the f ol

No.

i(rn works,
, prevalent

SHEEP, THKIR DISEASES.

,; . . The Teoth. ,> ',

The shocp has eight incisora in tho lower jaw, and twelve grinders —
six oil a side in each jaw, — making in all thirty-two teeth. At birth tho
liimb should have the two central incisors just pushing through. At a
montli old all the incisors should bo up. At one year, sometimes not
until fifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shod, and two
new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, it will have
two more permanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past it
will have six i)crmancnt incisors, and at four years old past the eight
permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This
will be an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of
course by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster than illy
kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose
their fan shape, as seen at four years old. At seven they become longer
and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they
become quite slender, tho middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen
and begin to drop out. In the West few sheep are kept to the age of
ten years, except in the case of valuable ewes and bucks. The principal
care necessary with the teeth is, if decay is suspected, to examine, and
extract the decayed ones, or pierce the nerve with a hot ii'on.

Swelled Head.

Sheep sometimes are bitten by venomous snakes, but this seldom
occurs, and when so the animal is usually beyond help before being
found. The bites of insects however, sometimes give trouble. Whoii
swelling from this cause is discovered, cut the wool from around the
wound, Avash with warm water dry, rub thoroughly with lard oil, and if
the insect may have been a venoinous one, give the foUowng dose each
hour until relief is obtained :

No. 1. a Scniple hartshorn,

1 Ounce rainwater.

Vegetable FoiBoning.

The faces of the sheep sometimes become poisoned from feeding near
noxious plants. Bathe the sore place with warm water, and then moisten
with the following :

No. 2.

10 Grains acetate of lead,
1 Ounce water.
DisHolve.

4 t'i I *

828

ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

This is uIho excellent for burns, bruises, Irritable and moist ulcers in.
flamed tendons, moist skin diseases, and cruuked and itching Hurfiiccin
and also for sore lips.

Inflammation of the Byei.

Simple ophthalmy sometimes occurs in sheep. If there is serious in-
flammation, bleed slif^htly from the facial V(!in — the vein running down
obliquely from the eye, and bathe with the following :

Ko. 8. ' 8 Omlns dulplmte of tlDC, _.,.j

1 Ounno water,
'■,■' ',' ■ '■ IS Drops lauUiiiiiiin. '■

I. Uix, au(l bathe llglilly twice a day. .

"" •■•' i' . , . i' '' ■•' -'. ' , ■' I .„ v'

•• yr,.f/.; . .' N .( Sheep Distemper.

Malijrnant epizootic catarrh is an epidemic accompanied liy severe con-
gestion and inflammation of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities and
sometimes extending into the stomach and bowels, is as to its cause un-
known, but has occasionally been very fatal, both East and West.

SImi

xtniiii,

caso, 11'

feeding

pousihk

!,,■,

i, ,

III Jul

the li(!ud

with thoi

to (leposi

like the c

hatches, ji

it grows

^'I'ound, h

transfoi'ni

How to Know It.

There is depression, a slight watery discharge from the nostrils, and tlie
eyes, which are partly closed and paler than natural. There is more or
less loss of appetite. The pulse is normal as to fre<|ucncy, but is wealior
than UHunl. There is no cougli, niid the breathing is not chnnged unless
the bronchial tubes are nffeetcd. The symptoms increase, until llie end
of a week the discharge from the nose is thick and glutinous, some-
times tinged with blood ; eyes half closed, the lids gummed with a yellow
secretion. The respiration is difficult, emaciation and prostration great;
the [julse very low, the appetite is gone, and in from ten to fifteen days
the animal dies.

What to Do. ,

At the firf^t symptoms, remove the sheep to a dry, well ventilated
place, where they may be kept comfortably warm. Give them concen-
trated and nourishinsr food and stimulants. If the bowels are costive,
give them, say : V! v -

No. 4.

8 (ii'iiius corrosive sublimate,

1 Oz. rhiibnrb,

2 Oz. frinvTRr,

3 Oz. gentian.

Prevent
into fiirroM
tarring one
n light hag
cents for ei
The niag,
dislodged,
snuff may
ill a dosG
""'"ihriine
secure tlio s
^iil of equal
'•ireful, hoM
"le lun-rs.
nice operatic

This is a
«''<'«P of a pj
'^'^P leaps
fcinedyisearll

SIIRBP, TirEIU DISRAHRH.

829

Siinnier tho la.st throo in a quart of water for ton or fifteen minutes ;
stmiii, and add the (irst. (jlivu two tublo-HpoonfulH twi<!e a day. In any
I'liHO, avoid all Htroiig purging or bleeding. An eijuable warmth, good
feeding, nourishing drinks, and good nursing, is what will Have, when
poasihle, if taken curly. If not well nursed the patient will be sure to die.

"' Orubs in the Hoad.

In July and August, if sheep arc seen standing crowded together with
the heads close to the ground, occasionally stamping violently, or striking
with their fore feet, be sure the sheej) gad-lly (I'Jsfnis Oris, is attempting
to deposit her eggs in the nostrils of the sheep. Tiiis fly is somewhat
like the ox gad-fly, but smaller. The egg deposited, tho maggot soon
hutches, ascends the sinuses of the noso, causing nnich irritation. Then
it jrrows during Winter, and in the Spring descends and falls on the
pound, burrows therein, assumes tho form of a chrysalis, to be again
ti'uusformed into a perfect ily.

How to Savo the Sheep.

Prevent the flies from laying their eggs. Plow a portion of the field
into furrows of loose soil ; keep tho sheep's noses smeared with tar, by
tuning onco a day through the season of the fly. I have caught them in
aliglii bag net, such as boys use in catching Insects. A reward of five
(Tilts for every fly caught would well repuy the shcej) owner.

The maggots affix themselves by their .strong hooks, and are not easily
dislodged. Violent sneezing will sometimes dislodge them. Thus Scotch
snuff may be blown up the nostrils. The infested sheep may be driven
in a close place, and horn shavings or leather burned to irritate the
ni(Miil)rane of the nostrils. A better w.iy, when carefully done, is to
secure the sheep, hold the head up, and pour into each nostril a teaspoon-
fi.l of equal parts of sweet oil and turpentine, well shaken together. Be
ciireful, however, that the sheep is not strangled by the mixture entering
the lungs. The grubs are sometimes extracted by the surgeon. It is a
nice operation, and as a rule will not pay its cost

, , v Apoplexy.

This is a disease seldom seen in the United States, and confined to
'^licep of a plethoric habit, and is generally fatal if not taken early. The
slieep leaps suddenly in the air, falls and dies in a few momenta. The
fcinedy is early and copious bleeding from tho neck (jugular) vein, until

830

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

the sheep shows signs of weakness. A pint of blood is sometimes taken
from full-bodied, large sheep and less for smaller ones.

Prevention.

This is better than cure. If a sheep be dull, and apparently uncon-
scious of what is going on ; if the membranes of the nose are deep red
or violet, the nostrils and pupils of the eye dilated, the pulse hard, and
the breathing stertorous, bleed immediately, and afterwards give two
ounces of salt, to be followed by an ounce every six hours until a copious
evacuation is produced.

■' ■ . - • ■ -• --■?,

Inflammation of the Brain.

This is a secondary effect of the causes which produce apoplexy. The
animal is dull and inactive. The eyes are red and protruding, and at
length the animal rushes about in the wildest delirium. The same remedy
is prescribed as for apoplexy.

>. Look-jaw.

This is produced from a variety of causes, among the more common,
being inflammation of the membranes from improper gelding, injuring
the hoofs, horns, etc. The animal is unable to walk, or only so with dif-
ticulty ; the jaws are set, and death ensues in a short time. Warmth,
quiet, and bleeding from the jugular vein, is recommended. We should
omit the bleeding and give one-h.ilf to three-quarters of an ounce of
castor oil, according to the age of the sheep, the disease being confined
mostly to lambs, and sheep after gelding. Follow the dose of castor oil,
in half an hour, with ten grains of opium, and at the end of an hour,
give another ti i grains of opium if a decided sedative effect is not pro-
duced. EpiV p^y is a kindred disease, in fact tetanus is considered to be
an aggravated state of epilepsy. The remedial means will be the same.

• Palsy.

This is the opposite of epilepsy. The sheep is unable to move its
limbs. It is supposed to be produced by cold and improjier treatment.
Ifc is rare in this country. Take the lamb to a warm place, give it warm
gruel, with a little ginger mixed in it. If a purgative is indicatedgive:

No. B. 2 Oz. epsom salt*,

H Drachm ginger.

Mix in half pint of ale oi' water ; t( be followed by two drachms of
Laudanum in an hour.

SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

Babies.

831

Sheep are apt to be bitten by rabid dogs. The only preventive is to kill all
strange or suspioiously acting dogs. The remedy is to kill the sheep as soon
as attacked. The perils attending treatment, and the hopelessness of the case,
dictate this course.

..m-i v>

Hydatids on the Brain.

This is a disease of rare occurrence in America, probably from the
fact that range is greater and dogs fewer to the square mile. The disease
once fixed, nothing, practically, can be done, at least except a thorough
veterinary surgeon be called, since it involves a delicate surgical operation.
The bladder worm or hydatid is a form of the tape worm of the dog, in
an earlier stage of existance. The mature tape worm lives in the bowels
of the dog, its eggs are voided with the excrement, and iu close pasturage
the sheep take the eggs while grazing ; hatching, they make their way to
the brain, where they grow, and must remain until eaten by some other
animal. Thus the dog eats the sheep's head, acquires the tape worm,
and the insect again go*es its round of life. Allow no sheep's heads to be
eaten without thorough cooking, kill all strange dogs, and give your shep-
herd dogs a good vermifuge occasionally.

One of the plans adopted to get rid of the hydatid when it can be loca-
ted is to pierce the cyst with the needle of a strong h}'podermic syringe,
aud inject into it half a tea-spoonful of the following :

Ho. 6. 1 Grain iodine,

5 Grains iodide or potash,

1 Ounce water.

Mix.

Parasii:es of the Body and Skin.

Sheep are infested with lice, three different forms of parasites which
produce scab, also with ticks, intestinal worms, parasites of the liver,
lungs, etc.

'^ The Scab.

This is produced by a minute, almost microscopic insect, which bur-
rows under the cuticle, producing intense irritation, the escape of serum,
and which drying, brings off with it wool and all, and, spreading with
great rapidity, soon infests the whole flock. The tenacity of life of these
'nsects is so great that a scabby pasture has been said to spread the con-
tagion after three years. The prevention of infection should be impera-
tive with every flock master.

» I

U|j.

Pki-.iV

832

1LLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

How to Know It.

The sheep is restless and constantly rubbing itself against posts and
other objects it can get near. It bites itself with its teeth, and scratches
itself with its hoofs. Soon the fleece becomes ragged and begins to fall
out, and the animal appears wretched and unsightly, and at length dies.

A BAD CASE OF SCAB.

What to Do.

nu'^il- ■'.,■

The remedies are both liquid and oily. A good dip, and one re-
garded in England as most effective, is the following : _,

3 Pounds arsenic,

3 Pouiuls jjearl ash,

, ';

3 Pounds sulphur,

3 Pounds soft soap.

■1 !«»il

.'tjj>«j,(i '

No. 7.

Mix in ten gallons of boiling water, stir, but avoid the fumes, and add
ninety gallons of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a
sheep to be dipped, having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bot-
tom underneath to allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back
down, being careful not to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture,
letting the animal remain one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and
squeeze the wool, until pretty well drained, and place in a yard until
dry. When dry, go over the flock again, as to the heads, with the fol-
lowing :

No. 8. f H'f^Uh 1 Pound mercurial oiatment.
,6 Pounds 1; ,
-r*.^- HM iw.-x- . -f {. 1 Pound rosin,

•';*h •:,,., V ,' '. 3j Pint oil of turpentine.

»t-iiij ^ftt-*** ,?;.vsi»i'fA>,

ring.

Mix thi
Di

lard is col

head, aJoij

In the I

' used, subs(

fonnula as

A forjui

lowiliof ;

No,

. rSiiHiiti

The sheep
four or five
as not to eii
dried as befo

]

Use the ren
ia the li

This is an in
'"? the inflam
''7 Dr. Randal]
The first syn
pale condition
'•ecomes somen,
•'^'Wt, the nioistl
attends down t<f
"'alls are then al
''^f»'een the flesi
'"^-l^ttheheell
"andthefleshyl
«" parts of the i
^J'eisdisorganil
, f corruption, s]
forefeet are usl

.SHEEP. THEIR DISEASES.

Mix the mercurial ointment witn *.he lard by heating gently and stir-
ring. Dissolve the resin in the turpentine and rub all together when the
lard is cold. Part the wool on the head between the ears, on the fore-
head, along the neck and under the jaws, and rub in the ointment.

Ill the United States, tobacco is often used in the place of arsenic ; if
' used, substitute ten pounds of strong tobacco leaves for the arsenic in the
fornmla as given above.

A formula in great repute among Australian shepherds, is the fol-
lowing :

No.9. 1 Pound tobacco leaves, , , , r- 'i • ^ .4

1 Pound sulphur, , ,,

6 Gallons water.

Boil the tobacco in the water, then add the sulphur. ■ ■ ■'-

The sheep is dipped in this solution while quite hot, and retained in it
four or five minutes, its head being from time to time thrust under so
as not to enter the eyes, nose, or mouth, and the wool pressed and
dried as before stated. , ,, . .:;.,•,;

Diseases of the Oenerative and Urinary Organs.

Use the remedies prescribed for cattle, noting the doses as given for
sheep in the list of medicines for animals.

Diseases of the Limbs and Hoofii— Foot Bot.

This is an infectious disease often aggravated by grit and dirt increas-
ing the inflam.mation. The indications of rot are described minutely
by Dr. Randall :

The first symptom is the disappearance of the naturally, smooth, dry,
pale condition of the skin at the top of the cleft, over the heels. It
becomes somewhat red, warm and moist, and slightly rough^or chafed.
Next, the moisture increases to a discharge, and an ulcer is formed which
extends down to the upper portion of the inner wall of the hoof. These
walls are then attacked, become disorganized, and the disease penetrates
between the fleshy sole and the 1)ottom of the hoof. The hoof is thick-
ened at the heel by an unnatural deposition of horn. The crack between
it and the fleshy sole pours out an offensive and purulent matter. Soon
all parts of the foot are penetrated by the burrowing ulceration, the horny
sole is disorganized, and the fleshy sole becomes a black and swollen mass
of corruption, shapeless, spongy, and often filled with maggots. The
fore-feet are usually first attacked ; lameness is early noticed and soon

^m ^ '■

bty

834

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

becomes complete : the appetite iq lost, and the animal dies from exhaus-
tion. The offensive odor of the true foot rot is characteristic, and once
made familiar will serve as a ceitain guide in recognizing the disease.
The disease may present itself in a malignant and rapid form, or in a
mild one. The first attack on a flock is generally of the severe charac-
ter. When it is kept under the first year, its appearance the next Sum-
mer will be mild ; and the third season still milder.

How to Cure Bot.

Every part of the diseased structure must be cut away, cleaning the
knife from time to time. This thoroughly accomplished, ])repare a tank,
which is to be filled to a depth of four inches, with a strong, saturated
solution of sulphate of copper, blue vitriol; let each sheep stand in this,
heated as hot as they can bear, for ten or more minutes, keeping the whole
hot by occasionally plashing a piece of heated iron in it, or adding a
quantity of the solution boiling hot. It is also well to cover the hoof
with chloride of limC; and fill the cleft of the hoof with a piece of tow
long enough so the ends can be twisted into a cord to be fastened around
the fetlock. This makes a good bandage. The hoofs should be exam-
ined daily for sometime ? ad the chloride renewed if necessary. Keep
the sheep in a dry, well-littered yard, oi*on a dry, short pasture, and feed
well. If the case is bad, the following tonic given internally will be
necessary :

Ko. 10. 2 Drachms common salt,

H Drachm sulphate o( Iron,
,,i,: )i Drachm nitrate of potash.

Mix as a powder and give daily.

Foula and Travel-sore.

These may be cured, the first by washing the cleft of the hoof with
warm water and applying a strong solution of blue vitriol, and the latter
by touching the thin places in the hoofs with a feather dipped in oil of
vitriul, and smearing over with tar. Or l»etter, prepare the following lotion
and use occasionally:

No. 11. 1 Part solution of chloride of antimony,

J •., ' r ' 1 Part compound tincture of myrrh.

' ' ' ' f ■'■■ .;, ;i -■■;,•' -■ ,■.,-■^- -•.•;,•.(■?- . ^ •■.■•> ;^. . . . "

■-■■"■'■'■ ' Oravel.

Sheep often become graveled. If lame in the least examine them, and
cut the horn of the hoof to expose the gravel ; extract it and cover the
wound with tar.

Thei
the hoo:
advice (
enibcdd(
perhaps
eonipoui

Often
eggs, eitl
about the
tugged, 1
diagonallj
must be t

And aft

This dis
which soin
tbe windp:
•iysentery,
the mouth
fough and
if it lose its

Pour on
warm add

No.

Mix well

^hen the
into twelve

No.

This i

IS enc

SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

83ft

The Biflex Canal.

The issue as it is called (biflox canal) in the front and upper part of
the hoof, sometimes becomes irritated and swollen. Do not follow the
advice of ignorant persons and "cut out the worm." If any thing is
embedded therein, extract it. If simply swollen and inflamed, and
perhaps ulcerated, lance it in two or three places slightly and dress with
compound tincture of myrrh. ' ;■• .

* Maggoty Sheep.

Often in hot weather, from one cause or another, flies will lay theii
efffs, either in a wound, or, if the sheep is dirty, in the aecumulateci dung
about the thighs. The prevention is cleanliness. Keep the sheep well
tnffi,'ed, that is shear the wool from under the sides of the tail, and
diajronally thence some ways down the thighs. If maggots exist they
must be taken out, and the wounds touched with

No. 12.

1 Part creosote,
4 Parts aluoliol.

And afterwards bathed daily, until relieved, with tincture of myrrh.

Other Diseases.— Lung-Worms.

This disease is caused by the presence of worms, the strongulus filn.riu ^
which sometimes make their way into the lungs, but are usually found in
the windpipe and bronchial tubes and bowels of sheep. If there is
dysentery, with fetid stools, examine the evacuations and the mucus of
the mouth and throat for indications of the worms. If there is a husky
cough and quickened breathing ; if the sheep rubs its nose on the ground ;
if it lose its appetite and flesh prepare the following :

No. 13. 6 Oz. Bulphate of magnesia,

4 Oz. nitrate of potash.

Pour on these three pints boiling water, and when the solufton is milk
warm add :

No. 14. 4 Oz. oil of turpentine,

H Oz. bole armeniac.

Mix well and give two or three tablespoonfuls every other day.

When the worms are supposed to prevail, the following may be made
ittto twelve doses, one to be given once in two weeks, as a preventive ;

No. IS. 8 Oz. oil of turpentine,

■ .u :• 2 Oz. powdered gentian,
2 Oz. laudanum.
Dissolve in a quart of lime water.

This is enough for twelve sheep. . :; ' .' r;i;?s;

836

ILLUS'ijRATEJD STOCK DOCTOR.

Intestinal Worms.

The presence of intestinal worms and other parasite affections may be
often found if shepherds would take the trouble to dissect a dead sheep.
When found in one, the presumption is good that many are affected, for
these parasites seldom appear in individual cases only. As a preventive
when feared, plenty of salt should be allowed, and the following prepared
to be given once iu two weeks.

No. 16. 2 Lbs. common salt,

1 Lb. sulphate of mngneala, .:

X Lb. sulphate of iron,
H Lb. powdered geutian,
Mix: .'■->'■ *vft-

This 18 sufficient for 80 to 100 sheep to be given in ground feed.

Dr. Tellor says : Ordinary wood soot, as it can be collected from the
chimney is a very efficient vermifuge, often used, both in children and
the lower animals. It may be mixed with salt, or sprinkled on the fodder.
Another cheap and useful ^'erniifuge, in the form of a drink, is —

No. 17. 1 Lb. quick lime, . ■• i',.};r '''.•,:.":

b Oz. sulphate of iron.

Mix with five gallons of water, and give a. pint twice a week.

As a vermifuge in rouud^and thread-worms, the shepherd may use —

■ No. 18.

- For a drench.

2 Oz. linseed oil,

)i Oz. oil of turpentine.

For tape worm, the foUomng: — ;, .

No. 19. K to 1 Drachm, powdered areca nut,

10 to 20 Drops, oil of Hmull fern.

Give in molasses and water, and follow next day with a purge.
"' 'V > ' The Bot, or Liver-Fluke.

This is a disease caused by flat worms, (Fasciola hepatica,) in the
liver. If by rubbing the skin of a sheep backward and forward at the
small of the back as taken between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and
flabby and there is a crackling feeling in the fingers, as if there were water
underneath : if there is weakness and tenderness about the loins ; if the
belly swells, and the eye becomes jaundiced ■, if there is a diarrhea, a weak
heart and general stupor, and no veterinarian is near, isolate the animal
in a high dry pasture, give abundant and nutritious food and prepare the
following :

SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES.

837

No. 20. )i Lb. Bulphate of magnesib,

S Drachms oil of turpentine.

Mix for a drench, and give every two days, one-third of the quantity

at a dose.

The following is an English remedy and said to be very effective :

No. 21. IK Drach.ns yellow resin, j

1 Oz. oil of turpentine, >

10 Grains calomel,
30 Drops tincture of iodine.
For three doses, one to be given every morning for three days, in gruel.

Oolio.

The best preventive is to keep sheep off of pastures liable to inundation,
since the worm passes one stage of its existance in shell fish and water
insects, which are carried into such pastures by floods, and the sheep get
the germs with the grass.

Lush pasture to hungry sheep, ergot in fodder, musty or blighted
grain, will produce colic or hoven in sheep as in cattle. The presence of
giis is sometimes so strong as to rupture the walls of the rumen or third
stomach. If the case is not serious, press and knead the stomach, and
give the following :

No. 22. 2 Drachms sulphate of potash,

1 Oz. common suit,
1 Oz. sweet oil.
Mix in a wine glass full of water.

If the inflation is great, get a rubber tube, of half inch calibre, fasten
a pledget of wool over the end to prevent clogging, oil thoroughly and
introduce gently down the throat to the stomach. If this means fail and
tlie swelling continues, remove the wool from the most prominent part
and plunge a trocar into the stomach. If a trocar is not to be had use a
common sharp pointed pen knife, and keep the orifice open by inserting
a goose quill.

ii ;

■|P«

^..im-

KISTOR

.p;

/' ^

PART VII.

SWINE.

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

'^'41

'' \ \ -JRi

'■Ait

OWOIN OP THE J

1. IMPB

ESTABl

TICS OP BEK
YOUKSmUK I
MIDDLE-BREI
CHINA.— X). 1
TKKI8TICS. —

V-

The great an
the fact that r(
teitiarv und dilu
Willi hogs, froir
native of Europ
is mild enough t
wherever civiliza
domestic hog is i
continue entirely
remotest general

".fl .p.

SWINE.

; 1

History, Breeds and Characteristics.

CHAPTER I.

HISTORY L.ND BREEDS.

OIIOIN OP THE HOG. TEETH OF THE HOO. IMPORTANCE OF SWINE TO MAN.

1. IMPROVKD BREEDS OF SWINE. — ENQLISU BREEDS. — IF. THE BKIiKSUIRF.} .

ESTABLISHING TUB IMPROVKD BERKSHIRE. STANDARD CHARACTERIS-
TICS OP BEKK3UIRE8. III. NEAPOLITAN HOGS. IV. ESSEX BREED. V.

yoUKSHIRR HOG. — VI. SCFFOLKS. — VII. LANCASHIRE HOGS. — VIII. LANCASHIRE

MIDDLE-BREED. — IX. LARGE LANCASHIRE. — AMERICAN BREEDS. X. POLAND

CHINA. — XI. CHESTER WHITES — XII. JERSEYREDS. — CHE9HIRE3. XIII. CHARAC-

TKIU3TICS. RECAPITULATION OF BREEDS.

Origin of the Hog.

The great antiquity of the hog, siis scrqfa of Linnseua, is fixed from
(he fact that remains of several fossil species have been found in the
tcitiarv and diluvial deposits of Europe, and allied species in India. The^
Willi hogs, from \V'hich the domestic breeds have taken their rise, are
native of Europe, Asia and Africa, and are found wherever the climate
is mild enough to afford sustenance in Winter, and in a domestic state
wherever civilization has been extended. The fact of the origin of the
domestic hojr is well established from the fact that it will interbreed and
continue entirely fertile, the succeeding fertility of the offspring, to the
remotest generations, proving the homogeneity of the species.

41 n

■4 ! M

t ij

842

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

In America, in Austruliu sind in tho Polynesiim group, hogs were un-
kno»vn until introduced. In Englund tl»o wild ypc-oicij has long hecii
extinct. In France they are nearly so, hut in some [jarts of CJcrniuiiv,
Denmark, Italy, (Jreece, and in A.sia Minor they are still Uict wifli. In
America swino are said to have heon introduced into Ilispuniohi hv
Columhus iit 141)3 ; into Florida hy De Soto in 1538 ; into Nova S( otiu
and Newfoundland in 1553, into Canada in 1G08, and into Virginiu in
ll509. So groat was the fecundity of swine in Virginian forests, that in
eighteen years after their introduction the inhabitants of Jamestown juij
to paliaade the towu to keep them out.

Teeth of the Hog.

The domestic hog has, when full grown, forty-four permanent tocth,
twenty-eight of which are preceded by temporary, or milk tcotli. The
teeth are classified as follows : Twelve incisors or front teeth, six in tlie
upper and six in the lower jaw. Tho incisors in each jaw are divided
equally, three on each side of the median line, of which tho fore-
most are called tho nippers ; tho next outside of these, intenncdiiiry
incisors, and tho remainder, outside of these are called corner inci.sors.
Next in order are the four tusks, one on each upper and one in oiich
under jaw on each side. The true grinders oi molars are six in ni]nil)er,
not including the so-called '*wolf teeth," four in number, but which are
now classed Avith tho molars, making really seven on a side in each jaw.
Each of the three hindmost molars in the four rows are permanent teeth,
or not preceded by milk teeth. The throe next in front of these appear
soon after birth, one after another, and are called milk teeth (or premolars)
and in the course of time are shed one after another, in the order in
which they appeared, to give place for tho permanent molars. These six
molars are counted from the hindmost one forward. The seventh molar
tooth, or tho fourth premolar, appears later, in the space betAvecn the
third premolar and the tusk. This small, apparently supernumerary
tooth is sometimes called a wolf's tooth, and was once considered as an
independent tooth, not belonging to the molars. It is now classed with the
molars, to which it undoubtedly belongs. It is a permanent tooth, and
is sometimes very small and imperfect, which is accounted for by the
near proximity of the large and strong tusk.

The teeth of the hog may therefore bo represented by the following
formula : Incisors, six upper six lower ; canines, one upper one lower on
each side ; wolf teeth, so-called, now determined to be molars, one upper
one lower on each side ; molars, six upper six lower on each side ; in all
44 teeth.

Flint
8uniniai
The I
(UHks.

On th
molar.

At foi
in the Jo
At the
the uj)pc:
At the
ahove the
At the
ut (ho sun
At the 1
tlic pcrina
])i;niniiiciit
At the t
\Vi(h tli(
"ill have
months of
tlie punis.
^Vitii the
tlie hindnic
«illi the t\^

Voxt to
food. I„ f j

either harrj
(ntlng and
As show
tte followinl

187]-_l
1872— I
1873—1
1874—1

In the

yed

8WINE, III8TORY AND BREEDS.

To Tell the Age of Swine.

843

Fiirstcnburjj, a woll known German nuthority, has given the following
guummry for doterniiiiiiig the age of swine ;

The uuinial ia born with eight teeth — four corner incisors and four
tusks. ' . ..■■ '! . '• :.. ..' .: *

Oil the eighth or tenth day appears the second or third temporary
molar.

At four weeks old the four nippers appear — two in the upper and two
in till! lower jaw.

At the fifth or sixth week the foremost temporary molars appear iu
tlie upper and lower jaw.

At tlic age of three months the intermediary incisors have appeared
above tlie gums.

At the sixth month the so-called wolf's teeth will have appeared ; ami
lit the wame age appear the third permanent molars.

At the ninth month the following teeth will liavo appeared : namely
tk peniianeiit corner incisors, the permanent tusks, and also the second
piinimnent molars.

At the twelfth month the permanent nippers will be in view.

With the twelfth and thirteenth months the three temporary molars
will have been shed, and their permanent substitutes, which, at fifteen
months of age, will have fully appeared, are now just cutting through
the gunis.

With tlie eighteenth month the permanent intermediary incisors and
the hiiulinost permanent molar will have made their appearance ; and,
with the twenty-first month, they will be fully developed.

Importance of Swine to Man.

Next to cattle, swine are the most important to man as an article of
food. In the adaptability of pork for successfull}' standing long voyages,
either barreled or smoked, in the value of lard for various culinary, lubri-
cuting and burning purposes, its place could not easily be supplied now.

As showing the importance of swine breeding in the United States,
tlie following table is given, extending from 1871 to 1878 inclusive:

1871—29,457,500,
1872—31,796,300,
1873—32,682,050,
1874—39,860,900,

1875—28,062,200,
1876—25,726,800,
1877—28,077,100,
1878—32,362,500.

In the year 1878 the three greatest hog producing States were Iowa,

844

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Ohio'and Illinois ; of these Iowa contained 2,244,800 ; Ohio, 2,341,411 •
and Illinois, 3,;555,500 hogs. In 1878 there were packed in Chicafro
alone over 5,000,000 swine, or one-sixth the whole number raised in the
United States.

I. Improved Breeds of Swine.

To the India hog, the Chinese and the Neapolitan is due more than to
any other, the improvement in English breeds, and from those introduced
into the United States are due our own American breeds, that have now
become unexcelled in any quarter of the globe for the purpose for which
they are intended ; early maturitjs aptitude to fr.tten at any asje, and
ultimate weight of the mature animal. Of ti)ese the Chinese hof has
given great fattening propensities.

OLD CHINA BOAR.

The illustration we give will show first, the appearance of the boar as
known 3'ears ago, and on the next page the sow. Tliis breed lias had 11
very marked influence as one of the bases of the Poland-China l)reed of
the present da}', and is said to have been introduced in the West, in Ohio,
in 181(>.

Civil i?:ation in China antedates that of all other nations. Hence
it is quite prol)ablc that tlie systematic breeding of swine anioiig that
people antedates that of other aiTcient nations. This again is proved by
the prepotency of the blood of this hog. It has formed the basis of ini-

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

845

,341,411 •,
VI Chicago
ised iu the

provement in all our modern breeds, both in England and America. In
Eii"huid its prepotency has been strongly felt iu all the breeds and has
tran^jferred the long-legged, coarse-boued, elephant-eared, and big-headed
swine of Old England into the deep-br -i.ied, broad-necked, short-nosed,
compact, and early-maturing Berkshire Essex, Suffolk, Small Yorkshire
and other representative breeds, which have been further improved by the

lore than to
; introduced
at have now
,se for which
my age, and
icse hog has

CHINA SOW.

infusion of Neapolitan blood, reducing the hair, hide and bone until now
Init little more is to be desired. And in our own country it has given us
tiie Poland-China, Chester whites, improved Cheshires and New Jersey
reds,' — breeds Avhich may compete most favorably with any others in
the United States.

2 of tbc boar as,
I breed has Ir.ul ii

leWcs^"^

Ohio,

Inutions. Hence
Iwine among tlvat
2a\n is proved by
[ the basis of iw

English Breeds— The Berkshlres.

This now magnificent breed has been bred in Berkshire, England and
in adjacent countries from a very early day. Their origin is thus report-
ed: The family of hogs in Berkshire, England, which was the foundation
of the present improved breed, was of a sandy or buff color, ab.iut equaily
spotted with black ; was of a large size, a slow feeder, and did not fully
'nature till two and a half or three years old. But as such it was very
tiighly esteemed for the proportion of lean to fat in its meat, and for
the superior weight of its hams and shoulders, thus rendering the whole
carcass peculiarly fitted for smoking, for which purpose it was said to

84fi

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

excel all other English breeds. The improvement is reported to have
commenced sometime during the lust century, through the impoitation
and crossing on the females of a Siamese boar. This breed was, in color
from a jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color ; of medium size,
quick to mature ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and head;
thin jowls ; a dished face ; slender, erect ears ; broad, deep, compact body,
well ribbed up ; extra heavy hams and shoulders ; a slender tail ; thin skin,
and firm, elastic flesh. ^<t

Establishing the Improved Berkshire.

After using the Siamese boar in Berkshire to the old style of females
as long a.s it was considered bost, he was discarded, and the cross pigs
then bred together. In 1838 as we and others bred this swine in Illinois,
they were in color a deep, rich plum, with a slight flecking on the body,
of Avhite, or buff, or a mixture of the two ; having a small blaze in the
face ; two to four white feet, and more or less white hair on the tail.
The plum color was preferred to the black'or slate, because it oarriod
rather higher style and higher points with it, and a superior quality of
flesh, softer hair, and finer skin. Since that time the Berkshires have
been much improved in style and compactness, but probably not in excel-
lent meat points. In lean meat in the bacon pieces, and in superior hams
and shoulders, they excel all other breeds. It must be acknowledged,
however, they were always somewhat harder feeders than the best of the
very fat breeds. '"

.,4

!.i;

standard Characteristics of Berkshires.

The following may be accepted as a standard of chai'acteristics and
marks : Color black, whit^ on feet, face, tip of tail, and occasional
splash of white on the arm. While a small spot of white on some otlicr
pnrt of the body does not argue an impurity of blood, yet it is to I)e
discouraged, to the end that uniformity of color may be attained liy
breeders. White upon the ear, or a bronze or copper spot on some part
of the liody argues no impurity, but rather a reappearing of original
colors, by reversion. Markings of white other than those named above,
arc suspicious, and a pig so marked should be rejected. Face short,
fine and well dished ; broad between the eyes ; ears generally almost
erect, sometimes inclined forward with advancing age, always small,
thai, soft and showing veins ; jowl full ; neck short and thick ; shoulder
short from neck but moderately deep from back down ; back broad and
straight, or very little arched ; ribs long and well sprung, giving rotundity

'•STPW' .l"^ ""^ f.*' "^ '*''VTT »

^rted to have
le iinpovtation
d was, in color
[ mecVmiu size,
legs and heiuV,
compact body,
• tail ; thin skin.

style of females
i the cross pigs
swine in Illinois,
ing on the body,
mall blaze in the
hair on the tail.
ccauso it carried
ipovior quality of
; Bevkshircs have
labiy not in excel-
1 in superior haras
be acknowledged,
ail the best of the

characteristics and
il, and occasional
liite on sonic other
Id, yet it is to he
lay be attained hy
[spot on some part
learing of original
lose named above,
Jcted. Fiice short,
Is generally almost
Ige, always small,
Id thick ; shoulder
In ; back broad and
]g, giving rotundity

>■

yt^;

)

,f .

I .

. /^it,

SWINE, HISTOnV AND BREEDS.

847

of body ; short ribs of good length, giving breadth and levehiess of lom ;
hips good lengt-h from joint of hips to rump ; hams thick, round and
deep, holding their thickness well back and down to the hocks ; tail fine
aud small, set on high up ; legs short and fine, but straight and very

strong, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart ; size medium ; length
medium, since extremes are to be avoided ; l)one fine and compact ; offal
very light ; hair fine and soft ; no bristles ; skin pliable.

848

:;1^/^'

ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

V \'- ni. Neapolitan Hogs.

Sidney, in writing of the Neapolitan pig, saya : "The Neapolitan pijr ig
black, or rather brown, without bristles, consequently delicate when first
introduced into our northern climate. The flesh is of fine grain, and the
fat is said to be free from the rankness of the coarser tribes." Kefoninff
to the supposed descent of the breed from the wild boar of Eutope, he
adds : " It is more probable that the Neapolitans are the desoondaiits of
the dark Eastern swine imported by early Italian voyagers and cultivated
to perfection by the favorable climate and welcome food." Neapolitiiu
pigs have been for many years frequently taken to England. Martin
credits the great improvement in English swine, Avhich has taken place
within thirty years, chiefly to the agency of the Neapolitan and Chinese
breeds, conjointly, or to either alone. He names especially the Essex,
Hampshire, Berkshire and Yorkshire, and to these Youatt adds the
Wiltshire, and enforces Martin's statement as to the Berkshire and Essex.
Their earliest introduction into the United States was in 1840-41. Tiiey
seem, however, not to have been well bred specimens. About 1850 a
Mr. Chamberlain of Red Hook, New York, made an importation direct
from kjorrento. They were all of a dark slate color, and their pigs were
;■!>; themselves and none with whito, ash or drab color on them. The
' " >'ng may be accepted as a perfect description of this breed and
their points :

Head small ; forehead bony and flat ; face slightl}' dishing ; snout rather
long and very slender ; ears small, thin, standing forward nearly horizon-
tally, and quite lively ; jowls very full ; neck short, broad and heavy
above ; trunk lojig, cylindrical and well ribbed back ; back flat, and ribs
arching, even in low flesh ; belly horizontal on the lower line ; hind-quar-
ters higher than the fore, but not very much so ; legs very fine, the bones
and joints being smaller than those of any other breed ; hams and shoul-
ders well developed and meaty ; tail fine, curled, flat at the extremity,
and fringed with hair on each side ; general color slaty, or bluish plum
color, with a cast of coppery red ; skin soft and fine, nearly free from
hair, which, when found upon the sides of the head and behind the fore-
legs, is black and soft, and rather long ; flesh firm and elastic to the touch

IV. The Essex Breed.

It is well known that the Neapolitan was a prime integer in the improve-
ment of the Essex breed of swine. In comparing specimens of the two
breeds one can see plainl}' the cross of a broad, deep, gross feeder mtir
au animal of great delicacy and refinement — the cross proving, when e*

SWINE, HISTORY AND BHEEDS.

849

itan pig is
when first
11, ami the

liefeniiig
Kuiope, he
;endants of
I cultivated

Neapolitau
id. Martin
taken place
ind Chinese
J the Essex,
itt adds the
6 and Essex.
[)_41. They
bout 1»50 a
•tation direct
leir pigs were
I thera. The
is breed and

; snout rather
early horizon-
id and heavy

flat, and ribs
e; hind-quar-

,ne, the hones
ms and shoul-

;he extremity,
ir bluish plum

ii-ly free from

shind the fore-
to the touch

In the improve,
[ens of the tffo
Iss feeder wtli
lying, when e*

tablished, to combine those qualities which iire of greatest value in the
parent breeds, and being capable of imparting them to crosses with breeds
less finely organized.

ESSEX BOAK.

The Essex originated in the south of England and are entirely lilack.
They are small to medium in size, and are extensively used in England as
crosses on the large coarse swine, with a view to improving their fattening
qimlities. The best specimens may be known 1)}'^ being black in color ;
face short and dishing ; ears small and soft, standing erect while young,
coming down somewhat with age ; carcass long, broad, straight and deep ;
hams heavy, and well let down ; bone fine, and carcass Avhen fattened,
mainly composed of lard ; hair generally rather thin ; fattening qualities
superior. The black color of the Essex, as is the case with all the im-
proved black swine, is only confined to the epidermis or scarf skin ; when
dressed the skin is beautifully white and clean. The cut we have given
of the Essex boar, will very well represent the Neapolitan with the excep-
tion that the Essex is a comparatively well haired breed.

v. The Yorkshire Hog.

The Yorkshires are among the best of the pure bred swine of England,
and liave stamped their impress upon nearly all the modern white breeds.
Their good qualities are : They are of a size, shape and flesh that are
desirable for the family or the packer's use. They are hardy and vigorous
in constitution, have a good coat of hair, protecting the skin so well either
in extreme cold or heat that it rarely chills or blisters. They are very
prolific and good mothers ; the young do not vary in color, and so little
in shape that their form when matured may be determined in advance by
an inspection of the sire and dam.

The Yorkshire, medium or middle breed, says Mr. Sydney, is a modern

»H;

S ^Ir

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

invention of Yorkshire pig breeders, and perhaps the most useful and
popular of the vhite breeds, as it unites, in a striking degree, the good
qualities of the large and small. It has been produced by a cross of the
large and the small York and Cumberland, which is larger than the small
York Like the large whites, they often have a few pale blue spote on
the skin, the hair on these spots benig white. All white breeds have these
spots more or less, and they often increase in number as the animal grows
older.

It was not until 1851 that the merits of this breed were fully recos-
nized, when at a meeting of the Keighley Agricultural Society, the judges
having called the attention of the stewards to the fact that several supe-
rior sows, which were evidently closely allied to the small breed, had
been exhibited in the large breed class, the aspiring intruders were, by
official authority, withdrawn.

The middle Yorkshire breed are about the same size as the Berkshire
breed, but have smaller heads, and are much lighter in the bone. Thev
are better feeders than the small whites, but not so good as tlic large
whites ; in fact, they occupy a position in every respect between these
two breeds.

The Cumberland, a middle breed Yorkshire, are not distributed
throughout the West, but when thoroughbred specimens have been
introduced they are held in great esteem, as well for an animal for
exhil)ition purposes as for family use. They are especial favorites with
packers who buy their stock on foot for the reason that they }icld larger
proportionate net weights than any other hogs which grow large enough
for their use. They are small in bone but large in flesh, of the very best
quality, evenly and proportionately distributed over the whole frame.

VI. The SuSblkB.

The Suffolks owe nearly all their good qualities probably to the infu-
sion of Yorkshire blood.

Mr. Sidney says that Yorkshire stands in the first rank as a pig feeding
county, possessing the largest white breeds in England, as well as excel-
lent medium and small breeds, all white, the latter of which, transplanted
into the south has figured and won prizes under the name of divers
noblemen and gentlemen, and under the name of more than one county.
The Yorkshires are closely allied to the Cumberland breeds, and have been i
80 much intermixed, that, with the exception of the very largest breeds
it is difficult to determine precisely where the Cumberland begins and the
Yorkshire ends. The Manchester boar, the improved Suffolk, the im-
proved Middlesex, the Caleshill and the Prince Alberts or Windsors were

BWINE, HISTORY AND UREED9.

851

all formed on York8hire-Cuml)erland stock,, and some of them are nearly
pure Yorkshires, transplanted and re-christcned Speaking of the pigs
kept in the dairy district of Cheshire, ho says that white pigs have not
found favor with the dairymen of Cheshire, and the white ones most used
are the Manchester boars, another name for the Yorkshire-Cumberland
breed. All the writers who have followed him down to the latest work
published on the subject, occupy space in describing various county pigs
which have long ceased to possess, if they ever did possess any merit
worthy of the attention of the breeder. Thus the Norfolk, the Suffolk,
tlie Bedford and the Cheshire have each separate notice, of which the
Suffolk alone is worthy of cultivation, and the Suffolk is only another
name for a small Yorkshire pig.

We submit also a brief description of the Suffolk's "points :" Head

sniiill, vtay short ; cheeks prominent und full ; face dished ; snout small

ami very short ; jowl line ; ears small, thin, upright, soft und silky ; neck

very short and thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of

shoulders ; no arching of crest ; crest wide and deep ; elbows standing

out; brisket wide, but not deep; shoulders and crop-shoulders thick,

nitlier upright, rounding outward from top to elbows ; crops wide and

full. Sides and flanks — ribs well arched out from back, good length

between shoulder and ham ; flank well tilled out and coming well down at

ham. Back broad, level and straight from crest to tail, not falling off or

down lit tail ; hams wide and full, well rounded out ; twist very wide and

full all the way down. Legs and feet — legs small and very short,

standuig wide apart, in sows just keeping the belly from the ground ;

hone tine ; feet small, hoofs rather spreading; tail small, long and

tiipcring. Skin, hair and color — skin thin, of a pinkish shade, free from

Mm; hair fine and silky, not too thick; color of hair pale yellowish

«hite, perfectly free from any spots or other color. Size small to

medium.

VII. Lancashire Hogs.

There are throe breeds in Lancashire, England, that have attained celeb-
rity, namely, the short-face, the middle breed, and the large Lancashire
'^Mte. On next page we give an illustration of the short-faced breed.

This breed of swine may be knoAvn by the following characteristics:
j The shortness of the face from the eyes to the end of the snout ; prick
I ears; small bones ; a good coat of white hair ; cubic in form, with broad
[liack and broad hams, well let down. The skin, as well as the hair, is
I »'liite, although an occasional one may be found with a fevr dark blue
tpots in the skin, but never dark or black haira. The smaU: breeds hogs

862

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

must have small bones ; a short face ; silky hair ; fine, small, upright ears ;
a comparatively square form ; must have good square hams, the most
valuable part of the hog ; must carry the meat near the ground ; flat on
the back ; straight and cubic in form.

Vin. Lancashire Middle Breed.

This breed is one which partakes of the quality of the small breed and
the size of the large breed. Middle bred hogs are got by crossing large
bred sows with small bred boars, but all attempts to attain the same results
by reversing the operation, and putting large bred boars to small bred
sows, have proved failures. The largest of the middle bred sows are used

SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

853

to improve the largo breed. A middle bred hog must have a short face,
and all other good qualities of the small breed, except that they may be
longer in proportion to their width ; must have (liicker legs and longer
bones to carry the greater size ; should be well haired (fattening to full
form often causes the hair to fall off, which must be allowed for. ) As
good a short rule as can be adopted to judge them by is as follows : The
best middle bred hog should have the greatest possible share of all the
quiilities of the small breed, with the length, and, in a measure, the larger
bones of the large breed.

IX. Large Lancashire.

This variety of swine have large bones, of gi'eat height and length, and
are the largest breed of swine known. They are a true breed, their qual-
ities have descended from generation to generation — tlio quality being
improved by judicious selection. They must be of large size ; great
length ; flat back, with large square hams, and when fattened, must carry
their width of back along over the hams ; must have deep and tolerably
straight sides ; large feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have a long face,
but it liad better be short, as they fatten better ; may have a large, droop-
ing ear, but other quality and size being equal, an upright, smaller ear is
preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong tail. They must be
of great weight when fattened.

American Breeds.

Sagacious breeders in the United States nearly fifty years ago, saAv the
necessity of establishing breeds of swine that should be eminently adapted
to the especial requirements where Indian corn and grass must necessarily
form the principal food of the swine from weaning time until slaughtered.
Tlien and until the last twenty years, mere fat was the impoi'tant product
in swine, as it was in a degree in cattle. Since that time the universal
introduction of petroleum has reduced the value of lard and tallow to a
minimum. Impi'ovemerits in the art of preserving food fresh has made
barreled pork, a less necessary product even for long voyages, and the
attention of the breeders was again turned to the production of as mucli
lean meat in their hogs as possible. This naturally led to a reduction in
the weight of the hog, or at least, if the animal should be capable of
reacliing a heavy weight at maturity, it must also possess the important
quality of fattening at any age. This has now been fairly met in the
best English and American breeds. If we were asked to choose the breeds
from each which would produce the most lean meat for the carcass, we
should say the Berkshire of English breeds, and the Poland of American
breeds. ' '

P'lll

.;'jti£

' if

i I|J

■ ills'

Viii

854

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR

X. Polftnd China.

Over the history and charucteristics of this breed there hua boeu much

controversy. Individual breeders have sought to take undue credit to
themselves in the establishnacnt of the breed, and have sought undue

SWINE, UISTOUY AND BKEKUS.

8fi6

proniinonco by attadiiiig tlioir own uiinics to the swiiio of tlu'ir ln'ooding.
Tin- facts aro, tlio iiaiuo I'olaiul-C'liiiia is a miHiioiuor so far as I'olaiid is
coiiienifcl, for thoro is not a particlo of ovidenre tliat a distiiutly roli.-li
breed of iiogs over gave an infu^ion of blood. Tlio nearest evidence —
iind tliis traditionary — to tliis effect, is, that long ago u sow wms bought
(if a Polaiulcr, which, proving an excellent breeder, it went by the n;iine
of tlio Polander sow. The breed is now largely indebted to the Chinas
iiml J?crlvshires for their good qnalities. Althongh they certainly have
ail infusion of so-cjilled Irish grazier in theni. Why this breed sjionld
have been called grazier, one can only surmise. They ctTtninly were any-
tliiiig but grass eaters, but the name made them popular for a time in the
then far West where grain at that time waa scarce. The facta are, the
Chinese hogs, importe<l into Ohio in 1816, and bred upon the best native
stiwk of the (X)untry are the basis of the breed. In 1835 the Bei'kshire
was introduced, and in 1839 or 1840 the Irish grazier. These were ex-
tL'iisively used by the best breeders, on the best descendants of the China
irosses. Since 1H42, there is good evidence to show that new blood has
not been introduced, but by careful selection, and juilicious breeding, in
Ohio and the West, or, by occasional judicious infusion of l^erkshire
bkiod, they now leave little to be desired, as a heavy, well nieatcd breed,
that will fatten kindly at any age.

Charaoto isticB of Poland-China.

The best specimens have good length, short legs, broad, straight backs,-
tli'cp sides, flanking w(>H down on the leg, very broad, full, s(|uarc hams
ami shoidders, drooping oars, short heads, wide between the eyes, of
spotted or dark color are hardy, vigorous and prolilic, and when fat are
models, combining the excellences of both largo and small breeds.

XI. Chester Whites.

The Chester Whites originated in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about
ll<18, through the importation of a pair of fine pigs from Bedfordshire,
England, by Captain James Jeffries. These were inter-bred with the
k'st stock then existing in that county, and by careful selections a per-
manent strain of large, easily fattened, (luiet hogs were produced, which
continued to breed with great uniformity. Something like thirty years
ago some attempts were made to cross the Suffolk and Berkshire ui)on
them, but it was discontinued iis not being considered an improvement,
and the best specimens to-day should be pure white, with no black about
them whatever.

866

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

In the West this breed becamo very popular some years ago, and still
is m many parts of the Northwest. Farther south, however, in the true
corn zone, pure white hogs of any breed are not favored. They are
thought not to stand out-door usage so well as black or nearly black
swine. Where great weights are required the Chesters will always be
liked.

■^■^'

The following may bo given as the characteristics of these hogs : Head
short and broad between the eyes ; ears thin, projecting forward and
lopping at the point ; neck short and thick ; jowl large ; body leiigthv
and deep ; back broad ; hams full and deep ; legs short and well set
under tho body ; coat thin, white and straight ; (if a little wavy it is nn
objectJou). The tail should be small and with no bristles.

-fy.

SWINE, HISTORY AKD BREEDS.

Xn. Jersey Beds.

867

This large and rather coarse breed of hogs have been somewhat
disseminated in the West. Tliey are certainly a hardy breed, and well
adapted to new countries where there is good range and mast. Their
history seems to be as follows :

The positive origin of this family of swine is unknown. They have
l)ecn bred in portions of the State of New Jersey for up>vards of tifty
years, and with many farnjsrs are considered to be a most valuable family.
They are of large size and capable of making heavy growth, 500 and (!00
[lounds' weight being common. They arc now extensively bred in the
middle and southern portions of New Jersey. In some neighborhoods
they are bred quite uniform, being of dark red color; while in other
sections they are more sandy and often patched with white. They are
probably descended from the old importations of Berkshires, as there is
no record of the Tamworth, the red hog of England, ever having been
brought into this country, nor is this likely, as the Tamworth was not
coiisidei-ed a valuable breed, and was confined to a limited area. The
Reds resemble the old Berkshires in many respects, but are now much
courser than the improved swine of this breed.

A good specimen of Jersey Red should be red in color, with a snout of
moderate length, large top ears, small head in proportion to the size and
lengtli of the l)ody, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bone coarse,
liaving tail and brush and hair coarse, inclining to bristles ou the back.

i.i. H ]-,-

Xin. Cheshires.

This IS a comparatively modern breed, if indeed it is yet fully enough
established to be called a breed. It has been somewhat disseminated in
various parts of the United States, and for villagers and small fariaers,
possesses about all the good qualities of the Suffolk, without some of their
disabilities. They are said to have originated in Jeiferson county, New
York, from a pair of pigs sent from Albany under the name of Cheshire.
It was probably a pet name for an exceptionally good pair of pigs.
Since then they have l>cen crossed with Yorkshires and other pure white
breeds, until of late years by selection tlioy have become uniform in their
make up.

The so-called Cheshires are pure white in color, with little hair. They
are not uniform in this respect, as pigs in the same litter differ widely in
the amount of hair. The snout is often long, but very slender and fine.
T'he jowls are jilump, and the ear erect, fine and thin. The shoulders are
wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs is fine-grained, and

^^M

• ^ ■fi

858

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

they are commended on account of the extra amount of mess pork hi
proportion to the amount of offal The tails of the pigs frequently droi)

off when young

IMPROVED CHE8BIIUI.

Beoapitulation of Breeds.

The principal English breeds are as they were known twenty years ago,
the Berkshire, the Essex and the Yorkshire. The Berkshire is a medium
breed Aveighing at full maturity up to 500 pounds. There arc large and
small Berkshire, but the medium family is the most valuable. They are
now bred entirely black except a dash of white in the face and white feet.

The Essex is all black, or rather a blue black, and will weigh up to 450
pounds at maturity. They are one of tht most stylish of the small
English breeds, as they are the largest of the small breeds, and to our
mind the best of the small breeds for the "West — quite good feeders, hand-
some and making good pork.

The Yorkshires are divided into three classes, small Yorkshires, medium
Yorkshires, and large Yorkshires. The so called Prince Albert Suffolks
are small Yorkshires, and the best of the small white breeds. All the
Yorkshires have occasional dark spots on the skin. The hair, however,
is white, and these dark spots are not indications of impurity of blood
but rather the reverse.

The American breeds, in the best repute, are first, the Poland-Chiua,

BWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS.

Bometimes called, in Ohio, Magie. Twenty years ago they were coarse
black and white hogs, with occasional sandy markings. Of late j^ears
they have been, through careful breeding and selection, rciined, and are
now bred in the West, nearly black, the white, in the most approved
strains, being distributed jirctty equally over the head and body in flecks
and irregular patches. They are the most widely distributed of any
American breed in the West, and fully deserve all that is claimed for
tliem, as large, quiet, early matured , and kindly feeding hogs.

The Jefferson county, New York, bo called Cheshires, are, as before
stated, but modified Yorkshires, but in every respect stylish hogs, feeding
well and making good pork, and are well adapted for small farms and
for feeding in pens. The so called Hospital breed, or Morgan county
hog of Illinois, which some years ago gained considerable repute, are un-
doubtedly, modified Yorkshires, and in no respect superior to that well
knc\vn breed. They were produced by crossing the Suffolk on the best
white hogs of that county. Within the last five years they have ceased
to attract attention.

i|:1l

v/kiJi'I^^Vv, ', .f <: i'-'T:/

CHAPTER n.

BBEBDma AND MANAGEMENT.

IMPORTANCE OF SWINE. A BACK WOODS HOG. FfXING AND nOLDING THE

CHARACTERISTICS. —SELECTION ALWAYS IMPORTANT. BREEDING AGE OF

SWINE. CARE OP BKHEUING SOWS. WEANING.' MANAGEMENT Of

SWINE. ABSOLUTE CLEANLINESS NECESSARY. SUMMARY.

Importance of Swine.

The breeding and management of swine constitutes one of the most I
important agricultural interests in the West, and should do so in the]
South. To be successful none but the best breeds should be allowed on I
the farm. The fecundity of swine leaves no excuse for holding on toj
laud pikes and the descendants of semi-wild breeds that must be run
down by dog and rifle, in order, when they are killed to get a small!
(juantity of inferior meat. A boar of any of the improved lireeds will}
be sufficient for six or eight sows, and the increase is so astonishing when
there is no epidemic disease, that it would from a single pair take bulj
three years to stock the largest farm. 'It should be unnecessary to pursutj
this matter further. There is no class of farm stock that pays better, ii4
l)ot\veen indifferent and good breeds, than hogs, and the wonder is that i^
.some sections of the country farmers still cling to a breed of gruntefl
that will always greet you with a snort and a l)oh-o-o, and which
feeding can fill — hi fact animals like those shown on the following page
fully a match for the average dog, always hungry, ready to eat anythiq
that falls in their way, even to half grown children occasionally, bij
which when wanted for meat are nowhere within shooting diatauce.
860

HOIDING THE
EDIKG AGE OF
.NAGEMENT Ot

SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT.

861

The very first requisite, however, in keeping any improved breeds, or
in fact any I. ed from which money is to be made, is the best of feeding,
and that daily, from the time they are born until they are slaughtered.

A BACK WOODS HOG.

The hog is simply a machine for making what is to be converted into
lard, bacon, salt pork and hams. The average daily gain is a gradually
^"creasing quantity from month to month, until after a certain time
nothing more can be gained in weight. This ought to be sufficient to be
said upon this point. You can neither breed, nor keep a breed profitably
by starving or allowing tliem to shift for themselves. As elsewhere, so in stock-
raisiug, it iiolds true that what costs little to acquire, brings little at sale. Care
and labor to secure the best will always pay the most.

Fising and Holding the Characteristics.

In breeding swine, however good or perfect the breed, they will surely
dogonenite unless the greatest care in selection is pursued. Many persons
wonder why it is that from the prolific nature of swine, the country is
not soon stocked with none but the most superior animals. The simple
reason is, the want of accurate judgment and care in selection ; the error
^ill be plainly seen by noting what we say farther on. Indcc<l, what has
liefti said in previous pages on this general topic will apply equally well at
tkis point. Care in selection and breeding is fundamental to success.

ill

1:11

862

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Seleotion Always Important.

In animals usually having but one young at a time, the progeny pretty
uniformly partake of the nature of both parents, and are bred with toler-
ably uniform results. In animals producing a number of young at a time,
the progeny will be found to vary very considerably iu the same litter.
Thus the selection of those specimens that partake of uniform and char-
acteristic excellence becomes of the tirst importance, .since unwise
selections will result in carrying the breeder farther and farther from the
excellent points to be perpetuated. Again, haredity, that is throwin"'
back to an original type, or rather in the sense in which we use it, inher-
iting certain fixables, as constitutional vigor, inclination to fat, etc., is
shown far more clearly in animals having many young at a time, than
those having only one young. The progeny will not only vary more in
particular animals, but certain characteristics will reappear by reversion
after a greater number of generations, in animals having many youn<T at
a time, and to a greater d4^'ee than in those usually having but one. At
least such is our experience. Hence, as we have stated, absolute necessity
of the strictest care, is not only necessary in breeding, but in the selection
of animals for future breeding.

In domestic animals it is a matter of common observation that the tem-
per and other peculiarities of individuals are determined l^ inheritance.
Thus, virtually, quietness of disposition, or mildness, tractability or
viciousness, courage or timidity, are constantly shown. Now from the
general law that like produces like, and the well determined law that
variation is a constant integer in all cross bred animals, and from our
own observation that it is often intensified in animals having many young
at a litter, the full force, as regards judgment in selection will be appa-
rent ; and the fact that the country is not soon filled up with superior
breeds of hogs is due mainly to the want of proper care in the selection
of the breeding animals, and also from a lack of accurate knowledge and
ability to nicely discriminate by the breeder, in regard to form, constitu-
tional vigor, and excellent points in the young animals selected as breeders.
"Absolute accuracy in this respect is in fact possessed by but few individ-
uals in a generation. There must first be a natural tact inherently.
possessed and digested and matured by years of study and observation.

Breeding Age of Swine.

The sow is capable of breeding at about seven month? of age, and the
boar is fit for service at the age of one year. As a. rule, however, thej
BOW should not be allowed to farrow under the age of fifteen months, and
the boar is not fit for continued service until he is eighteen months old.

SWINE, BREEDINO AND SLVNAGEMENT.

863

The sow may, under exceptional circumstances, bo made to breed three
times in a year, but tw* litters are all that should be allowed. Many of
jur best breeders do not allow but one litter a year, where the produce
i, simply required for making pork, and under certain circumstances this
is not incompatible with economical management.

A Warm Farrowing Place Necessary.

The young pig is even more tender than the new-born lamb. If they
cct chilled before they suck it is difficult to save them. Where there are
(tood conveniences for warming the farrowing pen, sows may have their
tiist litter in March, and if put with the boar the fourth day after farrow-
iu2 they will generally receive him. This will "bring the next litter in
the Summer, a very good time for pigs to be Avintered. If the sow do
not catch the first time she will not come in heat until the pigs are
Kaned. Yet this will not throw the next litter later than September. If
»ood facilities are not had for keeping the early litters warm, the farrowing
had l»etter be deferred until May, or at the time of grass, according to
the latitude.

Gestation.

Gestation continues about four months. Three months, three weeks
and three days is considered the average time, and it is not far out of the
way, A variation will sometimes be found of thirty days. Young
animals, and those of feeble constitutions carry their young for a shorter
time than mature and strong ammals, and sows usually remain prolific
for five or six years, and unless they get overloaded with fat, old sows are
more constant and careful mothers than young ones.

Care of Breeding Sows.

The sows that naturally have a strong tendency to fatten may bo bred
litnine months old, and should be kept breeding pretty steadily, and be
jfed only sufficient to keep them strong and in fair flesh. During gestation
|the sows should be kept in good heart but not fat. When potatoes are

plenty they can be substituted l)oilcd, and in connection with milk will be
I most excellent feed. In any event they must have plenty of succulent
i— clover, pig-weed, or other green food in Summer, and roots of
Iwine kind in Whiter. We have always kept a patch of artichokes for
IM and Winter, when the ground was not frozen for them to root and
lunite themselves iu. The practice of ringing breeding sows to keep

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

them from rooting is vicious ni the extreme. We have never practiced it
at all with any hogs. To remain healthy they must root some. It k
their natural instinct. If the pasture be clover, and in the rotation to be
followed with other crops, the damage by rooting will be light in com-
parison with the health of the swine. Loss at one point will be fnllv cninpon-
sated at the other.

When the sow is near her time her food should be of such a nature as
to keep up her strength and give due sustenance to the young but iidt
stimulating. When the pigs are three or five days old, and dann-er
of inflammation is past, feed liberally, and with rich sloppy food to
induce a good flow of milk. But under no circumstances feed so as to
make the young pigs unduly fat. Skimmed milk and the mill refuse of
wheat, what is known as inill feed, is best, but in the absence of this
potatoes, pumpkins and other roots in the Fall, or boiled beets in the
Spring, with corn meal enough to keep the sow in good heart, makes
admii'able food- When there is grass to be had, the sow should l)e
allowed all she will eat. Thus you may get the very best results both in
the health and continued usefulness of the sow, and the constitutional
growth and vigor of the young pigs.

Weaning.

The young pig as we have shown is born ready for work. That is, it
has teeth that in a short time are competent to grind and prepare food
for the stomach. We should wean at six weeks old, allow all the skim-
med milk and butter-milk possible to the growing pigs, and with it after
the pig is two months old, a fair proportion of ground wheat skimmings,
or light rye, barley, etc., ground and made into mush, to be mixed with
the milk as a tolerably thin slop. Teach the pig early to eat grass, and
at three months old he will take care of himself on good pasture with all
the corn he will eat at nij^lit. By this means the older stock are early freed
from care of the young and become ready for other uses.

At the age of two or three ^veeks the pigs should be gelded, so they
may be well over the difiiculty before weaning time. Keep rings out of
the noses of young pigs. They have been the means of spreading con-
tagious diseases. We prefer slitting the cartilage of the nose, or cutting n i
notch in it at the time of gelding, if it is absolutely necessary that thevj
do not root. At all events it is time enough to do the ringing the secondj
year, if to be kept over. But by proper care if the litters of pigs cornel
early, any of the better breeds may be turned off the next Christmas, andl
from this time until the first of February, become fat, and of as heavy
weight as is profitable in the markets.

ini

wrm beds
I liem the

ether, wii
JMtoover li(
I *B have kni
hcoIdwint(

SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGESIENT.

Management of Swine.

86d

Hogs are not succeptible to cold when fat. Nature in danying them
much hair, has provided them with a thick layer of fat under the skin
that acts in the same manner to the skin outside as a covering of hair in
other animals. It has also given them the instinct of providing themselves

wrmbeds in sheltered situations in which to lie, and, in addition, given

1 tbem the inclination to lie together in considerable numbers ; and kept

together, with insufficient shelter, they Avill pile together in such numbers

•I to over lie each other, by which the weaker ones are often smothered.

pfehave known those who considered themselves sensible men, to get up

U cold winter nights and go to the hog yard and separate the drove*

kii i:|

80(5

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

when HO piled. It is about on a par with the whipping and dosrging of
cattle about a yard at night to get up warmth. A more sensible and
cheaper plah would be to provide comfortable quarters, wlierc they
might lie warm, and separate them into gangs, according to ago and
strength. Thu:9 with plenty of fat next the skin, and good liberal feeding,
very little ditficulty will be experienced, in keeping them growing steudiiy,
until of a sufficient age for the slaughter pen.

Absolute Oleanllneas Neoessary.

Of all farm animals hogs especially must have plenty of water. It
should also bo pure. Swine breeders can not too soon disabuse them-
selves of the idea that swine are dirty, or filthy feeders, or thut they
naturally incline to wallow in the mud. There are no farm animals nicer
in the food they eat than swine if allowed to be. It is true, they are

HAZKL-SPLITTEH.

omnivorous feeders. So is man. Like man, although they eat fish, flesh,
fowl, vegetables, roots, and grain, they like it fresh. If forced hy hunger
they will eat disgusting substances, so again Avill man. The elephant,
the rhinoceros, hippopotamus, and tapir, seek the water to clean and cool ;
themselves in Summer, like all pachydermatous animals. The wild men
like swine will cover themselves with mud to ward off the attacks of biting!
and stinging insects. In their wild state the nearest tree furnishes toj
swine the means of rubbing it off when dry, and the rubbing post fur-
nishes them the means of cleaning their skins in a state of domesticity.^

If ko|-|
the eh";
at all, I

The

undorsfi

foi'ced fi

means ji

disease n

fliat ther

tvliose st(

know hov

liy the cu

>m of fl:

dry, fii'ni

.iiiil Jijipan

Hogs, a
water. Nc
"liter Avitliii
add much t(
fiiieinent, si
3'lies withii
llie remedy
Oil cake
assists the
''ff ill to eat
*h the
Bran is
p'l'eii it is M-(
' f^ii falve it \\
Jf ordiiijiri
I "li"; and llo:

s^oh-ed in
[■^"fi;'lit houn
I *id stomach,
Pi'ovide a s
I* to aeconl
(''•""pi-ojoot
^■'strate pi

l^foroweanin
55

IM'WI .■■•■•P.if HV i»U ' ■«

. fish, flesh,
hy hunger
elephant.
|m and cool
wild men ■
I of biting I
lurnishes to|
Ig postfur-^
lomesticity.'

8WINE, BREEDINO AND MANAGEMENT.

867

If kopt from the ntliicks of flies, thoy will not wallow in the mud but in
the clciincHt water they can find, and stairnant water they will not drink
at nil, unless foreed to do so, hy dire necessity.

The sagacious breeder and feeder will understands this ; they also
understand the dan<:er of malinjnant diseases attacking their swine when
forced to wallow and drink impure water. Hence they strive by every
means in their power that swino aro kept away from these cjiuses of
disease and death, and thus such wruld be almost entirely exempt, excejjt
that there are always men enough of the shiftless type in a neighborhood
whoso stock take and spread contagion to their neighbors. We do not
know how we can illustrate more forcibly the two types of breeders than
liv the cut given of a sow of an improved breed properly kept, and of a
M)\v of the "hazel splitting" variety, improperly kept. The one in a
drv, tirni pasture, with plenty of pure water, the other on a half marsh,
and apparently made to succumb from miasmatic influences.

Summary.

Hogs, and especially pigs in confinement often suffer for want of
w;iter. No matter how sloppy the food they should always have pure
water within reach. If they can have a bathing place in Summer it will
add much to their health, and assist much in fattening. Swine, in con-
finement, should always have charcoal, bituminous coal, salt and wood
ijlies Avithin reach. They often suffer from acidity of the stomach and
the remedy being near the swine will always use it.

Oil cake mixed with the feed of swine when suckling pigs, a gill a day,
assists the milk secretion. It should not be given to pigs. As they
liejrin to eat they should have a trough w"here they can go and feed but
which the sow cannot get at.

Bran is not valuable for swine. Where highly concentrated food is
jven it is well to have a little dry bran in a separate trough, so the hogs
can take it when tlu-y want it.

If ordinary diarrhoea attacks pigs give a porridge of sweet skimmed

[milk and ilour. For constipation give two or three drachms of soap

fesoUed in an ordinary sized tumbler of water, and repeat if necessary

I eight hours, or give as an injection. It is also a good diuretic and for
I iml stomach.

Provide a sti'ong scratching post. Bore inch and a half holes at inter-
hals to accommodate hogs of different sizes, and drive in pins letting
jikem project an inch and a half.

Ciistrate pigs before they are weaned, say not later than two weeks
jWorc weaning time.
55

,y^

/M "

■K, 'i* i'^ "■' ■ ■' ' .1 '>'

> 1 i

■ ,■.•>■■

CHAPTER m.
PEEDINO AND SHELTER.

.'i/ui on

gl'll.s.s (I
h'cs !|.S t

.111(1 tlio
tllR lllo.sl
;i,s iTivcri
iiiidnloiir

list of pill
tlie whole

GOOD VS. HAD FOOD. "-8UMMKU KEEDINQ.

THE OltAINS. KKKDISIt HitUTII.

MKNT. lino BARNS. A CROSS BAKN.

LIUHT VS. UEAVy HOGS.

■OTIIEH 8UMMEB FOODS. R00T8.

—MAST. KEEIMNO IN roNKINE-

A SIMPLE PEN. .SLMMAKV.

Good vs. Bad Food.

VerretaMcs and grain are the I)asi8 of success in the makinj; of pork
whatever tiie breed may be. Hogs kept about huge .stal)les or distillery
yards, where they get only offal, or fed in butcher's yard.s, on the refu.se
offal of the slaughter house, arc unfit for human food. They arc liable
to become infested with trichina, and, therefore, no breeder and es-
pecially no feeder should buy animals from such localities. In fact there
is only one redeeming feature among the disgusting lilth and nastincss in
which they are fed — they are generally provided with pure water, and
warm shelter.

Summer Feeding. %

Pasturage is of the first importance. This should be ample. In ]1a^i-
turing swine, l)ut few varicti(>s of gr" ed. Clover, both white i

and red, will be the main relwinc nl .it region where red iinilj

white clover are not natir .lUi. .>re alfalfa (lucerne) aiidj

other members of the pti, .aniii}' vveP ncse may be sulKstitutiil
Swine take kindly to blue gni.s.'it, when it is young, and to orchard grassJ
They do not refuse timothy, but ti lothy has a bulbous root just at tli^
surface of the earth. This swine eut, and thus destroy the grass. E}'^
868

fiosi(|o.s
cuiiiein (lu
'«' sown t(
''iTt', as ear
^''<' ■Mvine I
liiifd fo giv(
«'' clean.

"'IkT SOilkc
"I- to 1)0 foj

"fflieso fa,
"re tile (.|ie..,

'*W)|lC(.|-„t.(jl

profit. Ifeiil

Kllt;il)jifr>|sj
TOll (Of,, . (}|

fi'Miips I,,-,.
'.^""(1 Wmtt]
'''"■''• ('abb,.|
'hh K-cpt

«fJ.i

"luarv.

huiiiff

•^^'^ after I
'S Seville.

SWINE, FKBDINU AND SHELTER.

869

__nooT9.

of povk
(listillcvy
^\io refuse
lave Vwble
ir AwA 09-
ifiu't tlievo
i\stiiu!ss ill
valcr, and

botU wliH»-'|
ivo !•<<'■ !""M
locnio) rtudj
lubstituted.j
Iv.ivcl gvassj
just ut tlj

und ontfl make good |)ii8tuni<;e for l)();;s. Rjo {j^ass and fotd incadow
irniss iiro also woll rulinhod. In this rL'snect tlu! ferdiT should fxiu'riini'iit
with ;:nia8e8, to bo cut. und givon in the pen, und then fiu'd to such viuif-
ties as do best, and are most cugorly eaten. Of weeds, purslaiii, (pdi'i't-
kca okrdcen), hiinbs (juurter, also railed pigweed, (c/icuapoflinm (ilhvtii )
;iiul the green uniuranth, also called pigweed, [(tt/inrniifKs /tt/hridiis) are
the most common of our native und introduced weeds that are vuluablo
;is frrccn food for swine. There is also u native weed growing in Illinois
amliilong the alluvial bunks of the Mississippi and northwurd ; the winged
pigweed, (cydoma phi lyph if Ilium) that is much liked by uwine. Yet the
list of plants cuten by theiu is not large, about eighty species comprising
the wliolo.

Other Summer Foods.

Bosiilcfl clover, the grasses, and weeds, there are other plants that may
(1)1110 ill during the Summer, and be used with profit. Oats and peas may
lie nowii together, two bushels of oats and one of peas, together, per
MR', us early in the Spring as the ground is in fair condition for working.
TIk' !>\vinc may be turned into the Held when the crop is ripe, being con-
timtl to given space, by a hurdle fence, Avhich is to be removed as they
I'lilcleaii. A better way, however, is to harvest and thresh, and feed
cither soakc^d or dry. Later, Summer sijuashcs and pumpkins will come
ill, to be followed by artichokes in the Autunm. We do not advise any
of those foods except grass on the sc )re of economy. Corn and grass
are tiie cheapest food in all the West, so far as mere cost of production
in'oiu'crned. But unless the health of swine is retained, there is no
prutit. Ileiice the necessity of these additional foods.

Boots.

Rutiiliagas make an excellent Winter food for swine in connection

with torn ; they are easily and cheaply raised, as we have already stated.

Parsnips arc also generalh' liked, either raw or cooked. Beets are also

|S!.'ood Winter feed boiled with meal. The tops are also occasionally rel-

[I'liwl. Cal)bage is a cheap and wholesome food ; they are not, however,

'bplv ke[)t over Winter. They may be used with i^roHt up to the firs^
I'jfJimutiry.

The Orains.

Those, after all, must be the main dependence, both in raising and fat-
Itaiiig swine. The kind of grain fed will, of course, depend upon the

i'f?l

370

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

climate and region where raised. Where corn is a sure crop, it must T)e
relied on almost entirely. The assertions of theorists, that it is unlit for
feeding, except during the short fattening season, although the merest
twaddle, in the sense they intended it, will, from another point of view-
he correct. The fattening season of swine should be from the time they
are weaned until they are slaughtered. Swine for ,pork should never
lose in condition from the time they were bora until turned off for the
butcher. The feeding of all the corn they will eat in connection with
grass aad other food, to keep them healthy, and which will apply with
equal force, whatever the grain fed, will be found not only the most
economical throughout the West and Southwest, but in all that rciou of
country Avhere corn is natural to the soil and climate, or where it may be
cheaply bought.

f'eeding South.

In nearly all the country South, corn may be cheaply raised as n part
of the rotation. Here corn must be the main stay, supplemented hv
such grasses and plants as are natural to the region. The artichoke will
do well much fui+her south than is generally supposed, and some of the
tuberous varieties may undoubtedly be found well down to the tropics.
When it an be profitably cultivated, the Jerusalem artichoke should be
used. The n -me Jerusalem is a corruption of the Italian name Giraaolo,
meaning sunflower, the botanical name being Helianthus tuheromx, or the
tuberous rooted sunflower.

Chafas, a, tuberous rooted grass, (Cyperus), has become widely nat-
uralized in the South, and is highly spoken of for feeding swine, siiico
like artichokes, the hogs are left to gather them for themselves, iiiid un-
like the artichokes, tiiey are most nutritious and fattening. They are
exceedingly easy to cultivate, but are sometimes said to l)c difficult to
extirpate South. This, however, is probably incorrect, since from their
very nature, a thorougli Summer fallow will kill. North of thirty-nino
degrees they do not survive the Winter. In fact, 'if frozen anywliere,
they are killed.

Mast.

In all the great timbered region South, tree seeds, acorns, iH'echiiiit.s.j
chestnuts, the softer shelled hickorynuts, and hazelnuts, form a most \iil-
uable food for swine. They should be utilized to their fullest oxtent.J
So papaws, persimmons, a. I the other wild fruits of the forests SmitliJ
may be made available in the making of pork. Where hoga cuu hav^

plenty of ]

entirely he

fices, if on

South, we J

native sows

of American

the South.

In all the ^

iundrcd hogi

'i^e of the an

llie breeding «

fouc^nied this

of \k\v. xijg

from what thej

vear, who land

'" Summer and

«» the skim mil

for feeding; 8e<

material about t

•"■raw. It is I,;

'" "« to combi
aiiiuials.

The hog housft

■"»>■ ''c in the fol

""'e feet wide, w(

^liould be provid]

, ^'^^i'lg out and i]

'«arii to do. ThJ

P^Pt clean, win aJ

M^''^"" each side!
l^l"'>eal,uiiji„J

^'''feedtwenty.ff

, '•'•VmaybetJ
"»r. allowing fop f

'•'•"^«ve by rorty

SWINB, FEEDING AND SHELTER.

871

plenty of range, they will do very well with a little f«>eding, are generally
entirely healthy, and upon being put up to fatten, a very little grain suf-
fices, if only attention has been paid to get the proper breed. For the
Soutii, we believe the Berkshire, or crosses of the Berkshire on the best
native sows to be one of the most profitable breeds. The Poland-China
of American breeds will be found most valuable for breeders and raisers at
the South.

Feeding in Oonflnemont.

In all the great awine growing regions, where from twenty-five to iive

hundred hogs are annually fattened and sold from single farms, the

life of the animals must necessarily be passed out-of-doors. So far as

the breeding stock, and the first few months of the life of the pigs are

conc^jnied this is always best, both from an economical and sanitary point

of view. Thero are, however, many small farmers, who annually fatten,

from what they require for family use, up to fifteen or twenty head a

year, who find it most convenient and economical to feed and fatten both

ill Sunnner and Winter in pens. All this large class must depend, first,

nil the skim milk, buttermilk and whey, and upon the slop of the kitchen

for feeding ; second, upon clover, cut and fed, weeds and other refuse

material about the farm, and lastly and principally on corn either ground

nr raw. It is bettor for all this class that the pens when built be planned

$0 as to combine ease of handling with security and comfort of the

auiumls.

Hog Bams.

•

The hog house need not be an expensive building. For a few bogs it
may he in the form of a parallelogram, with a passage way in the middle
five feet wide, with pens opening into roomy yards outside. Each pen
should be provided with a swing door, hinged at the top, so the hogs in
piissing out and in may raise and 1( wer it themselves. This they soon
learii to do. The pens may be about eight feet by ten feet, which, if
kept clean, will accommodate three or four hogs each. Thus, a lange of
1 pens on each side ten feet deep and a five feet passage way between will
Ujuire a building twenty-five feet wide. A square building of this size
»ill feed twenty-four hogs. If a less number is required to be fed the
Wilding may be twenty-five feet one way, and, say sixteen feet the other
Way, allowing for pens. If fifty hogs are to be kept it will require six
iFn* on a sideband the building, to secure proper accommodation, must be

iwwity-five by forty-eight feet. ^

M-'.

■f \>-^

^'^iW^

<■

872

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.><s.

t ,.';... A Cross Barn.

If a large number of hogs are to be kept it is better that there l)e a
central building twenty-tive feet square, sixteen feet of vvliich is to l)e
used as a room for the boiler and for storing and preparing the food.
Extensions from this on every side are to be built twenty-tive feet wide,
and as long as necessary to accommodate any required number of hogs.
A tight box on four small iron wheels arranged so it will turn sliort
corners will carry the food to every pen, which should of course be pro-
vided with a good trough, into which the feed may be easily poured.
This with extensions, each forty feet long and twenty-five feet wide, will
give you a cross barn, good for from 150 to 160 full grown hogs ; and
these extensions may be carried out to accommodate r)00, if neoessiiry,
but if more than 100 hogs are to be kept the central building should he
forty feet square, three stories high, the upper stories used as a granary
w^ith corn cribs next the outside. Twenty feet square should be given up
for the storage and stove room below, and the breeding pens placed next
on account of the greater warmth. In a building of this description near
Chicago, we for years kept and fed, in connection with a largo market
garden, from 400 to 500 animally, the principal food used being the daily
waste from large hotel kitchens, which we daily supplied with vegotahles,
the garden furnishing economically the necessary green vegetable food.
We had no sickness or difficulty worth mentioning. The water supply
was ample and pure ; the pens were daily cleaned and washed in warm
weather; the drainage was carefully attended to; salt and bituminous
coal was supplied, so the hogs could take either at will, and we always
had fat hogs to supply city butchers, and the pigs were turned off at
about eight or nine months old, weighing from 250 to 300 pounds each.
This was about fifteen years ago, and the breeds then kept were Chester
county sows, crossed with Yorkshire or Suffolk boars.

A Simple Fen.

When swine are only to be kept in pens during the period of final fat-
tening, and are allowed to run at large in the fields in the Summer, a pen
fourteen feet wide, and of sufficient length to accommodate the number
of hogs kept, will suffice. It should be floored tight, and one-half of the
width allowed for sleeping. These must be closed in and roofed, the
feeding pen being open to the weather, the whole being divided into com- j
partments or spaces, eight feet one way, or wide enough for four ho^sj
to feed abreast. This also is a good form when not more than a dozen |
bogs are to bo kept.

Still an(
allowing t
square woi

bedding place
"id divided t
place should b(
'^'de, along t
^et and niuddj
"ut of the mu(
I'lie to time, «
in either of the
^at, and showir
ing sows will U
P^'din ordinar
''and, you let
l"^">ie, or rum
next pajre shows,
«'"H''s kind may
'" the market.

SWINE, FEEDING AND SHELTER.

873

sun another plan is to select a yard, in a dry, well drained place,
allowing twenty feet square for each ten hogs ; thus a lot forty feet
square would accomodate twenty hogs. Along the middle of the pen, a

■, k

I.. I'

BKKKDKK IN GUOU FLESH.

bedding place is built, sixteen feet wide, with a partition in the middle,
and divided the other way every twenty feet by partitions. The feeding
pliice yhould be floored, eight feet wide, and have a low trough two feet
wide, along the side for holding ear corn. Unless the season is very
wet and nmddy, hogs do very well thus kept. If wet, they must be kept
out of the mud by means of hay and litter thrown into the yards from
time to time, and the sleeping places must be kept well bedded. Kept
in eitlipr of the ways we have designated, your hogs will go to the butcher
fat, and showing a profit on the right side of the ledger, and your breed-
ing sows will look like the illustration of a well-bred animal, which we
give in ordinarily good breeding flesh, on this page. If on the other
hand, you let your hogs shift for themselves, running wild over the
pniirio, or running about in the woods, they will, as the illustration on
next page shows, come out pretty much like "Arkansas tooth-picks." Stock
of tiiis kind may be able to care for itself, but it will yield only a jtaitry return
ID the market.

!; >m

''M

i mm

'- ■': la

174

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.
Summary.

In what we have said in relation to feeding in close pens, we are not to
be understood as advising the practice on the farm. Tlicre should
be plenty of pasture in Summer, and plenty of pure water always. With-
out this no one can succeed. There must be protection from insects
and heat in Summer. The first may be perfectly secured by providing a
dark place to which the hogs can retire at will. In Winter there must
be warm, dry and otherwise comfortable shelter provided, and there must
also be plenty of good food, at all times. Of all animals the hog, at
least, must not be allowed to lose flesh from the time it is born until it is
killed. When fat, kill at once, unless the market happens so that it will
pay to hold for a short time for a turn. As a hog becoiues fat, it eats

" ARKANSAS TOOTH-PICKS."

less and less, and it also fattens more and more slowly. Nevertheless,
the same daily animal waste goes on. Many good feeders are so partic-
ular that they weigh their hogs every two weeks, and note the gain.
Then they are able to determine just how much their stock is imi)roving,
and also as to the proper time for turning them off. If not ready, or the
season and prices arc not right, they increase the condition of the food
given, so that the small quantity taken shall make up in richness what it
1.' 'ks in quantity. This class seldom sell stock over twelve months old,
ai many of our best feeders sell their hogs at ten nionths old, which
will turn the scales at from three hundred to four hundred pounds each.
Such feeders never keep hogs two Summers and one Winter, in order to
get an average of two hundred pounds each.

SWINE, FEEDINQ AND SHELTER.

Light VS. Heavy Hogs.

876

Years ago, when lard and side pork were the principal hog products
looked for, the heavier the hog, the better the price. We once sold a
hog weighing G50 pounds for fifteen cents a pound. That was in war-
times, and it brought one cent per pound over the price paid for liglit and
well fattened hogs. The same animal to-day, would not bring within a
cent a pound, of what nice young nine and ten months, well fattened pigs
would, in any of our principal markets. To get the weight named, the
iiog was fed two years and a Indf . Take three pigs against this one.
Tlie difference in the first cost of the three sucklings as against the one,
would not exceed three dollars. The three pigs will be fed nine months,
and weigh GOO pounds, — (we have made pigs farrowed in March and
killed the next January, weigh dressed, up to 380 pounds, and have more
than once turned off such pigs at ten months old weighing aliVe over 300
pounds average) the other must be fed almost three years, and j'ou must
he a good feeder if you make him weigh 600 pounds. In the first case,
vou have fed nine months each, or twenty-seven months on the three pigs
for GOO pounds, and in the other case, you have fed thirty-six months for
the same weight. The one big hog has eaten more corn than the three
pig8, and 3'et the three pigs weighing the same as the one will bring about
six dollars more, giving you three dollars on the original purchase, as be-
tween the three and one, and a very considerable amount of corn on the
credit side of your account book. You don't believe it? Examine the
tables we ha^e given on feeding and turning off cattle young, as against
feeding until they were mature. We could show many instances fully as
convincing as this, in the case of hogs ; but why pile up testimony after
the argument is conclusively established beyond controversy.

til: li

,->■ •, »t

/ »

PART VIII.

Diseases of Swine.

CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AXD CURE,

•<^,

■■■»■ 'i'^ ^ Rv ■

i Ti'

EXPLANATION OF
NURSING TH
LIONANT EPI
INTESTINAL

MKNT. f

THB EB

WHAT TO D(

CONTAGl

SKV, OR STBJ
IN THE HEAl

THE LAI

CURE. LI(

Explanation—^

verlebrai. B—Sa
cartilages. H—8
pus, or knee. 1. |
rrapezoid. 6. Os

'■'' ' '' ) '. , - '' ■' \-

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES OF SWINE.

KPLANATION OF CUT. DIFPICULTT IN ADH1NISTERINO BraDICINE. GOOD

NCRSINO THE ESSENTIAL. MALIGNANT AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. UA

LIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO.

INTESTINAL "HOG CHOLERA." HOW TO KNOW IT. CAUSES. TREAT-

MKNT. PREVENTION. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTKRITIS. ITS ORIGIN.

TUB ERYSIPELATOUS FORM. THE FORM MALIGNANT SORE THROAT.

WHAT TO DO. MALIGNANT ANTHRAX, SPLENIC FEVER. TRUE CHARBON.

CONTAGIOUS PNEUMOENTERITIS. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. QUIN-

SKY, OR STRANGLES UISINO OP THE LIGHTS. PNEUMONIA. CATARRH

IN THE HEAD. DISEASE OF THE SKIN HRASLRS. HOW TO KNOW IT.

THE LARD WORM. WHAT TO DO. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. HOW TO

CUBE. LICE DIARRHEA. SUMMARY.

SKELETON OF THE HOG.

Explanation — A — Cervical vertebrse. J5, B — Dorsal vertebrre. C— Lumbar
vertebra;. J5~Sacrum. E, .B— Coccyge.il bones. F, F— Ribs. C— Costal
cartilages. H— Scapula. /—Humerus. K, iC— Radius. L — Ulna. Jtf— Car-
pus, or knee. 1. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Trapezium. 5.
Trapezoid. 6. Os magnum. 7. Unciform. 8. Pisiform. N, iV— Large meta-

. - 879

It:

880

ILLU8TKATKU STOCK DOCTOR.

carpal, or cannon. O — Small naetacarpal. P, P — Seaamoid bones. (^. r^_
Phalanges. 1. Oa sutfiaglnia, or puMtern bono. 2. Od corunul. 3. Os \m[\s,
/J— Pelvis. (Foreleg of pig. PiiulAiigcs 1, 2,3). 1. Ileum. 2. I'ulii^, 3.
Ischium. 5— Femur. T— Patella. {/—Tibia. T— Fibula. W—lhnk. i.
Oscalois. 2. Astragalus. 8. CuneiTorm magnum. 4. Cuneiform iniduin. 5.
Cuneiform parvum. 6. Cuboid. 8,6. Cubo cuneiform. X — Large moiiitarssil
(Hind-leg of pig. Phalanges 1,2, 8). Y — Small metatarsal. Z — Head, 1.
Inferior maxilln. 2. Superior maxilla. 8. Anterior maxilla. 4. N .sul bone.
T) Molar. 6. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 9. L.-ichr3mal. 10. Squa-
mous-lempoid. 11. Petrous-tumpoid.

Difficulty in Administeriag Medicine.

No class of farm aninnils are so difScult to treat in sickness as swine.
The horse, the cow, and the sheep, uuiy have medicine adniinisterod to
them by an intelligent operator with comparatively little ditBculty. Not
so swine. They resist every effort with their utmost strength, and iiuhI-
icine can only be forced down by nuiin strength, the resistance itself,
being, in nine cases out of ten more injurious, than the good the Micdiciiii;
may do. When it must be administered by the mouth, the best nuiiiis
we have ever found, is to place the hog in a narrow pen in whicli lie niu
not tuii? round, put a slip noose around the upper jaw, turn the im-dicino
— in the case of a drench — down from a horn, or when it may Ik* adiiiis-
sible give it in the form of an injection. Tn the case of boluses tlicv niiiv
be laid on the back of the tongue, next tlie palate, and the animal thus
made to swallow.

Oood Nursing the Essential.

For the reason that medicine ia so difficult to administer, it is Jilways
best, when the hog will cat or drink to disguise the dose in some food or
drink it likes. In fact our practice has always been, if medicine could
not be so administered, to let good nursing and care be the chief dupeiid-
ence in bringing the animal .safely through.

In the case of those nialignant forms of epidemic and contagious dis-
eases which, under the common name of hog cholera, have so frc(]«('iitly
scourged the West within the last few years, unless the affected aniinals
are treated during the first or .symptomatic stage, the only course to pur-
sue is to isolate every diseased animal from the herd as soon ns found.
and remove the well aninuils to a separate place where they are not in
danger, and above all where they cannot come in contact with otiieriiofis:
then with such medicine as they will eat in food or drink trust to nature
and good cure to bring them safely through.

liere is at first c

8WINE, THEIR DISEASES.

881

So fur there Ims been but little success atteiuliug the trontmeiit of these
diaeiisos, prolcilUy from the fact that the incubative stage of the disease
WHS passed and the animals bejoud the reach of remedial means before
the owners were aware that the animals were attacked. In the treatment
of the diseases of swine, we shall tirst describe fully the three principal'
forms of those malignant diseases termed hog cholera, and for which
there are so many specifics advertised — some of them by men so ignorant
;is to call all distempers hog cholera, and prescribe identical treatment
for diseases that require entirely different remedies.

Malignant and Contagious Diseases.

Tliorc arc throe principal forms of malignant diseason, onllcd hog
iholeni. The lirst is malignant epizootic catarrh, which in 1875 and
IH'li swci)t over Illinois, Missouri, and neighboring States, destroying
viist iiuinl)crs of swine ; next the disease noticed by Professor Kline, of
Kii;,'liiiid, and described as contagious pnoumo-entoritis ; the third, anthrax
ami splenic fever and a form of intestinal fever closely allicil to the last
if not identical, and which Dr. Law designates as intestinal fever or hog
iholera.

Malignant Epizootio Catarrh.

This disease, if it does not originate in fdthy yards and putrid pens, is
iimiiziimly developed there. The poison germs find a congenial home in
the mucous meinl)rano of such hogs, and in those whose skins are so
iliity that the natural perspiratory acts cannot take place, so if perspira-
tiim be checked during the prevalence of this epidemic, or the swine be
eximsed to sudden changes or the chilly night air, it will surely predispose
theiu to attacks.

How to Know It.

There is a short, hoarse cough, ditficulty of breathing, with panting of
the lliiuks. The head is held in a stretched and drooping position ; there
i> fever, a stiff, tottering gait, sometimes running at the nose, often
fffoits to vomit, generally constipation, but at times diiu-rha'a. In this
form the disease is shown in the dead animal by iiif1:imni;ition of the
lininir membrane of the nose and upper i)art of the throat, tlienco to the
^iiulpipc and lungs, which are more or loss solidified.

A second form of this disease has a short cough, not so pronotmced as

i:i the first form, and there is less oppression in breathing; l)ut there is

wore decided paralysis in the hind quarters and the gait is more tottering.

I Tliere is at tirst constipation, followed by a profuse and fetid diarrhea.

1^ f' ),

4-h«

882

ILLUHTIIATED STOCK UOC^TOR.

Tho disease is spending itself in the stoiniich nnd bowels. The auinml
arching its Imrk Jiiul es[)ecially the loins from tho intensity of the miu.
Tho brain is often uffccted so there is partial or total blindness and
aindess movements. So also the glands Mill be enlarged and soinctiiiion
8croful(»us ulcers will show in different parts of the body. Tl>c dead ani-
mal shows the lining membrane of the intestines inflanied and d( generated
The spleen enlarged, dark, and soft ; tho liver diseased, and often water
exudations iu the chest and belly. Tho duration in either form is from
five to tifteeu days. -j - . »i

What to Do.

If tho disease has progressed so as to show the latter symptoms wp
have described, kill, and bury the animal at once, and deeply. In any
event separate tlie animals showing tho slightest SA'inptoms from tlic rest
of the herd, and remove the well ones to comfortable and dry and well
ventilated quarters, and give pure water and good, easily digested food.
As soon as tho first symptoms are discovered give an emetic as follows:

No. 1.

15 to 20 Oi-iiin.') powdered wUite hellebore,
H Pint milk.

Mix for a full-grown hog, and let it drink ; if it will not, tuni it down
with a horn as previously descril)ed. This having vomited the hog, in a
couple of hours after give two or three grains of tartar emetic, if the
trouble is in the lungs ; if in the bowels, two or three grains of calomel ;
either medicine to be given in the half of a roasted potato or apple if the
animal will eat, or to bo enveloped in tallow or lard nnd laid on the root
of the tongue and the animal made to swallow. Repeat the dose twice ii
day until relief is obtained. According as the lungs or bowels are af-
fected apply to the sore place the following blistering ointment, heating
over a moderate fire, for half an hour and stirring to mix :

No. 2.

1 Oz. powdered cantharides,
4 Oz. olive oil.

Rub in well and repeat the application if no blister is drawn,
aulmul improves, give every day for a few days the following :

If the

No. 3.

20 Grains Rulphatn of Iron,
80 Gr.iiDi« carbonate of potash.

This, when the lungs have been the sent of disease ; if in the boweU.
omit the carbonate of potash. Professor Townsend thinks that in niauy
cases the liver is torpid, and thus blood poisoning takes place. When

HWINK, THKIK OlSKAHKH.

883

the uttack commenceB with copious und dark discharges from the bowels,
he recommends to give at once :

No. 4.

ao Oralna podopbyllln.
'i Draobms bicarbonate ofiod*.

Or, if constipation be present :

Nc i.

I Ounce cMtor oil,

1 Draobm oil of turpentine.

Both to be given in • pint of milk or gmel.

Intestinal "Hog Oholera."

In relation to this disease, undoubtedly analogous to the one last de-
scribed, Dr. James Law thinks it is a specific contagious fever of swine,
attended by congestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of
the membrane of the stomach and bowels. That is, fetid diarrhoea, gen-
eral heat and redness of the surface, and on the skin and mucous mem-
brane spots and patches of a scarlet, purple or bliuk color. It is fatal in
from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery.

How to Know It.

Incubation ranges from a week to a fortnight in cold weather, to three
days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullnes.s, prostration, hiding
under the litt©'', unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, un-
steady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, increased
temperature (103 degrees to 105 degrees F.), and pulse. With the oc-
currence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches
and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure, the latter not.
The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breath-
ing accelerated and a hard, dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting
miiy he present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the
bnwels may be costive throughout, but more commonly they become
relaxed about the third day and an exhausting foetid diarrh<ra ensues,
livmph and blood may pass with the dung. Piefore death the patient
ln<os control of the hind limbs, and is often sunk in complete stupor, with

niiiscular trembling, jerking, and copious and involuntary motions of the

bowels.

Causes.

It is mainly propagated by contagion, though faults in diet and man-
>gement serve to develop it. The infection is virulent, and may, it
56

884

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

is supposed, be communicated by the wind, and is with di£Sculty de-
stroyed in hog-peus, fodder, bedding and other articles of contact.

What to Do.

Treatment should not br permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected
atmosphere. Fted barley or rye, or iu case these raise the fever, corn
starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly
acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a uiild
laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, to be fol-
lowed up with nitrate of potassa and bisulphate of soda, of each 20 grains
at a dose. If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of
ulceration of the bowels, by bloody dung, or tenderness of the belly, give
oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up
"mth tonics and>careful, soft feeding.

Prevention.

E[ill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in
contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all sus-
picious subjects by moans of a clinical thermonieter introduced in the
rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows 103 or mor degrees Far-
anhcit. And »s soon as distinct signs of the disease are t>uown kill and
bury deep. Feed vegetable or arimal charcoal, bisulphate of sodu, car-
bolic acid or sulphate of iron to the healthy swine, and avoid all suspected
food or places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All
newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in (luaruntine,
under separate attendants, until their health has been surely established
ua sound.

Contagious Fneumo-enteritis.

This disease known commonly also as "hog cholera," "purple," "blue
disease, "etc., is a contagious inflammation of the lungs and bowels, accom-
panied with red and puqile blotchet of the skin, the last described beinjr
one of relative forms of this disease.

Its Origin.

It is supposed to be caused by extremes of temperature and »vet seasons,
feeding on low or swampy soils, impure water, filthy feeding i)eiis.
Whether these causes originate the disease or not they incline the systeii
to infections from the subtle poison which Dr. Kloin, an eminent finglishj

8 WINE, THEIK UI8EA8EH.

886

Teterinarian, has proved to be due to a minute vegetable organism,
{hadllua) found in the serous fluids, and tissues of animals infected.
M. Roche Lubin, a French veterinary authority says the disease will dis*
appear if proper sanitary means are used, protection from the sun and
rain, well ventilated quarters, and clean bedding, often renewed, with
pure water and wholesome food. We have been thus particular in (^uut-
Ing, to intensify what we hav« repeatedly said, cleanliness and care.

How to Know It.

There are two principal symptomatic forms which ure important to be
Qoticed, as follows :

The Brysipelatous S'orm.

The animal at fii'st is dull, loses his appetite, lies down and moves
unwillingly. He hangs his head, and sometimes makes efforts to vomit.
The bowels at this time are generally constipated, the excrement being
hard and dark colored ; cough and difficult urination.

The next day or in a few hours, even, the characteristic symptom of
the disease shows itself. This consists in the appearance of dark red or
purple blotches, passing into a bluish-black color. Once seen, they
cannot be mistaken. Their most frequent seats are the ears, throat,
neck, breast and inside the fore legs. If he is a white hog the discolora-
tioubi ure very visible. With these there is often a discharge from the
nose of a dark purple fluid. Soon his breathing becomes punting and
labored ; he is palsied in his hind quarters, and if he is driven up runs
reeling with his hind legs and his head dropped to the ground. At this
stage a fetid diarrhoea sometimes setu \ i. The fatal termination is reached
in one or three days.

The Form with Malignant Sore Throat.

The general symptoms at the commencement are the same ; and the
appearance of the throat has that same deep red, passing into dark purple
hue, which we have just noticed in the erysipelatous variety. But the
obstruotioiis to the functions of breathing and swallowing naturally pro-
duce tt train of characteristic symptoms not seen in the former case.
TheM ure attempts to vomit, difficulty in swallowing, and labored bn^ith-
iiig from the first, ^he sensation of choking being so distressing that ttte
animal will sit on its haunches, like a dog, gasping for breath, opening
its mouth wido, and protruding a livid a »d swollen tongue. Sometimes
the swelling about the larynx is so sudden and considerable that the aui-

886

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

mal is choked to death in less than un hour, and before hardly any uther
symptom has had time to manifest itself (oedema of the larynx).

What to Do.

The cheapest remedy with animals distinctly attacked, is to kill at
once, and bury deeply out of sight, to prevent contagion. If the animals
arc valuable, isolate them from all danger of spreading the contagion ;
give two to three ounces of castor oil, and as soon as it operates, give
twenty grains of nitrate of potash, and twenty grains nitrate of soda,-.
mixed for a dose — ^two or three times a day. Give also powdered char-
coal in the drink, and if the bowels are swollen and tender give twenty
drops of turpentine in a little gruel, as may be needed. The prescription
of M. Lubin, and one of the most valuable known is :

No. 6. 10 Qreins powdered camphor,

1 Drachm nitrate of potash,
B Grainw calomel.

Mix and give in a little gruel three times a day, omitting the calomel
after the third dose.

The local treatment should be attended to. Fr>ni.;nt the swollen part
with hot water saturated with copperas (sulphal.?- > ' -, -n). If there is
gangrene, saturate the surrounding tissues with i *., ae and sweet oil.
and attend strictly to the general sanitary conditions of the hospital or
place where the animals, both sick and well are kept. Professor Wil-
liams advises the use of chlorate of potash as superior to all other ntedi-
oines. His prescription is :

No. 7.

i Drachms chlorate of potash,
X Pint water.

Professor Turner, the well known Illinois sci«nti8t and exteiisivp
farrnor, iidvisoH the following as having been successful with him us ;i
pr«rventiv<\ and if taken in he early wtages of the diarrbwa, as u cure:

No. & 9 Lb«. flowers of sulphur,

'i Lbs. sulphate of iron,
'2 Lbs. madder,
H Lb. black antimony,
y. Lb. nitrate of potash,
'i Os. arsenic.

Mix with twelve gallons of slop, and give a pint to each hog ; thi.-* quan-
tity lieing for !00 bogH.

Our lM»i*t word of advi(!e is, if the affected hogs cannot he made to t*ke
the remedies in their food or drink, since it is a question of profit and

loss aimpj

means of i

we had sin

h'ed. Thu;

repeating:

is cheapest

We have ne

foiin. Uni

who will noi

Ohi

It has beei
poison knowi
to man, thert
country there
the names of
cholera. The
pneuiijo-euteri

TRUE

fiTiod of i,
from a few hoi

^mly tran>
cies of animal

Spleen alwa
'"•oken «Jowii.'

Hlood after (

L""^'>* and be
""Pli<'atcd. C(;

1'he disfoloral
'fup " -n-hunculal

T*"" »n».st COI]
r"'t'''" TherJ
**"*'"/.' the feafu^
I ""■" "'bitf arjd l]

SWINE, THEIR DISEASES.

887

loss simply, then kill, bury at once, and disinfect promptly. For the
means of disinfecting, see chapters on contagious diseases in cuttl(\ If
we had simply said kill and bury, our readers would not have been sutis-
lied. Thus we have given much point to remedies ; yet it will again bear
repeating: In all contagious diseases of animals, of a malignani type, it
is cheapest and most humane to kill and bury quickly and deeply.
We have never found any remedy effective once it assumes a malignant
form. Unfortunately, there are too many careless or pennywise persons
who will not kill, and who constantly spread contagious diseases.

Oharbon, Malignant Anthrax. In Swine, Splenic Fever.

It has been denied that this disease attacks swine. Since it is a blood
poison known to attack various animals, and which may be communicated
to man, there seems to be no good foundation for the assertion. In this
country there has not been sufBcient Hystematic investigation to separate
the names of the true Anthrax from what is popularly known us hog
cholci'ii. The distinction between Anthrax (Charbon) and cont^igious
piwuuio-enteritis is stated explicitly by Dr. Kleisi as f .>llows :

TRUE CHARBON.

Period of incubation, or latency,
from a few hours to three days.

Easily transmissible to other spe-
cies of animals.

Spleen always enlarged, and often
liroken down.

Kluod after death dark and fluid.

Ha rill UK arfthracis in the blood.

Luiifjs and bowels frequently not
implicated. Cough nmv bo present.

The discoloration local, and of a
true iiirbuncular appearancu.

CONTAGIOITS I'NEl'MO-KNTKIilTIS.

Period of incubation from two to
five days and more.

Rarely and with difficulty transmit-
ted to other species.

Spleen rarely enlarged or otherwise
changed.

Blood after death of ordinary ap-
pearance.
No banlliui ant/ima's in the blood,
but numberless ba<!illy in the
serum of the throax and abdomen.

Lungs and bowels ulwayn hoth in-
tlaiued. Cough ulway.s present.

The red or purple color diffused
over the surface, and of an
erysipelatous appeannuu'.

The most common form of uitthrax in pigs is popularly called "white
Wstle." There is a carbuncular swelling, usually on the throat, pre-
*«ntiiiff the features of color already described. The bristhw on the spot
turn white and brittle, whence the name just given. The swelliag extends

888

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

inward, involving the windpipe and gullet, causing difficulty of breathing
and swa. owing, and at length death in convulsions through suffocation.
Occasionally the true apoplectic ur splenic form of charbon appears, and
also the variety which attacks the tongue and mouth, both acute luid
quickly fatal, the apoplectic form often killing almost instantly. The
flesh of all animals dying of any form of this diseaee, as previously
stited, is poisonous, and the blood and discharged capable not only uf
spreading the disease among others of the same species, but also, if in-
ocmlttted into the human system, of bringing on that mortal niiilady,
"malignant pustule." The treatment, if treatment for so fearful and
fatal a disease may be allowed, should be essentially the same as that
prescribed in contagious pneumo-enteritis. As u preventive the recipe of
Prof. Turner may bo used. We adv.se to give medicine if only early
symptoms be observed, but if animals be distinctly attacked to kill inme-
diately, bury out of sight, and disinfect thoroughly.

Tnflammatory Diseases.

Swine are from their nature, and the usual manner in which rhey are
kept, quite subject to coughs, colds, quinsy, and iuflauimatory diseases,
especially of the lungs.

Quinsy, or Strangles.

This is a disease quite common ai;d fntal. It is an iniflammation of the
glands of the throat, (tonsils) and often kills (juickly through 8uffocatioii.
If in fet Jin<:5 them there be found difficulty in swallowing, or i)rotrusioii
of the tonguo, and slavering from the mouth, and if there bo u swelling
under the ?'ecic and lower jaw, lo^e no time, cast the pig so ho may lie
held firmly, and with a lar.Cot or sharp knife, scarifying the skin of the
throat deep enough to draw blood freely. Foment the jjiirts with cloth-
wet with hot water and partially wrung out, repeatedly applied to induce
bleeding, and reduce the inflammation, while un assistant prepares the
following injection :

No. 9. 4 U2. aulpliiitG o( magneala,

a Drachma oil oi turpentiue,

>i I'iiit « >ap auda.
Mix.

With n foHther fii8t«ned to a snn'11 rod, the hog's mouth being hcldoiHii,
swab the tonsils and inside of tlie thrt)at as fur as can be reaidu'd, wiili
equal parts of lard oil and tur|)ontin(', or if <'lio hog will eat, give doses
of iwo tea-spoonfuls each in a pint oi I'ruel.

SWINIS, THEIR DI8EA8K8.

Bising of the Lights.

889

This is the name applied to an ordinary cold. To cure this, keep the
animal warm, feed well, and rub mustard, moistened with vinegar, on
the throat and chest. If it does not yield, give an ounce of tar daily, by
putting a slip noose over the snout, opening the mouth, and placing the
tar well back on the tongue with a narrow wooden paddle.

Pneumonia.

The symptoms of inflammation of the lungs are, quick and laborious
breathing, loss of appetite, shivering of body and limbs, more or less
severe cough ; and the animal will not eat. The remedy is to keep the
animal thoroughly warm and quiet. Rub the preparation of mustard and
vinegar on the chest, and give internally.

No. 10. 2 DrachiDH nitrate of potash,

2 Drachms bixulpbutu of soda

Mix in a pint of gruel if the animal will eat. If not turn down from a
horn.

Catarrh in the Head,

Commonly called snuffles. Give the animal ii clean, dry, warm pen, and
feed and water well ; soft food l)eing preferable.

Disease of the Skin.

Swine are essentially liable to disetises of the skin, when kept in oon-
tiiieineiit, unless jjains be taken to do for them what they cannot do for
themselves, except where they have their liberty.

Measles.

Measles in swine have nothing in common with the disease of the same
iianie in the human subject. The name is given to a parasitic affection, oc-
ciisinned by the hog taking the eggs of the tapeworm, either in grazing,
wluMv they have been dropped with the excrement of the dog, or from
ft't'iiitig on pastures manured with human excrement. These eggs hatch
and work their way into the tissues and become ency.sted, and if the pnik
"f such animals is eaten, insuffloiently cooked to destroy them, by nian,
they transfer the tapeworm. In fact, it is not certain thai ordinary cook-
ing does destroy all, therefore it is never safe to eat measly pork. The
appeiinmce of the pork is owing to the presence of minute cysts, the siae
of gruins of barley, distributed through the umscular and othei tissues.

890

ILLUSTRATED STpCK DOCTOR.

How to Know It.

There may or may not be, but generally is, a discharge from the nose
running of the eyes, weakness of the hind parts, and general ill health.
By examining the skin, small watery pimples will be found of a pink or
red color. The remedy is undoubtedly beyond the reach of nHidiciiie,
though a so-called specific is small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, <>-iv(>|,
daily for weeks. The prevention is, to put no l)uman excrement on <»-iaz-
ing fields, to keep dogs dear of tapeworm hy an o(;casiona1 vermifuge, to
bury all excrement of dogs found in the pastures, and to kill all stray und
worthless curs.

The Lard Worm-
There is another parasite of the hog, the lard worm (Stephanmiui Den-
talus), from one to one and three-quarters of an inch Icuig, \\V\d\ Ih
occasionally found in all parts of the body ;of swine is freijueiit in the
liver, kidneys and fat around the ribs, and in various organs of the body,
including the heart. When present in large numbers, especially in flie
kidneys, its eggs may sometimes })e (li^^^overed in the urine, by means of
the microscope. Another worm, Enntronriyhm Gujas, nlso iiihiihits the
kidneys ; both may produce weakness of the l)ack, but it would not be
safe to treat for these parasites, unless tluj was surely determined liy
the microscope.

What to Do.

Do nothing. Various remedies have been prescribed, suih as small
do'-es of sulphur and salt, given daily for several weeks, or siniill doses
oi .;;ilt and turpentine. Neither have ceitaiuly been known to do any
good. Minute doses of arsenic, one-eighth of a (jrain, given daily for
two or three weeks, so it may be taken up by the system, would ho llip
prf»j)er (bourse indicated. The better way is to prevent their getting
measly, by keeping the diseased ones entirely from the well ones, and the
young away from the old.

Trichina SpirrJlB.

This minute parasite is capable of infesting all domett'" animals, includ-
ing man. The mature and fertile w(»r'n lives in the intestines of the
animals, and the immature worm in oysts in the muscle. The eating of
rats, and other vermin, and slaughter house offal is the prolific sourci'
from when<-t they come. The prevention is obvious. They an' ran-lv
found in westx'rn fann-raised. coni-fed hogs. There is no danger fmiu
eating pork infected with trichina, if it he thorouif/i/i/ uoft'od. Their i*

SWINE, THEIR DISEASES.

fi^

no moans of discovering them in flesh, except by the microscope. Eat
none but corn-fed pork, and that cooked done. Rare cooked pork in any
form whatever, is an abomination, and pork fed in slaughter house yards
and distilleries should warrant their owners being sent to the penitentiary.

Mange, or Scab.

This is caused by the presence of a minute insect, sarcoptpx miin, truus«
luissible to man, and should not be allowed in any herd of swine.

What to Do.

As soon as discovered, rub the infested animals thoroughly with soft
soaj), let it remain an hour, and wash ofl' with warm water using a good
brush, let the animals dry, and apply the following ointment :

No 11.

1 Pint train oil,

2 Draclimx oil of tar,
1 Drachm petroleum.

Mix with sufficient flower of sulphur to make a thick paste. This
should be well rubbed in, and rciuain on three day.'*. Tiieii wash thor-
DUjrhly with strong soap suds, dry, and change to (juarters perfectly clean,
burn all bedding, and (cleanse the (juarters thorougiily with carbolic acid
and water. The carbolic liquor of gas works is good, of which there
4iould always be a barrel on the farm. It is cheap. Thin down slaked
lime with it, and thoroughly paint all infected places.

Lice.

If lice are found on swine, it is a sign that something is wrong. We
have never seen them on well conditioned swine. When they occur from
;inv cause, sponge the animal freely with crude peti-olouin, or kerosene,
;iiui <rlve a little sulphate of iron, (copperas) one (juarter drachm a day, in
the feed. Let the food also l)e ample and nourishing. Another eflicient
1111(1 .safe remedy for killing lice is Scotch snufl', ru!)bed up with lard, and
applied where the lice are found.

Diarrhea.

Diiirrhcal affections often attack young pigs during their sucking sea-
son, jrenerally in the first week «<f their life — and often causes their
ilcath. Usually the cause i.s due to disca.scd milk of the sow, either
from l>ad food, or othei- causes. If so, change the food. In any case,
'be remedial means niu.st be used with the sow. Place charcoal and salt
where how and pigs may get it, and prepare thr^ following powder:

' f V 1.

1 ■• M

J?"

892

ILLU8THATED STOCK DOCTOR.

No. 13. 2 Pounds fenugreek, powdered,

i round* Bni«e teed, powdered,

1 Pound KontiBn, powdered,

2 Ouncei carbonate of roda,
2 PoundH chalk, powdered.

Give a table-spoonful of this in the food, every time the sow is fed.

Summary.

From what we have said the reader will easily perceive that we Imve
not much faith in remedial means in contagious diseases of swine. The
same holds good with any animal when once the disease is pronounced,
and of a malignant type — unless the animal bo so valuable that it will
pay to call a veterinary surgeon. Even then in the malignant forms of
the diseases described, and which are known under the popular misnomer
of ''Hog Cholera," killing and burying is the cheapest and altogether
the most humane. The danger of spreading; the difficulty of isolation;
and the next to impossibility of treating a hog too sick to cat, but never
too sick to be contrary, or resist to the full extent of their power, and
the ordinarily small cost of swine per head should be well considered in
the treatment of swine. Use proper discretion in treating tiieni, hut
do not hesitate a moment in killing, when the disease is malignant, and
in ordinary cases remember that if the hog will not take his physic
kindly in his gruel, better let nature and good nursing perfect the cure
than to violently force medicine down. Please remember the value of
good nursing in human i)aticnts. To reinforce this we may state the
fact that in France, long continued experiments in ho.spitals, with niuiiy
patients, treated under the various systems of medicine, a greater pro-
portion recovered with no medicine and good, care and nursing^ than did
under medication with ohdinaky hospital (;akk and NrnsiNO. This
may not have been complimentary to the hospital management, yet in no
country in the world are they better or more conscientiously managed.

The necessity of good nursing in the case of swine is no less imperative
than in that of human beings, and its good results are as nanifest.

r»'

PART IX.

POULTRY.

HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS
AND MANAGEMENT.

"Ty

tile

'Hie (ir.st d(„

POULTKY.

CHAPTKK I.

HISTORY Ain> WILD TTPB8.

ORKVB GOKUR COCK AND HIN.

Orietin of Domestic Fowls.
Hie liist doiuHMtii-ation of the farm ymd fowl i.s lost in the obscurity of
tliepast. Wo have not even tradition to guide us. There is a legend

896

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

l.i

1.25

m 11^
- IM

" 1116

22
M

U III 1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

,-\

"Sv

<f=?

'1?

■^,

•-^v^'^.

L<>^

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896

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

lUtXICAM WILD TUBIUY,

POULTRY, HISTORY, ETC.

897

that Gomel", the son of Japhet, took his name from the cock, and hence
it has been inferred that he was the first to domesticate the species. As
well might some future historian attribute the domestication of various

iill'^i

wild and domestic animals of our time to the savage Indian, whose fancy
leads him to accept the name of various wild beasts and birds as his own.

898

ILI.irSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The fact is, the domestication of wild fowls is exceedingly easy, as has
been proved within the last three hundred years by the domestication of
the wild turkey of Ameri(ia, {meleagris) of which there are but two spe-
cies known, M. Occellata, a native of Mexico and Honduras, and M.
Gallopavo, fi'om which our common domestic varieties have descended.
Later the American wild goose, (anser canadensis) , a distinct species from
^he gray legged goose of the North of Europe, and the supposed ancestor
of the common white or gray goose, and the Embden or Bremen goose.

Besides Europe and America, Asia and Africa have furnished us with
four sub- varieties of geese, three of which are called China geese, the
fourth being the African or Hong Kong variety.

Africa has also furnished us with the Guinea fovf\,(Numidia meleagris)
called Pintado by the Spanish. It is a native of Northern Africa, where
it is still found wild in large numbers, in some parts. The Pea fowl,
{Pavo cristatus) has also been known from the remotest antiquity and is
often used by ancient writers as an emblem of pride and arrogance, aud
it may be added, what is also true of the arrogant and strutting turkey,
it is as cowardly as it is arrogant and cruel.

The pheasant may here be noticed as a breed long half domesticated,
and yet never brought perfectly under the domestication of man. The
probable reason for this is that like the Peacock, they have always been
considered more ornamental than useful. There are four or five distinct
and beautiful species, that as ornamental breeds in parks should be more
extensively bred than they are.

The Swan is another breed long known in history and yet which cannot
be considered of special value, except as ornaments in artificial lakes in
the parks and grounds of the wealthy. Their dying song is often quoted
from classic literature ; so far no one has yet been charmed with its song
in modern times, which may prove one of two conclusions, either the
ancients were satisfied with a rery low order of vocality, or else the mod-
ern taste for musical sounds has become too refined to appreciate the
notes of the swan either in health or sickness.

The duck seems to have be'cu one of thy most easily domesticated of
foAvls, and if the varieties are not excessively multiplied, it is because they
are not considered a delicacy, and comparatively little used as food.
Nevertheless, we think them underestimated. Some varieties are verv
beautiful" in plumage ; they are handsome in the water, and their flesh is
by no means to be despised. Among the most valuable varieties are the
Ayleobury ducks, a prominent English breed, aa illustratiou of which
we give.

«<v..

' ;! ■ M

rOULTUY, HISTORY, ETC.

easy, as has
Bstication of
but two spe-
:a8, and M.
e descended,
species from
osed ancestor
remen goose.
ished us with
na geese, the

dia melecigris)
Africa, where
The Peafowl,
mtiquity andis
arrogance, and
.rutting turkey,

f domesticated,
I of man. The
ave always been
r or five distinct
should he more

fet which cannot
irtificial lakes in
^ is often quoted
ied with its song
isions, either the
or else the mod-
to appreciate the

domesticated of
J it is bociuise they
|e used as food.
varieties are very
landtheir fleslu^
3 varieties are the
L-atiou of which

Of the progenitort- of ham-yard fowls (Gallus), there are several wild
species. Among these nuiy be mentioned the Sonuerat fowl, discovered
bv the naturalist of that name in the Ghautes, which separates Milabar
from Coramandel, a thoroughly wild species never yet tamed. Sonnerat
was probably mistaken in supposing they were the primitive type of our

domestic tribe. Dumphier had previously found -wnld cocks in the islands
iif the Indian Archipelago, that are now known to nearly approximate
ours. The Bankiva species in Java, and the Kulm or gigantic cock of
57

!)U0

iM-i.sTHATKi) sto<;k uocn'oK.

Sumatra and SoutlK>ni Asia — the juiii^le fowl of the continent of India
may also lay claim to Iteing the progenitors of our don)estic fowls, as
well as the species named after the egotistic Sonnerat. In India our
farm fowls are believed to iiave sprung from the juniiU' cock and wild
species of Malay and Chittagoney,

GALI.tJS SOXXERATII.

Our Bantams are undoubtedly spruuii' from the Bankiva jungle fowl.
Our large Asiatic from the great Malay and Chittagong races through
long generations of lireeding and selection in China. Whatever tlic races
from whence they sprung, the wild types are now very scarce and diffi-
cult to find, while domestic fowls, in their almost infinite varieties, are
found not only in every farm-yard and village lot, but are bred exten-
sively and successfully in our largest cities.

But wild fowls, of the genus Gallus, are nlso natives of the Brazillian
forests of America. Oliver de Serres writes of them as follows :

"In traveling over the gloomy and inextricable forests of Guiana, when
the dawn of day began to appear, amidst the immense forests of loftv
trees which fall under the stroke of time only, I often heard a croT^^ng

I'OULTKV, HISTOKV, KTC.

901

of India,
fowls, as
India our
c and wild

liva jungle fowl-

I races through

Ltevcr the races

scarce and d*-

^He varieties, me

are bred exten-

lof thoBrazillia"
follows :
of Guiana, when
f,,vests of lofty
heard a cro^nng

Bimilar to that of our cocks, but only weaker. The considerable distance
which separated me from every inhabited place, could not allow one to
think this crowijig produ(;ed by domesticated birds ; and the natives of
thos(! parts, who^vere in coniijuny with me, assured me it was the noise
of wild cocks. Every one of the colony of Cayenne, who has gone very
far up the country, gives the same account of these wild fowl. I have
geen one myself. They have the same forms, the fleshy comb on the
head, the gait of our fowls, only that they are smaller, being hardly
liir"-er than the common pigeon : their plumage is brown or rufous.

HEAI> OF SINGLE-WATTLED BRAHAIA FOWL.

IIKAI> OK UKEDA, OK GUELDRE.

Before this the wild fowls of America had been mentioned. The

Spaniard, Acosta, provincial of the Jesuits of Peru, has positively said

tiiat fowls existed there before the arrival of his countrymen, and that

they were called in the language of the country, talpa, and their eggs

ponto. We are not aAvare that this species has ever been brought into a

<tate of domesticity, or that the wild species has ever been taken and

reared. The wilds of the great South American forests are yet as a

Mled book, in many respects, to the naturalist. Under the regime of

the present practical and scholarly Emperor, this, in Brazil, is being

clianged, and gradually this immense territory will be made to yield not

only increased stores to our ornithological knowledge, but also in other

departments of practical art and science.

Our domestic poultry may be divided into four ffroups, each of which

will be separately considered.

902

ILLUBTKATKU STOCK DOlTi'OK.

1. Our Common Barn-yard fowls.

2. Asiatic fowls.

3. Games, including (jume Bantams-

4. Pet Bantams. »

In the first group we shall notice English, American and continciit4iI
families. In the second group all Asiatic breeds. In the third group all
the more important Games, and in the fourth group all the better known
small varieties of Bantams, except Games, both smooth and feathered

On the preceding page we give illustrations of two cuiious varieties
in domestic fbwls, one in a sub-family of Brahmas, the other in a family
of fowls of Dutch origin.

CHAPTER II.

VABIBTIES OF BABN-YABD FOWLS.

I. DORKINO F0WL3.— U. SILVKll QKKY DOUKINQa. Ul, BLACK DORKINaS. — IV. FAWW-

COLORKD DORKINGS. V. BOLTON ORKYS. VI. DOMINIQUK FOWLS.— VII. FLYM-

OUTH RUCKS. VIII. THE OSTRICH FOWLS. — IX. HAMBURG FOWW. X. BLACK

HAMBURGS. XI. LF.OH0RN3. Xtr. WUITK LEGHORNS. XIII. SPANISH FOWLS.—

XIV. FRENCH FOWLS. XV. THi; 110UDAN3. XVI. LA FLKCHK FOWLS. XVII. TIIR

CRBVB COKURS. XVIII. LARGK ASIATIC BRKBDS. XIX. TBK CHITTAOONGS. XX.

BUFF COCHINS. XXI. FARTUIDGIi: COCHINS'. XXII. WHITE COCHINS. XXIII.

BRAHMA FOWLS. XXIV. LIGHT DRAHMAS. XXV. FKIZZLKD FOWLS. XXVI. SILK-
IBS. XXVII. BRKOA, OR GUELDUK FOWLS. XXVIII. GAME FOWLS. 1. BROWN-

BRKASTED REDS. ^2. KARL DERBY GAMR. 3. DUCK-WINGED GAME. 4. WHirS

GEORGIAN GAME. 5. GAME BANTAMS. 6. OTHER BANTAMS.— —7. SBABRIQHT BAK-

TAMS. 8. JAPANESE BANTAMS.

S"-^

I. Dorking Fowls.

Of distinct English breeds the Dorkings have become the most cele-
brated. Of these the White Dorking of Surrey is the typical fowl. It
is, as compared with the so-called dung-hill fowls, large, often weighing,
the mature cocks fully ten pounds, the hens eight to lune pounds, and at
a year old from six to eight pounds. They are of good size, plump,
compact, mth strong heads, full wattled, and with single serrated comb,
short necks, short white legs, with five toes, and full plump breast, the
plumage pure white and without spot. They are tolerably hardy, good
layers and most excellent mothers. The illustration on following page
is a representative of this breed.

903

904

II.LLh'ntATKI) STOCK 1)()(I<H!.

II. Silver Qray Dorking.

This variety ia coii.siderod to he a sport of tiic Wiiito Dorkinjr perpetu-
ated by careful breeding and selection. With stoclc from families that
have been carefully bred l)y careful selection they may b(! kept to the
standard. But they vary much in color, the dark varieties often producing
silver gray chicks.

WHITE DORKING COCK.

The Gray Dorkings are rapid growers, and if well supplied with food
are in condition for the table at any age, often before they fairly get
their feathers. The distinguishing colors are : breast, tail and larger tail
feathers perfectly black; the head, neck, hackle, back, saddle, and wing

1^ peipetu-
niilies that
copt to the
n producing

I'tlll.TIP. , 1)11 ri:ifKNT VAUIKI'IKS.

5>U0

bow a oleiir, pure, Hilvery white, ami uciohh tlie winjj;H ii well tletined black
bar, in striking contrast with tiie wliito outside web of the quill foathors
and the white hacklo of the neck and saddle. The neek of the heu is

GRAY KNGLISII D0UKING8.

silvery white, the breast salmon-red, changuig to gray near the thighs;
the wings silvery or slate gray, and without any tinge of red whatever.
The tail should be dark gray, the inside nearly black.

m. Black Dorkings.
This sub-family are jet black in color, the neck feathers of some of
the cooks tinged with gold, and of the hens tinged silvery'. The comb
may be either rose or single but usually double, short and sometimes
cupped ; wattles quite small and very red near the head. The tail
feathers shorter and broader than those of the white variety ; the legs
black, short, and with the two under toes (juite diftinct and separate,
sometimes showing a rudimentary toe. They are hardy, the hens are
good layers, good setters and careful nurses, and the eggs are of a
large size.

IV. Fawn-colored Dorkings.

These ai'e handsome birds of high carriage, said to have been produced
by a cross between the White Doi'king and fawn-colored Turkish fowl.

'■\ ',

TTf.;

Q06

ILLUtiTUArKI) -liXK DiM'I'Ott.

t
I

Their tails aro Hhortor thnii any other v!>ri«'ty of I)orkiii<i;H iin<l the legs
black. Tho cook.s will wci^lt from ('ii>lit to www [xxiikIs uikI tlu; hcim
from six to hovom. Thov havo r(Mniirk!il)ly fiiu^ thwh and lay larj;»i PJ?gH.
In rolation to tho I)orkiii;^« as a class, wo hav« found them not well
adapted to stand wet, voUl wciatluir. Yet with proper caro tliey are tho
best of tho dititinct Enf^lish hrecds.

V. Bolton Gray.
This breed, somotimoH callod Creole, used to bo in t^ood repute in
England, and woro bred with Huch nicety that individuals could acarcei)'
bo distinguished apart. Thoy are great layers, but poor setters, and
when carefully bred aro ono of tho best breeds for tho farm yard. Thov
are a medium sized, plump, short-logged fowl ; neck and Imdy pun>
white thickly spotted with black, black bars at tho extremity of tho tail.

DOMINllJCK. I'V.W'I..

The hens are constant layers, l)ut the eggs, aUliough of good quality, are
rather small, weighing about one and a half ounces each. They me
oomparatively x-aro in the United States.

VI. Dominique Fowls.
The Dominique, u distinetlj' Annu-iean !)rood, and for the ordiuar/
farmer, where hardiness, fecundity, good laying propensity, and excel-

i<l the legs
(I tho Uenn
hirt:o cRgH.
m not well
hey avo tl\o

»(1 repute ii>
)uUl Hoiireely
setters, iiiul
yard. They
id body pur-'
,y of the tiiil.

</o()d quality, are
"ach. They avo

for the ordinafV
,en«ity. and excel-

I'OULTKY, DlK.i.i.KM' \ Alii K I'lliS.

lenco of llosh is coiiconi' 1, in one of tlio vory l>o^t in exifltonco. Tliey
brcod constant in color, niarkin.^'rt, oonstitution and vigor, and are
iilways well able to take ciiic of tlieinst'lvcH,

The trno color of tlio Doininiiine is a li^ht gronnd nndulatcd and
penciled in tiio softest inaiMicr with slaty bliio — almost black — forming
bands all ovir tbu body. The hons imd cocks arc HJiadcd alike ox-
fi'pt that the pUnnagoof the c^-'k is more* di.stinct, ofti-n with golden
!i ickles, and bronzrd wings. The condj of the cock may be either
•inglo or double, but wc prefer the single comb, as most indicative
f tho true type. The iris of the eye is a bright orange, and the bill
;uk1 legs a bright yellow or bufl'ccjlor. They are square biult, broad
breasted, rather short legged fowls, with little olVal, and with liigh
ilavored and profitable llosh ; elegant in [)lumage, and a hardy,
healthy, profitable and j)rolilic race of birds.

\'l.V.MUUrU 150CKS.

VII. Plymouth Rocka.

This is a modern American breed originated by Dr. Y. C. Bennett, and
first shown at Boston in 184C Said to have boon produced by a cross of
a Couhin-China cock, with a hen, herself a cross bctwoeu the fawu-colored

908

ILLl STi;Ai'j:L> SlOCK UOCTOU.

Dorking, the large Malay, and the Wild Indian fowl. Fanciers becoiujns
interested in this breed, it was very considerably disseminated, but failed
to give satisfa< lion on account of the want of uniformity in the chickens
either in marking or form. Much bitter controversy has ensued,
which shows that there were several different origins, in which the Java,
Cochin, Gray Chattagongs, Dominique, Gray Dorking, and even the com-
mon dunghill fowl figured. Of late years fowls have been produced
under the name of Improved Plymouth Rocks, the modern style .show-
ing excellent and uniform breeding. A fowl that grows rapidly, fledges
early, making flesh fast, and which in the hands of expert fanciers, com-
bines many of the most excellent qualities to be desired, either as layers
or as table birds.

Vin. The Ostrich Fowls.

This excellent breed originated in
Bucks county. Pa., and were called
Bucks county fowls. The cocks of
this variety will average nine pounds.
They are good layers, sometimes pro-
ducing forty or fifty eggs before be-
coming broody. The eggs are large
and of good flavor ; the flesh white,
linn, and of excellent quality. The
color of the cock is a dark blue-
black ; the ends of the feathers tipped
BUCKS couNTv, (I'A.) FOWLS. with whitc ; wings a yellow or gold-

en tinge ; hackle dark, glossy blue. A double rose comb surmounts
the head with large wattles beneath. The carriage is bold and alert.
The hen is similarly colored, but more sober in shade, with a plump,
thick body, a high serrate single comb, wattles large, and legs short and
of a dark color.

IX. Hamburg Fowls.

The Hamburg fowls all have these characteristics : They have hright
double combs, firmly fixed, and ending in a long point turned up behind.
They are of medium size, of sprightly carriage ; tails large and held
upright with long plume feathers ; of robust constitutions, great layois,
seldom broody ; in fact, almost never, when kept in confinement. The
eggs are small but of excellent flavor.

X. Black Hamburgs.
This is probably the best variety of the family for farmers, and in fact
one of the very best of the black fowls. Possessing the two-fold value

d originated in
ud were called

The cocks of
re nine pounds.

sometimes pro-
ecrors before be-

eggs are large
the flesh white,
tt quality. The
I a dark blue-
e feathers tipped
, yellow or gold-
comb surmounts

bold and alert.

, with a plump,
lid legs short and

Ihey have bright
turned up behind.
Is large and held
ions, great layers,
confinement. The

armers, and in fact
the two-fold value

roLl.lUV, Uiri-KUEM' VAKIKTIh>.

90f>

of l)eing alert, noble looking, handsome fowls , color deep black with a
uK'lalic luster; hardy, robust, and the hens constant hiyers.

Penciled Hamburge.
These are of two varieties, the Silver and Golden. In the Silvered
^ub-fumily, the ground color is silvor-white, sometimes vith a slight yel-
low tinge, but every feather margined with the most glossy black. The

nmm

p^^lHUff^H'/^w'^J '-■ ' '"■ ;•'■*»'»;" •w.iiiTH'.fPf'

910

ll-LUei'l'HATKU STOCK KOCTOU.

cocks of either variety exhibit the pciicilings, as ilo the hens, but are
white or brown in the Silvered or Golden breeds reKpcetivelv.

There are few, if any, more striking fowls than thcsi- in the hands of
expert and careful breeders, with their symnictrieal, gay and upright
carriage, their well-defined deaf ears, elegant combs and wattles, their
ample, well-feathered tails, and fine-boned, taper, blue legs.

aOLDKM PKNCII.KI) HAMUURGS.

The hens of both varieties nnist have thv; body clearly and dctiiiitely
penciled, and the hackles of both cocks and hens must be entirely I'reo
from dark marks. The engraving which we give fully illustrates ihc
characteristics of tbo several varieties. As fancier fowls they are su))im1) ;
as farm fowls delicate.

XI. Leghorns.

riiis atlmirable breed of European fowls has beconu; widely dissem-
inated in the United States, being valued for their many good qualitii's
among which are beauty and constant laying propensities. They mo
bred by fanciers of all colors from white to black.

XII. Whito Leghorns.

"White Leghorns are, we think, l!ic most valuable to the farmer as tbey

I'Kl I.IUV. liliKKUK.NT VAKIETIES.

911

bens, but are

, the hands of

r and upright

wattles, their

are the handsomest. Tlie dt'scription of this variety will suffice for all^
excepting color.

The Whites arc in size about that of the Spanish, and like the Spanish
the combs of the best hens lop over on one side. The plumage is white
with hackle feathers slightly golden tinged, the rest of the featliers pure
white. They are comparatively a hardy bi-ced, standing extremes of

Iv and dotinitcly

be entirely free

ly illustrates iho

d'thev arc supofl) ;

lie widely dissoui-
ny good qualities
isities. They me

the farmer us they

r
<
tr

cold and sudden changes i'i.irly, except that their immense single combe
are liable to freeze in Winter. The hens are persistent layers, and
especially good Winter layers, wlien they are kept comfortably housed,
and seldom incline to set. The legs and skin are yellow. The cocks
have large single perfectly erect serrate combs, the divisions being ill

912

ILLUSTRATKI) STOCK OOCTOH.

fact spiked. The wattles arc full iiiul large, witli wliitf or cream colored
ear lobes, extending .sometimes up on the face. The chicks are hardy
good foragers, feather early, and at the age of six to eight weeks are
miniature fowls, showing inu(!h of the stature and grace of the mature

fowl.

The cut will show what would be considered prize fowls in any show

nng.

XIII. Spanish Fowls.
The Spanish fowls in their several varieties have long been kuown and
justly esteemed in the United States for their great laying and non-setting
propensities. The whole race, however^ are rather tender as far as coM

#:
#

ream colored
LS are hardy,
ht weeks are
f the mature

.'■.iiiiiiiii

Ifowls in any

show

L been known and
lin.nvndnon.settin?
Ler as far as cold

POUI/rRY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES.

913

wet weather is concerned. But for the amateur who will give good care
and attention, the}' will amply repay their cost in the production of
plenty of large, meat}^ eggs. In
the South the}"^ are an udmirabje
breed. In any locality' they must
be allowed plenty of liberty since
they soon suffer from close con-
iincment. There are many vari-
eties described besides the pure
Tvhite and the pure black, as the
rod-faced black, or Minorca, the
Ancona, Graj', or mottled breed,
iind the Blue or Andalusian. The
cut which we ffive on the next

page

6^'

the Black Spanish and
of same, will suffice

BTANDARD WIIITK LEGII0»'N8,

description
for all.

The cock should carry himself
erect and stately, the breast pro-
jecting and the tail erect, and with
siiklc feathers fully developed.
Tiie plumage should be jet black,
and without the least approach
to white or any other colored
spots, but with glossy i-eflec-
tions in the sunlight. The fowl

plump and comi)act ; the legs blue or dark lead color ; the coipb large in
both sexes, bright vermilion in color, deeply serrate or rathe" notched
like a saw ; that of the cock entirely upright and without twist '"hatever,
and extending well back of the head. The comb of the hen should fall
ronipletely over on one side ; the face must be quite white ant? without
lot] specks, wide and deep and extending high over the eye, Jirched in
shape, iipproaching the bottom of the comb, extending sideways to the
ear lobes, meeting under the throat, and in texture entirely fine and
smooth. The ears must be large and pendulous, and as white as the face.

XIV. French Fowls.

There are three i)rincipal breeds of Frcncii fowls tl at have within the
lust ten years acquired an excellent reputation wherever known. They
ate the Houdan, Crcve-Coeur — both of which are (juite well disseminated
— imd the La Fleche. The first two breeds take their names from vil-
lages of these names, and the latter from the arrondisseraent of La

914

i:.i.i>ii!Arfc;iJ (STot;K uo(.;ruij.

Fleche, in France, where they are most eoinmoiily raised. Besides these
there are several other varieties of useful and ornamental breeds known
in France as, first, the de Breda, de Breose, Court Paltas, and du Mans
and among the ornamental varieties theCliamois, liolhmdais, Hermines
and Padoue. The Bredas have already been descriljud.

^ff/iowriiii ''ii'iri i|B|i!i

XV. The Houdans.

Thsse fowls are held in France in fully as high estimation as are the
Dorkings in England. They are hardy, easily I'aised, fatten kindly, Iny
good sized eggs, and are of a most oxoellont quiility of flesh. They are
a five-toed race, and are reported to have originated between a cross of

IVULTUY, DirKKUKNT VAKIETIK8.

yio

isides these
cds known
d du Mans,
!, Her mines

the Dorking and th« Silver Padoue. They should be of u white and
black color, evenly distributed, making them distinctly speckled. Red
feathers are not admissible, but an occasional stained feather is some-
times seen in the best fowls. They are very French-like, sprightly,
vivacious, loving to wander, but bearing confinement well. The comb is
double leafed, and they have whiskers and beard growing well up on their
face, which, with the crest or top-knot, gives them a curious and yet
striking appearance. The crest of the hen . especially being thick and
full. In shape they resemble the Dorking, but are less in size. In every
respect they are brilliant and striking in appearance.

■n

HOUDAN URN.

XVI. La Pleche Fowls.

L.ition as are the

Vitteu kindly, I'^y

flesh. They are

etween a cross of

These handsome fowls are very tall but compact ; in size equaling the
Dorking ; yet black, firmly knit, with strong, long limbs ; the body rather
iinguliir, the plumage firm and dense. The head is handsome, with
spikes of feathers behind the comb, looking like a double horn. They
tavo small protuberances between the nostrils, which latter are full and
expanded. They have large, opaque ear lobes, cravat like, very long
58

916

ILLUHTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

pendant wattles, a moderately curved beak, neck hackles long and fine,
reflecting violet and green-black colors, as do the breast, wings and upper
tail feathers. The legs are long, slate-blue in young fowls, and u lead-
gi'ay when old. The hen is colored like the cock. The cocks arrive at their
full growth at eighteen months old ; the hen at twelve. The flesh is considered
the finest and the most valuable for table uses of any French breed. Those
familiar with them are pleased witii no other.

LA KLKCHE FOWI.B.

XVII. The Crave Coeurs.

iliis is the most striking of the French breeds, their black crested
heads being curiously relieved with deep crimson, forked or antlered-like
comb. Their aspect is bold and stately, the plumage black, shaded with
green, thick and shining. The comb must be conspicuous and full,
wattles long and deep, breast large, full and deep, the back straight not
drooping. The legs should be strong, firm, leaden blue, in color, and
short, -with strong claws. The hen should have a soft, thick, round
crest, and very little comb and wattles. The color must be entirely black,
no other color being admissible in pure bred fowls. Old birds, however,
will sometimes show an occasional white feather in the crest; a sort of turning
gray.

r and fine,
and upper
and a lead-
rive at their
is considered
■eed. Tliose

black crested
[or antlercd-like
Ick, shaded with
tuous and full,
Lck straight not
L, in color, aud
kt, thick, round
^ entirely black,
, birds, however,

a Hort of turning

POULTRy, DIKtHHRNT VAUIETIE8. 917

XVIII. Large Asiatic Breeds.

Of the numerous brced.s aud sub-divisions of these gigantic fowls, the
Cochin-China and the Brahmus stand confessedly at the head. The
ShanghBBS, and the Chittagougs have, of hitc, fallen hito disrepute, and

confessedly so, from llic superiority of the Cochins and the Brahmas.
lu the SUanghoe family Ihcro are various colors. Gray, buff, ciuuamou,
partridge-colored and black. 'rv'cntv-li\(> years ago they were regarded
\nth especial favor, froTn the fact that they were of the then largest size
known. It must be confessed that Avheu bred pure they are qtiiet, good

iffi

ffi-j

»1»

Il,l.U8TuArKr> ST<»OK DOCTOB.

sitters and nurses, little incliiuid to riimblc, imd among the best foster
mothers to other chickens that cmi lie fouud.

llLPi!' COCHIN COCK.

XIX. The Chittagong.

This is a giant among fowls, the cock often standing twenty-six inches
in height, and notwithstanding tlieir long logs and necks, they ai'e majestic
looking. There are two in-inci2)al breeds, the gray being the larger breed.
In the dark red variety the breast and thighs are black. The hens yellow
or brown; legs iu both sexes being yellow, heavily covered with black

jest foRtar

I'OIJLTHV, niKKKRKNT VAIUKTIK8,

919

feathers, and the cai'riapfe in all the varieties graceful, majestic, prompt
and easy.

XX. BufiT Cochins.

There are weveral viiricties, in color huff, lemon, and cinnamon, the re-
sult of peculiar croRsew und breeding. The buff is the true type of the
colored sorts, and for utility we think the best. The cock should bo up-
right and strong in his carriage ; breast broad, not full, but forming a
nearly straight line between the crop and thighs ; back short and wide ;
lull only slightly raised; legs strong and with great thighs and saddles.

Itwenty-six mchee

ItUeytvi-ewaiest^"
] the larger breed.

J The bens yellow
Ivorod with black

BUFK COCHIN HKN.

The head is small, for so long a bird ; the beak yellow, stout, short,
•urved, and strong at the base ; comb single, not large, and with rather
small wattles, florid, thin and fine ; the ear lobes well developed, long,
thin, fine, and entirely without white. The eye of the cock should be of
»n ochre-yellow color, and in the hen a darker hue. The hackle of the
•ock should be full, spreading over the thighs, and of a light bay color,

■ N

9".n

ILLllHTIiATKIi MOCK DOCTOK.

and free from tnarkingH of tiny kind. Tin' liucklo of tlu; Ihmi in u doun,
diHtinct huff. A Hliglit ixtnciling is lulniinililn, ii dark (colored one not.
The saddle of both cock and lien should ho free from inarking.s. A hlmk
tail in the cock la admirahh?, and if the i>rinci[)al feathers are hronzcd, ho
much the hettor. The hreast of holh <;ock and hen should he clear liuff,

becoming lighter toward the tip, with a wavy ai)pearjince in the sun, and
both primary and secondary quill feathers should he buff, without other
color. The legs should be heavily feathered, covering the outside toe,
and partly the one behind. Vulture hocks, us shown in the Black Breda

POULTKY, UIKKKIIKNT VAKIKTIK8.

921

'\H a clean,
d one not.
A black
)ronzcd, so
cleuv buff,

HI III

||i

f J

■( AH

•jii

in the sun, and

fff , without other

the outside toe,

the Black Bred8

variety in not tidmiasiblo, an they not only tiliovv mixed blood, but are
unsightly.

XXI. Partridge Coohini.

These are admirable fowls. Among the heavie.st of the Asiatic breeds ,
attract attention wherever sliown, from their round, full, plump forms,
el('f!;unt featiiering and majestic carriaj^o. Merely as «pocin»cn birds they are
objects of bounty.

The head of the Partridge Cochin is a rich orange red. The hackle
iind .saddle feathers the same, but each distinctly marked down the middle
with a black stripe. The buck, slioulder-covcrts and wing are self colored,
red and darker than the hackle ; the lower wing-coverts black, with
greenish or blue reflections forming a "bar" across the wing ; the pri-
mary wing feathers bhick, edged brown or bay on the lower edges ;
eecondaries bay on the outer edges nnd black on the inner, each feather
black on the end, forming a black edge on upper- side of the butts of the
wings ; the breast, thighs, tail and leg feathers black and without other
color ; the leg dusky yellow. The hen should have her hackle golden
yellow, each feather striped black along the center, the rest of the
plumage light brown, penciled with dark brown, the penciliiigs over the
body should be dense, and the purer the brown the better. On the
breast the pencilings should be crescent shaped. Legs dusky yellow,
penciled brown as in the body.

XXII. White Coohini.

White Cochins should be white, pure white all over. This purity in
color is essential, since a yellow or other tinge detracts from the beauty
of the bird. The cock should have a medium sized, straight, smooth,
freely serrate comb, large, red, deaf ears, large wattles, red eye, strong,
yellow beak and legs, and Avith plenty of feathers on the feet. This
featliering should be characteristic of all Cochin.s, avoiding as far as
possible any tendency to vulture hocks. Breed also to hirge i.tock, of
good carriage, and you will have in the progeny as pretty a siglit for
fowls as could well appear, either in the farm-yard or on the grass. You will
also have real value, for such fowls as these will always command a market.
Tiieir eggs are large and of good quality, and tlu'ir flesh is sweet.

The hen should be large ; the head, beak, eye, deaf ears and wattles
colored as in the cock. Avoid especially a grayish eye. It is supposed
to show a tendency to blindness and a generally weak constitution. The
body must be broad, the tail small, almost covered with the soft feathers
about it, and with well feathered rumps and plenty of fluff.

I I'l

IL.1AJWTRATED STOCK DOCTOK.

XXIII. Brahma Fowls.

These uiajestic fowls, .said to hiive been originally brought from the
banks of the Brahnia-pootra river, whirh waters the fertile territory of

wiirm; cochin fowls.

Assam, are divided into two classes, tho light and dark, each having their
special admirers, and cither good enough for any farm yard. As a rule
however, the dark are more highly esteemed, and the fowls sell for
higher prices than the light.

The head of the dark Brahma cock should have a jjea comb, that is,
three combs running parallel to each other, and with the length of tlio
head, the middle one the highest ; the beak strong and curved, ear lobes
red, and falling below the wattles, which should be full, and like the ear
lobes, deep red ; the neck short, well curved, with the hackle ful. silver
white, striped with black, and flowing over the back, and sides of the
breast ; the back strong, very short, wide, flat, the feathers almost white,
the saddle feathers long and white, striped with black ; the tail small,
soft, upright, the feathers on the rise from the saddle to the tail, and the

roULTKV, DIKFEUENT VARIETIES.

023

;ht froju the
3 territory of

side feathers of the tail a pure lustrous black ; the breast full, broad,
rather prominent, the feathers pure black tipped with white, and the
feathers at the head white ; the saddle feathers and thigh fluffs ample ;
the wings small, with a good black bar across them ; the wings well
tucked under the saddle fcatliors and thigh fluffs ; the fluif on the hindei

ich having their

lird. As a rule

fowls sell ioT

comb, that is.
length of tlie
Jirved, ear lobes
Ind like the cur
Ixcklefui: silver
Id sides of the
[rs almost white,
the tail small,
Ithe tail, and the

part, of the thighs l)lii(:k or dark gi'ay, the feathers on the lower part of
the thighs soft and nearly black ; legs short, yellow and profusely cov-
ered with feathers on the outside.

The marking of the hen is almost identical with that of the cook,
txcept that it is more uniform all over except the head and tail, each

!•■

«24

ILLU8TKATEI) STOCK DOCTOR.

feather closely penciled, with dark steel gray on a dingy white ground,
and extending nearly up to the throat, on the breast. In carriu'^e, the
hen is not so upright in carriage as the cock, and the legs are very considerably
shorter.

XXIV. Light Brahmaa.

Pure bred fowls are mostly white in color, on the outside, but if the
feathers are psirted, the under plumage is bluish-gray. This distinction
is strongly marked as between the Light Brahmas and White Cochins
which hitter are white to the roots. The head is of the same general
shape as in the dark variety, and with pea combs ; the ear lobes and wat-
tles are pure red ; the neck hackles are distinctly marked with a black
stripe down to the center of each feather, on a white ground ; the quill
feathers of the wings are black, but when folded the wings should show
only white ; the tail should be black, tolerably upright, but opening out
like a fan, and the within tail coverts reflecting a peculiar green hue in
the sunlight ; the legs are yellow and well covered with white feathers,
sometimes slightly mottled with black. The hen is colored like the cock,
except that the plume may bo somewhat darker, and the general appear-
ance more sober in color. The tail should be black and smaller than that
of the cock.

XXV. Frizzled Fowls.

One of the most curious of the Oriental breeds, and occasionally seen
in the yards of amateurs and fanciers, are the frizzled fowls originally
brought from Java. Linnseus named them GalliLs pennis revolutis, or
fowls with feathers rolled back. The color should be white, though they
are also bred black and brown. They are certainly curious and interest-
ing as showing freaks in breeding. So far as value, in comparison with
other breeds is concerned, it is nil.

XXVI. Silkies.

Far more ornamental in appearance, and really of some value, are
what are known as Silkies. The best specimens are pure white, and
have this peculiarity, the webs of the feathers lack cohesion and are fila-
mentous, hence giving the silky appearance to the plumage.

They are sometimes called negro fowls, from the fact that the skin is
of a dai'k violet color, almost black, and the comb and wattles often dark
purple, low and flat and cohered with small warts. The bones are also
covered with a dark membrane, which altogether mckes this breed the
most singular and interesting of the gallinaceous 'ibe.

I'OULTUV, DlFl'KUK.NT VAU1ET1K8.

XXVII. Breda or Quelder Fowls.

926

The Breda or Guelder fowl is peculiar in some repects, and shows
that there is an infusion of Asiatic blood, altliough they are Polish iu
shape and closely related to this breed. They are of various colors, but

PAIR OF SILKY FO\VI>.

the only true families that are bred in the United States are the Cuckoo
or Dominique marked, called Guelders, and those pure black, denom-
iniited Breda, though we believe the true Breda is applied to all the
Guelilers, not Cuckoo marked. They have a crest, only just perceptible,
and of the same color as the body.

Wiuitever the color, they are lightly feathered on the legs, which are
slaty-blue, and the thighs are vulture hocked. They have no comb, but
ii depression where the comb should be; the nostrils are cavernous, andi
|):ii'ti('ularly conspicuous. The cut given will show their general appear-
:iiKie, iuid the likeness of a Breda head given on a previous page will
show the chief peculiarity of the head. In size they are medium chicks.
ear lobes and wattles red and peculiar in shape, being extremely pendu-
lous ill the cock. The plumage is close and compact like that of game
fowls, with large and flowing tails. The eggs are large, smooth and of
good flavor, and the chickens are hardy and feather quickly.

•30

ILLUSTUATEU STOCK DOCl'OK.

XXVIII, Gamo Fowls.

The several varieties of game fowls arc the most elegant and noble of
the gallinaceous tribe. The cocks are watchful, courageous, always ready
to attack an enemy whatever it may be, and fighting t-o the death. And
of most elegant carriage and coloring. The hens arc good mothers, lay

the finest meated eggs of anv lireod, arc hardy, and excellent foragers.
There is hardly a breed of "dung-hill" fowls, but what owe their good
qualities to the infusion of this i)repotent blood. This general descrip-
tion will sufiice for all the varieties, which are innumerable, and belong

POULTUY, UIFFEUENT VAKIKTIES

5)27

to every country, England, Ireland, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Malay and
China being the most celebrated for their strains of blood In all these
varieties of games the cocks are noted for the brilliancy of their markings
and the hens for their soberness of color.

m "^

m ill

, i

1 1

l^lfc ;|

W ,v\\

//,'/<'' '-^ ■*

li'' 1 ! ■ '■'■• '.1

r ii

LI
>i 1

i' i

[1 ,
1

■1, 1 1 , : 1 '

!!,

The Brown-breasted Beds.

This variety is considered us one of the best of the games, an illustr»>
tion of a group of which we give. In this breed the breast of the cock

i[ai,|

928

ILLII8TRATRD STOCK DOCTOR.

should be red-brown, shoulder sometimes oriinge-red. The comb and
face must be dark purple, the beak dark ; wing butts dark red or brown
with dark talons ; hackle with dark stripes ; thighs like the breast ; tail
a dark greenish black ; the wing crossed with a glossy, green-hued bar.
The plumage of the hen should be very dark brown penciled with light
brown ; neck hackle dark, golden, copper-red, thickly striped with dark
feathers ; comb and face much darker than that of the cock. When the
tail feathers are spuiTed and show a slight curve, it is considered iiulicr
tive of strong blood.

ICAItl. DERBY GAMK,

Earl Derby Oame.

This magnificent strain which has been bred in great purity in England
for over a century, are Daw-eyed, that is the eye is gray like that of tin
Jackdaw. They have a round, Avell knit body, on long, strong legs, with
white feet and claws ; the head is long, the bill lance-shapcd and elegant;
the face bright red, with small comb and wattles red ; back intense
brown-red ; lesser wing coverts maroon colored ; greater wing coverts
marked at the extremity %\ ith steel-blue forming a bar across the wings ;
primary wing feathers bay ; tail irridescent black ; hackle well feathered,
touching the shoulders ; wings large and well quilled ; back short : breast
round and black ; tail long and sickled, being well tufted at the root—

KJULTKY, I>1FKK1{KNT VAHIKTIKS.

f)2&

thick, short and stiff. The hen is tlius succinctly and perfectly described
by Beeton in his English work on poultry : "Head iine and tapering;
face, wattles and comb bright red ; extremities of upper mandible and
the greater portion of the lower one white, but dusky at its base and
around its nostrils ; chestnut-brown around the eyes, continued beneath
the throat ; shaft of neck hackles light buff ; web pale brown edged
with black ; breast shaded with roan and fawn color ; belly and vent
of an ash tint; primary wing feathers and tail black, the latter carried
vertically and widely expanded ; legs, feet and nails perfectly white."
The carriage of both cock and hen of this breed is upright and dignified.
The pugnacious disposition of the cock equals that of any other game
bird ; and its endurance cannot be surpassed. Years ago they were
numbered among the best breed of birds for the cock-pit ; and for the
tiible they are not surpassed by the sweet and nutritious flesh of th©
Dorking fowl.

DUCK-WING liAME ruwi.s.

Duck-winged Game Powls.

There are several varieties, inciudiiiu' the I)u(k-\\iiiL''od game bantam?-
To our mind tlie l)cst are the silver-gray, a pure-lilooded, hardy and
high couraged bird. The cock must be silver-gray in color ; the head,
comb, face, wattles and bill of the true game type ; the lirst four of them
bright red, the bill light colored ; eyes red, skin white, and the legs
white : the hackle is striped black underneath, but clean above ; the
breast a clean, nearly silver-gray; the back a bright silver-gray; the

930

Il-LUKTltATKI) STOCK UOCTOK.

lower part of the wings creamy white, crossed above witli a bar steel-blue
in color.

In the hen, the plumage should be a silvery bluish-gray, frosted with
white ; neck hackle silvery-white, striped with black, and the breast a

pale fawn color, more subdued than in the took. The other character-
istics, as to iace eyes and feet, etc.. should be identical with that of the
male bird.

niiirgiii.
tliat the
The Ice
doul)Ie
and Witt
tliey be
Wrds eon

POULTRY, DIFFEUENT VAUIETIE8.

931

White Qeorgia Game.

This variety, originally bred in Europe, but brought into Georgia many
years ago, and since carefully bred in various parts of the South, are
game in the pit, and most excellent farm fowls, being hardy, courageous,
and tlic flesh most excellent in quality. For beauty of plumage, elegant
shape and lofty carriage, they have few if any superiors.

In the color they should be pure white all over, with no shade whatever
on ncolc, breast, hock or tail. The legs may be white or yellow. Wo
prefer the yellow, since it is an indication of a stronger constitution.
The beak should hArmonize with the legs, and the comb, ear lobes and
wattles must be of the deepest vermilion color. Such a breed on the
lawn makes one of the prettiest sights we have ever seen, and in quality
of the flesh they have no superiors.

Oame Bantams.
These are small varieties of the more common large breeds. Alert,
courageous little fellows, some of them not larger than good sized
pigeons, but fully capable of driving any ordinary barn-yard fowl, how-
ever largo it may be. The more prominent of these are the Black
Breasted red game bantams. As pets they are most attractive and may
be kept with any of the large breeds without danger of intermixing as to
the hen bantams.

Other Bantams.
The most highly prized of the fancy bantams are the golden and silver
spangled Sebright bantams. There are also bantams of the white and
hhick races of smooth-legged fowls, as there also are of the Asiatics.

Sebright Bantams.

Tliere are two varieties of these, the golden
penciled and the silver ^lenciled, identical in shape
and markings except the color. Both varictiea
are remarkably beautiful : pert, lively, ' igorous,
and when small and Avell bred, among the nicest
pets of the farm-yard. The plumage of the Silver
bantam is of a silver-white color with a jet black
margin. The Golden variety is identical except
that the ground color of the plumage is golden.
The legs are smooth, the heads are clean, the comb
double and pointed at the back, and the tail straight
and without the long sickle feathers. Whether
they be golden or silver spangled, the value of the
birds consists in the delicacy and pencilings of the markings
59

SKBItlOUT BANTAM.

The cocks

932

ILLITSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR.

should not weigh over twenty ounces at most ; the liuii not more than

sixteen. liens have l)een shown weighing not more than twelve ounces.

A peculiarity of this* variety is, that occasioually an old or a barren

BARREN, FL'LL FEATIIKRED.

female will assume the plumage of the cock. When w^o remomhcr that
the males of this breed are what are called hen-tailed, the remarkable re-
version, as shown in the cut, of a hen, will be interesting to the scientist
and cxirious to all.

Japanese Bantams.

Among the most curious of the bantam tribe are the Japanese bantams.
In thi*) rare breed, the body must be as pure white as possible, the tail
Mack, the sickles very long, upright, little curved, but carried over the
back as shown in the cut. The shafts of the sickle feathers white ; the
comb large, upright, not too strongly serrated ; wattles long and red ;
legs very short and yellow. The body of the wings should bo white,
with black flight feathers. The hen should be fan tailed, and the comb
crinkled. They are quiet, easily domesticated. The hens are good lay-
ers and good nurses. " The chickens are tender, and for this reason should
not be hatched before the weather is warm. In fact as small size in ban-

POULTRY, DIFFEUiiNT VAUIET1E8.

933

iiims is nn essential point, the befit chickens are fall-hatched and kept
tliroufijh the Winter with only feed sufficient to continue them growing
fuirly uud to keep them in good health.

lAFAMXSiC UXNTAJI COOK.

iAeASSaS BANTAM PVLUn.

i! «••

■n

(6 bantams,
le, the tail
sd over the
white ; the
g and red;
(j be white,
d the comb
_ good lay-
;sv8on should
size in ban-

lii

-i -it

CHAPTER in.

BBEEDINa.

THE PLCM AOB.

-IDEAL 8HAPB.-
MAi'IMO.

-BREEDINO TO TTPE.-
— BKEEUINa GRADES.

-DISPARITY IK SEXES.

In the breeding of poultry it is absolutely necessary that the breeder
have a good and clear idea of the points of fowls. For this reason we
give a series of illustrations showinj; the entire fowl, and also otliers
accurately figured and explained, so no reader can err. It is absolutely
necessary to a correct understanding of any business or profession that
a correct knowledge of the technicalities connected therewith be had.
The poultry breeder must not only understand how to feed and rear
chickens but he must have a nice discrimination as to plumage, the chief
characteristics of the several breeds of fowls, and their peculiarities of
constitutional vigor, style, carriage, etc., but he must also understand
something of the anatomy of the fowl, their points, and also those relating
to outward parts, and the techni<?al terms used in describing the several
parts. In addition to w}nit follows we have prepared a pretty complete
glossary which will be found at the end of the chapters, so that any person
may easily inform himself as to the several terms used by the fanciers
and breeders. The technical terms used by poultry fanciers, in describ«
ing the points of a fowl, are not always understood by the uninitiated.
934

I'UULTKY, IIRERDINO.

989

IN SEXES.

he breeder
I reason we
also others
3 al)solutely
'ession that
|ith be had.
<x\ and rear
•c, the chief
[ubarities of
understand
|iose relating
the several
:ty complete
|t any person
the fanciers
, in describ-
uniuitiated.

For the benefit of HUch wo givo an illustration, with lettered reference*,
which will supply the nocossiiry information on the Hubject

F0INT8 OF POUI.TBY.

Explanation— -4— Neck hackle. £— Saddle hackle. C— Tail. D— Breast.
5— Upper Wing coverts, i''— Lower Wins coverts, (?— Primary quills, if—
Thighs. /—Legs, if— Comb. Z,— Wattles. Jtf— Ear lobe.

POINTS OF TIIK BIAD OF COOK.

Explanation. — l— The comb, which surmounts the skull. 2— The wattles,
which hang underneath and on each side of the beak. 3— The tu wattles,

if ^^

i, :

r- J ririr ■» :; ' TW ■ k- ,- ^t^ -r^

936

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

which hang under the cheek. 4 — The tufts of little feathers, which cover and
protect the auditory organ. 6 — The cheeks, which commence at the beginnint^
near the nostrils, cover all the face and re-unite behind the head by a continua-
tion of the flesh of the same nature, but covered with feathers. 6 — The nosliils.
which are at the beginning of the beak. 7 — The beak, of which the two parts,
the upper and lower mandible, are horny.

The head of the cock, as of the hen, is composed of two principal
parts : 1st, the skull is a firm union of bones, which include the upper
part, or mandible, of the beak ; 2nd, the lower part or mandible of the
beak, being the lower jaw-bone, formed by a single piece. In the skull
are the sockets or cavities which contain the eye ; the nostrils are in front
of the eye ; the auditory organ, or ear, is behind the eye. The head, ex-
cepting the beak, is entirely covered by a fleshy covering, round which
may be seen several appendages or caruncles, which are the crest, the two
ear-lobes, and the two ear-wattles. This covering forms the cheeks, the
color, the size ; ihe form of each of these parts is varied according to the
variety, and of t'^n serves to characterize each. A tuft of short feathers
called "the tuft" covers the auditory organ.

ANALYSIS OF wiito FLVKAOi. (Sm foUowlng Page) .

The comb is straight or drooping ; it is single when it is composed
of only one piece, double when there are two alike united or near together,
it is triple w^hen it is formed of two alike and one in the middle ; it is
frizzled when full of granulations more or less deep,and erect excrescences,
it is a crown when it is circular, hollow, and indented ; it is goblet ehhpeii

POULTRY, BREEOINQ.

937

lich cover Jind
lUe beginning
by a continua-
— ^The nostrils,
tlie two i)arts,

two priucipul
ude the upper
tandible of the
In the iiknW
n\s arc ui front
The head, ex-
:r, round which
e crest, the two
the cheeks, the
iccording to the
f short feathers

when hollow, vascular, and not indented. There are other forms but
they are composed of parts or unions of those particularized.

The Plumage.

With the hen there may be three kinds of feathers distinguislied : 1.
The iai'ge feathers on the wings for flying, and on the rump to form the
tail ; 2. the middle-sized feathers which cover the largo feathers, and are

i:-, •{

POINTa OF THK FOWL.

[n it is composed

or near together,

the middle; it is

srect excrescences,

lit is goblet ebhped

found on the wing and mmp ; 3. the neck, the back, the sides, the
throat, the shoulders, and a part of the wings. They are always in layers
compactly covering those beneath them like tiles. We shall designate
them by the name of the places they occupy, aud refer to the engravings
to render them easy to recognize :

Explanation— .4— The upper feathers of the head are very small in those fowls not
tuftud. They surround the t>kull.

938

ILLi;STRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

B — The underneath feathern of the head are almost like bristles. They cover the cheeka
In the space which separates on the wattles.

G— The upper feathers of those at tlie back of the neck are short, an J lengthening lower
down, forming wliat i=i culled the hiiekle. They become longer between the shotiklerg
when they cover (he beginning of those on the back and the commencement of the wings.

/)_The feathers of the back, formir)g a layer about 10. These leathers are of tlie same
nnf lire n<' those of the neck, butalifMe hireer, and form the saddle.

f—Tlie feathers of the breast cover the entire length of the two breast muscles, extend-
ing beyond the breast-bone at each side and uniting at Its end. The whole forms what is
termed the bi'^ast. These feathers, with the feathers of the loins, overlap those of
the Bides.

SHOWING POINTS.

G— The feathers on the sides cover the loins, taking In the back as far as the rump,
which they go beyond and cover the lower part of the feathers of the tall. They also cover
the commencement of the leathers of tlie flanks, thighs and abdomen.

H— The feathers of the flanks are light and flufly. They cover the upper part of the
thigh feathers and slip under those of the breast.

/—The feathers of the abdomen cover and envelope all this part from the end of the
breast to the rump. These feathers are geneniliy flufly, of a silky nature and spread out
la a tuft.

J— The outside feathers of the thigh cover those of the abdomen and leg.

POULTRY, BREEDING.

939

rer the cheeks

;thenlng lower
the shouUlers
; of the winga.
•e of the same

luscles, extend-
1 forms what Is
erlap those ot

U far as the rnmp,
They also cover

upper part of the

am the end of the
and spread out

Z(— The outside and inside feathers of the leg atop at the heel, 9t in some varieties they
proceed lower and lurm what are culled rulfies or vultured hocks.

Af— The feathers of the feet or sole are long, short, or entirely absent, in the diflferent
varieties. Tliese leathers are along the shank in either one or several rows. Tiiey are
always on the outside part.

^V— Tlio leathers ot the toes appear on the outsldes.

0— The middle tail feathers envelope the rump and cover the base* of the large feathers
ot the tail.

i»— The larger tall feathers are In a regular line of seven on each side of the rump, and
form the tall.

Q— The outside feathers of the shoulders cover a part of the other feathers of the wing.
TlR-y form the shoulder.

ii— The inside feathers of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender.

S— The larger feathers of the pinion form, where the wing is iipened,a large, arched sur-
face, and are ot dlSerent sizes. These feathers grow out of the under side of the pinion.

T— The small outside feathers of the pinion are of different sizes. They come on ail the
outside surfaces from the shoulder to the pinion. They begin quite small on the outsiuj
alge, and finish a medium size on the inside edge.

{/—The Inside feathers of the pinion are close, middle-sized, and small, covering the
basics of the large feathers of the pinion.

F— The large flight feathers, or feathers of the hand, are large and strong, and are of
most use to the bird in locomotion. They begin at the under edge of that which is called
thetopof the wing.

A'— The outside flight-feathers cover the large ones ; they are stiff and well flattened on
the others.

}'— The inside flight-leathers are, some small and others medium-sized; cover the bases
oftliollight-leathers.

Z— An api>endix called the pommel of the wing, which represents the fingered part. It
hut tlie joint of the pinion and has some middle-i^ize'l feathers of the same (iescrii)tiiin lia
the large pinion feathers, and have some small one? to cover them. These feathers assist
m the flight.

"When the whole wing is folded, almost iiU the feathers are hidden by
the linger feathers of the pinion and middle external feathers. Classiti-
oiitioii of the feathers of the cock arc the same as those of the hen, but
the forms of some of them are different.

Ideal Shape.

The cut on next page M'ill serve to show the contour of the fowl, the
Dorking being the one selected on account of its compact body ; and the
iioiuor the fowl comes to tlie ideal the more profitable it will be. Neverthe-
less it must be remembered that etu'li 1)reed has its peculiar characteristics
;ind that some one point must often be sacrificed in favor of another.

Breeding to Type.

Ill tlio breeding of poultry, as well as farm animals, there should be
no violent crosses made. In fact, none but the thoroughly scientific
breeder, who has given his life study to the task, should undertake

940

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

crossing with a vie\# to forming a new breed. It will not pay. Tlio
general breeder should get the best representatives of the breed he pro-

BREEDIKG TO TYPE.

poses to use and confine himself to it. No more than one breed should
be allowed on the farm. If so it Avill end in intermixing and confusion.
No more should be attempted than by careful breeding and selection to
perpetuate the strain in its purity, and if jjossible to improve it. A
careful study of the foregoing will render this possible, and thus any
farmer may breed a given strain equal to the best.

The cock should be large, broad breasted, strong winged, muscular,
easy on his logs, and of strong points in his plumage ; the hen from good
laying stock or a good mother as the case may be.

Disparity in Sexes.

As to the number of hens to the cock it will vary with the breeds. With
Games, Dorkings, iijudans and Creve Coeurs they may be eight or ten
to one ; Spanish, Cochins and Brahmas, ten or twelve to one ; Hamburgs
twelve or fourteen to one. If the flock is large enough so two or more
cocks are kept all but one had better be confined, giving them in succes-
sion to the flock, and it is better in large flocks to have a reserve to use
when necessary. By this plan much fighting over and unnecessary worry
of the hens will be saved. If too many males are allowed to run there
will be a loss in eggs, and if too few they will be deficient in fertility,
this being one of the greatest drawbacks to this system. So, as between
the two, always buy eggs for setting from breeders who give their flocks

POULTRY, BREEDING.

941

a good range, aud are careful that the heus have neither too few nor too
many males.

Mating.

Always mate a short, compact, deep-bodied male, with long-bacKed
hens, but not the reverse, and as a rule, for the best results the lien
should be over one year old when she sets. From that to four yours she
will do the best. Do not be afraid of breeding in-und-iu. Unless carried
too far it will result in better success than out crosses. So in breeding
to color let all self colors be as solid as possible, and in parti-colored
breeds study their characteristics, and breed as near to a feather as
possible. Avoid vulture hocks in all poultry, and especially so in the
Asiatic breeds. In breeding Brahmas and colored Cochins have plenty
of color in the males, as the tendency is to get lighter. Yet in this dis-
crimination must be used. If the saddle is very heavily striped, or the
neck hackle very dark, the chicks will be apt to run to spots. Yet as a
rule heavily-penciled males must be used to get heavily-penciled cock
chickens. So very dark hackled cocks and hens with the hackles lightly
penciled will produce chickens with delicately penciled hackles.

Breeding Grades.

If you cannot get fowls pure get a well bred cock and keep Avith a few
of your select hens. Breed him again to his chicks, so long as he lasts ;
thus by the exercise of judgment you may have very superior poultry in
a short time. A better way, however, is to get a setting of pure eggs
and commence right at once. They cost comparatively little, are easily
sent by express, and will soon repay their cost.

CHAPTER IV.

MANAGEMENT OP FOWLS.

Gi? •^ . INTO BUSINESS.
t >i 1 For. FOWLK
HO>. : /.XXEN. •

VILLAGE YARDS.

•THE PODLTRY HOUSE.

-PROPER

- BEST BREEDS FOR MARKET. EGG PRODUCERS.

•now TO KILL AND DRESS FOWLS. PACKING FOR

Going Into Business.

Before going into the business of raising poultry be sure and have com-
fortable quartei's for the fowls. These need not be expensive structures,
poles and hay will make a warm, comfortable roosting and nesting place,
until something better can be provided. Be sure that plenty of dry dust
for bathing is supplied at all times. It is the great remedy against lice,
to which fowls are especially liable. This with plenty of sun, plenty of
pure water, and liberal feeding, will insure success both in eggs and
chickens. Do not over crowd the house. See that everything is kept
scrupulously neat and clean. If you build a permanent house, know that
there is to be plenty of ventilation ; all birds require a large amount of
fresh air. Plenty of heat, plenty of food and water, and plenty of fri>h
air are what give plenty of fresh eggs in Winter, M-hen they are scarce
and high. In the Summer let the fowls range over the farm as nuuh as
they will, they will thus be paying for their keep in destroying insects,
and keeping themselves healthy ; we are writing for farmers, and not
fanciers. In villages the case Avill be different ; there, fowls must be
kept shut up a great part of the time.
942

'«jyf

POULTRT, MANAGEMENT.

943

rSE. PROPER

•RODL'CKKS.

— PACKISG FOR

md have corn-
live structures,
nesting plnce,
;y of dry dust
V a<iiunst lice,
sun, plenty of
h in egg"' ""<!
lything is kept
lusc, know that
lr«rc amount of
blenty of frc^ll
[licy are scarce
]rrn as nuuh as
Iroying insects,
Iniers, and not
fowls must he

Here, some tact must be used. If the fowls must be kept up during
the day, let them out for a run, an hour before sundown, in the street '
or alley; they will come buck all right at feeding time. What you lack
in range, you must make up in care and attention to the wants of the
fowls, and in the economy of the hen house, and the little range of grass'
which they ma}' have. Green food of some kind must be given. Cabbage,
lettuce or onion tops, chopped, are all good. Animal food must also be
provided ; any rough meat will do if chopped. One of the mistakes often
made is feeding too much at a time. Give them their food so they ma}'
take it at will, if it can be kept clean, or thi'ow down food to them liber-
ally, so long as they eat eagerly, and, make them eat pretty clean.

The Poultry H'>use.
The poultry house should face the South on one of its broad sides, and
the more glass you have in this, the better. One portion should be half
dark for the nests, and, for setting hens, this should be large enough so
a dust bath may be supplied also. The roosting place may be in one end,
and should not be more than two feet from the floor, especially if the
breed be heavy. The perches should be all on a level, and pretty large.
A two by four scantling nicely rounded and set on edge, is not too hirge
for the heavy birds. Keep everything about the house scrupulously
clean. Whitewash at least once a month with lime and if lice make their
appearance, fumigate the house, and sprinkle Scotch snuff among the
feathers of the fowls. Follow this up until the lice are exterminated.

Proper Food for Fowls.
Never give fowls sloppy food. When mixed feed is given, it should
l)c made as stiff as possible. Never feed in a trough, it cannot be kept
clean. Have the dough so stiff that, as it falls from the hand it will
lireak, and so, feed on clean ground. Indian meal and small potatoes
cooked together and fed pretty hot in Winter, with a little chopped onion
intermixed, makes a good food. Have broken bones, lime rubbish und
gravel alwiiys where fowls can get it, and in Winter a sheep's pluck hung
«here the hens can just reach it, by jumping up to pick it piecemeal, will
keep the fowls in good laying trim. Chandler's cake is good, if other
meat cannot l)e had. This may be broken fine and mixed with one of
their daily feeds. Be careful, however, that j'ou do not overfeed with
meat. If so, it will show in loss of feathers and general ill health.

Best Breeds for Market.

We do not believe there are any better market fowls, all things con-
sidered, than the Brahmas and Cochins. The Dorkings are undoubtedly
the most superior table fowls ; the^ are also tender aud harder to rear.

.':*'■

944

ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOH.

As a cross for early plump table l)rcods, a Dorkinjr cook crossed
* Brahma or Cochin hens will give fast growing, plump chickens of early
maturity. In this, however, fancy has much to do.

The Asiatics are not great layers, but by using judgment, fully as
many eggs can be got from either Brahmas or Cochins in Winter as from
any other breed, and Winter eggs are what bring money. Give tliom
warm and roomy quarters, with plenty of range for exercise, with liberal
feeding, including green vegetables, and they will bring you money
in eggs.

Egg Producers.
The Poland, the Leghorn and the Iloudan are inveterate layers, and
their eggs are good. The Haml)urgs are good layers, but like the black
Spanish, tender, and more tit for tlio amateur than the practical man.
For eggs, there is little doubt that the Polands should carry the palm.
For young chickens for market, Brahmas and Cochins, and for home
table use, the Dorkings are best. Why, then, asks the reader, have vou
described so many fowls? The answer is, so that the table being well
filled, you may take your choice of breeds.

How to Patten.

When ready to fatten, poultry should be always confined in a small
si)a(e ; the smaller tlie better. T\vo weeks should make them fat. If
kept after thej'^ ai-e fat, or when they cease to increase, they again innno-
diately lose flesh. The best food in the West is corn-meal, boiled into a
very tliii'k mush, and then made as thick as possible, while scalding hot,
by mixing in all the meal that can be worked. The fowls may be kept
in well-ventilated coops, feeding them three times a day with the feed
warm, and allowing them plenty of water and gravel all the time, except
for the last week, when the gravel may be omitted. The coops mui-t of
course be kept clean, and should be small enough so the fowls cannot
turn around ; should be littered with clean straw, and never allowed to
get foul. If, instead of water, their drink is skimmed milk, they will
become extra fat.

How to Kill and Dress Fowls.

Never kill your fowls until they have fasted twenty-four hours. No
man ever made any monej by selling his fowls with their crops stuffed to
make them weigh. The petty fraud is too apparent. To kill and dress,
tie their legs together, hang the fowl up, open the beak and pass a sharp
pointed, narrow bladed knife into the mouth and up into the roof, dind-
ing the membrane. Death will be instant. Immediately cut the throat
by dividing the arteries of the neck and the bird will bleed thoroughly.

POULTRY, MANAGEMENT.

945

"We never scald ; the nicest way is to pick tlic fowl dry and while yet
w.irm. A little care will prevent tearini^ the flesh, and the bird will
liriiig enough extra in the market to make it pay. Most persons, how-
ever, Avill prefer to scald, and for home consumption, or tlio viUage
market this will do.

Have the water just scalding hot — not hoUiiuj — IflO degrees is just
riglit. Immerse the fowl, holding it by the legs, taking it out and in,
until the feathers slip easily. Persona become very expert at this, tlie
feathers coming away by brushing them with the hand, apparently. At
all events, they must bo picked clean. Hang turkeys and chickens by
the feet, and ducks and geese by the head, to cool. It should be uiuiec-
essary to say that under no circumstances whatever, sliould ducks and
(Tcese be scalded ; they must invariably be picked dry. Take off tlio
liends of chickens as soon as picked, tie tlie skin neatly over the stump,
draw out the insides carefully, and hang up to cool. Never sell fowls
undrawn. They will bring enough more drawn and nicely packed, with
the lieart, gizzard and liver placed inside each fowl, to pay for the
trouble. Let them get thoroughly cool — as cold as possible — l)ut never,
under any circumstances, frozen. There is always money in properly
prepared poultry ; the money is lost in half fitting them for market, the
fowls often beina; forwarded in a most dissrustinir state. There is inoncv
ill the production of eggs ; there is money in raising poultry for the
luiukct. The money is lost in improper packing and in a foolish attempt
orciisionally made to make the buyer pay for a crop full of musty corn,
at the price of first-class meat. It is that class of men, however, who
are too smart ever to make money at anjMhiiig.

Packing for Market.

The poultry, having been killed as directed, carefully picked, the
heads eut off, and the skin drawn over the stump and neatly tied — or if
preferred, leave the head on, the fowl will not bring less for it — and the
birds chilled down to as near the freezing point as possible, provide clean
boxes and place a layer of clean hay or straw quite free from dust, in the
bottom. Pick up a fowl, bend the head under and to one side of the
breast bone, and lay it down flat on its breast, back up, the legs extend-
i)ig straight out behind. The first fowl to be laid in the left hand corner.
So placed, lay a row across the box to the right, and j^ack close row by
row, until only one row is left, then I'everse the heads, laying them next
the other end of the box, the feet under the previous row of heads. If
there is a space left between the two last rows, put in what birds will fit
sideways. If not, pack in clean long straw, and also pack in straw at the
sides and between the birds, so they cannot move. Pack straw enough

916

ILLUSTIIATEU STOCK DOCTOR.

over one layc; of fowls, so that the others cannot touch, and so proreod
until the box is full. Fill the box full. There must never be any .shiiit-
ing, or else the birds will become bruised, and loss will ensue. Miinv
packers of extra poultry place paper over and under eacl' layer before
tilling in the straw. There is no doubt but that it pays. Nail the box
tight ; mark the initials of the packer, the number of fowls and variety,
and mark i)lainly the full name of the person or firm to whom it is con-
signed, with street and number on the box. Thus the receiver will know
at a glance what the box contains, and does not have to unpack to find
out. These directions, if carefully carried out, might save a person
many times the cost of this book, every year.

FOUNTAIN iOK POULTRY.

Turkeys, Other Fo-wls, Breeds and ManagemeAt.

CHAPTER V.

THE HOME OF THE TUBKBY.

VAUIETIE3 OF THE DOMESTIC TUKKKY. 1. TUE COMMON TUUKHT. 11. EllO-

LISH TURKEY. III. THE HONDURAS TURKEY. IV. BRONZED-BLACK TUB-

KEY. V. GUINEA FOWL. VI. THE PEACOCK.

Although it ia only about three hundred years since the turkey — from
any well authenticated accounts — was brought under domestication, we
already see them broken up into several distinct breeds, although there
arc l)ut two wild varieties, the brown turkey of North America, and the
Honduras turkey of Central America ; a cut of the lat -er being shown
oil following page, and of the former the introduction to poultry in
general, illustmte these varieties.

There is, however, one fact peculiar to the turkey as with pheasants.
It still retains and persistently holds many of its wild traits. It is shy,
intraetable, does not care for home, and like the pea fowl and guinea
fowl, is much inclined to wander. When full grown, and indeed after
becoming full fledged, they are the hardiest of domestic fowls ; in fact,
as hardy as any of our Winter species of wild breeds ; yet when young,
they are the most delicate, tender and easily chilled. For this reason
they should never be hatched until the weather, both nights and days, is
warm ; and for the reason that the hen turkey is so careless of her
60 947

948

ILIil'HTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR.

young, ami ho poor a pi'ovider, wo havo always raiaod thorn under care-
ful hoHH, giving a largo hon seven oggs and aiming to have two broods
como off at once, giving l>oth broodH to onu nurHO

The cggH rcijuire from thirty to thir-
ty-two days to hatch, and for tho
first four weeks the young cliicks
should 1)0 carefully watched. Tlu^y
will noitho. stand tho hot sun, Iw.nvy
rains, nor much dew, -' they imist
)(! kept warm. Ila jilod c-nrs

rul)l)od up with oatmeal or cornnical
is a good food for tho first two weeks.
After which, light wheat and cracked
corn may form tho staple. About
the time they acquire tho red heiid,
which is at about six weeks of aire,
which next to the third day is tho
most critical period of their life, they
■^ should have nutritious food, aiul, if n
little bruised hemp seed is added, so
much tho better. In feeding give but
a littlo at a time and often, and that
out of tho reach of ' hen or other
fowls. Young onion tops, chopped very fine and wo) ed with the

food is excellent. Curds of sour milk are eagerly eaten, . ,.fc should not
be given as a constant food. Pure cold wat(!r must always bo at hand
as a drink, but occasionally, say once a day, skim milk may be given.
Wliero eornmeal is the basis of tho food, it should always be cooked into
a hard mush before being fed.

Varieties of the Domestio Turkey.

These are the bronze, the English (so-called) turkey, the white, the
buff, and the crested turkey. The latter is extremely rare, having been
sup[)()sed to have originated in Europe, in the early part of the last cen-
tury, then entirely lost, and again said to have been recovered, curiously
enough, from Africa.

Teniminck, in a work relating to pigeons and fowls, printed in Amster-
dam in 1813, mentions them as follows : The crested turkey is only ii
variety or sport of nature in this species, differing only in the possession
of a feathered crest, which is sometimes white, sometimes black. These
crested turkeys are very rare. Mademoiselle Backer, in her magnificent
menagerie near the Hague, had a breed of crested turkeys of a beautiful
Isabelle yellow, inclining to chestnut ; all had full crests of pure white.

WILD rUUKF.Y.

under care-
I two broods

thirty to thir-
iind for till)
puiig chicks
tchcd. They
ot 8un, hiiiivy
'' they must
jik'd ojr^'rt
. or conmu'iil
rst two weolis.
it and cracked
tuple. Ahout
the red hciid,
weeks of a<^e,
rd day is the
their life, they
food, iiiul, if ii
>d is lidded, so
ceding givi l>ut
often, and that
hen or other
ed with the
..t should not
■ays bo at hand
may be given.
be cooked into

the white, the
Ire, having been
lof the last ceu-
Ivered, curiously

Inted m Amster-
lurkey is only »
|n the possession
black. These
her magnificent
rs of a beautiful
of pure white.

WHir/ritv, TntKKYH.

!M9

Lieutenant Ryaui demiribed crented wild turkeyw uh having been hcen
by him in Mexico, but it is hu|)|>ohc<1 ht> must have miHtaken (MirasHowH
for wild turkeyH, Hince no otlicrs hav«' b<'«'n abU* to Hnd them, and the
(urasHow \h thoroughly domcNticiited there. 'I"he wiiite and Ituff turkeyn
iue simply varieties in color from the conmion forms, which have in some
instances been perpetuated by careful breeding and selection. So also
there are co[)per-<rol()red, fawn-colonsd, parly-colored, and also gray
turkeys. These can hardly bi^ <'onsi(ler(Ml worthy of breeding exei^pt in
iku amateur wav for aniiisciiuMit.

""^^S^- ~.

C;<)MM()N TCHKKYN.

I. The Common Turkey.
These are pure white and black mixed, with the peculiar wattle and
head of the wild turkey. They are of medium size, less given to wan-
dering than some of the breeds, and will weigh dressed, if fat, at seven
or eight months old, from ten to twelve pouj.ds, and at full maturity
Hixteen pounds.

n. English Turkey.
This is simply a modification of our common turkey, which by careful
breeding has been made uniform and of an increased size. Of these the
Norfolk turkey is black, with a few white spots on the wings. The breed
most valued in Cambridgeshire is a bronze-gray, and longer legged than
the Norfolk variety.

i t>

._ ±J21

950

ILLUHTKATKO STOCK DOCrOK.

III. The Honduras Turkey.
The Honduras or Ocellated turkej is one of the most elegant of the
tribe, and is found all over Central America. It breeds freely with our
domestic variety and the progeny is quite fertile. The ground color of
the plumage is a beautiful bronzed-green, banded with gold-bronze and
shiny black, and lower down the back with deep blue and red. Upon

r^^'

OCRLATKU TtTRKKY HKN.

the tail these bands are so well defined and shai'p, that they btMrome
ocellated or eyed, and hence the name. Unfortunately their southern
origin makes them too tender for the North, but in the South there
should be little difficulty in breeding them. The Mexican turkey differs

POI'LTKV, TllKKF,Y8

951

ivnt of the
with our
d color of
»rouze and
Bd. Upon

they bi'come
their soutbevu
South there
Iturkey diffe"

hut little from the foregoing. There is more white in the tiiil feathere
and tail coverts, and like the Honduras turkey, it breeds freely with our
wild or domestic turkey.

»
o
v.

N
H

IV. Bronzed-black Turkey.

This is the largest as it is the best of the domestic turkeys, and was
undoubtedly produced by a cross of the wild male upon our common
turkey, impressed and fixed by careful breeding and selection, until they
will weigh with the host specimens of the wild breed, sometimes attaining
a weight of ov<ir forty pounds each. The general average, however, is
about thirty pounds for mature, well fattened birds, while hens will go

f .fw^HV i.ww^^y '"'V nT^ "

r-v^'v.^^j''^"v^"iirT

ILLIJSTUATED STOCK UOCTOK.

from twenty to twenty-five pounds each. It ia the largest as it is the
most magnificent in phimage of the domesticated varieties, and as hardy
as it is beautiful.

In the cock the face, ear-lobes, wattles and jaws are deep rich red, the
wattles warted and sometimes edged white, the bill curved, strong, of a
light horn color at the tip and dark at the base. The neck, breast and
back black, shaded with "bronze, which in the sunlight glistens golden,
each feather ending in a narrow glossy black band extending clear across.
The under part of the body is similarly marked, but more subdued. The
wing-bow is black, showing a brilliant greenish or brown lustre, the
flight^feathers black, barred across with white or gray, even and regular ;
the wing-coverts rich bronze, the end of each feather terminating in a
wide black band, giving the wings when folded a broad bronze band
across each ; tail black, each feather irregularly penciled with a narrow
brown band, and ending in a grayish-bronze band. Fluff abundant and
soft ; legs long, strong, dark or nearly black. The hen is similarly col-
ored, but more subdued.

QDINEA FOWL.

V. Guinea Fowl.

The Guinea fowl is quite widely disscniinat-ed, l)cing found in its
domesticated or rather half-domesticated state all over Europe and
America; yet can hardly be called common. The reason is they aiP
shy and rather inclined to pair as in the case of other wild birds. In
domestication one mule may be allowed to about six females. They art'
grouped by some natui'alists into a considerable number of varieties, but
since the so-called species are all (juite fertile together, the distinc-
tion is probably merely fanciful. They are found wild in the Cape Verd
Islands and in Jamaica, having undoubtedly been carried thence.

The hen will lay about sixty or seventy eggs in a year, though tiiej
sometimes reach one hundred. The Pearl guinea fowl is the variety

POULTRY, THE PEACOCK.

068

most usually met with in domestication, the spots being small and white
on a purplish-gray ground. Rarely these colors are found reversed. So
blue and dun colored birds with but few and even no spots are sometimes
seen. There is also a pure white variety, exceedingly rare. The sexes
are difficult to distinguish, the colors being so nearly alike. The cock
has more wattle, is often more mincing in his gait, as though walking on
his toes, and more pugnacious. In fact, their quarrelsome nature and
habit of 8tra3n[ng has perhaps as much as anything else, prevented their
becoming more common.

PEACOCK.

VI. The Peacock.

This magnificent bird, as useless as it is beautiful for its tail
feathers, and a rarity in the barn-yard, is as hardy as a turkey at
maturity, and the young are not difficult to rear. The hen is very secret
in stealing her nest in some out-of-the-way place where the male bird
may not find it, since, if so, he is pretty sure to destroy the eggs. Thoy
do not commence laying until pretty late in the season, and keep their
brood out of view until cold weather drives them home for food. The
male is much given to wandering, often roaming for miles about the
country, his strong pinions and immense tail enabling him to fly long
distances.

>■

AA^ater Fo-wl.

CHAPTER VI.

DUCKS.

1. BOCEN DDCK8.

BLACK DUCKS.
SUMHART

-n. ATLBSBURY DUCKS.
V. GRAY DDCK8

III. CALL DUCKS. IV. CAYUGA

VI. BLACK EAST INDIA DUCKS.

Ducks and geese are becoming more and more fancied from year to
jear on the farm, as they should properly be. The reason why they
have not been more extensively raised than they have, is from the erro-
neous opinion that a pond or lake is essential to them. They should
have a pool of water to wash in ; this produced, it is all that is necessary
so far as water is concerned ; in fact, without water they are more domes-
ticated and less inclined to ramble. All the principal farm breeds of
ducks are probably descended from the Anas boschas, or wild Mallard.
Like the wild goose, it is not difficult to domesticate wild ducks. All
that is necessary is to get the eggs and rear them under a hen, the eggs
hatching in twenty-eight days. There is no farm bird that is a more
inveterate insect hunter or more agile than a young duck, one specimen
tsiking fully double per day what chickens will. Hence their value to
the farmer, and especially the gardener, is very considerable in addition
to their egg and flesh producing qualities. They should be raised more
extensively than they are, and on every farm.

I. Bouen Ducks-
Whatever may have been the origin of the name, Rouen, from a town
in France, celebrated for its ducks, or roan, from its color, this variety
Is simply a wild Mallard, improved and enlarged by selection and care in
954

POULTRY, WATKK FOWL.

95A

— IV. CAYUOA
\. DUCKS.

from year to
on why tliey
■om the erro-
They should
is necessary
more domes-
•m breeds of
ild Mallard.
ducks. All
,en, the eggs
lat is a more
bne specimen
;heir value to
le in addition
raised more

from a town
[, this variety
|n and care in

breeding. The mark! s us found in tho wild variety will very perfectly
describe the tame. Good specimens will dress six pounds each, and over ;
occasionally specimens will weigh nearly cIovimi pounds, alive. Their

flesh is abundant and of the very best llavor. Tlioy scarcely wander a|
ill. In fact, they are so la/y and disinclined to exercise, that if abund>

956

ILLUSTRAPKO STtXIK DOCTOR.

antly fed they soon become so fat t'lat their abdomens trail on the
ground. From their inactivity they aic the most (easily stolen of any
variety. The eggs are laid in great numbers, of a blue-green color, with
thick shells, and should average in weight about tlirco and a half ounces.

II. Aylesbury Ducks.

The Aylesbury duck is without doubt the most valuable of the Englisii
breeds, and fully as well appreciated in this country as in England. Thej
hardly reach so great weight as the last mentioned variety, eighteen

■<

H
D
O
K

the English
rland. They

eighteen

POULTUV, WATER FOWL.

957

pounds the pair being about the outside figure. They are prolific layers,
the eggs of a pure white color, thinner in the shell than those of the
Rouen. The ducks arc excellent mothers because less unwieldy than
the llouens.

In buying ducks for breeding purposes, and especially the Aylesbury,
avoid those that arc down behind, from undue stretching of the abdom-
inal muscles ; such birds are always sterile, both as to the ducks and
drakes.

Sii'i

(SKAY CAI.I. DUCKS.

III. Call Dunks.

There are two varieties of small
ducks that have the same relation to
the large variety, us Bantams have to
Barn-yard fowls. One is the Gray
Call, the other the White Call duck.
The first is an exact counterpart of
the Rouen in every respect, even to
the legs, feet and bill ; the other be-
ing in color like the Aylesbury, but
differing in the bill, which is a clear
yellow, while the Aylesbury is flesh-
colored. As fanciful things on a piece
of water, they are very i)rettv, as to
cither variety. Tiie colored variety
is much used as decoy ducks for the wild species, being remarkable for
their lon<l, shrill and continuous quacking note. Hence their name, as they
eall tlie game from great distances and lure tliem within the range of the
sportsman's rifle.

WHITE DUCK.

^ li

i W

968

II.LUSTKATKI) KI'OCK DOCTOIl.

IV. Cayuga Black Ducks.
These are the Hnest of the Amencaii breeds, us they arc the largest,
most valuable and handsomest of the duck tribe. The plumage is a rich
metallic black, with lustrous reflections on the head, neck nnd wincrs.
The bill is blue-black, with a jet bhuik splash in the middle of it.

)4
U
t>
P
ie
u

They have long, straight necks, long, straight head and beak, and m
size they are fully equal to the Rouen, often weighing ten pounds ciich.
The flesh is gamy in flavor, and to our taste fully equal to any of the
wild species, except the Canvas-back, Widgeon and Teal. They are pro-
lific in eggs, are quiet, mature at an early age, and excepting possibly the
Rouen, are the most valuable of all domesticated ducks.

I'OULTUV, WATEIt KOWL.

969

V. Fancy Ducks.

Among the most ornumcntul of the duck tribes are the Mandarin and
the Carolina ducks, both uivsurpassod for brilliance of plumage and
variety of coloring. Tlin Mandarins are a Chinese vnric^tj, and the Car-
olinas the wild wood duck of the United States, domesticated and
improved by careful breeding.

The Muscovy duck is a large breed, and thought to be valuable on this
account by some. They are only mentioned here on this account, since
their strong flavor of musk should keep them from the tables of all who
appreciate fine flavor.

iHr

BLACK EAST INDIA DUCK.

VI. Black East India Duck.
The Black East India duck which has appeared from time to time un~
der various foreign names, as Labrador, Buenos Ayrean, and later as
Black Brazilians, have little if anything to recommend them in comparison
with better and larger breeds. They are undoubtedl}' a sport of the
Mallard, and certainly are among the most beautiful of the small breeds,
and arc so hardy, and give so little trouble that it accounts probably foi
their many admirers.

Summary.

Ducks are valuable both for their feathers and flesh, for their aptitude
in foraging for themselves, and especially for the great insect eating pro-
pensities of the young, they should be raised on every farm. Wild ducks

I) iW

960

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

are so numerous in the West that this is probably a reason why they are
not more extensively bred there. But wild ducks are in the market for
only a comparatively short time in the Spring and Fall, and at all other

cool seasons ducks may be sold, and are not to be despised on the tables
of the farmers.

When flesh is the principal object, and handsome ornamental qualities
desired, the Rouen and especially the Black Cayuga will give satisfaction.
If white feathers are desired the Aylesbury will be the best variety. As

f they are
larket for
; all other

POm.TUY, WATKK KOWL.

961

to the rearing it is extremely simple, they are little liable to disease, and
Y/cll able to take care of themselves ; they must, however, have plenty of
water to drink, and a pool to wash and swim in. These being furnished^
if hatched under hens, they will give little trouble and fully repay the
labor bestowed on them. Their period of incubation is thirty days.

AYLUSUUKY UUAKK.

• ■ itl

•>

Ion the tables

[iital qualities
satisfaction.
I variety. As

Water Fowrl.

CHAPTER Vn.

OEESE.

L BMBDBN OR BRBMKN OKEHK.
IV. WUITB CIIINK9K QBKSK. -
MANAGKMKNT OF GSBBB.

— II. TOUI.OUSB ORBaB.—
■V. TRR AKKICAN GBKSB.

-III. IIONO KONQ aBB8R.

VI. CANADA WILD ORKBB.

Geese, like the guinea fowl are noisy creatures, and these two birds are
nine times out of ton better "watcli dogs" than tl)e average cur. The
former on the ground, and the hitter perched high in u tree, hlm the
smallest object and hear the slightest sound, and giving the aluriii the
noble watch dog wakes up, barks and gets the credit. There are only a
few varieties which we shall notice, but these constitute about all that are
valuable of those fowls that "saved Rome."

I. Exnbden, or Bremen Qeese.

These, the most valuable to our mind of the whole tribe, taken for
large size, pure white feathers, and aptitude to fatten, are worthy a place
on any farm. They are spotless white in color thrnnfrl^ "'* b' ■ male and
female, full, and erect in carriage, the leg.s dnep ii .»r rntl the

bill dark flesh color, the eyes bright blue '''• y» large, and

with rough thick shells. This breed att; uoii.. weij, . often go-

ing over thirty pounds, when mature, ;, il the fj -ose o\er thirty-five
pounds. For breeding purposes twenty pounds w 11 be a full weight for
the .pndors-
962

POULTRY, WATER FOWL.

96S

KONG GKK8B.

JADA WIU) 0BB8H.

two l)irtl8 .ire
fa«'e cur. The
a tree, sei- the

tlic alarm the
here are only a
,out all that are

;ribe, taken for
, worthy a placi'
le and
ncl the

Ilia
,)r u
large

and

hi
()\ or

, often go-
thirty-live
for

full weight

n. Toulouso Oeese.
Next in order of practical merit, to our mind, is the Toulouse ; these
are called aftor the city of that naino in Franco. They are most compact
in body, not so tall as the IJromon, but will often outweigh them. In

color they are light gray us to their bodies and breasts, the neck dark
^ay, getting gradually darker until it approaches the buck, the wings are
of the color of the neck, shaded off lighter as it approaches the belly and
at length becoming white ; the legs and feet are a deep reddish orange,
61

I >

964

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

the bill the same, toned somewhat with brown. Both the Embden
and Toulouse may be easily raised under hens, by regularly sprinkling the

TOULOUSE GKESE.

eggs with blood-warm water, to keep t.ie shells from becoming hard rnd
thus imprisoning the young. This, with even a tub of water set in the
ground, and good feeding, will insure success in geese raising.

m. Hong Kong Geese.

The China Hong Kong, or Knobbed goose, so named from the protu-
berances at the base of the bill, really possesses some of the characteristics
of the swan as it does of giese. It is also in size, between a iiu'diuiii
sized goose and swan, is highly ornamental in the water, hardy, the iiiost
prolific of any in eggs, and the quality of the flesh is superior. It lias a
harsh, discordant cry, and if allowed full liberty will steal away at night,
if water for swikiuniug in bo near, or it can (ind it. This nocturnal habit,
however, can be prevented by shutting up at night in a place safe from

l>OULTUY, WATER FOWL.

965

foxes or owls, which should be practiced with all geese and ducks. Hong
Kong geese vary much in color ; they all have the same characteristic pro-
tuberances at the bill, and also a distinct stripe down the back of the
neck. They should have a dewlap, or feathered wattle under the throat,
the bills and legs should be of an orange color, and the protuberances at

the base of the upper bill, dark, in fact almost black, the moat usual ccl::
i\!riayish brown on the back and upper parts, changing to white or
wliitisii gray under the abdomen, the neck and ])rcast ycllowisii gray, with
a distinguishing stripe of dark brown running down the entire back of the
neck, from the head to the body.

M
11

•';^f

■-1
..J

.'■r»fp^<«WJ»niBi«"i."^f» I

966 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

IV. White Ohinese Oeese.

The White Chinese geese are of immense size, pure spotless white
throughout; the legs bright orange colored, bill the same color and with
a large orange colored knob at its base. It is more swan-like than the

Hong Kong, of which it is perhaps a variety, and either in or out of the
water is a most pleasing object. When swimming, its long, slender neck
is gracefully arched, and whether for ornament or use, it is certainly a val-
uable breed. It is certainly as prolific as its colored relation, laying a large
number of rather small eggs iu a season, breeding three or four times,

POULTRY, WATER FOWL.

967

the period of incubation being five weeks. The goslings are easily raised,
and are of due eating ({uality. A peculiarity of the breed is the disparity
ill the relative size of the sexes, the males being often one-third heavier
than the females.

V. The African Gtoose.

This immense goose, among the largest of the tribe, is of fine carriage
and bulk, carrying its neck upright, and head high, when walking. The
head and top of ,the neck are brown, deep on the upper side and some-
what lighter on the under side ; the bill is armed with small indentations

AFRICAN OOOaB.

along the sides, and at the base, on top rises a round, fleshy tubeivlc, of
a bright vermilion color, and under the throat is a hard, firm, flcHhy
membrane. These birds have also been called Siberian geese, but the
name African is undoubtedly the proper one.

VI. Canada Wild Oceae.
This excellent goose may be easily hatched from wild ogjrs, and which
upon being domesticated, take kindly to the farm. It is too well known

:. Sf'l

11 il

1 :«^

968

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

to need description ; when farm-bred it retains much of the game nature
of the flesh of the wild birti. Their sagacity is superior to tlmt of any
other goose. It has u wide range of flight in its wild state, beiu" found
at proper seasons from the Arctic circle to the Torrid zone, and in Europe
as well as in America ; specimens having been shot in England. It is
certainly one of the most beautiful of water fowls. It breeds kindly
with any of the common varieties, and is reputed in France to have inter-
bred with swans. » , ,

Management.

There is but little care necessary in breeding geese. They require a
dry place for passing the night ; arc subject to but few diseases, and
these only when young. For diarrhoea, give a drop or two of laudanum
in a little water, to be repeated if the first dose does not cure. For gid-
diness, bleed them in the prominent vein which separates the claw. In-
sects sometimes annoy them by getting into the nostrils and ears. It
may be known by their hanging wings, and the shaking of their heads.
Feed them corn at the bottom of a vessel of water. For fattening, there
is nothing better than corn-meal, steamed potatoes and skimmed milk,
alternated with ground buckwheat, oat-meal or barley-meal. During the
fattening process they should be kept closely confined. When fattening,
the French pluck the feathers from the belly. They should be fed three
times a day, and supplied with plenty of pure water, and when fat, which
should be in two or three weeks from the commencement of feeding, they
should be sold immediately, since they at once begin to lose flesh aghin.

PART X.
Diseases of Poultry,

AND THEIR REMEDIES.

d'\

n 's!

fitj

AKATOMY O
— — INFl
TO OUK

There a

as apopleji

dies. Otl

and thus i

are difficul

of disease

fancier are

of easy tre

visions — d

considered

weakness,

H ^or a bettc

the skeletc

make a goc

■I" ' V •> '.] li

' I •. I

CHAPTER I.

DISEASES AND BEMBDISS.

UfATOHT OP THK HBN. APOPLBXT. ITS OADSV. ROUP.

INFLAMMATION OP THB «00 FASSAOa. CHOLERA.-

TO ODBX.— -CROP BOUND. DIPHTHBRU, OB CROrP,—

—TO CURB.
— GAPES.—
-UCB.

»^ROO BOUND.
QAD8B. HOW

Diseases of Fowls.

There are but few diseases to which fowls are subject. Some of these,
as apoplexy, are so sudden and fatal that there is scarcely time for reme-
dies. Others, as so called chicken cholera, are malignant and infectious,
and thus require watching. Others again, inflammatory in their nature,
are difficult to understand and hence difficult to treat. The general run
of diseases, however, to which the fowls of the farmer and suburban
fancier are liable to in his flock are, as a rule, simple in their nature and
of easy treatment. We shall, therefore, divide diseases into but two di-
visions — dangerous and simple ailments. In the first class will be
considered those more fatal, and in the second class mere ailments, as leg
weakness, bumble foot, catarrh, diarrhea, pip, lice, and other parasites.
For a better understanding of the subjects, we introduce figures showing
the skeleton of a fowl, their true positions and proper names. It will
make a good study in connection with those on plumage, etc.

971

?: - . I

972

IliLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Anatomy of the Hen.
Explanation.— -4— The head, length 2 3-4 inches. JB— The neck, length 5 1-2

inches. C — The back or spine.

D-

ANATOMY or TUB IIBN. (Fig 1)

The hips or hip bones, (the back uud hips
comprise from the shoulder to the tail,)
length 5 9 10 inches. E — Rump or
coccygis, length 1 1-2 inches. F— Shoul-
der-blade or shoulder. G — Collar bone
or merry thought. H — Chest or thorax,
composed of the sides and breast bone
(bone of the throat), it contains the heart,
liver, etc. J— The breast bone, length
a little over 3 1-2 inches. J"— The wing
bones, as will be seen, are composed of the
humerus or shoulder-bone of the wing,
length 3 1-7 inches ; also the radius and
the cubitus, the forearm or pinion, length
2 3-4 inches ; the tip of the wing, or
that which takes the place of the hand
and fingers, length 2 1-3 inches. K—
The leg, composed of d — (Fig. 2.) the
thigh bone, 3 1-7 inches ; e — the shin bone, length 4 1-3
inches ; /—the bone of the foot, the tarsus, length 3 1-7
inches ; g — the claws, that of the middle, length 2 1-3 in-
ches : the two to the right and left, length 1 6-10 inches ;
that of the back, length 8-10 inches ; h — the patella or
knee ; i — the os calcis or heel.

The engraving (Fig. 1.) represents the skeleton of
an ordinary hen of an average size, and in the pro-
portions to be generally met with. The only impor-
tant muscles are those which compose the flesh, from
which are formed the breast, the thigh, tne leg and
the wings. All the others are slender and only fui-njsh
a little for table use.

People often confound the thigh, the leg, the foot and toes of the hen,
and so it is with nearly all animals. One expects to see her walk on the
foot, though she walks like them on the toes. It is evident that the
tarsus of the hen is the foot she would use on the ground if she walked
like man ; the end opposite the toes is the heel. Some fowls have five or
six toes but they do not all rest on the ground always. ' '"

Ajraplexy— Its Cause.

Over-feeding and over-stimulating of fowls — seldom occurring on th«
farm — and generally known by finding the subject dead, often in Utf

(rig. s )

ton of

pro-

nipor-

frora

g and

'uniisb

e hen,

on the

at the

walked

five or

ion th«
intfat

POULTRY, ITS DISEASES.

973

nest. Prevention is the proper means to use. Give plenty of exercise
and good wholesome food, but not that of an over-stiumluting nature.
Tlivi cure is by opening a blood vessel and bleeding freely, selecting the
Ittigest of the veins on the underside of the wing. Hold the vein be-
tween the opening and the body, and release it when blood enough is
taken. Keep the bird quiet and on light diet until recovered.

Boup.

The symptoms are at first those of severe catarrh. The discharge
loses its thin, watery, transparent character, gets opaque, with a peculiar
and offensive smell. The inner corner of the eye contains froth, the
lids swell, stick together and at last close. The nostrils close from the
same accumulation ; the sides of the face swell and the bird dies. It is
a disease of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities.

To Cure.
Provide warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters, stinfiulating and nutritious
food. Give internally a tea or a table-spoonful of castor oil, according
to the size of the fowl, syringe the nostrils with chloride of soda, two
parts water to one part of chloride. Inject by inserting the syringe in
the slit at the roof of the mouth. Three or four hours after the oil give
the following :

No. 1.

a Ounce balsam copaiba,
H Ounce liquorice powder,
H Drachm piperine.

Divide into thirty doses, enclose each in a little gelatine, and give a
dose twice a day. Isolate the sick fowls from all others, and kill promptly
if they do not yield to treatment.

Egg Bound.

In this disability the eggs cannot pass down the passage. Strip a tail
feather to within an inch of the end ; saturate it thoroughly in lard oil or
sweet oil, and pass it carefully up the passage to the egg, lubricating the
whole. If relief is not given, repeat the process.

Inflammation of the Egg Passage.
Sijmptoms. — There will be general feverishness, dullness, and the
feathers, especially those over the back, will be raised and ruffled. Give

the following !

Ko.2.

1 Grain calomel,

1-13 Qrsin tartar emetic.

Mix ; envelop in gelatine and place well back on the root of the tongue
until swallowed. If relief do not ensue in two days, give another dose.

1 1

974

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Oholerk.

Symptoms. — ^There is sudden and great thirst with diarrhoea ; the evac-
uations are greenish, but soon change to a whitish character ; crump en-
sues and the bird totters, falls, and often dies suddenly. Administer
every three hours, until relief is obtained, the following:

No. 8.

5 Onini rhubarb,
S Oraini cayenne pepper,
10 drop* laudanum.

Give this at a dose for large fowls, and half this quantity to chiekens
two months old. Between each dose keep up the strength by giving a
tea-spoonful of brandy and water, half and half. This is also good for
common diarrhoea, omitting the brandy.

Oapes.

Parasitic worms (sderostoma ayngamtis') in the windpipe, occurring in
chickens up to two or three months of age.

How to Cure.

Separate the chickens affected ; strip a small quill feather to within
half an inch of the end. Dip in spirits of turpentine ; pass it down the
small opening of the windpipe, at the base of the tongue ; turn it once or
twice around and draw it out. If it does not relieve operate again next
day. Give a warm, dry place, plenty of good food, and for drink, milk
well sprinkled with black pepper. It is supposed that the gape worm is
produced by a small parasite insect resembling a tick found on the Iieads
of young chickens. Examine the heads with a pocket lens and if found
use the following, lightly rubbed on.

No. 4.

1 Ounce mercurial ointment,
1 Ounce lard oil,
K Ounce flowera of sulphur,
H Ounce crude petroleum.

Mix, and apply just warm enough to be melted. It is said that a case
of gapes has never been found in which the young chickens were not tirst
infected with the tick paraisite.

Black Bot.

Swelling of the legs and feet, the comb black, resembling mortification.
Give a tea-spoonful of castor oil| and then daily, until relieved, half a

POULTRY, ITS DISEASES.

975

tea-spoonful of flowers of sulphur. This is also good in scaly leg, and
eruptions of various kinds, using also, after washing clean, the following :

No. A.

4 Ouncei lard oil,

1 Ounce turmerio powder.

Anoint the affected parts.

Catarrh — Symptoms like the first in Roup. Cleanliness is the best
prevention. To cure, feed black pepper in mashed potatoes. If this
fails, take :

No. 8. 8 Parts pulverized charcoal,

3 Parts new yeast,
2 Parts flowers of sulphur,
1 Part flour.

Mix into pills the size of a hazelnut and give one, three times n day ;
bathe the nostrils and eyes frequently with tepid milk and water, and
keep the fowls otherwise clean.

Crop Bound.
The food sometimes becomes bound and impacted in the crop. The
remedy is to make an incision into the crop sufficiently large so the con-
tents may be carefully extracted with a blunt instrumt-nt. Close with a
stitch, and feed with soft food for two or three days, in which a little
gentian and cayenne pepper is mixed.

Diphtheria, or Croup.

It may bo known by the cough, raising of the head to breathe, and the
offensive smell.

Wliat to do — Strip a feather to within half an inch of the end ; wet it
and dip in powdered borax, and swab the throat well. Nitrate of silver
would be more effective. Give to drink, chloride of potassium one-fourth
of nn ounce dissolved in a half gallon of water.

Preventive — Cleanliness, good ventilation and care. The rule will ap-
ply to roup, catarrh, gapes, pip, and other acute and chronic diseases.

'Pip — This is a result of other diseases rather than u disease of itself.
Remove the crust at the tip of the tongue and wash with chloride of soda,
examine the nostrils for any stoppage, and give a tea-spoonful of castor
oil if the fowl be very sick.

Rheumatism — Cause — Exposure to damp hnd cold winds, and bad
roosting places ; remove the fowls to comfortable quarters, and feed
warm, rather soft, stimulating food.

Laying soft eggs — Give plenty of lime rubbish, burned and broken
oyster shells, or bone meal.

i !'

y ■

976

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Lloe.

There should bo no excuse for iufestinent by these parasites. They
will soinctiines make thi'ir appearance on new fowls, and setting hens
will 8omotinies contract tiiem. They arc of two kiiidM • the coiuinon lien
louse, and minute ''hen spider," so-called. The latter very minute aud
infesting every part of the house, and often the horse stables, if the hens
are allowed to run there. To rid the house, take out every movable art.
icle and wash thoroughly with (tarbolic acid and water, or with the anniio-
niacal water of gas factories, which is cheap. Wash also every portion of
the house with the same. Or, fumigate by closing every crevice, and
burning in an iron pot containing a burning hot stone, half the size of u
man'f head, a pound of roll brimstone, keeping the house closed two or
three hours. Then wash every part of the house with lime-wash in which
u pound of potash has been dissolved to each quart of water used in thin-
ning the wash. Wash also the furniture, nests, perches and all else with
the potash solution, one pound to a (ptart of water. Put back the furni-
ture, place fresh hay in the boxes, plenty of dust baths near, and the lice
will leave the fowls and die. In case the stable becomes infested, or
other places that may not be fumigated, wash with the potash solution,
or the lime-wash, containing one part in twenty of carbolic acid.

BACK OF THE DARM.

PART XL

EES;

THEIR HISTOUY, CIIARACTEKISTICS
AND MAKAGEMEXT.

{©77)

r^i

Bees !;

Imecla.

Greek wr

and saw

is a larj^c

it l)ears oi

That \vli'(

lioripy-l)c(!

Bible. Si

previousl)

Testament

which sho

of rocky c

part of i\

familiar S<

writinj of

them in h

Pliny the

worthy (»f

rovival of

published i

of Jices."

HihkI of lig

Ht-'ainner o

ami Spona

America, a

Qiiinby, Co

80 that the 1

B JB E S,

8THAW IIIVK.

Bees belong to that class in the animal kingdom known by naturalists as

Imecta. The division in which they range is called Hyvienoplera, from two

Greek words denoting membrane and wings. Was|)8, ants, ichneumon flies,

and saw flies, are members of the same family. The natural history of bees

is a large sHidy in itself, and am only be dealt with in thi^se pages, in so far as

it bears on the management of an apiary. There are several varieties of bees.

That wh'ch has been domesticated by man is known as Ap'ui Mrllijica, or the

honey-bee. The earliest historical references to this insect are found in the

Bible. Samson ate honey that had been stored in the carcass of a lion

previously slain by him. Honey is mentioned several times in the Old

Testament. It is spoken of as dripping from the flinty nn^k, an allusion

which shows that in ancient times, as now, the bees of Palest iiie took possession

of rocky cavities as hives and stored honey in them. Wild honey formed

part of the diet of John the Baptist. Honey, and the honeycomb, are

familiar Scripture emblems. Coming now to pro'', ne history, we find Aristotle

writing of bees upwards of three hundred years B. c. Virgil immortalized

thoni in his fourth Georgic, some thre» hundre<l years later. Columella and

Pliny the elder wrote about bees during the first century, after which nothing

worthy of note is on record concerning them, until two centuries after the

revival of learning in Eurojie. Swammerdam, a Dutch entomoiogist,

published about the middle . f the seventeenth century, "The Natural History

of Boes." A century later, Linnieus, the great Swe<li8h naturalibt, threw a

ttoml of light on the whole subject of insect habits, those of l)ee8 included.

Uoiuuner of France, Bormet of Switzerland, Faliricius of Denmark, Kirby

and Spcnce of England, lluber of Germany, Packard and others of

America, also, later on, Dz'i'rzon, the Baron of Berlepscli, Langstroth,

Quinby, Cook, and a host of others have written treatises on ilie honey-bee,

so that the literature of tliis subject forms a large libriiry in itself.

62 979

■p>

r 'I

980

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Queen, Drones, and Workers.
There are three kinds of Ijees in every stock or colony, a queen, a niimbei
of (Ironeb, and a far greater number of workers. The acconjpanying cuts will
give some idea of their diflercnces in si^tc, ssiiape, and general appearance:

DUONK.

QUEEN.

WOUKER.

The qupcn is the most important momhor of the colony, being the mother
bee, and laying all the eggs from whidi an increase of population is derived.
Her wings are short, her Ixnly long and tapering, and her movements peculiar.
The drones are portly-looking, aldermanic insects, each with a jolly corpor-
ation of his own. They are "the lazy fathers of the industrious hive."
They perlorni no work, but live a life of lu.xurious idleness. The workers are
undeveloped females ; on them all the labors of the hive depend.

THE STAGES OP REE-LIFE.

As in the case of other in.sects, there are four separate stages in the develop-
ment of bees, the egg state, the larvn, the pupa and the imago. Three of
these terms need explaining. Larva uuans grub or maggot. The pupa is
sometimes called a chry.salis. At this stage of its life, the insect is like a hahe
wrapped in swaddling clothes, a thin membrane being Ixiuiid around its bmly.
The term imago, or image, refers to the fact that the form of the insect is now
complete, real and apparent. Two kinds of eggs are laid by the queen-l)Po.

drones and workers. There are two
sizes of cells in every hive, the larger
called drone-cond), to contain dnme
eggs; and the smaller cjiIKhI woikcr-
(!oenb, to ri>ceive worker eggs. The
instinct of the qu«'en guides lier in
making the eggs <'orres|Kiiid with the
cells in which they are laid. When
it is necessary to rear a quei'ii, one ot
the worker wlls, (H)ntainihg a newly laid egg, is enlarged until it resemblts
a pea-nut in shape and size. The following cut will make all this plainer:

r' ']^

^^v

COMB Fui'Nt>ArioN, SHOWING uuone and

WORKER CELLH.

REGS.

981

EOa AND BKOOI).

fe, and e, eggs, t, pupa of queen in queen cell, d, e,f, g, various sizes of
larvae. /;, k, k, caps, h, pupa.

The worker egg wlien first laid is a mere speck. In tliree days it liatclies
into a small white grub or worm. It is fed by the worker bees and grows
rapi<lly ; in six days the cell whiclj contains it is cap|>ed over by the worker
bees ; then the larva spins a thin silken cocoon, and in three <lays assumes the
pnpa state. Then comes a long pcrii .1 of repose. In twenty -one days, the fully-
I'orined worker bee emerges from the cell. A queen is more (piickly developed
than a common or worker bee. She comes forth, a perfect insect, on the six-
teenth day from the laying of the egg. The drone takes longer to mature,
and requires twenty-four days for its growth from the egg to the perfect con-
dition.

DEVELOPMENT AND FUNCTIONS OP THE QUEEN.

After hatching out, a queen requires impregnation to fit her for her maternal
(lutirs. This takes place during flight. Five or j^Ix days after issuing
from the cell, or perluqis earlier, if the weather Ih! pleasant, the young queen
goes "brth on her bridal tour, ujeets a drone on the wing, and returns to tiie
hive impregnate<l for life. She never leaves the hive again, except when she
ilot's so with a swarm. As only a single drone, and one sexual act is needed
to render a queen fertile for life, wonder has l)een expressed that there should
be so many drones. It is doubtless a provision of nature to prevent the
extinction of bees when in single colonies in the woods. Bee-keepers who
iiiulei-stand their business, knowing ?''nt only a few drones are needed in an
apiary, will reduce their numlter by cutting out drone comb when it is super-
:il)undant. Al)out two days after she is impregnat^nl, the queen usually l)egins
ii> lay worker eggs. It is a curious fact in bee-lifi' that a queen can iay fertile
(Iroiie eggs, without impregnation, another wise provision of nature for the
preservation of the species. Before laying an egir the queen generally looks
into a cell, to see if it be empty. Finding all right, she turns about, inserts
Ikt abdomen in the cell, and drops the tiny egg, which by virtue of a
Bticky fluid which encases it, is immediately glued to the bottom of the cell.

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

The one duty of tlie queen is to lay eggs, and the number she will produce,
if a good layer, is truly astonishing. Two or three thousand eggs per day
will l>e laid by such a queen, and an extra fertile one will lay three thousand
or more in a single day. Hence a hive will increase in population verv
rapidly during the working seobon. At such a time many bcos arc lost while
out foraging, moreover they are short-lived insects, so that the hive needs
constant and quick replenishment. A worker usually lives but a few weeks or
at "most months, while the average life-time of a queen is about three years.
Drones are usually found in the hive from May to November, though it is
the custom of the workers to kill them off early in the summer.

PRODUCTS OP BEES.

Bees gather honey, an article too well known to require description. They
also manufacture wax out of which the cells are made, and which forms the
bees-wax of commerce. They ct)llect pollen or bee-bread, which forms the
staple food o.' young bees. A substance called propolis or bee-glue is gathered
by the bees. It is the product of various resinous buds, is soft and plastic
when warm, hut hard and very adhesive when cold. It is used by the bees to
fasten the ooiuhs to their supports, to fill up all crevices and rough jjlaecs
inside the hive, or to cover foreign .substances which cannot be removed.

The atxive is only a meagre sketch of the natural history, characteristics,
and fimctions of l>ces, but it must suffice by way of introduction to some
brief remarks and directions about

BEE MANAGEMENT.

Bco-keeping tn'rea rank among trie lesser economies of the farm. In Great
Britain a liirni would not be thought properly stocked unless it had a feu-
hives of bees upon it. This is doubtless the (lorrect view ; but kpeping l)ee.s
is engaged i:i by many persons as an in<lependent pursuit. Skillfully nian-
asred, it is found to l»e i» fairly remunerative b isiness, and, with special
talent and application, ma; properly be nganhd as a money-making anUir.
There are men on the continent of America who have amassed re8|)ectal)Ic
fortunes out of it. Bees may be kept on a small scale by others besides
farmers. On a small town or village lot, a few hives well-care<l for, may Im?
made a source of much pleasun; and ])r()fit. A vast amoimt of national
wealth is being lostthrouj^h neir|e<'t of bee keeping. It is a suitable avocat'cm
for women, many of whom are now engjiged in •!, and some of them rank
anong the best apiarians of the age.

OLD AND N:.VV STYLE BEii-KF.EPINO.
Until of late years, beo-kecpinp 'vaK, a very <'rude atlair. It vftks usrinlly
carried on with straw or box hives, to the interior of which the l>ee- keeper

BEE8.

•85

had no acceas, consequently the beos wore left almost wholly to their own
(Ifvices (luring tlio working 8'.u.son, at tlie dost; of wiiich they were brimstonetl,
anil iuI)I)chI of their stores. It wa.s a great step of progress when movable
frame hives were invented. By the use of these, artificial swarming takes the
place of natural swarming, and instead of the l>ee-master having to await the
convenience and caprice of the bees, with the risk of losing swarms if watch
of the apiary be intermitted, he consults his own convenience, divides ov«r-
popiilated colonies, and avoids loss of swarms. Moreover, when stocks
hccoiiu' queenlcss and are in danger of extinction, a new queen, or brood from
which to rear one, can readily Iw supplied ; moths can be exterminated ;
comb, bees and honey can be given to weak colonics, and surplus honey
readily taken. The bees, instead of managing themficlves under the guidance
of mere instinct, are managed by the superior intelligence of their human
lords.

THE HONEY EXTRACTOB.

It was a still further step in improved apiaculture, when the honey extractor
was devised. This machine, by the simple appli(sition of centrifugal f'urcc,
empti'js the well-tilled combs ulmust to the lust drop of houey, uud on their

*^ m

HONEY KXTRACroU.

COMn BASKET FOR KXTHACTINO HONn
KKOM BROKEN (OMU.

Iiiiiig replaced in the hive, the Wcs at once proccetl to refill them. By the
use uf this machine, the yield of honey is doubled, trebled, and even qu;Mi-
riipled, in good seaiions.

THE WAX EXTUACroU.

Wax, to l)c put in sha|H,' as the Wcs-wax of commerce, requires to Ik' melted
:<nd straiuiHl, m as to secure perfect purity. This is best done in a duuUw

v'^mt'it

984 IM.USTRATED STOCK IXKTOB.

tin veenel, having as the inner receptacle, a strainer. The accompanying

WAX EXTBACTOK.

cnt represents the kind of vessel now in use by the best apiarians for this
purpose.

NEW RACES OP BEES.

The importation and breeding of Italian and otlicr foreig:n boos is another
progressive idea of great value. Hces, like !ar<;er st<»uk, deteriorate by in-
and-in breeding, and there are comiiK)ii and superior tribes of bees, as there
are of cattle, horses, sheep, swine and j)ouItry. The Italians have |)roved
a great advance on the ordinary blaek bees. Tliev are hardier, more busy
than "the little busy bee" with which all arc familiar, more prolific, more

JAVA O'.EXa.

HOL'i HVKES.

CYPRIAN QLEEN.

ITAUAN QtTEEN.

beautiful in appearance, and, la-t but not least, more pacific — not so v-nsily
])rovoked, ami (JDijsefjuently less incliii»-«i to sting when me<l<lh'd with by imui.
There are other races of bees from which much is exj)ect«Mi; notably those of
the islaiul of Cvuru-*, and tl» land of Palestine. So far as tried, these are
believed to be superior to tlie Italians. A huge Iter f<)und on the island of

BKG8.

985

Java, apis dorsata, is about to txj iniporte<l. Tlie bee of the future is yet to
be developed by careful breeding, an<l it is especially desired to secure a
fjieatcr length of tongue, so as to penetrate flowers whose honey cells are too
deep to be reached by any known race of bees. The red clover yields a vast
amount of honey, but it remains ungathcred for want of bees able to harvest
the crop.

PKOSPECTS OF BEf>CULTURE.

Apiarians arc sanguine in the Ixjlief that bett-keeping is but in its infancy
as yet. (Ireat improvements have been made in the art. of late years,
iuul tliere can be little doubt that further advances in it will be witnessed ere
long. The march of progress has not reached its limit ; science and skill are
busily engagpil in exjMjrimenting, and it is reasonable to expect that, in a few
years, upiuculture will take a much higher place thuu it now does among rural
industries.

STARTING AN APIARY.

Boe-keeping is an art requiring Iwth study and practice. No one should
attempt it who is not resolved, in the first placw, to master the principles
on which it is based. To do this, a good manual on the subject should Im»
obtained, and thoroughly studied. Next, it will be well to visit some skilled
a|)iarist, and watch his methods. Indeed, a short apprenticeship would be a
wise course on the part of any and all who think of going into bees extensively.
Tliosi" who only n»e«litate keeping l)ees on a small scale, may venture, after
jitiiilying a manual, and visiting a good l)e(!-keoper, to start with a hive or two.
More are not desirable, at the outset, as in ease of failure and mishap, the loss
iiiiglit be serious. \\\ buying stocks, care should be taken to have them
strong, and from the start, the motto will be fouud to be a wise one, " keep all
colonies strong."

IIIVE8.

It is to be presumed that no intelligent person will go into bee-keeping
now-a-days with any intention of using the old-fashioned box-hive, still less
tlic time-honored and picturesque-looking straw "skep." The movable
frame principle is essential to any success worthy the name. A great many
styli's of hive have been put on the market, many of them too complicated
and costly for practical bee-keeping. A simple, cheap hive is as g(H)d as the
Ixst ; in fact, « the best. Mr. D. A. Jones, of Bceton, Ontario, the most
renownetl and successful l)ee-keeper in the world, at the present time, after a
trial of all th(! hives of any note in America, and an inspection of the leading
nitiiiric^ ^\\' Europe, has settled down on a liivo, which is the simplest, cheapest,
and most easily managed of any hive now in use; while it is as efleetive as
any. It is maile in two styles, singic-lMtanied and donblo-l)oarde<l. The
accompanying engraving will j'ive an idea of the double-boarde'd hive:

ILLU&i'RATED STUCK DOCTOB.

Mr. Jones has furnished the following demription of his hives : "My
MJnglc-lwarded hive coste one dollar, und contains twelve frames about lOj l>v
(ii inches. The frames are of the most approved shape, so construuted that
tlie projectiou at thu bottom prevents the killing or injuring of any bectr,

DOUBLE WALLED HIVE.

while lifting out the combs, or manipulating them. It also contains a
movable division-board, which la indispensable to success, it being adjusted to
suit the size of the colony of bees. No hive is complete without one.
The inside dimensions of my hive are 12J by 18 by 16 inches. My double-
walled hive is the same .si/.c interiorly, taking the same franio as the single-
walled hive. It is very neat in appenr-
uiicc, und looks well on u luwn. It is
C(iually well adapted for both extracted
and cond) honey. From its peculiar con-
struction, it rctpiires no extra protection
either summer or winter. In it, ccdonics
may be safely wintered on their summer
stands. The boards used are thin, yet the
hive is strongly constructed. It has a
hollow four-inch wall on all sides of it,
and a double bottom, also enclosing a
four-inch space. The four-inch spacis
thus made are closely packed with straw,
cut fine in a cuttinglM)x, which forms uii
excellent non-c(mductor. A chaff ciisliion,
eight or ten inches thick, is laid on top
of the frames, on the approach of cold
KR. D. A. J0NE8 THE CELEBRATED BEE- wcatlicr. Til US the bccs are kept at once
KINO OF BEETON, oMTARio. Warm aud dry."

TltANSFKUKINU liKh:S.

The beginner in apiaculture will very likely have to buy bees housed in box-

BEES.

087

hivis, which will render it necessary to transfer them into raovublu frame
liiviM. A brief oxplunutiun of tiie truusferring process is therefore dusiriible.
Tliu best titne to tninsfer is early in the season, when tlicre is but little lioney
ur brooil in the liive. It nmy, liowever, be done at any time, with proper
cure. The wcutlier must 1x3 warm, and the bees busily at work. li\o\v a
little smoke in at the entrance to the hive ; pause <for two or throe minutes to
give the smoke time to proiluce its effect; then curry the hive a few fwt away
und turn it bottom side up. Place a box over the hive, an<l with u stick rap
on the hive for uliout twenty minutes. The liees will fill tlu'iusolvos with
liuney, und go with the queen up into the box, forming a cluster there. A few
young bees will remain in the old hive, but this is of no consiiitience. Take
tlio bux to the old stuiitl, leaving the front edge raised, so that the bees out
furuging can join their companions, and all get fresh air. If other boes give
no trouble, the rest of the operation can l>e |K>rformed out-of-doors, but if
there is any annoyance of this kind, remove the old hive into a room, shed, or
barn, pry it apart carefully ; cut the combs from the sides, and get them loose
with as littlo damage as possible. There should be a barrel set on end, and o
board of f venient size placetl on top of it. Lay several thicknesses of cloth
on the boani, as a soft bed for the comb. Now take a sheet of comb, lay it
flat on the cloth, place a frame on the conib, and carefully cut out the w)mb,
the exact size of the frame inside. Press the frame over the comb, being
particular to have it " right side up" as it was in the old hive, then fasten the
comb in the frame by winding around it either twine or fine wire. To raise
tlie frame perpendicular before fastening the comb, tilt the board beneath it.
Sot the frame, fixed as described in the new hive, and procee*! with the rest in
the same way, until all the worker-comb, i. e., that containing the small sizetl
cells, is secured. It is a good o|)portunity to get rid of drone-coml). The
|)icces of worker aimb left at the end of the process may be fitted into a
IVainu, and secured there by thin flat strips of wood, tie<l at the end with
twine, or tacked with very small ta<'ks. Having fastene<l all the worker-
ooml) practicable into the frames, all the remaining bits lM)th of worker an<l
iliDiie-comb shoidd be saved as stjirters for boxes and sections. Now place the
hive on tlie old stand and shake all tlu; l)oos «/ut of the box in front of the
hive. If the alighting-board is pro|»erly arranged, so thut the bees can
ruutlily find their way in at the entrance, they will not be long in taking
lN)ssession of their new home. They will go to work at once and put things
to rights. In two or three <la}8 tiiey will have all loose combs fastencHl, so that
the strips, wires and strings may be remove<l.

THE BEE-SMOKER.

In the operation just described, and many others, a little machine called
the bee-smoker will be found very useful. Blowing a little smoke into a hive

II'

' la

-'■'mM

■ ;.k

988

1U.U8TRATEU STOCK UlXJIOU.

of hei's httii a quieting oflR'ot upon them, «o thut tliey can Iw easily handled.
The Hniuker is nuTcly a «n»all pair ol" bcllowH uttuchcd to a pipe, into which
some couibudtible luuturiul in put ; the suioke iruui tbia u drivi-ii by tlio

"^^Ifn-

JONES

BKE-BMOKER.

liellows out of the pi|>e, and can be directed to any place desired. The smoker
can lx> worked with one hand, leaving the other free to do wliatever the
bec-keejKT may wish,

UK-ATION OF THE APIAUY. '

The apiary should be near at hand, where it can be cloholy watched with
but little trouble. An easterly aspect is prcfferrwl by most bcH'-UeepLTs, in
order that the curly morning sun may strike the hives, and arouse the iiiinutes
to work betimes. Shade during the hottest part of the day is desiralile. A
grove, if somewhat oj)en, is a nice place for hives of bees. In many cases thcv can
be set to good advantage in an orchard. A lawn and shrul)bcry often atlonl
eligible places for bee-hives, under the partial shelter of a shadc-trcc, jin
evergreen, or a grape-vine. IJee-honses are generally dis-
carded by the best lH'e-ke<'pers. It is better to have each
hive by itself. In exposed situations, wind-screens are
nwessary. A oUxse board fence is, in many cases, very
suitable. The use of a double-walled hive renders several
of the precautions just mentioned unnecessary.

BEE VEII^.

Beginners in l)ee-keeping and those wlio are cbjccis of
dislike to bees, as some peoj)le are, find it ncctessary to wear
a veil. A simple piece of black net fastened arouml tliu
hat with an elastic string, and long enough to tuck iindei'
BEK VEIL. the collar of the coat, will answer the ))urposc. Tlir an-

nexed engraving will show a bee-keeper thus uttind, iratly
for business.

Some also wear gloves, but these are very awkward in handling bees. The
best for the purpose are the sheep-skin gauntlets known as " thistle-mits."

BEE8.

080

AN KXAMl'I.E OF HIOHI.V Hi;C(F>4SKUL REK-KKF.IMNU. •

Mr. D. A. Jones, of lk'fU)n, Ontario, liciuls the list »)f siure^srul n|>iiirians
aiiil ranks n8 the (■liuiii|iii>i) bfe-lxi>c|i«'r of tlio World, lie iniH Ui-pt Ix'oh tVoin
lH>yli(H)(l, beginning witii the old-fuHhiunetl method, but, ut length getting
hold of the bent nxMlern booku on InHi-keeping, rapidly made hia wuy to
the front, and bceamc wIklt than his teaelicnt. He attained hia highest
siiaK.>8.s in 1879, when from three hnndred eoloniea of bees he obtaininl
tlie marvellous average of two hundre<l and fifty pounds of honey per
hive. The next year l)eing unfavorable, the honey yield was less, but he
largely inereased his eolonies in nnml>er, so that his profits fr<»m stocks and
honey were in the neighborhoiHl of six thousand dollars. He lias now one
thousand colonies, which, at the low average, for him, of ten dollars profit
per hive, will yield next season ten thousand dollars. The likelihotMl is that
he will double that amount of gain. Mr. Jones has visited various parts of
Eur(»pe, including the island of (Vprus, and lias also Ikhmi to the Holy
LiUid in search of the best races of Ix-es (or honey storing. He has an agent,
who is u skillful dpiarian, travelling through Asia on the same errand, an<l
.spc'ciiilly charged to obtain the best 8|R>cimens of a large be(! called «y>w
ditrstttd. The races of bees thus collected are being bred with great care on
isolatctl islands in the Georgian Hay, various crosses uia<lc, ami points of
excellence notetl with scientiHc accuitu'V. (ireat advances have already l)ecn
tiuule in bee-breeding, and it is believed that a mce of bees will yet Ixi
(li'veloped, that will be, like the shorthorn among cattle, far in advance of the
(•(Hiimon and native bni'd, Mr. Jones considers that bee-keeping only
iKpiires to be better understood to become a vast s(mrce of individual and
iiiitional wealth. As he has no secrets to hide, and is only anxious to see
apiueulture luidertaken more extensively, he is ready at all times to im|)art
wiiat ho knows for the benefit of others, and has furnished for this work the
t'ollowing account of the way he lian<lles his bees with a view to securing the
largest amount of profit attainable front them :

MR. Jones's way of hke-keepinq.

"My method varies somewhat with seasons and circumstances. I will state
it us applicable to ordinary seasons, and shaped so as to secure a moderate
increase of sto'jks, along with the largest practicable yield of surplus honey.

SETTINO OITT THE lUVKS IN Sl-niNO.

"Su|)posing the bees to have been wintered in a cellar or frost-proof house,
the lii"st care of the bee-keeper in early spring will be to set them on the
stands they are to occupy during the summer. No precise date can be given
for doing this. I usually set out my bees on the first appearance of black

•M

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

1.0

I.I

1.25

1112

IlilM

M
2.0

III™

1.4 III 1.6

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

-i"^

""i^

990

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

alder bloom, which occurs the first really warm spell of weather. They will
take a purifying flight, and then the bee-keeper must seize the earliest
opportunity of examining each stock to see that all have queens. Any queen-
less ones may be doubled up, with weak stocks that have queens. All weak
stocks must be doubled up, whether queeuless or not, else they will dwinflle
away to nothing. Great care must be taken so that they may have plenty of
food, as there will be a quick consumption of it when breeding hcgins. I
crowd the bees up into a very limited compass by means of division boards,
and fill the spaces between the division-boards and the walls of the hive with
chaff or cut-straw. Feeding the bees daily stimulates the queen to lay, and
as the combs become filled with brood, more should be given. By this means
a large quantity of young bees will be hatched out ready for honey-gathering,
and by the time white clover blooms there will be plenty of active workers in
the field to gather its yield of honey. Care must be taken not to give extra
combs too fast, lest the young brood sliould get chilled. No more combs
should be in the hive at any time than the bees can cover. The whole
season's profit depends on the observance of these rules. Jn addition to tiiese
inside regulationsj attention must -be paid to the outside of the hive. When
the weather is cold, and every night through early spring, the entrance must
be closed so as only to admit one bee at a time. When the weather is warm,
and every morning as the sun begins to mount up in the heavens, the entrance
must be made larger. A little observation and practice will enable the bee-
keeper to keep the inside temperature of the hive in that state of uniform
warmth which is most conducive to the raising of brood.

QUEEN REARING, AND ARTIFICIAL SWARMING.

" Get the stock from which you wish to raise queens as strong as possil)le,
so that it will proceed to build queen cells. Now, from each one tliat is
strong enough to spare it, take one comb wit!) plenty of brood in it and make
a nucleus, by using the division-board as above directed, and after from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours, give them a queen or a cell from those wliicii
have been started by the extra strong colony already spoken of. In a few days
the young queen will begin to lay, and brood should be taken from the parent
stock sufficient to keep it just below the swarming-point. The most honey
and the best results are obtained by keeping the bees jiist below the sicarming-
point, which is done by the judicious removal of brood with which to build
up the young swarm. In this way, both will be boiling over with bees when
the honey season is at its height. If they cannot otherwise be kept back from
swarming, draw a comb from each of six or more hives, putting them with
their bees all in one hive, which makes a strong stock by giving them a
queen. In every apiary, there should be surplus queens on hand throughout

BEES.

991

the working season, ready for such emergencies. Queen rearing can be carried
on without building up, and one frame of comb answers for the queen to lay-
in, until it is convenient to add more.

INTRODUCIXG QUEENS.

" Tliere are various methods of introducing queens. Whatever method is
adopted, four things must be carefully attended to: 1. The hive must contain
no queen or queen-cells. 2. The bees must be made to fill themselves with
honey. Smoke will usually do this, but some bee-keepers also sprinkle them
with liquid honey or syrup. 3. The queen must be pervaded by the same
odor as the bees to which she is introduced. Some add to the syrup or honey
sprinkled on them an essence, such as peppermint or the like. Others de-

CAQE FOB SHIPPING Oil INTRODUCrNG QUEENS.

pend on smoke, using tobacco which must not be strong enough to stupefy
them. 4. The queen must not be introduced hastily, or she will be treated
as an intruder, and speedily killed. Covering the queen with honey or syrup
when she is put among the bees is usually sufficient. By the time they have
licked her clean, which they will at once proceed to do, they will be willing to
accept her. Many use a cage for introducing queens. She is confined in this
for a time, inside the hive, until the bees become used to her. Such a cage is
also used for shipping queens to a distance.

EXTRACTING COMB HONEY.

"As soon as the brood chamber begins to get crowded with honey, which
seldom occurs before white clover blooms, the extractor must be used. Quiet
the bees with smoke, draw out the combs, shako and brush off the beer., carry
the combs to the extracting-room (which may be a movable-box or tent), with
honey-knife shave off the capping of the cells, extract the honey, return the
combs to their places, close up the hive, and proceed in the same way with

'iOl

ST"

"ir

. '■

f '

^'^

992

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

HOKEY-KNTFB.

tlie next. In my apiary, I usually have a man or boy taking out frames, and

brushing off the bees ; one or two boys
carrying them to the extracting-room ; one
uncapping, another extracting, and one put-
ting back the frames as fast as they are
emptied. In tliis way all keeps moving
along, and we can take thus from 1,000 to
2,000 pounds of honey per day in the height of the season.
^ ,

TREATMENT OF EXTRACTED HONEY.

"The honey is put into large tin tanks and open barrels, left to ripen
from six to twelve days. It is then drawn off into tin cans holding 2J, 5 and
10 pounds. T!ie cans should be made with a bale and screw top, so as to be
ready either for shipment or for sale in the original packages. I sometimes
ship in barrels. These should only hold 100 pounds, and must be coated
inside with wax.

COMB HONEY.

" I take all my comb honey in sections. During the past season I have
greatly increased the yield of comb honey by the use of a perforated zinc
plate as a divider. The holes will admit the passage of worker bees, but not
the queen, who can thus be confined within a limited space, her laying
restricted to that space, and the whole worker force of the hive employed in
filling the sections with comb honey. Should this plan continue to work well,
it will add largely to the yield of comb honey. Section honey can l)e taken
above the frames, and at the back part of the hive. Extracted honey can be
fed back to the bees, and stored in sections. By the proper use of the
extractor along with sections, more honey can be got, and stocks kept equally
strong as on the old system.

PREPARATION FOR WINTERING.

"When the honey harvest is over, see that all stocks have young or still
vigorous queens. Remove all failing queens, and replace with young and
vigorous ones. Remove all surplus comb, and store it up for use another year.
Crowd the bees into a compact form. If short of honey, feed them with
pure granulated sugar syrup (2 pounds of sugar to 18 ounces water). As
soon as the honey harvest shows signs of failure, feed the bees a little to keep
up breeding, and, as soon as the first frost kills the flowers, feed liberally, until
there is a sufficient store for winter ; then feed lightly to keep up breeding as
late in the season as possible. Plenty of young bees are the best security for
wintering well. If the bees are all old in the fall, they will dieoff l^efore
young ones are hatched out to take their places in the spring.

t frames, and
or two boys
ig-room; one
and o\ic put-
as tliey are
keeps moving
from 1,000 to

, left to ripen
ding 2|, 5 and
top, so as to be
I sometimes
must be coated

t season I have
perforated zinc
cer bees, but not
ace, her laying
ive employed in
ue to work well,
ipy can be taken
Led honey can be
oper use of the
(cks kept equally

ve young or still
with young and
use another year.
feed them with
nces water). As
■es a little to keep
ed liberally, until
ep up breeding as
e best security for
will die off Ijefore

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

WINTEniNG.

993

" With good queens, plenty of young bees, and abundance of stores, bees
are ready to go into winter quarters whenever cold weather sets in.
About thirty pounds of honey or sugar syrup will be required for out-door
wintering, and about twenty for in-door wintering. If wintered out-of-doors,
crowd the bees on to four or six frames, pack around them with cliaff or
saw-dust, and lay a good chaff oushion on top of the frames, Iciuing the
entrance open. To winter in-doors, on a sunny day late in the fail, take off
covers and cusiiions, remove all propolis-coated clotlis, let the sun dry off the
bees tiioroughly, lay on clean cloths, cover with cushions, and carry into a bee-
house or dry cellar. The bee-house should be built with hollow walls, having
not less than twenty-one inches of space filled in with chaff, tan-bark, or
saw-dust. When thus housed in a cellar or bee-house, keep in utter dark-
ness and quiet, maintain a temperature from forty -two to f()rty-five degrees,
and give your bees a good letting-alone until spring returns again. Those
who winter out-of-doors in my double-hive, will not require to do any chaff-
packing. All that is necessary is to crowd the bees up into small compass
with the division board, and lay a thick chaff cushion on top of the frames."

:*■

-- »» — r-.T'^TOT r'

tiiavm^t

PAET XII.

TheP

og;

mSTOBT, BREEDS AKD CHARACTEllISTIC^i.

(Hi

(t95)

ftf'^.

THE DOG.

HISTORY OF BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS.

CHAPTER I.

Origin of tlie dog— ITRefulnesw of the dog to man — The English Setter — Tlie Irish Setter — The
Gordon Setter— The Native Setter— Tlic Dropper— The Pointer— The Spaniel— Tiie New-
foundland dog— The Mastitr- The IJuildog- The Blood hound— The Fox hound —The Kcagie
— The Sheep dog — The Greyhound — The Dalmatian or Coach dog — The Scotch Terrier — Tlie
Knplish Terrier— The Skye Terrier— The Poodle.

HISTORY AND BREEDS.

In both the Old and New Testaments the dog is spoken of almost witli
abhorrence; everywhere it is designated nnclean and an abomination, and yet
man has no snrer or more tried friend, ever on the guard to protect the prop-
erty and person of his mttster. It apjiears to liave boon the great object of
the Israelites to engender this hatred, in order to prevent the idolizing and
worshipping of the dog as was practised by their neighbors and early mastcrii,
the Egyptians.

Considerable dispute exists with regard to the origin of the dog. Many
naturalists trace him to the wolf, others to the jackal, and some to the Dingo
and Pariah; but no satisfactory'' conclusion has been arrived at. There is,
however, but little doubt that the wolf and dog are varieties of the same
family, as they can be crossed, and their offspring continuing the cross thus
made will produce a race entirely different from the original. A circumstance
in favor of the common origin of the two quadrupeds is the existence in our
own country of the prairie wolf, who whines and barks in a manner so similar
to small dogs, that it is almost impossible to distinguish liis voice from that of
the terrier.

Judging from the fact that almost every country has its wild dog or wolf,
it may not be amiss to conclude that the many varieties of dog now existing
have their common origin in either the one or the other, and which by adapta-
tion to surrounding circumstances, and care in breeding, have attained their
present high standard of excellence.

In Northern India the wild dogs of Nepal hunt in packs; have an exquisite
sense of smell ; give tongue after the manner of the hound, and show wonderful
intelligence in the chase, and can be domesticated when caught at an early age,

997

998

ILM'sritA IKI) ST(K;K IMH/IOU.

In Southern India there exists ii wild dog readily tamml, and many are to
be seen in tlie possession of the natives ofDaithund. A wild breed termed the
Pariah inhabit the lower rangcts of the Himalaya Mountains. They likewise
hunt in packs and seldom miss their prey. When trained by the inhabitants
of this country they make useful companions of the chase, bringing the wild
boar to bay, or indicating which course he has taken when disturbed.

In Australia the settlers nre iiuich troubled i)y.the Dingo or wild dog of the
country. Many sheep arc ycarl\- worried to death, and the Dingo provinj;
untamable is the greatest pest wlierewith the herder has to deal.

WOLF SEARCHING FOR FOOD.

Jim" ""

All wild dogs possess the erect pointed ear of the wolf he so much resembks
in nature, the eye likewise is oblique or angular as in the fox and the wolf.
Prof. Beel gives a very ingenious reason for the i)upil of the eye of the dog
being circular and not oblique. He attributes the forward direction of the
dog's eye to the constant habit for many generations of looking towards his
master and obeying his voice.

USEFULNESS OF THK UOG TO MAN.

While almost every other (piadruped fears man as his formidable enemy,
there is one who regards him as a companion, and follows him as a friend ; he
docs it from choice, seems to be created for the very purpose, and is not iuippv
unless in his service, asking but a trifle in return, and a kind word is all that
he requires. His swiftness of foot, great strength, courage, intelligence, and
highly developed power of smelling, have made him a powerful ally of man
against the other animals, and he is the only one that has followed the human
being all over the earth a willing slave. To the husbandman he is invaluable
as a protector and aid in herding sheep, a useful companion of the chase, an
exterminator of vermin, and guard to the house.

It is not our purpose, in these chapters, to dwell upon those breeds that are

niK DOCi.

»99

many are to
>s\ termed the
rhey likewise
le inhabitants
ging the wild
bed.

nV\ dog of the
)ingo provinu;

^ much resembles
ox and the wolf,
e eye of the dog
I direction of the
»king towards his

brmidable enemy,
m as a friend ; he
and is not huiH>.v
d word is all tlvat.
e, intelligence, and
verfnl ally of ma"
oUowed the human
,an he is invaluable

m of the chase, a"
hose breeds that are

not readily procured and ordinarily possessed by the farmer, or to relate of
other than the leading varieties. We begin therefore with

THK EXOLISU HKITKU.

Authors di.sagree on the subject of the origin of the setter dog, but it is now
very generally conceded he is either descended from the spaniel, or that both
sprung from the same stock. Beibre the invention of gunpowder, at least
prior to its use in fowling and shooting on the wing, the spaniel was taught to
stop or set with his nose pointing in the direction of the bird, his acute
sense of smell indicating the presence of the partridge. His attitude was one
lying flat on his belly that he nught not impede thi drawing or throwing of a
net over the covey or flock before him by the fowler. This act of setting has
given the name to the dog supposed to be the improved spaniel. Since the im-
provement of firearms, and since shooting on the wing is followed by sportsmen,
setters almost universally stand erect in their points at game which admits of
their close proximity as it lies endeavoring to avoid danger. The most famous
strain of English setters is the Lavarack, wi)ich takes its name from itij
celebrated breeder, Mr. E. Lavarack, of Shropshire, England. The pedigree of
this family of setters dates back to 1825, when Mr. Lavarack purchased old
Ponto and Moll from the Rev. A. Harrison, of Carlisle, England, who had
kept the strain ])nrc for twenty-five years. From the fact that all Mr.
Lavarack's dogs descended from Ponto and Moll, it would strike the reader
that unless fresh blood was .sought, his animals would be so inbred as to
be worthless. But such is not tlie case. Mr. Lavarack declares all his dogs
came directly from Ponto and Moll without an outside cross, and so famous
have they become that even at the jjresent day they are eagerly sought for,
and fabulous prices are paid for them by breeders who are anxious to improve
their own stock. Their sense of smell is wonderful, their speed in the field
tremendous, and their natural desire for the chase so remarkable, that an
introduction of this blood in other families is at once noticeable in the offspring.
The Lavarack setter in color may be black, white and tan ; white mottled or
flecked with black so as to produce a blue-gray appearance (from whence the
term blue belton), orange and white, lemon and white, or orange or lemon
ticked, termed orange or lemon belton. Mr. Lavarack's system of breeding has
decreased the size of his dogs, and when purely bred are most difficult to raise.
In the north of England there are very many strains of setters claiming to be
fully as fine as the Lavarack ; this we doubt, but that of Mr. Purcell Llewellyn
we must mention in particular as being «]uite as noted, if not superior in some
respects to the Shropshire strain. Mr. Llewellyn having conceived the idea
that Mr. Lavarack was breeding in and in to an excessive degree, crossed his
noted Dan with a pure Lavarack bitch, and a sister to Dan with a pure Lavarack
dog, and produced sctd'rs which have become famous in England and this

.? :-Si

i'r

1000

rf,i,UHTi(Ari;i» hi'ock ixxrrtm.

country, at Hrst terrae<l tlu> field trial breed, l)iit now taking the narno of the
Llewellyn setter. The setters known an the (irahani mid Corbet breeds; those
of the h^arl of Tankville. ^^pw<^^s. Waterpark, Bishop, Buy Icy, Lort, Jones,

Ilackett and Macdona, are noted in England lor their superiority, many of
these gentlemen using the Lavarack blood in order to obtain that which tbej
liesired in a good field-dog. The English setter may be thus described :

iiiirno of the
)recdrt ; those
Lort, Jones,

ki;:

■B^

the: 000.

1001

1. The skull cliilbrs from tliut of the pointer in not having the squarenem
•f the latter named, docs not possess the oeoipitul bone to so large an extent, w
narrower between the eyes and has n smaller brow.

2. The nose is long and brond, and has an average measurement of four
inches from the inner corner of the eye to the end. Midway between the end
and the root of nose there should be a dip or depression ; a straight one is
admissible, but there must be no hump or rise. The nostrils should be well
open, and in health moist, the color black or liver-colored, but there exists many
a pink or flesh-colored nose, carried by a setter of fine scenting powers ; using
a well-known saying in this connection, " a good horse may be of any color,"
the most preferable shades, however, are the first mentioned.

.3. The ears are shorter than those of the pointer, well set back and droop-
ing towards the neck, and of finer texture, or " leather," as it is called ; the
eyes full and rounded, and the best color brown or dark hazel.

4. The neck of the setter is more slender than the pointer's, and set into
the head without any prominence at the base of the skull.

6. The shoulders sloping and elbows well down ; chest deep and roomy.

6. Back-quarters and stifles. A curved loin is desirable, but not to such
a degree as to present a sway back appearance, stifles bent well so that the
after legs may be thrown well forward in running.

7. Legs and elbows should be straight, with no inclination to turn in. The
arms well boned and muscled with strong broad knees and short pasterns.

8. The feet well clothed with hair between the toes, yet not too long so as
to accumulate matter in wet and snowy weather.

9. The tail should be slightly curved Irom root to tip, tapering to a fine
point at the end and furnished with long silky hair, without a vestige of curl.

10. The quality or texture of coat in the English setter is soft, silky and
sliining, without any tendency to curl, fringed on the hind legs as well as the
fore.

11. The English setter may be of any color. The following shades are iu
order the most fashionable:

White with black mottles so as to appear blue ; first with tan marking on
the cheeks and over the eyes, and second without it; black, white and tan,
black and white, orange and white, lemon and white, orange and lemon mottled,
and lastly liver and white, and liver flecked.

V i

THE IRISH SE'rrEK.

eriority, many of
tluit which they
describetl :

This breed of setter is one of the oldest in Great Britain, deriving its name
from the island where it originated. Yet it is now extensively bred in Eng-
land, and has many admirers on account of its bold, dashing and untiring dis-
position in the field. It is rather more difficult to break than the English

10()2

IliLUSTUATED STOC^K JKXrrOR.

setter, and requires constant use to keep in itunting trim. It differs from the
English dog as follows :

1. The head is longer and more narrow, and the occipital l)one almost as
prominent as that oif the i>ointer.

2. The nose is longer and square at the end, of a deep mahogany or flesh
color.

3. Eyes and ears. The eyes should be dark brown ; ears long enough to
almost reach the end of the nose, and more tapering than the English dog's,
yet never pointed, and well set back.

5, 6. The Irish setter stands higher than the English ; his elbows, notwitii-
standing, well let down ; his shoulders long, brisket deep and narrow, find his
ribs not so long as those of his cousin. Loin slightly curved, strongly fastened
to his hips, but not wide, sloping quarters, and tail set on low but straight,
finely tapered and carried with boldness.

7. Legs straight as an arrow ; hocks good ; bent stifles, and strong but not
too heavy haunches.

8. Feet harelike, not as hairy as the English setter between the toes.

9. The tail ornamented with a long comb of hair, not bushy or heavy ; no
curl.

The coat of the Irish setter is coarser than that of the English dog, wavy,
but! not curly, and by no means long ; hind legs and fore legs well fri!igcd,
but not heavily, the ears covered with feather, with a tendency to wave but
not curl.

12. The color is a rich, dark red, without the least trace or tinge of black
either on the head or back. A speck of white on the neck, breast or toes is
admissible ; not too much, however, is seen in good strains.

In the field the Irish setter is most energetic, never tiring. His nose by
some is considered not quite so delicate as the English dug's. He is fast and
stylish in his movements, and has many admirers who prefer him for sin^^le
work. The Ija Touche, Hutchinson's, and the Knight of Kerry's strains are
most noted in England.

Plunket, a celebrated Irish setter dog, combining the La Touche, Hutchin-
son and Hon. D. Plunket's breeds, is now owned in this country.

THE BLACK-TAN OR GORDON SETTER.

The black-tan or Gordon setter derives its name from the fact that tiie
Dukes of Gordon, in Scotland, bred and for a long time owned setters of tliis
color. The breed has never attained great notoriety in the field, being without
doubt deficient in nose when compared with the English and Irish setters, and
not having the intelligence of either. The Gordon is apt to be gun-shy, stub-
born or mulish. Many writers suspect a dash of the colly or sheep dog blood
present in the breed, and charge his color to this cause. Others declare it to

THE IKXl.

1003

rers from th«
►ne almobt as

>gany or flesli

,ng enough to
English dog's,

bows, notwith-
arrow, und his
fongly fastened
w but straight,

strong but not

the toes.

,y or heavy ; no

ylish dog, wavy,
'gswell fringed,
ucy to wave but

r tinge of black
breast or toes is

ig. His nose by
He is fast and
him for single

lerry's strains are

houohe, Hutchiu-
jtry.

Ithe fact that the
Ted setters of this
fid, being without
[irish setters, aiul
be gun-shy, stub-
j' sheep dog blood
[thers declare it to

have been brought about by u cross of the hound at some remote period. Cer-
tain it is, the Gordon setter is fond of hunting the rabbit ; in fact, always shows
a liking for hair. With all his beauty he is nut u liivorite with the experieuced
sportsman in England or the United States.

The points of tlie Gordon setter are very nearly the same as those of the
English dog, excepting the following numl)ers :

1 . The head is heavier.

2. Tlie nose is wider.

9. The " flag " is shorter.

11. The coat is harsher than either the Englisli or Irish setter, and some-
times curled.

12. The color is important; the black should be deep with a plum shade in
some lights and without tan hairs; the tan of a red shade, and not fawn-like
in color. Gordon setters were originally very often black, tan and white, but
of late years only a little white is allowed, and this must he on the neck,
chest, or on the toes, in this class at dog shows. The tan should show on the
lips, cheeks, throat, over the eyes, on the fore legs to the elbows, on the liind
legs to the stifles, and under the tail, stopping short when coming to the black,
tiie line of color being well defined.

The most noted strains of Gordon setters are those bred by Messrs. Coaths
aud Barclay Field in England.

THE NATIVE SETTER.

Very little need be said of the native setter, as he is a direct descendant of
both the English aud Irish dog, or in other words a cross or admixture of
many families of both. So great has been this admixture and we are sorry to
say pointer blood is many times a part, that our own dog, speaking in general
terms, has few characteristics to particularize him. No system has been
followed until late years in the breeding of the setter in America, but lovers
of this dog are now endeavoring to reach the English standard of excellence iu
using the blood of the Lavarack, Llewellyn and Macdona, for this purpose.
It is astonishing when we observe the carelessness with which breeders of the
United States have made their choice of sire and dam, that we are able to find
so many good fleld-dogs of American breeding. In Delaware, Maryland and
Virginia, setters of good quality and fine field performance are often come
across, but in comparison with the English dog, they are coarse and
lunibcrsume. No description is reeded for the native setter ; that of the first
described will answer every purpose.

THE DUOPl'EK.

The dropper is a cross between the setter aud the poimer, sometimes pos-

KlUI

rLLUSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR.

sessing the long silky hair and feather of the former, and not unfrequently the
short satin-like coat of the latter, but often times having a texture between the
two. It is an error to suppose by breeding the setter and pointer togetlier one
can obtain the good qualities of either or both. By unions of this nature it
is seldom a good animal is obtained, yet it is true the offspring may sometimes
turn out fair field-dogs, but their dispositions are never such as are desired,
they are cross and sullen, and if good workers on game, headstrong, self-willed
and unable to transmit such good traits as they may possibly have to their
progeny, whether bred to either a pure setter or pointer. The majority of
native setters owe their poor quality to introduction of pointer blood ; but of
late years we are glad to be able to say our sportsmen and breeders are opposed
to the cross, and the dropper is not looked upon with favor. We cannot see
why it is when such fine specimens of each race can be so readily obtained in
all purity, that the abominable admixture is ever indulged in. A description
•f the dropper is not needed.

THE POINTER.

The modern pointer is descended from the Spanish dog of this name, intro-
duced into England nearly three centuries ago, and is so improved by judicious
crosses, that the heavy, slow and awkward appearance of the latter is now
•ntirely lost, and we have instead a quick, active and invaluable dog for field
work. The pointer finds and points his game similar to the setter, erect and
rigid, his short hair enabling him to hunt on the prairies where water is scaice
and to continue without this necessity for a much longer time. In New Jersey,
Delaware and Maryland, and in countries where tlie quail invariably takes to
briery thickets when flushed, the pointer is at a disadvantage, and in cold and
rainy weather he suffers greatly on account of his short coat. Never-
theless we have seen them so highly strung and ambitious as to work wiier-
ever desired at a risk of injury to themselves. The modern pointer has been
brought to its present state of perfection by crosses of the fox hound to give
him additional speed and nose. He differs greatly from the setter in being-
furnished with a close, compact, short and fine coat of hair lying close to \m
ekin ; the better he is bred the more satin-like it becomes.

The pointer also differs from the setter as follows :

Head moderately large ; wide in proportion to its length, with high fore-
head. Eye of medium size, muzzle broad with square outline not receding
as in the hound ; " flews " not very pendent ; ears not set back so far as tlie
Better's, also more rounded and less drooping.

The head should be set well on the neck with that peculiar rise at the base
where it is joined, only seen in the pointer. The neck should not be too
wrinkled or have too much loose skin visible under it, which gives the dog a
•throaty " appearance as it is called. The body of gootl length, strong loius,

rui; ijou.

1006

anfreqaently the

turo between thf
liter together one

of this nature it
g may sometimes
;h as are desired,
strong, self-willed
bly have to their

The majority of
ter blood ; but of
•eeders are opposed
r. We cannot see
readily obtained in
in. A description

)f this name, intro-
proved by judicious
f the latter is now
duable dog for field
the setter, erect and
vhere water is scarce
ne. In New Jerr^ey,
invariably takes to
ige, and in cold and
lort coat. Nevev-
us as to work wher-
ern pointer has been
e fox hound to give
a the setter in bein^-
lir lying «lo^® *^ '"**

^th, with high foie-
outline not receding
t back so far as the

•uliar rise at the base
k should not be too
vhich gives the dog a
length, strong loius,

4:1

' ■ Lt\

1006

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU.

and hips, and arched ribs, chest low and not sharp as in the greyhound ; the
tail is strong at the root and quickly diminishing becomes fine, and then tapers
to a sharp point at the end ; a thick and chubby tail shows want of breeding.
The shoulders are i>oints of importance, and must be muscular and united
to a large upper arm. The elbow siiould be well let down, and the fore arm
short. The leg of the pi)inter must have good bone muscle and tendon, a
strong knee, a round foot weU protected with a thick sole. Stifles well bent,
large hocks, and the hind feet of the same character as the fore feet. The
color always mainly white, the more the better if liver or lemon markings
are present. White with black, liver, yellow, or lemon-colored heads are most
j)rized, although solid shades are quite common, especially the liver. Some
pointers have tan markings on the cheek and over the eye, but this is considered
as indicating too much fox bound blood.

The pointers of Germany and France are inferior, being coarser than the
modern English setter ; a few reach this country.

THE SPANIELS.

Under this heading we shall only place
and describe the Clumber, Sussex, Cocker
and water spaniels as counterdistinguished
from the toy spaniels. The Clumber and
Sussex are seldom met with in this country;
tiie former is even rare in his own. The
cocker being of so many varieties, and
differing so in appearance, it will be difficult
to give a minute description of him. He
is the most common of the four, however,
in the United States, and the best known.

He is used to find and flush his game to the gun, never pointing at, but
indicating its near presence by low whimpering at first and by short quick
barks when it is on the wing ; for this reason it is trained to work withiu
twenty-five yards of the shooter that the bird may not be put up out of gun-
shot.

In general he is a light, active dog, of 14 to 20 pounds, of a very lively
and spirited nature. He hunts rapidly and carries his tail down, M'orking it
vigorously all the time. The cyt is medium in size, body fairly long, and his
shape much resembling the setter. He is clothed with a soft, wavy coat of
{lair, not curly, as it would then indicate water spaniel blood; the cocker is
well feathered. The colors are solid liver, black, black and tan, white and
black, white and liver, white and red, white and lemon. He is higher on the
leg than the Clumber or Sussex in proportion to his size, and very much more
Active. It has been the custom for a long time to cut off nearly one-half of

THE HUKTING SPANIEL.

THE DOG.

It. 07

yhound ; the
d then tapers
; of breeding,
ir and united
I the fore arm
md tendon, a
ftes well bent,
)re feet. The
non markings
heads are most
liver. Some
lis is considered

•arser than the

hall only place
Sussex, Cocker
terdistinguished
e Clumber and
in this country ;
his own. The
varieties, and
will be difficult
11 of him. He
I four, however,

pointing at, but
by short quick
to work withiu
up out of gun-

of a very lively
own, working it
rly long, and his
oft, wavy coat of
)d; the cocker is
d tan, white and
is higher on the
very much more
early one-half of

the tail of the cocker spaniel that it might not he worn sore by constant motion
in the thickets while hunting.

THE OT^UMBER SPANIEL

Is a long, low, and heavy dog for his size, weighing 30 to 40 pounds. The
head is heavy, much resembling the setter, but more angular. Body very long
and strong, clothed with wavy hair not too thick. Tail bushy, but not woolly.
Shoulders wide apart, arms short but strong, elbows not well let down, plenty
of bone. Colors always yellow and white, or lemon and white. In motion
the Clumber spaniel is slow and deliberate; he has the most exquisite scenting
powers, trailing and flushing his game with unerring certainty, working mute,
and gives no notice that the bird is on the wing.

THE SUSSEX SPANIEL

Diifers from the Clumber in shape and color. In height and weight they
are much alike, and also in general character of head. In length, however,
ho is not as remarkable, yet he may be called a long dog also. He stands
higlier in the legs than the Clumber, but not so high as the cocker.

The coat is nearly the same in texture, beinj^ soft and silky and free from
curl. The head is not quite so heavy. The color liver. Legs and feet strong
and well feathered. Tail cropped as with the Clumber and cocker. The
Sussex spaniel indicates by voice the rise of the game ho has been trailing.

THE WATER SPANIEL.

Head long and narrow, eyes small, ears of medium length covered with
crimpy, curly hair. Body stout, loins strong, and round chest, broad across
the shoulders. Feet large and spreading. His body is clothed with very
curly hair. Tail curved. The water spaniel, as his name would indicate, is
much used as a retriever for duck-shooting, especially that of marsh, upland,
or fresh water fowl. He is often crossed with the larger variety of cocker.

THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG.

There are two varieties of the Newfoundland dog met with in this country.
1st, The large long-haired variety, called the largo Labrador. 2d, The small
compact, compai'atively short-haired dog known as the St. John. Both were
originally natives of Newfoundland, and are alike good water dogs, and can
remain immersed a long time; but the largo variety possessing a more woolly
coat is hardier. The characteristic points of the large Newfoundland are great
size, say from 25 to 30 inches high, form s'trong and stoi t. The head not
large in comparison to its size ; wide across the eyes. Muzzle of moderate
length, wide, and without " flews," as in the hound. Eye and ear small, neck

1008

hl-USTItAlKI) STOCK JMMJTOK.

short, clothed with a rnft" of hair: tail nirled. Coat long, shaggy, and
shining, without very much admixture of \\t)ol. The color should be black
though sometimes it is black and white, or white with a little black or liver
color or reddish dun.

The St. Johns, or smaller Newfoundland, is seldom more than 26 inches
high. The head is lar^or in ])roporti()U to his size, and the ear fuller, neck
longer, body far more compact and clothed with shorter hair. In color he is

, shaggy, and

ould be black,

black or liver

lore than 25 inches
the ear fuller, neck
lair. In color he is

THE DOG.

1009

always jet black. As a watch dog the Newfoundland is valuable, becoming
much attached to his owner and home, but as frequent bathing is indispensable
to his health he is not a desirable animal for the farmer unless a good
stream or pond is in close proximity.

THE MASTIFF.

The mastiff is a command-
ing and powerful animal in
every respect, and although
])0S8essed of high courage, his
temper can be more relied upon
than any of the large dogs.
He makes an admirable yard
dog, and will protect his mas-
ter's property with zealous
vigilance. In England he has
been known for many years,
and old works give cuts of
this breed scarcely changed in
characteristics from the mod-
ern animal. He is doubtless
indigenous to Great Britain.
The Cuban mastiff is much
like the English dog, but
shows that he lias been crossed
with the bloodhound. TJio •

points of the mastiff arc: A large head, partaking of the shape of the blood-
hound and bull-dog, with great mupcle, and having, to a great extent, the
hanging upper lips of the hound ; ear small, drooping somewhat ; eye small.
In shape he resembles the hound, but is much more compact and with more
bone. Loin well knit and strong, limbs powerful, tail rough and carried over
the back. Tone of voice loud and deep, coat smooth, color red or fawn, M'ith
dark, or what is preferred black, muzzle, or brindled or black, or black, red,
or fawn and white ; height, 30 to 34 inches.

The Mount St. Bernard dog is closely allied to the mastiff, but has the aj)-
pearance of having Newfoundland blood in his veins, with the nature and
desire to fetch and carry of the latter. This dog is used by the monks on the
Alps to rescue snow-bound travelers.

THE BUIJ. DOG.

The bull dog is one of the oldest known breeds native to Great Britain, and
has always been described as idiotic in his ferocity. This is a mistaken idea^

THE MASTIFF.

Ill
■ -; ■) '; f

'1 ■'i'i

k^ ■'

I
'I

1010

II.I.USTRATEIJ STOCK DOCTOR.

MOUNT ST. BKRNAKIJ DOOS.

for he iV not at all quarrelsome when puroly hnnl. The bull mastiff, however,
a cross of this dog, and also the bull terrier, are pugnacious in the extreme,
and excel in this respect owing to their training. The bull dog undoubtedly

THE mil.T. DOG.

THE l)()(i.

1011

ffin

mastitV, however,
,s in the cxtvoine,
1 (lop; undoubtedly

has been used as a cross merely to obtain his very muscular and compact frame,
and not for a disposition to combat. The points of a well-bred bull dog are as
follows: Head round, skull high, eye of moderate size and forehead deeply
sunk between them, ears partly erect and diminutive, growing from the to|)
of the head and close together ; nose short, and having good chops ; back short>
somewhat arched towards the tail, which in well-bred specimens is fine and of
medium length. The coat is always fine, the chest deep and broad, legs mus-
cular with good bone, and the foot hare like. The bull terrier, as his name
would indicate, is a cross of the English terrier and bull dog, and has the
muscular frame of the last combined with the activity of the former. Having
been almost exclusively used and trained for fighting purposes, this breed of
dog by such cultivation has become irascible to a high degree, and is now
most noted for his pugnacity.

THE BLOODHOUND

Derives his name from the power he possesses of following the scent of
wounded animals, and to single out from a number of deer one that has been
crippled and hurt, and to stick to his trail until run down. The true blood-
hound, as he was bred years ago, does not now exist in Great Britain. The
breed is doubtless extinct; but in Cuba and in the Southern States a dog less
pure is used for hunting the deer and following runaway negroes, much resem-
bling the old English bloodhound, and is still plentiful.

The following are the points of this dog. Height 24 to 26 inches, long and
narrow head, ears 7 to 10 inches, lips low hanging, throat pendulous with
plenty of skin. Deep brisket, body round, broad loins, stout legs, straight feet
and powerful thighs, tail fine and tapering.

Color black and tan, red or fawn. No white should be seen except on the
tip of the tail.

The texture of the bloodhound's coat should be coarser than that of the
pointer's, yet smooth and glossy. His voice low and deep, with much melody.
Disposition very courageous, yet kind and gentle.

THE POX HOUND

Differs from the bloodhound in being not quite so tall. Height should be 20
to 24 inches. Head smaller and fuller in comparison, lips low, hanging, but
with not quite so much " flew," less loose skin about the neck, or less " throaty "
an appearance. Legs more curved, and shoulders more oblique and better
formed for speed. The ears of the fox hound in England are always cropped
or rounded off at the ends ; if allowed to grow, as they are in this country, they
would be low and hanging. The fox hound, otherwise than the above differ-
ences, resembles the bloodhound. Those met with in the United States seem

to have been crossed with the bloodhound of the Southern States, and show
64

i.^il

1012

Jl.LUHTUAI'Kl) HTOCK UOCTOU.

many of his characteri»tip«. In fact, ho diverse are the different strains in
America that the dor r . ght be called another breed than the English. The
uoat of the fox hound in close, and likewitw' not so short as that of the pointer's ;

K
»

o
n
o

he carries his tail high as he rnns, and it is oftener fringed with longer haiw
approaching a feather. Colors: 1st. Black, white and tan; 2d. Picfl, as red

THK DOO.

iui;j

t strains in
^glish. The
lie pointer's ;

pie, blue pie or yellow pie, gray pie, lemon pie; 3d. Blaok ; 4th. White; 5th.
Red; 6th. Blue.

He trails quickly, and is Hpceily and of great bottom, and in this (x>nntry
frequently used for rabbit hunting.

THE BEAGLE.

The beagle .hound of a century back has been almost entirely diHplaced by
the dwarf fox hoimd, or a cross of the small beagle with the fox hound and
harrier. In this country they are found of many sizes, and may be styled the
dwarf medium, and the large beagle. He can be appropriately termed a
pocket edition of the fox hound, and resembles him very nnicli in appearance.

He is used almost exclusively for rabbit hunting, trailing at a moderate
pace with a true nose and musical voice. The dwarf beagle is how scarce even
in England, and should measure not higher than 9 to 16 inches. The medium
beagle measures 12 to 20 inches high, and the description given can be taken
as a type of all. Head wide and round, short nose, drooping and full ears,
body that of a diminutive fox hound, and color of the same shades.
I, ,

THE SHEEP DOG.

The English sheep dog is found of many varieties, and so different are they,
that we can only dwell upon the main charaotcristics of the leading ono. He
has a sharp nose, medium size head, small eyes, and well-shaped body covered
with thick and almost woolly hair, growing full and strong about the neck
and breast. Tail long and bushy ; legs strong, and feet protected with hair
for work on stony roads and hills. Sheep dogs are always found with dew-
claws. Color grey, or black, or brown, with more or less white. Weight
about 50 to 60 pounds.

The colly, or Scotch sheep dog, has a broader head, which gives his nozzle
a sharper appearance than the English dog. H;-' eye is likewise small, but
his ear is slightly more pricked as a rule. His tail is long and bushy, and
his form a little stouter than the English shepherd dog's. Color always black
and tan with little white.

■I.

■.■^

iif-

rl"

, with longer haiw
\ . 2d. Pied, as red

THE GREYHOUND. i i. j.

This dog has also been known in Great Britain for many generations, and
has always been used for coursing the hare, or in other words to run down his
game by sight. His head is very long and narrow, neck slender and duck-
like, as it is called, back strong, tail long and ratlike, gradually tunn'ng u|)-
ward as it begins to taper, hind quarters greatly curved, and shoulders oblique,
showing great fleetness. A good measurement for the greyhound would be
£8 follows: circumference of head between the eyes 14 to 15 inches, length of
ueck 10 inches, circumference of chest 28 to 30 inches, length of arm 9 inches.

i'y

1014

ILIiUHTKATKI) HT()CK IMXri'OR.

length of knee to the ground 4J inchefl, circumference of loin 18 to 19 inchcH,
length of upper thigh lOJ inchcH, lower thigh 11 indies, leg from hock to
ground 5J to 6 inches. Color black, blue, red, fawn, brindled and white.
Coat Hhort, fine and glossy.

The Albanian greyhound resembles the Pjnglish in form, and like him ia
every particular excepting that he has long and Hilky hair.

Tlie Persian greyhound is coated like the setter, and the rough Scotch grey-
hound, or deer hound, is also in every way formed like his English brother,
but clothed with rough shaggy hair, and uses his nose to trail his game, while
almost all the other greyhounds hunt entirely by sight.

THE DALMATIAN OR COACH DOG

Stands about 24 to 25 inches, and very much resem-
bles the pointer in form and texture of coat, but is
diiferent in color, being beautifully marked with
numerous small black spots on a white ground. He is
fond of horses, makes his home in the stable, and is
never tired of following the carriage.

DAIiMATIAN DOO.

THE ENGLISH TERRIER

Is a smoothly-coated animal weighing 6 to 10 pounds. We are now speak-
ing of the useful dog 'of this breed, and not the diminutive toys that weigh as
little as 3 to 4 pounds. His nose is long and tapering, eye bright and liquid,
ears well set on, and when not trimmed are slightly raised, turning over at the
tips. High forehead, flat skull, and strong jaw ; neck strong, body well
shaped, loins powerful for his size, chest deep and not too wide ; shoulders free
and very powerful to enable him to dig well ; fore legs strong and straight,
bone light ; tail fine and tapering ; color black and tan.

THE SCOTCH TERRIER

Closely resembles the English in all but his coat, which is rough and wire-
like. His habits are the same, being a great vermin dog. He is found in
color black and tan and sometimes gray. The skye terrier in some respects is
like the Scotch, but differs from him in having a long, weasel-like body, short
legs, long wide head, long neck, bandy forelegs, and long straight hair parted
down the back and falling over his sides, coarse in texture, but on the legs
silky.

There are two varieties of the skye terrier, one smaller than the other, with
the coat entirely soft, and the one we have first described. A very favorite
cross is made between the large skye terrier and the Dandie Dinmont, whicli
partakes of the nature and form of both.

THK no<i.

1016

19 inchcrt,
\ aiul white.

1 like him i«

, Scotch grey-
glifth brotiier,
ia game, while

ry much resciu-
of coat, but is
marked wiU>
ground. He is
e stable, and is

iTc are now spcak-
toyB that weigh as
bright and liquid,
urningovcratthe

strong, body well
ide; shoulders free

roiig and straight,

is rough and wire-

L He is found in

in some respects is

^el-like body, short

[straight hair parKnl

pre, but on the leg-

than the other, with
L A very fevonte
[die Dinraont, whuh

The Dandie Dinmont terrier is suppoHod to be a crows between the Scotch
terrier and the otter hound. 1I<^ Huh two Hhu(h'ti of liair, one brown mlled
mustard, the other blue-gray ciille<l jx-ppor. He has silky hair on the head,
logs sliort, body long, low Hliouldcrs, paws long, and nui/.xle tapered, ears large
and hanging, tail cnrvc<l up liound-likc, and weighs 18 to 24 pounds.

THE r(X)l)I,B

Has been known in France, Germany, and England for many years. He
is notably intelligent and most easily taught, and is fond of tlic water. In
England he was formerly nscd for retrieving in duck-shooting, lie has a
large wide head, small eyes, scpiare mu/zle, pointer-tike body, and covered with
very curly close hair, hanging down at some parts in ringlets. His height is
IB to 20 inches. The Barbet, u variety of small poodle, is a native; of France
seldom seen here.

WATKR HPANIKI..

^ipmp^^<^<jivflq>p.ff^;>-^vhr;v"i,M.ir^H^l,f ,^<uv.!'-

n ".!■ •, .jl. ! 'i.M

CHAPTER 11.

Choice of Sire and Dam in Breeding — Age to Breed — Time of Year to Breed— Management of
Bitch in Seanon — Duration of Heat — Management of Bitcli in Wlielp — Wlielping — Care of
Whelps — Weaning — Feeding — Training of Pointers and ^Setters — Training of Spaniels — Train-
ing of Hounds — Training of Vermin Dogs— To Prevent and to Break from Gun Shyness-
Hunting a Bitch while in Wiielp. J ■

CHOICE OF SIRE AND DAM.

It is of t 'eat importance that the breeder should choose good specimens of
botli sire and dam of the breed he intends giving his attention to. If setter
or pointer, selecting a dog that possesses the qualities or traits that are wanting
in the bitch, and which he desires to intensify in the oflfepring. For instance,
if the dam is of a timid nature, but otherwise having no great faults, she
should be served by a bold, courageous sire; or, if the dog is not as speedy a.s
is wanted, the dam must be the opposite. Select always such animals whose
breeding is assured, and have proven pedigrees if possible. Breeding in and
in is generally very beneficial, and tends to stamp any particular family trait
more indelibly in the oflPspring, but it can be carried to an injurious extent,
and a point will be reached when fresh blood must be sought, which being
obtained we may go back to original strain again. It is held by some that the
first impregnation has an effect upon subsequent litters by different sires. It
is necessary, therefore, to be careful in the selection of the cross that it will
not neutralize the original impregnation or in like manner be neutralized by
it. Like produces like in breeding, so in proportion to the purity of the breed
will be the qualities transmitted to the whelps.

AGE TO BREED.

Most bitches are of an age to breed before they are a year old ; but it is
advisable to wait until the appearance of the second heat, and allow the first
to pass without giving her the dog. At one year old small dogs can be i)cr-
niitted to breed, for at that age they will have reached the period of the second
heat. Setters and pointers at 15 to 18 months are perfectly matured and in
proper development, but the mastiff and other large dogs, not attaining their
full growth until they are two years old, must not be bred until that age.

TIME OF YEAR TO BREED.

Spring and fall, if not too early in the first niui too late in the laflt seasou,
1016

T-^jrw^ r^-wT^-^-r r|| yf^mfty^i^y^

lanagement rf
ping— Care of
panielf*— Train-
Gun Shynefw—

specimens ot
to. If setter
it are wanting
For instance,
•eat faults, she
ot as speedy as
animals whose
Ireeding in and
liar family trait
injurious extent,
,t, which being
y some that the
ferent sires. It
■OSS that it will
neutralized by
rity of the breed

ar old ; but it is
^d allow the first
dogs can be pev-
.iodoftheseooiul

matured and i"
ot attaining their
itil that age.

I, the last sea«ou,

THE DOG.

1017

are the best times of the year to allow dogs to breed. If puppies are whelped
in the spring they have ample time to grow and be able to stand extreme hot
weather, and if in the fall they will have attained a size which will enable
them to better endure the winter's cold. The majority of bitches come in sea-
son some time in the spring or summer ; by allowing a summer " period " to
pass without serving, the next will very probably come around during the spring
following, when the dog can be allowed. The bitch after this serving will be
likely to be regular in the heats.

MANAGEMENT OP THE BITCH IN SEASON.

Bitches, when in season, should be confined so that no dog but the one
chosen may come to her. This frequently causes ill-health, and will have an
effect upon the whelps unless regular exercise is given (on the chain if necec-
sary), until the period has passed.

DURATION OP HEAT.

.'i-

A bitch is in heat about three weeks ; the first week she scarcely ever will-
ingly accepts the doj^, and at this time bleeds from the vulva. Not until this
bleeding has subsided should she be lined, and then no time should be lost aa
desire now soon begins to pass away, and continues gradually to do af for the
balance of the twenty-one days. It is a mistaken idea that the sex of the
whelps can be regulated, by the time of the heat the dog is allowed to go to

the bitch. There is no sure rule to follow.

1.-

MANAGEMENT OF BITCH IN WHELP.

A bitch from the time she conceives will run from sixty-three to sixty-five
days before she gives birth to her litter. As soon as it is discovered that she
is in whelp the exercise begun as directed should be kept up and rather in-
creased daily. Her food now should be sofl, yet nutritious, and easily digested,
such as thickened soups, oatmeal and boiled milk ; oatmeal with lean meat,
minced finely, mixed with it. Care being observed that her bowels be kept
open. If costiveness shows itself a dose of castor oil or salts may be given.

WHELPING.

As soon as the day for whelping arrives, a quiet, clean and comfortable place
should be provided for the bitch, and she should be left entirely alone, nature
being her best assistant, unless something wrong takes place or malformation
siiows itself. While in labor and between the throes (it may be she will be
the whole day in whelping) no food is required. Si\e must be kept as quiet as
possible. Some nervous bitches are apt to devour their puppies if disturbed
at this time. After all is completed a luke-warm gruel of half milk and half

i i

1018

iI,l,L.STKATKI> STOCK DOCi'OR.

■water may be given the motlier. Nothing cold should be placed before her.
After tiie first thirty-six hours the bitch will of herself leave the whelps to
empty herself; from this time stronger and more nutritious food can be given,

O
H

abundant milk allowed, and the most nutritious diet provided to aid her rais-
ing her ravenous family.

Exercise must be now continued, which the mother .,[11 Ik; glad to accept

THK DOG.

1019

before her.
^ whelps to
n be given,

in about two weeks after the birth of her puppies, that she may have an liour
or two of rest daily from their growing demands aud sprouting teeth. She
may be allowed to go free.

CARE OF WHELPS.

The puppies should be carefully examined for lice and other parasites as
soon as the bitch will allow you to handle them. If any are discovered the
whelps should be washed with a lukewarm decoction of Quassia chips or
•Persian insect powder carefully rubbed into their coat. The bed or nest must
now be changed, new hay or straw being furnished and sprinkled with the
insect powder. Nothing troubles and takes away from the growth of puppies
more than lice and fleas. Their quarters must be roomy that they may be
able to run about and romp with one another, and thus develop healthy bone
and muscle. At about three to four weeks they may be taught to lap one-
third water and two-thirds cow's railk preparatory to weaning.

WEANING AND FEEDING.

At five or six weeks the puppies may be safely weaned. They have already
learned to lap. Stronger food can now be furnished, the milk given pure,
mixed with crumbled bread, or we^-boiled oatmeal. Feeding time should be
regular and at stated hours three times a day, and the dish, trough or vessel
containing the food taken away as soon as the youngsters have filled them-
selves. After a time food twice a day will be sufficient; say morning and
night As the puppies become larger a bone containing some meat may be
given them ; too much flesh is injurious. A sheep's head thoroughly boiled is
capital now and then for them to pick at. It is of the greatest importance that
the whole litter should be allowed abundance of exercise, and liberty he given
them at stated times during the day. Pups deprived of exercise are apt to
have the rickets or enlarged joints, or be out at the elbows.

Id to aid her rais-

L glad to accept

TRAINING OF POINTERS AND SETTERS.

In choasing a puppy from a litter of well-bred setters or pointers it becomes
a difficult ta^k which to determine upon. If possible wait until they have
attained the age of four or five months, by which time they have become
somewhat developed. Sit down where you can see them all together, and
notice which is the most active and intelligent. The overgrown mother's pet,
generally the strongest of all, is frequently lazy, and sleepy, and shows but
half the spryness of his smaller brother or sister. Select a puppy with a good
bpj'in development, such a characteristic holds good with the canine as well as
the human race. We have never seen a bad dog with a good head and
face.

1020 ILI.UHTHATKD HTtMK IXK'I'Olf.

Having decided upon a young settei' take him to yourst^lt', and when he is

six or seven months old, eight will do, begin his primary tuition. Allow no

THK DCKi.

1021

ivhen he is

\nn\

mikm

Ion. Allow no

one to feed him, attend to this yourself, accustom him to your voice and
manner, let him follow you on all your walks, and it will soon be noticeable
how devoted he will become to you. Tiio dog has a mission to fulfil on earth,
that of serving his master, and as soon as he fully understands what is wanted
of him it becomes his happiness to serve his owner ; therefore study his dis-
position and assist him in learning his duty. Never flog cruelly and only
when you are positive your dog lias committed a wilful fault ; then be merciful,
for many are ruined in spirit by harsh treatment.

Most well-bred puppies will point from natural instinct and take to hunting
without tuition, but it is absolutely necessary to impress on your young dog,
before taking him into the field, the necessity of prompt and strict obedience,
and for this reason begin at home with the check cord at an early age.
Provide yourself with some morsels of food, and take your scholar into a room
or yard where there will be no one to interfere with the lessons. Fasten a
cord four or five yards in length to his collar, and throw a piece of food where
he can see it tall ; he will naturally rush for it ; allow him to do so, but as he
nears it, je k the cord and hold him, saying, " Ho," or " Toho " in a com-
manding tone. Practise him in this manner for an hour each day until he
will stop over the morsel at the command "Toho," without the jerking of the
cord. All this will be found a little difficult, but by patience it can be
accomplished. Never let your temper got the better of yon, but be cool,
determined and persistent. Care should be taken not to alarm your scholar in
these lessons, especially if he be of a timid nature ; an intelligent dog though
will learn very soon, and retain all you impart as he understands what is
required of him. He should be taught that an uplifted hand is equivalent to
an order to droj) or charge. After thoroughly schooling your young dog
indoors or in a yard, and wiien you are satisfied he is well practised in his
lessons, take him into a field with a long cord attached to his collar, say fifteen
or eighteen yards, and have one end of it fastened to a stake, which drive
firmly into the ground. Begin again as you did indoors, making him hunt
out the morsel of food and checking him with the cord and " Toho." You
can now begin with snapping a cap on your gun at the moment you jerk him,
then using a little powder and increasing the charge until he finally accepts the
report as a command to drop. While he is down walk away from him, make
him stay there until allowed to rise, then run from him; he may start
after yon, but the stake will stop him when he comes to the end of the cord,
at which time cry " Toho," the moment he is checked. Now walk around
iiim, now from him, again insisting on his being obedient. All this will tend
to make your dog steady at the " charge." To teach your dog to return is not
an easy task. This idea of fetching should be imparted when the puppy is
quite young, giving him a taste for it by throwing an old glove from you and
having him run after it, until as we have said before he brings it back for

,,A,;

1022

ILLUSTKATED STOCK IXXTfOK.

THE shepherd's DOO.

another play. From the start in these lessons always repeat the word " fetch,"
which although not understood at first is eventually associated with the act
and its meaning remembered. We will now suppose your dog is perfectly
under command, and that by patience, iierseverance and kindness you have
yard-broken him.

It may be three or four
months before you have broken
your young dog perfectly in-
doors, and practised him like-
wise in some open field. It is
now time to prepare him for
I real work. If it can be done,
' select a country where game is
plentiful, and have a friend
ffccompany you with an old
tried pointer or setter. When
you have reached yourshooting
grounds, attach a strong cord
to your dog's collar, such as is
called a loom cord well twisted
about the diameter of a pencil, and iifleen or sixteen yards long; allow
him to range with it trailing after him ; the cord will not tangle or foul as
would be supposed. Naturally the old dog will find the first covey of quail,
and your pupil will notice the point, and if he is well bred will back ; if he
does not and is anxious to move forward to the old dog, step on the end
of the cord and hold him, saying " Toho " or " Ho," which he should be
familiar with by this time. Your companion must now start the covey and kill
a bird, and his dog should charge or drop at once, while you must check your
own dog to drop also: Allow the old dog to retrieve, and let the young dog
see him bring it, which when he has several times observed he may be allowed
to do also, having been taught indoors to fetch as described. Continue thus
throughout the day for .several days. Too much hunting cannot be given your
youngster the first season. It would be a good plan to take your puppy out
alone during your trip and urge him to find birds on his own account, for fear
he may be satisfied to play second fiddle ; very frequently young dogs when
worked too much with more experienced animals, learn to be satisfied to back
the other pointer only.

Do not remove the check cord until he thoroughly knows his busineas and
16 entirely under your control. The cord is far better than the whip.

TRAINING OF SPANIELS.

Spaniels do not point their game; all that is required of them in train-

rt «

THE DOa.

1023

ing is steadiness, obedieuce, to drop
or down charge, to work close to the
shooter, and to retrieve. Therefore,
in breaking, the same rules may be
observed as those in the education of
the pointer and setter, excepting that
portion which relates to pointing.
Spaniels learn retrieving very read-
ily, more so than any dog, save the
poodle. Their training may be
begun at an earlier age than that of
the pointer or setter.

I f -I:

II-

ENOLISH BLOODHOUND.

them in train-

TRAINING OP HOUNDS.

All that is necessary in training hounds is to accustom them to the sound
of the horn, to break up any riot in behavior, and to have them obey their
master. Young hounds will take to trailing naturally when in company with
older dogs. Experience is their best teacher. Beagles are taught that the
report of the gun is n call for them to come in.

TRAINING OF VERMIN DOGS.

Care should be observed not to allow tejrriers to attack vermin when they
are very young, which they will do if allowed, unless they are protected from
injury. A good plan to follow ig to remove the teeth of a rat and allow the
puppy to worry it, or, what is better, give him a mouse for his first victim to
kill. A full-grown rat will sometimes so punish a puppy as to render him
fearful ever afterwards. Terriers hunt vermin at an early age, and no training
is needed. When wanted for rabbit-hunting, and they are useful for this sport,
they soon learn from the beagle, with which they may be allowed to run.

TO PREVENT AND TO BREAK FROM GUN-SHYNESS.

It is discouraging to the sportsman to find his dog, notwithstanding he may
be purely bred, to be gun-shy, or afraid of the report of firearms. To avoid
all such danger, especially if the animal shows himself to be of a nervous
nature, he should never be fed unless a pistol was first fired oflF, beginning with
light charges and increasing the loads when he began to associate the report
with the pleasure of satisfying his hunger. Then when we are ready to begin
to train, the sight of a gun, and the noise made thereby, can be borne.

A grown dog can be in the same manner corrected of shyness by keeping
him with a keen appetite for his meals, and striving to show him that the gun
will not injure him, and to associate its report with a pleasure at fee<ling time.
He should be so fed as to be ravenous when the hour for his meals approaches.

1024

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCroH.

HUNTING A BITCH WHILE IN VtTHELP.

There is certainly a sympathy betweeu the mother and the unlrarn foetus,
and puppies that are born shortly after a bitch has been shot over several times
are much easier to break than if she was nut worked. They take to hunting
and pointing as naturally as a duckling goes to water when hatched. For two
weeks prior to pupping make it a duty, therefore, to run your hitch where
there is game and have her point as much as possible ; it will amply re|)ay the
breeder. In like manner allow hounds to run, and terriers to kill vermin, the
more the better, so that your dog does not so injure herself as to bring on
premature labor. -- /

LADY pilot; a I-INK (JORDON .Sf:TTKli.

Born July 4th, 1880. Owned by Samuel G. Dixon, of Phikdelphi.i.

CHAPTER III.

DISEASES OF DOGS AND THEIR TREATMENT.

Treatment of Asthma— Bronchitis— Common Cold— Influenza — Plenrisy— Pneumonia— Con-
tumption — Rlieumatic Fever — Distemper — Inflammation of the Stomacli — Inflammation of the
Liver — Inflammation of the Bowels — Mange — Canker of tiic Ear — Fleas and Lice — Chorea or
Jerks — Fits — Worms — Rickets or Large Joints — Tumor and Cancer — Puerperal Fits — Pro-
tracted Labor — Sprains — To Harden Tender Feet — Rabies or Hydrophobia.

TREATMENT OF ASTHMA.

Asthma in dogs is of'ttimes hereditary, especially itj house and pet dogs, and
may be brought about by indigestion or irritation of the stomach. A sudden
change of weather will bring it on. Fat dogs are cspooially prone to it; the
•ymptoms are: thick, heavy breathing, a hollow, husky bark, much panting,
and great constipation. Begin with low diet and administer

in a pill three times a week,
twice a week until relieved.

Charcoal, 1 scruple ;
Iron, 10 grains,

Exercise and keep bowels moved with ca.stor-oil

BRONCHITIS

Is caused by neglected colds, cold, damp kennels, want of care after return-
ing from wet hunting-grounds, etc., and may be known by a continuous
wheezing dry cough, which at times causes an effort to and brings on vomiting,
the expectoration being frothy and mixed with blood, the eye inflamed, and
the nose dry ; the tongue parched, with the pulse quick. In the beginning of
the attack give the dog a warm kennel where there are no draughts, and dose

with

1 to 3 grains tartar emetic, according to size of animal.

If this does not check give spirits of camphor .} oz., spirits of sether nit. 1
oiuice, ext. liquorice 4 oz. ; a teaspoonful for small dog three times a day, and
three times the amount for large dog three times daily. Feed with warm
broths and bread and milk.

COMMON COLD

Is known by sudden chillness with heated surface of the body, quick pulse
and hurried breathing. The appetite fails, bowels are costive, and urine high

1025

1026

ILI,UHTUATED HTOCK DOtnoU.

colore*!. Very often there is a slight cough, and a running from the eyes and
nose, which is hot and dry. Cause, exposure or sudden checking of tlie tem-
perature of the body. For treatincnt give a dose once a day of

Podopliylliii '] grain.
Ext. colocynth 12 to 18 grainfl.
Powdered rliiihnrb '.i to f) graiiu.
Oil of Cloven 2 drojwi.

INFLUENZA

Is difficult to distinguish from common cold ; the running of nose and eyes
is more copious and continued, cough severer and fever higher. Administer
dose as for common cold, and if not relieved give bolus of

Ipecacuanha ^ to IJ grainn.
Rhubarb 1 to 2 grains.
Powdered opium 1 to li graiiiB.
Compound Hquill pill 1 to 2 grains-

Give night and morning,
feed on light diet.

Keep in dry comfortable kennel indoors, and

PLEURISY

Is an inflammation of the membrane of the lungs caused by debility, cold or
inflammation of the neighboring textures, and some times by wounds, or a
severe beating of the body. It is ushered in by shivering and quick breathing,
inspiration especially short, caused by the pain occasioned by the movement of
the ribs. A dry cough is present, fever, nose hot, tongue slimy, eyes watery,
pulse hard. The dog sits on his hind quarters, with his fore legs stretched
apart, as if to close them caused pressure and pain. Administer

SptH. eether. nit. 2 ounces.
Liq. ammonia acetat. 4 ounces.
A teaspoonful every four hours, mixed with double the amount of linseed tea for a small dog ;
twice the quantity of each for large dog.

Apply counter irritants of mustard plaster to chest.

PNEUMONIA

Is brought about by exposure likewise, and oftentimes by the animal not being
thoroughly dried and protected from the cold after washing in warm water.
The dog is seen to shiver greatly ; this shivering is followed by high fever,
pulse rapid, breathing quickened, accompanied with a short cough, eyes blood-
shot. Treat the same as in pleurisy, especially the counter irritants.

CONSUMPTION

Is hereditary in the dog as in man. Close confinement will bring it on, as

THE IKX).

IC'27

he eyes and
of the tera-

noee and eyes
Administer

;1 indoors, and

debility, cold or
,y wounds, or a
juick breathing,
le movement of
ny> eyes watery,
re legs stretched
er

tea for a umall dog ;

animal not being
r in warm water.
!d by bigh fever,
ugh, eyes bloo<l-
ritants.

Ill bring it on, as

will bnd food, and exopssive in and in breeding ; it «oinetiinos f()lln\vs dis-
temper. All thut can he done is to Uocp up the stronjjth oi the dop, with cod-
livor oil and iron and good diet, nvoi<lin<r ii damp or coM koiiiicl.

;f>"

li™^

X/'^'U I

RHEUMATIC FEVER.

Dogs frequently have rheumati.sin, espooinlly huntintr dogs, .and it is alway.s

accompanied with more or less fever; damp kennels often cause it. Its signs
65

1028

ILLU8T11ATKD BTiKK D(KTOR.

arc a.s fullows: there is coiisidiTublc fever, hut of not very high charneter; the
pulse JH ({tiiek witli nhiveriiig except when tonclu'tl, when tliesii^hteHt approach
will cause a shriek apparently from puin. A good treutniunt in Hrst a thme of
physic of

Calomel 3 to 5 grainii.
Juliip 10 tu 20 grniiiH.
Mixud with Kyriip and made iiitu a bolui*.

Ami follow, after it has operate<l, with

" -.' ' t
Culomcl 1 Kriiin.
I'uwcU-ri'd opium 1 crain.
Powdered colcliicliiii 2 to 3 griiinK,
And Kvrup enough to ninku onu pill.

SCOTCH TERRIER.

This is a dose for average dog. The animal may be rubbed with any
approved liaiment where the pain seems to be present, and his diet be made
u low one.

DISTEMPER.

The great majority of dogs are attacked with distemper about the time they
are casting their milk teeth, or a short time after they have gained their second;
but few animals escape it. An ordinary course of an attack of distemper is as

m'.

■f

TlIK iHXi.

1029

rftcter ; Uie
4 iipproiicli
it a iloso of

follows: great »liillno»8 with loss of upputito, followed in a day or two by a
husky fougli, e.Hpoeiully showiiij^ itself after exercise ; a sneezing is now noticed,
strength and Hesh rapidly diminish, tlic stools are inky and offensive, the nrinc
bcoonus very high colore*!, and the membranes of the eyes and sometimes the
whites are greatly inflamed. Some cases of distemper seem to l)c confined prin-
cipally to the head, another to the chest, and the third the bowels. When the
brain is attacked the eyes are more injected than when the bowels or the lungs
are affected. The nose and eyes show increased mucous discharge as the disease
progresses. These are the general symptoms which intensify to the third,
fourth or fifth week, when the <log dies from disease of the brain, lungs,
bowels or exhaustion. When the head is attacked there may or not be a nm-
ning from the nose. A fit is most always the surest sign of brain trouble, and
when this takes place more than twice, the distemper generally proves fatal, or
the animal is ever afterwards affected with chorea, or the jerks, if the lungs
be involved there is rapid breathing, cough, and profuse running from the eyes
and nose. If this runs into inflammation of the lungs the danger is as great
as if the head was affected. The bowels are sonutimes seized and show by
black purgings that these organs are involved, very often in this stage dis-
charges of blood quickly carry a dog off. The best general treatment for dis-
temper is as follows. At the commencement of the attack.

Syrup of buckthorn 2 ounces.
Syrup of poppy 1 ounce.

A tablespocmful once or twice at intervals of two days. A seton placed in
the back of the neck, covering the tape with blistering ointment, will relieve
the head if it appears to be aflected. And a fever mixture as follows:

Nitre 1 drachm.
Spts. of nitre 3 drachms.
Midererus spirit 1 ounce.
Camplior mixture GJ oiuiccs.
Two tablespoonfuls every six hours.

If the lungs are severely attacked, a powder must be put upon the dog's
tongue every night and morning of

lubbed with any
lis diet be made

j)ut the time they

fned their second;

of distemper is as

Nitre in powder 3 to 5 grains.
Tartar emetic \ grain.

And a cough bolus of

Ipecacu.inha in powder J to 4 J grains.
Powdered rluibarb 1 to 2 grains.
Purified opium i to IJ grains.
Compound squill pill 1 to 2 grains.

►Jt^/

l();5()

IIJiJIHTUATKU H'lKH^K IKMTOIt.

Admin istcrod vyv.ry ni^iil and morning. If diiirriui'ii sIiowh itself check it

Willi

^ Prcpiirt'il cliiilk 2 to 3 (IriicliiiiH.
t Arorimtic corifiTtion I (Iriuiliiii.

Liuiiliiiiiiiii <{ to H ilnicliiiiM, ,

I'owilorcd Ki»>i Hi'iiliic 'J (Iriicliiim.

WutlT 7 OIlllfUH, i

Two tuliIc'Hpooiil'iilM ovury time bowels nru reliixoil. '

For 11 diet, hoof ton thiol<onod witli rico <'aii ho given, and for a <iino when
file dog HJiowH groat exhanstion, a mixture of linetiire of^|;iir1v 2 oimeoH,
deooetion of yellow hark II oniieeH, a lahlespooiifnl ."> tiuit^ a tiny to a largo
dog, .slioidd ho administ(M'((d ; ospoeially at the time ol' (;;^;uislion slioiiM good
strong hoof tea with tlio wliilo of an egg hroken into.ll while it i.i liik( warm,
bo given hy npoon every two or three hours. And if tlwr animal will not
swallow it, his head should ho held tip and ho shoidd Ik; forced to. 1 1' this troiihle-
some plan of foediipg i,* attended to, many a vahiahh! dog.oan he saved (o his
owner. As strength grndniilly returns the <liet can he inadt^ stronger, with care
followed to allow no exorcise until a gain is well estahlishcd, luid strength
greatly restored f(»r fear of a relapse, 'i'ho keiniol during distemper should ho
dry and moderately warm, and in a ])ositioii win re the dog will not hoexposcd
to <lraiights of air. I^'inoly hrcd, animals Huifer the greatest, ospoeially lli(is(>
that are iniKih in and in hred, when the malady many times altaoks the hrain,
which is the most <langerous sc'at of the disease. Fit after lit tid<es place ami
the dog is {-arriod oil" hy thoin. Some seasons distemper appears to lie
epidemic and is more severe! and fatal in its oirocts, and scanu'ly a dog in
certain sections cscai>e. Dogshows are a groat moans for spreading the
disease, and it is advisahio not to enter an animal until he lias had the disease.
Distemper can Im! had twit^e, hut it is seldom a (h»g is attacked more thin
once.

TmCATMKNT OK INI'I,AMMATU)N Ol' TIIK STOMACH.

Inthimmatioy of the stomaiili or gastritis is hrought ahoiit hy improper food,
foreign snhstance in the Htomach or poison. When a dog is snlloring from
thin complaint he makes frequent and violent eH'orts to vomit, and has grout
thirst, dry and hot nose and (piick respiration, and will ofttimos lie on the
floor, or pav(!ment, or ground with his holly in contact with it as if to all;iy
the puiu. Give

('aloincl 1 Krnin.

()|iiiMii I >;i'itiii.

Ill pill fViTy llirce lioiini. '

And feinl if he will take it with ITght Houpaiid gruel. Gastritis and dyspepsiii
are much alike and may he treated the same. Continue easily digested food in
dyspepsia; the peculiar posture described in not noticed in the latter coin-
phiiiil.

Ii R!

TIIK IKKl.

1031

il*;

clf chock U

a time when

|>li 2 OUUCl'H,

liiy It' a hu'i;*'
1 shnl\l'l H'lOil
i.* luk( warm,
;,„„1 will iiol
irUiirtlnuihl'--
u« Havctl to his
n<ror, whh fan'
, luul stivii^^lli
npi'i- Hhouhl hi-
not Ih>«'X1«>soiI
.specially those
titcUH the hniin,
takes jilaee ami
appearH to he

Ireely a ^W "'"

^i]t^ea^^m^!; ''"'

liu.l the tlisease.

Aii'd more tlrm

Icil.

imiiroper fooil,

lis siilTerin^ iVo"'

,it,aiul has|i;reat

imes lie on the

I, it M if U> iil'''>

Itis ami (lyspepsiH
(litres ted f<»«>d i"
the latter eoni-

TRKATMKNT OK INKLAMMATION Of-' THE MVKU.

Sporting dogs (Vo(iiient!y have this afllietion, cspeoially wliou tlioy huvo been
exposed to cohl nnd wet. Animals iiaving little exui<Hbo ofitimea are attacked
owing to torpidity of the liver, which many times r ,"ih inU) tliis comjilaint.
The whites of the eyes in this disouso arc yellow. Shivering, hot nose, rapid
breathing, costivoness, weak pnlse and weanty (!lay-{U)lored stools are also
ae(U)mpanying symptoms. The dog should bo moderately bled, and then given

u pill of

« Poilophyllin 4 Ri-nin.

♦^, Kxl.of I'tiliK-yiitli 1*2 to 18 Rrnlim.

I'i)Wtlcri-il rliiilmi'l) 'A U> T) gi'itiiiM.
Oil of c-lovori ^^ <lr(i|M,
Tlio groi^r |iro|ioriiuii for liirKU dog an<l Iuhh for Binnll dnfj.

Ah soon as this has operated rub the right side with an cnibrocutiou of

Slroiin iniiHttii'il .'J to l\ oiineeR.
• Li(|iii(l iiiniiioniii 1 oiiiine.

N|>lH. tur|tuiiliia> 1 uiiiiuo.

At Kutno time give a pill,

And keep bowels op(>n with castor oil.

Opiiiin 1 Ki°'iin>
('iiloiiu'l I Kriiin,

TUKATMKNT OK IN ri.AMMATION OK TIIK IJOWKLS

Is giMierally caused by eoiislipation or a gn-at amount of indigestible food,

and may be known by great thirst and loss ol" appetite, and the peculiar

attitude the animal takes; his back becoiues arched and his legs drawn

together. It may be relieved by bleeding, ami calomel and opium in doses of

1 grain each every IJ or 4 hours. 11" severe, bathe the dog in warm water, and

alter he is well dried, rub his belly with a iiniuu^nt of ^ ounce eiu^h of spirits

of turpentine, liipior atuuiouiu and laudanum. Feed with very light and

eiusily digestwl KhhI.

MAN(a:.

Mange is a skin disease in dogs arising

from filth, damp kennels, housing in cellars,

and parasites; tlu; disease is of (lin'erent

varieties, {''irst th(> blotch, which appears in

scaly lum|)s of Imir <'hieHy on the ba(*k,

sides, head and quarters, and in a few days

the scab drops oti', leaving a moist roil spot.

^ (Jive

TUK KNOI.Ilin TKHIUKR.

('iiloiiK'l H to 5 KrninH.
Jalap 10 to 20 ki°'>>»h.

1032

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Keep on low diet and give exercise. Secondly the foul mange, which is
brought about by impure blood, and cannot be cured until it is changed. It
is considered hereditajy though not contagious. In foul mange the skin
becomes thick and discharges an offensive matter, and finally runs into ulcers,
with great itching all the time, the hair becomes dead and falls out, and the
animal is nervous and irritable. To cure requires patience and ofttimes long
treatment. Change the diet at once, give no meat, starve the dog until he
will accept oatmeal mush with boiled vegetables freely mixed with it, then
administer liquor arsenicales with the food, one drop to each four pounds in
weight of the dog three times daily, dividing the food into three portions for
morning, noon and night. This must be kept up until itching ceases, and very
often continued for months. Cosmoline may then be rubbed on the mangy
skin thrice daily.

Red mange is a disease of the hair, and may be known by the red
appearance always at the roots in spots, at the elbows under the arms and
inside of them, also inside the thighs. An ointment for red mange, of tlic
following, well rubbed into the spots, is good :

Green iodide of mercury li drachma.
Spts. of turpentine 2 drachma.
Lard IJ ounces.

A wash of carbolic acid 1 2)art to water 30 parts, and plain cosmoline is
efficacious also.

CANKER OP THE EAR.

Whenever a dog is seen to shake his head continually, and frequently
scratch his ear, endeavoring to relieve an apparent inward itching of that
organ, it is generally safe to conclude he has tlic canker. Sometimes tlie tips
or edges are first affected, and the inflammation will, if not then arrested,
gradually extend to the interior, which when attacked discharges offensive
matter. Hunting dogs, especially water dogs, are subject to canker. To cure,
place on low diet, and syringe the ear, first having washed it out with luke-
warm water, with a weak solution of

Nitrate of Rilver 2 to 6 graiDR.
Water 1 ounce.
According to size of dog,

the first day; and on the second drop into the ear . ,•,

Green iodide of mercury 1 drachm. V ... ; *

Melted iard 8 drachms.

Alternate these until relief is had.
the ear, touch them with blue stone.

If there are any sores on the edges of

THE DOG.

1033

re, which is
hanged. It
ge the skin
3 into ulcers,
out, and the
ofttimes long
dog until he
with it, then
nr pounds in
! portions for
ases, and very
on the mangy

1 by the red
the arms and
mange, of the

in cosraoline is

and frequently
itching of that
rtietimes the tips
,t then arrested,
Iharges offensive
nicer. To cure,
It out with hike-

on the edges of

FLEAS AND LICE.

Make a stiff lather that will stand alone of strong rosin soap ; rub it thor-
oughly into the hair and all over the body, being careful of tlieeyes, and let it
dry on the dog, and remain an hour. Then wash off, and the water will carry
the dead fleas and lice with it. This is safe and most certain.

Persian insect powder is best for young puppies.

CHOREA OB JERKS.

This disease, often also called St. Vitus' dance, cannot be mistaken in a dog
when he is afllicted. He will have either a continual jerking movement of
the paws, head, shoulders or foreleg, intensified when asleep. It often follows
distemper and cannot be cured. The animal's general licalth does not seem
to be alfected by it, but it renders him unfit for very hard work. It evidently
affects Ills power of scenting to a degree. Keep from exposure to wt*^^ ni'd
cold, and give a touic when very nervous of

Sulph. of zinc 2 to 5 grains.
£zt. of gentian 2 grains.
3 times a day.

FITS

are of three kinds. 1st. Those arising from irritation (frequently worms), and
the majority of times in puppies. 2d. Those caused by brain troubles. 3d.
Epilepsy. Fits resulting from irritation come on at the age when puppies
begin to cut their teeth. A hot bath will check them. Apoplectic fits are
generally fatal. The dog does not foam at the mouth in thcsC; but lies quite
still on his side and breathes heavily.

Epileptic fits are known by the frothing at the mouth and a champing of the
jaws. These can be cut short by an injection of five drops lether to an ounce
of warm water. Give also two grains bromide of potassium twice a day for
three or four weeks.

WORMS.

There are three kinds of worms that infest the stomach of a dog, 1st. The
maw worm, of a white color, about an inch long. 2d. The round worm, 4 to
7 incites long, pointetl at both ends. 3d. The tape-worm, often growing a
number of feet in length, and composed of many small links or joints. When
a dog is troubled with worms his coat becomes harsh and dead in appearance.
He is costive and loose at times, and his stool is generally mixed with a white
slimy mucus. His appetite is ravenous, yet sometimes poor. He seems to
derive no benefit from his food, and n)ay l)e seen to swallow small pieces of
dirt, ashes, rags or sticks, in order, as it were^ to force the worms from the
stomach. ^

'Mr

1034

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

An infallible cure for the maw and round worm is a dose each dayof Fahne-
stitck's vermirngo on an en)j)ty stoiuacli, followed in two hoius with castor oil.
This vermifuge is composed of male fern and sa4itonine. Another good reme<Jy
is powdered areca nut — half of au average-sized nut made fine to a dog 30
pounds in weight, given each day, as much as can be held on a 25-cent piece,
on an empty stomach, followed in two hours by ciu*tor oil.

A good expellant for tape worm is 3 to 10 drops of turpentine, according to
tlio size of the dog, in a tcaspoonful of oil, having well fasted the animal.

Powdered glass, made impa.pably fine/ combined with lard and ginger, in a
bolus, is another expellant much used. Use as much powdered glass as can be
heaped on a nickel piece, and follow with dose of oil.

RICKETS OR LARGE JOINTS

are caused by defective bone substance. Cod liver oil and phosphate of lime
(the combination can be readily purchased) will remedy. Dose, dessert

8KYE TERRIER.

spoonfid ti;ree times daily for large dog, a teaspoonful three times a day
for small dog. A young dog witii rickets should iiave ample exercise. A
want of it aids in bringing on the disea.se.

TUMORS AND CANCERS.

A dog suffering with tumor or cancer should only be treated by a skillful
veterinary surgeon, when the knife is always resorted to.

PUERPERAL FITS.

Sometimes after a mother has given birth to a litter of puppies, and about
the time she begins to suckle them, she is taken with spasms or puerperal fits.
Wherj this occurs., place her at once in a hot bath, and immerse all except the
head. This is, iu the majority of times, unfailing in its effect.

'^'"'4

THE DOO.

J 035

if Faline-
carttor oil.
3il roinedy
a (log 30
cent i)iece,

H-ording to
limal.
;inger, in a
is as cau be

PROTBACTED 1>AB()U.

A licaltliy bitch very seldom lias troiiblo in giving birtli to a litter. The
time may be prolonged in some and .short in otiiers, but, as a rule, it is best
to allow nature to have its course. If, however, assistiJU'a is absolutely
needed, a gentle manipulation nii'y be made, and u few drops of ergot a Iniin-
ist(.'ied.

Hub the injured part with

SPRAINS.

Malt vinegar 1 ounce.
Spirits vini et camp 2 ounces.
Aqua 7 ounces.

mte of lime
lose, dessert

TO HARDEN TENDER FEET.

Bathe the feet daily in solution white oak bark and alum. Every other day
rub into the soles cosmoline.

times a day
exereise. A

Iby a skillful

les, and about
liuerperal fits.
Ill except the

RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA.

The term rabies signifies madness, and hydrophobia fear of water. The
first is the appropriate name for this dread disease in dogs; the liitttr conveys
the wrong idea, as a rabid animal docs not in any manner fear water, nor does
the sight of it bring on spasms. The inability to swallow water and the
agony experienced in attempting it, results entirely on account of the inflamed
condition of the throat and the closing of its passaj:c. The cause of rabies is
not known. Some writers charge it to the absence or deprivation of natural
sexual intercourse on the part of the dog. It is notable that the nund)er of
males outnumbers that of females in very great j)roportion, and in rin-al
districts bitch puppies are invariably destroyed owing to the fact of their
trouble when in season, and the double tax imposed on their owners in the
counties where they are kept, so tliat the argument is a reasonable one to say
the least. Again, wild animals of the canine species, the wolf, fox, etc., are
never known to be affected with it unless innoculated. It may occur in a dog
in colli as well as a hot climate, but hot weather seems to generate brain
troubles. Symptoms: The dog becomes sullen, has a desire to be alone, hides
himself, and when called sneaks ofl' to his retreat again. As the disease
advances he begins to gnaw and pull at the woodwork of his keiniel or sleeping-
place. His eyes have a vacant expression, and will seem at times to be
looking into the distance at souic imaginary object. Small insects will be
attentively observed by the sufferer, and will be intently followed in their move-
ments; as they near him he will suddenly jump forward and make an angry
snap at the supposed offender, and then sneak off as if ashamed of himself.
Thick saliva will now come from his lips, and he will champ his jaws. As the

% ' ' IS

1036

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

tlisease intensifies the saliva Incomes more copious, and he will attempt to paw
it from his month. His voice becomes a hoarse howl. The poor animal will
at this period start on his tramps to attain as it were relief from agony he is
in. His gait is now neither a walk nor a trot, hut an indescrilnible jog, once
seen never to be forgotten. Anything crossing his path appears to irritate him,
and he will savagely snap at it; very often he will go out of the apparent
straight course he has taken, wander into the fields and attack cattle, sheep and
swine. We can say nothing in reference to the cure of a rabid dog: the best
remedy is the shot gun ; but as prevention is better than cure, a remedy is given
for warding off hydrophobia when a subject has been bitten by a rabid animal.
:\\\ dog-bites should be treated as if they were inflicted by a rabid dog, by
• nmediate suction, followed by cauterizing or by application of nitric acid.
If rabies is known to be present, suction should be followed by complete
excision of the wound. The following communication in regard to what is
known as the Goodman cure, was written by a leading and highly respected
citi'/ n of Philadelphia, a prominent wholesale druggist of long standing, and
;•■ .11. ' i \rell prepared to judge whereof he writes. It is proper to state that
I,u ' . "irely from a desire to save others from the terrible sufferings of hydro-
us, ntod without the slightest compensation to our use of this valuable
\: '; fj volum , he has preferred to withhold his name lest he might
esiron •ringing himself rather than the remedy into publicity. He
has, i (..vov :• :;. '.: consent for the |»ul)li.shers of this volume io refer any

honest inqinrer, u.ic; luil juisurauce of the iueslimabie value of this first
discovered

,,*>obi.. C'
'iscovcry

PREVENTIVE OF HYDROPHOBIA

directly to him, but at the same time hopes that as the remedy is simple ami
the material abundant and cheap (obtainable tor a mere trifle of any
druggist), no one will neglect to use it should occasion arise. The Goodman
cure has been tested numerous times since the instances referred to and fuuud
invariably efficacious.

THE GOODMAN CURE.

"My attention was drawn to Elecampane many years since as a preventive of
hydrophobia. The active medical principle of this plant is found in the root,
and is called inuline. From my experience, I believe this inuline neutralizes the
virus or poison of hydrophobia. Allow me to give a few instances where this
simple remedy has been used. My oim nephew, then a small boy, was bitten
badly in the face by a dog unmistakably mad. This occurred within a few
miles of this city. The father of the lad came immediately to town to obtain
medical advice. We called on an eminent physician (now de(!cased) who at
once prescril)ed the plant named. The root was obtained and administered as

THE DOG.

1037

jmpt to paw

animal will
I agony he is
l)le jog, <'"<'°
, irritate him,

the apparent
tie, sheep and
dog: the best
medy is given

rabid animal,
rabid dog, by
of nitric acid.
1 by complete
ard to what is
ighly respected
g standing, and
per to state that
wrings of hydro-

of this valnable
ne lest he might
) publicity. He
nme '^o rofer any
lue of this tirst

■dy is simple and

[re trifle of any

The Goodman

•red to and found

las a preventive of
Ifound in the root,
line neutralizes the
[stances where this
111 boy, was bitten
[vred within a few
to town to obtain
, deceased) who at
Ld administered as

hereinafter directed. No symptom of hydrophobia api)eared, and the lad,
now a halo, hearty farmer in Montgomery county, lives to show the scar of
the wound in the face.

"The physician above referred to related to me, a number of instances in
which the remedy had been used, and always with success. He in fact
remarked, '/ never knew it to fail when prope)'ly administered.' I will give
but two cases.

A STRIKING PROOF.

"First: Two men living near this city were bitten in the hand by the same
dog, and within fifteen mimitcs of each other. The dog, a stranger to them,
was secured and imprisoned to await an owner. The next day he showed
unmistakable signs of madness, and finally died with hydrophobia. Alarmed
for their safety, both men came to the city and waited on the physician quoted
above. He prescribed Elecampane Root. One of the men remarked, 'that
is an old woman's remedy,' and refused to take it. This man, returning to
his home, placed himself under the care of his own doctor, who cauterized the
wound, and administered medicine to salivate him. On the ninth day he was
seized ivith spasms and died in agony. The other and more fortunate man took
the Elcoampane as prescribed, and never suffered in the least degree from the
dreaded disease.

"Second: A numlwr of cows feeding in a pasture were all bitten by a mad
dog. The circumstances coming to the knowledge of those who had heard of
this Elecampane remedy, thought it a good opportunity to give it a trial.
The cows were accordingly separated — to one-half the number, the root was
administered (in form of decoction), and not one of the cows suffered from
hydrophobia ; whilst all of those not so treated took the malady and died from
its effects or were shot. In quite a number of cases coming under my own
observation of persons bitten by dogs supposed to be mad, I have recom-
mended the use of the Elecampane, and have yet to learn of the first case of
hydrophobia resulting from such bite where the root was used. I think, there-
fore, I have good reason to have confidence in the remedy as a preventive.

"Whether, after a manifestation of the disease, it would have a good effect
or any effect at all, I am unable to say. I doubt whether it would. But the
antidote is so simple, and so readily obtained, that it would be almost criminal
not to employ it. Having said this much, allow me to give the

MODE OB' USING THE REMEDY.

"To one and a half ounces of good, sound Elecampane Root, bruised in a
mortar, add one pint of new milk, boil to half pint, strain off, and when cold, take
at a dose in the morning, fasting. No food should be taken for from three to
five hours afterwards. Repeat the dose on the third morning, allowing one

iti'l

1038

IM.U8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR.

morning to intervene, and again on the fifth morning. The above quantity ia
for an adult ; for children given in proportionate doses, say to one of twelve
years, half the quantity."

FACTS MORE POTENT THAN THEORII'-S.

"A correspondent, impelled by the narration of the death from hydro])hohia
of John Kiiippel, writes that for thirty years past a farmer named Fry, resid-
ing near Allentown, Pennsylvania, has treated hydrophobia with unvarying suc-
cess by the following simple method :

"The patient is to be kept free from excitement of every sort, especially from
that caused by tiie visits of sympathizing friends. The medicine is to be
prepared by talcing one ounce of Elecampane Root, powdered ; one table-
spoonful of madder and one quart of new milk, and boiling them all together
slowly (in a water bath if possible), until reduced to a pint. The dose is one
wineglassful once a day for three days, then intermit three days, then repeat
and intermit again, and again repeat. That is, nine wineglassfuls are taken
in all, and there are three intermissions.

"In supimrtof the efficacy of this treatment it is stated that thirty years ago
Mr. Roed and Daniel Mershon were bitten at Gerrnantown by a rabid dog,
tiiat Mr. Reed was treated by an eminent physician, and died of hydrophohin,
while Mershon, under Fry's treatment, never suffered at all. A young mnn
named Jacoby and a daughter-in-law of John Boyer, at the corner of Mill
street and Chelten avenue, under similar treatment, recovered from the dreadful
ilisease about twenty years since, and in 1858 a policeman so far gone with
hydrophobia as to have to be held in the carriage in which he was driven
thn)Ugh Gerrnantown to Mr. Fry's residence, was also treated with entire
success. A number of additional cases are quoted, in all of which the remedy
described is claimed to have effected complete cures."

The writer t»f this article believes that the Elecampane loill cure the disease
after violent symptoms have been manifested. I would say that I have never
known a case where it was used after a fidl manifestation of the disease, but
should most certainly strongly urge its use, particularly so, as no physician
has any knowledge of a cure for the awful malady. When the person is
bitten by a dog, mad or otherwise, great care should be taken to avoid talking
about it, or doing anything calculated to excite the imagination.

The Madder added in the second recipe is of no use whatever, and was, I
imagine, put in simply to disguise the medicine, at a time when "Fry"
charged an exorbitant price for his secret remedy.

iitity w
twelve

•opbobia
■y, ves'ul-
png suc-

illy from

is to be
ne table-
l together
ose is one
leii repeat

are taken

years ago
rabid (log,
idfophohm,
■onug niiin
ler of Mill
[hedreatUul
• gone with
I'as driven
I'ith entire
le remedy

the disease

lave never

isease, but

physician

person is

void talking

and was, I
hen "Fry"

GLOSSARY

OF SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK.

Abdomen — The portion of tlie body containing the stomach and intes-
tines ; the belly.

Abnormal — That which is not natural or regular.

Abortion — The casting of the young in an unnatural manner, and be-
fore the proper time.

Abrade, Abrasion — To rub off, to wear away by contact, as rubliing
off the surface of the skin, producing galls.

Abnqd — Quick, sudden ; an abrujjt turn or twist in the intestine may
produce strangulation of the parts.

Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. A cavity
containing pus.

Abscission — The cutting away or removal of a part.

Absorb — Swallowing up, drinking in.

Absorbent — In anatomy, those vessels which imbibe or snck np, as the
lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substaace, as chalk, mag-
nesia, etc., used to absorb acidity in the stomach.

Absorption — The taking up by the vessels of the bod\' of any substance
either natural or unnatural, as the serum of dropsical swellings.

Accelerate — Growing quicker or faster, as an accelerated pulse.

Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid.

Acidulate — To make slightly sour, as with lemon, vinegar, or the
mineral acids.

Accretion — Increase, or growing as an exostosis or unnatural growth

of bone.

Aceni — Stony growths of the liver, resembling berries.

Acrid — Sharp, pungent, biting, irritating, as the strong acids.

Acute — Severe, sharp. In diseases, those which soon come to an end
in contradistinction to chronic.

Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing.

Adhesive — That which adheres, as certain plasters.

1039

1040

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.

Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat.

Aerate — Tl.xing with air, as the bh)od in the lungs, by which it ab-
sorbs oxygen.

Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part.

Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere*
and form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere.

Albumen — Substances, animal and. vegetable, resembling the white of
an egg.

Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food.

Alimentary Canal — The bowels.

Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia,
soda, potash, etc.

Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the
organs of the body.

Analysis — To separate into parts, resolving into the original elements.

Anatomy — The ail of dissecting, or separating the different parts of
the body. The science of the structure of the body, as learned by
dissection.

Anchylosis — The stiffening or rendering rigid a joint.

Anceslhetic — Agents which deprive of sensation and suffering, as chlo-
riform, ether, etc.

Anodyne — A medicine to allay or diminish pain.

Anomalous — Deviating from the general character or rule.

Antacid — Opposed to or an antidote to acids.

Antagonism — Opposed in action ; one contradicting another.

Anterior — Before ; in front of another part.

Anthelmintic — Medicine to kill or expel worms.

Antidote — That which counteracts hurtful or noxious substances. A
remedy to counteract the effects of poison.

Antiperiodic — Medicine to arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in
periodic disease.

Antiseptic — Agents for preventing, arresting or retarding putrefaction.

Anus — The fundament, or lower portion of the bowel at the tail.

Aperient — Laxative Medicine ; that which gently operates on the bowels.

Approximate — Coming near to. An approximate cure is by inocula-
ting for another disease.

Aqueous — ^Watery ; having the property of water, as watery matter,
aqueous pus.

Aromatic — Strong smelling stimulants, given to dispel wind and re-
lieve pain.

Artery — Blood vessels which carry the red blood from the heart.

Articulate — Joining, working together or upon one another, as the
bones.

as magnesia,

ubstances. A

a paroxysm in

GLOSSARY.

1041

Asphyxia — Death from straugula+ioFi of the lungs, from want of air.

Asthenopia — Weakness of the sight or vision.

Assimilate — To make like another ; assimilation of food in the nutri-
tion of the body.

Astralgalus — The largest bono of the hock-joint, lying below the
OS calcis.

Astringent — That Avhich causes contraction of the bowels or vital
structures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharges,
as from the bowels, blood, mucus.

Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, reduce in size.

Atrophy — Wasting of a part, as the muscles.

Augment — To increase.

Auricle — The external part of the ear ; also parts of the heart, one
on each side resembling ears.

Balk — To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at commmid.

Base — The lower part, as the base of the bruin ; the foundation.

Beneath — Under a certain part.

Biliary — Belonging to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal
containing bile.

Boot — Buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the
other in traveling.

Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other
passages.

Bounded — Parts lying about another : surrounded by.

Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub-
family, as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of
the same sire and dam.

Calcareous — Containing lime, lime like.

Calculus — Any hard, solid concretion found in any. part of the body,
as stone in the bladder, gall stones, etc.

Calefacienf — Anything producing warmth.

Callous — Induration ; a hard deposit ; excess of bony matter.

Cancer — A hard, unequal, ulcerating tumor, which usually proves
fatal.

Canker — Eroding ulcers of the mouth ; virulent, corroding ulcers.
Any sore which eats or corrodes.

Cannon-bone — The shank, or bone below the knee or hock. The met-
acarpal or metsitafsal bone of the horse.

Capillary — Hair-like ; applied to the minute ramifications of the blood
vessels.

Capsicum — Cayenne pepper. The small, long red pepper.

Capsular Ligaments — Ligaments surrounding the joints. -»

Capsule — A membranous bag or sac.

i,. i

fyy

"» >JJ*M^l,H.W">H) "fl'l

1042

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Carbon — Woody nmtter. Cliarcoiil is inipuro carbon ; tlio diiimoml is

pure carbon. Carbonic lu-id is expelled from the lunjjs in (Ik* act of

breathin*^. Carbonic oxydo in tho Idood or lungs i.s fatal to life.
Caries — Ulceration of the substance of the bones.
Carminitivea — Wanning, stimulant, aromatic medicines, used in colic

and wind.
Cartikiije — Gristle ; the substance covering tho ends of bones, moving

and working upon each other,
Castrate — To geld, emasculate, deprive of tho I'sticles.
Catarrh — A cold attended with running of the nose.
CatJiartir — Purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels.
Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder
and for other purposes.

Caustic — Any burning agent, us potash, nitrate of silver. To cauter-
ize is to biu'n, generally ai)plicd to tho use of the hot iron in diseases.
Cavitij — A depression, as the cavity of a wound.

Celhdar tissue — The membrane or tissue which invests every fiber of
tho body, composed of minutu cells conununicating with each other, and
which serve us reservoirs of fat.
Cephalic — Pertaining to the head.
Cerefjral — Pertaining to the brain.
Cervical — The neck ; l)clonging to the neck.

Characteristic — A symptom of character. Characterize, to ('' guish.
Chemical — Kelating to chemistry.
Chirurcfical — Belonging to surgical art.

Chohif/of/iie — Medicines to increase the secretion of the liile.
Chronic — A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute

stage. A seated, permanent disease.
Chyle — The milky liquid, as taken from tlie food during digestion, :iii 1

prepared from the chyme, and ready to be absorbed by the hictciil

vessels before being poured forth into the blood.
Chyme — The food modified and prepared by the action of tho stomach.
Cicatrice — The scar left after the healing of a wound or ulcer.
Circumscribed — Limited.
. Cleft — A mark ; division ; furrow.
Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine.
Coagulate — To clot, as the blood when drawn.
Cohesion — Connected ; adhering together ; sticking together.
Coition — The act of copulation ; union of the sexes.
Conception — Fecundation by action of the male.
Condition — A healthy, serviceable state of the system. A firm state

of the muscular tissue.

ai,<)H8AllY.

10-13

iii<' the acute

A firm state

Colic — A griping disonso of i\ui iiitestinea.
Collapse- A liilliii;; tojji'thor. A rloHiiij; of tho vessels.
Colon — The larfjeHt of tlioiiitcstiiies, or more i)roi)erly, tho largest divis-
ion of the liiteHtiiiiil cuiiul.
Congenita — I'.oni witli another; of the same birth, belonging to the

individual from birtii.
Congrstion — An accumulation of clogged blood in the vessels, or in thd

parts, as tho lungs, brain, etc.
0'r>»«^nV^— Drawing or binding together, as constriction of tho ninsclcH

of a part.
Contagi'iUH — A disease that may be eomnniiiicated by contact, or tho

matter communicated, or proceeding from the breath or emanations

of the body.
Contoytt'd — Twisted, twisting, writhing, as the body in pain, or from th^

result of disease.
ConiuHon — A bruise ; a wound made by a blow or bruise.
Oonrcx — Having a rounded surface. The ojjposito of concave.
CopiouH — Plentiful, abundant, as a copious discharge.
Ci>roiic'f — Tiie upper part of tho hoof, just where it joins the skin.
Cranium — The skull. Cranial : pertaining to the skull.
Cre^t — Tlie back or upper part of the neck of tho horse.
Crupper — The buttocks of a horse.
Crural — Pertaining to tho legs, as the crural arteries and tho crural

veins.
CVms^ — The hoof, so-called. Tho outside laminas of tho hoof.
Cul-Dc-Sfic—\ passage closed at one end.
Cutaneous — Of the skin, as a <mi, neons afl'ection.
Ci/st — A small bladder or sac, applied to those containhig parasites,

which become encysted, or inclosed in an envelope.
DehiUty—Iha condition of weakness or feebleness.
Decoction — A fluid formed by boiling in water.

Decompose — The act of decaying. To separate into component i)art8.
Deijenerate — To become worse or inferior.
Deleterious — That which is injurious, poisonous or destructive.
Dclmmn — Insanity; loss of the senses, or a wandering of them in

disease.
Demulcent— l^\i9.i which sheathes and ])rotect8 irritated surfaces.
Dermal — Belonging to the skin.
Dessicate — To dry. • To make dry. Drying by heat.
Detergent — Medicines having the power of cleansing the vessels or the

skin.
Develop — To increase. A disease develops its intensity. To show

increasing muscular form. Bringing to perfection.

|i 'i

1044

ILLUSTRATED S-^-^CK DOCTOR.

Diabetes — An excessive flow of urine containing saeharine matter.

Diagnosis — Tho distinguisainjf of one disease from anotlier.

Diaphoretic — Medicines which cause perspiration or sweating.

Diaphram — The midriff. The membrane, or brain muscle, which divides
the thorax or chest from the abdomen or belly.

Diarrhccn — A continued and profuse discharge from the bowels.

Diffuse— To extend or drive out. That which may How or spread, as a
diffusible stimulant.

Digestion — The separation and dissolving of the food in the stomach.
Digestive ointment has the power of resolving tumors.

Dilate — To open wide, as dilation of the eye.

Dinlocation — Putting out of joint.

Dilatation— T\\Q expanding of a body, as of the heart, arteries, the blad-
der, etc., from over-fuUnrss.

Dilute — To make thin, as a medicine with water, with oil, etc.

Diminution — To make less, to decrease, as of pain.

Distort — Deformed, crooked, out of the natural shape.

Dintcnd — To stretch out, or svicU.

Difcvitc— Medicines to increase tho flow of urine.

Dorsal — Pertaining to the back. The dorsal column ; the back-bone.

Drastic — Powerfully acting medicines or poisons.

Duct— A tube for conveying a fluid or the secretions of the glands.

DuodeiAtin — The first portion of the smull intestine, and througli which
the bile is poured.

Dy'ph'izin — Difficulty of swallowing.

Dy^pyiwa — Difficulty of breathing.

Echolic — Piirturicnts. — Agents causing the contraction of the womb.

Effusion — A flowing out, a^ of tlie blood, water or lymph, into the tissues.

Ejection — Casting ont, as ejecting improper matters from the stomach.

Elastic — The property of ei)ringing or stretching.

Emttrgo — The impregnated ovum in the Avomb after growth has com-
menced.

Emetic — Medicines given to produce vomiting.

Emnlllrnts — Agents which have tlie power of softening or relaxing.

Enamel — The hard outer covering of the teeth.

Enema — Medicines given by injection into the bowels.

Enteric — Belonging to the bowels.

Eiitvriiis — Inflammation of t'le bowels.

Epidemic — Disease t! at affects a large number, as though carried in ihQ
air.

Epiglottis — The covering of the glottis. A tongue-shaped projection, to
prevent food or liquids from entering the wind-pipe.

Eruption — Pimples, blisters, rash, etc., breaking out on the skin.

GLOSSARY.

1045

liter.

ich divides

rela.
,pread, as a

he stomach.

ieSjtbeblad-
tc.

back-bone.

he glands,
hrougli which

llie -womb.

Into the tissues.
the Btomach.

)\vth has com-

Lr relaxing.

Ih carried iu the
[d projection, to
the skin.

Esophagus — The gullet, or tube of the throat which conveys fool to
the stomach.

Uracuate — To empty or pass out, as, to evacuate the bowels.

Ewe-necked — Iu the horse, having a neck like a shorn sheep.

Exanthema — Eruption of the skin with fever.

Excorhte — To tear or strip off the skin ; to- wear away or abrade ; to
break the skin in any manner, as in galling or with acrid substances.

Excrement — Refuse matter. The dung.

Excrescence — Unnatural or superfluous growth.

Excreting — Throwing out from the body.

Excrition — Separating the fluids of the body by means of the glands.

^j;/ta/e— Breathing out, evaporating.

Exostosis — Unnatural growth or projection of the bone.

Extensor-tendon — The tendons whicli stretch out the limbs.

Extravasate — To let flow from the proper vessels, as in bleeding.

Extremities — Tiie limbs, so-called.

Exude — To discharge through the pores.

Facial — Pertaining to the face.

Faces — The excrement.

Farcy — A disease of the lymphatics of the skin of the horse. Also a
disease allied to glanders.

Febrifuge — Medicines to lower the temperature of the body and counter-
act fever.

Fccnknt — Foul or impure matter, formed by the breaking down of the
tissues, excremontitious matter.

Femur — The thigh bone proper.

Fermentfition — Incipient decomposition of vegetable substances from
souring.

Fibrin — An organic substance found in tlie blood and composing a
large part of the tissues of the body. Fibrous membrane — a mem-
brane composed of fibers.

Fibula — The small or splinter bone of the hind leg. The outer and les-
ser bone of the leg ; much smaller than the tibia.

Fissure — An opening, a crack.

Fisfuhi—A deep, narrow ulcer, having a pipe leading to it. Fistulous.
Like a pipe.

Flatulent — The generation of gas or wind in the stomach and intestines,
as in flatulent colic.

Flex — To bend, as the head, neck or limb ; as a muscle flexing the arm.

Flexor — A muscle whose office it is to bend a part; in opposition to
extei.sor.

Florid — Red or scarlet like, from excess of blood in a part.

1046

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCROB.

Fomentation — The applicatiou of warmth and moisture, as with a liquid
or poultice.

Forceps — Long pointed pincers or nippers.

Fracture — The breaking of a bone.

Friction — Exciting circulation by rubbing.

Fumigate— The application of smoke or vapor.

Function — The ofQce or duty of any part of the body.

Fundament— The anus or extremity of the bowel. The end of the gut.

Fungus — An unnatural growth resembling mushrooms.

Oangrene— The mortification or death of any part of the body, or of any
of its tissues.

Oas — An emanation, or invisible fluid, generated in the body.

Oastrie — Pertaining to the stomach.

Gelatine — Animal jelly.

Oemelliparous—'Pvodncmg two at a birth.

Generate— To beget oflFspring. Generative ; employed in begetting or
producing young ; breeding.

Oenital— 'Relating to reproduction of young, or to generation.

Oland — A structure for secreting certain fluids of the body, and con-
taining a tube.

OJottis— The narrow opening at the top of the windpipe.

Oranulate—MaiteT resembling grains, in the healing of wounds, and
new flesh.

Gravid— The state of being with young.

Gullet — The oesophagus or food pipe leading to the stomach.

Haggard — Worn down ; thin ; ghastly ; deathlike.

Hcemal — Eelating to the blood.

Hwmatin — The coloring matter of the blood.

Haunch— Thai part of the body which lies between the last ribs and the
thigh. In the horse, the bony region of the hips.

Haw — The process of the eye-socket, which is thrown over the eye to
clear it of foreign substances.

Hectic — A constitutional and remitting fever exhibited in consumption ;
produced also by ulcers, sores, etc.

Hemorrhage. — A discharge of blood from the vessels containing it

Hepatic — Belonging to the liver.

Hepatized — Converted into a liver-like substance.

Hereditary — Inbred from the parents, as disease, color, vices and other
peculiarities.

Hue — Color.

Humerus— The upper arm-bone ; upper bone of the fore-leg.

Hysterics — A nervous disability, confined to females, sometimes attack-
ing males.

GLOSSARY.

1047

Itteum — The lower part of the small intestine.

Incinion — Cutting into, a clean cut, cutting as in any operation per-
formed.

Induration — A hardening, as a hard tumor.

Incisors— The front teeth of the jaws.

Infection — Communicating disease by miasma or emanations from a dis-
eased body.

Ingested— Food taken in.

Inject — To throw in artificially, as from a syringe.

Inoculation — Producing the same disease by virus or matter from a sore,
communicated from one animal to another.

Instinct — Sense, as applied to animals.

Interfering— The cutting of one foot or leg with the other.

Interstice — The minute spaces between the particles of a body.

Intestines — The bowels. The alimentai-y canal leading from the stomach
to the anus.

Invert — To turn about or upside down.

Invigorators — Strengthening medicines, or agents.

Jejunum— A. part of the small intestines.

Jet — The peculiar flow of blood froiu the arteries, or spurting motion.

Jugular — The large vein of the neck.

Lacerate — To tear. A lacerated wound, is a torn wound.

Lachrymal — Pertaining to the tears. The lachrymal duct is the duct
leading from the eye to the membrane of the nose.

Lamella — A small plate of anything ; pertaining to the anatomy of the
hoof.

XawflTMor— Weakness, faintness, debility.

Laryngitis — Inflammation of the larynx.

Larynx — The swell at the upper part of the wind-pipe, and extending-
into the throat.

Lateral — At, or to the one side.

Laxative — A mild, loosening purgative.

Lens — A portion of the eye.

Lesion — Disease of a structure ; any hurt or injury.

Ligament — The bands of the joints. That which binds together. The
fibrous structure of the bones.

Lobe- A division of an organ, as of the brain, lungs or liver.

Local — Confined to a certain part.

Lubricate — To moisten, as the lubrication of the joints and moving parts
by their appropriate fluids.

Lymph — A transparent and nearly colorless fluid. The fluid contained
in and poured out by the lymphatics.

Lymphatic— The vessels of animal bodies which contain the lymph.

1048

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Macerate — Steeped almost to solution. Thorough soaking of a part in

water previous to dissection.
Malady — Disease or ailment.
Malar — Pertaining to the cheek bone.
Malander — An ulcerous condition on the inside of the legs.
Malformation — Badly or unnaturally shaped or formerl.
Jlfa%nan<— Severe; long; dangerous disease.

Mediastinum — The partition formed by the meeting of the pleura, divid-
ing the chest into two lateral parts.
Medullary — The marrow ; pith ; a soft substance.
Membrane — A thin animal tissue. Thin covering of the brain, bones and

other organs.
Mental — Relating to the mind. The reasoning faculty.
Mesentary — The membrane which attaches the intestines to the spine.
Metastasis — The transference or removal of disease from one part to

another, or such change as is succeeded by a solution.
Morbid — A state of disease ; an unnatural state, as morbid humors ; a

failing, sinking state.
Mortification — The death of a part from gangrene.
Mucilage — A jelly-like fluid; one of the proximate elements of vege-
tables, abundant in slippery elm; the agent which lubricates the

joints.
Mucus— The substance secreted by the mucous membranes, and effused

upon the surfaces of the membranes, as the running of the nose in a

cold.
Muscles — The lean or flesh ; the organs producing the active movements

of the body.
Narcotic — Drugs which allay pain and produce sleep.
Nauseants — Medicines that sicken the stomach.
Nephrites — Inflammation of the kidneys.
Nerves — The fibrous system, which convey sensations to and through

the body.
JVert'o«8— Having weak nerves.

Neutralize— DeBtrojing the force or effect of anything.
Nitrate of Silver — Lunar caustic.

Nutritive— That which builds up ; strong, healthy food.
Nutrition-The procebs by which the food taken is assimilated ; to repair

waste and promote growth.
Oheitity — Exceeding fatness.
Oblique — Slanting.
Ocular — Relating to the eyes.
Omentum — The caul. A fold of the peritoneal membrane, covering the

intestines in front, and attached to the stomach.

GLOSSARY.

1049

part in

ca, divid-

ones and

B spine.
e part to

lumora; a

3 of vege-
ricates the

ind effused
B nose in a

ovements

id through

d ; to repair

overing

the

Optic — Eelating to e sight, as the optic nerve ; relating to the laws of
vision.

Organ — The natural instrument by which a process or function is car-
ried on.

Oajanic — Composed of organs. Organism. The living body.

Origin — The beginning or first existence of a thing.

O,) — The technical name for bone.

O.i Calcis—Thii tip of the back.

Osseous — Bone like.

Os Cheocele — Scrotal hernia. Any tumor of the hernia.

Ossification — Ohanghig to bone. Bony formation.

Oxydation — The change formed by tlie a(!tion of air on any substance.
The changing of the black or venous blood into red or arterial bloo«'.
in tlio lungs.

Pabulum — That which is proper for food.

Pachydcrmata — A thick-skinned animal, as a horse, ox, man, etc.

Palate — The roof of the mouth.

Panacea — A supposed universal cure. A medicine applicable to manj
cases.

Pancreas — The narrow, flat gland extending across the abdomen, some
times called callet or sweet-bread.

Paroxyum — In disease, a recurrence coming on after an intermission
Chills and fever are paroxysmal.

Parturition — The act of bringing forth young.

PateUa — The knee pan.

Pathology — Pertaining to the nature and constitution of disease.

Pectoral — Pertaining to the breast, as the pectoral muscles. In medi
cine, that which is adapted to relieve affections of the breast and
lungs.

Pectin — The gelatinizing principle of certain fruits and vegetables.

Pepsin— A substa,nce secreted in the stomach of animals. The active
principle in rennet.

Peptic — Promoting digestion; relating to digestion.

Pericardium — The serous membrane of the heart..

Perichrondrium — The membrane covering the cartilages.

Pericranium — The membrame lining the bones of the skull.

Periosteum— The fibrous membrane investing a bone.

Peritoneum — The serous membrane lining the cavity of the abdomen.

Permeate — That which may freely invest or pass through without rup-
ture or sensible displacement. Water permeates sand; light perme-
ates glass.

Pharynx — The opening or tube at the back part of the mouth which
leads to the stomach*

1050

ILLUSTEATED STOCK DOCTOE.

Phlebotomy — The operation or act of bleeding.

Placenta — The membrane covering the young in the womb.

Plethora — A full habit of body ; full of blood.

Pleura — The serous membrane lining the interior of the chest, covering

the lungs, reflecting and lubricating them into its secretions.
Plexus— Any union of vessels, nerves or fibers in the form of net work.
Predispose — As likely to occur ; inclining to, as being predisposed to

disease.
Process — Prominence; a projecting part; any protuberance, eminence

or projecting bone.
Profuse — Abundant, plentiful ; as a profuse discharge.
Prognosis — The art of judging by the symptoms the probable course of

a disease.
Prolapsus Uteri — railing of the womb.
Prolapsus Recti — Falling of the rectum.
Pulmonary — Having reference to the lungs.
Pulsate — A beating or throbbing.
Pulse — The action or beat of the arteries.

Pumices — The letting down or falling of the coffin bone on the sole.
Puncture — Any orifice made with a pointed instrument.
Pupil — The ball or apple of the eye through which the rays of light pass

to the chrystaline humors.
Purgative — Any medicine having the power of operating strongly on the

bowels.
Pus — The matter flowing from a tumor when lanced, or from sores.

Healthy pus is yellowish white in color and secreted in the process of

healing.
Putrefaction — The act of decomposition ; corruption ; rq^^^ten.
Pylorus — The lower and right orifice of the stomach through which the

food passes to the intestines.
Quiescent — At rest. Showing no pain. Making no sound.
Quack — A pretender in medicine. A charlatan.
Qualmish — Sickness at the stomach ; nausea.

Quittor — An ulcerous formation inside the foot of the nature of a fistula.
Rabies — Madness ; affected with hydrophobia.
Rachitis — Inflammation of the spine ; rickets. This is a corruption of

rachitis.
Ramify — Branched ; running in various directions.
Rancid — A rank, strong smell. Incipient putrefaction.
Raphe — A seam or suture.

Receptacle — That which receives or contains another.
Rectum — The last iut-estine. The anal gut. ' ,

Refrigerant — Medicines or lotions to diminish heat.

, \

GLOSSARY.

1051

Begurgitate — The act of throwing or pouring back, as wind.

Relax — To abate ; become more mild, or less rigorous.

Remittent — Ceasing for a time, as a fever or a pain.

Reproduction — Producing again ; breeding.

Respiration — The act of breathing.

iSefe/i/ton— Stopping, holding, as retention of the urine.

Retina — The part of the eye in which tlie image is produced in the act
of seeing, or vision.

Rickets — A diseased state of the bones.

Repulsion— lu physics, that power by which particles or bodies are made
to recede from each other.

Reunion— The union of parts separated by a wound or accident.

Sacral — Belonging to the os sacrum.

Saline — That which is salt, or containing salt in solution.

Saliva — The secretion of the salivary glands, which moistens the food
in chewing ; also keeps the mouth and tongue moist. Salivation. The
act of producing an increased flow of saliva.

Sanguinification — The process of producing blood from chyle.

Sanitary — Relating to the preservation of health.

Saphcna — Major and minor — veins of the hind leg.

Scaphoid—Shaded liked a boat, as the navicular bone.

Sclerotic — The thick, hard, white outer coat of the eye.

Sciatica — A rheumatic affection of the hip.

Sear — To burn with a hot iron ; actual cautery.

Svcretion — The separation of various 8ubsta.nce8 from the blood.

Sedative — Agents to depress nervous power, or lower circulation.

Sensorium — The seat of sensation. An organ which receives an impres-
sion. Sensitive, having feeling. Sensitive lamellae, the lamellae of
the coffin bone.

/Sepito— Promoting putrefaction. The poison of dead bodies, in contra-
distinction to that of living ones called virus.

Serum — The yellowish watery portion of the blood remaining after
coagulation.

Shank — The bone of the leg from the knee to the ankle.

Sialogogue — Medicine to promote the flow of saliva.

Sinus — An orifice or canal containing poison matter.

Slink — The act of aborting ; producing young before the natural time.

Slough — (pronounced sluft'.) To fall away, separate from in disease, as in
or in mortified parts.

Socket — The depression or process in which an organ works on another.

Soporific— Med\(ihie to induce sleep.

^2)a«mo(/tc— Spasms, as cramping, fits, etc. Colic pains recurring at in-
tervals.

fi'

1062

ILLUSTRATED STOCK JJOCTOB.

Spinal— delating to the back-bone or spine.

Splint— An oxcresceuce in the shauk-bouo. Splint-bone, one of the

bones of the leg.
Spontaneous — A growth occurring without apparent cause.
iSporflrf/f — Separated, scattered; occurring here and there, as sporadic

causes of disease.
Sternum- -The breast-bone.
Stimulants — Agents to temporarily excite the nervous or circulatory

system.
Stomachics — Agents to promote digestion.

Stranyiilatci} — Chocked ; stoppage of the circulation in any part.
Strangury — Stopping of a passage.
Stricture— StopitagG or obstruction of a passage of the body, by morbid

or spasmodic action.
Stupor— A dull, sleepy, stupid sensation. Loss of sensation.
Styptic— An astringent having the property of restraining or stopping

bleeding.
Sudorific— Thai which will cause perspiration or sweating.
8uppuratio7i— The process of forming pus or matter ; the result of inflam-
mation.
Suture — A stitch or fastening on joining together.
Symmetry — Well proportioned, handsomely and stoutly formed.
Synovia — A fluid resembling the white of an egg, secreted at the joii'ts

and articulations, for the purpose of lubricating them. Joint-oil, so

called.
Tegument — A covering. The skin. Integument, a membrane or skin,

which invests a particular part.
Tendon— The dense, fibrous structure in which a muscle ends, and by

which it is joined to a bone.
Tent— A pledget or plug introduced into a wound.
Tenuity— The property of being thin, as rarilied air.
Tergal — Belonging to the back. Tergum, the back.
Testicle—The seed. The gland containing the seminal fluid.
Therapeutic— That part of medicine which relates to the discovery and

application of remedies for diseases. The use of diet and medicines.
Tliorax— The chest, or that part of the body between the neck and

abdomen. .

Tibia— The large bone of the hind leg.

Tonic — Agents which gradually and permanently improve the system.
Tonsil — An oblong gland situated on each side of the fauces, terminated

by the larynx and pharynx, at the rear of the mouth and ha\iug

excretory ducts opening into the mouth.

(il-OPSAUY,

1053

f the

oradic

ilatory

morbid
(topping
if iuflaw-

;io joii'ts
ut-oil, so

or slrin,

Is, and \)y

)very and
ledicines.
Ineck and

system,
lerminated
id haNing

Torsion— Twisting. The act of turning or twisting, as in drawing a

tooth with the turnkey.
Trachea— The windpipe.
Tractile— That which may be drawn out.
IVeod— Tramping upon, as the tread of one hoof upon the other. The

part of the hoof resting on the ground.
Tuber — A rounded projection of a bone.
Tubercle— A small tumor, as tubercles in the lungs.
Tumor— A swelling or enlargement, generally applied to those which
are permanent.

Vlcer — A running sore.

tflna — The larger of the two bones of the arm.

[/"Werj'or— Beyond a time or division. A last result.

JJniciform — Curved or crooked, as a clam or the finger nail.

Ureter— The tube or canal conveying the urine from the kidneys to the
bladder.

l/rmari/— Pertaining to the urine.

Uterus — The womb.

Vascular — Pertaining to the vessels of animal and vegetable bodies, as
the vascular functions. The arteries, veins, lacteals, and the like,
compose the vascular system. Animal flesh is vascular. Highly
organized.

Venesection — Letting blood by opening a vein.

Venous — Pertaining to the veins, or contained in the vein.

Ventral — Pertaining to the abdomen or belly.

Vermifuge — Medicines or agents to kill or expel worms.

Vertebra — A division or separate bone of the spinal column.

Vertex—The top of the head.

Vesicle —A small blister. Any membranous cavity.

Villi- Fine, small fibres. Villous, abounding with minute fibres, as the
inner mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines, called the vil-
lous coat, from its abounding with villi or minute hairs.

Virulent — A dangerous disease ; poisonous.

Virus — Contagious or infectious matter.

Viscera — The organs contained in any cavity of the body, particularly
of the head, thorax and abdomen.

Viscid — Any gluey, sticky or tenacious substance not easily separable.

Vision — The act of seeing.

Vital — Having or containing life. Necessary to life.

Vivify — To bring to a vital state.

Vulnerary — Plants, lotions, ointments, drugs or other substances useful
in the healing of wounds.

Wale — To move slowly on the feet, as in walking.

1054

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOOTOB.

Wane — To decrease, as in a fever.

WarblesSmaU, bard tumors on the back of a Lorse, from irritation of

tlie saddle. Tlie tumor occasioned by tlic depositing of tlie eggs of

the gad tiy in the backs of horses and cattle.
War/«— Spongy excrescences on various parts of the body.
Whining— To utter the call of the horse. To neigh.
Withers— The high process of the vertebra between the back and neck.
Xerodes — Any tumor attended with dryness.
Xeromyrum — A dry ointment.
Xerotes — A dry habit of body, a dry disposition.

Xiphoid — Sword-like. A small cartilage at the bottom of the breast-
bone.
Xi/Hter — A surgeon's instrument for scraping bones.
Yieasfy— Frothy, foamy, spumy ; as yeasty pus or matter.
Young — The offspring of animals.
Zarnich — A name applied to the native sulphurett of arsenic, sandarach,

or realgar, and orpiment.
Zein — The gluten of maize.
Zig-zag— U&vixig very short turns.
Zoology— That part of natural history which treats of the structure,

habits, classification and habitations of animals.
Zoonomy — The science which treats of the phenomena of animal life,

their causes and relations.
Zygomatic — Pertaining to the bone of the head, called also os yagale or

cheek-bone, or to the bony arch under which the temporal muscle

passes.

Glossary of Terms Used by Poultry Fanciers.

Beard. — A bunch of feathers under the throat of some breeds, as HoU'
(Jaiis or Polish.

Breed. — Any variety of fowl presenting distinct characteristics.

Brood. — Family of young chickens.

Broody. — Desiring to set.

Carriage. — The altitude or bearing of a bird.

Carunculated. — Covered with fleshy protuberances, as on the neck of
ft turkey-cock.

Chick. — A newly-hatched fowl, until a few weeks old.

Chicken. — Applied to indefinite ages until twelve months old.

Clutch. — Given to the batch of eggs under a setting hen, also to brood
of chickens hatched therefrom.

Cockerel. — A young cock.

Comb. — The red protuberance on top of the fowl's head.

Condition. — The state of the fowl as regards health, beauty of plumage
— the latter especially.

Crest. — A tuft of feathers on the head ; the top-knot.

Crop. — The rdceptacle for food before digestion.

Cushion. — The mass of feathers over the tail and end of the hen's
back, covering the tail ; chiefly developed in Cochins.

Deaf'ears. — Folds of skin hanging from the true ears, varying in color,
being blue, white, cream-colored, or red.

Dubhinr/. — Cutting off the comb, wattles, &c., leaving tiie head smooth.

Ear-lobes. — Same as deaf-ears.

Face. — The bare skin around the eye.

Flights. — ^The primary wing feathers, used in flying, but unseen wheu
at rest.

Fluffs. — Soft, downy feathers about the thighs.

Furnished. — Assumed full character. When a cockerel obtains his
t;iil. comb, &c.

Gills. — A term applied to the wattles, sometimes more indefinitely to
the whole region of the throat.

Hackles. — ^The peculiar narrow feathers on the fowl's neck.

Hen-feathered, or Henny. — Resembling a hen, in the absence of sickles.

Hock. — The elbow-joint of the leg.

Keel. — A word sometimes used to denote the breast-bone.

Leg. — ^The scaly part, or shank.

Leg-feathers. — The feathers on the outside of the shank.

Mossy. — Confused in marking.

10o(J

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

Pea-comh. — A triple oomb.

J'encilintj. — Siniill stripes over a feather.

Poult. — A young turkey.

Primaries. — The llight-feuthors of the wings, hidden when tlio wing is
closed.

Pullet. — A young hen.

Punster. — The common term for the male bird.

Saddle. — The posterior of the buclt, reaching to the tail in a cock,
answering to the cushion in a hen.

Secondaries. — The wing quill-feuthcrs, which show when the bird is
at rest.

Self-color. — A uniform tint over the feathers.

Shaft. — The stem of a feather.

Shank. — The scaly part of the leg.

Sickles. — The top curved feathers of a cock's tail.

Spangling. — The marking produced by each feather having one large
spot of some color different to the ground.

Spur. — The sharp weapon on the heel of a cock.

Stag. — Another term for a young cock.

Strain. — A race of fowls, having acquired an individual character of
its own, by being bred for years by one breeder or his successors.

Symmetry . — Perfection of proportion.

Tail-coverts. — The soft, gloss-"^, curved feathers at the sides of the
bottom of the tail.

Ihil-feathers. — Applied to tlie straight, stiff feathers of the tail only.

Thighs. — The johit above the shanks.

Top-knot. — Same as crest.

Trio. — A cock and two hens.

Under-color. — The color of the plumage as seen when the surface
is lifted.

Vulture-hock. — Stiif projecting feathers at the hock-joint.

Wattles. — ^The red depending structures at each side of the base of
the beak.

Web. — Expressing a flat and thin structure. The web of a feather is
the flat or plume portion ; the web of the foot, the flat skin between the'
toes; of the wing, the triangular skin, seen whci' r is

extended.

Wing-bar. — Any line of dark color across ** " rr' ' m . ,'.

Wing-bow. — The upper or shoulder part ol winy.

Wing-butts. — The corners or ends of the wii, Gan^ f-anciers denote
the uppflr ends as shoulder-butts ; the lower as lower-1 tts.

Wing iiov^^tc -Thpi broad feathers covering the roots of the sec-
ondary quills. ♦

\ the wing is

INDEX.

il in a cock,
n the bird is

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES.

ing one large

1 character of !
L'csaors.

B sides of the

the tail only.

2X1 the surface

ht.

1 of the base of

of a feather is
cin between the

fanciers denote
|)t3 of the sec-

PAOE.

Abdallivli, Billfoiindcr V)loo<1, record. . IIIO

AbuHiiiR a faithful servant 145

Abuse of till' hoofs 14.H

Abortion in uiiircs 1(I4

Abdominal lavity. wounds iK'nctratin^; 47(1

Ai)ortion, causes of Klo

" i)revt'ntives of l!>o

" to i)revent lOo

Abrorbents, inllaniination of ;<itit

" " of and recijies. 307

Abscess within the brain 413, 41 ">

Ac(iuired (lui'lliies transmitted. -IS

Acute inl'.aniuiatiiui of feet 4').S

Acute irrita: ion of tlie .sldn 401

' recipe... 491

Action, styles of 70

A;;e of horse 47

Age of the mule. SI

Af^e for breeding; liorses 0(1

Ai^e to train a colt 113

Albany Tony. 247

Alteratives 6li(t

Ale for tired horses 130

America, introduciion of the horse.. 35

American semi-wild Ikusc 5.5

American vs. Knglish foals Ill

American wild liorse . 74

" thuroi.cihiired horse. 85

American trotting liorse, develoi)ment. 245

Ambling 124

Antiquity of the horse 33

Antiquity of cattle 34

Auiestiietics 501

Antiseptics 502

Anus, soreness of 855

Ancient Greek horse 188

Ancient Uritisb horse 100

An infallible rule 302

Anodynes 500

Apparatus, to keep 515, 51(1

Apoplexy 410, 413

PAOE.

Apoplexy, recipes 412, 418

Aptha 38-1

" recipes 884

Ariel, iM'digrce 2(t0

Artilicial care in trotting 230

A nerved Inn'se 178

Arab hor.se, llrst Imported into Eng-
land 200

Arabian horse tiS

" " striking points 64

" " color of 67

" llrst imi>ortati(m OS

Arteries, enlargement of 302

Astringents 402

Haiidaging the limbs 241

Harbarities practised 140

15ad usage vs. good usage 147, 148

Halking and backing KiO

Balking 170

Had heads, explanation of 184

IJack teetli of horse 48

Back furrowing 12(1

IJarbary horse 71

Ucdr(U'd, i)edigree 2(i7

Bedford's get 207

i BiUfounder and trotting stock 248

' Bellows ... 308

" recipes 330

Betsy Baker 247

Bit, the medium of conununication. . 24i

Bits and reins, wiiat they are for. .... 242

j Big Head and Bigjaw 435, 437

Bites 401

I Black Maria, pedigree 209

I Blanketing 14.S

I " when nec( ssary 113

Blindness 170

lilind hoise, movement of 171

Blood lior.ses 181

' Bleeding from the nose 342

1057

1058

INDEX.

PAGE.

Blindteeth 379

Uliiid staggers 406, 410

Bliidiler, saii'l-like deposits in 372

" infliiininiition of 374

" " " recipes.. .. 374

" rupture of 375

Blood spavin 410

Bleeding 4S7, 4H8

Blacli pigment, turaora 491)

Bog spavin 416, 417

" recipes 437

Bone spavin 439, 441

" recipes 440, 441

Bones of tlie feet 44

Boston, pedigree 209

Boston Blue 247

Box stalls 131

Bots, recijws 3.31

Bislioped teeth 170

Biting 179

Bitting, liarness. 113, 114

bridle 113, 114

Bots 340, 3.30

Bot tlies 350, 351

Bolting 179

Body and limbs of liorse, explanation

of 1.S4, 1S7

Body of the horse in front. 270

Bone spavin 109

Breedinir up, how to 156

Breaking down 178

Broken wind 178, 337, 496

" " thicliwind 178

Broncbitis 321

" causes 321

" ' how to know it 322

" what to do 322, 324

" recipes 322, 323

Breeding, importance of 94

" draft horses 101

" in-and-in 9S, 102

Breeding of mules 108

Brain, abscess within 413, 415

Itr u)k water 137

Brush, the 141

Bnishes 113

" IJmsi'ing" for speed 244

Brushing or 9i)eedy cut 469, 470

Broken knees 178, '.70, 471

Broken hock 478

Buying cheap horses 173

Buying for blood 198

Burns 437

PAGE.

Cattle, antiquity of 34

Canadian horse 88

Cranium, importance of 44

Calmuck horse 53

Care necessary in training 11"

Carriage of the body in riding 122

Canter 12.")

Carrying the reins in plowing 127

Carriage floor 131

Cayuga Chief, early races 248

Care in preparing the food 210

Care of the feet 142

Care of the frog 1 4.S

Careful man's theory, the l-il

Causes of abortion h'A

Cataract 179, 429

" recipes 4l9

Caries of tiie lower jaw 448, 4.50

" " " " " recipes 449

Canker 459, 400

" recipes 400

Cartilages ossified 4C0

Capped elbow 471

Cancer, epithelial 490

Cathartics 5ii2

Carminative 603

Caustics 504

Castration, time for 4Wi

" liow performed 4>)7

Chinese horses 53

Characteristics of Canadian horse. . .. 72

Changing the leading food 125

Choice of l)lood 225

Choice of stallion 225

Chopped feed 139

Cheap structures available l-iS

Chest founder 320, 3:;i

" " recii)e8 3:il

Chronic cough 334

*' " recipes 335

Chronic gastritis 3.5.), 350

" " recipes 355, 'A'M

Choking 474, 47(i

Cistus calculi 372

Cleveland bay horse 'il

Clydesdale horse 79 H

Clydesdale stud book J'S

Clydesdale horse 62

Cleaning the stable VA-

Cleaning the horse 141

Cleaning horses 142

Cleveland Bay 162, m

" " improvement in IW

INDEX.

1059

PAOK.

&»

11"

V2.-1

li")

1-J7

131

24S

2-10

...... 14-2

\VA

I'll

h:-;

. . 179, 4::9

4-9

. . 448, 4o()

3 449

, . . 439, 4WI

400

4G()

'. 471

490

502

503

504

4W)

4S7

Ihovse — "-

lii

2'J5

2i5

i;»

l.)3

. 320, 3:;i

-iiX

334

3Ho

. 3*), 3o(i
. . 355, 8.',ii
. . 474, 4ili

o'd

.... fil
'".'... 79 M

b'i

.... 62

" 182

141

142

'.'.. 162, IK^
till !•»

PAGE.

Colts' teeth 48, 49

" milk teeth 49

Colors of Aiiibian horse 68

Colts, how to raise 105

Colts' starveling 100

" stabling 100

» feeding 100

" handhng 100

Colt, educating the 112

" at weaning time 112

•' lirstlesson 112

" haltering a wild 112

" training a 113

" age to train 113

" training to work 113

" how to handle 114

" learning to back 114

" handling a vicious 116

Colts, saddling and harnessing 118

" winter feed of 135

Color in horses 174

Colds, what to do 330, 331

" recii)es 331

Colic, spasmodic 345, 346

" " recipes 348, 349

" flatulent 348

" " recipes 348, 349

Colon , inflammation and rupture of 351-353

Comforlable shelter economical 130

Comparison of speed, English and

American horses 213, 214

Conformation of brood mare 221

Connestoga horse 90

Control of stallion necessary 129

Construction of stables 130

("orns ,• 178

Cough 179

Combs 143

Conformation in iwrfcct and imperfect

hor.SPS 184, 185

Cow hocked horse 193

Consumption 320

" how to know it 327

'» what to do 327, 328

" liow to prevent 32S

" recii)e RC7

Constitutional lymphangitis 39(J

Corns 454, 456

" recliws 455

Contraction of the hoof.. 456

" recli)e8 475

Contused wounds 470

Counter irritants 503

PAGE.

Cruel care 152

Crib-biters, wear of teeth In 61

j Crib biting 169

j Crib biting 179

Cracked heels 202

" " how to know 203

" " what to do 268

Crib biting 380

Cripple, pedigree 205

Cramp 422

" recipes 422

Cracked hoofs 453, 454

" " recipes 454

Cut feet 138

Curry comb 141, 143

Cunning servants 154

Curb 173

Curbs 182

Curb 417

" recipes for 417, 418

Decay of the teeth, causes of

" " " how to know it.. .

Defects to be avoided 223,

Demulcents

Deodorizers

" recipes

Dentition or teething

" what to do

Deceptions practised in teeth of horse.
Descendants of the DaiK-y Arabian . .
Descent of Norman Percheron liorse.

Dervish

Dexter 67, 238,

Definition of unsoundness or vice

Degelfe horse

Dicky Pierson, pedigree

Difficulty of breeding

Diaphragm, spasm of

" recipes

Diarrhoea

" recipes 803,

Diabetes or profuse staling

" " " causes

" " " how to know

" " " what to do..

Dimness of vision

Diaphragmatic rupture.

Diomed, pedigree

Diomed's get

Dislocations

Distortions

recipes.

279
279
224
704
605
605
378
378
51
70
76
98
252
183
68
203
837
857
867
362
364
369
869
869
369
309
430
474
206
206
470
470

lOGO

INDEX.

PAGE.

Diseases of the ear 480, 481

Division of the tendons 489

Diaplioretics 504

Dinretics 504

Disinfectants 605

Dissections 609

Dish hoofs 76

Diseases of tiie skin and sub-cutane-
ous tissues 259, 294

Distemper 308

" liow to know it 309

" wliat to do 309

" recipes • 309, 310

Dorimant, pedigree 206

Doses, graduating 613, 514

Dongola horse 73

Draft liorse of Vermont 88

Driving on tiie road 242

Driving 241

evils of hard pulling 241

Driving liorses 79

" " colors of — 79

Description of the ancient Greek

horse 188, 190

Dropsy of the lungs 490

" " heart 313

" " recipes 314

" brain 314

" " recipes 314

" chest 31o

" " recipes 315

" skin of the chest 317

" abilomen 318

" " recipes 319

Dutchman, early races 947

Dunic and trotting blood 248

Early importation of thoroughbreds. . 85
Early maturity of horses of to-day. . . 214

Early racing horses in Tennessee 207

Early riicing stock in Kentucky 207

Early training useful 2:9

Eai-, diseases of 480, 481

EclJMse, i)edigree 208

Eclipse 00

Economy ol shelter 130

Educating the colt 112

Egyiitian liorse 73

Edwin Forrest, early races — 247

Ellxiw, capped 471, 472

Emetics 604

Eidarged glands 381, 832

Enlargement of the spleen 860, 867

(I
It
tt
u
t<
i(
li
(I

PAGE.

Enlargement of the heart 391

" " " arteries

" " " hock 441,

English roadster

*' thoroughbred hor.«e

" native stallions in 1730. . 202,

English vs. American views on siwed.
" " " race-courses , . .

Epiglottis, spasmodic actions of

Epiihelial cancer

Establishing intelligent action

Ethan Allen

Ethan Allen, 1852, record in 1856

European horse

Exostosis of the lower jaw

" " " " " recipes....

Exj)ectora»t3

Explanation of good heads 181,

" bad " 181,

" " body and limbs of
horse 184, 185, 186,

External manifestations of disease-
explanation of

Extraordinary i)erformances of horses.

Eye, worms of

" fungoid tumors of 431,

Fanny Jenks, early races

Fanny Murray, 100 mile trot

Farm training track

Farm stable

Farmer Unthrift'sbarn

" " home

Family horses.

Fatty degeneration of the heart. 391,

False quarter

Falling off of hair

Farm horses, proper stature

Fashion, pedigree

Fast walking horses

Farcy and glanders

Farcy

" causes .

" how to know it

" what to do

" recipes

Fearnauglit, jiedigree

Feeding in training

Feeding colts

Feed bins

Feeding 135,

" roots

Feed of slow work horses

392
442
00
68
203
210
214
3^0
490
243
158
248
54
492
492
500
184
184

187

256
211

430
432

248
248
128
133
1.50

158
392
4(il
491
57
210
175
178

;;o2
im

S(l4(

30o

306

'jOll

239

1116

131

1'39

136

INDEX.

1061

TAOE.

Feed of fast work horses 136

Feeding grain 141

Feet, cure of 142

Fever 389, 390

Finely bred roadster 160

First public trot in America 247

Fistula of the pajotid duct 385, 387

Fistula 291

" causes 291

" how to know it 292, 293

" whattodo 293

" recipes 293

Flexibility 180

Flexing the horae 115

" jaw 115

Flatulent colic 348

" " recipes 349

Fly, Canadian mare 248

Flora Temple, in ia53 248

Florizel, i)edigree 206

Foals, American vs, English Ill

Foul sheath 375

Food, kinds and quantities of 138

Foreign stallions in England in 1730. 202

Founder 457

" recipes 458

Foot lameness 172

Founder 178

Form and symmetry 180

Fore-quarters, showing bad conform-
ations 190

Fresh food, important 139

Frog, care of 143

Fungoid tumors of eye 431, 432

Frog, injuries to 4.56, 457

Frostbite 472, 473

" " recit)es 473

Fractures 479

French horses 54

Fridi horses 64

Fungus collar tumor 280

" " " causes 280

" " " how to know. 292, 293

" " " what to do 281

Functional diseases of tlie liver 300

Gabriel, pedigree 200

Gabriel's get 207

Galloping l.!5

Gastritis, ciironic 355, 356

" " recipes &55, aiO

General Butler 2;w

Generous horses vs. laggards 239

PAGE.

Getting correct information 155

General utility horse 159

Gestation, treatment of during 103

Giving tlie horse a mouth 242

Glancer ; 79, 80

Glass eye 170

Glanders, causes 295, 296

" how to know 296 298

" what to do 300-302

Gold dust 100, 101

Goldsmith Maid, memoir of 249

" " in 1863 24»

" in 1876 251

Good roads favor driving 242

Gowl siielter, value of 149

Good farmer's surroundings 149

Good care described 151

Good head, explanation of 181, 184

Gorged stomach 358

" " recipes 358

Graduating doses 513, 614

Gravel 372

Granary 124

Great Britain, horses introduced into, 199

Grooming 135

Gruel, how to make 139

Grain should be clean 141

Grease and mange 178

Grease, causes 262

" how to know it 263, 264

" whattodo 262

" recipes for , . 264

Guttacarina. 433

" reciiws 432

Haw or hooks 429, 4.S0

" recipes '430

Hair, falling off of the 491

" " " " " recipes. 491

Hard pullers caused by defect in train-
ing 241

Hardening of the skin 492

" " " " recipes 492

Harabletonian, pedigiee 249

" description of 249

Hamstring, rupture of 496

Handling colts 106

Haltering a wild colt 112

Hari^ss, bitting 104, 114

Harness, training to 115

Handling a vicious colt 116

TTarnessiiig and saddling cults 118

Harness, horse 128

1062

INDEX.

Hide

H
»»

«t

PAGE.

Hand gallop 123

HuineHs loom 131

Hautboy maie 2(l3

Hay, quantity to feed 139

" and straw, value of 140

Heaves 337, 338

" recipes 338

Heart, enlargement of 391

" fatty degeneration of 391, 392

Herod, pedigree 206

Hernia 473, 474

" of the mesentery 473, 474

" ventral 474

" omentum 472

Hemorrhage, internal 497

Head,badform 181

" side view of, good 191

" front view of, good 181

" side view of, bad 181

" front view of, bad 181

Helmsley Turk 201

bound 276

" causes 276

" how to know it 277

" what to do 278

" recipes 278

High bred roadsters 166

" " hunting horse 167

High blowing 421, 423

" " recipes 423

Hip sweeny 366

Hitting with the blood 225

Hiram Woodruff on driving 240, 243

Holding the reins 241

Horse clothing 239

Horses introduced into Great Britain. 199

Horses firsst kept for racing 200

Horse in King Alfred's time 199

" " Athelstan's time 200

Horse in William the Conqueror's

time 200

Horse, cleaning the 141

" cloths 141

Horses, cleaning of 142

Horse pails 143

Horse, fast walking 175

" what he should be 177

" shoulder 177

" upi)er arm ^m

," the knee 177

'' the shank * 177

" the cannon bone 177

" the pastera joints 177

PAGE.

Horse, hoofs 177

'^ the hackney 59

" Turkonmn 63, 72

" C'ulmuck 72

" Tartary 53, 73

" Turkestan 60, 54

" Europe 64

" Iceland 54

" Italy 54

" France 54

" Normandy 54

" Norman Percheron 54

" Spanish Barb 65

" semi-wild, of America 5.5

" the good farm horse 55

" the English roadster 60

" the lieavy draft 61

" the Cleveland Bay 61

" the Suffolk Punch 62

" the Vermont draft 62

" the Arabian 63

" the Dgelfe 68

" theSecaloui 63

« the Mefki 64

" the Siibi 64

" tlie Fridi 64

" theNejdi 64

Horses of slow work, feed 136

" fast " " 136

Hours of feeding 137

Hoofs, abuse of 148

How to breed up 1.36

Horses for great speed 168

Horse, view from behind 195

" hind quarters bad 196

" wiiat not to buy 197

" perfect, not plenty 197

Hock, enlargement of 441, 442

Horse, antiquity of 33

" brought to America 33

" where found ... 35

" preserved in his purity 35

" framework of 37

" summary of parts 41

" general explanatory terms — 43

" head, explanation of 43

" foot and lower leg, explana-
tory terms 45

" external parts, explanation of. 46

" age of 47

" incisors furnish indication — 47

" back teethof 48

" incisors 48

INDEX.

106.1

-'' - PAGE.

Horse, incisors, how composed 48

" teeth, wear of 48

" " the mill k 49

" number of teeth 49

" wolf teeth 49

" when teeth are perfect or ma-
ture 60

" deceptions practised in teeth. . 61

" teeth, vocabuliiry of 62

" Chinese 63

" Indian 63

" Japan 63

" Siam 63

" Persian 53, 72

" age for breeding horses 90

'' principles of transmission — 97

" relative size of sexes 97

" selection, value of 97

" in-and-in breeding 98

" crossbreeding 98

" Dervish 98

" Marshland Shales 98

" Gold dust 100, 101

" body and limbs, explanation

of 184, 187

*' front view of 188

" front of 188

" ■ of Ancient Greeks 188

" fore - quarters, showing bad

conformations , 190

" hind-quarters, showing bad

conformations 190

" illus! rations of fore-quarters. . 191

" good hind-quarters 192

" to examine 193

" cow hocked 193

Horses, draft, breeding 101

How to raise U)lts . * 106

How to handle a colt 114

Horse, flexing 115

" to handle 110

" vicious, to subdue. 119, 120

" working 121

" breaking to work 112

" training to trot 122

" tlie quarters 177

" " hams 177

" " hocks 177

" " back 177

" " withers 177

" " shouldcr-hliule 177

*' " croup 177

" " barrel 177

PAGE.

Horse, the chest 177

" neck 177

" " physical structure of 177

Hoofs, cracked 453, 4M.

" " recipes 454

" rot 464

" contraction of 458

Hunting Park As&ociation of Phila-
delphia 247

Hunting horses 57

Hunting horse, high bred 167

Hydrophobia 399, 403

Iceland horses 54

Importation of Edward III 200

" Henry VII 200

" " Henry VIII 200

" " Arabian horse, Eng-
land 68

Importance of breeding 08, 102

" " large Jacks 109

" " fresh food 139

In-bred vs. out-crossed stallions 220

Information, correct 155

Improvement in Cleveland Bay 163

Interfering 172

Inflammation of the lungs, causes 324

" how to know it 3.15

" what to do 326

Influence of male on embryo 218

In-and-in breeding 219

Influence of fli-st contact 218

Influenza, how to know it 339

" what to do 310

" recii)es 340

Inflammation of the colon 351-353

" " " stomach... 3M, 355

" " " iteritoneum 350

Intestation of intestines 359

Intestines, parasites infesting 361

" " " recipes. 362

Incisors of the horse 39

Indian horse 63

Indian iwny 92

Italian horses 54

Jacks, importance of large 109

Jaundice 365, 366

" recipes 3(W

Jaw, flexing the ; 116

Jay Gould 252

John Stewart 21^

Judge FuUerton 238

1064

INDEX.

PAGE.

Judging horses 198

Jugiilur vein, iiiflained 302

" " " recipes.... 394, 395

Kiulisclii Iiorse 64

Kuillmu hui'HH 64

Kee))ing ones temper 242

Kt'iubltt Juulisuu 2o8

Kicltiiig 169, 179

Kidneys, inilammiitiun of 307, 308

" " " rec'ii)es 368

Kinds and quiintities ut' food 138

King Jolin's inipurtution 2()U

Knee joint, intliimmutiun of 448

" brolcen 470

Know wliat you breed for 155

Koclilani horse 64

Lady Suffollt, early races 248

Laying out );inds 126

Lalce water 137

Larva in tlie sliin 284

Laryngitis, causes 332

" recipes 333

Lampas 381

Laclirymal gland, impediment of .132, 4Sii

Lacerated wounds 477

Large Jaclts, importance of 109

Leading foot, ciianging tlie 125

Leucorrliea, catarrii of tlie womb — 376

Lexington, pedigree 210

I^compte 210

Light harness, training to 125

" " trotting 125

. Linseed meal 140

Light harness hoi'ses 163

Little Mack 238

Liver, functional diseases of 360

" congestion of 360

" inflammation of 361

Lime or white urine 372

L«K;k jaw 419, 422

Longfellow 238

Long Island course 247

Lower jaw, caries of 448, 450

" " "recipes 449

" " exostosis 492

Loose l)oxes in stables 131

Longfellow 167

Lula 166

Lungs, dropsy of 490

Lymphangitis 386

PAGE.

Mnkelass, pedigree of 204

Mare, number of teeth 49

" treatment during gestation 103

" when in season 103

Mares, care of after being served 103

I Mare, to know when in foal 104

i " " " time of foaling 104

I Marshland shales 08

I Marske, pedigree 20(i

; Mares, treatment 1(»:5

; Mangers 131

Maslies, how to make 130

Manure fork 144

Mange 272

" how to know it 273

" what to do : 273

" recipes 274

Meallenders 287

" recipes 287

Maligmnnt epidemic 326

Mad staggers 403, 406

Maud S 252

Measurements of famous horses KiO

Megrims 179

Metacarpal bones, inflammation . 446, 447

" " recipes 447

Measures and weights 508

Medicines and doses 511, 513

Mef ke horse 63

Messenger and trotting stock 249

Medley, iwdigree of 205

Mexican mustang 92

Mismatched colors 175

Movement in trotting 12:^

Miss Colville 203

Moistening grain fed 141

Mouth, inflammation 382

Moon eyes . . i ,. 170, 4i'8

" recipes 428

Morgan horse 86

" " points of 87

Morton's Traveler, i)edigree of 204

Morocco Barb 201

Model racing horse 167

Modern nice horse ,. 212

Moon eyes 170

Moses, ped'gree 207

Monkey, " 203

Movement in walking 176

Mule, to determine the age 51

Mules, value 1"7

treatment 1<>7

" breeding 108

INDEX.

1065

PAGE.

Mules, Spanish 64

Myositis 458

Niirragansett pacer 87

Native country of the horse 34

" reicheron horse 64

Naail gleet 311

" causes 311

" how to Icnow 311

" what to do 311, 312

" recipes 311, 312

Nasal polypus 312

Naturally weak eyes 326

Naviciflar disease 451, 453

" " recipes for 453

Narrow heel 456

Nail picking 350

Navel rupture 474

Narcotics 5i)6

Neurotomy 4^9

Nejdi iiorse 04

Necessity of clean grain 131

" " blanketing 143

Norman horse 54

Percheron 75, 76, 77, 78

" " descent of 76

" " points of 78

Noted horses of the last century.
South 205

Oblique tail 69

Old time trotters 247

Ophthalmia 179

" purulent 431

" recipes for 431

Organs of generation, inflammation of 375
Oriental blood in England, time of

Cromwell >.. 201

Oriental blood and English horses. . . . 201

" horses no longer profitable . . 2tt2

Ossiflcation — : 178

Ossitted cartilages 466

Otho, pedigree 206

Out shed 133

Out-crossing 219, 220

Over-reaching 172

Ovum of mammalia 217

Pacing gait 124

Pacing 124

Parasites infesting the intestines 361

II U i( It j-g.

ciiies for 362

PAGE.

Parotid gland, inflammation of. . 284, 285

" duct, fistula of 285, 287

Paralysis, partial 498, 499

" " recipes 499

Persian horse 63, 72

Periodic heat 217

Peritoneum, inflammation of 350

Periosteotomy 486, 4b8

Picker, the 112

I'low, training for 126

Plowing right hand furrows '... l'-6

" square lands 125

" carrying the reins 127

Pleurisy, how to know 328

what to do 329

" recii)e3 329, 330

Points of Arabian horse 64, 67

" Norman Percheron 78

" the Morgan horse 67

" the Clydesdale 83, 84

Ponies 90, 91, 92, 93

" Shetland 92

" Mexican 93

" Indian 03

Poisoning 482, 484

" internal. 482, 4HS

" from stings 484

" " recipes 484

Poi.soned skin 485

Poll evil, causes 288

" how to know 288, 289

" what to do 289, 290

" recipes 2isft

Pond water 137

Preparing food 139

Preparation jnecpding first trial. 2.S9, 240

Principles of breeding. 216, 219

" " transmission in horse. . . 96

Projecting teeth .383

Proper stature of farm horse ".7

Pulling .slowly and steadily 1^7

" at baiter or bridle Id!)

Pumiced foot 178

Purity, value of in horse do

Pneumonia, causes .324

" how to know 3i'')

" w.iat to do 326

Pryor, pedigree 210

Purulent ophthalmia 431

" " recipes 431

Pumice foot 4(i5

Punctured wounds of the sole inside. 467
'■ wounds 477

1066

INDEX.

rAOE.

Quantity of food to be given 248

" liny to feed 130

Quarter cracks 172

" false 461

Queen Mab 203

Quitter 178, 401

" reciiHis 463

Kables 899, 403

Racking 124

Kacer, to train 128

liace riding 128

liacing horses 109

liacing, origin of the word 109

liace tiorses lirst imported to America. 203
Itace course tirst establislied in Eng-
land 200

Race liorses at tlie North 208, 210

Race course establislied at Albany,
Poughkeepsie, Harlem, New York 208

Racks 131

Racing horses 167

Racer what he should be 167

Rarey's plan 121

Rat tail 286

" recipe 286

Relaxants 507

Rearing 179

Relative size of sexes 97

Rheumatism 422, 424

" recipes 423, 424

Ridi.ig, carriage of the body 122

Riding racers 128

" inthesaddle 245

Rigid pulling a mistake 242

River water 137

Ringbone 169, 178

Ring worm 275

** " causes 275

" " howtoknowit 276

" " what to do 276

" " recipes 276

Ringbone 442, 443

" recipes 443

Ripton, early races 247

Rotten bone 447, 448

" recipes 448

Road driving a fine art 242

Roadster driving vs. Trotting on the

course 243, 244

Roaring 493, 495

" recites 495

Boots, feeding 15G

PAGE.

Roadsters, higlily bred 156

" finely bred 156

Rogue, the 170

Roaring 72

Roundhead, pedigree of 208

Routh'sCrab, " " 203

Rupture of the colon 851, 353

" " " stomach 357

Rupture 478, 474

" of hamstring 406

" " bladder 375

Running 125

Rubbing cloths 143

Saddle galla 279

" " recipes 279, 280

Saddle riding in England 245

" horse, good form for 165

" horses of all gaits 165, 166

" horse, color for 174

" horses, styles of action 175

" horse 159

" and harness horses, training

to 115

Saddling and harnessing colts 118

Saddle, training to the 121

" trotting under 122

Sallenders 287

" recipes 287

Salt in feed 1;:9

Sand cracks 172

" crack 400, 401

" " recipes for 401

Scraper 143

Scratches, causes 2.59, 200

" how to know 2C0

' • what to do 260, 261, 202

" . recipes 261, 202

Scoop shovels 144

Scurvy of the teeth 3t-0

Scald mouth .■ 383

" *' recipes 384

Scrofula 389

Sclerostomum equinum 302

Scarlatina 307

Scalds 473

Seat of the driver 243

Seedy toe 465, 400

Sedatives 496

Semi-wild liorses of America S.'i

Selection of brood mare — 221

" " horse, value 07

Selina 203

INDEX.

1067

FAOK.

Severe bits objectionable 242

Sliiftiug llie reucli 244, 1245

" " bit 244

Shark, pedigree 205

Siiying 172, 179

Shoeing 142

Sliedding tiie teetli U70

Sharp and projecting teeth 383

Shot o'grease 396

Slioulder, sweeny 337, 338

" " recipes 338

Shetland ponies 91

Sitfast 279, 280

Sideboilfes 466, 467

Siam hurse 53

Single foot - 132

Skin, acute irritation 491

" " " recipes 491

" hardening 491

" " recipes 492

Skeleton of horse, explanation.. .. 39, 40

Slings 491

Slavering 382

Sleepy staggers, or apoplexy 410, 413

" " recipes 412, 413

Slinking foals, to know when 104

Small size of old time racers 212

Smart tricks of drivers 241

Soundness and vigor in horses 96

Sore nose 493

Soundness, warranty of 179

Sour stomach 344, 34o

*' *' recipes 348

Soreness of the anus 355

Sore shins 446, 447

" " recipes for 447

" eyelids 427

" " recipes for 427

Spark 203

Sponges 143

Splint brooms 144

Splints 109

Spasmodic action of glottis 340

" recipes.... 340

" colic 346

*' '* recipes 347

Spasm of the diaphragm 357

" '• " recipes 357

Spavin, bog 416, 417

" blood 410

Spleen, enlargement of 366, 367

Splint 444, 445

'' recipes for 445

PAGK.

Spanish barb horse 54

mule 108

Spavin, bone 439, 441

" " recii^s 440, 441

Squirt, i)edigree 206

Staggers, mad 403, 406

" bhud 406, 410

" recipes 419

Steatying the horse 242

Stifle 444

" recipes for 444

Strangles 343

Stomach, inflammation of 354, 355

" rupture of 357

" gorged 858

" recipes 358

Stoutness the forte of early racers.. .. 212
Strangulation of the intestines. . 359, 360

Stump sucking 380

Stringlialt 178

Stable tools 143

Straw wisps 143

Story of thrift and unthrift 148, 153

Stumbling 169

Stable care 141

Stable, water in 134

Staling, profuse, or diabetes, causes. . 269

" " how to know 269

" " what to do 269

" " recipes 269

Strains and sprains 468, 409

Stimulants 607

Stone in the bladder 372

Stricture of the urethra 375

Starveling colts 106

Stabling colts 106

Steady and .slow pulling 127

Stable, construction 128

" loft 131, 133

" walls 131

Stalls, width 131

" temperature 132

Stable, cleaniut: tiie 132

" surroundings 133

" yard 134

Surgical and other instruments. . 610, 611

Suppression of urine 373

Suffolk Punch, horse 62

Surfeit, causes 270

"• how to know 270

" what to do 271

" recipes 271, 272

Summer blankets 143

1068

INDEX.

PAGE. I

Swelled ankles 267 I

" causes 267

" how to know it 267

*' wbat to do 267

legs, caus4;s 267

" how to know 268

" what to do 268, 260

" reciiMJS 20» ,

Sweating 240 |

Swtiet mash 130 j

Swelled throat 882 !

" " recipes 833]

Sweeny, hip 438 j

Swellings from pressure 403 ^

Symi)touis, importance of 6U0

it
ti

Taking hold of the reins

Tally Roger, imdigree

Tartar horse 63,

Teeth of horse

" the mark

" decay

" scurvy

" projecting

Teaching a colt to back

Tetanus 419,

" recipes

Temperature of stables

Tendons, division

Tetter

" recipe for

Teething

" what to do

Teeth, shedding

The embryo

The Giles horse

Thickening of the back sinews

Thrusli, causes

" how to know

" what to do

" recipes for

Thrush, 178,

" r'icipes

Thumps 388,

" recijjes

Thorougli pin

" recipes

" blood valuable in trotters. .

Thoroughbred horses. South 204,

" horse in America

" " early importation

Time of celebrated liorses 213,

" to clean

244

203
73
48
49
879
880
38;i
114
422
420
132
489
285
286
878
378
879
217
247
178
264
265
265
266
384
384
389
389
418
418
248
208
8.)
85!
215
142,

PAOS.

Toe crack 466, 464

" recipes 464

Tonics 607

Tongue inflammation 888

To subdue a vicious horse 110, 120

Tool room 181

To make gruel no

" hay tea 140

To detect vices and delects 160

Tools of stable 143

Topgallant 247

Tracheotomy 486, 488

Tumors, black pigment 543

Tread well mare ; . . . 212

Treatment of mares 103

" " mules 107

Training to trotting 242

" intelligent care necessary . . 239
•' condition, importance of.. . 239

" the 3-year-old 248

" colts to work 113

" to saddle and harness 115

" to harness 116

" proper care in 117

" to the saddle 121

" a horse to trot 122

Trials of speed 248

Trotting under the saddle 122

" movement in 123

" in harness M23

Training to trot in harness 1:;3

" to light harness 125

" fortheplow 120

" to the wagon Vn

" a racer 128

" track on the farm l;i8

" a stallion 128

Trotting horses 239, 247

" horse of America 249

" stallions in England, time of
Henry VIII., by whom

kept 201

" in light iiarness 12.5

" at various speeds 1-6

" horse, to buy 163

Trustee 483

Trotter in light harness 164

Tryall 203

Turfhorses 199

Turning the toe out 172

" " in 172

Turkestan horse 64, 72

Turkoman horse 68, 72

INDEX.

1O09

OE.
404

4(it
607
88B
120
181
140
140
, IGO
. 143
. 247
, 488
. 643
. 212
. 103
. 107
. 242
. 239
.. 239
.. 248
.. 118
.. 115
.. 115
.. 117
.. 121
.. 122
248
122
123
123
lliS
125
12(1

ii;7

128
128
128
39, 247
.. 249
of
lorn
201
12.5

163
, 483
. 104
. 203
. 199
. 172
. 172
154, 72
153, 72

PAOB.

Turkish horse 72

Ulceration of the foot 451, 458

" " recliws... 461, 4.J3

Ultimate trotting siieed 243, 2 14

UiiHuundness, to Iw noted 222

" what constitutes 179

Urine, lime or white 872

" suppression of 373

" " recipes for. 873, 374

Urethra, stricture of 370

Using tlie means we have 153

Value of good bits 242

" " purity in horse 95

" " selection 07

" " mules 107

" " hay and straw 130

" " good shelter 149

Vagina, inflammation of 870

Veterinary .surgery 486, 490

Vermifuges 607

Ventilation of stables 181, 132

Vestil)ule to stable 132

Vermin 283, 284

Vermont draft horse 62

Vision, 'Jimness of 4."0

Vices and defects 109

Vicious horse, to subdue 119, 120

Vocabulary of horses' teeth 62

Walking horse 122

Wagon, training to 165

Water in stable 134

" " tanks 134

Watering 186, 187, 240

Water before feeding 137, 138

Watering when driving 138

Washing the team 142

PAOB.

Washing horses 178

Warranty for unsoundness and vice. . 179

Wjirts 2H1

" causes , 282

" what to do 282

Weak lungs 173

Weaving in the stable 179

Weed 896

Weak eyes 426

Weiglits and measures 508

Well water 187

Wear of teeth in crib-biters 51

Wlialebone, early races 247

What to feed 136

What constitutes unsoundness. . 178, 170

Wliat a horse should be 177

When to feed 137

Wheelbarrow 144

White Turk 201

White or lime urine 372

White spot 171

Wild horses of America 73

Width of stalls 1.31

Windmill 134

Winter feed for colts 1.36

Wind-galls 495

Woodcock, pedigree 203

Wolf teeth in horse's mouth 49

Womb, inflammation of 376

" catarrhof 376

Wolf's teeth 172

Worms in the eye 430

Wounds of the sole 467

" " " contused 476

" " " " recipes., 477

" " " lacerated 477

" " " punctured... 477, 478
Wry taU 171

i *\

«..

ft'

;;" ■ ci^T

FAOB.

Abortion In cows ». 767, 758

•♦ " how to prevent 7.W

♦♦ " tn-atment 758

About Bnrns Otil

" Dutch cattle 600

•• Herd Books 5(H)

Abiorbents, their use 783

" reclpos for 784

Advnntdfifes of full feeding (103

Afterbirlb, retention of. 754

AUIcrncy cattle 664 576

Alderueys, origin of 6(i6

" old style, colors of. 6(i.5

" Youiitt and Parkinson 506

" American 666,667

•' characteristic colors of. 667

•' aa milkers 667

» points of. 5'57,670

" scale of points, cows and

heifers 568,570

" bulls, Judging of '•70

'• Judging by points 672, 575

" as dairy cows 575

Alfnlfo «76

AnK>rican climate «a. English 580

American Holstelns 500

American short-horns 640, 541

Ansesthcllc, recipe for 742

Analyzing the carcass 699

Ancient cattle ». 610

Ancient va modern barns » 671, 672

Angle cattle 699

Animals, pulse of. 746

Animal waste ^^^

Anthrax, preventives of. 707

Antl-spnRmodics '''^

Arranging basements 670

Artitlclid protection 658

Astringents im

Ayrshire cattle 576, 587

Ayrshlres Improved, England 576, 577

Ayrshires in the East 580

" in the West 581

" points, description of. 581

" usefulness of. 581

*' escutchons of. 582

" Arom English and American

standpoints 684, 687

" the body 584

" the.«kln. 685

" relating to ~ 68.5

«' head „ 686

1070

TLE.

PAOK.

Ajrrshiros, tlietop points g^

" the tents g^

" the color _ 5^7

" the carriage 5^7*

'• of Corrick 670

" of Kyle r,-0

" of CunnlDglinm .57(j

" of the last century 570

" In 1800 578

" as milkers S'S

'• English, yields of milk 57g

'• " yleldft of butter 579

" " " cheese 570

" " In America 580

*• first Imported to tiio U. S.... 580
" American, yields of butter.... 581

Baby beef. «f„)

Barn, for farm ({^jo

" common-sense (^-t

" octagonal ({(jo

" square (mjJJ

" stables In basement ((04

" cattle feeding basement (^

" dairy 0(55

" square cross 605, 668

Basements fur cattle C68, 669

" arrttngements,"*'ol'. ~ 670

Beef, short-horns for » 550

Birth, how to manage 75]

Birth, straining after 746

Black quarter 740

Biiiin, recipes for 768

Bleeding 751

" to slop 78;^

Blistering 743

" recipes for 743

Blisters, application of. 776

Bloody murrain 708

" *• its malign.int character 700

Blue grass „ (J77

Body of the Devon goy

Breed, how to (520

Breeds, choice of. gog

Breeding, general utility (J27

" in line gog

" grades (509

" " how to (j3Q

* up a herd (^i

♦* grades from Texans (J19

♦' and feeding cattle 625, 644

" grades 567

Breitenburg cattle „ 579

(

INDRX — CATTLE.

1071

PAQE.

Butcher's profit in short horns rwv)

Buttermilk Torcaivofi 7.S1

Butter, how to soli 'M)

" pn(;l«a^p ». 7.10

" tempcraturo to Itecp 7;)0

•* receipts, (Miinijfo m 710

*' antl ciieroc, Milwaukee 710

'• prntlii'.'tlon of. 717

" coloriiif^ 724

" saltiiijr 724

" wn.sliinjc »»■ worliliig 725

" puoloiffes « 725

'• " to prepare > 725

Bulls, scale of points 572

Buying^ to feed Olt"

" breeding cattle » Oft"

" milch cows 702

" formillj 702

Calf, training tiic 040

" halrering 040

" unnatural positions of. 751

" " " " how to

oI)vlate 751

Calves, castration of. 043

" early feeding of. 042

" prollts on 043

Calving, drinl<8 for cows atU'v 7M

" paralysis aftir 75(5

" •' recipes for, 750, 757

Carcass of ox, explanation of. (iDO

Caro of milk - 720

Castration of calves 04.'J

Catarrli, recipes for 7H0

Cat's tail grass 077

Cattle, natural history of 610

" domestication of. 510

" ancient 51!)

" teeth of. 520

•• breeds of. 521

" races of ~ 521

«' diseases of. 701, 772

" heavy weijjhts 084

" short-horns, weight 085, (i87

" Interests In Texas 020

" prime parts in 7(M)

" how to buy 701

" forfe«ding. 007

" special (■\gus of disease in 74!)

" ten years' produce in KM

" training and working G45,().5<i

•' " v». breaking ~ 045

Characteristics of Devon cow 624

" " Dcvons 528

" ♦' Spanish cattle 015

Cheap stables 6«0

PA OK.

Cheese making 720.7.'<0

" production of. ^ 717

Cheshire clie<>8e, to make 72ft

Chlddar '• 727

" " to make 728

" " sizes of. 728

Choice of breeds 020

Clysters 741

" forms of. 770

" recipes for ^ 770,777

" siiniuiatlng 777

" Inxtitive 776

•* emollient 777

" diuretic 777

" anodyne 777

" for worms 778

" astringent > 778

" nourlsldng 778

Clovers of value ti70

" undcgirable 076

Clover rations for caltlc 030

Coloring l)utter 724

Color of Kliort-liorns 660

" "tiioSussex 537

Colors of Alderucys 507

Common barn 002

Common svnse breeding 0.'t3

" " In dis( ase, value of 730

Comparing value." 030

Comparison of milk produ(;t8 000

Contagious diseases 701, 772

Contour of bo<ly of short horns. ...555, 56ii

Corn rations for cattle 030

Cougli drinks, recipes for 770

Coughs, remedy tor • 786

Cows, Devon 524

Cow, Hereford 531

Cows, gestation of. (>.34

Cow, to prevent kicking O-JO

•, '• sucking (i.-)2

" «' hooking 052

" to manage a kicking Ci^s

Cows, viciousiicss in o-JO

" sucking ftjO

Creamery, ex. of. 710

Dairying, importance of. 71.5

" condii ions nceesjiary for 719

Dairy, the 715, 732

" drainiigfor 7]9

" subH'arih ventilation 720

" Importance of cleanlincs.s 721

" animal odor 721

" temperature of. 722

" short horns for 641), 5.50

" cow. The Alderuey 575

1072

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAOE.

Dairy barn H85

" Qiilkcra to buy (MM)

Danish cattle fil)4

Description of Ayrshire points rtHl

Devon cattle „ 523

" cows 524

" cow, cliuracterlstlcs of. 624

" working ox. 620

Devons, characteristic <i of and impor-
tant points 628

" llniba o2H

" body of. 528

•' skin of: 52})

" hair of. 529

" points of 626, 527

Diarrhea, recipes for 7H«

Digestion 710

Dima.ses of cattle 7'.'5, 770

" In general 7:56, 737

" recognizing. 74(1

" breathing In „ 747

" temperature in 748

" posture in „ 749

" foot and mouth 770

" " temperature in 770

" liow to know- 770

" of the feet « » 779

Dissections 778

Distlnguislilng marks of Su.-sex cows 637

Diuretic drink 785

Doses, fornii. of 740

Dr. Geo. Miiy, on Dutch cattle 508

Drink for cows after calving 785

Dnrhnin bull tmd cow, old style 538

Dutch cattle, (see Ilolsti ins) 589

" " true history of. 691

" " what history says. 691

" " facts as to 696

" " races of „ 698

Dutch Fresian cow ,598

Dysentery, recipestor 7N6

Earl Spencer's prize ox ({08

Early feeding of ealvc!> ((42

" nmturity, protlis in 788

Eonnomy of large l)urns M7

English fecdinfr, cost of. 1191

Epidemic disease! .UUl, (172

Eruptive " 787

Escniclieon 702

Escutcheons of l)<>st eows 705

" and milk gliuids (107

•' marks, value of. 097

" not always correct 710

*' in pv'ints 672

" In Ayrshln-s .5H2, 583

Exercising common sense in breeding 6;)3

PAQE.

Experiments in feeding 6.<)6

Export buttttrand ciieese 717

Eye, cooling wash lor 7^)

" in disease 74U

Facts about Dutch cattle guQ

Farm barn (j(;>>

Farmer Thrifty's Cattle q,-^

" Slack's shelter (^09

Fmtcnlngs ($«(>

Fit bullocks, outline of. (j^)

Feedingqualitles, Iloilaud cows (io,'{

" stock cattle oso

" milch cows (ihl

" for profit 580

" cost In England 000

" In summer (ioj

'* experiments in o;so

" standard ^a^

" rations for steers 038

" stock, to buy ()(m

" cheap corn 041

" atmliklngtiinc (!4{)

Firing 743

Flooding after calving 7')4

" " " recipes for 7.>4

Fomentations, their operations 779

" reciiws for 771)

" common 770

" anodyne 779

" relaxing 770

Food vs. product... (^to

Foods, relative value of. 040

Form as an index toquality (i;a)

Foul meadow grass 1179

Fouls in Cuttle 7S8

Framed sheds Ii.j9

Franklsh eow 'ym

Frlesian cattle ")!)3

" " characteristics rmi

Full feeding, advantages of. (i!l3

F'«mlganls 78.5

" to make 7h5

Fumigation 741

Qalioway cattle 613

(ielding calves, euro in 044

General utility in breeding 627

Gestation of cows lOi

" tal)lo relative to H\H

»* diseases of 7".0, 7'-H

" accidents of. 7.')0, 7)8

" plural 749

" multiple 7')0

" what to do during 751

Good C4ire, value ot <)()<>

" relnrns, liow to get ». RM

" feeding profitable 701

INDEX — CATTLE.

1073

PAGE.

Orndea, breodiiiffof. 5(17

Griidtiatlon of dogot< „ 739

OriiR^cii for stock 02.5

Git;a«e hutter 715

Qiu'iioirn theory 702, 709

Huiriiiul condition ^^n

" of fliu Devons 629

Hjippy lamlly „ hqq

Heat of iron 7>\3

Heavy wi-ij^lUs of cattle 68^

" " ofshort-liora cattle 085, 088

Ilcrdinjf, cattlo, expense of. 02I

Hercdif y 710

Heret'ords 529

HcFuford bull 530

*' Hlfy years ago ,531

" cow 5;J1

Hereford:^ in America 532

" as milkers 5;{2

Hereford ox „ ,534

" cow and calf. .M3

" of today ;j34

History of IIoNtoln v)88

" short horns ,>}], loS

Holstcin cuttle ,')8<), (iOS

" Idstory of. oSS

" cow, cseutoheonon 7()(i

Ilolstc'ins, improvement In o-io

" for tlie pn-sent WMitury wn

" In America TnO

" first imported.. sjjo

" colors of. 689

" herd hook 61tl

" n^gnlar markots established.. .'■,<)4

" Dr. Geo. iVayor .-,98

•' Mr. Kli|tpait'3 testimony 598

" Importation of W. C. Cheii-

P'T 693

•' as niillicrs ^^^^

" weijflitsof (n),5

" milk products of. (jy.^

'• herd records 006,007

" cow ,-,9.5

" herd records , (50.5

Home dairies 721

Horns not cerUiin Indications oi apfe... 713

Hovcn ifn)

" remedy for.. T.eo

Howtohrced (127

Ilow to buy ami how to sell 095, 71,';

How to shilter „0.j7, 074

Iiupnivcments in Holsteins ')80

Indication of pain 58!>

Infectlouii iliscasi's > 759, 770

Iiitn-ions 778

" ndo for making 778

Ii\|ectIon8 M 741

PAGE.

Inversion of womb ,. 755

Jersey bnll, perfection » 571

" scale of of points 672

Jersey or Aldemey cattle 6B4, 675

" call Ic (see Alderney)

Jerseys, milk ndrrorsof. » 704

Judging a<ru by teeth 7n

Judging Alderney bulls 579

Judging Atderneys by points 572,675

Kerry cow 608

Kerry's, a nire breed 608

" description of. 009

" hardincssof 008

Kicking cow, to manage 0.>5

Kind and careful treatment 681, 082

Klippart, on Holsteln cattle 599

Last centnr)', Ayrshires of. „ 570

Labor, languid 756

Languid lalior 756

Large prescntJitlon 752

Lice on cattle. 786

Limbs of the Devons „ 628

Live weight, cstimathig 696

Long horns „..~..,.. 522

Make beef young 0,88

Making dairy butter 722

Malignant antiirax 702

" catarrh 7^9

" " symptoms of. 709

" " recipes for 779

Mamniitis 700

McJUJureinents. estimating by ^97

Medlcii»es and instruments 779 735

" "action of. 774

** OSes 774

" wlien to administer 739

" how to give 740

Medical recipes for cattle 776^ 7^7

Middle horns ;.>.>

Milking quailtits of Alderneys :^•,^

Milk mirror in poiiits -,79

Milking ([U dities of lloistelns (jog

Mdk produets of Holstelns (^94

" " compm'd (iqq

" " of Kerry cow.s qiq

Milking, trainl^'gto ^i^

Milking time, feeding at ^^^f^

" O'jO

Milch cows ,|Yj

Milk and heef cow, description of 701, 702

" ndrrors 702

Milkers in all breeds 703

Milk veins -jq^

1074

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE.

Milk, care of. 720

»• *« 723

Milk Fever 758

Model cow, perfection 470

" dairy, description of 704, 70)

" creainorj', groinid plan of. 719

Murrain, preventives of 7U9

" recipe* for 769,770

Mucilages, use of 780

Natural history of Catllo 519

'* tenipemture of stock 657

" water in food 0S2

Neck of sliort horns 555

Nutritive qualities of llolstcliis 604

Necessity of shelter 657, 674

New industries, rushing Into 684

North Devon cow 62.5

North Holland cuttle UOO

Octngonid barns

Old style farm yard

Opodeldoc, to make

Orchard grass

Oleoniarguriiio

Outline of short liorn cow.
Oxen truinin<r

6r>8
658
787
678
715
■)37
652

Packing butter

Paralysis, after calving

Paslnro, feid and water .675,

Pasturage

Pasturing, time lor.

Piitton

Pedigree of Comet

" cow Klorissa

Per*"ectlon in cow 5(i0,

Pleuro pueumouia, virus of.

" " period of ineiiha-

tiun

•• '• of iiifi-ction

" dislnfeftiou of

" eontii'.ious 760,

" history of.

** " nialignaiitquidilit s

* " I'lmtiigiousiies-i of

" " dennitionof

Poiiits of cow« 526,

Poultices, their use

" siimidaiing

" to promote 8upi)iiraion

Polled cattle

Points of stturt-horiiH

" *' descriljed

Prolonged labor

Pn^sentiition large „

prime parts in cattle....

M
M
M

731
7.-,6
682
(i75
070
541
6.S2
632
564
763

763
7ii3
764
"64
762
7'>2
7)iO
762
527
782
7'i2
783
611
658
560
762
752
700

PAGE.

Profits fVom breeding Texan grailes... 619

" on Texan cattle 02;^

" of early mHturity 747

" of good feeding 701

Pulsein disease 746

" of unhnals 746

Purity, value of. 667

Quality, form as an Index to 529

Quurterale 759

Paces of Dutch cattle 593

lliiiions for milch cows 037

liaising cream, various methods 722

" " Dutch method 722

" " Holstein method 722

" *' Devonshire '* 722

" " Qussander " 722

lliiising calves, experiments in 731

" young cattle 042

Relative v.alue of different foods 640

Ked top 638

Respiration 711

Ketentlon of afterbirth 7.54

" " •' recipes for 755

Kementfor cheese 729

Ripecittle for protlt 701

Rough shwl 658

Rowels 7-14

Rule for measuring cattle , >.),

Salting Butter -..,. <'■

Salt for butler 0l6

" impurities hi 626

Sciile of points, siiorl-hurn bulls. ..501, 562
" " " " cows. ..•)ti2, .564

" " '' cows and belters.. ..508, 57.)

. " " " Jer..ey bull 572

Selection In br<!ei!in>r „ 632

" of bulls for T'X;i8 621

" •' Ciilves for Texas 622

S«'tous „ 744

" recipes for 744

Slmlter, li.iw to 657,674

' where to plant 67!

Sh.illow pans 721

SIiDrt-horns, cows,. sc.ile of point.!. 562, 564

Sltor;-horu8, the hnek 5')7

•• •• 1 .In 6)7

" " limb 5.57

" " akin 5)7

" " hair 659

" handling 55S

«♦ color 5t«)

perfection in 660. 'Si

ttnllH 661,5:2

scale of poluts 561, 562

M
it
tl
ii

*%^»-'«

INDEX — CATTLE.

1075

PAGE.

Short born proper. 639

, *' history of. ftiO, .503

" in America 641, 4o0

" importation 1815 541

" » 1817 541,542

•♦ " 1820iiiKl 182 1... 642

♦• " 1822 to 1830 542

*' Oliio importation 1S34 544

•• •' 1824 to 182S,

1833 to 1840 544
•♦ «• " 1840 to 1850, ,-45

«♦ " " 1860to 1851, 546

•♦ " •» 1858..., 549

'♦ in the West 549

" for becif. 650,563

" " dairy "4i),550

" points or. 5.53

" butcher's profit in 563

" the hcjitl 553,5.34

" the neclt .>J5

" boily, contour of. 5')iy,V^

" proper shape for fattening, 556

" the crops 5"<7

Shorthorn breeds...- 5S7,t)^

Sipfiisof disease In cattle 749

Skim milk, value of. 732

Skim cheese 716

Skeleton of ox, explanation of 774

" " and horse compared.... 7<53

Skin diseases, wash for 780

" and condition 748

" of the Devon? ."29

Slack shelter 809

South Holland entile 5110, JOl

Spai'sh cattle 615

Spraj \ng 741

Splen'c fever 759

Square barn 603

Stimulating tincture 781 783

Starting the herd 031

Stabler in basement 664

Stock cattlo, feeding 670

" feeding 670

♦• well and ill kept 681

Steaming 841

" application 841

" iio.sfbiig for 641

Straining alter birth 7.)6

Suniuier leeding - 601

" shelter. 672

Sussex cattle, distinguishing marks of -'tS?

" cow « -I'M

" the color ol 537

Swiss cow .^ 69r>

Styptics, valuable... 782

PAGE.

Table on gestation- 6,35

Taints from impurities in milk 72'>

Teeth of cattle f,20

Teeth, Judging age by 713, 714

Temperature of dairy 722

" cheese vat.. 7;!0

Texaa cattle 61.5, 024

" " interests in (J20

" " acclimating improved bulls

in - 621

•' " selection of calves for 622

" fever - 767

" «» how to know it 765

♦• •• recipes for - 766

" " whnttodo 766

Tcxans, feeding in stable om

" improved blood 619

Ten years produce In cattle* 631

The young calf. 639

The touch, value of. 700

Tht-rmometrlcal tests for heat 748

Timolhy 677

Time for pasturing 680

Tongue Indisea.se 746

Truining and working cattle 64), 6')8

" vs. breaking 64)

" the calf. 646

" to milk 648

" oxen 6)2

♦• stock young 654

»' cattle, summing lip (ij4

True grasses 077

True liistory of Holland eatili- ..gi

Twist, veins of 7II

Twisted suture 745

Udder, veins of. 711, 712

Ulceration of ilic iikhiiIi "SO

" reel pes for 786

Unnatural prcsfntatinn 7 2

" positions of calf. 7"i2

Urus '<19

Usefuhie.<8 of Ayrsliires 582

Value of purity IWi

Values, comparison of. - ti39

Valuable clovers 676

Value of good care 69'i

" milk mirrors 703

Viipora 741

Veins of iwist and udder, iiilalllble

marks 712

Veterinary surgery. Importance o.*".. ... 736

" pretenders "36

Virus, how carried 781

Wa«h for eruption 786

1076

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAQK.

Wnslios 780

Waste products, utilizing 731

Wuteriiig B80

Welglits of Holstcins «)4

" Texas entile eiy

Weiglit, to cstiiimtc 690

Weigliliig cattle 700

Weil aiul ill kept titocl« „ 683

What liistoiy says— Uoiland cattle 61K)

Wliat t<> plant 674

Where to plant slielter 681

Where good beef lleH „ 699

Wutnb, iuversion of. B55

*• " to nrevent. ~ tti5

PAOI.

Wind-breaks g^g

Wounds, sewing 74^

" tlnotura for 7^4

W. Fricsland cattle gy))

Yields of milk, Dutch cattle aoi

" " '♦ Ayrshires eoi

u it <i 'I'ouderu cows 6yi

•' " " Breitenburg cowf> 6()3

" " " Holland cows e<)3

" " " H.lsteins 605

Young calf. 642

" stock to train 654

" beef 687

SHEEP.

FAQB.

Age fot breedinff sheep 812

American merinos 806

" origin of. 807

Apoplexy 82:)

Barbary sheep 7!)3

Biilex canal, intlaramation of. 835

Black-fuued Highland sbeep~ 703

Border Ijclcester 795

Ca^trnting lambs 818

" rams biy

Cheviot sheep 801

Colic 837

Cotswold sheep 706

" " value or. 7iJ6

" " South 7U8

« lambs 7!t8

Coupling sheep , 812

Diseases of sheep 8-1, 837

" " head and brain 826

" " urinary organs) K13

" " generative organs 8;W

Division of wool HIO

'• " " Illustration 810

Docking Inmbs 813

Dorsci fheep 803

Dosing Kheep 815

K|)ilep.-«y -. 830

Full pasturing of fheep 815

" feeding of sheep 815

Fine wooled sheep 806

Foot rot » 8:«3

" " Ireatmeit 834

Fouls In the feet '. 834

Generative organs, disiases ?M

Gravel 884

PAOB.

Grubs In thobead. »;{!>

'• " " " to prevent mnj

" extrractlon kso

Hampshire Downs 804

Hydrophobia 831

Hydatids on the brain 8:!1

InllHDunatlon of the e; ds 828

" " " brain aao

" symptoms. N^o

Intestinal worms 880

LH.nbing room '<18

Lambs, castration 81it

Leicester sheep 800

Lincoln shwp ....~ 8»)0

Liver Iliike «;«1

Loel^Jaw, treatment 830

Long wooled sheep lA

" " flecking 800

Lung worms 83)

" '• treatment hA'>

Maggi.ty sheep ,s;r)

" " recipes Ki'y

Management of lambs nzi

Merinos, American mi

" fleeces , „ h06

'• the head ., 8o7

" the body „ 8O8

" charpcterlstics h07, SOJ

'• for profit 808, hOO

Middle wooled sheep 801

New Leiwst'.'r sheep 7i»)

" OxfonMiire shrrp , H()0

Niii>Mry for iambs M-3

Oxford Downs Ni.3

INDEX.

1077

PAOK.

..6.58
..744
.. 784
.. 60()
... (H)l
... 60i
...601
... 6()3

FAOK.

... 8;i>j

... 839

.... H.S9

.... 804

... 831

.... 8;il

.... 828

.... 830

....830

. .886

HIS

, 81 'J

, 800

. 8(10

. m)

, 830
.7,4

. 800

: 83)

.. HiV)
.. Ki'i
.. W)
.. H-J3
.. KHi
,,. hOti
... W)7
... 808
.S07,80:i
.H08, hOi)

801

7i)')

800

". M!o

... >^i

fAaB.

Palsy „ 880

" recipes „ 830

Parasites on sheep 831

Pasturing slieep > 814

Punjuub sliecp 7113

Ral>ii!8 «31

ItuiMa ut uuupling time 813

" as tensers 813

'* manugcinent 813

" cuMtriilion 810

Roc|{y Mountain sheep 7ii2

Roots forsliecp 820

Scab ; 832

" syniplotus 8;{2

»' to cure aS3

" recipes lor 8:12, 8;H3

Sheep, the head 823, 824

*• " trunli. 824

" " fore-leg 824

" " hind-leg - 824

" " important points of, **-*

" " analysis 824,825

" " sliull of, explained 825

" *' importance of head of, b2o, H2tt

" " teeth H20

" " teeth indicating age 827

«' " swelled head in 827

" " » " recipes for 827
»• " distemper 828

PAOR.

Sheep distemper recipes for H28

Sheep husbandry .791, 820

" varieties 791

" importance of 791

" points of, explained 7.)2

Shropshire Downs 804

Sheep breeding 811, 821

'* management of. 811, 821

" barns 816

" trough 816

Sheep, di.seaso^ of 821, 837

Slieieton of sheep, description ol „ 824

Special Winter feeding of sheep 817

Training rams 814

Travel sore 834

Tlie rot in sheep 836, fb37

Urinary organs, diseases of. 838

Varieties of sheep 71)}

Vegetable poisoning s28

" " recipes for. 828

Watering sheep 815

Weaning she<-p 81U

White-faced Highland sheep h()2

Winter managemer*^^ of sheep h19

Worms, intestinal 836

*' lung 836

" liver-tlulce 8.16

" the rot 837

SAVIISTE.

Age of swine, to tell 843

American breed 86.3, hU;»

" bred swine 85.3,809

Antiquity of the hog 841

Anthrax, miilignant « 887

Arlomsns tooth-pick 874

Beriishlris 846

chiirnetiTislii-s of. 846, 847

Breeds of Anicricun Swine 863, H.')i»

" rt'cnpitiilation of. 808

Bracuing and management of swine,

784 807

" age of swine 802

Cnroof sows ^'^

Cntnrrh in licad - 88'

Ciurljoii 887

Contagious piwunio - enter'tis wiili

nialiguant sore tlirout....» 880, 886

Contagions diseases, summary of. 892

Contagious pneiimo - enteritis with
malignant soro throat, recipes for,

880, 886

Caleshlll swine 849

Catarrh, malignant, epizootic 881

" " " recipes for 882, 883

Chinese hog 844

China boar 844

" sow 845

Chinese swine and cros!ic.«

Characteristics of Berl<.sliire.'< 846

" NeMpDlliiui iiogs 7i)i

*' Essex fswine 849

" Poland-Chinn 8.>5

" llxingundholdhiu:... 701

Chester whites S-Jo, 8.58

'« " west boS

1078

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

FADE.

Cheshire; » 867

" iuiprovud ~ 858

Clean uiiro nccessury 867

CouUtgiuus uiul inulijfiiniit diseHSC's S81

'* pneuiMouiu eiitfriUi*...884, S87

" » oiijfiii of....884, H85

•* " eryslix'litousfonn «t>)

Cross— barn forswliit! 772

Cuiiiburlaad swine 850

Diarrlit-u 891

" recipe for » 8»:J

Dimuuily ill luliuiuisteriiig > 880

DisfUiies ul'swiiie 879, 892

" tiie sliin 889

Englisli breeds 8<'m

Essex »wiiie gi8

," ori^Mit of. H4H

Farrowing of swine 8B3

Feeding and sliellur 808, 878

" in summer.. 869

" grain 870

" south 870

" in contlnenient 871

Gestation of swiue tVKi

Good vs. food 8(«

Good nursing imporuint 880

Grain Hiding 870

Hog, origin of. 841, 842

" anliquiiy of. H41

" iulroductiou into America 842

» '• Florida 842

" " Novadcoiiu.... 842

« " N. Foundlimd, 842

*• " Canada H42

" " Virginia H42

explanation of skelutoii of S7i)

" liglitva lieavy H7fi

Hospital breed K(iO, H78

Uog oiioii la, intestiual tttU, 884

»• '• " causes ^84

" » " prevention S«

log barns •».. ~ 871,878

Ulustrallon of skeleton > 87U

Inipurtaneeot swmu S4;{

Improved breeds of swine (.44

'• Herlvshire h|h

•' Isuffollis _ 85*t. sSl

" MidUie-ifX 8iM, <il

" Oiiovbire «.>

Importanee of swine hM)

" " scUetion -_... .SIC

" '■- good nnrsiug... KMO

Intestinal hog-cholera 863, •sM4

tt
i<

M
M
I.
ii

eimscn..

" " ♦' prcventiv .i_ ?*>•)

ladiu hog » 844

FAGE.

Inflammatory diseases .~ 888,892

Jersey reds 8^")"

Jeflerson County hogs 8.")i»

Liirgu Lancashire, white 85.'i

Laneashiru hogs ~ 851, 8&3

" middle-breed 86;^

Lard worm 800 ,

Light OS heavy hogs 87,5

'^ hogs protit-tule 87a

Lights, ri»lug of. 880

Liee - 891

Magie hogs 850

Maiignantand contagions diseases.. 881, 888

" epizootic catarrh 8.S1

" " symptoms 882

" " reciiiesfor 882,883

" autiirax 887

Mange 892

Managcnant of swine 8(>>5

Marlvings ot lierlisliircs 847

Mast as food 870

Medicmo,dilUcnlty in administering... 878

Measles 8h0

Middle-bred Yoriisiiires m)

•' Lancashire 8.i2

Morgan county hogs 8,50

Neapolitan hogs 847

" " imported to U. Suites 8.51
hog 844

Origin ot Ea^ex swine 840

" roland-Cliina f^

" Chester VVidle jj,-^

Points of Snfloili swine- 851

Poland-China 851

Pueumo-euterllla 884, 887

" " origin of 884, 880

erysipei:(tons form... 883
vs. anthrax, distinc-
tion b^-tween 887

Pneumonia. 880

Quinty 888

Itee ipltnlatlon ol Itreeds .858, 850

Rods for swine 800

Kiiiiiigof tiir iighls 880

liatb H'l

" recipes for 801

ion, lm|>ortance of. ; 8(!2

t-faeed Laaca.shire 8.51. r5l'

ShelU-rand feedin;; H<J8. 8TI

tttunese hog. and Berkaltire 84<t

Skeleton of hog S70

Hniall Yorkshires 850

Splenic lever lu swiac 88(i

Strangles 887

'■ recipe for .. 887

«WJ

INDEX— SWINE AND POULTRY.

1079

PAGE.

Suffolks 860

" origin ol 850

'• Pi'ineo A.berts 851

" points „ 851

Summer fecdliiif hoU

Summiiry of iiecesiinry euro 8(>7

" cure of 8'vliie 874

" coiita}(iou8 (lisenscsi 892

tinine, history, breeds mid cliuractcr-

teristlcs 741, 892

•' ago of, to telL »... 743

*■ breeding in America 743

" ill lowu ~. 744

" ill Olile - 744

•* ill Illinois 744

*' improved breeds of. 744

" breeding ago of 862

" iiiiiiiageinent (if 865

" cleaiil iiess necesMiry 866

Teeth of the hog 842

TrMilnu Spirali.-^ 890

Weuniiig :. 863

Yorkshire swine 849, 850

POULTRY.

African geese 9<17

American wild turkey 898

Analysis of wing plumage- 936, 938

Anatomy of the lien 974

Apoplexy !>74, 975

Asiatic breeds - .917, 924

Aylesbury ducks 9.j6

Buutains, origin of. 910

" 931, 933

Seiibright 031

Barn-ynrd fowls, varieties of. 933

Best breeds for market 941

Black Dorking »0o

" Ilimburgs 908

" East India duck 959

" rot 976

" " recipe lor 977

Bolton Gray 906

Brahma fowls 921, 924

Biida •• 021

Brown-breasted red game 927

Brecilliig of poultry 9:;4. 941

Breeders, Glossary of terms umhI 019, 970

" to type - 940

" grades 941

Bronze gray Turkey O')0

" black " 051

BnfrCochliis "19

Cull duck* »'i7

Canada wild goose ^^

I'AOK.

Care inpncking fowls > 046

Cayuga black ducks 958

Cliiltagoiig 918

Cholera '. 976

Common turkey 949

Creve Cceiirs 9]6

Crested turkey 948

Crop bound 977

Croup 977

Dark Brahma 922

Derby game 928

Divisions of domcslio poultry tH)2

Disparity in sexes 040

Diseases of fowls 97.3,078

Diphtheria 977

Domestio fowls, origin of. 89J, 912

" poultrj', how divided 912

Dorking fowls 904, 906

" white 903

" silver gray !»04

" gray 9(5

" fawn-colored OOo

Dominique fowls !»0i>, !H)7

Domestic tiirkej varieties of 948, 049

Dressing fowls 044

Duek-wiiig game 9.19, 9

Ducks, Uoiieii 9'4, O.kS

" Aylesbury 0-,ft

" gray cull 057

" cull 9.>7

" wliite O.J7

" Cayuga black 0.58

'♦ summary of 9i9, 961

Earl Derby game 928, 029

Egg-producing fowls 944

Egg bound 075

£nibdeii,or Bremen geese 062

English turkey 049

Fawn-colored Dorking 005

Fancier's glossary of terms 909, 970

Fancy ducks 959

Fowls, inaiiagenient of. 942, 946

" tlio house 943

'* proper fond for '*43

" ^>iS producers 044

" for market 044

" tofatttm 044

» to kill 044

'• to dress 044

" packing for marlvel 045

French fowls Ol.t, 016

Frizzled '• 024

Game fowls „ 0:tl

" bantams .., 031

O.ipos. remedy for 07(>

Oeese, sub-varletles of. » 8^6

1080

ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

1 . PAGE.

Georgia game 031

Oeese „ 062, IMJ8

" Eiubiluii » UU2

" Bremen mi

" Toulouse ))U3

" Hong Kong U((4

" wliitQ Chinese [m

" African ««7

" Canada wild ~ 967

" niunagcment of. 068

Ooldcn-peiiciled Hamburg UIO

Going Into business 942

Glossary of terms used by funclt-rs,

909, 970

Gray Dorking 9«4

Gray call ducks 9o7

Guinea fowl, where native m... 898

Gueldar fowls ^ 925

Guinea fowl 950,951

" " number of eggs laid 9.50

♦ " wild »50

" " white 951

«• " spotted 951

Hamburg fowls 908

Hen, anatomy of. 974

Hotidurus turkey 950

ITong-IConggcesc 9U4

Houdans 914

Ideal shape 939

Influnimatiou of egg passage 975

" " " recipe for 975

Japanese Bantams 932

Killing fowls 944

Lafleche fowls „ 915

Largo Asiatic breeds™ 917, 924

L.'iying soil eggs 977

Leghorns '. > 910

Leg bone ot lien » 974

Lice 978

Light Brahma ~ 924

Management of fowls 866, 946

" geese 948

Marketing fowls 945

Mating 941

Mexican wild turkey 896

" turkey 951

OcelaU'd turkey 950

Origin of domestic fowls™ 89"», 902

Ostrich fowls.... 908

Packing for market 045

Partridge Cocliin 921

Peacock » ~ „ 053

PAGE.
Penciled Hambnrgs 009

Pip 977

Plymouth Rock fowls m)7

Points of poultry, ezpulaution oi u-^l

" tlio Itead " ...0.15, \m

" fowls " ...9:16, 939

Poultry, Idstory and management 895, jith

" " .95, .H)2

" wild tyiKJS 898, 9()2

" tlie plumage 9:;7, 9,'{8

" diseases of. 97:i, 978

Rlieumatism 077

Houcn ducks 0t>l, S),j5

Roups 975

" recipe for 975

Scabrlght Bantams 93X

Sexes, disparity iu om

Silky fowls 9]9

Silver-gray Dorking „ !Jo4

'* penciled Ilamburgs ™ 9U9

Sonnerat fowls t^jo

South American fowls 901

Spanish fowls 94J, 943

Spotted Guinea fowl 9,-,;}

Standard white Leghorns !)43

Summary of ducks 9 ,9, oiji

Sub-varieties of geese 898

Toulouse geese 903

Turkeys 9-51, 952

♦' domestic varieties of. 948, 949

" time of Ihitcldng eggs 948

*' common „ 949

" crested 948

" English 949

" bronze gray 949

" Honduras 950

" Ocelates 9.50

♦• Mexiean ™ 951

" bronze 951

» " black 951

Varieties of domestic turkeys 94H, 959

" barn-yard fowls 9(1!, 9:53

Water fowl — ducks 951, 9.i4

" " —geese 9«:i, 908

White Dorking sm

" Leghorn 910

•• Cochins 921

" Georgia games 9:{U

*♦ guinea fowl » 9')3

" ducks 9.)7

*• China geese , 906

Wild species of domestic fowl 9(HI

" gooso 907

Wing plumage, amilysls of. ™9o6, 038

INDEX.

1081

BEES.

PAOE. I

Bee Vails 088 Products of Roes.

PAufl.

... 982

Comb 980 Queen Upkh 980, 981, 984, 09(), 991

Drones 980 Races of Dees.

984

987
9S0

Erjjs iuul Uroort 981 SmokiiiR Bees

ExtriietoiH of Wsix and of Honey .... 988 , Stages of Ike Life

„.„ Starting Bee-culture 985

!!i:r'.'':".:::::::::::::::::»»5;S«i«""™'"« "»

Honey Extractor 983 Taking the Honey 091

I Transferring Bees 986

Location of Hives 988, 989 Treatment of Honey 692

I
Management 982, 989 ' Wax Extri'ctor M3

Wintering &»2

Natural History of Bees 979 ' Working Bees b80

DOGS

Astlima in Dogs 1025 Foxhound, the.

.1011

Bronchitis in Dogs 102-5 Greyhound, the 1013

BarlH't, tlie lol ')

BieeilH of Dogs 997

Bull Dog 1009

Hydropliobia 103.5

" the (toodman cure for. \> 30
" instances of cure 1037

Influenza in Dogs loiiO

Inflannnalion eC the stomach 1030

" " liver 1(31

" " bowels 1031

Bloixlhoniul, the 1011

Beagle, the 1013

Bretiling 1010

" choice of sire and dam lolO

" age 1010

" time of year 1010, ^

" management 1017 Jerks, or chorea 1033

Cancer in Dogs 10!4 Lice on Dogs 1033

Coach Dog, tiie lOU '

Canker of th.> ear 1032 ^^"'"'^ '^t. Bernard Dogs 1010

Connn...i cold ii\ Dogs 1<>25 ^Ji'«"'f '"' *'

Choi ta or jerks 1033

Consumption in Dogs 10:^0

Diseases of Dogs 102.")

Dalmatian, the lol4

Dropper, the 101)3

Dingo of Australia iWS

Distemper in Dogs 1028

Newfoundland Dog H 07

Pointer, the 1004

Poodle, tlie inlS

Pleurisy in Dogs 1026

Pneumonia in Docs Itl'JO

Puerperal Ills 1034

Protracted labor 1036

Fits 10.13 Rabies or hydniphobia. ..

Fl»!as on Dogs 1033 Rheumatic fever in Dogs.

1035
.1027

1082

ILT.rSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR.

PAGE.

Rickets or large joints 1084

Slieep Dog 1013

Setter, the English 0»0

" " Liiviiriick 9«9

» " Griihiim and Corbet UiOO

" " Irish 10()1

" " Ulack Tan or Gordon 1002

» " Native 1003

Spaniel 1006

the Hunting K'06

'« " Clumber 1007

" " Sussex 1007

♦' " Water 1007

Sprains l'^3*5

Terrier, the English lOl*

PAOR.

Terrier, the Scotch 1014

" " Dandle Dinmont 101-5

Training of Tointei's and Setters 1010

" " Spaniels 10'J2

" " Hounds 10^8

" " Vermin Dogs lOiS

" " from Gun-shyness 1023

Tumors in Dogs 1*'84

Tender feet 1088

Usefulness of the Dog.

008

Whelping 1017

Whelps, care of 1"19

Weaning and feeding K'lit

Worms In dogs 1033

AGENTS WANTED.

Apts WaDteOy

OXJEI-im, 02SrT-A.IlI0-

TEACHERS, BUSINESS MEN.

SMART YOUNG MEN FROM THE COUNTRY.

^E publish and sell only the best books, as we are the most
extensive publishi'iH in Canada, selling twice oh many books
as all other subscription houses in Canada nut together.
The public and our agents can see that we can sell a bi'tter
article for less money than any other house.

As wo have agencies in Australia, New Zealand, China,
Ilindoostan, Ceylon, South Africa, West Indies, South
America, and many parts of the United States, we make books in
very large quantities to supply all these countries, and can give our
patrons in Canada the benefit of the reduced cost of publishiuL' large
editions, which no other house in Canada i.s in a position to do.

We want agents in countries nan)ed. Young men going to these
countries, if .suitable to the bu.sine.ss, we will give you letters to our
branches, when you can immediately make large returns and see the
country extensively.

Agknts fok Canao.v. — We constantly require first-class men to
work in Canada. Agents nuike far more working for us than for
any other firms.

Write to us, or come and see us. <

The World Publishing ^o.,

(1038)

GUELPH, OXTAEIO.

IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)

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12.2

IIIIM ""'^
12.0

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1.8

1.25 1.4

1.6

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►

Photographic

Sciences
Corporation

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

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It WILL FAY you to use

THH phbt:

MANUFACTURED BY US.

GI?E IT A TRIAL Al YOU WILL lEffiR USE ANY OTHER

dlNNOT FAIL TO FOLLOW ITS USE.

From the ground we draw the Substance of all Animal life.

FERTILIZING COMPANY of CANADA.

GUJELPH, OlsTTA-RIO.

TO THE FARMERS AND GENERAL PUBLIC.

i*-^

Wk take great pleasure in calling your atteution to this Circular. Wo are
now firmly and permanently established in business and have our arrangements
complete for the purchase of bones, blood, meat, potash, pure sulpliuric acid and
all animal matter from which to manufacture our Fertilizer. Our Fertilizer is
honest and good, and has never yet been used by any person who will not certify
to its excellence; many of our patrons and the persons whose names we give, have
used all the different brands imported from the United States, as well as Guano,
and the various so-called Fertilizers manufactured in Canada. We only ask a
trial of ours by the side of any made, and we are open to publish its results. A
large amount of capital has already been put into the Company, and it is our
determination to manufacture a first-class article and make it universally known.
Samples have been placed in Prof. Pike's hands, of the Toronto University, and so
soon as the analysis is complete, the same will be published. We would call atten-
tion to the fact that all Fertilizers imported are obliged to pay twenty per cent,
duty, and additional cost of freight. Heretofore, some of the United States Com-
panies have come to Canada to purchase materials. We purpose to purchase all
available materials to be had anywhere in Ontario, and to manufacture the same
and keep the wealth in the country. We rely upon the material we make for suc-
cess as well as upon the public spirit and patriotism of our Canadian people.

Faithfully yours,

FERTILIZING COMPANY OF CANADA.

DIRECTIONS FOR USING OUR FERTILIZER.

It is best to apply when the weather is damp, and especially before rain is ex-
pected. It will be best to mix well with soil for transplanting all plants, as our
Fertilizer will be found too strong without this precaution, although it may not
injure the tender fibres, a thorough mixing with soil is advised. For wheat, bar-
ley, oats, buckwheat, rye, and all other grain crops when sown broadcast, use from
250 to '.500 pounds per acre at time of sowing, and harrow in sai(|^. If the gram
is drilled in, it is best to drill in Fertilizer at same time.

You will find this Fertilizer ivill give every and all Satisfaction.

Ajtply It According fo Directions,

Corn. — Put a dessert spoonful in each hill, and cover with soil before dropping
in Corn, also a handful just before first hoeing, but the Fertilizer should not come
iu direct contact with the Corn, as it might retard germination.

Stawberries, Asparagus, Etc. — If beds are made, wo advise top dressing
in September, and again iu March or April. In case of new beds being made, the
soil should be stirred deep and the phosphates should be liberally incorporated
with the top soil and then a slight dressing after seeds are just cove:'ed, just beibre
first hoeing or before a warm shower.

Flowers, Shrubs, and Fruit Trees. — We call special attention to its use.
Apply as liquid manure, or top dress before watering.

Tomatoes, Melons, Cabbage, Cucumbers, Ve(jetable Marrows, Squash,
Etc., Etc. — Put in two tahlesposnsful about one inch under the seeds — then just
before hoeing first and second time apply about one tablespoonful. Tiiis Fertilizer
does no harm to seeds, and in using as above, the worms and bugs will not attack
the root or plant.

Hops. — Use plentifully around roots early in spring, and top dressed on the
top and covered with soil slightly. It "aay also be a2)plied in the fiiU with excel-
lent results after picking.

Potatoes. — Put a small handful in the hill, mixing the soil very carefully at
same time, then plant the seed. Exceedingly large crops have been raised by the
use of ti»e Fertilizer; a handful in each liill at first hoeing covered with soil.

Grass. — Sow broadcast early in spring, and after mowing, or in the fall, from
250 to 500 pounds per acre. It is better to apply the Fertilizer when the ground
is moist from recent rains or before rain.

Peas and Beans. — If sown broadcast, sow the Fertilizer same as with Avhcat;
if in drills or hills, use as directed (see Corn) at the raie of about 400 pounds to
the acre.

Radishes, Beets, Turnips, Onions and Carrots. — Sow with the seed
moderately at time of drilling or sowing and top dress at time of thinning out and
weeding. These crops will be unusually early and large.

Touacco and Cotton. — Use from 300 to 400 pounds per acre at planting,
and balance at hoeing. Very excellent re!<ults follow the use of the Fertilizer on
these crops, the most favorable reports being I'eceived from our customers, stating
they have raised treble the amount of crops and they have proved of far greater
value by the use of it.

As these are very valuable crops, we would advise a very liberal application,
Bay up to half a ton to the acre, especially on [)oor soils.

Upon Grape Vines, Fruit Trees and Shrubs it may be used liberally,
the results being truly marvellous.

For Peach, Plum, Ornamental and Valuable Trees a liberal top dress-
ing sprinkled with the soil should be applied.

\>\', would call our patrons' attention to the very excellent properties of our
Ferti'izor fur Flowers of all kinds, as it increases the richness of blossom and foli-
agi', also having the advantage of much earlier [jroduction of same, as the Fer-
tilizer may be aM)lied iu the winter with good eH'ect.

Reniend)er it is an essence; a teaspoonful is sufficient.

It has taken First Prises and Dijtlouiaa wherever Introduced,

Try this Fertilizer on I'Jrerf/ Soil.

TE:STZ3ivd:02:TI-.!^ILS-

ntion to its use.

THE FERTILISING COIkl'ANY OF CANADA.

From the tiuelph Weekly Mercury of 2UIi Murc?i, 1881.

TTavinir in a business way onnie into contact witli the Fertilizing rompany of Ciir.iula, wlioso
oflTuM' is ill (inclpli. iir.il wIiiim> inaniifiKliiriiij; iircmises me on the Yoik niml, and liaviiiir iieeii eim-
viiieed tliat tlicre nas never ijeeii in (tncl))li, or even in Canada, an eslaMisliiiient tlial was ever s'>
important to a lar,'e elass of <nir readers, viz. : tlie farmers, we have eomdnOed to j;o to a eonsider-
able troiil)le in the interests of our subscribers to investii;ate tlieir establislimeiit and their uonds.

1st. Tlie entnpany are composed of men of capital ami l)aelved l)y ci.pilal to an unliniited ex-
tent, and are tinancially oiu' of the stron^'est firms in (iiielph.

2d. They are men of lioiior, wliose wnrd eanooi lie ipiestioned.

,3d. Tlieir maiiiifactnrer is a thnronL;lily praelieal man of life-long experience, and is probably
the best qnalitied of any man in Canada to fill the position.

4th. The company's fertilizer has been nsod for three years and hay. jiroved superior to any
article of the kind ever made in Canada or imported into the country, and the universal testimony
of luindreds of their jiatrons who have t<'sieil it by the side id' other brands is to be relied upon,
and we think they can as we have seen the ori;;inal testinnmials in their own handwriting signed
by their names, voluntarily forwanled and given by them.

oth. Work has li-en on a limited scale until the article should become known and appreciated.
That iioiiit lyis been reached, and the ('om|)aiiy are now speiidin,' thousands cd' dollar.- in niaidiitiery
and inateriafs ami are prepareil to make a much better arti(de t.han ever befure and are del( i mined
to make it known as such anywhere within the next six iPMUiths. They desire every (iuiiier in
Wellington county to purchase at least a small quantity tliis spring and e.\|ierimeiit with it, and
they oiler in any ease to publish the results six months afterwards.

(itli. Superphosphates of lime, etc., previmisly mamifactnied, have been chieny from glm- fac-
tories, and after the glue ami other impcn'taiit jirojierties have b.'en extracted the fertilizing matter
lias been nearly exhausted. The refuse has been snld a> a ieililizerat a high priee. The Fertiliz-
ing ( (Jinpany of Canada make mitliing but tlieir fertilizer, and it can be relied upon to contain the
full .strength <d' properties used.

7th. I'lie company are |iiirehasing bones, blood, meat and other material in Toronto, Hamilton,
and every available place. .\s an item, over one liuinlied carcases uf dead Inu'ses have recently
been obtained. .A horse weiirhing twelve hundred pmiiuU when reduced and pulverized makes
on'.v between two ami three hiaidied pounds. From this can Iv,; jmiged the streiiu'tb (d' the I'cr-
tlli/.er. \ ton of the fertilizer is said to be equal to sixty luads of eoiiiunrii barii-yard manure.

.sih. Only thirty dollars a ton is charged liir this lenilizcr, and we doubt if aiiyuheie in Amer-
ica as good an article is sold for the same iiioney.

Ciri'ulars ami testimonials will be furiiisheil free, also medals and di|d<niias .vIkiwii on a|iplica-
tiou at the Couipany's Uliiee, Douglas street, :.ext the i'ust Olliee, (Juelidi, Ontario.

[liberal top diess-

The Superphosphate which you are selling contains some of the most important ingredients
necessary to phuil growth. Your, respectfully,

J. 110 YKS IWNTOM,
Prof, of Chemistry, Ontario Agricultural College.

OaKVILLE, Ont., February, ISSl.
Fertilizing Comp,\N'Y of Canada.

tilCS'iXKMHS : — I take pleasure in stating that I have tiscd your Superphosphate of Lime for
two year.--. In 1878 I bought a ton, whiidi 1 used as follows: — One-half ton on an acre and a lialf
of strawberries. I selected the two best and most proinisiiig rows, and on them I put no manure
whatever, the ground being llieii ill rich and gooil ciuiditioii ; all throii'jh the seawoii there was a
very marked improvement mi the Jihints where used, and at time of picking the berries uii rows
where used was fifty per cent, greater in crop, and really so inueh better in quality, f realized
duiilile from eaidi row, than 1 did from rows where not used, and 1 have since learned from Montreal
that my berries for that year were the best berries that were brought to the city. I tried a purtinn
on my plum trees in tlu^ fail, and the following year my irees nearly broke down with an (!Xtr.i-
oidinary crop of most exeidhut fruit, aitliimgli the trees had never borne to any value; age of m-es
unknown. 1 u.sed your manure in l,S7!i and l.**Wl, with equally as good results. 1 am now trying
it on rasjiberries. I consider tiiat in each ease it has been worth to me at least lilly dollars per ton
on the tirst crop, besides the mmdi improved condition of the land for many years to come. Con-
sider it iiuieli better than (Jnano; would not run my farm witiiout it; consider it will payoii any
crop. It is pariieularly valnabie iipi>ii liill wdieat at time of sowing, it will also insure grass seeil
to catch. It has been largely used by my neighbors, and all will speak of it as highly as I will
myself. As prepared by you it is easily handled and almost odorless, put on strawln-rries iii
September. " Ui^OllCiK SLAUK, Fanner and Fruit Cirower.

Notice the Increase of lour Cropn,

Return to the Laud tvhat it Iteqttlres.

FERTlI.rZINO COMPANV OF CANADA.

Ofnti.kmkn: — I used your Sii|H'rphosphntcs of Lime, 50 pounds on one-fuurth mcio of corn
in hill after |)lnntin!;. Adjoinirij; I had Miroe fourths acre c'" corn on 0(|iiall_v as ynnd ImihI, where
I did not use it. All (lironj;h the scasoiklhere was a luaikcd diU'erfiici' in tiivor of the ipiurlci- acre
wlicrc usod. Where not useil, crop was ahout 51) huslicls to the acre in the ear; where used, fully
K(l hnshels, whieh would i.'ive an increase of .SO hnshels to- the acre. l!y usinu' '■iiHt pounds of tlie
Superphosphates, liesiiles an improvement in the land for years to come, as will he seen the e.xtra
corn would he worth ■sKi at ^'.ih per hnshel, cost of Superphosphates at .'f!o(» per ton, $1.51). Also
used it (in fresh phinteil aspai'agus heds, KKMl ))liints. tw(j years cdd, roots put out in April, was
lookin;,' poorly in .July, used 150 i»Minds Suiierpho.sphates on them, and aj^ain same aiuount in
Oetolier; showed woniierfnl imj)rnvenient in great thickness of stalk. I now expect a tirst-elass
aspanii;\is lied, all of wliieli I now consider is (he result of the Superphos|dnites, and without it I
am eonlident I would have lost my time and the use of the ground. I have now apjilied it to my
fruit and garden crops and do not intend to he without it so long as it can he had.

C1IUISTI.\N J. ROBINSON, Burlington, Fruit Farmer and Gardener.

Oakvim.k, Fehruary 23d, 1881.
T have tried your .''u|iorpliospliatcs of Lime in every way on my garden for vegetahles, grasses
and trees, ciin speak of its high (inality. I consider this ihe hest fertilizer in use, and I have used
many dillerent hrands iin|>orted from the United Stales and foreign countries, as well as (iuano and
its dillerent hrands advertised as made in Canada. I wish no other so long as yours is to be had.
1 was the lirst to introduce Superphosphates in this section of the Province.
Wishing you success, Yours failhtully,

W. W.VSS, Danker and K.^iierimentul Farmer.

DuNDAS, Fehruary 10th, 1881.
Your Superphosphates of Lime gave very satisfactory restilts.

Yours, etc., AA HON MORRIS,

Manager Hamilton Cotton Comjiany, Hamilton.

BURMNGTON, February 22d, 1881.

FKRTIT.IZTNTr COMPAXY OF CANADA.

(iiiNTl.K.MK.x : — The sample of Superphosphates of Lime supplied by you, 1 ajiplied to my root
crop trave me great satisfaction, so much so that I very mneb regret I had not purcha.sed a larger
quantity. llespeetfully yours,

JoilN FOTIIF.RGILL,

Prize taker for farm entered for competition before the .Vgricultural Commission of Ontario.

DUNPAS, 21st February, 1881.
In rejdy to your inquiry I beg to testify that the Superphosphates of Lime I jiurcha.sed of you
when here, to apply to mv lawn and flowers, gave me entire satisfaction, and tliut I prefer it iu every
way to any other preiJurunou Utut i know of. Yours truly,

JOHN A. FISHER, Paper Mills.

DUNDAS, February 18th, 1881.
It affords me great pleasure to inform you of the results of my experiment with the Superphos-
phates of Lime and the other artificial nuiiiures you supjilled. In every instance where used a very
marked improvement was the result in a profusion of Hower and foliage, the seeds came along
quicker ami with more vigor and in greater (|uantity. A poor soil is a sick soil and why not use
the same means to it as is used to a sick man or animal. It is my intention to ccmtinue my experi-
ments this year. D. McMILLAN, Librarian.

Hamilton, February 19th, 1881.
I have great pleasure in saying that I have u.sed your Super|)hosphates of Lime on our garden
and found a great difference between where I used it, arid to jirove its qualities, t did not put it on
all parts of the garden, and would advise all parties to use it on roots, shrubs, vines and plants and
it will recommend itself. Yours truly,

A. M. FORSTER, Foundryman.

Jerseyvili.e, February 7th, 1881.
I have much pleasure in stating that your fertilizer has proved all you represented it to be on
turnips, trees and grass. Have seen its eilects on grass and liave everyfaitli in it. It is just what
the farmers need. Yours tndy,

J. D. HOWELL, Farmer.

There is no Minvral 3Iatter

in our Fertilizer.

.'4

'■■^ im

(1 Gardener.

n of Ontario.

It tvlll Last in the Qrountl for Years.

DlNDAs, Fi'brunry 17tli, 1S81.
We have nmcli pIciiMiire in certifyinp to the excellent qniilitifs nt" v.itir Siiperphosphatcs of
Lime, it liiiviiii,' oiiiii|i|i'nMy restored an Oleander plant wliicli we th(inj;ht )iast restonitidn and
whieh has since licon ihe admiration of all who have been forfnnate enough to see it, and we may
also aild that its lieneljeial etl'eets on shrubs, vines, lawn j^ras'i and llowera, was all that could be
desired. We wish you every success in this very important industry.

Yours truly, 11. 1\ & GEO. SUTER,

Clerk of iJistrici Division Court, County Wentworth.

G0VEKN0R"s UoAD, Wrst Flamhoko, .Tune ISth, 1880.
I take great pleasure in recomniendins? your Superphosphates of Lime. 1 top <lrt'ssed wheat
and sowed it with l)arley, and can say witliout hesitation tlial 1 had the l)est crop <pt' barley in the
townsliip. The efl'ect was really wonderful to uiy wlieat; in spots 1 could not get any growth
previously iu any respect. Yours very truly,

GEORGE ATKINS, Farmer.

Ddndas, February, 18St.

and

I have found your Superphosphates of Linie to prove most benclioial to my (lowers and trees
cau Btrougly recommend it. M. WUIGUT, Commission Agent, formerly IJrewer.

Havi

DfNPAS, February loth, IKSl.
ring used your Superphosphates of Lime on my flowers, strawberries an<l veiretablcs in my
garden, I can say widi pleasure tiiat it is with(mt exception the most peifect I have ever u>ed or
seen used. I cheerfully recommeud and advise every farmer and },'nrdener to use it in jirelerenee
to uuy other. Y'ours resi)eetfully,

ALFRED BENNETT.

Ai.DERSHOT, near Hamilton'.
I beg to certify that I have used the Superphosphates of Lime jirepared by yon : and it is all
that it claims to be, having used it on my vi'i.'etal)le crops to their very marked advantage. I wish
you liU the success that this most important business deserves.

Truly yours, GEO. ANDERSON, Gardener.

Rock CiiArEL, Di'ndas.
In reference to the SH])crphos|)hate of Lime I bought from von, I tried it on wheat, potatoes
and turnips. On wIk :t the yield «•■ s very ureut, also turnips ami |)olatoes. I used 'J.'iD pi unds to
the acre, on ten acres, and consider ' lat it paid me fourfold, raisini? an extra good crop on ground
which was previously in very poor .>ndition. In all I have used seven tons, and shall try no
other fertilizer while yours cau be hud. JOHN 150RER, Farmer and Miller.

Ancaster, February 21st, ISsl.
I have much )deasure in recommending your Superphospluites of Lime. I have us^d it on my
wheat and I found a great beueiit both iu regard to.yield of grain and growth of straw. It ])aitl
me well. I am, yours truly,

\VM. FERRIE, Farmer.

Ancaster. February 2M, 188'.
Fertilizing Company of Canada.

Gentlemen: — It gives me great ))leasure in having used your Superphosphate of Lime for
hops, that its results have been very satisfactory. I can reoomni(Mnl it for that purpose.

ALEX.VNDER GERRIE, Farmer and Hop ti rower.

that

Hauton Street, Hamti "on.
I applied your Superphosphate of Lime on oats, barley and corn, and the return w;i- <o great
at I would recommend it to every farmer and gardener. FRANK ROWLIN.

IIa MIT-TON, February, 1881.
Having used your Superphosphates of Lime on my wheat in the years 1878-7!', 1 lonml on
harvesting that it gave me a return of .■!75 l)nsliels to the acre, the weiglit exceeding the nieasnre-
nieiit, the grass having seeded at the same time. I can certainly speak hii.'hly of its mneral bene-
ficial results. The land upon w'lieh tliis wheat was grown was in jjoor condition, and could not
have been relied upon for a crop had your fertilizer not lieen used.

WALTER MUIRHEAD, Farmer, etc.

>« -liii Mliow Good Results on any Crop on which it is Applied.

|,i'W,l«JI." «W1PPI"WIH| jip ■ «

Those who use fhem any they Excel.

-•■•'K

Hkvkki.y, Fclinmry Ifith, 18S1.
Ilnviiict tried your Sniicrphnsphiites of T/iiue on my wlipiit in llic full nl' ls7ji, 1 Imve miioVi
plonsiire in stjitiiii; tliiit it pmvi'd all you elainicd for it, Inivin^ sowivi it on [iiirt (if niv ficiii 2S0
jiimnds ti) tlif ncrc, iind on tlie otlicr pnrt, I iniiiiurcd it witli Imrn-ynrd nianiiri-, ,'(() jonds to tlie
lUMf, and I l)t'i,' leavf to slate lliat wliere I sowed tlie pliosplnitesi it eainc ont Inlly three days sooner
in liead, and was in yield eoiisideralily better, and in another part of the field" where no manure
was jini, it was one week later in coniiiiL; oiil in head ami was very thin in the jjniuiKl. 1 havfi
used other Sn|per)iliosiihates, but 1 prefer yours to any I have pvr liad. Wishing you every sueeuss
in your l)usiness, J remain, Yours faithfully,

JOHN MALCOLM, Farmer and Stock Rreeder.

Oakvii.i.k, February 22d, ISSl.
I have been verv pleased with vour Superphosphates of Lime which I used on mv strawberries
and rasjiberries. \\ ishini,' you well in your undertukin;,'.

H. 0. MOORE, Farmer and Gardener.

Hamilton, February 17th, lS8t.
I used your Superphosphates of Lime hist year upon my three-year-old irrape vines. I have
great jvleasure in staiiMi; that its ell'eets not onlv in givinu' vij;or to tiic jilant, lint also in brinu'ing
forward the fruit so iiluuip and full in buneh tliat 1 e<nisider it the finest manure that J have ever
known. Yours respectfully,

IIOBEIIT IIOPKIX, Wholesale Doot and Shoe Dealer and Horticulturist.

February 10th, 188L
The Superphosphates of Lime which I purchased from you jrave me entire satisfaction. I
sn-.veci it on fail wheat. I am satisfied that the increase yield was from five to six bushels |)er acre,
null if it had not been winter-killed it would have been more. 1 wish you every success in vour
undcrtakim,', us i think it is just the thing that Canadian farmers want.

JOHN LAWSON, -Jth Con. Flamboro.

DllNDAS, February IGth, 1.<^8L
The fertilizer, Snperi)hosphates of Lime, which I obtained from you was used on house-plants
and y.ive everv satisfaction, the flowers beioL; iinproveil thereby, both in color aiid foliane of flower
and growth of' plant, lloiunt,' you will meet with every success in handliiit,' your fertilizer,

1 remain, yours, etc., W. DICK IK, Oroccr.

ITamii.TOK, February I7lli, l.'^si.
I am pleased to have to inform you tliat the beneficial results of your Superjiliospliales of Lime
was most satisfactory, lioth on my gra)ie vines, Howers and shrubs.

1 am, yours, etc., O. S. C! I! IGGS, Constable, Hamilton Police Force.

DUNDAS, February 17tb, Is"^!.
I have crrcat pleasure to say that vour Superphosphates of Lime proved a ureat success on
asparasus, celery, corn and garden stuff, alsotni flowers. All who have used it in this section are
gatislled as to its value. F. U. KILEY, Hotel rroi)rietor.

Gri;t;nsvili.e, February 10th, is^'l.
The Phosphates of Lime T boutrht of 5'ou, I applied on trees and (general garden purjioses. It
gave uie every satisluction for the country's good. 1 wish you success.

JOHN STEELE, Jraltster.

Bullock's Corners, nEvr:RT,Y.
I pan say that your Superphosphates of Lime sjave me crrcat delight on everything I applied it
to, oats and barley especially. JOHN FKEDEIlIClC, Farmer ami Hotel Proprietor.

Oakvillf,, February 23d, 1881.
Have used your Superphosphates of Lime on strawberries and garden stuff generally. Would
recommend all "gardeners and farmers to try it.

JOHN MASON, Fruit Grower and lUiteher.

Oakville, February 2.1d, 18S1.
I have used your Superphosphate of Lime on nil my vegetables, corn and strawberries, and
have f'und it superior to any fertilizer I have had, and 1 have tried many. I was formerly aiientfor
Crocker's Honest llullalo Fertilizer and several other brands. W. H. JONES.

The Effect is Almost Immediate,

■'?.VJi,

T-J7^^

'^W^

-T^BT-

inry inth, IRSl.
l.-*7(i, 1 linvc nmoh
iiirt III' my fifhl, 2S0
nv, :w Id'nils to tlie
y tlircf (liiys sonncr
1 wluTi' no niiiiiiire
le gnmnd. 1 Imve
ig you every success

Slock Breeder,

■unry 22(1, ISSl.
on my strawberries

and Gardener.

nry 17tli, 1881.
riijie vines. I linve
Mil also ill lirinying
ire tliat J have ever

Horticulturist.

lary 19th, 1881.
tire satisfaction. I
ix husliels ]ier nore,
cry success in your

I'on. Fhiniboro.

lary 16th, 1S81.
sed on house-plants
ml foliajje of flower
ur fertilizer,
CKIK, Grocer.

lary ITlli, ISSl.
•liliosjiliiiies of Lime

1 Police Force.

lary I7lh, 1881.
a great success nn
it in this section are
utel rroprietor.

:iary 10th, 1R81.
larden iiurjioses. It

ELE, ]\[altster.

ERS, nn:vr;i;i,Y.
■rytliiiig 1 applied it
otcl I'roprietor.

rnary 2.'?d, 1881.
■generally. Would

!r and Butclier.

ruary 23d, U«S1.
id strawlierries, and
IS fornierlv ntrcpit for
W. 11. JONES.