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CAUSE';, H-IW 'iO#; i •t^T SCir.Iv • • ''KKt-CT, AXD WITH TKAININf., SHKJ.TiJ KNOW, / iMll-.Y Vp^j, .-,; F, \?.II-Y APPL1E1>^H AmhRu^^i-^iSlii^-p^y-^j^vk^^v^v^l^ liiMtv. o»; •■us keoj-le. . jrV.*v{'S'i' >*5' i- ■ •■ • .V .AND CASK Of SKX'.K, -^, i'llB t'Kjfti«>r?ti)Jv: -■)* A.NV- j>lSEASE, AND '** i ' * ' ri lARf.ITl l.Y VRErABKJi, e. .1 AN!) J'RAfTrOKH 8V '<. *. Jrt^; ■TED . -VI, ■..:»•.■. ! 'J'BC.IAJ.r-i «OVIJOblA. OVER 400 ^xwBxmi-mmr i.v',:ATJ>:;^ , cHKijam iKu voo:."' ^P -»r C ii 1 ,-.-*l^ rmr^ fmf y 1^% ' -i&jf "1 ^/ , ^LiV , ii % 'h ^-.■^'- .If. ■.*^!-*vifty .A !#>.*W ■■'■*a5^ THE ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR AND LIVE-STOCK ENCYCLOPEDIA. ^ INCLUDING HORSES, CATTLE. SHEEP, SWINE and POULTRY, WITH ALL THE FACTS CONCERNING THE VARIOUS BREEDS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS, BREAKING, TRAINING, SHELTERING, BUYING, SELLING, PROFITABLE USE, AND GENERAL CARE, AND ALL DISEASES TO WHICH THEY ARE SUBJECT THE CAUSES, HOW TO KNOW, AND WHAT TO DO J GIVEN IN PLAIN, SIMPLE LANGUAGE, FREE , FROM TECHNICALITIES, BUT SCIENTIFICALLY CORRECT, AND WITH -,. DIRECTIONS THAT ARE EASILY UNDERSTOOD, EASILY APPLIED, AND REMEDIES THAT ARE WITHIN REACH OF THE PEOPLE. ALSO, THE RECENT, APPROVED, HUMANE METHODS FOR THE PERSERVATION AND CARE OF STOCK, V .:; • :: THE PREVENTION OF ANY DISEASE, AND v' . RESTORATION OF HEAI TH. ■^ CAREFULLY PREPARED, AFTER A RIPE EXPERIENCE OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS IN STOCK-RAISINQ AND AN EXTENSIVE PRACTICE IN VETERINARY SURGERY, By J. RUSSELL MANNING, M. D., V. S. TO WHICH HAS BEEN ADDED A COMPLETE HISTORY of BEES, GIVING THE I.ATRST AND MOST APPROVED METHODS AND SYSTEM OF DEE CULTURE AS PERFECTF.D AND PRACTICED HY D. A. JONES, THE RENOWNED DEE-KING OF BEETON, ONTARIO. ALSO A VALUABLE TREATISE ON DOGS, CONTAINING THEIR HISTORY, BREEDS, TRAINING, DISEASES, AND ESPECIALLY- GIVING A SURE PREVENTIVE OF HYDROPHOBIA. OVEE 400 niLUaTEATIONS, INOLUDINa STIiELS, 0HB0M03 AND WOOD OUTS. WORLD PUBLISHING CO., GUELPH, OnTAKIO. * 1881. ^1 # Entertd according to Act of Congre.a, PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. It is with especial pleasure and pride that the publishers present to the public this volume. They believe that in design, extent, variety of matter and illustration, especial adaptability to the wants of the farmer and stock owner, and in its explicit and practical teachings, it has not been equalled in the history of American agricultural publications. No author has to the same extent carried into effect in this department of literature the modern and popular idea of ^'object teaching." And in no depart- ment of literature is such teaching so useful and practical in character. With our author it has not been enough to describe ; but he illustrates — teaching through the eye as well as by M'ord, and with a definiteness in both respects that will enable any one, by proper study, however unfa- miliar with the subjects of which it treats, to become well versed in all the essentials of a practical knowledge of the use, care, diseases and treatment of domestic animals. Though the book is large, the system of the arrangement is so perfect that any fact in its contents can be readily found, and this constitutes it a most convenient work for ready reference as well as for general study. The illustrations, covering the subjects of breeds, characteristics, points, character, and the various stages of dis- eases, etc., are exhaustive, while the elaborate charts, so minutely illustrating the ages of the horse and cow, are decided features and most useful as well as novel. The author's careful education in the profession of Veterinary Medicine, his large practice, and his experience in the general care and management of live stock, have eminently qualified him for the task he has undertaken, and we place the result of his labor before the public, believing that he has done his work well — ^that he has produced a book that will be of most practical and pecuniary value to every stock-owner. Believing this, the book is launched upon the sea of agricultural literature with the confident belief that it is demanded and that it will accomplish its mission of usefulness. » ... AUTHOR'S PREFACE. The author's object in writing the following book was to Imparl such practical information to the American farmer and atock-ovvner, as will lead to a much needed and beneficial reform in the breeding, care and general treatment of domestic animals ; to offer such informa- tion in practical shape as will enable him to realize a greater benefit from live stock in health, and familiarize him with the causes that produce diseases, that ho may avoid them ; and also to give such facts that ho may know the nature of a disorder when it exists, as well as the proper remedies to apply. •* In the suggestions offered ■wo have kept steadily in view the necessity of simplicity in describing disease, and of prescribing those remedies that the ordinary farmer can without difficulty procure and easily administer. In a practice of twenty-five years in country districts, among the agricultu- ral classes, we believe we have learned to know their wants in this respect, and this volume is an earnest effort to meet them. It has always been a matter of surprise that such a work for farmers and small stock-owners — • simple in style and diction, yet scientifically exact, covering the entire subject of domestic animals — has never been prepared ; yet we believe we speak within the facts in saying that our agricultural literature has to the present time been without a volume fulfilling these requisites. The effort has been to produce a systematic work, accessible to the farmer, giving the known facts and principles of the art of handling, improving, breeding, care and management of domestic animals in health, the causes which produce disease, and how to avoid them ; how to know disease, and what to do. In short, to produce such a work as will serve as a valuable hand-book, both for study and for constant reference for the farmer, and which will enable him to turn the industry of stock- breeding, raising, buying and selling to greater profit. iv AUTHOR 8 PREFACE. In what we have said concerning the characteristics, excellences and defects of the various breeds of live stock (and in this we have tried to be full, explicit and exact), we have not been biased by partiality for any, and have studiously avoided expressing any preference, when the facts, obtained by long familiarity with the subjects, and much reading and ob- servation, did not cleai'ly sustain the position taken. The book is not in any sense in the interest of any breed or breeds, and even less is it in llie interest of any class of breeders or importers. In these things the interests of truth and the reader have been the inilu- enccs that controlled. There is no advertisement in its pages. If in the directions given throughout the work we have subjected our- selves to the charge of making a hobby of careful and tender treatment of animals, we reply that a long experience, and the observations of a life-time, have very strongly impressed us that not only humanity but economy is best served l)y kindness, and if the influence of this book shall lead to a more general study of the comfort of domestic animals, we will feci that we have served i\vi financial interest of the breeder in an equal proportion to the welfare of the animals. One of the facts that has always forcibly impressed us is, that among horse owners, and even those long familiar with horses, there are so few good judges of a horse. The different developments of the horse for the different purposes for which horses are used, seem to be little under- stood, yet it is susceptible of very accurate knowledge, and in the ap- propriate places in these pages, we have, by careful analysis of i\\Q points of the horse, and very copious illustrations, given facts that will enable any one to readily determine a horse's appropriate uses and his value. In this is included the very extensive chart for telling the age, and also the easy directions for ascertaining vices and unsoundness. With the other domestic animals like information is given and with equal plainness. With these facts before him, so explicitly stated and so exhaustively illustrated, any one can soon learn to buy to advantage. We have endeavored to guard the unsuspecting against the arts of the jockey, and to point out so plainly the difference between an elegant and common horse, a good and bad one, a sound and unsound one, an old and a young one, a vicious, dangerous horse, and a kind, tractable one, that any person may easily learn to protect himself against imposition. The same plan has been sustained with the other subjects. Hard names and technical terms have been avoided as much as possible, but when terms of anatomical and medical science have been necessarily employed they are explained and applied with a degree of plainness and precision that brings them within the ready comprehension of every reader. vi author's preface. To aid the non-prof ossional ovnier in deciding the nature of disease, en« gravings are given wtiich show the positions iu the different stages of various diseases, and which cannot fail to be of great value in determining the character of the disorder. This preface ought not to be concluded without acknowledging the able assistance rendered in the preparation of this book by Hon. Jonathan Periam, of Chicago, whose great experience with stock, and as an agri- cultural writer, extending through a quartar of a century, has been of such advantage in its preparation. To his extensive information, prac- tical suggestions, and ready pen, every department of the work is in- debted, and acknowledgments are hereby made. To Prof. Ed. Porter Thompson of Bentonville, Arkansas, a graceful and prolific writer, and a scholar of classical attainments, obligation is also expressed. J. R. M Note. — Tbe present edition of the Illustratei] Stock Doctor is presented to the public with varioui additions, wliioh will doubtless be received as improvements. Promineut among them are tbe chap- ter on Bees, and various full-page illustrations. ( J TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART I. THE HORSE, HIS HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. CHAPTER I. HIS HISTORY AS A COMPANION AND SERVANT OF MAN. FAQBi Connected witV< Man from a Very Early Age.— Hla Importance as a Helper In tbe Work of the World.— Uls Superiority Over the Other AnimaU.— The Horse and Hta Blder become In Some Measure onu Creature. -His Nativity: Doubt Concerning It. —His Existence upon Earth Probably Contemporaneous with that of Man.— The Most Ancient Authors Allude to Him.— He Passes into Different Parts of the Globe.- Wild Herds in the Eastern Continent.— Origin of the Wild Herds In America.- Found as a Domestio among Nearly all People.- Greater Liability to Disease in a Domestic than in a Wild State. —Subject to Deterioration under Ig- norant Management.— The Wisdom of tbe Arabs as Breeders and Keepers.— Difference of Opinion among Men as to Systems of Breeding; Attention Called to its Treatment in this Work. — Knowledge and Skill necessary to His Proper Care , 33 CHAPTER II. ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION. Necessity for a Comprehensive Idea of the Construction of the Horse, and tha Relations of His Parts.— Solentiflo Terms Used, but Explained.- Subsequent Portions of the Work More Readily Understood by Reference to this Chapter.— Knowledge of Structure Indispensable to Surgery.— Skeletonj Sectional View of Thorax, Abdomen, and Pelvis; Vertical Section of Head; Section ofFoot;'FrontandBack View of Foot; and External Farts 38 CHAPTER III. HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AGE, A Knowledge of Changes in the Teeth the Only Means.— This Chapter to be Studied In Connection with tbe Chart which Follows.— Buyers Likely, without this Knowledge, to be Deceived.— In- cisors Chiefly to be Belied on.— Condition of a Foal's Mouth.— The Changes that Follow.— How Foal Teeth are t,o be Distinguished A'om Horse Teeth.— Weariag away of the Grinder or Enam- Kled Portion.— Number of Teeth in a Full Grown Animal.— Difference between Horses and Mares as to Number.— Incisors, Hooks, and "Wolf's Teeth." How to DetermineAge till Foal is Two Tears Old.— Uow from Two to Old Age.— The Horse of Medium Size to be Taken as a Stand- vm TABLE OF CONTENTS. arO.— Shooting np and Grlndlner off.— Irregumr Toeth; Ilovr to Jadgo.— Peculiar Ilardncsa uf Bones and Slowness of Change in Certain Urceda.— The Mule; Age Ilard to Fibd Out with Ex- •ctness.— Deceptions I How to Detect.— Crib Bitors: How to Examine.— Ternts defined 47 CHAPTER IV. DIFFERENT BBEEDS AND TUGIB CHABACTERISTICS. I. 'xlte Inferior Varietios: Many found in Both Hemispheres. SomeQood, but Little £nown ot Them.— II. Some considered as to Work rather than Breed; the Farm Ilorso; tho Hunter; the Hackney; Horses for Heavy Draft. — III. Tiie Arabian. — IV. Tlie Englisli Thoroughbred. — V. The Barb.— VI. The Persian.— VII. The Turk.— VIII. The Turkoman.— IX. The Egyptian.— X. Tlie Dongola.— XI. The Wild Horse of America.- XII. The Norman Per- cheron.— XIII. The Clydesdale Horse.— XIV. The Thoroughbred in America.— XV. The Morgan.— XVI. The Narragansett Pacer.— XVII. The Vermont Draft Horse.- XVIII. The Canadian.— XIX. The Connestoga.— XX. Ponies 53 CHAPTER V. > BBEEDING AND RAISING. - , I. Importanoeof the Subject. —II. The Best Stock tlio Cheapest.— III. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be Guarded Against.— IV. Principles of Transmission.— V. The two Methods, "in-and-in" and "cross" Breeding Considered. — VI. Treatment of the Mare after beingServed, During Pregnancy, etc.- VII. How to Know whether a Mare is in Foal.— VIII. How to Enow Timeof Faallng.— IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal.— X. How to Raise Colts.— XI. Mules... 04 CHAPTER VI. v\ HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN A HORSE. I. Americanvs. English Foals.— II. At Weaning Time. —III. The FirstLesson.— rv. Training.— V. Trahiing to Work.— VI. Training to Back.— VII. Training to Saddle and Harness.— VIU. To Handle a Horse —IX. How to Handle a Vicious Colt.— X. Saddling and Harnessing,— XI. How toSubduea Vicious Horse.— XII. How to Train to the Saddle. —XIII. Training to Trot [in Har- ness. —XIV. How to Train to trot in Light Harness.— XV. How to Train for the Plow.— XVI. Trainingtotbe Wagon.— XVII. How to Train a Racer.— XVIII. Traininga Stallion m CHAPTER VII. li v^ HOW TO SHELTER. I. Comfortable Shelter Economical. —n. Consideration in Constructing Stables.— III. Mangers and Baeks-- IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature.— V. Cleaning the Stables.— VI. The Loft.— VII. The Harness Boom.— VIII. The Out-shed.— IX. The Surroundings.— X. Water 130 CHAPTER VIII. HOW TO FEED, WATER AND GROOM. 1. Laying the Foundation.— n. What to Feed.— III. When to Feed.— IV. Watering.— V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be QWen.— VL How to Prepare the Food.— VII. How to Make Mashes, Gruels and Hay-tea.— VIH. The Value of Hay and Straw.— TX. Feeding Grain.- X. Stable Care and Grooming.— XI. TheTlme to Clean.— XII. Care of the Feei.— XIII. Blanketing, when Nec- essary.— XIV. Proper Tools for the Stable 135 TABLE OP CONTENTS. iX CHAPTER IX. BENEFITS OP KIND AND CAREFUL TREATMENT. I. Abusing a Faithful Servant.- -II. What are Barbarities. — III. A Picture from Life.— IV. The Other Side. — V. A Good Farmer's Surroundings.— VI. Farmer Unthrifl's Farm. — VII. His Home.— VIII. The Careful Man's Theory.— IX. Using the Means We Have.— X. An Infalli- ble Rule 145 CHAPTER X. HOW TO BUY. I. How to Get Correct Information.— II. The Buyer Must Know What He Wants.— III. Propor- tions of the Horse.— IV. The Cleveland Bay for Profit.— V. Tlie Light Harness Horse.— VI. Saddle Horses of all Gaits. — VII. The High-Bred Hunting Horse. — VIII. Racing Horses. — " IX. What the Racer Should be.— X. To Avoid Vices and Defecte; How to Detect.— XL Other Faults and Imperfections 155 - * CHAPTER XI. HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED. I. Baying Cheap Horses.— II. Color, in relation to Value.— III. Action.— IV. Fast walking Horses. — V. What a Horse should be.— VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness. — VII. Defini- tion of Unsoundness. — VIII. Illustration of Form and Symmetry. — IX. The Body and Limbs. — X. The Body us Standing Facing You.— XI. Front View of Fore-quarters. — Show- ing Different Bad Conformations.— XII. The Ilind-qurtrters.- XIII. The View from Behind.— XIV. What Not to Buy.— XV. Buying for Blood 173 CHAPTER XII. ' ?'^ RACING, OR TURP HORSES. I. Early History of the English Blood Horse.— II. How He was Improved.— III. The American Blood Horse.— IV. Celebrated American Horses.— V. History of Their Performances.— VI. Training to Trotting 199 PART II. DISEASES OF THE HORSE. THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW THEM, AND HOW TO CURE THEM. '"■"''■ '^ "'""""■ CHAPTER I. ■>■■:.. ;.r I, Introduction.— II. External Manifestation of Disease 23* ' CHAPTER II. DISEASES OF THE SKIX AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES. (. Scratches.— n. Grease.- IIT. ThniBh.— IV. Swelled Ankles.— V. Swelled Legs.- VI Surfeit. VII. Mange.- VIII. Ring-worm.— IX. Hidc-bounl. — X. Saddle Galls, or Sltfasts.— XI. Fun- gous Collar Tumor —XII. Warts.— XIII. Vermin.— XIV. Larva In the Skin.- XV. Tetter..;- XVI. Rat-tails.— XVII. Mallenders andSallcnders.-XVm. Foil-evil.— XIX. Fistula 2i)9 CHAPTER III. DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL BIEMBBANES. I Glanders.- II. Farcy— III. Distemper.- IV. Nasal Gleet.— V. NasalPolypna 2% X TABLE OF CONTENTS. F\am. CHAPTER IV. DBOPSICAL AFFECTIONS. I. Dropsy of the Heart.— n. Dropsy of the Drain.— Ill, Dropsy of the Chest.— IV. Dropsy of the Skiaof the Chest.— V. Dropsy of the Sorotuu.— VI. Dropsy of the Abdomen 313 I i CHAPTER V. DISEASES OF THE THKOAT, CURST. AND LUNGS. I Chest Founder. — II. Bronchitis.— III. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. — IV, Con- sumption.— V. Pleurisy.— VI. Colds.— VII. Enlargea Glands.— VIII. Swelled Throat. —IX. Chronic Cough,— X. Ualignaut Epidemic— XI. DilBculty of Breathing.— XII. Broken Wind, Bellows, Heaves. — XIII. Influenza.— XIV. Spasmodic Action of the Glottis and Epiglottis.— XV. Croup,- XVI. Bleeding from the Nose.— XVII. Strangles 320 CHAPTER VI. DISEASES OF TBE STOMACH AND BOWELS. I. Sour Stomach, —II. Colic— III. TheBot,— IV. Inflammation and Rupture of the Colon. —V. In- flammation and Bleeding of the Uecttim. — VI. Spontaneous Salivation. — VII. Inflammation of the Stomach. —VIII. Soreness and Itching of the Anus.— IX. Chronic Gastritis.- X. Spasm of the Diaphragm.— XI. Rupture of the Stomach — Xlt. Gorged Stomach.— XIII. Inflammation of the Peritoneum.— XIV. Strangulation of the Intestincs.—XV. Functional Diseases of the Liver. —XVI. Parasites which AiTect the Intestines —XVII. Diarrhcea 344 ....v, ...,-....,.,.., C. CHAPTER Vir. =?■>-«-:;.'•'■■. \;, . ^v^/v- DISEASES OF THE LIVER, UUINAUY ORGANS, &c. I. Jaundice.— II. Enlargement of the Spleen.- III. Inflammation of the Kidneys.— IV. Froftase Staling, or Diabetes. — V. Bloody Urine, or Hairaaturia. — VI. Thick and Albuminous Urine.— VII. White or Lime Urine.— VIII. Gravel, or Stone In the Bladder.— IX. Suppression^^ the Urine.— X. Inflammation of tlie Bladder —XI. Foul Sheath.— XII. Rupture of the Bladder.— XIII. Spasm of the Urethra.— 'XIV. Inflammation of the Organ* of Generation 3G5 ;1 ^ CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH. I. Teething, or Dentition.- II. Shedding Teeth -'III Blind Teeth.— IV. Decay ol the Teeth,— V. Scurvy.- VI. Stump-sucking, or Crib-biting. —VII. Lampas.— VIII. Inflammation In and Around the Teeth.— IX, Slavering.— X. Inflammation of the Tongue.— XI. Sharp and Project- ing Teeth.— XII. Scald Mouth.- XIII. Aptha.— XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Gland.— XV. Fistula of the Parotid Duct 378 ■■■•'' CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, Ac. I Thumps,- n. Scrofula.— III. Fever, or General Inflammation.— IV. Enlargement of the Heart. — V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart. — VI. Enlargement of the Arteries.— VII. Inflammation of the Jugular Vein.— VIII. Inflammation of the Absorbents.— IX. Scarlatina S88 CHAPTER X. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. . I. Hydrophobia, or Babies.— it. Mad Staggers, or Phrenitis.— III. Blind Staggers, Megrims, •r Vertigo.— IV. Apoplexy, or Sleepy Staggers.— V. Abscess within the Brain 89* TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI „ Paqb. CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE MUSCLES AKD TENDONS. 1. Blood Sparin.—n. Bog Spavin. —III. Curb.— IV. Thorough-pin.— Y. Tetanus, or Lockjaw. --TI. Cramps. —VII. Bheumatism.— Vill, String-halt 416 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OP THE EYE. I. Naturally Weak Eyes.— II. Sore Eye-lids.— III. Moon eyes.— IV, Cataract.— V. Hooks or Inflammation of the Haw.— VI. Dimness of Vision.— VII. Worms in the Eye.— VIII. Pur- ulent Ophthalmia.— IX. Fungoid Tumors in the Substance of the Eye. — X. Impediment in the Lachrymal Duct.— XI. Gutta Serena 426 CHAPTER Xni. DISEASES OF THE BOXES. I. BlgHeadandBig Jaw.— II. Sweeny of the Shoulder.— III. Sweeny of the Hip. —IV. BoneSpav- In.— V. EnlargedHock.— VI.— Riug-bone— VII. Stifle.— VIII, Splint.— IX. Sore shins, Inflam- mation of the Metacarpal Bones.^X. Rotten Bones.- XI. Inflammation of the Knee Bone. XII . Carles of the lower jaw 435 CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE FEET. I. Ulcerationof the Foot (navicular disease) .—II. Cracked Hoof .-HI. Hoof Rot.— IV. Coms.- V. Contraction of the Hoof (narrow heel).— VI. Injuries of the »rog.— VII. Founder.— VIII. Nail Pricking.— IX. Canker.— X. Sand Crack. — XI. False Quarter —XII. Quittor. — XIII. Toe Crack —XIV. Pumice Foot.— XV. Seedy Toe.— XVI. Ossifled Cartilages.- XVII. Side Bones. XVUI. InoUed Wounds of the Sole 451 CHAPTER XV. WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS. I. Strains and Sprains. —II. Overreach.— III. Brushing, or Speedy Cut.— IV. Broken Knees.— V. Capped Elbow. —VI. Frost-bite.— VII. Burns and Scalds.— VIII. Rupture.— IX. Choking.— X. Wounds Penetrating the Abdominal Cavity.— XI. Contused Wounds.— XII. Lacerated Wounds.— XIII. Punctured Wounds.— XIV. Broken Hock.— XV. Dislocations.— XVI. Various Fractures.— XVII. Various Distortions.— XVIII. Diseases of the Ear 468 CHAPTER XVI. ■■•■'■■ ^^iK Wlb^lM-^^.:iC'^ ^^ POISONS. _^..'.'i.^'.:.- ;.■.■■ . - I. Internal Poison. — II. Poisoning from Stings.— III. Poisoned Skin ., 482 CHAPTER XVII. "V VETERINARY SURGERY. i. Castrating.— H. Bleeding.— III. Tracheotomy— IV. Periosteotomy.- V. Neurotomy.— VI. Dt- Tisionof the Tendons. Ao , Ac, Ac 488 xii TABLE OF COXTENTB. CHAPTER XVIII. MISCELLANEOUS MIXOPw DISEASES. I. Uelanoiis, or Blork Pigment Tumors — II. Epiihcliul Cancer.— III. Dropsy of the Luntts.— IV Stiugs and Bites.— V. K lUngoflf of the Hair.— VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin.— VII. Hardtu- ing of the Skin. —VIII. Exotosis of tlio Lower Jaw.— IX. Rweiling, by Pressure of the Bridle.— X. SoreNose.- XI. Roaring, or High Blowing.-XII. Wind Galls XIII. Rupture of the Hum string.— XIV. Broken Wind.— XV. Internal Hemorrhage.— XVI. Partial Paralysis 4sO CHAPTER XIX. Medicines: What to Keep; How to Obtain ; H«w to Prepare; and How to Give Them 500 CHAPTER XX. Implements: What to Keep; How to Use S15 PART III. CA.TTLE. THEIR HISTORY, ORIGIN. BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS, MANAGEMENT AND CARE. . :\ , CHAPTER I. ■ '''',■■-'. ' "• ■ NATURAL HISTORY OP CATTLE. Their Origin. — Early Domestication. — The Different Kinds and Their Peculiarities. — Improved Breeds. — Devons. — Herefords. — Sussex. — Short Horns. — Alderneys. — Ayrshires. — Holsteins. —Kerry Cows.— Polled Cattle.— Galloways.— The Cherokee or Texas Cattle, Etc., Etc 519 CHAPTER II. BREEDING AND FEEDING. Grasses.— Best Breeds.— How to Breed.- -General Utility. — Breeding in Line.— Form and Qual- ity.— Practical Suggestions.— Breeding Grades.— Start the Herd. — Ten Years' Produce. — Selectioa.—Comnion-Sense.— Gestation of Cows.— Feeding Standards.- Ration for Milch Cows. — Raising Young Cattle. — Castration 626 CHAPTER III. ' " ; TBArNINQ AND WORKING. . - - , ?v TrainiBg vs. Breaking.— Training the Calf— HBiteri-7 TABLE OF CONTENTS. xiii CHAPTER V. HOW TO PA3TCEE, FEED AND WATEB. Aliout Pasturage. — CloTers that do Well —Undesirable CloTera.— Airalfti.— The True Graases.— Timothy, orCat'sTallGrass.— Bine Grass. —Red Top.— Orchard Grass.— Fowl Meadow Grass. — rime for Fastarlng.-Waterlng.— Feeding Stoc'^ Cattle.— How to Feed.— Feeding Milch Cows. . 675 CHAPTER VI. BENEFITS OF KIND AND CAREFDIi TBEAXMENT. FeedlngforProflt.— As between well and ill Kept Stock. — Heavy Weights.— Profit in Early Matu- rity .—Make Beef Young.- Baby Beef.- Feeding; Cost in England.— Summer FeiMllng.— Animal Waste. — Animal Heat.— Advantages of Summer and Winter Feeding 682 CHAPTER VII. UOW TO BUY AND HOW TO SELL. The Value of Good Care.— Estimating Weight.— Estimating by Measurement.- Buying to Feed.— How to Buy Breeders.— Where Good Beef Lies.— Buying Feeding Stock.— Analyzing the Carcass. —Proper Shape of Well-Bred Fattening Stock.- How to Buy.— Buying Milch Cows.— Buying Dairy Milkers.— Milk Mirrors.- The True Valueof Milk Mirrors. -Value of Escutcheon Marks.— Milkers in all breeds.— Heredity.— Digestion.— Respiration.— Milk Veins. — Veins of the Udder.— Judging Age by the Teeth 69P CHAPTER VIII. THE DAIRY. Uusbing into New Industries.— The Importance of Dairying.— Estimated Production of Butter and Cheese.— Conditions Necessary to Dairying.— How to Build.— Sub-earth Ventilation.— Care of Milk. — Modern Home Dairies. — Animal Odor. — Tempeiature. — Various Methods of Raising Cream. — Making Dairy Butter. — Salting Butter. — Washing or Working Butter. — Packing Butter. — Preparing Packages. — Kind of Salt to Use. — Cheese Making. — Cheddar Cheese. — Cheshire Cheese. — How to Sell Butter. — Utilizing Waste Products 715 PART IV. Diseases of Cattle. ^ ^ :" THEIR CAUSES ; HOW TO KNOW THEM ; WHAT TO DO. CHAPTER T. DISEASES IN GENEHAL— BECOGmZING AND DISTINGUISHING THEM . Farmers Shoufd Understand Symptoma.— Of Diseases In General.— Use Common Sense.— Gradua- tion of Doses.- Frequency of Administering.— Forms of Doses.— How to Give Medicine.— Injections.— Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation.— Aniosthetios.— To Deprive of Sensation — Blistering.— firing.— Setons.-Uowels.— Sewing np Wounds.— Fomentations— Operation of Bleeding.- Keoognizing and Distinguishing Diseases. —The Pulse.— The Breathing.— The Animal Heat.— The Skin and H»ir.~-The Posture.— Indications of Pain.— Special Signs in Cnttleu 733 ^%. XIV TABLB OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER II. PAcm. I OSSTATIOM, DISEASES AMD ACCIDENTS THEBEOF. Plnral and Multiple Gestation.— Treatment Daring Gestation.— Birth.— Prolonged Labor .—Large Presentation .—Unnatural Positions of the Cair.—Floodlng.— Presentation of After-birth .—In- version of the Womb. — Languid Labor. — Irritability and Straining. — Temporary Paralysis. — Abortion.— Isolation.— Milk Fever.— Mammitis 75o CHAPTER III. f INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEIUC DISEASES. Pneumonia.— Hlstory.-Its Malignant Contagiousness .—Deflnition .—How the Infection enters the System.-How Long is a Diseased Animal Infectious.— How to Know it.— What to do.— Tezaa Fever. — How to Know it. — Bloody Murrain. — Its Malignant Character. — Preventives. — What to do. — Foot and Mouth Diseases. — Malignant Catarrh.— Lice. — Fouls 761 CHAPTER IV. ......i. ;-.,=../. . MEDICINES AND INSTRUMENTS: WHAT TO KEEP. '' I. Dissection. — II. Action of Medicines. — III. Medicines to l)e Kept, ana Doses. — IV. Simple and Valuable Becipes.—T. Forms of Clysters.-VI. Infusions. — Til. Anti-Spasmodics .— VIII . Mu- cilages.— IX. Washes.- X. Poultices.- XI. Fumigations.— XII. Tincture for Wounds 773 PART V. ' „ Sh.e ep . ;; THEIR HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. CHAPTER I. , OBIGIN, PRINCIPAL BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS. Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep.— Long- Wooled Sheep.— I. Leicester.- 11. Border Leicester.— m. Cotswold. — GoodQualitiesof Cotswolds.— CotswoldaintheWest.— IV. LincolnSheep — V. New Oxfordshire Sheep.— VI. Middie-Wooled Sheep.— VU. Cheviot Sheep.— VIII. White-Faced Highland Sheep. — IX. Dorset Sheep. — X. Southdowns. — XI. Hampshire Downs. — XII. Shrop- shire Downs.— XUI. Oxford Downs.— Fine- Wooled Sheep. — XIV. American Merinos.— The Fleece.— The Head .—The Body.— The Most Profitable Sheep— Divisions of Wool 791 CHAPTER II. BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. Watchtulness Necessary .—How to Breed.— Time for Breeding.— Conpling.—Keeping the Record.— The Management of Rams.- Training Rams. — Pasturing SIteep.— Shade In Pastures. —Water.— Dosing Sheep.— Fall Pasturage and Feeding.— Sheep Bams.— Special Winter Food .-Manage* mentof Lambs.— DookingLamba.—CoatraUon.— Weaning.— The Nursery 811 #* TABLE or CONTENTS. PART VI. XV Diseases of Slieep. HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE. CHAPTER I. ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP. The Heatl.— The Trunk.— The Fore-Leg.— The Hind-Leg.— Importance of the Head to Breeders.— Diseases of the Head f\nd Brain.— The Teeth.— Swelled Head.— Vegetable Poisoning.— Inflamma- tion of the Eye.— Sheep Distemper.- How to Know it.— What to do.— Grubs in the Head.— How to Save the Sheep.— Apoplezy.-Preventlon.— Inflammation of the Brain.— Tetanus, or Lock- jaw.— Palsy.— Rabies.-Hydatids on the Brain .—Parasites of the Body and Skin.— The Scab.— i How to Know it.— Diseases of the Generative and Urinary.Organs .-Diseases of the Limbs and Hoofs.— Foot Kot.— How to Cure it.— Fouls, and Travel-Sore Feet.— Gravel.— The Biflex Canal. Haggoty Sheep.— Lung Worms.— Intestinal Worms.— Botten Liver,— Colio 823 PART VII. V ;-*ii::a fTl:cl^t^ Seville , HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. CHAPTER I. .-^:/'r'v<^::X^:-i:^>-i^:i: HISTOEY AND BREEDS. Origin of the Hog.— Teeth of the Pog.— Importance of Swine to Man.— I. Improved Breeds of Swine.— English Breeds. — II. The Berkshires. -Establishing the Improved Berkshire —Stand- ard Characteristics of Berkshires. — III. Neapolitan Hogs. — IV. Essex Breed. — V. Yorkshire Hog— VI. Suffolks.— VII. Lancashire Hogs.— VIII. Lancashire Middle-Breed.— IX. Largo Lancashire. — /.merican Breeds.— X'. Poland China.— XI. Chester Whites. —XII. Jersey Beds. — Chesnires.— XIII. Charaoteristics.— Becapitulation of Breeds 541 CHAPTER II. , .,^ BBEEDING AND MANAGEMENT. Importance of Swine.- A Back-Woods Hog.— Fixing and Holding the Charaoteristics —Selection Always Important.— Breeding Age of Gwlne.— Care of Breeding Sows.— Weaning.— Mnnagement of Swine.— Absolute Cleanliness Necessary.-Summary S60 CHAPTER III. FEEDING AND SHELTEB. Good TS. Bad Food.— Summer Feeding.— Other Summer Foods.— Roots.— The Grains.— Feeding South.— Mast. — Feeding !n Confinement .—Hog Bams.— A Cross Barn.— A Simple Pen.— finm- mary.— Light vs. Heavy Hogs ggg • xvi TABLB OF CONTENTS. WW PART VIII. fAQB. Diseases of S^vine. HOW TO KNOW AND HOW TO CURE THEM. CHAPTER I. DISEASES OF SWINE. KxplanuUon o{ Cnt.— Dlllioalty of Administering Med icioe.— Good Nnning the Essential.'^Maliff nantand Contagious Diseases .—Malignant Epizootic Catarrti.— How to Know it.— Wliat to do.~ Intestinal " Hog Cholera," — How to Know It. ■— Caaits. — Treatment. —Prevention. — Contagious Pnenmo-enterltis. — Us Origin, — The Erysipelatous Form. — The Form with Malignant Throat. — What to Do. — Malignant Anthrax, Splenic Fever. — True Cbarbon, —Inflammatory Diseasae.— Quinsy, or Strangles.— Rising of the Lights.— Pnenmonia.—Catairh in the Head.-Diseases of the Skin.— Measles -How to Know it.— The Lard Worm.— What to do. —Xrtcblna Spiralis.— How to Cure —Lice.— Diarrhea.— Summary 879 PART IX. "Poultry. r HISTORY ; BREEDS, THEIR CHARACTERISTICS ; BREEDING AND GENERAL MANAGEMENT. CHAPTER I. Uistory and Wild Types 895 CHAPTER II. ' VA-SIETIES OF B.VRN-TAKD FOWLS. I. Dor'King Fowl).— II. Stiver Grey Dorkings.— III. Binck Dorkings.— IT. Fawtt*Colored Dork* ings.— V. Bolton Greys.— VI. Dominique Fowls.— VII. Plymouth Books.- VIII. The Ostrich Fowls.- IX. Hamburg Fowls.— X. Black Hamburgs.'— XI. tieghoms.— XII White Leghorns. —XIII. Spanish Fowls.— XIV. French Fowls.— XV. The Houdans.- XVI. LaFieche Fowls.— XXII. The Creve Cosurs.- XVIII. Lai ge Asiatic Breeds.— XIX. Tlie Chlttagonga.— XX. lluBf Cochins.— XXI. Partridge Cochins —XXII. White Cochins.- XXIII. Brahma Fowls.— XXIV. LfghtBrahmos.— XXV. Frizzled Fowls.— XXVI. Silkies.— X.XVII. Bmlaor Guelder Fowls.— X.WIII. Game Fowls— 1. Brown-breasted Reds.— 2. Eorl Derby Game.— 3. Duck-winged Game.— 4. Whiie Georgian Game.— 6. Game Bantams.— 0. Other Bantams —7. -Seabright Ban- tams.— 8. Japanese Bantams... 903 CHAPTER III BREH^ING. ThePlumage.— Ideal Shape.— Breeding to Type.— Disparity of Sexes.— Mating.— Breeding Grades, 934 CHAPTER IV. maxagkmcnt of fowls. GoinglntoBuslness.- Villago Yards.— The Poultry nmiRe— Proper Food for Fowls.— Best Breeds For Market —Egg Producers.— How to Fatten.— How to kill and dress Fowls.- Fackmg tor '^rket. ir 942 TABLE or CONTENTS. xvii CHAPTER V. ^'"'"" TUB IIOUE OF THE TURKEY. Varletleaof the Domeatio Turkey.— I. The Common Turkey.— II EngllBh Turkey III The Hon. durM Tarkey.— IV. Bronzed-Black Turkey.— V. Guinea Fowl —VI. The Peacock 947 CHAPTER VI. DUCKS. 1. Bnnen Ducks.— II. Aylesbury Ducks.— III. Call Ducks.— IV. Cayuga Blaek Duoka.— V. Fancy Ducks —VI, Black East India Ducks .—.Summary ^^ CHAPTER VII. GEESE. I. Embden or Bremen Geese.- II. Toulouse Geese.— III. Hong Kong Geese.- IV. VThlte Chinese Geese.— V. African Geese.-VI. Canada Wild Geese.— Management of Weese.... a 96J Glossary of Terms Used by Fanciers and Breeders DING AND PART XI. BEES: THEIR HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, AND MANAGEMENT CHAPTER I. Classification of Bees and History. — Queens, Drones, and Workers.— Stages of Bee-Life. — The Queen. — Products of Bees. — Management. — Old and New Styles. — Honey Extractor. — Wax E.xtractor. — New Races of Bees. — Prospects of Bee-Culture. — Starting an Apiary. — Hives,— Transferring Bees. — Tlie Bee-Smolier. — Location of the Apiary. — Bee- Veils. — Example of Successful Bee-Keeping.— The Way to do it.— Setting out Hives. — Artificial Swarming. — Introducing Queens. — Extracting Comb-Honey. — Treatment of Comb-Honey. — Wintering., 970 , \ Dg Grades. 934 PART XII. THE DOG: HISTORY, BREEDS AND CHARACTERISTICS. CHAPTER I. Origin of the dog.— Usefulness of the dog to man. — The English Setter. — The Irish Setter. — The Gordon Setter.— The Native Setter.— The Dropper.— The Pointer.— The Spaniel.— The New- foundland dog.— The Mastiff.— The Bull dog.— The Blood hound.— The Fox hound.— The ' Beagle. — The Sheep dog. — The Greyhound. — The Dalmatian or Coach dog. — The Scotch Terrier.— The English Terrier.— The Skye Terrier.— The Poodle 997 CHAPTER II, Choice of Sire and Dam in Breeding. — Age to Breed.— Time of Year to Breed, — Management of Bitch in Season.— Duration of Heat.— Management of Bitch in Whelp.— Whelping. — Care of Whelps.— Weaning.— Feeding.— Training of Pointers and Setters.— Training of Spaniels. — Training of Hounds. — Training of Vermin Dogs. — To Prevent and to Break from Gun Shyness.— Hunting a Bitch while in Whelp , 1016 xviii TABLE OP CONTENTS. CHAPTER III. DISEASES OP DOGS AND THEIR TREATMENT. Treatment of Asthma.— Bronchitia.— Common Cold.— Influenza.— Pleurisy.— Pneumonia.— Consumption. — Rheumatic Fever. — Distemper. — Inflammation of the Stomach.— Inflain* mation of the Liver.— Inflammation of the Bowels. — Mange. — Canker of the Ear.— Flees and Lice. — Chorea or Jerks. — Fits. — Worms. — Rickets or Large JointH. — Tumor and Cancer. — Puerperal Fits. — Protracted Labor. — Sprains. — To Harden Tender Feet.— Rabies or Hydrophobia... 1029 Hi -I ■.• /O-v- ,v-i'i ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGK. Horse, skeleton of 89 " longitudinal section of 42 ilorse's head, vertical section of — 43 Horse, bones of the foot 44 " " " " sectional view of 44 " foot and lower ies, vertical section of 45 " external i)art8 of 4" A good horse l'or]ip;lit driving 50 A pood liorse for all work 50 Liglit hunting horse 68 Heavy " 5l) Eiiglisli roadster 00 " coacii horse 61 (leii. Grant's Arabian Stallions 65 Enfflish race horse, Eclipse 60 Norman Perclieron stallion 75 " mare 77 Clydesdale gelding, front view 81 " " rear view 82 Shetland ponies fll Shales 99 Dervish 100 Golddust 101 Poitou ass 109 Horse's head with benring-reln , 124 " without " 124 Team of the cruel and Improvident master 146 " " kind and careful master 147 Barn of the provident master 149 Farmer Unthrlft's barn 150 " home 150 The barn of the cruel msisler 151 Model halter on model colt 161 Team of the kind master 152 " " cruel master 152 Shiftless man's door-yard pate ; 152 " " field gate 152 High-bred roadster 1"'0 Finely bred roadster 157 Good family horse 158 Proportions of the horse 159 Cleveland Bay 161 Goldsmith Maid 250 Movement iu trotting 24Q 19 20 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn. M^ > - PAUIC. Fine trotter in light liarness Id I Qoud furin for sudillo liortte ](i5 IIorHe of good aclloii jqo Model form lor speed In run'ilnfj; ]({g Progrossion of blind horse 171 Movement In walking 170 Side and front view of heads, good i ik2 '♦ " " bad ISJi Side view of foil' quarters, showing good xhoulder 184 " " " bad conrurniution 186 Front view, showing breast and limbs, good 187 " of (ore-quarters, showing bad conformations 101 Good hind-quarters 192 Side view of hind-quarters 194 Buck view of hind-quarters 105 " " bad 190 External manifestations of disease 256 First stage of confirmed grease exudation !i83 Second •' " '• 263 Horse affected with surfeit 271 One of the causes of hide-bound in horses 277 Poll-evil during first stage 288 " " second stage 289 Slight enlargement, wlileh may end in listulous wlth'/rs 292 Fistulous withers, woist stage ^ 292 A fit subject for founder or bronchitis 321 A horse dressed for bronchitis 322 A cough of Incurable bronchitis 324 Case of congestion 324 Position assumed by horse with an attack of pneumonia 32") Horse's head with cold 330 " " " lympluitic gland swollen 331 Jfose-bag for steauiuig hoist witli Rold 881 '• ' '* the throat t)llstered 333 Seton in the throat of a horse 333 A horse quidding 334 The act of coughing 334 Bit bearing upon jaw 338 Contlrmed Influenza 339 Opening tiie abscess of strangles 343 The first stage of spasmodic colic 346 The second stage of " " :.... 346 The third stage of " " 347 Tiie first stage of flatulent " 348 Horse dying of flatulent colic 348 Aestrus hemorrholdalls 350 " ^'Sr^*') larviB and fly 350 Nose strained upward 352 Application of an ammonlacal blister 353 Horse suffering from acute gastritis 354 Unnatural attitude Indicative of abdominal Injury 358 Position assumed by horse suffering from abdominal injury 35^ Test for hemorrhage of the liver 360 Colt picking hair from its leg, giving proof of worms 361 Symptoms attending disease of urinary organs 307 Test for iuflummaiioa of the kidneys .mmww~«>. 86^ ILLUSTRATIONS. 21 PA OR Florsc sulTprlng from bloody nrlne 370 I'oHillon UKhUiiiviI by ho^t^o having ulbumiiioua iirliic 371 Horse tiuflciintf with tooth-acbe 380 Uurning for lampus 381 Klli'«t8 of cruel use of bit 38!^ Apllm 384 CoiMitenaiu'e of ahorso with rabies 4(Mi Detilruclivo impulse of hydrophobia 401 ilortio (luring tlio mud stugo of gtuggers 40I Expression characieristio of megrims 40(3 A linrso dying with abscess within the bruin 414 A horse mad Irom inflammation of the brain 414 Te'tfor tetanus 419 Slings for tetanus or fractured limb 420 Mode of feeding horso with chronic tetanus 421 Showing how lar a horso with tetanus Is capable of motion 421 Horse liaving string-halt 424 Mode of blinding a horse and applying lotlun to the eye 430 Extirpation of tiie eye 432 Obstruction of the lachrymal gland 433 Eye effected by gutta sorena 434 Foot, incapable of being raised Irom ground by reason of spavin 439 Natural position of loot when raised trom tiie ground durnig an easy trot 4i59 Closing crack in hoof 453 Acute fever In the feet 457 The low choke 470 Manner of using seton needle 408 A horse suffiTing Irom drastic poison 482 Tumor caused by curl) chain ." 492 How to hear the sound made in a horse's windpipe 49(5 Internal hemorrhage 497 Horse suffering from partial pariilysis of the bind leg* 498 Tieth of ox at age of Ave years 520 Section of li 803 Southdown ram 803 ILLUSTBATIONS. 23 Hampshire Down gQ4 Oxford Downshire Ram 8()5 Group of American Merinos „ SOq Merino ram g08 " ewe 809 Division of wool gjQ Convenient feedinjr trough for sheep gig Allowed to shift for itself.^ gl7 Wintered with good shelter and feed gl7 Skeleton of Leicester sheep 823 Skull of a polled sheep g25 Uead of sheep, vertical section 825 A bad case of scab 832 Old China boar 844 China sow 845 Berkshire boar 847 Essex boar 849 Short-faced Lancashire hogs 852 Poland-China boar 854 Chester white hogs 856 Improved Cheshire. , 868 Backwoods hog 861 Berkshire sow, breeder . 865 Hazel splitter, sow .*! 866 Breeder in good flesh, sow 878 Arkansas tooth picks 874 Skeleton of the hog 879 Creve Coeur cock and hen 895 Mexican wild Turkey 896 Embden or Bremen geese 897 Aylesbury ducks 899 Gallus Sonneratii 900 Head of single-wattled Brahma fowl 901 " Breda or Gueldre 901 White Dorking cock 904 Gray English Dorkings 905 Dominique fowl 906 Plymouth Rock fowls 907 Bucks County (Pa.) fowls 908 Black Hamburg fowls 909 Golden-pencilled Bamburgs 310 Silver penciled Uamburgs 911 White Leghorns 912 Standard White Leghorns 913 Black Spanish fowls 914 Houdan hen.. 9^ La Fleche fowls giQ Creve Coeur fowls gjv Buflf Cochin cock 918 " " hen ai9 Partridge Cochins 920 White Cochin fowls 922 Dark and Light Brahmas 923 Pair of Silky fowls 925 Breda cock and hen 926 24 ILLUSTltATEU STOCK DOCTOR. '■\', PAoa. Brown Breasted Red Game 927 Earl Derby Qame 928 Duck Winged Game fowls 929 White Gteorglnn Games 930 Seabrlght Bantams 93I Barren FuII-featbered hen ,. 982 Japanese Bantam cock 933 " *' pullet h 933 Points of poultry 93.5 Points of head of cock 935 Analysis of wing plumage 936 Points of the fowl 937 Illustration showing points 7. 938 Breeding to type 94U Fountain for poultry 946 Wild turkey 943 Common turkey 949 Ocelaled turkey 950 Bronze turkey 951 Guinea fowl. 952 Peacock 953 Rouen duck 955 Aylesbury and Rouen ducks compared 956 Gray Call ducks ; 957 White Duck ; 957 Cayuga Black ducks 958.960 Black East India ducks 959 Aylesbury ducks 961 Embden geese 963 Toulouse geese 964 Hong Kong geese 955 White China geese 966 An-ican goose 967 Anatomy of the hen 974 Bone ol leg and foot of fowl 974 Back of the barn 978 Straw Hive 979 Drone, Queen, and Worker 980 Comb Foundation 980 Egg and Brood ,981 Honey Extractor .983 Comb Basket 983 Wax Extractor 984 Specimens of Queen Bees ..„.984 Double. Walled Hive 986 Pjptuve of D. A. Jones, the Bee-King, of Beeton, Ont 986 Bee Smoker 988 Bee Vail 988 CaftH for Sliipping Queens 991 Honey Knife ,. . . 992 Wolf searching for food 998 English Setter 1000 Pointer and Wounded Grouse 1005 Hunting Spaniel 100€ ILLUSTBATI0N8. 25 Newfoundland Dog rescuing a man 1008 MastifE 1009 Mount St. Bernard Dogs 1010 Bull Dog 1010 British Bloodhound 1012 Dalmatian Dog 1014 Water Spaniel 1015 English Fox Hound 1018 Training of Pointers and Setters 1020 Slieplierd's Dog 1022 English Bloodhound 1023 Gordon Setter 1024 British Greyhounds 1027 Scotch Terrier 1028 English Terrier 1031 Skye Terrier 1034 Chart for telling age of Horses (49 Illustrations) 46 Chart for telling age of Cattle (13 " ) 520 PART I, THE HORSE ; -•HIS-'- HISTORY. BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. ; Av ;r_;.. »«'>M^, ,-Ki,fyO';>i-H-n I, ' ' '■' '' "i ■ '' / ,..,i,.,f ,.r ;/\-j' I-;.,- > .. ■r. (V iytr ••.■.\.,,,i }' ..' i-,,i -!-t:v ,-:v;ri, THE H0E8E. .i.iS'.viT'' CHAPTER 1. . , HIS HIBTOBY AS A COMPANION AND SEBVANT OF MAN. ,7 COXXECTED WITH MAN FROM A VERY EARLY AQE. HIS IMPORTAXCE A3 A HELPER IN THE WORK OP THE WORLD. UI3 SUPERIORITY OVER THE OTHER AXIMAL9. THE HORSE AXD HIS RIDER BKCOMB IN SOMB MEASURE ONE CREATURE. HI3 NATIVITY: BOUBT fOXCERNINQ IT. HIS EXISTENCE UPON EARTH PROBABLY CONTEMPORANEOUS WITH THAT OF MAN. THE MOST ANCIENT AUTHORS ALLUDE TO HIM. HK PASSES INTO DIF- FKRENT PARTS OF THE GLOBE. WILD HERDS IN THE EASTERN CONTINENT. ORIGIN OF THE WILD HERDS IN AMERICA. FOUND ASA no.MESTIO AMONQ KEARLY ALL PEO- PLE. GREATER LIABILITY TO DISEASE IN A DOMESTIC THAN IN A WILD STATE. SUBJECT TO DETERIORATION UNDER IGNORANT MANAGEMENT. THE WISDOM OF THE ARABS AS BREEDERS AND KEEPERS. DIFFERENCE OF OPINION AMONG MEN AS TO SYS- TEMS OF BREEDING: ATTENTION CALLED TO ITS TREATMENT IX THIS WORK. KNOWL- EDGE AND SKILL NECESSARY TO HIS PROPER CARE. " And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle aftei their kind, and everything that crcepcth upon the earth after his kind : :iiid God saw that it was good. And God said, Let us make man in our image, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all t lie earth." Although the precise period at Avhich the horse was subjected to the list' of man is unknown, it is not unreasonal^le to conjecture that it was at a time long anterior to his mention in history ; and it is probable that .''iiice the day Avhen man was made master of all other created things, IK) animal has been more constantly his companion and friend ; and that no other has contributed so much assistance in subduing wild nature and making evor\i:hing subservient to his Avill and promotive of his happiness. Other animals, particularly sheep and cattle, have shared with the horse this usefulness to mankind, it is true : and in our present civilized state, when nicchanicjil ingenuity is making such rapid strides in dispensing with 33 84 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. animal labor, it may be, as is sometimes claimed, that the wool-bearing and milk-giving animals — especially considering that these same animals furnish also a large projiortion of our flesh food — are to be held as taking the precedence ; but as to adaptability, becoming, as it were, a creature of all work ; as to comeliness and quickness of motion ; as to a certain s^'ni- patliy with his master that makes him at times so to partake of his spirit and motions as to seem one with him ; as to a readiness of submission to drudgery as well as to proud employments, he is without a rival in the world. It is affirmed by many that the horse is a native of Asia, but of this we really know nothing. Others affirm with equal, or almost equal, plausi- bility, that he is a native of centi'al Africa. Where all is conjecture, it is needless in a practical work of this character to speculate. Wherever his primal home may have been, it is at least Avithin the bounds of jn'oba- bility that his existence in Asia, in his present state of development, is contemporary with that of man upon earth. Some among the very earli- est records of the human race contain allusions to him as a well known animal, in the service of man. Tlae description in the Book of Job, a production admitted to be of the very highest antiquity, is a case in point. He is mentioned here, in glowing terms, as a max^tial adjunct to his mas- ter — and not as a newly-discovered or recently-subdued creature, but as one with which the woi-ld was familiar. Sculptured images of horses as beautiful of form almost as the noble Arabian of to-day have been found among the ruins of the cities of the desert. He is mentioned by Moses in connection with the Egyptians ; and records older than the vTitings of Moses point to his having been known and used by that singular people from the dawn of their wonderful civilization. We find him thus in both Asia and Africa ; and dui'ing all the historic period he has been present with man as though native to the soil of many districts of both Continents. Whether borne thither by natural result of migratory wandering, in a wild state, or whether by the ever-spreading human family, there is little to guide us in determining. In the more thinly populated districts of Asia, notably in Southern Siberia, great wild herds have been long known to exist. Though, as wo have previously intimated, there must have been n noble breed of horses in Arabia in the days of their most ancient cities, the introduction of the present breed into that country is thought to have been of a comparatively modern date. It seems clear that long subse- quent to the beginning of the Christian era there were few horses in Arabia, and those few of no striking excellence, and that the now cele- brated Arabians have either sprung from good horses introduced into the THE HORSE, HIS ORIGIN, ETC. 35 country within the last thousand years, or are the result of judicious breeding and kir.dly care bestowed upon a native stock. He was brouglit as a domestic animal to the New World, by the early adventurers ; — and no trace of him, (if we except a kind of cloven-footed species), having been found upon the Continent, we can account for the herds of wild horses, knomi to have long existed in different pai-ts of North and South America, upon no other supposition than that they are the descendants of certain Andalusian mares and steeds l)rought over by the Spaniards, and abandoned by tlicni when they could no longer render them service, or left free to escape to the forests on the death of their masters in battle. There is a story current— of doubtful authenticity, however — that ah these innnense herds, in both North and South America, are sprung from one stallion and two mares that escaped from the expe« dition of De Soto through Florida, Georgia, and elsewhere. Be this as it may, there are now many great herds — a single one, especially in South America, sometimes immbering many thousands. As a domestic animal, the horse is found among almost every people on the globe ; and his uses vary with the degree of civilization enjoyed by his owners. It may bo remarked also that this degi-ee of usefulness is intimately associated with the degree of his deterioration and with the diseases to which he is subject. In a wild state, he is almost free from disorders of every kind, — so much so that unless killed b}' accident or by deprivation of necessary food and drink, as is sometimes the case, he lives to a great age — dying in the course of nature, it is believed, at from thirty to sixty j'ears. Among the Arabs, Avhere his condition approaches more nearly to a natural state than among any other jjcople, except the Indians, and where his laborious service to his master is limited almost exclusively to carrying a single rider, he displays his greatest perfections as a domestic animal, and enjoys tne greatest immunity from disease. Among the leading nations of Europe and their colonies, where he is for the most part made literally "a beast of burden" in the different capaci- ties of animal for the saddle and for every species of draught, and where man practices almost unrestrained not only his active cruelties but inan}^ unwitting enormities, ho is said l)y good authority to be constantly deter- iorating and becoming more and more subject to diseases and to prema- turc death. Among the Arabs, too, the best breeds are i3reseri'ed in their purity » M'hereas, among more civilized nations all efforts of man to improve the stock, or even to i^reseiwe any desired quality, result at last in rendering the subjects of his experiments more liable to fall into various disorders, and, except in rare instances, in ultimate failure. "m I' f p I i 9!^ :: 36 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. It may not bo iiTolevant to stuto in this connection that the great excel • lence of the Arabian of the present day, M'liatevcr may have been his origin, is duo in part to tho extraordinary affection felt for him by his master, which manifests itself in the extreme care that is lavished upon him, and to Avhich he is almost as sensitive as a human creature ; in part to his freedom from that severe labor by which tho horses of other na- tions are prematurely broken, stiffened, and deprived of spirit ; and partly, no doubt, by the steps which are taken, not so much to improve, but to preserve, a choice brCed. While other nations, notably the Eng- lish, French and American, are engaged in ceaseless endeavors to im- prove, and, according to some authorities, constantly making lamentable failures — defeating their own ends by the systems of bi'eeding, training, and use, which they adopt — the wild sons of tho desert maintain for their horses from ago to age tiie superiority Avhich they wore tirst found to possess. ' ■;■ - ■■■ ■ ■ s' • '■• Men differ in opinion as to the cause of nil this, and the mooted ques- tions of crossing and in-and-in l)recding tind their respective champions, and the dis(!Ussion is from time to time renewed; but the fact remains that the horses of Arabia excel all others ; while another important fact seems to bo most generally overlooked, that the Arabs neither cross nor actually breed in-and-iji, but, liaviiig by some means obtained a noble race they guard equally against admitting admixture of blood and against too close consanguinity. The subject of breeding, however, will bo found to have been more fully discussed under its proper head ; and in conclusion it will perhaps bf, sufficient to urge upon the attention of the intelligent owner and breeder some ft^v facts Avhich have been touched upon in the course of this brief sketch, naniel}' : That among horses in a wild state disease is rarely known, though admixture of blood most probably does take l)lace, and, for auglit we know to the contrary, as close in-and-in breeding as the most pronounced advocate of that system could wish. Tims, Ave find exemption from destructive disorders, but ordinarily no strongly marked characteristics of race const anth^ prevailing, and but rarely among them Avhat may be termed really fine aninnds. Again, that among the horses of the Arabs and the American Indians, disease is almost as rare as among the Avild liei'ds. And again, among those nations where the horse is in the highest degree useful, becoming more the slave than the companion of man, he is the subject of a nmlti- tude of infirmities scarcely equalled in numl)er by those to Avhich man is himself heir. It has been said that in becoming the companion and the ser- vant of man, he has partaken, in some measui'e, of both man's spirit and liis physical frailties. In battle, he adds to the terrors of the conflict TUB HORSE, III8 ORIGIN, KTO. 87 •eat excel • been his iim by liiw ihcd upon J ; in paii; other nu- )irit ; and 3 improve, Y the Eng- ors to im- amcntablc ;, training, n for their D found to oted ques- •hanipions, ct remains ortant fact r cross nor noble race uffainst too been more ill perhaps bwner and course of Me disease does take in-and-in )uld wish. linarily no , and but |i Indians, lin, among I becoming a niulti- :'h man is id the scr- spirit and conflict by hiH tiorceness as well as by his strenjHh and swiftnoss ; in the stablen of careless opulence, he becomes the pain )ered victim of abundance, and falls a prey to diseases that come by irr jgular exercise and surfeiting ; with hard and driving task-masters, ni the mai*tM of trade, and subject to tiie exactions of business, he is soon stiffened, spavined, and generally broken as to both conformation and locomotion ; while among the poorer (tlass of tillers of the soil and other toilers, he seems to become spiritless and dull, and subject to diseases that come rather from want of care than from either over-work or actual deprivation of food and drink. In his best estate, he is the noblest of the lower animals ; in his worst, ho is still a property of man, and a helper in his work. A knowledge of his ailments, and the possession of that skill necessary to his relief, is therefore essential to every one who owns even the commonest of the opeciea. . - •• i f ■> ' ' . iMiff" * I - \- ^ik:>a-',- 111. iMli ,'A'MiCiH rfi:T ■.nl .;i.. CHAPTER II. ILLUSTRATBD DBSCRIPTIOir. : ui. 1.-, i:!:iliii MICK8SITY FOR A COMPRKHKN8IVK IDKA OP THK OON8TRUCTION OF THK H0R8K, AND THK RB- LAT10N8 OF HI8 PARTS. SCIBNTIFK; TKRM8 USKD, BUT KXFLAINKD. SUBSKtJUKNT PORTI0N8 OF THK WORK MORK RKADII.Y IINDKR8TOOD BY RKFBRKNCB TO THIS CHAPTKR. KNOWLKDOK OF 8TRUCVURK INOI8PKNMABLB TO SUROERY. 8KKLKTON ; 8KCTION- AL VIBW rfK THORAX, ABDOMKN, AND PKLVI8; VERTICAL 8KCTIUN OF HKAD; 8B0TION OF foot; front and back view of foot; and external parts. In order that the reader may obtain a clear and comprehensive knowl- edge of the construction of the horse in all his parts and of the proper relations of those parts, it is thought best to introduce here, in one (!on- nected view, a description of the franie-work or skeleton, as seen hi Fig. 1 ; of the internal organs and their positions, as seen in Fig. 2 ; of the head and its contents, Fig. 3 ; of the peculiar formation of the foot, Figs. 4, 5, and 6, and of the external parts of the animal. Fig. 7. It will be observed that while we have used the ordinary scientific terms in naming these various parts, we have annexed, whenever necessary, such explanations as will enable the plain reader to get the full meanmg intended to be conveyed. Some attention devoted to the subject here will of course supersede the necessity of constantly recurring and tedious explanations throughout the subsequent part, of the work. The clearness and fulness of the illus- trations pro\ided leave nothing more, we think, to be desired on that head ; and if the reader chance to find, in our dii'ections as to the treat- ment of any disease, allusions to the structure of certain parts which ho, has not well in mind, or terms used with which he is not entirely familiar, his difficulties can be speedily removed l>y reference to this chapter. Any attempt to perform those surgical operations, however simple, which sometimes become necessary in the treatment of domestic animals, must of course be directed by that knowledge of form, structure, and )"«lated functions which we endeavor here to impart. 38 I1>L(J8TKATKU UESCUIITIUM rilit , AND THK KB- -SOBSKQUItNT ■HIH CHAITKK. on; 8KCTION- KAD; 8KCTION isive knowl- the propor lin one oou- een in Fig. . 2 ; of tlui foot, Figs. l-ntiflc terms necessary, ill meaning [pcrsede the I throughout l)f the illus- |ed on that the treaf- L which hfi jly familiar, ipter. irer simple, tic animalH, icture, and Explanations. — A — Cervical vertebrae, or seven bones or joints of the neck. '"''-- ■''' " '^ '••-*-'*'' ''::i' , i>M,)5 *»«.? lo rir»!»i, jni-,} .^ .;!-.,; .^fj'-jW B^ B — Dorsal vertebrre, or the eighteen larger joints of the back-bone. C — Lumbar vcrtelirte : — the six joints of the back-bone lying between the upper ends of the false ribs, and the ui)per edge of the haunch bones. D — Sacrum, or bone which forms the back part of the pelvis. ^ — Coccygeal bones, or tail bones. '•?i:'.''<,f<,^ us .vtiiiac- f\t\,s ,■' , •., o,' F, F— Kibs. • . ; G — Costal cartilages, or the cartilages by which the ends of the ribs are joined. H — The scapula, or shoulder blade. I — The humerus, or large round bone between the point of the shoul- der and the elbow, or upper part of the fore-leg. k; K, K — The radiuses, the outer bones of the fore-legs, extending from humerus to knee. iu 40 ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOR. L — The ulna, the larger of the two l)onos of the upper part of fore- leg, lying behind the radius and extending from the knee to the lower part of chest. M — ^The caipus, or knee, composed of: 1, the scaphoid, or bone hav- ing a boat-like form ; 2, the semi-lunar, or bone resembling a half-moon ; 3, the cuneiform, or wedge-shaped bone ; 4, the trapezium, or bone re- sembling the mathematical figure of that name ; 5, the trapezoid, or bone resembling a trapezoid j 6, the os magnum, or great bone of the knee; 7, the unciform, or hook-sliaped bone ; 8, the pisiform, or pea-shaped bone. N, N — The large metacarpsil or cannon, the big bone of the fore-leg reaching from the knee to the ankle. — Small metacari^al or "splint bones," the two smaller bones of the lower part, of the fon;--leg8. P, P — The sessamoiil bones — two small bones found in the substance of the tendons at the joining of the fore-leg to the ankle. QjQ — Phalanges, embracing: 1, the upper pastern bone ; 2, the os c^)- rona, or lower pastern bone ; 3, the os pedis, or first bone in the leg, inside the hoof — the coffin-bone ; and naviculare, a small ship-shaped bone, at the back of the lower i)astern, not marked in the figure. R — The pelvis, or basin, composed of : 1, the ilium, or flank bone ; 2, the pubis, or fore-part of one of the bones of the pelvis ; 3. the ischium, or hinder and lower part of the hip-bone. S — The femur, or thigh bone. ' T — The patella, or small bone covering the stifle joint — the joint of the hind leg near the flank, y — The tibia, or large, long bone between the hock and the stifle joint. V — The fibula, the small, long bone behind and attached to the tibia. W'— The hock, or that joint of the hind leg between the stifle-joint and the fetlock, embracing the following small bones: 1, the os calcis, or back point of the hock ; 2, the astragalus, or upper bone of the hock that supports the tibia ; 3, the cuneiform magnum, or largest wedge- shaped bone ; 4, the cuneiform medium, or middle-sized wedge-shaped bone ; 5, the cuneiform parvum, or smallest wedge-shaped bone ; 6, that small bone of the hock having a somewhat cubical form. X Large metatarsal, the front bone of the hind leg, between the hock and the pastern joint, below which are 1, 2, 3, the phalanges of the hind leg. - Y. The small mctjitarsal, or small bone of the hind leg in rear of large metatarsal. 2 ^The head, embracing: 1, the inferior maxilla, or lower jaw; 2, the superior maxilla, or upper jaw ; 3, anterior maxilla, or outer part, of ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION . 41 the jaw ; 4, the pasal bone, or bone in front of the nostrils ; 5, the ma- lar, or prominent check-bone ; (i, the frontal or forehead bone ; 7, parie- tal, the sides and upper part of the skull bones — (wall bones) ; 8, occi- pital, the bone of the hinder part of the head ; 9, the lachrymt., or bone inclosing the lachrymal gland and duct ; 10, the squamous, or scaly por- tion of the temporal bones; 11, the petrous, or hard part of the tem- poral bones inclosing the organs of hearing. To summarize, the spine is di\ ided into cervical, dorsal, and lumbar vertebra;, or joint*, hi all, thirty-one; the tail contains about seventeen joints ; the dorsal vertebrie, with eighteen ribs attached on each side, and the breast-bone (which is not shown in the figure), form the thorax, or cavity inclosing the heart, lungs, &c., — ^thirty-seven bones ; the fore part is made up of forty bones, taldng both sides together ; the pelvis, or basin, of three bones ; the remainder of the hinder part, of thirty-eight hones ; the cranium of ten ; the face and lower jaw of eighteen ; of tt'cth there are forty (in the male) ; the small bones of the internal (^ar, tsiking both, are eight ; and the hyoid, or tongue bone, consists of rive parts. It is not the province of this work to enter into minute anatomical do- hcriptions ; and for all really practical purposes the foregoing will lie found ample. It must however be borne in mind that a thorough study of the anatomy and frame work of the animal is absolutely necessary to a perfect uuder- Htanding of how to breed, rear, care for, break and train an animal. At the same time, neither the horse breeder, trainer, or driver, needs to un- derstand them so critically as must the veterinarian. The one repuires simply a genera] knowledge of the several parts, the other must under- stand intimately and critically each and every part, not only in itself but with reference to its bearing and influence on, and relation to other parts of the body. Thus what we give in illustration, while not going into mi- nutia such as would be necessary to make the veterinary expert, will be fully sufficient for the instruction and every day use of the practical man, whether he be breeder, trainer, or simply the gentleman who drives for pleasure. • . ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 'fifH' '.■Jit/ 1.?;;^ ,i>'t<*';T if!',^:?';' ! M» »!'(>■ M^M^'^^'I'i'; ■ (■•i iS fl 5 a I 13 a a" M a O a 9 I ^ g Q D H 1-4 § i '.*■ IliLUSTRATED DESCRIPTION. # Expianation8> — 1 — The occiput, or that part of the skull which forma the hind part of the head. 2 — The cerebellum, or hinder and smaller di- risiou of the brain. 3 — The cerebrum, or front and larger division of tlu' brain. 4 — The nasal membrane, or cartilage between the nostrils. f) — The tongue. <>, 6 — .Joints of the neck bone, 1,1,1, 1 — ^The spinal cord, or marrow. H — The pharynx, or cavity bounded by the membrane- OU.S and muscular walls beneath the base of the skull, hito which the nc>,se and mouth both open, and which is continuous below the lesophagus. J), !), it — The sesophagus, or passage through which food and drink go into the stomach. 10 — The orifice of the stomach passing thi'ough the diaphragm. 1 1 — The pyloi'us, or the orilice of the stomach through which the food passes into the intestines. 12, 12 — The hinder surface of the diaphragm, or memlmino which separates the stomach and bowels from tht^ heart and lungs. 13, 13 — The trachea, or windpipe. 14 — The lungs. 1;') — Tlie heart, a — The stomach, h — The spleen, or milt, c — The left kidney, d — The broad ligament of the uterus or womb, with the left por- tion, and the ovary or that part Avhich contains the seed displayed, e — The rectum, or terminal portion of the large intestines, f — The anus, g, h, i, j, k, 1 — Internal muscles of the thigh. Fig. 3. Vertical Section of IIonsE's Head. This cut illustrates still more fully the structure of the head and its i'()iit<'nts. a — The frontal bone, showhig sinus or chamicl beneath, b — '{'he parietal or wall bone, covering the brain, c — The nose bone, d — The occipital or back head bone, e, e — The Atlas, or fii'st bone of the iKM'k, showing the spinal marrow in its center, f— The ethmoid or sieve— lik(> bone, through which the olfactory or nerve of smelling passes, g — The sphenoid or wedge-like bone, which, with the ethmoid, supports the l):is(^of the brain, h — Part of the lower maxillary or jaw bones, with the lower incisor teeth. 1 — The cerebrum, oi- larjre brain. 2. — The cere- Itclluni, or small brain. 3 — The medulla oblongata, or upper portion of 44 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 11 •! the spinal marrow. 4 — The opinal marrow. A — The turbinated boneti, or thin, bony phitcs, in the form of a scroll or horn, found in the nos- trils, and servin;; to give wider distribution to the lining membrane of the nose. B — The septum nasi, or cartilaginous division between the two nos- trils. C, C — The lips. D. The tongue. E — The epiglottis, or valve of the larynx. F — The trachea, or windpipe. G — The tesophagus or gullet. It will be observed that the great object in the formation of the cran- ium, that of furnishing a firm cover and a sure protector of the brain against all ordinaiy accidents, is secured by the employment of nine bones, arranged in this manner: The two frontal bones (a), make up the anterior or forward part; the parietiils (b), comprise the upper and cen- tral parts, and cover the outer lobes of the cerebrum ; the occipitiil bone (d), a single bone of great solidity, is at the back of the head ; a b'ttle lower, and back of the occipital bone, is the aperture through which the spinal cord, together with some nerves and an artery, make their exit ft'om the brain. Here the bone is smooth and rounded for the purpose of jointing with the atlas, the first bone of the neck. The sphenoid bone (g), forms the inferior and central part of the cranium. The ethmoid (f ), through which the olfactory nei-ve passes, together with the sphenoid, as noted above, assists in upholding the base of the brain. In proximity to the facial bones are found sinuses bearing names derived from their nearness to particular bones. The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are composed of two parts, the squamous, or scaly, and the petrous, or stone-like. Tiic petrous portion of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing, having upon its inside surface the openings for the passage of the auditory nerve ; and upon its outside, large passages for the conveyance of sound. ^HKh^'' Fig. 4. Front and back vikw of the bonks of thi foot. Fiu. 6. Skctional vikw of THB BONKS OF THE FOOT. w ILLU8TKATED DESCRIPTION. 45 Fig. 6. Vertical Section of the Foot AND Lower Leg. Figs. 4 and 5, taken in connec- tion, will serve to give the reader still more definite knowledge than that •'onveyed by the skeleton of the rela- tive situation of the different parts of the horse's foot, and the terms applied to each. The bones exhibited in the front and back view. Fig. 4, are : c, c — ^The coffin bone, or first bone of the leof. d — The sessamoid bone, b, b —The small pastern, a, a — The large pastern. The parts exhibited by Fig. 6 are : a — The large metacarpal or cannon bone, b — The os suffraguiis, or large pastern bone. c — One of the ses- samoid bones, d — The os coronse, or small pastern bone, e — The navic- ular bone, f — ^The os pedis, or cof- fin bone, g, g, g — The flexor perfor- ans, or penetrating tendon, h, h — The flexor perforatus, or penetrated t«ndon. i — The extensor tendon, j — The suspensory ligament, k, k — The capsular ligament, or membraneous elastic bag surrounding the joint. 1 — The fetlock joint, m — The pastern joint, n — The coffin joint, o. — The horny crust, p, ji — The horny sole, q — The frog. r. — The sensible laminiB. t — The sensible frog, u — The cushion. v — Tlie navicular joint. It will be observed that the parts exhibited by Fig. 5 are plainly named on the engraving. Every thoughtful reader will observe further that tiiese parts of the horse are most wonderfully put together. The delicate and well- adapted mechanism is not surpassed by that of any mechanical combination ever produced. The entire structure is one that secures the utmost elasticity and freedom of movement, with the immense strength needed in the usual work of the horse. An understanding of this must go far toward compelling care and attention in all that pertains to the foot of the animal. Shoeing, and especially service on rough, stony places, should be subjects of constant regard. The next cut furnishes a beautiful and comprehensive view of the terms applied to the various parts of the animal, and it can but prove of great use to those who would not only "talk horse" themselves, l)ut undorstiind the talk of others — especially of veterinary writers when treating of dis- orders, their location, and the proper means for their relief. 1. 1 4» ■^ •?f ' ^m 46 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Vlvd')*-; i: KXTKKNAI, X'AKl'fi OK THK HORSEc Expla^v ''3r '*^f muzzle. 2 — The face. 3 — ^The forehead. 4 — Thopoll. 5— f;:ec ., :— The jowl. 7— The gullet. 8— The wind- pipe. 9 — Point of the shoulder. 10 — The breast. 11. — The arm. 12 —The elbow. 13— The girth. 14— The flank. 15— The sheath. 16— The stifle. 17— The withers. 18— The back. 19— The loins. 20— The hip. 21— The croup. 22— The dock. 23— The quarter. 24— The thigh or gaskin. 25 — The hamstring. 26 — ^The point of hock. 27 — The hock, (hough) 28 — The cannon bone of hind leg. 29— The fetlock. 30 — The hu'ge pastern. 31 — The small pastern. 32 — The coronet. 33 — The hoof . 34— The knee. 35— The cannon of fore leg. 36— The fet- lock. 37 — The heel. 38— The large pastern. 39 — The small pastern. 40— The hoof. f-.i- \ i ►reheati. 4 — 8_The wind- rhe arm. 12 sheath. 16 — loins. 20— er. 24— The ck. 27— The .| 3 fetlock. 30 jronet. 33 — 36— The fet- mall pastern. .lAU-A u/t/v-ajo'l .11 .01*5 iio't til r/iti •f't7M)f -nW 1o 'nfjcnfxni/. tir.l 'nil lit M/iii!i')! (i()i)ii*.u(| ; ni ,d)Ji^ nil "1(1 ■i'-.iji'J •ciqtiu bin; *i'jto> i^iii lo^^jin •.iiKv. /-(lit Ti'-d// .••hi-'. tii-y,»i!ta(f/>Mi':i7 .l>i^ lii-^h '"I'l' ••'!»'■' t^i*!' 'iil!''V>nl>-' '•»(! -ni'U'xl "i .^^ .*^ ,1! !'.■)» •iibliffloM'Ml'^lo'M jil 1' .Icnii^iiiiiii 'iiiiiiuutlwl *4>Nnt"|>''* ■ 'J COLT'S TEETH. Fio. 1. The ri«:ht side of the milk incisors of the lower jiiw is here shown, of natural size and fully develo|)«'ody of the te<'th ; /«, the con- tracted body of the tec^th ; /, the narrow n<presented as arched on Uw outer side. !t FlO. 2. ll.M.K YKAIt. Lower jaw of a colt a half year old. Hoth tli. nutci , and UMK'r edge of the nipi)ers arr worn : nf ili.- luiddK- i teeth, only the outer edge ; the conicr l.cth aiv not worn at all. Fiu. 3. IIalk Year. HORSE-TEETH. Fill. y. TWO-AND-A-IIALF Appearance of the lower jaw at two-a which two nippers are breaking through while the foal teeth appear as a smooth f Fig. 7. a. . \ ■ , .. ■;' , ■.,,:-.,. Appearance of the horse incisors in ])lace, M-ith their outer snrfa<< arched toward tlit' bony bhnh- of theso<-ket, as f(»llows : ", (I, the two nipporw : 6, f>, the two middle teeth ; <; c, the corner teeth : A-, k, the hooks. The cav- ity in the ouler i)artition of the mark is indicated by e, d; th«' furniws which distinijuish the horse teeth by o^o; and the root.^ . th.- middleteeth;c,r, the comer teeth. Kii.. 7. I». Appearance of the incisors in the lower jaw, frcmi the inside of tlic iiKMith, in their poshion relative to the jaw b,,iie. Th. wearing of the outer and upper edge of the nippers, wn at both edges by the dott. (I linc>. The hooks, A-, k, art^ about to l>reuk **s!^ thi(.ngh. The nx.tH, wi, w, w, »», are Hceii to be not yet tilled out with bony substance. Fio. 11. FOUR-AND A-HAl Appearance of the lower jaw at fc Tlie comer teeth and hooks are break t«et.h are worn oidy on the outer edge Appearance of a nip OH-AJKI' for .^L.co-CiX&Xely IDeteramlaalug" tli© J^gre of a Horse froiici © Iv lO. y. Two-and-a-half Ykars. ' the lowor jaw at two-uiid-a-lialf years old, in i-s are breaking through niiew, as horse teeth, L'th appear an a smooth frutioii surfaet-. Fio. 16. 6 Ykars Old. i Fig. 20. 10 Yeabs Old. Appearance of the h)\ver jaw at this age. The nipperfi iirc Appearance of the upper jaw at this age, when the worn down (!ven with the niiddhs teeth ; the middle teeth have ijjg middle teeth is Avorn down, still a cavity ; the inn«u- edge of the comer teeth has worn down even with the outer one. la. 10. TaaEE-AND-A-HALt" Years. f the lower jaw at three-and-a-half years old, e teeth are just breaking through ; the outer pcrs already woni down ; and the corner teeth »i»4HMS Fig. 16, 7 Years Old. Fig. 21. 11 Years Old. Appearance of the upper jaw at this age. The ni lu»3r teeth is worn down. Appearance of the lower jaw. The middle teeth have It- coine even ; both edges of the corner teeth rub, but they hiivr still a small cavity; the hooks have lost more of their edjr.^ and their pointed ends are more rounded. The hooks, however, as has been said, can be depended on only when their indications aixree wHU those of the other teeth. / ^■v.'f^:.^ .■.■:■■■.-■■. Fio. 11. FouR-ANDA-HAU Years. :.^ ^ 1 of the lower jaw at four-|ind-a-ha1f years old. .th and hooks are breakinjrithrongh ; the middle „nly on the outer edge ; ^\\\^ the nippers are both edges. ^^>^ FiQ. 22. 12 Years Old. Api)eavance of the lower jaw at this age. The ni become round — as thick as they are broad ; the ml arc approaching this state ; and the corner ones thickness. 8 Years Old. lontlis to 23 "ITeaTe- .... ^_ Fio. 33. 22 Ykabs Old. Appearance of the upper jaw at this age. have become soinowhat triangular. Fio. 20. 15 Ykarb Old. Appearance of the upi)er jaw at fifteen. The nippers khemarkof are rounded. Fio. 34. 23 Ybaks Old. Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-tl teeth have become triangular. Fig. 27. 16 \KAR8 Old. Lark of the Appearance of the upper jaw at sixteen. The middle teeth are rounded. Fig. 35. 24 Years Old. Appearance of the lower jaw at this age. become twice us thick as broad. hpers have Iddlc teeth DiereiiHc in ->*<&■ Fio. 28. nYMARsOLD. V Appearance of the upper jaw iit this age. The comer teeth are rounded. 1 Fio. 36. 25 Years Old. Appearance of the lower jaw at twenty-fi teeth have become twice as thick as broad. riy 4<" k^ Horse Teeth. Irregular. lo. 83. 22 Yeabs Old. ) upper jaw at this age. mt triangular. The middle teeth lu. 34. 23 Yeaks Old. I upper jaw at twenty-three. The corner iangular. IG. 35. 24 Years Old. J lower jaw at this age. The nippers huv<' k as broad. Fia. 41. 20 Years Old. Teeth shoot up a line every year ; but when they stand for- ward too far in the mouth they cannot wear down in the same degree. In order to ascertain the ago of such a horse, examine the mark narrowly, and add the number of lines extra to what the mark indicates. Thus, if the mark shows eiyht years, while the teeth are your lines too long for that ago, the true age is 12 {rears. In Fig. 41, the mark shows eight years, but is twelve ines too long. Add these to the eight, and you have the horse's age, twenty years. Fm. 42. 20 Yeabs Old. Inside view of lower jaw, (teeth irregiiliir), lit 20 years. The friction surface shows eight years. (See Fig. 43). 'iG. 36. 25 Years Old. ) lower jaw at twenty-five, vice as thick as broad. The middle Fig 20 Years Old. Same as Fig 42, but with superfluous length, twelve lines, removed. The friction of twenty years is seen on upper sec- tion of illustration. thf iiipju'r^ 'I'ln' «litT»'r«'iit Irt'lli art' as fo||()\«s: . /., is l....ri„. /^I'l»''^'-»"<«' "f *'"• 1«'^v.t jaw at f. „...,-. ... , . . . "^ 1 ho ('(triKT tofth and hooks arc Itn-ul, t.o. .». IlALK \KAK. ...njr ,„ ]„. won. : th.. ins.d.. ,v,naMunjr uuinj.irod. The .mh an- worn only ,„. th. outer i'd-r. T. • . .1 . 1 f.i • f 1 w '■''"''•' ''f '''''•'''•'<•'•'' P>'''J«'«<'''>r''»>')v«' tho jruin, is sh(.wii wornd<»wnatho(hc(l.r..s This nM)n'si»nts tho outt-r sido of tlu' jaw of a lialf i... ♦i,-. ,i,.*< ir ti i ■ i i . . . wuni uu>yii m uoni ((i. Ihr liooks, /•, XMiiTahoiit to Innik vcar old rolt. I lie «lincrt*iit Irclli art' as foll()\«s: n, n, *i,,.,.,,,,i, -n tiiiou;rM. I Uv nxils, ;/i, in, iii, m, are seen to In* not yet fillctl out with lioiiy suhstanrc. Appearant'o of a nip- per at different stajicH. /sliows it l»reakinf tlnve years, its breadth marked by 1, 2, \tH thi«kneH8 hy 3, 4. //^slunvs the fric- tion surface as it ai)pear8 at the a<;e of six, the erown ent off one-fourth V\',. 4. IIai.k Ykau. This is a side view of the jaw of a half year nld colt / incii, where the l)readth, 1, 2, la'jrins to dei-rease, and the tiiickness, .'{, 4, takes the form of an e shows an incisor of a Tliis is the appearance of the lower jaw at one year ftdl jfrown Jiorsc, split b'njrlhwiso, of which (/, f?,/isthe old. The edjres of all the incimrM aiv |)arll\ w.»ni by outer raised «d;re ; a,o,t\w finniel shaped cavity of the Fia. 12. h Ykaki Outside and side view of the lower Fig. !'i. One Ykak Old, Fia. 9. A, D. Fio. 13 a Ykars Outside front view of the lower jaw friction, while the comer teeth remain uninjured. tooth; k, the hollow body; ///, the still unfilled root of the tooth. Fig. G. Two Ykars Old. " i Appearance of the lower jaw at two years old. The edges of tlie ni|)pers and of the middle teeth, and their mark, are worn down, so that the inner edge of the cor- ner is brought into requisition. The teeth begin to change at two-and-a-half yearB, and the permanent or horse teeth ajjpear. Oopyrtghted according to Act of Congrett. I Fiu. 14. .') Ybaks ( -♦ Appearance of Hurfaccs of teeth in ^^^' ** "' ^' old. Both edges of the nippers are Appearance of horse incisorl, (viewed froni the side,) mark is almost gont* ; the middle teet in whir jaw at five years ^es of the nippers are worn down, so that the gont! ; the middle teeth are worn only on the e corner ones have attjiinod the same height as have also come into wear ; and the hooks are but not worn at all. Fio. 19. 9 Years Old, A side view of the upper jaw at this age The depr usually found in the corner teeth may be seen at d. Fie. 25. 14 Years Old. Appoa ranee of the lower jaw at fourteen, li iS become round. The c( Fia. ». 18 YlARB ULI>. Appearance of the lower jaw at thiu age. The nippers are triangular. ^a^. age. The m- Fio. 87. 26 Ykaks Oli Appenriince of tlie lower jaw at tweu teeth are twice tut thick aa broad. Fio. ao. loyxAiuOLD. Appearance of the lower jbw atiiinetecu. teeth are triangular. The middle phe nippers and the comer teeth become blunt. FiQ. 88. 27 Yeabs Oh Appearance of upper jaw at twenty-sev twice as thick as broad. FIG. 31. 20 YEARS OLD. ^'<*- ^^- 28 YBAR8 OlI Appearance of the lower juw at this age. The comer Appearance of upper jaw at this age. twice as thick as broad. teeth are triangular Fio. 32. 21 Tkars Old. phc comer tooth Appearance of the upper jaw at twenty-one. nippers have become triangular. Fig. 40. 29 Years Ol The Appearance of the upper jaw at twen I teeth are twice as thick as broad ) m 'i^ Flu. 87. 2G Yeaks Old. ill*' lower jaw at tweuty-six. The comer thick as broad. FiQ. 88. 27 Ykabs Old. upper jaw at twenty-seven. The nippers are broad. «* , 1^ . r Fio. 44. 20 Yeahs Old. Real length and outHido appcaraiuu; of tliu teeth in lower jaw at twenty. FiQ. 39. 28 Ykabs Old. upper jaw at this age. The middle teeth are broad. FiQ. 46. Appearance of a lower jaw in which the teeth are ten lines too long. Fig. 40. 29 Ykabs Old. the upper jaw at twenty-nine. The comer thick as broad Fio. 46. Inside view of lower jaw. The mark shows six years ; but the teeth are ten lines too long, and the age is sixteen. When horses are large and naturally have larger teeth than smaller ones, the other signs remain the same, and the age is easily de- termined. m CHAPTER III. HOW TO TELL A HORSE'S AOB. KNUWLRDOR OF CHANQBS IN THB TBBTH THK ONLY MBAN8. THIS CHAFTBR TO BK 8TUDIKD IN CONNBCTION WITH THB CHAKT WHICH FOLLOWS. BUYERS LIKKLY, WITH- (lUT THIS KNOWLfcDOB, TO BB DKCBIVBD. INCISORS CHIEFLY TO BE RELIED ON. OONDITION OF A FOAL'S MOUTH. THB CUANQBS THAT FOLLOW. HOW FOAL TBBTH AK8 TO BB DI8TINOUI8HKD FROM HOR8B TEETH. WEARINO AWAY OF THB ORINDBR OB ENAMELLED I'ORTION. NUMBER OF TBBTH IN A FULL-OROWN ANIMAL. DIFFBRBNOB BETW^iSN HORSES AND MARES AS TONUMBER. INCISORS, HOOKS, AND ''WOLF'STBRTH." HOW TO DBTBRMINB AGS TILL FOAL IS TWO YEARS OLD. HOW FROM TWO TO OLD AOB. THB HORSE OF MEDIUM SIZE TO BH TAKEN AS A STANDARD. SHOOTING UP AND URINDING OFF. IRREGULAR TEETH ; HOW TO JUDGE. PECULIAR HARDNESS OF BONES AND SLOWNESS OF CHANGE IN CERTAIN BREEDS. THB MULE; AOB HARD TO FIND OUT WITH EXACTNESS. DECEPTIONS; HOW TO DETECT. CBIB BITERS ; HOW TO EXAMINE. TERMS DEFINED. The age of a horse is to be accurately determined only by an examint^ tion (>f the teeth, with a knowledge of the changes which, from time to time, tttke place in them. The following directions, studied in connec- \\on witli the dra>ving8 exhibited on the accompanying chart, and the ex- lanations written under them, Avill enable any one of ordinary ecuteness ^id powers of obsjjrvation, to judge for himself, and thus to avoid that iiost connnon of all the jockey's impositions, a liability to be deceived |i the age of horses held for sale. The incisors furnish the chief indications ; and to them the attention luat be mostly directed ; but the back and hook teeth should be observed some extent, as their condition may occasionally serve to correct and [lore frequently to corroborate the indications of the incisors. When tirst foaled, the colt has no incisors. Twelve back teeth have in ^OHt cases forced their points by this time through the gums ; but it is )t until from two to three months afterward that the four nippers ap- i'M' ; ui six weeks the nippers are .seen ; and in about eight months the lur corner teeth> There are now, at eight or nine months old, twenty- 47 48 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. four teeth, (upper and lower), caWed foal-teeth. These are all changed by the fifth or sixth year, and those that follow are called horse-teeth. The back teeth appear as follows : the three front double pair are seen at birth, and are afterward changed ; the fourth double pair appear from the eighth to the ninth month ; (this fourth d(mble pair are the first thai remain stationary, and they are found in every year-old colt) ; the fifth double pair, or fifth four, appear in the second oi' third year ; the sixth, usually in the fourth or early in the fifth year. These thrcj double pair* of back teeth (last named), remain unchanged, as do also l)ie four hook teeth. The hook teeth are uncertain as to time of appearance, coming somei- times at the end of the third year, sometimes in the middle or at the end of the fourth, sometimes in the middle or at the end of the fifth, some- times at the beginning of the sixth. Observe particularly that the incisors of the foal differ from those of the horse : ( 1 ) By their regular, conical formation ; ( 2 ) by a narrow contraction called the neck, visible almost in the center of the body of each tooth, while nothing of the kind is seen in horse-teeth ; (3) by their smaller size, even when full grown. The milk teeth, (or those teeth which are cast or shed), t^iken from the jaws of dead foals and compared with horse-teeth similarly obtained, are found to be only about half as long as the latter. The breadth is not to be depended on, since the milk teeth of large foals appear almost as broad as those of small horses. When the nippers become horse-teeth, they form a great contrast to the middle and corner teeth. Ihe size of these last will at once show them U) be milk teeth. (4) By the fact that the outer surface of the foal-teeth i8 smooth and striped with brown, while on horse-teeth the same surface is divided by a dirty yellow indentation inclining toward the center, vhich is sometimes double upon the upper teeth. One should study the form of the incisors by carefully exanunlnsr those taken from dead horses of dif-^rent ages. Each incisor will be found to consist of a hard, enamelled part, called the grinder, which has protruded above the gum ; of a bony substance, which has 1>e('n for the most part hidden in the gum ; and of a root, which has occupied tin' cavity of the jaw-bone. These teeth, (of the foal as well as of the horse), are sloAvly but - U'oth, that the thickness and breadth of foai-tt>eth are constantly decrcfi.-- hor [for [the IThi isor itha is4 to 1 Bna irhi lal »rs I jm bi: >U( [oi ht Joi A THE HOB8E, HIS AOE, HOW TO TELL IT. 49 m those of y a narrow :he body of 3) by their those teeth id compared jout half as !ce the milk lall horses*. ;rast to the show them le foal-teeth irae surface the center, in<' from the grinder or hard enamelled part to the end of the root, while horse-teeth decrease from the root upward. The grinder, or Imrd, grat- ing portion of the tooth, which has not yet been used, has somewhat the form of an egg ; it is three times as broad as thick, and hollowed out in the shape of a funnel, which hollow has two sharp edges inclosing it This socket or hollow is called the mark. In the center of this mark, a ort of kernel may be seen — a tube commencing at the end of the root — at contains the nerves of the tooth ; but this inner hole nmst always be stinguished from t?ie marky which is the outer depression, lying next ;o the shaq) edges. The inner cavity is a funnel-shaped socket, of hard, namel shell, around which, and inside the outward shell, is a thick fluid, hich remains during the life of the tooth, becoming, by degrees, gray atter. This fluid averages about four lines in depth in the lower incis- Ts and about eight in the upper ones. The outer edge of each incit?or always rises a line or two above the er edge ; therefore, when the upper and lower are first grated together, inly the outer edges touch for some time ; and the inner edges do not luch until the outer ones are worn down to an equal height with them, orse-teeth generally do this in about one year. At the age of two and half, the teeth begin to change, and those which then appear are called 'orse-teeth. (See chart. Fig. 7, A). < A full grown stallion or gelding has 40, and a mare 36 teeth — the male 'fiaving four hook teeth w^hich are lacking in the female, except that sonie- lllmes she has imperfect teeth in the corresponding part of the mouth, ^hose teeth found in some young horses, next to the first double teeth, and tailed "wolf's teeth," are not included in this number, as they are not teeth, — frequently not breaking through the gums at all, and usually, any case, disappearing in eight or nine years. Twenty-four of the le teeth, in both horses and mares, are situated in the upper part of the outh, (that is, in both jaws, above the lips). They are divided into six iouble pairs, counting upwards from below, so that those situated next to 16 incisors in all the four rows are first ; those next to them, second ; d so on to the last pair, which are called back t(;eth. Twelve others are in the lower part of the mouth, surrounded by the lips, six in the upper and six in the lower jaw, standing, each lot, m the form of an arch, and occupying the entrance to the hollow of the mouth. These twelve are called incisors. The four innermost, two in each jaw— those forming the key of each arch — are called nippers ; the other two in each arch are called corner teeth ; and those between the nippers and the corner teeth are called middle teeth. Each of these teeth in the lower jaw rubs against the corresponding one in the upper jaw. The teeth of the upper jaw are broader and thicker than those of the lower. The four 80 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. hooks are seated alone, over each corner tooth, but nearer to the comer | teeth of the upper than those of the lower, so that they, (the hooks ). never come in contact with each other. The horse has always attained the age of four and a half or five years! before he has a full number of perfect teeth. Before this time, the| younger the animal the fewer the teeth, and even these are not all perma- nent. The more a permanent incisor loses in length, by friction, the more itf also loses in width, so that the nearer the friction surface approaches toli the root, the naiTower and thicker it nmst appear. Every new hook tooth is cylindrical and somewhat hooked, with a cone- shaped projecting grinder, and this is surrounded by a spoon-shaped edge, turned toward the hollow of the mouth, so that the cone cannot he seeiil from the outside ; and the whole grinder, or hard, enamelled part, hih the appearance of the back part of the bowl of a spoon — the edge, like ,i screen, surrounding the short cone, but so that two deep furrows remain between. Except this grinder, the rest of the body is uniformly round and the surface almost even. As previously said, however, these l)\ themselves afford no reliable indication as to age. tlf-,''-i\ ^vt ?>' ■: > Figures 2, 3, 4, 5, (i show how the age of a colt may be determined till he is two years old. The following further explanations, taken in v'ojmection with the chart from Fig. 7 to Fig. 40, inclusive, will teach., how the age, from two to thirty, can be asceitained. Large horses have, of course, larger teeth than small ones ; but takiiii! a horse of medium size as a standard, one can nuike allowan(;es for either larger or smaller, and easily arrive at just conclusions. The incisors being our main reliance, our remarks nmst be undert^tood to refer chiefly to them. The length of the tooth of a horse of medium size is three inches, or thirty-six lines. After the changed tooth ha> arrived at its proper length, it i>finofn up a Hue regularly every year, and if the teeth stand right, the grinder in worn of a line every year. It i> also, as han been said, worn off in both width and breadth, so that the grinder becomes, from year to year, shorter and smaller, as shown by the chart. '\^ "'.;^^ .'):''• • ■■ If, however, the teeth stand too far foi-ward, (irregular teetli, sef <'.hart. Fig. 41), they do not wear down in the same proportion as they •hoot upward, and they become very long. The age in this case can \w ascert«ined with ease and exactness by oliserving directions given under „ Fig. 41, and noticing with care the following points : At the age of ti\( years, the comer teeth of the lower jaw have grown up fi>e lines al»nM th<' gum ; each middle tooth, sev( forner n lines ; and ea«*h nipner, nme. A; eight years, and older, ea<'h corner tooth of the same hors<^ projci-tw <»iilv THE HORSE, HIS AGE, HOW TO TELL IT. r to the conicf y, (the hooks ),j ilf or live years this time, the e not all penna-l on, the more it! B approaches tn| ed, with a com'- on-shaped edge, cannot be seen I idled part, ha> the edge, like a furroM'S remain iiiformly round, 'ever, these bv ' he determiiipd] ntions, taken iiij isive, will teacli' les ; but takiiii! ances for eithfr be understood )rse of medium ijred tooth ha« veiy year, and y year. It i> th, so that thf ,s shown by the nlar teeth, sw oi-tion as thov lis case can he ns given undoi . the age of rtvi i\<' lines above p«'r, nine. At projcr their fifth bar, appear a year or two younger than they really are ; but the same imals are apt to be more than ordinarily strong, hardy, and long-lived, ^d t(t be taken at a diminished age really detracts nothing from their )rth. tThe affo of a mule is somewhat difficult to determine with exactnetts, ing to the cause just stated. u «; i.„.-l»i •■. .'t ,4, j_ ,j,. )eceptions may be practiced with very thrifty young horses, when it is sirablc to make them ap,/ear of suitable age for work or for breeding, knocking out the incisors a year sooner than i\w\ would naturally Inge themselves. If a purchasoi' suspects deception, he can determine matter by closely examining the remaining teeth. If the nippcirs ire changed, and the inner edges of the corner teeth have not yet come contact, the foal is but one year old — and so on. The opposite cheat — that of trying to make a horse appear younger he really is by burning artificial marks in upon the teeth — can \w Bct«'d by closely examining the enamel and the effect of the mark )n it. When a horse has reached an advanced age, say twelve tx) tMlbnty, the enamelled surface has become so minute that burning in as l||ge a M'ark as is found in lun-ses considerably younger would disturi> tite whole enamel and so leave a means of detecting the fraud. In the case of crib-biters, that wear out their t«'cth prematurely, and •o appear really older than they arc, (>xaiMiiiation must be directed to the corner te«'th, which are seldom injured ; or, if the corner teeth prove to jbe injured, deduct from the apparent agt' as many lines as art> wanting to ..-^ake the teeth of the natural lengiih. To feed constantly, from weaning le, upon hard, unshelled corn, sometimes produces the same effect as ib-biting, and the same directions luust be followed in forming an btimate. 62 HiLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. We close the chapter with a short vocabulary, by reference to which the reader may more readily apprehend the meaning of the terms employed in the ensuing chart. Incisor. — A cutter ; a fore-tooth which cuts or bites. In the horse, those twelve teeth, six in the upper jaw, six in the lower, which are surrounded by the lips, are called incisors. Grinder. — As used in the present chapter, it denotes the hard, grating, upper portion of the front teeth. Line. — One-twelfth of an inch. Mark. — As used with reference to horse teeth, it denotes that depres- sion in the grinder lying inside the sharp edges and adjacent to them. Nippers. — Those two teeth in each jaw that occupy the middle of the semi-circular row. Corner Teeth. — ^The two outer of the six front teeth in each jaw. Middle Teeth. — ^The teeth between the nippers and the comer teeth. Hooks. — Four teeth, two in each jaw, situated over corner teeth, or beyond the incisors, reckoning from the front of the lips, and having a cylindrical and somewhat hooked shape. Milk Teeth. — The front teeth of a foal which appear at about three moatha of age aud ure cast within two or three years. ,,., I'v-'^'J .■ I, - H ■> ... • »?■ ' ■ "■">'■ .1"'!' ' ' -'^<.' ! ,• ..: • ■■' ■'. ■' /i »' ■■■,! • ' ' ■ : '■• , ■>! i- :.i .1 r I . ■ ' t , ,.'■' ;"■:■)";: ,: :>-. -:*l . I'l ■-''.■■ j' '>,i '..J I It.,'','- 'I'll ,, „' li ■<■■;. it ..i;i ,\ :,')t.-l '■ V, .''■',! n ""' <-*;i '■' ^ • 'srri.' I; !if.:'. •ence to which of the terms lu the horse, er, which are hard, grating, 8 that depres- t to them, middle of the I each jaw. comer teeth, rner teeth, or and having a bt about three • •■■■■i-t:.-i !■ 1 , ■ I , !<-■' • ■.■;'■ :^-'*f/ CHAPTER IV. DIFFEBENT BREEDS AND THEIB CHABACTEBISTICS. I. THE INFERIOR VARIKTIEa : MANY FOUND IN BOTH HEMISPHERES. SOME GOOD, BUT LITTLE lO^OWN OF THEM. II. SOME CONSIDERED AS TO WORK RATHER THAN BREED; THE FARM HORSE; THE HUNTER; THE HACKNEY; HORSES FOR HEAVY DRAFT. III. THE ARABIAN. IV. THE BARB. V. THE ENGLISH THOROUGHBRED. VI. THE PERSIAN. VII. THE TURK. VIII. THE TURKOMAN. IX. THE EGYPTIAN. X. THE DONGOLA. XI. THE NORMAN PERCHERON. XII. THE THOROUGHBRED IN AMER- ICA. XIII. THE MORGAN. XIV. THE NARRAGANSETT PACER. XV. THE CANA- DIAN. XVI. THE CONNE8TOGA. XVII. PONIES. I. The Inferior and Little Known. Among the great variety of horses there are many that are either of inferior importance or so little known that it is deemed unnecessary to notice them in detail. India, China, Japan, Siani, several of the Euro~ pean States, and North and South America, have horses that are in some instances widely different from each other, as well as from the aj)proved breeds ; but they are not known to possess any remarkable excellence, or Jiny distinctive points that are constantly reproduced in their offspring, — so that a mere casual reference to them, witli very general statements as to (jualities and characteristics, is considered to be sufficient. In India alone there are various stocks, kn(»wn to have been so long in the various i-egions of that great country as to seem native to the soil ; l)ut with the exception of the Turko, recognized to be a cross between tlie Turkoman or South Tartary breed and the Persian, they are regarded lis cold blooded and inferior. The Turko is said to carry himself in a grand and stately way, and to be both beautiful and tractable. The Tartar and C"lmuck horses, with the exception of the Turkoman, which is described elsewhere in this chapter, are for the most part small and ill-made. They are hardy, however, In-ing able to perform great journeys, with buixlens disproportioned to their size, and to live on the poorest fare. , . ,, 4 (^' 64 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The horses of China arc small, and have no points of excellence as t« either shape or spirit. The horses of Turkestan have been described by some as having heavy heads and ewe-necks, with long legs and a scanty body ; while others speak of high crests and long, bony bodies, and assert these hors<;s crossed with those of Persia, produce magnificent animals — clcgiint, active, strong, and larger than the best Arabians. In Bokhara is a breed of small and shaggy but stout horses, called Kussaks, which has attracted some attention. Their manes and tails are long as compai-ed with their general make up. Belgium, Holland, and ihf German states have breeds of horses noU'id only, or chiefly at least, for being large, strong, and well-formed, and admirably adapted to purposes of heavy dnift. In the forests of Sweden, Finland, and Norway is found a race of horses in a half wild state, from which the inhabitants, without taking upon themselves the trouble of breeding and rearing, supply themselves when the creatures are wanted for use. They are small, but well-formed, active, and spirited. The Hungarian horse, though evidently of the same origin as those of Germany, is somewhat lighter than they, and possesses more spirit and action. He shows some signs of oriental blood, to which he i)robably owes his superiority to his neighbors. The horses of Iceland run at large and pick up their own scanty fare, wherever they can find it, until they are needed by the inhabitants, when they are caught and subjected to use. The origin of these animals is in doubt. Some assert that their progenitors were caiTied into that island from the forests of Sweden ; others, that they were of the stock of ponies found in the Scottish isles. They are sm?ill, but active, and gen- erally well disposed. The horses of Italy were formerly much better than now. Few of them may at present be regarded as possessing any striking excellence. There are said to })e some, among the people of Naples, that are large, of fine appearance, and excellent as carriage horses. The French people have many breeds, adapted to the saddle, the light carriage, cavalry, and light artillery, besides those that are retiuired for the plow and the cart. The most famous among them is the Norman, or Norman Percheron, which is described elsewhere in this chapter. The fact is well established that the horses of Spain, previous to the Moorish conquest, were possessed of many noble qualities ; but thvy were much improved by a mixture of Barb blood, consequent upon the invasion and the introduction of horses from the Barbary States. They THE HORSE, DIFFERENT UKEEDS, ETC. 55 ence as tu Ktill show both their original and derived excellences ; and a pure-blood Spanish Barb is a fine and beautiful crenture. In the plains of South America, Mexico, Texas, and the Western Territories of the United States are found gi'eat herds of wild horses, of which there are different varieties, though they must have had a connnon •irigin, as we have stated in Chapter I. Chance mixture with horses imported into the country subsequently to those brought from Spain, together with the influences of different: climates and food to which they liave long been subject, may perhaps account for this. The most marked t\i)C8 of these vnld Americans are the Mustang and the Indian ponies, which are noticed on succeeding pages. As a general thing they retain the striking characteristics of their old Spanish or Andalusian progenitors ; in size, shape, and spirit the}' shoAv whence they are derived. Their liijids are pretty and their limbs clean. They are capable of great endurance ; and though not especialh' rapid in action, it is related of them that they are sometimes ridden at the rate of ten or twelve miles an hour for a stretch of eighty miles, without anything more than a temporary halt and such little food as could be hastily eaten. Seldom is any gait known among them except a walk and a lope ; but an occasional I)acer is discovered. Many of them do Avell for the saddle ; but care is required in handling them. In the hands of the cruel or inconsiderate, their Avild nature returns to them, and they become intractable and even dangerous. n. Some Considered as to Work, rather than Breed. In treating of the different stocks and specifying distinguishing points, it is perhaps not amiss to consider some characteristics that should mark animals chosen or set aside for special purposes. And yet in this considera- tion it must not be forgotten, that very few horses, comparatively, are kept for but one class of duties. Few horses are for the saddle exclusively, as compared with those who render service in harness at times, as well as under saddle. And so with other grades of horaes. A varied work is usually raiuired, and especially so among farmers, and the well-to-do residents of cities and villages. The good farm horse cannot, of course, be confined to any particular lirced. If La combines within himself certain desirable qualities, it is !iot pertinent to inquire particularly what blood he cames. Some points that should distinguish him may be thus enumerated : He should be ilose-built and strong, but not gross and clumsy, since he is to serve as a rtort of horse of all work — doing dut}-, by turn?, under the saddle, and before the plow, the farm-wagon and the carriage. \ W ii i . ' M ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. . iS-r\' t =^^i:il=i3li!^ '•iSp A Good Hokse fou Light Drivino. A U(M)i> HoRSK FOR AM, Work. TIIK HOKHK, DIKKKIJKNT HIiKBDH, ETC. Fifteen to sixtoon hands murk the proper stature ; and his limbs should be sinewy without absolute heaviness, wliile his feet should be of medium size. He should be reasonably spring}'^ under the saddle, and active, without dash, in light hanu^ss. To these he should add a certain thriftlnoss, that will enable him to appear well even under good, close work, if well treated ; aud in temper he should be mild. His breaking in and training should iiave been such as to render him readily adaptable to any work that he may be called upon to perform about the country home. The hunter, or horse for the chase, speaking with reference to a pastime which is still common in England, but to which little or no importance is attached in this country, is usually tlie better esteemed for having some blood, but more for the absolute feats of speed and leaping which he may be able to perform, and for his ability to stand a hard day's run. The best hunters are said to be a combination of the thorough-bred with some coarser animal — producing more strength, substance, and hardihood, with less length of body. He is at the present time what may be called three-quarters bred ; and he is lighter and more fleet than f{)rmerly. The engraving upon the page next following, entitled "A light hunting horse," conveys an excellent idea of what this horse is now most commonly found to be. That is to say, a horse of good style and form, capable of long con- tinued exertion under the weight of an ordinary sized man, aud also capable of showing as high a rate of speed as possible, combined with an aptitude to leap successfully such obstacles as may ordinarily interpose. In all this class of horses, whether they be light or heavy weight animals, blood — that is, the possessor of a fair amount of thorough blood as trans- mitted by thoi ough-bred sires — is absolutely necessary. It gives style, form, hard and fine bones, muscular tissue, lung power, and all this means endurance to perform feats under which the cold blooded horse would soon succumb. Such a horse as the engraving shows will not onlv make a capital saddle horse, but also a most valuable hoi'se for general utility, if properly broken, good for the light carriage and buggy and good also at a load if properly trained and handled ; but let it always be remembered that in as much as you put a saddle horse, and especially a hunting horse, to labor, you detract from his value in the field. This is to be regretted possibly, especially by those of somewhat limited purse, but such is the fact nevertheless. The best work in many lines cannot be had at one and the same time from one and tiie same animal. Excellence in some poiuts necessitates unfitness elsewhere. , ,. , ,'•«*' ■•>^t- t ,11 n i 1 1 , / ■i il 1 fM m 1 ml 58 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. During tlio last century, however, and the first of this, it woa deemed OHsential that ho should be a heavier horse — un animal capable of maldng H CO M O n s H D cq X ■J 2 jirodigious leaps while carrying a heavy weight. This type is well repre- H«nted by the sul)joined cut of "A heavier hunting horse." THE HUUHK, DIKKKKKNT lilCKKlJ.S, KTC. 69 The Hackney, iih the liorso of all wuddlejind li«j;ht hurnoss purpoHoa, the cornmoii roiidstcr, or ji^eiicral kiio(!k-ubout, is tenn«d in Englund, may bo voiisidi'ivd ill pretty much the Haiiic light us the good fanu-horHe pre- viously noticed. Among the English people it seems to bo essential that Jill animal must at least be supposed to possess some blood before he can 1)0 considered a good hackney. When kno^vn, or believod, to have a ,:jk:. ;»« i; «<0 ILLUHTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOU. ''. Htreak of the thoroujrh-brcd in him, and to poHsoHs the following clmrac • teristios, nothing more is dcHirubU! : He must be about fifteen hands high ; both his fore and iiind purt« muHt be Htrong and well muscled ; Ik; should be short in tiie baek and well coupled ; his chest should be wide and deep, allowing full play for ii.:. o 9 •o s H the lungs ; his head should be light and his neck carried well uyt ; his limbs should be clean and bony, and with somewhat oblique pasterns ; he should be quick and springy ; and in temper he should be kind and easily controlled. TIIK IIOKMU, DIFFKUENT MUKKDH, KTC. fil Of IIkavy Duaft II0K8KS tliorc arc Hevcral hrccdH in both England and (li(! United JStatoH ; or rather, Hevcral Jiindn that have some of the Idood and some of the eharueteriHticH of the old Iteavy uilt animal, of splendid appearance, and much in demand in London and elsewlicnr as a wagon-horse ; but no horses of this particular kind arc known to have been brouirht to America for breeding purposes. Of American heavy draft stock, the Vennont cart-horse is desi-rving ()f special mention. He is said by one who is considered good authority to exist in Vermont and adjacent States as a distinc^t breed, and to be the very model of what a good cart-horse should be — quick and full of power, yet easily managed. As a general thing, he has a well-set head, a Ic'iy crest, thin withers, mane and tail medium, and clean fetlocks. He bus sufficient action to insure a good rate of speed, and makes, upon th»! whole, a fine show. His origin seems doubtful. There is a pony appearance a1)out him, though often more than sixteen hand>< high — his peculiar shortness of h'lck, roundness of body, and general compactness contributing to make THE IIOltSE, DIPFEUKNT BUEEDS, ETC. i> i t a « - o ► i 1 1 ^1 I I 64 THE HOUSE, DIFFERENT BREED8, ETC. him seem much less in bulk than he is found to bo by actual measure • ment. m. The Arabian. We come now to notice sonic of the most distinct, strongly marked, and valuable breeds, among which the Arabian, or that species of the Arabian best known to us, is justly celebrated. Whether the present pure blood Arab is native to Arabia or imported ; whether of recent origin or of a lineage as ancient as the sculptured ruins of Nineveh and IJabylon, it is needless to inquire ; but the people of thaf. country claim timt they have authentic^ pedigrees reaching back for mor«' than two tliousund years; while on the other hand, it is asscrt«'d by sonu" who have tried to discover the real origin of this famous stock that prior* to the tiiirteeiitli century the horses of Arabia were a poor race and lightly esteemed. Be that as it may, the horse of the present day, so renowned throughout the worhl, undoubtedly began to attract iiotiic soiuc live or six hundred years ago, since which time he has grown into his gi-eat repute ; and now the best horses of nu)«t civilized hnuls an- thought to derive their highest claims to n()l)le descent from the Aral»i<- Kochlani, and thosi- of his congi'uers tliat have shared his excellen"».'\ In a subsecjuent chapter the subject of lu'ccding will liv n|)pn !• ; l* i , treated ; but we may advert hen- to u singular fact in conncrtion ; ' li h sons <»f the desert and the horse that shares their name and tlu-ir affec- tions. So thoroughly are the principles of breeding understood among them, or such is their extraordinary care, (and pei-haps diuuitic iutlucii. .> mav have something to do with it), that their horses long since reached a uegn'c of perfection unrivalled in any country, and this perfection is - teadily maintained. Travelers differ as to the nunilx'r and names of the distinct breeds of horso which are found in Arabia; but a comparativ«>ly recent Mohamnif- dan writer, who seems to have had more than ordinary opportunities for knowing the facts in the case, has stated that there are six distinct bre«!d>, which he names and charact»'ri/es thus: (1) The Dgelfe, f«)und <'hiet1y in Arabia Kelix, seldom seen ait Dama.-*- CU8, but common in the neighborhood of Ana/.e. Horses of this breed are of lofty stature, have narrow chests, but arc deej) in the girth, ami their ears are long. They arc remarkable for spirit and fleetness, but are exceedingly tractable, and their ability to endure hunger and thirst !■> a remarkabh' feature. A two-year-old «'olt, he says, will cost in his own fountrv two thousaixl Turkish piasters. J2) The Secaloni, a Itreed from the eastern part of the desert, some- what inferior to the Dgelfe, though resembling him m most points. ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 65 measure ■ (."{) The Mofki, he iiiforin.s us, is a handsome horse ; but he is not so floct as eitiier tlie Dgelfc or the Secaloui. In Hguro, he beara a resem- bliiiici! to the Spani'^h or Andalusian stock. (4) A fourtli breed is called the Sabi, whi.iiil to be at least the e(iuals of the Dgelfe and the Seealoni. Some judges assert that there is no horse to bo compared with them, and they >taiul very high in the market. This writer considers the Dgelfe and the Nejdi to be the most valuable. Tlii'V are known to be the favorites of the horse-fanciers of India, many line animals of these stocks having been carried thither by the spoilsmen of that country. Other writers make mention of but three distinct breeds, to whidi tht'v ;iitiibut«' names different from those above given ; and it is diflicult to riioncile the statements of the two, and to determine whether they have n ally agreed in any way in i)ointing out the same animiil, though by diverse names, as possessing the striking excellences which have made a ci'rtain breed famous and well known to us. Writers of the latter class >lieak of an inferior race, little esteemed, at honu> or abroad, which they (•ill) tlie Attechi. These are sometimes found in a wild stHte. Then come the Kadisv hi, a sort (»f half-breed stock, possessing some points of resem- hlance to tie true l)lood, and being sometimes imposed upon dealt^rs for the genuine. Finally, they describe a superb race, the pure des«'endants of some extraordinary ancestors, and these they call tiie Ko<-hlani or Kailhan. The best of them are found among the Shnnnnar and Aney/a iriltes. The Aral)s themselv«'s pretend to trace the Kochlani back to the ■ 1.1 \> and the stal>les of Solomon. While this cannot l)e credited, it is known that some of them have written p<'digrees for at least four hundred years, ke|)t with the most extreme care, and idways on the side of the mare. Thes«' animals are sontetimes sold to foreigners; but they bear iilinost fabulous prices, and it is believed to be a very rare thing for a true Kochlani to fall into the hands of a stranirer. The striking points of the pure Arab may l»e thus stated : In size, he is considerably smaller tli" the modern lliMr(iMgh-l)red, scarcely ever • xeeeding in height fourteen an m ♦ -^ ; !1:**.S THE HORSE, DIFFERENT DREED8, ETC. M m m ■& £ I m u t J, .■i a t/. 'Ill w\ boaiitifiillv cour«cd, is bony ; the iioHtrils aro wide ; (ho. woll-net ears are small, while the eyes arc large, prominent and brilliant. The neck, rising beantifuUy from the shoulders, and well arched, is \i\Yy fine ; the withers are 'ligh and moderately thin ; the shoulder, inclining l)ackward, is perfect in form and position — muscular as well as linely shaped. Tho liody is light and narrow before ; but behind the arms the chest is expanded and affords sufficient cai)acity for me lungs; tlie hips, though somewhat narrow, are well united to the back, and the quailei's aro strong, nuiscular, and well set. The legs are sniiill, flat, sinewy; the j)iisterns are oblicpie in their position ; the croup is high, while the tail is set on with considerable arch. The nruscles of the arm, like those of the ham, are full and strong. The bones of the leg are large in propor- tion to the size, there being no superfluous fatty matter, but full, free, strong, and clean tendons and 8Usj)ensorv ligaments. The hocks are large, but free fr«)m both Arabian of whicli any record has been preserved was imported. Thi was in 1121, durinir the rei horse was condemned, not baviit«: mt*i the popular exi)ectation : but tin' true value of eastern blood be<;an nom- to be appreciateii, and the Wliil< Turk was soon ln'«»ue known as tin- llclmesley Turk soon afterward, Fairfax's Morocco Barb. The inten'f«t in the improvi'- ment of raeinj; stock then •*<> actively manifested ha- m'ver suffered nion than a temporary abatement, and in no other country tlian in Enjrliiiiil has sunt!* iiiul id prices and it is power, there seems to have been iv decline ; but a love of racing, and v •orresponding desire to produce the best horses for this purpose, was ,i«s, sonu' lounlrv ; or rac*'- 1 Turk<. i-rh'.'.ps of t nought , ("/ions to listory or »ia. Abys- Iwith eacli ish ract- uow lu of any into Knjr- ro to tlif M'o most •rors : m' the til- .1. Thi •iited <"!-' 1 . Tlii- : but 111" tlic Wliit' vy Tuii ; iniprovi'- fcvcd nion Kn B C r a B n R C c 9! H revived upon the restoration of Charles IT. to the (hrone. This prince liimsolf sent to the east to purchase l>rood mares and stallions, but ho 5 70 ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOK. affected chiefly Burba and Turks. Many of lus wejilthior subjects engaged in like enterprise on their own private uci-ount. But the most marked iuiproveniont of Englisli stock followed tlic introduction into that country of the Darley Araliiun, a fine and vigorous stallion impoiled during the hitter part of Queen Anne's eign by one Mr. Darley. Several horses of great rejjute descended from him, of which the most noted were Almanzer, Flying Childers, and Bartlett's C'hilders ; and from the Childers, besides numerous others, of more or less celebrity, Childers, Blaze, Samson, Snap, and Eclipse deserve special mention. Of the last nanied, it is recorded that though he was thick- winded or what is termed a "roarer," he never lost a race and never paid a forfeit ; and that three hundred and thirty-four of his descendants proved to be winning horses. During the reign of Louis XIV., of France, and when tlie Arabian stock, the descendants of the Darley, were already in high repute, a horse called the Godolphin Arabian, but which M'as really a beautiful Barb, of excellent spirit and action, was rescued by one Mr. Coke from the igno- ble employment of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris, (where his striking characteristics seem to have been wholly overlooked), and carried to England. He is said to have been al)out rifteim hand?! liigh, of a brown color, and to have been distingui.^hed by the height of iiis crest and for round and drooping quarters. From him is descended nmch of the tinest racing blood in England. We have spoken of the thorough-bred as a i)ure-])looded hoise;! nnd though this ought doubtless to be understood with some limitatioiiH, as eveii in the best of the stock there is probably some tinge of old Eng- lish and Spanish blood ; yet, such has l)een tlie great care bestowed upon him that he is regarded as " the eastern horse brought to the very higiiest state of perfection." It is certain that, as previously rcMuarked, he is in some respects superior to the best of th(> original breeds. This has bccnl brought about by long continued careful attention to breeding, to feed- ing, to all those points, in fact, necessary to the elimination of vicious strains and the preservation and improvement of those qualities that tend I to t^"" one great end in view — Heetnoss, with a corresponding powei- (if ■endurance. The climate of England is said to be peculiai'ly favorable tn I the horse ; and this influeiice has perhaps contributed something to tlin making of the English racer a pre-emincuitly fine and much adinirt'j| animal. The follov;ing may he regarded as his distinguishing points: His chest is his one and only mark of superior strength ; this is wide I and deep. His body is round, his Hanks and belly light. Ilis ears iinj hue ; his eyes prominent ; his nostrils are wide ; his lips are snuiU andl thin, while he is remarkably wide between the jaws. He !uis ii long i lUlil THE IIOIUE, DIFFKnENT BltEEUH, ETC. 71 tiiio lu'ok, to whioh u thin miino lios close. Hi« withers are uncominoiily tliiii iiii'l high ; liif< hack is low at the withers, then straight to tlu; haunehes. .McuHured from the haunches to the tui'ii of the rump, he is long ; from the turn of the rump to the tip of the hock he is long and thin. He has •Tcnt power of springing, to force himself forward, hy reason of his legs standing ratlier under the l)ody tlian erect. Ilis buttocks rarely touch each other; his legs below tiie knee and hock are small, and the cords stand out conspicuously. Ilis tail is slight and thin-haired, sometimes sliirhtlv waved ; the hair of his legs is very tine ; he has no fetlock tufts, iiiiil his hoof is snnill and cupped. Ilif color is generally bay, l)rown, or t licstnut ; his heiglit varies from lifteen to seventeen hands. Ilis coat is thiinier and the hair more sillvv tlian in connnon breeds. Tlic soundness of feet and legs, and the powers of endui'ance, which < liaracterizo the Arab, Inive been transmitted to the thorougli-bred ; and while the latter is not himself well suittidto heavy harness work, oMndeed lo any of the geiuTal puri)oses of the farmer, aninnils are often obtained liv judicious tic M's with him which are admirably aUa|)ted to 'various uses. He is Milued solely for the turf, and for light single draft, except, us we have l)cforo rennirked, for the improvement of the general stoek of horses hy admi.xture ; and for this latter purpose we are largely dependent upon hhn in America as well as in (Jreat Britain. V. The Barb. The horse of the Barbary Stjites has long been known for his excellent i|ualitios; and he is especially remarkable for line and graceful action. Hi.s powers of tnmsmission are great, so thai his marked traits are found in his descendants at remote periods and after connnixture of various and inferior l)rceds. lie has imi)re8sed himself particularly upon the Spanish horse and the Knglish racing stock. It is thought that the horses of Spain owe all llieir excellences to Bar)) blood, which was brought into that country by till' Moors, at the time of the conquest. The Barb is found chiefly in Morocco, Fez, and Tripoli, and with the I'xeeption of an excellent species found in the kingdom of Bournon, he JH tlic only African horse deserving of special mention. The horse of Rounion is represented by some as being superior to both the Arabian ind the Barb, In addition to what has been said in those sections in which we have h'eated of the Arabian and the thorough-bred, the followir.g description of the Barb will be sntficient tr> convey to the mind of the reader what 1 true horse of this breed really is : , ,.,,, 72 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. Ill hoijrht, ho is from fourteen to fifteeu hunds ; his chest is round ; liii shoulders are broad, but ligiit, and somewhat oljliijuely 8loi)injj: ; hi> withers are thin and rather high ; his loins are straight and short ; hij Hanks and ribs are round and well developed ; his Imunehes are stroiii: ; his croup is somewhat too long for nice eorrespondenee with the rest (if the body ; his (juarters are muscular and full ; his legs are clean, aiil the tendons are clearly marked ; his pasterns, like his crouj), are some- what too long and slanting, but not so much so »m to amount to real defect ; and his feet are sound and of good shape. But his head i> especially beautiful. It is small and lean, while the ears are of medium size and aflniirably placed. The mane is raiiier meager; but the neck rises boldly from the M'ithers, and gives an impression of ease and gracv in carriage. In spirit and fleetness ho is not regarded as the equal of the Arali, much less of the real thorough-bred ; but in a certain native vigor and in form he is superior. , , ,. r . , . VI. The Persian. No traveler to whose writings we have access in this country hn^ sufficiently described the horses of Persia to enable us to poin out with | exactness the difference between the inferior and the better breeds that are known to exist in that country. The tex'ni the Pernio n horse is I ordinarily applied to the most excellent of all, Avhich has been celebrated for hundreds of years longer than the Arabian. At the present day, he has a large proportion of Arab blood in his veins. As a general thing, he is somewhat tullor than the Arabians r and in beauty and speed he i? their equal ; but his powers of endurance are not so great. Vn. The Turkish. This horse is believed to be descended from the best stock of Arabs,— crossed, however, with some breed that has given him greater i)roportioii' than his ancestors ; at any rate, the Turkish horse of to-day is full sixteen hands high, often more ; and he is more muscular than the .^rali, though still of elegant appearance, cleanlimbed and active. It is assorted I by some that he is descended from Arabs and Persians ; and it is known I that he possesses many of the best qualities of these stocks. Tlniii'li strong and of sufficient spirit, he is docile, and well adapted to donie^jtic uses. - ' ..■•-. .-* :'V. 'Si' An arched neck, with a high crest, is a striking characteristic of the I '>reed. Vm. The Turkoman. As we have said elsewhere, none of the Tartar breeds except the Turk" ■-■IS-, THE IIOUHR, DIFKKUKXT llltKKDH, ETC. 78 s round ; liii ilopinjr ; lii" id whort ; lii; iiri' 8tr<»n,ir ; \ the H'st of •0 rU'iiii, iii\.l |), ure Hoiut- inunt to r«al t his \wad i^ of luodiuiu but the lUM'k ise and gra«i' of the Aral). ) viiror and in country ha^ [)oin out with I !r breeds that fHian horse is| een celebnited psent day, he 1 enerul thing.] ud speed he i? Ik of Arabs,— I |er proportioib [to-day is full I Ihan the Arati. | It isasscrtHl Id it is ktiowii] l-ks. Th.Mii'h Id to donicstii leristic of the) :;pt the Turk"!- iiKiii or Soutii Tiii'tarv horse are worthy to l)e rated among: the better class of nninials. He is famous for jmrity of blood, for good speed, and f»u' .wonderful powers of enduranee. It is related that one of them has been known to travel nine hundred miles, bearinj; a rider, in eleven successive (liivs. He is not really ii «rraceful iininnil, h()wever, as Inn head is rath<'r liir^'e, and his h'«;s are lonvoted more than oi'dinary eare to the study of the origin of breeds, and to the horse in his relations to various peoples and countrii's, that the horsi! of the ancient Egyptians was identical with an inferior race that afterward exist<'d among the Assyrians. Some sculptures, found among the ruins of Nineveh, care- fully executed and W(>11 prcsorved, portray a hor.se wholly different from tliiit nobler animal carved in other bas-reliefs found in the same ruins. He is .said to have been the Egyptian liors(^ ; and as tluis con\ eyed to us, he was a large and heavy animal, having a «'oarse and ill-proportioned licad, but a high crest. The modern Egyptian is also of unpleasing aspe<'t. From wheresoever (Icrivcd. he is rough and ugly. FrerpKMitly his legs, knees and nei k licconie positive defects ; but a good head is occasionally found. He would scared V be deserving of mention were it not that he is spirited and iinijctuous : an'/: 78 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ¥f been described as being capable of carrying great burdens at a reasonable rate of speed ; to have been large, compact, muscular, and possessing the greatest endurance. The points of the Percheron may be stated as follows : The head is short ; the ])row is broad, and has that hollow of profile between the eyes and nostrils sometimes known as the dish-face — (in this greatly resembling the Aral)) ; but the head in general is not heavier than seems in keeping with the general massivcness of the frame ; the neck is long, well-arched and heavy, but, like the head, not dispropor- tioned to the general bulk. The back is shoi-t ; they are well ribbed up and round baiTelled ; their legs are particularly short from the knees and hocks downward ; they are heavily haired, but have not such shaggy fetlocks and feet as this would seem to indicate ; their sinews are iron- like ; and their feet are hard, sound, apparently insensible to disease. In height, they are from fourteen and a half to fifteen and a half hands, the latter being rather more than the average. Gray is the characteristic, almost the only, color. For hard work on ordinary fare the Perchc on is unequalled ; and his energy and endurance are wonderful. He will keep his condition where another horse would die of hard labor and neglect. Though full of spirit, unflinching under even pauiful effort, he is yet docile. In mere speed he is by no moans the equal of the thorough-bred ; but for quickness of movement at heavy draft he has no rival. Hitched to a light caniage or wagon he is capable of maintaining a good rate of speed lor a long time together, or of making comparatively short journeys with a rapidity that is astonishing. One, carrying a light vehicle and the driver, is known to have made 55 3-5 mUes over a hilly and difficult road, in four hours and twenty-four minutes ; and another, harnessed in like manner, is said to have traveled 58 miles and back in two consecutive days, without being touched Avith the whip, occupying four hours and less than two minutes going, and four hours, one and a half minutes returning. The Percheron of to-day makes an excellent cross with either the Aral) or the English thorough-bred. For the improvement of our draft stock in the United States, no other horse is to be compared to him. Bred to good mares, this half-breed would partake more of the qualities of tlie sire than of the dam, and the progeny would be almost the equals of the pure French horses. Another step, bringing a pure imported stallion to the sei'vice of these half-breeds, Avould give us a race of horses for all work that would so far excel the ordinary race of scrubs as to seem almost like a different species of animal. At Oeklawn, Du Page Co., 111., is one of the largest stud farms of the world, and it is devoted exclusively to the Percheron stock. rl 1 ' '1 m THE HOU8K, DIFFKKENT BREEDS, ETC. XIII. The Clydesdale Horse. 70 The west of Scotland has been long famous for its draught horses. Away ill the upper ward of Lanarkshire, the progenitora of that noble race'of horses go called Clydesdale, from the Vale in which they were originally reared, were first brought to the front and made famous throughout the whole of Scotlauo ; 80 much 80 that the common work horse of that country is now, to all intents and purposes, a Clyde ; and many of the Shire Horses of England are deep in their blood also. Where the originals came from, and how they were bred, are questions that have often been discussed in the public press. Tradition, without any founda- tion in facts, points to tiie importation of Flemish Stallions into the above ward nearly two centuries ago, by one of the Dukes of Hamilton, who sought improvement in his stock. Whether such is the case or not, certain it is that by some means or other, the farmers in that country possessed a grand lot of brood mares, from which the Clydesdales of the present day owe their activity and hardiness. Our own opinion is, that they grew up into the state of perfection in which they were found about the beginning of the last century, through the judicious mating of the home stock, and that up to that time, little or no fresh blood was intro- duced. The upper ward of Lanarkshire is a wild and somewhat bare country, with a thin soil, which, however, is admirably adapted for grazing purposes; the farms are small, and the husbandmen who made their livelihood from the profits of the soil, were a shrewd and saving race, with a love for their stock born in them. Proud of their cattle and horses, and considerably skilled in their care, they developed for the district in which they lived, a class specially suited to their wants. In kine they modelled, as it were, the Ayrshire Cow, and in horses, more especially in this particular district, they produced and kept continually im- proving the Clyde. Just as on the banks of the Tees, long years ago, there existed a grand race of cattle, so on the hills that rise gently away from the waters of the Clyde, a class of horses belonged to it, which were associated with no other shire or county in Great Britain, till a more enlightened day with the aid of the printing press spread their fame abroad, and created for them an immense demand. Thus we find the horses about the year 1720, when Mr. John Paterson, of Lochlyoch, introduced a Flemish Stallion. Whether through the introduction of this horse or otherwise, the Lochlyofch mares became very famous, and from them, directly or indirectly, most of the noted stock of the present day trace their origin. From the Larapits mare, a descendant of the above stock, came Glancer (335), the horse that may be called the father of the present race of Clydes- dales. \^ ' ■^fr^f»»-iVB^»l|^F»:^ 10 80 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. \i In a table oninpilod for the " Clylosflale Horse Society " it is astonishing to see the influence that this horse has wieWed. Without any system, most of the breeders were ignorant that such a horse ever existed, till the herculean labors of Mr. Dykes, secretary to the above society, ferreted out all these facts. It is most interesting to study the relationsiiips of the various crack horses of the present day. Wherevur you begin, the pedigree by some means runs into Glancer (335). Gradually, l)ut surely, from those wild uplands, Clydesdales have spread, as it were, over the whole world. They found, early in this century, a congenial home amid the richer soils of Cialloway, and while thriving there, they obtained even a greater notoriety on the bare hillsides of Kintyrc. Branching out thus, they spread over all Scotland, reaching some favored spots in England, and within later years they have found their way to America and Australia, where they arc as much prized as upon their native heath. In the Antipodes, they have no rival, but in the United States they come into competition with the " Percherons." The inherent value of the Clydesdale lies in his reproducing powers. Bred for generations among themselves, ofttimes bred in and in, they are most im- pressive, and put upon the common ma»es of this continent, the produce is a splendid farmer's horse, while those animals which have two or three crosses of this blood, are becoming exceedingly valuable for draying in towns, and, owing to their special fitness for heavy work, at the present moment the demand far exceeds the supply. The indications are, that the Clydesdales and Percherons will gradually become the work horses of America. Farmers who in olden times (and, we are sorry to say, even in these days), merely scratcli their land, have no use for either of those breeds, but a.s agriculture advances, as science surely overcomes brute force, when the days of deep ploughing and thorough cultivation become a necessity, then will the husbandman know the value of heavy, well-built horses. To attain this end, liorses of the above breeds must be used. Each will sprve their end, but for wear and tear it is likely the Clydes will eventually take the lead. It is true, the Clydesdales of the present day are not so hardy as they were. The system of feeding for show, carried to great excess by the Scotch breeder.-, has given rise to diseases among pure-bred animals, which they do not happily reproduce, and which has tended to make some of the best horses that ever were bred, but indifferent stock -getters. Then little attention was paid to systematic breeding. The old way and style which, no doubt, was conducted with great success as far as it went, did not tend to produce so many good horses as we may expect under the skilfu! mating of both well-bred and good-looking animals. s^;i THK IIOIIHK, UIFFEUENT JUlKKb.S, KTC. 31 Clydesdale Gelding— Feont View. Aside from the general form here given, many special points of the Clydes- dale horse are shown by the front view. Note especially the jaw, muzzle and nostrils. The eye full and vigorous, yet mild. Note the breadth of forehead between the eyes ; the evident activity of the ears; the strong neck and lightly supported head; the free shoulder, promoting easy stepping. Note, too, the shortness of leg below the knee, and comparative length above, the big and bony knees, the good hoofs, sloping pasterns, full chest, etc. Observe also the round formation of the body; in short, the whole horse is finely shown by this view. II.MT8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOU. Clydesdale Gelding— Rear View. This rear view is added to the front view already given, that the horse nsay be seen on all sides, and with respect to all his points. Some of those men- tioned ?n the foregoing description are repeated in this, but they are seen from a different standpoint, and some of them are shown to better advantage. The fullness of the eye is clearly seen in this cnt. The long, active ear is also prominent. The strong, full neck, with its good development of muscle on the top, is finely shown here. The relative \pngth of lower and upper parts of the front leg, and the good muscular development of the forearm are also very clear. The feet aa sloping pasterns are also characteristic of this class of horses. The broad, low-set quarters and niiuscular thighs, with the broad, well-proportioned hocks are here shown. THE HOK8E, DIFFERENT BREEDH, ETC. H,1 JiiHt as we liave seen grudo bullB vie in cxcellcney with the thoroiighi)rcd, ho it was with the CiydeHtiule horse. Five years ago, tliroiigh the utForts of viuioiis parties, all lovers of the Clyde, a society was estal)lished for registering nedigreos, and their o|)eration8 have met with signal success. They have laid the foundation of a system by which breeders can attain grand results from a careful and judicious selection of good blood. And so in Ameri<'a tlicy have a Slud Book, drawn up on the same basis as the Scotch publication, fliid here breeding is being carried on, more especially by Western breeders, with a zest second only to that of the farmers in Scotland. This American and Colonial demand for good horses with pedigrees, has jrivcn a groat impetus to breeding at home, and it is likely we shall see some i:;nuid results from the efforts that are being made. Blessed with perseverance, and holding their own judgment at a premium, no men are better suited for this work than the small dairy farmers from the regions of Ayrshire, Galloway and Lanarkshire. It is to them and some larger farmers and proprietors we need to look for the grand colossal horses which have made, and are destined to make, the name of the Clydesdale more famous than ever. The main feature of the Clydesdale is its size, combined with activity and hardiness. Bred upon a bare, and not very prolific soil, they thrive well upon being transplanted to a more generous and richer location. It is the universal practice among the west of Scotland breeders to keep their young stock in a semi- wild state, giving them only as much food as is necessary for health arid develop- ment until they are between two and three years old. Great capacity for endurance is thus secured. A fat colt is never seen, scarce even among those reserved for the stud. Treated thus when they are young, they grow up hardy, with clean bones and well-developed muscles, and almost entirely free from hereditary disease. And, ])eruluince, no horse of the present day, excepting those existing on the Arabian deserts, can compare for genuine and valuable intelligence with those we are now writing about. Treated for generations by their masters as companions, that is, after they had received their primary education, a sense almost human in some cases is found engraved in their nature. Just as the Scottish Collie and the noble Newfoundland have developed almost supernatural instincts, so the Clydesdale horses, being the companions as well as slaves of a class of men who took pride in their sagacity, have come to be looked on as possessing a rarely and widely defined instinct. Thus they combine strength, soundness rftid sense, the three attributes necessary to make a horse successful in the wagon or plough. THE POINTS OF THE CLYDESDALE. The writer had much to do with the formation of the Clydesdale Stud Book, ka 84 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. and for a full description and history of the breed of horses we refer our readers to this volume. In the meantime we cannot do better than abridge as shortly as possible the beau ideal of the horse as given there : The head, a broad jaw, ending, as a rule, in a not very fine or well-developed muzzle, but with large, open nostrils. The eye full and vigorous, yet mild. The forehead broad and full, especially between the eyes. The ears long and active. The neck should be strong and massive, supporting the head gaily, and showing on its top a good development of muscle. The shoulder should be oblique, like a thoroughbred, so that the horse can step out boldly. The legs should be short from the fetlock to the knee, and comparatively long from the knee upwards. The forearm should be well developed, showing lots of muscle. The bones must be hard and flinty, flat-shaped, with no fleshiness ; both muscle and bone seeming entirely separate. Lots of hair is essential. Of little use itself, it shows forth quality and strength of bone, and is typical of the pure-bred horse. The knees should be big and bony. , ■ ■ i.^. i ■ > »,!>,.?' !-•;,; The feet of the Clydesdale are nearly invariably good ; great, big, widely developed hoofs of the best quality, and connected with the leg with sloping pasterns, which help every horse to go up and down hill. Nothing, in our idea, is so essential to a draught horse as good pasterns. The chest should be broad and full. ' :| The back and barrel should be straight and round, with the ribs going well back towards the quarters. In this particular we find the weak part of the Clydesdale. He is not altogether so symmetrical as he should be, as a rule, in this respf<^t. Broad, low-set quarters, with muscular thighs descending into broad ami proportionately-developed hocks, sum up the good points of the hind end of the Clydesdale. Avoid fleshy hocks ; let them be clean cut and devoid of fat or puffing. The hind leg should be short, broad, flat, clean and slightly inclined for- ward, whi).e the pastern should also incline forwards ere it joins the hoof. The height of the Clydesdale averages about sixteen hands two inches ; over that height they become clumsy, except when very well developed. The best color undoubtedly is brown, with white marks, and, so far as possible, this color is being adopted among breeders. Good action is sure to be possessed by a horse modeled on the above type. Both walking and trotting, there will be a style and majesty that attracts the eye and is useful when at work. THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. XIV. The Thorough -bred in America. 86 'J -Wirt The Flemish and Danish horses, large, strong, heavy draft breeds, have hud more or less influence upon the horses of the United States, partieu- haly in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the northwestern States ; but no other lilood is so widely disseminated among our various stocks as that of the English thorough-bred. We have been dependent chiefly upon this animal for the improvement of the horses among us ; and from a time long prior to the Revolution, it has been the custom of our most ambitious Ijieeders to import from England both stallions and mares, but more tspcicially the former, for this purpose. Leonard Calvert, Lord Baltimore, sometime between 1740 and 1750, jiiesented to a Mr. Ogle an English thorough-bred stallion, by which the colonial horse of that portion of the country was much improved ; and tills same gentleman. Ogle, imported Queen Mab, shortly after he came in possession of "Spark," the Baltimore horse. Selima, a mare sired by the Godolpliin Arabian, was brought over by one Col. Trasker ; Miss t'olville, or Wilkes' Old Hautboy Mare, was imported by Col. Colville ; Jennie Cameron, Crab, and others, by different persons, at various times. It was not until within about fifty years ago that any reliable stud book or turf regi'^ter began to be kept in the United States ; so that it is often ditiicult to establish a claim to good pedigree extending beyond that time ; but many valuable importiitions are known to have taken place previous to 1829 ; and the register since kept shows that there is a very large ad- mixture of English blood in many parts of the country. The work stock of the southern States before the war, as now, was, of course, drawn mostly from States farther north and east, and was of in- different character ; but much attention was paid in that part of the country to raising stock ; and all horses raised there have more or less of the thorough-bred in them. Many really fine animals were found there, —the race-horse preserved in his punty, — ^but the true thorough-bred has rarely been found at any time hi the northern States. In New England, the good driving horse, the horse of all work, niediuni sized and stoutly- built, is mostly found ; in New York, they have animals representing almost every variet}'^ of breed known in the United States, and among them the descendants of many famous racers. In Pennsylvania, Ohio, and the Northwest generally, they have a great variety of heavy draft horses — some of them of great size — not much attention having been paid, as yet, to saddle, light carriage, and race horses. In the West however, considerable improvement has been made by the introduction of fine stallions from Kentucky and Tennessee, of botii the thorough-bred and the Morgan strain. In Kentucky and Ten- nessee, the breeds are various, but there is a very large admixture of the 17 t??i,i ' , I If It - 86 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. thorough-bred. Their saddle, light oai-riage, trotting and racing stock are jnstly renowned. Scarcely any country in the world is better adapted to the production of fine horses than the blue-grass region of Kentucky ; and it constitutes a sort of Arabia of the West, io whose breeders and trainers the buyers of the United States, sometimes even foreign gentle- men, come to purchase mares, stallions, and trained coursers. The American thorough-bred retains many of the striking character- istics of the Arabian and his best old world representative, the English racer ; and in speed he compares well with the best horses of England. He is more stoutly built, however, and capable of more endurance than the English horse. XV. Tho Morgan Horse. A story is current to the effect that during the war of the Revolution, one of the British officers, Gen. DeLancy, rode a very beautiful stallion, of great value — said to have been a true thorough-bred. This horse was stolen by one Smith, an American, and retained witliin the American lines. He was the sire of a colt from a Wild Air mare ; and the colt, being foaled or having become by purchase the jiroperty of one Justin Morgan, of Randolph, Vermont, received the name of his master, and his descendants have ever- since been known as the Morgan horse. The stolen stallion, called "The True Briton" or "Beautiful Bay," has been described as not only beautiful, but as having possessed great action, and being capable of leaping fences, hedges, and ditches, bearing a rider, from Avhich it has been argued that he was not a thorough-bred, since th;it stock cannot jump ; but he was in any event a remarkable horse, and his valuable qualities have been transmitted to his descendants. Of so pure blood and marked character was he that his powers of repro- ducing himself equalled those of the most unmistakable Arabian ; and the Morgan blood is perceptible after various crosses, and that too, ^nth many inferior breeds. So marked are the characteristics of these horses, and so different are they, in some particulars, from other races, that they seem fully entitled to be considered a distinct breed. They ai-e in great repute, also, in many portions of the country ; and some effo^'ts have been made witli much success, to bring the stock back to its former and better condition, by breeding from the best and most strongly marked stallions and mares. They are stout and hardy, while at the same time of good form— capable of performing the greatest amount of labor, and that, too, with quickness of movement. They are always in demand, and command the highest market prices. The following are the distinguishing points of a true Morgan : THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 87 In height he is from fourteen to sixteen hands ; in weight suflBcicntly heavy for this height, with no appeariince whatever of eoarse bulkiness. He is comiiactly built, and of great strength ; his action is fine, his endurance unsurpassed, and in spirit he is indomitable — never failing at ii pull, if rightly handled — yet patient and trustworthy. As roadsters and horses of all work they are excellent — having no ecjuals, perhaps, in this country. He walks fast, and many horses of this breed have been extniordinary trotters. In harness he is quiet, but nimble, and of eager niovonicnt. Bay, chestnut, and black are the prevailing colors. The iiiiuie and tail are rather heavy and coarse, and in general wavy. The head is not extremely small, but there is no superfluous muscle or fiitty matter about it ; the face is straight, the forehead broad, the ears arc small, fine, and set far apart, the nostrils are wide, the lips are close and firm, the nmzzle is small, the eyes are not large, but very dark, prominent, set wide apart, and full of animation. The back is short ; the shoulder-blades and hip-bones are large and oblique, the loins broad and muscular ; the body is long, round, deep, and closely ribbed up ; the chest- l)one is prominent, the chest wide and deep, the legs seem rather short for the height, but they are close-jointed, and though thin, they are very wide, hard, clean, and yet with powerful muscles ; the feet are small and round ; the hair is short and flossy at almost all seasons ; the fetlocks are moderately long, and there is some long hair up the backs of the legs. In some parts of the country the Morgans are the premium horses, and their peculiar adaptability to all the ordinary purposes of the farmer is such that they enjoy a high degree of favor. As a breed, they are unusually long-lived, and this constitutes one of their great points of excellence. XVI. The XVarragansett Faoer. This breed, now almost unknown as a distinct one, was remarkable chiefly as being natural pacers, and of such peculiar action as to render them peculiarly easy under the saddle. Though small, they were hardy and full of power, and their docility was such as to render them very ])loasant to handle. The stock are said to have been irapoi*ted mto New Kngland, from Andalusia, by one Gov. Robmson, and to have been bred chiefly in Rhode Island, where they were long held in great repute. Good saddle horses were in much demand in Cuba, and prior to the time when the Narragansett Pacer began to attract attention, the Cubans had heen dependent for their horses upon the mother country. But the voyage was long, the risk considerable, and the cost great, and when it was once ascertained that a superior saddle animal, (according tc the taste of 88 ILLU8TBATED STOCK DOCTOIl^ the times), could bo had in Rhode Island, much nearer homo, a trade was at once opened, which continued, with much profit to the Rhode Island breeders, till the roadways of the West Indies became so much improved as to render the Introduction of light carriages a natural consequence. A somewhat different Lorse was then required, and the trade in American stock began to decline. As the Cuban market became less and less prof- itable, the interest of the stock-owners experienced a corresponding de- crease, till at last the effort to preserve the pacer as a distinct breed ceased altogether. ; . ^ iii ;» : ;,; ; , At the present day, though the influence of the Narragansett Pacer upon New England horses is in many instances perceptible, he is no longer known in his former purity. XVII. The Vermont Draft Horse. Vermont has given the United States one of the two celebrated families of draft horses, than which few of the breeds have combined greater excellence. Animals with lofty crests, thin withers, short backed, round barrelled, close ribbed, clean and sinewy limbed, that would at first be taken for ponies. Standing next to them they would be found to be sixteen hands high and over, and on the scales they would tilt the lever at from 1150 to 1250 pounds. Of the origin of the Vermont draft horse but little is known, but it is more than probable that the old Suflblk cart horse, imported into Massachusetts in 1821, the Cleveland bay, brought there in 1825, and the thorough-bred hors.es introduced in 1828, bred upon the best common mares of the country, have produced a class of horses, the lighter ones of which were driven to the stage coaches of thirty to fifty years ago, as they have seldom been driven in any other hill country. And this class was grand for heavy work. The heavier specimens of which furnished the best heavy team horses in the country, not excepting the Cones- toga, a horse fully a hand higher, and admirable in every respect for heavy draft, as we used to see them, in the great six and seven horse teams coining from the mountains of Pennsylvania through to New York. It is to be re- gretted that the furor over the Morgans since that time has caused the Ver- mont draft horse to become quite rare, so that now it is rather difficult to find a good specimen of the breed as it once existed. The disappearance of these fine old horses, however, is of a piece witli the di,sai)pearance of many other relics of the good cM times. We think foiully of what once prevailed, and it seems as though nothing ever could be so good again, but those who never knew our favorites seem quite content, and get on full as well as though our pet things never had existence. Thus the essential things of one age sink from sight in another. THE HORSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. XVIII. The Canadian. 89 This horse, when pure, is entitled to be considered distinct. He can lay no chiim, of course, to being regarded as the natural horse, no more than the Norman, Percheron or the English thorough-bred ; but his char- acteristics are so marked as to render him worthy of being classed sepa- rately and noticed with some minuteness. He is supposed to be descended from the Norman-French horse, brought over by the pioneers of Canada ; but how crossed, (though he is evidently the result of a cross), it is impossible to say. In some partic- ulars, he so much resembles the old horse of Normandy as to seem the uninistal^able descendant of that stock ; whereas in others he is so unlike him as to indicate that the cross must have been with a very strongly marked anim il, of great powers of transmission. The distinguishing characteristics may be stated as follows : The average height is about fourteen hands ; the body is solid, compactly put together, but ^omewhat inclined to flatness of side ; the head is rather large for a horse of the height stated, but it is well formed and lean, so that it does not appear out of proportion and cumbersome ; the forehead isi broad ; the ears are wide apart, and carried well up ; the eye is small and clear, and has a bold expression ; the chest is broad and full ; the shoulder is strong, but inclining to be straight and rather low and heavy at the withers ; the loins are fine ; the croup round and fleshy ; the thighs muscular ; the legs comparativel}' heavy and joints pretty large, but the hoDCS are flat, and no race of horses has sounder and more powerful limbs ; and none can equal the Canadian as to feet — these being tough, hard, iron-like, and free from disease, even under the most unfavorable circumstances. This seems to be one of his most valuable characteristics of body. Bad handling, awkward shoeing, hard travel — ^nothiug !n the liounds of reason seems to affect his feet. Diseases of this part are almost absolutely unknown. The mane and tail are peculiar, being very heavy, and in almost all cases, Avavy. The back sinews are shaggy-coated, nearly to the knee, and the fetlocks are long. The prevailing color is black ; but browns and chestnuts are f requcntlv found ; sometimes sorrels and duns, having manes and tails lighter thiin the body. Occasionally there may be found a dark i 'on-gray, Avith black legs. Canadians are long-lived, easily-kept, and capable of the greatest, endurance. They are heavy enough for the purposes of the farmer ; and iis roaasters, while they are not to be regarded as rapid travelers, they maintain a reasonable rate of speed, say six miles an hour, for long jour- 90 ILLU8TIUTED STOCK UOCTOK. ■ liXt .J. neys and continuously, iind this wliile carrying a heavy weight. It is nothing unconinion for them to do fifty miles a day for many days in succession ; and some have been known to do seventy, eighty, even ninety miles, at a single stretch of one day. The breed is widely spread, but chiefly in a mixed state, (inferior to the true Canadian in almost every instance), in the Northern and Eastern States. Few horses are entitled to more consideration at the hands of those who would obtain tlie best medium-sized and easily-kept animals for the farm, and for medium heavy and moderately rapid draft. XIX. The Connestoga. A somewhat peculiar horse of all-work, said to have originated as a distinct stock in the valley of Connestoga. They are believed to be descended from Flemish and Danish cart-horses brought over by tlic early German settlers of this part of the country, with a probable admix- ture of the ordinary draft horse in common use in the German States at that day. There io, however, no record of the origin of the breed, and all speculation may be at fault. They resemble for the most part the Flemish horse, especially in color, all the prevailing Flemish colors except black being found among them in like proportion. The Connestoga is a tall horse, often seventeen hands high ; but his limbs are light for his height, and he is not inclined to be full of flesh, having a muscular rather than a fatty heaviness, so that he is very power- ful in proportion to his weight. He is used" chiefly for wagons, canal boats, and heavy carriages, for which purposes he is both strong ami quick enough. He is less distinct than formerly, and no pains are taken to preserve the h-po'' as such. | XX. Ponies. The small, or pony breeds, are numerous ; but the only ones deserving special mention are the Shetlands, the Indian, and the Mexican Mustang. The former is the most distinct and best type of the ponies of the Old World, while the Indian and the Mustang are the chief, if not the only native kinds, known among us. There are ponies somewhat similar to the Shetlands in th*^ northern parts of Sweden and of Iceland, in Wales, and on the southwestoni toast of England. All these little animals seem to have oritrinatod in latitudes to which the horse is not native, and to be dwarfed des^eisdants of large and powerful progenitors. Noticing tirst the Shethinds, those of most perfect form, though of ^ \ 1 S il! 3 / 1 ■^ are found that do Shetland can be THE HOUSE, DIFFERENT BREEDS, ETC. 91 small size, ai'o found in the extreme northern isles of Yell and Uast. In height, they do not average more than nine or ten hands ; and many are found that do no exceed seven and a half. It is held that no true Shetland can be so tall as eleven hands. In form they are round and 92 ILLUSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR. closely ribbed up ; the head is well shaped — lean and bony, wide in the brow, sometimes slightly basin-faced, like the Arab : the ears are very small, well placed, are canned erect ; the eyes are larg<> and bright, with a fine look of intelligence ; the neck is short and thick, "ind covered with a great mass of coarse mane ; the shoulder is sloping, thick, and having Uttle elevation at the withers ; the loins are broad but finely formed ; the quarters are well made, but not large in proportion to other parts ; the back is gently curving, with never any tendency towards what is called sway-back ; the legs and feet are of excellent shape, and of the most powerful texture, so that the Shetlander is a stranger to all those discuses of the feet and legs to which many horses are subject, and a laine Shetland is almost unknown ; the tail, like the mane, is of great volume. When roammg wild they live on the poorest fare, and are exposed to all the inclemencies of the seasons. When they cannot pick up their scanty subsistence upon the uplands, by reason of the snows of winter, they betake themselves to the sea shore and live upon kelp and sea weed. When taken by the peasants of those localities which they most inhabit, and reduced to subjection, they still require but little food and little CHAPTER V. ■.;UiK. BBEEDINO ANIJ BAISING •1?", vyiiYv ' ' . " . ' f . I ^ ',-, if;. .,; ,;';',:<(• 'Hi 'V ■'Vi! , .... , -I , „■., ,i I. IMPORTANCK OP THB 8UBJ1ECT. II. THE BEST STOCK THK CHEAPK8T. HI. HK- REDITARY TENDENCIES AND IMMATURITY TO BB GUARDED AGAINST. IV. FRUICI- PLE8 OP TRANSMISSION. V. THE TWO METHODS, " IN-AND-IN " AND " CROSS" BRKEO< INQ CONSIDERED. VI. TREATMENT OP THK MARK APTER BEING SERVED, DURING PREGNANCY, ETC. VII. HOW TO KNOW WHETHER A MARK IS IN POAL. VIH. HOW TO KNOW TIME OP FOALINO. IX. ABORTION, OR SLINKING THK POAL. X. HOW TO RAISE COLTS. XI. MULES. I. Importance of the Subject. No subject connected with the rearing and use of stock can be of more importance to the farmer and .stock-grower, the intelligent, practical bus- iness man, than that of breeding. That it is every way more profitable to any one who rears and trains a single colt to have that colt of the verj best rather than of any indiiforent quality is almost too palpable to need a moment's consideration. That it is possible for every man of observa- tion and good judgment to improve his stock is equally obvious. There is no line of work which horses are called upon to perform that has not its peculiar requirements, that can be better met by some specific kind of animal than by one chosen at haphazard. It is a matter, then, of the plainest common sense that every one who means to rear a horse for his own use should consider befoi'ehand to Avhat purposes he will most prob- ably devote it. If it is designed for market, he needs no less to consult his interests by determining what markets are accessable to him, and what description of animal will be apt to find most ready sale therein, at most remunerative prices. For the farmer who wants to breed and rear horses of all work, it would be manifestly foolish to seek a high-priced pure-blooded race, for his 94 SA"'-'*:*' , TUB 1IOK8K, UKKEUINU AND RAISING. M niiires, unless the marcs themselves were of such tyjie as to I'cndcr it necessary to breed to high and elegant stallions in order to obtain those niedium-sized, but compai-t, and moderately v i tmi On the other hand, one wanting a light and fleet animal would set his iiKonsiderateness in a striking maimer who should so disregard all the dic- uitcs of sound sense as to hope to succeed by any chance selection of sither mares or stallions. II. The Best Stock the Cheapest. It may be laid down as the iirst rule — a foundation principle — that the iri\i/ best and purent stock that is really adapted to the end in view should I'C sought after. It costs even less to feed a horse of good blood and lineage tlian it does to maintain a scrub ; it costs no more to shelter him ; it costs less to groom liim and keep him in condition than it does to keep the scrub from looking like a scare-crow ; his movement is almost invarial)ly smoother and steadier for the same rates of speed ; his temper is generally better ; his l)luek and energy not less so ; and if it is found necessary to put him upon the market, he brings a better price. The service of a stallion known to be of good, generous blood, and possessing adecpiate jjowers of transmis- sidu, nmst of course cost more ; there must be a dam adapted to the ohtiiining of a foal of the best type possible from such a sire ; but the ])eiiny-wise, pound-foolish policy of refusing to avail one's self of these advantages, when in the bounds of possibility, is too ap[)arent. Taking it for granted, then, that the best, in this case, is always the cheapest — that the finer and purer the horse can be, other things being ('(|ual, the more useful, more easily maintained, and .nore marketable he is iiound to be, it remains to consider some points that must always be re- garded by the intelligent breeder, who seeks wisely to adapt moans to ends rather than to trust to chance. m. Hereditary Tendencies and Immaturity to be Guarded Against. A caution most needful to be insisted upon at the outset is that relating to the transmission of tendencies to disease and of actual disease itself. It seems that no man in his right Senses, knowing the results to the human family when this consideration is disregarded, would think for ii moment of utterly ignoring the possibilities of evil consequences ; but ordinary observation leads to the disclosure of the fact that among horses diseases and impaired constitutional powers are often transmitted in this way. Mares at an advanced age, too stiff, too weak, too slow to 60 ILLUHTRATKU STOCK UOCTOU. fill' p ''^ .r; 4 be of any further aetivo use, are turned to aeeoiuit for breodinp purposes — and the result is, a weak foal, hu-king tiirift and hu^kiuf^ spirit. Mares haeked al)out until they are ring-honed, spavined, and splinted, or jM^rhaps dropsieal or with a glanderous tendeney, — no longer useful on the fjwin or on the road, are relieved from the work whieh they can no longer do with any ' .., ^-rf-v. . t; . . ; After having been served by a horse, the mare should be allowed to stand idle awhile, as conception will be far more apt to take place if she IS left to herself. If put to brisk motion, or to any strain immediately after copulation, she is apt to fail of conception. She should also be kept away from string-proud or badly castrated geldings, not onl}'- at this period, but during her entire pregnancy, as they are apt to worry her to the casting of the conception, or, at a later period, to slinking the foal. After she has been allowed a reasonable season of quiet, moderate work will be rather beneficial than injurious ; and this may be kept up until al)out the time of foaling. Special care should always be exercised to guard her against being kicked, heavily thrown, or inordinately strained in any way. It sometimes occurs that at the time of foaling, a false presentation is made, producing difliculty of delivery ; but no reliable instructions can be here given as to what course to pursue in these cases ; and it is best to seek the aid of some skillful veterinary surgeon. The mare which has had a colt will be found in season sometime within the next thirty days, and she ought to go to the horse at this time if she IS to be bred at all. The ninth day after foaling will generally be found 104 ILLU8TBATKD STOCK DOCTOR. to be the right time. Whenever iiidicutions of heiit are discovered, the matter should not be delayed, as the season may pass off and not return. After putting, the days of trial are the ninth, then, if she refuses, the seventh after this, and upon a second refusal, the fifth after this, which is sufficient to prove her. ,•-„,.- Vn. How to Enow Whether a Mare is in Foal. It is often important for both breeders and traders to know whether a mare is really in foal ; and one writer has published the following direc- tions for determining this point, which he says may be implicitly relied on : "After the first service of the horse, and before the next trial, on ex- ainining the vagina, or bearing, if conception has not taken place it will be of a fresh, bright, or florid and moist appeai'ance, with a clear drop appearing at the lower part, and which, if touched, will mcline to extend; but if conception is present, a different appearance of the surface of the vagina will be presented. It will be found dry, and of a duty brown or rust color ; and a dark, brown looking drop will reiylace the former clear drop. When these latter appearances are present, pregnancy may be re- garded as certain." Vm. How to Enow Time of Foaling. Two days, (in some mares only one), before foaling, a sort of sticky substance will be found protruding from each teat, somewhat resembling drops of milk. Care should now be taken to provide a suitable place for her, as this is a certain indication of near delivery. She should be removed from other animals, and a careful person should see to her often enough to guard against accidents. , .;;<,/'; Before the signs referred to, as shown by the teats, however, there is on each side of the spinal colunni, from the tail to the haunch, a furrow- like fold ; and the bag will generally be found considerably increased in size. These signs show that delivery is not very remote, but cannot be relied on to denote the day. ; > IX. Abortion, or Slinking the Foal. When about half the time of pregnancy is passed, more than ordinary pains should be taken with the mare, as it is at this time, if at all, that she is apt to slink. She ought now to have better feeding, and even gentler handling than she had previously ; though at all times the owner but consults his own interests when he carefully guards her against ill usage. She has more need of food, and is less able, at this time, to endure hunger, as the rapid growth of the foetus makes a constant an THK HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. 105 severe draft upon her system. Want of care may cause abortion ; and if a mare once casts her foal, she is apt to do so at a corresponding period of prcniancy afterwards, — more especially if like provocation occurs. Various other causes of abortion, some of Avhich may be briefly adverted to, for the purpose of pointing out certain preventive measures and sug- ircstiii"" others. Blows, strains, and any violent excitement may have this effect ; and it is said that to allow a mare to see and smoU food to which she has been accustomed, and of which she is fond, without suffer- iiiw her to eat of it, will cause slinking. Feeding hogs or other stock upon corn, in sight of a mare that is not also thus fed, is, for this reason dangerous. Sympathy is a known cause : a pregnant mare, seeing an- other cast her foal, is apt to be affected in like manner. Nervous spasms, or a sort of animal hysteria, resulting from sympathy of the womb with a diseased stomach or other organ, occasionally results in causing the foal to be cast. Some affirm that a smell of blood, or of freshly slaugh- tered meat, will do it. , ' *r^i ••ii' "''^S If a mare slinks because of a hurt, a strain, or some acute attack of disease, she is not apt to fall into the habit of abortion, provided proper care is taken to guard against exciting causes at a corresponding period of her next pregnancy. When once this tendency is established, however, it is difficult to coun- teract it, as the slinking is more than likely to take place at times when the mare is not under observation. If symptoms of casting chance to be discovered in time, it may be prevented by promptly burning pigeon feathers, (or those of other birds, if these cannot be obtained), on a hot pan, or a pan of coals, and holding them so that she will be obliged to inhale the smoke. ...,,.,.,-. Z. How to Baise Colts. If the colt is healthy and thriving, he should be weaned at from five to six months old. If allowed to run with the dam after this period, he is an unnecessary burden to her, since he has already learned to pick up and devote to his own use other sustenance, and he may most judiciously he taken away. If at this time the dam is still inclined to furnish milk !io I'opiousl}' as to render the udder painful to her, she should be looked after for a few days, to see that the over fullness does not result in inflam- mation and swelling. If necessary, draw away the milk by hand once ii day for three days. It is a good plan to keep her at this time on dryer food than usual, and at more than ordinarily steady work. This course ^vill tend to prevent the secretion of the usual quantity of milk, and the udder will soon be dry. -.-•A-. . J ' n 106 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. No matter how well born a colt may be he can never amount to anything if raised a starveling. If the dam is what she should be, he will have been furnished with abundant sustenance from the time of conception to that of delivery, which is one of the secrets of full-formed, finely-proportioned, vigorous foals. From foal-time to weaning ho will have been kept vigorous and growing by the quantity and character of the milk furnished him, together with such little food as he has early learned to partake of at the manger and in the pasture of the dam. And now, upon being weaned, it is of the utmost imiiortance that he have liberal food and sufficient protection from the inclemencies of the weather. This must be carefully attended to during the whole period of growth if he is expected to niake any adequate return to the owner, Bruised oats and bran have been recommended as the very best food to be given for a considerable time after weaning. In any event let his food be supplied with regularity ; and it must be nutritious, yet of such kind and so disposed as to be easily partaken. He should not be stabled too much, nor in any otaer way too closely confined — being allowed all that range and exposure to out-door weather common to older stock in the more clement seasons ; but he should never be left out in cool rains nor in the storms and biting cold of Winter. If a place is provided in which he may always shelter himself when the condition of the weather inclines him to seek cover, it will save troubk and yet insure a natural growth and that hardihood which comes of sufficient contact with cold and heat. For this purposs a straw I'iok is sometimes recommended — so constructed as to furnish shelter on the leeward side. This will give at the same time both bedding and a light species of food. Provision nmst of course be made for his obtaining readily, and at such times as the wants of imture may dictate, plenty of pure wator— the purer the better. Thus much as to food, drink, and shelter. Another jioint of impor- tance must not be omitted in his raising, that is, familiai-izing him with his master or with whomsoever has charge of him. He should be handled sufficiently and in such a way as thoroughly to overcome all shyness, and to h^ad him to feel that man is his friend. This confidence once established, his training — when the proper time comes for that — will l)e easily and successfully accomplished ; his subsequent relations with his master will be always pleasant, and his value thereby much enhanced. And tiiis, indeed, touches a fundamental principle in the care of ail dumb beasts. Lead tliem to recognize that man is their friend ; that they can depend on iiim to advance their comforts, and to secure their welfare. i' > .' THE HORSE, BREEDING AND RAISING. XI. Mules. 107 The breeding and rearing of mnles, so common in many portions of the United States, requires more than a passing consideration. To obtain the best results in crossing with the ass demands as rauuh intelligent care as in the case of the horse : and the mule-breeder will find it much to his advantage thoroughly to inform himself as to how these results are to be obtained. Many mistakeu impressions prevail as to the relative usefulness of the mule, as compared with the cost of breeding and maintenance. It is thought by the inexperienced that he is almost equally adapted to every kind of draft work to which the horse may be put ; that his power as ii pack-animal is nmcsh greater than that of the horse ; that his endur- ance is greater ; that he can subsist on less food ; and that he demands every way less care. All these things are set down to his advantage ; but ill most instances the impressions are wholly erroneous. As a general thing, he is not well adapted to road or to city purposes at all. Especially are hard roads and pavements destructive to him if he is large of body and disproportionately small of leg. He is not so stout as a horse of proportionate size ; he is utterly incapa])le of carrying so great burdens as some have represented, even if loaded and attended by experienced packers, — particularly if the journey is to be continuous and the roads are at all heavy ; his powers of endurance are not greater than those of tiie hardier kinds of horses ; he will consume as much food as a horse of proportionate size, if required to do like work and to maintain a like con- dition ; and as to care, he can do without it — so can a horse — but both fail thereby of that eminent thriftiness, sprightliness and longevity which is to be expected of animals to which it is extended. On the other hand, and to his discredit, it is commonly thought that he is naturally vicious, and wholly incapable of appreciating kindly treat- ment — that the only way to control him is by violence. Hence, those who handle him generally feel as though they are justifiable in whipping, beating, kicking and whatsoever other cruelties they may choose to inflict. This is a grievous, foolish and wicked mistake. The mule has one means of defense, and his heels are dangerous to those who wantonly provoke or startle him and place themselves in his way. His long ears are sensi- tive, and by roughly handling them his combativeness is easily aroused, and distrust is awakened to that degree that renders him almost unman- ageable. Yet, the mule may be so raised and trained as to make him gentle, obedient, even affectionate and ready to follow his master like a dog — so trusty that only the one always necessary precaution need be observed in dealing with him — to keep out of the way of his heels, whioh ■'Mr »' *' 108 IIXUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. he throws out as instinctively when startled, irritated or approached by a ptranser, as a cat thrusts out her claws. It has been remarked that. ♦•when a mule gets perfectly gentle, he is unfit for service ;" and that, taken in connection with the prevailing method of training him, is doubt- less true ; but there is a better way, and, if followed, it would result as we have stated above. Now, while the mule is not adapted to everything, and endowed with powers that ai-e ado(|uatc to endure starvation and brutal treatment while in the performance of hard and faithful service, he is admirably calcu- lated to meet many of the wants of individuals and corporations ; and his breeding, rearing and training are matters for intelligent coiisideraticjn. For supplying the army he cannot be replaced ; for towing canal boats he answers admiral)ly ; for hauling cars inside of coal mines, he is indis- pensable ; for the general knock-about work of a farm he is good in all temperate climates ; and in a cotton and sugar country, where it is warm and sandy, he is most especially valuable. Though he cannot endure everything and still meet every requirement of a heartless task-master, he is yet gifted with a hardihood that is admirable, and recuperative powers that are astonishing. Seemingly half dead, utterly broken down and worthless, he will, with a little rest and care, soon be again ready for service. In breeding for mules no less attention should be paid to the selection of suitable mares and a suitable jack than in the case of horses. It is folly to use old, Avorn-out, diseased, ill-formed, ill-conditioned mares, and yet hope to obtain a good foal. As a general thing a great, overgrown, long-legged mule is next to worthless. He is expensive to keep and unreliable as a Avorker — lacking wind, sti'ength and nimbleness. The medium-sized, clean, compact mule is by all odds the best, unless a team can be found to combine more than the ordinary height Avith round bodies, not disposed to fleshiness, and larger, stronger legs than usual, with feet above the common size — which is seldom the case. The Spanish or Mexican nnile — the offspring of stout, dose-built, active Mustang or Mexican mares is superior in endurance to any known in the United States. He requires less food, takes it quicker, and is always in better fix for travel. If it is more profitable to raise good animals than poor ones, (and no man of ordinary intelligence can doubt this proposition), select mares for mule bearing that are sound, compactly built, and yet without any contractedness of body — active, strong, every way service- able. Then, the choice of a suitable jack is important — doubly so from the fact that the great majority of mares breed after the jack in the matter of legs and feet, and, if it is a good and poAverful jack, the foal will generally bear his marks, which is a matter of some imnortance, the better, otl THE HORSE, MRKKDINO AND RAIHINCJ. 109 )i\we inuk's so nmrked are ahviiys rojjriirdod by oxpon-^ncod sto(;k iiicii ^l.s being most hardy and valuable. The jack should be large — the larger the better, other things being equal, sinee it i.s imnr-o.^ible to find one so much surpassing in size the mares we have described as to render him objectionable on account of disproportion, as may easily be the case with u Y'S V 1 • MmmtmM no ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. a norne. Moat especially must the breeder have an eye to his legs and feet ; for here, if at all, the mule is upt to be a failure — having a horse's body, ready to take on flesh beyond his requirements, mounted on legs that are too slight of bone and too small of muscle, with feet below the standard size for highest usefulness. The cut on preceding page is a portrait of a large and powerful Poitoii ass, an animal much valued in that district of France for breeding heavy draft mules from cart nmres. The one here represented has liecn de- scribed as being fourteen and one-fourth hands high ; greatest girth, seventy-seven inches ; girth behind the shoulders, sixty-six inches ; length of ear, fifteen inches ; ears, tip to tip across, thirty-two inches ; with hoofs much larger than those of the common ass. Compare him with the small, light ass, now in too common use among us. The differ, ence seems to be almost one of kind ; and with these representations in his mind, no observant stock-grower can be persuaded to put up with a poor pretense of a jack for the service of hia mares. As for the treatment of mares that are to be thus bred, no farther directions need be laid down, since it must be substantially the same as that prescribed for the breedinj< of horse foals. The like instructions relative to weaning, feeding, and sheltering the colt must also be carried out ; and too much importance cannot be attached to beginning early the work of familiarizing him with man. He should be taught to regard his keepers without fear, to allow himself to be haltered, and readily to submit to direction and guidance. If this is done, he will be easily trained, when the proper time shall have arrived f and if properly handled and judiciously taught then, he will be not only a useful, but a trustv and asi'eeable animal. I. (' ■il-r;..' ■.. ..•(>'. H, , -y:-:^: I * CHAFTEB VI. HOW TO BaSAK AND TBAIN A HOBSB. AMERICAN VS. KNGUaH F0AL8. II. AT WICANINQ TIMK. III. THK TOUT LK8SON.^-< IV. TRAINING. V. TRAINING TO WORK. VI. TRAINING TO BACK. VII. TRAINING TO SADDLE AND HARNESS. VIII. TO HANDLE A HOR8B. IX. HOW TO HANDLE A VICIOUS COLT. X. SADDLING AND HARNESSING. XI. HOW TO SUBDUE A VICIOUS HORSE. XII. HOW TO TRAIN TO THE SADDLE. XIII. TRAINING TO TROT IN HAR- tjB88. XIV. HOW TO TRAIN TO TROT IN LIGHT HARNESS. XV. HOW TO TRAIN FOR THE PLOW. XVI. TRAINING TO THE WACON. XVII. HOW TO TRAIN A RAGBR. XVIII. TRAINING A STALLION I. American vs. English Foals. It is a common remark among Englishmen visiting America that our horses are more easily controlled and managed in the breaking in and training than English horses, and hence they have been led into the error of supposing that they were deficient in courage and spirit. Nothing could be farther from the fact. The true reason is, the growing foals in the United States are more the companions of the children of the farmer than in England. They are not as a rule, beaten and abused, and thus do not find their real powers of resistance as they do in England under the handling of hirelings of little intelligence, and almost no education. In the United States the fondling of the colts and fillies commences ahnost with birth. They are special pets of the boys of the family. On the farm, and even on the road, the mares are often regularly worked with the colts running at the feet, a very bad plan for the celts, and « 111 112 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 7 1^ especially so for the mares, but which, nevertheless, early accustoms the young animals to strange sights, while it venders them tame and confiding. n. At Weaning Time. The true education of the colt or filly should begin early ; at weaning time. They should then be haltered and taught to lead, to stand quietly in the stall when tied. After this is thoroughly understood the colts may then have their liberty, for there is nothing more healthful, or better calculated to develop those powers necessary to the exhibition of speed, endurance, or groat muscular exertion, than constant, every-day exercise, which all young animals naturally take in their play, and this often of the most violent character. I£I. Tho First Lesson. .■^;'fi The first lesson the young foal should be taught is to come readily at call. This is easily accomplished by providing one's self with delicacies, such as sugar and salt, of which horses ai'e especially fond. If there are a number of them they will all take the lessons together, and easier, for the most intelligent will assist the others. At the same ime they must be taught to be quiet by a light tap of the whip to unnily ones. In haltering, the colt or filly should be approached from the near sidt, the halter in both hsuids. Let the colt smell it until it no longer fears it. when, holding it properly in the left hand the right hand may be passed over the colt's neck and taking the strap of the halter it may be drawn on and buckled almost before the colt knows it. In case the colt should be wild, shy, or vicious, it must be confined in some place where the halter may be put on, but no haste must be manifested, until at the moment when it is to be buckled. Then do it quietly and quickly. If very strong, two ends of rope, each ten feet long, should be attached to the ring of the halter, and a free passage out of the stable allowed, one man holding each rope. In the case of a colt three or more years old, and strong, these ends should be twenty feet long, and the halter should have a cavcsson so the muzzle will be pinched during violent struggles. The men holding the ropes — there may be one or more, according to the struggles of the animal — are not to seek to throw the colt or horse, but simply to restrain him in his struggles to escape. The yard should be soft so that if the colt falls it will not be injured. But if the animal does fall, when down it should be firmly held so for five minutes, or until resistance entirely ceases. As a rule, before the expiration of fifteen minutes, the colt will take a lick of salt from the hand and thereafter follow quietly. As soon as the colt gives up he should be led to the stable, THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. tied, "iven a little water and fed, and then be left to himself, being certain he can neither break the halter or injure himself. As before stated, the foal once haltered, taught to stand quietly, and to lead kindly it may then be given its liberty until of the proper age for training. The animal three years old and over once in hand should be thoroughly broken a»d made waywise without delay. ■ 1 .- ■ ^'\ ■. IV. Training. .^,,. \,,^,., ;^^^,,.'_.,y -."^ ,-,. ,;t The regular training of a colt or filly should begin at the age of two years past. There are many urgent reasons for this ; first, the animal has neither the full strength, nor the disposition to resist, that it will have at a more mature age ; second, it is more tractable, and will acquire its. les- sons more easily ; third, it will not have contracted habits of self-will difficult to be broken off ; and fourth, lessons in flexions of the body may be taught that will naturally increase its usefulness in whatever direction it may be wanted. In the whole manner of breaking and training the trainer must not only understand himself, but the young horse as well and also as of special importance, the particular use for which the animal is intended. If the colt is of cold blood, that is of no particular breeding, it will not pay to spend much time on its education. It is simply to be taught to lead qui- etly, to stand still to be harnessed and unharnessed, to be accustomed to the ordinary sights and objects he will encounter, to work quietly at the plow, or other farm implements, and to the wagon on the road, and to stand quietly when tied on the public streets. If to be trained as a road horse, or as a saddle horse, or both, or as a hunting horse, a trotting horse, or a racer, all these will require special, and sometimes, long so strong that the animal cannot by any possible means break !. ao^ si p -i-feetly fitting and secure that he cannot slip or rub it ojff. Thus you \ i ' pover again have to break him of pulling at the halter, ''•"idling and Harnessing. U ii '^1 The training of the horse fairly commenced, it should proceed day bv day. Get him use4 to the harness and saddle by putting them on even- day. Do not throw them on. Buckle every strap as carefully as thougl. the animal was to be taken to work. The saddle being allowed to be put on without restiveness, and kindly taken, gradually draw the girth tighter from day to day until sufficiently tight so it will not turn. Begin bv bearing some weight upon it, first with the hand and then by pulling on the stirrup. If the colt cringes at first and leans over to the side pulled upon, it will soon get over it, and will at length allow the full weight of i the man sitting upright upon the saddle in the stall. Then accustom the colt to being touched in different parts of the bodv with the legs, to be squeezed somewhat with the thighs and knees, mount- ing and dismounting repeatedly. This being permitted, lead him out of I the stable, and while an assistant holds him by the bridle above the bits — not by the reins — the trainer mounts, the assistant lets go, and in nine j cases out of ten the horse will move off at the word of command. If he doep not, use no haste; give him time. If he rears and plunges, the | rider must have full command and confidence in himself, or else quietiv dismount and use the previous course until the animal understands what is wanted. If the rider is master of the saddle, and the horse plunges or throws himself about, get him into motion in a field of not less than ten acres, and if rather soft, so much the better ; circle him about the field | ill; 1 1! THR HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. m until he wishes to stop, and then force him forward until he is thoroughly tired and subdued. Hide him to the stable, gentle him, wash his mouth, let him take two or three swallows of water, add a taste of some food that lie likes, and the real work of breaking is done. Thereafter it \'i simply a question of training. When the horse is to be put to the wagon, know that the harness is stronw, and that it fits perfectly and easily. If the colt has been tied be- side another horse on the road, until he is not afraid of the wagon, so much the better. Hitch him beside an old, thoroughly broken horse, tying the doubletree back so the steady horse may pull all the load if necessary. Get quickly into the wagon while an assistant is attracting the attention of the colt by talking to him and stroking his nose ; pick up tlie reins and bid them go. Keep the broken horse in a walk or slow trot, as the case may be, and the colt will generally take kindly to the work in less than five minutes. Drive for about half an hour, at a walk- ing pace if possible, letting the colt have his own way if not too awkward and ugly, turning from right to left in rather long curves. When the colt shows signs of fatigue, and certainly before he is tired, but not until he has ceased resistance, drive to the stable and unharness carefully and quietly as before described. • k XI. How to Subdue a Vicious Horse. If he be a colt that has never been handled, the directions we have given for bitting and training will succeed. If he has been made tricky by a previous owner, who was timid, go into the stable when he is tied, watch him closely, but keep cool and show no signs of fear. Take him by the head, and speak to him in a firm voice, put on a strong bridle and curb, and order him to back. If he docs not comply, give him a sharp cut on the fore-legs with the whip, and hold him firmly with the left hand, standing facing partly towards his rear, but with the head turned so you can see every movement of his eyes and ears. If the stall is not roomy and high do not attempt it. The sti'uggle is better in a small close yard. If lie rear cut him sharply again over the fore-legs while up, and if hw kick cut him on the hind-legs near the body, but never more than one stroke at a time. "When he ceases to resist, gentle him, and so proceed until the animal i? entirely submissive to your will . If a horse has ac- quired vicious habits from having beaten a timid, or worse, brutal master, the case is more serious. Have nothing to do with him unless fully assured of your powers to subdue him. To succeed he must be made to lie down ; to do this confine him in a stall so close that he caqpot turu round in i^, and with the near side so ■1'" 120 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn. arranged that you can approach him sufficiently near to operate in an^ direction. If the horse will submit to fondling so much the better. Under no circumstances use a whip. The work must be done by showinw .^e horse that his struggles are always against himself. Have the side of the stall so arranged that it may be taken down and allow free egress to a yard thirty feet square, with a high board fence, or, better still, a large square barn floor covered a foot deep Avith straw tramped solid. Procure the following articles : a simple single-rein bri- dle, strong, and having a gag bit with large rings and long guards, the reins to be only sufficiently long so they will lio on the withers ; have also a strong, padded surcingle, made with a two inch ring at the belly ; also, one strap an inch and a quarter wide, and three feet or more in length, with a strong loop to form a slip noose, and a strong buckle on the end ; and another strap five feet long with the end turned into a loop and firmly sewed ; also two strong knee pads, to protect the knees in falling. Put on the bridle, buckle on the knee pads, loop the short strap around the near fetlock of the fore-foot, raise the foot and buckle the end tightly around the arm of the fore-leg next the body, thus you have one foot firmly held up. Put the loop of the second or long strap about the fet- lock of the off fore-leg, and pass the end of the strap through the ring of the surcingle under the horse. Do not be in a hurry, and in no case lose your temper. If it takes two hours, well and good, you have the horse then perfectly under command however vicious he may be. See that there is entirely free egress out of the stable and let him go. Approach him slowly, but without hesitation, steadying him by the voice. If he show fight do not hesitate, he is on three legs and nearly powerless, except to bite, or to strike you in the act of rearing. Seize him by the near bridle rein about twelve inches from the bit, and placing yourself immediately at his near quarter, or just behind his shoulder, gather the long strap in the right hand and when the horse rears draw up the other leg. If the horse struggles let him do so. It will not be necessary to exert much strength, simply tact and coolness in steering him. When he comes down it must necessarily be on his knees. If he continue to struggle let him exhaust himself. It will rarely take over five minutes, and never ten by the watch. Having him on his knees always seek to draw the head from you by pulling on the rein that comes over the neck. Once you have the head turned keep pulling on him until he gives up completely and lies down. Use no violence on the rein. It is only to be used to steer or guide the horse. It is the strap that does the work. However many attempts he may make to regain his liberty it will only end in the more complete discomfiture of the horse. Once down unless m\ \ THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 121 he lies still hold his head still by sitting on it. When completely sub- dued, stroke his head, rub him on various parts of the body, soothe and caress him, and especially handle him wherever he is disposed to bo touchy, being careful always to be on your guard, that if he resist he may be immediately checked. Show him a buffalo I'obe, an umbrella, or anything he would be likely to frighten at, and alwai/s let him smell it until satisfied. Sit on his side, handle his feet, tap them, and at last remove the straps from his feet, and continue to fondle him. If he attempt to rise hold down his head firmlv, and bend up one fore-leg. If he get the advantage do not struggle with him but let him rise to his feet again. Lay him do\vn until he gives completely up. He will soon come to lie down quietly at the word, simply by tying up one foot, and at last will do so at your bidding without tying. When down and quiet pass your hand repeatedly over his body, breathe in his nostrils, gently open his mouth, give him soothing words, and when on his feet give him a taste of some- thing he likos. This is substantially Rarey's plan, and it may be practiced successfully on very vicious horses, as we have done. As a rule, however, the direc- tions previously given will be found to be fully effectual in breaking «olt ■• • ;' XII. How to Train to the Saddle. "<^ No person should attempt to break a horse to the saddle unless he be & lliorough horseman himself. It is not sufficient that he be able to stick on a horse's back with or without a saddle. He must be able to do so, ^nd without aid from the bridle, when the horse is undergoing any of the movements likely to occur when on his feet. The bridle is used simjjly to steady a horse under certain circumstances, and as a signal to guide him. If the trainer be not able to ride thus, and with ease to himself and the horse, he has no business as a trainer. Walking. — A fast walk is the most valuable of all the gaits of the horse. To walk rapidly is the first and most persistent of the lessons to be given. To teach a horse to walk fast the head must be kept moder- ately well up, and yet but little real weight should be borae on the bridle —only just enough to assist the swa5'ing motion and nodding head always exhibited in fast Avalking. During the acquirement of this gait, no other should be aliowcd, and when the horse shows signs of fatigue, the lesson should end. In this, the seat of the rider is important, it should be easy •and with sufficient grip of the limbs to steady the rider, and with play of the lower part of the legs to keep the horse well up to his work, and assist i|i fi i 6' ljii n » r iri 112 ILLU8TRATBD STOCK DOCTOR. I r :!li.f'^ in increasing tlio gait. Thus by care and practice almost any horse can be gotten up to four miles an hour and a really active cne to five. In breaking to walk fast to the wagon, there should be just sufficient ])earing on the reins to steady the horse. The check-rein should be (jiiiio loose, for no horse can walk fast and easily with his head gagged back in an unnatural position. The horse, however, should bo first trained to walk fast un'der the saddle, and by the means we have indicated. Then, when harnessed, he will not forgot the lessons given, and may even he improved in his Avalk, if not already brought up to his maximum speed. A naturally slow walking horse may be made to Avalk much faster ; a fast walking horse may be greatly improved in his gait, but a lazy, slow dolt will never pay for any education beyond that of honestly pulling such a load as ho may be able to comfortably move. For the saddle he is a nuisance, and no attempts whatever, should be made to bring hini out as a riding horse. If a good one, however, bring out his walkinjr powers. Like the trotter, he Svill improve until he is eight or ten years old. How TO TuAiN TO Trot. — Every farmer's boy thinks he knows how to drive a trotting horse to a wagor. Very few really do. Still fewer un- derstand how to trot a horse under the saddle. If properly performed it is the least exhausting to the horse within the limit of his natural speed, and need not be unpleasant to the rider. That it is among the best anil most pleasant exercise the horseman can take is without doubt. Certain drivers have denied that the trot and the pace were natural hi the horse. Every person who has been among the wild horses of the plains knows the contrary. It is a fact, however, that the trot is but :i modification of the walk. There are two stylos of motion for the rider: one the rising motion, by which the rider eases himself in the stirrups— not ungraceful when projierly performed — the other where the ridii kecj^s a close seat, supporting himself by the knees and stirrups. Tiie elbows should be kept rather close to the side, and with only just enough bearing on the curb and snaffle to keep the horse's head correct and the animal under perfect -command. In fact, under no circumstances is the rein and bit for any other use but to guide and steady the horse. The rider maintains his equilibrium, keeps his seat, and renders himself en- tirely at home in the saddle, through the science of equitation and the proper pressure of the limbs against the saddle. Until this is thoroughly accomplished, no person has any business trying to train a horse to sad- dle gaits. The rider must train himself first. In the trot, when the rider rises in the stirrups, the snaflie-rein only should be used, a rein in each hand, and once grasped and pro[)erly ar- ranged, the arms must be held rather close to the body, but without THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. •JO" oliiiLriii"' tliereto. The foet should rest in the stirrup ho the heel i.s well jown, the leg from the knee down fully straight, and moving but little. The rise and fall of the body must bo as slight as possible, only suf- riciont to escape thumping, and to ease the horse. The head of the liorso should be kept pretty well up, the limbs of the horse well under control. The rider will appear to support the horse with the bit. lu fiict, he docs not. He simply holds the horse to his pace. TIuM-o is tliis difference between road riding and race riding : in riding for pleasure, the animal is never severely pushed, whatever the gait nuiy be. In riding a trotting or running race, the animal must put forth aH his powers, the only object being that he extend himself as much as pos- sible, and without reference especially to the stylo of going. As a rule, race riders are disqualified for riding or trotting a horse gracefully on the road. In trotting, always train the horse to slacken his pace and stop if de- sired, by slacking the rein, and at the word. In square trotting, the hoofs move in exact time, 1, 2, 3, 4. Some horses acquire a pace denoted by the time 1, 2. With this motion it is difficult to rise easily in the sad- dle, and it should not be allowed. To ease the horse's wind let him walk or canter slowly ; or better, give him a jog trot. The jog trot, however, is under no circumstances to be allowed when traveling on the road in company. After a hard ride at any gait, it eases the tired horse immensely. XIII. Training to Trot in Harness. In trotting in harness the horse is more firmly held- than when undej the saddle, and for obvious reasons. Yet here a dead strong pull is to be avoided. The horse is simply to be supported and steadied by the bit. The driver must learn by his own study, and by observing others, how to do this. The bit must be adapted to the horse. A boring, hard mouthed brute could not be driven with comfort in a bit that would suit a sensitive mouth. Very many trotting drivers spoil their horses' mouths and make them pullers. The pull of a trotting horse should never be such as to tire the well trained muscles of the driver, even thousrh it be a lady. Indeed, one of the best drivers we ever knew was a ladv, and she WHS superior by the delicacy and yet firmness with which she handled the reins. In training to trot in harness, the object should be to keep the horse squarely to his work, and at the top of his speed, Mnthout forcing him beyond it. In fact, no horse comes to his best trotting speed until he is at least eight years old. ' Do not force him beyond his power, and above all do not rein him so 124 IMX'HTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. i i )' hard as to tnukc him ii borer. One of the be.it piiir of road trotters wo ever l)roke, were trained with curb bit.s, and wlien under .smooth motion were apparently driven with a h)09e rein ; such, liowever, wa.s only u|)- j)ttrent ; they had been ^iven 8uch delicate nioutha by careful drivinin<» the Leading Foot. — In developing any gait the horse >li()uld be !nado to start witli either foot as desired. It should bo one of the tirst lessons taught. 'I'o do this turn the horse's head somewhat I)y pulling tlie rein and pressing the heel slightly on the side opposite to the l(>lished in this is, the horse becomes entirely subservient to the driver but at the same time learns to rely on himself so far as sure-footedness is concerned. When he will go in proper form he may be driven with a trotting bit, until he has learned to extend himself fully, when he may again be placed in the curb, and if delic".tely handled will give satisfaction any where on the road. Thus trained under the curb, when- used with a trotting bit, they may be made to exhibit all the style they are capable of at an ordinary gait, and n ay be shaken up instantly for a brush and ex- tend themselves to the utmost. In trotting at any speed the horse nmst be trained to take hold of the bit, so he may be steadied by the rein. He must never be allowed to suppose that this hold of the bit is for the purpose of pulling on. It is to be used simply to steady himself, and as a means of quick comprehen- sion of the driver's wishes. XV. How to Train for the Plow, t ■ -:: •■.';!.* .-"»> -^ ' ^.•■:T.■.^'■'-■ ■ The only position for the reins if carried otherwise than on the handle is to carry them just above the hips, and of such a length that when the team is going at ease they will be loose, and yet may be easily tightened by the plowman walking a little farther in the rear than usual. With a hard-mouthed team "feeling their oats" this will do. By the means we have indicated, if the lines are nicely adjusted, the team may be made to pull on the plow, and once used to this way of driving we have never known of its being abandoned, except for a time as a change. The practice of carrying a rein in each hand adopted by some good plowmen is not to be commended, except with a kind team. In this case to cavry them over the left handle is easier, whether the team be wild or gentle. In any case the reins should never be carried over the neck. It is awkward, and the teanj is never under control. Carried aver one shouU der and under one arm is an improvement upon this awkward plan. ZVI. Training to the Wagon. But little need be said on this score if attention has been paid to what has been said previously. Upon good roads and with an ordinary load the team should be kept up to their maximum gait in walking. When the road is good in some places and bad in others, as country roads usually are, the load must be such as the team can move by hard pulling in the worst places. After a heavy pull always give the team a breathing spell, and in the middle of a pull if the team can start the load once stopped. This any honest team will do unless the bottom is miry, that is, unless from standing the team and wheels sink deeper and deeper. In this case, the only way is to keep going until firm ground is reached. The average driver is sure to hurry his team in the mud. They should oe taught to pull steadily and slowly, and when started again, after rest- 128 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. If 1 'II 1 -H ill' -4) -A ing, t'» take hold of the load steadily and with a growing impulse until it moves. XVn. How to Train a Baoer. The training of racing stock, whether for running or trotting, is a fine art, and one which it would take a volume to properly describe in print, There are certain essentials, however, which are easily understood, and which every one who breeds stock for speed should know. The colt having been taught to gallop easily and naturally, should be put upon good sound oats and the cleanest hay. He should be carefully blanketed and groomed and his legs hand rubbed until fine. The exercise should be daily, upon a good course, and ridden under the direction of a horse- man who is thoroughly up in his business. When this cannot be, the work must be done under the instruction of the master. In race riding, the jockey throws about all his weight in the stirrups, steadying himself with the knees and thighs. The seat of the body is I carried well back, the loin slightly arched, so the weight will not b« brought too far forward, as the breech would be if the rider should stand straight in the stirrups. A jockey of ordinary weight will be found toj carry his leg, from the knee, slightly thrown back ; thus by stiffening 1 knee he can change his center of gravity without ceasing to stand in the I stirrups. Very light jockeys ride with longer stirrups, throwing their weight! principally- on their thighs, and with their breech raised entirely from the saddle, thus giving them a strong hold on the horse. Standing in the stirrup, however, cannot be long endured, and is only used for fast racing! or walloping over bad ground, rough or deep, or in the case of a hill thatl must be passed quickly over. Traininfif to racing speed on the farm may be summed up as follows; a smooth track, regular feeding four times a day with the soundest of I oats and hay, with a bran mash often enough to keep the bowels in regii[ lar condition ; the most careful grooming, with plenty of hand rubbing oil the legs ; sweating exercise every day, and thorough cleaning afterwards;! a trial gallop to extend the limbs, with an occasional spurt to note the in- 1 crease of speed, and occasionally a fair trial at the distance which 1 horse is trained, to test his speed, powers of endurance, improvement | and capabilities. »„,.,♦;»„,. • XVm. Training a Stallion. The training of a stallion should commence from the time that it is in* | tended to keep him as such, and certainly from the age of one year, THE HORSE, HOW TO BREAK AND TRAIN. 129 when colts are usually gelded. He should be exercised in a close yard, first at the end of the halter, and at length without bridle or halter reiu, and made to advance, to back, to circle, to describe a figure eight, to rear and come down at the word of command, to kneel, to sit on his haunches, to lie down, and especially to come instantly to his keeper at the word of command. All this takes time, but is labor well spent, for henceforth his usefulness as a sire, and escapes from accidents by being kicked, may depend upon his thorouo'h training. Any observing person will have noted that in fully half the cases a stallion will be found dragging his keeper about like a puppet. All this may be avoided by proper care and training, so i the horse will retain his full exhuberance of spirit, and yet be entirely under control. His care and keeping should be of the best possible, and his daily exer- cise enough to keep his muscles firm, certainly not less than eight miles a day during the season of service. However well trained the stallion, i when it comes to actual service, there is always a time when he may I refuse to obey. Then he must be made to do so at whatever cost, and to 1 accomplish the object, the whip must be used to any extent sufficient to j conquer him. Cut sharp and strong, but with temperate judgment. Do not rain a succession of blows. This will only make him fight. A few well-directed blows will generally suffice, if they are sharp and cutting. Do not be afraid of drawing blood. If it can be done at the first stroke, so much the better. Give him time to think before you strike the second time. Give him the order you wish him to execute. If there is the least hesitation, strike again, and so on until he is conquered. If he has been properly trained previously, he will handle nearly as easy as a geld- ing. If not, he may become a brute, dangerous for any man to handle. Above all, a stallion once trained, never intrust him to an incompetent keeper, and never allow a valuable one to be ridden during the season of hard service. If he travels from one station to another, or is otherwise exercised, it should be with a leading rein, the rider being on another horse. , . , , ■■j''.''.'-'''^ y * ■ "' • "iff ■■< '■'''' -( • , '■y ■): -M. jt*. . '< r • •» • i-S:; ; •■< 'fL CHAPTER Vn. -•'4 -.V'*.iv''"-'^!--rr/ ,:;;'.5';<,rli;' HOW TO SHELTEB. — — ^^— ^^^— — '■-*'■■' I. OOMFORTABLB 8HKLTER ECOMOHICAL. 11. CONSIDERATION IN CONSTRUCTINa STABLU. in. MAM0BR9 AND RACKS. IV. UO\f TO INSURE A GOOD TBMPKRATURK. V. CLKAN- ING THE STABLBS. VI. THE LOFT. VII. THE HARNESS BOOM. — VIU. THK OUT 8HXD. IX. WATER. L Comfortable Shelter Economioal. < ..> i Although the horse is found wherever civilized man has made his home, and has been subjected by barbarian tribes wherever subsistence may be found Summer and Winter, yet in a wild state he is only found where the Winter and the Summer climate is mild enough to furnish herbage the year round. While it is true that the horse will stand weather as inclem- ent as cattle, yet the owner who subjects either horses or cattle to the storms of Winter, not only makes no money from them, but deserves to lose them entirely. Thus the humane man always consults his best interests when he keeps his horse stock not only well fed but comfortably housed. : , '■% ^ H. Considerations in Constructing Stables. The first consideration in the construction of a stable is the number of horses to be kept. After this comes iii economy of space in connection with convenience, ventilation in couuection with the health of the horaes, 130 THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. lax «iid lastly the cost. In the construction of stables the question of warmth, convenience and ventilation are the prime integers, and whatever the character of the structure it must combine these three essentials, else it is a failure. In the construction of stables the horse and carriage floor, including liarness and tool room, and the loft, in which should be situated the bins for oats, shelled corn, corn in the ear, meal and bran, with suitable spouts and slides for delivering the feed on the lower floor, are all that is necessary. Every stable, however, should be supplied with a ventilating pipe placed about midway over one of the centre stalls. If there are more than four horses kept there should be two, and one in addition for each other four, but all connecting with the principal air shaft at the peak of the roof. Wliere the horses are near the ground, and especiallj' if the first story, or the walls of the whole building be of brick, there should be at least two courses above the ground laid in water-lime, to prevent the dampness from the ground ascending up the walls by capillary attraction. How- CTer the fomidati on be laid there must be perfect drainage, either natural or artificfll. under the stable. Many valuable horses have been lost through iiitictention to this simple matter. ■ . . The size of the stable must of course correspond to the number of horses to be kept, and the number of vehicles to be sheltered. The width of the stalls should not be less than five feet each — six is better — and there should be at least one loose box in every stable, however small. ■If there are a number of breeding mares there should be one loose box to each four horses. These boxes should not be less than ten by twelve feet. Fourteen feet in depth for the stall is little enough. The travis or partition between stalls should not be less than six feet six inches long. If the stable is fourteen feet deep seven feet is better. It should be beven feet high at the head and five feet at the rear part. , ; m. Mangers and Backs. The manjrers and racks should be of the most substantial character, and, if expense is no object, of enameled iron, as to the mangers, and of iron as to the racks. If made of wood, oak or elm is a good material. Ilowovcr made there should be no rough edges to annoy the horses, nor splinters to wound. The top of the cap should not be less ^han throe foet three inches from the floor, nor more than three feet six inches. The manger to be about thirteen inches wide at the top, nine inches at the bottom and eleven inches deep. The caps may be four inches deep and three inches wide, securely placed. The sides and bottom of th© 132 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. manger may be of inch oak, or other hard wood. If made of pine thej should be of inch and a half thickness. IV. How to Insure a Good Temperature. • If the stable be of brick or stone, it may or may not be lined with M'ood with an air space between. If of wood, there should always be a linhig, and the sheathing upon which the weather boarding is nailed should be covered With tarred paper. Ventilation must be attended to ; this is best secured by oi'itices at proper distances next the ceiling, that may be opened or closed at pleasure, and provided with lattice work to throw the air up when opened. This with the doors and windows in Summer will give plenty of ventilation and in Winter the ventilators alone will suffice. It is one of the most essential points in building a stable in our American climate, with torrid Summers and Arctic Winters, that no expense be spared to make the buildings comfortable. We are decidedly in favor of a vestibule, large enough to hold a harnessed team, or if preferred, if the carriage room be largo enough and separated by a close partition from the stable, as it should be, this may be made to do. From this the entrance to the stable may be a sliding door, through which to lead the horses ; the object being to prevent the rush of cold air into the stable chilling even- horse in it. Whore more than five horses are kept in a stable we advise a close par- tition between each four stalls and their accompanying loose box. The reason is, that in each compartment an equal temperature is retained. It is not so much the degree of cold that affects horses, as sudden changes of temperature. Thus each may have its separate ventilation and air shaft, and conduce very much to the comfort of the animals kept therein. v. Cleaning the Stable. Cleanliness in the stable is of the utmost importance. There should be sufficient bedding under the horses at all times to insure cleanliness ; all damp portions together with the droppings should be removed twice a day. We have never found a better nur more economical way than to use a wheel barrow, with sides sufficiently wide and flaring to hold the load a man may handle, in which the manure and damp bedding could be thrown and wheeled on planks immediately to the pile. WTiere it is thrown oilPof windows it often heats so as to be offensive in Summer, and in Winter these windows, besides often allowing the wind and storm to beat in, are objectionable in many ways. THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 133 iS,-Av' VI. The Loft. We have already advised that the granary be in the loft, the shoots, however, should not enter the stable ; first, because they create more or less dust, and second, they are liable to contract more or less effluvia from the stable. They should communicate with a room by itself, suf- ficiently large for sifting oats and mixing feed. The granary must also be umde rat proof, which is best done by covering the bottom and two feet of the sides, and the top with sheet iron. The floor of the whole loft should also be covered with a tight floor of planks, plowed and fffooved, so that b}' no possibility dust or trash can drop through ; the loft should also be high enough to hold straw for bedding, and hay enough for at least two months' feed. In fact, if it be a farm barn, it were better to hold enough, if possible, for the Winter. This might de- tract somewhat from the architectural appearance of the building, unless the storage and stable room be large below. In any event we should not build any stable, however small, less than eight feet high, with a loft above of the same height, and in the case of a large building we should extend the loft to ten, twelve or fourteen feet as the size of the ground floor might allow. Vn. The Harness Boom. The harness room should be as complete as possible with suitable pegs for harness and seats or frames for saddles. It should also be provided with a saddler's horse for sewing ; raps, awls, needles, wax, thread, etc. ; j also a table for oiling harness, and if it have a boiler set in a stove for I heating water, it will often be called in requisition in Winter, not only for its hot water facilities, but for drying harness and saddles as weU Vm. The Out Shed. If the stable is provided with an out-shed for cleaning horses when the jweather is not inclement, it will be found to save much dust and dirt in- [side. If this shed be a vestibule to the stable, with sliding windows, so jmuch the better. It may even be used, in case of need, for temporary jBtables or for baiting a double team when it is not considered necessary |to unharness. In fact there are many uses to which it may bejfl^t aside from the protection it Avould give the stable, in opening the doors in cold land inclement weather. IX. The Surroundings. Every stable should have a smooth, close yard, with a tight high fence 134 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. '!fl surrounding it, and if one side can be covered with a shed roof, fourteen feet wide, so much the better. This yard should be about 30 or 40 feet wide, and if it contains a place in the center of strong posts for a man to take shelter in from a vicious brute, it is not amiss. We once saw a life saved in this way, from an ugly bull, which broke from his fastenings and would have killed his keeper but for this safeguard. There should also be a grass lot near for cutting forage in Summer for soiling, and for turning in a sick horse occasionally. Z. Water. The water supply is important. If taken from a well and pump it is absolutely essential that there be no contamination from the drainage of the stables and yards. If a tank can be so arranged that it will not freeze, build one by all means, and connect by pipes, pumping the water by means of a windmill. Or the tank may be situated where it will sup. ply the house, and a pipe laid to the stable underground, ending in a penstock. In this case, the windmill and tank may be entirely isolated from the bam or house, and the water carried for any distance, i^rovided the head is higher than the outflow. n ■*»' ;, lit ;•«': ; . ■. ')'';it !• (, : .,.■ ■■"'■■■ '. ■■' mt'?^-' ■'■')■ ... . • •■■•'0-' iit'^" ;* ,?'w;i^^ ;< e/fl t >.i ,»;^. .;,.* Tj »"Vf<|}K »V-\.'-,iti»',i.fj.^' CHAPTER Vm. .}i.^! 7'U -r>y vtiirf 'i fMC>"i ' » ■,.r^V'»;;i^i^. .t EOW TO FEED, WATEB AND QBOOK. ■Aiit .-'{ tm} N ;•« 'Mm I LATINO THB FOUNDATION. 11. WHAT TO FBCD. IH. WHIN TO FKID. IV. WA. TBRIMQ. V. KINDS AND QUANTITIRS OF POOD TO BB OIVKN. VI. HOW TO PR«- PARBTHB FOOD. ——VII. HOW TO HAKB HASHES, GRUBLS AND HAT-TBA. ^— VIU. TBB VALUE OF HAT AND BTRAW.^— IX. FEEDING GRAIN. X. STABLB GARB AND GROOM' INO. XI. THE TIMB TO CLBAN. XII. CARE OF THB FBBT.— — 'Xin. BLANKBTINO WHKM NECISaART.— PROPER TOOLS FOR THB STABLB. ■■■ii! :>.'' '-;■- I :r.>h^' .<■■■ I. Laying the Foundation. ■<••'* ■•■'• ■rit't . •>»''Jf'';;,.. ■!■!';? ■ • * The feeding of horses must be either simple or complex according to i the circumstances under which they are placed and the nature of the i work required of them. It would, for instance, be as foolish with the farm or ordinary work horse to pamper with fire- warmed stables, highly I' stimulating food, and exquisite grooming, together with all the parapher- nalia of blankets, hood», bandages for the legs, and necessities of the trotting or racing stable, as it would be to allow this latter ckttp to re- ceive only the same care and attention usually bestowed upon the^am kept [solely for the plow and other drudgery of the farm. At the same time the extremes to which horses are subject, either on the farm or in racing [stables, might well be modified in very many cases to the health and well 135 136 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. it is'' being either of the farm horse or the pampered and high-bred racer, That is to say, racers are often "drawn down" too fine, and the ordinary work horse too often suffers from neglect. Thus in the first class we sec u number of diseases seldom shown in the stables of horses with suf- ficient care, while the stables of horses carefully kept seldom suffer with the class of diseases found when horses are allowed to go dirty from day to day, and often from week to week. To commence at the beginning, the breeder who would succeed with any class of horses, should see that the mare, Avhile carrying the foal, has suflScient food and shelter, and that the foal itself is sufficiently nour- ished during the period of growth. Nothing is gained by insufficient shelter and food, whatever the use for which the animal is intended, and this brings us to the question of the food itself. n. What to Feed. :i«r vrnn In the West the feed of all horses of whatever class is oats, Indian corn, bran and hay. Whatever the work to be done, bran should always be kept, since a horse being off his feed, or slightly ailing from any cause not indicative of violent disease, bran mashes with good nursin"! will bring him out all right in nine cases out of ten. So, in the Winter) when horses are confined to hard food, a bran-mash ouce a week should I be given, and this generally on Sunday morning. On the farm there is I nothing better than an occasional feed of roots — carrots, Swedish turnips, I or mangel wurtzel— ^being valuable in the order named. If a peck of I these could be given daily as an evening or noonday meal, the effects of this feeding would be quickly shown. For the mares beforel foaling time, for the farm or draft horse, for the carriage horses of thel citizen, and even for the fast driven roadster, or racer, when not driven to exhaustive work, these will be found valuable. The foal itself should be learned to eat roots as quickly as possible,! and if the mare takes kindly to them it will not be a difficult matter fori the foal to learn to eat them. As to the other food of the young colt orj filly, oats alone with grass or hay, according to the season, should 1x1 allowed. In the Winter, half oats and half corn may be given with beihl efit, unless the young things are intended for racing or trotting, and arij kept in warm. stables ; then Indian corn would not be desirable, as too hea^H^ under the circumstances. For the ordinary farm team, or other horses of slow work, Indian conj may be the main dependence in Winter, in connection with good liaji especially so if a few roots can be allowed as a portion of the dailjl provender. For fast working horses, sound oats and hay will be tli(| ^' THE HORSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND OROOM. 137 principal dopendonce, but in the Winter we have always given one-third of the weight of tho daily grain ration in Indian corn, uud we have always thought, with decided benefit. m. When to Feed. The importance of strict regularity in feeding is underestimated by nine-teuths of the ordinary feeders, and by fully one-half of the stable- iiieii having the care of well bred horses. The horso, for whatever pur- pose ho is used, if actively employed, should not get less than throe feeds ii day, besides the hay he eats during the night. All fast working horses should have four feeds a day. The hours of feeding are of prime im- portance. These should be, as closely as possible, at six in the morning, at noon, and at six at night, except at those pressing seasons of extra labor, when the morning feed may be an hour earlier and the evening i feed an hour later. In this case, however, nose-bags should be carried to the field, or they should be turned to the wagon at 10 A. M. and at 4 IP. M. to take one-third their usual allowance, as given morning and evening, which meals, as a rule, should be rather more than the noonday feed. When corn is the main dependence as feed these lunches should [be of oats, and if bruised so much the better. Fust working horses should receive their food four times a day, at six iin the morning, at ten, at two, and at nine at night. Carriage horses Ishould be fed the same number of times, the first feed being at six, and llhe last after their real work for the day is done, tay at nine at night, Uince simply going to some place of amusement at eleven o'clock or llater can hardly be called work. The mid-morning and afternoon meals jwill depend upon the hours at which they are generally used, nine A. M. land 1 P. M. being the usual times for feeding. IV. Watering. ' .' Watering and the water used is of fully as much importance as the Ifeeding. A horse is particular as to the water he drinks, but yet may be accustomed to any water without detriment if it be fit for human use. The water of large lakes, rivers and running brooks is best and in the order named. That of ponds without outlet or inlet the worst ; in fact pond water should never be used ; well water is altogether bettw and may |)e given without fear, when used constantly, but as with man, the horse ccustomed to lake or river water, which is always partially soft, should |)e given well water, when necessity requires, with care and only in small ijuantities, the change being gradually made. Water should always be 138 l^^<:^i..'A\y ILLCSTRATKD 8T0CK DOCTOR. av 1 '■ 1/ - .1'';' I" >■ , Hi '=1 = ; offered before feeding, and never given in large drafts immediately after feeding ; two to four quarts may be given with benefit immediately after dry feed, to properly njoisten the stomach, and it may be freely given in two or three hours after fegding. When driving, water should be offered, especially in hot weather, at every stop, but only a few quarts should be taken at a time, for a heated horse, like a heated man, will take more than is good for him. Upon stopping, wash the horse's mouth with a I sponge soaked in water, and lot him swallow each time two or three light sips, just enough to moisten the throat, and upon starting give him four to six quarts each as the occasion seems to demand. Under no circum- stances allow a heated horse to drink heartily. Farm teams and slow draft horses, at ordinary labor, may be allowed what they will naturally drink, but when heated the same rule must be observed as with hard driven horses. With these simple rules kept in view any intelligent owner I or driver may keep his team fresh and without danger. V. Kinds and Quantities of Food to be Oiven. We have already spoken of the proper food to be given under ordinarj' circumstances ; they are sound, whole grain, and bright, clean hay. Cer- tain classes of horses, as omnibus horses, stage horses, car horses, and the draft horses of large mercantile firms in cities, are generally fed I ground feed and cut hay. When the hours of feeding and rest maybe estimated with accuracy, this is on the whole as conducive to the health of the animal as may be, when the economy of such feeding is considered, especially when we remember that in large cities a regular veterinary 8ur-[ geon is employed, who visits the stables regularly to look after the well- being of the horses, and also where the sujierintendents and foremen are supposed to be experts. On the farm, and in the stables of road-driving horsemen, and where I carriage horses are kept, cut feed may very ))roperly and economicalljl form from one-third to one-half of the daily food given. When only onej feed is given it should be in the morning ; when two are given, therl should be the morning and evening feeds- As to the quantity to be given, no definite rule can be I'lid <^ horse must have a quantity fully sufficient to keep •• •"' work. Hard working horses may, if regularly fed, wii.. hay they will eat clean, and in this case there is no be. r judg' iiantlKJ animal itself, except in the case of ravenous gluttons, so met ics founij among horses as in the bi'Tian family. Elaborate rules hav» l)een \M down by theorists, including a per cent, of grain according to the mm of the animal. In practice they will not work, since the labor, conditioil THE lIOnSE, HOW TO FEED, WATER AND OROOM. 180 of thu aiuiiinl, tomperature of tho suason, and uf stables must bo .^nsid' iTod. In th« large cinnibuH stables whore all tho work is to be got out of horses that they can endure, from ton to fourteen pounds of cut hay niT (lav are given, with froni eighteen to twenty pounds of corn meal. Mix into provender, and on it they will go from eighteen to twenty miles each day. With this about three pounds of salt may bo allowed each inoiitli. Some stable men do not feed more than one pound, arguing that u liirsrc (luantity produces profuse staling ; others feed up to four. In times of extra severe labor the cornmeal is increased by about three pounds. It would be better if the three pounds of meal where omitted and one extra feed of six quarts of whole oats be substituted, and given ilailv. The average livery horse may be kept in good condition on twelve pounds of hay and eight pounds of cornmeal daily, to be given at twu feeds with the addition of six quarts of oats at noon, eight pounds of hay to bo fed cut, with the meal, and Tour pounds from the manger. This same feed would do for ordinary farm horses at usual work, or if tho grain is fed whole, five quarts of shelled corn, or its equivalent in ears, and six quarts of oats, w'tu what hay will be eaten should keep tho ani- mal in working condition. VI. How to Prepare the Food. In preparing chopped feed, half the hay to be used, or clean, bright* long straw cut into about three-quarters to one inch lengths, should be put into the mixing trough half an hour before it is to be mixed, and thoroughly moistened. On this throw the meal, mill-feed, or whatever articiie is to be used, and moisten it. Then cover with suflBcient hay to make the mess for the desired number of horses, weighing both hay and meal. Let it stand until feeding time, when the whole should be worked over and over until thoroughly mixed. If salt is given with the mess, put in the required quantity for each horse, from one-quarter to half an ounce per horse each feed. Many stablemen mix the mess half a day in advance, but this we do not like. Horses, like men, like their food sh. An iron box is best for mixing, and it should be thoroughly ■lemied after each meal. VII. How to Make Mashes, Oruel and Hay-tea. i The ordinary sweet mash, as usually made, is to take four quarts ol good bran, moisten it gradually with hot water, and then mix with what boiling ^\ • r will bring it up to the proper consistency for eating, cover- ing it wi I cloth and feeding either warm if the animal will eat it so, T40 , («■,*< ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. or else cold. What salt will lie on a quarter dollar may or may not be mixed with it. A better mash, especially for dry fed horses, is to boil two quarts of oats and a pint of linseed, for each horse, for about three hours, and then mix with it suflScient bran to bring it to a proper consistency. Cover with a cloth and feed cold. Such a mash given once a week, if the horses are on average feed, w Ul keep their bowels in condition. If off their feed, add a little suit and a half pint of molasses. Gruel is one of the best posoible things for a beaten out horse. Stir gradually in a gallon of w„ter, a pint or a quart of oat-meal, or half flour and half corn-nieul, according as the horse likes it thick or thin, and fill up the pail with cold water. If the horse hesitates about drinking it, give him first a mouthful of water. If he be very tired a quart of sound ale will do him good, but under no circumstances, when exhausted, should he be given a feed either of grain or hay. If the horse will take nothing else, turn down a bottle of sound ale, rub him until dry and refreshed, and then feed. Hay tea is also a good stimulant. To make it — fill a bucket three- quarters full of bright, clean hay, pour over it enough boiling water to fill the pail, and cover tight, to keep in the steam. Press the hay down occasionally, let it stand fifteen minutes, turn off, and add water enough to make a bucket three-quarters full. Give to the horse when the liqui is cool enough to drink. . • I- ;- .J i I') ■■: ,i .«.?_■> tiA -.. I : r; , 1. : VnL The Value of Hay and Straw. II f In the feeding of horses the principal use of hay is to distend the stomach. For this reason lean horses, and those just off the pasture on coarse feed, require more than those which are regularly stabled and groomed. The change to grain must not be too sudden, else indigestion is apt to set in. Once a horse is used to full rations of grain, if oats are used, or corn meal and bran, he may get along daily with from six to eight pounds of hay a day. The hay, however, must be of the verr best, bright, clean and free from dust. There is no economy in feeding bad hay. It is the cause of heaves, broken wind and other diseases produced by indigestion. Good clean straw is altogether better than poor hay. Straw is altogether the best material for bedding, and should always be used when it can be had. In the West it is plenty, and yet not one fanner in ten uses it for bedding in sufficient quantity or renews ikt often enough. THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. DL Feeding Grain. u% The most economical way of feeding grain on the farm is in its whole state. Oats and corn should be shaken in a sieve with a mesh so small that it will not go through, all dust and light matter blown uway, and all stones, bits of iron or wire, carefully picked out. It will pay the farm- er to do tliis as well as any other stable man. In feeding corn allow one-half the measure of shelled corn that would be deemed sufficient of oats, since corn weighs ffbout double that of oats. If com in the ear is ted, one-third more by measure heaped should be allowed than when shelled ^^rain is used. In other words the stable must use seventy pounds of ear corn when fifty-six of shelled corn would be given, or 112 pounds of oats. Some horses eat their grain better for being moistened. If so, moisten it, but as a rule we like to feed whole grain dry, since the horse is obliged to orind it better to get it in condition for swallowing. Horses with bad teeth always bolt their food whole. All such horses, and also aged ones, should be fed cut hay and ground feed, , X. stable Care and Training. ' ' ' The importance of steadiness and care in the management of the stable and in the cleaning of horses cannot be over-estimated. A brutal stable- man, or one which a horse fears, should be immediately discharged. There is indeed now and then a horse that requires to be kept in terror. These of course are exceptions. The competent stable-man should use nt'ither fear nor brutality. Not half the so-called strappers (cleaners) arc tit to be about a horse. Many stable-men imagine the curry comb is an instiniment for cleaning the legs and body of the horse. It is an instrument for cleaning the brush and for loosening the scurf on the fleshy — not bony — parts of the body. In using the curry comb, do so lightly, carrying it in circles rather than in straight lines. Use a wisp of hay for rubbing the dust from the legs, and a corn cob for the fetlocks, finishing with the brush. In brushing, do so thoroughly, with firm, long strokes, where possible, being careful in working about the head and bony parts. Clean the brush often by passing it over the teeth of the curry comb. When the scurf and dust are thoroughly cleaned out, go over the horse with a damp ^visp of hay, and finish with dry cloths, being particular to get any particles of dirt out of the fetlocks, the ears, about the head, next the tail, below the thighs, under the jaws, and between the fore-legs. A horee 142 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. thus cleaned, whether he belongs to the farm or the city stable will not occasion shame on the part of the owner. It is a question among horsemen, whether when a team comes in wet and muddy at night, it is proper to wash them. We have never found advantage in so doing. Clothe them warmly, bandage the legs loosely, and when dry, clean them, at least so far as removing the dirt, and getting up a glow at the surface is concerned. Thus handled, horses will seldom be found liable to surfeit, scratches, grease, and other diseases induced by checking the natural perspiration. >T„;»ii.i XI. The Time to Clean. . Clean when the horse is dirty. Always once a day when the horse is kept in the stable. Horses that run in the fields in Summer, or in the shed yard in Winter require no cleaning. Nature provides a natural scurf that defends them from the changes of the weather. Before work horses are littered down for the night they should be again thoroughly cleaned if necessary. As, for instance, if the animal has been on the road or in the field ; it is important and will lighten the morning cleaning, apart from real necessity of the ci'.sc. Whenever the horse comes into the stable from the plow or wagon, for the day, he should be thoroughly cleaned when dry enough, and if sweat- ing or otherwise wet should be thoroughly scraped at once. The scraper is a thin, flexible piece of wood ; a section of barrel hoop makes a good one. In any event a horse once in the stable, clean him thoroughly, un- less he be taken out again after being "baited." If he remain in the stable long enough for the operation, clean him especially as to the limbs, and if there is time, as to the body. It may seem like a good deal of work, but it will pay. ,,-., , .,. .. , . - .-^ •, . <■ ."i "" '" xn. Care of the Feet. 11 ii The feet are half the horse, in fact a horse with bad feet, is as near a worthless animal us possible. Attention to the feet is therefore of the first importance. In this connection fehoeing is to be attended to. Know that the blacksmith understands his business. There are as many igno- rant botch-workmen in cities as in the country. The horse's foot should be a study, and every horseman should understand the anatomy of the foot ; this will be given in its proper place. How to care for the feet is in place here. When the horse is brought in from work, each foot should be lifted, cleaned, and examined with the picker to see that no gravel or other hard substance has found lodgment between the shoe and hoof, or THE HORSE, HOW TO SHELTER. 143 lable will not about the frog. Examine the frog to see that no substance is wedged therein, and that no nail or other sharp object has pierced the sole. If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and dry, fill them with a mixture of cow-dung and clay, or with oakum saturated with tar and petroleum. Watch' them for contraction of the hoof, caused by allowing the shoe to remain on too long, or from bad shoeing. If the frog gets torn and rag- tred, cut the ragged edges but leave the frog intact. If the hoof be found pierced with a nail, and you are not perfectly sure you have pulled out every bit, cut it out at whatever labor it may be to you, or pain to the animal. Then dress the wound with a pledget of tow saturated with tar. If the hoofs are inclined to be hard and brittle, oil them occasionally, or let the horse stand, say for an hour or two, or for a half day on Sunday, ill a box of soft clay and cow-manure, coming pretty well up the hoofs. Thus by the exercise of care and judgment you may keep the feet, what they ought to be, the better part of the horse. xm. Blanketing— When n'ecossary. A blanket is always necessary when the horse is standing in the stable in Winter. A light sheet is about as necessary in Summer, during fly time. A blanket should always be thrown over the horse in cold weather, or even in the cool weather of Spring and Autumn, when standing after being driven. A horse should always be blanketed Avhen standing in a draft, or in the rain, using a cloth or rubber blanket as the case may be. In blanketing a horse, see that the blanket is sufficiently large to cover the animal from the neck to the tail, see also that the breast flaps are sufficient to protect this sensitive part, and that the blanket is large enough to cover the sides and flank fully. If not, do not buy it at any price. Buy a blanket for each horse, and having them use them when necessary, buckling them on so they will stay. Very many stable-men have a number of blankets for each horse ; this is well enough if they can afford it, but one blanket to each horse, with enough in reserve so a dry blanket may be had as occasion requires, and with a good siircingle to each blanket, is all that is really necessary. •\ ■^ Xrv. Proper Tools for the Stable. The tools necessary for cleaning a horse properly may be very few or many. As a rule any horse may be properly cleaned with a scraper, a curry comb, a brush, a sponge, a comb, a wisp of sti-aw, and a rubbing cloth. Horse pails both for washing the horse and for watering are in- t*) any stable but never use one tat the other. These should 144 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 'i^^K 1 1 mM^ 99I rJ>H>it|C ;, !' , i.: be of oak, half an inch thick, and with strong iron bails, and to hold fourteen quarts. The set of cleaning tools should be provided for every two horses. Every stable should have two manure forks, one of steel and one of wood, splint broom, a scoop shovel, and a wheel-barrow. With these any stable may be kept clean, and if the eye of the master is kept on the help, the horses will not suffer for want of care. And these essen- tials to a stable, and the treatment suggested, are urged on the score of economy. They pay. We also urge them from humane considerations, and those of neatness and system. In all respects kindness and attention to a horse ore both satisfactory and remunerative. vofr »• ' ' . . ■■-.(,. .-i' ■■.'<■' I ' t> ■}«> <:j'.>| :-,rb'i .n\1 .''•' . (ittlM^J*!! noti W ■» f^ni nyjt nniH .lity, •T.'i., .■iv)i-| j'l. . ■>!{.» >m l*)^f!. uf KV'ii ''•> ^ i;/!'.!)' .ui;^-5 ■'(||^"'ia< ■•■ m. mm , '.--vi»Mv.M> ii'UiWIf : f" ' .ys!' J./ Y'^lfl .>-. f;v> 'Willi "\ » ;(#;h:vp ((■iTAKi:**' ).».«> ?' ' CHAPTER IX. BBNXFITS OF KIND AND OABEFUL TBEATMENT. I. ABVSIRa A FAITHFUI. SIRYANT. n. WHAT ABB BARBARITniS. HI. A nOTURB VROM LIFE. IV. THB OTHBR 8IDB. V. A GOOD FABMBR'S SURROUNOIMOS. VI. FAIUfBR UNTHRIFT'S BABM. VII. HIS BOMB. Vin. THB CABBFCL MAM'S THBOBf. IZ. OSIHQ THB MBANS WB HA\'B.^^X, AM U)FAIJJBI.B BULB. L Aboiing a Faithftil Semmt. The horse is the most useful servant of man, as he is one of the most noble of animals. He is fortunate if he falls into the hands of a kind and considerate master. Fully one-half of the horses used in civilized countries are driven by persons brutal in ^heir temper and instincts, who, coming into possession cf a horse suffering from disability, infiicted hy some former owner, or perhaps reduced in value by age, are sold for a song, and thereafter the poor tortured brutes wear out a most miserable existence, until at length they drop in their tracks, literally driven to death. This picture is not overdrawn. Go into any of our cities, and on to many of the farms of the land, and see animals in every stage of incurable disorders. On farms horses disabled for city use in the posseSK lion of some renter, whose only aim seems to be to see how soon and on how little food he can wear out the miserable animal. Contrast theso With the horses that are carefully fed and cared for, and by actual count the result will be surprising even to a veterinarian. As a rule, the horses of the better class of farmers fare the best. They are not pampered, it is true, neither are they overdriven or overworked. If they remain on the farm, they are capable of full work until they are 145 146 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. twenty years old. How many arrive at this age ? Not one in fifty. The most of them die under seven years of age. n. What Are Barbarities. Their name is legion. It is barbarous to overload or overdrive an- unals ; to giva them iuisufHciciit food and water ; to allow them to stiuid i/U! * 1' s ■ J M' '.i ''. hr TUK TKAK or THK CUUKL AND IMHKOVIUBNT MA8TBK, AND THK USUAL SUKKOUNUINGS day after day uncleaned and in filth, denying them even the poor boon of cleaning themselves ; to work them during the progress of spavin or ring- bone, navicular disease, with corns, gravel, or other painful ailments of I THE HORSE, KIND TREATMENT. 147 the foot ; to let them Htand shivering in the cold, or in apolugiea for sta- bles, in inclement weather without blankets ; to drive them in the mud and mire and neglect to clean them ; to ride them under torturing sad- dles, or to drive them in galling collars and harness ; to use badly fitting THETKAH OK THE KIND AND CARBFUL MA8TKK, AND THE NATURAL 8UKROUNOIN08. or torturing bit«, and then jerk their tender mouths because their agony will not allow them to carry their heads directly in line or go straight ahead ; to ride or drive through deep mud at a pace which quickly ex- hausts the animal, and then beat with a loaded whip, because they flag, or s[)ur them until their sides are a gore of blood i to keep the poor ■^ ^ 4 % 1 148 nXUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. !'• creutures in terror, from fear of the whip, and then beat with renewed vigor because the innocent brute docs not comprehend what the muster i-eally does not know himself ; to give the faithful servant over to the tender mercies of some man who calls himself a blacksmith, who either pricks him with a nail, pares down the hoof and the frog to the quick, and then because the poor animal cringes, holds back or perhaps stum< bles, beats him for it. Such are a few of the more common of the cruelties inflicted, and which may be seen day by day by any who will notice. A man cannot pass along the streets in any large city, on any day, without seeing some of these things. The observing man need not travel far in the country to see some such picture aa we present of the farmer \vho believes in letting his stock shift for themlllves when not at work, and is careful not to over-feed when they struggle with the plow or wagon. m. A Pioture from Lift. '^1 i\ m But, say some readers, the picture on page 146 is a fancy sketch. Not at all. It is drawn from life. The superannuated, rat-tailed horse, with one ear gone, blind, spavined, ill kept and ill fed ; the mule, still more rat-tailed than the horse, intact only as to his ears, the broken-down fence, the edge of the marshy pond, serving as a wallowing place for hogs, and as a watering place for the family and stock ; the dilapidated stable ; the log cabin — all are true to life.' There is but one redeeming feature in the whole scene : the wife begging that a little land may be left in front of the house unplowed. Will it be granted? Not so. The ragged edged plow will cut as close to the corner of the cabin aj possible, and then bear off in a cu'cle in the near distance beyond. Land is too valuable to spare any next the house, but the weeds and dilapidated fence tell a tale of plenty of land beyond. If the traveler chose he might learn the cause of all this. A history made in the comer grocery of the village, over the broken bridge. Contrast this with the companion picture we give on page 147, aod which tells a very different tale. IV. The Other Side. I. ■^ It is of the farmer who is well-to-do by his own tact and energy, H» team is trained to almost human intelligence. Strong, able horses, whose dams wex'e kindly worked and carefully fed. When foals they were earlv taught to take their oats. In Winter they were carefully housed, their training commencing within a few days of their birth ; broken in at two XIIE IIOK8E, KIND TUEATMENT. 149 years old, worked gently, and ut three past given full liberty again until four. They are now six years old, trained to go without iiues, a gray and a bay ; well bred ; weighing 1250 each ; capable of going a mile in four minutes to the farm wagon. How much think you they are worth? Let us whisper it ; |8()0 has been refused. A foolish farmer is h© not, to keep so much money in a/arm team? Perhaps not. He asks $1200, and he will get it. He has fulHlled the conditions we have given as to breeding, feeding, watering, care, shelter, breaking and training. They have lacked for nothing ho could give them, and in turn refuse nothing they may be able to do for him. V. A Oood Farmer's Surroundings. jjjk The surroundings of a man in any condition in life, whether he be rich or poor, are an index to his character. The animus of all men is to make money, but some possess in connection, a love of the beautiful. Without method in labor no man can be successful. The farmer who has method, and an eye for the beautiful, and only comfortably well off, perhaps, will show his barn yards and surroundings something like the following illus- tration : , THB BARN OF 1HE PROVIDENT MASTER. His oarns are tight and ample, and filled to the ridge-pole with fodder I llis yards are protected with shelter-belts and wind-breaks, his pastures and meadows ample and luxuriant, and his crops well tilled and heavy. Inside his barns will be found a place for everything and everything in jits place. VI. Farmer ITnthrift's Bam. On the other hand we give a view of the barn of the improvident master. IHis well, simply a hole in the ground where the drainage of the yard may jenter, the roof of the hovel rent and torn, the delapidated doors propped 10 160 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ! If up with rally, the weather-boards fallen or fulling off, and the whole thini: shaky, like the master's mind. Fine stock, fait, and well groomed, huvi come out of hovels of bams ; thev were made warm and comfoi'table. It is not the most expensive structure* that always contain the best stock, but in the end the better barn will bt built. We have never seen good slock issue from such a barn as we have shown, and it only needs to show the house the farmer lives in, with its brush heap, its line of ragged clothes, the ragged, dirty children, and generally dilapidated appearance, to complete the pictorial stoiyol general unthrift ER UNinRIFT'S BARN. 'V vn. Farmer Unthrift's Home. FARMER UMTHRIFT'8 BOHK. Such a man will raise his colts from spavined and broken down marw.l they will shif^/ for themselves upon scanty pasture in Summer, and intbtj brush in Winter. He believes in hardening his stock, and he does il;l hardens them into "runts," not worth a month's keeping. They ani literally broken to work, broken in body and temper with cruel blom;! they are halter-broken too, the halter is a rope knotted about the mil like the poor old horse shown on next page, tied outside the barn fortbel benefit of the fresh air it may get ; a starved out skeleton horse, contem-I plating the skeleton of a barn. Even in such a barn there are capahiliti»l that may be utilized for comfort. It may be reshingled, and newclsf-j boarded, and the doors hung on their hinges. It may even be patch« up so as not to leak, and be banked up to keep out the cold. But willit| TlIE IIORRR, HOW TO SHELTER. be? Hardly 1 The picture of the old house, the wreck of a horse, the old rope around the neck, the rotten barn, all tell of more money spent at the dram-shop than for the maintenance and comfort of the family or the well-being of the stock. TUB B tRN OV THK CKURI. MASTER. A MODKL HALTBR ON A MODKL COLT. VIII. The CareAU Han's Theory. As an accompaniment to this we give an illustration of a well-kept I rult in a model halter for unbroken horses. By slipping both ends of the chill strap through the ring of the tying rope, it is a hatter for a well broken horse. The man who possesses such stock and fixtures may not I he rich ; probably is not, but he is a careful, thinking, reading, method- lical man, who believes in doing everything well. He uses no cruel [hridles, gives his colts no excuse for getting cast in their halters. His Iharness seldom galls the team, and when it does, it is remedied at the Urst indication. However dirty his team goes into the stable, it always comes out clean and blooming ; not only this, such a master never finally Reaves his team for the night, after a hard day's labor, until it is dry, well !;rooired, well littered down, and in every way comfortable for the night. Ill the morning his team are always ready for the field or road ; and powever eager or spirited they may be, will travel along together, either Miead of or behind the master, and looking like the picture that we here rive on following page — a lordly team, that only could belong to a kind fnd considerate master. They are not too many. The cruel, or shiftless, or drunken masters Ire plenty enough. The farm stock of many get barely enough to eat, Ind that in an irregular and improvident kind of way. They never pull lery heavy loads, the master has not many to haul, and he believ* s in 162 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. skim plowing. When he comes homo, he "runs them into the barn," such as it is ; or they take the yard for it, and in the morning very closelv resemble the pi(;ture on the left • TKAM or THE KIND MA8TBB. TIAM OF TBI OBUBL MABTMR. A "humped up/' hungry, thirsty pair of servants to a cruel, becaufi<> improvident master. Such a man may not be cruel in the sense of beating. He may W I really a kind-hearted man, a good neighbor,*^' thoroughly honest, as th« world goes," he may even be a good Christian man, or think soaij least. Ho is cruel nevertheless. More cruel perhaps than the brute whu belabors his beasts and then repents. Cruel in his improvidence, in bij | neglect of his farm and his stock. BIS DOOR-.TABD OATB. IH6 riKLD-QATK Is it any wonder that in the morning the team should bo found in tk yard, waiting for their breakfast. The wonder is that there should ht\ anything, either in the house or out for either man or beast to breakfast ( If to neglect we add a cruel or brutal disposition, the animals of tk I farm are to be pitied, and the household likewise pitied, and prayed for. This chapter is pictorial, and not pailicularly given to practical infor- mation on the care of horses. It is a chapter of contrasts, and givenj deliberately, as indicating far more eloquently than mere words can, tbtj difference between careful and kind treatment of stock, and cruel orl TRB HOR8B, KIND TREATMRNT. 163 neglectful treatment. It is, in fact, the story of thrift and uiithrift. Wo expect few whom it might beneHt will see it. The unthrifty uiun whom wo have depicted, seldom sees books, and we might alntoHt say, never buys one. Those however who do, may perform good mlHsionnry work among the class w have represented, by showing them how (|uickly thrift will follow good intentions, religiously kept, backed up by honest industry, guided by careful judgment, and accompanied by a will to iierf(>rm. It will repair houses and barns, build gates and fenceH, culti- vate smiling fields, rear and train good stock, lift the mortgage off the farm, educate the growing family, and bring comfort and happiness to a once cheerless and suffering family. ^ ' IX. Using the Means We Have. # In the foregoing, it is not to be understood that expensive appearances are necessary for training a horse, neither is it to be understood that costly buildings are necessary. We have stated more than once that any farm unimal may be kept in the most comfortable manner, in a structure made of poles and buy, an^we will add, kept in as good health a.s in ex- pensive stables. The reason is that the master who uses care in making a simple structure warm and comfortable has humanity to start with, and gcncrivUy gives his own personal care and supervision, Avhilo in costly stables the animals are usually left to the care of men hired for the pur< j pose. The owner, often, from the pressure of other business pursuits, being uniiblo to do more than to drive a favorite animal or team. In l)crhiips u majority of cases he knows little or nothing of how a horse should be cared for, and of course nothing as to the fitness of those I whom he pays for doing the work. The object of this work is to present in a condensed form the best prac- [tices, founded upon common sense, and the experience of superior stockmen in the care of animals. A study of these pages will enable any person to acquire a good idea of the simplest and best means for arriving at a correct knowledge of how animals should be bred, raised, fed, trained, land cared for. He may thus understand how to do the work himself, or, tin case he be a man of business, or wealth and leisure, he may quickly know whether the help he relies on are doing their duty, not only in feed- ling and cleaning, in exercising and the general care of the animals under Ithem, but also know at a glance, whether the animals are treated with Ithe kindness and consideration that dumb brutes, but faithful servants, ■deserve from man. The closest and most constant attention to these points Iwill abundantly pay every farmer, and every wise farmer will be certain to Ibestow such care. #' * y ir>4 ) ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. X An InfUlible Bule. We have known a brutal stable-man to flog a horse in the most terrible manner, simply to get rid of his own ugliness, as he expressed it, while at ordinary times he petted and made moch of the animal. Such an ani. mill will be frantic at the s'ght of a whip held in a threatening manner. Animals that are in the habit of being struck with the pitchfork, or bcinv ki'-ked and cuffed, will wiitch carefully the stable-man, and show by their nervousness in the stable what they are expecting, while of the master they will show no sign of fear. Stable-men are often cunning creatures ; they will have soothing words to quiet the animal in ithe presence of the iiiiister. miWf have always held that the horse should be spoken to firmly but quifl|, and always have an inherent suspicion that a team exhibiting signs of rear at times, nvhere we always hear the keeper speaking to them in soothing tones, ai-e bbused in secret. No sane man would practice such treatment to his own stock, and no man who is obliged to leave valuable an'mals in the care of servantjs should fail to know that they are doing their duty. It is not enough that th';i stable-men feed the regular rations, that they clean and exercise prop. ei.y. It should be made important that in all their intercourse with the animals under their care, they be not unduly punished, nor in any utber respect abused. I, ■ ', -Vlv?, ■. M( \ - 'iUTi'. "', '.n.- «.■'. r CHAPTER X. HOW TO BUT. I. HOW TO OKT COHRECT INFORMATION. II. THB BUYER HFST KNOW WHAT BR WANTS. III. PROPOKTION8 OF THK HORSE. IV. THB CLBVBLAND BAY FOR PROFIT. V. THK LIOHT HARNESS II0R8B. VI. SADDLE HORSB8 OF ALL GUTS. VII. TIIR IllOIt- BRED HUNTINO HORSE. VIM. RACINQ HORSES. IX. WHAT THK RACER SHOULD BK. X. TO AVOID VICES AND DEFECTS— HOW TO DBTBOT. XI. OTHER FAULTS AND IMPERFECTIONS. I. How to Oet Correct Information. Every horse owner sooner or later becomes a judge of what he is buy- ing. If he depends entirely upon the lessons learned through cheats that are practiced upon him by sharp jockeys, life is too short for him ever to hcconie nil adept in distinguishing vice, unsoundness, "dosed up" and used up horses as among the various tricks and swindles practiced upon the ignorant and unwary. Generally after being cheated, or al aluteiy swindled a few times, the breeder goes to the only correct source of information, concisely written and carefully illustrated books. He is thus enabled not only to study, but subsequently to caiTy in his mind what he has read and seen ; he comes to compare critically the living animal with the illustrations and descriptions, and thu.s becomes an expert himself, and in a hundredth part of the time by which he could acquire t'orrect information in any other way. This is precisely the means used hy any prof<.'.ssional man in the accjuisition of true knowledge in the pursuit (»f his profcs.sion, whether it be in a learned profe.ssion or in the education to practical art. Thereafter practice makes perfect. n. The Buyer Must Know What he Wants. Suppose he is looking for stock from which to breed trotting horses. He must then consider the type of horse he wishes to breed ; whether for 155 hit 156 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. speed alone, or fur style and speed. That is, first class road horses, o^ large, strong, able horses, combining in as great a degi'ee as may be large size, strength, endurance and such style as may be conformable with this class of horses. iKi V ^i :?it| , i 1 I 1 hf ■ » 1 " 1 r ' *- ■ , '' '<■ W'l " i i ■=' 1 1 \ 1 i i j 1 ! 1 1 As showing what may be done in colts got by breeding up out of roomy mares of fair style, bred to high class trotting stallions, we give three cuts of stallions, certainly good enough for sires, and as models of what such horses should i>e. The first showing eminent breeding, with THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 167 style enough : rather straight on his fetlocks, according to the idea of iniiny good horsemen, but with length enough, from our standpoint, to .rive flexibility. A horse compact and smooth, with excellent "flat and sinewy limbs, good f«^et, ample chest, good lungs, fine eye, broad fore- bead, and strong jaws. The head not the ideal of modern " blood horseinon," but nevertheless showing docility aii«i intelligence in a high degree. Sho>^TUg also high breeding in every part. m 158 ILLUSTBATES STOCK DOCTOR. is; f The cut on page 167 is of a horse of great style and endurance, fine all over. A horse that will go with his head well up ; limbs exceedingly tine, made rather light, but with plenty of tail, as a horae should have ; evidently showing Morgan blood, dashod with Bell Founder and other thorough blood. Between th© two, for real and intrinsic merit., the first shccM be taken. There is plenty of stylo about him, and strength. Thoip is also a luidv of fine character on limbs of jrreat power. Such will be found accept- able and sought after always hy gentlouicn wanting a single horso, or i pair for driving oa the road, or for driving in the city park -ways ir thi THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 159 ce, fiue all cceedingly uld have; iind other X K i >; I < 111" :M he tiiken. also !i hddv |)Uiid aicept- horse, or a afteriioou. Either of the two will make capital and stylish saddle horses, if well trained, such as no gentleman of ordinary weight or any lady need be ashamed of when taking the afternoon trot or canter on the fashionable boulevards (ir park-drives of our largo cities, or on the streets or roadings of cities having no parks. The first the best horse, the sec- ond the most stylish. • The third cut we give is that of a horse of large size and strong build, adapted for drawing as a single horse for the coupe, or one of a team to the family carriage ; as one of a pair for a coach or barouche ; 'one that will give satisfaction almost anywhere, if not driven over eight miles an iiour, and capable as well of hauling loads on good roads, at a fast walking pace. A horse of this stamp, sixteen to sixteen and a half hands high, not particularly heavy set, rather long-limbed, with i'angy neck and good lieau, with plenty of spirit, and weighing about 1200 pounds, may be called a general utility horse. Such will coR;:nand ready sale at any time, if well broken and trained, say at from |2vlO to $300 each, and if particularly nice and well matched, ofU-n at $800 or $900 the pair, as carriage horses when five or six years old. m. Proportions of the Hone. rSOPORTIONfl or TUB VABI0D8 rABT8. To arrive at a clear understanding of the proportions of the horse, we give uu outline that will be a good study, not only for the be^nner, but i/-l? f\ 7' ■; Jf 160 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. will be valuable for roforciu'e for any horseman, however expert he may be. This illustrution coiiihines the average measurements of six horsen, accepted for perfect symmetry, and taiieii, says Mr. J. H. Walsh (Stone- henge) — one of the most grapliio and lucid of English writers on the horse — two of them from celebrated stallions, two from thorough-bred hunters, and two from chargers of great value. This, therefore, will not apply to draft horses, but it will be found that the nearer the general utility horse comes to these measurements, the better he will be. ; • • ' , • Inobrs. Height 63 Length from shoulder-point to quarter 60 From the lowest part of the chest to the ground 36 From the elbow-point to the ground 88 From the withers to thu pole, Ju8t behind the ears, in u straight lint 30 , llie same measured along the crest 32 length of head 22 Width across the forehead 9 1-2 From the withers to the hip 22 From the stifle to the point oi the hock, in the attitude shown in the plan 29 From the root of the tail to the stifltsjoint 26 From the point of the hocic to the ground 22 1-2 Length ot arm from the elbow to the pisiform bone (the rear bone oi those forming the upper articulation of theltnee) 101-2 From the pisiform bone to the ground 19 1-2 Girth varies trnm 78 to 79 Circumference of fore-cannon bone (largo uietacarpel or shank bone, oxtind- Ing fi-om the knee to the fetlock) 7 1-2, 8, 8, 8, 8 1-2 and 9 Circumference of arm Just below the elbow ltil-2toI8 The foregoing is not to be taken as a fixed rule in comparing ordinary horses, nor even those well-bred. Eclipse, for instance, nuiy be given as a most wonderful horse, diff<'ring in many material respects from these measurements. 1I<' was three inches taller at the withers, atul yet higher in the croup 'lian at the withers. His linid was *«' in every respect ; tall, lengthy, capaciou!i in i>ody, higher behind than b<>fore, his wH-k and back long, the loin roached, his limbs would by some be (ailed long, iwi they were stroajr with large joints, but fine ; his quarters stmiffht. rnqmuce and extended; thighs long and mtiscular ; shoulders only niodenitrfy oblique, and of fair depth ; his knees and hocks broad and well formed : head .-mall, aixl as will be observed from its great breadth of forehead, Ar:!b-like. <)» the whole it would probably be difficult to improve the proportion*' of Eclipse, simply as a weight-carrying racer. For the hunting field, the tine saddle horse, or any of the uses to which practical men put their W)rsefc^ aside from flat racing, select as many of the superior points ■ ' THE ItORSR, WOW TO BUY. 161 E(!lipse as you can find, but leave out the low withers and high croup. The horse that will come to the standard that we have given iu the dia- , hut not showing the high knee action conHid- tred stylish with ull two-wheeled turn-outs. 3 » X > r m a c X VI. Saddle Horses of all Gkiits. It liaa always scuniod a pity that farmers sons have not taken mor'V kindly to the saddle than American youths du. It is well enough f Di- ll IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I ,50 ,56 1121 1112.5 IIIIIM 1^ itf III 2.0 lllll 1.8 1.25 III 1.4 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 Q- 166 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ! a rw^ 4: ' f f-#'l^ (■'^> men of mature age to favor the buggy or light wagon, but every young i)ian and woman raised in the country should he; taught to sit a horse per- fectly, and to manage him at all gaits. In the iSouth this it> the case, but in the North the perfect saddle-seated rider is rarely found. Lately, thoroughly trained saddle horses are much sought after in our cities, and oertainly there is no place Avhere they may be so perfectly trained us in There is one m thorough-bred ra that is valuable ii bone, siaeAV and 1 on the race cours there always will t)y all breeders o: tions rules of th( lived up to. If d animus of the tu improving the b weight, and with high speed. Th( end of a quarter Englishman woul The model rac hands high, full backed, round iu THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 167 the West. Every respectable farmer should have at least one well trained saddle horse to sell when called for. Twelve months training will put them in form. For good wear-artd-tear, compact, able as a (rood leaper, of fine form, and undoubted bottom for any distance, the illustration, page 165, will give an idea of what such a saddle horse should be. VII. The High-bred Hunting Horse. ^ < When a long stride, great leaping powers, and ability to go long distances at high speed is requir^^d, the horse should be not less than one-half to three-quarters bred. A greater proportion even is favored in the South, where the passion for hunting is only second to that in Eii'Hand. The illustration of a horse of extra good action as given on jjage 166 , will be seen to combine size, indicating capacity for carrying iireat weight ; high breeding, as shown in the crest and head ; wonderful luno-s ; great length of hip and limbs, and being near perfection as possi- ble ; a high caste horse that will not fail his rider in time of need. j-i. viJx. Booing Horses. There is one more class of saddle horses wortay of special notice : the tliorough-bred racing horse, the foundation upon which has been built all that is valuable in every horse where speed, bottom, elegance, and great hone, sinew and muscle in every respect are required. It is the fact that on the race course there have been schemes and tricks practiced, probably there always will be those scandalous in the extreme, but frowned upon l)y all breeders of respectability. Among the more respectable associa- tions rules of the most stringent character have been drawn, and fairly lived up to. If dishonest jockeying can be still further eliminated the true animus of the turf may have a bright future before it in still farther improving the breed of staunch thorough-breds, capable of carrying weight, and with bottom to get the rider two, three and four miles at high speed. These are what are really wanted, and not those that at the end of a quarter or a half mile are entirely blown and jaded, or as an Englishman would express it, quite "pumped out." IX. What the Racer Should Be; The model racing horse should be from fifteen and a half to sixteen hands high, full and muscular in his build, with clean, sound limbs, short backed, round in the barrel, with long hips, deep and oblique shoulders, ■^■\. 168 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. i^ >f^ •m a rangy and not too muscular neck ; a head fine, bony and with rathei large muzzle and prominent nostrils, broad in the forehead, with a full, bright, but mild eye, denoting a high nervous temperament, uniting great courage witli docility. The accompanying illustration will give h correct idea of a horse of great speed, high courage and lasting powers of endurance. leg than on the animal a man c( the latter, since 1 3. — Kicking, - if approached in sometimes from their ears more c tention. Examii marks of their h( propensity when 4. — Pulling a close yard, Avith i about half an hoi 5. — Crib-biti> the central inciso able him to get stump, or at a I tieing in his sight 6. — Balking j when they do, th denly when unde: ticult to detect, months all right, exhibited by bad respectable ownei if a person stran THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. . 16fl Z. To Avoid Vices and Defects— How to Detect. Thev are legion, and he who at present buys any horse, whether for speed or work, must be on his guard against them. Among the prin- cipal disabilities to be guarded against are : 1. — Bone spavin, curb, ring-bone and splints. — To detect these look at the horse from before and behind, for spavin and curb at the lioc'ks ; for ring-bone, at the fetlocks ; and for splints, below the knee. Feel the bones at all these parts for tenderness or enlargement. If they appear, reject the horse instantly. He will be worthless as a sire, or for riding or driving. 2. — Stumbling. — Examine the knees to find if they are scarred, or show the marks of previous injuries, or that have been operated upon for callosities. Then walk him over somewhat rough ground, and at a slow pace, with an entirely loose rein, to see if he trips or goes weaker on one leg than on the other. If he is a stumbler, he is the most dangerous animal a man can own, unless it be a kicker ; in fact, more so than the latter, since kicking may be guarded against, when knowing the vice. 3. — Kicking. — If this is suspected, the animal will lay back his ears if approached in an apparently careless manner, though horses do this sometimes from mere playfulness. If they are vicious, they will lay their ears more completely back, and the eyes will also denote their in- tention. Examine the stall where it is known they have stood for marks of their hoofs, and above all, give the animal a chance to show his propensity when the groom is not near. .■^.. .'■■■■, ■ 4. — Pulling at the halter or bridle when tied. — Tie him up in a close yard, with a halter he can easily break, leaving him quite alone for about half an hour, to exhibit his propensity if he will. 5. — Crib-biting. — If the horse is a confirmed crib-biter, his teeth — the central incisors — will show wear where he has gi-asped objects to en- able him to get leverage to perform the operation. Tie him out to a stump, or at a post about three feet high, and watch him, no person beinjr in his siffht. 6. — Balking and backing. — Horses seldom balk under the saddle ; when they do, they are dangerous in the extreme, often stopping sud- denly when under motion, or backing into dangerous places. It is liif- ticult to detect, for they Avill sometimes go days, weeks and even months all right, a.id then suddenly show the vice. As a rule, it is exhibited by bad tempered, badly trained horses. A warrant from a respectable owner is the best guarantee. It may sometimes be detected, if a person strange to the horse mounts and attempts to start him sud- :i f %'t4{i 170 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. denly. In harness it may often be detected by the manner in which the animal starts and travels. 7. — The Rogue. — The rogue is the horse of vices ; he may take the bit in his mouth and run away, he will rear, back, kick, strike, bite, and do twenty other unpleasant tricks, not always from pure vice, but often from exhuberance of spirits, or from being crossed in some way. They gen- erally perform well enough after they have found out that their rider is their master. They are difficult to detect in their vices, except by the thorough horseman, who is well versed in every expression and act of the horse. 8. — Bishoped Teeth. — So named from the scoundrel who invented tiling an old horse's teeth to make him look young, even to burning and blackening the cups formed. A careful study of the chart of the horse's teeth, given in this book, will enable any person to detect this, since it is impossible to cover the shrinking of the gums, by which the teeth show narrow, and are peculiar in shape. Jt. — Weak Eyes. — Whatever the occasion, have nothing to do with a horse with bad eyes. Bring the animal from a rather dark stable just in- side the door where the full ligh may strike the eyes. Examine the lids and pupils carefully, to see if there is any considerable shrinking ; the eye should be able to bear the full light. Horses are sometimes near- sighted, and also far sighted. Nearly all shying horses become so either from defect in vision or from cowardice. 10. — Moon Eyes. — ^This is a specific ophthalmy, from which one or both eyes periodically change color, and during the paroxysm it may be- come entirely blind. During the interval the eyes look natural. It is better, if the buyer suspects this, to take a warranty against it. 11. — Blindness. — ^This is sometimes difficult to detect by the ordinary observer by looking at the eyes. In rare cases the eyes may seem natural. A blind horse, however, may be detected by his mode of progression. As an example we give an illustration showing the mode of progreseioii of a totally blind horse. XI. Other Faults and Imperfections. The disabilities noticed in the pre\'ious sections are those of positive unsoundness, or else of determined vice. Some others that should not be overlooked, are easily discovered by careful examination and test. These are : 1. Glass Eye. — This, if not complicated >vith specific disease, does not interfere with sight in any respect. It is a serious defect, simply so far as looks are concerned. Usually only one eye has thi^ peculiar white THE HOKSE, HOW TO liVY. 171 cl&HBy appearance, the pupil perfect, and the iris (juite natural. It should affect the price of the ajiinial, only a.s detracting from elegance. TDK MODE IN WHICH A HORSE PKOGRK8SK8 WHEN BLIND. 2. White Spot. — Sometimes a small white spot will appear on th«i eye of a young horse, generally after thret- years of age, and usually near the outer corner. It has a peculiar cloudy app' arance, sometimes increasing to the size of a hemp seed, and occasionall) lai'ger. The du- ration is variable, sometimes lasting for years, and again disappearing in a short time. It really impairs the vision but little, if any. Unless its history is known a veterinary surgeon should decide whether it is incipient cataract or not. Some veterinarians have termed it spurious cataract, but this is entirely a misnomer. The name white spot describes it perfectly. 3. Roaring. — This is the result of obstruction in some part of the larynx or trachea, impeding the breath, and causing a peculiar roaring sound when the animal is in motjon. It is rarely found in the tTnited States, being chiefly confined to draft horses. It is often the result of chronic cough. In England it is quite common, and when present in a horse of fast work, will render him worthless for the road. It may be discovered by urging the horse to a fast gait. 4. Oblique Tail, or Wry Tail. — This is caused by contraction of the muscles of the tail ovt one side. It may sometimes be improved by a surgical operation, and shonld be considered a serious defect in any horse, and especially so in a driving horse. «^' 172 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 5. Turning the Toe of the Hoof out or in Unduly, Sand Cradks, Quarter Cracks, Dish Hoofs, Over-reaching, Interfering, etc., are ull to be looked for before finally buyiiig a horse. They are all disabili- ties that should not- be present where the purchaser pays full price for the animal. They are, however, all so apparent that the purchaser in to blame if he fails to see them. (). Wolf Teeth. — These rudimentary teeth, which are found in some horses but not in marcs, and which have been supposed by ignorant persons to produce blindness, and other diseases, are entirely harmless, except for the abrasion they sometimes occasion to the tongue and cheeks. If they do so they are easily taken out by any sensible blacksmith. In fact it is quite well to extract them, not that they will produce serious disease, but simply because they are not of any value, are useless to the animal, and may occasion slight inconvenience. 7. Shying. — This is one of the most dangerous habits a horse can have, whether it be occasioned by cowardice — seldom the case ; injudi- cious punishment — more common ; or from defective eyesight, or from all these combined. If you are so unfortunate as to have a shying horse endeavor to break him of the vice by allowing him to examine objects of which he is afraid, by speaking soothingly to him, but never by whipping or spurring him. When he shows a disposition to shy turn his head to rather than from the objetit. Stop him ; let him approach the object and touch it with liis nose, for soon he will approach it himself. If simply caused by nervousness, he may thus be cured. If caused by being short sighted there is no means of relief. Before you buy a horse be certain that he has not this infirmity, as dangerous a one as it is disagi'eeable. Such an animal is only fit to be driven by the side of another horse who wil. keep him to his work, and upon which he at length will come to depend, or of being driven as a wheeler in a team of four horses. CHAPTER XI. HOW TO BUY, CONTINUED. BTTTING CHBAP HORSES. TI. COLOR, IN RKLATION TO VALCK. • FAST-WALKING HORSES. V. WHAT A HORSE SHOULD BE. UNSOUNDNESS. VII. ILLUSTRATION OF FORM AND SYMMETRY. in. ACTION. IV. ■VI. WHAT CONSTITUTES VIII. THE BODY AND LIMBS. IX. THE BODY A8 STANDING FACING YOU. X. FRONT VIEW OF FORE-QUAR- TERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. XI. THE HIND-QUARTERS. XII. THE VIEW FROM BBHJND. XIII. WHAT NOT TO BUY. XIV. BUYING FOR BLOOD. I. Buying Cheap Horses. In the preceding chapter on this important subject we have endeavored to shoAV some of the principal points to be considered in buying a horse, especially those relating to the use for which they are intended. Tlicre is one rule that will always apply in buying any horse. Never buy him because he is offered at a price evidently far below his worth, that is, except it be from a friend that you can trust, who does not want the horse himself, and wishes to do you a favor. These cases will be found very rare. In every other case rest assured the horse has some danger- ous vice, or is permanently unsound. In this country never buy a horse at any price which has any appearance of broken knees by falling. Hunting horses are too rare here for one to have gotten the hurt in the field, and, accidentally, by being put at a barrier beyond his power. Reject a horse with any weakness in his eyesight, unless you have xiae for a bhnd horse, then buy him at a blind horse's price. A one-eyed horse may do useful, but not elegant work. Never buy a lame horse at any price, until you are assured that the disability is not permanent. Foot lameness, except it may be from a slight coru, and consequently 173 .-^'.■;^iifJ-.-_ikn:i''ri,J'-..-'^i'ci4i^iS^ 174 IlihUSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOK. curable, should bo an insuporiible bar to purchase. You can never patch up a bad foot. Therefore be sure you always try the intended purchase on a hard road. Many game horses, dead lame on hard roads, will get along without much Hinching on soft roads, or the turf. If you are certain as to the cause of the lameness and know you can cure it, the purchase, as a speculation, may do ; but never rely on the assurance of the horse dealer. Jt is his business to sell. Never buy a narrow chested horse for hard service. It shows weak lungs and those liable to inflammation. If for saddle, avoid a very broad chested horse, though as trotters they arc sometimes fast. The best iiml most perfect chest is a medium between the narrow and broad chest. A^ftifked up washy looking horse should be avoided. They may indeed do for light work or short drives, but are totally unfit for real work. In buying avoid all defects in the wind ; be sure the disability has not been temporarily covered up, by special means known to horse dealers. A whistler or roarer may show no indication of his infirmity at a slow pace, or up to a certain speed. Beyond that it is ajoparent. Broken wind is an incurable infirmity and probably as distressing to the horse its the asthma is to man. A horse may make more or less noise and yet not have broken wind. Any indication of this, however, is to be looked on with suspicion. In buying a horse his points of excellence and infirmity are better shown if only in fair working condition than when very fat. A horse very fat is pretty nearly a useless creature until his condition has been brought down to that of l)nne, sinew and muscle, with just sufficient fat to lubricate, so to speak, the working parts. Yet a horse for slow draft may be serviceable and cany far more flesh and fat than one used for fast work. Many superior horses have been ruined by hard driving when fat, or soft. '< I n. Color in Relation to Value. It is a saying as trite as it is old that any color is good in a good horse. Yet a horse, however good otherwise, should be invariably rejected if his color is bad. For instance, it would essentially mark both an ignorant and vulgar person who would select a piebald, spotted, or otherwise extraordinary color for a carriage horse. It would savor of the circu.s or show ring. As saddle horses for gentlemen, self-colors are the best, and those dis- tinct. A star in the forehead and two white feet behind give character. A snip in the face, if large, is objectionable. Four white stockings more so. Bay, brown and dark chestnut are the preferable colors. If the TIIK MUK8K, MOW TO lUY, 170 horse is oxccptioimhly stylish, black und dapplo gray arc good colorb. vould he harmonious, and yet distinct colors. So would be a chestnut and u lirowii : a cream with white nianeand tail, and a chestnut with dark mane ;iiid tail would show u marked contrast, and yet bo elegant ; so would l)e crciun-colored horses so marked. A pure white and a jet black would be tlic most marked contrast jjossible, and not for a moment admissil)ie, cxicjtt both were faultless in form and style of going. Here in fact is where the line, art lies in teams of two distinct colors : Whatever the. mixinatfh in color, the team should be as near alike in form and car- riaije as possible. IIL Action. There are really but two styles of action : low, sraoorth, safe action, and high-stepping, showy action. The latter of little account except for j)ariide and showing off on the road in connection with lino style. A liigh-stepping dolt is as unsafe as he is ungainly. The action that is slow and safe, and fast and safe, if combined in an aninud is invaluable. A horse with really good action moves all his limbs evenly, and brings his hind legs well under him at every movement. Some horses with round action in front — paddlers they are called — are often staunch and sure-footed, but this is in spite of this action, not in consequence of it. Horses that straddle behind are often exceedinjrlv fast trotters. Yet neither of these movements are what would be sought, either in a fine saddle horse or in a good harness horse. IV. Fast-walking Horses. We have before stated that a perfect and fast walking gait was not only indispensable to every horse, but the most valuable gait a horse could have for every day use. Yet w^e seldom see a horse that will walk four and a half or five miles an hour, even when urged and in regular 1- i-'d-4 time, nodding his head harmoniously in cadence. If a purchaser gets such a horse, or one that will do four miles under the saddle with- 176 ILLIIRTKATKU STOCK DOCTOR. \ I m'- J! U i d ■:.--r^ ' out Htuinblinfj, syiuffliiijr, droppiiifr the Htcp or ln-ciikinfr, 1>e Hun' you have a good one at spocd, if Ik* Iiih sptu-cl, for many {jrcat walk«'r» juie i^ broad chested that they cuunot trot fast, and in galloping they will r*Al. 3 r. Yet occasionally a horse will be found good at all gaits. When so, it L» tHa? result of exceptionably good form and careful training. He who can m trm a horse, may get a long price for his trouble and skill. We have hi horse, and hav sfiDiild be su] riiitlioriticrt, W( nructure of tl (otiforniation. "The point.- indeed the wh( inritors all tin Tlicrcforc, to (il'li(|iicly set, ,il)ovo. The u Itroad, Hat and not roinid, witi and oblique, bi wt'iikiieSH ; tlio jri'iKTally larjjfe hrliould be short Ahich ought to and for a horse great speed and deep from the ti whicli is i-alled these parts gives neck and settinc the animal, but k-nce, with an : animal cannot b; one to manajre. above from the 1 so set on that wl ^ow, and brinjrs tub; house, how to buv. 177 V. What a Horse flhouldBe. We have been very miiuite in Htutln;^ th(( points of perfection in a horse, iiiui have lu'en particular in urj^inj; tliiit thr luiigM, limbs and feot .ifiDuld be 8uper-exo(!llont. In addition, and as from one of the best aiitliorlti(!s, we quote from the hito H, W. Ilorber-t, upon the physicial .4ruc'ture of the liorse, before illustratinj; physical perfection and perfect conformation. Mr. Herbert .says : "The points of the i)hysical structure of a horse on which the most, nulccd tlie whole of his utility depends, are his legs. Without his loco- iiKitors all the rest, however beautiful it may be, is nothiuj;? worth. Tlicrcfon', to these we look tirst. The fore-shoukUu- should be lonjjf, {ilili(lU(ly set, with a considernblo slope, high in the withers and thin ;ih()vc. The upper arm should be very long and nniscular, the knee liroiul, tlat and bony, the shank, or camion bone, as short as may be, flat, not round, Avith clean, firm sinews ; the pastern joints modenitely long iind oidique, but not too much so, as the excess produces springiness and \v(iikiu!ss ; the hoofs firm, erect or deej), as opposed to flat, and the feet irciicrally large and round. In the hind-legs the (jmirters should be liir«i;e, powerful, broad when looked at in profile, and scjuare and solid from behind. The hams should be sickle-shaped, not straight, and well ft down, so as to bring the hocks well toward the ground. The hocks should be large and bony, straight, not angular and convexly curved in licir i)osteri()r outlines ; the shanks, corresponding to the cannon bones, short and flat, and the hind feet similar in form to the front. The back should be short above, from the point of the withers and shoulder-blade, which ought to run well back to the croup. The barrel should bo round, iirid for a horse in which strength and quickness are looked to more than jrrpiit speed and stride, closely ribbed up. A horse can scarcely be too deep from the tij) of his shoulder to the intersection of his fore-log — which is called the heart-place — or too wide in the chest, as room in these parts gives free play to the most important vitals. The form of the neck and settinj; on of the head are essential not onlv to the beauty of the animal, but to the facility and pleasure of riding or driving him; ^ence, with an ill-shaped, short, stubborn neck, or ill set on head, the animal cannot by any possibility be a pleasant-mouthed horse, or an easy one to mauaere. The neck should lie moderately lonir, convexly arched above from the shoulders to the crest, thin where it joins the head, and so set on that when yielding to the bit it forms a semi-circle, like a bended ^'ow, and brings the chin downward and inward until it nearly touches the chest. Horses so made are always manageable to the hand. The converse of this neck, which is concave above and stuck out at the 178 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. windpipe like a cock's wuttle, is the worst possible form ; and horses so made almost invariably throw up their heads at a pull, and ^he most excep- tionable of brutes, regular Mav-gazers. The head should be rather small, bony, not beefy, in the jowl ; broad between the eyes, and rather concave, or what is called basin-faced, than Roman-nosed, between the eyes and nostrils. The ears should be iine, small and pointed ; the eyes large, dear and prominent, and the nostrils Avide and woll opened. A horse so framed cannot fail, if free from physical defects, constitutional disease and vice, to be a jrood one for any purpose — -degree of strength, light- ness and speed being Aveighed in accordance with the purpose for which he is desired." •?-» 1 m VI. What Constitutes Unsoundness. I. — Spavin, whether it l)e hog spavin, blood spainn or hone spavin, when sufficiently developed to be known. 2. — Osmjication of any of the structures adjacent to any of the joints and also without doubt ossification of the lateral cartilages. .^. — Corns are considered as constituting unsoundness, but they must be discovered within a short time, say a few days of the purchase. 4. — Curbs constitute unsoundness, but they must be shown to exisit at the time of the sale. 5. — Founder or Laminitis, is unsoundness whether it produces lame- ness or not, for if it has existed the laminee will have been injured and the horse will be lame when worked. fi. — Pumiced Foot is unsoundness as evidence of laminitis. 7. — Quittor may render the horse permanently unsound. 8. — liing-bones and side-bones constitute unsoundness. 9. — A N'erved i/orse is unsound as showing the existence of disease for which the operation was performed, and also from the division of thi- nerve«, 10. — String-Halt is unsoundness. 11. — Thrush is so when severe. • 1.9. — Breaking down, even though the horse has recovered so as not to go lame. 13. —Thickening of the Back Sinews, or suspensory ligament, if known to exist, is unsoundness. 14. — Broken Wind, Tliick Wind, Whistling and Roaring are all con- sidered as constituting unsoundness, as forming impediments in breath- ing, injuring the animal for drawing or other active service. 15. — Farcy and Glanders. , v 16. — Grease and Mange. ■-%' Reuived (inse v]P»? THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 179 17. — Cough, if it lasts. A horse with a chronic cough is clearly unsound. • * < 18. — Megriems, if it can be shown that the horse has had an attack before the sale. 19. — Ophthalmia, if it occurs soon after the purchase. The evidence of a veterinary surgeon may be necessary to show the previous presence of the disease. - ■ .. 20. — Cataract, however slight, constitutes a horse unsound. 21, — Broken kness, when the Joint is injured. There are also vices for which a horse may be returned. These are : 1. — Biting, when clearly vicious. •>. — Bolting, or running away. ;i — Crib-biting. 4. — Kicking, when shown to be vicious. f).-^ Balking. . (^. '^Bearing. 7. — Shying, when habitual. 8. — Weaving in the xtable ; that is, the horse throwing his head and body from side to side with a peculiar motion. VII. Definition of Unsoucdness and Vice. unsoundness may be considered to be the existence of disease or alter- ation of structure sufficient to impair the natural usefulness of the horse. Vice may be defined as the prevalence of a habit which interferes with the natural usefulness of the horse. In unsoundness or vice, however, either must be marked, as for instance the following diseases or accidents would not constitute unsoundness : 1 — Slight bog spavin ; 2 — broken knee, when the joint is not injured ; 3 — capped hocks, or elbows ; 4 — contractions of the foot, unless the re- sult of disease, laming the horse ; 5 — curb y hocks; 6 — splints; 7 — thor- ough pin, and 8 — thrush, are not unsoundness in their incipient stage, or in a mild way. But the buyer should refuse all such except, perhaps, in the case of thrush. 9 — Cutting is not unsoundness, except the horse be lame at the time of sale, neither 10 — soreness of the joints from labor, or 11, windgalls. They are found often upon colts, but if the animal be lame reject him. When a horse is bought on warrantee, it must be written and concisely so. Do not allow verbiage to cause litigation cover the whole ground ; The following form v* 11 Reeeiveri tlnsert place and date) of Mr ^insert name) Dollars,. iJr;. 180 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. for (describe horse or mare, and pedigree of same, if any) warranted. 9ld (slate age) .sound, free from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. ■pean When filled out this might read as follows : Received, St. Louis, Mo., March 1st, 18S0, of Mr. John Doe, five hundred dollars for n bay mare by Lancer, dam Lady, warranted five years old and under six years, sound, fret from vice, and quiet to ride or drive. Richard IIok. This, with such careful examinatiou as we have advised, ous^ht to insure any })uyer against danger in case the seller is solvent. VIIL Illustrations of Form and Ssrmmetry. The head of the horse is the seat of intelligence, and to the conforma- tion of the head we must look n6t only for intelligence but docility and c6urage, or the opposite character, as we must look to the teeth for indi- cations of his age, to the nostrils as indicating his cai^acity for breathing, to the muzzle and jaw for indications of capacity and feeding, and to the eye and ear as showing fire, courage, and good temper. No man's head and face are more expressive than are these elements of a horse. Speed and bottom, which means the bone and ranscle of good breeding whatever the family of the Horse may be, is the sine qua non desired in a horse. His mission is labor, work of some kind, whether it be carrying a man on his back, or trotting to a wagon, or hauling a load through the mud. The head of the horse is, therefore, one of the first things to be looked at. The extract we have given a few pages back, from one of the most eminent writers of this country on the horse, will convey an idea of what a riding or driving horse should be. The nearer the horse, for general utility, comes to the illustrations we have given, the better be will be. The horse for heavy draft, while coarser, more stocky and heavier in his frame, should conform to the general characteristics except that he should be more upright as to his shoulders, and not so flexible as to his limbs ; then the better will he be. In fact one of the 1)est draft horses we ever owned was a three parts bred Monmouth Ecli])se, seventeen hands high, weighing 12.')0 lbs., pretty well up on legs, and those of exceeding flexibility. But when he got down to work he appeared to go close to the ground. This getting down towoi^-— this getting close to the ground with the body, so every bone and sinew may exert the greatest possible leverage, is one of the fine arts of training. It really brings the oblique shoulder of the blood horse straight in the collar a possibility few horses have the knack of attaining naturally. THE HOK8E, HOW TO BUY. 181 Explanation. — The illustrations we give on page 182 show a side and fidiil view of heads of blooded horses, that may be taken as a type of wiiiit should constitute as near perfection as may lie. Those on page 183, side iind front views of heads are bad. By comparing them with the text the reader may form a gqod idea of characteristics. Observe in the side view, page 1^2, a tine head, tapering to muzzle, the chin, the prominent n:id vet l)right, clear and soft eye, with a rather prominent brow; the shape iiiul setting on of the ears ; the strength of jaw, and at the same time its fineness ; how the head is set on to the neck, and the fine, clean, ausculiir neck as well. In the front view observe especially the width between the eyes, the eyes being in fact apparently at the side of the head, and yet looking straight forward. Observe the cheek bones, widening and strengthening the lower part of the head ; the temporal hones at the side of the eye ; and the occipital bone at the top of the head between the ears. Especially observe the nostrils and li[>s as to flexibility and size. Turn back the folds at the end of the nostril, and it will be found you can look clear into the passage, showing a moist and healthy surface, or the reverse. Let us now examine the side and front views of head on page 183. The side view at the top shows a head somewhat heavy in character, the nose and lower jaw thick to excess. Observe the peculiar formation of the nose. It is not the dish face of the first illustration, giving temper, accompanied with intelligent obedience. The eyebrows are prominent, the head broad, but the expression indicates not only fire but malice. The muzzle is that of a cruel horse, the intelligence that of self-will. The ears, although of good shape and breeding, are thrown back, ana the head is set on at too great an angle with the neck. The figure to the left shows the front view of a badh' formed head. It will be noticed that it is of nearly the same width throughout. The eyes are placed veiy different from those of the front view of good head on page 182 ; too close together, and too much in front. The expression of the eye shows a stubborn disposition ; the ears are good enough, but not held in that position of intelligent action as shown in the lower figurb ofl page 182. They are pointed too close together. The figure of the front part of a head to the right, on page 183. -hows a head not badly formed, but the general expression of the face ?hows doltishnoss, and the drooping ears, and the expression of the eyes show not only a cruel Imt a stupid disposition. The lower side view of head and neck on same page shows a head indi eating a horse that will not only be wild sometimes, but sulky ; a self willed, obstinate brute, deficient in intelligence. The profile is curved, giving a Roman nose ; the eyebrows are raised, giving the eye a wild 182 'LLUSTRATRD STOCK DOCTOB. sa>u AND FRONT VIEW OF BEADS— GOOD. {See ExplatMtion), THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 183 SIDE AND FRONT VIKW OF HKAD!4 — BAD. (See E.rplanntion), I ill !■ h 'h :h'- i ] 184 ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR. expression, and with the linn jaw, a stubborn character. Following the subject still farther, wo may tiiid all the gradations of character, including the exhibition of nervous timidity, fear, idiocy, and even insanity ; for that there are horses subject to aberration, from mere hallucination to actual insanity, there is no doubt. The latter the most dangerous trait in a horse, since neither caresses nor punishment can cure. L'.k i(fe BIDB VIEW OF FORK-QUARTERS, SHOWING A GOOD SHOULDER. {See Explanation.) U f IX. The Body and Limbs. Explanation. — Followinjr up the subject on pages 184, 186, and 187, we present side views, showing good and bad fore-quarters. The above heiivj THE HOK8E, HOW TO BUY. 186 first illustration shows as near perfection as may be in the shoulder for staunch qualities, good action and a fast walk. The neck muscular, but without superfluous flesh, but with plenty of substance where it joins the shoulder ; the shoulder oblique and deep ; the shoulder-blade high, help- in*' to give stability to the withers ; the breast prominent, but tapering Jowu to where the legs come out of the body ; the arm long, muscular, and yet tapering; the joints large, but yet firm and compact; the fet- locks of fair length and yet flexible ; and the hoofs of good size, round, of good depth, tough and sound. An animal possessing the conformation as shown, will indicate a hoi;se good for any purpose where speed and long continued powers of endurance are required. While the illus- trations we give are perfect of their kind, and more valuable than any written description alone can be, yet the living animal must be studied, not only at rest, but in motion. The harness horse, however, need not have !«o oblique a shoulder as we have shown. In fact, few horses, even of the best class, do. So the trotting gait, combining speed with high action and grand style might be considered vile in a saddle horse. In fact, the saddle horse should have a springy yet smooth motion, and except for show on the road, tliis will be found to be l)est for fast and easy work in harness. In practice much of this is often sacriticed, in pleasure horses, for the sake of mere style. The breeding of such horses is a fine art, often a costly one : yet those which fail in the style and action necessary to command the highest price ns road and saddle horses, will be found to amply repay the breeding for the general purposes of the farm and for the road. Explanation. — On page 186 are illustrations showing, the upper one, to the left, a straight shoulder, a heavy chest, and legs placed too far under. The arm seems longer than it is because it lacks muscularity ; the shanks, while not i)ositively weak, do not show due strength near the knee and pasterns, and are not as strong as they should be. The upper figure, to the right, shows a shoulder as bad as the prece- ding one, and also weak legs and pasterns, the length from hoof to joint above beinjir too j^reat. The left hand figure at bottom of same page, shows a shoulder fairly well placed, but with the legs set too much under, and the pasterns too straight. Such a conformation will give the horse the appearance of standing on the toes. The lower figure to the right, shows what old age, hard work, abuse, or all combined, may bring any animal to, that originally may have been not only well bred, but of fair quality throughout. Watch for such limbs in buying, and avoid them. " *' 186 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ; i:1 i('>'>f; has: SIDK VIEW OF FORE-QUARTERS, SHOWING BAD CONFORMATION. (See Explanation). THE HOR8E, HOW TO BUY. 187 %..... li* i > FRONT VIEW, SHOWING BRKAST AND LIMBS— GOOD. (See ExptanaiUm), 1lll •u :*(! A. ILLIJMTKATKD STOCK UOCTOK. The Body aa Standing Facing Tou. The body of the horne viewed in front should present an oval shape, squared off from the uriii or elbow joint in front to the point of the shoulder UH on piii;e 187. The perfect contour of breast, and especially tlu' nia him weaker and Ichh manageable. The (|uat'tcrH hIiouUI he l>roud and fl<** tolerably sure-footed, if carefully managed, and not hard-driven, hut on* never to be depended upon. The next figure at right of bottom, is bad all over, weak-limbe«l, kutttV- kneed and splay-footed. A horse never to be depended upon and un- s(!rviceable in the extreme. Between these there are man}^ gradations, Avhich those who study tbesH ])age8 may profit by examining and comparing with the front vieir of » perfect shape given on page 187, and which carried fully in mind witi go a great way in enabling one to form a pretty accurate opinion in ttay- iiiir a horse. 1-^, XII. The Hind-quarters. It has been said that the fore-quarters of a horse are simply to hold him up, while the hind-quarters propel the machme. This in a sense U trtii". but a horse, however good his hind-quarters be, must not only ha%'«? tb* fore limbs good enough to hold him up, but to keep him out of the vaj of the hind feet, and at the same time assist in propelling the [}<)dy. In fact, the whole animal should be composed of parts working barrnoni- ously together, each assisting the other while doing its owu work, FRONT VIEW XUB UOK&i:, HOW TO Ut'Y. 1!)1 !- ,1 !i FRONT TIBW OF FORE-QUARTERS, SHOWING DIFFERENT BAD CONFORMATIONS. ~ i-7^''T"7- '".i^ ' W 192 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. nevertheless the hincl-quurtcrs are the propelling power, especially when under the gallop. For then the motion is comnmnicated by a succession of leaps, acting more in the nature of a balance than in walking or in GOOD HIND-QUARTERS. {See Explanation.) trotting. In order that the hind-quarters may do their work effecnvc/j. there must be a strong loin, ample and muscular (juarters, great length The figure to t the position is en The view of th quarters, full and THE HORSK, HOW TO BUY. 193 af hip, strong, dense bones, sinews like whip-cord, strong joints and flat and wide legs. .-• — .. _ In order to determine this the purchaser s!)ould observe first, looking at him from the side, whether he stands resting perpendicularly on every lef alike. The legs should not be straddled outside of their true position, neither should they be gathered together, or in horse-men's phrase, af* thouo'h he were trying to stand in a half bushel. He should stand straight, square, and distinctly on every leg. If he stands with the hind legs be- hind their true position, induce him to move his fore legs forward, to find if such a position gives him ease. Examine him as before stated for splints, damaged back sinews, ring-bones or side-bones in the fore limbs ; and in the hinder ones for bone blood or bog spavins, curbs or thorough pin, as previously described. If he stands as in the figure given on page 192, and if he is free from blemish, one may go a long way to find a better. Examine especiallj' whether the pasterns, outline of the hock joints, are nearly peri)endicular or angular, or whether they present a convex curvihnear protuberance just above the union of the shank bone. If not there will be little danger of curb, or a tendency to throw them out. If the hocks are drawn in the horse will appear cow -hocked, a malformation as serious as it is ungainly, for thus the animal will be weak. If the hind-legs are wide apart and the horse straddles in going forward, while it may not weaken his stride it is not elegant. However true it be that some fast and strong trotters straddle — as going wide is termed — this should be avoided. The illustration on page 192 will show accurately gold hiud-quarters, as those on page 194 will show bad ones. On pnge 194 the figure at the upper left side would be called fine and in every way good to the inexperienced buyer. The buttocks are round but lack character, and the legs ai*e too straight and far behind. The figure to the right is bad in every respect — goose-rumped, cat- hammed, with the legs thrown far back to equalize the strain ; the ankles also weak. The figure to the lower left on same page shows a fair quarter, but the legs are thrown too far forward, and the animal stands too straight on the pasterns. The figure to the right is really not badly formed as to the quarter, but the position is cramped and bent, and the iinjbs badly placed. XIII. The View A:om Behind. The view of the horse as seen from, behind should show good squar* quarters, full and perfectly shaped (jradlis, as those nmscles are called • v.' "■T;^T-p'w.'?Tv7,"TrT '^Trr^^'i-'Vf I 194 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Jl'^K t is,*. II eiDB vuw OF HiMD QUAaiCBs— BAD . (See Et;!lanation) , BAG The outside r Iniee, cannot wel i THE HORSE, HOW TO BUT. nt which give the peculiar swelling shape to the inside of thigh . These should be egg-shaped, or rather should swell from nea.ly a point below and them oradually decrease in size till lost to view near the rump bone. BACK VIEW OF HIND QUARTBH8 — GOOD. {See Explanation). The outside muscle of the tibia, or greiit bone of the leg above tha knee, cannot well l)e too large. The tendons connecting with the hocks i^^ir 19« ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. SW AW '■•'mw, g 'iW 1 ^JiL m ^ I.» wm 'I?' fn. i^;! 1 UAOK VIEW OF HiND-QUARTSRS— BAD. (St'o Explanation). dhoulJ be str strong and we fetlock joints. should never ^ When the i s(iu,irely, carri /rid theconfori 195. then if y< movement is si not fail you in As showinff THE HORSE, HOW TO BUY. 197 -thould be strong and well presented to view. The hocks large, firm, Htron" and well knit, but smooth and free from blemish, as should be the fetlock joints. If the horse is flat-footed he has a weak hoof, which should never go with a strong muscular horse. When the animal moves forward, observe that the feet are lifted scjuiirelv, carried straight forward, without turning or straddling. If so, ;rid the conformation is as presented in the rear view of the horse on page 195, then if you have attended minutely to the other directions, and the nioveincnt is satisfactory', you need not fear to buy the horse. He will not fail you in time of need. As showing defects, in various gradations and malformation in the hind-quarters, we refer the reader to the figures on page 196, a study of which will enable the observer to steer clear of splay-footed, pigeon-toed, how-lessred or cow-hocked brutes. XIV. What Not to Buy. Never buy a horse unbroken or half broken, unless you are thoroughly competent to train him, or else have some one to do so on whom you can depend. Never buy a horse overloaded with fat, expecting him to remain so under work. The first thing to be done with such a horse is to get him rid of the superfluous fat and water. This takes time and takes money. Besides you never can knoAV the real defects of a horse "very fat." An ox or a hog perfectly fattened, is pleasing to the eye. They are intended for riucculent joints and steaks, or for hams, l)acon, or pickled pork. A fat horse, except before the close coach of some wealthy and aged spinster or widow, is woefully out of place. Never buy a horse because he is big, unless you want him for slow and heavy draft. Light horses are for light driving. A hoi-se weighing eleven hundred is heavy enough for ordinary driving, and generally bet- ter than a heavier one. A pair of horses Aveighing twenty-four hundred jiounds is good enough for any ordinary work that comes, and heavy enough for any city teaming, except when wanted as show horses before some brewer's wagon, or as horses of slow draft on heavy trucks. Don't buy a cheap horse, expecting perfection. The two never yet 1 went together. Perfect horses are not so plenty. Indc(id they are so I scarce as to be entirely beyond the means of any except the very wealthv. They are seldom seen even among this class. In fact perfection lies only in degree. A horse may be measurably perfect for our pur))ose, and vet huite defective for others. Therefore buy a horse for what you Avant, jtmd expect to pay the honest price for what you get. Again, unless you :fi 198 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. t Ab are a judge, Ijuy of some dealer who huA a reputation to lose, and the means to back up any guarantee he may make. XV. Buying for Blood. In buying for fast work, buy blood every time, whether the work de- sired is to be trotting to the wagon or carrying the owner under tho saddle. In buying blood, as a breeder, whether stallion or mare, never fool awjiy any money on a half or three-quarters bred sire, expecting to get liigh caste horses. With a staunch thorough-bred of trotting action, you may successfully breed good trotters and workers on mures of cold blood, if they be of good size and form .nnd are roomy. But for racing do iidt expect a cold-blooded mare to bring a very fast one, however good tin size, except it may be by chance, and a rare chance at that. In breeding for any purpose select the best of the class. Staunch thorough-brcds for fast Avork ; handsome thorough-breds for show horses, For draft select from families that have been bred for generations for this work. Above all do not buy horses and mares that happen to strike your fancy, expecting to start a new b.eed. Life would be all too short. It would be far more sensible to begin where the last man left off. ^ CHAPTER XII. BACING, OB TURF HOBSEB. KAKLY HI8T0KY OP THE ENQLISH BLOOD BORBB. HOW HB WAS IMPROVKD. — THK AMERICAN BLOOD MORSB. CELBBRATBD AMERICAN HORSES. HISTORY OP THEIR PERFORMANCES. The care taken iu the breeding and training of horses for tlie chase and for racing in Great Britain, extends back, according to the best au- thority, to long before this people were convei'tett co Christianity ; in fact, to long before the Christian Era. Just when and how horses wore introduced into Great Britain is not oertoin, but it seems clear that they were well known there long before the Roman conquest, and that they bred horses not only {(fc domestic pur- poses but also for war and for racing, seems true, from words in the ancient British language, as rhediad, a race ; rheda, to run — from the Gaulish language rhedti., a chariot, showing that these words applied to the racing of horses. Hence the inference that horses came by way of Gaul, and that chariot races were anciently one of the pastimes of the people. The Romans found different vehicles in use in Britain, including the wav chariot. Youatt infers that from the cumbrous structure of the car, the hardness of the roads, and the furious manner in which the driving was done, that the ancient British horses must have been not only active, but powerful in a wonderful degree ; and he says that Ciesar thought them so valuable that many of them were carried to Rome, where they were much esteemed. After the evacuation of England by the Romans and its occupation by the Saxons, increased attention was paid to the breeding of English horses, and after the reigu of Alfred running horses were brought there 199 ^'^ I I < u : f ft ., t>l| jiil.aa44 ' m II 200 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. from Germany, yet these should not be understood as meaning racin» horses as the term is now used. They are supposed to have been light. speedy horses, adapted to the chase or for the roads, as o])posed to the heavy war horse, capable of carrying a man at arms with his armor. It does not appear that until the time of Charles I. horses were kept exclusively for racing. Yet even before Athelstan's time English horses had come to be prized on the continent, and in Athelstan's reign uianv Spanish horses were imported, showing clearly that so long ago as this the English were fully alive to the importance of the continued improve- ment of their horse stock. William the Conqueror is recorded to have used great pains in improv- ing the horse stock of the country, after the conquest of Great Britain by the Normans, through the introduction of tine horses from Normandv, Flanders and Spain, and itccording to Beal it would seem that as early as 631 people of rank distinguished themselves by often appearing on horse- back, and from which it would be natural to infer that thus early horses were kept for pleasure riding, since saddle horses are known to have been used during the Roman occupation of Britain, and cavalry horses lon^ before the Christian Era. The first Arab horse Avould seem to have been imported in the reign of Henry I., an Arab horse having, with his accoutrements, been presented by Alexander I. of Scotland, to the church of St. Andrew. In the twelfth century a race course was established in London, ut what was since called Sinithticld, and which was also a horse market. King John paid great attention to the importation of horses ; one hun- dred chosen Flemish stallions having been imported at a single time. Later it is recorded of Edward II. that he purchased thirty war horses and twelve heavy draft horses. Edward III., upon the occasion of bujnng fifty Spanish horses, made api)lieation to France and Spain for safe conduct for them, and so impor- tant was the horse stock of England considered that the exportation of stallions was forl)idden, and this prohiliition was contiimed up to and during the reign of Henry VII. In the reign of Henry VIII it was decreed that no stallion should be allowed to run at large on any Avaste or common where animals pastured. if under the height of fifteen hands, and that all foals, fillies or mares likely to breed undersized or inferior animals, should be killed and bu- ried. All the nobility, gentry and higher orders of the clergy, were compell- ed by an act to keep a number of horses proportioned to their rank, and even a country parson, whose wife was entitled to wear a French hood or velvet bonnet (no person below a certain rank being allowed to wear such RACING, OR TURF HORSES. 201 a hood) vviis obliged to keep an entire trotting stallion, under a pcnalt}' of twenty pounds sterling. So, also, it was made compulsory that every detr park and rural parish should maintain a certain number of full-sized mares and stallions. It is also interesting, as being the Hrst mention iiKuic in English history, that Henry VIII. and Charles lirandon, Duke or Suffolk, rode a race in the presence of Queen Catharine, and that in his reign the first annual races on a regular race course were instituted. H. W. Herbert, in his work. The Horse of America, thus sums up the Avhole matter in relation to the value of Oriental blood in England, in tlie time of Oliver Cromwell ; It is now pretty generally admitted that, whether liarb, Turk, Syrian, or Aral) of the desert proper, all oriental blood has had its share and influence in reinvigorating the blood. of the English thoroughbred, and tfiving to it those peculiar qualities which cause it, with justice, at this day, to be esteemed the best, comiiletest, and most perfect animal in the world. In what degree these animals have ministered to our now dominant strain, is by no means to be ascertained ; but it is to be noted that most (if the early imported foreign stallions were not Eastern Arabs. During the protectorate, Oliver Cromwell, who, though he was com- pelled by the necessity of conciliating the absurd prejudices of the Furiliuis, to forbid racing, was yet an ardent lover of the horse, and an t'.iriiest promoter and patron of all that belongs to horsemanship, pur- iliiised of Mr. Place, afterwards his stud-master, the celebrated "White Tmk" — still recorded as the most beautiful south-eastern horse ever brought into f^ngland, and the oldest to which our present strain refers. To him succeeds Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, his Helmsley Turk, and to liim Fairfax's — the same great statesman and brave soldier, who fought against Newcastle at Marstoii — Morocco Barb. And to these three horses it is that the English race-horse of the old time chiefly owes its purity of blood, if we except the royal mares, specially imported by Charles II., to which «it is — mythically, rather than justly — held that all English blood should trace. Of all su((ceeding importations, those, which are principally known and referred to, as having notoriously amended our horse — by proof of stock begotten of superior qualities, and victorious on the turf through long geiieriitions — but few are true Arabs. We have, it is true, the Darley Arabian, the Leeds .\rabian. Honey- wood's White, the Oglethorpe, the Newconie Bay Mountain, the Damascus, ('ullen's Brown, the Chestnut, the Lonsdale Bav, Combc"s (irav and Pells (iray Arabians ; but what is generally called the Godolphin Arabian, as it seems now to be the prevailing opinion — his origin not being actually ii'ii 202 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 1^ asccrtniiiod — was a Barb, not an Arab from Arabia proper. Against these, again, wc Hnd Place's White Turk, D'Arceys Turk, the Yollow Turk, Lister's, or the Straddling Turk, the Bycrly Turk, the Solahy Turk, th(! Acaster Turk ; C'urwen's Bay Barb, Coinpton's Barb, the Thoulouse Barb, Layton's Barb Mare, great-great-grandani of Miss Layton ; the Royal Mares, which were Barbs from Tangier, and nianv other Barb horses, not from the Pkstcrn desert, heading the pedigrees of our best horses. In this connection, 1 would observe that the very reasons for which tht' Marquis of Newcastle condemned tlio Markhani Arabian — vi/., that whisu rcgidarly trained he could do nothing against race-horses — on account of which condonuiation he has received a sneer or a slur from every writn- who has discussed the subject, are those which, at this very nioiupiit, prevent i)rudent breeders from having recourse to oriental blood of any- kind. They cannot run or last against the t^nglish horse. They have not the size, the bone, the muscle, the shape, if we except the beautiful head. fine neck, thin withers, long, deep md sloping shoulders, which are tho inevital)le characteristics of the race. Therefore, all men who breed with an eye to prolit, — and howsoever it might have been in the olden times of the Turf, there are few now who have not an eye to it, either n> hoping to win on the turf, or to produce salable stock — prefer to [jiit their mares to known English winning horses, proved getters of winners, of uiKjUcstioned bottom and stoutness, rather than to try stallions of tin desert blood, concerning which nothing is known beyond the attested pedigree, and the visi'.yle shapes. Farther our authority gives a list of all foreign, and the most celebrateil native stallions which were used for covering in England in ITiiO, or just 150 years ago. They are as follows : FOREIGN STALLIONS IN 1730. The Alcock Arabian, the Bloody Buttocks Arabian, the Bloody SIkiuI- dered Arabian, the Belgrade Turk, the Bethel Arabian, Lord Burlington's Barb, Croft's Egyptian horse, the Cypress Arabian, the Godolphin Ani- bian. Hall's Arabian, Johnson's Turk, Litton's Arabian, Matthew? Persian, Nottingham's Arabian, Newton's Arabian, Pigott's Turk, the Duke of Devonshire's Arabian, Greyhound, a Barb, Hampton Court grey Barb, Strickland's Arabian, Wynn's Arabian, Dodsworth, a Barb. NATIVE STALLIONS IN 1730. Aleppo, Almanzer, Astridge Ball, Bald Galloway, Bartlet's Childers. Basto, Bay Bolton, Blacklegs, Bolton Starling, Boltgn Sweepstakes. Cartouch, Chaunter, Childers, Cinnamon, Coneyskins, Councillor, Crab. Doctor, Dunkirk, Easby Snake, Fox, Foxcub, Groeme's Champion, Grey RAC.'INd, <)U TUUF lIOIiSKH. 20.T CliildcrH, Groy Crofts, Hampton Court Cliildors, Ilarloquin, Ilurtloy's Blind Ilorsn, Hip, Ilobji^obliii};, Iliittoii's liliicklogs, Ilutton's lliiiitnr, .'('wtriinip, ''ijlg. Liiinprey, Leedos, Mjirriclc Oy.stcrfoot, l*artiK;r, Uoyal, >liiitlli'r. Skipjack, Sniale's ('liildors, Sorchccis, Sciuirrcl, TIftur, Truc- liluo, Woodcock, Wyiidliatn. Tlic importation of raciiip; horsos was, without doubt, first niado to Viiicrica in Virginia and Maryland. Already had racc-coursos been I'stalilisiiod there previous to 175J}, and during the exodus from England, of llic Hovalists, to the South, it is undoubtedly true that they brought with them descendants of such horses as were covering with success in Ki)|j;laii(l. Certain it seems that quite early in the eighteenth century there were a considerable number of thoroughbred horses fn.m the most (•elol)rated English sires. That the perfect record has not couio down to us h probal)ly due to the fact that, during the Kev»)l>iti(m).ry war the records were either lost or destroyed between the sho(;k of contending armies. Spark was owned by (Jovenior Ogle, of Maryland, previous to lirad- (l(){!k's defeat, having been presented to him by Lord lialtimorc, who himself received him as a gift from the then Prince of Wales, fatliei" to (ieorge III. Spark was a most celebrated hoi'sc, and ()r()i)ably one of tile first of high distinction brought to America. Other tclel)rated horses early imported arc said to luive been, Wilkes' iiiil Hautboy mare, afterward known as Miss Colvillo. (iovernor Ogle iilso imported Queen Mab, and about 17 M) Col. Tasker bi-ought to Mary- laiul the celebrated marc Selima, the progenetrix of much of the mightie.st blood of the country. In 17.52 ho won a sweepstake of oOO jiistoles, lieating Col. Byrd's renowned Tryall, Col. Taylor's Jenny Cameron, and ;i marc owned by Col. Caujcron. Nearly about the same time, there were imported into Virginia, Iloutli's Oral), Ity old Crab, dam by Counsellor, daughter of Coneyskins, sup- posed to l)e in or about 174.'5. In 1747, Monkey, by the Lonsdale Bay Arabian, dam by Curwen's Bay Barb, daughter of the Byerly Turk and a Uoyal mare. He was twenty-two years old when imported, i)ut left pood stock. In 1748, Roger of the Vale, afterwards known as Jolly Kojxer, by Roundhead, out of a partner mare, Woodcock, Croft's Bay Hurl), Dicky Pierson, out of a Barb mare. Roundhead was by Flying Cliilders, out of Roxana, dam of Lath and Cade, by the Bald (ialloway, out of a daughter to the Acaster Turk. Woodcock was !)y Merlin, onl of a daughter of Brimmer. Dickey Pierson by the Dodsworth Barb out of the Burton Barb mare. In about 17(54, was injported Fearnought, got by Regulus out of Sil> vertail by Whitenose, grand-dam by Rattle, great grand-dam by the %. I » ■II hi El' 204 1LLU8TRATKU STOCK DOOTOK. Duii.^y Anibiun, ft his mark largely on the IiIm^]. Iiorsc of Virginia. It is said that, before lii.s time, there wai* MitUr lj»(. yond quarter racing in Virginia, that his progeny were of uiK-otnmon tigure, and first introdu(!ed the size and bottom of the Knglit^h nu'e-hoTM- into America. This must be taken, however, cum r/rcnio huUm, a* it i,i evident from what has boon stated in regard to Seliina, that four-mil^ racers were the fashion in Maryland at least fifteen yean- lieforc thaf date, and it is oidy to be understood in the case of second-rate racen, that quarter running was in vogue ut this j)eriod. These (capital horses were shortly followed by Morion's Traveller, irL.) was jjrobably got by Partner, a grandson of tin; B\-erly Turk, and grainf^ sire of King Herod, dam by the Bloody Buttocks Arabian ; grarid-ilac^ by (irey-hound, a Barb: g. grand dam by Makeless ; g, g. g, dum hv Brimmer ; g. g. g. g. dam l)y the White Turk ; g. g. g. g. g. iJam f,v Dodswortli, a liarb ; g. g. g. g. g. g. dam Laydon Barb mare. Mukeless was hy the Oglethorpe Arab out of Trumpet's dam. ^. was a pure Barb by Dodswortli out of the Layton Barb mare. Wrinimt: was by the Yellow Turk out of a royal mare. These were probably the l)ost enrly horses that were im|>orted iirtft America ; and to these, with the marcs Selima, (^ueen Mab, .leittiy Cam- eron, Kitty Fisher, Miss Colville, and a few others of alxn'it tb<' »>an» period, may be traced all, or almost all the families of rumiiiig htm*:* now existing in the United vStates, in ii greatci* or less degrw, and wifL nearly as much certainty as the English champions of the olden day nm be followed up to imi)orted Arab and Barb on both sides. This being most interesting history, we quote from The Horw of Amer- ica, to show how much the United States is indebted to the South fortlw foundati(iii of its mighty racers of the present day, and owing uwhmk- ediy to the great interest the old planters of the South and their ri^' 8<^endants have taken in field sports. The record is as follows: In Virginia, Col. John Tayloe, Messrs. Hoomes, Seidell and JobnMft; in Maryland, Govtirnors Ogle, Ridgely, Wright, Lloyd and Spri^, wlw), lis it has been remnrked, seemed by their practice to acknowledge tbt the keeping up of a racing stud was a portion of their guliematoml duty ; aud iu South Carolina, Messrs. Hampton, Washington, JAeVha- BAC'INii, Olt TIMIK MORflKH. 20« ,!■ mm, Alnton and Singleton, wori! iw early, mid liuvc continued to be uh (oiistunt and unduviuth)<; patronu of tlio Ainui-U-an turf, an have the (Ju('CiiHl>ury», Kutlandn, WyudliautH, lU'iitiiu-ki^, Fit/willianis, and otliur (iiuiilly renowned turf nuniuH, l)oun uupportcrs of this nol>lu sport on the (.1(1 Kiifilisli preoMsward. Fn»ni so early a date as that of the ante-n^volutionary cranks and (hanipions, such as Cder, Traveller, Vorick, Tryall, Ari«;l, Partner, Marc AfitoMV, Rogulus, Flaff of Truce, honors of its remotest ances- try by the i)crformance of American ra•. ir. ff. ff. ijr. dam Lavton's violet Barb marc. M0SO8 was by the Chodworth Foxhuutcr, dam by the Portland Arai)iaii, 4'r. dam, the dam of the Duke of Bridge water's Star, slu; by Kifhard's Arabian. » (rabriel was brought into Virginia, and became, like the. preceding liorscs, very famous for splendor of his get and their great performances. Ho of late to be regarded as a foreshadowing' of excellenci\ rather than a deformity. It has been worn by Eclipse, Black Maria, her brother. Shark, Boston, Argyle, and many other horses of great note. Bedford got ; .Eolus, Cup-Bearer, Fairy, Lady Bedford, Lottery, Nancy Air, Shylock and others not inferior in repute. Ou the Hist settlement in Tennessee, previous to its admission as a State into the Union, the early settlers began taking with them cxcelhwit stock from Virginia and Maryland, and the blood of Janus, Jolly Roger, Morton's Traveller, Pacolet and other worthies of the olden times, still percolates in rich luxuriance through the veins of their noble steeds. It has been always a gallant and a sporting State ; and I feel proud tiiid happy — the rather that the history of the i)lood str)ck of Tennessee and of the neighboring State of Kentmky is nearly identical — to be allowed the opportunity of i)ro8eiiting to my readers a most valuable memoir of i1 ■ n .1 pup (I; , iH'snTn."; ' ""tWiW? y T ■'''* "^ 208 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. fii^' ^^'' the blood of its best equine families, considerately and kindly compiled for me from his own memoranda of old times, and from personal recol- lection of events, even before General Jackson and his contemporaries were on the turf, by a veteran turfman and a hereditary breeder, Mr. William Williams — to Nvhom I take this occasion of tendt^ing my most grateful and respectful thanks. Race Horses at the North. Prior to the Revolution there was a course for racing, neaf New York, about the centre of the county, called Newmarket, and one at Jamaica called Beaver Pond. Js early as the year 1800 courses were established at Albany, Poughkeepsie and Harlem, New York, On these tracks purses of from one to four miles were contended for. In 1804 an organ- ization was formed extending for live years. The Newmarket course was remodeled, and regular races were held in May and October of each year, at which purses were contended for at four, three and two mile heats. Among the celebrated horses of that time, some of which have left their impress to this day, were Tippoo Sultan, Hambletoniau, Miller's Danisel and p]mpress. Among these, as worthy of es[)ccial mention, were Hambletoniau, as the progenitor of mighty trotting stock. Miller's Damsel as the dam of American Eclipse, and Ariel, whose granddam was this gray mai'e Empress, American Eclipse was the king of the Amer- ican turf of his day, and Ariel may certainly be said to have been the que(!n, since out of fifty-seven races she was forty-two times the winner, seventeen of them having l)een four mile heats. They both of them may be said to rank with the best race horses of any age or country. The pedigree of Eclipse may be summed up in the language of Frank Forrester, as follows: American Eclipse, bred by Gen. Coles of L. I., foaled 1814 ; was got In- Duroc, his dam the famed race mare Miller's Damsel, by imported ^Messenger, out of the imported PotHo.s mare ; her dam by Gimcrack., Duroc, brel by Wade Moseh', Esfj., of Powhatan county, Virginia, foaled 1809 : Avas got by imi)orted Diomed, out of Mr. Mosely's "extraordinary race mare Amanda,"" by Col, Tayloe's fanieil gray Diomed, son of impoiied Medley, Thus far Eclipse's pedigree is unquestioned ; for the bahmc^ see American Turf Register, p. ;")(), vol. 4, Of Sir Charles liunbury's Diomed, inq)orted into Virginia 17!*i», hav- ing filled the measure of his glory," nothing more need he said. Mes- senger, foaled 1788, imported about 1800 into Pennsylvania, was also ;i race hoi'se of repute at Newmarket ; he won some go(5d races, and lost but few. He was a gray, of great substance ; was got by Mambrino, a very superior stallion, his dam by Turf, son of Matchem, Regulus — Star- ling — Snap's dam. See English Stud Book, and American Eclipse's ped- igree m full, American Turf Register, p. 51, vol. 4. RACING, OR TURF HORSRS. 209 Of Ariel we find the following : Ariel's pedigree is worthy of her porfnniiances. Her own brothers — Laiioe, a year older than herself, a (listiiisruished runner that beat the famous 1'roublo, a great match — ()'Ki'llv» that beat Flying Dutchman, Miiry Randolph, and other.-, with such eclat as to bring $5,000 — and St. Leger in the great sweepstake in Baltimore, where he was so unaccountably beaten, but has since beat Terror — her own sister Angeline, and half-brother Splendid, by Duroc, that was beaten at three years old, in a produce match, by Col. .l(»hnson,s Medley — are all well known to fame. Her grandam Empress, has also been regarded one of the ujost renowned race nags and brood mares of the North. October, 1804, at four years old, she very unexpectedly beat the famous First Consul, for the Jockey Club purse, four-mile heats, at Harlem, N. Y. Thetirst race he lost. Resides combining the three valued crosses of Herod, Matchen. and Eclipse, it will l)e observed Ariel's pedigree is "richly imbued with th(> best p]nglish l)lood ;" to which she traces almost directly from Childers, Partner, Crab, Snsip, Cade, Spark, Othello, Gimcrack, Mambrino, Med- ley, Pot8os, Messenger, Baronet, Diomed, &c. ; besides deriving her de- cent from the best early importations. No other stock pi-obablv par- takes so much of the Messenger blood — no less than four crosses ; with two, not very remote, from English Eclip'^e, two from Gimcrack, two from imported Pacolet, and three from imiiorted Spark. Her color sus- tains her valuable origin — running so much into tlie Arabian l)lood. Black Maria was another of the wonderful performers of the early part of tlie century, having been bred by Charles Henry Hall, Harlem, N. Y., and foaled June 15, 18"2(). She was sired by American Eclipse, (linn Lad}^ Lightfoot by Sir Arch}', gr. dam Black Maria, b}' imported Shark ; g gr. dam the dam of \'^ing't un, by Clackfast, a half-brother lo Modhy, 1)V Gimcrack ; g. g. g. dam Burwell's Maria, by liegulus. Of lior dam. Lady Lightfoot, Frank Forrester says she was the most distinguishf^d racer of her day, having won between twenty and thirty races, the majority at four-mile heats, and never having been beaten but once, except in her old age — her eleventh year — and then by Eclipse, on the Union Course. Slie was l)red by the late Col. John Taloe of Va. and wasfoaleil at Mr. Ogle's seat, Bel-air, Md., in June, 1H12. Among the wonderful racers of forty years ago, Bost(m and Fashicm will always be remembered as the two mighty exiimples of staunch prowess and well-deserved fame. Boston was foaled in 183.'$, bred by John Wickham, Esc]., Richmond, Va. His sire was the celebrated Timoleon, out of an own sister of Tuckahoe, by Ball's Florizel ; her dam by imported Alderman, Out of a marc by imported Clackfast ; her gr. dam by Symmes' Wildair, &c. Ik ^ "T^riVi'-" - ,M' 210 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOK. 11 He was a chestnut with white hind feet and a strip in his faee, 15 1-2 hands higli, ratlier short limbed, somewhat flat sided, but of ininiciisu substance, and his back a prodigy of strength. From 1836 to 1841 he ran thirty-eight times and won thirty-live races, twenty-six of which were four mile heats and seven three mile heats. His winnings were $49,500, and his earnings as a breeding stallion in 1841, $4,200, makiii" a total of $53,700. Fashion was bred l)y WilHam Gibbons, Esq., of Madison, N. J., and was foaled April 20, 1837. Of this mare it is recorded that it would he difficult t(> sit down over the Stud Book and compile a richer pedigree than hers, and the same remark will apply to Boston. Each is descended from the most eminently distinguished racing families on the side of both sire and dam, that have iigured on the Turf for a hundred years. Fashion was got by Mr. Livingston's Imp. Trustee, out of the celebrated Bonnets o' Blue by Sir Charles, and she out of Reality — "the very best vace-horse," says Col. Johnson, "I ever saw." lleality was got hy Sir Archy, and her pedigree extends back through the in)ported horses Med- ley, Sentinel, Janus, Monkey, Silver-Eye and Spanker, to an imported Sp>,nish mare. Trustee, the sire of Fashion, was a distinguished raee- horse in Enghmd, and sold at 3 3'rs. old for 2,00(» guineas to the Duke of Cleveland, after running 3d in the race for the Derby of 101 suli- scribers. He was subse(iuently imported by Messrs. Ogden, Corbin and Stockton. Trustee was foaled in 1829, and was got by Catton out of Emma, by Whisker, and combines the blood of Hermes, Pij)ator, and Sir Peter, on his dam's side, with that of Penelope, by Trumpator, and Prunella, by Highflyer, on the side of his sire. Trustee is not a chance horse; in addition to other winners of his family, in 1835, his own brother, Mundig, won the Derby of 128 subscribers. Jn her three year old form slie won three of the races she ran and lost one, ])eing beaten by Tyler after winning the second heat. In her four year old form she ran and won three races, one at two miles, one sit three miles and one at four miles. Later, the p.* i.-i of victory rested upon horses bred west of the Alli- ghanies and south of the Ohio river. Among the celebrated ones were Lexington, got in 1851 by Boston out of Alice Carneal. Lecomi>te, bv Glencoe, out of Reel. Pryor, by Glencoe, out of Gypsy, own sister to Medoc, by American Eclipse. Still later, and within the last ten years, the laurels of soutiiern hred racers on various tracks in America and England, ai'e too well known to need ret pitulation. As showing English and American views on the speed of race horses of twenty years ago, really the palmy days of the turf, and which coii- ii - RACINO, OR TURF HORSES. Ml tiiiued up to the lata vviii", Stonohenge, from an Engli«h point of view, says : Bv an examination of the racing time-tables as recorded of late years, it will be seen that from 13 1-2 to 14 seconds per furlong is the highest rate of speed attained in any of our races, above a mile, and with 8 st. 7 lbs. carried by three-year-old horses. In 184t), Surplice and Cymba won the Derby and Oaks, each running the distance in .-hn. 48s., or ex- actlv 14 seconds per furlong. I'his rate has never since that time been reached ; the Flying Dutchman having however, nearly attained it, l)ut failin"' by two seconds — making his rate 14 seconds and one sixth per furlong. But the most extraordinary three-year-old |)erformance is that of Sir Tatton Sykes over the St. Leger Course, 1 mile, (J furlongs, and 132 yards in length, which he ran in 3 minutes and 10 seconds, or at a rate of as nearly as possible 13 1-2 seconds per furlong. With an addi- tional year and the same weight, this speed has been slightly exceeded by West Australian, even over a longer course, as at Ascot in 1854, wli'iu he defeated Kingston by a head only ; nnuiing two miles and four furlongs in 4m, and 27s., or as nearly as ])ossible at the rate of 13 1-2 seconds and one-third per furlong. This performance is the best in modern day^s, considering the weight, the age, and the distance; and it will compare very favorably with the often-quoted exploit of Childers over the Beacon Course in 1721, when, being six years old, he beat Al- maiizor and Brown Betty, carrying 1> st. 2 lbs., and doing the distance in (!ni. 40.S., or at the rate of 14 seconds and on(»-third per furlong. Thus, allowing him his year for the extra mile in the course, and for the 21bs, which he carried above the Kingston's weight, he was outdone by the latter horse at Ascot by one second per fnrlong, and likewise by West Australian at the usual allowance for his age. Again ; comparing these performances on the English Turf with the recenth' lauded exjiloits of the American horses, it will be found that there is no cause for the fear lest our antagonists in the "go-ahead" department should deprive us of our laurels. On the 2d of April, 1855, a time-match was run at New Orleans l)etween Lecointe and Lexington, both four years old, in which the hitter, who won, did the four mile>, carrying 7 st. 511)s., in 7m. 19 o-4s., or as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 seconds per furlong. This is con- sidered by the Americans the best time on record, and is undoul)tedly a creditable performance ; though when the light weight is taken into ac- (^ount, not so near our best English time as would at first sight appear. On the 14th of April, Brown Di(;k and Arrow ran three miles over the same course in 5m. 28s., or at the rate of 13 seconds and two-thirds per furlong: the former a three-year-old, carrying G st. 2 lbs., and the latter live years old, G st. 12 lbs. Thus it will appear that Kingston, of th* I'SWi^MB,? ' Ijlf .' g'.iQBI^iiiy^BfMW'.'UiU''!' .i'.'.f i'.ww"^f g|M' 1 212 ILLUSTKATED STOCK l>OC;TOi;. same age as Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 7 st. 12 lbs., ran 2 1-2 miles at a better rate than Arrow did liis .'5 miles, by ono-third of a sec- ond per furlong. And it has been shown that in the year last past, two horses exceeded the greatest iDerformanee of the olden times by a second per furlong, and beat the best American time of modern days by one- third of a second per mile. The assertion, therefore, that our present horses are degenerated in their power of staying a distance under weight, is wholly without foundation ; since I have shown that, even taking the time of the Childers' perforinanco as the true rate, of which there is some doubt, yet it has recently been beaten very considerably bv West Australian and Kingston. Many loose assertions have been made as to the rate of the horse, for one mile in the last century, but there is not the slightest reliance to be placed upon them . That any race-horse evtM- ran a miic within the minute, is an al)surd fiction : and it is out of the question to suppose that if Childers could not beat our modern horses over the Beacon Course, he could beat them a shorter distance. Stout- '>■;■ vas undoubtedly the forfe of the early race-hors(!s ; they were of s« II siz,',.very wiry and low, and could unquestionably stay a distance, an . mil race month after month, and year after year, in a way seldom imitate ■'< 'hese days : but that they could in their small conq)act forms :'i as fa :; ehort spin as our modern three-ycur-okls, is quite a fal huy ; r.i/v / . ", man of any exi)erience would admit it for a moniont. The. size a ad shape of the modern thoroughbred horse are superior ti> those of olden days, if we may judge by the portraits of them handeil down to us by Stubbs, Avho was by far the most faithful animal painter of the eighteenth century. In elegance of shape we beat the horses of that day very considerabl}^ more especially in tlie beauty of the hciul and the formation of the shoulders, which have been much attended to by breeders. In size, also, . there has been an immense stride made, tlic average height of the race-horse having been increased l)v at least a liaiiil in the last (century. This enlargement is. I believe, chieHy due to the (jodolphin Aral)ian, who was the sire of Babraham, the only horse of his time which reached Ki hands, and sire and grandsire of several wliicli were more than If) hands, much above the average height of horses ;it that time — as for instance, Feai'nought, Genius, Gower, Stallion, Infant, Denmark, Bolton, Cade, Club, Lofty, and Amphion. Indeed it will he found, by an examination of the iiorses of that time, that out of 13i> wiimers in the middle of the eighteenth century, there were only 18 of the height of 15 hands and upwards, of which 11 were by Godolphin or his sons, three descended from the Darly Arabian, two from the Byeily Turk, and two from other sources. It may therefore be assumed, witli some degree of probability, that the increase in size is in great measure RACING, OU TUltF HOliSliS. 213 due to the Godolphin, in addition to the extrn care and attention which the horse has received during the same time. Nevertheless, all the care iiud forcing in the world will not increase the size of some breeds ; and unless there was this capability of being forced, no amount of attention would have ])rought the horse to the present average, which may be placed at about 15 hands 3 inches. In relation to the comparisons of speed between English and Ainerican race horses, the /Spirit of the Times, New Yord, sums up the matter, and f^ives a list of the moat renowned racers of England and America, which we append : It will appear, on a critical examination of the subject, that iherc is not much difference in the powers of the best race-horses for more than ii century ; a period during which they have been brought, upon both sides of the Atlantic, to the present high state of perfection. Withhi the last two years have been exhibited faster running in England, by West Australian and Kingston, and in this countrj^ by Lexington and Lecomte, than was ever before known. The two last have run four miles, and four-mile heats, faster, in either case, than has been performed in Eng- liuid. " Stonchenge," who has been well endorsed in England, has shown " the absurd fiction " of "a mile within a minute;" and that there is "not the slightest reliance to be placed upon the many loose assertions" —such as the reported accounts of Childers ; and that he and Eclipse were a distance better than any other horses that have appeared, or that they " could beat any other a half-mile in four miles!" On the same authority, it appears that, in the fastest Derby, St. Leger, and Ascut cup races, as won b}"^ Surplice, the Flying Dutchman, Sir Tatton Sykcs, Don John, and West Australian, the distance varying from one mile and a half to two miles and a half, that the fastest rate, with English weights, has been a little over one miimte and forty seconds per mile. We have no authentic report that the mile has been run in England under one minute and forty-two seconds, the time of Henry Perritt at New Orleans. Nominally of the same age, three years old, and with the same weight, SI) lbs., Inheritor, at Liverpool, i"an two miles in 3.25; which is at the rate per mile of 1-42 1-2. " Stonehenge," referring to what he con- siders the best race ever run in England, states that West Australian, four yoars old, carrying the St. Leger weight, 8 st. 6 lbs. — 118 pounds — "defeated Kingston by a head only," the latter five years old, carrying !' St. — 12(5 pounds — running two and a half miles in 4.27, "or as nearly as possible, 13 1-2 .^seconds per furlong." "This performance, the best of modern days, considering the weight, the age, and the distance, will compare very favorably with the often quoted exploit of Childers, in 1721, at Newmarket, when six years old, carrying 9 st. 2 lbs. — 128 lbs. — 14 '!! 214 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. I*; if? ho did the distance, three and n half miles, in G.40, or at the rate of U sei'oiids and one-third per furk)ng." "Thus allowing Childcrs his year for the extra mile in the course, and for the two pounds which he carried above Kingston's weight, he, Childers, was outdone by Kingston at Ascot, by one second per furlong, and likewise by West Australian, at the usual allowance for his age." "Kingston, of the same age as Arrow, and carrying 9 st. instead of 6 st. 2 lbs. — 100 pounds — ran two and a half miles at a better rate than Arrow, in his race with Brown Dick, did his three miles, by one-third of a second per furlong," Bnt Arrow's was a race of three-mile heats, the second heat in 5.43 1-2, Lexington, nominally four years old, carrying lO.J pounds, ran four miles, also at New Orleans, in 7.19 3-4. or, as nearly as may be, 13 3-4 soeontls l)er furlong, at the rate, for four miles, of less than 1.50 per mile. The often quoted exploit of Eclipse, of England, was that he ran four miles, carrying 168 pounds, in eight minutes. With these data before them, it is left for others to draAV their own deductions of the relative merits of West Australian, Childers, Eclipse, and Lexington, at the distances they ran, varying from two and a half miles to four. Some among us believe that Lexington and Lecomte were about as fast and as good race-horses as have ever appeared in England. Undoubtedly they could "stay a distance" about as v/ell as any horse that has run anywhere, having run two heats, of four miles, in 7.2(5, and 7.38, and the third mile of the second heat in 1.47. It would bo difficult to institute a fair comparison between the raci'- horses of England and America, the systems of racing being st) different in the two countries. With the exception of the light weights, adopted by us for convenience, the modes and rules of our turf are nearly the same as they were in England the last century. In England, since that pei'iod, the mode of racing has been essentially changed ; licavy weigiits, even for two and three-ye;ir-()lds, at short distances, rarely beyond two and a half miles ; no longer racer, of heats ; the great events being for "baby horses," two and three-year-olds, instead of horses, as formerly. They rarely, nowadays, I'each maturity in England. Priam, Touchstone, Harkaway, and Rataplan, arc to be regarded as exceptions to a rule, Childers and Ecdipsc were not introduced upon the turf until five years old, an age at Avhich the mcst distinguished horses rarely run in these days. The elastic turf and the straighter shape of the English race-courses, better adapt them to speed than our circular "race-tracks," that arc wholly denuded of turf. Therefore a fair comparison of English and American race-horses cannot be made by time as tlic test; one, too, that is not •iveld in as high esteem in England, but is frequently disregarded. " BACINO, OR TURF HORSES. 215 Kiither a long catalogue is here presented of the best raec-horsca of Kii'fland and of this country, which might bo extended. Those now or lately upon our turf are omitted, as some doubts might be entertained of tlieir comparative merits. Of those furnished, who will agree as to the pre-eminence of any two of them ; at least, to place any six above the rest? MOST RENOWNED ENGLISH AND AMERICAN HORSES. 1715*, Childers; 1718*, Partner; 1748*, Matchem ; 1749*, Rcgulus \nd Mirza, by the Godolphin Arabian ; 1741)*, Spectator ; 1750*, Snap ; 1758*, Herod; 1764*, Eclipse, by Marske ; 1771*, Shark, by Marske ; ;^77a*, Pot8os, by Eclipse ; *, Saltram, by Eclipse ; 1777* f, Dio- luod; 1782t, Trumpator ; 1784t, Sir Peter: 1790t, Waxy; 1792t, Ilanibletonian ; 1796t, Sorcerer ; 1798t, Eleanor ; 1798t, Orville ; 1807t, Whalebone; 1816, Sultan; 1822, Camel; 1827t, Priam, by Emilius f ; ISint, Plenipotentiary, by Emiliusf ; 1831t, Touchstone ; f, Queen of Trumps; 1» Bay Middlcton ; 1> Flying Dutchmaii ; , Ilarkavvay ; 1» l^"" John; 1» Sir Tatton Sykes ; f, West Australian; , Kingston ; 1801*, Florizcl ; 1812, Potomac; 181.'^*, SirArchy; 1812, Lady Lightfoot, by Sir Archy ; 1812, Vanity, by Sir Archy; 1813, Reality, by Sir Archy; 1813*, Timoleon, by Sir Archy; 1814, Virginian, by Sir Archy ; 1815, Sir Charles, by Sir Archy ; 1820, Rertnnul, by Sir Arch}"^ ; 1801, Maid of the Oaks, by Imported Spread E;iirle; 1801, Floretta, by Imported Spread Eagle ; 1801, Postboy, by Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Oscar, by Imported Gabriel ; 1801, Hickory ; 1H0«, Duroc ; , Sir Solomon ; 1814, American Eclipse ; 1820, Flirt- ilia ; , Monsieur Tonson ; , Sally Walker; , Ariel, by Aniorican Eclipse ; Modoc, by American Eclipse ; , Fanny, by -, Ladv CI if den Doubloon, by Imported American Eclipse ; - Margrave; , Blue and Brown Dick, by Imported Margrave; 1833, Boston; 1837, Fashion; 1839, Peytona ; , Trifle, by Sir Charles ; , Andrew, by Sir Charles ; , Wagner, by Sir Charles ; , Grey Eagle. Another view of the comparative merits of race-horses that were not contemporaries is presented by time on the same course, and with the samp weight, or the relative weight for age. It has been shown lately, that on the Chai'leston Course, at three and four-milc-heats, in the races won by Nina, Ilighlnnder, Jefferson Davis, aiui-Frank Alien, nearly the same time has been made ; besides the com>- parison between that of Bertrand and Floride. *Boston'8 ancestors. tDerby and St. Leger winners. i'\ 216 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR Oil the Union Course, New York, the fastest four-mile heats were iw follows : Fashion, 5 years, 111 lbs., and Boston, 9 j'ears, 120 lbs., 7.32 1-2 —7.45, Tally-ho, 4 years, 104 lbs., and Bostona, 5 years. 111 lbs., 7.33 — 7.43. Fashion, aged, 123 lbs., and Peytona, 5 years, 117 lbs., 7.39 — 7.4.'). Eclipse, 9 years, I2k' lbs., and Henry, 4 years, 108 lbs., 7.37 1-2 —7.49. Red-Eye, 8 years, 126 lbs., and One-Eyed Joe, 6 years, 117ibs., 7J)2 —7.39. Lady Clifden, 4 years, 101 lbs., and Picton, 3 years, 00 lbs., Picton winning first heat, 7.44—7.43 1-2— 7.56 1-2. Frinoiples of Breeding. In relation to the principles and jjractice of breeding for the turf and for genei'al purposes, Stonohcnge on British Rural Sports, than whom none could be more competent to advise, and although written from an English stand-point is applicable to any country or conditions. The author, in an essay holds the following: THE PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF BREEDING FOR TUE TURF AND FOK GENERAL PURPOSES. Before proceeding to enlarge upon the practical management of the breeding stud, it will be well to ascertain what are the known laws ot generation in the higher animals. The union of the sexes is, in all the higher animals, necessary for reproduction ; the male and female each taking their respective share. The office of the male is to secrete the semen in tiie testes, and emit it into the uterus of the female, where it comes in contact with the ovun? of the female — which remains sterile without it. The female forms the ovum in the ovary, and at regular times, varyins in different animals, this descends into the uterus for the i)urpose of fructification, on receiving the stimulus and addition of the sperm-cell of the semen. The semen consists of two portions — the spermatozoa, which have an automatic power of moving from place to place, by which quality it is believed that the semen is carried to the ovum ; and the sperm-cells, which are intended to co-operate with the germ-cell of the ovum in form- ing the embryo. The ovum 'consists of the germ-cell, intended to form part of the embryo, — and the yolk, Avhich nourishes both, until the vessels of the mother take -upon themselves the task ; or, in oviparous animals, till hatching takes place, and external food is to be obtained. The ovum is I RACING, OR TDRP HORSES. 217 curried down by the contractile power of the fullopian tubes from the ovary to the uterus, and henco it does not require uutoniutic iiurticles Hkc the semen. The embryo, or young animal, is the result of the contact of the semen with the ovum, imujcdiately after which the sperm-coll of the former is absorbed into the germ-cell of the latter. Upon thi.s a ten- dency to increase or "grow" is established, and supported at first, by the nutrhBent contained in the yolk of the ovum, until the embryo has attached Itself to the walls of the uterus, from whioh it afterwards ab- Horbs its iTOurishment b}' the intervention of the placenta. As the male and female each furnish their quota to the formation of the embryo, it is reasonable to expect that each shall be represented in it, which is found to be the case in nature ; but as the food of the embryo vutircly depends upon the mother, it may be expected that the health of the offspring and its constitutional powers will be more in accordance with her state than with that of the father ; yet since the sire furnishes ouc-half of the original germ, it is not surprising that in externals and general character there is retained vl facsimile ^ to u certain extent of him. The ovum of mammalia differs from that of birds chiefly in the greater size of the yolk of the latter, because in them this body is intended to support the growth of the embryo from the time of the full formation of the egg until the period of hatching. On the other hand, in niam- niiilia the placenta conveys nourishment from the internal surface of the uterus to the embryo during the whole time which elapses between the entnincc of the ovum into the uterus and its birth. This period embraces nearly the whole of the interval between conception and liirth, and is called utero-gestation. In all the mammalia there is a periodical " heat," marked by certain disclitu'gcs in the female, and sometimes by other remarkable symptoms in the male. In the former it is accompanied in all healthy sul)jccts by the descent of an ovum or ova into the uterus ; and in both there is a strong desire for sexual intercourse, which never takes place at other times in them. The semen regains its fructifying power for some days, if it be con- tained within the walls of the uterus or vagina, but soon ceases to be fruitful if kept in any other vessel. Hence, although the latter part of the time of heat is the best for the union of the sexes, because then the ovum is ready for the contact with the semen, yet if the semen reaches the uterus first, it will still cause a fruitful impregnation, because it remains there uninjured until the descent of the ovum. The influence of the male upon the euibrvo is pai'tly dependent upon the fact that he furnishes a portion of its substance in the shape of the i •"•(■J- ■:'^ i!*;j 318 ; ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. Bperrn-^cell, but also in groat measure upon the effect axerted ujion the nervous system of the mother by him. Hence the prepoudcraiic* of one or other of the parents will, in great measure, depend U|>on th« greater or less strength of nervous system in each. No general law i.^ known by which this can be measured, nor is anything known of th« laws which regulate the temperament, bodily or mental power, color «r conformation of the resulting offspring. Acquired (pialities are transmitted, whether they belong to^c Hire or dam, and also both bodily and mental. As bad quulities af^ quitcr u easily transmitted as good ones, if not more so, it is ne y Ut taka care that in selecting a male to improve the stock he be , from l»ad points, as well as furnished with good ones. Jt is known Uy vx\H'riirtwe that the good or bad points of the progenitors of the sire or duiii are almost as likely to appear again in the offspring, as those of the iiiinie' diate parents in whom they Jire dormant. Hence, in breeding the rule u, that like produces like, or the likeness of some ancestor. The purer or less mixed the breed, the more likely it is to lie tr^nv mitted unaltered to the offspring. Hence, whichever parent w of the purest blood will be generally more re[)resented in the oflfhipriiig ; but as the male is usually more carefully selected, and of purer blood ttuiii the female, it generally follows that he exerts more influence than she do«!»; the rovex'se being the case when she is of more unmixed blood than the sire. Breeding "in-and-in" is injurious to mankind, and 1 '.lway*» l»e«n forbidden by the Divine law, as well as by most humai< 'ver». ()n the other hand, it prevails extensively in a state of nature with all jrre^ rious animals, among whom the strongest male retains his duugliterw and granddaughters until deprived of his harem by younger and ulrtm^n rivals. Hence, in those of our domestic aniniiils which are naturally jrre- garious, it is reasonable to conclude that breeding "in-and-iii" i* n«t prejudicial, because it is in conformity with tiieir natural 'umtUielM, if not carried farther by art, than nature teaches by her example. Sow, in nature we find about two consecutive ci'osses of the same blood i» the usual extent to which it is carried, as the life of the animal in the limit j and it is a remarkable fact that in practice a conclusion has liecii arriiir«l at, which exactly coincides with these natural laws. "Once in and onf« out," is the rule for breeding given by Mr. Smith in his work on tbft breeding for the turf ; but twice in will be found to be more in accord- ance Avith the practice of our most successful breeders. The influence of the first impregnation seems to extend to the mjIxw- quent ones; this has been proved by several experiments, and i» s*pie- cially marked iu the equine geuus. In the series of example* prestird ill the Museu quaggii, when tlu''(( gcncrati uikI tlicy are i When sonii ure in accordii ill siicli a kinc Imiul, when t miHttcd fCr tl Uy a carefi horses, it will the greater pa It is difficult t commence, foi sire and dam o (exception — am which is the re (ind that his s through three to page 215. ' direct a cross lyzod, the resu made up of E( that a horse jr through six oi Ilcncc, it may arc related, eit i)rooding, we n or, at the nio.si lie found that too fur, and tl liicil ju this wa KACINO, OR TURF II0R8RS. 21J) in tho Museum of the CoUogo of Hurgcoiis, tho niiirkings of the nmlo quiifrgii, when united with the ordinary nmro, ure continued cleiirly for ihrt-'o generations l)eyond tho one in whieh tho quagga was tlio uetual sire ; uiid they ure so clear as to leave tho question settled without a douht. When sonic of the elements, of which an individual sire is composed are in accordance with otliers making up those of tho dam, they coalesce in sucli a kindred way as to make what is called "a hit." On tho other lianii, when they are too incongruous, an animal is the result wholly uuliltcd fOr the task he is intended to perform. IN-AND-IN UKEEDINO. Hy a careful examination of tho pedigrees of our most remarkable horses, it will be seen that in all cases there is some in-breeding ; and in the greater part of the most successful a very considerable infusion of it. It is difficult to say what is not to be considered such, or when to make it couimence, for in all cases there is more or less relationship between tho sire and dam of every thoroughbred horse ; at least, I cannot find a single f'xcoption — and again, for instance, examining the i)edigree of Harkaway, which is the result of one of the most direct crosses in the Stud-book, wo find that his sire and dam are both descended from Eclipse and Herod through three or four strains on each side, as will bo seen by referring to page 215. The same will iipply to Ah 'in, who also is the result of as direct a cross as is often seen ; and, in I'act, whatever pedigree' is ana- lyzed, the result will be that the bulk of it in the fifth or sixth remove is niiide up of Eldipse, Herod, and Matchem, or Kegulus blood. It is not that a horse goes back to one of these stallions in one lino only, but through six or seven, and soniet les throii'/h nearly all his progenitors. IIiMiPc, it may bo fairly assumed that all tlie horses of the present day iire related, cither closely or,distantly ; but when we speak of ii'-and-in iu'ccding, we mean a nearer relationship than tiiis, such as a first cousin, or, at the most, ono in the second or third degree. But I believe it will he found that even this amount of rehitionship is desirable, if not carried too far, and that a vast number of our best modern horses have been bicU m this way. OUT-CROPPTNO. By crossing the I)lood, we understand the selection of a sire composed of wholly different blood frotn that of the dam, or as different as can be obtained of such quality as is suitable to the i)articular purpose in view. Thus, in breeding race-horses it is found that continuing in the same strain beyond two stages deteriorates tho constitutional health, iliminishes the bone, and lowers the height ; hence, it is important to avoid this evil, and another strain must be selected which shall lead to I , Pyrrhus I. 6. The Baron. 7. Orlando. 8. Ithuriel. 9. Cowl. 10. The Saddler. 11. Sweetmeat. 12. Chatham. 13. Flying Dutehmaa, 14. Sir Tuttou Sykes. 15. Chanticleer. RACTNO, OR TURF HOR8KS. CROSSED STALLIONS. 221 1. Partisan. 2. Emilius. 3. Toudistone. 4. Birdcatcher. 5. Sir Hercules, G. Voltaire. 7. Plenipotentiary. 8. Pantaloon. 9. Lan- ercost. 10. Venison. 11. Alarm. 12. Ion. 13. Harkaway. 14. Velocipede. 15. Hetman Platoff. SELECTION OF BROOD MARE. » lu choosing the brood mare, four things must be considered — first, her blood ; secondly, her frame ; tliirdly, her state of health ; and fourthly, her temper. Her blood or breeding will mainly depend upon the views of the breeder — that is to say, what particular class of colts he wishes to obtain, and according to his decision he will look out for mares of the particular kind he desires to reproduce, on the principle that "like begets like," ])ut subject to the various considerations partly alluded to in the last chapter, and partly in this and subsequent ones. In frame, the mare should bo so formed as to bo capable of carrying and well nourishing her offspring; that is, she should be what is called "roomy." There is a formation of the hips which is particularly unfit for breeding purposes, and yet which is sometimes carefully selected, be- cause it is considered elegant ; this is the level and straight hip, in which the tail is set on very high, and the end of the Imunch-bone is nearly on a level with the projectitni of the hip-bone. The opposite form is repre- sented in the skeleton given with the article "Horse," Avhich is that of a thoroughbred mare, well formed for this breeding purpose, but in other respects rather too slight. By examining her pelvis, it will be seen that the haunch-bone forms a considerable angle with the sacrum, and that, as a consequence, there is plenty of room, not only for carrying the foal, but for allowing it to pass into the world. Both of these points are important, the former evidently so, and the latter no less so on consider- ation, because if the foal is injured in the birth, either of necessity, or from ignorance or carelessness, it will often fail to recover its powers, and will remain permanently injured. The pelvis, then, should be wide and deep — that is to say, it should be large and roomy ; and there should also be a little more than the average length from the hip to the shoul- der, so as to give plenty of bed for the foal ; as well as a good depth of back-ribs, which are necessary in order to support this increased length. This gives the whole framework of the trunk of a larger proportion than is always desirable in the race-horse, which may be easily overtopped ; and hence many good runners have failed as brood mares, whilst a great number of bad runners have been dams of good race-horses. Beyond this roomy frame, necessary as the egg shell of the foal, the mare only \ ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. |: requires such a shape and make as is well adapted for the particular pm-, pose she is intended for ; or if not possessing it herself, she should belong to a family having it. If one can be obtained with these requisites in her own person, so nmcli the more likely will she be to produce race- horses ; but if not all, then it is better that she should add as many as jjossible to the needful framework, without which her office can hardly be well carried out. But with this suitable frame, if she belongs to a family Avhich, as a rule, possesses all the attributes of a race-horse, she may be relied on with some degree of certainty, even though she herself should fail in some of them. Thus, thei'e are many fine roomy mares which have been useless as race-horses from being deficient in the power of some one quarter, either behind or befox-e, or perhaps a little too slack in the loin for their length. Such animals, if of good running fam- ilies, should not be despised ; and many such have stood their owners in good stead. On the other hand, some good-looking animals have never thrown good stock, because they were only exceptional cases, and their families were of bad running blood on all or most sides. No mure could look much more unlike producing strong stock than Pocahontas, but be- ing of a family which numbers Selim, Bacchante, Tramp, Web, Orville, Eleanor, and Marmion among its eight members in the third remove, it can scarcely occasion suprprise that she should resjjond to the call of the Baron by producing a Stockwcll and a liatitplan. In health, the brood mare should be as near jierfection as the artificial state of this animal will allow ; at all events, it is the most important point of all, and in every case the nuire should be very carefully exam- ined, with a view to discover what deviations from a natural state have l)een entailed upon her by her own labors, and what she has inherited from her ancestors. Independently of the consequence of accidents, all deviations from a state of health in the mare mav be considered as more or less transmitted to her, because in a thoroughly sound constitution, no ordinary treatment such as training consists of will produce disease, and it is only hereditary predispositions which, under this process, entails its appearance. Still there are positive, comparative, and superlative de- grees of objectionable diseases incidental to the brood mare, which should be accepted or refused accordingly. All accidental defect, such as bro- ken knees, dislocated hii>e, or even "breaks down," may be passed over; the latter, however, only when the stock from whicli the mare is de- scended are famous for standing their work without this frailty of sinew and ligament. Spavins, ring-bones, largo splints, side-bones, and, in fact, all bony enlargements, are constitutional defects, and will be almost sure to be perpetuated, more or less, according to the degree in which nAOTyo. on tttrf iiorsep. OOT they exist in the particular case. Curby hocks are also hereditary, and should be avoided ; though ujany a one much bent at the junction of the OS calcis with the astragalus is not at all liable to curbs. It is the defect- ive condition of the ligaments there, not the angular junction, which loads to curbs ; and the breeder should carefully investigate the individ- ual case before accepting or rejecting u mare with suspicious hocks. Bad feet, whether from cojitniction or from too Hat and thin a sole, should also 1)0 avoided ; but when they have obviously arisen from bad shoeing, the defect may be passed over. buch are the chief varieties of unsoundness in the legs which require cinurnspection ; the good points which, on the other hand, are to be look- ed for, are those considered desirable in all horses that are subjected to the shocks of the galloji. Calf knees are generally bad in the race horse, and arc very apt to be transmitted, whilst the opposite form is also per- petuated, but is not nearly so disadvantageous. Such are the general considerations bearing upon soundness of limb. That of the wind is no less important. Broken-winded mares seldom Inecd, and they are therefore out of the question, if for no other reason ; hut no one would risk the recurrence of this disease, even if he could fret such a mare stinted. Roaring is a much-vexed question, which is by 1)0 means theoretically ■settled among our chief veterinary authorities, nor praetieully by our breeders. Every year, however, it becomes more fioiiucnt and important, and the risk of reproduction is too great for any person wilfully to run by breeding from a roarer. As far as I can learn, it appears to be much more hereditary on the side of the niiirc than on that of the horse ; and not even the offer of a Virago should tempt nie to use her as a brood mare. There are so many different conditions which produce what is called "roaring," that it is difficult to form any opinion which shall apply to all cases. In some instances, where it has arisen from neglected strangles, or from a simple inflammation of tbv) l-'vyiix, the result of cold, it \y\\\ probably never reappear ; but when t':ie genuine ideopathic roaring has made its appearance, apparently depending upon a disease of the nerves of th6 lar^'^nx, it is ten to one that the produce will suffer in the same way. Blindness, again, may or may not be hereditary; but in all cases it should be viewed with suspicion as great as that due to roaring. Simple catjiraet without inflammation undoubtedly runs- in families ; and Avhcn a horse or mare has both eyes suffering from this disease, witliout any other derangement of the eye, I should eschew them carefully. When blind- ness is the result of violent inflammation brought on by bad management or by iuflueuza, or any other similar cause, the eye itself is more or less Ml 224 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. rff disorganized ; and though this itself is objectionable, as showing a weat ness of the organ, it is not so bad as the regular cataract. Such are the chief absolute defects, or deviations from health in the mare ; to which may bo added a general delicacy of constitution, wliitli can only be guessed from the amount of flesh which she carries while suckling or on poor "keep," or from her appearance on examination by an experienced hand, using his eyes as well. The tirirj; fnll muscle, the bright and lively eye, the healthy-looking coat at all seasons, rough though it may be in winter, proclaim the hardiness of constitution which is wanted, but which often coexists with infirm legs and feet. Indeed, sometimes the very best-topped animals have the worst logs and feet, chiefly owing to the extra weight they and their ancestors also have had to carry. Crib-biting is sometimes a habit acquired from idleness, us also is wind-sucking; but if not caused by indigestion, it often leads to it, and is very commonly caught by the offspring. It is true that it iniiy be prevented by a strap ; but it is not a desirable accomplishment in the mare, though of less importance than those to which I have nlrcadv allu- ded, if not accompanied by absolute loss of health, as indicated by ema- ciation, or the stsite of the skin. Lastly, the temper is of the utmost importance, by which must he un- derstood not that gentleness at grass which may lead the breeder's fam- ily to pet the mare, but such a temper as will serve for the purposes of her rider, and will answer to the stimulus of the voice, whip or spur. A craven or a rogue is not to be thought of as the "mother of a family;' and if a maro belongs to a breed which is remarkable for refusing to an- swer the call of the rider, she should be consigned to any task rather than the stud-farm. Neither should a mare be used for this purpose which had been too irritable to train, unless she happened to be an excep- tional case ; but if of an irritable family, she would bo worse even than a roarer, or a blind one. These are defects which are apparent in tlio colt or filly, but the irritability which interferes with training often leads to the expenditure of large sums on the faith of private trials, which are lost from the failure in public, owing to this defect of nervous svstera. CirOICE OF STALLION^. Like the brood mare, the stallion requires several essentials — com- mencing also like her, first, with his blood ; secondly, his individual shape ; tlnrdly, his health ; and, fourthly, his temper. But there is this difliculty in selecting the stallion, that he must not only be sin'tabln /jt.w, but he must also be adapted to the jjiirticuhir mare which he is to " servo." Thus, it will bo manifest that the task is more difficult than the fixinj upon a brood mare, because (leaving out of considerations all other rough — com- ndividuul TO is tlii« «' servo." ho fixiiii; all other RACING, OR TURF HORSES. 226 points but blood) in the o)''^ case, a mare only has to bo chosen which is of good blood for racing purposes, while in the other there must be the same attention paid to this particular, and also to the stallion's suitability to the mare, or to " hit" with her blood. Hence, all the various theories connected with generation must be investigated, in order to do justice to the subject ; and the breeder must make up his mind whether in-and-in- brecding, as a rule, is desirable or otherwise ; and if so, whether it is adapted to the particular case he is considering. Most men make up their minds one way or the other on this subject, and act accordingly, in which decision much depends upon the prevailing fashion. Q'he rock upon which most men split is a bigoted favoritism for some particular horse ; thus, one man puts all his mares to Orlando ; another, to Surplice or the Flying Dutchman ; although they may every one be different in blood and form to the others. Now, this cannot possibly be right if there is any principle Avhatever in breeding ; and however good a horse may be, he cannot be suited to all mares. Some, again, will say that any horse will do, and that all is a lottery ; but I think I shall be able to show that there is some science required to enable the breeder to draw many prizes. That the system generally followed of late is a bad one, I am satisfied, and with constant crossing and rc-crossing it is almost a lottery ; but upon proper principles, and with careful management, I am tempted to believe that there would be fewer blanks than at jDresent. I have already given my own theoretical views upon the case, illustrated l)y numerous examples on both sides of the question. It will now be my objoct to apply tlies'; views practically by selecting particular instances. In choosing the particular blood which will suit any given mare, my impression always would be, that it is desirable to fix upon the best strain in her pedigree, if not already twice bred in-and-in, and then to put to her the best stallion available of that blood. In some cases, of course, it will happen that the second best strain will answer better, because there happens to be a better horse of that blood to be had than of the superior strain, which would otherwise be preferred. If, on the other luiiid, the mare has already been in-bred to the extent of two degrees, then a cross will be advisable ; but I am much inclined to believe, from the success of certain well-known cases, that even then a cross into hlood already existing in the mare, but not recently in-bred nor used more than once, will sometimes answer. Upo;i these principles I should, therefore, look for success. It is surprising to me that this very common oeenrrence of in-breeding among our best modern horses has so generally escaped observation, and the only way in which I can explain it is by supposing, that having frequently been through the grandam on either 226 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. side it has been lost sight of, because the knowledge of the sii'e's and grandsire's blood is generally the extent to which the inquiry goes. Thus, we find the most recent writer on the subject, who assumes the name of "Craven," asserting, at page 121 of "The Horse" — "There is uo proximity of rehitionship in the genealogy of the Flying Dutchman, Touchstone, Melbourne, Epirus, Alarm, Bay Middleton, Hero, Orlando, Irish Birdcatcher, Cossack, Harkaway, Tearaway, Lothario, or others of celebrity." Now, of these the Flying Dutchman is the produce of second cousins ; Bay Middleton, his sire, being also in-bred to Williiim- son's Ditto and Walton, own brothers ; and Orlando, containing in Iiis pedigree Selim twice over, and Castrel, his brother, in addition. Mel- bourne Jilso is the produce of third cousins, both his siro and dam heinj; descended from Highfl^'^er. But if to these four, which he has specially named, be added the numerous "others of celebrity" to which I have drawn attention, besides a host of lesser stars too numerous to mention, it will be admitted that he assumes for granted the exact opposite of what is really the case. The choice of particular stallions, as dependent upon their formution, is not less difficult than that of the mare, and it must be guided by nearly the same principles, except that there is no occasion for any framework especially calculated for nourishing and containing the foetus, as in her case. As fur as possible, the horse should be the counterpart of what is desired in the produce, though sometimes it may be necessary to select an animal of a breed slightly exaggerating the peculiarity which is souglit for, especially when that is not connected with the preponderance of fore or hind-quarters. Thus, if the mare is very leggy, a more than usually short-legged horse may be selected, or if her neck is too short or teo long, an animal with this organ particularly long, or the reverse as tlic case may be, should be sought out. But in all cases it is dangerous to attempt too sudden alteration with regard to size, as the effort will gen- erally end in a colt without a due proportion of parts, and therefore more or less awkward and unwieldly. In constitution and general health, the same remarks exactly apply to the horse as the mare. All hereditary diseases are to be avoided as far as possible, though few horses are to be met with entirely free from all kinds of unsoundness, some the effects of severe training, and others ,^'esulting from actual disease, occurring from other causes. Withrcffard to fatness, there is an extraordinary desire for horses absolutely loaded with fat, just as there formerly was for overfed oxen at Christmas. It is quite true that the presence of a moderate quantity of fat is a sijrn "f a good constitution, but, like all other good qualities, it may be carried to excess, so as to produce disease ; and just as there often is hypertro- HAriNO, OR TTTOP HORSKS. 227 pliy, or excess of nourishment of the heart, or any bony parts, so is there often a like superabundance of fat causing obstruction to the duo performance of the animal functions, and often ending in premature death. This is in great nieasurc owing to want of exercise, but also to over-stimulating food ; and the breeder who wishes his horse to last, and also to get good stock, should take especial care that he has enough of the one and not too much of the other. ■ In temper, also, there is no more to be added to what I have said relating to the mare, except that there are more bad-tempered stallions to be met with than mares, independently of their running, and this is caused by the constant state of unnatural excitement in which they arc kept. This kind of vice is, however, not of so much importance, as it docs not affect the running of the stock, and solely interferes with their stable management. BEST AGE TO BREED FROM. It is commonly supposed that one or other of the parents should be of mature age, and th.'it if both are very young, or very old, the produce will be decrepit or weakly. A great uiaily of our best horses have been out of old mares, or by old horses — as, for instance, Priam out of Crcii'sida, at twenty ; Crucifix, out of Octaviana, at twenty-two ; and Lottery and Brutandorf , out of Mandane, at twenty and twenty-one ; Voltaire got Voltigeur at twenty-one ; Bay Middleton was the sire of Audover at eighteen, and Touchstone got Newminster at seventeen. On the other hand, many young stallions and marcs have succeeded well, and in numberless instances the first foal of a mare has been the best she ever produced. In the olden times, Mark Antony and Conductor were the first foals of their dams ; and more recently. Shuttle Pope, Filho da Puta, Sultan, Pericles, Oiseau, Doctor Syntax, Manfred and Pantaloon, have all been first-born. Still these are exceptions, and the great bulk of superior horses are produced later in the scries. The youngest dam which I ever heard of was Monstrosity, foaled in 1838, who produced Ugly Buck at three years old, having been put to Venison when only two )'ears of age. Her dam, also, was only one year older when she was foaled ; and Venison himself was quite a young stallion, being only seven years old when he got Ugly Buck ; so that, altogether, the last mentioned horse was a remarkable instance of successful breeding from 3'^oung parents. As in most cases of the kind, however, his early promises were not carried out, and he showed far better as a two-year-old, and early in the following yei^r, than in his maturity. Such is often the case, and, I helievc, is a very general rule in breeding all animals, whether horses, dogs, or cattle. The general practice in breeding is to use young stal- Elli 228 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. lions with old mares, and to put young mares to old stallions ; and such appears to be the best plan, judging from theory as well as practice. BEST TIME FOB BREEDING. For all racing purposes, an early foal is important, because the age takes date from the 1st of January. The marc, therefore, should be put to the horse in February, so as to foal as soon after January 1st m possible. As, however, many mares foal a little before the end of tlio eleventh month, it is not safe to send her to the horse before the middle of the second month in the year. For further particulars, see "Thoughts on Breeding," and the "Stud-Farm," in which the general management of the mare and foal is fully detailed. It will be interesting that the reader have a pretty complete record of the best time at various distances in racing. Such a record has been care- fully compiled for Turf, Field and Farm . up to the close of the sea- son of 1879 ; and which we append : Fastest and Best Time, and Most Creditable Perfbrmances on Record, at all Distanoet, to end of Year 1879. rr h:^ HALF A MILE. Olitipa, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, 0:47 3-4. Pomeroy, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 23, 1877, 0:49 1-4. Harold, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 0:49 1-4. Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Jerome Park, June 8, 1876, :49 1-2. Lecina, by War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 1874, 0:49 1-2. Blue Lodge, by Fellowcraft, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 1879, 0:49 1-2, Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 0:49 1-2. Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Long Branch, July 4, 1876, :49 3-4. Sensation, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 22, 1879, 0:49:3-4. Kimball, by imp. Buckden, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, 0:49 34. Observanda, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., May 21, 1879, :49 3-4. Grenada, by King Alfonso, Long Branch, July 5, 1879, :49 3-4. k O r c . o 1^ w FIVE-EIGHTHS OF A MILE. Bonnie Wood, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 1 :02 3-4. Grenada, by King Alfonso, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :03 1-2. Harold, by imp. Leamington, Long Branch, July 4, 1878, 1 :03 1-2, Rachel, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 6, 1 878, 1 :03 \-i Palmetto, by Narragansett, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1876,' 1 :03 1-2. Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 25, 1876, 1 :03 \-t Egypt (aged), by Planet, Saratpga, July 19, 1879, 1 :04. ^ r 34, \U. V CO I it ■M^ EAOINO, OR TURF HOKKl-X. 229 AriHtidcH, by imp. Lcuinington, .Icromc Park, Oct. 7, 1874, 1 :04 1-2. Volturno, by imp. Billet, .Sariitogii, Aug. 21, 1878, 1 :04 3-4. TIIUEE-gUARTERS OF A MILE. First Chance, by Baywood, Philadelphia, Pa., Oct. 17, 1870, 1 -Aft. Lady Middletoii, by imp. Hurrah, Saratoga, Aug. 1, 1879, 1 :17, 1:15 1-4. First was dead heat with Checkmate. Bill Bruce, by Enquirer, Lexington, Ky., May 12, 187(), 1 :1.^ 1-2. Connor, by Norfolk, Carson, Kev., Oct. 15), 1879, 1 :ir) 1-2. Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1877, 1 :15 1-2. Florence B., by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 1879, 1 :ir) 3-4. Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 1 :15 3-4. Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 15, 1872, 1 :lfi. Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Nashville, Tenn., Oct. y, 1876, 1 :1«. Enquiress, by Enquirer, Detroit, July 5, 1879. 1 :16. Egypt (aged), by Planet, Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877. 1 :17. Milan, by Melbourne, Jr., Louisville, Ky., May 26, 1877, 1 :16. Girofle, by imp. Leamington, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 1 :16 1-4. Spendthrift, by Australian, Nashville, Oct. 8, 1878,1.16 1-2. Checkmate, by imp. Glen Athol, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1879, 1 :16 1-4. Kimball, by imp. Buckden, St. Louis, June 13, 1879, 1 :16 1-2. Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1879, 1 :16 1-2. Madge, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1876, 1 :16 1-2, Glendalia, by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 24, 1879, 1 :16 1-2. Pigne, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 27, 1877, 1 :16 3-4. Tom Bowling, by Lexington, Long Branch, 1872, 1 :16 3-4. BowHng Green, by Tom Bowling, Louisville, Sept. 24, 1879, 1:16 3-4, Duke of Magenta, by Denington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1:16 3-4 Spaitan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1877, 1 :16 3-4. Sly Dance, by War Dance, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 1 :16 3-4. Bye and Bye, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 1 :16 3-4. McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17. Wallcnstein, by Waverly, Lexington, Ky., May 15, 1879, 1 :17. Countess, by Kentucky, -Saratoga, 1873, 1 :17 1-2. Beatrice, by Kentucky, Long Branch, 1 :17 1-2. Luke Blackburn, by imp. Boimie Scot'land, Prospect Park, Sept. 6, 1879, 1 :17 1-2. Odcn, by Vauxhall, Saratoga, Aug. 7, 1879, 1 :17 3-4. Idalia, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1878, 1 :18. 15" '980 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOE. Spartan, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1877, 1 :19. ' ONE MILE. * Ten Broeck, by imp. Thaeton, LouiHville, Ky., May 24, 1877, 1 :3» ;m. Lcundor (Searcher), by Enquirer, Le.xington, Ky., May 13, 187.>, 1 :41 3-4. Redman, l)y War Dance, Lexington, Ky., May 13, 1«7<;, 1 At 1-4. Danger, hy Alarm, Baltimore, May 23, 1«78, 1 :42 1-2. Mahlstick, by Lover, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 20, IH77, 1 :42 1-2, iJlia«. Gorham, by Blarneystone, Lexington, Ky., Sep. 20, 1877, 1 :42 \-t. Dead heat. Grey Planet, by Planet, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1«74, 1 :42 1-2. Dan K., by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Ky., May i*.i, \nl1^ 1 :42 1-2. Goodnight, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., Sep. 23, 1X7^, 1 :42 1-2 Katie Pease, by Planet, Buffalo, N. Y., Sep. 8, 1H74, 1 At'^A. Alarm, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, July 17, 1«72, 1 :42 '.\-\. Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 4, 1H79, 1 :42 3-4. Virginus, by Virgil, Saratoga, Aug. 4, 1877, 1 :42 3-4. CammieT., by imp. Glenelg, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1:43, Mistake, by Waverly, Louisville, Sept. 2(i, 1879, 1 :43 1-2, Edlnburg, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 11, 1878, 1:43 1-2. Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. ih, 1876, 1:44 1-2. Belle of the Meade, by imp. Bomiie Scotland, LouisvUie, Sept, i', 1876, 1:44 1-4. Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Nashville, Oct. 12, 1878, 1:44 1-4, Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, Sacramento, Sept. 27, 1877, 1 :44 i-2. Astral, by Asteroid, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1873, 1 :44 3-4, Parole, hy imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187.0, 1:44 3-4, Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, Oct, 22, 1874, 1:44 3-4, Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 8, I87, 1 :42 3-4, 1 :43 1-4. Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Juno 25, 187!», 1 :42 1-4, 1 :45. Tom Bowling, by Lexington, ran mile heats at Loxinf:ton, Ky., May, 1873, in 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2. Thornhill, by Woodburn, ran first two heats in 1 :43, 1 :43 ; Thud Ste- vens (aged), by Langford, won the third, fourth and fifth in 1:43 1-2, 1 .-40 1-2, 1 :45. Clara D., by imp. Glenelg, San Francisco, Sept. 13, 1878, 1 :43, 1 :43 1-2. Brademante, by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 1 :43 1-2, 1 :43 1-2. Bramble, by imp, Bonnie Scotland^ Nashville, Oct. 7, 1878, 1 :43, 1 :44. Lena Dunbar, by Leinater, Saci-amento, Sept. 17, 1878, 1 :44 1-4. 1 :42 3-4. Springbok, by imp. Australian, Uticu, N. Y., June 25, 1874, 1 :45, I :A2 3-4. ONE MILE AND ONE-EIGHTH. Bob WooUey, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 6, 1875, 1 ;54. Janet Murray, by Panic, Brighton Beuch, July 13, 1879, 1 :54 3-4. Blue Eyes, by Enquirer, Louisville, Ky., May 28, 1879, 1 :55 1-4. Warfield, by War Dance, Louisville, Ky., Oct. 1, 1878, 1 :56. ; Jack Hardy, by imp. Phaeton, St. Louis, June 4, 1878, 1 :56. Fadladeen, (aged) by War Dance, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 1874, 1 :56. Picolo, Concord, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 1874, 1 :5t!. Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 20, 1879, 1 :56. Jils Johnson, by Longfellow, Lexington, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :56 1-2. Fannie Ludlow, by imp. Eclipse, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 1879, 1 :56 1-2. Round Dance, by War Dance, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1879, 1 :56 1-2. Konrad, by Rebel Morgan, New Orleans, April 26, 1878, 1 :5G 1-2. Ben Hill, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Louisville, Sept. 25, 1879, dead heat, 1 :56 3-4. Mollie McGinley, by imp. Glen Athol, Brighton Beach, Sept. 10, 1«79, 1:57. Una, by War Dance, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 1 :57. Susquehanna, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 24, 1877, 1 :57 1-4. Experience Oaks, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1872, 1 :67 1-4. 232 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Saratoga, Aug. 17, 1878, 1 :58. Bramble, " " " " " " 9, 1879, 1 :58. Kennesaw, by imp. Glengarry, Louisville, May 28, 1878, 1 :58 1-2. Essillah, by Lever, Nashville, Apr. 29, 1879, 1 :58 1-2. Gabriel, by Alarm, Brighton Beach, Sept, 27 1H79, 1 :59. , Edinburg, by Longfellow, Louisville, Sept. 2h, 1H7«, 1 :.''>9. Diamond, by imp. Leamington, Ogdensburg, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1878, 1 :59. Lancewood, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1H7!I, 1 :59. Belle, by Dickens, Saratoga, July 23, 1878, 1 -M. Rhadamanthus, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 15, 187H, 1 :59 3-4. Spendthrift (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 10, 1876, 2:00 Phyllis, by imp. Phaeton, Louisville, Sept. 27, 1876, 2:01. Spendthrift, (aged), by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Jerome Park, June 12, 1875, 2 :03 1-4 » ONE MILE AND A QUARTER. Charley Gorham, by Blarneystone, Lexington, May 18, 1877, 2:% 1-2. Falsetto, by Enquirer, Lexington, May 10, 1879, 2:08 3-4. Grimstead, by Gilroy, Saratoga, July 24, 1875, 2 :08 3-4. Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 1872, 2 :09 1-2. Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 9, 1879, 2:10. Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, July 20, 1H78, 2:10 1-2. Mate, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, Oct. 3, 1874, 2 :11 3-4. Preaknefes, by Lexington. Jerome Park, June 13, 1874, 2:12. I ONE MILE AND TIIREE-EKSIITHS. Spendthrift, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 10, 1879, 2 :25 3-4. Gov. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park, June 21, 1879, 2 :26 1-2, Bramble, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Long Branch, July 10, 1879, 2:27. ,\ . ONE AND A HALF MILES. Ton Bowling,* by Lexington, May 12, 1H74, 2:34 3-4. Parole, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1877, 2:36 3-4. Lord Murphy, by Pat Maloy, Louisville, May 20, 1879. 2:37. Day Sttir, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 21, 1H7H, 2 :37 1-2. Aristides, by imp. Leamington, Louisville, Ky., May 7, 1875, 2:37 3-4. Glenelg, by Citadel. Long Branch, Aug. 2, 1870. 2 :37 .3-4. Shylock. by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 31, 1874, 2:3K. Baden Baden, by imp. Australian. Louisvi^'o, May 22, 1877, 2:38. RACING, OR TURF HORSES. 1:58. 1:58. 8 1-2. 10, 1878, 1 :59. 10, 1876, , June 10, k, June 12, 77,2:8 1-2. May 1872, :10. ) 1-2. 3-4. 2. iS), 2 :25 U 2:2t) 1-2 1879, 2 :27 i« 3-4. 37. -2. I75, 2 ■^' ^■ 7,2.38. Vagrant, by Virgil, Loui.svillo, May 14, 1877, 2:38 1-4. Peru, by imp. Glengarry, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 11, 1879, 2-38 3-4. Belle of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Louisville, May 23, 1878, 2 :39. Imp. Saxon,by Beadsman, Belmont stakes, Jerome Park, June 13,1874, 2:39 1-2. Tom Ochiltree, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 14, 1877, 2:43. Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1877, 2:43 1-4, Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Jerome Park, June 8, 1878, 2 :43 1-2. •Tom Bowling was permitted to extend the run to two miles. He ran the first mile in 1 :41 3-4 ; mile and a half in 2:34 3-4 ; one and three- ((uarters miles in 3 :00 3-4 ; and two miles in 3 :27 3-4. The last two unotficial. ONE MILE AND FIVE-EIGHTHS. Ten Brock, by imp, Phaeton, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 9, 1875, 2:49 1.4. Monitor, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 13, 1879, 2 :50 1-2. Springbok, by imp. Australian, Jerome Park, June 20, 1874, 2 :53. Bradomante, by War Dance, Lexington, May 17, 1877, 2:53 3-4. Harry Bassett, by Lexington, Belmonte stakes, Jerome Park, Juno 10, 1871, 2:5(5. Miiitzer, by imp. Glenelg, Saratoga, July 23, 1879, 2:58. Katie Pease, by Plant, Ladies' stake, .leromo Park, June 11, 1873, 2:58 1-4. ONE AND THREE-QUARTER MILES. One Dime, by Wanderer, Lexington. Sept. 12, 1879, 3:05 1-4. Irish King, by Longfellow, Sept. 25, 1879, 3 ;05 1-4. Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, M:iy 23, 1877, 3:05 1-4. liefurni, by imp. Leamington, Saratoga, Aug. 20, 1874, 3 :05 3-4. Mat*', by imp. Austnilian, Long Bninch, July 15, 1875, 3:0(5 1-4. O'Artagnan, by Lightning, Saratoga, .July 24, 1875. 3 ;()(> 1-2. Geii. Phillips, by imp. (ilenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1879, 3:0(5 1-2. Emma C, by Planet, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 23, 1875, 3:0(5 3-4. Frogtown, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Lexington, Ky., May 2(5, 1872, .■5:07. Danichoff, by Glenelg, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 187!», 3:07. (iov. Hampton, by Planet, Prospect Park, Sept. J", 1879, 3:07 1-2. Kenny, l)y Curies, Prospect Park, June 25, 1879, 3:07 1-2. Liveler, by Lever, Lexington, Sept. 9, 1878, 3:07 1-2. Neecy Hale, by Lexington, Lexington. Ky., Sept. 14. 187(5, 3 ;07 3-4 r;itcsl)y, by imp. Eclipse, S;iratoga, .Vug. 15, 1874. 3:07 3-4. Parole, by imp. Leamington, .S;irat()g;i. \ns. H- 1877, 3:08. Keniiesaw, by imp. Glengarry, St. Louis, June 5, 1878, 3:08. 234 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Duke of Magenta, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 20, 1878, 3 :08. Joe Daniels, by imp. Australian, Travers' Stake, Saratoga, July 13, 1872, 3:08 1-4. Preakness, by Lexington, Baltimore, Oct. 21, 18(54,3:08 1-2. Viceroy, by Gilroy, Saratoga, Aug. 9, 1877, 3 :08 1-2. Volturno, by imp. Billet, Brighton Beach, Sept. 10, 1879, 3:08 1-2. Atilla, by imp. Australian, Travers's Stake, Saratoga, July 25, 1874, 3 :09 1-2, 3 :08 3-4. The first was a dead heat with Acrobat. Mintzer, by imp. Gleuelg, Saratoga, July 28, 1879, 3 :09 1-4. Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, July 19, 1879, 3 :09 1-4. Zoo Zoo, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 2, 1877, 3; 10. TWO MILES. Ten Broeck, by imp. Phceton, against time, Louisville, May 29, 1877, 3:27 1-2. McWhirter, by Enquirer, Louisville, May 28, 1877, 3 :30 1-2. Courier, by Star Davis, Louisville, May 28, 1877. 3 :31 3-4. Katie Pease,* by Planet, Buffalo, Sept. 9, 1874, 3 :32 1-2. True Blue, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 30, 1873, 3 :32 1-2. Jack Frost, by Jack Malone. Cleveland, O., July 31, 1874, 3 :33 1-2. Glenmore, by imp. Glen Athol, Detroit, July 5, 1879, 3 :33 1-2. Lizzie Lucas, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 21, 1874, 3:33 3-4. Creedmoor, by Asteroid, Louisville, Ky., Sept. 20, 187(5, 3:34. Geo. Graham, by Rogers ; first heat ; Louisville, Ky., Se})t. '2f). IHT;'), 3 :34. Lord Mui-phy, by Pat Malloy, Louisville, Sept. 22, 1879, 3:34. King Alfonso, by imp. Phseton, Louisville. Ky., Sept. 20, 187.'), 3 :34 1-2. Hegira, by imp. Ambassador, New Orleans, La., Nov. 23, 18r)0, 3 :34 1-2. Littleton, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 23, 1H71, 3 :34 1-2. Monitor, by ini]). Glcnelg, Baltimore, Oct. 2i, 1879, 3:34 3-4. Wilful, by imp. Australian, Prospect Park, June 24, 1879, 3:34 3A. Charlie Howard, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 10, 187(5, 3:3r). Vandalite, by Vandal, Breckinridge StJike, Baltimore, Oct. 23, 1874, 3:36. Himyar, by Alarm, Louisville, Sept. 2,'), 1879, 3:35. Falsetto, by Enquirer, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1879, 3:35 1-4. Volturno, by imp. Billet, Baltimore, Oct. 25, 1879, 3:35 1-4. Vandalite, by Vandal, Dixie Stake, Baltimore, Oct. 20, 1874, 3:35 1-2. Harry Basset, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 16, 1871, 3:35 1-4. Vigil, by Virgil, Baltimore, Oct. 28, 187(5, 3:37 1-4. *Katie Pease name iu first, but was disqualified, and race given to Lizzie Lucas. RAOINO, OR TURF HORSI>. 23.-) TWO MILE HEATS. •Bnidcmante, by War Dance, Jackson, Miss., Nov. 17,1877 (?) M:32 1-4, 3:29.? Willie D., by Rovolvcr, Prospect Park, Sept. 11, 1879, 3:34 1-2, 3:35. Lottery, by Monday, Sacramento, Cal, Sept. 21, 1878, 3:3(1, 3:3r) 1-2. Arizona, by Lexington, Louisville, Ky., May 18, 1875, 3:37 1-4, H:3r)l-2. Aureola, by War Dance, Lexington, Sept. 18, 1872, 3 :37 3-4, 3:35 1-2. London, by Lightning, Nashville, Oct. 5, 1872, 3:3(5 3-4, 3:37 1-4. Bushwhacker, by imp. Bonnie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. 22, 1878, y, :;{(), 3:3(i 1-2, 3:38 1-2. Princeton won second heat by bead. Bushwhacker second ; best aver- ajre three heats. BoUo of Nelson, by Hunter's Lexington, Cincinnati, June 1, 1878, ;^:37 1-4, 3:3(i 1-4. Mollie Jones, by Roxbury, Galesburg, 111., July 4, 1874 ; Kocket won first heat, 3:3(i, 3:40, 3:37 1-4. Eolus, by imp. Leamington, Baltimore, May 28, 1874 ; the fastest third heat, 3:40, 3:39 1-4, 3:3(5 3-4. Lancaster, by Lexington, Lexington, Ky., Sept. 12, 1867, 3:35 1-4, ;i:38 1-4. Jack Sheppard, by Jack Malone, Nashville, Oct. 12, 187fi, 3 :35 3-4, H:42 1-2. Irish King, by Longfellow, Baltimore, Oct. 21 , 1879, 3 :37 3-4, 3 :37 3-4. Harkaway, by Enquirer, St. Louis, June 7, 1878, 3 :3J«, 3:35 1-4. * Bradeniante's time very doubtful. TWO MILKS AND ONE-EKJHTII. Aristidcs, by imp. Leamington, Lexington, Ky., May 10, 187(5, 3 :45 1-2. Mate, by imp. Australiiin, Saratoga, July 31, 1875, 3 :4() 3-4. Monmouth, by War Dance, Louisville, May li', 1H75, 3:48 1-4. Bi«: Fellow, by War Dance, May 15, 1874, 3:50. Dave Moore, by Longfellow, Lexington, May 1(5, 1879, 3:50 1-2. Forida, by imp. Glenelg, Prospect Park, Sept. 5, 1879, 3:54. Springbok, by imp. Australian, Saratoga, Aug. 3, 1874, 3:56. Sultana, by Lexington, Jerome Park, Oct. 7, 1876, 3 :56 3-4. TWO MILES AXD A QUARTER. Prcakness, by Lexington ; Springbok, by imp. Australian, dead heat, 'A-.M 1-4. Hiirrv Bassett, by Lexington, Saratoga, July 16, 1872, 3:59. Wanderer, by Lexington, Saratoga, Aug. 13, 1874, 4:00 1-2. K(Mitu, 7 :38 1-4. Kupcc, by Voucher, April 10, 1858, 7:39, 7:35. Mi«s Foot, l>y imp. Consol, at New Orleans, March 26, 1842, 8:02, 7 :;{r). Fashion, by imp. Trustee, over Union Course, L. L, May 10, 1842, boating Boston match, 7 :32 1-2, 7 :45. Morgan Scont. by John Morgan, !it Lexington, Ky., 1870, best race cv«'r run in Kentucky, 7:32 1-2, 7:43 1-2. (u'orgc Martin, by (larrison Zinganzce, beating Hannah Harris and Kcol. March 29, 1843. Reel broke down in first heat, 7 :33, 7 :43. Bushwhacker, by imp. Boiuiie Scotland, Baltimore, Oct. '2i}, 1878. I'liiiccton won second heat, 7:31, 7:36 1-4, 8:29. (ilcnniorc, by imp. (ilen Ath(>l, Baltimore, two and three heats, best third heat, 7 :29 1-2, 7 :3() 1-4 7 :31. Tally-ho, l)y Boston, at Tnion Course, L. I., Oct. 8, 1849 : Free Trade won tlic first lu-at, Boston the third, and Tally-ho second and fourth, 7 :33 1-2, 7 :43 1-2, 7 :52, 8:10 1-2. HURULE RACE8. , .l(K' Rodes, by Virgil, mile heats, over four hurdles, St. Louis, Juno 4, 1878, 1:;')0 3-4, 1 :aO 1-4. 238 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ■'k^:' Judith, bj' imp. Glcnelg, mile heats, over four hurdles, Prospect ParK, Sept. 11, 1H7!», li.Oi, 1:52. Lobelia, by imp. Bounio Scotland, mile heats, over four hurdles, Fash- ion Course, L. I., Sept. 11, 1861), 1 :51 ^-4, 1 :53 1-4. Waller, by imp. Hurrah, one and a quarter miles, over five hurdles, Saratoga, Aug. 14, 1878, 2 :21 1-2, Disturbance, by Chillicothc, one and a quarter miles, over 5 hurdles, Saratoga, Aug. 22, 1878, 2 :21 3-4. Problem, by Pimlico, one and a half miles over (5 hurdles. Long Branch, July 5, 1879, 2 :oU. Derby, by Eugene, one and a half miles, over six hurdles, Lon-g Branch, July 2, 1878, 2:52. Judith, by imp. Glenelg, one and three-quarter miles, over seven nur- dles. Long Branch, Aug. 28, 1879, 3 :3G 1-2. Tom Leathers, by Camps Whale, two miles, over eight hurdles. New Orleans, April IG, 1875, 3:47 1-2. Redman, by War Dance, two miles, over eight hurdles, Louisville, Ky., May 19, 1876, 3:48 1-2, Captain Hutchinson, by Voucher, two miles, over eight hurdles, Co- lumbus, O., July 3, 1875, 3:50. Jonesboro, by Lexington, two miles, over eight hurdles, welter weight* : New Orleans, April 11, 18(58, 3:51 1-2. Milesian, by imp. Mickey Free, two miles, over eight hurdles, wdter weights; Long Branch, Aug. 3, 1872, 3:52 1-2. Cariboo, by Lexington, two and a quarter miles, over nine hurdles, Long Branch, 1875, 4:33. STEEPLE CHASES. Dead Head, by Julius, about two and three-(iuarter miles, thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 2Q, 1878, 5 :33 1-2 Trouble, by Ulverston, about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 19, 187(5, 5 :34 3-4. Duffey, by Hunter's Lexington, about two and three-quarter miles, thirty-six leaps, Saratoga, Aug. 5, 1873, 6 :48 3-4. FASTEST TROTTING TO WAttON. One mile, Judge Fullerton, San Francisco, Nov., 1874, time 2:20 1-2. Two miles, (JoM. Butler and Dexter, each a heat, J^ng Island, 1863, time 4 :66 1-4. Three miles, Kemble Jackson, June, 1853, time 8 :03. Four miles, I^ongfellow, Dec. 31, 1869, time 10:34 1-2. Five njiles, Little Mack, Ixmg Island, Oct, 29, 1863, time 13:43 1-2, Twenty miles, John Stewart, Ij(»ng Island, Sept. 22, 1868, time 59 :23. RACINO, OK TITRF HORHtiS, 239 TRAIITINO TO TBOTTINO. ■ '■■■■■-■.',,•,■., '1 ' The idea of the average horse owner is that training means pampering riie horse. Nothing could bo further from the mark. It truly means the very best and most intelligent care, feeding and exercise for the work to to be performed, and this exercise must be in proportion to the distance. v - •• v. ' ^r o The artificial care given the horse in confinement renders ])lankots necessary for all fast working horses. Doubly so for turf horses, whose pace is of the most exhausting kind. To get rid of superfluous flesh sweating and exercise is necessary. The superfluous flesh and undue moisture of the body having l)cen properly reduced, then the i)a(^e of the horse should correspond to that expected in the final trial. That is for mile heats a faster pace will be required than for longer heats, but the horse must be carefully worked up to the point, the improvement being mrefuUy and intelligently watched, that as the day of trial approaches he may have a real trial of speed for the distance to be trotted. There is, hoAvcver, no rule that can be laid down as to the amount of work to be done before this trial takes place. It will depend upon his condition while at Avork and the manner in which he accomplishes his brushes, as spurts of speed are called for short distances. These are among the most important parts of training, since they tend not <:nly to extend the stride of the horse and improvement in speed, but the numner of coming out of them will indicate the condition of the animal. High-strung, eager, generous horses must be handled in a very differ- ent manner from sterner tempered ones. In any case, th« horse must come to place implicit confidence in his driver. The first must be re- strained ; the second urged. The first named seldom have the power io accomplish all they would. The second must be made to know that it is speed and distance that is required, and that they must go the pace if it is in them. Feeding is essentially important. Some horses crave much hay. Such must bo restrained ; some gluttons will eat their bedding. If so, they must be muzzled when not feeding, and always so at night. If a horse is so light a feeder that he will not eat twelve quarts of oats a day, he may have a little Indian corn, but this only in exceptional cases. Sound, heavy oats, thoroughly cleaned and sifted, should constitute the feed of the trotting horse, or any horse of fast work. The light feeder nmst be carefully watched in his work. Some horses will eat fourteen to sixteen quarts of oats a day. Such should have correspoiuling exercise : for lu uo event must fat be allowed to accumulate. We should prefer to limit Miy horse, however large and powerful, to fourteen quai-ts of oats per .3iO ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. day, or rather to thiit number of pounds. As a rule twelve quarts or pounds should suflSce for the average horse. Hiram Woodruff, than whom there is no better authority, in his work on "The Trotting Horse of America," in relation to the preparation which precedes the tirst trial, says : During the preparation which precedes the first trial, it will be neces- sary to give the horse one or two sweats. Whether it ought to be one or two must be indicated by the condition and nature of the animal, the races in which ho is engaged, and resolved by the judgment of the trainer. The amount of clothes in which he shall be sweated must be determined by the same considerations. Some may require a blanket and hood, and a wrapper round the neck to start the perspiration out of them : while there are others that will sweat freely with but little clothes, and scrape well when moi-e have been thrown on at the end of the jog. One thing may certainly be said, that a sweat obtained without the use of heavy clothing is more satisfactory and better than one with it, provided the latter method does not include a good deal more work to get the sweat. Only a moderate quantity of clothing and little work while the horse is going are the best for a sweat, if a good scrape can thus be obtained. When the horse comes from the drive, and is taken out of the wagon, he Avill soon be ready to scrape. That done, he must be blanketed up again, and walked about out of the draft. A favorable day for the sweat ought to be taken advantage of, as a nnittor of course. Another light scrape may probably be had after some little time spent in walking in the blankets ; but, if the perspiration does not continue so as to give this second scrape, it is not to be forced by more vv()rk in the clothes. To be of use in itself, and as a satisfactory indication that the condition of the horse is advanced it must come of itself. During the time this scraping process is in course of operation, the trainer having'tho conduct of it should not l)eiii a hurry. The same things that are said to cure a man's cold — patience and a little water-gruel — will often do wonders in procuring a good sweat. Commonly, however, it is easy enough to get the sweat and scrape, but more difficult to cool the horse out properly. In order to do this well, he is to bo clothed again, and led very gently about for ii considerable p RACINO, OR TUKP IIORHES. 343 usuiillv ffom defect in training. The perfect hor.se i.s trained to pull just >iitficient to steady hiir>«elf in luirnesH. How Hiram Woodruff drove, ho tollM in his " Trotting-HorHe of America." No one, durinjf his life, or since his death, was better authority in such matters. Hence, wo cannot do better than to give it to our readers in Ids exact words. In order that a fast horse should be under circumstances to do his best, ln! should bo as much at his ease in his harness and general rig as possible. If he is not, he is placed at almost as .much disadvantage as if sore or stiff, ••r sufferin." from some bodily ailment. Vou may see horses brought out of the 8tal)le to trot with a very tight check to keep their heads up, iind a ti<^ht nuirtingalo to keep them down. Such a hor»«! is in irons ; and when to this is added a dead drag at the reins, and no movement of the bit from end to end, I cannot see how he could do his best. l*eoi)lo talk about a steady, bracing pull ; but, in my opinion, that is not the right way to drive a trotter. There is a great difference between letting go of your horse's head, and keeping up one dull, deadening pull all the time. The race-horse riders practice what is called a bracing pull ; and, a great many times, I have seen their horses tire under it without ever rumiing their best. The steady pull checked them. Tho pull should be sufficient to feel the mouth, and give some support and assistance, so as to give the horse contidence to get up his stride. More than that is mischievous. To keep the mouth alive, the bit nmst be shifted a little occasionally. A mere half-turn of the waist, or less than half a turn, by which the thumb is elevated and the little Hnger lowered, is sufficient to shift the bit, keep the mouth sensitive, and rouse tho horse. The reins are to be held steadily with both hands while this play with the wrist is made ; and it is, of ullor, he will soon take command of the driver. The reason of it is, that there 244 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DlKTOK. is no intrriiiisHioii of the exertion, no let np, fitiici fi»r man or honw. IkHideH, in thiit way of driving, it is inipossildc to n though he should seem to be at the top of iiis speed. The iiionu'iit he feels this little nu)vc of the l)it in his sensitive mouth, lie will eolkil him- self, and make another spurt ; and the value of this way of driving is, that the horse is not likely to break when thus called upon, while a hijrh- strung, generous horse, if ealli'd upon for a final effort with a whip, ii»3» likely to break the moment it falls on hin: as not .' iiave won iitaiiy a very elosc heat by practising this movement, and theiefon- I have no lift,, itatioii in recommending it. It is not dithcult to acijuire, uiid the bone soon comes to know what it means. Let us come now to the way of takmg iiola ot ihe rehu*. A wrap around the hand, such as running-horse riders take, is cluiiiity and iiad. I do not know whether many people take hold of the reins a*» I do, or not. Perhaps not. Sim. Hoagland is the only one who takett hold [ire> cisely as I do, so far as I have observed. When we have In'cn ympns horses together at early morning, we have often talked over thf»« mat- ters ; and, whether our way was the best way or not. we «'ould nev«r lee any other that suited us half so well. I will try to explain how 1 hold the reins : 1 could show it in two sec- onds. Take, first, the right-hand rein. This, coming from tb*? bit, passes between the little linger and the third tinger, ov«'r the littU' rtngftr, then under the other three fingers, and up over the thumb, Th*' leff- hand rein is held in the left hand exactly in the same way : l»ut th«' bjj^bt of the slack of the rein is also held between the thumb and forctiii^er of the left hand. This gives .some substance in that hand : but, if rt i« found inconvenient to have it there by those who have small hando. it mar be dropped altogether. A firm grasp on each rein, with the \pai-]tt >,{ the hands up, and without any wrap, is thus obtained. It is a gr«*at |»oint in driving to be af»le to shift the reach — that is. the length <»f the hold yon take — without for an instant letting go of the horse's hea and 8 : 10. In 1H42 iiipton beat Lady Suffolk, at 3 miles in harness, in 5 :07 and 5:17. In 1H43 Lady Suffolk made mile heats in 2 :28 1-2, 2 :28, 2 :28, 2 :29 J •" » fc"»*,,w»Jwers to the infu- sion of tliorough blood, we have before stated. To Imported MesscMi- ger is this due in the greatest degree. Messenger's sire was Mjunhrino, his second sire Engineer, and his third sire Samson. Thence to HIazo, Flying Childers and tho Durloy Arabian. Samson is reported to have been coarse and homely, and Engineer rough and coarse, but both of these horses were of extraordinary sul>stanee. Another gi'eat trotting sire of America was impoi-tod Bellfoundor. There has been much controversy over his l>reeding, first and last, but that he was a staunch trotter, and a getter of adniiruble horses, there is no doui t, giving splendid action to his get. Still, it must be adniittod that, admirable as was Hellfomider himself, his get was not e»jua! to the descendants of Messenger in all that constitutes speed, endurance ai:d action. Durac also became a valuable factor in our trottinjr blood. His strain of blood appears in the Medley's, Durac Messenger's, Mambrino Chief's and Gold Dust's. 'It-/ ■ ''MI 'J -k I I! m RACfKO, OR TURF HORSES. 249 One of the sub-families of Messenger's blood, Hambletoniun, who united the blood of Messenger and Bollfounder, has raised the trotting horse of America to the highest point of perfection. He was not a handsome horse from a thoroughbred standpoint, if indeed ho vraa thorougiibred, which has been doubted. It has been given as follows : Hunib.'ctonian was by Abdallah ;' he by Mambrina, a son of Messenger. The dam of Abdallah, the mare Amazdnia. The dam of Hambletonian by imported Bellfoundcr ; secoud dam by Hambletonian ; third dam, Silvertail, said to have been by imported Messenger. In all that constitutes stoutness and ability to perfoim, in freedom from tendency to disability, his stock has been wonderful. Noted for immense and strong joints, length and strength of bone, magnificent muscular development, prominent, square, massive build, mighty hips and excellent barrel, all knit together to form a most admirable frame, united to a nervous constitution, that reproduced itself m his descendants, in a most wonderful degree. One of the finest specimens of the Hambletonian stock is shown on the preceding plate. This fine horse was by Rysilyk's Hambletonian, by Ablc lo sell her, at about the nge <»f eleven yearn, for the sum of $20,000. The purchasers were B. Juckman and Mr. Budd Dobie, and, under th«' ^uid- nce of the latter, she has steadily advanced ui u career of fume tkil - RACING, OR TURF HORAES. 251 ■vvitliout a parallel hi tho histoi'y of the trotting turf. She was suhtse- . C e CO > a a HOW SHE WAS RAISED AND WHAT SHE HAS ACCOMPM8IIED. Maud S. was foaled on the Alexander stud farm, Kentucky, on the 28th of May, 1875. She is of Harold, dam Miss Russell by Pilot, Jr., second dam Sallie T?ussell by old Boston. She is 15 hands 3 inches in hciglit, li inches higher oehind than in front ; her weight is 965 poumls ; slie is a red-chestnut mare without a whito sjx)!. Until she was 4 years of age the nmie was owned l)y Captain Stone and was formefl under his personal suixirvision. When she was a colt she was gentle and affectionate, and a great pet with Captain Stone's daughter. Miss Stone became very much attached to her \wt, and the mare seemed to be just as much attached to her. Captain Stone, therefore, requested his daughter to name her equine playi'ulluw, and iu compliance she gave it her 3, S < 9 'I a- K mm' ■WMP »^"»W»»»fIf»'^"H»^t^ of liira Inut pes ■are m\ ber «8';'K BACINO, OK TURF IIORSEa. 263 own name, Mnud Stone, which was afterward ubbntviatcd into Maud S., a namo whicli huH Hincc bcen in his care. When being H|M;eded the nmre wears a 4-oiniee toe-weight, adjn.sted so that it can be removetl when she it) jogging, as at that time her trainer never allows it to be worn. IIKK I'KRKOKMANnKS. Mand S.'h first pnblic exhibition was given Jnly Clh, 1880, ot Cincinnati. Sh*! was entered in the 2.iM ultMi. Sho won in three heats. Time, 2.2'i, 2.U0 tt,„12.28. '' - ' ' Ilcr next race was at Chicago on Jnly 24th for a special ptirao against Trinkctt. The mare won in three heats. Time, 2.19, 2.21 and 2.1^ ^ ..'s'k IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT^S) 1.0 I.I It '5 8 5 113.2 IIIM 14 III 2.2 | 20 1.8 1.25 1.4 1.6 .^ 6" — ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 fo x^ i/i 804 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. At Pittsburg, July 13th, first quarter 33 seconds, lialf mile 1.0o|, three- quarters 1.37^, and the mile in 2.10^, heating her former record. At Chicago, July 23, three heats. Tlie first mile, 2.21 J. The second mile, first quarter, 34J, half mile in 1.06, the three-quarters in 1.38 and the mile in 2.1 1|. The third mile, first quarter, in 34 seconds, the half in 1.06 J, the three-fourths in 1.37^, and the mile in 2.11. This was considered the greatest performance ever achieved by Maud S. Beside trotting tlie three fastest miles ever trotted by any horse, the track over which it was dpnewas believed by the best judges to be at least three seconds slow. ,• .vii.i. .) „■ .,.-.. Her best record up to August, 1881, was made at Rochester (August 11th), when she trotted the mile without a break in 2.10^. In short, she has put to her credit in three years the best heat as a 4-year- old ; the best heat as a 6-year-old ; five heats faster than any other horse has ever trotted or paced, one of them when 6 years old ; the fastest heat in a race with other horses; the fastest first, second and third heats; the fastest two consecutive heats, and the fastest three consecutive heats. Nothing more is needed to demonstrate her superiority in point of speed and stay combined over any animal living or dead ; but the public has set its heart on her beating 2.10, and, until she does it, tjje public's cap will not be thrown up. W. W. Bair is entitled to great credit for developing the wonderful speed of Maud S. She is a highly-bred mare, and wants to be humored. Her heart is won by kindness. She will not stand harsh treatment; will not prove obedient under rough usage. Both Bair and his wife made much of Maud S. They petted her and treated her to apples and lumps of sugar. The result is that she will eagerly respond to their call. When jogging on the track at Chester Park the presence of Mrs. Bair near the rail at any time would cause Maud to turn in that direction. During the winter the mare ran in a roomy box. In April she was put in front of a break-cart, and Mr. Bair drove her about the streets of Clifton and Cincinnati, and thus got her accustomed to the noise and bustle of the toiling world. He also harnessed her double, and taught her to drive on either side. She always behaved well to the pole. She does not like blinds to her bridle, but will trot with any kind of bit in her mouth. All she asks is that the driver shall not pull on the bit. She wears a 15^- ounce shoe forward and a 9-ounce shoe behind. She also carries 4-ouiice toe weights. :#^ »v PART IL Diseases of the Horse: THEIR CAUSES, HOW TO PEEVENT, HOW TO KXOW AND HOW TO CURE. THEIR The vario th. eafflicti coninion, dii of the ligaii to which the ranee, and ir over-wcigliti: lessness in withholding- disease and should see bi substance ; o !'nd tendons, . serious afflicti I'heuniatism ; "f the hoofs, faithful serva purposes of ^ of the torture sake of the fe "Diseases of the Horse. THEIR CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW, AND HOW TO CURE THEM. CHAPTER I. \ fi I. IKTRODCCTION.' • n. EXTERITAL MANIFESTATION OF DISBASB. I. T-troduction. The various diseases to which the horse is subject, embrace nearly all th. afflicting the human family, and including among them, as most coramon, diseases of the skin and its integuments, those of the muscles, of the ligaments, and of the bones, quite rare in the human family, and to which the horse might be completely exempt, were it not for the igno- rance, and in very many cases the brutality of the master in over-driving, over-weighting, leaping, beating, neglect in clothing when heated, care- lessness in grooming, want of proper ventilation in stables, and the withholding of proper and sufficient food. Take away these causes of disease and the labors of the veterinary surgeon would be light. We should see but little of caries of the bones, causing degeneration of the suhstance ; of spavin, curb, ringbone, splint ; of injuries to the sinews and tendons, causing breaking. down ; swellings and other of the most serious afflictions ; poll evil and other fistulous diseases ; of fractui'es ; of rheumatism ; founder, including grease, inflamed glands and veins, cracks of the hoofs, quittor, hernia, and all that class of diseases attacking the faithful servant of man, and henceforth rendering him useless for the purposes of pleasure or profitable labor. Instead of ending the sufferings of the tortured animal by mercifully taking its life, many owners for the sake of the few paltry dollars received, transfer the once favorite steed 255 'HlMi i jmfiW ^wlr ■■ I ■ 'A i» TMrnHmT- ))aMi:ji 'i i k 256 ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. to some one else equally inhuman, who thenceforth drives and goads tho sufferer to labor under the most torturing circumstances, until the animal economy, entirely disorganized, perhaps by years of such unmitigated torture, drops and dies. The object of this treatise is to so enlighten the horse owner in the nature of disease as to enable him to determine whether treatment can be made effective — if so, what to do; and especially is it the pm-pose to so acquaint him with the causes, that occasion for treatment may be averted. By a study of the facts wo give it may be easily known whotber cure is possible, and if not it is more merciful to kill and end the misery of the poor animal. EXTERNAL MAMFKSTATIONS OF SOME DISEASES OF THE HORSE. II. External Manifestation of Diseasa. For all the diseases we have mentioned but little medicine is needed. Rest and nursing are most needed — often months of rest and care, as in the case of spavin, commencing in inflammation and ending in the depo- sition of bony matter, stiffening of the joint, or, as in the case of exostosis of the heads of the bones, they in time become quite anchylosed, THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 257 when lameness ceases from the suspension of action of the joints caused by their complete soliditication or growing together. That the reader may form a more correct idea of what we here write, and have it brought plainly to view, we present an illustration of some of the principal diseases of tlie bones and tissues, caused generally by abuse, v.-ilh a short description of their origin. 'J'he treatment will be given in rho proper place. jl Caries of the Jaw. Ulceration of the lower jaw, sometimes ends in mortification. Caused by bruises from barbarous bits and curb chains. 5 Pitilula of the Parotid Duct. Fistulas are caused by bruises or undue compi'ession of the parts producing inflammation and abscess. CJ — Bony Excrescence. (Exostosis of the jaw). A. blow upon a bone will produce inflammation followed by exostosis (bony growth through increased nutrition) — that of the joints being fearfully painful. D — Swelling by pressure of the bridle, causing inflammation, and sometimes tumors. j^ — 2>oJl Evil. A painful fistulous disease, often difficult to cure. p — Injlamed Parotid Gland. Caused by a bruise or compression. Q — Inflamed Jugular Vein, caused in vai'ious ways, often by careless- ness after bleeding. TI— Fungus Tumor, from compression of the collar. The result of sralls and subsequent want of care, and inattention. l^Fistida of the Withers, caused generally by pressure of the sad lie. J— Saddle Gall, caused by a bad fitting saddle ; sometimes ending in sitfusts. A'— r«?no;'q/', caused generally by interference of the shoe in lying down ; sometimes by a blow. X — Induration of the Knee, caused by blows in falling. M—Clap of the Back Sinews, caused by severe exertion in running and leaping, destroying the integrity of the sinews of the leg. X—Malknders, scurfy manifestations at flexions of the knee, sometimes becoming cracked and itchy. — SjMiit, caused by blows, kicks, etc., on the shins. They are to !)(> dreudod as interfering with the action of the sinews. P — Ringhone, caused by starting heavy loads, or excessive pulling in going uj) hill. Q — Tread upon the Coronet, the cor.tusion of the shoe of one foot by treiiding on the other, causing laceration of the coronet and of the horn of the hoof. H — Qui (tor, confined pus, from prick of the sole, corns, or injury to foi'onet. 258 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. |i 1 1! mi m S — Quarter Sand Crack. Imperfect secretion caused by dryness or the hoof ; rupture of the laminte. T — Contracted Hoof, or ringed hoof of a foundered horse. The result of Laminatis. U — Capped Hock. Injuring the point of the hock. V — Sallenders. Scurfy eruptions on the seat of flexion of the hock. Similar to raallenders. W — Spavin. Inflammation causing painful bony enlargement, somo- times stiff joint. Caused by blows, slipping and hard work, often from weak limbs. X^ — Curb. Inflammation and lameness of the posterior part of the hock, ending in bony formation. Caused by wrenching or straining the limb. Y — Swelled Sinews, caused by strains or bruises, producing inflamma- tion, and ending in enlargement. Z — Thick Leg, caused by various injuries to the joint. Any inflamma- tion may result in a thickening of the integuments. In all inflammatory difficulties of this nature, including, spavin, curb, etc., cold water faithfully applied at the outset will be indicated, but often the trouble is not known until too late for cold water. The warm water fomentations will then be indicated. [See treatment] . 1 — Grease, caused by debility, excessive labor and neglect, filtliy sur- roundings, from stoppage of the secretions. Scratches are from the same cause, as working in the mud without proper cleaning, etc. 2 — Toe Sand Crack, caused by the same difficulty as quarter sand crack. 3 — Quarter Cra>\:. [See sand crack]. These are occasioned generally by severe labor of animals not strong in the feet, by which the walls are ruptured, by breaking the hoof with the calk of another foot. False quarter is occasioned by the absence of the outside and harder portion of the hoof. 4 — Ventral Hernia. Rupture by which the bowel lies next the skin. When hernia is accompanied with strangulation it becomes dangerous. 5 — Rat Tail, loss of the hair of the tail. Fuller facts as to causes and treatment of these disorders will be found in tha appropriate place in this work. m CHAPTER II. DISEASES OP THE SKIN AND SUB-CUTANEOUS TISSUES. I. SCRATCHES. 11. GREASE. III. THRUSH. IV. SWELLED VNKLES. V. SWELLED LEGS. VI, SURFEIT. VII. MANCE. VIII. BINQ-WORM. IX. HIDE BOUND. X. SADDLE GALLS, OU SITFAST8. XI. FUNGOUS COLLAR TUMOR. XII. WARTS. XIII. VERMIN. XIV. LARVA IN THE SKIN. XV. TETTER. -XVI, RAT-TAILS. -XVII. HALLENDEitS AND SALLFNDERS. XVIII. POLL EVIL.- -XIX. FISTULA. Of skill diseases there are two classes : those resulting from neglect and "•cnoval bad treatment, and those due to disorders of the internal oifrans with wliich the skin is in sympathy, or which inflame it by uiinat- iiial oxcrotious or irritants in the blood. It is almost impossible perfectly to classify them, since even some that are generally considered to arise from constitutional causes may be produced by external circumstances, and the reverse. Ill the following sections we treat the most important of both classes. Others of less moment will be found in our chapter entitled •< Miscella- neous Matters and Suggestions, Minor Disorders, etc." I. Scratches. Causes. — These are various ; as, clipping the heels, which is sometimes done, and thus destroying nature's covering, so as to allow the jiarts to become chilled ; washing off the legs with soap and water without subse- quently thoroughly drying them, and then suffering them to be exposed to cold air ; standing in snow or snow-slush ; standing in or upon hot and stciiuiing manure of any kind, Avhile in stable ; or being long in mud and filtli wliilo in service and not subsequently carefully cleaned, Ain'thing that will produce inflammation of the skin of the heel, or in any way ^veaken it, may pi'oduce scratehes. As is the case with other local disorders, this is most easil}'^ and rapidly 17 259 1 t \>: ■^1 •1 ■ < ! ^ 260 ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOIl. developed when the horse is not in a condition of good genenil health ; hut foul stubles, while furnishing the irritating tiltli innnediately to tho seat of this disease vitiate the air also, und thus tend to hring about ;» two-fold trouble. It is believed to bo sometimes duo to tho existence on the skin of pur- asitic plants and insects. The sure preventive is to keep tho horse, if possible, in good goiicnil condition ; and to confine him, when he nmst be confined at all, only in u dry, clean, and well-ventilated stall. When he is forced to be Avorked during tho day in mud or slush he should be neither stabled nor turned out to pasture until both his feet and his legs are well washed and thoroughly dried. How to know it. — Sci'at<^:hes are said to be unknown to Europoun hovno- nien ; but it is so well knoAvn in tho United States as to render a di'scrip. tion well nigh unnecessary. It appears on the hndi part of the foot, generally of the hind foot ; and extends from the heel to the fetloik. It has been known entirely to encircle the foot, and to extend upward to the hock and to the knee. The parts arc sometimes hot, swollen and sensi- tive before any cracking or ulceration takes place ; then they l)0('()nie dry and scaly, and crack open by ordinary motion. A horse thus affected is apt to manifest a disposition to walk stifHj', with his hind legs, (when the disease is seated in the hind heels), wider apai't than ordinary', .uulto throw his foot rather violently forward Avhcn an effort is made to exam- ine it. It is often the case that at first there are littlo patches of a thick, dry, scabby covering of the skin ; and these spread and inflame until they form a solid mass of seal) and matted hair. These scabs may be distinguished from those which sometimes appear in other skin diseases by this, that they have an unusual itchiness, which leads the horse to ml) tlioin as niuch as possible ; and he often does this until they bleed and bocomo raw. This disposition of the suffering creature to scratch himself is said to have originated tho name by which the disease is knoAvn. What to do. — III cases where the patient is in good condition, and the disease is in its incipient stage, a thorough cleansing of the parts with castilo soap and warm water, and applying an emollient or softening poultice for a day or two, -with rest, will bo sufficient. If there secnw to be feverishness of the system, a dose or two of Epsom salts to move the bowels, given in doses of from one to three ounces at a time, well be beneficial. The following is for ordinary cases a most efficacious and easily used remedy : THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 261 No. 1. K Oi. powdered gum camphor, 1 (>z. gum myrrh, 1 Fluid oz. Nulphuric acid, 1 Fluid oz. HplritB of turpentine, 1 Pint of lurd. Mix tliorouirlily, iincl ml) the ointment well upon the hods once ii diiy Tlic leirs luul feet should be Avashed with soup suds before every applicii- lidii. When the disease is ehronie, and proud flesli has apjieared, make a lioultice of ground flax seed and lime-water; sprinkle burnt alum over the poultice, and apply. Vi^v. two or three poultices a day until the proud flesh has evident 1}^ disappeared, then use the ointment. No. las above directed. Another course of treatment, to be ado])ted when there is a disordered coiulition of r cracks, and the pent-up oily secretion, now turned to a foul, 3'ellowish water, ilows out. As tiie flow of matter increases, it becomes more and more thick, sticke}', and stinkinji; ; and if not attended to, tho heel and sides of tho foot l)ce()ine a mass of ulcerated excrescenses. It sometimes manifests itself by tho oozinjjf out of a thin matter through tho pores of the skin from some deep-seated disease of either tho coffin-bone or tho navicular joint — most fre- ijuoiitly the latter. The more effective treatment in this case would of course bo that directed to the healing of the primary disorder. What to do. — The treatment necessary is sim- ilar to that for scratches. In the first place, seo to it that the causes which have induced it shall no longer operate. If tho disease is secondary, it must 1)0 somewhat difficult to manage ; and the ani- mal should bo allowed to rest, taking only such ex- ercise as nature prompts, in an open pasture, ex- cept in had weather. When it is necessary to con- fine him, give him a good stable, dry litter, and pure air. Remember that rest is one of the first conditions of success ; while constant driving or any other labor will most probably defeat the ends of the physician. iy,hc disease is discovered in its early stage, and second staok of cox- tlie general health of the animal has not suffered, riBMioGiuiAaiiCaACKfl. cleanse the parts well with tepid water and castile soap, and make occasional applications of No. 2, or the camphor- ated corrosive sublimate, say once a day, till a cure is effected. A few applieations will generally bo found sufficient. If the horse is thin in flesh, and in a low state of health from the effects of this disease, mix sulphur and rosin, in the proportion of two First Staqk of Confibhed UnBAgK EXUDATIOX. itiiM' m: t- 51' His -I I 'i, ■ I '4 264 ILLUSTRATED STOCK I>OCTOK. parts of the former to one of the latter, and give him a quarter of a pound of this every third day until he has taken three or four doses. Meanwhile, thoroughly saturate the parts at least every other day with No. 2 till the disease is thoroughly conquered. If the liniment forms a scab upon the heel, so hard and dry that tlie remedial effects seem to cease, omit the liniment for several days and keo}) the heel well greased. The scab will come off, and then the appli- cation of the liniment, (No. 2), may be resumed. This course must l)e persevered in till a cure is effected. The liniment should bo applied at night ; and the horse should not bo turned into pasture when the grass is wet with dew or rain — at any rate, not till six hours after the application has been made. In Summer, pasturagJ .# ?:i^.- I' 1' i I- Vi 268 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. action of the cellulur tissue refeiTed to, causing it to become dry and at lengtli acutely intiamcd. It may also arise from the shifting of intium- niation from other parts, as from the lungs, kidneys, etc. Horses of coarse liber and full habit, accustomed to exercise, if allowed to stand idle several days, will have swelled legs from the accumulation of watery fluid ; and, if unattended to, the parts may soon be attacked I)y inflammation, when the tissues become involved, and the disca.so assumes its more serious tyiie. It is occasionally a mere extension of the effects of cracked heels, with its primary cause resting in whatever may have produced the primary disorder. How to know it. — The leg becomes greatly swollen, and looks as though it was stretched to its utmost tension. Occasionally, the swell- ing appears almost suddenly', and tlien as suddenly subsides, in which case the cause may be considered as having but just begun to opcnito ; and if now treated, it is easily managed. Again, it is sometimes sudden in its attack, and violent; the skin is hot, dry, and extremely tender, and the jsulse is quick and hard, while a peculiar lameness speedily sets in. The swelling may extend to the sheath and along the belly, as far as the muscles of the breast. In the more advanced stage of the disease small cracks appear in the skin , and from these exudes a watery matter, of whitish-yellow coh)!-, simdar to that which is seen in cracked heels. In this case it must l)e taken for granted that no treatment, however skilfuU, can speedily remove it ; that the improvement must be slow, and consequently niucli time re(]uired. What to do. — If the disease seems to be merely undue deposit of serum, owing to confinement, nothing more may be necessary than to give the aninnd a dose or two of niter, daily, to act upon the kidney.^ ; and to exercise him regularly, to induce absorption. In the adminis- tering of a diuretic, however, even so simple as niter, care should 1h' taken that it is not left to ignorant and irresponsible grooms, since it may be given in excess, and result in disordering the kidneys, and thus ultimately inducing the very disease which it is intended to remedy. When tlicre is a tendency to swelled legs which manifests itself in the morning, but disappears dui-ing the exercise of the day, an excellent pre- ventive is to stand the horse in cold water to h'l knees, half ' an hour, just before night, and then rub dry before stabling ; but care must !« t;iken to dry the legs thoroughly, or the plan is plainly objectionable. If it should be found not to yield to this, administer the niter in modera- tion, as previously du'ected, and exercise the horse regularly, causing him %v~ THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 269 to sweat, both of which have a tendency to diminish the accumuluted fluid, iiiid to assist the veins and absorbents in their functions. In case the horse is in a debilitated condition, and tlie swelling is mani- festly owing to the sluggishness of the circulation, he should be well fed, oil nutritious diet, and the leg or legs should bo firmly, but not tightly, bandaged. Then prepare the following — a tonic and somewhat stimulat- iiijr medicine : No. 7. }i Oz. pulverized ogsafcDtlda, 1 Oz. crcum of turUr, 2 Oz. powOeretl gcnUun, 2 Oz. African ginger, i Oz. lluely pulverized poplar bark. Rub these ingi-edicnts together in a moi-tar until thoroughly mixed. Divide tliis into six doses, and give one, in the food, every night till exhausted. The bandage should be removed from time to time, and the liiiil) subjected to a brisk hand-rubbing, or ruljbing with a medium coarse cloth. If tiie disease has become chronic, and the animal is nmch debilitated, the following moi'c stimulating medicine should be used. No. 8. 1 Oz. powdered golden seal, 1 Oz. gentian, } Oz. balmony, for snakebead), ii Lb. flux Heed. id Mix well ; and divide into six doses, of which give one night and iiioiuing in the food. Bandage and rub altci-nately, as previously directed. If the disease does not speedily .show signs of yielding to this treiitment, apply, every night, omitting the bandage, the liiiiiuent : following No. 9. 2 Oz. esHcneo of cedar, 1 Oz. tincture of capsicum, 1 pint new rum. When cracking of the skin has taken 2>lacc, so that matter exudes, and there is much fever, the following course has been found eminently suc- cessful, and must be at once adopted: First, take from the neck vein three quai-te of blood. Mix finely pulverized sulphur and rosin, in the l)r()[)ortion of two parts of the former to one of the latter ; and give daily, for three or four days, six ounces of this niLxture. It should 1m- ])ut into meal or bran, and the horse should be allowed no other food until ho readily takes this. Meanwhile, apply No. 2 every morning to the parts most evidently affected, until the swelling has entirely subsided. In these chronic cases, it is best not to feed on very nutritious, or at 270 ILLITSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. least, stimulating food, unless the horse is in low general condition. Ordinarily, pasturing will be best, when the season admits of it. If It docs not, he should have light, moist ditit ; and his stable should he clean, dry, roomy, aijd so supplied with litter us to induce huii to lie down as much as possible. VI. Surfeit. :!i Causes. — ^This disease, sometimes known as prurigo, has for its pre- disposing cause a thick and impure state of the blood, with deranged condition of the digestive organs. When the animal is in such case, unv sudden exposure to chill, especially when he has been heated, will jjro- duce surfeit-pimples ; and unless the general condition be attended to, a confirmed case of skin disease may be the result. It generally appears in the Spring, at the time of shedding, when the skin is more exposed than at any other time of year, and tlie horse is still exposed to sudden spells of cold and Avet Aveather. The skin, thus bare, is easily affected ; and if the chill is severe or too fre([uciitly repeated, inflammation sets in, and the cuticle or outer skin l)ocoiiie,s hard and dry because the pores are so closed as to retain the oily soorc- tions necessary to moisten the surface. Some poisonous herbs produce this, or a siniihir, eruption of the skin, and musty ha}' has been known to have a like effect. Quick surfeit, or that which arises suddenly, even in animals in good general condition, upon being overheated and suddenlj' cooled by chill air or an over-draught of Avater, may disappear upon his l)eing lirouirht to a SAVcat by exercise ; but that Avhich is contracted Avliile the horse is in general ill condition is apt to become confirmed, and, unless timely atten- tion is bestoAved, may .settle on the lungs and cause serious trouble. How to know It. — No symptoms i)reccde an attack of surfeit by Avhich its appi'oach maA' be knoAvn. The pimples or lumps, in quick surfeit, suddenl}' appear, and almost as quickly subside. When a case of con- firmed surfeit has set in, the skin is hard, dry, and feverish ; and pimplos appear, sometimes confined to the neck, but more frecjuently spread over the sides, back, loins, and quarters. Occasionally, these are attended Avith great itching, Avhile again they seem to cause no aiinoyagcc. AVlieii they have remained a fcAv days, they discharge, in small quantities, a thin, Avhitish, oily matter. Small, scabby excrescences, formed b}' the dis- charging sores, cover the parts. These come off, taking the hair Antli them, and leaving a small scaly spot — sometimes, though rarely, a sore. Sui'feit is sometimes mistaken for button-fan^y ; but it may be distin- guished from this by the shape of the pimples : in surfeit these tiro TJIE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 271 elevated in the center ; whereas, in farcy the lumps arc rather flat on top and have thick edges, like a button in the skin. Farcy buds generally A HOBSK AFFKCTXD with SultPEIT. uppcar on the inside of the thighs and fore legs, while surfeit pimples iiro seldom found in these places. If not promptly and properly attended to, surfeit is likely to dogen- ciatc into mange, which it is sometimes taken to be, even in its cai'ly stages ; but it may be known from mange by trying the short hairs at the roots of the mane : if it is mange, they Avill be loose and come out ; l)iit if surfeit, they will show their natural condition. What to do. — If the general condition of the horse is good, and the affcetion has evidently arisen from sudden exposure or some other iniprudonce on the part of the person having him in charge, little treatment will be necessary. Prevent costivcness and keep down fever 1)V eooling food, such as bran mashes, roots, and other moist provender. Give arsenical drink once a day, a pint at a time, to act on the skin, until eure is effected, being careful, meamvhile, if the weather is cool, to keep the horse comfortably warm — blanketing him if necessary; and a half hour's Avalking exercise should be given him daily. The arsenical drink consists of these ingredients in the proportions named : No. 10. 1 Fluid oz. arsenicalis, or Fowler's solution, 1 >a Fluid oz. tincture of muriate of iron, 1 Quart water. If the disease has sprung from a thick and impure state of the l)lood, disordered digestive organs, and general ill condition, take from the 1 ^ H ft* 1 RSl lilll ' ) M I I 272 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. i| neck vein from three to five quarts of blood, according to strengtli, extent of eruption and degree of fever. Keep him from becoming costive J)}' cooling and laxative food, as previously directed ; see that he is comfortably stabled, if the weather is at all inclement, uud give, ou several successive nights, the following alterative : No. 11. a Drachma levigated (finely ground) antimony, 3 Dracbmg niter, 4 Draubms Bulpliur. * The food should be good — if possible, green and succulent; and it will be found advantageous to take the chill from water given him, if the weatluT is at all cold. If the appetite is bad, place gruel in the maugur, so tiiat ho may use it instead of water till sti'onger food is relisliod. If it is Sununer, or Spring is sufficiently advanced to be mild, ho may be turned to pasture ; but hi any event, he should be allowed to rest during treatment. In tlio more confirmed cases a speedy cure is not to be expected ; hut good food, not of a nature to induce costiveness and inflammation, and proper care .as to warmth and cleanliness, together with a proper use of No. 11, will bring the patient round in time. In very obstinate cases, occasionally anoint those parts whore the lumps appear with a mixture of sulphur and lard, in equal propoi-tiou!!. Vn. Slange. Causes. — This is sometimes brougiit about b^"- the same causes as surfeit ; or rather, it is indeed but an advanced or chronic stage of tliat disease ; though in some cases of the same kind, it is of a nmch more serious character in itself, and highly contagious. "When not a- mere secondary stage of neglected surfeit, its innncdiate cause is a parasite — the acarus — bred in the skin of the animal wlieii subjected to dirt and filth, and debilitated by hard living and ill usisro, or l)y total neglect and lack of food. The acarus produces mange in the hoi'se in the same maimer as the human parsisite produces itch in man ; but it is of a different species, and frequently so large a.s to be vi.sihlc to the naked eye. Neglect, starvation, and accumulated filth having induced a depraved state of the digestive apparatus, with which the skin sympathises, and the insect once having obtained a lodgment, the horse, unless promptly taken in hand, soon becomes a loathsome object, and dies. The disease once contracted in this way, may be connnunicated to tven sound animals, in good condition ; in fact, the great majority of caws are thus contracted, as comparatively few animals are so utterly neglected THE lIOnSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 273 or cXf oscd t«k filthy iufluoiu'cs as to become in themselves the geiionitors of those intihge-breediiijr insects. It is regtirded as one of tlic most contagious diseases to which the horse is subject, and may be imparted not only to other horses, but to cattle, hogs, and dogs, though it is asserted by good authority that none of these can in turn communicate it to the horse. The curry-comb, brush, collar, or blanket which has been used on a niaiigv horse will produce the infection in another ; and to lie in the same stall or to rub where a mangy horse has rubbed l)imself is almost (certain to coinnmnicate it unless the animal so exposed is exceedingly healthful and in active condition of body. How to Know It. — The skin is at first scabby, the hair comes off, and the outer skin becomes broken into little scale-like jiieces. These fall off, or are rubbed off, and leave the parts raw and sore. The general uppoarance of the skin whei-e the raw spots arc not too numerous is a dirtv brown, and it is loose, flabby and puckered. The horse is impelled l»v itching to rul) himself frecjuently and violcntl}^ and he thus leaves his scurf, dandruff, and in the more advanced stage, his parasites, at every pliioo. Usually, Avhere the disease is engendered in the animal itself, it appears first on the side of the neck, just at the edges of the mane, and on the inside of the (juarters near the root of the tail. From these parts the oiiiption extends along the back and down the sides, seldom involving the oxtreniities, except in the very worst cases. Sometimes, though rarely, the cars and eye-brows arc attacked and left bare. "When it is the result of contagion, the horse may at first be in health ; Imt the constant irritation makes him feverish, the hair falls off as in the Hist case described, leaving the skin in those places almost bai'e ; and little red pimples appear here and there. Each of these contains a parasite, and the pimiiles arc connected by furrows along which the parasites have worked their Ava}'. In time they ircrease in number and size, and from them exudes a matter which harde.is into a scab. Under these scabs the parasites may be found, upon removing them and care- fully examining in the sunlight. Ill the early stage of the disease, where it may be suspected, but is not yot fully manifest, it may be detected by placing the fingers among the roots of the mane and tickUng the skin with the nails. The horse is so sensitive to titillation when in this condition that he will thereupon stretch out his nock and cAdnce the most unmistakable pleasure as long as i'le tieklins continues. ■m ! !■:: k What to do. — The most effectual preventive, it will be readily iriferred m ID ti m 1 ilK 1 -fti '-J ■"(;- i 1 '^S 1 miVl fl iii'; 1 m H 274 ILLU8TKATKI) STOCX DOCTOU. from the preceding statement of cuuses, is clojinlinoss. In no cast' should a healthy uninud l)e aUowed to occupy ii stable where a inan"')- one lias been kept until it shall have previously been washed with water strongly impregnated with sulphur and chloride of lime — say half a pound of powdered sulphur and one pint of chloride of lime to each gallon of water. If the sitable is thoroughly' cleansed of loose litter anil dirt, and all parts that may have been rubbed against by a mangy horse perfectly saturated with this solution two or thnio times, on as many consecutive days, there can bo no danger in using it. (Clothing, curry- comb, brush, etc., that may have come in contact with such animal, should l)e I)urned up. If starvation, weakness, and general iU condition have caused the mange, a patent means for its removal will be found in giving him clean (juarters and good nourishing food ; which, however, should not he at first of a heating nature, (ienerous pasturage, unless the Aveather is damp, will be sufficient ; otherwise, a full supply of oats and chop food should be given. It cannot be too much insisted upon that cspeeially while treating a horse for disease his stable should be dry, well ventilated and properly supplied with litter. In cases of full habit of bod}', where the disease is the result of contact, and the presence of high fever is noted, l>l('cd once, taking from the neck vein from three to five quarts, according to tlw condition of the animal and the degree of fever ; but if it is the result of poverty and debility, do not bleed at all. Next, have him as thoroughly cleansed of scab and dirt as possil)le, with a wisp of hay, and by softly and lightly using a curry-comb. I'lieii prepare a liniment of the following ingredients and in the proportionb here given for greater or less quantities : No. 12. 1 (JiiJirt nnimal glycerine, 1 (iill creosote. >4 Tint turpentine, 1 Gill oil of juniper. Mix all tojxether and shake well ; and with this saturate the whole skin, as nearly as possible, I'ubbing in well Avith a soft cloth. Care must lie taken to rub it in thoroughly. A little well rubbed in is better than nmch merely smeared on. Leave him in this condition tAvo days ; then Avash him Avell Avith Avsirm Avater and soft soap ; stand him in the sunshine if the Aveather admits, and rub Avith a A\'isp of hay or Avith suitable cloths until he is dry ; after Avhich, anoint him pretty avoU all o\'er Avith the mixture described, No. 12, and rvb it in. This course should be pursued until a cure is effected. THE HOUHE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 27i Two to four applications will generally be found sufficient, even in ()l),stinutc cases, if care is taken as to food and drink. The following iiltcnitivo will bo found beneficial : 1^0. 1!1. 1 Oz. tortnrlzml nntlraony, 2 Dra, inuriuto of quicksilver, 8 Oz. poWilored s'lKcr. i) Oz. powiiurud uuIho sceda. lilix with mucilage so as to form a consistent mass ; divide into six halls, and give one every morning till the eruption disappears. Care must be taken that the patient is not exposed to rain or heavy dews while under this course of treatment. VIII. Bingworm. Causes. — There are two kinds of ringworm ; one simple, of sponta- neous origin, and non-contagious. The other contagious. The first is usuallv the result of indigestion or confinement in close and foul ii()artmonts, as in filthy and ill-aired stables, railroad cars or ship holds. The latter, or contagous kind, is found on horses of good condition, as well as on diseased and neglected ones, and is produced by vegetable [larasites in the hairs and hair-glands. How to know it. — it is especially common in Winter and Spring, and appears on the face, neck, shoulders, sides, and sometimes elsewhere. AVhen non-contagious, it may usually bo known by its ajDpearing as an eruption of small blisters, about the size of a wheat grain, on inflamed patelies of skin. These assume a circular form ; and if not seasonably attended to, the circle enlarges and covers fresh portions of skin. The contagious tj'pe appears in round, bald spots, covered with white seales, and surrounded by a ring of bristly, brokei. , or split hairs, with seabs around the roots, and some eruption on the skin. These l)rokcu hairs soon drop out, and a Avider ring is formed. The most marked characteristic of the contagious or parasitical ringworm is the splitting of the hairs in the ring, and the pei'fcct baldness of the central part. Occasionally the patches, in either form of the disease, assume an irregular rather than a really circular form. Any attack of this sort is usually marked also by the horse's inibbing ard scratching himself against the sides of his stable, or convenient ol)jeets outside ; but this is not to be depended upon as a nuirked symp- tom, since it likewise indicates surfeit and mange. What to do«_If a simple, non-contagious case, shave the hairs as closely as possible from the affected part, and paint with tincture of iodine; or, if scratches or little ulcers have appeared on the patch, rub it with the following stimulating and healing ointment : 18 M. r lii I 270 No. 14. ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. 10 GruinH nitruto of lilvor, 1 Uz. larU. If It in It ciiso of tho oontiigious or sculy vuricty, wiish the patchos thorouf^lily with noft AviitiT iiiid soft soap, and then rub every day with tho folh)wiii;' oiutuiout : No. 15. K Drachm iodine, 1 Urucliiii ioilUlo ofpotasb, 1 Uz. uoMtuullnu. If through neglect and long standing it has ulcerated, use this ointment twice daily : No. 10. 6 Oz. pyrollgneoug add, I) Oz. IliiHccd oil, 2 U/. Mplrits of uumplior. If it has become obstinate — not yielding to tho foregoing treatment- apply a blister directly over the patch, and then treat as for a coniiiioii sore, using some simple ointment. If there ai'c signs of constipation and fever, care nmst bo taken to keep tho bowels open and regular, and to avoid stimulating grain food. A seasonable supply of cut grass and sliced potatoes, or of carrots, if they can bo ol)tahied, should be allowed. If in Spring and Summer, and the horse is not in active use, put him to pasture for a few days. When the horse shows a tendency to weakness, as is sometimes the case with young animals, and with those suffering from neglect, give good nutritious food, and tonic medicine in moderation. To prevent spreading the contagious form, clean the stable Avhcre a horse so afflicted has stood, and white-wash its interior thoroughly. Wash the harness, collars, and whatever else may have covered the vine considered as haviiij; produced it when no siH'cilic form of disease can l)c>, discovered as existing; ; l)ut it is an almost iiiviuiabh> accompaniment, in a frreator or less dojjfree of intensity, of big lu'iul, jilanders, grease, farcy, founder, distemjier, bad eases of swinney, hiiX sliowhler, h)ck-jaw, eonsunii)tion, and chronic dysentery. The fever ill these dries up the watery secretions and shrinks th(( liide. Formerly it was sujiposed to be eiiused by worms in the stomach and nlinieiitar}' canal ; but this is erroneous. "Worms may of course exist \vliile the liorse is in this state, but they are rather a consequence than a cause — the result of imperf(H't digestion and excretion. The skin, as has heeu elsewhere stated, sympathizes readily with the vital internal orirans, and in all obscure cases hide-bound should be considered a ''.vinptoin of disorder in these, and treated accordingly. How to know It — The skin is dry and liard, and the hair is rough and rusty. Both arc evidently d(>stitutc of that oil by which in health they are kept in .soft, pliant, and glossy condition. Adhering almo.st inunov- al)ly to the ribs, legs, neck — almost every part of the body — the skm cannot ho caught up in folds with the hand. At times it appears scurfy, and the cxhalants, (having the quality' of giving out or evaporating), jjour ' 278 ILLU8THATEU STOCK OOCTOU. forth unusual quantities of mutter, the more solid portions of which form scales and give the horse a filthy appearance. The excrement or dung is dry, hard, and black. What to dO—Especial pains must bo taken to discover, if possilile, what specific disease has given rise to this state of the skin. If the cause is obscure, direct the treatment to restoring a healthy condition of tlio digestive organs. Begin by bettering his treatment in every way. Instead of hard labor, he should have only gentle exercise, and instead of being left exposed to the rain, snow, and merciless winds, in barren pas- ture land or filthy barnyard, he should bo well sheltered, and, in Winter, blanketed — using for this purpose two blankets joined along his back hy tapes so that a pace of an inch or two may bo left for the escape of insensible perspiration. Instead of allowing tho skin to grow clogged, torpid, and dea% for want of cleanliness and friction, ho should have regular daily currying and brisk rubbing with good brush or coarse cloth, which will materially aid in restoring healthy action of the skin. If it is pasture season, give him a run at good gi'ass during the day; bat stable at night in a clean stable, funiishcd with dry litter, and give him a generous feed of })ran and oats, or moistened bran and chopped hay, Mix with the food night and morning, the following alterative : No. 17 3 Oz. powdered sasafras bark, 3 Oz. sulphur, 3 Oz. bait, * 2 Oz. bloodroot, 2 Oz. balmony, 1 Lb. uatmeal. Bi;i Mix, and divide into twelve doses. If he appears in tho beginning of the treatment to be filthy, feverish, and stiff, bleed him — taking from the neck vein thrc quarts. If the stiffness continues, bleed agahi after seven days, taking a like quantity. If the appetite is bad, mix with No. 17, (the alterative above described), a spoonful of ground ginger ; but in general you should avoid cordiab, tonics, and aromatics, (that is, warm and pungent medicines). They may arouse fever that would otherwise fail to develop itself, and thus defeat the object for which the mild laxatives and temperate alteratives prescribed have been given. Cordials may indeed arouse the vital functions to sudden action ; but even if no lasting fever is created, the action soon subsides, rendering it necessary to continue the cordial or forego whatever seeming advantage may have been derived from it. If cxcitment is continued by this means, the i)owers of nature are impaired tnd lasting injury done. A good and sufficient tonic may be furnished, of which the horse will THE HORSE, SKIN DI8EASH8, ETC. 279 partake as much as the system requires, by placing a poplar pole in the stable, upon which he can conveniently gnaw. If the time is Winter, it will generally bo found necessary to begin the course of treatment by giving a purgative, say two ounces of Epsom salts, which may be repeated within seven hours if it fails to produce the desired action ; and to feed him on laxative food until constipation is overcome and a healthful action of the bowels restored. Reiner iber that one of the very first objects is to establish regular action of the bowels ; and then generous diet, (let it be green and succu- lent if possi])le, but at any rate nutritious Avithout being inllammatory ) , with cleanliness and regular friction of the hide, will do more than medicine. Do not expect to effect a speedy cure ; in any event, the very existence of hide-bound indicates chronic disorder, and all chronic dis- eases require time. If it is known to be the result of a well-defined disease, as big-head, farcy, etc., the treatment must of course be directed to the removal of tliat, according to directions elsewhere given in this Work ; and the hide- bound will disappear as its immediate cause is removed. X. Saddle Qalls, or Sit-fksts. Causes. — These are swellings, sores, and tumors, caused by ill-fitting saddle or harness. Different names are applied to them according to their appearance and character. "When- a mere heated swelling on the liorso's back or shoulders is unjittended to, Avhile he is kept in constant use, it sometimes assumes the appearance of a dead patch of skin, and is then called mcarhle; when these ulcerate and discharge pus, and a leather-like piece of skin is firmly fixed upon the top of it, the name Kit-fad is applied ; and when, by the use of sadulo or harness before a warble or sitfast is thoroughly healed, a hard, callous lump is formed, it is called a 7iavel gall — said to be so called because it is generally on that part of the back opposite the navel. How to know It. — These swellings, soi'es, and tumors require no further description than has already been given. What to do. — The first and most essential thing is, that the animal shall be allowed to rest ; or at any rate be subjected to such labor only us will not require the same chafing, abrading saddle or harness which has produced the trouble. Then, if it is merely a gall or scald — a heated, tender swelling, without cither suppuration or hardness — bathe with cold salt and water two or three times daily. When the heat and tenderness are sensibly reduced, anoint occasionally, until the lump has entirely disappeared, Avith a mixture of tar and olive oil, equal parts. 1 ffir ■^ In! i^ ¥ Wi ■ i^ 'JS '\' 1 H ;« ,('• 280 ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. If it has assumed the character of a sitfast, do not use the knife, nor try to tear the dry skin away, but bathe with warm soft water, and then apply a poultice. This must be repeated, if necessary, until the callous skin is easily removed, and then anoint frequently , until the sore is healed. with the following ; No. 18. 1 Dr. iodide of potash, 6 Dra. siaiplu ointment, 2 Drs. glycerine. When it has reached the stage of navel gall — hard, grisly, almost horny — apply daily the camjDhorated, corrosive sublimate. No. 2. Sliake the bottle well before i)ouring it out ; use a mop with which to put it on ; then, Avhen it is thoroughly saturated with this liniment, use a hot iron with which to dry it in. "When one iinds his horse suffering in this way under saddle or harness, his own interests, as well as the promptings of humanity, demand that he shall at once remove the cause, if possible ; but it is sometimes tlie case that this cannot be done — absence on a journey, military necessity, press of farm or road work, requiring regular service. Under these circumstances the saddle or harness should receive immediate attention and subsequent watchfulness on the part of the rider or driver. The padding must be taken out of the saddle or collar so as to olniate pressure on the part affected ; or, as for the saddle, the blanket may be so arranged as to lift it from the spot. The sore place must be loathed Avell with salt and water as soon as possible after it is discovered; !.nd then covered with a piece of adhesive plaster, heated, of course, until it sticks readily. If matter has formed, a hole should be cut in the middle of the plaster to allow it to escape. Treated in this way, the horse may be ridden from day to day, and recover while in use. Greasing collars and other parts of harness will frequently prevent that chatinir which results in sores and callous tumors. If the horse, through constitutional tenderness, is subject to these Bwellings and sores, it is well to put the saddle on half an hour before using him ; and leave it on, having slightly loosened the girths, for a half hour or an hour afterward, thus preventing sudden change in the temper- ature of the skin. XI. Fungous Collar Tumor. Causes. — This in its nature is essentially the same as that described in the pi'cceding section as saddle gall, or sitfast — differing, however, in location and specific cause. It is an inflammation and swelling beneath the larg( by the ci Howtc tion of £ l)oint of or scvcrit standing, detect an Where thi and no cu tliere will Under s it may for What to scar or lun quont use, order Avill 1 use a brcas is recent, a; over the sh Tills must 1 But if tl (iiid contaii smooth, ve the pus. No. 1! If the wo| diseonlinue to promote No. 20 received as t plethoric cor I'ily to high '>e taken as iiiiinials, of TIIE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 281 the large flat muscle that covers the front of the shoulder, and is caused by the chafing of the collar. How to know it. — it is scarcely necessary to undertake farther descrip- tion of a well-tnown, visible affection. It is usually found near the point of the shoulder ; and the character of the tumor as to simplicity or severity can be readily determined by examination. If of considerable standing, it will be found so hard as to render it almost impossible to detect any fluctuation that would indicate the presence of matter. Where there is much swelling, hoAvever, there is almost invariably matter, iind no cure can be effected until this is removed. In cases less marked there Avill be a small, hard or indurated lump Avithout matter. Under similar conditions as those mentioned in the preceding section, it mav form a leathery patch in the center and become a real sitfast. What to do. — The tumor must, if possible, be so treated as to leave no scar or lump, as this would be easily irritated by the collar upon subse- quent use, and prove a source of constant trouble. The first thing in order Avill be to take the horse from work, if at all practicable. If not, use a breast-strap, so as to prevent all further chafing. If the sAveiling is recent, apply cold water often, or cover the part with a wet rag hung over tlio shoulders in such a way as to remain in contact "with the swelling. This nuist be kept constantly Avet. But if the tumor is large, and of long standing — already hardened and containing matter deeply hidden, open with a knife — making a sinootli, vertical cut, and of suflScient depth to thoroughly evacuate the pus. Syringe the opening Avell every day Avith the foUoAving solution : No. 19. 30 Grains chloride of zinc, 1 (^uart water. If the Avound seems inclined to heal and leaA'e a hard lump in doing so, discontinue the injection, and rub frequently Avith the foUoAAnng liniment to promote the absorption of the callous or gristly formation : No. 20. 1 Oz. iodine, 1'2 Oz, Bonp liniment. xn. Warts. Causes — it is diflScult to point out anything that may be implicitl}' received as the cause of these excrescences. Generally accompanying a plethoric condition, they may be considered as OAving their origin prima- rily to hiffh feeding and insuflUcient exercise. This, hoAvever, nmst not be taken as conclusive, since they not unfrequently appear upon active animals, of meagre habit. I i-1 f. -1 ^1 !, I 'i 1 i 282 ILLUSliUTED STOCK DOCTOR. 1- ■ The manner of their formation seems to be this : Knots in the true skin are gnidually developed, being surrounded with a covering of the scarf- slun, something thickened and matted together ; and tliis outer coverinir generally dries and splits into fibers towards the top, while blood, in greater quantities than usual, is sent to the inner or vascular parts ; and more nutriment is thus diverted to it than to the surrounding flesh, so that an upward or outward growth is promoted. Seed warts usually make their appearance on the eyelids, the nose, the sheath and adjoining parts of the belly ; the encysted or sac warts, on the pasterns, hock-joints, and knee-joints, and sometimes upon the sheath and neighboring parts. Unless warts appear upon the penis they are not injurious to health, and at first occasion little inconvenience unless upon the shoulder or some part where harness or saddle touches constantly ; but they should be removed, nevertheless — particularly the sac wart and those seed warts which manifest a tendency to enlargement. If the encysted or l>]ood wart is allowed to remain it will almost invariably enlarge and spread. How to know it — There are two kinds of these formations, one of which is fibrous, white, and gristly or cartilaginous, but somewhat spongy lump, contained in a sac or cell wliich has .aken its rise from the outer or scprf-skin ; and the other is a somewhat cartilaginous substance, not inclosed, but adhering fii'mly to the skin — a hard excrescence, — the " seed wart," — which is too well known to require particular description. It i'j sometimes difficult to distinguish the blood wart, as the former is sometimes called, from the seed wart ; but it generally presents a more rounded, smooth appearance, and sometimes hangs as by a little stem, ui which last case it is readily known. What to do. — If there is doubt as to the character of the wart, tlie matter may be speedily determined by running a shaip-knife through it ; when, if a blood or sac wart, the contents Avill como out, accompanied by more or less copious bleeding ; whereas, the seed wart will in this case be merely divided by the incision, each part retaining its finnness or consistency. When the blood wart is thus opened, nothing more will be necessary than to touch the part with a solution of chloride of zinc, one grain to the ounce of water, or lunar caustic. When these warts are attached to the skin by narrow bases, or small stems, they may be clipped off with knife or scissors, and the part slightly burned over with caustic as pre- viously directed. If the growth is of the fixed kind, or seed wart, remove by moans of scissors or knife when standing singly ; but if the stem or base is large, THB HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 283 or if the warts grow in bunches, too numerous and too close together to be cut away, pick off or otherwise chafe tlio rough outer surface so as to make it bleed ; then with a stiff brush rub in yellow orpinient wetted with a little Avater, and in a few days they will come awa}', or may be rubbed off, and leave a healthy sore, Avhich soon heals. If the entire wart does not come off by reason of one application, repeat. When the penis is wholly covered with Avarts, the best plan is to have it amputated, as the warts cannot easily bo removed without destro}'ing as much of it as it would bo necessary to remove entirely in order to be rid of them. Xni. Vermin. Causes. — ^Vermin a/e both a cause and a consequent of skin disease ; and being also bred in the hairy covering, perhaps in the very skin itself, tliey are pr<>;^yerly treated in this connection. Every species of animal is more or less troubled with his own peculiar insect tormentor ; and while no well-defined cause cari be assigned as to their origin, they are almost always found associated with tilth and squalor. They sometimes, however, trouble animals of fair condition, and accus- tomed to reasonable care ; but in this case they arc caught by contact. Poor, ill-cared-for, mangy horses, colts in tlic Spring of the Acur, with long, uncurried coats, and old and feeble horses with like rough and shaggy covering, most probably breed them ; and on these they are most frequently and plentifully found. The itching torment to which they subject diseased animals doubtless intensifies whatever disorder may exist ; and the very earliest opportunity should be taken to eradicate them from the sufferer. When horses stand in proximity to a hen-house, they are often seriously annoyed with hen-lice, which are even more tormenting than those peculiar to the horse himself. How to know it. — ^The horse infested mth vermin will usually mani- fest his uneasiness by biting and rubbing himself ; but their presence may be unmist^ikably detected by a more or less careful examination of his coat. What to do. — If the horse is suffering from some skin disease requir- hig treatment, the means adopted for this will almost invariabl}' suffice of themselves to remove the vermin ; but where no such disease exists, and it is a simple case of lousiness, anoint him with the following salve : nil I ill n 284 Ko. 81. 1LLU8T1UTED STOCK DOCTOR. 1 Dr. carbolic acid crystals, 1 Quart frc6h lard. Bub it upon every part of the body thoroughly ; wash with warm soap suds next day ; repeat if necessary — at hist washing and drying. Attention to his general health will also be demanded ; and to this end he should be upon good pasture, or a liberal supply of nourishing but not heating food should be given. If it is 11 case of hen-lice, the first thing to be done is to remove the horse from the place infested with these, and then to anoint and wash as before directed. XIV. Larva in the Skin. Causes. — The lar\'a, which infests chiefly the back — ^that part of the horse upon which saddle or harness must press — is not only a source of trouble to the animal, but of great inconvenience to the master, as the acute painfulness of a tumor raised by one of these grubs often pre- vents use. The larva is the offspring of a fly which deposits its eggs upon the ])ack and sides of the horse while he is out at pasture or roaming at large upon the common. This fly does not frequent the barn-yard and stable, so that horses which are confined to these when not in use are never annoj'cd with the larva. The eggs are hatched by the warmth of the animal ; and the creature burrows into the skin, where it remains and grows till Spring, raising meanwhile, by its irriuiting presence, a small lump, which is eventually develo[)cd into a painful tumor, upon the pus of which the insect pro- longs a life that it began upon the natural juices of the skin and cellu- lar tissue. How to know it — The most unmistakable sign of the trouble, when it is not plainly discernible with the eye, is the restlessness manifested bv the horse when subjected to the saddle. When he does this, and no well-defined occasion for his displeasure and his pranks is readily per- ceptible, examination Avill reveal a tumor or abscess if the larva is present; for the horse will hardly grow restive at first, when there is a mere lump in the skin. Upon the top of this abscess a black spot will be found, which is the point of entrance, and the opening through which the insect obtains the little air that it needs. What to do. — The best thing to do, because both quickest and safest, is to open the top of the tumor slightly with a lancet, and then to squeeze out the larva. T'he wound should then be dressed a time or two THE HOUSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 285 w ith a solution of one grain of chloride of zinc to one gill of water ; and the trouble will soou be over. XV. Tetter. Causes. — This seems to arise from some constitutional cause, which it is (lirtioult to point out. It appears on horses of different conditions or habit of body. On some it* breaks out periodicdly. Summer after Suniiner. It is not contagious, unless neglected until it assumes the epizootic form, which it sometimes does, after which it is communicable to both man and horse. Tlicre are said by some to be two or three forms of tetter, but in rciiHty whatever different forms it may assume, when not complicated with otlicr affections, they are indications of different degrees of severit}'. How to know it — The attack is usually sudden, and the animal is observed to rub himself severely, as suffering from intense itchiness. The neck, shoulders, back, and thighs are the points ordinarily affected. Upon examination, the skin will be found red with inflammation, some- times torn or scratched by rubbing ; and the blisters or pimples will be seen on those parts of the inflamed spot not so torn or scratched. These l>listers break, and a watery fluid is discharged, which keeps the surface moist. In its more advanced stage it may be tiiken for mange ; but it may be distinguished from mange by its manifesting less tendency to spread and invade all pails of the skin ; and by the absence of parasites under the sca1)by portions. What to do. — First, see that the horse's bowels are put in good condi- ion. If there is any tendency to plethora, (too great fulness), to constipation, or general fcverishncss, give him a purgative dose ; and in any event let his food be of such character as to prevent costivcness. (live, once a day, an ounce of Fowler's solution of arsenic. Eub the affected parts well with sweet oil, and let it remain thereon for a few hours ; then wash with warm soapsuds so as to remove the scabs or scales. Then cover the diseased surface and some portion of the healthy skin all round with the following ointment ; No. 22. K Lb. flour of sulphur, M Lb. carbonate of potash, 1 Oz. carbolic acid, 2 Lbs. lard, 2 Lbs. olive oil. I - ^'W t m \H 286 Illustrated stock doctor. Mix well with a gentle heat. Allow it to renin in on the skin for two or three days, and then wash off with strong soai) and water. Tar ointment, (equal quantities of tar and lard well mixed with gentle heat), is an excellent external application, and may be used when Mo. 22 is difficult to procure. XVI. Bat Tails. Causes. — Simple tetter, as also mallenders and sallenders, is soniotimes allowed through neglect to become obstinate ; the skin thickens ; ugly cracks are formed, from which flows in abundance a sort of purulent half-watery fluid ; upon the thickened portion of the skin the scabs increase, growing up into somewhat perpendicular layers, and the liairs growing from these are glued together by the exuding matter. Such bunches of matted hair are called, by reason of their appearance, "rat tails." The disease seems occasionally to be produced outright, without the supervention of any other kno^^^l disorder, by much exposure to wet gi'ound of a chalky or loamy nature, or to sticky mud. How to know it. — It appears chiefly upon the legs, one or all of which may be affected at the same time ; but the hairs of the tail, especially near the root of the tail, are often found in the u)nditioii described, and for a like reason. Tetter, ringworm, or some other dis- urder produces itching ; the horse rubs the part till it becomes raw ; matter exudes at length, and the hair is nuvtted in bunches along the upper portion of the tail bone, as shown in the figure exhibiting external manifestations of disease. If resulting from either neglected tetter, no matter what its position, or from mallenders and sallenders, it is accompanied by itchiness ; but this is generally less severe than is the case with these disorders in their simple foi'm. When the disease is fully developed, the ai^pcarance of the bunches of hair upon the parts is a sufficient indication. What to do. — As in simple tetter, attention must be directed to ostau- lishing a good condition of the bowels ; and to this end a purgative may be given — especially if there is any indication of constipation and general fevcrishness. The food must be regulated by the necessity of keeping down all inflammatory symptoms. Make a tonic powder as follows : No. 23. 12 Oz. sulphur, 1 Dr. arsenic, 1 Oz. bruised coriander seed. Divide into twelve parts and give one in the food night and morning. THE HORSE, SKIN DISEASES, ^TC. 28Y Dress the sores three times a day with the following lotion, applying with a soft rag ; Ho, 24. 1 Fluid oz. budanum, 1 Fluid oz. glycerine, H Oz. carbonate of soda, 1 Quart water. XVn. Mallenders and Sallenders. Causes. — By those terms are denoted oozy, scurfy patches upon the knee ami liock — those which appear back of the knee being called (for •Aliat reason nobody seems to know) mallenders ; and those which appear ill front of the hock, sallenders. They spring from idleness and neglect —1111 impure state of the blood having been brought on by heating and uiisiiitiible diet, and disorders of the bowels, liver, or kidneys. Though of no serious importance as diseases, they are unsightly, and, if neglected, they result in troublesome sores. How to know it. — They first begin as a moist tetter, apt to escape olisorvation until they appear in a roughened state of hair about the purts mentioned, under which the skin is scurfy, feverish and somewhat tender. Itching of such severity sometimes attends them as to render the horse restive and hard to keep under restraint. What TO do. — In the first place attend to the cleanliness of the horse and put him upon a regular course of moderate exercise. Give him twice daily, night and morning, a pint of the excellent alterative and tonic drink : No. 25. 1 Fluid oz. liquor arsenlcalis, IX Oz. tincture muriate of iron, 1 Qt. water. Rul) the parts affected two or three times a day wita an ointment made as follows : No. 2G. 1 Oz. animal glycerine, 2 Drs. mercurial ointment, 2 Drs. powdered ointment, 1 Oz. spcrmacetti. If the scurfy i)laces have developed into suppurating sores, use, instead of the ointment, the following lotion, saturating them well twice a day: No. 27. K Pint animal glycerine, X Oz. chloride of zinc, 6 (Quarts water. Be careful that his food is such as to keep him from constipation and fever, %j m 288 llLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. XVm. Poll-evil. Causes. — Poll-evil is tlio name given to a deep abscess having its sonl of primary inflammation botwocn the ligament of the neck and tlui first bone which lies l)eneath without being attached to it ; and it i.s serious in its nature by reason of tliis depth and of the diliiculty with wiiiiii tlio matter formed tinds its way to the surface through the strong libroiis membrane that envelopes it. If not attended to in its early stug(!s, tliu surface of the first bone from the head, or that of the joint lictwcou the first two bones, becomes inflamed, and the joint or joints involved. The disease may be said to owe its origin almost wholly to violence of some kind. A blow upon the poll by a brutal driver may very reiidily produce it ; and much slighter causes, often repeated, result in this affection ; as, the forcing on of a tight collar day after day ; hanging back and so bruising the poll Mnth bridle or halter ; and excessive rul)I)iii(r of that part because of itch produced by diit accumulated about the ears and upper point of the neck and not carried away by brush or cirryconil). Striking the head against low ceilings aad the heams of low doorways is doubtless responsible for very many cases of this dangerous and disa- greeable disorder. How to know It — A certain restlessness, a throwing back of the lioad and then returning ; again, a drooping tendency, turning the head fnnii one side to the other ; a dull appearance about the eyes ; a sluggishness of movement — all these are sometimes observed before any symptoms of t':e disease may be discovered about the head. Sometimes no notice is taken of its existence until considerable swelhng and even an unwholesome discharge ht've set in ; but more frciiucntly iiii oval tumor is discovered, — hot, tender, situated directly in the region of the nape of the neck, but generatly inclining to one side. In the luildir form this tumor is evidently superficial ; and the horse moves his IhikI with comparative ease and freedom ; whereas, in the more advanced staj;c he caiTies it stifHy, and every movement of it or the neck causes great pain. Sometimes the disorder is so decplv- seated that the tumor is not developed sufficiently to make much outward show. It is much likelier to discover itself plainly as a well-developed swelling when the hurt is superficial. In any case, it must be examined with the fingers to deter- mine this point. Place the fingers jrentlv upon it, and give the animal time to re- cover from the little scare intowhiehtlm POLL-KVIL DURIKa THS FiBST STAOI. touching of a sore at first srivcs him; THE HOUSE, SKIIf DISEASES, ETC. 289 then gradually press upon the part. If the hurt is near the surface, ho Avill flinch quickly ; if deeply seated, ho will be correspondingly slow in sliow- iii'rounding parts, and gives to the animal a most repulsive appcaraiiee. In this case the knifo should be used so as to take in at one swocj) the greatest number of openings, and then the other openings should l)o eoii- nected by cuts with this main channel ; after which tho Avound should he cleansed as previously directed, and dressed with the mixture 2>rc.senhed — spirits of turpentine, honey, and tincture of myrrh. After matter has formed, tho knifo is tho only sure means of saving tho horse ; and, in the hands of the skillful man, it is a mcreiful means. The operation is brief; and the relief is more speedy than can otherwise be obtained. Let no one attempt it, however, who cannot '>l)erate as though for the moment; divested of feeling, as there must hn no hesitation, no aAvkwardness as to direction, no notching and hacking. A horse that has once had the poll-evil should never afterward have « collar thrust over his head, or be hauled around with a halter or any other head-gear pressing upon the part. The poll will long reniuin ten- der, and a return of the disorder is likely. If it is necessary to treat during Summer, when the horse is apt to ho TIIK IIORNE, SKIN DISEAHF.N, KTf. 291 annovod with flics, keep tho wouiul covered willi ii rag moistened in n solution of tur. XIX. Fistula. Causes. — This i.s ftomotlmoH known rh fisfuIoiLt withers, to distinpjuish it from listnla of tiu^ parotid duct. It ia aiiniiar to poli-cvil and is |MMiiillv in case of hij^h withers; by striking tho withers against the tti|» of a low door-way ; by rolling and striking the withers against some hiird substance ; by the biting of other horses ; and by a blow of the l)la(ksniith's hammer. 'I'lie ])oints of tho spinal processes, (little pro- jections of the sj)ine or back bone,) arc luirt, intiammation sets in, and the fistulous tumor is produced. Its site is tho spine abovc^ the shoulders ; Mild it is more troublesome tlian poll-evil, beeauso it ia more exposed to r('|K'iitcd injuries. How to know It — The first indication will be a swelling on one or })oth sides of the withers, generally rather broad and flat. Upon exani" inatioa with the fingers this will be found hot, tender, and apparently (Icq) seated. If observed wlwn first formed, it will be of uniform li.'irdncss throughout. If unattendt^d to while in this state, the tumor soon becomes an abscess ; and owing to the difliculty in the way of the matter's escaping, (its natural outlet being at the top of tho shoulders), the pus sinks doAvnward ; and the abscess sometimes becomes enornious before there is any well defined head, and before there is any opening. Wlieu it breaks, or is opened, a large quantity of extremely offensive matter flows out. Ordinarily, the tumor will come to a head in from one to two weeks. When the discharge has begun, the tumor does not begin to grow healthy and heal, but he walls of the opening thicken, and continue to discharge matter which becomes more and more offensive. The matter l)urrows between the shoulder blade and si)inal points, and everything around seems to be rotting away ; and it is both difficult and dangerous to trace the opening. In process of time several holes will iippear along the course of the muscles in contact with the original abscess, find from each issues a foul discharge, till the ulcerating process seems to extend itself to nearly all the muscles of the shoulder. The health of the animal may at first be excellent, and there may be 110 lameness ; but as the inflammation extends, there is lameness of the shoulder, and he suffers generally — often greatly. He is averse to motion, and will suffer for food and drink rather than undergo the paia ly li-n 292 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. |i' ' i I' bLiQUT Enlarcembnt wrtcii mat bnd IN FlSTULUUB VVlTUUUti. of trying to reach iiiid partake of it. In its worst stages the bones extending into the sinus decay. What to do — Be careful to ascertain, in tho first phicc, whether tho tumor lias ncv/ly risen. The matter may form in one, evnii while it is quite small ; and it is important to know when the knife may be used to advantage. If matter has already formed, it can bo detected by the somewhat soft and fluctuat- ing feeling of the abscess. If discovered while still a newjormation, take the horse from work, if possible ; if not, take especial i)ains to protect the in- jured point or points from i)res.sui'e. A bruise at that point of the with- ers where the collar rests will not unlit a horse for the saddle, unless considerable inflammation and ex- tending soreness has already sot in ; nor will a saddle bruise, farther back on the withers, necessarily un- fit him for harness. A recent swelling should be im- mediately treated with fomentations of bitter herbs. Boil wormwood, or nmllen stalks, or life-everlasting in soft water, to make a strong decoction ; and apply it with large woolen cloths, as hot as can be borne, to hasten the formation of matter. When the tumor begins to soften and show signs of heading, have a suitable, fine-pointed, shai'p knife. Ascertain the lowest point of the abscess. Then stand close to his side., near the middle, to avoid both hind and fore feet in case of kicking or striking, with the back of the knife to the shoulder; point upward and outward, stick at the lower edge, and cut open with a free incision. Next, syringe the abscess till it is as thoroughly cleansed as possible with a solution of carbolic acid and water, one part acid to t^'/o of water. Then dress wth coal oil, or some convenient salve. After two or three days, the wound should be thoroughly cleansed by syringing with warm soap suds ; then use the carbolic acid water, and repeat the oil or salve dressing ; and so on till a cure is effected. The patient must in no case be turned to pasture, since the eonstiuit motion of the neck and jaws necessary to procuring and masticating his food aggravates every symptom. Stable him comfortably, and feed FiSTDLOVS WlTHBRS— WOBST STAOB. THK HOUSE, SKIN DISEASES, ETC. 293 iiccording to his general condition. Let him have water freely ; and give opportunity each day for some exercise by allowing him the run of a .sniiill inclosure. When the case has become chronic, and holes in considerable number have appeared, make a cut so as to reach the bones, and to include in its couitie as many holes as practicable. If there are other ojienings, (par- ticularly below), cut from them hito the main incision. Have an assistant to press back the sides of the greater opening till the matter is cleared out ; and if the spinous processes or points aire found to be carious or rotten, nip off with a pair of bone forceps till the healthy bone is leached. If any of this decaying bone is left, the wound will inevitably iHatter and break again, though it may for a time appear to have healed. After thus cleaning out the bulk of the matter and picking away the dead bone, use the syringe and warm soap-suds still further to clean the parts;. then inject the carbolic solution as previously directed. But instead of coal oil, use this ointment once u day ; No. 29. a Oz. verdigris, H Oz. copperas, 1 Oz. oil of turpentine, 4 Oz. yellow rosin. The copperas and rosin must be finely powdered — then mix all together thoroughly. When a kind of thick whitish discharge is observed to have set ill, discontinue the ointment ; but still wash or syringe thoroughly, at intervals, with warm soap-suds. To keep away flies, cover the wound, after each dressing, with a large cloth saturated with diluted tar. Sliould the horse grow feverish from the effects of blood poisoning, which takes place in a greater or less degree in this chronic stage by reason of absorption, bleed him once, at least, taking from the neck vein from tliree to six quai'ts, according to general condition and severity of the iiitiammation. When the disease has proceeded to the length of requiring this severe treatment, the recovery is necessarily slow, and the horse is inevitably distigured. In very desperate cases it is sometimes best, or, indeed, almost indis- pensable, to use the rowel. The pipes, (or sinuses as they are sometimes called), the openings whence the matter exudes, take a dangerous direc- tion, and tend from the withers to the chest. Use an elastic probe, to ascertain the direction and the depth ; and if it is found that cutting will not answer, use the guarded seton or rowel needle described in the chap- ter on medicines, ointments, etc. Insert it as far as it will go, then give it a tirm rap on the handle, so as to force out the cutting edge and drive the point tlu'ough the liesh. Kuot one end of a long, slender tape, I f -n m iPH^Ml I i^ m 1 ii^l i* i , „l 1 1 m m 111 1 ;• i ' H 1 1 1 1 K( Mil '-m ', >t fli H Kh p\\ l5 ^ \ .I'l 1 i litf 1 1 '' Hr 1- a \m El 11 ' VI' • #1 1 1 r ttLk ') ] 1 .if" 294 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. place the other through the opening near the point of the needle and draw it through. Then tie a knot at the other end, and leave it. lu this way, the sinus will have an opening below, and the tape will act as a drain, while tending also by friction to remove the hard lining of the pipe. As soon as a healthy looking matter is seen to be issuing from the lower orifice, remove the seton, but cleanse occasionally with warm soap and water. I GLANDERS.- CHAPTER m. DISEASES OF THE GLANDS AND NASAL MEMBRANES. I GLANDERS.- • IV. NASAL OLBBT. • NASAfc -II. FAROT. UI. DISTEMPER. — POLYPUS. I. Glanders. Causes. — This seems to be primarily a disease of the lymphatic and nasal glands, and confined to them ; but upon this point authorities dis- ajrrce, and it is contended by some that all the air passages are always affected — that it is a kind of phthisic, or incipient pulmonary disorder — and that whether the ulcers appear on the membrane of the nose prior or >ul)>^oqucnt to the formation of tubercles in the lungs does not invalidate the proposition that the earliest external manifestations are but the effects of pulmonary derangement. The most tenable conclusion, how- ever, is plainly this : that inflammation of the membrane of the nose, and confined to that membrane, at last results in ulceration ; that the matter discharged from these is poisonous, and acts upon the glands by means of the absorbents with which it comes in contact, and is also iiilialcd into the lungs with the air as it passes through the nasal cavities, till at length both the circulatory and the respiratory systems are gen- erally diseased. Whence this poison is derived is not at all clearly defined. The disease is both spontaneous, (bred in the horse), and contagious ; but it is doubt- les.i due fur more frequently to predisposing cause than to contagion. It is found as a prevalent disease where neglect, filth, and foul atmosphere exist ; and we may reasonably conclude that poisonous inhalations, acting upon the delicate and easily irritated membrane of the nose, produce that incipient ulceration from which the subsequent ge.ieral poisoning proceeds. In close stalls, the carbonic acid given off I'-om the lungs, (which gas is of a deadly poisonous character), passes again and again 205 ! ^iilll ' ' t. il...^*^'^"" ! fl. t 296 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. R' I ^J I M III i til into the lungs, mixed with other impurities of the stall itself ; this, acting perhaps more readily upou the nasal membrane than upon tlic other litiings of the air passages, produces inflammation. Tliis inflannuation may long exist, and unsuspected by the ordinary observer, till some intense action is set up, when ulceration takes place. Or it may be produced by anything that injures and weakens the vitiil energy of this membrane ; as vicMsnt catari'h, accompanied by long con- tinued discharge from the nostrils ; a fracture of the bones of the nose ; and the too frequent injection of stimulating and acid substances up the nostrils. Everything that weakens the constitution, may, under peculiar circumstances, produce glanders. Among the hurtful influencics that may operate to this end we may enumerate : hardships and an exhiui.stod constitution ; any interference Avith the duo elimination or throwing off of morbid and Avaste matter from the system ; want of regular exercise ; sudden and violent exercise Avhen the horse has not been previously jirc- parcd for it ; placing a weak and worn-out horse upon a course of diet that is too nutritious and stimulating ; and hereditary predisposition to certain forms of disease. One i^oint is deserving of special mention : it is sometimes present and contagious in animals apparently in fine bodily condition ; f)tlicr horses may contract the disease from such a one and die of it Avhilc it is still tlifficult to discover unmistakable traces of it in the first. There may ho inflannuation, and minute ulcers so far up the nasal passages as not to lie seen ; these little hidden ulcers may discharge so small a quantity of mat- ter as to escape notice, and yet the matter is so poisonous that Avhcn it comes in contact Avith any thin and delicate membrane, by Avhich it may be absorbed, it Avill produce glanders. Weeks, and even months, may intervene betAvcen the first existence of inflamed membraiie and tlio development of the disease. In this case there may be couutcractiiij: tendencies, requiring some violent action or sudden change to detcrniiiii; the issue. It nmst bo observed that its infectious nature is not general, but par- ticular — depending upon inoculation Avith the matter exuded from glanderous ulcers, or at least from poison received in some Avay from the glandered animal and communicated directly to a Avound or to some del- icate ujembrane of another horse, an ass, or a human being. How to know it. — As may be inferred from the preceding, it is not ahvays easy to detei;i, the actual presence of this disease, though it is often a matter of paramount importance that it should be known. It« dangerous character as an infectious disorder makes it essential that it should be knoAvn in its very earliest stages, that the proper precautioiin may be taken to prevent the infection from spreading. THE HORSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL OJLANDS, ETC. 297 There arc some symptoms that may be observed, even before the iit)i)earaiioe of any discharge whatever ; and these may be described, thouirli they may sometimes prove falhicious, and are found to be but extraordinary indications of sonic otlier disease. The tirst signs are those of heaviness, dulhiess, foUowed by fever ; the eyes are red and unhealthy looking, while the light is seemingly painful to thoin. The hair is one day dry, the next, perhaps, it resumes its natural impoiirance, and so alternating until after awhile it becomes staring and unnatural. The flesh wastes away rapidly for ii time ; then, and particu- larly if a change of food is introduced, shoAving some improvement, and so alternating till at li^ngth ho begins to sJiow signs of permanently failing health and of a general debility. Tiicse may be regarded as for the most part premonitory signs, and up to tl'.is time there may be no appearance of tumors and no discharge from the nostrils ; but the animal should be subjected to the most rigid scnitinv, to discover Avhether there is anv'tbing to confirin the impression made bv the symptoms enumerated as to the probable existence of glan- (Icrcd condition. After these manifestations there may be said to be three stages of the disease, the peculiarities of each of which, in so far as they are distinctly defined, arc^ gcn<'rally as follows : In the first stage the discharge so nuieli resembles that which attends some other nasal affection as some- iiines to pass unnoticed, but examination will disclose a curious fact wliieh has not been accounted for, — it will be found confined to one nostril, and that, in the vast majority of cases, the left. Occasionally it is the right, very seldom both. This, however, must not be regarded as II |)e(u]iarity of the tirst only, as it is common to every stage of the disease. Tile second stage is characterized l)y an increased flow, and it also becomes more mucous and sticky, while its color changes from an almost tninsjiarenl clearness to a whitish or yellowish tinge. It often begins iiow to drip from the nose in stringy clots. 8omc of the matter in this staire, now more actively i)oisonous, being taken up In' the absorbents, affeets the neighboring glands. If both nostrils are discharging, th(> Ldinids within the under jaw will be enlarged on both sides ; if from one nostril, only the gland on that side. As other diseases will produce these swelled glands, as catarrh, for instance, it becomes necessary to look for some peculiarity in order to determine certainly as to the exist- ciue of glanders. At first the enlargement iniiy be spread over so much surfaee as not to make any distinctly marked lumps ; but this soon clianjres. and one or two sinall swellings remain, and these are not in the touter of the channel, but adhere close to the jaw on the affected side. mm i,"' 't if. •i : Ml; III 1 f ■ i iv m 1, !•; ■» I I' ■', 1 ■ :T:i I'll a; ;::;|:,>| 298 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. This may be regarded as an almost conclusive test. The membrane of the nose will now be found of either a dark puqjlish hue or a leaden color— rthe latter, unless there is some of the redness of inflammation; and ulcers will probably appear upon the membrane, usually approaoliin<' to a circular form, and deep, Avith abrupt and prominent edges. When these appear there can be no further doubt, but care nmst be taken to know thiit they are not spots of mucous. To this end, try whether thev may be brushed away. Notice particularly, too, that the oriflce of the duct Avhich connects with the tear glands is just within the nostril, and ci >-'■•■ '. >jr side of it; otherwise, this, if foul, may bo mistaken for an ulcer, 'ibis orifice may be readily distinguished from an ulcer hv observing that it is on the continuation of the conunon skin, while tiie glanderous ulcers are on the membrane of the nose. When these ulcers begin to be visible, the general condition of the anim;'' s'^ ■ > : l)')\vs signs of change ; his coat seems dead and staring, the hair i- Aiiuar. oi' ei'sily ; his appetite is impaired ; he loses flesh ; his belly contracts ■ .^e :. . ..s cough ; the dischi^-j.^, <'haractci c ' uses n, tinged with bJ 0, -r In the third stage more and more debilitated ; there is more or les8 iiMreases in quantity, and its increased poisonous 'omovo the hair where it flows, while it seems : .. Tjoiisive to the smell. l.'ie • j.y. liave become larger and more numerous; and upon placing the ear to the horse's chest, a grating, choking noise will be heard at every act of breathing. The air passages being obstructed, every breath is drawn with difficulty. The skin of the forehead will he found somewhat thickened, swelled, and peculiarly tender ; the nicmbrant' lining the frontal openings of the nose will be not only ulcerated but evidently inflamed ; the discharges are increased and become more stiokv and of darker color, though still somewhat flecked Avith blood. The absorbents become more and more involved ; it seems now that general ulceration has set in •- and the additional symptoms are henceforth those of farcy. To prevent its being mistaken in its earlier stages for strangles, whicli is sometimes done, the following directions will suffice : Strangles is peculiar to young horses, and at the outset resembles cold with some fever and sore throat, accompanied generally by distressing cough and some whee/ing. The enlargement Avhich sometimes appears beneath the jaw in strangles is not a single small gland, but a swelling of the Avhole substance between the jaws, growing harder toward the center, and at length, if the disease runs on, breaking. In strangles the menibrancs of the nose will be very red, and the discharge from the nostrils profuse and mattery almost from the first. When the tumor has /)urst, the fever will abate and the horse will speedily get well. THE HORSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC. 299 To distinguish it from catarrh, for wliich also it is sometimes mistaken, observe that fever, loss of appetite, coughing, and sore throat all iiccompauy catarrh, whereas these symptoms are rarely if ever found together in glanders. In catarrh, the horse quids his food, (drops it from liis mouth partially chewed), and gulps his water. The discharge from the nose is profuse and sometimes mattery ; the glands under the jaw, if swollen, are movable, while there is a thickening around them and they are hot and tender. What to do. — The first thing to do, and in the first stage, will naturally jsuo'o'est itself to any one who has taken the pains to inform himself of the dreadful nature of the disease. Its contagious character renders it diiiigerous, as has been said, not onh' to all of the horse kind but to mail ; and no time should be lost in removing a glandered animal fi'om the possibility of oomnmnicating the disorder to another. If stabled, there should be no connection whatever between his stall and those of other animals, as the discharge from the nostril, (in which lies the (hiiijrer), may bo communicated through any opening sufficient to allow horses to bite or nibble at each other. If i)laced to pasture, it should l)e known that no other horse is at all likely either to be turned in with him or to approach the indosure. And this removal or separation shf)uld take phice whenever it is observed that there is that constant discharge from one nostril Avhicli has been descril)ed, even though it nniy seem but watery and natural, and the horse be in the very ))est apparent condition. Kcmembcr that a glandered condition may long exist, and minute ulcers, ill the hidden recesses of the nose, discharge a sort of limpid or dear thiid, without any of the active and violent symptoms being manifest ; hut that all this time the horse nmy be able to connuunicate the disesise til others ; and that these may die of it while he is yet in reasonably fair cdiiditioii. It eaii hardly escape the intelligent horse owner that ever}' knowni cause of the disease should, if possible, bo promptly removed. Close, damp, dark stables, reeking with exhalations distilled from mingled dung, urine, and rain water, ought at any rate to begin to receive a little attention after the poor occupant has caught what is more than likely to prove his death ; if he is jaded and exhausted by labor, no hope of cure rail he entertained unless he is promptly released from his toils and put i)|)on moderate and health-giving exercise only, with such generous di(!t as will restore the wasted tissues ; if, on the contrary, he is pampered :nul stimulated and grown unwholesomely plethoric for want of labor jnoportioned to his good keeping, his food should be gradually changed, and a regular course of moderately increasing exercise be instituted and w 300 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. It V persevered in till that point is discovered at which such cxerciwe U recuperative rather than exhaustive, and then maintained. It may be well, before proceeding farther, to caution the reader aij;aiu.it the advice of quacks, and point out what not to do. This may l)e summed up in the one single injunction, do nothing cruel. All such piiK ■- tices as slitting the nose, scra^jing the cartilage, searing the glands, tirin;; the frontal and nasal bones, and injecting mustard, capsicum, vitriol, uiul corrosive sublimate up the nostrils, are but the hurtful devices of ignore ance combined with brutality. If tho disease is in its first stage when the horse is taken in hand for the purpose of employing remedial agencies, place him in a good, dry and airy stable, if in Summer, or in an open pasture where most of his food may be obtained b}^ himself, observing the precautions already laid down. If in Winter, he should still have the dry stal)le, not too oIohc, and supplied with clean litter, and care should be taken to guard hiiii against severe cold and exposure to any sudden change. The matter of food may be regulated by this : it must l)e nutritious without humjr inflammatory ; and the condition of the animal as to previous treatment and present condition of flesh must regulate the (piiiiitity, as also to Honio extent the quality. Then prepare and administer tho following mediciiit.': No. 30. 1 Drnolim po\V(Ierol(' or its failure is manifest. Meanwhile, swab out the nose every da}^ with a solution of pyroligenous acid — using warm water, (as warm as tin' horse can Avell bear), and putting in sutHcient of the acid at first to luako the solution of medium strength. It should be a little increased from day to day ; but care must be taken not to make it too strong, as violent acid injections or swabbing solutions are calculated to do harm latlicr than good. A good mop for this purpose may be made by attaching .>ot't rags, (old cotton cloth is best), to a light stick, two foot in length— si> arranging the cloth as to have it project beyond the end of the stick to be inserted, to prevent any loughness that might abrade or scratch the membrane, and fastening very securely, to prevent its slipping off. If this treatment is found not to be efficacious, or if the disease li.i' already developed into the second stage — the discharge more nnioouf', sticky, and stringy, with glands swollen and the membrAne of the nose of a dark purple or leaden color — adopt the following treatment, and carry it out energetically and persistently : aeen instanc THE HOUSE, DISEASES OF THE NASAL GLANDS, ETC. 301 Tiiko from the iicok voiii from throe to six quarts of blood, aeeord- in, paiticularly, M'ill bo enlarged, and an oifensive discharge proceed from the nose. Again, this tendency to the swelling of the leg is accompanied l)v cracks at the heels, leading the inexi)erienced to mistake it for ordinary "swelled legs" or for "grease." When taken by inoculation, (the poison having been received from another animal or from trough, stable, or curry-comb), it is ajit to manifest itself in its earliest stiiges by shivering, followed by heat of body, a frequent and hard pulse, dullness, accelerated breathing, and rapid elevation of temperature. These attacks may speedily prove fatal. Jn all these cases, the poison has been working, but is not yet ((utwardly manifest. Generally the first stage of unmistakable le manifestation is a swelling of the lymphatics, a development oi "farcy-bud." A single bud will sometimes appear near the pastti. joint and run up in an uneven knotty form. They usually ai)i)ear, however, along the sides of the neck or inside the legs, and ai'e rounded, with an elevated edge, and a pale surface. These in'csently burst and discharge a watery fluid for some time, when a change tiikes ])lace and the discharges become more mattery and offensive, and are mixed with blood. They frequently increase in number until the neck, shoulders, and legs are almost entirely covered with them — sometimes almost the whole body becomes a putrid loathsome mass. In this last case there are no longer any buds or knots, as the veins have become so generally injured as not to show^ special prominences at the valvular points. Occasionally it will be found that the buds will not idccrate, but become hard and difficult to remove. This indicates that the progress of the disease is susjiended ; but the poison is in the system, and if steps are not taken at once to eradicate the seeds of the malady, it mil in time break out and destroy the horse. When it rises along the spine, as it occasionally does, it is to be considered malignant and very dangerous, particularly to those horses THE HOUSE, DI8EASRH OV THE NASAL ULANDS ETC. .105 that aiv flit "" chunuiterized by linit and tenderness that do not aecomimny other enlargements ; und the f;iiTV may !)»' distinguished from greusc or swelled legs by this : thai in .ricase there is usually a peculiar tightness, glossiness, and redness of the >kiii, with scurliness, discharging cracks, and a singular spasmodic catch- iiif troutmeiit, unless, indeed, tho primary disease can itself be removed; hut when it depends upon inliiimmation of tho peritoneum, or when it results from bad or deficient food and unwholesome surroundings, place the horse in a good, dry and well-ventilated stall, feed him generously, mid give him tho folio tving tonic ball, night and morning : No. 40. 1 Oz. powdcrod (llf,'itn1!s, )i Ox. hiilpliuto ot'irou. Mix with mucilage and a spoonful of linseed meal to form a ball of Giiricient firmness for handling. It is important that the kidneys should bo kept Gctive, and the foUow- iig Uiuretic must bo used for that purpose : No. 50. 2 Pounds 80'\p, 2 Pounds nitriito of potash, 3 Pounds rosin, 2 Pounds Vcnlco turpentine, >i Pint oil of turpentine, Melt the soap and rosin slowly together, and stir in the other ingredi-. cuts while the former mixture is cooling. Make it into 2-ounce balls with linseed meal, and give ono at a time as often as necessary to keep lip a somewhat copious action of the kidneys. If at any time the water accumulates in a great quantity, draw it off liy means of a fine trocar, plunged into the most dependent or lowest part of the distended abdomen. M: ^::'-:M^. ■i *|;i CHAPTER V. DISEAS2S OF THB THROAT, CHEST ASTD LUNQS. CHKST-POCNDER. II. BRONCHITIS. III. PNEUMONIA, OR lNFLAMMATIO.^l OP THE LUNas. IV. CONSUMPTION, V. PLKURISY. VI. COLDS. VII. BNLAROBD GLANDt. VIII. SWELLED THROAT, OR LARYNGITIS. IX. CHRONIC COUGH. X. MALIGNANT EPIDEMIC. XI. DIPFICULTY OF BRRATHING. XII. BROKEN WIND, — BELLOWS,— HEAVES. Xlir. INFLUENZA. XIV. SPASMODIC ACTION OF THE GLOTTIS AND EPI- GLOTTIS XV. CROUP. XVI. BLEEDING FROM THB NOSE. XVII. STRANGLES. I. Chest-Founder. Tills when It is not soreness of the muscles from hard work, is rheii- juatism in its acute form. Sometimes it is caused by lesion, or straining of the muscles or the tendons connected with them. Causes- — Tt may bo brought on by suddenly allowing the horse tn become chilled after heating, giving large drafts of cold water wlien warm, or driving him into cold water up to his belly when heated. How t*l know it. — The horse is dull ; his coat may be staring ; lie is stiff, and moves unwillingly. Sometimes the soreness extends to the limbs ; usually does from sympathy. There is fever in the parts affected and accelerated pulse, the latter from 70 to 80 beats in a Ininutc. Also, sometimes profuse sweating and heaving at the flanks, but the legs will remain warm. The parts affected may be more or less swollen, but always tender to the touch. What to do. — Clothe the horse warmly, and put him where lie niiiy be kept so. If the animal is fat, and full of blood ; if there is evident determination of blood, bleed moderately, say a pint from the neck vein. 320 THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 321 We never, however, advise bleeding, except by a veterinary surgeon or physician who knows his business. Wash the throat in warm salt and wttter. Relieve the bowels as soon as possible by an injection of soap suds, if the rectum be impacted. Give as a laxative 4 drachms Barba- dnes aloes. Pulverize and mix into a ball with molasses and linseed meal to form a mass or give the following : No. 51. }i Oz. grouiitl ginger, 1 Uraehin turtur emetic, 1 Pint suit unil water. Mix and give as warm as the horse can swallow it. As a rule the hors? being thoroughly physicked will get better ; if not, apply a mild blister. No. 52. 1 Oz. powdered cantliaridcs, 8 Oz. lurd oil. Heat to blood heat and mix thoroughly. Shave the hair from the breast, wash with warm vinegar and apply the mixture rubbing it well in. When the blisters rise dress with a plaster of mutton tallow. '-^' A FIT SCUJHCT FOR FOUNDER OR BKONCIIITIS. n. Bronohitia. Causes. — Exposure of a hoatcd and steaming horse to chill, or over Pxortion, and leaving the horse in the stable, when the system is quite roliixod. Killing to town and leaving a horse in the cold and wind while the owner is making himself comfortable. There is first a cold, enlarged glands und swelled throat. The inflammation extends down from the I 11 C^f i-'^'l '\{' generally supposed. More common in cattle and even in sheep and swine than in horses. In horses it is comparativel}' rare. The disease may bo connnunicatcd to healthy animals by inoculation, and by catiiifr the raw flesh of diseased animals, and it may also be superinduced in an- imals predisposed to the disease by local inflanunation ; so also the germs may bo received in milk, when the disease has invaded the inainmarv glands of the cow. Deep milking cattle with narrow horns, thin nocks and narrow chests arc especially predisposed to the disease. Tuberolcs may bo developed in any part of the body, even, in rare cases, the bones and muscles ; the lungs, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, the ovaries and the kidneys are tho usual seats of the disease. '*?*«. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 327 Causes. — Budly constructed and illy ventilated stables ; moving from a warin to a cold climate ; exposure to cold and wet ; or any thing which tends to lower the health in a predisposed auinml will bring on the disease. How to Know It. — The disease may bo acute, carrying off the animal, sometimes, in a few weeks. It is generally chronic. The attack is insid- ious, tubercles often being formed before danger is suspected. There is a cenonil dullness and loss of spirit, tenderness of the withers, back, loins, and of the walls of the chest. In cattle the nose will often l)e dry, sliow- inir fever ; the ears and horns will be hot ; the skin loses its elasticity and pliant (juality. The heat of the body may go up to 102 degrees ; the pulse is weak but accelerated, and there is a slight, dry, but not frequent couifh ; the lymphatic glands about the throat may be enlarged and there nmv be swelling of the joints. If the chest is sounded there may bo heard a murr.mi'ing sound hoarser than natural, if it be listened for just over the lower end of the wind pii)e or in the chest. As the disease ad- vances, the eves become more and more sunken, the skin becomes more and more hide bound, the hair is dry and erect. If the bowels are involved there will be more or less scouring, and if the lungs are jjrin- eipallv affeeted there will be swelling and lameness, labored breathing, exhaustion and profuse perspiration (jccmn'ing upon th(! slightest exercise. There will be temporary windy distention of the stomach after feeding, and tlie appetite fails. The cough increases with rattling, the dischaige at first liglit, increases. There is ci'epitation (a rattling or snapping sound) of the lungs, with a Avhirring or gurgling of the chest, and percus- sion gives a dull sound, Avith wincing when the parts covering them are handled. So if tubercles are formed iu the liver, pancreas, or kidiu'vs it will show the involvement of these parts. KcH-overies are rare. Occasion- ally ealeifieation of the tubercles occurs in animals naturally of a strong constitution, but the disease usuallv ends in death. What to do. — A cure is scarcely ever accomidished. The symptoms may he mitigated. The animal must have dry, pure air, plenty of sun- shine, Sunnner and Winter, and be protected from suddi'U changes, and must he kept warm. The food should be light and digestible, good grass iu Sunnucr and jrround food with linseed meal and roots in Winter. }\\ the earlv stajxes of the disease four to five drachms of gentiap nmv be given daily in the food, at two or three doses, alternated with two drai'liins of sulphate of iron as a tonic. As au expectorant, and diai)horetic, give occasionally three to four ounces llowers of sulphur every other day, or ouce in tlu'ce days, or to act on the skin and as a diuretic, the following: No. 57. 2 Ounces of flowers of sulphur. 2 To 3 three Oruchms powdered reHln. ' ■■'' 328 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Mix and give a dose daily until the effect is pr()du(iod ; and afterwards as needed. As an antiseptic (to <-ounteract putresence) the funics of burning sulphur would he indicated. How to Prevent. — From what wo have written the owner will under- stand the difficulty attending the treatment of this disease, and also its danjrerous character in the case of cattle. The flesh and milk it is hotter not to use at all, although danger can be destroyed by the most th()rou<.fh cooking. Using consumptive animals as breeders, or selling the milk of consumptive animals should not bo thought of. Drainage, good i)astur- agc, a warm, sunny location for the stables and yards, care against all chronic and debilitating diseases, good, liberal feeding, especially when animals are giving milk, the prompt removal of all consumptive aninuils from pastures and buildings, and the thorough fumigation of the latter is recommended. V. Pleurisy. This is an inflammation of tho membrane lining of the chest and covering of the lungs. It is common to all domestic animals, in exposed situations and those liable to rheumatism. The pleura is one of the serous membranes, those lining close cavities, as the chest, abdomen and joints. In health they are insensible to us, but under the effects of inflainiiiiition tlic most sensitive and painful possible. Since every inspiration and expiration of the breath moves these membranous linings upon each otlier, we can at once see the extreme anguish it must occasion. If relief is not soon obtained the disease quickly ends in death. How to know Pleurisy. — There will be some alternations of shiverinjr followed by heat of the skin, sometimes extending to the limbs. Tiiere will be localized sweating and congestion of the muscles. If confined tn one side the foot of that side will be extended. The animal will look at the flank, lie down, rise again, and there will bo general uneasiness indi- cative of pain. The pulse will be quick and hard, seeming to strike tlii' finger under tho compression. There will be inclination to cough, but which tho animal will fear to exercise. The cough is not always present, but when so, is always suppressed, short and hacking. Tho breathing will be hurried, but apparently confined to the abdominal nmselcs, the inspiration short and checked, but the expiration slow and j)roloni Pint Ilnacca oil. This will often prove effective ; if not, repeat the dose in a few hours For ail ox, give double this dose. If the symptoms increase, apply a strong mustard poultice to the side of the chest, or a blister. No. 53 may be applied to the chest. The bowels should be kept moderately open. If effusion of water takes place, give (i drachms of acetate of potiissa once or twice a day in a pail of water. The following will be found excellent in place of the last named remedy, if there is weakness uud ii rapid pulse (70 to 80), and scanty urine : No. 50. H Ounco tincture of cblorido of iron, ?«' pull water. Give as a. drink twice daily. The effusion of water not yielding, the che-st may be tapped with a trochar. Divide the skin with a lancet, between the eighth and ninth ril) and near the lower end. Be careful the air does not enter. Draw- off only a part of the water if it produces a shock. In this, one should liiive the advice of a veterinarian. Repeat in 24 to 48 hours. The ani- mal sliould be kept up with sulphate of iron, two drachms, twice a day, in water, with stimulants and easily digestible and nutritious food. It is al)S()lutely necessary, after effusion of water has taken place, that the urine should be passed freely to assist absori)tion. To this cud the following will be indicated : 'IT h: I liii;^ 330 No. 60. ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 1 DriiL'hm todlilo of potuKsluni, 1 Drat'bm carboniito of ammonia, ^ Ounuo powdered guntian. Give twice a day as a drench in a (juart of water, or as a hall niixi'ij with linseed meal and molasses. VI. Colds. Colds in horses, as in the human family, are usually the result of im- l)roper care or undue exposure. Taliing a horse from a liot, illy ventil- ated stable, and allowing him after driving to become cold, is one prolific cause; of colds. There are so many means of causing this disability that it would be impossible to cimmerate them. If the attack is light, all tliut will be necessary will bo to clothe the animal warmly and rela.x the bowels with a warm mash, and give rest for a few days. Sometimes, however, the attack is prolons^'od and severe. The appetite ceases, the coat rouirli- ens, parts of the body arc hot and others coUl, the membrane of the nose at first dry and i^ilc, with the facial sinuses clogged, at length ti'imi- nates in a discharge more or less great, but with- out injproving the health of the horse. What to do. — Keep the animal warmly clothed, in ample box stall, with plenty of bedding. If A HOBSE's HEAD WITH COLD, tlic cold docs uot givc Way in a few days after the first attack, and the symptoms arc as wchavc indicated, or if the membranes of the nose are dry, make a sack of coarse gunny cloth, large enough so it may fit the nose properly, hut eii- larjriujr to the bottom, and two feet or more long, with a slit covered with a Hap in the side, half way down. Put into the bag half a \wvk or iiioro of coarse pine sawdust with which half an ounce of spirits of turpentine has been thoroughly mixed. Place the bag on the nose as shown in the cut on next page. Turn two gallons of hot water in the slit, and every twenty luiinites repeat, allowing the bag to remain on an hour each time, use this six timds a day until the discharge begins. AVhen water runs freely from the nose, three times daily will J)o enough. Let the food bo good scalded oats or other like food, with mashes if the l)owels are constipated. An animal with this kind of a cold should not be put to sto.'uly work until entirely recovered. The result of protracted cold is great weakness, and work before recovery often leads to disease of the air passages and lungs. If there is nmch fever givc the following : »i! 4 inutes lis six from laldcd v.'ork bsand No. 01. THE IIOH8E, ITS DIHEASKH. 2 T>rn(!liniR f>plrltii ot ammonia, 2 UruuliiUM cthor. ly.ii Mix aiul ii'ive ill !i lit III' frnu'l, (say 1-2 pint,) twice ii diiy. If tlu' tliroiit is iuvolvod poultic'i' it with linseed iiieiil in which ii little niUHtard han been mixed. When the symptoms give way and improveniont begins, or if till! appetite is not good prepare the following : No. 02. 2 Ouncpn powdered frcntiaii, 2 Ouucus curbouatc uf uniiuonin. Fiuiii this into a mass, with linseed oil and molasses, divided into eight pints and giv(' one twice each day. If the cold beconies chronic it ends ill ciitanh. When there are catarrhal syniptouis and soro throat give the following ! No. 03. 1 Dniclim extract or bellttdoniia, 2 Drnchm.s Ipooao, 2 I >rarlimM powdered camphor, •1 Dracliuis nitre. ^lix into a hall with linseed oil, and give one oviTV throe or four hours. In inveterate or chron- ic <(»ld there is discharge, and swelling of the lym- liliutic gland. We have already shown how glan- ders may be known. "We give :i cut show- ing the enlargement of the lymphatic gland ill chronic cold. In case the horse gets cold it is better that he l/e ex- amined by a competent veterinary s u r g e o n, «/~i^' HK>U WITH l.YMPItATIi' . (.not hy a (juack,) in order to bo sure the disease is not glanders. Vn. Enlarged Glands— (Goitre. There are various glands in the throat that are subject to enlargement from (liseaso, and which remain permtineiit after the disease is passed. This rci-ult is generiiUy more unsightly as a blemish than as a real disa- bility. Goitre, however, is a disease peculiar to sf)mc ruiiestone regions, producing in animals sis in man a swelling of the thyroid gland. In some IHirtioiis of the Eust it is quite prevalent, producing extensive enlarge- i Wl* m ■ Wr- UuJ l^f\X; ]'.■ :' E^ ^T.-v'l:.. ''lllPii ■ ' '^'1 mm ft m -i'-N|: m ..Ii m %'H Wm. i^^^^^ AWtm 3.32 ILLUSTKATKU STOCK UOCTOK. ■13 til* mi ■"*■■ S.I uieiitM ill l!iiiil).s. It also iittiicks ciittlo ami swine. In solid-hoofed ani. nials, a.H in the liorsc, thoro may he u swelling on either side ; in oth' rs it is in the ccntei- just below the roots of the jaws. For all enlargements of the glands, lineture of iodine will disperse the swelling if it ni v W possilde. In bronehoeelo or goitn;, rainwater only should be given to drink ; iodine in doses of ten grains daily may be given on an empty stomach, and the swelling may bo painted with the tincture. This to he porsist<'(l in for months. Another remedy that has been suceessfiij, is tlic following : No. 04. ii Oniclim toilUlo of potaBsiuni, 1 DriK'hm lUjiior potaRgo;, >i riiit riiiuw;itcr. jSIix, and give as a dose night and morning, using the tincture of iodi no on the goitre. VIII. Swelled Throat, or Laryngitis. Causes. — Foul stables or any cause producing colds, catarrhs, etc. It is sometimes divided professionally into laryngitis and pharyngitis, but practically they are one — intlammatiou of the air and food [)assages of the neck, generally accompanied with cough, difficulty in swallowing and fever. How to Know It. — The animal is dull. The head is carried in apeculiiir manner, as though the neck were stiff. There is a short, frequent cough, the breath is hurried, the pulse full and throbi)ing, and the mem- branes of the nasal jiassages are high colored, almost scarlet. There will be a hoarse sound, approaching to a grunt, at each breath taken, if the ears are held against the animal's wind-pi[)0. Externally there is more or less ciilargement over the region of the larynx, the enlargement of the •windpipe next the throat. Handling the throat seems to produce extreme pain. What to do. — Reduce the pulse at once by doses of tincture of aconito in a wine glass full of water, repeated every half hour. Phue the steaming-bag on the nose, as recommended for colds. Keep it cm- ployed almost constantly, for there may be danger of strangulation. If the steaming seems to distress the animal, omit it, or use it only occa- sionally, and soak soft hay in boiling water and apply to the throat m hot as can be borne. Bandage and fasten with the eight-tailed bandage previously described. Or, ferment the throat with cloths wrung out of hot mustard water. If there is difficulty in swallowing, put a tea- spoonful of the following m'cU back on the tongue several times a, day; N Do not i gently as p give three t No, III case i throjit will I No. Mix, sliiik( Jay. If this Xo. (1 Mix, and ai A llDllsg WHU Til ^Vheii the sj nose beeoiniiio "lore free, or ■•'I'lX'araiico of "1 tile throat, Move tlic seto "IIP of (he kii food— hay .„,( stones or grit a '"?• In this, ., *»orse may quid TIIK IIOUHK, ITH UIHKASE8. 3;]3 No. 0.1. 1 Oiiiico iiowUorod guiilai'uni, 4 OiniuPM powdered vhlorittu of potuxli, >■ I'illt of lllolUHIOI. Do not ill administoriiijjf iinythlujj, force tho jiiw.s wide apart. Act as ccntlv as nossililc. If the iinimal is fcvcri.xli and the throat hot and drv, five throe times a day, in a pint of cokl linseed tea, the foHowing: No. 00. 1 Drnclim i)owdorcd Ipccnc, 1 Ouiiuo Holiittoii ot uvotatu of ammonia. Ill case the disenso becomes chronic, the foHowing excitant to the thrimt will 1)0 indiciitcd : No. 07. 1 Purt oil of turpontlne, 1 I'art Nolutlon of ammonia, 1 I'urt oUvo oil. ilix, shako the bottle before using, and rub well in on the throat every day. If this does not relieve, apply the following bli.ster: No. (W. 1 Drauhm crofon oil, 1 Drachm sulpluiriu ether, 10 Drachmn alcohol. Mix, and apply by rubbing with considerable friction. ll'^U i-, A IIOIISS Willi TMIt TIIIIOAT DLISTSHXD. A 8KT0N i:< TUB TMIIOAT OF A IIOItSK. When the symptoms become more favorable, by the nieml)ranes of the nose hocoming i)ale or more natural in color ; by the cough becoming nioic froo, or louder, easier and with less violent breathing, and by the iippcarauco of a white and thick discharge from the nostrils, put a seton ill the throat, (see cut,) and allow nothing but moist and succulent food. Move (he scton daily until healthy pus (matter) is formed. Then cut Olio of the knot.s and withdraw it, and as the horse recovers allow dr'cr food— liay and grain — but that entirely free from dust. See that no stones or grit are in the oats, and soak for five or six hours before feed- ins. In this, as in diseases where the throat is more or less sore, the horse may quid his food. This is not a symptom of laryngitis as is some- ! I 334 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. times supposed, but known to all diseuaes wljero there is obstruction ii A IIOU'B CjI'IDUINli. swallowing. IX. Chronia Cough. There arc many cases of long standi n<» or chronic rough. Cough is an attendant upon so many vVisoiders of the air passages, from the most trivial dithculty in teething to jrlaii- ders, that a cough should not be overlooked in the diagnose of diseases. And so inaiiy diseases leave the patient with (chronic coii"!), that its symptomatic stages should be care- fully observed. , ^ Coughing tends generally to a thickening of the membranes. Whcii the membrane covering the larynx becomes thickened, and conseiiuciitly morbidly sensitive, th(! cough becomes fixed or what is termed chronic. The sense of smell in tlu; nose is pc<'uliarly acute, and the meml)nuR's of the nose and throat, as a matter of course, are fully as sensitive;. Wo iiave said, "the liinl)s and feet are half the horse : the lungs tiie test of ins endurance." Yet nine in ten of the stables in which horses are kept are offensive to man and irritat(! the air jiassages when first entered. Y.i the sense of smc;' in man is not very acute, except in a few directions. A stai)lc therefore, offensive to man is not a fit place for horses to lie kept, where the lungs constitute one of the principal excellencies of the animal. Tna ACT or col-oiiino. The cough which accompanies the several diseases of which this Toi- uine treats, will be described in the treatment of the diseases th'Mnsolvcs. In this article chronic cough will be treated, the cough tluit is iijwavs present in eating, drinking and inhaling u cold draught of air, or fnim any cause cure. Th For this, lU'uuiid the (jivif twi If this (1( cough, the (iWo, onc( we((k or ten wl 1 first di THE HOK8E, ITS DI8EA8EH. 335 aiiv oiiUHO of cxfiteinont, rc(iuiring long uud careful nursing for their cure. TJjc (-hronic t-ough, resulting from colds, is hard iind inetullic. For this, the following will bo good, to be rubbed ou the throat and mound the whidpipe, once iu ten days : No. m. 1.') Drops croton oil, 1 Ounce glyueriue, Give twice a day, for a week, the following : No. 70. 40 DropH diluted prusslo auid, 1 Ounce nitcr, 1 Ounce hicurbonato of Hoda, 1 (juurt wutcr. If this does not give relief, the following, valuattle for irritable chronic louijii, the result of influenza or sore throat, may be used : No. Tl. 1 Ounce Fowler's solution oru:'senlc, 1 Ounce chlorate ofpotaMli, 1 Di-uchui bulludonu. (iivn once a day in water or gruel and note results, ceasing after a week or ten days, if no iinpn)vcment ensues. For cough and sore throat, wl \ lirst discovered, take : No. 72. 1 Drnchm powdered cnmplior, 1 Drucliin extract bcUadona, 'i Ounces swcut spirit.'i nitcr. (live ill a i»int of cf)ld gruel three times a day. Tnr-water is well known to lu' valuable in obstiinite coughs. Give every morning us a drink, the fitllowinir : - r fl! M ''"i. -m I i ,.!?■ No. 7.1. 1 nr.ic'ini powdered squills, H I'iut tar-wnter, }i Pint liuic-water. If the cousrh is violent, use as a sedative, the following ; No. 7U 1 Drachm dilute prussic add, '1 Drachms powdered opium, •1 Drachms niter. Mix in a pint of linseed tea aiid give from five to six tablc-spoonfuU three limes a day. Kxpeetorants, calculated to loosen the cough and restore the secretions tot'iieir natural conditions, do not act so kindly as could be wished on farm animals. For a long standing cough, try the following : 336 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR, No. 75. 1 Druvbni aloes, 1 Druulini ii(|uill8, 2 Urucbiu8 t;um ammonlacum. Mix into a IkiU with nioal and give once a day in tlio morning. If th« cough is iiTital)le and easily excited, and the howds natural, omit the aloes and substitute for it one drachm of opium. For a cold settled in the chest, with cough, give every morning the following : No. 70. 1 Drndim Ipecac, 1 Di'uclini liquorice powder, a Ounce nitrate of uuimnnl:t. Add tar, the size of a hazel-nut and mix with molasses to form a liall. All coughs resulting from indigestion or worms, and some of those resulting from irritation of the passages of the throat, are often curcMl by turning the horse out in Summer where he may have free range on the prairie, where resin weed grows plentifully. A long standing ((miuI;, however, re(|uires time, and the operator nuist use jummen-hethcr from some disorgan- iziitioii, or cliango in the lungs, or obstruction in tho uir passages ; what- ever the o])struction be, it must first bo traced to its cause l)cf()ro good can be done. This is sometimes not easy to do ; tho owner must act witli judgment. Thick wind often follows pneumonia, and is caused by closing or obliteration (li('i)atization) of u portion of the lungs. If it docs not pass away after the disease which preceded it is cntin^ly cured, it may he mitigated by feeding the aninuil on sound oats, entirely freed from (lust, giving but ittlc hay, that moistened, and avoiding any food that is (lusty. Mashes aid caiTots in Winter suflicicMit to keep the bowels prop- erly open, and turning on prairie pasture in Summer will 1h« indicated. h'oiiring has rendered n(>arly useless many valuable horses in l>ngland ; in the United States horses are not subject to it. It is said to l)o pro (luced l)y ol)strtiction in some })art of the respiratory canal, most often m the larynx imd next in the fracliea. Thus chronic cough soinclimes tcr- niiuatt'i in roaring. In this country heaves is tho most usual termination I 4 'n !• 'i \:-\: t\. xn. Broken WincJ ; Bellows ; Heaves. Causes. — Broken wind is tho I'csult both of disease of the lungs i\::(\ violent e.vertions. Feeding on dusty h'".v and grain are prolific sources ff the disease. Where no clover hay is used, the disease is i-are. It is nminly ({tntined to horses that have arrived at maturity. A horse fed for (lays and weeks on dusty hay, and then driv(>n hard, will exhil»it heaves, unless his lungs and digestion arc extraordiiuirv. This diseas(> i; usually known in the South under the name of bellows, and in the ;. >rth as heaves, cither of them (wpressivo of the disease. H1:t^ If ti 338 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOU. How to know It. — Brokmi wind is nearly allied to asthma in man, bm is more continuous in its action and less liable to occur in paroxysms. At each breath there will be a two-fold motion of the flank, caused by a falling in of the abdominal walls, causing the Hank to lift, then after a l)orcepti})le interval a rising of the back part of the belly assists in freuintr the lungs of air. There is a short, dry cough, sometimes almost iiiaudi- bie, followed by whirring. When the horse is moved suddenly, or drivt-n hard, when a draught of cold water is given, or the animal is suddenly brought into the cold air, the spells will occur. Indigestion is almost always present, and as a consequence of flatulency of the bowels. The appetite is ravenous and umiatural ; eating the litter given for bedding, is one of the many exhibitions of it. What to do. — There is no permanent cure for this disability. The symi)tonis and distress may bo alleviated by giving only sounu' grain iiiid In'ight, hard stalked ha}', freo from dust. Prairie hay Avith ['Iciity of resin leaf in it is the best ; noxt, clean cured corn-stalks. But little Avater should be allowed at a time, and not more than G to 8 pounds of hav, daily, and this given at nijrht, tho provender being confined as nmch as jjossible to grain ami grass in Sunnnor, and grain, bran-mashes and car- rots oi jjotatoes in >Vintcr. This will enable many brokon-v.inded horses to do a fair amount ol work with comijarativo comfort. In any event, a horse inclined to 1k' thi' !»-winded in any degree, should never be tiglilly checked up, nor al)()ve ul), 1)0 driven by jjulling in the head, causing nitduu bearing eitliir of the c'lrb or snatlle on the jaw. The animal should bo allowed to hold its head in the easiest jiositiou, since its work nuist l)o nec- essarily slow. One of the most usual palliative means of the a;\im:il a^jpeaii:!'; for a time sound, is to give 10 U) 1.', gr.ii'.is of arsenic a dayfnrii week or ten days. A better preparation to give relief — afterwards, the anim.il to be turned out on clean, short grass, is the followitig ; BIT BBAIIIMO UPON JAW. No. 77. 1 Ounce Fowler's iiinlutlon of urseoic, 1 Draoliin extract of belludonim, >i Druchin tincture of (rliigcr. Give once a day, in the morning, in one j>i!;t of water, and continue foi four to ciuiit weeks, as cirrmustanifs iiiuv dictate. THE HORSE, ITH DIHEA8E8. XIII. Influenza. 339 This opizootio, which lirst aiul last has 1)Pen protalent in nearly all countries where tin- horse is usod, is, as to its orij^iii, liut littlo under- Htood. Its syniptoMis, however, are well known, hwt these may bo cotiiplifated liy inMainni:itorv symptoms of all the air passages; also hy rlidiaiatir swollinjis, paraivsis, dulirium and inllammation of the eves. How to know It. — The attack may ho sudden. Tliere will he stupor aud weakness, the head will ho held low, the eyes dull and half closed, the tlnng enough to keep thu uuimul warm . A l'ockI tonic and stimulant is : ' :il m f , frfei.l e ■ s yl ' *■;■■'■■ i» 840 Xo. 78 ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. 2 Oz of gpntlnn, 2 Oz. curbuiiiitt: ummoniu. Form in eij^ht doses and «^ivc ono niz. extract bclladunna, 2 Driicliin^t powtlereil opium, ■') Drudims ciinipbor, 2 Oz, lii|)ioric'u, H I'liit iuula88L>8. Mix thorouglily and spread a ta))1e~si)0()nful on the tongue twice a day. If, with the cough, there is sore tliroat and catarrh, prepare the followiii<': No. 80. 20 OraltM iodine, 1 Draclini iotlido of potasHiiim, 2 Oiinrps swt'cl spiritii of niter, 1 1'iut watur griifi. Give this as a do.se twice a day. If the animal should begin to improve it will be id)out the tifth day. Sometimes recovery is complicated by various disabilities. If there in dropsy or swelling of the legs or sheath, prepare the following: No. 81. I Oz. iodido of poliiKNiiiin, 1 Oz. ciirlionutu of iiniinoiiiii, 1 Oz. powdered p'nliun. Form into eight balls and give one morning and evening. If a .si)asmodic cough follows the attack the following will l»e indicated. No. 82. 1 Drachm I'xtrnot of belladonna, 1 Draclira tlic disease progresses the fever increases, the temperature of the ImkIv running to 107 degrees, and the pulse from ninety to over one hiiiuircd. White films or pellicles (albuminous false membranes) foi'm ill the throat, which come away from time to time, or if not, the aninuil (lies of suffocation. What to do. — IMace the animal where it may have free air but no drafts, tiiid where the temperature nuiy be kept con.fortablc. Allow sufHcient cloihiiig. Give as a laxative twelve ounces fJlauber salts dissolved in a (|iiart of warm water. As au untispasmodio give two or thn^e drachm doses of laudanum . vorv hour in a decoction of marsh mallow. In the early stage of the iliscasc warm fomentations persistently applied may scatter the disease. If later, use the following : No. 82. 1 Part oil of turpentine, 1 Part lard oil, 1 Part soluUoii of ammonia. Rn!) well on the affected jjarts of the throat. If the membrane in the throat do not give way, and there is increased difficulty in breathing u.se till' followinjr ; No. 83. 10 Grains nitrato o( silver, 1 Ounce rainwater. 'lix and swab the throat well over the forming membranes, by means nf a small pice*' of soft sponge tied over the end of a smooth, ficxiblo nioco of whalebone and saturated with the nitrate of .iilver. In the case (if foals and calves, only half the doses named must be used, and for laml>s not more than one «|uarter. In any case damp, exposal st ibling nuist »' a\ oidinl. ^'. '\0^^' I 342 ILLUSTKATKU STOCK DOCTOH. XV. BleodiDg tcovi the Nose. > ;rt ; This ofton occurs from various injuries to tlio mucus mcinlmmo of tJn' uostrils, from hard pulliufr up iiili, loo ti^'ht a collar, and from oth.r causes, especially if tlio animal l»c full of ))lood. In theso cases, t'*- IdoedinjjT is from oii'.' nosli-il and in drops, accr.'npanicd l)y Kncoziiur. If the bleeding conies from the lungs, it '.vill l»o bright red and frotiiy, and there will be a cougli. if from the stomach, it will be l)lack, clotted, sour and accompanie(! Ity retching. What to do. — III simple cases tic the head up as high as possiltK', blow strong alum water from a tube into the nostril at each inspiration, and if obstinate, plug the nostril with pledgets of tow. (Jive internally one scruple of acetate of lead, to bo followed in half an hour with aiio'licr if n(H:essary. In the c,is(' of an ox, two scruples nniy be given at a di)>v. If both nostrils are involved, and the How is continuous, only one nos- tril nuist be stopi»ed at a time, unless tracheotomy is performed, since the horse cannot breathe throngli the mouth. '11, e ox, however, can d(i so. Therefore both nostrils may \h\ plugged if necessary. In performing this ojairalion (tracheotomy), on the horse, sonictiin('> necessary in various obstructions of the throat and windpipe, a ring of the windpipe shouKl not be severed, but only parts of two. That is, a circular flai) sliould be excised. It should always be j>erformi>(l l»y ;i veterinary surgeon, except in a case, when' death fi-om strangulation i« imminent. In this case ilo not hesitate, tiiko the lancet or sliarj) knife and, holding the horse's hcjid high, cut in u foot above the breast-boiip and in the center of the neck, doicn to and info the windpipe. The open- ing through the skin should be about two and a half indies long or even three inches, and tiirough the windpipe from one-half to thrcc-(|uai'ti'r' of an inch. If a surgeon performs the operation he will l)e proviOi ! with a tracheotomy tube ; if not, any smooth metal tube which may lie inserted Mill do, as the spout of a tea-kettle ; this must be held to it* place by proper fastenings, and until the wound is healed the horse must not be allowed to i)ut his head to the ground. XVI. Strangles. This is a disease but little known in America. Our distemper take* its place. It is thus described in English works : It usually occurs in young horses, highly-bred horses being more subject to it than cM blooded ones. When the animal is "In-eeding strangles," there is a jri'i- eral though slight indisposition. After a few days the neck bccoiin' stiff, the throat swells, the tumor being hard, hot and tender. Ads THE HOUSE, ITS DISICASE8. 343 (•lmr"'L> from tho nose tnkos pliice, the throat becomes sore, the breathing (ippri'ssi'd, the huir is staring, tlio appetite is gone, and tlie animal stands with haif-flosed eyes. At lengtli the tumor l)cc()mes ripe enough and is opened, as is usual in distemper. It is more than probable that the dis- ,-nso is really the same, and that strangles and distemper are one and the .siniie thing, only modified by conditions and climate. M OPIMIICO TUB AH8CE8g OP KTIIANOLKS. The general treatment is the same as we give for distemper. As an aplilu'iition to the swelling to produce suppuraticn, the following is ivioinineuded : m No. 84. 1 Part liiudnnum, 1 I'lirt spirits of camphor, 2 Paris spirit* of turpentine. Mix, and apply with a paint brush to the swelling. In treating either >tiaii- modic colic, with paroxysms of extreme agony, and sometimes the niojt violent rupture of the stomach ending in death. We often see violent distension of the stomach in cattle when tiiriu'd into a field of flush clover when hungry; the remedy in this case i* thrusting a trochar or knife into the stomach to allow the escape of tlif gases. When in the horse inflammatory action has been set up it may lead to many diseases, each of which must be treated according to the symptoms exhibited. 344 ,. J. 1 UU THE HOH8K, ITS DIHKAHKH. .145 In the first stage or that of simple iicidity of the Htonmch, if taken in lime, treutment iH oomparutivoly easy. It is called Hour Htoniacli, acute fruMtritiH, indigestion, tympany, etc. Causes- — Suspended digestion and eonse<|uent fermentation from over- lna(iin lo 20 Props oil of pcppci ..lint, 1 Uuni-o ol luiulumim. If the weather ib cold, blanket and walk the horse to assist in giving relief. In the ease of the ox, give double the dose mentioned ; sheep one- t|U!irter to one-third the dose for the horse, except of laudanum, of which ;:ivc the sheep, 2 to .'} drachms. t ■ I'll I : I 11 n. Colio. TIlis may be of two kinds, spasmodic, or flatulent colic. The first is the result of cramps or spasmodic contractions, «'ausing severe pain with tciulcmy to inflammation. The other of distension of the bowels with tciidency to inflammation and rupturi- of the coats. How to know Spasmodic Colic. — There will be spasms of pain, with paw- in;:, striking of the belly with the hind fool, looking round at the fliinks. Iviiifj down and suddenly gelling up, rolling, or lying stretched out for !iii instant : then suddenly rising, Ihe horse will shake himself as the fiiiin interniits. Agai? the pain returns and the same perforniano-s are ffone through. There nniy be fre<|uent snndl discharges from the bowels ^.;,^^'^ IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) C^ // // / Va f/- 1.0 I.I m Ilia M IIIIM 111112^ 1^ itt llilio 1.25 III 1.4 1.8 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation \ s q V M> ^v w^ r ^# :\ \ 6^ ^.> '^\> 'ife^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 w^ L

ABM0UIC COLIC. Mix, pulverize the aloes in a pint and a half of hot water; cool, add the other ingredients and give immediately. If relief is not obtained, ifive as a second dose the following : No. 89. H Ounce sulphuric ether, ^^Ouiico hiiiiluinini, H Ounce 8;)irlts rnniphor, H Ouimo o.-oiicL^ ol peppermint. Mix in a pint of gruel and turn down. The symptoms in cattle are uiiPiisiness, shuffling of the hind legs when standing. When (ying down they will kick with the outer limbs. There will be moaning and twisting of the tail. The same treatment is advised as for the horse, except that one pint of linseed oil should replace tlie aloes. Give the doses by allowing the liquid to trickle down the throat very slowly. The doses should be double that of the horse. Swine should have castor oil one ounce in place of the linseed oil ; and sheep three-quarters of an ounce. Otherwise the doses should be about one-quarter to one-fifth those ordered for the horse. Flatulent Colic. — This disease is dangerous, and is generally the rosult of a chronic distension of the bowels, with tendency to inflammation and rupture of the coats. It may be the result of some other disease, or appear as a consequence of the sjjasniodic form ; or, nuiy be produced by the same causes as those assigned to the acute form. Ih^ f IM 1 iHn 1 m lil "r I 1 ,' f !f| i\ liiij. F* i| . m i,«». 1^ a.-, 348 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. How to know It. — The expression of pain is constant but not so acute. The pulse is rapid and feeble, with difficult breathing ; the feet and ears are cold ; the abdomen is tense and swollen, and it sounds drum-like when struck. The animal is weak and sometimes delirious. The intes- tines are painful (sore) as is shown by the cautious manner of lyin" down ; if, indeed, the horse lies down at all. FIRST 8TAOK OK FLATULENT COLIC. What to do. — Be careful about giving purgatives. Act by injections of soapsuds and oil of turpentine ; removing the contents of the impacted rectum with the well oiled hand. Give the following injection: No. 90. a Pint oil of turpentine. 1 Quart of soupsuds. B0R81E DYINO OF FLATULENT COLIC. Repeat in half an hour if necessary. If there is great distension puncture the large intestine, or, where the sound when tapping with the lv>. ;| ■0^ THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 349 knuckles is most dru n-like, plunge in a trochar and allow the gas to escape through the canula. Give the following according to circumstaLcos : No. 91. X to 1 Ounce laudanum, 2 to 4 Ounces tincture assafoctida. Mix in a pint of gruel. If the colic is the result of disease and exhaustion, with JXiUch swelling of the belly, try the following : No. 92. X Ounce chlorate of potash, a Ounce Hulphurlc ether, ki Pint water. To he given in a half pint of gruel. Later in this disease when it is required to act moderately on the bowels the following will be found useful : No. 93. H Ounce chlorinated soda, 2 to 3 Ounces aloes. Powder the aloes and dissolve the whole in a pint of warm water, and give Avhen cool. During recovery, the health of the animal must be attended to. Give easily digested food ; avoid large draughts of water, and over feeding. Give good grooming ; blanket if necessary, and keep the circulation active by hand rubbing of the body and limbs. m. The Bot. The female bot ^y^yEsh'US-equi^ is too well known to need description. They lay their eggs on the legs, flanks, and other portions of the horse's body easily reached. The animal in licking its body takes the egg into its mouth and being swallowed they hatch, and the young fasten them- selves by means of their hooks to the mucous membrane of the stomach. Here they live and grow and the next season become mature and are passed from the animal, and undergo their transformation to the perfect fly in the earth. So long as the animal is in perfect health they do little if any harm. But in case of disease or insufficient food they becom*? troublesome. Or if they exist in great numbers when nearly or full grown and they are passing from the animal, they sometimes cause severe injury by attaching tbemselves to the sensitive lining of the bowels. This irritation is not easily distinguished from other forms of indigestion or colic. In the Spring when the animal is hungry, and there is indication of in- testinal difficulty, they may be suspected. If the horse turns up his upper hp, and if the edges of the tongue are red and fiery looking, it lh> I^.KCl '^V^^- nso ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ! i will be evidence of their existence At this time physic will hasten them away. A usual remedy is to give once a day for three days, 1 dnichm sulphate of copper, to bo followed at the end of the time with 4 drachms of Barbadocs aloes, and repeat at the end of a week if necessary. Or the following will be found safe and effective : No. 04. la Drachms cnlomol, 1 >i Dracliins powdered Buviii, 2 Drachms jiowdcred assaftrtidn, 30 Drops oil of mule shield lern. Make into a l)all with molasses and linseed meal, to be given at night and followed next morning with 4 drachms of aloes. In the South, Azedarach (pride of China) is grown around stables for its supposed efficacy in destroying bots by being eaten by horses. If so, it can only be whi'.o the bots are quite young. Since, after acquiring some age and be'^wtning fastened to the stomach, they resist alike, strong acids, alkalies, irrespirable gases, narcotics and mineral poisons. Colics, etc., arising from bots, r ay 1)0 treated by anti-spasmodics as given under that head. As a prevoiitive against bots, keep the long hairs of the jaws, breast and fore-limbs trimmed close, and apply a little oil daily ; and brush off any eggs that may be found. Animals kept in sta- bles and well groomed are seldom troubled with bots. \ aSTRUg UBMOnRHOIDAI.IS. 2.— EggsmapfniOed. 3.— The Rot. 4.-The CryaallB . 5.— The male fly. Another bot fly ( (Estrus IlemorrhoidaMi) resembles the oestris equi quite closely, and deposits its eggs upon the lips and upon the liair^ under the jaw. Dropping into the food, they are swallowed and fasten to the stomach in dense clusters. The larva; are somewhat longer in pro- portion to their bulk than the species equi. When ready to pass away they sometimes cause irritation of tho bowels and anus by sticking there. The same means must be used tor *\x\s species as for the other. Intestinal worms. — ^There are various intestinal worms that inhabit the THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 361 hoi'sp, at least three species of tape worms and seven of round worms. The ox has two tape worms and seven round worms. The sheep one tape worm and seven round worms. A good vermifuge for tape worm is the following : No, 09. H Oiinco powilorod aloes, }i Ouiico i)()vvilc!re(l UHsiifditida, 1 Ouiii'o oilof turpciiiilno, 1 Ouiiuo sulphuric ether. Mix the two first in hot water and Avhcn cold add the turpentine and ptlitT, and give in gruel as a drench. If the animal is weak and out of (oiulition, give an ounce of arcca nut, and follow with nourishing food. For round worms, if suspected, give 4 drachms of aloes, and if worms iiie found in the dung, give immediately on an empty stomach the followinii : Ko. 00. 1 Drachnif il of mule fern, 2 OuiiccHOil of turpentine, >i Tint linseed oil. Follow this for thi'ec days with a dose of 1-2 drachm sulphate of copper. For thread-worms in the rectum give an injection every two days for a week, of the following : No. (»7. 2 Drachms oil of turpentine, 1 Pint linseed oil. Inject every day for a week, a purgative dose to precede the first injec- tion. A strong decoction of wormwood is also a good vermifuge used as an injection. IV. Isflammation and Buptiire of the Colon. This disability is usually the result of colic. If through constriction of one piu't and expansion of another rupture actually occurs, the animal will die. The colon is the largest division of the intestinal canal. Be- ginning at the c(p,cum, (the commencment of the large intestine) it ascends hy the right kidney, passes under the hollow part of the liver to the spleen, thence descends by the left kidney and passes in the form of an 8 to the upper part of the os sacrum. It thence runs straight to the anus and this part of it is called the rectum. How to know Rupture. — ^T'he sides of the flanks will 1)e distended, there ^vill be fever and heat, and the animal will give evidence of its severe suf- fering. The pulse will be hard, wiry and quick, the belly tender, the HlV M VA I ^ ; ( .•}52 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ears cold ; the pain will be constant, and medicine will increase it. There w^ill 1)0 great and rapidly increased weakness. The symptoms are directly opposed to those in colic. What to do. — In the first stages of the disease give the following, in lime water, every hour or two until throe or four doses are given : No. 98. 20 Drops tiiKiture of aconite, >i Ouuue luuduuutn. in very severe cases a hypodermic injection of 40 grains of chloral hydrate, to be at once followed by one of 3 grains of morphia, to l)e repeated in an hour ; this, however, must be performed by a competent The following may be given by the mouth : No. 99. 10 Grains morphia, 1 Ounce clilorul hydrate. Give in sweetened water, and repeat every two hours until three or four doses are given, or until the s^nnptoms abate. Extensive fomentations to the bowels will be beneficial. This may be done by folding a blanket inside a rubber cloth which is fastened over the back. Keep the blanket soaked with water as warm as can be borne. If the disease he inflammation of the bowels, or enteritis, whether it does or docs not follow an attack of colic, among the symptoms will he. stretching of the lips upward. This may however be done when tiiere is al)d()niinal irritation of any kind. If the inflammation be severe, so shown by increas- ed heat and fever, an ammoniacal blister may l)e applied. Dilute strong liquor of ammonia with six times its bulk of cold water, saturate a cloth with it and lay it on several folds of blanket, to be held to the belly by four men who will not mind the fumes. The maimer of holding it is shown in the cut on next page. Watch the action of the ammonia. It may blister within ten minutes, or it may take twice that time. Do not allow it to eat the skin, else a bad sore will be the result. When the proper effect is produced remove it at once. It should really be applied only under the direction of a veterinary surgeon. They are, unfortunately, not always near. In this case, to save life, something must be risked. The worst inflammatory symptoms being stayed, give every two hours until three or four doses are given, or a favorable result is obtained, the following : NOSE BTBAINED UPWAKD. No. 10«. 30 Grains calomel, I Ounce laudanum. THE HOK8E, ITS DI8RA8E8. 363 Mix in half a pint of gruel. As the aniiniil begins to take food it should have bran and oatmeal njashes, mixed with tea of slippery elm bark. C'dokcd food should be given, and if carrots are at hand, give a mess of tliein boiled every day. Skimmed milk is excellent if the animal will driuk it. Al-lLI(JATluN OK AN AMMONIACAL IlLISTEIt. V. Inflammation and Bleeding of the Rectum. This is u ditficulty that often accompanies or follows inflammation of the bowels. How to know It. — There will be heat and swelling, with or without protrusion and bleeding of the rectum. What to do. — Wash the parts with a weak solution of salt and water, ami also use injections of the same as often as may seem necessary. If this do not give relief add a slight infusion of chlorate of potash and golden seal. VI. Spontaneous Salivation. Causes. — This infirmity is generally the result of or symptom of some other affliction. It is often produced by something the animal has eaten. AVhite clover will produce it. Caries and other diseases of the teeth : d(Mititioii, paralysis of the lips, ulcers of the mouth, irritating food, initalion by the bit, and especially from medicaments attached to the bits of horses by ignorant stable men. It occurs as a free discharge of saliva in frothy masses or in stringy filaments, with frequent swallowing, thirst, and generally indigestion. What to do — Remove the cause. If the cause is from alkalies, wash the mouth with weak vinegar. If from acids, use lime water. If from /* :^M i 364 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. caustic salts, use white of egg, or tea of slippery elra l)aik. If there U iiitlaintnation with costiveness, open the bowels with iujeetioiis of warm water, or soapsuds, and wash the mouth fro(iuently with vinegar and honey. If this do not effect a cure wash the mouth with alum water. If there are ulcers touch them with a feather wet with the following: No. 101. 10 Grains lunar paustic, 1 Ounce distilled water. If there are tumors with pus, lance them. If there is sloughing wash with the following; No. 102. 1 Dnu'lim Rolutiou of permungunuto of potassa, 1 riut rainwater. Give iilenty of cool water, so the animal may take it at will, and food with soft or boiled food, and if there is much swelling, keep the head tied up. VII. Inflammation of the Stomach. Causes. — This disease is not common in horses, and occurs rarely from eating vegetable ])oisons, and more generally from poisoning by arsenic given in the food by ignorant stable-men, to make the horse earrv a shining coat and foam at the bit. It is also produced by the licking of external corrosive applications, thus producing acute gastritis. 'S HORSK eOFFEUINti FROM ACCTE OABTBITIS. The symptoms are various in unison with the (fauses producing them. These are, refusing food, extreme thirst, redness of the nasal and con- junctival membranes, discharge of ropy saliva, frequent eructations with fetid smell, colic, rolling on the ground, pawing, .striking at the al)donien. etc. } tuckod up flanks, heaving, panting, small, quick pulse, violfit THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 365 straining, passing of mucus in largo quantities, protrusion and inflamina- tiou of tlio optMiing, glances at the al)domcn, prostration of strength, con- vulsions, madness and death. What to do. — The first thing, if jiossible, is to find out what caused the tiouhlo. If this cannot be found, give at once : Ko. 103, 3 Ounces sulphuric ctlier, a Ounces luudanuni, 4 Ounces carbonate of magnesia, 1 Quart cold gruel. Mix and give as a dose. If the nulse be low, add to the above one draciim carbonate of ammonia. If the animal is weak, but able to swal- low, take plenty of time, do not use violent means. If there is paralysis of the throat, or the horse is in delirium, the dose must be injected tliiougli tlie nostril, by means of a pump and pipe, or horse catheter. See article tetanus. As soon as there is evidence of recovery, and in fact ivhcncver the animal will take it, thin starch or gruel of Hour should 1,' freely given to sheath the mucus surfaces. Vin. Soreness and Itching of the Anus. This is a disease following inflammation and disease of the rectum. and also produced b}' other causes. The anus or orifice of the I'ectum 'l)oconies sore. There is a peculiar dryness with scurf, and to I'olieve the itching the horse sometimes rubs the roots of his tail until the hair is en- tirely worn away. What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, to keep the liowels ill a natural condition. Mix a little fine salt with lard oil, and koop the parts well oiled, with friction. If the trouble be inside, a little iroldeuseal well rubbed down with salt butter and passed carefully within the anus, will give relief. If the difficulty is occasioned by worms, see that article. i') m r 1 IX. Chronic Oastritis. Causes. — Anything which impairs the digestive functions may produce this disease. It is, however, in its chronic form, extremely x'are. The <:rdinary food will be refused, and the animal will persist in eating for- eign substances — old lime mortar, the wood work of the stable, earth, litter and beddinjr. How to know It. — ^There is a dry cough ; the membrane of the mouth and nostrils are dry and pale; the breath is tainted ;: the evacuations 23 356 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. finell badly ; the eyes are sunk, the coat dry and rugged ; the horno loses condition and becomes pot bellied ; the anus is lax and prominent. What to do. — The cure will take time. Prevent the animal from in. dulging its unnatural appetite. The following made into a ball will he indicated. No. 104. X Oriiln itrychnia, 1 Drachm bichrotnuto ol amtnonio, H Druchm oxtruct ofbuUadonna, 1 Drachm powdered goDtinn, ^ Drachm Bulphato of zinc. Give this as a ball once a day. If after continuing several days there is no improvement, give the following : No. 105. K Ounce liquor arscnicalis, K Ounce tincture Ipecac, 1 Ounce murlated tincture of iron, a Ounce laudanum, 1 Pint ot water. As the animal gets stronger give an ounco of sulphuric ether daily in a pint of water. If the animal has simply chronic indigestion, that is, the disease docs not show in the severe form we have depicted, to improve the general health the following will be indicated : No. 106. 1 Ounce powdered assafoctlda, 1 Ounce powdered golden seal, 2 Ounces powdered ginger, 2 Ounce'i powdered poplar bark, 5 Drachms powdered sulphate of iron, 1 Dratbm powdered red pepper, 1 Pound ot oatmeal, Mix, divide into sixteen messes, and give one every night in the food. In addition to this the following will make a good appetizer : No. 107. 1 Quart brandy, 1 Ounce salt. ■':. ■ It!-/. M Mix and give a wine glass full night and morning in gruel, just before the food. The food given must be of the very best, and that which !.< easily digested. Boiled oats, shorts and carrots, with sufficient good hay to distend the stomach. Keep the animal muzzled during the interi'als of feeding, to prevent foul feeding. That is, eating litter or other inju- rious substances. If acidity of the stomach be shown, moisten the hay ffivcn, and sprinkle it freely with magnesia. TH TUK IIOltSE, ITS DISEASra. X. Spasm of the Diaphragm. 3«7 Causes. — Hani riding or diving of a horse constitutionally weak. How to know It. — If the horse is being ridden, tlioro will be a sensn- tiou to tlie rider as though a Budden blow was given inside the horse TliiH is IVoni spasmodic aetion of the diaphragm (the midriff or niusi'li 4 st'imrating the (dicst from the abdomen) in drawing the breath. If tlu' iininial is still driven forward it sonietimes suddenly fuUa and dies ol" suHocation. What to do. — There is no cure. Relief may be given by clothing the aiiinial. Lead him to the nearest stable or shed and give the following : No. 108. 3 Drachms nroniatio spirits of ammonia, 3 Drachms tincturo ol ginger 8 OiiDces laudanum, l^ OuQces elher. Mix in a pint of oil or gruel and give as a drench, or give the following :. No. 101). >» Drachm camphor, 1 Drachm powdercil ginger, 1 Drachm ciuboiiate of ammonia. ^lix with sufficient linseed meal and hot water to form a ball. Repeat at an interval of three hours if relief is not afforded by the first dose. A horse subject to this affection should have only slow work. The diaphragm may be strengthened by giving for some time a daily dose of one drachm of powdered sulphate of iron in the food. XI. Rupture of the Stomach. Kupturc, when it ensues, ends pretty surely in death. Rupture of the stomach is produced oy working or driving a horse until he is very hungrj and then feeding and watering unduly. The only symptoms which .show, arc violent colic, and the tenseness of the tissues. There are many rup tares where animals die, and the owner does not know what is the diffi • ulty. If the mischief has proceeded to rupture, the animal may as weh' l)e killed. One of the positions assumed by a horse suffering from abdominal injuries, is this : He will persistently sit on his haunches. Animals ^ will assume this position and yet occasionally recover. Another position assumed is, for the animal to kneel and support himself upoa his hind i:i s "''^ ■if j »■ " r '■" !t ■> 1: V;i ' 111"'" : . mi- 'III 358 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. legs. Such unn.ituriil positions show the intense pain which leads to suck attituies to get relief. UNNATURAL ATTITUDE INDICATIVK OF ABDOMINAL INJURY. Xn. Gorged Stomach. Wlien this occurs from over feeding, the 1)owels should he immcdiiiti'ly relieved by removing the contents by rei)eated injections of warm water. Lot the anin]al be gently walked about, and Avarmly clothed in cold weather. The operator must act according to circumstances. If discov- POSITIOJJ ASSUMED UY IIOnaB SUFFEIIINO PROM ABDOMINAL INJURY. ered early, or before colic sets in, give the following to evacuate tlie bowels after having relieved them by injections : No. 110. l>nicliiii ; -ij. riHAPTER VII. irm DISEASES OF THE TjIVEB, URINABY OBOANS, ETC. I. JALNDICE. II. ENLARGEMENT OF THE SPLEEN. lil. INFLAMMATION OF THE KID. NKYS. IV. I'ROFUSE STALING, OR DIABETES. V. BLOODY URINE, OR H.EMATURIA, VI. THICK AND ALBUMI.NOU3 URINE. VII. WHITE, On LI.MB URINE. VIII. GUAVEL, OU SrONK IN THE BLADDER. IX. SUl'PRKSSION OF URINE. X. INFLAMMA- TION OF THE BLADDER. X!. FOUL SHEATH. XII. RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER. XIII. Sl'ASM OF THE URETHRA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF THE ORGANS OF GENERATION. i I. Jaundice. The horse is subject to but few diseases of the liver. Jaundice or the yellows, is a conditiou in which the visible mucous membranes, the skin (if it be naturally white) the urine and the tissues arc stained yellow, not by non-secretion of the bile from the blood, but by the* re-absorption of bile already secreted. Causes. — Obstruction of the bile duct from any cause. Obstruction of the bowels hindering the proper discharge of the bile. Diminished fullness of the capillary vessels of the liver from obstruction of the hepatic artery or aorta. And from undue seci'etion of the bile in cases of eongestion of the liver. In solid hoofed animals the blood is easily dissolved. In flesh-eating 'snimals it is not so. Hence, although there is often a jaundiced appear- ance of the membranes in horses, it is comparatively harmless. How to know It. — There will be a general coloration of the ti ?sues. The mucous membrane will be yellow. The urine will be yellow. In obstruction of the bile duct the dung will be fetid, and of a clay color fi'om being devoid of bile. 3ij5 ■'■J? t; 1^ ■ Hi m 4h : 366 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. What to do. — No gcncrul rule can be laid down. The following is a good remedy for torpidity of the liver, when there is general dullness and biliousness. • 120. 1 Pound Epsom salts, 1 Pound Gluuber Halts, 1 Pound common solt, 1 Ounce esBeneo of ginger, 1 Qallou warm water. Mix and give a pint from one to three times a day until a gentle but full purgation is produced. Follow this up with daily doses of one scruple of podophyllin. This remedy will also he indicated for cattle, except that they should have the following formula as a purge instead of No. 120 : No. 121. K Pound Nulphato of magnesia, y. Pound conmion Bait, 2 Ounces powdered ginger. Give this dose in two quarts of w'ater once a day until a free evac- uation of the bowels is produced, giving also daily one scruple of podophyllin. Saline purges do not alwa3's act kindly on hoi'ses. If so the following will be indicated if there is considerable congestion : No. 122. 30 Grains calomel, 1 Drachm aloes, 2 Drachms soup, 4 Drachms powdered rhubarb. Mix with mtilasses into a ball and give twice a day until a moderate operation of the bowels is had. If the disease occurs in the Spring, turning upon succulent grass, especially where dandelion is plenty, will generally effect a cure. n. Enlargement of the Spleen. The pancreas and the spleen are subject to a variety of diseases, very difficult to determine. The pancreas is a gland which secretes tiie pan- creatic juice, by which emulsion takes place with the fatty aliments lij means of a duct leading into the intestines. The presence of fatty matter in the dung will imply a suppression of these juices. If there are sharp, colicky pains without fever, obstruction of the duct by calculi may be suspected. If there is < : THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 867 ('ive imti-spasniodios, chlonil hydrate in half ounce doses daily, or hyos- cvainus extract two drachm doses, or belladonna two drachm doses, as the case may he. If there is inflammation give laxative medicines, one and a half ounces (laiick'Hon ; Itlistcr the right side, and confine the animal to light diet. For suppressed secretion give one ounce doses of sulphuric ether. So far as affections of the spleen are concerned, it is an involvont in disoiiscs of the liver and other glands. In highly fed animals eidarge- iiipiit ensues ; in badly fed ones degeneration or wasting. Oi)structed circuliition through the liver will engorge the spleen almost to rupture snnu'tinics. In tuberculosis, cancer, glanders and blood jjoisoning it is affiH'tcd. Anthrax and other fevers tend to enlargement of the spleen, soinolinios to rupture. So little is really known of the spleen and its true functions, that but little can be done except l)y giving general atten- tioii lo the health and by means of tonics and good imrsing to build uj) the health. III. Inflammation of the Kidneys. SYMPTOMS ATTENDIxa DISEASES OP THE URINARY OKGANS. Causes. — Inflammation of the kidneys. Nephritis, is produced by a variety of causes. Blows on, or sprains in the region of the loins, cal- culi, the excessive use of diuretics to which some stablemen are prone, musty fodder, or that which contains iiTitaut plants, etc. How to know It. — There will be more or less fever, sometimes a high fever : colicky pains ; looking at the abdomen; the horse will lie down with extreme caution ; frequent passages of urine in small quantity, but -j;^'- ii: i' ,;;! 'i»i 'J ' !|j \i ' ^; i' r '«! ''' §1 U '.h> %-*''jBS»«r/-J 368 ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. 1 i: -i: w very high colored, sometimes containing blood and oven pus ; the lc<'s swell uniformly from the hoofs up ; the pulse is rapid, the bowels costive and the breathing excited ; the horse straddles in his gait ; this, however, is a general characteristic of all diseases of the urinary organs, but in severe inflammation it amounts almost to helplessness. There is, however, one test that is constant : there is extreme tender- ness of the bony processes about six inches from the spine in the loins, pressure over the kidneys will show the terrible pain from tiic crouchinc attitude the horse assumes. TEST FOR INFLAMMATION OF THR KIDNEYS. If the urine is examined under a microscope, the fibrinous casts of the kidney tubes will be found. In chronic cases, stocking of the legs, casts in the urine, more or less tenderness upon pressure of the loins, and general ill health, may be all that will be observed. What to do. — 1» acute cases, if there is a strong pulse and the aniimil is full of blood, bleeding m»y assist a cure. It ig not always safe, except under the advice of a veterinarian of modern practice. Bleeding should never be practiced except in the earliest symptoms. Give an active cathartic. No. 123. : 1. 1 Dracbm calomel, 4 Drachms powdered aloes, Make into a ball with linseed meal and molaasea. Wrap the loins in woolen blankets and foment thoroughly with an in- fusion of a handful of digitalis leaves in a pail of boiling water, putting it on as warm as the hand will beal" it ; or wring a sheep skin out of hot •vater and apply the flesh side, changing as often as may be necessary. THE IIOKHE, ITS UISF.ASES. 369 To assist the cvaouiitioii aiul case the pain give injections of linseed tea, Olio qutirt, to winch an onncc of laudanum is added, (iot up a good sweat if possible. This will relieve the kidneys. Keej) the liowels gently open with laxatives and relieve the pains with anodynes, and as the animal im- proves, give bitter tonics, 3 ounces of Peruvian bark daily in three doses ; or uu ounce of gentian in two druchui doses three times a day. rv. ProfUse Staling, or Diabetes. This disease, called by various names, as diuresis, diabetes insipidus, poluriii, etc., is simply an excessive secretion of urine, causing loss of flesh, weakness, and at length terminating in exhaustion and a general breaking down of the system. Causes. — The most common cause is dosing with quack medicines, a favorite pastime of ignorant stablemen, especially for "the water." It is also produced by musty hay and grain, new oats, distillery slops, acid diuretic plants, or any cause irritating the stomach and at the same time stimulating the kidneys. How to know It. — There is excessive thirst, profuse and frequent stalinsr, of pale colored urine, thin, and with little odor ; loss of condition ami spirits ; the appetite fails ; the skin is hai-d and dry ; the hair harsh.- tlio pulse will be weak, Avhether fast or slow ; depraved appetite for lick- injr noxious substances. What to do. — Change the food at once, well seasoned hay and grain, with linseed tea given freely in the drink. The horse must not suffer from thirst, but inordinate drinking should not be allowed. Iodine is one of the chief specifics in this disease. The following will be a good formula, to be given three times a day in water : No. 124. 20Urains iodine, 1 Umclim iodidu ofpotasBiuni, 4 Draelim.s earljoimto of soda. Mix, and give in water. Or, give daily the following No 126. 2 Drachms phospbatc of iron, 2 Draclims iodide of poUBsium, 4 Draclims Peruvian baric. Mix, and give once a day in water. If this docs not soon show a disposition to check the disease, add 15 to 20 grains of creosote daily. Another good formula, to be given once a day, or in bad cases twice tlaily, is the following: pS 370 ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOU. No. 126. itO Orain.. iuilini>, 2 Oriicliiiii Hiiljiliiito of Iron, H Uuiiuo powdured guutiun. . Give us a hall, nmdo with niolassos and linseed njoal. If four or fjvo doses do not show decided effect di-scontinue. Six or seven days should effect a cure. 1? tmk V. Bloody Urine, or Heematuria- Causes. — Sprains or bruisinj? of the loins, stono in the kidneys, uriiiaiT passages or bladder ; l)lo()d poisoning. ^i«J^a(,.,f;^S^^^fc«J»^^ uonsB suKFKniNa from bloody urink. How to Determine the Condition.— If from local irritation, the blood being in a healthy state, there will be clots of blood passed, and tibriciouj casts of the urinary tubes entangling blood globules. These may lie seen witii a good lens. If there is gravel more or less gritty matter will be passed. If from blood poisoning, the tests must be made l)y a veto- rinary surgeon, from the urine, who can then prescribe the proper treatment. What to do. — The general practice is to give sound food, good .slieltor. mucilaginous drinks, as linseed or slippery elm tea, or marsh mallow ten. Also acid astringents, vinegar, buttermilk, a Aveak decot^tion of white oiik bark. If the passages are profuse apply cold water to the loins. If there is inflammation foment with warm water (cloths saturated with Iiol water) and follow with a mustard plaster. If the bowels arc inactive, give the following : No. 127. 4 Drachms nloes, 1 Ounce cream tartar. Mix in one and a half pints of warm water and give when cool, aiding the operation by an injection of one quart of soap suds and four ounces oil of turpentine. TUB 1IOR8B, ITS I)IHKA8KS. VI. Thick and Albuminous Urino. 371 This disability in horsos, charnctcrizod by ii thick, rn[)y, nlbuiiiinous (lisihiir'c (if uiine, is (juitc! coininon in its iiiildor forms, being iiii atttMid- unt on oxtensivo inilatnmation of important orjrans, on rlioumatism, fevers, and some conditions of blood poisoning. It is especially attend- ant on inflammation of the kidneys, both acute and chronic, attended with (IciTcncration and shedding of the epithelium (^the layers of cells) liiiinj,' the kidney tubes. POSITION ASSUMED BY HORSE IIAVINO ALBUMINOUS URINE. How to know it. — There are two special positions assumed by horses suffering from severe secretion of albuminous urine. One is the stretched (lut position. In the other the back will be roachcd, as seen in the cut. In its mild stages the urine is thick, rop}', mucilaginous ; when it first liogins to flow, of a reddish-brown color, but changing to a more natural condition, ending with a whitish, milky fluid; sometimes the reverse ; coiiinieneing white. When the disease is farther advanced the urine is thicker, more deeply tinged, and sometimes offensive to the sense of smell. It may degenerate into a number of forms, and finallr terminate iiiBright's disease of the kidneys. What to do. — Place the animal where it may be comfortable ; clothe warmly. If there is inflammation of the kidneys, foment with a sheep skin wrung out of hot water ; or better, with an infusion of a handful of digitalis (Foxglove) in a pail of scalding water, and use other measures recommended in this article. If it be thought necessary to liquify the urine, not always beneficial, prepare the recipe given on the following page, aud exercise great care in the attendant treatment as there prescribed. 24 W: ■ 'i .*;*'■ I i' f Hill r 11 372 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. No. 128. 1 Ounce powdered assufHiUdn, 2 Ounces powdered juuliier berries, 8 Ounuea powdered poplur bark. Mix, divide into eight parts, and give one night and morning in tli^ food. The real animus should be to remove the cause, which, as we liiivo stated, is various*. Attend to the general health of the animal, keep the bowels open b}' a free use of bran mashes and other food of an ()i)eniii<' nature. Give a laxative if necessary — say, 5 ounces salts, and Peru- vian bark 1 to 2 ounces daily at two or three doses. vn. White, or Lime Urine: The urine is one of the agents used by nature to pass away the excess of calcareous or other stony matter from the body. So long as tiio con- ditions are normal, even when limy secretions are excessive, it may be nature's means f)f removing this excess. When the urine becomes albu- minous, the c;»lciferous matter unites with the albumen, and the result is calculi. How to know It. — A white matter will be passed at the end of each urination, or the urine may become decidedly limey. What to do. — Attend to the general health of the horse, give none but sound oats and Indian corn, and sweet clean hay from upland meadows. Sand-like Deposit in the Bladder. — Sometimes a sand-like deposit, or soft magma is made in the bladder, and to such an extent tliat the urine flows involuntarily and constantly by drops. The remedy is by means of a stomach pump and catheter, to fill the bladder with water, Sliake up the contents with the hand introduced through the rectum, and allow- the water to flow through the catheter. So proceed to again pump full and empty until all the deposit is cleaned. When an animal is inclined to this disability, 1 drachm of caustic soda given daily in the water will correct the secretion. Vni. Gravel, or Stone in the Bladder. The existence of urinary calculi, whenever found, is due to the dc- jjosit of mineral matter around some body as a nucleus. This may consist of mucus, fibrine, blood-clot, or even of a crystal deposited from over- saturated urine. Causes. — They are so various that it would be useless to cnuincratc them. Impaired breathing, whether from weak or diseased lungs, inipcr- fect action of the liver, or impaired functions generally, are among tlio I*" !*■- -fl THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 37.3 prominent causes. Any causo favoring concentration of urine might brill"' about tiie formation of calculi. How to know It. — Cistus calculus, or stone in the bladder, occurs in all domestic animals, producing straining in the effort to pass the urine. It will escape in driblets, often drop by drop, or not at all. Blood will often Repassed in clots, and crystals of microscopic calculi will be 2J»«'^«-'d. By iiitrodu(!ing the oiled hand into the rectum up to the bhidder the stone may lie felt. Sometimes there are a number of them. What to do. — I'l the case of a female the stone may be broken with a litliatritc. In the case of a male the operation is called lithotomy. The mule is opei'ated on standing, or else thrown on the right side. The operation must in any event be performed by a competent surgeon, since it involves cutting and the use of instruments that may not be attempted by the novice. Preventive Measures- — The seed of Jamestown Aveed, or thorn apple (Datura Kf ran wnium) has been given with good effect in preventing the formation of large calculi. Give an ounce of the powdered seed in the feed every other day until six doses are given. In connection with this give the following : No. 129. 1 Ounce oil of juniper, 1 Ounce oil of siiKsufras, 4 Ounces sweet spirits of niter. Form into four doses and give one morning and night for two days. Animals predisposed to gravel should be fed on sound hay from old meadows, sound grain, and watered only with soft water. 1 1 « 9!t ' Bj I 1 |y 1 iji It 1 ' i k 1 t 1 ~ 1' ;i! ^ i>i . 1} ! i" 'I li " IX. Suppression of Urine. Causes. — Retention or suppression of urine is due to so many causes, especially in old horses, as paralysis of the bladder, meningitis, lockjaw, severe colic or other acute disease, or from irritating drugs given by iiinorant stablemen, that the operator must be informed as to the nature of the case. What to do — If it be caused by paralysis the urine must be drawn otV several times a day with a catheter. The following will be indicated tu be given internally : NO. 130. ,',' Drachm extract nux vomica, 1 Pint water. Give as a drench twice a day. -r H ■ Im ' ffif 1 i ' ill ' '"!:! ■■•tn7^T''t'^r7-r» ' ii ,44 ; 1 1 i 1 ' ■^ 374 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Another remedy, if one bus a hypodermic syringe, would be ; No. 131. 4 Dropi sulphuric acid, 2 Grains stryctniinc, >a Ounce alcoliol. Throw one-half of one grain twice daily under the skin. If the difficulty is due to general weakness of the bladder, give the following stimulant ; No. 132. 20 Grains powdered cantharides, 1 Drachm powdered digitalis. j\Iake into a ball with soap. If there is an accumulation of hard fieces in the rectum it must be removed by full injections of strong soap suds, and if necessary removal of the i^artially softened dung with the oiled hand. If there is inflannnation of the neck of the bladder, as shown by heat, swelling, tenderness, give injections of one drachm extract of belladonna in a quart of warm water, thrown repeatedly into the rectum of liorses and into the vagina of mares. To relieve pain give from one-half to two drachms of opium as may be needed. X. Inflammation of the Bladder. Causes. — A disease very rare in animals, and when occurring the effect of violent external injury, or the result of irritating medicines, as crotoii oil, cantharides, administered by the ignorant. It is quite rare, and may be known by tiic frequent passing of urine, with great pain and ditiiculty. As a sure test grasp the horse by the mane half way between the head and slioulder with the left hand ; place the right hand under the ilank when all nervousness is jiassed, press more or less strongly on the abdo- men. If intiammation be present the animal evinces intense pain. If the muscles be tense and hard there is no inflammation. What to do. — Give full doses of opium, two drachms, to relieve pain. Give Unseed tea, milk, and white of eggs beaten up with water as drinlcs. As a laxative to relieve the bowels give one to two pints of olive oil ns may be needed. Inject into the bladder the following if you have an instrument : No. 133. 1 Drnclim opium, 1 Drachm gum arable, 1 Pint ?)lood worm woter. In severe cases the ammoniacal blister may be applied, as given on the next page, if there is paralysis of the parts, with or without '■:?!■.: THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 375 fomentations. The acute symptoms having subsided, give small doses of copaiva, one to two drachms, or buchu, two to three drachms, as may seem to be needed. Give soft or sloi^py diet, with linseed tea, slippery chn, gum arabic, or other mucilaginous drinks. XI. Foul Sheath. A horse with a foul sheath is unfortunate in his master, unless the difficulty occurred before purchase. What to do. — Clean the sheath of all foul matter with Avarm soap suds, removing all lumps. To Avash the sheath, take hold of the yard when protruded, and without undue violence hold it Avith gentle pulling until there Ijc no resistance Avhen it may be pulled out its entire length. "When washed, oil thoroughly Avith lard and salt, three parts of lard to one of suit. Every other day or every three days Avash again and oil until a cure is effected. XII. Rupture of the Bladder. This difficulty occurs only in the female, the result of difficult parturi- tion. The animal strains violently, and on examination a red, tumid, rounded mass is shoAvn betAA'een the lips of the vuh'a. What to do. — ^Vash the parts carefully Avith tepid Avater, in Avhich an ounce of laudanum has been mixed Avith each quart. Then return care- fully, by pressing the center of the mass inAA'ards to correct the eversion. The difficulty Avill be in returning it through the neck of the bladder. There will be more or less inflammation and softening, therefore care, judgment and time must be used, not to tear the tissues. If there is renewed straining, place a truss or compress over the \'agina. Xni. stricture of the Urethra. Stricture of the urethra is the result of local irritation, the results of iiravel, or of strong astringent injections. The symptoms are difficult unnation, with great pain and freiiuent erections. The cure must I)0 effected by the use of catheters, gradually increasing them in size until the normal condition is regained. XIV. Inflammation of the Organs of Generation. (?. — In stallions, there is occasionally inflammation of the testicles, f'iiused l)y external injury and other causes. It may be knoAvn by the 376 ILI-ITSTnATED STOCK DOCTOR. W '-"i iP 1 swelling of the parts, ii straddling gait, with drawing up and again lei ting down of the testicles. What to do. — Give a purgative, 4 drachma aloes in 1 1-2 pints water. Foment the parts twice a day with warm water. Then dry and apply ex- tract of belladonna or laudanum. If pus (matter) should form, known by fluctuation of the parts, open at the soft part. If the gland is involved, smd there is threatened destruction of the part, castration had better be performed. b, — Inflammation of the Womh. Causes. — Bruises or other injuries at the time of giving birth, or in getting rid of the afterbirth ; retained afterbirth, or exposure to wet or cold after parturition. How to know It. — Two, three or four days after parturition, there Avill be an attack of shivering : pains, with looking at the flanks, similar to those in colic ; shifting of the hind feet ; the loins and abdomen tender, with aching of the loins ; the vulva red and swollen ; there is frequent straining with fetid discharge. Tne oiled hand being introduced into the womb, the neck and body will be found filled with fluid ; the holly will be tense and swollen ; the respiration and pulse will be increased, andtlie temperature of the body Iiot. There will be grinding of the teeth, great thirst and loss of power in the limbs. What to do. — After having drawn out the contents of the womb with a catheter, fill it again with tepid water, introduced through the tube, and wash out thoroughly. Then inject one drachm jDermanganate of potassa in a pint of lukewarm water, adding four ounces of glycerine and half an ounce of laudanum. Give a purgative dose to move the bowels freely, 4 drachms Barbadoes aloes for a mare ; (for a cow, 1 pound of gbiuber salts) . Follow this with 20 drops tincture of aconite four times a day for the mare; (for a coav, 30 drops). Give also once a day 5 drachms nitrate of potassa, and also once a day 1 to 2 drachms chlorate of potassa. Apply a blister of mustard to the right flank of the mare, or for a cow, mustard and oil of turpentine. If there is a Aveak pulse, prostration and stupor, use stimulants ; quinine in 15 to 20 grain doses, camphor and whisky : also antiseptics, chlorate of potassa, 1-drachm doses, or carbolic acid 1-2 drachm doses in a pint of water. c. — Leucorrhoea, Catarrh of the Womh or Vagina. The same general treatment is to bo observed as in the foregoing. It may be known by a whitish discharge from the vulva if caused by re- tained afterbirth. Repeat the injection recommended for inflammation of the womb, daily, and keep up the system with tonics and good food. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 377 The following will form a good tonic, appropriate in any enfeebled condition of the marc, bnt especially so in the forms of disease just treated. No. 134 2 Drftchms sulphate of Iron, 1 Drachm black pepper, H Ounce ginger, >i Ounce gentian. Divide into three doses for each day. '• It m CHAPTER VIII. DISEASES OF THE TEETH AND MOUTH. I. TEETHING, OR DENTITION. II. SHEDDINQ TEETH. III. BLIND TEKTH. IV. DECiY OF THE TEETH. V. 8CUKVY. VI. BTUMP SUCKING, OR CUIB BITING. VII. LAM- PAS. VIII. INFLAMMATION IN AND AROUND THE MOUTH. I.\. SLAVERING. X. INFLAMMATION OP THE TONGUE. XI. SHARP xiND PROJECTING TEETH. XIL SCALD MOUTH. Xni. APTHA. XIV. INFLAMMATION OF TUB PAROTID GLA.ND. XV. FIS- TULA OP THE PAROTID DUCT, I. Teething, or Dentition. ii V !■■■ Hi'i ,*1*;'< Dentition in the horse has already been -vvi'itten of and illustrated in the map given in this work. In teething, all animals suffer more or less from irritation and fever of the parts, probably as much so as the human fanjily. In puppies ond in kittens it often causes convulsions l)etween the third and sixth month. Cattle are principally troubled between the second and third year, and horses from the third to the fourth year, since in the third year they cut four front teeth and eight back ones, and in the fourth year four front back teeth, eight back teeth and the four tushes Hence the reason why it is advised that at this period of their lives they be not hard worked. In both cattle and horses the rising teeth are sometimes entangled with the teeth that are being shed. There will be retlness, swelling, tenderness of the gums, and the inflammation sometimes extends to the throat, causing coughing and general fever. What to do. — If there is slavering ; if the animal seems to chew hard food with pain, or bolts soft food with haste, examine the mouth. Ex- tract the loose teeth ; lance the gums to allow easy dentition ; wash the gums with tincture of myrrh : relieve the bowels if necessary witli gentle 376 LiMiJil THE 1IOK8E, ITS DISEASES. 379 liixativos, and give as much rest and soft food as possible. Swino from tlic sixth to the twelfth month usually cut thirty-six teeth, and sometimes rccjuirc attention. n. Shedding Teeth. In the shedding of the teeth the mouth should be examined frequently for loosened teeth, to find if the new teeth are growing properly. If they arc likely to become crowded, causing twisting, they should be stvaiglitcncd, and if necessary one of them extracted to allow them to (now properly. Sometimes there will be disease of the membranes sur- rounding the roots of the teeth, causing loosening, deviation from the proper course, suppuration, and even shedding of the teeth with much pain, even to inflammation and other diseases of the gum. Kelicf is to be given l)y careful examination, keeping the bowels open with soft food, sucli manipulation as may be necessary, sponging the gums with tincture of myrrh, lancing the gums, and extraction of the loose teeth when necessary. m. Blind Teeth. rated in or less human )etwecn 'eon the ar, since id in the tushes :es they lew hard th. Ex- tash the th gentle Supernumerary teeth may occur among the nippers and grinders. When so they should be extracted. Blind, or wolf teeth, are not super- numerary, but natural as they are insignificant, and would not be necessary to notice here were it not from the fact that ignorant i^rctenders have given the impression that they are the cause of blindness, big head, and even apoplexy or staggers. These teeth are certainly useless, and occur in horses (not in mares) immediately in front of the grinders and may be extracted without difficulty or injury, care being taken that they be not broken and thus irritate the gums. IV. Decay of the Teeth. The teeth of horses under an artificial system of management, are quite subject to decay. Usually this is found in the grinders, although it sometimes, but rarely, occurs in the nippers. Causes. — Anything that will destroy the enamel or corrode the teeth, strong mineral medicines, fermentation in the stomach, breaking of the teeth by biting hard substances, or natural causes from increasing age. How to know It. — ^The horse will suddenly drop the food from the r.iouth; slavering and exhibition of pain. This means toothache in its jacuteform. The general symptoms are imperfect chewing of the food. \m m ill il '; W ' ! 1 I 1 Ji 1 1 ' w l'i,'i ! V I M 380 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. A IIORSB WITH TOOTIIACIIB. and consequent finding of whole grain in the dung; indigestion, u;v thrifty state of the hair and skin, irritability, loss of condition, geiierallj- with swelling of the legs ; swelling of the jaw-l)onc about the carious tooth, qulddiiig of the partially chewed hay, accumulation of food around the tooth, and between it and the cheek. What to do. — Put a balling iron in the horse's mouth, and examine the jaws for bro- ken or decayed teeth. If suspected, tap it gently. If there is inflammation, lance the affected parts, and sponge with tincture of myrrh. If the tooth is ulcerated, it is better to extract it at once ; if not, it may be cleaned and the cavity filled with gutta-percha. If tender from exposure of the nerve, it must be relieved or deadened with crystalized carbolic acid and powdered opium, before filling. As a rule, in extensive caries, the tooth may be extracted. If so, the opposing tooth must be occasionally rasped down. The extract- ing of teeth, however, should only be undertaken by a veterinary surfreoii, except in the case of loose teeth, which may be extracted with a largo pair of forceps. V. Scurvy of the Teeth. Old horses are subject to deposit of calcareous matter, by which the teeth become ridged with a white scurf, extending down upon the gums inflaming them and keeping them sore. This is generally confined to the front teeth. Young horses also sometimes suffer from this disability. Causes. — Imperfect digestion and sour stomach, evolving gases, oraiiv cause injuring the enamel of the teeth. What to do. — Fii'st, find if his system is in good condition, or put it so. Put a twitch on the animal's nose and with proper instruments remove the incrustations. Files, scrapers and fine emery paper arc the means to be used, the teeth afterwards to be oiled. In ordinary cases, ;i stiff brush and a mixture of tartaric acid and salt will do it ; rubWnii afterwards with clean, hard wood ashes. Keep hard wood ashes and siiU where the horse may take it at will. VI. Stump Sucking, or Crib Bitiog. Stump sucking is when a horse rests its teeth against any projection, arches its neck with spasmodic action of the throat, chest and flanb. Crib-biting is when the horse seizes the crib or other hard substance bo-, twccn ( sucking its i.'ctb niodic ai with .swi Whati of the to examinee any disal ered with of tlie in iron bars over and pure wiiK neck -will a roarer. Lam pas of the bar] tion in yoi, chewing fr What to sliirlit cutt or hmcet tion to the only al)()ut third l)arai Hence tlic tlie roof of cident the a "ird arount to tlic guni.- iwssible. "''ifice and s for the gum No. Sever hiir THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 381 twccn the tocth and pulls, with or Avithout spasmodic action. Wind iiUfking is when the hor.so suddenly seizes any hard, tirni substance with itsi't'tli, pulls back, sucking in the air, sometimes with so loud a spas- modic action, noise and groans that it may be heard for a long distance, with swallowing and eructation. What to do. — It is probably more generally connected with disease of tlic teeth than is generally suspected, and these should be immediately examined for cause. At length it becomes a confirmed vice. Relieve iiuV disabilities from the teeth. The remedy is to allow no surface uncov- ered with sheet-iron where the horse may reach it. Smearing the front of the manger with aloes has been recommended. A muzzle with two iron bars projecting from the lower jaw over the mouth and extending over and between the nostrils, will i)revent the vice. If the disease be nurc wind-sucking, .. strap fastened tightly aI)out the upper part of the nock will prevent the effort, but there is danger of the horse becoming a roarer. Vn. Lampas. If Laninas is congestion of the palate ; a redness and swollen condition of the bars of the mouth behind the upper front teeth, caused by denti- tion in young animals, and in old ones from indigestion, causing pain in chewing from the protrusion of the tender parts. What to do. — If in young horses, the means advised in dentition, with sliiiht cutting (scarifying) of the roof of tlie mouth, with a sharp knife or lancet will suffice. In old horses, scarification, with a general atten- tion to the health of the animal will be indicated. In scarifying, cut only al)()ut an inch back of the teeth, and never deep. Just behind the third bar an artery lies near the surface, difficult to manage if cut through. Hence the cai-e required in bleeding in the roof of the mouth. Should, by ac- cident the artery be severed, put a strong (ord around the upper front teeth close to the srums, and strain it as tightly as possible. This will generally close the Oiifice and stop the bleeding. As a wash for the gums, the following will be good : UUU>^tioii. What to do. — Find the cause and remove it. Give cold water to drinli, ■iiul sound frrain, grass and hay. Use as washes fur tho month, vinegar and water or vinegar jiiui lidiu'V. If the saliva is offensive, use water >li<;htlv tinctured with carbolic acid as a wash, and attend to the general health of the aninud. EFVKCT or CRDBL DSB OF TUB BIT. X. Inflammation of the Tongue. How to know it. — There will be difficulty in eating and drinking. The toiiLHU' will be swollen and inflamed, sometimes hanging from the mouth. What to do. — Use the same means recommended for inflammation of the iiioutli, first having thoroughly searched for wounds from any sharp sul)istiiiicc having punctured and remained in the tongue. If the tongue liiiiijrs from the mouth put the end in a bag, and support it with tapes extciidinu; from tlio corners of the mouth and tied behind the ears. Clroat rilitf may be atfurdcd the suffering animal by this means. k.tm XI. Sharp and Projecting Teeth. The remedy for this disability will be obvious. Secure the animal, put ;; twitch on its nose, if a horse, and a balling iron in the mouth and file the teeth until smooth and even, using a rasp made for this purpose, fiat aiKJ with a slightly crooked handle. XII. Scald Mouth. Causes. — The ignorant use of acid drenches or corrosive drugs by (iiioless or ignorant stable men. Medicines of unusual strength are >(tmetimcs sent with directions for diluting. If labels Averc carefully loiid, and directions implicitly followed, there would be less of this u:>ti'ossiiig malady, often ending in chronic disea.=;e of the stomach. How to know It. — The mouth is red, often raw ; the lips are in constant iiiotidn, moving up and down ; the saliva flows continually, showing the l"iiii the animal endures. What to do. — Give well-made cold giniel, either of corn or oatmeal, !'ihI soft food if the horse can take it. Boiled carrots are excellent if tlic aiiinial will eat them. Prepare the following lotion : ; ( i'.: ' ( If II *' 884 ILLLSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. No. 138. (V Oiirn!CH of powdered borax, 'i I'oiiiK^ o( honey, 1 (lulloii of boiling water. Mix, let it become quite cold ; hold up the horse's head inodoriitclv and pour Imlf 11 pint into the mouth. At the cxpinition of hulf n iiiiniitf allow tlio head to gradually drop so the lluid may flow over the iiiHanicMl surfaces. This should l»e repeated several times a day. Beyond tiiis nothing can ho done exccspt to attend to the general health of the animal, which should do no work until entirely recovered. Xin. Aptha, or Thrush. A disease incident to sucking animals and young horses, generally occurring in the Spring and Fall. How to know It. — Red patches will appear on tongue, checks an<\ lips, which assume a whitish color, caused l)y a fungus growth (^(viUioiidlhicaiifi). The lips swell; the tongue liaiiL's out of the mouth ; vesicles form containing a clear, gelatinous fluid. At length these burst ; crusts form and recovery ensues. ' What to do. — Give the animal soft food as rcrom- mended for other mouth diseases. Wash the mouth with the lotion prescribed for scald mouth, or prepare equal parts of honey anfl powdered baj'berry bark into a paste, with wlilch^noint the affected parts every iii^rht. To pui'ify the blood and promote the general health give the following; No. 139. 1 Ounce flowers of sulphur, 1 Ounce powdered sassalrns bark, 2 Ounces powdered goldcu seal. Mix, divide into four jiortions and give one every night in scalded shorts allowing it to get cold. Or give it in cold gruel as u drink. This prescription will- be found valuable in any case and for all farm stock when the blood is thick and inclined to humors. Give fully grown sniiie half the dose prescribed, and full grown sheep one-third the dose ; that is, divide into eight doses for swine and twelve for sheep. XIV. Inflammation of the Parotid Oland. Causes. — ^This gland, which lies in the hollow that extends from the root of the car to the angle of the lower jaw, sympathizes with in- flammation of the upper part of the throat, and becomes hot, tender and swollen in almost ever case of cold. It is liable to inflamtnation al?' THE IIORRE, ITS DlflEASES. 886 from inooliiinical injury, mul from ohHtnictioii of its duct. In bad cumos of 8tmugl*'"« oi" distonipef, it will Honx'timos .swc^ll to groat Hizo and will liiTiik, 11 tistulouH 8orc being the termination. How to know It. — "When llio gland has Iktohio swollen, it is easily dis('('rnil)le by sight or feeling. There is a hard and painful lump be- neiitli the ear, with a softer feeling about its edges. The horse earries his head stitUy, ehcws slowly and with dilliculty, and has sonic general fever. What to do. — As this state of the gland is almost always preceded l)y cold, and is accompanied by it, the treatment must bo lirst dire 'I « ^t ft- Sf- ;*t 1 ^ „ ! i ti tliW' 386 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iuiimal is feeding. Tlic presence of food in the mouth and the motion of the jiiw stiuiuhitc the notion of the glund, and since the saliva thus secreted cannot escape by its natural opening, there is constantly more and more pressure until some outlet is found. This, as we have said, may be by bursting, or it may be by external accident. A wound iiiflicteil on the jaw with any pointed instrument, as a hay-fork, has been known to penetrate this channel. The saliva thereupon pours through the open- ing, and by its constant flow it prevents the healing of the wound, so that its edges speedily become hard and without that liveliness essential to the closing of punctured or gashed flesh. The stopping of this passage into the mouth is said to have been some- times caused by calculus or stone in the cheeks of the animai. These, of a size exceedingly large in proportion to the size of the duct in wijieli they lodge, have been taken from the jaw. Every wound which penetrates this or any other duct of the salivary glands soon becomes a flstulous and offensive sore ; the fluid secreted by the gland finds its way out through the false opening, while none of it enters the mouth to perform its natural function in preparing the food for the stomach, so that the horse soon begins to lose flesh, and finally assumes a wretched and loathsome appearance. The opening of the parotid duct occasionally occurs, perhaps, from the opening of abscesses attending strangles or distemper. How to know it. — The digestion necessarily becomes deranged when the process of mastication is carried on for any considerable length of time without the foods being moistened b}' that secretion which the paro- tid duct in a healthy condition furnishes ; but the orifice in the skin under the jaw or on the cheek at the large muscle, discharging a liquid some- what resembling the white of an ogg, is the unmistakable indication of the disorder under consideration. During the act of feeding this fluid is freely discharged, even sometimes squirting from the wound, and ospeui- ally so if the food is dry and hard to chew. It will be noticed that in chewing the horse uses the opposite side of the mouth from that on which the opening occurs, and that the process is slow and difficult. The edges of the wound soon become callous, the running of the stream down the cheek destroys the hair, and the whole part has a fistulous and iilthv appearance. What to dO> — In the first place, especial care must be taken to keep the animal, during the jjcriod required for effecting a cure, upon food that requires no chewing. It should be sufficiently plentiful and nutri- tious to prevent the uneasiness of hunger. Soft mashes and gruels alone should constitute the diet. Another precaution is necessary when he is THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 387 left to himself — that is, to tie him up in such a way as to prevent him from rubhiiig the wound. This can be done by having a rein at each side of iho halter, and tying it up, one to each side of the stall, and suffi- ciently back and high up to keep him from putting his jaw against either the trough or the wall against which it stands. If the wound has recently broken, shave the edges so as to remove all rouirhness? and bring them closely and evenly together. Then cover with collodion, putting on coat after coat until it is strong enough to keep the wound from bursting. If the sore is of long standing, and the case evidently obstinate, the first care must be to determine whether the channel has become closed between the wound and the mouth, as sometimes hai)pons. If so, make ;i new one and keep it open by passing a thread through it. This thread must have a Hat button affixed to each end, one inside the mouth the other outside the round, to retain it in place. It should not be so closely .shortened by the buttons as to prevent its being slipped a little, first one \v;iy then the other, until the walls of its passage have become callous or tinii, and not likely to adhere. It nmst then be withdrawn, and the Avay iieing open fur the secretion to escai)e into the mouth the outside wound must be closed. To do this, make an adhesive fluid b}- saturating gum mastic with the strongest spirit of wine, or by dissolving India rubber in fulphuric ether. Pare off the edges of the wound till the healthy skin and tlesh are laid bare, which may be known l)y bleeding. Now wash the ,-urroundiiig parts thoroughly with warm soap suds, so as to remove the -lily secretion from the skin and hair, and render the latter dry, so that ;tii adhesive preparation may the more readily stick. "\\'hen the bleeding has stopped and the hair is dry, lay over the orifice a piece of India lubber, and over that a cotton cloth. Fix the cotton firmlv by means of ihc adhesive fluid above mentioned, first attaching one side, then, w hen that is dry and firmly fixed, stretching and fastening down the other idsre. Continue to fasten on these strips one after another in this way — Mime of them cross-ways — until there is a good body of them ; then thoiouiilily saturate the whole with the adhesive fluid and tie up the animal as already directed. When his reins are hjosened in order that he may eat, he must be watched to see that he does not rul) and re-open the wound. This one covering, as described, is generally sufficient to effect a cure ; ''lit if it falls off before the orifice is entirely dosed, wait a day or two, still feeding on soft food, and then put on aimther coat of the India rubber, cotton, and mastic solution ; and so continue until a cure in cffeeted. 25 ; t m CHAPTER IX. DISEASES OF THE HEART, BLOOD, ETC. I. THUMP8. n. 8CR0PDLA.- MBNT OF THE HBART. MBNT OF TBB ARTKRIBS.— III. FEVER, OR GEMERAL INFLAMMATION. •V. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. - —VII. INFLAMMATION OF THE JUGULAR VBIN.' -IV. BNLAKGK- VI. ENLAKGE- -VIII. INFLAM- MATION OF THE AB80RBBNT8.- -IX. SCARLATINA. I. Thumps. Palpitation of the heart, or thumps, as it is usually called, may occur from fright, in highly fed, irregularly worked animals, but is not as a rule connected with structural disease of the heart. Causes. — Indigestion, some blood diseases, sudden excitement or fright in animals predisposed to nervousness. How to know it. — The action of the heart will be violent and comnjl- sive ; the beatings can be seen, felt and heard. The disorder comes on abruptly, generally from excitement, has perfect intermissions with al)- rupt jarring thumps, and a jerking motion of the al)domen, and unaccom- panied l)y redness of the mucus membranes ; excited eyes, rapid breathiiiL' and a more or less sudden diminution of the palpitation. If signs of temporary excitement are not present ; if the attack comes on slowly, i> constant with aggravated intervals ; if there is a heavy, prolonged, une- qual beating, with red mucus membranes and swelling of the limbs, it may be inferred that the difficulty is connected with structural lieait disease. What to do. — Avoid sudden excitement and over-exertion, but givv' regular but gentle exercise, stimulants and tonics. The following wouM be indicated as a stimulant, cither whisky, or 1-2 ounce li(iuid ammonia. Give 15 to 20 grains digitalis twice a day in the feed, for some weeks. 388 friglil convul- t)mcs on ith all- naoconi- l)vealhii>i-' ns of lowly, is rod, unp- limbs, it ul lieiirt I'll hut giv^' 'i-i i\mmonia' weeks. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 389 If there is a full, strong pulse, and increased size of the heart, add to the digitalis 20 drops tincture of aconite, twice a day, or drop it into the water given twice a day. If there is general debility, the following will be indicated, to be given twice a day for several weeks : No. 140 H Orachm powdered nux vomica, 1 Drachm extract or belladonna. Form into a ball with liquorice powder and molasses, and give. n. Scrofula. The horse is not subject to scrofula, as is man, and the lower farm animals. Swine are essentially scrofulous ; sheep are often so ; cattle more rarely, and horses least of all. Yet that this noble animal has the irprms of this dread disease in his system, would seem to be indicated by ulcers on the liver, tumors in the glands, and tubercles of the lungs. Thus it may be found in connection with other diseases, or show itself in eruptive skin, or of the organs. What to do. — Stramonium, known to farmers as Jamestown or Jimson weed, is a specific. Give every other day half an ounce of the dried seed, bruised, or 20 to 30 grains of the stramonium of the druggists, daily. The ox may have from 1-2 to 1 drachm ; sheep 5 to 10 grains, and swine 4 to () grains daily, the state of the bowels being carefully attended to by giving laxative food if costive, or if necessity occur, med- icine, Glauber salts in light doses. III. Fever, or Qeneral Inflammation. When from any cause injury is done to any part of the frame, or in- tlammatory action is set up either in the tissues, membranes, or any of tiic organs of the body, heat is produced, and this is fever. This often liecoiues general from sympathy, thus in a measure relieving the pressure on the more closely affected parts. Fever is not the disease itself, but the result of disorganization, a symptom of disease, or internal disorder. In fact, a symptom of disease arising from sympathy of the system with disease of the animal economy. Remove the cause and the fever will tease. \Vc may do something to alleviate it in connection with the treat- ment of the disease itself, but we must not lose sight of the latter. In intermittent fevers there is a cold stage, a hot stage and a sweating stajre. Those may vary in succession and degree, but the real difficulty i>* in a morbid state of the viscera, but particularly of the liver and organs employed in the formation of bile, and of the mesentery. In fevers the tongue is coated. Yet no quack is so ignorant as to suppose 1: P H : 5 ; a * J. * iN 390 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. the fever can be cured by scraping the tongue, and yet this is fully (ts sensible as to suppose fever to be the disease itself when it is an effect of disease. In the horse fevers often manifest themselves through inflammation of the mucous or serous membranes, producing catarrh or influenza. When it affects the mucous surface of the stomach and bowels it produics extreme languor and debility. In i)leurisy there is inflammation of the serous membranes v, ilhin the thorax. The fever is the manifestation of the disease. In typhoid fever there is inflammation of the brain and viscera and especially of the stomach, intestines and pcyers gland. The fever is the attendant simply upon the cause of the inflannmition. Fever in horses has been described l)v the author of Hippopatholoofv to be 1st. Common fever — a general diffuse inflammation. 2d. Idiopathic— arising without any apparent local injury. 3d. Symptomatic — iirisiiiiv from some local cause or irritation. The late Dr. Dadd, V.S., very truly says: "A rational s^'stem of veterinary medicine contemplates, in the treat- ment of febrile symptoms, nothing more than a kind of expectancy. If the patient be in the cold stage, administer warm diffusible stimulants and diaphoretics, aided by warmth and moif^ture externally ; friction on the extremities, and, if necessary, stimulating applications to the chest and the extremities. In the hot stage, and when, the superficial heat of the body is great, cooling drinks are indicated : water acidulated with cream of tartar, makes a good febrifuge. The patient may be occasionally sponged with weak saleratus Avater. The alkali has a beneficial effect on the cutaneous vessels, while the water lessens the temperature of the body. No treatment, however, can be of any rational use, unless it ontemplates a restoration of the healthy etiuilibrium of the whole system. Let the doctor treat the disease, and a good, attentive groom can manage the fever." In treating general fever or inilammation, therefore, we nuist first find the cause, and '. eat, giving such agents as have been indicated throughout this work, for iLe febrile symptoms as they occur. As a rule we do not advocate l)leeding, l)ut in the horse in the early stages of acute inflamma- tion, especially of the brain, and all that class of diseases which involve the general system, and Avhen the blood is thick and dark, sonietinK'> almost brown, bleeding may be practiced with success. It is never will however to bleed blindly. In apoplex}' and that class of diseases, bleed. It is a "ase of life or death. For fevers in {general there can be no specific. In diseases of the blood, accompanied by fever, alteratives will be indicated both as a preventive and corrective of the diseased function?. Sometimes the couditiou of the absorbents are so inactive that alteratives V THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 391 cannot act. Here bleeding would seem to bo indicated. Yet it is better unless in the case of life or death, that it be not resorted to, except under the advice of a competent veterinarian or physician. rv. Enlargement of the Heart. Hypertrophy or enlargement of the heart is an increase of its muscular sultstance and may be confined to one side or one ventricle. Sometimes disease of the valves leads to enlargement much beyond its usual size. Enlarnfenient of the heart also accompanies broken wind and other im- i)cdinients to the free action of the lungs and breathing tubes. Causes. — Long continued hard work ; chronic indigestion, or some obstruction to the circulation. How to know it. — There is palpitation, the beats forcible and jirolonged, the intervals of silence shortened. The first sound is low, muflled and prolonged, the second loud, and if only one ventricle is affected some- times repeated. The pulse is as a rule regular, except under excitement of the animal, and, the excitement removed, soon returns to its usual state. The breathing is often hurried, and exertion increases the general symptoms in a marked manner. What to do. — Simple hypertrophy is seldom the cause of imminent danger. It is not unusual for horses with an enlargement of the heart to do steady, slow, moderate work, and live to be old. If there is dilatation, weakness, blowing murnmrs with the first heart sound, spells (if oppressed and difficult breathing, if the nasal and other visible nmcous membranes are livid, there is danger of sudden death at any time. Keep the animal (juiet, and at only slow, moderate labor; never over- load or put him to speed. Let the diet be of good, easily digested food ; iipver allow the stomach to become overloaded. Give twice a day from I'dto 30 drops tincture of aconite root as the case may need. If there is lii'okcn ^yind or other serious impediment to breathing, 3 to 4 grains of arsenic in the food has been found useful. If the case, however, be of long standing, or due to permanent obstruction, treatment must be simply alleyiation. The case will eventually end in death. V. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart. This disease is occasioned by a change of the muscular substance of the heart to a fatty state, by which the organ is weakened, at length lead- ing to rupture of its tissues. It is not uncommon in high-bred stock, including cattle and swine. - i' ifirfii ,,. ]n of the arteries (Aneurism), is rarely found. It is a thinnin;r and V : enmg of the coats of the vessels, sometimes to bursting, causing nulsii • -mor containing blood. Cau'Jti'^. — ' stvains in the vicinity of an artery, blows, kicjjs, stabs, or weakening from overstretching, as in fatty degeneration. In the mesenteric arteries of horses, they are common from immature worms (Sderostomum eq^dnum) in the circmlation. How to know it. — There is a soft, fluctuating, visible tumor if iipar the surface, which may be reduced by pressure, but which instantly reappears. What to do. — Treatment is not successful except when near the .sur- face. Then steady pressure by a pad if taken early will sometimes caust' its disappearance. An animal with enlargement of the arteries is un- sound and should never be bought. The same rule applies to all diseases of the heart. VII. Inflamed Jugular Vein. CausOS. — This is due, for the most part, to bleeding, and the treatment to which the horse is subjected, or rather lack of treatment inunediately after blood-letting. It is not to be attributed to any particular manner of bleeding, or to any awkAvardness in its execution and in the closing of the wound. Some horses have a constitutional predisposition to inflam- mation upon any occasion of punctured veins, and the most skillful phlebotomist cannot avoid throwing them into this state unless care is taken THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 393 after the operation to see that there is as little exciting cause as possible. Infliimnmtion may, indeed, result from bruising the vein in the act of hlecding, but this must be of so rare occurrence as to be scarcely worthy i)f notice. The same may bo said of a large and ragged wound made by 11 l)unglii)g operator. The motion of the animal after bleeding, and rubbing so as to displace the pin and tow by which the wound is usually closed, may be set down a,s the great sources of danger. If the horse is turned loose and allowed to graze about, hanging down his head and keeping it down at will, with his jaws in almost constant motion, inflammation of the vein is apt to result. So, if he is allowed access to food in a trough or stable. When allowed his freedom he is apt to rub the wound whenever itching sensii- tious .supervene, as they are apt to, and the trouble is thus easily induced. If put to the saddle inmiediately after blood-letting from tjje neck, the bridle reins may rub the wound, and especially irritate it l)y disturbing its fastenings ; and if put to harness the collar may press the blood too violently and constantly against the orifice, and so bring on inflammation. How to know it. — The earliest indication is a slight opening of the lips (if the wound, whence exudes in small quantity .1 thin, watery discharge. A slight swelling appears ; this is followed by a hard, cord-like enlarge- iiimit of the vein, which feels hot; and there is some visible swelling at the angle of the jaw. The swelling takes place above the orifice, and the intlamniation tends almost wholly in that direction. If neglected, the second stage of the disorder soon sets in. Abscesses form along the vein, and those finally burst and discharge a thin but filthy pus. These tumors are united at their bases l)y sinuses in the interior of the vessel. It may be reckoned as a tliird stage of the disease when the vein feels hard under the skin, and the abscesses discharge a dark, impure and slinking pus, resembling rotten blood. At this stage the horse grows (lull and stupid ; then at last the inflammation extends to the brain, and 11 madness similar m violence and fatal effects to the rabies may supervene. What to do. — In the first place, "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure," and whenever it is necessary to bleed an animal, let it 1)0 done in as neat, skillful and expeditious manner as possible ; then itose.the wound with care, leaving no part of the fastening pin to project liver the suture or winding of tow or cord by \\hich the lips are drawn •lose; and at once tie up the horse in a stall. If the stall is contracted in width, it is all the better, as he will be less likely to stir unnecessarily. Tie the halter above and something back from the manger, so that he • iinnot rub his neck against the trough nor anything pertaining to that part of his stall. Give him no food that will necessitate chewing^ ^ h^ iff !M ;P •'1^ 394 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. nothing but a sufficiency of thin, cool jfruol, having in it no inflammatory ingrcdientH, to prevent the a))solute gflawings of hunger. Water may be given in as great quantities as lie will take. Allow him to remain in this position twenty-four hours. Even then, do not turn him into a field, as the traveling to and fro, with the houd often pendent and the jaws in motion as he grazes may yet cause inHani- . Jiiation. He may now, however, be allowed a more roomy stable; but the food should be for another day only such as will necessitate no con- siderable chewing. This precaution will in all probability wholly prevent inflammation, even in those cases where the animal, has a strong consti- tutional tendency to it. These directions, however, are not to be understood as applicable to every case. When a horse is bled to relieve some sudden or acute local trouble, there is really l)ut little danger of inflammation of the jugular, especially if the acute trouble is attended with marked local fever. When inflammation has actually set in, from whatever cause, the cure is easy and speedy, -if steps be promptly taken to this end. If befrun while in its simplest stage, place the horse at once in a stall, as previously indicated, and tie his head up during the day — giving him food and drink by raising a bucket within easy reach for the time. Then sponge the in- flamed part very frequently with the following lotion, as cool as it can easily be made : No. 141. 3 Ounces tincture of arnica, 2 Ounces muriate of ammonia, 4 Ounces methylated spirits of wine, 3 Pints water. It will be more effectual if some soft padding is confined along tlie whole extent of the inflammation, and this kept constantly saturated with the cold lotion. After the inflammation has subsided, mix biniodide of mercury and lard in the proportion of 4 drachms biniodide to 4 ounces lard, and rul) the vein well with this, if it remains enlarged, every night until the new deposit has been absorbed, which will be known by its having produced a free watery discharge. The treatment thus laid down is intended to apply strictly to the first stage of the disease. When the second stage has set in before treatment is begun — that is, discharging abscesses along the vein — begin by remov- ing the pin and suture, if not already done, and then blister along the whole extent of the inflamed and tumorous surface by rubbing in effect- ually the oil of oartharides, or liquid blister. One blister must succeed another till every sign of the disorder has disappeared. If the case seems ^o be violeut aud to yield slowly, one blister must not wholly cease to ii THE HORSE, IT8 DISEASES. 390 act until unothor coating of the oil has been applied — though this is not iieci'ssiirv except in very obstinate cases. If the liijuid is to be applied over an old one, still raw, use a tine brush with which to lay it on, and then cover over with an application of some unctuous oil to soothe the severe smart that presently sets in. Be careful always to have the blis- ter cover every spot where there is indication of inflaHimation. If the disease has progressed to that stage in whi(!h there is a foul and hlaik discharge, the abscesses must all be joined by slitting up the inter- vening minuses. Cut the M'hole extent of the hardened vessel except a little at each end. which must be left to prevent copious bleeding. Em- ploy a small, suital)le probe, carefully and patiently, and cut along the track indicated, from abscess to abscess. Then a])ply the liquid blister !i!i directed, regardless of sores or cuts, and contiime to do so until the part is l)ut one blister sore and not a lot of discharging tumors. The vein will of course be destroyed. Wiienever the corded and suppurating state sets in this is inevitable, as no human agency (^an restore its functions ; but this will not seriously inteyfere with the circu- lation, since the smaller vessels that ramify every part of the neck (as, indeed, of the Avhole system) soon accommodate themselves to the new order of things, and the life-current flows regularly on. It requires nimh time, however, to bring him to that condition in which he will not need more than ordinary attention. Throughout the day his head must lie tied up to the rack, while at night he may be loosened so as to permit him to lie down. The floor should be ("overed with tan, as he would chew straw, and thus render cure more diflicult by that motion of the jaws which is to be guarded against. He should be kept this way for from four to seven weeks, according to progress of recovery. Meanwhile liis food should i)e hay tea, sloppy mashes, and cooling gruel moderately thick. No solid food should be allowed — no corn nor oats. Potatoes, earrot.s, turnips, boiled, reduced to pulp, moistened and mixed with bran, form the best diet. At the ciose of the time designated begin regular daily exercise — very httle lit tirst, but gradually increasing it, which may be contiimed for two or three months, during Avhich time he should not wear a collar, or be in aiiv way sul)jected to pressure about the neck. After three months ho may be restored by degrees to the use of solid food ; but much care should ho observed during a whole year, after which he may be considered iiieusurahly sound. lutiamniation may follow bleeding from leg veins, and those elsewhere, but it is most common in the jugular and most troublesome. The treat- ment were prescribed is of course applicable in its general principles to other veins. ill! ii- t: LI 396 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. vm. Inflammation of the Absorbents. Inflammiition of the absorbents { Lymphangith), has a variety of names, among which are Weed, and Shot of Grease, and nniy be a con- stitutional case, or a mere local affection. h\ its constitutional form, it IS found in heavy lymphatic, fleshy-legged L.jrses that, hard worked on heavy feed, are left in the stable for days together. In its local form it is the result of wounds, bruises, injuries of viiriou> kinds, putrefying matter in and around the stable. It may occur from the specific poison of glanders, farcy, etc., and in the constitutional form may go on to abscess, sloughing and unhealthy sores, and death ; or the horse may be left with the limb permanently thickened. In the local form there may be abscess, diffuse suppuration, induration of the glaiid.s, and even the vessels and surrounding parts. How to know Constitutional Lymphangitis — There will be more or less shivering; in bad cases severe, tiuickened breathing : rapid, hard pulse : a general feverish state, and fever in one or both hind limbs. Enlarge- ments may be detected high up in the groin, by the side of the sheatL in the horse or udder in the marc, and great tenderness of the inguiiiiil glands. The shivering fits will be succeeded bv fever with l)iirniii;: sweats, swelled limbs, exudation and filling, sometimes to the body. Wliat to do. — In mild cases, give moderate and daily exercise, pay at- tention to diet, ventilation, and cleanliness. If the case is more severe, give from 4 to 6 drachms of aloes, apply warm fomentations continually to the limb, with Avalking exercise The bowels having been thoroughly moved, give diuretics, an ounce of saltpeter in a gallon of water two or three times daily ; or 10 grains of iodine. In very bad cases, when (he subject is plethoric, bleed from the jugular vein until the pulse softens, and proceed as before directed. For "thick leg," a chronic thickeniajr of the limb, bandage from the foot up when the animal is in the stable. and apply tincture of iodine for four days, giving daily exercise ; or rub the limb with iodine ointment, and give the following once a day: No. 142. >i Ounce powdered resin, a Ounce niter, 10 Drops oil of juniper. Mix into a ball with liquorice powder and molasses. If abscesses form, open them with a sharp knife, and dress with the following ; No. 148. 1 Ounce carbolic acid, 1 Pint distilled water. ' ! . )[ Tm: HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 397 In the local form there will be slight swelling of the cords, and redness in white skins. The lymphatic glands will be enlarged along their course, and become nodular or knotty. There will be pasty swellings of the piirts, and even erysipelas. What to do. — (^ivc rest, and a purge of aloes as recommended for the ibronic state. Wash the diseased limb with the following : No. 144. H Dracbm opium, 1 Drachm acetate of lead, 1 Drachm carbolic acid, 1 Quart rainwater. In case of excessive inflammation, poultice with flax seed or bread and n)ilk to hasten suppuration. Ojjen the suppurating parts to let out the matter, and dress with the carbolic solution as in the other form of the disease. IX. Scarlatina. Causes. — This disease, called also scarlet fever, is not considered tontajfious in its milder forms, but in a malignant stage it would doul)t- less 1)0 as much so as the same disease in the human family. It is sometimes regarded as but a mild form of acute anasarca, and not entitled to be treated as a distinct affection ; but we cannot dwell upon the niceties of classitication, and where the necessities of the case (the knowledge re(juisite for treating certain manifestations of disease success- fully) an; met, it is not important that we should. It genoniUy follows influenza and other affections of the respiratory organs ; and may be justly said to have its origin in colds, and in some cases, perhaps, in the breathing of vitiated air in close, dark, ill-ventilated .•^tables. How to know It. — The patient exhibits great thirst, with a failing appetite, and evident weakness. He is more or less unsteady in his gait ; his breath is hot and stinking, and all the limbs are swollen. But the most unmistakable signs arc elevated blotches on the skin about the neck and fore limbs, and scarlet spots, of variable size, on the membranes within the nostrils. What to do. — First, remove the animal from its fellows, for fear the disease may develop into that putrid form which is found so contagious among children, and prove infectious. Give an occasional watery bran mash to keep the bowels open and allay fever. If this is not found sufficiently laxative, give a dose of Epsom salts, or linseed oil. Guard against too active and violent purgatives. Mix three ounces liquor acetate m 5k 'Ti..!!: ' IS 398 ILLtlSTUATED 8TOCK DOCTOR. of ammonia with three ounces of cold water, and drench with this onc» or twice ii day, according to tlio violence of the fever, for three Uuys. Mcanwliile, spongo tlie elevated spots on the skin with a tincture of muriate of iron mixed with warm water ; or, if found more convenient, put two ounces of hartshorn (acjua ammonia) into a quart of soft water, and use that. There is a tendency in this disease to dropsical effusions, and tlic limhs become very much swollen, even during tiie treatment prescribed ; and by the third or fourth day a whitish mucus will begin to run slightly from both nostrils ; the scarlet sjjots will have spread a- ^ 'become redder. (live now, night and morning, one-half fluid ounce swc rits of nitor. for four or five days. Discontinue to sponge the elevated spots, but rub tlif limbs closely and often ; and blanket the animal if necessary to keep him comfortable. The niter acts as a diuretic, and the dose and length of time it is given must be regulated by the effect upon the kidneys. Tf urine is voided too often and too freely, lessen the dose, or discontinue it alto- gether. • Follow this up with a daily dose of twenty grains of sulphate of (luinino for from three to six days, and continue to rub the limbs. When there are signs of returnmg appetite, give him, in addition to the bran mashes, a few oats and a daily small allowance of hay ; and \)hvc him in a small indosure, where he may have such moderate exercise u,s he may be prompted to take. Do not fail to supply him from the tirot with all the pure water that he will drink. w-si' CHAI^ER X. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NEBVOUS SYSTEM. 1, HYDROPnOltlA, OR RABIES. GBHS, MKCiKIMS, OR VKHTIGO. WITIIKN TUK UUAIN. II. MAI) STAOOERS, OR PIIRKNITIH. III. BLIND STAO- IV. Al'Ol'LKXy, OH SLUKl'Y HTAUGERS. V. AUCKSS I. Hydrophobia, or Rabies. Causes. — This is the niinic given to a madness Avhicli generally arises from tiic l)ito of a dog, though wolves, foxes and cats are also sulijeet to it liy ii spontaneous generation, and this hito is as fatal to another animal mid to man as that of the dog. It is believed by some authorities that ill rare cases hydropho'.ia arisen spontaneously in the horse; but of this tlipie is no proof; arJ since it may have been conununicated i>y some- tliiiiir of the dog or cat kind, eve in those eases where all the outward >i contract the disease when bitten by (lo"s that are violently mad, whereas ainon<.' men it is widel}^ diffetent. Statistics seem to show that less than tiftv pii cent, of the latter take the disease. It has been offered in explanation, that the bite is generally through clothing, tliiit serves in many instances to cleunst' the teeth of the virus before the skin is reached. In the case of horses, the iiitc is generally on the lip — a sensitive ainl vascular part, where the absorbents are readily reached. How to know It. — Blood on the lips, or elsewhere, with marks of violence, are of course to be regarded as symptoms of dog l)ite, if am known occasion for such a thing has existed ; am' for a few days tiitw will be the only indications. If the horse is high 13d and full of Wood, and the weather is hot, the poison may begin io produce outward effects in from five to ten days by a swelling of the l)itten par^s, and hy a diffi- culty manifested in swallowing. In from twelve to fifteen days there i: l)er('oi)til;ly inccased pulsation ; inllamcu throat, with thi(^keiiing of tlio membrane that lines it ; from the fifteenth to the twentieth day tlu' stomach inflames, and perliaps rejects food, — but nothing ccutalnly on be stated as to this point, since here the symi)tonis vary gicutly witli different animals: in some cases the appetite is voracious, and so nioiliiil that the sufferer will devour his own excrement and urine. Soiiictime< he will exhil)it burning thirst and driidc freely, while again water will cause spasmodic movements and be avoided with horror. IJut in gcnml. the appetite is destroyed, and that dread of water which charactori/o^ the disease in man is present in the horse. In a very short time the indit^ations increase, and usually (asive have said, with full blooded, feverishly disposed horses, at a time of liigh temperature) befra'e the twentieth day, aljsolute madness sets in. Hf t. The suffering is sometimes rendered more terrible by tonesnnis or •etching of the bowels, which seem dreadfully oppressed but have lost the power to act, while the kidneys are fevered and torpid and the urine caimot he voided. ■(Ml ^% ii Mi' ):■, m ■!;> • ' 1 '■ ■'■ t. ,>1 ■ 1 : . . !;^| 1 ■ ^'1 ' ( 402 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. It sometimes happens that the disease is developed l)v exertion and heat, when no previous indications have been manifest, and shows itself in a peculiar manner. The horse stops all at once in his work, heaves, paws nervously, trembles, staggers and falls. In a moment he will be up, and may, if put to it, proceed for a few moments, when he will stop, stare about, and lie down again. This stage is sometimes mistaken for blind staggers, but it may be distinguished by observing that in blind staggers the horse loses his senses, while in hydrophobia he is always conscious, often acutely intelligent and observing. What to do — This is a disorder of so dreadful and dangerous a chahio- tcr that some of the ablest veterinarians do not hesitate to advise the instant killing of the sufferer ; and they refuse to give any directions for attempting a cure. When the furious stage has come on there socnis to be a sort of demoniac maliciousness and treachery, with a watchful tun- ning, that makes it hazardous for friend or stranger to trust himself anv- wherc within reach. It is extremely doubtful, too, whether recovery ever takes place after the madness is developed. Yet, it is not improbable that much may be done in the way of preven- tion after the bite has been inflicted. The first step is to check the flow of blood from the part, if possible, to prevent the rapid spread of tlu' poison over the system. If a limb has been bitten, this may ho done in- tying a handkerchief around it, above the wound, and twisting with ii stick until a sufficient degree of compression is had. Then cauterize the wound thoroughly, making sure that the very deepest recesses of everv tooth print or lacerated place is reached. Lunar caustic is best, beeau>e most easily and surely handled ; but if impossible to get a stick of this, any convenient caustic may be applied, as oil of vitriol, nitric acid, caus- tic potash, butter of antimony, etc. : or, a small iron, not too sharp- heated to a white heat and cleaned of scales, will answer if the aniiii;il can be kept still enough to apply without danger of injuring him other- wise. The handkerchief should l)e left on tiirht until the cauterization is effected. Cauterizing thoroughly, even two or three days after the injury, may result in saving the animal, as the absorption does not always speedily take place. If the wound is upon a part that forbids the use of the handkerchief, it may be cut open to its depth, and a freer flow encouraged, l)otli I)y the larger opening and by squeezing and wringing — soaking, meanwhile, with warm water. Then use the lunar caustic wherever a sijrn of tooth niarii can be seen. But when unobserved till the virulent stage has come on, it is not evon known to science that anything can be done to save ; and the l)est, the THE HOKSE, ITS DISEASES. 403 most merciful thing to do is to shoot at once. When there are strong syinptonus of mildness, but still some doul)t, put him by himself in u sta- ble, l)arc of everything destructible except food and water, which must he placed where he can get it, and barricade the door. Leave a window oppii for observation, and keep him here until the symptoms disappear or hydrophobia is unmistakable — then act accordingly. II. Mad Staggers. Causes. — This disease is sometimes known by the more learned term of phrcnitis (the delirium of fever ; frenzy, raving) ; but it will be by prac- tical iiicn most readily recognized when treated of under its old and fa- miliar name. It is an intlamed condition of the brain and its covering, with effusion of the small cavities and the spaces between the membrane and the brain itself. Sometimes both the brain and its membranous covering are in- volved ill this intlammation, sometimes but one, and that most frequently the moml)rane. It ii;a y be caused by concussion of the brain by reason of blows upon the head. The brutality of a driver, which finds its gratification in using the butt of his whip upon the head of the horse, may result in a frac- tured skull, to be followed by slight pressure upon the brain, a speedy fever and the consequent determination of too much blood to the head, whiih, combined with the burning inflammation, brings on this madness, perhaps death. Au\ong the causes other than violence we ma}-^ name the following : The slujiging of the vessels of the brain with clots formed elsewhere in the system by some abnormal action ; the growth of tumors upon the Itrain or upon its covering, from some remote and probably hidden cause ; sudden and great changes of temperature in the body brought about by instantaneous exposure to extreme heat or cold ; over-exertion in pletho- ric or full-blooded animals, especially in hot weather ; congestion from close collar, short-draw^n check, or light throat-latch ; congestion from internal compression, as by over-loading stomach and bowels ; feeding on parasitic grasses or smut, of which r3'e grass may be noted as the most hurtful ; infection of the blood by poisonous animal matter or fluids ; imprudent over-feeding and insufficient exercise. How to know It. — The symptoms often differ but little from apoplexy, comparinjr the Jirst stafje of each, but they may generally be distinguished hythis: that in mad staggers the horse is not so comatose, or sleepy and insensible, as in apoplexy. Light affects his eye a little, and he is sensi- tive to the whip, whereas the horse laboring under a genuine attack of 2tt WS I ? 'M' • i : 404 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn. apoplexy seems blind, deaf, and without bodily feeling. In som* instances in mad staggers, it is true, the animal ma^'^ sleep till he drops, but on recovering himself ho will manifest the sensitiveness above described. > Occasionally, the brain aloQe is involved, in which case he is stupid, dull, and awkward of motion, the nerves of sensation and of motion being both affected ; and during this stage he will sometimes bore bis head against some object ; at others he will rest his haunches upon his trough or anything else convenient. When the membranes covering the brain arc inflamed, which is most generally the case, there is restlessness rather than stupor ; the horse trembles ; his genwal temperature is elevated, while there is great heat about the upper part of the head ; his iiulse is excited, his breathin" quick ; his eyes glare ; his movements are irregular ; he paws, stamps, champs his teeth ; an interval of stupor may occur, but even when just aroused from this condition of repose he is extremely excitable and trenil)les ^'iolently. BORSE DUKING THE MAD STAGE OF BTAGGERS. When the worst symptoms arc rapidly developing themselves he bojrins suddenly to heave at the flanks ; his eyes brighten and his nostrils expand; the pupil of the eye dilates to the utmost, and stares wildly and vacantly ; his breathing becomes shorter and quicker ; sometimes he will neigh uneasily ; his ears are erect and bent forward ; the membrane of the ere reddens and contrasts strangely with the clearness of the cornea or ball; ho becomes more and more excitable, and trcmljlcs at every sound, and mx THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 405 delirium seisin. He i. v dashes himself about with fury; his motions arc xiiddeii nnd violent, but without an}' disposition to misehief, as he is ovideiitlv unconscious. He sometimes becomes ferocious, and dangerous to :dl who may come within reach ; he then bites and strikes at those who come near him ; he plunges, rears upon hi» hind logs, whirls round and round and falls with dreadful force. lie Avill now lie awhile exhausted, iuid his pulse and breathing are slower. At length the mighty anguish returns, and he becomes again a terrif}'- iusr and dangerous animal. The second paroxysm is worse than the iirst ; he darts furiously at everything within reach ; sometimes bites and tears liiniself ; and this continues until his former stupor returns, or until he h;i; worn himself out and death puts an end to liis sufferings. Each succeeding attack increases in intensity, and brings on increased weakness, so tliiit his periods of stupor become longer and longer till at last he dies. In those cases where at first onl}' the brain is involved the premonitory svni|)t()nis may continue a day or two, when the membranous coverings niiiy become suddenl}' intlanied and delirium speedily set it. Whenever tlie inenibrancs are attacked the disease reaches its crisis in a few hours — there unist be speedy relief or death will quickly follow. This disease may sometimes be mistaken for colic or for hydrophobia ; but to distinguish from the former, notice that in the colic the horse rises and falls with less violence, and that though he sometimes plunges, he more fre(iuently rolls about. He looks freciuently at his flanks with an expression of pain, and he '.s all the time conscious. To distinguish it from hytUophobia, observe that while there is violence in the latter, and •renerally an inclination to do mischief, there is always consciousness. What to do — If the earlier .symptoms — stupidit}-, sleepiness, awkward, stiijrjrery motions — are observed, apply ice cold water to the head, both liy jiouring and by means of a sponge or rags secured between the ears and idonjr the forehead ; and bleed severely — not enough, however, to render the horse faint. Then give an active purge, as the bowels will almost invariably be found to be torpid and constipated. Use at first : Ko. 145. 7 Dniclims aloes, 4 Draclinis custilc soup, 6 Drops oil ol curuways. Mix with mucilage or syrup to form a ball, and give this quantity for •mo dose. If this is found, after four hours, not to have produced the licsiicd effect, give one scruple of croton meaJ in water, if he will drink it; if not, he must be drenched. This is a powerful medicine ; but it is nf the utmost consequence that his bowels be free, and no effort must be spared to effect that object. If the croton cannot be had, I'esort to the clyster (of warm soap suds), or to back-raking. ■ i 1 ' i ijii i' 1 i i: 1 ■■i'r, ■ hNgi ; I / S'Plftl'lS i-i'lll i>'B ilu^V iii^E li'l H»- *'!' x'-^- H^l m' Wi: HHH ^Sii M.\ '*■ 406 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The bowels having been opened, give two or three times a day, the foU lowing compound, the effect of which is to decn'ease the action of the heart and prevent the tendency of the blood to the hi ^d, as also to pro- mote the activity of the urinary organs : No. 146. 1 Dracbm digitalis, 1 >i Drachm tartar emetic, 3 Drachms niter. Keep him in a cool, airy stall, and feed with the greatest moderation, giving such green and njoist food as has a laxative tendency, and such quantity only, for a few days, as will prevent gnawing hunger. But if the paroxysm has already come on when remedial means are to 1)0 adopted, seize tiie first opportunity, during an interval of stupor, or of comparative stillness, to bleed him till he falls, or, if down, till he grows faint and weak. Open the vein on both sides of the neck, if pos- sible, as the quickness with which the blood is drawn away from the brain is of almost as much consequence as the quantity. Tiie operator must observe great caution, as the fury may return suddenly and with much danger to himself. If successful in bleeding, the next step to take is to purge in the least possible time. To affect this, use half a drachm of croton meal. Some- times the horse will drink readily and freely, in which case the meal can be well stirred in water and given in that way ; but if necessary, pour it down him according to directions for drenching. If the meal of croton cannot be had instantly, give an ounce of aloes dissolved in hot wafer. If this does not act within four hours, give a quarter of an ounce more, and so continue till purging is produced. The next step is to give as a sedii- tive the digitalis or powdered foxglove, etc., as previously directed. It may be necessary to back-rake and then give a clyster of warm soap-suds. All this will of course leave the creature in a dreadfully depleted and weak condition ; but the only hope of saving him lies in the use of power- ful means, especially when delirium has already set in. It may not he l)ossible in every case to bring him back to fullness of life and usefulness, even with the best of care. At all events, he must be treated gentlv thereafter, and guarded from excitement, as the attack is otherwise likely to recur. in. Blind Staggers. CaUMt. — ^This disorder, by some called megrims, by others vertigo, and still by others dizziness, is not well understood ; and there is a difli- culty in determining whether some of the forms it assumes ought not to be set down as separate diseases. The causes, however, that will produce THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 407 ccrtiiin manifestations in one horse will produce different ones in another, ii() tliiit it may be readily inferred that the varying symptoms do not mark different types of disease but mere difference of degrees ; and that the same general causes act throughout. The immediate cause is clearly pressure on the brain, resulting from unusual How of blood to the head. This is doubtless in some instances the result of a constitutional tendency — a predisposition to epilepsy — . that is brought to manifest itself on occasion of excitement, over-exertion, or "•ciieral ill condition of the digestive apparatus. In others it is most probably a watery suffusion of the brain — the blood being subjected to some sort of decomposition in its passage through the head and leaving the scrum or watery portion to collect there. The brain requires a proportiona'tely far greater amount of blood than anv other organ ; but while ample means are provided for supplying it, nature guards against doing this with that velocity which would endanger it by overloading and rupturing. The arteries make their way tliiough the head in a peculiarly circuitous manner, and they enter through minute l)onv holes that will not admit of much distension. When the horse is overheated, however, or when the return of the blood is impeoed, this fullness takes place. In great heat the arterial passages are enlarged to their utmost capacit}', and the rapidity with which the now uncommonly heated and the thinner fluid makes its way into the brain is not counter- balanced by a similarly rapid return, and the effect is jiroduced to which the various names referred to have been given. Imjieded return of the blood from the extremities, through the veins, is caused by a tight collar, pressing, during the act of pulling, upon the large or jugular vein, on one or both sides of the neck ; by a tight throat latch, producing a similar compression of the jugular ; or by a check-rein drawn so short as to liring down the head, and bend the neck to the extent of crowding its parts togetlier and interfering with the circulation. By this compression, thougii the blood may not be forced to any undue arterial activity, the large veins will be too long distended by reason of the sluggishness of return, and the small veins running through the substance of the l)rain will 1)0 so increased as to pres3 upon the nerves at their points of origin and produce loss of power and of consciousness. The immediate cause, or pressure upon the brain, is doubtless some- times to be found in tumors, arising from blows on the head, as well as ill coniLri'stion, or too great fullness. Other remote causes besides those already named may be found in a diseased stomach and intestines. Inflaniniiition of all the organs of (lifrestion and secretion may be brought on by the retention of great masses of indigestible food, and this clogged state superinduces conges- m ■%u !*t *, tji,. 408 ILLUSTRATED STOCK UOCTOU. tioii by a sort of internal compression, and this tendency is of course increased by rapid exercise and tlic consequent heat. That this is one of the primary causes is evinced by the fact that constipation attends noailv every case. Indigestion and foul stomach are tlie natural results of con- finemcnt in hot and badly aired stables, unwholesome food, or food in excess of the quantity required by the amount of daily exorcise, of extreme cold, of extreme heat, and of great fatigue. Hot weather, when the horse is of full habit, will sometimes derange the digestive functions, and undue exercise will then quickly develop a case of blinj staggers. Draft horses, and particularly those that are young and of a pletlioric or full blooded tendency, are most subject to it, though it is not contind to any age. It is rarely the case that 'a horse under the saddle is attacked ■with it. The dread of the whip, combined with the consequent fretting and in- terference with both the digestive and circulatory functions, is tliought to produce it in sensitive horses. It is ordinarily regarded as an incurable disease. If there is an organic predisposition to epi'ie[)sy, entire recovery is of course out of the (]ucs- tion ; and when a horse has been once attacked, though previously fiw from any sutih tendency, he is sul)ject to a return of the comphiint 1)0- cause the vessels have been weakened by violence, and offer loss resist- ance to the rapid flow of bh)od in the arteries, or the abnormal gutherinjr of it in the small veins of the brain. How to know it. — In its final manifestations it is unmistakable ; but tlio careful and intelligent owner ought to be able to detect some syini)tonis of an appoaching attack in time to guard against its most hurtful effects. That condition of body which superinduces congestion by internal com- pression and derangement is not difficult to detect, and attention to tiiis may be the means of warding off a violent attack. This is indicated Iiy an offensive breath; somewhat impeded respiration, or expelling of the air from the lungs ; chewing food slowly, [)erhaps letting some of it fall from his mouth only partly nuisticated ; a foul tongue ; a dry and clammy mouth ; disposition to plunge his head into the water above the nostrils when drinking; fieces (or dung) hard and difficult to pass; and urine ejected in small quantities. As previously observed, the attack very seldom comes on while the horse is ridden, but while he is being rapidly driven, or after he has been subjected to a long, hot pull under a tight collar, a closely-drawn check rein, or a throat-latch buckled almost chokingly. Occasionally the attack will be sudden and without the slightest wani- Ins: ; he will fall almost as thoujrh shot, or make an effort to run around THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 400 ami tlien fall ; usually lie will first exhibit some signs of uneasiness, as ^liakiiiij the head and twitching the ears, and the eyes, if observed, will 1)0 found to have a wild, staring and bloodshot appearance. Sometimes he will stop and staro about — look wild and irresolute — and then go on us though nothing were the matter. Again, he will rear up or stagger iil;c a drunken man, and then fall. He often becomes stubborn, and will (.() only his own way — evidently uneouscious — and then come convulsions, followed by insensibility. When down, it occasionally happens that he lies in tliis insensible state at first, but he usu- ally struggles violently, then becomes quiet ; ^'^ gradually recovers himself, and gets up, ready to proceed on his way — being yet dull, how- over, and evidently affected by what has hap- ^* pcued. What to do. — ^^Vhen it is discovered in time that he is suffering with disordered digestion and is constipated, relieve him from Avork, if possible, and lessen the (luantity of dry food. Turn him out at night, at any rate, even 11 found imperatively necessary to have his services during the day. If he can have some contiimed rest, anil the run of a good pasture, or else bo woU fed with food suitable to his condition, and well watered, while occu- pying a roomy, dry and well-ventilated stable, his chances for restoration to health and escaping violent attacks altogether, will be greatly in- creased. Of course he should have sufficient exercise, but in moderation. If the animal is young, and of full habit, yet fallen into this disordered state, restrict his diet, increase his exercise by degrees, or turn him out to pasture until his normal condition of stomach and bowels has returned. In the beginning of this treatment as to diet — what may be called the pnventiva treatment — give him the following purgative : BXrnBSStON OHAnACTEllISTIC UITMEUUIMS. No. 147. 7 Drnclims nions, 4 Drai'lims ojistiln sonp, 6 Drops oil ol caraway. Mix with mucilage or syrup sufficient to form a ball. This amount CDiistitutt-s a dose. It may be repeated after twelve or fifteen hours if the first does not produce pro[)er action. Hut if these jjrenionitory symptoms i)ass unobserved, or if it is a case of sudden attack owing to violent ex(>rcise, great heat, or develojiment of epileptic tendencies, stop him, if driving, upon his showing any of the iudicatious described, and go to him ; examino collar, eheck-reiu, throat- \' I m ' JIM 410 ILLUSTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOIl. latch, iind soo tliat all is right; pat and sootim liiin, aiul allow him to stand for a few iiioiuoiitH in quiet. Where it is found that the cdllar li.us been pressinj; the neck veins see that it Ih altered without more a venous system, and the brain soon becomes overchar,'.fed, inid tliiil, too, with a lluid in ii decree i)oisonous for want of perfect oxy- iri'iKition, or pnrilication l)y beinj; re('ans,' the heat predisposes a inonM'apid arterial tlow of blood, that is not coinilcrbalanced l)y an e(inally rapid return of the blood through thu veins t( the heart and Imigs. Luxuriant pasture, warm weather, and the dependent postui'e of Iho aniniiirs head in iiis continual crop[)in brain, ralh(U' than effusion or too groat fullness, and this may arisump promptly. Force warm water into his stomach till the food is so thinned that it may escape by the pylorus and by the mouth and nostrils. When this extreme fullness of the stomach is overcome, give a purgative bolus as follows : No. 148. 7 Drachms uIocr, 4 DrncliniN castilo fr Drops oil 0/ ca^a^ :iict it into his iMtwi'i.-^. Tlii-' failing he niu.st hu haclv-raliccl. Wlu-n tlio sy.stcin is onco rcliovcd the (lijrt'stivc functions nniy 1h' stini- ulutcd by giving, every four hours, for two days, a wine-gUiss-full of Ko. m. 4 Ouni'OH flulil oxtnict of Muck pepper, Ounces llulil extract (if Kiii),'cr, 'i OiiiiccH liyposiilplmtu of 8odu, 4 Ouiicen water. Dissolve the soda in the watt-r ; then add the ginger ''ud pepper. Attention nuist now ho paiil to diet, at first reducing it to a snudl (|Uiiiititv, and to sueh in 0 SPAVIN". III. CURB. IV. THOROUGH PIN. V. TKTAMLS, OR LOCKJAW. VI. CKA.Ml'j*. VII. RHKU.MATISM. VIII. STRING HALT. I. Blood Spavin. This may be defined n.s a distension, or enlargement (dilatation) of the veins of the hock joint, and overlying the seat of hone and hog spavin; a local venous congestion, caused generally h}' swelling, im[)eding the flow of the hlood, and often connected with hog or hone spavin. It is harmless ; in fact it may he considered as accompanying, or the result of other disease of the joint. What to do. — In the early stage cold water perseveringly applied, fol- lowed hy cooling h)tions, equal parts of alcohol and rain water, or one pint of hrandy to one-half pint of water, applied as a lotion. If tlii? does not relieve the difficulty, use a strong infusion of hayherry Kirk, using considerahle friction hy hand ruhhing with cither of the reini'dics named. n. Bog Spavin. Common bog spavin is technically (as is windpdl) an enlargement of the Bursa INIueo.sa, just as a distension of the sub-cutaneous (l)ene!ithtlie skin) veins in the region of the hock is called blood spavin. Those cause an undue secretion of joint oil and a dropsical effusion hito the joint, producing swelling having all the character of inflammation of the tw hock joint. This inflannnation of the upper or principal hock joint \^ true bog spavin. 416 THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 417 Causes. — Overwork, sprains, injuries cither from punctured wounds, fractures or bruises ; also from the effects of riieumatism. All produce inflammation of the structures of the joint. How to know it. — In its acute early form there is a tense, puffy, fluctu- atin!:' m ..; 422 ILLUSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR. does. Six weeks or even two months nmy l)e required before the luiiinai rej^ains the use of its powers. The cut uiinexeU will illustrute the condi- tion of Ji horse with tetanus. It will tlius be seen that in a decided case it will l)e policy as well lu liuinanity to seriously consider whctiier it may not l)e better to relieve the sufferings of the poor animal at once }}y shooting through the brain. VI. Cramps. "* Some horses are quite subject to cramps of the muscles and tendons, It may be an irrital)ility or spasm of a particular muscle or set of nius- cles, which refuse to act, becoming stiff and inflexible. They cramp ami sometimes twitch excessively. This is again succeeded l)y another staire in which the muscles relax and arc restored to their normal condition. Causes. — Sti-ains, bruises, or over-taxation of the powers. In jnain- cases it is undoubtedly allied to rheumatism, a disorder attacking horses much oftencr than is supposed ; rheumatism very often being attributed to bots, founder and various other causes by the ignorant. Hoth diseases :ire quite painful, and leave the animal very 'wore, and rheumatism often for months. What to do. — Clothe the body warmly, find the scat of the difRiultv by feeling of the jmrts until the sore place is touched. Wash the pait^ with salt and water, and rub dry. Then apply the following Huiment: No. 156. 1 Part solution of nminonia, 1 I'urt spirit!) of cumphor, 1 Purt ollvo oil. Rub it in well, and hold a hot iron or brick to the parts to heat it thoroughlv. Vn. Bheumatism. This is a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous strueturos of the body, such as the joints, tendons, ligaments and muscles, and i? accompanied by stiffness, exceeding tenderness and pain, shifting from place to place, often implicating the valves or other structures of the heart, and when so usually results in death. Causes. — Exposure to cold, wet or drafts, especially when the .systfin is overworked. Tliere is usually a constitutional jjrcdisposition in tlif subjects, and in such it is easily brought on by diseases of the respiratoiv or digestive organs, especially in horses of a full, gross jiabit. How to know it. — In its acute form there is dullness, followed bycv TllK llOKHE, ITS DISKASES. 423 trcmc lameness in one or more of the limbs. There is tenderness and then sAVC'lling of the joint, tendon or muscles, at first soft, then iiard. There uiiiv he lluctuations from excess of synovia (joint iluid). With the iuilanuuiition there is fever. The pulse is full and hard ; the mouth is dry and ciiunmy ; there is hurried breathing, scianty urine and costivencss. lu the chronic form the symptoms are the same as in the acute, but not so pronounced, and in this form it is unattended with fever. It may iippcur only upcm undue exposure, or in damp, lowcry weather, and dis- appear again upon the recurrence of fine weather. Chronic rheumatism is also less inclined to shift from jjlacc to place. What to do. — I'^oi* rheumatism in its early acute stage relieve the bowels liv laxative medicines, say four ounces of aloes. Put the animal in sliii<:s, MS for tetanus, and clothe him from the hoofs to the ears in llan- lU'l. If jiracticable the first thing is to fill the box in which the horse is kept witii steam, keeping it up for an hour. If the ]Mi\n is extreme lessen it with ounce doses of laudanum. Give the following three or four times a day as a drench in a pint of gruel : No. 157. J Ounco Wrarl)onafo of soda, 1 OuDco Salicylic add. If this cannot be obtained, give the following, at a dose, ni 1 '■rn CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE EYE. T. NlTtTBALLY WKAK EYKS. II. BORB KYE-L1D9. HI. MOON KYK8. IV. CAT*«ACT V. INFLAMMATION OP TII8 HAW, Oil BOOKa, VI. PIMNESii OV VISION. \||. WORMS IN TUB KYK. VIII. PURUl-KNT OPIITIIALMT.-^IX. FUNGOID TUMORA IX TIIR SUBSTANCE OP TIIK KVE. X. IMPEDIMENT IN TUB LACUUYMAL DITOT. XI. Cini SERENA. I. Naturally Weak Eyes. Very many persons, otherwise well informed, when from nny cause tlic eyes of horses become weak, inthimed, watery, or drop tears, .suppose tlu cause to l)e from a natural weakness of the sight. So "blind teeth" iuv supposed to cause serious trouble, .md even blindness in horses. Nothiiij; I'ould bo further from the truth. It is exceedingly rare that hor.ses liiive naturally weak eyes ; it can almost always be traced to .some local cause. Thus, watering of the eyes is caused by ii stoppage of the lachrviii;il duets leading from the eyes into the nostrils, the natural chaiuiels fur carrying off the superabundant moisture of the eye. Inflanunation of the eyes is not uncommon from a turning in of the eye-lashos. Tlio remedy is to snip them off with the scissors. "Blind teeth," or "wolf teeth," as the immature supernuineraiv tushes are called, do no injury whatever. If it is feared the}' may, it i? easy to take them out with a pair of forceps, or to knock them out with a punch and hammer. Occasionally a supernumerary tooth may be found growing in tlio upper jaw, between the first and second teeth, and lapping over botli I'f them. This is considered by many persons as producing inflammatinii of the eyes. It is true that if pain results, the eyes may be affected Iiv sympathy. This tooth should alwivys be removed, and may be done with a strong pair of forceps. It may cause distress from pain in the jaw; nothing more. 42G TIIK IKIUHK, ITS l)ISEASK8. 427 C'oltK lire often sul)j««t Id iiilluiiumitioii of the eyes in ii slight dcjrroo, duriii" teHiiiny a redness, swi-li- \wf uiul itchinjr, the edires becoming raw and exuding matter. This mu>t liavc specitic treatment. What to do. — The horse should have a laxa(iv(> dose if the howels are not in a natural state. The following will he indicated : No. 163, 1 Draclim flowers of Milphiir, tJ Druelinis iiowiUtimI iiiiindruke, 3 Druclimit jiowilercd ulucs. Form into a ball with hont>v, and give as a dos<>. To rod\icc the intlammation, make a curd. In' beating throe eggs tlior- oii^rlily and then stirring them with a quart of tillered rainwater until mixed ; let it come to a boil, stirring oe'^-asionally. Add half an ounce of sulphiitc of zinc, and continue the boiling for a few minutes. Bind the curd over the eyes, by placing a portion between layers of thin muslin. The cleiu' water strained throush scv(>ral thicknesses of iine linen is excel- lent for sore or intlamcd eyes of any kind. AVct the lids three or four tini(>s a day. In aggravated cases that will not yield to treatment, and that remain i!iw and exude matter, the edges should be carefidly touched with nier- curial ointment, the utmost care being taken that it does not come in con- tact with the eye. During the whole treatment the horse nmst.be tied uj) l)y two lines to tiic rear i)osts of the stall, so he cannot rulj the eyes, and must be fed from a nose-bajr. m. Moon Eyes. This is ophthalmy, recurring at periodic times, or iit intervals of three weeks, a month or more, and not, as is often supposed, at iho full moon. Causes. — Hereditary predisposition ; from malarial causes ; herding in low, damp situations; rheumati' affections; irritation eonse(picnt on 428 ILLIJSTRATEU STOCK DOCTOR. tcetliiiig, and, in fact, where predisposition occurs, from any cause tenu> ing to lower tlio general state of the health. How tl know it. — There will be a sunken look to the eye ; the haw of the oye will protrude; the whitT of the eye may bo of a pinkish cast; the eye will !>e watery ; the pupil of the eye will bo cloudy, at the (!d<,'es, iind dull and discolored at the crntor; there will bo haziness, milkiiicss, or a whitish spot may appear, which will contiimo to overcast the eve. In the intervals between the attacks tho transparent coat of the eye will have a hazy, bluish cast about its border, and the iris will lack its natural brightness ; tho upper lid or eyebrow will be wrinkled or furrowed. What to do. — Look first of all for carious or defective teeth, iuid if found extrai't them. There is a strong sympathy between any diflicultv with tho teeth and tho eyes, though unsound or "wolf teeth" do not, us was once supposed, cause blindnesp. Place th(! animal in a darkened stable ; give four drachms aloes, and apply tho following lotion twice a day : Mo. 1(U. 20 (irnins ncotato of lead, 20 Drops bttllndonna, 1 (jiiart illiervil ruin water. Alternate this twice a day with tho following ; No. 1G6. 20 Grniiis Hulphatu of zinc, 20 Dropii tinuturu of MuUbar bean, 1 (juurt Ultcrt-U ruin water. The 2)hysic having acted, give two or throe times a day tho following: No. 100. 1 Orachm Riilplinte of Iron, X Ounce puwdurei! Pcruviun bark. Mix in one quart of warm water, or give in the feed if tho horse will oat it. When another attack is expected double this dose. Sometimes an ounce daily, foi .several weeks, of Fowler's solulinii ff arsenic will be s('rvi('ea])l(', intermitting a few days occasionally. If, how- ever, the attacks recur, luid at lessened periods, tho trouble may '"' expected to end in cataract and blindness. IV. Cataract. As II rule, cataract is tho result of inflammation of the deep strueturos of the eyeball (internal ftphthalmy or tho periodic form). It also occur' occasionally from diabetes and other constitutional disabilities. How to know It. — Put the horse in a dark place. Take a lifjhtcd can- dle. Throo images will bo reflected, one from tho surface of the eve, THE HOKSR, ITS DISIOASFCS. 429 one from tlio front surfaeo of the lens, unci one from tin- rciir snrfacc of llie 1(11.-;. If in moving tlio liglit cither of llic postfrictr iniai:»'.s are cliaiijrt'il into a white hazo-, tl»ero is exudation into that part of the lens ; in otlu'r words, a cataract is forming. What to do — Unless the cataract is only just forniing tlie horse will lie evoiitualiv blind. Give aloes as rtv:omniended for moon-hrmdness, iiiul iilso the prcscriptioij for lotions in that case. Follow this up with liiiritiilis in doses of fifteen to twenty grains daii}-, altorna ed daily witii six to tiirlit drachms of niter in the water taken. Keep the iinimul in u (lark room ; apply blisters to the cheeks and behind the cars, using the followiiisr, well rubbed in: W.i ■< No. 107. 2 DmdiraH powilereU cuDtbaridei), >4 Ounce lurd. Mix thoroughly and rub well in, treating the blister* when formed with linen elotlis covered with mutton tallow to keep them ruiniing. Applv also to the eye daily for several months the following: No. 1G8. 2 (traitiH phoiiphorus, 1 Ouuou ulniouii oil. Mix and keep in a dark, cool place, in u bottle with a ground glass t^tiiiipor. V. Inflammation of the Haw, or Hooks. The liuw is a triangular shaped cartilage situated just within the iime.w niiiier of the eye. In health but little of it can be seen. Its use is to pass over the l)all of the eye to remove dust or o er offensive substances finni the eye. This is done so (piickly that it is dilllcuU to disti;iguish ihe action. Its play may be seen by opening the lid of the eye, or by iUteinptiii;; U> touch the eyeball with the lingers. Causes. — This is often produced by inilanimation or swelling of other pjiits of the eye: It may end in producing a hard, bony state, protrud- in;: from its place tis jv whitish lump. "When it jjresents this appearance si>ine persons are fond of cutting out the "hooks" to keep the horse fritin " jjoii.g blind." Our advice is, •' Daii'f It.'' What to do. — Tf there is inflammation and swelling, trent the <\ve as ^T ophthalinv (inflammation). In all cases of inflammation of the eyes U!se the bandage as shown in the cut on next page. If th(> iutlaniniation is slight, but active, keep a linen cloth over the pye, or eyes, s;K OP DLI> A nOKXR, ANI> AITLYIMO LOTIOM TO THE BYE. Also raise the eyelids and swab the inflani. ed haws occasionally with the cyo8 are small canals loading from tlicfvos into tho nose. Their uhc is to convoy away the superlluous inoistun' (tears of the eyes). When it is closed by iiiflammution oi other i<'ni|ii>- i •■*. THE IIOR8K, ITS DISEASES. 483 rary cause, the water of the eyes (low over the face as shown in- the sul)j<>ine(l cut. Occasionally, howevv, the duct becomes pcr- manentlv closed. The usual remedy is to swab the nostrils where the duct enters with weak to- bacco water and afterwards with clear water. If this do not effect a cure after two or three trials, the duct must be opened with a probe. The duct commences by minute openings near the tcrniinations of the upper and lower lids at the inner corner of the eye. It comes out upon the dark skin which lines the commencement of the nostrils, lying on the inner membrane. A delicately thin clastic probe must be used, and about twelve inches Ion", the horse being cast and securely fastened. It may be neces.sary to introduce the probe both from the corner of the eye and from the nostril. Next charge a tine i)ointed syring<^ with tepid water and placing the point into the nasal termination of the duct, force the water through. The operation should only be performed by a surgeon. ODSTRDOTIOIf or LACIIIIVXAL (JLAMD XI. Outta Serena. This is sometimes called g ass eye, incorrectly, however, as the term is understood in the West and South. In glass eye, as understood there, the pupil is sound and perfect, the iris distinct and natural, but has a white ring around the cornea. It mav injure the sale of a horse, but simply from the singular expression it gives the eye of the i.Minial. True guttu Serena, or ^liiKturos! \ is palsy of the nerve of siglit, or of the nervous expansi(.ii called the retina, and due to functional and organic disease of the optic nerve. In the early stages of the disease it may >onietin)cs be relieved, but is likely to occur again. In the later stages It is iiu'urable. Causes. — rongestion, tumors, dropsy or other diseases of the brain. Also l»v injury to the nerve of sight, by ))ressnre or other cause, from intliumnation, excess of light, and may be symptomatic, from indigestion or during gestation. How to know It. — In the early stage s the insensibility of ^ iirht may be "Illy partial; the pupil will be unmdurally large; up(m dosing the lids of the eyes, and opening them in a strong light, there will be little or no viiriation in the pupil; the eyes will 1>(> jninnturally clear from extreme dilatation; the animal will be partially or totally blind, as shown l»y high '•ping and failure to ;linr the following is recommended as u good a'tringcnt : No. 175. 1 Oiinro powilereiJ bayberry bark, 1 rim liuiltn!; wutur. Let it stand until cool. Strain through a close linen doth, add > tuble-spoonful of tincture of bloodroot and bathe twice a day. CHAPTER XIII. DIBBASES OF THE BOITE8. I. nn ntAP *Nn bio .taw. n. hwkk.nv ok thk hrodldrr. m. awKKinr or thb HIP. IV. BONK SPAVIN. V. KNLAROKI) 1I(»CK. VI. RINCi-HOWB. VII. -STIFLB. VIII, rtPMNT. IX. 8(IRK HIIINS (INFLAMMATION OF TlIK MXTACARPAI. BONK). X. KorrKN BONK. XI. INKLAMMATION OP THK KNBK-JOINT. XU. OARIB8 OP TIIK WlWKK-.IAW. • I. Big Head and Big Jaw. Causes. — This discaso, called also fXfin(tms of the hnnea, in manifested in iin eiilurgonieiit or Itoiiy tumor on the face, on a line between the nostril and the eye. Ft finally l)reak.s out in small holes, which discharge a thick pus, and at last ends, if not treated opportunely, in a complete decay of the bone. The bone continually enlarges, and cells or channels are formed as the minute bony plates become thinner and thinner, till the 4ructuro can be easily cut with a knife or crushed with the fingers. The interstices arc lilled with a red, bloody mass. In some ca.ses the ligaments and tendons are .separated by decomposition of the bone, and crumblings, dislocations and fractures take place for want of firm attachment for ihcxc supporting ligaments. The primary cause of the disorder is not known ; but the tendency is iiplieved to be transmitted. A horse manifesting signs of the big head 1'^ frpnenilly di.ieased not alone in the bones of the face, but the whole "SRPous >ystem seems to be to some extent involved, so that there is not mfre(|U('ntly a .soreness of the limbs and a lameness accompanying it. Iho immediate exciting cause is most probably defective nutrition — a want of that power of assimilation which is necessary to the supplying of 'hr hones with (heir phosphate constituent. It may be developed by both over-feeding and \,y deficiency of food, as •^« 436 ' t! i IM I ^ i \ 430 II-LUSTRATri) STOCK DOCTOU. the iligcstiv<5 functions are «loran<;(Ml hy oithor excosHive hurdeiis iinposfd upon tlu'tu or want of surticient nutrition in that food which is digested, It ''s difficult to assign any reason why the general predisposition siiould be 'j<'tern>ined primarily to the face. it has l)een ol)served to prevail mostly in those regions where Indiiin corn is constantly fed, and in those, whatever he the i)red' niinant fnod, where the animal uses only, or chiefly, free stone water — a fluid laekiii!: in that phosphate element so essential to bony structures. Hard laftor and abuse, poor food and bad stable management, doui>tli' of the facial bone is affected ; then a swelling, about half way between the eve and the nostril, sjuall and hard, but gradually increasing in size. Jf the swelling is pressed upon with some force the horse will wince with pain, but gentle riibl)ing seems to give ease. The lower jaw, umler tlm chin, will next appear thickened ; a degree of gen<'ral stiffness sets in; at last the joints are swollen, and seem pjiffed up with winfl ; the liorsi' rapidly fails in fle-^h ; and the head l^'comes enormously swollen, anil finally bn^aks into little openings which discharge an offensive pu.-. What to do. — It i'* well, perhaps, to warn the reader in the outset imi to do any of those foolish things which characterized the old ])rii(tiiT, such as boring into the diseased [)art and injecting corrosive poison; lin- ing open the jaw and sawing out a portion of the bone ; blistering, Iturii- ing, etc. The disease is not local, but constitutional, and though perliii|i' having no other visible manifestation than on the face, it has extensive connection with various portions of the frame, so that purely local tint- uient is of little conse(|uence. The first step will be to sec that the patient is well stabled or other wise cared for according to the season of the year, anlur burk. fiivo also willi the food, oiu-c daily, 2 ounces phosphate of lime. Hull upon tlie swelled faee with moderate vijror, twice daily, the fol- lowing preparation: No. 177. (I OiinccH RiiiritH of fiiinphor, 4 UllllCUN coil liviT oil, 2 Ounces oil of ct'tlur, 1 Pint diluU'iluct'tlc acid. If the ease has heen ne<;lected until there are already l)reaks in the -kill, and exudation of matter, adopt the previously descril)e the result of disease and not the disease itself. The cause of this waslinjj nuist therefore be looked after in order to obviate the gree sometimes, that they arc so shrunken as to cause the skin to be drawn tight to the shoulder blade. Causes. — Sweeny is usually acquired by young horses, when first put to work, from over-strain ; or, it may occur in horses of any age, froni hard pulling on imeveii ground, by stepping into holes, etc., thus causing injury to the muscles of the shoulder, and particularly those supporting the joints. MS^^^'^' ri; t 1 I' ,-■ I it!" K .:■: [ 4SS IIXCSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. How to know it. — Sorm'(iine« the hoivso iiuiy be al)lc to walk or ovoi, tntt without Horious liiHiculty. If one ntuiul dirottly in front of him thorc will Ik* koimi tliat the tiffoctod shouldor is hold in an unnatural posi. tion, MiH'niiiij; to lie rolled outward farther thun is natural. There will 'n. a peculiar motion in the piit, and heat, tenderness and sw(>llin<; on l\w outride of the joint. What to do. — Hy pressure on the parts di.scover the seat cf the inllnin. niation hy the t1inehinlister, will effect a cure; but it may take months of j)erseveranee to bring the shoulder buck to its perfect shape. Light exercise should bo given every day. III. Sweeny of the Hip. The wasting of the muscles of the hip are due to analagous causes with those of the shoulder. It is, however, far more rare, since the power of the horse being in the hindH|uarters, the enormous muscles of those part.« act as cushions to pn)tect the parts from injury. As n rule, the cause of the wasting of the muscles of the hip must be looked for low«r down, uidess the injury is known to proceed from !i fall on the side. A careful examination of all the nmscles will enable the owner pretty generally to tix the seat of the tlisease, from the heat and tenderi»M9 of the parts. This discovered, use the means prescribed for shoulder swconv In old and ditticult cases, either of the shoulder or hip, it may be iic'i" sary to resort to active blistering and subsetpient stimulation by means of the galvanic battery. In old and <'onfirmed sweeny that has come with i horse bought, or from neglert at the proper time, a cure will prohaldy not be effected ; but u partial restoration of the parts may be made. THE IIOKHR, ITH OINKAHKH. 439 Sweeny Ijhh boon placed amoiij; the diseu«e8 of tl»c honcH heeuuHO it .(iiiiilimeM inocecds from injury to the hones and joints. Tho ditiiuulty itself, htiwevor, is eontincd to the niUHcU's. IV. Bone Spavin. Tho dothiition of hone spavin may })e {riven as an inflammation, uh'or- atidii and Itony (h'p(t!*it of the small flat hones in the lower and inner part of the hoek joint : or of Itoth the outer and iinier ones, or from inflani- iiiutioi. of the euiiiform and nietutarsal l)ones, terminating in anehyloHis (ii Itouy union of the parts) reuderin*: the joint stiff. Fuot, InmiiHlileiif lii'lnjf miiml frnm Kroiiiiillty leuaun nr ■|iiivlii. Natiirnl iioaitinn of (li« lii'iiltliy foot when ral8eul off a spavined horse on the unwary, llic li(ir>e afterwards iroing ileati lame. .\ev«'rlhclcss it will show its»'lf if the horse is allowed to c(»ol, or is ridden into the water and allowed to stand awhile, for a horse with spavin ctnninj; on as he becomes warnn'ti the lipmients become freer in their action, and an animal lame at lirst, will ^'(1 well enouirh afterwards; yet, in the end the horse becomes pcr- niiiiiciitly lame, until the deposit aI>out the bon«', called anchylosis, ti(>& tv^-l t. :■>> ■~-t rv, ji' V ■■■; -'. * vv4 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 ^^ iiiin 9 IIIM 2.0 111— 1-4 11.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 33 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 \ %- 2U :\ \ o«i« ^ o^ i^ .^ #^ '^^ r^ L* ¥ ^ kn o Wl !T Jjt Kill 11. 440 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. would yield readily to treatment. The reason is, a feverish and unhealthy condition of tlie membrane secreting the synovial fluid is produced, and the firm membrane affording no outlet, it settles into the spongy bone, and a diseased condition ensues, which the weight and motion of the animal intensities until confirmed spavin is the result. When only the splint bone is affected there is chance for recovery, but when the cul)o bone is affected there is but little chance for relief until the disease has run its course, and ended in a joint more or loss stiff. How to know it. — Sprains do not invariably cause la-aieness. There may be little or no local swelling as in occult spavin, as ulceration is called, in the center of the joint between the flat bones. The swelling, when it does exist, is in front and on the inside and on the lower part of the joint, and may best be seen by standing about midway of the body so as to get a side view of the front of the hock. When the swelling is in front of the hock it Is most to be feared. It is hard and is to be dis- tinguished from the tense but elastic swelling caused by sprain of the flexor tendon, or from the flexible and fluctuating swelling of bog spavin. The swelling of bone spavin may be more to the front or farther back on the inside of the hock, rr even shown principally on the outside, and in case it extends to the true hook joint, it may end in bony formation to such a degree as to close the articulation (play of the parts) and produce a stiff joint. The animal if turned from side to side in the stall will move stiff and on the toe. This same stiffness is also seen when the animal first starts off, but which may nearly or quite disappear when the animal becomes warm. The horse will sometimes jerk up the limb as though he had string-halt. By turning him quickly in a small circle he will carry the limb more or less stiff, or rest on the toe only. What to do. — In any case rest and a high heeled shoe should be allowed. In the acute stage or early in the development of the disease, place the horse in slings if possible. Foment thoroughly with hot water in which an ounce of hiudanum is mixed to each two quarts of water. Give four drachms of aloes if the bowels are costive, and give half an ounce to au ounce of saltpeter in the water, morning and night, until a free flow of urine is had. When the inflammation has subsided blister. The follow- ing will be effectual : No. 179. 1 Part corrosive eublimate. 12 Parts oil of turpentine, Mix thoroughly and rub in. Firing with a white hot iron is still more effectual, yet the iron and the corrosive liniment are apt to leave a blemish. A milder preparation is : No. 180. THE HORSI3, ITS DISEASER. 2 Drachms oil of rosemaiy, yi Ounce powdered cantburiden, 4 Ounces mercurial ointment. 441 Grind thoroughly together and rub on heating it in with a warm iron. If there is simply swelling, in old cases, thorough and frequent rubbing with oleatc of mercury will dissipate what swelling has not actually be- come bone. Setons are also most valuable in spavin. The needle should he passed for a considerable space under the skin, over the seat of spavin. \noint the tape with the following : No. 181. 1 Part powdered -yhlte hellebore, 8 Tarts lard, Mix witii gentle heat. Before the application of either blister or seton we woula advise thrusting a narrow-pointed bistoury under the sprain and scarifying the parts. In no event, however, should resort be had to cutting away the honv parts which have formed, with mallet and chisel, as Ave have seen them. It is barbarous, inhuman, andean do no good whatever. Some cases will absolutely resist all and any means for cure ; others again will vield kindly in from one to three months. In young horses if treatment bo given in time, a cure may generally be effected. With old horses the cure is difficult. V. Enlargement of the Hock- Nature has protected the hocks in a most ample manner, to prevent injury under ordinary circumstances, and in fact, under exceptional cir- cuinstaiues, except those of an accidental or violent nature. From vari- ous bruises or strains, inflammation and lameness may ensue. Rest and fomentations will generally set this right if taken early. Sometimes, however, the enlargement will continue to grow in spite of all efforts to the contrary, and until the entire joint is involved. How to know it. — There are two forms of this disease. In one, the tendons and cartilages only are affected. This will generally yield to fomentations and a few applications of oleate of mercury. If not, blister, using the prescription No. 180. Another form is more serious. From a severe blow or other cause, there is a bruise of the bone, b}^ which the investing membrane, called the periosteum, is either severely strained or torn loose, giving rise to inflammation and formation and deposit of bony matter on the surface of the bone, sometimes to such a degree that the parts are of excessive size, and the leg so lame that it is only with great (lifflculty the animal can walk. The aninial may, indeed, as in the case ■ - i iW: \ HI <^i^l'. ■•■:. .:W Inffil I Vil * 1" P 1*7^ ^ T»:\W.'yiT 'JfflW^'-^ J^'y^T 442 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. of bad spavin, be capable of doing farm work even with a stiff leg, but is totally unfit for driving on the road. What to do. — Precisely the same treatment must be pursued as in the case of bone spavin. Fomentations, while in the stage of fever or in- tiammatipn, and blistering, firing and setons to assist absorption, it must be remembered, however, that either in spavin, or any other disease of the bones, joints, cartilages, or muscular tissues, that straining of the parts is likely to ensue again, and consequently care nmst be taken about overworking or injuring by fast driving, especially on rough ground. VI. Bing-bone. This is a deposit of bony matter above and below the coronet of the foot, just v/here t!ie hair begins above the hoof, or of the bone of the hoof, as the coflin bone is called, or bony growth on th^ pasterns. Causes. — It is caused by heavy work, hard pulling, by draft horses, bruises of the bone by pounding of the feet on hard roads and pavements generally beginning as infiammation of the membranes covering the bones, and at these points giving attachments to the ligaments at the side of the lower or small pastern bone, or of the lower end of the upper or large pastern. Sometimes the bony formation proceeds to such au ex- tent, involving and ct vering the whole surface, as to produce a kind of club foot. How to know It. — There may be lameness or not, except on hanl ground, or upon binding the limb, in old-seated ring-bones. During the beginning of the evil, or while there is inflammation, and a tender, eks- tic swelling, and a more or less doughy state (engorgement) of the soft parts. In the course of the disease this matter becomes hard, from being turned into a soft or spongy bony formation. The swelling may be scarcely seen and confined to the sides of the pastern bone, or there mnv be great enlargement of the whole surface. If the trouble occurs in a fore-leg, the heel is put down first ; if the ring-bone is in the hind-foot, and in the sides or back part of the pastern, the toe will be put down first. What to do. — For the fore-foot, put on a thin-heeled bar shoe. If iu the hind-foot, a high-heeled shoe. That is, if the animal walks ou the toe, use a high-heeled shoe ; if on the heel, a thin-heeled shoe. If there is inflammation, known by heat and tenderness, use fomentations of hot water, perse veringly applied until it is reduced. Then blister severelj with the following : "»'l"l<4.«i*",Ti^^ TH£ HOBSE, ITS UI8EA8E8. 443 Ko. 182. 10 Drops muriatic acid, 20 Urains corrosive sublimate, 20 Grains camphor, 1 Ounce oil of turpentine. Mix, and apply until a sufficient blister is formed : then wash off to prevent blemish and keep the blister running as long as possible, hy cov- t:im with a rag well smeared with mutton tallow. Blister again if neces- sarv. Or, use the means pursued in spavin, oleate of mercury, if the case is not difficult. If the ring-bone has been of long standing, the only relief will be the irrowth of bony matter over the joint. There will be more or less stiff- ness in the joint, l)ut the horse may do slow work. Old horses are more difficult to cure than young ones, and in any case to avoid blemish, the case muse be taken at the first indication. Then thorough fomentations, slight blistering, a proper shoe and rest will accomplish a cure. If there is simply a hardening of the integuments, oleate of mercury, in developed rinii-bone or spavin, will reduce so much of it as is not already bony growth. Vn. Stifle. Any difficulty of the stifle joint, by which the animal is more or less disabled from the use of the limb, is by the generality of horsemen termed stifling, it being supposed to be a dislocation of the stifle bone, corresponding to the knee-pan in man. Dislocation, however, is ex- treinelv rare. The displacement of the whirl bone of tlie stifle joint when it occurs, will cause the animal to throw the limb straight out behind. This form often becomes chronic ; that is, occurs, and the habit is fixed from apparently slight causes, or any cause that shall compel the animal to throw the leg back farther than is usual in going at a slow gait. It is often produced in the first place by catching the hind leg or hoof iu some- thing which forcil)ly holds it. How to know it. — The horse will hold the leg extended out behind , the head will be raised and the animal will go on three legs ; there \ti every evidence of extreme pain, but no heat nor swelling. Upon exam- iiiinirthe stifle bone, the patella, corresponding to the knee pan in map, will be found outside those against which it should fit. When the dislocation is inward, the limb will be drawn upward. (^ What to do. — Get the animal into a close place ; have him held firmly hy the head ; pass a rope about the fetlock and over any projection, so the limb may be drawn forward. Bring the liml) forward and upward, and standing behind and against the hip, press the bono toward and into ■i h fill il 444 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. its place. Hold it there firmly until the muscles regain their orifrinal contractibility in some measure, and use an infusion of bayberry or oak bark, cold, freely, for some days. In addition to this it is better that the horse be made to .stand on the injured limb. To do this it is usual to tie a cord tightly about the otlier hind leg. This is apt to make a blemish. Tie the other foot so it cannot bo thrown back. In nine cases out of ten when the owner supposes his horse to be stifled the ditficulty will be found to be from injury to some other \y,ivt of the limb, as sprain of any of the ligaments of the Itg, of the fetlock, a prick of the hoof, etc., causing the animal to hold the limb in .such a way as to cause the stifle bone to seem displaced. Horses often injure the parts around the stifle joint l)y running, leapin;;, or from bruises or other hurts. In this case the treatment is to be the same as in any other sprain or bruise. In mild cases the following will be found good to bathe the sprain or bruise with : Ho. 183. 1 Ounce tincUire of arnica, 1 Pint rain water. Bathe the aifected part freely ^ ith this from time to time. If the difficulty is severe, fomentations of hot water must be perseveringly used until the inflammation subsides, and then resort may be had to l)listerincr if necessary, or a seton may be placed under the affected part to get up counter irritation. In severe cases the cure is slow and the animal niu^t have absolute rest. In any difticulty in or about the stifle joint, it is well to examine care- fully for wounds or bruises. A wound of the parts will often cause intense pain, and to the unin- itiated, apparently all the symptoms of dislocation. The veterinarian i'^ never deceived, and no one need be if he brings common sense and :i careful examination to bear upon any wound, bruise, strain or other injury. There will be blood, matter, swelling or heat in the part af- fected. This found, use the remedies prescribed in such cases. Vni. Splint. Causes. — The name is given to a peculiar enlargement generally found on the outside of the small bones of the fore leg, and inside the leg. The causes are not well defined. Splint may be caused by violent blows or other injuries, but it seems to be more a consequence of weight and strain. The inner splint bone, or small bone of the leg, is placed nearer the center of the body than the other, and there is at almost all time? gi'eater weight upon it, while on certain occasions it may also be subjected to more \i deposit resu contributes The term sf pear on the as this part < How to k forming, the brane; there vou can disc- with the thui two small be pressed upon When the f erally atteiide lomniodated eousequent so splint uill oft( easily seen at ; hi ca.scs of resting the to great heat nia nearest the spl Sometimes put to a walk, ooiicus.sion \)V( '^'ill disclose t What to do. do nothing, m '^■ill disappca provided tlm\ unskillful attoi of the splint. If it i.s a VQc '^■'lether the irr "le part, and s inflammation, a Ifrequent applje jfroni over and jloffing mere-uri No. 184. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 445 to more violent strain, whence inflammation may set in, and a bony deposit result. Raising the outer heel of the shoe more than ordinarily, cHiitributes in sonic degree to produce an unnatural strain upon this hone. The term splint is applied also to those bony tumors that sometimes ap- pear on tlio outer shank bone. These are more readily accounted for, •IS this part of the leg is peculiarly liable to blows and other injuries. How to know it. — Ii^ the first stage of the disease, while the splint is forniin", there is inflammation of the periosteum or bone-covering mem- brane; there is lameness; and though no swelling may yet be visible, vou can discover it by passing the open hand down the side of the leg, with the thumb on the small bone, or rather in the groove formed by the two small bones. A small, hard swelling will be fouAd, which, being pressed upon, will cause the animal to flinch. When the tumor is well-developed and plain to the sight, it is not gen- erally attended with lameness, from the fact that the periosteum has ac- lommodatod itself to the new formation, and the inflanmiation, with consequent soreness, has subsided. Then it happens that a very little splint will often cause more lameness than one which is so large as to be easily seen at a distance. In cases of nmch inflammation and extreme soreness, the horse stands resting the toe upon the ground, with the leg slightly bent ; and this great heat may extend itself by sympathy to the soft parts of the leg nearest the splint, but this is seldom the case. Sometimes the animal is apparently free from all trouble when merely put to a walk, but will discover extreme lameness in trottinj — the extra concussion producing much pain, and examination, as previout 'y directed, will disclose the seat of the trouble. What to do. — If the protuberance is small, and there is no lameness, do nothing, unless the horse is valuable and the tumoi is unsightly. It I will disappear by natural absorption as the animal increases in years, provided there is no directly exciting cause constantly at work. An I unskillful attempt to cure will sometimes lead to lameness and an increase [of the splint. If it is a recent formation, and treatment is thought necessary, observe I whether the irritation is such as to have produced exti'eme tenderness of jthe part, and swelling of the soft parts of the leg. If so, lessen the [inflammation, and thus also the soreness, by cool, softening poultices, or frequent application of cold salt and water. Then shave the hair off jfrom over and around the protuberance, and rub in, at e\iening, the fol- jloffing mercurial ointment : No. 184. 1 Dracbm biniodide of mercury, 1 Ounce lard. i- ' ! .1' ' I!! 446 UiliUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Continue this until a free watery discharge is produced from the sur- face. As a general rule this is sufficient, for even though it may not directly disappear, it will gradually do so from this time, unless the tumor interferes materially with the ligaments or tendons. If it is large, or near the joint, or extends so as to destroy the motion that naturally exists between the two small bones, cast the horse, and secure him from violent struggling — then scarify the periosteum or membrane covering the bone, over the splint. For this purpose, have k small, probe-like knife, shaped like a scimiter, with the cutting edge on the convex side. Make a small opening about an inch below the splint, turn the little probe knife flat and insert it into this opening ahd urge it forward until the point has passed over the protuberance. Now turn the cutting edge down, and scarify the periosteum well, making several cuts across the splint, and wi^h such force as to reach the naked bone every time. Withdraw the knife and insert a seton needle, with tape fixed is usual ; pass the point up past the splint, send it through the skin, and draw the tape through. Slightly enlarge the upper end of the tape, so that it cannot come out below, and the work is done. Suppuration will ensue in from seven to fourteen days ; absorption will follow, and the splint will almost invariably disappear. During treatment the hoi'se should be kept from work, as any consider- able exercise, particularly any straining in harness, or concussion by rapid motion, will increase lameness and render cure more tedious and difficult. matter ( lyn in necrosis, What to (J {died during will be neci tiplint. In very s doughy swcl hladcd knife, cutting down as a foHientat anum to a pii prompt, appl^ iiig the follow No. 18 It may be n 5 drachms of a or four times on 8ound hay s U f I li TX. Sore Shins— Inflammation of the Metacarpal Bones. This is an inflammation of the membrane covering the shank bones, an*.^ is not confined to any particular classes of horses, though racing or other fast worked horses dre more subject to the affection than are draft horses, the difficulty generally occurring before the animal becomei; mature. Causes. — The cause is undoubtedly over-working and abuse before the bones and integuments become fully developed. How to know it. — The lameness resembles that of splint. There is swelling over the shin bone, which is tense as though stretched, elastic, and doughy to the touch. There is heat and tenderness, and sometimes the swelling becomes excessive, and breaks, but always preserves its ellip- tic feeling. Or the swelling may not be extensive, but gradually hardens through the formation of bony matter, until at length the pain disappears In these slight cases, the matter thrown out between the bone .iiiJ | membrane, is generally converted into a bony formation and the skinr^| mains permanently thickened. In severe cases the throwing out of I This is calle( »nd caries whe 8.— De We to occur ii inflammation o How to knov or more absces I form fistulas (i smell, but afto I of decayed bon What to do.- decayed bone, with chloride o; The So. 186. Wound THE HOKSB, ITS DISEASES. 447 Diattcr (Ijniph) may separate the membrane and the bone, and eventuate in necrosis, or death of the bone. What to do. — If the dilHoulty is ndt severe, cold water faithfully ap- plied during the inflammatory stage, and later, blisters, will be all that will be necessary. In fact, treat it precisely as is recommended for splint. hi very severe cases, where there is great tenderness, and decided doughy swelling, make a series of incisions with a bistoury or narrow- tikidi'd knife, carrying the blade a short way beneath the skin, and then (uttiii*' down to the bone. This is done to let the contents escape. Use as a fomentation hot water containing half an ounce to an ounce of laud- anum to a pint, and afterwards with cold water. If the healing is not prompt, api)ly a blister. In a majority of cases it should yield by apply- ing tlie following astringent lotion : No. 186. 60 Dropg carbolic acid, H Ounce sugar of lead, 2 Quarts rainwater. It may be necessary, in fact it will be better, to give a purgative, 4 or 5 drachms of aloes, to be followed by 20 drops tincture of aconite, three or four times a day. The animal should have perfect rest and be kept on sound hay and bran mashes. X. Botten Bone. This is called necrosis when it attacks the shaft or body of the horse, and caries when it is confined to the ends at its joints. Causes. — Death and decay of the bone, from inflammation. It is lia- ble to occur in poll-evil, founder, from cracked or broken bones, and inflammation of the membranes. How to know It. — There will be severe inflammation, followed by one or more abscesses, which break and discharge. They do not heal, but form fistulas (pipes). The discharge at first may be thin and without smell, but after a time there is a peculiar and fetid odor, characteristic of decayed bone. What to do. — The proper thing to do is to cut down at once to the [ decayed bone, scrape it clean, remove all loose portions, wash the wound I with chloride of zinc lotion, made as follows : So. 186. 40 Grains chloride ot zinc, 1 Ounce distilled water. The wound made in cutting is to be treated as is any wound. If the J' j (>■"; "I 448 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. cutting 1)0 extensive enough to warrant it close with stitches, cover with lint steeped in oil to which u little carbolic acid is added. If healiii" do not progress satisfactorily, that is jf the granulations at the edges do not contract fast enough, stimulate by washing with tincture of aloes and myrrh. So far as this cutting and scarifying is concerned it should U- done by a surgeon. If this cannot be done, open the fistulas clear to the bottom and wash out once a day with the following : No. 187. K Ounce Riilphute of zinc, H Ounce Nulplmto of copper, 1 Ounce solution of 8uh-ucetate of lend, 6 Ounces pyroligeouH acid, (or butter, white wine vinegar). To one part of this use ten parts of water, and inject with force from a syringe once a day for two weeks If necessary. XI. Inflammation of the Knee-joint. Inflammation of the knee or other joints may occur in all stages, finm the most simple form to those most violent, with ulceration, and the formation of destructive al)scesse8. Causes. — .Tarring on hard roads ; various injuries, such as bruises, .strains, etc. How to know it. — In light cases the horse in starting forward vnW do so from the knee and with pain. There will be excessive flinching if the knee is extended l)y force. The animal stands square on his foot, and without inclination to raise the heel. In walking he takes a fair step, but carries the knee joint as much without bending as possible, and in putting ■down his foot exerts the greatest pressure on the heel. What to do. — Take off the shoes. Treat the inflammation as directed in other cases ; first l)y hot water embrocations perseveringly applied, using laudanum as directed if necessary to relieve pain. There must be perfect rest, and if the animal will use the limb put him in .slings, and i apply splints and bandages to the knee. The inflammation having been ^ cured, blister the parts, to promote absorption of the fluids. When thej animal is better let him have the run of a quiet pasture until entirely | sound, or keep him in the stable with gentle walking exercise everyday. j Xn. Caries of thd Lower-jaw. Causes. — Caries, or ulceration of the lower jaw bone, between thej tushes and grinders, is caused almost wholly by the barbarous use of bitsj and curb-chains. Injury is also sometimes inflicted upon the bony platej -of the roof of the mouth by pressure of the curb, when a tight nosej THE HOR8E, ITS DISEASES. 449 hand keeps the month shut down. The gums of the Ipwer jiiw are very (iften hurt, and not infrequently the bono itself is so bruised us to result ill tills ulceration. When this is the case, the gum, unless forcibly opened, must slough, so that the injured portion of the bono can be cast off. Thus n stinking sore is made, and one of long continuance, as the scaling of the Iwne and the escape of the loosened particles is a tedious process, and attencK'il no little sntt'oring. How to know It. — Examination of the gums is n(!ccssury to disclose the tniulde when it exists simply as a bruise. The spot will appear of ii Kjlor different from the adjacent parts, and pressure upon it will cause tlie uninial to wince with pain. Even if neglected till there is a discharg- iiiff sore, it is not always detected at oice, as the discharge is, in the beginning, of a watery character, and is lost in the saliva, though coii- stantlv going on. On contact with the bit, however, there is a mixture of Wood and watery matter, and some of this escapes constantly while the horse is in use. This ought to attract the attention of the master, if nothing else has, and lead to thorough examination. There will be found, ill that case, a depression in the gum, and, fixed to the bottom of the cavity, a mass of proud flesh. The discharge will be characterized by a very offensive stench. What to do. — If the bruised place on the gum, accompanied with sens- itiveness to pressure, is discovered before there is any break or exudation of matter, have a strf)ng, keen knife, and cut to the bone. The incision niado ought to correspond with the extent of the bruised bone. The grating of the knife upon this sore portion will cause the horse to strug- gle with more or less violence, owing to the exceeding soreness and ten- derness of the injured part ; and this may in some sort furnish a guide ii< to the amount of incision necessary. If the opening is too small for the scaled bone to be easily cast out, it will be necessary to employ the bone forceps with which to grasp and withdraw it. Upon cutting it, a thin, watery fluid will flow out. Care must now be taken to see that the incision is not allowed to close over and retain the injured bone, as this would ultimately result in a foul and troublesome ulcer. When the discharge has somewhat thickened, and is peculiarly of- fensive to the smell, showing that the bone is decaying and that nature is making an effort to cast off the injured portion, wash it out with the syringe, several times a day, with the following solution : vLfj No. 188. 1 Scruple chloride of zinc, 4 Drachms essence of anise seed, 1 Pint water. ^1- oC HI 460 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. If trctttriKMit is deferred, however, till there \h nn open, ulcerous {fum, with the; existence of proud Hesh, push a stick of lunar caustic doep into the unhealthy granulation in the cavity, so as to destroy it. Then keep down the fungous growth by the use of the caustic, day after day, until the stinking discharge has ceased. This will not he until the bone haii ceased to scale away ; and the wound may now be safely left to heal. A cure affected, the next thing to do is to select a hit that shall prps^ upon another part of the mouth, or there may be a repetition of the evil The snaffle may be used with comparative safety where the curb has iu- flicted serious hurt. t\ Sly.,!- )1 v>. •••! ;! u> M CHAPTER XrV. DISEASES OF TECB FEET. "TT' 1, ULCRKATION OF THE FOOT (NAVICULAR DISEASE). 11. CRACKED HOOFS. III. HOOF ROT. IV. CORNS. V. CONTRACTION OK THE HOOP (NARROW IIEKI.). VI. INJU- UIBS TO TUB FROQ. VII. FOUNDER. VIII. NAIL I'RICKINU. IX. CANKER. X. SAND CRACK. XI. FALSE QUARTER. Xlf. QUITTOR. XIII. TOE CRAC;k. XIV. rUMICK FOOT. XV. SEEDY TOE. XVI. OSSIFIED CARTILAGES. XVII. SIDE BONES. XVIII. INCISED AND PUNCTURED WOUNDS OF TUB SOLE. I. Uloeration of the Foot— (Navicular Disease). Between the coffin bone and lower pastern there is a small bone which forms the projection of the heel and rests upon the frog of the foot. This bone is called the shuttle or navicular bone. The inflammation of the surface of this bone is called the navicular disease. It may implicate the synovial sac, the ligaments and the flexor tendon which plays over it. One of the uses of the navicular bone is to give increased strength to the connection between the coffin bone and the joint above. Another use is to enable the flexor tendon, which passes over it and is joined to the coffin bone, to give increased pliability, strength and motion to the foot. In high bred horses, and all those used for fast work, this bone is peculiarly liable to injury and consequently to disease. This disease is inflammation and subsequent ulceration of this highly organized bone. The difficulty may extend to the interior of the bone, to the tendon which passes over its surface and even involve the adjacent parts. Causes- — It is thought that a rheumatic constitution predisposes an snimal to this disease. Certain it is that highly organized and weak limbed animals most usually suffer from it, probably fi'om the fact that they are not able to withstand an injury that a stronger limbed animal would do, especially when carrying a bad fitting shoe, or subject to violent exertion or ov^r strain of any kind. Other causes than bad shoes 29 451 ! ;.t . ■ ,1. ; ii uv jv ., i , ;- No. 191. 1 Ounce powdered caiitbarides, 8 Ounces olive oil. li ■l: £ < Mix in a strong bottle and set it in water kept near the boiling heat for three or four hours, and filter through close linen. Ap^ily once a day with friction until the part is tender. Let the horse have rest, or turn into a pasture until cured. ni. Hoof Rot. This difficulty, sometimes called tender feet, arises from diseases of various kinds, spavin, ring bone, chronic founder, navicular disease. There is a dry, feverish state of all the parts, and the hoof, and especially the sole, becomes decayed and soinctiiues perishes entirely. How to know it. — The bottom of the hoof is dry and chalk-like, 80 that it may easily be dug away with the point of a knife, or even easily scraped awa3^ The frog of the foot diminishes in size, and the ankle joints are apt to swell. The hor.se steps short and goes lame, if in one foot, or if in both, cripples in his gait. The affected foot will be pointed forward to enal)le the animal to rest on the sound foot, or if both are affected, first one and then the other will be placed forward. Sweeny or wasting of the muscles of the leg and shoulder result simply from disease of the limb. What to do. — Remove the shoe, pare away all unsound portions of the hoof until all the pumiced parts are got rid of ; also the frog and tiie sides of the hoof. Stimulate the bottom of the hoof by washing withNn, 189 once a day for three days, heating it in with a hot iron. Then omit for two or three days and conmienoe again. During the treatment tiie animal must be kept in the stable and the feet should be kept dry. When hoof rot is due to other diseases, as ulceration of the navicular joints, it will do no good to follow the rule laid down until the cause of the difficulty is removed. IV. Corns. Corns are in very many cases the result of other diseases, tending to weakening of the solo rather than the result of a bruise to a sound hoof. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 455 Thus a horse with corns should be thoroughly examined for injury to the bones of the hoof, rotten hoof, etc. i(;;,,,( i,t., .r /.,.'• -t.-A i, ..; •„!i t,, .41,1, Causes. — A bruise on the sole below the bars and the wall at the heel, producing a horny tumor or hardening, which presses on the quick. Sometimes thei-e is inflammation, owing to tbo formation of matter which works out cither at the top of the hoof or at the toe, from the formation of a fistula. Then it is Quittor. They may be found on either side of the heel, but usually on the inner or weaker side. How to know It. — There will be flinching when the walls of the hoof and sole are seized and strained with the pincers ; thus revealing on which side and the locality of the corn. The toe Avill be pointed, when at rest, and with the heel slightly raised. In motion the gait will be short and stumbling. If it has proceeded to suppuration, the pain will be so extreme that the horse will fear to put the foot to the ground. If there is a horny tumor forming, it may be known upon paring the hoof by the evident appearance of a white, spongy, horny formation, as in sand crack. What to do- — If the corns proceed from other disease, causing con- traction and other disabilities of the hoof, remove these causes and the corns Mill disappear. If the corns proceed from a simple and recent bruise, remove the shoe and rasp down the bearing surface of the heels, so there may be no pressure. That is, the heels should be rasped lower than the other bearing surfaces. If there is inflammation, let the hoofs rest in cold water, or keep them moist with a wet cloth and the sole with a soft sponge, or the whole hoof may be enveloped in a large sponge cut to tit. The animal should wear a bar shoe, arranged to avoid pressure on the parts affected. When the foot ceases to be tender, keep the hoof and sole smeared with the following ointment, to render it soft and pro- mote healthy growth : No. 192. )i Ounce tallow, 1 Ounce oil of turpentine, 4 Ounces beeswax. Use the horse at light work until entirely recovered. If the dilficulty be found to be a suppurating com (one containing matter), the hoof must be cut down to let all the matter escape; cut away all the horn that has become separated from the quick, and pare away all the horn around the parts 10 a thin edge. Poultice the part with a linseed poultice, renewed until there is no longer tenderness, and the surface is smooth and healthy. Then put on a bar shoe with a leather sole, and fill the space from behind with tar held in place with a ¥%i^^ 456 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. i'! stuffing of tow. Give entire rost and no pressure on the heel until the sole of the foot has grown out naturally. If the corn has become a tumor it should be cut out, and tlie same treatment pursued as advised for a corn that has formed matter. Old corns sometimes result in disorganization of the parts, or death of a portion of the heel, disease of the bone of the foot, or ulceration of the cartilage. In this case they must be treated as advised for Quittor or for navicular disease. V. Contraction of the Hoof, Narrow Heel. In a healthy condition the hoof of a horse should be nearly round. Whatever shape the hoof may assume, it is not a disease in itself but the result of disease or of some disability. It is generally tlie result of fever in the feet from injury to bones, ligaments or frog, or tlie effect of founder, etc. Contraction of the hoof exists in nearly all diseases of the feet, and may occur from standing idle in the stable. So it may result from undue paring of the heels, the bars on the frog, from a shoe remaining on so long that the foot is prevented from taking its natural growth. What to do. — The only thing is to remove the shoes and round the edges of the hoofs to prevent their being broken or split, and keep the affected hoofs standing every day from early in the morning until late at night in puddled clay reaching well up the hoofs. Continue this for two, three, or four weeks as the case may be. Then use prescription No. 192 as a hoof ointment until the hoof is brought back to its natural shape as near as may be. In shoeing let the shoe be without bevel on its upper side, and let the bearing be equal on all parts of the wall of the hoof. VI. Injuries of the Prog. The frog of the horse's foot is especially liable to injury from behig bruised upon projecting stones, pierced by nails and .splinters. It is also liable to inflammation of the secreting membrane, resulting in the forma- tion of matter, and ^o canker. What to do. — In all bruises with soreness pare aw^ay the frog carefully until the difficulty is found. If bruised, treat it by using the liniment No. 189. If pierced with some sharp substance extract it and inject tincture of aloes and myrrh. If the difficulty be thrush, caused by expo- sure to wet and filth, bruise of the frog, hard substance lodged in the cleft, or other cause, there will bo soreness of the skin behind the cleft THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 4ft7 of the frog, and a bad smelling discharge from the cleft with more or less hiiueuess. Wash the affected parts thoroughly. Cut away all ragged surfaces and press into the cleft or wound dry calomel, or finely powdered sul- phate of copper. VII. Founder. Founder, or inflammation of the feet, called by veterinarians laminitis, consists in fever, inflammation of the sensitive parts of the foot, including the laminiE, and of the foot bone, but is most severe in the forward por- tion, where greatest strain occurs when standing. Acute inflammation of the foot, or founder, differs but little in its physical manifestations from other inflammatory symptoms, except that it seems more complete and permanent. Acute founder is generally produced by ovenvork or over- heating and exhaustion and sudden cooling, while the sub-acute form may l)e the result of diseases of the respiratory organs, suddenly leaving those parts and manifesting itself in the extremities. Causes. — The disease may be brought about directly from hard work on dry, solid roads, and consequent strain on the laminee (scale of the hones), from over-feeding or drinking cold water when warm, especially when the predisposing cause already exists. So it may be brought about hy other diseases, as inflammation of the lungs. Heavy, fat horses are especially predisposed to founder, and so are those with small and de- formed or large, flat feet. m hm ACUTB FSVER IK TUB r»T. How to know it. — ^I'here will be general fever and stiffness, and sore- ness ; there may or may not be shivering. Soon extreme tenderness of the feet follows, generally most severe in the forward part, but soon in the Jieel ; the pulse is strong, full and rapid ; the breathing quickened. 458 ILLUSTRATED 8TOCK DOCTOK. with dilated nostrils ; the intensity of the pain will often cause the animm to groan and to break out into a sweat. If pushed backward the horse will elevate the toes and throw his weight on the heels by a peculiur motion. The hoof and frog will be hot and very senoitive to pressure, and the arteries of the pasterns will beat with violence. . .■>'><>• When the inflammation is in the hind feet, the fore feet are carried as far under the body as possible to support the weight, while the hind ftH;t are thrown forward to bring the weight upon the heels. In cither oaso, the animal will often lie stretched out for hours to relieve the intense pain of the feet. Founder has sometimes been mistaken for a disease called myositis, an inflammation of the muscles of the limbs, especially of the hind quiuteis and loins. They should never be so mistaken, as an observation of the several symptoms will show. Founder. — First one foot and then the other is lifted from the ground. Lying down lessens the pain and the fever of the feet. The difficulty usually occurs in the fore feet. Myositis. — Both feet are kept on the ground with refusal to move either. The animal will not lie down, and if thrown down the pain is increased. Generally in the hind quarters. In many cases the symptoms are not so aggravated as Ave have shown, but the symptoms, whether one or more of the feet are affected, are the same, and often, especially when repeated attacks have been suffered, leave the animal with seedy toe, pumiced feet, corrugated and other- wise distorted hoofs, and always more or less liable to recurrence of stiff spells during life. What to do. — In light cases, when discovered early, clothe the animal warmly, give twenty drops of tincture of aconite every two hours, pre- ceded by a gentle laxative, say .?. No. 103. 8 to 3 Drnchros powdered aloes, 1 Ounce bicarbonate of soda. Mix in a pint of water and give as a drench. If there is severe pain give ounce doses of laudanun^ every hour until an effect is produced. As an application to the feet keep them in large warm poultices of linseed meal and water, or let the feet be placed in water kept as hot as the animal can bear. Put him in slings by all means, if the}' can be pro- cured. Have the shoes carefully taken off as soon as the sedatives given will allow him to bear the pain. As early as possible the animal should be bled in the veins above the coronets of the affected feet. The l)leed- ing will be assisted by the feet being placed in hot water, and for this reason, if for no other, the slings should be used as quickly as possible. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 459 If there is much thirst make the drink slightly sour with cream of tiirtar. If at the end of two days the fever and tenderness does not get lietter pare down the soles and open them at the toe to let out any watery matter that may exist, for fear the horn may separate from the quick, keeping on the poultices afterwards as before. When the intliintmation subsides blister the pasterns and apply the corrosive liniment No. IH!) to the soles of the feet, and keep the horse standing on soft clay, or if in ;?uniiner time turn him into a moist, soft pasture. As a rule, neither bleeding from the neck or active purging shouhl be allowed in founder. There are, however, cases occasionally in simple founder, from overfeeding when tired, or giving cold water when warm, when a gallon of blood taken from the neck and an active purge of a quart of linseed oil has acted like a charm, the patient recovering almost iinmediatch'. In this the operator must be guided by circumstances. If tlie horse is fat and full of blood it will tend to reduce the inflammaticm 1)V drawing the blood to another part of the system. If so the blood s^hould be allowed to flow in a full stream. VIII. Nail Pricking. The prick of a nail in shoeing, or from having a nail enter the foot in traveling often leads to the most serious consequences if allowed to pro- ceed, such as ulceration, ending in quittor and other disabilities. An aiiinialhcing lame without swelling, inflammation or other indication of i^train or bruise, the feet should be carefuU}' examined, and the nail or other substance be cut out, at whatever pains it may take. Then dress the parts with hot pitch, cover with tow and give the animal rest for a few days. IX Canker. This is one of the diseases that may arise from the prick of a nail or l)ruise. Again it may occur without apparent cause. How to know It. — ^It is a disease most prevalent in heavy, coarse-boned horses. The frog will become large, spongv, and covered with a fun- srous ffrowth of a cheesv texture, and throwina: out an aliundant colorless, bad smelling fluid. If cut away it will again (juickly spring into growth. The discharge is more offensive than in thrush, and the disease more ob- stinate, often resisting treatment for a long time. What to do. — The horse must be kept in a clean, dry, well-ventilated ''table. All di.seased portions of the hoof must be carefully pared off so ht as the knife may bo able. The cure consists in destrovinir the fun- m 460 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iff i! ' ' goid granulations. Thus in cutting do not be alarmed at tlie sight of blood from the canker. Over the well portion of the hoof spread tlie following : No. m. 4 OrainB chloride of zinc, 1 Ouuue flour. Mix, uud apply dry. Cover the diseased parts Avith the following : No, 195. H' Ounce chloride of zinc, 4 Ounceii tlour. Tack on the shoe lightly, pad the parts within the shoe well, and secure good pressure by cross pieces driven firmly within the shoe. The second day after remove the shoe and padding, cut away everything that appears to be in a sloughing condition ; repeat the dressing every two days until the parts are sound. As soundness begins to appear in portions of the surface, dress these with the following; that is, when fungoid granula- tions have ceased to sprout : No. 190. 2 Grains chloride o( zinc, 1 Uuuue flour. As the canker improves, the dressings may be extended to the third or fourth day, and during the Avhole time of treatment the horse should be liberally fed, and be exercised gently for four hours every day. X. Sand Crack. These are of two kinds, quarter crack, occurring in the inner quarter of the fore foot, and toe crack, occurring in the toe of tlic hi:id foot, both beinff cracks and fissures in the walls of the hoofs, be<>inninij at tlie coronet and extending downwards. Causes. — Defective quality of the hoof, causing brittlencss ; bad shoe- ing, or splitting of the hoofs from hard driving on solid roads. How to know It. — When the horse leans his weight on the hoof, the crack will open ; when the foot is lifted the crack will close. Siuid and dirt work into the parts, causing excessive pain and lameness, often fever and the formation of matter. What to do. — In recent cases, before there is much inflammation, all that will be necessary to do will be to remove the shoe, clcanscf the crack thoroughly, cutting into it if there is dirt or sand lodged inside, drawiiijr the hoof together closely again, by the means of two thin clinch hor«e shoe nails, one at top and one at the bottom, and filling with the follow- ing composition • 461 THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. No. 197. ' '' « Ounce tallow, ' ■" ' ' 1 Ouncu oil of turpentine, 2 OHnci-Hi-csin, 4 Ouuceg beenwax. Melt together, and fill the crack with it quite warm, and lot it cool. The foot should be protected so no dirt can enter, and the horse turned to pasture until a now hoof is grown, placing a bur shoo ou the in- jured hoof. If the crack is an older one, and there is inflammation, the edges must lie pared and the fissure sutficiently laid bare so it may bo thoroughly cleansed of all grit and dirt. Tho crack must then bo thoroughly fomented to reduce tho inflammation, and poulticed until it assuincs a hoalthy appearance. Tho parts nmst then be brought firndy together by means of clinch nails ; covered with ointment, No. 11)7; a bar shoe put on, and a new hoof allowed to grow. XI. False Quarter. This difficulty differs materially from sand crack, inasmuch as it is a deticiency in the growth of the horn of the hoof extending from tho cor- onet to tho sole. It is a gap in the Mall of tho hoof rather than a crack. Causes. — It is produced from a deficient secretion of the horn making power, owing to previous quittor, frostbite or other injury to tho coronet. What to do. — The principal means to be used is careful shoeing with A bar shoe. If the injury has been recent, stimulate the coronet with a mild blister, or if there is a wound, cut the edges Avith a knife and dress with weak carbolic acid water, to induce a healthy growth of horn. In old eases, all that can be done is to fill the fissure with gutta percha, and protect the weak hoof with a bar shoe. XII. Quittor. Causes. — This fistulous condition of tho fibrous cartilage of the foot — inflamed, suppurating, penetrated by canals in various directions, with openings upon the quarters and heels of tho coronet — is caused by pricks in shoeing, by threads, by suppurating corns or bruises, by neglected bad tread or over-reach, by neglected thrush, by irritation from sand- crack and false-quarters, by bruised sole that sometimes takes place when f.at-footed horses are ridden over stony ground ; in short, by any injury which leads to inflammation of tho cartilage of the hoof and the forma- tion of pus inside. When the sensitive portion of the foot is pierced oy 11 nail, or when iuflammation has followed a bruise, suppuration speedily Ifi) 462 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. hi follows, and the acciimulatiiig matter presses in every direction, and, finding no ready outlet, the little fleshy jilates of the coffin bone iirr forced from the horny ones of the crust, or il may burrow between the horny and flesiiy sole, and far towards the vnry central portion of the foot. Pipes and sinuses are then made in every direction ; but the outlet is generally by abscess of tlio coronet, or that portion of the hairy skin running immediately down upon the hoof. How to know it. — A recent wound or ordinary abscess of the coronet may bo mistaken by the inexperienced for quittor, especially if any hime- ness attends it ; but a little examination will readily disclose the true nature of tlio case. From a simple wound, there is not apt to be a fetid discharge of so unwholesome a character as that whicli oozes from the sinuses of tlio quittor, and the parts must bo more or less swollen, and yielding to prcsiiure, wliercfts, in quittor, the surrounding tissue is hard, though it has taken on a peculiarly unhealthy action, and i)robing with the flexible probe, or bougie, will discover the presence of a sinus or of sinuses, of more or less depth. There is almost always lameness, whih is sometimes excessive, and of a halting character ; the coronet is some- what swelled into a ridge around the top of the hoof, and about the center of which one or more small orifices arc found, that discharge in small quantities an offensive matter — sometimes rather thin and watery, again, thick and having a curdled appearance. The probe, as we have said, will disclose sinuses, and these generally tend downward into the foot. The quantity of matter discharged is often very small at first, so much so as to be out of all proportion to the very serious nature of the trouble, and the difficulty attending a cure. Even when the openirg or openings will scarcely admit the small bougie, there may be much matter, and this may have penetrated under the cartilages and ligaments, and to the coffin-joint itself. Wherever it has gone, it has formed fistulous pipes, or ulcerations that are difficult to heal. There is usually increased heat, as well as nmch tenderness of the foot. What to do. — The first step is to discover, if possible, the cause ; and if this is still operating, to make every effort in your power to remove it Sometimes there is such swelling around the hoof, and such excessive tenderness, that the animal cannot bear to have the foot handled except in the gentlest manner. In this case, apply a good softening and cooling poultice, and keep him as still as possible — renewing the poultice as often as it begins to grow dry and hot — until the inflammation is some- thing reduced, and the extreme tenderness overcome. Then, remove the shoe and withdraw every nail if it can be done. If the trouble has been caused by a nail, and the nail can be removed, there is already something THE HORSE, ITS DISEASEH. 4G3 of II depondent oponing made by which the uccumulutcd pus may cscupc, iiiid this opening mfty bo enlarged by farther paring away the hoof, so as to reach the softer part, that can be more readily cut with a keen knife. A small probe, or bougie, should bo inserted from above, and worked to the lowest depth of the sinus. If this extends far towards the base of the foctt, the prime object should bo to get an opening from below to meet it, no matter what may have been the cause — whether a prick, a bruise, or irritation caused by other foot diseases. This depondent open- iin' established and kept open, the pus Avill in time be evacuated, and the foot will return to its healthy state, unless the joints have been attacked, ill which case a cure is scarcely to be hoped for. , . If the disease is of long standing, the internal surface of the sinus or HJuuscs has become more or less callous, and a stimulating lotion must be injected with a syringe every day, composed of one drachm chloride of zinc to one pint of water — increasing the chloride gradually to two drachms. This treatment will suffice. The main trouble, however, is tog^ake the dependent outlet. In case this cannot be done, owing to the shallowness of the sinuses from above, reduce the inflammation by poulticing, as pre- viously directed, and then inject this somewhat caustic solution into each channel or pipe : No. 198. 5 Grains bichloride of mercury, 1 Ounce RpiritB o( wine, 20 Drops niuriutic acid. Do this three times the first day, twice the second day, and once a day subsequently. When the discharge has ceased, stop the injection, and simply keep clean by tl>.I8EA8ES. 465 nil with two dips in front to hold tho parts to^uther, and tbo uniinal kept III a clean, soft pasture until u new hoof is grown. An examination of the imiiri l>i'in{j; made from time to time to see that no grit or foreign sub- stiuue has entered to increase tiio ditHeulty. Siuul-erucks, quarter-cracks, and false-tmarters, will require time to ensure full recovery, and tho time so consumed should not be grudged. XIV. Pumice Foot. Puniico foot, tho effect of chronic laminitis, is an excessive growth of Koft, spongy horn in place of the healthy hoof, forming rings running to<'etlu'r at tho toe, causing a bulging at that point and a depression iiluivt' This growth in front of the laniiiue of the too separates tho cortui bone from the wall of tho hoof, and allows the bone to press upon tho solo and even to pierce through it. Thus tho solo beccnncs convex iiisteacl of concave, the animal becoming groggy, and in time quite crip- pled. This state is almost entirely confined to animals with flat feet and weak limbs, weak and brittle crusts to the feet, with largo, prominent frogs. What to do. — In bad cases thcro can bo no cure. Much may be done t(i iilloviiite distress, and enable tho horse to do slow work, especially on the fiirin. Put on a thick, broad webbed bar shoe, a dished shoe having the web hollowed out, or beveled toward tho inner side on the upper sur- face and thinned down from tho toe to tho heel. It is better that the shoe he also assisted with a l)earing of leather next the sole . Tho hoof should bo smeared daily with equal parts of glycerine and tar. If heated in slightly so much the better. The sole should also have the same application. Apply a mild blister to the coronet from time to time to stimulate action, and turn the horso into ii soft, damp pasture. Thus in time a fairly smooth hoof may be grown, but it can never be expected to be entirely sound. XV. Seedy Toe. The wall of the foot is composed of two layers, the outer one darker, harder and thinner than the inside one ; the inner layer thicker, softer and li6 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. How to know It. — If a seody too bo struck with a hammer it will give n hollow cound, Hhowiii*^ thut it In diMUiiited. Roniove the uhuu uiid u sepanition will be found between the two coats of the hoof. What to do. — Fhid the extent of tho separation with a thin probe. Cut away such portions of tho crust as may bo disunited, and to where there is firm adh(!sion of the i)arts. If there is a powdery substance clean it out. Kcoi) tho cavity filled with warm tar, properly held in place, and shoo so as to give a uniform bearing, and support tho weak part with a clip if necessary. This dressing must be repeated from time to time as recjuirod, until tho cavity is entirely filled with a new and healthy growth. . :, ■ ■■ •■ ' ■ "-. v.i , .,: , ,^ , , XVI. Ossified Cartilages. , , Ossification of the cartilages is sometimes called false ring-bone. It is H disease to which many horses are sometimes subject, and oftcu exists in connection with ring-bone and side-bones. Causes. — 'Tarring, by hard driving over rough roads, or poundinj^ on hard pavements, or any of the causcvs producing ring-bone or inflauniiation of the parts. How to know It. — When the difficulty is new, there may bo fovor in the parts. Later there will be more or less enlargement of the bacrk of the coronet and the heel, the parts feeling hard, irregular or hnnpy. The horse is not always lame, but if driven over hard roads, the horso will show soreness and travel short after cooling off. What to do. — In old standing cases, l)ut little can be done ; rubliinz the })arts Avith oleate of mercury will reduce so much as is not already bony substance!. In connection with th's put in a scton under the nf- fected part. In more recent cases, if there is heat, bleeding from tlip foot will give relief. Then apply cloths dipped in cold water to evm (juart of which has l)een added a half pint of tincture of arnica. The iii- fiamination Ixung reduotnl, apply repeated dressings of biniodidn nf mercury. This will pronn)to absorption, but a complete cure may not bo expected. XVII. Side Bones. Side-])ones are ossifications from tho heels of Iho coflSn-bonc into tlif lateral cartilages. Li luMivy horses, side-bones may occur in connection with ring-bones. In fact, ring-bone has its seat in the o« »vfr(i(fimii,tmi side-bone in tho parts about ; tho first being in tho pastern ; tho latter lower, or about tho cotllu-bouo. THE 1IOH8B, ITS DISKAKKS. 407 How to know It.— The ciilaigcmcnt is just ahovo Iho foronct and im- Dwdiiitcly below, when riiig-l)()iie exists. Sido-boiio may ho found at tho hack aiul lateral parts of tlio coronet. There will be more or less soro- iies(< and lameness, but after ossitieution bony fornnition of the [mrts has hcen (■()nij)leted, the joint is either stiff or nearly so. What to do. — The treatment should l)o precisely identical Avith that j)ruNC'ril)od for ring-l)t)ue. XVIII. Incised and Punctured Wounds of the Sole.* Incised wounds are those made with a sharp instrument; punctured ones arc those made with a blunt one, as a nail. If the cut be a (^loan one, all that will bo necessary to do will be to pare away the sides to be nurc that no foreign substance is lodged th«(re ; wash out with tincture of alooa and myrrh, and keep the wound ch)sed with tar and tow, and give rest until iiealed. If the diflicully be from a nail, care must be taken that it is all ex- tracted. This must be done at whatcvei- cost of cutting. Then dress as proficribod for the incised woiind. In old cases, where sup]>uration has taken j)laco, the matter must be let out by enlarging the oriiicte. Then tho same means for cure may be adopted as in ijuittor or other nuitu- ratod sorcti. 80 .4^ i m »l^f|JJW!'<)(l.|,,|llJJ||JlljpjlllHI CHAPTER XV. WOUNDS AND INJURIES AND THEIR RESULTS. STRAINS AND 8PKAIN8. II. OVKR-RKACH. III. BRUSHING, OR SPKKDY COT, IV. BKOKKN KNKK8. V. CAPPED KLBOW. VI. FROST BITB. VII, BURNS AND SCALDS. VIII. BUPTURK. IX. CHOKING. X. WOUNDS FENBTRATINQ THR ABDOMINAL CAVITY. XI. C0NT08KD WOUNDS. XII. LACERATED WOUNDS. XIII. PUNCTURKD WOUNDS. XIV. BROKKN HOCK. XV. DISLOCATIONS. XVI. VARIOUS FRACTDHKS- XVII. VARIOUS DISTORTIONS. XVIII. DISEASES OF THE EAR. 1; I r T I. Strains and Sprains. In the human subject, a strain is simply a wrench, by which a fiber, a ligament or tendon is stretched beyond its pi'opcr capacity, and followed by pain, lameness, and inflamniiition of the parts. A sprain is an incomplete luxation (dislocation) in connection with stretching, with more or less laceration of the ligaments of a joint, and even rupture of the tendon. In veterinary practice the word strain \- used. It is far nior*' dithcult to handle than in man, and for the leasou that it is often dithcult to prevent an animal from using the parts. Replacement of the parts as near as may be, and rest, are tho .surt:^t means of cure. Therefore in every case the intelligent horsomuii will use the best means to ensure this ; consequently it will be simply iiect'j- sary to lay down certain rules of guidance to be followed. Strain of a joint. — —In a joint that is easily flexed, (moved bacii mul forth ) the parts should be held firmly by means of a starch baudage, if there has been sufficient stretching to produce loss of eontiimity. flow to make a starch handage. — Provide a long strip of strong un- bleached muslin, and of a width proportioned to the part injured. Soiili this in strong starch, and bind on while wet, making a half turn of tin cloth in passing about the limb, so it will form a figure eight. Allof 4G8 THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 460 this^ to dry without niovenieut ami it will hold the parts tirm. If the strain occurs in the fetlock, hock, or knee, this will he indicated. For a lighter t-train, a simple cold water bandage will suffi'-e. In all fit rains, rest must be given, the diet should be light but whole- ijoiiK', and if the bowels become costive, they must bo stimuhited to action by alterative medicines. Strains of the ligaments or muscles must bo met with cold water bandages. In all strains, ho\wiver, dependence in the early stage must be upon arnica, equal parts of the tincture and rain water. Bathe the i)arts tluu'oughly and carefully two or thi'ee times a day. and then apply the cold water bandage, keeping it wet. If the strain is in the shoulder or loin, lay a wet blanket over the part affected, and cover with a dry one, changing as often as may be neces- sary. Sponge the affected parts with the diluted tinctux'e of arnica, as heforc roconunended. This, with rest, a light diet, keeping the bowels regular, and an ounce of cream of tartar to the bucket of water, ought to subdue any cura}>le case of strain. n. Over-reach. Uauses- — A tired horse, especially when going at a fast pace, sometimes fails to lift the fore feet quick enough. The result is the imier part of the hind foot strikes the outer side of the coronet of the fore foot, or higher, often producing a severely lacerated or contused wound. What to do. — The only remedy is to clip the torn portions away, and keep the parts washed with chloride of zinc, (No. 1!).')), tirst cleansing the parts with water if at all dirty. The healing nuist take place through the sloughing of the torn parts, and by granul.'ition. If slight, tincture of arnica will be sufficient as a lotion. Treads from calking may receive the same general treatment. T in. Brushing, or Speedy Cut. This is a bruise, abrasion of the skin, or contused wound, produced by the shoo of one foot striking the opposite fetlock ankle, or even the knee. It is more owing to weakness than other causes, though a horse striking once is more liable to the same injury thereafter. It is really the foot that is resting on the ground that causes the hurt, from its being put 1age there will of course be no fluctuation. What to do. — If discovered in its early stage, and serum is evidently present, let it out by opening the sac at the lower edge with a keen knife, or a thumb lancet. Press upon it so as thoroughly to remove the fluid. Then, with a small rultber syringe, inject a mixture of equal i)arts of pyroligneous acid and water. Next, moisten it externally, morning and ui^lit, with the camphorated corrosive sublimate. No. 2, which will have the better effect if dried in at once with a hot iron held near. Before the horse is allowed to lie down again, make a soft pad, covered ^ith chamois skin, without a seam on the outer side, of such thickness as to keep the shoe from striking the elbow when the leg is doubled under him. li^ M ii ^=;,a '^^^.uiS Mi"" 472 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. and tie it securely round the imstern. This should he on every njwhtj and ev(>ii after cure is effected it will be necessary for the animal to wear this pad, to prevent recurrence of the bruise, or else to have tlie .shoe shortened The pad must be at least two and a half inches thick. If it is in its new state (a simple swelling without matter), it can W assuaged b}' using frequently, at moderate intervals,, some cooling lotion. If large, watery, somewhat pendant, and unsightly, have an exptr- ienced surgeon remove it entirely ; and then dress as an ordinary wounil. If, after it has been opened, and the fluid pressed out, it heals witli hard substance left behind, rub frequently with acetate of niercurv until the natural state is restored. If treatment is undertaken only when there is no watery matter, no fluctuation, remove it absolutely by making a vertical .slit, of siitticifiif length, and dissect the lump ; after which treat the wound with simple cerate, or any healing ointment. Care must always be taken to guard against having the elbow injuroi! again while treatment is going on, and t(t in-cvciit rcbruising the part after cure is effected. If there is constipation or otherwise feverish tendency in the animal, the cure of tumors or other local troubles will ahva>'S be more ditHi'ult unless this tendency is removed by suitable purgatives and carefully reg- ulated diet. VI. Frost Bite. Injury from the effects of frost is more common in the North anci West than is generally supposed, and in many cases rheumatism, founder and other "stiff complaints" may undoul)tedly ])e attributed to this as the predisposing cause. Causes. — Long exposure to cold, cither standing in the open air or confined in cold stables ; standing in half melted snow and slush ; keep- ing young animals in exposed yards, where they cannot take exercise and with insurticient food. How to know it. — The skin of the injured parts in light cases, turn^ purple, inflames, cracks and exudes a hloody scrum ; or if severe, the skin and tissues beneath lose color, and become dead and eventually shrivel. The skin, particularly of the heel, will crack, often from one side to the other, refusing to heal. What to do- — If the limbs are simply chilled, friction will be all that is necessary. If actually frozen, the animal should be warmly clothed and the frozen parts be rubbed with snow until circulation is partly re- stored. Then put the parts in cold water and continue rubbing until THE ilOKSE, ITS DISKASES. 473 wiirmtb and circulation are entirely restored. Then dry thoroughly with cloths* and hard rubbing. If the frosting has been rioglectcd and raw sores make their appear- .iiicc, prepare the following : No. 200. 2 Drachms belladonna, 1 Ounce petroleum, 1 Ounce liirJl Rub the whole thoroughly together, and apply twi(!e a day to the raw or ulcerated places. If this does not promote recovery, and decided ul- rer8 occur, add to the above prescription 2 ounces red oxide of mercury. Rub all well together and apply once a day to the ulcerous parts. VH. Burns and Scalds. Bums and scalds seldom occur in horses kept on the farm or employed nn the road. The}' are, however, of frequent occurrence when horses arc employed about mills or factories where steam is used ; or in iron /ouiulories and in cities. What to do. — One of the best and most easily obtained applications, for a fresh burn or scald, is to dredge bicarbonate of soda, common baking soda, tliickly on the part, or moisten with water into a thick paste and bind it or lay it over the injury. For slight burns, which sometimes cover a large surface, there is nothing better than several coats of thick white lead paint laid on with a brush.; cover the whole with cotton and bind on dose. Strong alum water is also an excellent remedy for fresh burns and scalds, the proportions being 2 ounces of powdered alum to each pint of rain-water. Keep the parts well soaked with it, and wet cloths saturated with the same constantly over the surface. Sometimes indolent sores follow burns and scalds. If so, the ulcers should be well and carefully washed with tar waier, ancT the following mixture dusted over the parts : \i >4 No. 201. 1 Ounce oxide oJ zinc, 2 Ounces powdered starch. Mix intimately and dredge on thickly to form a crust. Wherever the moisture appears through, keep adding the mixture until the crust be- fomc" permanent and fixed. *»**>*•■ Vm. Kupture. Rupture or burst (Hernia) is the displacement of an internal organ V, ■ ,,f : '1 474 ILLlISTUATEt/ STOCK DOCTOU. \ii- '■■ through ail openin»ranous covering of the bowels or the caul . The bowels may pass through the caul by rupture, or the bowels and involved caul mav, it ii possible, pass thrf>ugh tin- nioscntary, the incinbrane retaining the inteis- tincs in their proper itositinn. If the rupture is into the chest, it is called diaphramatic, and nmv occur from ti violent shock, as in leaping, or in 'bucking, 'as jumping stiff- legged is called. In bad cases death is sudden from suffocation, Jn tlie slight forms thcr(? may only be difficulty of breatliing, with liftiii"- of the flunks, as observed hi heaves. Tiie only remedial means lo be used are to give anodynes and rest. Thus slight cases may at length take ou the chronic form, l)ut will never be cured. Hernia of the mes(!ntary and omentum is difficult to know, and no remedy can avail, except r(!st, with anodynes if there is pain. Naval rupture, and that tlirough the scrotum, is most commoM. The only means of cure in naval rupture is where pressure can be had bv means of a bandage or truss and taken intlu; eai-Jicr stages. The intostinc must tirst be carefully prt^ssed back and pressure made over the parts bv means of a soft pad, securely fastened, and to be worn until the orifice i> closed or at least permanently contracted. Of course an animal witli rupture of any part is not capable of violent exertion. Rupture of the scrotum is also common in males. In cases of colic in entire animals, an examination should be made for scrotal rupture, since there may be colickey symptoms. There may be a swelling of the hn^ containing the testicle, the contents being movable, and disappearing up- on pressure. In the smaller animals, castration may be employed, the gut returned and the wound sewed up. Vt-ntral hernia is known by the contents being movable and gurgling, and easily pressed })a<'k to their place. If recent, the animal should be thrown on its back, using ether or chloral to keep quiet, I'eturning the protrusion, padding the orifice, and covering with strong factory muslin wound round the abdomen and lai-ed along the back, the bandage bcinif k<^pt in place by bands fastened in front and carried to a collar worn on the neck. Except in the case of valuable animals, treatment scarcely pays, unless a veterinarian can be employed who understands anatomy. IX. Choking. Choking occurs in two distinct forms. The high choke, when the sub- stance is lodged in the throat or neck ; and the low choke, when the sub- stunce is lodged in that part of the gullet lying low down within the THE HOUSE, ITH DISEASES. 475 chest. Ill I'igli olioke, ilio animal may die in a fow minutes ; in low itiokf , there is not sueli spociul ne(>d of haste. How to know it. — Tliere is intense distress ; the head is raised ; there i« >;lavering, violent eoughing and continual efforts to swallow. Wbal to do. — Examine carefully the furrow on the left side of the iKck for the substance. If solid, endeavor to i)ress it ui)wards with the tinkers on each side. If not, endeavor to extract it l)y putting a balling iron into the mouth to hold it open ; pull out the tongue ; pass the hand into the throat and endeavor to dislodge it with the finger, the head being held (lilt in a straiglit line with the neck. If this do not succeed, and the ohstruction is in the gullet and is clear of the windpipe, procure a probang, (il it thoroughly, cast the horse, put the balling iron in the mouth, intro- duio the probang anil by steady pressure for a few seconds at a time, ciideuvor to move it. If it moves continue the pressure until it is pushed into tiie stomach. If tlic substance is o firmly held that the probang will not move it, the iiKiss must l)e cut down upon and taken out. Let an assistant press the off -idc of tlic neck to get as much bulge as possible. Then with a bold cut (if a sharp knife, cut through skin, tissues and gullet, to the mass, with :iu ample cut, and remove ; bring the edges of the gullet together, stitch them with fine catgut, or strong silk, nud then the wound in the skin. The JitKculty here may cause subsequent stricture of the gullet, which may thereafter ])revcnt the animal swallowing solid food. In any event only »(ini-liquid food should be given for ten days after choking, or until the iiiiiraal seems well . Ill desperate cas(!s, where there is instant danger of death from choking, tracheotomy must be emi»loyed. This is cutting into the windpipe and inserting a breathing tu])e and will be treated in its appropriate place. The Low Cuokk. — Tliis is wlicre th<^ obstruction is low in the gullet, or in the thoracic portion of the sesophagus. In this form there is great distress but the head is not held so high , saliva runs from the mouth, and the discharge is coj)ious from the nooe ; if the animal attempts to drink, the water is cast forth from the nose ; the breathing is laborious, the flanks tucked up, the l)aek roached, and the animal shows symi)toms of general distress. What to do. — Give a gill of linseed oil or lard oil once an hour, and between these doses every hour the following anti-spasmodic : m 'im No. 202. 2 Ounces Rulphurfc ether, 2 Ounces lauilunum, ^ Pint water. Use the prol)ang carefully after each anti-spasmodic. If the whole of 476 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iu-> the dose is apparontly returned, administer chloroform from a sponfe, bv inhalation, unt'l entire insensiljility is produced. Then extend the head, insert the probung, well oiled, and use steady but constant prcHsure. until the substancie moves. It may take ten to lifteen minutes, or more. When the substance moves do not use much violent pressure, but move it carefully until it entt^rs the stomach, care being taken not to force thf instrument too far and thus wound that organ, renieinbering always timl sudden violence may bring on spasmodic action, in which case effort* must cease. Violence may also rupture the lesophagus. 4!. ' -•».-' i~Kj 'Si . -f. 'v-^^^^" THK LOW OIIOKK X. Wounds Penetrating the Abdominal Cavity. K h A penetrating wound of the walls of the abdomen is generally followed by protrusion of the bowels. Sometimes it is so extensive as to allow a large portion of the intestines to escape. If so, they should be sup- })orted by a sheet fastened over the back to prevent injury by the fwt and the admission of dirt un*il relief is given. What to do- — The horse should be cast, the bowels washed with tepid water, the horse turned partly on his back, the intestines properly returned to their place by pressure, and the wound sewed up with catgut, well soaked in warm oil, and at intervals of an inch apart, bringing the edges nicely together. Then encii'cle the belly with a strong bandage properly fas- tened, by being laced along the back. Empty the rectum, if necessary, by means of injections of warm water or soap suds, and keep the bowels open by feeding scalded shorts pretty well salted • XI. Contused Wound's. A contused wound is one occasioned by injury from some blunt ineteii- THE HORf(lutivc> as lotions, laudanum etjual i)arts with water, to remove pain, and astringents — white oak buri(. It is sometimes necessary to blister near the part to get up counter irritation, or put in u sc- ton below the hurt. The mode of using a fixed seton needle, to bring a wound togctlicr, in sewing, where a proper crookctd. Hat nofdh; Is not at hand, is hero shown. It will also servt; to show the manner of using a noodle for a se- ton, to be threaded with white tape. MANNBIl OF UBINO SETON NBEPLK. XV. Dislocations. Dislocations in the horse are rare, and when they occur are difficult t/) manage, except with the aid of a veterinary surgc^on. DishiCition of the lower joints, and of the hip, is most (ioinmon, from catching the foot, twisting and pulling thereon to get free. In fact, dislocation of the hip is scarcely ever seen except in connection with fracture, but is soiiietiiii(',> met with in lean, under-fed, young cattle and horses. Dislocation of tiic shoulder is most seldom met with. What to do. — In any case of dislocation the iirst thing to do is to put the joint in place, not always an easy matter. The means we have indi- cated for dislocation of the stifle will servo to show the manner of operation. A veterinary surgeon should be employed if possible in aav case of dislocation. If such cannot be had, any humane surgeon should he willing to give advice as to how to operate. The means to be employed are so different, varying with each particular case, that it would be im- possible to state them except in a general way. THE IIOKHR, ITH tHWKAHEH. 479 If infl.'immiition and coiisidcrtilth^ HW«>Ilin^ liiiH mt in lu^forc the hurt is (liHcovcied tills niUHt bo lirst. rcdiKuid l»v cold wattT aiipliciitions, or iK-ttcr, hot wMltr fomt'iitiitioiis, if jxa'siistt'ntlj appiird. 'I'licii the joint nnist he |iroii"'lil to pliKU) by traction and force. If tliorc is no intlaniination tliis iviil notl'c ditlicnlt. When ii starch bandaj?« may bo oniphn'od, this sjiould always bo used to liold the |)arts toiT'^thor. If not tiio dislocation must l)0 .splintered <»r padded, or both, to keep the parts intact and in place. The slin, and from beating upon the head. Sometimes scabln' or mangy eruptions make their appearance upon tlit tips of the ears and spread downward, covering them entirely; l)ut [\n> is most probably the accompaniment of some general skin disease. How to know It. — The cuts, breaks in the skin, or sutures, that result from pulling, pinching, and twit'ihiiig are r no difficulty in perceiving it, as the ear drops down and flaps about with the motions of the head and neck. liunning sores, similar to the poll-evil, .sometimes result; but tlie>e r'.iay be distinguished from that disease by their being contiiied iiiore closely to the ear, either inside or out. When deafness is suspected, an examination of the internal ear will be necessary ; and if the swollen parts or ulcers are not perceptil)Ie, sonic artifice miist be resorted to to find, whether the hearing is actually d^ stroyed. Deafness may be only temporary, as is sometimes the ca* with man, and the matter can be decided only by making a seriw nf examinations. What to do. — A simple laceration of the skin, and even of the eiirtila^'e, if small, will retpiirc no special attention ; but if it is so great tliiit the THE UOR8E, ITS DISEAHES. 481 iiocs do not ooinc in contact, they must be brought together and sewed, after wliich the trouble will soon be over. But it occasionally hai)pens that ulceration of the skin and cellular tis- tiuo luid a rotting away of the cartilage sets in. This is past all remedy, ;ind necessitates the cutting away of the ear. When there has been no laceration of the skin, anv* a tumor is forming, aoplv camphorated corrosive sul)limate. No. 2, occasionally, till it en- tirelv subsides ; l)ut if matter seems already formmg, apply May-npplc lininieiit, made by taking ()ne gallon of May-apple roots and boiling them until ii thick syrup is formed ; then, having removed the roots, adding as jimch lard as there is syrup, and stirring well together while the syrup is still boiling. This liniment will draw out the fever and bring the matter speedily to the surface. Sometimes an abscess forms on the outside, which will need lancing in order to afford the most speedy relief. In this case, cut at the lower extremi*;y of the rising, and let the lancet slant upward into it. Deafness, unless sim[)ly a temporary result of some prevailing disorder of the head or ueck, is beyond the art of the veterinary practitiouer. I n ■1 i: :^i Wi ™ 1^' il ' !'■ h.^m CHAPTER XVI. ki ■ i) POISONING. 1. INTERNAL POISON.- -II. roisoMNOi rnoM stinos.- -III. POISONEn SKIN. I. Interna) Poisoning. The cases of internal poisoning are more frequent, especiallr with horses, than is generally supposed. Among the most common arothoso arising from drastic or powerful doses, hlindly given hy the iiriioriiiu. cither in disease, or from some effect sought to be produced u})nu iln general health — to make the coat blooming, cause champing of the bit and frothing at the mouth, or to excite the aninuil spirits. Of {hw. strong purgatives, diuretics and arsenic are the most con\mon. "^'^^. A II0K8E 8UFKKUIN(! KHUM DllASTIC I'OIeoN . (Xher causes arc from eating poisonous plants, either in the hay or in *he pasture, the ergot of rye and other grain ; ergot sonietunes attacks thf 482 THE HOUSK, ITS UISEASES. 48n ^nisscs — thus, smutty grain, castoi* beans, hellebore or poke root, laur';;!, ?.tniiiioniuni or Jamestown weed, and cured tobacco, among plants, may 1)0 mentioned iis common. Among minerals, sulphuric, nitric and muriatic acid, and all the concentrated vegetable acids are caustic and iiritiiut poisons. They are never taken unless forced down. The anti- dote to these is large doses of powdered chalk, whiting or linie water In the absence of these give weak lye (white lye) until relief is obtained and follow with a full dose of linseed oil. Alkiilies destroy the tissues. If quick lime, caustic potash, strong lye or washing soda has been taken give vinegar and water to neutralize it, Mild follow with a dose of oil. Horses that are dosed with whisky to "give them strength" sometimes show alcoholic jioisoning. Never give it except as a stimulant as advised for disease. Forty grains of arsenic will kill a horse. The symptoms are, intense fliirst, (juick, feeble pulse, great pain in the bowels, with purging some- times, irregular breathing, faintness, paralysis, convulsions and deatfr.. (iive full doses of oil, in which is mixed two, three or four sjjoonfuls. of QiU'bonate of iron as the case may seem to demand. Corrosive sublimate is a fatal poison. A quarter of an ounce will' kill a liorso. The symptoms are violent jjain, intense thirst, effusion,, an(i liloody discharges from the bowels, trembling, salivation, ending in stupor and death, fiivc tlie whites of a dozen eggs, stirred in a little warm water. Follow this Avith linseed tea, or better with mucilage of slippery elm. Litharge and .'*ugar of lead are poisonous. The symptoms arc staring coat, arched back, a protruding tongue and foaming at the mouth. sta^rnering, and sometimes dashing wildly to and fro. Give large doses of jmi'gativcs to be followed by from one to two ounces of iodide of potash daily for seven or eight days. Stryehnine is a \ ■hm ^ ^ ' !*r': H Ml 484 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. n I of white oak bark. For the vomiting and purging, if they continue, give ounce doses of laudanum iu a little water. Poisoning from aloes, castor oil or croton beans, known by excessive bloody purgii.g, and straining, cold ears and legs, hot, dry mouth, and bloating. Give two ounces of laudanum in a quai-t of linseed tea, ami if necessary give a like dose by injection. . ■ , . In poisoning from ergot or other diseased and injured foods, give full doses of linseed oil, both by the mouth and as injections, with stinmlaiits afterwards ; and tonics, say eight grains of quinine three times a da}' during recovery. For poisoning by white hellebore or Indian poke, give whisky iu pint doses. The same means may be used in poisoning by laurel, followed by injections of salt and water, and also by linseed oil given as a pur^e. In case of poisoning by opium or laudanum, pour cold water on the head from a considerable height, and keep the animal in constant motion. For poisoning with Jamestown weed (jimson) known by faintness, giddiness, followed by convulsions, paralysis and stupor, give a quart of linseed oil with two ounces of laudanum . Give also an injection and subsequently stimulate with pint doses of whisky. Tobacco poisoning is shown by purging, offensive dung, colic pains, weak pulse, prostration, convulsions and stupor. Give a purge of oil, and follow with pint doses of whisky in slippery elm or linseed tea. n. Poisoning from Stings. H It is not infrequent that animals are badly stung, or bitten by venomous serpents or insects. For the stings of insects, as wasps, hornets and bees, wash the stings repeatedly with onion juice, or ammonia three parts to one part of oil, Washing with salt and water is also an excellent remedy. In some portions of the West and especially in the South, gnats and certain species of venomous flies come in Summer. The remedy against this is to use petroleum. When these insects are very bad it is usual to smear the uni*! .jtected parts of the animal's body with a mixture com- I)osed of one i)art of tar to two parts of lard. We prefer equal parts of petroleum, lard oil, and tiir. Bacon drippings may be substituted for the Jard oil or lard. For the stings of centipedes, scorpions, tarantulas ami 'Other venomous spiders, give the following : No. 208. 1 Tea-spoonful of ammonia, 1 Pint of whisky. H Pint of warm water. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 485 Wash the bitten part with ammonia frequently, and keep it soaked therewith by means of a sponge. Bites by venomous serpents are to be treated in the same way. The wound should be well cauterized when first discovered with an iron at a white heat. The doses of whisky we have given are full ones. One half this quantity of proof spirits given every hour with a little ammonia until relief is obtained will be proper, but in bad cases give the full dose a8 a first one, and always with water. m. Poisoned Skin. There are many weeds and plants that sometimes cause irritation and poisoning of the skin. The means of cure is to move the bowels and apply some soothing wash to the irritated parts. For injury from poison oak, poison iv}', hemlock, St. John's Avort, etc., wash with a decoction of polden seal three times a day, oiling the surface at night. In the morn- ing wash away the oil with soap and warm water, and use the golden seal again. A solution of sugar of lead is also a specific for vegetable poison- ing of the skin. ; i; + •if.' «. i.nihi«»mji^iij^ CHAPTER XVII. VETEBINART SUBGEHY. 1. CA8TRATI0N.- -II. BLSBDINO. III. TRACRBOTOMT. IV. FKRIOSTSOTOMY.' KOTOMY. VI. DIVISION OF THE TENDONS. -V. XEU- HUi M. Gkneral Remauks on Surgery. — Every person who has the care of : .ai si.\)ck, or who has the care of horses, sliould understand some of th-; £ 111] )ler means used in veterinary surgery. The castration of aniiiiiils, for . ' :"ce5 is exceedingly easy and safe if a few simple rules arc oli- ^jpry^^.l f done in a bungling or improper mniiner, the chances, except in tnt <;a 1' ery young animals, are against recovery, liloedinj; h sometimes absolutely necessary to save life. When necessary it .should he promptly performed. Tracheotomy also, as cutting into the windpipo is called, must sometimes be performed before a surgeon could ])ossilily reach the animal. Periosteotomy, as operating upon themembnnie of the bones of the leg is called, liad better be left to the veterinary surgeon entirely ; so again, neurotomy, the division of the nerve which supplier the hoof of the fore leg with sensation, had also better be left to the surgeon. In all division of tendons, fractured limbs and various disaliil- itics to which animals are subject^ every liorseman ought to know what to do. The diseases of animals have been pretty thoroughlj' treated of in this work. Some of the operations of surgery must therefore receive the attention their importance deserves. I. Castration. Calves, lambs and pigs should be castrated when quite young, alnn}' before the sixth week of their life. Lambs and pigs should be ciistrsted at from one to two weeks old. Colts are not usually castrated until one year old, since thus they retain more of the natural vigor and style of the entire horse. 486 THK HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 487 In the case of colts and old horses the structures are tough and the cords strong, consequently clamps (grooved sticks) so twined t«)gethor at one end that when pressed together and tied firmly the cord will be held so tight that circulation is entirely stopped' are generally used. How to do It. — Cast the colt or horse and fasten him securely, having everything ready, a keen, round-pointed knife, clamps and cords. Seize the scrotum making a clean cut through the integuments and well into the tostiele, and in a line so the cut shall be parallel to the median line, or line dividing the scrotum. Clean the envelop of the testicle, leaving it as near intact as possible, as the envelop must remain with the animal. Draw the testicle out, put a clamp on the cord and seizing the other end of the iliinip with a pair of pincers press it strongly together, and tie securely witli a waxed thread. So proceed v;ith the other side. The horse may thou 1)0 allowed to get up. In thirty-six to forty-eight hours, the sticks ;UT to he removed by cutting the strings. Another mode, and a most excellent one, especially in the case of colts, is after freeing the testicle of its envelop and exposing the cord, to seize the artery beyond where it is to be secured, with a pair of pincei's made for the purpose, cut the cord and twist the artery seven or eight times ; lot iro, and with its retractive force it will retain the twist and prevent all hleeding. Another way is to tie the artery and allow the ends of the strings to hang out of the orifice. The plan by torsion, twisting by the pincers, is the plan to be preferred. In castrating, do not be afraid to make an extensive cut, and do not leave the cord too long, else it may be strangulated, and fever and infla- matiou ensue. If this should unhappily occur, enlarge the opening and push up the cord. If there is formation of matter, hasten it by foment- ation with warm water. When a free exudation of cream-like matter is pstablislicd, the animal will go on to recovery as granulation progresses. Wash the parts daily with tincture of aloes and myrrh. If, however, the work has been properly done, the animal will suffer little inconveni- ence, and nothing more need be done. The best time for castrating colts and horses is from the middle of May to the first of June, in the North, and in the South about the time the young grass is a full bite. H ?J • n. Bleeding. TJicre are cases where bleeding must be resorted to to save life. These are })rain disorders and some forms of inflanunatory disease. The jugu- lar vein is the one to be bled from, and when the object is to deplete the systen, six, seven, and even eight quarts should be taken. Always catch the blood in a vessel, as it is neccessary to know how much we take. I ^i 488 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. By pressing on the jugular vein along the neck, below the spot select- ed for the incision, it will soon rise up prominently. In bleeding, always make the incision in the line of the vein, never across it. Make the in- cision large, but never through* both walls of the vein. When sufficient blood has been taken, raise the lips of the vein between the lingers, tluust a pin through and wind some thread dipped in the blood about it to hold it. In staggers and diseases of the brain, it is usual to bleed in the roof of the mouth. Whenever a horse is to be bled, it is better to blindfold him, since it prevents his starting, and thus causing a miss with the lancet or fleam in the hands of an inexpert person. m. Tracheotomy. , The operation of tracheotomy consists in cutting down into the wind- pipe, in all desperate cases "where the animal is likely to suffocate for want of breath. In bad cases of strangles, or other obstruction to breath- ing, it is sometimes necessary to save the life of the animal, and there is no time to wait for a surgeon. How to do it. — Have an assistant hold the horse's head high, witli the nose extended, so as to best stretch the skin of the neck. Then feelin-r along the neck for that pai-t least covered with flesh, make a bold in- cision with a sharp knife — one with a round point, and thin, being prefer- able. Make the incision about four inches long, and along the central line of the windpipe, and down to it. Then with a sharp-pointed knife fierce one of the upper exposed rings of the windpipe, cut downward along the central line, dividing two or three of them ; introduce a tracheotoiiiv tube, which has a movable collar to prevent going in too far, and fasten its strings around the neck to hold it in place. The spout of a tea-kettle has been extemporized as a tube, and with good effect. This tube must be allowed to remain until the animal can breathe through the nostrils, when the wound may be sewn up and treated as any other clean cut. rv. Periosteotomy. This is cutting down to the bone, and through the periosteum, the ner- vous vascular membrane immediately investing the bone, and which in health has little or no sensibility, but which in disease of the bones is ex- ceedingly sensitive. It is sometimes performed in inflammation of the shank bone, when exudation has taken place between the membrane and bone, giving rise to thickening and the formation of bony matter. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. 489 How to do It. — Pass an extremely narrow-hladed knife through the skin half an inch below the swelling, and carry the point carefully up over it, dividing the periosteum or membrane. Then cover with a wet ImiKJage, or put in a seton. A better way is first to make a snip above and below the tumor with a pair of roweling scissors. Then with a lilunt seton needle fixed in a hollow handle by means of a screw, and armed with a tape knotted at the end, force it in at the lower snip and carry it up and out at the other, breiikins down the cellular tissue of the tumor. A probe-pointed knife is then introduced slicing the tumor. The knife is withdrawn, and the needle, released from the handle, is passed in at one opening and out of the other, the end withdrawn from the needle and thus the seton is fixed. The operation should bo performed by a surgeon. The first operation, simply cutting through the periosteum, is altogether the better course. V. Neurotomy. This is the division of the nen'e of the hoof in navicular disease when other means fail. It will give relief from pain, but it is no cure, and generally the disease goes on advancing until the animal becomes worth- less. We should never advise the operation upon an animal with a weak hoof. The operation must of necessity be, performed by a competent surgeon who understands the anatomy of. the foot and leg. VI. Division of the Tendons. There are some disabilities, as bad cases of knuckling over, carrying the tail awry, or only the toe of the hind leg may be able to be put to the ground, from contraction of the perforans tendon. Relief is obtained by division of the tendons, but it should always be done under the advice of and by a competent surgeon and with proper instruments. I! '' 'i >* i ; «: :. CHAPTER XVIII. : MISCELLANEOUS MINOR DISEASES. PIGMENT TUMORS. 11. EPITHELIAL CANCKR. III. PROPSY OP THE LL'.VGS, iv Sn.NGS AND BITES. V. FALLLNQ OFF OP HAIR. VI. ACUl K IKUITATION OK THK SKI.v. VII. HARDE.NIXa OK THE 8KIX. VIII. KXOSTO.SIS OF THE LOWEU JAW. IX. SWELL- IXa BY PRE8SUKK OF THE BRIDLE. X. SORE NOSE. XI. ROARING, OK HIGH-BLOW- I.NG. XII. WIND-OALLS. XIII. RUPTCRE OP THE HAMSTRING. XIV. I.NTKRML HBMORRHAUB. XV. PARTIAL PARALYSIS. P:t S^t.: *^! I. Black Figment Tumors. Those black pigment tumors known by the learned name of Melanosis, and which are so common in gray and white horses, attacking the biiru parts of the skin, as the anus, the vulva, the sheath, the udder, the lip*. the eye-lids, etc., are occasionally cancerous, but for the most part quite harmles-s. If they are deemed objectionable, as disfiguring the animal, remove them with the knife. n. Epithelial Cancer. This is a nipple-like cancer, M'hich sometimes appears on the lips of horses. It should be promptly removed Avith the knife, after which the part should be burned over with lunar caustic. m. Dropsy of the Lungs. This results from valvular and other diseases pf the heart. When tiie car is placed to the chest, and the horse struck on the other side with the open palm, the sound heard is nearly the same as that heard in pneumo- nia ; but it may be distinguished from pneumonia by the entire absence of fever which characterizes lung dropsy. It is usually beyond niodiciil reach, as the diseased heart, its original cause, is generally incurable. 490 THE IIOR8E, ITS UI8EASES. 491 Xo treatment, in addition to that already prescribed for heart disease, iiiii be recoinmeuded. rv. stings and Bites. Hornets, wasps and bees often attack horses, and sometimes cause them serious injuries. 'To relieve a case of this kind, wo use one of the following rcniedies, with which the coat must be thoroughly saturated : Solution of anunonia i weak carbolic acid wash, (1 ounce to a (juart of water) ; 1 i>int of lime water, in which 1 drachm of carbolic acid is dis- M)lved ; or oil of lobelia. Cases are recorded of hoi'scs having died in consequence of an attack of hees. In ordinary cases, the preceding direction properly carried out will be sutHcicnt ; but in more aggravated ones, sponge the whole body with lime water, and then smear with linseed oil. Jf lime is not accessi- i)le, use a weak solution of soda. Spirits of turpentine and laudanum, in eciual parts, will give relief. To [)revont the stings of gad-flies, make a strong infusion of the green hark of the elder, and wash the Hanks before going out. To prevent the l)ites of buffalo-gnats, that are so troublesome along the lower Alississippi, I'overtlie parts most likely to be attacked with a mixture of tar and lard —two parts of lard to one of tar. V. Falling Off of Hair. lor that unwholesome state of the skin and hair glands known by the learned terms of humid exanthema and dry exanthema, that causes the fallinir off of the hair, the following is an excellent local remedy when the animal is not under gejieral treatment for some disease primary to the state now under consideration : No. 209. 1 Ounce pulverized charcoal, 1 Pint olivo oil, 5 Ounces pyrollgueous acid, 1 Ounce common salt. Mix, and rub upon the parts daily with a sponge or a soft rag. VI. Acute Irritation of the Skin. For that acute irritation of the skin consequent upon clipping, wit^ which some horses suffer so much, wash twice a day carefully with a solution of soda (2 ounces of soda tp a buckot-full of water). If the horse is especially feverish and sore, give the following purgative : 1 'i f ^ »> ': No. 210. 8 Ounces castor oil, 2 Ounces tincture of aloes, 2 Dracbms essence of peppermint. »,i 49a II STOCK DOCTOIl. In grooming;, umq a soft bruttli, und iliMc-iird the curry-coiul) until [\k Horunuss and IcndornoHH arc gonu. , VII. Hardening of tho Skin. For flint Imrdoning of tluj wkin which takes phico in oonHO(iu»«n(o of the pn-sHuro of sonic portion of tho hunu'SH, from ciitling l\u' in((';j;iiiiii'iit, and sult-ccllnlar tissue, from tho calkings of tho shoos, from niutiuimi fungi, ot(*., UHo tho acotato uf cantharidcs aH an application to the in. durations : No. 211. m\ m § ' 1 Otiiico acctato acid, T) Ounoim wiiWr, 1 Otiiioo imlvorlzcd viinUiuriilog, Mix, and lot tho mixture stand fourteen days to soften. Then Ijltcr through linon or ))lottin}i! jjapor, and add one ounce of spirits of wine. Api)ly it occasionally hy means of a hit of sponge. Or, use 0(|ual \mU of oil of turpentine and olive oil applied in the samo way. Vm. ExostOBis of the Lower Jaw. That unnatural enlargement or l)ony ex- crescence of the lower jaw, known hytlie above name, is gciierallv eauscd hv ti tiirlit curb-chain used with a curb-bit of suuh lev- erage as to enable the rider to intlict injurv by violent jerking. The ; w'-bone is Imiis- ed, and soon enlarges. ' injured portion must exfoliate, or scale ; le presence nf TOMoncAwiDnYccRn-cnAiH. this uimatural substance under the flesh iind tendons gives rise to a foul ulcer, unless steps arc taken to give relief while the hurt is comparatively rei'cnt. Nature nnikcs a constant effort to heal, however, and unless tho tiiiiKir is irritated by passing particles of bone, it partij^lly heals, so that an ob- stacle is interposed from time to time to the escape of tho scales ; and in this way an unnatural bony structure is formed and matured l)eforc the bony tumor is entirely healed. To prevent this, o])en with a keen knife, as soon as the bone is found to bo injured, and keep the wound open lij using tho elastic syringe and Avarm water, until tho discharge has assumed an offensive odor-r-theu syringe into it several times daily, this solution; No. aia. 1 Scruple chloride of zinc, 4 Drachms essence of anise seed, 1 Pint water. TIIK liOltHE, ITS DIHKAHKS. 4!);{ If tuk(!ii ill timo, and trciitud in this way, tliu houlitig inuy tiiko placu williout deformity. Wli('i> <>»('" ^''" bony (;x(;i'(!m-uncu hii8 VHlaliliHliod itself, no oiiu Itut u fikillful veterinary surgeon Hitould bo entruHtvd witii ilH ruinuvul. IX- Swellings by Frossuro of tbo Bridle. \ Those, lis tlio designation indicates, arc Hwcllings, sotnetinies sores, and wnisiciiiilly, when of old standing, callous lumps, made by the pressure (iiiiil)liiiig of the bridle upon that, little prominence on the ne(!k just hclow aiitl l>ack f)f the root of the ear. Jf the swelling is simph! and rrecat, remove by saturating it with the camphorated corrosive sublimate (No. 2) and drying in with a hot flat iron, \nM close without touching. This iniisl i)e attended to once a day, and the bridle must be kept off iluriiij; treatment. If there is a sore without fungous growth ( proud llesh ) llic muiie treatment will be found effeetivo. If the tumor is of old standing and fungous, the proud tiesh tnust be Imnied away with lumir caustic. If it is old and horny, resort must bo had to the knife, after which the wound nuiy bo healed liy a dressing of viinplc '.enito, or of any of tho unctuoua oils. X. Sore Noso. The nose sometimes becomes sore from long-continued purulent dis- churgcs, from any irritating substance introduced, but generally fiom frnizing iieiir some irritating weed or vine .hiniestown weed will often pni.'ion the noses of horses, yet the leaves, buds and pods are eatc^n with impunity. So-called '•sneeze wcod" will also irritate tho nose and cause it to bcromc sore. As a rule rubbing tho nose with mercurial ointment in which ('([wal parts of sulphur and lurd has l)een intimately mixed will effect a cure. Apply with a mop, if out of roach of the hand, to be i;il)l)ed in as well as may be possible. XI. Roaring and High-blowing. This is when a horse emits any umiatural noise in traveling, whether he simply be thick winded, or emits the peculiar noise when hard urged, or tlio sharp sound denominated whistling and piping, similar to roaring, luit a more confirmod type, occasioned by a strong closing of tho rima glottidi^i. Whistlers are simply chronic or confirmed roarers, and roaring propctlcs whistling. Both impediments to breathing arc produced by atrophy or wasting or degeneration of the' muscles whoso office it is to dilute tho larynx. Thick wind is from an inflamed and thickened condition of the smflller h, k 494 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. U: ■' and lower branches of the breathing tubes, whistling from a narrowing or constriction of tiie windpipe. Roaring, again, is of two kinds, acute and chronic. The first is, in comparison with the chronic and coiitirnied state, light and trivial. Fortunately it is comparatively rare in the United States, but quite common in England, and essentially a disease of hih< If there is heat and tenderness in connection with the windgalls it must be treated with fomentations and a high-heeled shoe as recommended for such disabilities. As a rule simple windgalls being so common, often appearing on colts, and doing no injury, had better not be meddled with unless there is inflammation attending them. Xm. Bupture of the HamBtring. Not only the hamstring but other sinews are subject to rupture or even division. In this case the parts should be brought together and held t^o ])y starch bandages or splints or both, wiien fibrous tissue will form and the ends will unite in three, four, or five weeks. If inflammation occurs it must be treated as heretofore advised. XIV. Broken Wind. A horse with broken wind is in pretty inuoh tlio same condition as a man with the usthnia, It is said often to occur suddenly, as after unu- sual exertion, or after severe work upon a full stomach. The facts are, these may have agjjni- vated and suddenly made apparent syniptoins not noticed before. There is no cure, butniui-h may be done to alleviate the distress and enable the animal to do ordinary slow Avork. now TO HKAK TUB SOCMD MADB IN THK HORSX'S VINDPIPX. How to know It. — ^There is often, for a long time previous to a scvcro attack, more or less cough — a short dry hack, and occasioned by irritabil- ity of the larynx. The appetite is often ravenous and morbid, the thirst excessive. As the disease progresses there is flatulence, a pendulous belly, a ragged coat, and a general dejected and unthrifty appcariiiioe. In breathing there will be a three-fold effort. The inhalation will be quick, the expiration slow. Then the abdomen will rise as in an effort to drive forward the diaphragm, and thus empty the half expired lungs. The two last efforts seem laborious, and the double effort is often ouly partially completed when the animal is again forced to gasp for breath. In the earlier stages the peculiar sound made is in the windpipe. The cut given will show the manner of listening to sounds for throat ditfiiul- tics. Every horseman should accustom himself to recognize not only the sound indicative of healthy breathing but also those given out in various diseases of the throat. No horse with heaves or broken wind should be driven immediately after eating. The food should be sound, and water should be given ouly in small quantities. T^f^tmmmi jp J ^;yf « i;« n iff ^if ' i " i jj j n ■■ fJiKfa THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. XV. lotemal Hemorrhage. 497 Internal bleeding or heniorrlmge is rare unless made by puncture of some of the deep-seated bleed vessels. The orifice leading to the surface l)ein"' obscure and high, will cf course occasion internal bleeding. AVhen thev can be got at the remedy is of course tying. Punctured wounds do not bleed much, the clot usually closing the orifice, assisted by the con- tiiictioii of the vessel. In transverse or oblique clean cuts of an animal inusiii"' wounds to the important arteries death must follow unless they can be cut doAvn upon and tied. Rupture of the blood vessels of the lungs sometimes occurs from over exertion, and is also common from the nose. Or hemorrhage of the lunirs may arise from any pulmonary complaint involving the blood vessels. In this case it must be determined. If the blood comes from both nostrils and is frothy, it is from the lungs. If the horse has no specific disease of the lungs, and is in full flesh, bleeding from the ncok vein, a full stream, may check the l)lood. Digitalis in fifteen grain doses nuiv be given. It may give present relief, but probably there is no permanent cure. If the bleedinsr is from the blood vessels of the nose, a strong solution of alum may be syringed up the nostril. If this fails, pour half a pint of boiling water on a drachm of matico leaves, and when cool strain and inject it up the nostril. Chronic hepatitis, congestion and inflammation of the liver, often results in hemorrhage internally. The symptoms confirmi'ig this state of things arc. the mouth cold, nasal membranes pallid, the eyes ghastly, sometimes yellow. The horse will look for the scat of pain on the right side, and iisuiiUy lies on the left side when down. The head is depressed. As the disease progresses there is increased weakness with staggering. The pupils of the eyes are dilated ; the sight is bad, and if the head is attempted to be raised high the animal instantly shows signs of falling. What to do. — Put the animal in a roomy stall, or loose box. Keep the bowels regulated by grass and bran mashes only, with nutritious food and as much gentle exercise daily as the animal can take. Prepare the following : INTBUNAL VSMOBRnAGS. No. 216. 2 OiinceH iodide o( pctassiiim, 1 Qur.rt liquor potass-a. ill lii i !■ ^, I i' Mix, and give two table-spoonfuls twice a day in a pint of water. I M 498 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. v. Partial Paralysis. Hi! n This is a disease principally confined to fust driven horses, or those used to extreme exertion. It is also occasioned by ergot in the hay or grain and then is known as ergotism. An injury to the brain may causi' paralysis of the opposite side of the body. So paralysis of the face, body or limbs may arise from pressure on the brain. Paralysis of one side of the body, called hemiphlegia, may result from disordered brain or spinal cord. So paralysis of the face, ear, eyelid, lip, tongue, larviix and tail may arise from local causes. A current of cold aiv continually striking a part, bad fitting bridles, collars, o; other parts of the Imriiess. Paralysis of the hind limbs is the most common form and may result from injury to the loin or back, from indigestion, from tumors, parasites, in- flammation or softening of the spinal cord, from eating freshly ripened seeds of some of the grasses (the loliums) as darnell, flax rye grass, and perennial rye grass. What to do. — The cause must first be found. See articles on inflam- mation, poisons, indigestion, etc. IIORSB 8UFFBUINCI FROM PARTIAL I'AnALYSIS OF THE HIND LIOS. If the paralysis proceeds from an incurable disease it is to l)c trentod by cold water shocks and subsequent friction by rubbing. Among the best means is a current of electricity daily. The following ball has resulted in relieving the difficulty when it wa? partial paralysis of the hind limbs : No. 217. THE HORSE, ITS DISEASES. >i Grain strychnine, >i Grain iodine. 499 Work this up into a ball with powdered quassia and molasses and give daily, gradually increasii. the strychnine according to its effects, so that at the end of three weeks one grain will be given daily, and, if good effects are produced, a grain and a half may be given daily at the end of five or six weeks . .?: , /,-,•; i v r •< ; Panilysis is, however, past cure. Something may be done for present relief, but each recurring attack is more and more severe. The most strengthening food should be given and the best of care, always being lareful that the animal be not subject to cold drafts, or extraordinary labors. During the recurrence of the attacks, absolute rest and quiet must be given. In the giving of nerve stimulants, as strychnine, wheiv increasing the doses gradually, if twitching or slight cramps of the muscles are observed, cease giving for a few days and then begin again with the smallest dose. 32 -•.■V, i :!! CHAPTER XIX. MEDICINES. What to Keep, How to Obtain, How to Prepare, and How to Give Them. I. ALTBRATIVK8. II. ANESTHETICS. THARTICS. VI. CARMINATIVES. IX. DIAPHORETICS. X. DIURETICS.- lU. ANTISEPTICS. IV. ASTRINGENTS. y. CA VII. COUNTER IRRITANTS. VIII. CAUSTICS XI. DEMULCENTS. XII. DISINFECTANTS AND DEODORIZERS. — AND SEDATIVES. VERMIFUGES. — XIII, EMETICS AND EXPECTORANTS. XIV. NARCOTICS, ANODYNES XV. RELAXANTS. XVI. SJIMULANTS. XVII. TONICS. XVIII, -XIX. IMPORTANCE OP SYMPTOMS. XX. DISSECTION. XXI. 8URGI- CAJ, AND OTHER INSIRI.MENTS. XXII. MEDICINES TO BE KEPT. XXIII, DOSES. It is not necessary that every fanner should keep a large quantity of medicines on. hand. A few simples will suffice, excei^t in the case of those who, having a large stock of animals, require medicines to meet cases apt to arise. The great point we liave insisted on, and here reiter- ate, is good care and attention, in health, and good nursing in sickness, as being most important in the care of farm animals. The day has past for bleeding and purging for every ill that even horse flesh is heir to. Good nursing, attention to the general health, and to symptoms, with the prescriptions we have given, will enable any one to carry an animal through an ordinary sickness. Every person who has carefull}' studied this work M'ill sec the necessity of keeping some medicines on hand, since there is no reason why, with the aid of what we have pi'cscnted, he may not be able to treat nine in ten of the diseases to which farm animals are subject, and without tlic aid of a professed veterinary surgeon. The very full glossary which will be found as a part of this work, should be consulted for medical terms used when the definition does not immediately follow the use of the term, In naming the medicines and their effects in this chajiter M'e shall give definitions that mav be found in the jflossarv, since in the division of tlif subject of medicines it seems proper that we should follow the rule adopted of defining the meaning of terms in the body of the work. Tlie operations of medicine may be defined as follows : I. Alteratives. Medicines acting generally and continually on the system, especially on the blood and glandular system. Among the alteratives are, antimony, 500 TP TIIK HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. 501 niter, sulphur, ginger, ctUomol, arsenic, iodine, iodide of potHsaiuni, ^^ulphite, or bi-sulpiiite of «oda. Antmony. — Black sulphuret of antimony. Dose 1 to 2 drachms. Given in connection with sulphur, 1 to 2 ounces, and niter 4 to (> drachms. Ginifer. — Given as an alterative only in connection with other medicines. Calomel. — Give in broken doses, say 1 scruple. Another form of mercury, suli)huret, give 3 drachms once a day in connection with 4 dwchms cream of tartar in a pint of Avatcr. This has been recommended ill obstinate cases of surfeit, and other affections of the skin. xirscnir. — Dose 5 to 10 grains daily. It should only be used under the direction of a veterinarian. Its action is principally on the nerves. Fowler's solution of arsenic contains 4 grains to- the ounce. It is the best form in which to administer the mineral. lodiw. — As an alterative give 10 to 20 grains. Iodide of potassium. — Dose 1-2 to 1 drachm. Valuable in chronic rheuinatisni, chronic cough, scrofulous enlargements, and to cause ab- sorption in pleurisy, and inflammation of the lungs. Bisulphite of soda. — This must not he confounded with sulphate. Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce relieves tymphany. n. Aneesthetics. These remedies benumb the senses, relieve pain, and are used largely in destroying sensation in performing principal surgical operations. All that will be necessary to notice are : Chloroform and Ether. The best and safest preparation is the fol- lowing : No. 218. 1 Ounce alcobol, 2 Ounces chloroform, 3 Ounces ether. Cast the animal to be operated upon ; pour a table-spoonful on a sponge and hold to the nostrils so that the animal can take some air with it. since if not mixed with air, it is fatal to life. Keep the fingers on the pulse, and if it ceases, or intermits decidedly, discontinue, and hold harts- horn to the nose, and commence again more lightly. So soon as uncon- sciousness is produced, suspend the use of the anrosthetic, and renew again from time to time, until the operation for which it is given is oompleted. Sometimes the animal will continue low for some time after the admin- istration, with failing pulse and irregular ])roathing. If so, pour pails of cold water on the body, and if necessary, gentlv inflate the lungs with a pair of bellows, at the same time pressing upon and releasing the ribs, as ill natural respiration. Also press pieces of ice into the rectum, or ' I M i I I V: i| ,ipjii^aiiiii|i>lj]fpiy||inir m ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Viigina, according to the sex, as an additional means of restoration, if necessary. As the natural functions again act, cloth«i the body and nih dry. From two to four minutes should be sutticient to produce complitv insensibility in either the horse or ox. III. AutiscptioB. ' These are used to arrest mortification and putrefaction. The ])riii(i|i;il agents are charcoal, creosote, pyroligncous acid, sul[)hate of zinc, aijil yeast. They should be applied directly to the parts affected. '•" ' ^ IV. Astringents. , These are agents used to stop or lessen discharges, either of the howols nose, blood vessels, kidneys or glands, and are applied l)oth intcnialK and e.xternally. Among those usually employed, are, acetate of icai], alum, catechu, ergot, kino, opium, per sulphate of iron, tannin, the min- eral acids, and gallic and tanic acids. ^ Thc}"^ should not bo used when there is considerable inflammation ; nor for diarrhrea, in the beginning of a difficulty, since this flux is ofteu an effort of nature to relieve the body by natural means. Acetate of lead. — Dose, 1 to 2 scruples. As a wash, use a saturated solution. Alum. — Dose, 2 to 3 drachms ; useful in sore throat and dysentery. In powder, used for stopping the flow of blood. Catechu. — Dose, 2 to 5 drachms. Useful in diarrhrea. Ergot. — Dose, 1-2 to 1 ounce. Checks bleeding from the lungs, nosp, stomach and bowels. As an astringent, for this purpose, it is better tn give it by liypodcrHiic injections, using ergotine in solution in five grain doses. Kino. — Dose, 1-2 ounce to an ounce. Given in diarrhoea. Opium — Laudanum. — Dose, powdered opium, 2 drachms. Lauda- num, 2 to 4 ounees. It is a well known agent in relieving the spasms of colic, dysenterj', lock-jaw and other convulsive ailments. In diseases of the lungs and breathing tul)es, if the respiration is short and quick.it should not be given. So, if there is much fever it should not be given until these symptoms abate. Per sidphate of iron. — Dose, 1 to 2 drachms. Useful for arresting! bleeding or hemorrhage. Tannin. — Tannic acid is the best form. Dose, 10 to 20 grains. A powerful astringent in diarrhoea or mucus discharges. V. Cathartics. These are medicines acting strongly and directly on the bowels as a purge, in from 3 to 12 hours. Strong purgatives should not be given except it be necessary to thoroughly evacuate the bowels, and deplete the mc-W«',w w»«w*'«H.«!«; THE HORSE, IT8 DISEASES. 503 animal systom. Tho pnnoipal agents enipUn'ed arc aloes, croton oil, liii8tr(l oil, podophylliii ami salts. JA/^N, liavhudoeit. — This should alwa^'s ho used in preference to Cup^ aloes, which is more griping. Dose 4 to 8 drachms. Croton oil. — A j)o\vorful and sharp purgative, valuable in obstinate ,iiii.ti|)ations. Api)lied externally it is apt to irritate and produce blem- ish. Dose internally 20 drops. IJiiki'hI oil. — A safe, and pretty sure, mild purge. Dose 1 pint to Pmlnphnllln. — This is the active principle of the 'May apple. It is both purgative and sedative. Dose 1 to 2 drachms. Its effect on animals i« iiDt so marked as on man. In the commencement of fevers it is I'Xi'ollent. .SV(/A'«. — Sulphate of soda or Glauber salts is generally used when pui-- lative effects are rcfpiired. The dose is 1 to 1 1-2 pounds. Epsom salts, >iilpliatcof magnesia, dose 1 to 2 pounds, or 8 to 12 ounces, and repeated evm three or four hours until an operation is had. VI. Carminatives. Tiiosc are usctl in colic, griping, etc., and are often given with griping medicines. The principal agents are black pepper, caraway seeds, cloves, giiigiT, peppermint, sage, etc. Black pepper, — Dose 2 drachms. When a quick and powerful remedy i> nM|uirod give 2 drachms red (cayenne) pcj)per. Coraurn/. — Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce of the seeds, as a powder, or a.s an infusion. ■ ; CJiiiTK. — Dose 1-2 to 1 ounce of powdered cloves steeped in hot water and L;ivcn warm, or ;}0 to GO drops of the oil of cloves given in thin Miuciiiiirc of gum arable. Peppwmint (oil). — Dose IT) to 30 drojjs in mucilage. Sage or any of the heating herbs may be given as a tolerably strong infusion or tea. VII. Counter Irritants. These arc divided into classes : Kubefacients, which simply excite the skin to redness ; vesicants, which blister, and suppurants which produce sores oil the surface. They are serviceable by setting up inflammation iiti tile surface near the seat of disease, in congestion and inflammation of intorniil organs : also of the bones, joints and tissues. Rubefacients are L'nod in intluenza, and other attacks of a general nature, where there is l(i\v fpvor ; as, for instance, rubbing a paste of mustard on the legs and washintr it off in ten or fifteen minutes. Vesicants should not be used wlien fovcr or inflammation is high, and suj-purants are chiefly of value in old clironic complaints. ! 1 ' ■,'( llll 504 ILLU8TKATED BTOCK DOCTOR. ml m liubefacients. — Alcohol, anitnonia, mustard, turpentine. Vesicdtifn. — Ciintharides, s^calding water, and a liol iron at 212 de^ees, Fahrenheit. Suppumnts. — Croton oil, ointment of tartar emetic. Vni. Caustics. Agents which burn and destroy the flesh. Used to kill the virus in poisoned wounds, eat out proud flesh, destroy sloughs, and stimulate old ulcers ; to produ'jc healthy action in fistulas, and remove warts and otiier excrescences. Among the best agents are butter of antimony, cnutitir {jotash, chloride of zinc, lunar caustic (nitrate of silver), nitrate of mercury, nitric acid, and the hot iron at a white heat. Chloride of zinc and nitrite of silver come in pencil shaped sticks. Nitric acid must be used with care. It is powerful and intensely eating, causing extreme pain. but which soon ceases. It may be used by dipping a suitable slip of wood in the acid and applying. The hot iron is the most powerful cauHtii', as it is the most eflicient. It however requires nerve and judgment tu use it properly and efficiently. IX; Diaphoretics. ^ These are medicines to cause sweating or to increase the insensible perspiration, and thus relieve pressure on other organs. Acetate of am- monia in solution, Dovers powder, ipecac and cantharides are mainiv employed ; the animal being covered quite warm. Warm water is also useful, but steaming the most prompt of all. Acetate of ainmonia. — Solution. Dose, 2 to 3 ounces. Dover's poivders. — Dose, 3 drachms. Ipecac. — Given in 2 to 3 drachm doses in warm water, until the effect is produced. Not especially useful for horses. Cantharides.— ^jyo^Q., 4 to 5 grains. X. Diuretics. These are medicines used to act on the kidneys. Saltpeter, sweet spirits of niter, cream of tartar, turpentine and digitalis are princi- pally used. Saltpeter. — Dose, G to 8 drachms. Sweet spirits of niter. — Dose, 1 to 2 ounces. Cream of tartar. — Dose, 1 ounce. Turpentine (Oil). — Dose, 1 to 2 ounces. Digitalis. — Dose, 1.5 to 20 grains. Both diuretics and diaphoretics are similar in their action. If swentin' is intended, it must be assisted with warmth and friction. If operation THE I10i;8E, 1T8 DIHEAHEH. 505 Ull the internal organs is required, warmth and friction should not be (1. XI. Demulcents. These are gummy or glutinous Hubstunccs, used to soothe and cover in- fluiued surfat'ce, or those in un irritable condition ; us inflammation of the throat, stomach and bowels ; in diseases of tlic kidneys, or for irrita- hlc conditions generally. Those most in use arc : Linseed tea, gum ;iral)i(' water, slippery elm bark tea, starch water and olive oil. Marsh iimllows makes one of the most valuable agents known, being especially soothing to the bowels. Xn. Disinfeotants and DeodoriErrs. The most valuable of these arc, sulphate of iron, chloride of zinc, car- bolic acid, chloride of lime, used for disinfecting and deodorizing drains, etc. The cheapest is a solution of sulphate of iron, a good handful dis- solved to each bucket of water used. As an atmospheric fumigant and disinfectant, the following is cheap, and one of the best known ; if No. 219. }i Pound flowers of sulphur, 'i ]'oiin(lM pine lur. Mix with a gentle heat, saturate tow with it and burn without flame. Carbolic acid in weak solutions, or crude carbolic acid in its liquid, in»- pure form, as it conies from the gas works, is valuable for brushing over any wood, iron, brick or .stone work. Also valuable for wetting cloths, and hanging up ^o destroy disease germs, keep away Hies, etc. The following formulas will be found valuable disinfectants : No. 220. 1 Part sulphate of zinc, 1 Part powdered oak bark, S Parts sulphate of iron. Mix into balls of proper size and place in drains, .sinli-holes and cess- pools. Collins' disinfecting powder is made by adding 1 jiart of burnt alum to two j)arts of chloride of lime. Pour on water to thoroughly wet the mass, and set in shallow pans about the stable. The following is a powerful disinfectant • No. 221. 2 Pounds common salt, 1 Pint oil ol vitriol. Pour the oil of vitriol gradually and slowly over the salt, and the act- ive disinfectant, muriatic gas, will be evolved. The follmving, known as chloralum, is not poisonous, and has no smell. To make it take, m rm ILLUSTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR. Ko. 222. 1 H Poondfi chlorido of aluminum, 1 Oulion water. DJggolve. \iiiii •f!-f A most effectual, powerful and cheap disiufoctant, but poisonous, if taken, is made as follows . Ko. 223. 8 Ounces chloride of zinc, ItJ Ounces Hulphate of iron, 1 Gallon water. DUtiolve. A i^int mixed in a gallon of water will bo quite strong enough for use. XIII. Emetics and Expectorants. What would act as an emetic on man, would be simply a nauscant with the horse. The horse does not vomit, nauseants act to loosen a t'ou"h and to loosen the mucus in the air passages, and thus facilitate its expul- sion. Nauseants also act as a sul)stitute for the old practice of bleedintr. Tartar emetic, blood root and sulphate of zinc are among those usuallv employed. Tartar emHic. — Dose, 1 to 1 1-2 drachms, in connection with lobelia and saltpeter. Blood root. — Dose, from 2 to 4 drachms of the powdered root. Sulphate of zinc. — Dose. 1 to 2 drachnjs. Tartar emetic. — This is often employed in connection with saltpeter and lobelia. Dose, tartar emetic 1 drachm ; saltpeter 1 ounce ; lobelia 1 drachm. XIV. Narcotics, Anodynes and Sedatives. These run one into the other, and are used to soothe pain, allay tlio irrital)ility of the system, and quiet excessive nervous action, ^arcotio^ quickly quiet the system, induce sleep, and if taken largely, ])roducc' death. When given simply to allay pain, they are called anodynes. The action of a sedative is to lower nervous force, reduce the pulse and abate febrile symptoms, especially in the beginning of acute inflammiition. yarcotics. — Opium, or its jireparations, laudanum and morphia, bella- donna, tol)acoo and Indian hemp. Opium is generally given as a tincture, in the form of laudanum. Dose, 1 to 2 ounces. Morphia. — Dose, 3 to 5 grains. Belladonna. — Dose, 2 ounces. Indian hemp. — The dose of this drug 1-2 to 1 drachm. Sedatives. — Aconite, tincture. Dose, 20 to 30 d>' Veratrum viride. — The dose of this is 1 scriple THE nORKK, ITS DTSKASKS. 507 XV. Relaxants. These deprive the musolos of tlioir i)()\ver. Of this class lobelia should be I'iven in doses of 1 to 2 drsK luns, XVI. Stimulants. . • . i These nrc, nloohol, and tiro givvn in tlic form of brandy, whisky, nun, i;in iiul ale. The latter when iin aniniiil is exhausted by liard driving, luedoso of brandy, whisky or gin is H to fi ounces, and of alcohol 1 to .bounces diluted witii water. Other stimulants arc: c^tljcr, dose, 1 to 2 minces; carbonate of ammonia, dose, '2 to 1 drachms; turpentine, dose, 1 to '2 ounces ; and ginger, dose, 1 ounce. The ginger to be given as a tea. Stimulants are used when it is necessary to (juickly raise the animal from exhaustion. In nervous exhaustion its effects are marked, but it must not bo given in intlammntii)n or fever. XVII. Tonics, Tonics sharpen the appetite, increase the nervous vigor, and thus im- |irove tlu' ctnidition of the patient. Many horsemen arc fond of giving ^•llndition^wwders, the nuiin vahie of which lies in the alteratives and tunics contained. In this they suppose that they are lieneficial to already licaltliv animals. Nothing could be farther from the truth. They arc iidt liciieticiiil unless the animal is out of condition and the system needs l■:lllvill,L^ To get the best effect from tonics, they should l>e given in liglit doses, and continued for a considerable time. Then intermit for a few duys, and if necessary, commence again, or substitute another tonic. Tlip mineral tonics, sulphate of iron, sulphate of copper and arsenic are more active than the vegetable ton'cs, Peruvian l»ark, gentian, quassia, etc., though often the two forms combined act with greater efficacy. XVIII. Vermifuges. ' These are medicines supposed to be useful in expelling worms. For round worms, common salt, to be licked at will, is one of the I'cst agents to expel them. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce. Tartar emetic 2 drachms and sulphate of iron 2 drachms ; give tive or six days in succes- >ion. and follow l)v a purge. Four to drachms of aloes is one of the I'cst direct vermifuges. Taj)p n'orm. — Oil of turpentine 1 ounce doses; or root of male shield fern, 1 ounce of the extr.act. Give all vermifuges fasting, and at the end nf four hours give a purge of aloes. For weak aninuds give areka nut 1 ounce. In using a vermifuge it is always better to clear the bowels before giving it, and in case the worms are in the intestines give injections as well , I] i^ Ml n ?! ''"''a 508 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. as a purgative by the mouth. It should be remembered that vermifu(;e.s that destroy by mechanical irritation, as iron filings, pounded glass, (>U;, should never be given. From the foregoing the action of the different classes of mcdiciines will be learned. Some of the more common we have given as examples. In the vast list of drugs used in medicines, and which arc drawn alike from the animal, vegetable and mineral kingdoms, and some of thcni, the most valuable, being deadly poisons, must not be given in too large doses, the practitioner cannot be too careful in their use. The doses we have given in this chapter are from medium to large. If there is any doubt in using those, especially the strong poisonous extracts or crystals use the smaller. There are really but few medicines out of tiu- large list tliat are of real and well known value in common practice. The druggint in prepar- ing medicines, uses delicate scales and weighs accurately. It is alwsvs better that they compound the prescriptions if j)ossible ; yet, as it is not always convenient to seek the druggist, especially when a stock of medi- cines in ordinary use is kept, it is better to have a pair of scales and a liquid measuring glass. We therefore append a table of weights and measures as used by veterinarians : WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. Apothecaries' Weight. 20 grttins make 1 i)criiple, 3 scruples make 1 drachm, S druchms make 1 ounce, 16 ounces miike 1 pound. Wine Meap .re. 60 minims, or drops make 1 drachm, 8 d aclims make 1 ounce, • 10 ounces make 1 pint, 2 pints make 1 tjuart, 4 (juurts make I gallon. Sufficient accuracy in fluid measure for anything not violent ia its action, will be the following : 60 drops, or 1 ten-spoonful, make 1 drachm, / 4 tea-spooDfuls, v r 1 table-spoonful, make H ounce, 2 tablc-Hpoonl'uls make 1 ounce, 1 wine-glassful makes 2 ounces, 1 tea-cupful makes 4 ounces, 1 tumblerful makes H pint, ' 1 tin-cupfkil mnkes 1 pint. A handful of flaxseed, or other seed, usually innocent in their nature, will weigh about 2 ounces ; a handful of leaves of dried herbs will weigh about 1 ounce. THE HOUSE, ITS DISEASES. IX. Importance of Symptoms. 509 The importance of understanding symptoms in disease, not only of the borfsc, but of all farm stock, is generally underrated by farmers and stock iiii'ii, and yet it is the key to all remedial means. Unfortunately, dunil> animiils cannot tell how they feel, and thus the practitioner must judge l)V outward signs, which, by the way, are pretty ample to the ( eful ob- server. These are ditticult to describe in print, yet they have ])cen so doscril)cd as fully as i)ossible in the list and treatment of diseases. PiVory horse owiier, and especially every stock-raiser, should educate himself to understand symptoms in such diseases as he must necessarily have to deal with. This will not be found diHicult, if the reader will use the means we have presented in this work. The pulse is one of the most important agents in this direction ; through this, we may get a pretty acourate indication of the state of the system in relation to fever, ple- thora of blood, or <^.he reverse. It cannot well be described, and yet it is soon learned by use and observation. In the horse, the mouth is hot and dry in fever, and moist and cool in health. In health the nose of the ox is espceiailv cool and moist, and in fever hot and dry. The full or small pulse, depends upon an excessive quantity of blood in the vessels indi- oiiting a full or a weak nutrition. A thready or wirey pulse is indicative of a small (juantity of blood in the vessels, combined with an increased or diminished contractibility of the heart. A sluggish or oppressed pulse will indicate unusual fulness of the vessels, the vital powers of contract- ibility and sensibility not being increased, or, it may even be one or both of them being diminished. Among the internal causes operating on the pulse are irritability and nervousness. Outside causes are tcni|)erature,. other atniosi)heric causes, and manner of feeding. Tin* stock man who will habituate himself to feeling the pulse of his animals, will soon com«^ to understand how slight causes will sometimes affect this agent, and thus will soon learn to detect disease, often by this indication alone. This and attention to the outward symptoms we have given in diseases enumerated, will soon enable him to dispense with the services of the practiced veter- inarian, except in critical cases. XX. Dissection. If a fanner would, when an animal is sick, in addition to attending to ! scesses, castrating, and various other .surgical operations. Any straight, liioiid-bladcd, keen-edged knife will do. In castrating, however, we have always preferred a round-pointed blade, similar to that used by nurscrynicn in budding. 9. A !*t>ton needle for threading and introducing tapes or other setons. 10. A few surgical needles, white thread and silk, or better, thin cat- (nit. These may all be carried in a neat morocco case mnde for the purpose, and vnn l)C afforded, wholesale, at ten dollars. (In fact Ave will send them at that price, delivered with this book.) XXII. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses. The following drugs will be found handy. Keep everything in white bottles, well corked. Corrosive substances must have ground glass stoppers. The druggist, if so instructed, will arrange things. Quanti- ties of these to be kept should be about ten doses each. 1 dose is : 1. AcHic acid — Antidote to acids, cooling astringent. Horse, 1 drachm ; ox, 2 drachms ; sheep, 1 scruple. 2. Thirfiirc ofaroniff, — Sedative, dia])horetic. Horse, 20 to 30 di'ops : ox, 30 to 40 dro]is ; sheep, 3 to 5 drops. i\. Alrnhnl. — Stimuhmt, diuretic, narcotic. Horse, 1 to 3 ounces ; ox, .^ to () ounces : sheep, 1-2 ounce. Locally," cooling astringent. 4. Bnrhndops aJopft. — Purgative. Horse, 4 drachms. 5. AJiiw. — Astringent. Horse, 2 to 3 drachms; ox, 3 to 4 drachms; sheep. 1-2 to 1 drachm. fi. Amnuinw, lifpiid. — Diffusible stimulant, anti-spasmodic, anti-acid, diuretic. Horse, 1-2 ounce : ox, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm. 7. Carhnnnfp of ammonia. — Diffusilde stimulant, anti-spasmodic, aiiti-!ieid. diuretic. Horse, 2 to 4 drachms ; ox, 4 to 6 drachms ; sheep, 1-2 to 1 drachm. 8. Ani.<.p;isinodic, diuretic, diaphoretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces ; ox, 3 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 3 to 6 drachms. 37. Tobacco. — Sedative, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 4 drachms ; ox, 4 to (i drachms ; sheep, 1 drachm. 38. Tar. — E.xpectorant, antiseptic. Horse, 1-2 to 1 ounce ; ox, 1-2 to 2 ounces : sheep, 1-2 ounce. 39. Turpentine oil. — Stimulant, antispasmodic, diuretic. Horse, 1 to 2 ounces; ox, 1 to 1 1-2 ounces; .sheep, 1 to 2 drachms. Vermifuge: Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 3 ounces ; sliecp, 4 drachms. 40. Valerian. — Diffusible stimulant, antispasmodic, vermifuge. Horse, 2 ounces ; ox, 2 to 4 ounces ; sheep, 1-2 ounce. 41. Wild cherry bark. — Expectorant. Horse, 1 ounce; ox, 1 1-2 ounces ; sheep, 3 drachms. 42. Zinc, .Hulphate. — Astringent, tonic. Horse, 1 to 2 drachms ; ox, 2 to 3 drachms ; sheep, 15 to 30 grains. XXIII. Graduating Doses. In tlie administration of medicines the foUoM'ing statement of ages and doses will he found valuable in determining quantities. The doses men- tioned in the preceding list being full ones : A horse of 3 years, ox 2 years, sheep 1 1-2 years and swine 15 months old, should have a full dose. A horse 15 months to 2 years; cattle 1 to 2 years, sheep 9 to 18 months, and swine 8 to 15 months, 1-2 of a full do.se. A horse 9 to 18 months, cattle 6 to 12 months, sheep 5 to 9 months and swine (5 to 8 months, require 1-4 of a full dose. A colt 5 to 9 nionths old, calves 3 to H months, lanibs 3 to 5, and pigs 3 to ti months old, may have 1-8 of a full adult dose. Colts 1 to 5 months old, calves 1 to 3 months, lambs 1 to 3 months, and pigs 1 to 3 months old, may have l-lfi of the dose. Nervous, excitable animals retjuire h^ss than others. The continued use of medicines renders their action slow and decreases their power. The intlueuce of disease also checks or modifies action. In diseases of the l)rain, and spinal cord, and in impaction of the stomach, double \ i ., . I 514 ILLIISTIIATED STOCK DOCTOR. quiintitios must .sometimes be given, while in low fevers one-half the usuiil (luantity may produce evil, and somotiniejs prove fatal. As a rule, anodynes, narootict*, sedatives, stinmlants and unti-spasniodii!^ may be repeated once in four hours until the recjuircd effeet is produced. Twice daily may be given as the rule for alteratives, refrigerants, touiu,< diaphoretics and febrifuges. Emetics should be repeated every tlve or ten minntes and their ui'tinn induced by opening the nioutii and irritating the throat with a fctithor. If the animal will drink, give large draughts of slightly warm wuter. Emetics are not given to horses. ,, ,. Purgatives should not be given the second time until the first has had full time to operate. In tlie horse not before .'i(J hours ; cattle anil sheop 12 to IT) hours ; swine in 7 to 10 hours. Draughts of tepid water, or warm gruel assist the oi)eration of purgativis. A ball is not to be made round, but longer than it is wide and not larger than a walnut for horse or ox. It nmst be small enough so an animal may swallow it easily. Balls are made of drugs in powders niixod into a semi-solid state with honey or molasses and linseed meal, and cov- ered with oiled tissue paper. ;. ,, • * .Wv. , Drenches (liijuid medicines) are made as infusions, with Avarra or cold water, or as decoctions with boiling water. Powdered substances nut solvent in Avater are mixed with thick gruel or mucilage. A ball is best given with the aid of a balling iron. This has been pre- viously described. Put the iron between the front of the jaws, and place the ball well back on the tongue with the hand. Hold the head well up until swallowed. This may be aided by stroking the throat next the jaw,*, Liquids are given from a horn or thick quart bottle with a pretty Ioul' heck, such as a champagne bottle. No liquid or irritating medicine should be given until sufficiently diluted with water so that it will not injure the mouth if held therein some minntes. Oil of turpentine, eroton oil, and other strong irritating substances that will not mix with water, should be mixed with palm or olive oil, milk beaten with eggs, or it nniy be given in mucilage as the case may require. Powerful agents, that do not irritate, act promptly injected under the skin with a hypodermic syringe. A surgeon's advice should be used in administering them. Injections are given with a horse syringe. There are patent injectors that pump in the liquid continuously. We have described an itnplemfiit that works well, by gravity, and is easily made. Snuill syringes are used for injecting abscesses. Also the hypodermic syringe for injecting under the skin. K! .:■ '■( ■■■■ •; ><■';> r:-,- .»:-i / !■'••'• i. CHAPTER XX. lUFLEMENTS AND APFABATUS. "Wiiat to Keep, and How to Use Them. Catheter. — This is a round gutta percha tube, Avith one end open, the other rounded and near the end with two openings. Used to draw away the water when the horse is unable to pass it natural!}'. They are also iiitrod)iced into deep ulcers, and liquid injected through them by means of a syringe. In using the catheter, it should be well oiled and carefully and slowly pushed along the orifice or canal. Drawing knife. — Frog knife. The knife in common use by black- smiths; a thin blade with a sharply-curved end fixed in a handle, and used in cutting into and paring the hoof. Firing iron. — A heavy, blunt-edged blade fixed in a handle, and some- times used for blistering when the actual cautery is considered necessaiy. Vuluablc in skillful hands. Forceps. — These are pincers Avith long jaws, and used for extracting spHnters, pieces of bone, or for seizing arteries in order to tie them up. Knives. — These should be always keen and should be both sharp and round-pointed. A iieavy bistoury is a long, narrow-bladed knife for openin"; deep wounds and abscesses. Lancet. — These are of three kinds : the thumb lancet, the sjiring lan- cet and the fleam. The thumb lancet is gauged by the thuml), the spring liincet by a spring, and the fleam is struck by a hard wood stick. Always make the incision lengthwise of the vein. Ligatures. — Cords for tying arteries, and in tying, a surgeon's knot should be used. Instead of passing the end of the cord once round the other, pass it twice around before drawing tight. It will hold securely. Probes. — These are made of silver wire, with the ends slightly knobbed. They are useful in exploring wounds. Uowel. — This is a ring of leather, an inch or so in diameter, the rim 616 ;/ii.. 88 :! n WU- 516 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. being about a quarter of an inch wide. It is wrapped with flux or thread moistened with turpentine, and pushed down into a pockot nmdc in the skin, to induce a running sore. They are little used now; setons accomplishing the object fully. Setons. — A cord or ligature of leather thrust in, under and out of tlie skin, and tied. It is soaked with turpentine or smeared with irritating compounds, and turned every day, the object being to promote and keep up a discharge of pus, and reduce inflammation. Seton needles. — These are broad, curved blades, with a round shaft eighteen inches long, and with an eye at the blunt end. Used forthreud- ing setons of tape, cord or leather into wounds made. Needles for sew- ing up wounds are of several sizes, curved, square needles. Tents. — These ai'e pledgets of tow, lint or other substances introduced into wounds to cause them to form matter. They should bo moistened with Venice turpentine. Tioitch. — A loop of leather or strong cord, fastened securely upon a stout handle two feet long. Used for holding refractory horses, or dur- ing surgical or other operations. Pass the upper lip through the loop, and twist until sufficient force can be used to keep the animal still. Hopples. — Ropes for casting a horse. They should be each twenty- five feet long. Have two strong straps of leather double, with a two inch seam between, and so they may be buckled tight to the fetlock. Fasten both ropes securely to the bottom of a collar placed on the horse's neck. Or if the rope is long enough, loop the middle to the collar; buckle a strap securely to each hind pastern, pass the ends of the rope through the rings, and back through the collar. One man manages the .head to bring the horse down properly and easily, while assistants pull forcibly on the ropes ahead. A horse should never be cast except u|)oii a thick, soft bed of straw or tan bark. If it is simply wished to hopple the horse, fasten the ends of the rope to the collar, and of such a length that the horse cannot kick. ' Slings. — ^These are an apparatus to suspend a horse's weight in case of fracture, rheumatism, or other diseases Avhen the animal cannot bear full weight on the limbs. First a broad strip of leather or strong canvas two feet wide and six or seven feet long, stiffened at the ends by being sewn around smooth billets of wood. To this a breeching is attached to pajs around the buttocks, and others to and about the breast, to hold it se- curely. Loops must be fastened to the billets at the ends of the girdle of sufficient strength to bear the weight of the animal. Double blocks and pulleys are attached to these, suspended at proper points, and thus the animal is lifted and suspended so as to bear much or little weight on bis limbs. r ..' • ■:■":■• ^ ,; rv^^ • PART III. CATTLE; HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. / J tBRIR ORIGIN— ITIEa IM AYRSHIREa- TKXAS CATT The nativ( has long sine The Urus described in ncss, and fat all legends tl The dome,' Our earlici who lived in sueh as have Noah cert they caiTied Cattle wei ancient nati( eration. lu the daj the days of and probabb ■Mfi ',tHT/:;n''^'U.,iT it..': vfiv-. i'-':>:*. CATTLE. CHAPTER I. NATUBAL HIBTOBY OF CATTLE. BBKrH ORIGIN KARLY DOMESTICATION THK DIFFBRK.NT KINDS AND THEIR PKCULIAK- ITIES IMPROVKD BRKBDS DEVONS SUSSEX SHORT HORNS ALDBRNKYS AYBSHIRES HOLSTKINS POLLED CATTLE KERRY C0W8 THK CHBROKXB OR TEXAS CATTLE, ETC., ETC. The native country of the genus Boa ia not known, and the wild type Las long since passed u.wuy. The Urus is regarded as the parent of domesticated cattle, and is described in its wild state, as an animal of enormous size, of great fierce- ness, and fable has thrown around it an air of mystery, as is common in all legends that have come down to us from the far past. Domestication of Cattle. The domestication of cattle is also a matter of conjecture. Our earliest record comes from scripture. • Jubal, the son of Lamech, who lived in the lifetime of Adam, is recorded as being "the father of .such as have cattle." Noah certainly had cattle, and wherever the sons of Noah migrated, they carried cattle Avith them. Cattle were worshipped by the earliest Egyptians, and among the ancient nations of Judea, they were, and still are, held in great ven- eration. In the days of Abraham, cattle certainly were regularly bred, and in tile days of Jacob wo have an account of systematic breeding to color, and i)rol)a])ly to type. 519 ^ 620 ILLt'HTUATEU 8TOCK DOCTOU. In ovory civnizccl nation, tho kcopingof ciittlo forniH amonj; thocurlipst l>ro'Jiu'fivc industries recorded, and every Celtic; nation has at one tiiiic or another represented thcni a« divinely given, or else, like the Hindoos, held theni in the greatest veneration. Scientiflo Nomenolature. According to naturalists cattle belong to the class Mami mlin ; that is, having mannnoD or teats ; their natural order is culled ruiiiuKintia, from their habit of ruminating, or chewing tho cud. . Their TUinE is termed bovida, meaning the ox kind. The oknis is f)OS, tho ox ; the horns growing, from the crest, proj<'cting at tirst side- ways, and porous or cellular inside, Avith a film of true horn encasing tlio cellular bony structure inside ; tho 8t;n-(iKM's, wliich will form tlu* subject of what we have to say, is termed bos Imtnis, or the donu's- ticatcd ox. Of these there are many families, or sub-families ; each distinctive breed being a family. Mixed breeds, grades, and crosses, may bo tenmtl sub-families. Tho Teeth. Cattle are distinguished as to their teeth by having eight lower inoisorp, and none upper ; these aro tlio cutting teeth. They have no canine teeth or tusks, but have twenty-four molars or grinding teeth ; six on each side of tlie lower jaw, and six on each side of tho upjX'V j;i\v. Tiie upper jaw has no incisors ; but the skin upon which tho lower iiui- fiors meet in tl)o upper jaw is thickened, hard, and in aged aiiinials almost horny. The teeth may be roprescntod as follows ; the figures above the line representing the upper, and tiie figures l)elow the line rep- resenting the lower jaw : 6 6 Cattle, incisors, — , cnnincs, — , molars . 8 6 ti • ,,,( Total, 32 teeth. We annex a cut of a section of the lower jaw showing the eight incisors, of a mature ox, or at the age of five years. Before and afler tins age the teetli vary very materially, as other portions of this section show. Tkkth of Ox at Agk ok Fivk yK.»n.«. Fig. 4 Hat one month o' *^ 8|or the full set. wc Ffg. 11. three jears pasf ^eai Jers, and two ( '" gone ; also wej ibf W .'■>V Fig. 4 lUt one month o' *^'^ 8 |or the full set. yf^^rp, Fig. 7. Teeth at twelve montho old, showing ab- sorption in all the nippefS, except outside pair, and wear in theue. \ , Fig. 11. h threu years pasf ^c*"" "" Fig. 1. Teeth of Calf at Birth, showing the first two incisors, milk teeth. Fiff. 8. Teeth at fifteen months '^H, showing ab- •orption ind wear in all the temporary nip- pers. Fig. 2. Teeth at two weeks old, showhg four temporary incisorv Cu],i-I VJLmHm Pig. 4. at one month old, showing eight or the full set. Ilg. ff. Teeth at six to eight months old, showii« wear on first two, or central teeth. ' Ffg. 11. :d thret- years nast, showing six per- ij)per8, ftticl two oiitsiclc temporary l\ gone ; also wear on two central Fig. 12. Teeth at four years past, slewing eight permanent incisors — the full nouth — and complete complement ; also w«ir on all but outside teeth. i' Fig. 6. \\ Teeth at ten months old, showing absotp< tion in first two pairs of teeth, and wear o* two outside pairs. Fig. 7. Teeth at twelve motitho old, showing ab- sorption in all the nippers, except outside pair, and wear in thetie. Fig. 13. Teeth at five years past, showing wear and dark marl<8 \ \ ^ Fig. 14. l«th at tei years old. shewing permanent spaoc hetweuj them ; and also shaj o from natiial wear 1» use. -\- ' Fr Mm iul' (Cjciniijtbi ips t httli w pmilii; fipi, i: % In prod or ai held i A havi thei 1 bos Ava^ cell sub ticii ( bre sub C and teet end upp sors hare The the Up|). resci O Weii jaw si ox, or and a materi. dhow. I .4,- .,1. la»w owl tv/) .8 .Till -rfn pntwoffH ,hfo sHtnom nasnii' l« ♦fJ"''' (111. (,njno(j[m9! 'jill ll»< ni ('la-// hiic noij'''i'''V A" ' A Til CATTLE, THEIR ORIGIN, ETC. 521 The annexed cut of section of the head of an ox will show the molars, or grind- iiiir teeth, and also the terminal bone of the upper jaw, corresponding to the lower face jaw, and destitute of teeth. TlTplanation. — a — Molars or grind- ers, b — Superior maxillary bone — its palatine process, c — Cells of the pala- tine bone, d — Anterior maxillary bone, destitute of incisor teeth. *i t- ^-um: Breeds of Cattle SECTION OP Head of Ox. , ^ ! tr.-' Tiie breeds of cattle which have acquired favor in the United States are confined to but few. '. ' " '." The Devons are the typical race of England, as among those that have retained their purity, through long generations, breeding with entire uniform- ity as to color, symmetry, horns, and other general characteristics, fully as much so as the Chillirigham white cattle, which are regarded as desceudanta of the original or aboriginal cattle of tho British Islands. ^m ' ^m ill! FiKST 1'ui;;e Devon Hi'i.i., "Wii-mot." Two YenrHOUi. The Property of Mr. (icorge Rii«l(l, Giiolph, Out. 023 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The foregoing: cut is a good illustration of a Devon bull as he appeared when but two years old. Such an animal may be regarded as a most admirable specimen. Classifloation of Baoei. In England cattle are divided into beef and dairy cattle. Beef cattle ''again are divided into long-horns, middle-horns, short-honis, and polled or hornless cattle. >ii>f. 1.1^ ' • •■ " ^ Long-Uoms. i lO- Of the long-horns ; the old Irish long-honii showed a striking pecu- liarity, Avhich was, that their horns turned directly downward. In Craven, England, has long existed a breed of cuttle peculiar in themselves, broad in the chine, quick, and easy tc fatten, and noted for making excellent beef. , Under the scientific breeding of Bakewell, a hundred years ago, and his immediate successor, Leicester, long-horns acquired a wide celebrity. This was undoubtedly attained by breeding in-and-in. He was kuown to have done so to a remarkable degi'ee. With the death of Bakewell and his immediate ficcessors, excessive delicacy of constitution began to tell, and they began to lose caste years ago, as a race. They have left their impress, hoyvover, and, most decidedly, \ pon the Avholo family of long-horns. They became better feeders, better hand- lers, and made better beef than before the infusion of this blood. Thoy have long been superseded by the shoit-hovn and the Hcrcfords, and are only noticed here, as forming a part of the mixed blood of cattle, of the United States and Canada. We occasionally see hy reversion, arimals among our so called native cattle, showing strong chaiacteristi«s of Leicester, Hereford, Devon, tlie old Teeswater, the Dutch and polled cattle. Middle-Horns. Of the Mlddlc-IIorns the only catt!o valuable in the United States, an the Dcvons and the Herefords, both wonderful families, in their make up, and valuable whether for beef or working oxoin In fact the Devon is the best working ox in the world, and as beef makers their flesh is superior to that of any other breed, exccj)t the Scotch, or West Highland cattle. Besides the Dcvons t'le other families of tiio Middle-Horns, ue the CATTLE, THEIK ORIGIN, ETC. 622 , M 5 Sdssex, Pembroke, Glamorgan, Angehea, and, in Scotland, the West Hii'hl.iud cattle, noted for the superiority of their flesh, and which have, for many generations, remained unchanged, or improved except by selec- tion. Their lirincipal valuo? after all, is their extreme hardiness, and aptitude to fatten where other animals would starve. ^ Above, us showing the characteristics of this breed, we give an illustra- tion of u West Highland ox, in good feeding flesh. The Devons. •■;;;; i '•).;. The celebrity that the Devons long ago attained for their superior beef and working qualities, is wholly due to the fact that they have long been bred, in North Devon, .pure. Hence, they are often called North Devon, to distinguish them from the South Devons and the Sussex, both uife- riorctittlc, either from a feeding or working standpoint. . , ., The Devons are undoubtedly an original and pure race, and have been noted for their high excellence for many generations. It is only within the last two hundred years that systematic efforts have been iiuidc to increase the excellence of English cattle, and it is not more than one hundred and fifty years ago that Devon farmers were waked up to the improvement, that might bo made in these high strung generous feeders. They have Avithin the last seventy-five years been )rought to such high perfection, that they do not suffer in comparison with other high caste cattle, and they would certainly suffer by intermixture vith any other breed. i ;.. i ; ,' ii .: > ■ Th2: Standard Devon Bulu \i^:'«fim>f ■ 624 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOn. Where Devons Thriyo. They cannot compete with the Short-Horns und Herefords, on flus), western pastures. They lack size, and early maturity, but on hill, or broken pastures, and in climates too cold for these breeds, and especially in climates unsuitable to Short^Horns, they are the best cattle ever known. On the previous page, as showing the extraordinaiy symmetry and style of this remarkable l)reed, we present a likeness of a Devon bull remarkable for eminent characteristics of tiie breed. impossible to j: roomy t")w. These cou's, projection of tl roomy tiian a c; Devon Cows. '^^ f • The bulls of this breed are inclined to be vicious as they got old. The cows are gentle, and if gently used, kind in the extreini!. Jioth males and females, however, are so high strung that they will not bear abuse. A l)rutal master they will light, but if managed with a firm, yet gentle hand, they are the most familiar, as they are the most intelli- gent, of honied cattle. The cows give exceedingly rich milk, and many of them fair (juunlitics. The males are said to cross kindly with the Guernseys, and these make va'uable dairy cattle. There arc however now so many excellent jiure breeds of miikerh that it would be futile to experiment with the cross, since it will surely redun- the vahu! of the animal either for work or beef. As workers, milkers and beef makers combined, for the amount of food taken, they have no superior, if they have their ecjual. As beef makers alone, in the West, the Short Horns and Hereford are superior. As milkers the Jersey, the Holstein and Ayrshire take the palm. As working cattle the Dt-vons arc superior to all known breeds. The rut on the following page is a good illustration of a high caste Devon cow. Charaoteriitios of the Devon Cow. This we give as follows : There are few things more nmarkable about the Devon cattle than the comparative smallneHH me in all tiieir p»»iiii""< but somewhere or other present coarseness or deformity, it is ulmost CATTLE, DEVON8. impossible to procure largo and serviceable oxen except from a somewhat roomy cow. These cows, however, although small, possess that roundness and projection of the two or three last ribs, which make them actually more roomv than a careless examination of them would indicate. •; ■»f!? \> 'Tt I ill; m •,M If i Hk cow is particularly distin<^iisl>od for her full, round, clear eye, the L'olii-colorcd circle around the eye, and tlR' same color on the inside skin iif the oiir. ■ I he lountcnancc is cheerful, and the muzzle oruns"" or yellow. S26 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Tho jaws are free from thickness, and the throat from dewlap. The back, the barrel, and the hind quarters differ from those of other breeds, having more of roundness and beauty, and being free from angles. Points of the Devon*. Youatt, than whom none have written more intelligcncly on domestic animals, describes the characteristics of tho breed as follows : The more perfect specimens of the Devon breed are thus distinguished: Tho horn of the bull ought to be neither too low nor too high, tapering at the points, not too thick at the tip. The eye should be clear, bright, and prominent, showing much of tlie white, and have around it a circle of dark orange color. Tho forehead should be flat, indented, and small, for, by the smallncss of the forehead, the purity of the breed is very much estimated. The cheek should be small, and the muzzle fine ; the nose must be of a clear yellow. The nostril should be high and open ; the hair curled about the head. The neck should bo thick, and that sometimes almost to a fault. Excepting in the head and neck, the form of the bull does not mate- rially differ from that of the ox, but he is considerably smaller. There are exceptions, however, to this rule. " The head of the ox is small, very singularly so, relatively to his bulic; yet it has a striking breadth of* forehead ; it is clean and free from He about the jaws. The eye is very prominent, and the animal has a pleasing vivacity of i CATTLE, DBVON8. 687 countenance, distinguishing it from the heavy aspect of many other breeds. Its neck is long and thin, admirably adapting it for the collar, or the more common and ruder yoke. It la accounted one of the characteristics of good cattle, that the line of the neck from the horns, to the withers, should scarcely deviate from that of the back. In the Devon ox, however, there is a peculiar rising at the shoulder, reraindin'^ us of the blood-horse, and essentially connected with the free iiud (luick notion by which this breed has ever been distinguished. It has little or no dewlap depending from the throat. ' The liorns arc longer than those of the bull, smaller, and fine even to the base, and of a lighter color, and tipped with yel'.ow. The animal is light in the withers ; the shoulders a little oblique ; the breast deep, and the bosom open and wide, particularly as contrasted with the fineness of the withers. ' " " The fore logs are wide apart, looking like pillars that have to support 11 jreat weii^ht. The point of the shoulder is rarely or never seen. There is no projec- tion of bone, but there is a kind of level line running on to the neck. ■'»i*^ H- CharaoteriBtios and Important Points. H'wNtti • ii; r Angular bony projections are never found in a beast that carries much flesh and fat. The fineness of the withers, the slanting direction of the shoulder, and tlio l)road and open breast, imply strength, speed, and aptitude to fatten. A narrow-chested animal can never be useful either for working or With all the lightness of the Devon ox, there is a point about him, dis- j lilced in the blood or riding horse, and not approved in the horse of light draught — the legs are far under the chest, or rather the breast jii-ojects far and wide before the legs. We see the advantage of this in the beast of slow draught, who rarely breaks into a trot, except when he is goaded [oil in catching timss, and the division of whose foot prevents him from stumbling. The lightness of the other parts of his form, however, counterbalances Iheaviness there. ,, ,,. . . ' . \ .-.. -^ .' ' . r.. '. > The legs are straight, at least in the best herds. If they are in-kneed lor crooked in the fore-legs, it argues a deficiency in blood, and compara- jtive incapacity for work ; and for grazing, too, for they will be hollow a Inphind the withers, a point for which nothing can compensate, because it jtalies away so much from the place where good flesh and fat should be ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. thickly liiid on, and diminishes the capacity of the chest and the power of creating arterial and nutritious blood. The Llmbt of the Dtrwu. The fore-arm is partirulurly lar^e and powerful. It swells outEud- denly above the knee, but is soon lost in the substance of the shoulder which is specinlly full and round. Below the knee the bone is small to o very extraordinary degree, indi- te' eating a seeming want of atrongth ; but this impression imnicdiatclv oeases, for the smallness is only in front — it is only in the bono ; tbc lew is deep, r.nd the sinews are far removed from the bone, promising i)oth strength and speed. It may bo objected that the leg is a little too long. It would be so in an animal destined only to graze ; but this is a working animnl, and some length of leg is necessory to get him actively over the ground. ■j^i"' ^h\ I...! I The Body of the DeTons. There is some trifling full behind the withers, but no fioUowneag, and the line of the back is straight from thence to the setting on of tbc tuij. If there is any seeming fault in the beast, it is that the sides are u little too flat. It will appear, however, that this does not interferu with feeding, while a deep, although somewhat flat chest is best adapted for speed. The two last ribs are particularly bold and prominent, leaving room for the stomach and other parts concerned in diger tioa to be fully developed. The hips, or buckles, are high up, and on a level with the back, whither tlie boast is fat or lean. The hind quarters, or the space from the hip to the point of the rump, are particularly long and well filled up — a point of importance both for grazing and working. It leaves room for flesh in the most valuable part, and indicates much power behind, equally connected with strcnirth and speed. This is an improvement quite of modern date. The full- ness here, and the swelling of the thigh below, are of much more n»ii- soquence than the prominence of fat which is so much admired on thf rump of many prize cattle. 1 he setting on of the tail is high, on a level with the back, rnreh t^nwl elevated or depressed. This is another great point, as connected with the | Derfection of the hind quarters. W The tail is long and small, and taper, with a round bunch of hair at the j bottom. The Ilorofordf "riginaliy red or '>r<'ti to brownish "•'tliin the last Ini It wiis finally n (h'wlap, l.risket a| tail are 1,,)^ fashi. I'lipy are a very they very tniioli CATTLE, HEREFOKDH. 620 Of the Skin and Hair. Tho skin of the Devon, with his curly huir, ia oxcoodingly moUow und elliptic, (iraaers well know that there is not a more important point than this. When tho skin can be easily raised from the hips it shows that there \i room to set on fat l)olow. Tho skin is thin rather than thick. Its appearance of thickness arises from the curly hair with which it is covered, and curly in proportion to the condition and health of the animal. Those curls run like little rii)- ])\i'» on water. Some of those cattle have the hair smooth, but then it siiould bo fine and soft. Those with curled hair are more hardy, and fatten more kindliv. Tiic fuvorite color is blood red. Ttiia is snpponed to indicato purity of Itrpcd ; but there are many gooil cattle approaching almost to buy, and others of internictliate hues. If the oyo is clear and good, and tho skin mellow, the paler color will Ih'ui hard work, and fatten as well as others, but a boast with pale hair, and liiud under tho hand, and the cyo dark and doud, will bo a sluggish worker, and >in unprofitable feeder. Tliono of a yolhjw color are said to bo subject to diurrh(i>a, or scouring. Tiiese arc the principal points of a good Devon ox ; but he used to be, periiaps as many are yet, a little too flat-sided, and the rump narrowed too rapidly behind the hip bones ; there was too much space between t\w. hip liones and tho last rib, and he was too light for plowing in tenacious and strong soils. A Heleetion from tho most perfect animals of tho true brood — tho bono small and the neck fine, but tho brisket deep and wide, and down to tho kaeos, and not an at^)m of flatness all over the side — these have improved the strength and bulk of the Devon ox, without imparing, in tho slightest degree hiu activity, his beauty, or his propensity to fatten. Tho Horefords. Tho Herofords, named from the county of Hereford, England, wore i»i'i}!;i"idly red or brown, with no white about them. From that thoy wero bred to brownish or yellowish red, some few oven being brindlo. Only within tho last hundred years have they liocn l)n*d to white faces. It was finally made to extend along the top of the neck, along tho throat, dewlap, brisket and fore legs, belly and flanks ; and white hind feet and tail an; iiosv fashionable. Tlipy arc a very ancient breed, and undoubtedly allied to the Devons, whicii tlipy very nmch resemble. -. l|| mr IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) y .<• / // ■i< O &?^ t/u y. 1.0 I.I 1.25 "^IIIIIM IIM 2.0 1.8 U llil 1.6 <^ ^ /i 'cr^l ^' ^>' A /Al /J / % y Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14500 (716) 872-4503 €3 :\ V \ ^\^ 6^ ^ #' '4> 4- ■4. yp WJ- Q< Q>- 630 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. .^i^. i>a*i liiJsia 0,'lJ lO The II( 111 ways ha Hero Devon, breedinn:, order thai inside. With t large or CATTLE, HEUEFOIiDS. Herefords Fifty Yeara Ago. 531 :it Mr. Marshal, a most competent authority, gives the following account of the improved Hei-eford as it was known tiftj years ago : "The countenance pleasant, cheerful, open ; the foreliead broad ; eye full and lively ; horns bright, taper, and spreading ; head small ; choj) lean ; neck long and tapering ; chest deep ; bosom broad, and projecting forward ; shoulder-bone thin, flat, no way protuberant in bone, but full iiud mellow in flesh ; chest full ; loin broad ; hips standuig wide, and level with the chine ; quarters long, and wide, at the neck ; ininip even with the level of the back, and sharp above the quarters ; tail slender and neatly haired ; barrel round and roomy ; the carcass throughout deep and well spread ; ribs broad, standing flat and close on the outer surface, forming a smooth, even barrel ; the hind parts large and full of strtiugth ; neck bones snuoii 34 iji 532 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. red or nearly red cows of the country, renders the steers easily matched in color, as they will be easily matched in general characteristics of the progeny. Herefords in America. Herefords were first brought to America for systematic breediu" in 1816 or 1817, by the great Kentucky statesman, Henry Clay. 'l".ev were soon, however, allowed to run down and were at length entirely lost sight of there. Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, a few years after, sent out from England a Hereford bull to his friends in Massachusp'ts, which was used in crossing upon the native cattle of the State. He made a very marked impress there, and for many years the good result was seen in the cattle of the State, ., . About the year 1840 there was a large importation made into the State of New York, from England. They went principally to Jefferson county and some to Vermont. About the year 1852 there was another considerable importation of Herefords into Ohio — very fine animals, where they, in connection with later importations, have been successfully bred. In 18C0 and 1861 two importations were made into Canada, consistinir of two bulls and eleven cows and heifers. From these there have come down many most excellent animals, which have left their impress far and wide. Since tliat time there have been various importations, priiioipallv in Illinois and Maryland, the produce of which have foujrht their wav .against the opposition of the Short-Horns, until now they may be said to fairly divide honors with this famous breed in America as they are well known to do in England. ; '" » ■.^...f.i'- As Milkerisi. ' ' '■t-.-. ■ The cows are not very deep milkers, in fact they give but little milk, They were never large milkers, and a course of breeding for many generations as beef makers, while it has brought up the animals to great weights and such wonderful symmetry that they fairly dispute the palm in the showrings with the best Short Horns, the milking qualities have gradually become less and less. It is but another exemplification of the fact, that all goodness cannot be combined in one animal. It is enough that the science of breeding within the last fifty years haj brought all our domestic animals far toward perfection, in the two great clssses needed in cattle : that is, superior excellence as beef makers, or else siuperior excellence as deep and rich milkers. It is ob\4ous that it must be so, for the animal superior as a milker must necessarily be JBogether different in her conformation from one destined to produce a maximum weigjit of prime beef at the earliest age. ittle milk, 'or many to great the palm ities have ion of the produc« CATTLE, REREFORDS. 633 m 11 ' ^v , ^! i! ^. 534 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The Hereford Ox. Whether we consider this remarkable breed either in tlicir adaptability to heavy draft, or in their wonderful fattening qualities, it is the steers that make the money for the feeder. Their capability of standing fatigue and constitutional adaptability in resisting winter weather, has of late made them great favorites with the ranchmen on the plains. So, while we see them winning honors in the show rings at home, the young bulls are eagerly picked up for transportation to Colorado, New Mexico, Montana and Wyoming, to put with the herds there, for the purpose of breeding grades. Thus two valuable ends will be conserved : That country will send East most superior cattle for feeding fat, in the great corn region of the West, while at the same time they will bo raising up steers admirably adapted to the heavy freighting business in the mountains and mining districts. The Hereford of To-day. As showing the extreme care that has been exercised of late years this in improving this comparatively rare breed in England, to such great perfection as to fairly claim honors with the very best Short-Horns, the following extracts from leading agricultural journals, relating to one of the great show rings there in 1878, the Bath and West of England, the Mark Lane Express speaking of the Hereford exhibit says : •'They are not so numerous as the more fashionable breed, but the quality throughout is excellent. In the aged bull class there are five animals of which the Hereford men need not be ashamed. • • • "The heifers in milk or in calf numbered only three, but two of them were such animals as it was worth while coming to Oxford on purpose to see. Mrs. Sarah Edwards, of Wintercott, took first and second, leaving Mr. Lutlcy the reserve ; but Mrs. Edwards' Leonora is one of the most perfect animals that has been shown for years. It was first last year as a yearling at Liveqiool, and will likely be first wherever it goe^. The champion prize given by the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society ^'9.* also awarded to this heifer as the best female horned animal in the yard. The companion heifer, Beatrice, is also very handsome, and took second to Leonora's first at the Royal last year, as it did last week at Oxford. Mrs. Edwards may well be proud of such stock as that ; if Leonora had been a Grand Duchess Short-Horn a poem would have been composed in Mnonor, and translated into several languages by this time. But no InRrt-Hom that we have ever seen was oast in such a mould. |i';- CATTLE, HEREF0RD8. 636 In the AgncuUural Gazette (London) we find the following: "This breed enjoyed the reniarkiiblc distinction of producing both the (luiiiipii'ii animals at Oxford. Mr. Aaron Rogers' Grateful being (leilared to be the best bull, and Mrs. Sarah Edwards' lieatrice (a two vcar old heifer) being declared to be the best cow or heifer hi the yard. l)oth, as may be supposed, were very good, the heifer pre-eminently so. She is a daughter of the famous bull, Winter de Cote', and another iiistiiuce of hereditary merit. "The yearling heifers and calves indicate thiit this bi-eed is, us beef makers at an early age, quite up to the highest Short-Horn sttmdard. The Teeswater may milk better, and be more ready in adapting itself to local circumstances ; but where the pasture is good, it is hard to beat the white-faces for grazing.'' The Chamber of Ag-viculture Journal (London) also sa^'s : "The old bull Hereford class produced an extraordinary ar.imal in Mr. Aaron Rogers' Grateful, who secured the reserve at the Hereford Show ill 187*), but did not make his appearance at Bath or Liverpool last year. He has made wonderful development since, appearing as a t\vo-ycar-f)ld, a.s is proved by the fact that Thoughtful, who Avas then placed above hint, and has since taken firsts at Birmingham, Liverpool and Bath, has now been put second to him ; and that not only was he selected by the judges as the best Hereford bull on the ground, but in the contest for the ihampionship succeeded in carrying it off against such a Short-Horu eompetitor as Sir Arthur IngraTn. This is no slight honor to the Hereford breed, and of course any animal counted worthy of such a distinction must be a first-class one, GrateJul, at four ^'ears old, has eapital loins and chines, with great thickness and depth of frame, and ie very level all over ; but his grand feature is the astounding mass of flesh with which his frame is covered. His girth is eight feet ten and one-half inches. Thoughtful has frequently been described in these eolumns, and it is sufficient to state that he is a massive, grand bull, who well supports his merit. The next class was a veiy weak one, only eonsisting of tAVO, and those not so good as the herds of Mr. H. N. Edwards and Mr. Philip Turner are accustomed to supply. "In the coAv class the late Mr. Wavreu Evans' Lady Blanche, which tooK second prize at Bath, now came to the front position. She is marvelous iit her fore flank, and displays a great mass of flesh on a well-shaped, Sn-and frame, which, however, fell off slightly at the rump. The second piize cow, Mr. E. J. Lewis' Little Beauty, had a highly commended at Rath, and wonderfully retains her show-yard merit at eleven years old The two-year-old heifers of Mrs. Sarah Edwards, Leonora and Beatr were, of course, sure to win. Beatrice has" recently reared a calf, whicl 1*^11- '^hicn 536 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. is slightly against her for showing ; but Leonora is in full bloom with her beautiful head, symmetrical form, and all that loveliness which is so taking to the eyp . After being selected as the best Hereford female on the ground, she carried off the champion prize against a reuiurkablj pely Short-horn heifer, and one of the best Devons that has ai or years, so that both cups were awarded to Herefords." CATTLE, SUSSEX.' Sussex Cattle.— Distinguishing Marks. 537 This breed is closely allied to the Devons, but coarser. Their distin- ffuishinj^ murks are : The horns are more tapering, pushing farther forward, and turning up more. The head is small and well formed, the eye full, large and mild in the ox, but rather wild and unquiet in the cow. The throat is clean and the neck long and thin, but coarser than in the Devon. The shoulder is wider and rounder on the withers ; straighter from the top of the withers towards the back, and carries much flesh, giving too much weight to unprofitable parts. On the other hand, the barrel is round and deep, the back straight, and the back-bone entirely hidden by the muscles on each side. The heart and lungs are full and large, and the belly and flank capacious. The barrel is well-ribbed home. The loins arc wide, the hip-bone low, free from raggedness, large, and well spread, and the space between the hips well filled up. The tJiil, which is fine and thin, is set on lower than in the Devon, yet the rump is nearly as straight, for the deficiency is supplied by a mass of flesh and fat swelling above. The hind quarters are cleanly made, and if the thighs appear to be straight without, there is plenty of fullness within. la color the Sussex is a deep chestnut red, or blood bay. They are all lighter in color than the Devon, but in color they are fully as uniform. The Sussex Cow. The cows have fine hair, a mellow, rather than thin skin ; a small teat ; horns fine, clean, and transparent, which reach forward from the head and turn up at the tips ; the neck is thin and clean ; back and belly straight ; ribs round and springing out well ; shoulder flat, but projecting at the point. Hips and rump wide ; the tail set on level with the rump, and the car- cass lai-ge ; the legs are rather short and fine. The cows are not good milkers ; they are often uneasy in the pasture, and as before stated, unquiet in temper. They have been, some of them, imported to the United States and even exhibited and sold as Devons. This description of the Sussex is given for this reason : Those who ouy Devons should be careful that they have no stain of this blood ; in other words, their pedigree should be perfect. Short-Horned Breeds. The Short-Horn breeds of England are represented by the Duvharn^ the Yorkshire, the Lincolnshire, the Teeswater and the Holderness breeds. 'i 538 1LLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOR. 9 o i c •* -A oil CAITLB 8UOUT-I10RN8. 639 Tlio Yorkshires and Lincoliishircs arc now but littlo known, being super- sijded by tlic improved brtuid now generally known and recognized by iho uiinie of Sliorl-IIoni, or the crosses thereof. Tlieir chuniet eristics were those in u nKnlitied degree of the ohl Dur- ham and Teeswuler cattle. ■'}'■ Short-Horns Proper. Tlio only representation of this class worthy of notico here, are the dcscendiints of the old Durham or Teeswater cattle, which have existed ill the counties of Durham and York, from the earliest historical periods. These uniforiuly had shoi't honif-, were of large size, and were extra- oidiiiary milkers. As to their characteristics, they Avcre thin-skiinied ; sleek-haired ; rather delicate in cronstitution ; not mellow to the touch ; coarse in offal ; defective in girth forward ; slow to fatten ; the meat inferior, and often of a dark hue. ' \ , • ""V Excellence in the aptitude of the Short-Horns of latter years to fatten, caiiv iiiatuiity, and mellowness of hide, go back almost one hundred and lil'tv years, when the Short-Horns, on the banks of the river Tees, (and hence called the Teeswater breed), began to assume the distinctive characteristics of the Short-Horns of a later period. Short-Horn History. /■ Whatever may have been the oi'igin of the cattle from which have descended the present race of Short-Horns, it is not of moment here. It is enough to knoAV that they had been for many generations bred suf- ficiently pure to establish certain characteristics that attracted the most eminent breeders of the day. Among the breeders of the latter part of the last century, and the early jjart of the present century, Avere the Collings, (Charles and Robert), Sir Heni-y Vaue, Col. John Trotter, and Mr. Mason. In the early years of the present century, Mr. John Stevenson, Mr. Bates, and Mr. Booth, each became celebrated for the eminence of their animals. Earl Spencer also acquired a great reputation, as the possessor of extraordinary animals, and for prices received by himself and Mr. Bates. 'J : z^;??*-'''" Since the death of the latter gentleman in 1849, Short-Horns have steadily increased in price for fashionably bred animals, running far into thousands of dollars, of late years, for a single animal, while those not so fashionably bred were equally sought at prices that would have seemed large fifty or sixty years ago. ' ■■'■':'■■ '■::.':^^- 540 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. I i Below may bo found an outline representation of a fat Short-Horn cow. It will he ol)8crvod that this animal carries groat size, a square l)ody of great substance, while the legs are sufficient for locomotion, although from the fullness of the carcass they seem short, and that there is abund- ance of meat iu the prime parts, including tbo thighs, which carry their V:.', (■■.'■;- fullness well down to the hocks. It will be seen that she is characterized by massiveness, smoothness, and that she shows the appearance of carry- ing light offal. The brisket is deep, the udder small, but compact, and CATTLE, SIIOHT-HORNS. Ml extending well forward. The rump is smooth, but broud, und without patohincHH — that is, grt-at lumps of fat stJiniling out like blubber. The liij)H arc broad and well covered with Hesh und fat ; and the loins, and indiH'd the whole top, exceptionally good. In fact, she is an animal carrying boef all over, w'here flesh may im laid on, and full of fat inside. Sho ifi a grand representative of the breed, and one that may bo fattened to a great weight. 70. Bhort-Horns in America. Mr. Allen, the editor of the American Short-Horn Herd Book on American cattle, from a very exhaustive research of importations in relation to the introduction of this most valuable breed into the United States, says: Soon after the termination of the Kevolutior.ary war with England, a few cattle supposed to be pure Short Horns, were brought into Virginia by a Mr. Miller. These were said to be well fleshed animals, and the cows remarkable for milk, giving as high as thirty-two quarts in a day. Some of the produce of these cattle, as early as 1797, were taken into Kentucky by a Mr. Patton, where, as little was knoMU of "breeds," they were called, after the gentleman who brought them, the "Pattou stock." They were well cared for, and. made a decided improvement in the cattle of the "blue grass country," where they Avere first introduced. Some of this early Virginia stock also went out to the "south branch of the Potomac," in that State, a fine grazing country, which, fifty years ago, was famous for its good cattle. In the year 179(5, it is said that an Englishman, named Heaton, brought two or three Short Horn cattle from the north of England to New York. They were taken to Westchester county, near by, and bred, but no results, in pure blood, have been traced to them. In 1815-10, a Mr. Cox, an Englishman, imported a bull and two heifers into Rensselaer county , New York. These were followed in 1822 by two l)ulls, imported by another Englishman named Hayne. Descend- ants from this Cox stock were said to be bred pure, and afterwards crossed by Mr. Hayne's bulls. The stock now exists in considerable numbers and of good quality, in that and adjoining counties. In 1817 Col. Lewis Sanders, of Lexington, Kentucky, made an importation of three bulls and three heifers from England. They were of good quality and blood, and laid the foundation of many excellent herds in that State. In 1818, Mr. Cornelius Cooledge, of Boston, Massachusetts, imported a yearling heifer, — "Flora" — and a bull — "Cicero" — into that city, from the herd of Mr. Mason, of Chilton, in I; f •/ -jmm ^'' ?i ' ;• i 542 TLLUSTBATKD STOCK DOCTOR. the county of Durham, England. ' These were carefully bred, and rmny of their descendants are now scattered throughout several States. About the same year Mr. Samuel Williams, then a merchant iu London, but a native of Massachusetts, sent out a bull — "Young Denton" — and some cows of the same and later importations, and their descendants iirc still numerous among well bred Short Horns of the present day. The same year, Mr. Gorham Parsons, of Brighton, Massachuscttfs imported a Short Horn bull — "Fortunatus" — bred by Geo. Faulkner, of North Allerton, Yorkshire, England. He was used consideraljjy on the native cows of his State, Ijut we have nevcp traced any thorough-bred pedigrees to him. In 1820, Mr. Theodore Lyman, of Boston, Massachusetts, imported a bull, which he sold to Israel Thorndike, of that city, and he sent him to his farm in Maine. Of his produce we hear nothing. About the year 1820, and during a few yeai's succeeding, several spirited gentlemen of Boston, and i^s neighborhood, imported a nuuiber of cows and bulls from some of the best herds in England. They were Messrs. Derby, Williams, Lee, Prince, Monson, and jjerhaps others. These were all fine cattle, and of approved blood in the English Short- Horn districts. Their descendants are still nmnerous in New England, and some otlicr States. About the year 1823, the late Admiral Sir Isaac Coflin, of the British navy, a native of Massachusetts, sent out a cow — "Anabella" — and » bull — "xVdmiral" — as a gift to the Massachusetts Agricultural Socio' , They Avere good animals, and bred with the other jMassachusetts impor- tations. Shortly previous to 1821, the late John S. Skinner, of Baltimore, Maryland, imported for Goveruor Lloyd, of that State, a l)ull — "Cham- pion" — and tAVO heifers — "White Rosic'' and "Shepherdess" — from the herd of Mr, Champion, a noted English breeder. From these, several good aninmls descended, some or which are now known. In 1823, Mr. Skinner also imported for the lute Gen. Stephen Van Rensslier, of Albany, Now York, a bull — "Washington" — and two heifers — "Conquest" i\\d "Pansey" — from the same herd of Mr. Champion. Conquest did not breed ; Pansey was a successful breeder, and many of her descendants are now scattered over the country. During the years 1822 to 1830, the late Mr. Charles Henry HaUl, of New York, imported several Short-Hor^ bulls and cows, from som* of the best English b.erds. Several of these he sold to persons in the neighhor- hood of thiit city, soon after they arrived, and others he sent to his farm in Rensselaer countv, near Albany, and there bred them. Their descend- ants are now scattered through several good herds. ;-i.( « -♦■ GRADE SHORT HORN TRIPLETS. Fine specimens of Grade Short Horn Steers, and remarkable as being triplet brothers, I, "Tom;" a, "Dick;" and 3, " Harry." Exhibited at the Centennial Ex- hibition, 1876. Photographed from life by Schreiber & Sons. ^ I' :■! 'f f. i wnf' *■ 'h IT '•'■'m -3s^' ^'' CATTLE, SHOUT-HORN'S 543 wm,^> Ui 544 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. In 1824 the late Col. John Hare Powell, of Philadelphia, Pa., com. menced importations, and for several years continued them with much spirit and judgment. His selections were principally from the herds of Jonas Whitaker, of Otley, in Yorkshire, England. He bred them assid- uously at his fine estate at Powelton, near the city, and sold many to neighboring breeders, and to^o into Ohio and Kentucky, where muuy of their descendants still remain. About the year 1828, Mr. Francis Rotch, then of New Bedford, Mass., . selected from the herd of Mr. Whitaker, and sent to Mr. Bcnj. Rodman," of New Bedford, a bull and three heifers. They were afterwards sold to other breeders, and their descendants are now found in several excellent herds. In the year 1833, the late Mi*. Walter Dun, near Lexington, Ky., im- ported a bull and several valuable cows from choice herds in Yorkshire, England. He bred them with much care, and their descendants are now found in many good western herds. But the fii-st enterprise in importing Short-Horns upon a grand scale was commenced in 1834, by an association of cattle breeders of the Scioto Valley, and its adjoining counties, in Ohio. They formed a company, with adequate capital, and sent out an agent, who purchased the best cattle to be found, without regard to price, and brought out nineteen animals in one ship, landed them at Philadelphia, and drove them to Ohio. Further impoilations were made by the same company, in the years 1835 and 1836. The cattle were kept and bred together in one locality, for upwards of two years, and then sold by auction. They brought large prices — $500 to $2,500 each — and were distributed chiefly among the stockholders, who were among the most extensive cattle breeders and graziers of the famous Scioto Valley. In 1837-8-9, importations were made into Kentucky, bj' Messrs. James Shelby and Henry Clay, Jr., and some other parties, of several well- selected Short-Horns, some of which were kept and bred by the importers, and the others sold in their vicinitv. In 1837-8-9, Mr. Whitaker, above mentioned, sent out to Philadelphia, on his own account, upwards of a hundred Short-Horns, from his own and other herds, and put them on Col. Powell's farm, where he sold them at auction. They were purchased at good prices, mostly by breeders from Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Kentucky, and distributed widely through those States. From 1835 up to 1843, several importations of fine stock were made by Mr. Weddle, an English emigrant, to Rochester, N. Y., and by Amer- ican gentlemen, among whom were Messrs, E. P. Prentice, of Albany, N. Y., Mr. James Lenox and Mr. J. F. Sheaffe, of New York city, CATTLE, SHORT-HORNS. 545 Me-isrs. LeRoy and Newbould, of Livingston county, the late Peter A. Remsen, of Genesee county, N. Y., and Mr. Whitney, of New Haven, Ct., IVIr. Gibbons, of New Jersey, and some others, not now recollected, 11 valuable animals. They were bred for some years by their owners, with much care. Mr. Prentice, for several years, had a large and excellent herd on his home farm. After some years all these herds were sold and widely distributed, herds. ''-'■" Their descent ants still remain among our valuable ';.t?'V:'- 546 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. In the year 1849-50, Col. J. M. Sherwood, of Auburn, and Mr. Ambrose Stephens, of Butavia, N. Y., imported from the herd of Mr. Bates a bull and from Mr. Jno. Stephenson, of Durham, Enghuid, three bulls and several heifers, all choice animals, and successfully bred them duriiifr several years. The stock became widely distributed, and well kuowu among stock dealers. ,^. ^\ ' iV.,;! Ai)out the year 1839, Mr. George Vail, of Troy, N. Y., made an im- portation of a bull and heifer, purchased of Mr. Thomas Bates, of Kirk- leavington, the first cattle from that particular herd which had been intro- duced into the State. A few years later, he purchased and inipoiled several more cows from the herd of Mr. Bates, crosses of his "Ducliess" and other families. He bred them with success and widely' distiil)utod their blood. Mr. Vail made a final sale of his herd in the voixr IS'):?. A period of some years now occurred, in which few more, if uuv, Short-Horns were imported. Cattle, as well as all kinds of agricultuni! prodiice, were exceedingly low ; but as things grew better, the demand for "blood" cattle revived, and the spirit for their breeding was renewed. Mr. Thomas Bates, a distinguished Short-Horn breeder in England, died in 1849. His herd, fully equal in qualit}' to any in England, was sold in 1850. The choicest of them— of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes- fell mostly into the hands of the late Lord Dacie, at Fortworth Park, already the owner of a noble herd, to which the Bates .stock was added, He was a skillful lireedcr, and of most liberal spirit, and during the brief time he held them the reputation of the Bates stock, if possible, increased, Within three ycai's from the time of the sale of Mr. Bates' herd, Lord Dacic died. In 1853, peremptory sale of his stock was widely advertised. Allured by the reputation of his herd, several American gentlemen went over to witness it. The attendance of English herders was very laipe. and the sales averaged higher prices in individual animals than had been reached since the famous sale of Charles Colling, in 1810. Mr. Samuel Thorne, of Duchess county, N. Y., bought several of the best and highest priced animals, of the "Duchess" and "Oxford" tribes, and added to them several more choice ones, from different herds*. Messrs. L. G. Morris, and the late Noel J. Becar, of New York, bought others of tiie "Duchess", and "Oxfords," to which they added more from oilier choice herds. These were all brought over here, and bred. Mr. Ezra Cornell, of Ithaca, and Mr. James 0, Sheldon, of Geneva, N. Y., pooh afterwards made some importations, and obtained some of the "Batea" blood also. The late Gen. James S. Wadsworth, and other gentlemen of the Genesee Valley, N. Y., also made importations. These "Bates" importations have since been bred so successfully by their holders here, that several young bulls and heifers, bred by Mr. Thome and Mr. Shel CATTLE, 8HORT-HOKK8. 547 don, have been purchased by English breeders, and sent over to them at good prices, where they are highly valued. In 1852-3-4, several spirited companies were formed in Clinton, Mad- ison, and other counties in Ohio, and in Bourbon, Favette, and some 35 548 lI.Lim'rilATKU WTOCK DOCTOK. other counties of Kentucky, and nmdo inii)()rtutioii8 of the best cattle to be found in the English herds, and after tlu^r arrival here, distributed Mfii' Hmong tlioir stockholilors. Mr. li. A. Alcxandoi , of Kciituciiy, silso, during those years, made oxtonsive imjiortatious of choice blood for his (!ATTLE, 8IIORT-HOBN8. hid own breeding, so that in the year 1856, it may bo said that the United States possessed, according to their numbers, us valuable a selection of Short-Horns as could be found in England itself . ft./ Keeping pace with the States, a number of enterprising Canadians, sinco the year 1835, among whom may be named the late Mr. Adam Fer- gusson, Mr. Howitt, Mr. Wade, the Millers, near Toronto, Mr. Frederick Wni. Stone, of'Guelph, and Mr. David Christie, of Brantford, in Canada West, and Mr. M. H. Cochrane and others, in Lower Canada, have made sundry importations of excellent cattle, and bred them with skill and spirit. Many cattle from these importations, and their descendants, have been interchanged between the United States and Canada, and all may now be classed, without distinction, as American Shoil-Horns. ;t,,,>,., , ;,.,,, Short-Horns in the West. In the Northwestern States the first importation of Short-Horns direct from England was by the Hlinois Importing Company, in 1858. This was an association of gentlemen, a part of them members of the State Board of Agi'iculture, in connection with prominent breeders of the State. They retumed in July of the same year with twenty Short-Horn fows and seven bulls, of approved blood, which were sold at auction on August 27th, at Springfield, to breeders throughout the State. They also brought over two stallions, three Cotswold rams, nine ewes, four Southdown rams, eight Southdown ewes, five Berkshire boars, four Berkshire sows, and ten boars and sows of Irish breeds ; also Cumber- land and Yorkshire boars and sows. From this time on, various States in the West have taken up the breeding of Short-Horns as they have increased in wealth and population, until now no finer herds can be found in any other locality ; and, the fact that at the New York Mills sales indi^adual animals brought prices all the way to over $30,000, for exportation to England — prices which before this time would have been considered fabulous — shows conclusively that Short-Horns, as bred in the United States, have not suifered in comparison with those bred in their native land. No such prices were ever reached before in any country in the world ; nor have they been since. To-day they are found wherever civilization extends. As beef producers they have no superiors ; " as milk producers there are families eminent in this respect, and they have left their impress upon the stock of the country wherever introduced. Short-Horns for the Dairy. It has been held that the Short-Horns are as good for milking as they are for beef. That they once were most excellent dairy cows there is no 5B0 IfJiUSTRATRI) STOCK IMXrrOK. doubt. That American Short-Horns of the present are not, as u class even decent milkers, there is as little doubt. The early importations of Short-Horns were of the milking strains. For the last thirty years, however, they have been bred with such special reference to beef points and early maturity that it is now difficult to find a decent milker in any of the more fashionable strains of blood, and very many of the cows will not give milk enough to properly raise a calf. Once in a while however, a very superior milking animal appears, showing," by reversion, what the (capabilities of the breed might be in this direction. That the early importations of Short-Horns were uniformly good in this direction, as well as admirable beef cattle there is no doubt. That they have left thoir impress upon the native cattle in this direction is unquestioned. That they exist to some extent in England and America, in particular herdir, is certain. We have seen them here and know thev are there. They have grown less, year by year, as the improvement of other dairy breeds became more and more manifest, until of late years little has been claimed for them as milkers. Their great value as earlv maturity beef makers, — attaining great weight — having superceded then- purely milking characteristics. Among the better milkers may be niuncd the descendants of the "Patton breed," the " seventeens," or the im- portation of 1817, and some descendants of the Ohio importation of 1834. In fact, this latter importation was made solely with a view to beef and flesh points, and since this time milk has been ignored by the more fashionable breeders both in England and America. Short-Horns for Beef. Throughout the whole West, especially, beef was the object sought. The land was cheap, fertile, and the pastures flush. Until within the last few years, butter and cheese was not an exportable product, beef was. It is not strange that a class of animals was sought that would produce the most beef in the least possible time. How this has been developed, the great herds of Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, Indiana, Michigan, WLs- cousin, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, and later, Minnesota, Nebraska, and Kan- sas, give ample proof. In breeding there are no superior cattle in the world. Their usefulncs.s as beef producers will continue to grow with the settlement of the country. The value of the bulls for crossing upon the ordinary stock of the country is becoming more and more appreciated every year. It will continue to be an increasing integer for many years to come. On the next page, as showing a modern bred Short-Horn bull, combi- ning excellent beef points, with great stamina and constitution, we give an illustration of "Hiawatha." • CATTLK, HIIOiiT-IiOHNH. 551 The modern Short-Horn has groat thiokneHH of (tan^ass, squnriHh-rotund shape, rapid growth, early maturity, and a ripciuiHs at two, three, four, or live years, that is attained by no other breed. Many are nho the hand- somest cattle to look at of any known bnuid — weight, substance and style being taken into eonsideration. There is a w()nd;ljt, uh li<;lit tw it would bo luiioii^ coiiiinoii niitivc luiltK; of two-lliinis tlin weight. In th« niillt-yioldiiig Short-Horns Hkto \h ii IciuliMicy to loiuiiu'ss. Many ar« lighter before, flatter in the side, l)ut; yet exceedingly firm all over, from a dairyman's standpoint. In the beef animals there is a rotund fulliies«i a smoothness, a majesty, no where else seen. OATTI.K, MIIOUT-HOKNN. am Ah sliowiiigboof ill tlm Sliort-IIoni cow, in an iMniiicitt dogrct', wo givti ft iiortrait of tlio cow "Rosiiinoiid," nhowing not only good \wi>.f pointt* hut milking iinulities lis well. Points of ShortHorns Desoribed. The points of Short-IIorns — and whicii will apply in judging all hoof aiiiniiils, witli slight variations, to l)o honniftor described — are worth} of ii somewhat minute description. The points are of two classes — those olistivod with the oye and those felt by the touch. By the eye one ohacrvcs the general contour of the animal ; size, length, bi'cadth, thick- ness, fineness of l)ody, head an The Skin. The sldn should be thick, soft and elastic — fitting aMke either a poor or fat ox. A lean animal, with an inelastic skin stretched upon him, could not fatten for the want of space to expand in. But with an elastic skin he may be swelled to great dimensions in what seemed to be but a covering for his bones. The skin performs very important functions in the animal economy. It is not only a covering for all the parts beneath it— a protector against cold and heat, and all external causes of danger, but it is the seat of a vast system of minute blood vessels and capillaries, of exhalents and absorbents. A vast nervous tissue centers here that renders the skin sensitive in the highest degi'ee. The great viuil worth and importance of the skin may be readily appreciated by any injuries done it. The rapidity with which extensive burns destroy life, may serve as a sufficient illustration. ' Destroy my skin, and you shall have my bones also.' -' ■ . * The Hair. The hair should be thick and fine, forming a protection against inclem- encies of weather. It is not sensitive, and is, therefore, a proper shield to the whole body, and it is an evidence of the wisdom displayed in the creation of this family of the animal kingdom, that its hair — its outer gar- ment, against which all injuries must first come — should be without sensation — a complete c(Jat of mail, injuries to which cause no pain. Fine hair is also an evidence of a finely organized skin, a skin exquisitely finished in its whole structure of minute vessels and tissues. A skin thus delicately organized is also evidence that other organs are alike con- structed. Nature, in all her paits, undoubtedly produces a coiTespond- euce, 80 that if one part is of a peculiar structure, either fine or coarse, other parts are apt to correspond. Parts seen may be considered indica- WK^ MO ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. tivo of paits uot seen. It may be permitted to add that in all the scrub cattle that I have grazed and fed, I have never found (iie with fine silky hair that did not fatten well and make a desirable bullock. - Color. /'.■' ' Short-Horns are red or white, or these colors blended as roan or pled. Fashion, for the time, may make one or the other of these colors popular. This is probably so now with the red color. It may be so of another color in a few years. A caprice that excludes all but the reii color is injurious. It limits improvement and confines it to a liinited portion of the breed. It encourages the use of inferior auimuls just to obtain a fashionable color, and rejects better ones because they are of different color. There is, in consequence, great danger of deterionition of this noble breed of cattle aa a result of such puerile practices. If the breed is to be kept up to-its past high standard the very best selec- tions should be bred regardless of color, provided it is the one peculiar to the breed. We would admonish breeders and lovers of this noble race of cattle to give no encouragement to such departures ; they are evil, and that continually. Ferfeotion. Both ignorant and cultivated alike ; the ordinary breeder and the scien- tific one ; the practical man and the visionary one ; each Avill establish in his own mind an ideal of what any object should be. When this ideal is requii'ed to stand the test of practical experience, to be defined by a Bcale of points, not one in ten, even among those who think tbcuiselvts conii)etont to establish a standard of excellence can do so, point l)y point. The reason is he has never read, nor has he educated himself in any other way to that exactitude of judgment required in matters of such iiicetv ; in other words wc have not the scientific idea of what is necessary in the premises ; no absolute rule to goby, and so the Avhole iimounts, after all, to something very like mere guessing. For dairy purposes the udder of the coAV is the strong point. In animals bred for their flesh, the nieati- the essential thing and also that it be laid on in the prime parts. To enable any person to judge more or less cori'cctly according to the study he gives, and the manner in which he has educated his eye and touch, we append the scale of points for judging Short-Horns, as found in the American Herd-Book. In studying this scale it will do quite well for all beef breeders — always bearing in mind the difference in make up of the breed. Thus the Short- Horns will be found full in the rump behind, the Devons and Hereford.^ more pointed, and essentially different in other respects ; yet these ven p I all the scrub ivith fine silky I roan or pied, f these colors may be so of II but the red it to a limited auimals just to lae they are of of deterioration c practices. If very best selec- e one peculiar to this noble race i ; they are e^nl, «*». ler and the scien- will establish in When this ideal be defined by a think thcmsehes , point by point. nself in any other [s of such nicety ; necessary m the ^uounts, after all, )scs the udder of flesh, the meat i= ic parts, according to the ..ated his eye and h-Horns, as found Ibreedcrs-ahvays Thus the Short- is and Horofords ; yet these very SHORT HORN STOCK. Fine specimens of the breed of Short Horns. No. i, the celebrated an-.mal, " Baroness the Seventh;" No, 2, the noted |3S,ooo bull, "Star of the Realm." Property of A. J. Alexander, Woodbum Farm, Ky. imi m 9huIj rU ^i 1 f |t 1 m^^,'< V 1 1' whI Mi^ 9wi fwi. iP'i if differen of the ^ such thi near it ; have but too few, Art. 1.- repu to fi giviu nuiki Art. 2.— dimii tiiO bi color and ti ered ' short, eyes h a jellf and w of il ( open ; Art. 3.— > head i round! Art. 4.— C line th Art. 5. — S short, forc-ar full ab( stronff : the hoo Art. 6 B; Art. 7 B: settino; ( bones o the bad without with th CATTLE, 8HORT-HOKN8. r>oi differences constitute thoir value ; their beef is certainly better than that of the Short-Horn ; but still they fail in other particulars. There is ua such thin" as absolute perfection in any thing finite. Wo simply corneas near it as possible. The Short-Horns, in all their attributes, certainly have but little more to be desired as beef makers, and some families, ala» too few,' are deep and excellent milkers. « Scale of Points for Short-Hom Bulls. Points. j^j^. 1, — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude to fatten; sire a good stock-getter, dam a good breeder; and giving a large quantity of milk, or such as is superior for making butter or chsese. -_____-7 j^ijx. 2. — Head muscular and fine ; the horns fine and gradually diminishing to a point, of a flat rather than a round shape at ^ tue base, short and inclined to turn up, those of a clear, waxy color to be preferred, but such as are of a transparent white, and tinged with yellow, admissible ; ears small, thin and cov- ered with soft hair, playing quick, moving freely ; forehead short, broad, especially between the eyes, and slightly dished ; eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with a yellow rim around them ; lower part of the face clean, dished and well developing the course of the veins ; muzzle small, nose of a clear orange or light chocolate color ; nostrils wide' and open ; lower jaw thin ; teeth clean and sound. - - - 5^ Art. 3. — Neck fine and slightly arched, strongly and well set on the head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening and rounding as it approaches the latter point ; no dewlap. - - 2 Art. 4. — Chest broad, deep and projecting, the brisket on a lower line than the belly. - - - - - - - -5- A.RT. 5. — Shoulders broad, strong, fine and well placed; fore-legs short, straight, and standing rather wide apart than narrow ; fore-arm muscular, broad and powerful, slightly swelling and full above the knee ; the bone fine and flat ; kuccs well knit and strong ; foot flat, and in shape an ()l)long semi-circle ; horn of the hoof sound and of a clear waxy color. - - . _ 2 Art, G. — Barrel round and deep, and well ribbed up the hips. - 4 Art. 7. — Back short, straight and broad from the withei-s to the setting on of the tail ; crops round and full ; loins broad ; buckle bones on a level with the back ; tail well set, on a level witli the back, fine and gradu.ally diminishing to a point, and hanging without the brush an inch or so l)elow the hock, at right angles with the back. ._4 662 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Art. 8. — Hind quarters from the hucklo to the point of the rump well filled up ; twist well let down and full ; hind legs short, Straight, and well spread apart, gradually swelling and rounding above the hock ; the bone line and flat below ; legs not to cross each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - . Art. 9. — Skin of medium thickness, movable and mellow; a white color is admissible, but rich cream or orange much preferable ; hair well covering the hide, soft and fine, and if undercqated with soft, thick fur in winter, so much the better ; color, pure white, red roan, bright red, or reddish yellow and white. (A black or dark brown nose or a rim around the eye, black or dark spots on the skin and hair decidedly objectionable, and indicative of coarse meat and bad blood.) - _ _ . Art. 10. — Good handling. Art. 11. — Sure stock-getter. __-.-_. .Art. 12. — Stock, when made steer, certain to feed kindly for beefers at any age, and make prime beef. - - - _ . Art. 13. — General appearance. ----.. 3 4 4 5 2 Perfection. 50 \ Scale of Points for Short-Horn Cows. Points. Art. 1. — Purity of breed on male and female side; sire and dam reputed for docility of disposition, early maturity and aptitude to fatten. Sire a good stock — gotter. Dam a good breeder ; giving a large quantity of milk, or such superior for making butter or cheese. -__.___. J Art. 2. — Head small and tapering; long and narrower in propor- tion than that of the bull. Horns fine and gradually diminish- ing to a point ; of a flat rather than of a round shape at the base ; short, and inclined to turn up ; those of a clear waxy color to be preferred ; but such as are of a transparent white, slightly tinged with yellow, admissible. Ears small, thin, and well covered with soft hair ; playing quick, moving freeely. Forehead of good breadth between the eyes, and slightly dished. Eyes bright, placid, and rather prominent than otherwise, with a yellow rim round them. The lower part of the face clean, dished, and well developing the course of the veins. Muzzle small ; nose of a clear bronze, or light chocolate color — the former much preferred. Nostrils wide and well opened. Lower jaw thin. Teeth clear and sound. _ _ - - b CATTLE, 8110RT-nOUN8. 563 ^UT. 3.— Neck fine and thin, stmight, and well set on to the head and shoulders, harmoniously widening, deepening, and slightly niundin*' in a delicate feminine manner as it approaches tlje hitter point. No dewlap. - - - - - - - 2 ^^^ 4_ Shoulders fine and well placed. Fore-legs short, straight and well spread apart. Fore-arm wide, muscular, slightly swellin*'', and full above the knee ; .the bone fine and flat below. Kiu'os well knit and strong. Foot flat and in the shape of an ohlonf semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear waxy color. ----------2 \^^.f_ ,-). Chest broad, deep and projecting — the brisket on a lower Hue than the belly. 5 ^^T. (5. Barrel round, deep and well ribbed up to the hips. - 5 \,{rj.. 7. Back short, strong, straight from the withers to the set- tin" of the tail. Crop round and full. Loin broad. Huckle bones on a level with the back. Tail well set, on a level with the back or very slightly below it ; fine and gradually diminish- in"- to a point ; and hanging, without the brush, an inch or so below the hock, at right angles with the back. - - - 4 Aur. 8. — Hind (juarters from the huckles to the point of the rump Ion" and well filled up. Twist well let down and full. Hind legs short, straight and well spread apart ; gradually swelling and rounding above the hock ; the bone fine and flat below. Foot flat, and in shape of an oblong semi-circle. Horn of the hoof sound, and of a clear waxy color. Legs not to cross each other in walking, nor to straddle behind. - - - - S A^RX. 9. — Udder broad, full, extending well forward along the belly, and well up behind. Teats of a good size for the hand ; squarely placed with a slight oblique pointing out ; wide apart ; when pressed by the hand the milk flowing from them freely. Extra tei'ts indicative of good milking qualities, but should never be milked, as they draw the bag out of shape. Milk veins large and swelling. -- - - - - - - -4. Art. 10. — Skin of a medium thickness : movable and mellow ; a white color is admissible, but a rich cream or oi'ange much pref- erable. Hair well covering the hide ; soft and fine, and if undercoated with soft, thick fur in the Winter, so much the bet- ter. Color pure white, red, roan, bright red, red and white, spotted roan, or reddish and yellow and white. (A black or dark brown nose, or rim around the eye, black or dark brown spots on the skin and the hair decidedly objectionable, and indic- ative of coarse meat and bad blood.) ----- 3 36 lii ifAi wV4 IKM KTIiATKlJ STorK DOCTOK. Akt. II. — (iood himdUtr. Art. 12. — Sure and j^oocl hn'odor. AitT. 13. — General appciinince. Perfection. 4 4 i 50 ,;/:i;,i/;,!,:|l'|jlii;,J| ilihi.,:||Sii|:i||if(ll||l , V. The Aldenieys. In the British Channel , between Great Britain and France, are a num- ber of islands noted for their salubrity of climate and fertility of soil. Many years ago these islands, particularly Jei-sey, were noted for their ('A'rri.K, Al.UKKNKYH. r,(',n superior fruit, uiid largt^ (|UiiiititioH of «-idor and purry w«ro annually iiukIo then\ Of Into years these islandH, Alderney, Jersey, and Gu " ; ■ A Prejudiced Statement. Quoting from Mr. Parkinson, who, Mr. Youatt says, seems to have Imtl a determined prejudice against them, he writes: "'riieir size is small, and they are of as bad a form as can possibly bo (Icscnbed ; the bellies of many of them being four-fifths of their weight. The nock is very thin and hollow ; the shoulder stands up, and is the liinrhest part ; they are hollow and narrow behind the shoulders ; the cliiuc is nearly without flesh ; the bucks are narrow and shaq) at the (!ii(ls; the i-ump is short, and they are narrow and light in the brisket." Mr. Youiitt adds for himself : *'This is about as bad a form as can possibly be described, and the |)icture is very little exaggerated, when the animal is analyzed, point by point ; yet all these defects are so put together, as to make a not unplei»s- ing whole." Mr. Youatt, however, compliments chem with giving exceedingly rich milk, and with fattening in a surprising manner when dry. We have quoted the above for two reasons : one as showing probably what may have been nearer the truth than we might naturally expect from seeing the best specimens now, and the other as showing that this breed has made a great advancement since his day, both in quantity of milk given, and in symmetry and perfection of form. ir-T- r^«i n I"' i.A[^r i ■'t 566 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. From an American Standpoint. Mr. Lewis F. Allen, the best known historian of American cattle, says: "Beginning with the head — the most characteristic feature the muzzle is fine, the nose either dark brown or black, and occasionally a yellowish shade, with a peculiar mealy, light-colored hair running up the face into a smoky hue, when it gradually takes the color of the body • the face is slightly dishing, clean of flesh, mild and gentle in expression the eye clear and full, and encircled with a distinct ring of the color of the nose ; the forehead is bold, horns short, cui-ving inward, and waxv in color, with black tips ; the ear is sizable, thin, and quick in niov(!inoiit. The whole head is original, and blood-like in appearance, more so than in A Trio of Jkrsbys. almost any other of the cattle race — reminding one strongly of the head of our American p]lk. The neck is somewhat depressed — would be called ' ewe-necked,' by some — but clean in the throat with moderate, or little dewlap ; the shoulders are wide and somewhat ragged, with prominent points, running down to a delicate arm and slender hp beneath ; the fore-quai'ters stand rather close together, with a thinnisli, yet well developed brisket between ; the ribs are flat, yet giving sufficient play for good lungs ; the back depressed, and somewhat hollow, the ))clly deep and large, the hips tolerably wide, the r''mp and tail high, the loin and (juarter medium in length, the thigh thin and deep, the twist wide, to accommodate a good sized udder, the flanks medium, the hocks or gambrel joints (-rooked, the hind legs small, the udder capacious, square, CATTLE, ALDERNEY8. 567 set well forward, and covered with soft, silky hair ; the teats fine, standing well apart, and nicely tapering; the milk veins prominent." Charaoteristio Colors. The colors are mostly light red or fawn, and black, mixed and plashed with white ; the solid colors are, we think, generally favored, and, to our mind, the best cattle, as showing careful breeding, though we have seen the most superior cattle among all these colors. So we have seen some distinctly roan, with round, quite smooth forms, called pure ; they should always be avoided, as there is more than a suspicion that such have Short-Horn blood in them, which can do this breed no good, but on the contrary, harm. The breed is distinctly a milk breed, and is of no value whatever except as yielding fair miesses of exceedingly rich milk — giving largely of the most superior cream, producing hard, and most delicately flavored butter. Thus any cross on this ancient and carefully bred stock must necessarily injure them in the points where they excel other cows. These are : Superiority of the milk, cream and butter, golden in color, delicate iu texture and flavor, and commanding prices in the market, from wealthy citizens, that no other make can reach. They are. Milking Cows. Whichever of the three varieties may be chosen, they should be bred for this and nothing else. Whether they be from Alderney, Jersey, or Guernsey, no infusion, of other blood can improve them, neither canthdy improve any other breed. The bulls may improve our native cows, if the cows be good milkers, the hereditary milking qualities of the race being pre-potent in the progeny. For this improvement, however, none but pure blood bulls should be used, and this rule will hold good in all l)rpeding. The pure animal is pre-potent, the grade is not, and pure bred animals of all the superior races are now so plenty that it will not pay to use grade nulls for the improvement of stock. The Value of Purity. To show the value of purity, we will perhaps, find no more appropriate place than this. A thorough-bred animal upon native stock produces in the first succeed- ing generation an animal partaking equally of the blood of the sire and dam, or what is called a half-blood. The next generation, or the produce of a full-blood and a half-blood will give a three-quarters-bred animal. It !• T* M ;(;! ll0 , 568 ILLUSTRATED STOCK OOCrTOR. V.l The 3'oungof a pure-bred and three-quarters-bred will give a seven-eighths- bued. Following in the same line the next generation will give an animal poMsessing fifteen-sixteenths of pure blood. In reality it will be far more than we have stated, for the pre-potent element of i)ure blood, constantly present, will continually be an increas- ing integer in the progeny. Hence animals from seven-eighths to fifteeu- sixteenths-bred, cannot be distinguished from one purely bred, except by a most critical, and at the same time expert judge. For all practical pur- poses they are fully equal to an animal purely bred, that is to say, as dairj' cows, bit here the comparison must end. A taint of impure blood once in, cannot be bred out for many generations — never in fact. There is always danger of reversion. One may, theoretically at least, breed grades up for a thousand years, and yet not have purely bred animals. Hence the extraordinaiy prices paid for stock, the pedigrees of wliich have been kept absolutely without taint of admixture. The Value of Points. So important is the question of symmetry of form, and points of excel- lence, in stock, viewed as integers in the make-up of an animal — real value being adaptation to the necessities required — that, of late years, all auimals are judged thereby. As a study of these we give a figured portrait of a model cow, illustrating perfection. These points may be adopted in judging any cow, so far as general characteristics are concerned, deviations being only in matters of form, color, peculiar markings, shape of horns, and general contour; The Guernseys, for instJince, are larger, somewhat coarser, and have of late years been placed in a family by themselves. The scale of points given are those adopted by the Royal Jersey Agri- cultural and Hortic;ultural Society, in determining the merits of animals to be passed upon : Scale of Points— Cows and Heifers. POIMS 1. IIbad, — small, fine and tapering.. 1 2. Chkkk,— small 1 3. Throat, — clean 1 4. Muzzle, — fine, and encircled by a bright color I 6. N08TRIL8,— high and open 1 6. Horns,— smooth, crumpled, not too thick at tlie base, and tapering 1 7. Eaas, — small and thin. 1 8. Ears,— of a deep orange color within 1 9. Etb,— full and placid ' 10. Neck,— straight, flnc, and placed lightly on the shoulders 1 11. Chkst,— broad and deep» 1 general form, ; The of late ,y Agri- uuiuials Points 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 \ (iATTLK, Af.DKKNKYS. 569 Points. 12. Barrkl,— hooped, broad and deep 1 13. Well ribbed home, Imving but little space between the last rib and the hip. 1 14. Back,— straight from the withers to the top of the hip 1 16. Back,— straight from tlie top of the hip to the setting on of tlio tail, and the tail at right anjr/ea with tlioback 1 16. TiiL.-nne 1 um/fit* tm ■< !'"?., 1 at— V m ' 570 ILLUSTKATKD STOCK UOtrrOK. 17. Tail, — han^ng down to the hocks- j 18. Hide, — thin and movable, but nol too loose j 19. HiDK,— covered with fine, soft hair j 20. Hide, — of good color j 21. FoRB-LBGS,— short, straight and flne~ i 22. FoRB-ARM,— swelling, and full above the knee j 23. HiND-QOARTBRS,— from the hock to the point of the rump well tilled up. ] 24. HiND-LBOs,— short and straight (below the hocks) and bones rather fine. l So. Hind-legs, squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from behind 1 26. HiND-LBOa,— not to cross in walking j 27. Hoofs, — small..... ] 28. Udder,— fullin form, t. «., well in line with the belly i 29. Udder, — well up behind ] 30. Teats, — large, squarely placed ; behind wide apart j 31. MiLK-VBiNS, — very prominent i 32. Growth- 1 33. General appearance 1 34. Condition. 1 Perfection- 34 No prize shall be awarded to cows having less than twenty-nine points. No prize shall be awarded to heifers having less than twenty-six points. Cows having obtained twenty-seven points, and heifers twenty-four points, shall be allowed to be branded, but cannot take a prize. These points, nanaely, Nos. 28, 29, and 31 — shall be deducted from the number required for perfection in heifers, as their udder and milk- veins cannot be fully developed : a heifer will, therefore^ be considered perfect at thirty-one points. To this we add : One point must be added for pedigree on male side. One point must be added for pedigree on female side. Again, the size of the escutcheon, or milk-mirrors, is a point of especial attention. This, however, will be treated in another chapter, for the escutcheon is now coming to be accepted as an indication of the millr-ng qualities of a cow, and whatever the breed may be, stronglv relifid upon. And those who discard it, that is, refuse a cow with a strong escutcheon, will surely go astray. In judging bulls, many of the same points will serve. The head will not be so small, and the forehead must be broad ; the horn.* inu.st be tipped with black; the neck, arched, powerful, but not too coarse and heavy ; hide thicker than in the cow — certainly not thin — and mellow; fore legs short and straight, fore arm large and powerful, full above the knee and firm below it. As in cows, pedigree must have two points, one for purity of blood on the male side, and one for purity of blood on the female side. CATTLE, ALDERNEY8. 571 u H » w H •< tt r S r t H Dt |« M if i! !< -J 4 "' Barrel, — hooped, broad and deep Well ribbed home, having but little space between the last rib and the hip. Back, — straight from the withers to the top of the hip Back, — straight from the top of the hips to the setting on of the tail, and the tall at right angles with the back Tail,— fine r'AiL, — hanging down to the hocks HiDK,— thin and movable IIiDF, — covered with fine and soil hair HiDK, — of a good color Forb-legs,— short, straight and line FoKE-ARM,— large and powerful, swelling and l\ill above the knee and fine below It , HiND-quARTERS, — from the hock to the point of the rump long and well filled up HiND-LEGS, — short and straight (below the hocks) and the bones rather fine Hind-legs,— squarely placed, not too close together when viewed from behind HiND-LEGs, — not to cross in walking Hoofs,— small Growth (lenenil appearance Condition POWTH. a. 3. 4. 5. 0. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. i'l. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. Perfection «., Judging by Points. The highest excellence of any milking cow lies in the udder. This must not only be full in form, that is, in line with the belly, but it must not hi cut off square in front, like that of a goat. It should be rounded, full, CATTLK, ALDKHNKYH. 078 presenting great breadth behind, and curried well up between the thigh. The milk veins should be full and carried well forward toward the fore leers. If knotted and with curves, so much the better. The tail is another essential point. Whatever its size at the root, it muKi be large and tapering, and have a good .switch of hair. The chest should be broad and deep : this shows good res])iration, es!r a se- rious one — ^yet, if the milking organs are super-excellent it will outweigh all these. A phenomenon may show absolute perfection in all the points : we have never yet seen such an one. In judging, the essentials are to carefully consider each point of excellence with reference to its bearing upon the animal as a dairy cow. A high open nostril would count but little as against a poor milk vein ; a very delicate ear, nothing as against a very superior udder. The Jersey, to the uncritical eye, when in full milk, is lean, scrawny, and misshapen ; are so, fat or lean, from the standi)oint of a Short-Horn |i! ': ^"V^- 5! ! .Jkrsey Hkikkii. or Hereford breeder. The Short-Horn, or Hereford, is a gross, lubberly, disgusting, mountain of fat in the eyes of a Jersey breeder. Color, Temper, and Size. Do not be too particular about color ; solid colors, and black points look well in the show ring. The animal that will turn out well at the pail, that is docile and gentle, be she what color she may, so long as she ad- heres to the distinguishing color-marks of the race, is the one for the milking yard. ii ! ■■.■ ■■-,^«i be fully 3 sloping ; itter a se- outweigh I : we have carefully iiyxui the milk vein ; , scrawny, Jhort-Horn Iss, lubberly, v:*k5j,(*B*^''' L £^5S^J*hii.^ ii^Vrt^Si^f ■ -'^^ ., , " . ^^^^: JERSEY STOCK. Fine specimens of the breed of Jersey catUe, celebrated for milk. No. i. Centennial prize cow, " Black Bess," owned by CHARLES SHARPLKSS, Esq., Philadelphia; No. a, imported bull, " Billy," owned by Colonel James Young, Middletown, Pa. (■!i tJ-i. hi 4 tk »'-•,-<» ^ef^ ^"Po CATIXK, ALUKItNKYS. 676 In relation to size, the Jerseys are a small ra(!e of cattle. In no breed are overgrown animals the most valuable. With the Jersey it is especially to be avoided. 80, an undc^rsized animal is not to be countenanced. Fair hIzu, however, is desirable. He who seeks to increase the size of the .I(^rsey unduly, will certainly go astray. They have been carefully ))rcd, for many generations, with especial reference to milk. The Jersey is the product of islands [)m to be borne out, not only by tradition, but particularly by unmistakable clianictcr- istics of both these breeds. Ayrshire indeed is eminently adapted to the production of .superior milking cows. The climate is moist, with plenty of soft ruins ; conse- quently, the grasses would naturally be succulent, and tend to |)roilu('e the greatest How of milk of which a cow might bo ca])able. Of the three divisicms of Ayrshire — Carrick, Kyle, and ('uniiiii<;liiuii— the latter is regarded as the true home of this most valuabh? biccd. Indeed, they once went by the name of Cunningham cattle. Ayrshires of the Last Century. Mr. Aiton, an old English writer, who written more largely and intellig(Mitly than perhaps any one else of reed, has given nnich val- uable information concerning them as they existed in Ayrshire early in the last cei'.tury. Speaking of them, he says : " The ( ows kept in tlu; districts of Kyle and Cunningham were diinin- ntivc in si/c, ill-fed, ill-shaped, and they yielded but a scanty return in milk ; they were mostly of a black color, with large stripes of white along the chine or ridge of their back, about the flanks, and on their faces. Their horns were high and crooked, having deep ringlets at the root, the plainest proof that the cattle were but scantily fed ; tiie chine of their l)acks stood up high and narrow; their sides were lank, short ai'd thin ; their hides thick, and adhering to the bones ; their pile (skin) was coarse and open ; and few of them yielded more than six or eight quarts of milk per day, Avhen in their best plight ; or weighed, when fat, more than from twelve or sixteen to twenty stone avoirdupois, sinking offal." The Husbandry of Ayrshire, published in 1793, states upon the authority of Mr. Bruce Campbell, that the introduction of the improved breed was made by the then late Earl of Marchmont, and Mr. Youatt thinks that it must have happened between 1724 and 1740. (ArrLK, AYKHIilUK>«. 577 Thero then were succeHsivo iiilroducftioiiH of iinprovnd blood iiinoiig them, till' I)iinlii|) .strain of Short-Horn about I7H(), or one liundriul y(!ur» airo, Tliin breed bocanu) woll (!.stabli.slicd in reputation, and in tlu^ oarly piirt of the preH(Mit century became n^j^ularly known a8 Ayrshire, and was widely diHMen»inat<'d in Enfrland. The above likeness is a good one of the improved or modern Ayr- shire cow. Mr. Alton describes the breed in its improved form, or as it existed late in the last century, and early in this, ivs follows : '■!f1 i llUX M .li/ IS ; h m mn m m ♦ 578 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. "The shapes most approved of, are — head small, but rather long and narrow at the muzzle ; the eye small, but smart and lively ; the horns small, clear, crooked, and their roots at a considerable distance from each other ; neck long and slender, tapering toward the head, with no loose skin below; shoulders thin; fore-quarters light; hind-quaiters lar^e- back straight, broad behind, the joints rather loose and open ; carcass deep, and pelvis capacious, and wide over the hips, with round fleshy buttocks ; tail long, and small ; legs small and short, with firm joints ; udder capacious, broad and square, stretching forward, and neither fleshy, low hung, nor loose ; the milk-veins large, ahd prominent ; teats short, all pointing outward, and at considerable distance from each other; skin thin and loose ; hair soft and woolly. The head, bones, horns, and all parts of least value, small ; and the general figure compact and well proportioned." In this connection, it should always be remembered that the Ayrshire •cows were always noted for their thighs, and in fact a general thinness of body, as compared with beef breeds. The bulls were always selected for their feminine appearance, especially about the neck and head ; they were not required to be roomy behind ; they were required to be broad in the hook bones and hips, and full in the flanks. Tameness and docility of temper, hardiness, a sound constitution, plonty of spirit and life, and the capability of giving large messes of milk, rich in butter and cheese, are noted characteristics of this breed in an eminent degree. Mr. Youatt says of them : " They yield much milk, and that of an oily, or butyraceous, or caseous nature ; and that after she (a cow) has jrielded very large quantities of milk for several years, she will be as val- uable for beef as any other breed of cows known ; her fat will be much more mixed through the whole flesh, and she will fatten faster than any other." As far as milk is concerned, it is true of the Ayrshire of the pres- ent day. In America, the breed has not yet been sufficiently disseminated to determine whether the quality of beef shall be borne out by the state- ment of the author quoted. _ / Mr. Youatt agrees that the breed has much improved since Mr. Alton described it ; that it is short in the leg, the neck a little thicker at the shoulder, but finely shaped toward the head ; the horns smaller than those of the Highlander, but clear and smooth, pointing forward, turning upward, and tapering to the points ; they are deep in the carcass, but not round and anlple, and especially not so in the loins and haunches. Some, however, have suspected, and not without reason, that an atten- CATTLE, AYRSHIRES. 579 H tion to the shape and beauty, and attempt to produce fat and sleek cattle, which would be admired at the shows, has had a tendency to improve what is only their quality as grazing cattle, and that at the certainty of diminishing their value as milkers. Yields of Milk, Butter, and Cheese. Experiment' made early in the century, to determine the relative value of different breeds for milk and butter, we find as follows : "In some experiments conducted at the Earl of Chesterfield's dairy at Bradley Hall farm, it appeared that, in the height of the season, the Holderness would yield seven gallons and a quart ; the Long-Horn and the Aldorney, four gallons three quarts ; and the Devon, four gallons ono pint, per day. Yrhen this was made into butter, the result was, fromthu H()klcrnc«s, thirty-eight and one-half ounces ; from the Devon, twenty- ei^ht ounces ; and from the Alderney, twenty-five ounces." The Ayrshires average five gallons per day, and from that is produced thirty-four ounces of butter. This shows the degree of superiority the breed has obtained in Mr. Youatt's time. Mr. Aiton, indeed, asserted that 3 3-4 to 4 gallons of this milk would vieUl a pound and a half of butter, and that 27 1-2 gallons of milk would yield 21 pounds of full milk cheese ; and that Ayrshires in their best con- dition and well fed would yield 1,000 gallons of milk in a year. With respect to yield in the United States, we have the record that the first Ayrshire cow imported hy the Massachusetts Society for the Promo- tion of Agriculture, in 1837, yielded 16 pounds of butter a week, forseveral weelcs in succession, on grass feed only. Mr. Rankin, a most reputable English authority, reporting upon a Kylo farm hi Ayrshire, holds that Mr. Aiton's estimate is too high. In relation to two farms visited, upon one of which was kept from twenty to thirty cows, and on the other from tlnrty to forty very superior cows, he says of the first, that, "at the best of the season the average milk from each cow, is Scots pints (4 1-2 gallons,) and in a year 1,300 Scots pints (fioO jral]ons,)i that in the summer season, 64 pmts (32 gallons,) of entire milk Avill make an Ayrshire stone (24 pounds) of cheese ; and 96 pints (48 ffallons) of skimmed milk will produce the same quantity ; and that 180 pints (90 gallons) will make 24 pounds of butter." Of the other farm, he states that "the average produce of each is 1,375 pints (687 1-2 gallons) ;" and adds as his belief, on the whole, that although there may be Ayrshire cows capable of gi\Hng 900 gallons in a year, it would be difficult to bring half a score of them together ; and that in stocks «7. ^K i i;ti; j 680 ILLU8TRATF.D STOCK DOCTOR. of the greater number, most carefully selected and liberally fed, from 650 to 700 gallons is the very highest produce of each in the year. Upon his own farm, the size of which, he says, is of an inferior nature his cows produce only 550 gallons in a year ' , il; Ayrshires in Amerioa. The AjTshires were first imported to the United States in 1831. They were different in appearance from what they are now, the colors bein^ either deep red, or brown flecked with white, many of them having likck noses. They have been materially changed since then, and vary much iu color. The most of them, however, retain the characteristic colors of the breed, and whether they be dark red or black, they are generally more or less pied, mottled or blotched with white. Mr. Allen, himself a Short-Horn breeder, in his work, "American Cattle," sums up the Ayrshires as follows ; "Their thirty-six years' trial here has been successful. They are hardy, healthy, well fitted to our climate and pastures, and prove good milkers, both as to the imported originals and their progeny. Their flow of milk is good in quantity and fair in quality ; yet, Ave must be permitted co say, that in this country they do not yield so nmch in quantity as is alleged they have produced in Scotland. Tlie chief reason for this is obvious. Ayrshire has a moist climate — an almost continuous drizzle of nihis, or moisture pervading it — making fresh, green pastures ; a cooler and more equable temperature in summer, and it is warmer in winter than with us. Our American climate is liable to extremes of cold in winter, heat in summer, and protracted droughts, for weeks, drying up our herbage. These differences alone account for a diminished yield in milk from Scotch to the American Ayrshires. They have softer grasses for hay, and plenty of root-feeding in winter, which latter we have not. This fact of a diminished yield of milk on this side of the Atlantic is acknowl- edged by those most conversant with them in both countries. In the year 1837, we visited the Ayrshire herd of the late Mr. John P. Gushing, at Watertown, near Boston, Mass. They were of the choicest quality, imported by himself, on an order sent out to an expeiienced dealer in Ayrshire cattle, "without regard to price, so they are the best. ' Two or three of the cows were "prize" milkers at home, and certificates, duly verified, were sent with them of the quantities of milk they had made. They had then been a year or more at Mr. Cushing's farm, and had the best of keep. We questioned the manager as to the quantities of milk the cows gave since their arrival, compared with the certificate. His answer was, "about one-third less, on an average. The best ^prize' cow gave 33 quarts per day when at her maximum in Ayrshire, and 22 quarts CATTLE, AYRSHinES. SSI here and the others in about like proportion, but they are all good niilkcra, and Mr. Gushing is satisfied with them." Wo note the fact of the declension in milk of the Ayrshires in thia country, knoAving the same to have occurred with cows of other breeds from En"'land. It is nevertheless true, we think, that the milk produced here is richer in the constituents, as it is undoubtedlj'^ true that cows on flush, soft pastures, or those fed on soft, sloppy food, give far poorer milk, although more in quantity, than when fed on shorter rich herbage, or upon other rich food. , ^ Ayrshires in the West. In the West the Ayrshires have not gained the celebrity that the Jerseys or the Holsteins have. The probability is that the Jerseys owe much of their popularity to the fact that they are par excellence the fiuuily cow, where quality of milk has greater weight than quantity. The latter are hard keepers ; that is, they consume a large amount of food for the quantity of milk given, and probably more than either the ^ryshires or Holsteins for the quantity of butter and cheese produced. Tlie Jersey must have rich food to enable her to sustain herself. Never- theless, the texture, solidity, hardness and delicacy of the butter amply compensates for this. The Holstcin has grown in favor in the \7e8t rapidly within the last few years. Our abundant pasture and jheap forage and grain in winter, has made them prime favorites with all that class who must have a large quantity of fairly rich milk. As a cow for making cheese thc}^ are unsurpassed, as is the Jei'sey for butter. For a great flow of milk, rich in butter, our experience is that the Ayrshire carries off the palm, especially on pastures not good enough for the Holsteins. Description of Ayrshire Points. In judging cattle of any description, reference must always be had to the characteristics of their breed. Thus, while all cattle are judged l)y wrtaiu undeviating standards as respects feeding and assiinilation, beef cattle must be judged from a becf-makmg standard, and dairy cattle from their nnlk-producing powers. It is more than probable that, weight for «ci;j;ht, the Ayrshire being a cow of medium size, will produce more milk than any other breed. In selection no surer test can be had than a careful study of her points. Dr. G. Lewis Sturtevant, of South Fram- iughaiii, Massachusetts, who has given the Ayrshire particular attention, and who is one of the most careful farmers and breeders in the East, thus desorihea the Ayrshire, and the same principles may be applied to the whole race of dairy cattle. :m^»^ 582 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. "' ' XJBefulneB8. ''-'*'= = ' The usefulness of the dairy cow is in her udder, and toward the udder its shape and its yield, all the capabilities of the cow should be directed. We may first view it as a reservoir for the milk. As such, it must be lai-ge and capacious, with broad foundations, extending well behind and well forward, with distinct attachments ; broad and square, viewed from behind, the sole level and broad, the loi>os even-sized, and teats evenly distributed ; the whole udder firmly attached, Avith skin loose and elastic. Such a form gives great space for the secreted milk, and for the lodirniciit of the glands, while allowing the changes from an empty to a full ves.sel. The glands should be free from lumps of fat and muscle, well set up in the l)ody Avhen the cow is dry, and loosely covered with the soft and clastic skin, without trace of fiabbiness. Such a covering allows for extension when the animal is in milk, Avhile the glands ai'e kept in proximity M'ith the blood-vessels that supply them. The necessities of the lacteal glands ai*e larger supplies of blood from which milk can be secreted, and this harmonizes with the demands of the udder as a storehouse. For broad attachments means broad belly or abundance of .space for the digestive organs, from which all imtriment must originate. The blood is furnished to the glands of the udder by large and numerous arteries. As secretion is dependent on the freedom of supply of blood to the pai"t, and a copious flow, wo find branches coming from diiferent arterial tinmks and freely anastomozing with each other. Although these arteries are internal anu out of sight, yet fortunately tlie veins which carry the blood from the udder pass along Ifie surface, and from their size and other characteristics indicate the quantity of blood not only which they carry away, but which must have passed through the glands from the arteries. These retmu veins pass both backward and forward. Those passing forward are known as the milk veins, and the size of these superficial veins on either side of the belly, and the size of the orifices into which they disappear, arc excel- lent points to determine the milking probability of the cow. Still better is it to find, in addition, the veins in the perineum, which also return from the udder, promiueut and circuitous. Escutcheon. The escutcheon is now generally conceded to be a good indication of milk in the cow. This mai'k is sufficiently well known not to re(]uire de- scription in detail. I think a broad escutcheon is fully as good a sign as a long one ; that quantity or quality mean more than shape, yet I would not discai'd the shape entirely. One error nmst, however, be avoided. It may be well to compare the size of escutcheon of cows of one breed, CATTLE, AYIiSIIIRES. 683 but never to compare the size of escutcheon in cows of different breeds. I think th' point means more relative to size in the Ayrshire than in the Holstciu c)r Dutch ; and I am certain that while it may be safe to follow it iu the Ayrshire in the majority of instances, it would be equally unsafe to adopt it in selecting a Short-Horn, for the obvious reason that that breed has been bred for generations fur other purposes than tliose of the dairy. The udder and its dependencies, the milk veins, and the escutcheon mark, may be considered the foundation of the Ayrshire cow. These in- fluence profit, and also the shapes of the bodyand the form of the animal. The milk vessel is placed in the pubic region of the cow, and is protected on either side by the hind limbs. The breadth of its attachments secures breadth of body, and the weight requires also a depth of quarter and of flunks. The breadth below requires breadth of hip above, and length of loni here ai)pears related to length of pelvis. So much for the physical uDrtion. The physical function of milk-producing demands a great and continuous tlow of blood, for it must not be forgotten that milk is blood, so to speak. This flow is dependent on the supply of food, and on the faciUties of digestion. To gain this, a large body is required in order to hold tho suitable digestive organs. "To gain further room for these, we desire to see arched ribs, depth, yet no heaviness, of flank, and breadth of hips which we see was also required for the broad udder. To sustain this bod}', a strong, firm back is needed. To gain the most of our blood after it has absorbed the chyle from the digestive organs, reason shows that it should find its way freely and speedily tarough the system on its labors of supply and removal, cleanse itself in the lungs, and again pass on to its duties. All this points to a healthy heart, not cramped, and lungs of sufficient capacity ; for the yield of milk drains much nutriment from the system, and the constitu- tion must needs have the ^^gor given by healthy and active heart and lunjrs. In this way the chest is correlated with the udder. "The reproductive functions requu'e hock bones of good size, and a broad pelvis is desirable, as underlying within are the generative organs. Defwts here are to be shunned. "Thus the necessities of the body of a good milking cow require the wedge shape, and this not only from the flanks, but also when viewed from above." A Summing Up. The points of the Ayrshire cow, as given l)v the Ayrshire Agricultural Society, and the New York State Agricultural Society, have been summed up as follows : S84 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. The Body. "The whole fore-quarters thin in front, and gradually increasing in depth and width backward, yet of sufficient breadth and roundness to insure constitution ; back should be straight and the loins wide, the hips rather high and well spread ; pelvis roomy, long, broad and strai'rht hook bones wide apart ; quarters long, tolerably muscular, and full iu their upper portion, but moulding into the thighs below, which should have a degree of flatness, thus affording more space for a full udder ; the flanks well let down, but uot heavy ; ribs, behind, springing out very round and full, affording space for a large udder — the whole carcass thus acquii'ing increased volume toward its posterior portion. "We see that the points as given are those of utility, and that at thia stage the udder-poiuts and body-points are correlated. Tho Skin. ♦' In connection with the body and the udder, the skin is of gi-eat value in assisting our judgmcjit. Between the portion of the external coverin" used for leather, and the muscle, there occurs a layer of cellular tissue, which contains a lai'ger or smaller amount of fat cells, and the mellow handling caused by these cells indicates a free circulation throughout this mesh work. "The skin varies from a thin, papery hide, covered with silky hair, ti a thick, supple, elastic hide, well coated with hair, on the one hand, unu a similar variation, with harsh hair and coarseness, on tho other. The thin, papery hide indicates quick fattening and a delicate constitutiou ; the thick, elastfc hide cushioned on fat, and which on the flank conies into the hand almost without grasping, indicates the height of vi^or, accompanied by the fattening tcndonc}', and the possessor of this hand- ling endures climatic changes, low quality in his food, and neglect, with remarkable hardihood, and quickly responds to full feed and good care. The harsh handler is a dull feeder, consumes much food, and generally contains more than a just proportion of offal or waste. In the Ayrshire cow we desire neither of these extremes, for it is in the milk product that we wish the food to be utilized, and it is almost an unchanging law of nature, that deficiency in one direction must be compensated for by excess in another direction, and vice versa. At an}' rate, the cow that lays on fat too quickly is seldom a first class milker ; and how well known is it that the cow of large yield milks down her condition ! A cow that has a moderately thin, loose skin, of suflScient elasticity nnd suppleness of touch, without being fat-cushioned, as it were, with hair soft and mossy, or woolly, if of correct form otherwise, will usually milk CATTLE, AYRSHIRE8. 585 a lar^e quantity, and when she becomes dry, will rapidly come into con- dition. In truth, the handling of the Ayrshire cow must be good ; it cannot be too good ; but it must not be of exactly that quality souglit for in the grazing breeds. "There, as everywhere, the dairyman must keep to his line ; milk, not fat, is liis profit ; and in seeking excess of both, he will be liable to fall below the average of either." Belating Especially to Milk. It is an axiom of breeders to diminish the useless parts of an animal as much as possible, or, in other words, to reduce the proportion of those part3 not conductive to profit to as great extent as possible. Applying this rule to a dairy breed, we should desire a small neck, sharp shoulders, small brisket and small bono. Moreover, small bone usually accompanies thrift, and is universally found in improved breeds. We thus have a reiison for these other AjTshire points, which I now quotie : " Shoulders lying snugly to the body, thin at their tops, small at their points, not long in the blade, nor loaded with muscle ; brisket light ; neck of medium length, clean in the throat, very light throughout, and tiipeiing to the head ; tail long and slender ; legs shx)rt, bones tine, joints firm. If the dairyman's policy were otherwise, he would have to supply extra food for the support of parts useless to him, and whose larger development is of no especial value. The Head. "The head should be small, in shape either long and narrow, or broad in the forehead and short, according to the type of animal preferred by the breeder, generally preferred somewhat dishing ; the nose tapering to an exi>anded muzzle, with good clean nostrils. Opinions differ as to the srenem! shape of the head. A bi*oad forehead and short face occurs more frequently in bulls, and is generally esteemed a masculine charac- toristic; a more elongated face is called feminine. Yet some families of well-bred and good milking A^Tshire cows have the broad and short head, and such were, at one time, if not now, the favorite in the show-yard in Scotland. "The eye should be moderately full, lively yet placid looking. The eye is a mirror of the disposition, and interjDrets the character of the cow; a fretful, irritable animal is seldom a quick fattener, and usually disappoints at the pail. It also gives expression to the features, and physiognomy aids our judgment. iit'i^;' 586 ILLUSTRATED STOCk DOCTOR. **The ears should be of a good size, but thin, and their skin of rich yellow color. Coarse ears are usually found on ill-bred animals, and these may be considered, to a certain extent, indicative of general coarseness. The color of the skin, as shown inside the ear, is usually considered indicative of the richness of the milk in butter. "The horns should be of medium size, of fine texture, with an out- ward and upward turn, or inclining upwards and curving slightly inwards, according to the taste of the breeder. They should be set on rather widely apart. A coarse horn may indicate a coarse and thick hide, as there seems an intimate relation between the composition of the horii, hair, and hide, and the influence of climate on horn and hair gives an appearance oftentimes of correlation between the two. The Top Points. "The neck should be of medium length throughout, and tapering to the throat, which should be clean or free from loose, hanging skin. Yet too thin a neck is not desirable, as it usually indicates a delicate aiiiinal. A thick-set neck, well covered yet not overladen with muscle, accompa- nies hardiness and vigor of constitution. "The junction of the neck with the body and over the shoulders is called the crops ; on a horse it would be called the withers. A liollow behind this point is a never-failing sign of weakness. The crops should blend in easily with a thin shoulder, lying snugly to the body. This shoulder and a well defined spine produce the sharpness of shoulder so much admired. The back should be straight, with spine well defined, especially forward. The tail long, firm in the bone, and set on a level with the back, without depression or notch. A fine tail usually accom- panies fine bone, and the fine bone is not only decrease of offal over heavy limbs, but accompanies early maturity, and a tendency to thrift. The limbs should be fine-boned, flat-boned, and with joints of moderate size. On the forward limbs the cow should stand low. Large joints and round bones are found very frequently on dull feeders and on animals of little profit. The Teats. "The teats should be of medium length, evenly set, and project slightly outward when the bag is full, of even thickness throughout, and of fine texture. They should be placed about one-third of the length of the "vessel" apart in one direction, and about one-half the other. When the udder is not distended, they should hang peiiiendicularly. Large teats, however desirable to the milker, are usually accompanied by CATTLE, UOLSTEIKS. 587 coarseness of build in the cow. Thoy are seldom found on well-bred auiiiiiils, yet exceptionally they occur, and are much liked. A teat should be large enough to grasp, say from two to two and a half inches in length. A shorter one would bo an objection ; with larger, I should fear coarseness. • , .1 , . . ■ ; . < . Color and Carriage. ««In color the Ayrshires vary gi'catly. Brown, red, and white appears to good advantage, and is fashionable. A good quantity of white, well distributed, adds style and showiness to the animal. Yellow and Avhito is frequently seen, yet while this color is sometimes stated as indicating lack of hardiness, I am not aware of any proofs of argument having been brought forAvard to support this view. Color is as yet a matter of taste, for its correlations are hardly guessed at ; and from almost pure black, through the reds to almost pure white, are colors found on the best cows. Black spots on the skin, barely perceptible through the hair, often occur on the best cattle. Strawberry-blotched and red and white are perhaps the more common colors. A self-colored animal, or a roan, or animal with white on the ears, the Avriter has never yet seen among the Ayrshires in Scotland or in this country, when the i^edigreo was unquestionable. "The carriage should be light and active, the head well up, and the hind legs should not cross in walking. The condition should be neither fat nor lean, but that average which a good cow holds when in good fiesh at calving, liberally fed while in milk." Holstein Cattle. Dutch cattle were undoubtedly among the first cattle ever brought to America. Canada was visited by the French in 1808, Avhen they founded Quebec. Soon after colonists arrived and brought with them the little Normandy cattle. The English first settled on the James river, in Virginia, in 1607, and New York M'as settled by the Dutch in 1G14. In 1625 the first cattle were imported from the mother country, and they were undoubtedly the Dutch cows noted for milk, or a race nearly allied to what are now generally recognized as Holsteins. That this supposition is correct is probably true, since these cattle were considered valuable for milk and labor. It would naturally follow that these two qualities should be considered of prime importance by the practical Dutch settlers, in a country where game in abundance might be had by all who knew how properly (0 aim a gun. Rearing cattle for the sake of meat would be a secondary consideration there. mi ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. "^ History of Holsteins. In the adaption of breeds to special purposes we must always bear in mind that feed, climate, care, and careful breedin<5 '"ust he tiikeii into consideration. Thus for the most excellent dairy cattle, wo must look to countries noted for dairy products. In such districts will aiwiivs be found tolerably uniform and excellent milkers. Really stioiititic breeding has not been practiced until within a very few years. It was more experiment than anything else. Yet so long ago as 1(525, Ehglund, Holland and Switzerland were lioted for dairy products, and also for breeds of deep luid lasting milkers. As education increased, and woiilth became more general, improvement by selection was supplemented l)y a careful study of certain points and characteristics that might be expected to perpetuate themselves. Thus we now have the Jerseys, the Ayr.shii'es, the Swiss cattle, and Holsteins, each specially adapted to the soil and requirements of their respective localities. The Holsteiu cattle, or those of North Holland, are noted for largo frames ; for being of two distinct colors, black and white mixed. They belong to the great short-horned division of cattle, which race, from the best accounts extant, would seem to have been peculiar to the transient inhabitants of Germany from time immemorial, and to have been carried with them in all their niijirnitions. The size, adaptation to districts yielding strong, plentiful herbage, and extraordinary milking qualities, have made them universal favorites in the West, and wherever introduced in all that great counti-y of the Northwest that of late years has so suddenly become celebrated for its dairy products. Within the last century this breed, like all other pure breeds, has been wonderfully improved by the astute and practical Hollanders, so that it may now be called as distinctly a breed as any other of the more reputable families. Like the Durham and Teeswater cattle of a hundred years ago, they were then noted for a fair uniformity in appearance, and as deep milkers, good at the yoke, and as making heavy weights of fair beef when ready for fattening. The general characteristics of these two breeds would seem to point conclusivoly to the fact that originally they had a common ancestry in cattle belonging to the ancient races inhabiting the north of Europe, and that they were carried wherever these people, in their wanderings, migrated. Improyement. We have no definite knowledge when this wonderfully constituted short-horned race of cattle first became broken up into the various families that have of late years become celebrated both as dairy cattle and as beef cattle. It is probably within the last three centuries that CATTLE, HOL8TEIN8. 589. systcnintic attempts havo been inudo to breed them with a view to their I'liivfiil iiiii)roveinent and toward tixiiig th(!ir fharat'teri sties — in Enghmd with tlu' Durhams, now known as Siiort-IIoniM, and in Holland with the Diitcli cattle, now known in the West throuj^li tlio importation of the Ilolstc'in.s, from the fact that in tliis district more care seems to have been taken to breed their cattle, not only to type, but also in line as dairy oiittlc. It takes long generations of such breeding to tix undeviatingly peculiar traits and characteristics, io they may be transmitted with great fixity to the resulting progeny. The Ilolsteins of the present century liiivo presented uniformity, and to-day they may be called as persistent in the transmission of quality as the other great families of the genus Bos in any country. Tliese have superior excellonco in their milking qualities. They are dairy cows noted for giving enormous quantities of fairly rich milk. They have massive compact frames, and make good beef; as working oxen, from their strength, docility, paticuice, amd fairly active habits, they should make excellent workers. The horns of the Ilolsteins are short. The hair sshort, soft, and fine. The hides are of moderate thieknes.-), of good texture — that is, mellow. The color should be always black and white, cither in bands, or else pied, mottled or spotted over the body. The ud- ders of the cows are capacious, of great breadth and depth. The teats \,el] shaped and standing well apart. The milk-veius prominent, large, and running well forward. Holsteins in America. jrciieral onstituted ic various lairy cattle turies that As we previously stated, the old Dutch settlers of New York brought over with them this valuable breed of cattle. They have, however, become entirely lost, except that they havo left their impress in resulting genera- tions of mixed blood. Since the time noted, there probably were none impoi-ted until the present century. In the early part of the century, at the time of the im- iwrtatioii of Merino sheep, by Mr. William Jarvis, of Vermont, in one of bis voyages he brought over a bull and two cows. They remained on his farm for some years ; the bull was bred to the common stock of the coun- try, producing a decided impress, but at the end of u few years the pux'e blood was lost. It is recorded, that, somewhere between 1820 and 1825, Mr. Herman Le Koy, a puT)lic spirited merchant of New York city, imported some im- proved Dutch cattle which were sent to his farm near the city. Between 1827 and 1829, some of the pi'oduce of this herd were sent to the fai'm of bis son, Edward Le Roy, on the Genesee river. Mr. L. F. Allen de- 690 1LLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR. scribes this herd in 183'1, us he then saw them, us being largo, wcll-spicud cattie, bhiclc and wliite in color, and remarkable for their unoonnuoii vicld of milk, and of great value as dairy animals ; their qualities in that lino were universally acknowledged wherever known. ' '" " '" '"" About Dutch Cattle Generally. In treating of Dutch cattle we have adopted the name Hoh'tein, and for the reason that in the West certainly the importers seem to have fiiiuied the cattle found in llolstein, and to have imported more largely of tiioni than any other of the Dutch cattle. That the right name for all thosu families of ancient lineage, bred in North-Holland, and recognl/inl ns having been for nniny generations great milkers and as making heavy hoof cattle, of good (luality, M'hen dry, should be Dutch cattle, there is, from the testimony, little doubt. So also it would seem that the llolstein cattle are a sub-race of the older Dutch, as the following letter from Prof. J. G. Hengweld, of the Netherlands Royal Veterinary Institute, to Mr. Charles Muller, United States Consul at Amsterdam, would seem to .show. This is dated Utrecht, November, 1872, and pul)lished in the Kcjjort of the on Dutch Cattle in Agriculture of Massachusetts, second series, 1873-74. From it we extract as follows : Quoting from Low's Agricultural History of the Domestic European Animals, etc., he says : "In comparing these varieties of cattle to the breeds of the Continent, there is an analogy found on the one side between the great breeders of the marshes and the black cattle, natives of the plains and marshes of Holland ; and on the other, between the more various kinds on the north of the Humber and those of llolstein and Juthuid, whence the best cattle of Northern Europe have sprung." It is not un- reasonable to suppose, that these latter breeds may have been introduced during the first period of Saxon colonization l)y the Jutes and Anglos, who settled down in that part of England. But at a more approximate i)criod to us, it appears that cattle were frequently imported from the neighbor- ing continent, and that they were mixed with native breeds. It was especially the Dutch cows that were considered the best milch kinds of Northern Europe. There is here a very clear and evident difference made between the ex- cellent Dutch cattle and the llolstein n- ' -".tl Low traces to a Saxon colonization. 1 ' can make the Dutch cattle ' "*•«•• *' j^iii — from which lines the 'herd ». Ui.. t« i in the French version, 'whence t best Di . > oh races themselves originate')— is incomprehensible ; and it is evident \jow errs, or is not sufficiently ao breeds whose origin few lines further on, m the Holstein cattle renee (the same occurs CATTLE, HOL8TKIN8. 591 nimiiitiHl with the history of both countrios. For nh-ciidy fu'vcu «'(>iitun('S |„.f(MT tho coloiiiziitioii ill Ei)<>;hiiui, of tlio .lutes ami Anglcrf, tho Kriesiimn rildlliimUTs] Avcro known for the greutor nniiiber of their eiittio, iw M'ill furtiicr appear. Kvciv Sprinjr, tliousands of Ilolstein heifers are driven to th(^ fieklH of Norliiern (ferinany Jind IloUand, where peoph) find it is more i)rotita- l)l(>t() buy heifers than to raise them ; and tho name of the l»reed j;ot coiifused, 80 that tho name " IloUand cow," was here transhited into "Dutch cow," etc. About Hord Books. Thrtile meadows of the Polders, and afterwards sold at the markets of Hoorn, Enkhuyzen and Amster- dam as fat cattle. As to heifers, either then or now, having been imported from Holstein into Friesland and North Holland for the purpose of l)reed« iug, no such thing is known." To withhold nothing, and to put nothing in a distorted light, I may add, that in the middle of the IHth century several importations took place into Friesland of Danish cattle, consisting of young calves. This was at the time of the raging of the cattle-plague, which desolating dis- ease carried off thousands of the finest cattle in Friesland and Holland. For the purpose of keeping the cattle trade alive, and to fill the places of tlio.sc destroyed by the plague, small Danish breeds and German cows of diminutive size were substituted and crossed with the reniaininij; and recovered natives. "They were," says Scheltma, "Danish, Holstein and small German cows, of which the greater part were smaller in size than the native race." In the same work we find, "that one was I'cduced to the necessity, in 17(!9, of purchasing the needful cattle in the county of Benthelm, in the district of Oldenburg and Munster, in Hanover and other parts of Germany." In the work, "Present State of Friesland," it is mentioned that, "owing to the cattle-plague, the ]icople were compelled to in port from abroad all kinds of small cattle, chiefly Danish. But, what was remark- able, however small and ill-favored these animals might be, when com- cattm;, ll(>l.^■n.I^^. .Wf) ll!|ll|l||N|ll 'Iji'l fill] "r\i "'l-iijll MM i|,l 'i 111; Wii^ '!■■'!■■ BW^h ' jkn. HH £"' ' ■'* If 696 ILLIIHTUATKIJ 8T0(;K UOCTOU. pared with the handsome Friesiiin homed cattle, aa a natural consequence an improvement of food induced a favorable development of body, and from the mixture of the two broedn, good and choice milch-kine were attained within tvo or throe genorationu of the introduction of theforcitrn blood, no matter how much the race had in the beginning deteriorated through the prociess, and, eventually, the type of Danish and Gerinan cattle was quite lost." This ia, however, already one hundred years a^o. A fair consideration of what has been thus far stated will leave iir justification of the "herd-book's" imputation upon the antiquity and purity of descent of our Friesian or Dutch cattle ; or its assuruption that they are of Holstein origin. No ; the genealogy of Netherlaud cat- tle is pure and unadulterated, and it is at least two thousand yauvs old. Fsots a* to Dutch Cattle. Our authority continues as follows : " I come now to the present time, and the question whether it is tenable to give to one variety of cattle the name of an entire group, and to reckon as aj^pertaining to it all its several varieties or breeds, — as, for instance, the Duttih, Friesian, Oldenburg, Holstein, etc., — and would it not be imperative in such a cjvse to give it the purely historical name l)j which it is generally known? If it could be desirable to give a general name to the cattle of the just mentioned districts, then that of Holstein rattle would not be appropriate, and for it should be substituted that of FricHian cattle, whence all the varieties originated. "The chief characteristics of this Friesian breed — its eminent milk- giving and fattening qualities — we find in ail the just mentioned districts, iiiid extending still further southward ; wiMi this difference, however, that wherever the land is more fertile, the clii; ate milder, and the tending, feeding and breeding of the cattle observed with more care, in that luciisure, and according as these requisites stand to each other in the closest projjortion and harmony, they are n)ore developed, attain lar known, and that no collective name, though a historical one, should lif given them. " Tn order to be able to readily classify a group of cattle of proa! exti. , possessing the same chief qualities in form and productiveness. Sturm* proposed, so long as fifty years ago, to give to a grf)up, subject •Dr. Sturm : KIbcrfliilil. 1825. ' Of RacM, Crossing and Improrement of Indigenous Domestic Anini»l»" that of inilk- itricts, wovcr, ; toiulillg, 111 in that the liivjior the tnii' Ihich it i'- fihoiihl he ■Oil'. of p' kctivPiiess' pubjeot Aniin»l«' CATTLK, IIOI.HTKIN8. 597 Im li/'f .'♦ f'l n^ % I'^J 'It ■1 1 Ell !•' 1 i' it mF 1 P HIBKj' ?fii 1 m 918 ILLIISTUATKI) STOC!K IMXrroK. to the same conditions of 8oii uiid diniiitu, a uaino indiiuiting tlio89 conditions, and tliU8 originated Mountain Cattle, Highland CuUlo, tiiid Lowland Cattle. He also heads each of these divisions hy the hnnui best representing the distinctive feature of its class, ax Utt ti/pe. It U under the denomination of Lowland Cattle that he places the diffcruut breeds of the coast lands along the North Sea. Schmal/, P:il)8t, timl many subsequent writers, adopt this clarification ; some witii a fow modifi(;ations, but all in the physical characteristics of the country tn which they are indigenous, the general denomination of the collccttivf ifi'oup, according to Schmalz's statement, cattle, adopting Sturm's clussi- Hcation, may be distinguished in the following manner : Baoes of Dutch Cattle. i-acc, \ Oldoiib Dutch 1 |»iirtiallj it IH ('ill I U'ilstcr their si/ij like till! I Other hIiow thii minio, Jill so is to u II B "A. Lowland Race. — Primitive cow ; Dutcb-Fricsian cow. " B. Mountain Race. — Degenerate, (juite tb«( contrary of A ; Swiss cow. "C. Middle Race. — ^Highland race; forms the transition from A to B ; Frankish cow. , "Schmalz says, 'To the race A belong the DutcJi, an reprexentativeH, the Friosian, the Oldenburg, and chiefly all Lowland races l)eariii.' peculiar characteristics which identify it with the place of its sojouiii." ♦'This is a purely natural division, and there is not the least arroiranco in asserting, what history points out, that the I)ut(!h cattle constitute the type of the oldest, purest, and best breed. All other variiities iire of less intrinsic value ; they are coarser or smaller, possess hiss prochictivc qualities, though of local excellence in their native plali!in, who visited IIoilMii^i about ten years ago. "The Dutch cattle constitute the ty|)eof tbcpro|)crly so-called Lowland In reiati his Ohio A "The na nu?nerou8 fine 1)01108, iiiid delicate '•lit thero ai "ffood coil iiiiy other i wudit aft(' The ticsl, \fi for slock •'•itlaiid aiK '"''V^'eiiiiir 'feeder of A ^^<"'<', ) in oi "III the f'wii the An as f 1,0 ]\r,i,.s <'<>'■» not d„ ^'"••'••^ of the ''''"III fortv-c milk dailv. ^"•■t. I was •'ff'-et that rn 'SO of '''■<'iun, w *Dr. George May : "The Cattle." Munich. ISUa. Vol. III., p. :W. f'"Vis verv w Rwoet f)r CA'ri'LK, IIOI.HTKIN8. 599 i-acc, wliich extends throughout Nctherhinds, Flanders, Norinundy, Oldenburg, and I^enuiiirk. Tho Oldenburg fiittlc descended from the Dutcli race, aiid arc likewise distinguished as East Friesian cattle, as still purtiallv found in Hanoverian Friezland. In the adjacent parts of Bremen it is ciilled Bremen (tattle." "Th(! Holstein and Breitenburg cattle in the Wilster and Kempner markets are equal to • * • ; hut with respect to their scjuare build, the Breitenburg cattle are in their properties more like the finer Dutch cattle." Other writers of repute may be (juoted, but enough has been given to show that the name of "Holsteun" is only a local, and not a coll(!ctiv(! iiaiiie, and may not be given to cattle bought in North Ilollund. To do 80 is to underrate the Dutch eattlo rac^e. Mr. Klippart's Testimony. In relation to the native cattle of Holstein, the lamented Klipi)ait in his Oiiio Agricultural Report of ISi'u), says: "The native (lattle of Holstein are the Angle cattle, which are far inore numerous than any other, kind or rac^e. They are small animals, with tine hones, short legged rather than otherwise ; a very fine, snijfll head, and delicately formed neck. The predominating color is red or brown, hilt then; are many dun, black, or spotted ones. According to the amount of food consumed, this race give a more abundant su|)ply of milk than any otluu- in the duchies. It is a vcuy highly esteemed race — is nmeh MHiirht after for its milking (pialilics mid kindliness in taking on flesh. The flesh is very fine, tender and juicy. On ac(;ount of the great demand for stock of this race, cattle dealers have not unfrequently gon<> into Jutliuid and other points, and made purchases, which they represented as hciiitj genuine Angles ; but in recent years a law has been passed that ev(!ry hrccdcr of Angle stock nmst brand the calves with the letters A. K. ( Aiufle l{(iii',) in order to prevent impositions. "Ill these marshes are found a race «)f cattle much larger and heavier than the Angles, larger boned, and of a dark, reddish brown, and known as the Marsh race. This race set^ms to be adapted to the marshes, but does not do well on the higher and dryer u[)lands. Upon the rich pas- turi's of the marshes, for a time after calving, the best (^ows will give from forty-eight to sixty-four pounds, (from six to eight gallons), of milk daily. But the milk is not ni^ar so rich as that of the Angles ; — in fact, I was shown ;., stat(Mnent, apparently wcdl authenticated, to the effect that milk of the Marsh race contained no more than two per cent. •if crciun, while that of the Angle nwc contained sixteen i)er (;ent. One thiiiir is very certain, namely: the butter of the Marsh race is not near H) Rwcct or • nuttv ' as that of the Angle race. < 4 Ml '^i^Mlj i'jl i 600 ILLI.'WTKATKI) MTOCK DOOTOU. " 111 SchloHwig, rathof timii in Jlolstciiii, arn found many of tlio JuMaiiil race of cattle. Tluwe havo very tine bones, and are long in proportion to their heigiit, and are, as a rule, short-legged. The prevailing color ii gray, black, or gray and black mixed with white, but very rarely red or brown. Thin race in more highly se aniiuMls recoivo here has iilmost become proverbial on account of its j)erfectioii. ♦♦The cattle here are mostly spotted black and white ; however, brown and blue or gray mixed. Tim live sveight of t\w cows is 1,200 to 1,400 pounds ; that of bulls rcniches 2,000 pounds when full grown and fattiid. The cows are unusually productivt! of milk, and give an average of .'J,009 quarts and over per annum. CA'rrt.E, llULJtiTKINS. 801 «'A very excellent inilch tow of the 'Amsterdiiui nice, from tlio royal cow stable in Eldenu, which was brought with a few otheru to the luter- uatioiial Exhibition, took the tirst premium for milch cows of the Nctiiorluud race at the International Exhibition of live stock at Stettin in 18G5. This cow, fed in the stall only, gave in one year the great quantity of 6,142 quarts of milk, and kept up afterwards to 4,000 (|iiaits in an equal length of time. "To the breed of North Holland are nearly relattsd those of Soutli Holland and West Friesland, and differ perhapw only hi that the latter are larger boned, and in general of not so pleasing a form. In regard to tlioir milk-producing qualities they are about equal. The manner of keeping the stock, and the use of the milk, is also the same, viz. : the manufacture of cheese, while the calves are raised and sold as young stock at high prices. From these three provinces, the former two of which suffered so much lately from rinderpest, milch cows are bought for the best dairies in Germany. " Holland cattle ai*e well adapted to soiling, although at home they are accustomed to pasturage. They are kept protibibly on the hitter only when its abundance facilitates grazing and makes corporal exertion inniec- essary. Therefore a great error would bo made in placing these animals on a scant pasturage, and they are not at all adapted to the pastin-agci of a light soil. The result of stall-feeding is more favorable, because pro[)er care and fodder can be given the stoek without its exertion. We liava received from no other race an equal quantity of milk with the same feed, as years of observation in the cow stable of the Academy at Eldena. has shown. "Three years ago (in 1865), different nwres were kept here, vi/,. : milch cows of Toudern and Breitenburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, of Ayrshire, is. Scotland, and of Holland. Yields of Milk. "The yield of milk this year of these races was : "1. Four Toudern cows gave 9,337 (juarts, or an average of 2,334 quarts, or 6 3-10 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gav« 2,345 (juarts, the smallest 2,020 quarts. "2. Three Breitenburg cows gave 8,5SJ4 cjuarts, or an average of 2,8(U 2-3 quarts, or 7 85-100 quarts per daj' for the year. The largest iiilker gave 2,946 quarts, the smallest 2,820 (juarts. "3. Three Ayrshire cows gave 5,386 quarts, or an average of 1,79.') 1-3 quarts, or 4 92-100 quarts per day for the year. The largest milker gav»» 2,249 quarts, the smallest 1,415 quarts. I' >l i i; I II tt02 ILLUKntATKI) PlOOK UUOI'UU. ■ "Altho ^1 ally, tliaii ^1 weighed oi ^^1 compiirisoi ^1 irrcator iiiri viz.: Niiit ^^H ^^1 iiiiothcr of ^1 The propor '>f liiij, tho ^M "From t. ^H 5 pounds w 6 25-100 p„ ^B of hay. i; ^ H ^ preferable.' CArri-K, IIOLHTRINH. mil ••Twonty-two Holland vowh gave 7>S,1()() quailH, or an avorag»i of 3,550 (juarto, or 9 73-100 (juarts pt-r day for \\w year. 'I'lu' liirj^dst milker pivo (5,142 (iuart.s, tlit! snialloHt 2,52(5 <]unrts. " Tlio avcirago food \wv head in the Winter was daily — 10 poiindn Suni- nicr straw, out lino: 2 1-2 poundH oat and wheat eliaff ; 2.''i pounds beets ; 10 poundH hay ; 8 poundH refuse malt from hc.or ln'cweiy ; .1 pounds ryo bran. This food is considered al)()ut (tqual to t2 }>-lO pounds hay. "During the Sunnner the {-ows were fed daily per head 13.') pounds irreen fodder, viz., clover an«l V(!tehe.s (of the latter very little wan used), aud three times a day 8 pounds of hay." Feeding Qualities. "Although thcro is no doubt that the Holland cows oat more, genei-- ally, than the smaller Ayrshire and Toud<>rn (for tho fodder wiis not weighed out for each aninnd separately), this is of minor importiinee in coinparison with the greater amount of milk given by the fornu'r. Tho LTcuter aujount of feed eonsunuid by thi; Holland cows can be (!stiniatcd, viz. : Nine of them stood at one crib, whilo ten of the sntaller stood at another of equal size ; the fodder was, however, divided tlu! sain(i in each. Tho proportion is as nine to ten, or when the smaller cows ciit 4.5 ))ounds of hay, the larger ones eat SO pounds. "From the quantity of milk given, the Holland cows used a trifle over 5 pounds weight of hay to produce one quart of milk ; Brcitenburg us

7 18 :« 12 37 8 7 6 11 24 2 17 3 8 3 80 1 4 1 14 55 60 74 35 Jflerds. Average Yield per Cow. Waiubakum Cherry Brook Koad.-tldo CiMhing'n Mapiowood New Jersey Agricultural College Cociilchewick A. ;j«'bby'8 Oneida Oomniunlty Cornell's Average of all HOLSTUIN UEmDS. Togus I 5,922 Oneida Community | 8,771 Miller's „ I 8.500 Average of all | 7,761 [Let us add to these two well-known herd:*]. .a. 5,22!) 5.372 5.705 5.583 «.5:m 5,671 7.5H2 5.-108 0.405 881 3-10 lbs. Col. H, C. Hoffman's Unadilla Valley Association 0.3G0 8.384 4,128 4.G22 4.1)58 3.808 4.2n» 4,303 Average of all 8,8781-! JKR8RY lIBRnS. Togus E.P.orUhoile Island Deerfoot Nordhelm Hillsdale Average of all Let us add to this Il&t the SHORT-HORN HERDS. R. Ashburner, California (i.870 Harris Lewis 6,400 John Lea, Eng.,600 lbs cheesu in 8 mos., and roilk for calves— milk sold in winter Bcauchamp'8C'rt,Lng 8,000 (These w«!re samples of a large herd). Average of all 6,736 c ' i e = a (I ■3 3 make ; the Jersey owners, how much butter und cream to the quart of milk. To show that the Holstein is not a butter cow, the following deduce'Jl from a table publish(;d hy tlie London Agi'iculture Journal, the results of tests made by Mr. Amersfoordt, of Badhoeve, in tho Lake of Haarlem, Holland, a most competent authority, who tested tiie iiiilii of 46 cows in June, and 49 cows in November, with Prof. Tesse/'is lacto- scope, which is claimed to give a close approximation to the actual fat in the milk. In the table made by Mr. Amersfoordt, the yield of eiich ''ow on the 15th of Jui.e and the 24th of November is given with the per centajrc of fat. The average yield of 4(5 cows in June, is 13.87 litres, or 31 ll»f». each, and the per centage of fat 5.217. Six of the largest milkers gave 80.2 litres, or 46 lbs. per day, with 5.2 per cent, of fut. the Holsi .""Id .') r, CATTLK, HOLHTBINN. 607 On till! 2Gth of November, 49 cows gave an average of 6.24 litres, or 13.92 1I)Sm with (5.32 per cent, of fat. The largest per centage of fat was IJ^O. If tlio lactometer of Dr. Fesser is accurate, this would show the Holsii'ins to ^ivc tnilk as ricii as our iiativi' cows, whose milk will pld 5 per cunt, of butter on flush grass in .hiiu-. and 7 per cent, in 808 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. November. So considering the noble milking powers of this breed, iirid their well-known ability as cheese-makers, their outcome in butter should be considered satisfactory. The Kerry Ck>w. In Ireland, from time immemorial, there has existed two distinct races of cattle that were valuable in their day and time ; one a long-horiicd breed, and the other belonging to the middle-horns and (tonsidcrcd an abcnginal breed. Of the long-horns we have already made whut mention is necessary here, except that we may add that from their rcs(!m- blance to the English long-horns, they have been supposed to have had the same origin ; but whether the English family came from Ireland, or vice versa, is not known ; history is silent on the subject, and it mutters but little to this generation. The middle-horns and the short-horns are the valuable cattle of the present day, and they will be the cattle of the future. The other representative branch of the gentts Bos in Ireland, the cattle of Kerry, or as they are now termed, Kerry cattle, are worth more than a passing mention, because there have been representative aiiinmls imported to the United States, and tliey may have val'ie in some moun- tainous countries of the United States, and the far Northwest, for their extreme hardiness, their facility in shifting for f'^omselves, and their adaptal)ility in fattening when not in milk. As ' '-n' ■ J they arc rare, and even in the last century were not to be fou ' v . ^pt inland on the mountains. They are described by Youatt jis small, light, active and wild. The Kerry at Home. The head is small, although there are exceptions to this in various parts ; and .so numerous, indeed, are these oxt^eptions, that sonic descrilM' th<- native Irish cattle as having tiiick heads and necks ; the horns arc short, as compared with the other breed, all of tlu«n fine, some of thcni nitlior upright, and frequently, after projecting forward, then turning lux kwiird, Vltliough somewiiat deticic-.l in the hind-quarters, they are high-lioncd and wide over the hips, yet the bone generally i« not heavy. The hair is coarse and long; they arc lilack-brinr'led, black, or brindled, witli whito faces. Some arc fin«»r in the bone, and finer in the neck, with a good ev*' and sharp nmzzle, and great activity. They are exceedingly hardy ; they live through the winter and «omP- times fatten on their native mountains and moors ; aiul when ri moved to a l)ett«r climate and noil they fatten with all the rapidity of the iihorijrinai CATTLE, THE KERRY . ■i^lifk oattle of the Highlands and Wales. 1'hcy are generally very good milkers, and many of them are excellent. The cow of Kerry is truly a poor man's cow, living everjrwhere hardy, yielding (for her size) an abundance of milk and fattening rapidly. These cattle usually are small, and are confined to the hilly and moor fffounds. Some are of considerably size, elsewhere, and are improved in form as well as weight. The horns, usually of middle length, turn up, as do the horns of those on the mountains ; they are shorter in the le*', shorter in the body ; their loins p.nd haunches are heavy and wide ; although the hair is thick, the hide is mellow, and thoy thrive with rapidity. This is as they were known many years ago. They have since been bred with care. The London Stock Journal of a late date says of thom now : "These characteristic points of the breed are unmistakably well marked. The size is small. The legs in most cases are very short in proportion to the size of the body. The head is somewhat small, though the muzzle is long and clean. The lips are thin ; the expression of the countenance is pleasing, and the eye is particularly clear and fairly prominent. A symptom which is most indicative of purity of breed is the "turn up" of the horn, which is of medium length. Occasionally, however, the horn will, after turning up, turn backwards. The nicety of the horn and the manner in which it is set on adds immensely to the style. The neck is not massive at the junction with the head, bur, it thickens gradu- ally, and affords reasonable covering to the siioulders. The latter are flat and thin. The dorsal vertcbrce rise more than in other cattle, which soinetinics gives the back an irregular api)carance. The ribs spring well, especially the last of those approaching the hip ; this makes the body very compact. The loins arc of medium width, and the hip not promi- nent. The distance between the hip and the setting on of the tail is not considerable ; the latter hangs neatly, and is well (M)ncealed l)y tao adjoining bones. The chest is full and deep, and the hind-quarters long, but rather light. The favorite color is black, though l)lack and white, brown, and red, are by no means uncommon. TIh; coat U invariably tine and thick, and the hide elastic and mellow, showing great capacity for the production of flesh and fat. "Sixteen quarts of milk per day may be regarded as the maxinuini (luantity the best speciniens of the breed M'ill give, and twelve quarts may Im> rpgiirded as a good average for the entire season. Tiiis is, of c urse, on good keep. The milk is rich in cream, and the butter delicate in ilavor, superior in color, and, us in the case with the Jersey cows, one or two Kcrries will give the milk of ten to fifteen other cows in the i)rodu(!tion of butter. Ah an indication of the richness of n>ilk of the Kerry cow, ei?ht to nine quarts are said to produce a pound of butter." iiSi a.' :li Li Stsli^' 610 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. ■•!'. H In relation to tboir udaptability to fatten, it is said to be a remarkable peculiarity of the breed, but tiiey take a long time to mature. At tiirce to four years of age they will not dress more than three to four hundred pounds of beof to the fore quarters. They are not however beef cattle nor are they adapted, in this country, to dairying, except by mixinc, to improve the messes. In fattening, however, when of mature age, they thri','0 most rapidly, and the beef in point of being well marbled, in flavor, and tenderness, is not excelled by that of any other breed. With proper care and breeding, there would seem to be capabilities in this breed well worth perpetuating and improving, especially now thut dairying as a distinctive brr.nch of agriculture is assuming such proportions in the United St'ites, and particularly in the West. In relation to constitution, hardiness, etc., the authority last quoted says : "It is already observed, the hardy constitution of the Kerry most enhances its value ; for daiiry puri>o8e8 especially n remunerative yield is obtained on what would be to other animals •stai'vation fare.' In the depth of the winter season I have not only known the animals to live jumping from rock to rock, and from cliff to cliff, picking a. coarse scanty bite from among the mountains, but with very small additional keep at the farmsteading, whither they come to be milked morning and evening, to a(!tually thrive under the circumstances. Few people think of housing the Kerry, either night or day, at any '^~eriod of the year. When not giving . ny milk they remain for months away concealed in the ravines of mountain passes, seeking the best shelter they can from the excessive rain and snow storms M'ith which their abodes are perio "«cally visited. The hair is thick but fine and long — a i)rovi8ion of nature typical of cpld lati«^ud*^H. "What, how(!ver, is fiir more singular in the constitution of the breed, is the readiness with which it adapts itself to circumstances of a wholly reverse ciiatacter. In acclimating breeds of cattle, sheep, or pigs, the transition iwii-t be gradual ? but with the Kerry we have it suddenly and indiscriniina'elv transferred from it'< home in the mountains to the richest grazing valleys which our island can boast of without experiencing the slightest change in regard to health. Not alone this, but we have seen the beasts ushered at once into the dairy sheds, and there confined for years, in the f-losest bondi'ge, without any appariint effect on the constitu- tion. They further enjoyed the full benetit of the change as well as if the new alxxh' was their native Lahitation. It was for a time believed that the fi-anie of the bnuMl was impregnabin to pleuro-pneumoiiia, or other contagious diseases. Recent experiments which have been con- ducted ha\c failed to establish this view." .;ir»j CATTIP, POLLED. 611 PoLLKD Angus Cow. Angus cr Aberdeen Polls. • There are but three prominent i)eef5ng breeds in the world : the Short Horn, Hereford, and Anguj or Aljerdeen \m\\. Several others are eminent Itotli in quality and adaptability to particular cir- cuinstaiiws, hut none of them liave proved equal to these three in all that goes lO make tlio modern moeder than the " Watson " type, in short, a " Sootch Durham," and he succeeded beyond all expectation. These breeds had their separate herd books until three years ago, when in consideration of their essential oneness, in history, points and chnractcristicg they were joined, and hence the new name, Angus or Abenleen polls. ^^"•^^ >^:^v^'A ^l^^^w^^^^ V:^^^^ J ft ■^ V ' ■ ■' \.\ fW: ^m ^K, T ^ M ( -■,r^:^-f^-^^ -jP ^\^^\ ;,'';Vn\\A\\>:A<^v,; ^sp Polled Anous Bull. At the present dny, therefore, we have a |)olled or hornless breed of eattle, entirf'lv hlaok, with (x^-asionnl S|)ot« of white on the l)elly and ndder, a deep miimre frame, having all or nearly all the details that make up the tnixlerii IShort Horn. W^ith the fTi-eption, then, of the color and horn, the Anf;ns or Aberdeen poll, is prav<*n»iiy a Short Horn, but more able to do well on inditt'erent pastures, in ae i whole iteaser built behind the shoulder ond arm, and df<;ide(lly better in quality of mili: and pnxlucing pkhI niarb|p^ of hill-side grazing, little grain, and plenty of hay, straw and turnips, with severe winters aud moderate sumners, that for many prU o^ HO ,v CATTLE, POLLED. 613 the world they are superior to the Short Horn and Hereford. They have every year during the last quarter of a century so suocessfuUy competed with all other breeds that their extension in Britain and importation to most civilized countries is becoming a thing of common occurrence. The Ontario Experimental Farm has had a herd of thera for five years, and as we write (April, 1881) we read of other purchases for other parts of Canada, as well as for the United States and Australia. In view of the great field now open for the raising of cattle upon the prairies of North America, several importations are being made of the best animals of this breed for the purpose of improving the common herds : ChOloway Oftttle. '■ The Galloways we have seen have proved to be most, admirable cattle, thick-moated, deep-flanked, short-lo^god, fine-haired animals. That they were considered most valuable cattle, and worthy- of being brought !iere in the early settlement of the country, is evident from the fact that forty years ago those hornless or muley cattle, as they were termed, were not extremely rare, often breeding back by reversion entirely hornless or with but the rudiments of horns, as gentle and good milking cattle. Gentleness is a characteristic of the pure Galloway. Even the bulls arc noted for their docility and quiet tempers. For the reason that this l)reed of cattle have of late years been growing in favor in the "West as grazing and milking cattle, and for the further reason that it is thought that crossing the Galloway on the half-wild Texan will bo most valuable, we append the following general characteristics of the breed. The (falloway cattle are straight and broad in the back, and nearly level from the head to the rump ; are round in the ribs, and also between the shoulders and the ribs, and the ribs and the loins, and broad in the loin, without any largo projecting hook-bones. In roundness of barrel imd fulhu'ss of ribs they will compare with any breed, and also in the proportion which the loins bear to the hook-bones or protuberances of the libs. When viewed from above tho whole body appears beautifully rounded, like tho longitudinal section of a roller. They are long in the quarters and ribs, and deep in the chest, but not broad in the twist. There is less space between tho hook or niji-bonos and tho ribs than in most other breeds, a consideration of much importance, for tho advan- tage of length of carcass consists in an animal being Avcll-ribbed home, or as little space as possible lost in the flank. The Gallowny is short in tho leg, and moderately fine m the flank- Itones — ^the happy medium preserved in tho log, which secures hardihood md disposition to fatten. With the same clcauuess and shortness of w ' !.»• i*l! i'l ¥^ 614 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. blmnk, there is no breed so largo and muscular above the knoo, wliilo I'.iero is more room for the deep, broad and capacious chest. Ho i.s cleun not fino and slender, but well proportioned in the neck and chaps ; a tliin and delicate nock would not correspond with the broad shouldci-H, dcci) chest and close, compact form of the breed. The neck of tlio Gallowiiv bull is thick almost to a fault. The head is rather heavy ; the vyos aro not prominent ; and the ears aro large, rough and full of long huirs on the inside. The Galloway is covered with a loose mellow skin of medium tliiok- ness, which is clothed with long, soft, silky hair ; tho skin is thinner than that of tho Leicestershire, but not so fine as the hide of the Sliort-llorn althougli it handles soft and kindly. Tho prevailing and fashionable color is black ; a few are of a dark brindle l»rown, and still fewer arc speckled with white spots, and some of them aro of a dun color. Dark colors are uniformly preferred, from the belief that they indicate hardiness of constitution. Tho Galloway cows are not good milkers ; but although the quantity of milk is not great, it is rich in quality, and yields a largo proportion of butter. A cow that gives from twelve to sixteen quarts per day is con- sidered very superior, and that quantity produces more than a pound and a half of butter. The average, however, of a Galloway cow cannot bo reckoned at more than six or eight quarts per day, during the five summer months, after feeding her calf. During the next five months she does not give more than half that (juantity, and for two or three months she is dry. There is, perhaps, no breed of cattle which can ])c more truly said to bo indigenous to tho country, and incapable of improvrment by any foreign cross, than the Galloways. The Short-Horns almost everywhere else have improved the cattle of the districts to which they have traveled ; at least in the first cross produced manifest improvement ; but even in tho first cross the Short-Horns have done little good in the Galloway, and, as a permanent mixture, tho choicest southern l)u]ls hiive failed. The intelligent Galloway breeder is now perfectly satisfied that his stock can only be improved by adherence to tlie pure breed, and by care in tho selection. While this is undoubtedly true of all pure or thorough-bred stock, it seems especially so of the Galloways to-day. It does not however follow that pure breeds may not improve tho mixed stock of a country. They must and do, as the magnificent Short-Horn, Hereford and Devon grades amply testify in all our great markets. That the Gallowaj's have many valuable points cannot bo denied. One of these is their absence of horns ; another is their extreme docility. W by crossing Galloway bulls with Texan cows their honis could bo toned down their wildness tamed, their frames thickened with superior flesh, their I would know. TEXAV, OR SPANIRII CATTLE. 616 their milking qualities improved, and the whole animal ameliorated, it would 8com as possible with the Galloway as hy any other means we kuow. It is certainly well worthy of trial. Texan Cattle. ■: •\; ... "Within the last few years certain theorists have harbored the idea that liio immense herds that cover the groat plains of Texas, Mexico, and America are a race native to the soil, and that have existed there from time immemorial. Such however is well known not to be the fact. As well miiy the great droves of horses that occupy the same region bo said to 1)0 !i native and wild race. On the contrary, their well known char- iictcristics, and similarity to the Spanish cattle and iiU that country including Austria, Hungary, and other regions bordering the Mediterranean, Black ;iiul C:i-*i)ian seas, points distinctly to their origin, if, indeed, it were not (Veil known that they were introduced by the Spanish settlors about the year l.')00 and succeeding years. In fact, neither cattle or horses were known in America prior to the Spanish invasion, and that they have mul- tiplied so amazingly since is due to the genial climate and abundant ^turiige, 80 that the original cattle brought by the Spaniards succeeding I lie discovery of the various countries along the Gulf of Mexico and ijouth America, has caused them to spread over all the region from Cali- fornia to a latitude &outh, bound only by a lino beyond which the coldness of the climate precluded constjint Winter and >Sumnier herbage. Unlike tlio wild buffalo, a race indigenous to America, cattle are not migratory to any considerable extent. Not so much so as horses. Hence while the buffalo is found in Summer far north, even into the British pos< svssious, cattlo have never been found beyond the limits of abundant Summer and Winter pasturage, and they have never been brought into suhjection by the wild Indians of the plains as were the horses, that escap- ing from domestication gradually increased and occupied in a wild state niiiny valleys to which cattle never reached. Oharaoteriatics of Spanish Cattle. This race of cattle should therefore be called Spanish cattle — what they really are ; gjvunt, bony, long-horned cattlo, semi-wild, capable of great endurance of heat, and adapted to the dry but fertile regions they have gradually overrun. So vast has become their numbers that ton yours ago these cattle were estimated at 4,000,000 in Texas and Now Mexico, being in point of numbers about one-seventh of all the horned cattle in the Union. Semi-wild, impatient of restraint, lean and lank in body, high-boned, furnishing but little meat, and that of an inferior 'I Ij., I ♦i*^ 616 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. quality, giving: littlo more milk than wild buffalo — scarcely enough for a few montliH Hunuuor Hupport of a calf — they wore for f^oiuM'atioiiH run down like wild hcastH and Hiaughtcrcd for their hides and H«Mintv tallow. The gradual 8(>ttlnnicnt of the country, and the incrreasing dciuaiul for beef, lM>th in Europe and America, at length caused them to he movod north into Kansas for summer pasturage, wlienco they were driven to the nearest railway station, shipped east and slaughtered, either for puci^inir, or sold at un inferior price for consumption of flesh. Various attempts have l>oen made to reduce them to subjection to nmn BO they might be divided into small herds to bo confined in pasturos or fed in winter. It has been in every instance unsuccessful. Thcv rciiiuin shy, wild, irritable, and refuse to fatten kindly. The writer, innucdiutcly A TEXAS STEER. after the close of the war, having a largo quantity of forage and fatten- ing material, with mills for grinding corn, and stables for the aocoinmo- dation of 450 cattlo, on account of scarcity of stock was obliged to put ' iuTexaus. Feeding Tezsne in OonflnemMit. They were bought in Kansas and were knovvn as Caerokeo cattle, s moditiod form of Toxans, bred by the civilized tribes of the Indian reser- vations occupying tlio territory between Kansas and Tejxas. They hud to be lassoed and dragged into the stables and made fast to the staucbioos, TEXAN, OR BPANIRII CATTIX from which thoy could not bo allowed to oHciipo until turned off in tho Si)riii}i. Undcrjfround pipes convoyed their drinking water, tho feed, (rrc)iin(l corn and hay, toj^ether witli residuum from u mill was conveyed to them l>y cars on tramways running between onch two lines of cattle. Tl>e stal)l('H were kept only tight enough so that tho workmen could sec to feed and oleiui ; good ventilation was provided, and at the end of six iiioiitl»< they were turned out, and shipped to New York, — good ripe cat- tle so far as Texans could lie made such, — and brought the price of fat ciitth^ ill the market there. Of this lot only two car-loads wore culls or untit fi>i' the New York market. They wore strictly coni-fed, or rather nioul-fcd. For the first month they were sulky and savage, refusing to take kindly to their rations. They never became so <]uiot that strangers coiiUl be allowed in the barns without danger of thniwing them off their foecl, and yet thoy were altogether superior to the ordinary Tc'xan cattle of ton years ago in point of docility, for they had been closely herded. Novcrllu'loss, the one experiment was sufficient. If other cattlo could Imvc been had at a fair price it would not have paid to have fed them. At that time good cattlo were high and scarce, Texans wore cheap. Tho lodpr acctount came out all right in the Spring, but the wriU^r did not euro to try the experiment a second time. As to how thoy looked when off of ^'ni8H and ready for tho stable in tl[io Fall, the full page illustration wc have prepared will show : Weisht of Texan Cattle. Tho average weight of full grown Texan steers as usually sold from grass in tho Western markets, may be stated at 1 ,000 pounds ; of this tliL' average beef and bone will bo 400 to 450 pounds ; of the balance, except the hide, it is pretty much offal, the tallow being exceeding light. Of lute years very many Texas cattle are yearly bought for feeding in distillery stables, on the slop made in the manufacture of high wines. Thev are roped and fastened and remain there until sold to the butcher. Others again are bought in the Autumn and shipped to the vast corn-tieldi* of Kimsas, Iowa ond Illinois, and fed in the fields during the Winter. They really take more kindly to this latter system of feeding than any other, and they will gain about two hundred pounds of flesh during the Winter, weighing an average of 1,200 pounds, and making in the neigh- borhood of 700 pounds of beef. From what we have stated it will readily l>e seen that there is no profit in breeding Texans, when other cattlo may be kept. There are, however, vast outlying territories where the herding of these cattlo is found profit- able, lu Texas, New Mexico, the Indian Territory, Western Kansas and IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 I.I 1.25 illtt IIIM i4£ 2.0 1.4 1.8 1.6 ■^- Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '<^. Q- &?^ f/j m 'i: 618 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. • ■'. ;1 TEXAN, OR SPANISH CATTLE. 619 Jfebraska and Dakota, in the valleys of Montana and Wyoming, they may Inive unlimited range, and enjoy their semi-wild condition, and fat- tened on grass may be shipped east to be slaughtered and barreled for export, or fattened as we have previously stated. Of late years enterpris- ing herdsmen have bought great quantities of Short-Horn and Hereford bulls to bo used in the improvement of their stock. The effects are already apparent. It is well understood now that the produce of either of the bulls we have mentioned, in the first cross, produce an animal much superior to the dam, and which will sell at three or four years old for nearly double what the natives will. The cows give a largely increased quantity of milk, they make better and fatter calves ; and here iiijaiii is a conclusive illustration to the breeders of cattle everywhere, of the utility of improved breeds in inducing early maturity, increasing the weight and improving the quality of the beef. Profits in Breeding Oradea firom '?ezans. Withiii the last ten years fortunes have been made in herding Texas cattle, not only in that State, but in various Territories of the United States. There are two essential requisites ; plenty of good grass for Sum- mer and Winter pasturage, and abundance of water. The latter is the essential. Many persons have failed in their efforts to profitably breed Texas cattle on the, plains, for the reason, that water was either not near, or insufficient in supply. The cattle must go long distances to slake their tMrst, and consequently become very dry and uncomfortable before start- iuc to the watering place. Then they drink such immoderate quantities of water, as again to be uncomfortable for some time, and will, if allowed, han" about the water, on scant grass, until again forced to take the range. Thus they cannot gain in flesh uniformly, but bn the other hand, abso- lutely lose condition in the constant travel necessary to get water. Perhaps some epidemic sets in, and they die by hundreds, and the owner finds himself the loser, simply from entering into a business hastily, and with- out studying carefully the absolute necessities in the case. There is another class of failures. These have been persons who have supposed they could take fifty cows, and make money by herding them until groivn up. In all that wild region inhabited by Indians more or less predatory, the force about a ranch must be strong enough for some pro- tection. The profits must come principally from the increase in cattle. If the small herder has water privileges, he can make money if he has stock enough. If he has but few, the expense of herding will be the same as when the herd is larger. Owners of other and large herds, or those seeking to become such, will not take kindly to the appropriation of water iwHi m H fllra^^' p l|S| 1 'k n|| :,|| w ',1'l 1 t4 •s 1 T [ ; ' wS^- ■ \\\mm m 620 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. privileges, for so small a drove. There will b3 quarrels ; cattle will be stampeded, and get mixed with other herds, and at last the owner will he obliged either to leave, or take a partner with sufficient capital to properly stock the ranch. '; ^ i. .. '. ••.;.: The yearly increase in value of cattle on the ranch will be all the way from 25 to 50 per cent, according as the business is managed. In north- west Texas the value of cattle on the ranch is for yearlings $0 ; two year old |10 ; three year old $13 ; cows $12 to $15 ; beeves $15 to $20. The Cattle InteroBt of Texas. y •).';'; To give some idea of the vast numbers of cattle in all that region ■where there is abundant pasturage and water, it has been estimated that, from the Red River, in Clay county, west to the Pease River, and south to the Colorado, embracing a territory of perhaps twenty-five thousand miles, the whole region is now stocked to its fullest capacity, and in the better portions thereof, it is estimated that an average of one head may be kept to eight acres. The loss in cattle may be estimated at about four or five per cent, per year, and the expense of herding 300 head and their produce, has been given as follows : Dll. To three hundred cows ami calves $ 3,000 To two imported bulls, $125 260 To one man'rt time and boar 1 for live yoars, $3(K) per year 1.500 To one man's time and board for tiinHj years. $3(10 jwryear 900 To sundry items of expeuite 330 Total - $ 6,000 CR. By three hundred five year olds, $18 $ 6J)0 By three hundred four year olds $15 4.3U0 By three hundred three year olds, $12 3,000 By three hundred two yearolds, $10 3.000 By three hundred one yearolds, $0 1.800 By three hundreem to either rain or sun, and destroy the vermin by a free use of coal oil and lard, using two parts of the latter to one of the former. If only Spring calves are brought there will be less of fever than if older animals were brought. Too many speculators, who bring young stock to Texas, stint and half starve them, thinking that to keep them in good growing condition increases the chances of disease. My observation teaches the reverse to Iwtrue. To secure a complete development of bone, flesh and growth, and early, profitable maturity, a calf must have generous care, plenty of nutritious food, good water, and kind treatment. I have heard men comphiin that Texas Short-Horns are not thrifty and handsome, like those exhibited at Northern fairs. The reason for the dissimilarity is readily found on investigation to be that the one had excellent feeding and growing, while the other — in addition to a long winter, starvation, and acclimation, with a Spring and Summer with rain and hot sun — had his vitality almost destroyed by ticks and vermin . Cattle from the North cannot be acclimated unless generous food, comfortable quarters, and ^m G24 ILLUSTRATED Sl-OCK DOCTOB. kind treatment are given to them during their first year in Texas ; and unless this treatment be Icept up they are worthless when acclimated. Tiiey will be weak and sickly in spite of the best efibrts to the contrary. Care as to condition of animals will always pay. That which irosts us the grcaiest pains in cattle raising will always reward us the best. ',■.>'-, CHAPTER II. BREEDINa AND FEEDINO. In the breeding of animals, ono must have a definite object in ■'■iew. ft'e liuvo already stated that in this ago of civilization, where industry is divided uud subdivided, so that each set of workmen have separate and distinct lines of labor in the make up and finish of the most simple articles, so in stock breeding, the farmer must understand the nature and adapta- tion of his soil, and its adaptability to certain crops and animals. In rocky, liilly, and comparatively barren regions, or where the soil suffers under drought, the farmer caimot compete, either in the raising of beef cattle, or in dairying, with the more favored well matured countries of deep soils and jBush pastures. Again, in a country noted for its short, Sffcet perennial pastures, and cold springs of water, the stock breeder cannot compete with the dairyman. The stock feeder of cattle and hogs must bo in a region where corn, or other feeding grains can be clicaiily and ubundantly raised. Fortunately, such countries are well adapted to ttie meadow grasses, producing heavy crops of hay and pasture. About Qrasses. Here again, the grasses cultivated will bo somewhat different. Tho^ stock feeder will depend shiefly upon blue grass, timothy, red top, orchard grass, and clover, and where blue grass is natural to the soil, he will de- pend almost solely upon this grass, for late fall and Avinter feeding, as he will upon blue grass and orchard grass for spring feeding, depending later oa clover, timothy and red top. The dairyman, while he will depend upon clover, timothy, red top and orchard grass for ha}', will not use these for pasture exclusively. He must have in his permanent pastures a great 625 IF U'^i .i 11 626 ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR. m variety of grasses. His pastures, to produco the greater quantity and l)est quality of milk, must be pernuiueut ones, and the older the better. Thib with a moist climate is what has made some sections of England, uiul especially Ireland, Holland, and Denmark so celebrated for tiu'ir dairy products. This, also, with the peculiar care given in feeding, has niady England and Scotland celebrated throughout the world, not only for the heavy weight, and superior quality of the beef, but it has resulted in such superior beef cattle as the world has never before known. Some of these breeds, transplanted to the United States, have taken kindly to our soil and climate. The wonderful fertility of the land lying west of the AHe- ghanies and north of the southern line of Tennessee, and especially tiiose States bordering upon tho Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and principjil tributaries, and, also, the great Southwest — this teeming foitility of soil has made all this great region of country the true homo of tlic most celebrated I)reed8 of cattle — where they have reached weight, .'lud rich- ness of milk given, no where else attained except in very contined areas, What Breeds are Best? This becomes a most important question. In all that great region of the West, of gentle undulating prairies or grassy plains, Short-IIoriis and Herefords will be found the very best cattle to breed from, M'heii oiilv beef is the object. If labor and beef are wanted, the Devons and Here- fords will be found most valuable. If beef and milk are to bo the pro- ducts, the Duchess and Princess families of Short-Horns, and the Ilolsteiiis will give the best returns. If dairying is to be the chief industry, then. for butter, the Ayrshire, with a few of Jerseys intermixed will produce the best results. If for butter and cheese, Ayrshire or Short-Horns. If cheese alone, the Holstein, and for quantity of milk given this latter breed will certainly carry the palm. If milk and butter, without refer- ence to quantity, be required, the Jersey is the cow. All the breeds except the Jerseys will make good weights of beef and fatten rcadilv when dry — the Short-Horns, Holsteins, and Ayrshires making weight in the order named. For milk, we have not included the Devons ; occa- sionally a cow will be found giving a large mess for her weight. Devons, however, are not dairy cows, at least, now-a-days ; having been bred most exclusively for their superior quality of mai bled beef, and their uuiform excellence, courage, and kindliness in the yoke. : How to Breed. All farmers cannot become breeders of highly bred, pure stock. For this the animals must be isolated from all other breeds of the same race, CATTLE, now TO BREED. 627 At lonst the mnlcs must ho strictly confined, so thoy may not intermix with otlu'if*. WluTc farms join, divided only by fences, this will not bo fouiiil priic'tic'iible in ii majority of eases. One's neighbor may funey scrub stot'k. They arc notoriously l)reachy. Onco they intermingle with ii pure breed, the taint of their blood is not only found in the calves, but in the (liuus themselves. In the calves and their progeny, it may never be bit .1 out. We see the Kyloo cross in some families of Short-Horns, even to this day, cropping out in single individuals after u lapse of nearly a century. The writer so saw it at the last fat-stock .show in Chicago — tkt of 1H79. The animal was a most excellent .specimen ; fully as per- fect us many of the very highest brqcding, yet the taint of the family was then; and the breeder of "high caste Short-Horns" would not have bred from such a cow or to a bull showing the taint, at any price. About General Utility. Just here is where the difference comes in, ns between breeding for general utility or absolute purity of blood. The breeder for general util- ity caves not so much about a particular strain of blood, as he does to get ocrtaiii characteristics that will furnish him, at the least expense, either the most beef, the best working oxen, or the most and the best milk. Those who undertake breeding, or in fact any other business, in a hap- hiizard way, always fail ; the only exception to the rule being pure luck. Luck is not a good business integer to depend upon. Like lightning, it never strikes twice in the same place. There is another thing in connection with luck that it is well to bear in mind. It is as apt to mar as to mark. The farmer, therefore, who undertakes the breeding of stock, with a view to the money they will bring from the butcher, or from the sale of dairy products, must be guided by an entirely different set of rules from that of the breeder who breeds solely with a view to selling sires and dams to other breeders of pure stock. So particular, now-a-days, have breeders of this class become tliat some of them will breed only paiticular families. Some T\ill not allow a Booth cross, others abstain from the Bates blood. Many high caste breeders are pretty well agreed that a top cross of what are known as seventeens, and some other sub-families of later importations, and also of particular bulls of pure breeding, but which have been considered more or less coarse, must be rigidly excluded. They have their particular fancies. To gratify this fancy they will pay extraordinary prices, while the great mass of really superior and really pure Short-Horns will be passed unnoticed. It would be unadvisable for the ordinary farmer, or even the Short-Horn breeder to buy these 40 ,\ > i i i jl ;i> '14 i| 628 il:.U8Tratei) stock doctou. ••terribly brid cattle." And tho fiirmor must nirrfuUy discrimiiuite. Let liiiii get stauiu'h heiiltliy cattle to start his herd, if beef ho tlin oltjci't, and animals ^vith ffoml milk points if milk bo the ol>ject, rather tliim to strive for color. So lonj;: as tho color of tho animal is charncteristic of the race, tho beef points and tho milk ))oints are what he sliouUl seek. Tho body in tho beef animal, and tho udder in tho dairy cow, is wliu* ho wants. Breeding in Line. Breeders of pure stock are espc^cially i)articular in tho Bolection of sires ; so much so that many of them breed solely with referen<'o to the strain of blood particular families contain, the selection often \muir without reference to tho uniformity or quality of tho animals sc-lpcted. Really, however, breeding in lino means tho selection of males of n common type, and belonging to the same family. Thus in l)rocdiii(' in-the-lino, tho expert, while ho objects to going out of a sub-fuiiiilv, nevertheless seeks to couple animals together whoso uniformity is ideiiti- cal, or, when one is weak in some essential, to improve it by eouplinc therewith an animal of superior excellence in this particular. Thus, if the head and horns be rather coarse in an aninud, it is bred to one iiiio in head and horns, but not lacking in other essentials. It is one of tho most fatal mistakes that can possibly bo made in ])rceding, that to acquire one essential other disabilities be allowed to enter. Manv breeders have committed irrepara])lo injury to their stock by not uiulci- standing the necessity, while trying to improve one essential, of k(!('|)in!r all others intact. Therefore tho sagacious breeder will pay more attention to those points indicative of heavy succulent beef laid in the primer points and without an undue proportion of fat, if combined witli genex-al symmetry, rather than stylo and carriage, connected with deficient characteristics in fiesh. The ono animal may be striking to the eye, while the other will bring tho butcher's money. This is really all there is to beef cattle. Form a3 an Index to Quality. Whatever the animal, its form, organization and general make up, will be an indication of its true type and character. It is a fixed law of nature that this should be so. A few illustrations will suffice, and which will easily commend themselves to the reader. The thorough-bred horse, is courageous, high strung, active, sinewy, impatient under restraint, and not given to (!arry much flesh or fat. The heavy draft horse, carries much flesh, is docile, honest at the collar, pos- CATFLK, now TO lUiKKI). 629 scHsiii"' pT''"* 1)011(1 and siiii'w, imd is on tlic wliolo nioro sl-.if^gisli. The horse (»f nil work should Im ii iiioditicatioii of l)otIi llu's(> clianu'lfrisfu's. All Iiorst's have great clu^sts, and consctjuently at luiij; powiT, littinjj tliciii for Hovcro and long font iiiucd muscular exertion. Thej must ho j,j,|(r(.(| hy a standard where muscular exertion is the important integer. Ciiltle liav«< lu'cn lired so long with reference to their bodies, as lieef or liiillv producers, that they have; hecoino so distinct fnuii the supposed wild tviH' as to jxissess but little in comnion tlu'rewith. The head, neck and liiiihs, have been refined, the lungs have less power, since it is only neces- surv that tlu-y supply sufficient oxygen to tlu; blood to keep uj) a uniform iiniiniil heat under exercise, never violent. The loin and ruuip are broad- ened, llie ribs spring out mori^ to give ca[)acity for a stomach of size to (li<'esl a largo (juantity of food. In swine the diminution of lung power is particularly seen. They are essentially slow in all their movemonte, and averse to exertion. Their forte is simply catiiig, sleeping and laying on flit. Ko one would mistake a hog for either an ox or a horse. The iiilellijreiit breetler so educates his eye and his touch, that he can distin- iruisli between animals of any given riieo as to their capabilities for the purpose intended. The external eonformation comes ut length to l)e so keenly associated with the correlated structural affinities, that he tells at once, and exactly, the important points that would entirely escape the un- edutatcd eye and touch. Practical Suggestions. As the greatest oxcellcneo in the production of meat, milk or labor in (Utile; of wool and carcass in sheep ; and of hams, loin, sid(^ meat and liird in hogs, involves peculiarities of structure and function — a(ia|)ting the animal to the special purpose for which it was intended, and us all thcso rerjuire close study of anatomy, jjln'siology, and the correlations ex- isting in the different forms of ])roduction ; and since scientific breeders hiivc for the last hundred years been seeking to establish a higher and hidier oxcellcneo, the intending breeder would be unwise to undertake to breed up from the common herds of the country. It would be time ill sjient. ri»! should first inform himself of the practical necessities within liis reach, and breed from tY[w.s already existing rather than create (mo. This will simplify his study, he must educate his eye by points and the observation of the best animals, and his touch l)v feeling them accord- ing to the rule heretofore given ; and this brings us to Broeding Grades. At the meeting of the American Association of Short-IIorns, at India- .< 'H'l i ,. ♦'< 630 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iiiipolis, 1872, "pure-l)rcd," "full-blood," and "thorough-bred," were defined as being synonymous terms, and to hidicate "animals of a distinct and well-defined breed, without any admixture of other blood." The fol- lowing defiiiitions were adopted by the association. "'Cross-bred' — ^Animals produced by breeding together distinct breeds." "'Grades' — The produce of a cross between a 'pure-bred' and a 'native.'" '"High grade' — An animal of mixed blood, in which the blood of a pure-bred predominates." The produce of a Devon and a Short-Horn would be a cross brod animal. In-and-in breeding is considered to be the coupling of animals of the closest relationship, as the produce of one sire and dam, etc. Close breeding is the breeding of animals together that are closely related ; as animals one or two removes from the parent stock, in rclationiship. High breeding is sometimes incorrectly used in this connection ; it is M'rong. Many of our most highly bred horses are not closely related. and the same ma}'^ be said of our pure cattle. High breeding properly signifies the selection of the breeding stock, within the limits of some particular family, and within a definite standard of excellence and charactei'istics. How to Breed Grades. Select the best cows 3'ou can find, that is, those that come the nearest to the standard of excellpnce for the purpose wanted ; then select a l)iill combining in the most eminent degree possible the points of real excel- lence for the outcome expected, not in fancy breeding but in adaptability to the end sought. Thus, if for beef, he should be of fair size, not too large, certainly not too small, but of excellent fineness combined mth great loins, rumps and thighs, round-ribbed, and well ribbed to the hip bones, — in otiier words, what a breeder would call a well-bred, serviceable animal. If for milk, the bull must have come of a line of uniform milkers, for here tlie udder and milk-veins are the essential part. In fact, the male must possess the peculiarities characteristic of the breed, and better if from a family of extraordinary excellence. Why? Such animals are pre- potent ; that is, they will impress upon their progeny the distinguishing characteristics and excellence of their race. By following the directions we shall give, in ten years one may have grades bred to such excellence that none but the most critical judges of stock can tell them from pure bred cattle. - . distinct The fol- d' and ii TOSS bvod »f iininv.ds dam, etc. ly related ; !lation,^hip. tion ; it is dv related, ig properly ts of some ellence and CATTLE, HOW TO BREED. Start the Herd 631 With one yearling bull for each ten two-year-old heifers, selected as we have stated, and which have not been bred. Keep them from contact with other cattle, and especially keep their own bull as much in their siirht us pos^blo. The next year's produce should be ten calves, one- half of which should be heifers. Geld the steers, and make what use may he desired of them. Rear the heifer culves in the best manner pos- sible, and with their sire and dams when in the pasture, and at other times do not allow them to see strangely marked animals, especially when in heat. At the age of two years breed them to their sire. He will now be four years old, and should be kept simply in good flesh, not really fat, certainly not lean ; but strong, vigorous and healthy. When these calves arc two years old, breed again to the same sire, and so on to the fourth generation, if he last so long with vigor. Thus this produce will inherit 15-1(> of the blood of the sire, being the fourth generation from the original sire and dam. It may be fornmlated thus: at one j^ear from starting the herd, you have the first generation ; lit four years the second ; at seven years the third ; and at ten years the fourth generation. They will grade as follows : First, one-half bloods ; second, three-quarter bloods ; third, seven-eighths bi'ed ; and fourth, fiftcen-c .teenth bred. Besides these you will also have generations successively from the orig- inal cows, or seven-eighths, three-fourths and one-half bred heifers corresponding with the succeeding years from the first. If these again hiive been bred to the same bull, or another pure bred bull, their produce will be respectively fifteenth-sixteenths and seven-eighths bred. Ten Years' Froduoe. Let us now figure how much stock, young and old, will be the produce of this system, allowing that none have died. In one year, from the ten cows and one bull, we have ten calves, five heifers and five steers ; the second year, ten calves, the third year ten calves, the fourth year ten calves. This year we have also five calves, the produce of the first year's calves. The sixth year Ave will have twenty-five calves, the seventh year tliirty, the eighth year thirty-five, the ninth year forty, and the tenth year forty-five calves as the produce of the original cows and their progeny, making in all two hundred and forty animals ranging in age from calves to thirteen years old, of which one hundred and twenty-five should be femaks. .^•i III H. .r mm \ ¥% '^Ul ..tf ■ . m H - '■ . '■ 1-. "^-■^tfifii ^B* ■u-'it' "■■ '''"^sa ^V^v' '\ li V' ■;|>'i m ^B'' it? ■ , ■ ' '-.,:■ ■ ! S'lffi Mf^'"" -'^1 fM Ik .. 1 m n HR tt *t 632 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Selection. Just here selection may come in. Some of the cows and their profeny will have proved superior beef makers or milkers, according as they were originally chosen. Their progeny should be carefully raised and bred. It may seem dreadful, this incestuous breeding, but please feemcraber it is animals that are the subjects. The records of the improvement of ani- mals and their erection into fixed breeds, will show very much closer in-and-in breeding than this. The object is not only to throw the sjood qualities in a lump, but to fix them by concentration. Thus a cow bred during her whole breeding life to one bull, never having had contact with another, will bring her calves nearer and nearer to the sire year by year, through the infusion of the blood of the sire into the dam, through iuter- circulation by means of the foetus, during its growth. As showing close in-and-in we find in the first volume of the American Herd Book a diagram of the breeding of Comet from Hubback, and Lady Maynard. It is explained as follows : 1. Bull, Hubback. 2. Dam of Haughton. 3. Richard Barker's Bull. 4. Cow, Haughton. 5. Bull, Foljaml)e. (y. Cow, Young Strawberiy. 7. Bull, Dalton Duke. 8. Cow, Lady Maynard. 9. Bull, Bolingln-oke. 10. Cow, Lady Maynard. 11. Cow, Phoenix. 12. Cow, Young Phoenix. 13. Bull, Favorite. 14. Bull, Comet. In relation to Favorite or Lady Maynard, ISIr. A. B. Alien says : It was conceded by a company of old breeders in 1812, in discussing the question of the improvement of Short Horns, that no stock of Mr. Colling's ever equalled Lady "Maynard" the dam of Phoenix, andgranddam of Favorite (})y Foljambe) and of young Phoenix (by Favorite, her sou, upon his own mother,) the dam of Comet 155) so celebrated as having been sold for 1000 guineas $5000) also by Favorite, a specimen of as close-in-and-in- breeding as can perhaps be found on record. To show wonderful depth of in-l)reeding with continued good results, the cow Clarissa may be mentioned ; she possessed sixty-three sixty-fourths of the blood of Favorite. Her pedigree runs thus : "Cow Clarissa, roan, calved in 1814. Bred by Mr. R. Colling, got by Wellington ((580) out (jf — by Favorite, (852) — by Favorite, — by Favorite, — by Favorite— by Favorite — by Favorite — by a son of Hubback. Wellington, the sire of Clarissa, was also deeply iubred with the blood CATTLE, HOW TO BREED. 633 of Favorite. Taking the two pedigrees — that of Clarissa and "Welling- ton together — they will read thus : )rogeny ey were d bred, raber, it it of aui- 2h c\o8ei' the good jow bred itact with r by yeur, igh iuter- Amcrican , and Lady lays: It was the question oUing's ever of Favorite ipon his own leen sold for ■se-in-and-in- ood results, sixty-fourtlis larissa, roan, u (680) out Favorite— I'V rith the blood 1. Bull, Hubback. 2. Son of Hubback. ' 3. Cow, by son of Hubback. 4. Bull Favorite. 5. 1st cow by Favorite. 6. 2nd cow by Favorite. 7. 3rd cow by Favorite. 8. liu cow by Favorite. 9. 5th cow by Favorite. 10. 6th cow by Favorite. 11. Clarissa. 12. Bull Wellington, sire of Clarissa. 13. Bull, Comet. 14. Cow, Wilduir. 15. Cow, Young Phoenix. 16. Cow Phoenix. 4. Same bull Favorite on the side of Clarissa's sire as on the side of her dam. 17. Bull, Bolingbroke. 18. Granddaughter of Hubback. Exercise Common Sense- In l)rooding po closely as we have advised it will be necessary that iutt'lligcut judgment be used. The effect of in-and-in breeding is to rctine and render delicate the constitution. Animals closely in-bred, in fact all highly bred animals require better care than those of a coarser nature. They are not as able to take care of themselves, to shift for them- selves ; are in fact artificial. But on the other hand they Avill repay the eavo and attention bestowed, in increased profits for the food given. In in-and-in, or other very close breeding, care must be taken to give the imimals an out cross as soon as you find they are suffering in constitution and hardiness ; in fact when you find they are no longer getting better and l)Pttor seek another sire, and so continue until you have got animals fully equal to any thorough-bred for all practical purposes, and that shall at the same time be marked with vigor as well as the characteristics wanted, whether they be for beef or milk, or both. Once having begun, however, with pure sires on native stock, never by any chance allow a grade animal to become a sire, no matter how good lip may 1)0. It can only result in loss, whatever the attempt at improve- ment 1)0 in animals of any kind. In swine in-and-in breeding may not l)p carried so close as in other animals. They^ arc scrofulous and weak luiigcd at best, and close breeding soon shows in the progeny. As a rule one-half or three-fourths bred are good enough to bring enhanced profits fiver those usually denominated land-pikes, a picture of which may be found in another part of this work. v134 ILLU8TRATFD STOCK DOCTOR. Oestation of Cowa. ■f'.V There has been much surmised first and last upon the subject of the length of time of gestation, and its effect upon the sex of animals produced. It is a prevalent idea that if an animal goes over her time a male will be the result. Let us see how careful records kept by soientific men will tally with this. Ml". Tessier, a most accurate and acute observer for over fortv vears embracing various animals, gives "results of over 575 cows and these subsequently having been extended to 1,131 cows the extremes were not changed but results as to averages are as st^ated below. Upon the 575 cows the results ware as follows : Twenty-one calved between the 240th and 270th days, the mean time being 259 days. Five hundred and forty-four calved between the 270th and 2*J9th days, the mean time being 282 days. Ten calved between the 299th and 321st days, the mean time beiuf 303 days. Earl Spencer has also carefully tabulated the period of gestation of cows as we find in the table on the following page. In these 766 cows the least period was 220 days ; the mean 285 days ; the longest period 313 days. He states that he was able to rear no ealf produced at an earlier period than 240 days. Thus it may be accepted that, according to Tessier, a cow may carry a calf 321 days and produce it sound ; and from the fact that Tessier and Earl Spencer agree almost exactly as to the meantime of gestation, (1,895 cows being observed), 285 days or nine and a half months may be taken as the average time of gestation of cows, slight variations being allowed from this for differ-. ent breeds. Earl Spencer was inclined to the belief that a cow would carry a bull calf longer than a cow-calf. In stating the case, he says : •* In order to try this, the cows who calved before the 260th day, and tho?e Avho calved after the 300th, ought to be omitted as being anomalous cases, as well as in cases in which twins were produced ; and it will then appear that, from the cows whose period of gestation did not exceed 286 daj's, the number of cow-calves produced was 283, and the nnml)er of bull-calves 234 ; while, from those whose period exceeded 280 days, the number of cow-calves was only 90, while the number of bull-calves was 152." The author, however, omitted to notice t\ at all the calves born after the 299th day were females, and of those born before the 2()0th day, 10 were females and 15 males. And again, omitting the twin-calves, 340 were females and 401 males — a large excess of bull over cow-calves. It of the aniiuuls ' time a ioieutific y years, i\d these were not ae calved 'S. 9th days, ime beuig station of 285 days ; ear no oalf [6 accepted l\d produce jrcc ahnost observed), icrc time of for differ-, arry a bull th day, and anon\ulous lit will then I exceed 286 I munber of i() days, the bull-calves horn after |oth day, W l-calves, 340 calves. It CATTLE, HOW TO BREED. TABLE KELATIVE TO THE GESTATION OP COWS. 685 Number of Days of Gestation. Cows. Cow calves B11TI calves Twiu cow calves. Twill bull calves. Twill cow anil bull calves. 220 0.)(1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 2 6 6 1 5 6 15 14 18 32 35 36 47 54 6G 74 60 62 42 45 23 31 16 10 8 7 6 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 .„... .„... 1 .„... .„... 1 ' i ...... 1 ..„. "2"' 5 1 2 ..^... 7 10 11 16 15 20 26 30 33 20 2i 25 13 20 10 5 1 I 3 2 1 "i" 1 3 1 1 1 9'1'4 1 1 • OQi O'Vi (V^Q OW 1 1 ■ o*:; OJfi 2 OiQ Qjin 252 2 1 QM 051 ... i 2 1 2 1 1 2 057 >•■•••••• 1 25S • 259 oa.) „ 203 Ofifi 1 oea ,.. 0(!Q 1 1 1 1 1 6 2 6 2 4 11 20 18 20 24 33 43 38 27 28 25 13 22 11 9 7 4 4 1 1 1 970 1 1 271 272 1 273 074 1 1 275 270 1 277 1 1 3 1 278 2 279 2 280 281 1 282 1 283 284 285 2 286 287 i 288 289 ::::::":::: 290 291 292 293 2«4 295 396 297 299 304 306 t 800 '^ 807 ' 1 ■ " 313 1 1 1 'li^^^^^^l V 1 J. c*'. f ; 'Jl %»'^'\\ ' ■' t^iill .mai T? \ '- ''mm ' ' liMH ' ^iiUH^^Pffl feit ?t£ f .^ oa EiISM^iSilll li H! !i m ill I'll : pi"' m^ 636 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. is also curious in this connection to note, thut of the 764 cows, 23 pro- duced twins, or one coay i" 33 1-3 of these ; 7 cows had twin females • 5 twin males, and eleven had twin male and female calves. Those in the twins produced their owner 18 female calves and 16 male calves. . From the many facts collected in various races of animals, it is quite , safe to concludQ that the sex of the young has no particular influence on the period of gestation. It is more probable that heredity, sires, early maturity, and various other integers in the problem, may control the tendency to long or short gestation. Food vs. Product. The value of an animal depends upon the profit it will give in compar- ison with the care and expense in rearing and fattening, in the case of beef cattle, and, of the cost of feeding, in comparison with the milk yield, in connection with dairying. In this we may safely conclude that an animal will produce less and less gain the longer it is kept, and thus early maturity becomes the most important integer in the breeding of stock, whether it be for beef or milk. The reason why the mature ani- mal consumes more in proportion to gain than the younger one is, that it takes a certain amount i3er pound of live weight to supply waste. The animal of a given age, according to breed and adaptability to fattening, can only arrive at a certain Aveight. Hence this ultimate weight reached, it will not increase. Long before this ultimate weight is reached, the animal will increase only in fat. Thus the flesh-forming element in the food is wasted, save that which supplies the daily waste in the animal economy. Thus from the data which we now present it will be seen how much may be considered necessary as food, under various conditions. Conclusions ftom Experiments. Prof. W. S. Johnson, in his report of the Connecticut Agriculture Sta- tion for 1877, gives the following translations from Dr. Wolff, a German experimenter. These, of course, must only be considered as approxima- tive. They, however, will sho.v as being the result of practical exjieri- ment — principles upon which ratios may be made up of other material. Dr. Wolff, in illustrating the standard for a milch cow, says that 30 lbs. of 3'oung clover hay will keep a cow in good milk ; that this contains of dry organic substance 23 lbs., of which is digestible — albuminoids 3.21, carbo-hydrates 11.28, and fat 0.63. This is 71 lbs. albuminoids more, and .22 lbs. of carbo-hydrates less, with .13 lbs. of fat more, than the standard. The richest and best meadow hay contains in 30 lbs., of organic substance 23.2 lbs., having digestible albuminoids 2.49 lbs., car- bo-hydrates 12.75 lbs. and fat .42 lbs. This comes very near the feeding standards. 23 pro- nales ; 5, 80 in the in coinpar- ;he case of 1 the milk iicludo that t, and thus ji-eeding of mature ani- 10 is, that it waste . The o fattening, trht reached, reached, the iment in the \\ the animal be seen how nditions. CATTLE, HOW TO BREED. Feeding StandardB. FRR DAY, AND PER 1,000 LBS. LIVE WEIGHT. 637 1, Oxen at re.^t In stall 17.5 I " inodprately worked 24,0 3. " heavily worked 20.0 4, » falltnlng, llrsl period -27.0 " " . swoiul period 280 " " third period 25 5, Cowsinmilk 24.0 6. Growiiijt Cattle: AGB— M0>TH8. AVE. LIVE WT. PBR HEAD! 2— 3 150 pounds '22 3-6 300 " 23.4 6-12 500 '* 24.0 12-18 700 " 24 18-24 850 " 24.0 PER DAY AND PKR HEAD. 2-3 3-6 G-12 12-18 18-24 150 " 300 " 500 " 700 " 850 " 3.3 " '• 2.1" 0.30 " 3.00 " 70 " 1.0 " 4 1 •' 0.30 " 5.40 " 12.0 " 1.3 '• 6.3" 30 " 8.40 " 16.8 " 1.4 •' 9 1" 0.28 " 10.78 " 204 " 1.4 " 10.3 " 0.26 '• 11.96 " 1:4.7 1:5.0 1:6.0 1:7.0 1:8.0 1:4.7 1:5.0 1:6.0 1:7.0 |1:S.0 To show how a ration for milk cows may be arranged of various mate- rial, he gives the f oUoAving : Bation for Milch Cows. 12 pounds average meadow hay. 6 , " oat straw 20 " mangolds 25 " brewers' grains i " cotton-seedcake Standard . Disrestlble. .a 3; B -i DO S <3 V ic2 'S i, il ^^ 11 t^ ■s Q < U fn lbs. lbs. lb«. lb". 9.5 0.65 492 0.12 4.9 0.08 2.40 0.04 22 022 2.00 0.02 5.0 0.98 2.70 0.20 1.6 0.62 0.36 0.24 238 2.65 12 38 0.62 24.0 2.50 12 50 0.40 Prof. Johnson gives the following rations, calculated from the table ; 20 poinids cured corn-fodder , 6 " rye straw 6 " malt sprouts 2 " cotton-seed meal . Standard.. 13.7 4.1 50 1.6 244 24.0 0.64 0.04 1.16 0.62 2.46 2.60 8.68 1.82 2.70 0.36 13.66 12.50 0.20 0.02 0.10 0.24 0.50 0.40 I Ml 638 ILLUSTBATEU STOCK DOCTOR. .f fill k\ Or, again ; •5 I ben DI);ef>tlb1e. 15 pouiiilH corii-luddiT 6 " bran 6 ° " iiiultsprouis 3 " corn-iiu'Hl 2 '■ cotloti-8«ti I m«ul 12.1 4.1 4.1 2.5 1.0 24.4 11 If , < o t2 0.10 6 55 0.U4 69 2 21 15 0.07 2.25 0.08 0.22 2.05 0.U7 0.62 0.36 0.24 2.60 12.42 058 A corre.spondent of tho N'ational Live Stock Journal gives tlie follow- ing na a practical ration which he used to feed forty steers, weighing an and gaining 2 1-2 lbs., per head, per day: average of 900 lbs., 12 pounds oat fetruw 5 '• hay 6 " corn-jni'iil 4 " bran 2 " Linseed meal. Standard for fattenintr cattle of this weight 0.80 17 4.81 U.OS 3.98 27 2.05 0.05 6.04 0.50 3.04 0.28 3.22 0.50 1.70 O.IU 1.61 47 0.70 0.18 23.C5 1.91 1290 0.G9 24;«) 2 2.) 13i)0 0.45 This corresponds quite closely with the German standard. The albu- minoids are slightly less, and the fat more. One gallon of cheap molasses add(^ 1 to the rations of hay for forty head, would nearly bring up the carbo-hydrates to the standard. Again he says : The following is a practical ration fed to 10 steers for 90 days ; their average weight for the 90 days being 1,348 lbs. ; and this was the average ration fed — the aver- age gain being 3 lbs. per head, per day : 'tT 16 pounds oat straw . 6 7 3 3 1 it hay com- meal pea-meal.. , oat-meftl... flax-aeed... Standard for fattening cattle of this weight — 3d periofl 12.25 0.21 6.01 0.10 4.77 0.32 2.40 0.06 5 80 0.69 4.24 0.33 2.48 0.61 132 0.05 2.48 0.29 129 0.14 0.80 0.17 0.18 0.20 28.70 2.09 16.50 0.97 33.70 3.63 19.95 0.80 This seems a wide departure from the German standard ; but that all the conditions may be understood, it is stated that the corn, pea.se, oats and flax-seed, in the proportions stated, were mixed and ground together, and then 14 lbs. of the mixed meal was mixed with the 15 lbs. of oat straw, cut into inch lengths, and all well cooked together ; that is, 420 lbs. of the ground meal was mixed with 450 lbs. of cut oat straw, placed in a steam-box and well cooked with steam, and this served for three a U.Ol 015 0.08 0.07 0.-24 058 lie f ollow- jighiug an 0.06 0.05 0.28 O.IO 0.18 0.09 0.45 The albu- ap molasses •ing up the [owing is a icrht for the [ — the aver- 0.10 0.06 0.33 0.05 0.14 0.2» "^.97 0.80 but that all ^ pease, oats Ind together, , lbs. of oat that is, 420 Itraw, placed led for three CATTLE, now TO BREED. 63J/ davs' rations for tho 10 head, except that. 6 lbs. of lonjnr hay was j?iven to each ;it noon. Perhaps the explanation is, that the cooking rendered a so iiiiich larger per centago digestible, that it was, in effect, equal to the German standard. These steers weighed 1,210 lbs. when the exper- iment began, and 1,485 lbs. at the end of 90 days ; so that 1,348 lbs. was the averao-c weight during the period. The meal ration was but 10 lbs. duriii'T tlie first two weeks, and increased gradually up to 16 lbs., at tho end of ()0 days ; making tho average ration 14 lbs. per day. As supplementary to this we give three rations applicable to the East, South and West, in the order named : CLOVER AND OOR.N RATION FOR FATTENINQ CATTLK OP 1200 I,B3. •Mponnds b(!.«t clover hay ,•) '■ straw or cornstalks- la " corn-meal Stiimliiril lor fattening cattle of 1200 lbs 2il period OF PKAS AND OATS, DRIED IN BLO8S0.M, WITH CORN-MKAL. 27 pounds pea and oat hay 12 •' ciirn-uieal •is ?li DifTPstlble. W i 6s f "3 i^ a = a ^■3 |i is 1 IIm. lb*. Ib.s lb*. 15.20 2 14 IM 0.4a 4.i0 04 1.S2 0.03 11.77 1.17 8 4H 0.50 . 31.07 3.:i5 17.82 0.00 31.20 3.00 17.70 0.84 2.10 1.00 9 61 7.27 0.48 0.57 30 liU 3 10 17.^8 1.05 WINTEU RATION OPWE.STKRN CATTLE, COIl.N AND STALKS. 20 pounds dry cornstaliis •20 " ear-corn 1G.52 1682 0.10 68 7.30 12 12 0.08 0.06 33 14 1.84 19.42 1.04 It will be of interest now to show the chemical composition, digestibil- ity and money value, according to the German standard, for 2,000 lbs. of clover hay, meadow hay, corn fodder, oat straw, oil ake, wheat bran, corn meal and oats. These foods, used more in the United States than any like number of others, are also complementary to each other : (See tiilile on following page). Comparing Values. The comparisons of values by the ton of these very dissimilar foods is as follows : We find clover hay worth $17.82 and oat straw |9 per ton : but it cannot be inferred that oat straw Avould be as cheap at that price as clover hay to make an entire food for cattle, or other animals, because clover hay is a well balanced food for cattle and oat straw is only a f. I 1 f Si ■A ;?iV f'iili^illl I'll \y 640 II-LIJSTHATEI) STOCK DOCTOH. RELATIVE VALUE OF DIFFEnENT KINDS OF FOOD. CI.OVKH HAY. Albuminoids (-Hrl)ii-iiv(lrat»'s Crudt! lihrc Fat AVEKAGK MEAnOW HAY. AlbnminoidH C'lrbo-hydniU'R OikIo f1br«! Flit COn.N FODnKR. Albuminoids Ciirl)o-bydrutL's ('riul»i libr<> Fat. AU)iiminoid.s , OHibo-bydrale-i Crude rtl)re Fat OAT STRAW. Albumlnoid.s . CHrbo-hyiiraifh. Flbri' Fat OIL CMiE. Albuminoids. Carb()•lly(lratl•^ Fibre Fat wiii-.AT i'.i;a\. CORN' MEAL. Albuminoid-.... Carbo-hydraii's Crude ti'brc Fat Albumlno'ds .... Carb«»-by(lratH^. Crude ll'm' Fat OATS. "3 B a 8 15 3 35 8 \ XVif 82 n.7 41.(i\ 21. !t/ 25 44 37.!»\ 25 i 1.3 4.0 30 21 3!t 5 / 2.1) 28.3 32.3 32.31 10 0/ 10.0 15 52 10 3.2 ?} 10.0 02. 1 I 5.5 J C.5 12.2 5,1.0 ) 03; 6.5 10.7 37.0 2.1 5.4 40.1 1.0 3.2 43 4 1.0 1.4 39.5 0.7 23.77 35 15 9.0 12.C 42 2.(i 8.4 co.a 4.8 9.0 43.0 4.7 i (M C 214 752 42 1008 180 820 20 0'8 (!0 sna 20 954 28 802 14 844 475 703 180 1358 252 852 52 1156 168 1212 147C 180 8G0 94 1134 $(» 24 70 182 $17 82 $4 08 7 38 87 $12 iJ3 $2 86 7 81 87 Sn 54 SI 21 7 21 0[ $9 01 $19 00 0.S2 61 $:m> 12 S10 92 7 07 2 2.5 $20 84 $7 23 10 00 4 16 $22 34 $7 80 7 74 407 $19 81 CATTLK, now TO BUGEU. 641 partial food, coutiilning so little albuminoids and fat that cattle \Nould stiirvi! to death upon it if fed long enough. The muscles and nerves could not 1)0 nourished upon it ; and yet a good article of oat straw is worth the price named, because of the digestible heat and fat formers it contains. Now, put a ton of the best oat straw with a ton of the best clover hay, and you have a fairly balanced food. It compares well with common meadow hay. The digestible albuminoids in clover 10.7, in straw 1.4, making the two added 12.1, and the average per cent of thf mixture is vhatever it will eat^ clean of both. Offer it water occasionally after it is a month old, and when weaned see that it never lacks for water. It will poinmon ik," will I hut they •iidcd for I the flow s, iiiul the lov nhould I IflPftllS of ;>si(lps this, le finger or ■warm ns it day. Then in hiis hcpn thoroughly IS they may flour if the linseed meal weeks old it it ninety or From this d iis the calf t\w\ threshed CATTi.r:, now to iuuoku. Figuring Profits. fJi;i Duriiiir tho winter kncp tho calves in tho wannest qiiartprs possible ; fped iilierally willi }?niin and hiiy, and in the sprin;^' you will havo tho Hat. isfiictioii of ixoowinj; that you have received the l)est profit that you will ever n'ii|t from the animal at any subsequent a<^o ; hut upon compurini; ili'liil :"i(l all summer wlu'U they will cat it. Let them in winter he so warm that tlipv never i)ecomo ehillod. So continue until tho aninnd is within six months of heinir ripe for tho butcher. Thou food the best you can, and vou will bo rejoi<'ed to find that you may s. Keep tho parts washed clean, twice a day, with warm rainwater and castilo soap, and inject a small quantity of tincture of aloes and myrrh. If tlu! parts become unhealthy, or nlceratod (for more suppuration is hcailliy action), wash with a weak and clear solution of sal sod;i, or hard wood asbcs. If proud fl(!sh should arise (a rare occurrence), burnt aluin, {)v)iind(Ml voiy fine may be applied, or the parts may bo touched with lunar caustic. n i^ 1 i CHAPTER III. TBAININQ AND WORKING. TRAimXO vs. BREAKINO THAININ(} THK CAI.F IIALIKIUNO THAININO TO MILK — — KKKDINd AT MIT.KINO TIMK VICIOUSNKSS IN COWS IIOOKINO C'OW8 TKAININ* „XKN rUAIN STOCK YOUNO SUMMING I'l' MANAOINO A KICKING COW. Training Cattle vs. Breaking. Tlio word "breaking" horHcs or stoors to work, or broiiking a hoiforin to milk, li!is iiow-ii-diiys bocomo pretty well obsolete. Breaking by brute force iniiy make a kind of a machine of an animal ; it may do stupidly WOIIKINO HY MAIN KOHCK. (545 3S V?' ijll I I t ■'■m 1: - 'SI f- . Hf 646 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. what is desired, and yet not do it to the best advantage. Intelligent per- sons now do not break an animal by destroying its will, they simply malte it subservient to that of man, hy letting it know at the first haiiiperln<' for training that it will not be hurt, if it does not resist. All domestic animals arc naturally subservient to the will of man ; they require to be taught what is wanted, and the individual should know that no {rood can come out of any system of training which compels the use of the v/hip constantly. The whip is necessary only as a means of corrodioii. when an animal is refractory after understanding the Avill of the inaster. An intelligent trainer wi'i* easily distinguish between stubborn antagonism and a want of conijn'ehension. We have never seen young animals stul)- born, except that the}' did not understand what Avas Avanted of thoni; and in aniinals that have at length been made to Avork in the yoke, or to stftnd quietly to be milked, but which liave "freaks," as tliey arc ciillcd. when they seem wild or stubborn, it is usually the result of bad treal- ment in "breaking," and the animal is actuated almost so k^ly by fear. If, in the struggle Avhich ensues, the animal becomes master, it is there- after of but little use. It is better in training that the struggle be not made necessary. Training tho Calf. If the calf has been raised by hand, that is, fed with milk from the pail, it Avill, or should have, become so gentle and familiar as to allow itself to be approached readily, and to respond to the call of its nia.ster, Many i)cr9ons at this time name cA'ery calf, and thus they soon come to knoAv their names when called. If firmness and at the same time gentle- ness have been used, so that the calf Avill understand that there is nothing to fear ; if no struggle is made, it is Avell on the Avay to understand what is further expected of it. It should be rubbed and curried occusionnlly, especially on those parts of the body that itself caimot reach, as the head, neck and shoulders,; or, if kept in the stal)le constantly, it should be brushed all over at least once a day. Here is one of the first iiiiil most important lessons. At first, tho calf docs not knoAV Avhat i^ intended. If the master gets angry and beats it, it Avill ever after assi> ciate currying and brushing with a beating ; and Avhen it gets older iiiid stronger, in the constant successions of struggles to escape punishmont, it Avill at length find it is the stronger animal of the tAvo. Thereafter itself and not the man is master. The object of currying is not to pvei pain. It is an operation of cleaning that the animal cannot perform for] itself, because confined in a stcble. If the animal is turned out during ■ tlie iiiii 1 !. \\\ '«<• ' '\'v >■' ; m'fJ ]'\\ '^1 m 1LLU8TUATRU STOCK DOCTOR. Train Stook Young. Lot the steer, which sliouhl not exceed one year ohl — eight months ia better — be taught one lesson iit u tnne, iind thsit thoroughly. It will ren. der the next lesison easier. When tlu^y are quiet and will do your huldinir in the yoke without halter or ^trap, they may bo left until three yeiirs old before bcnig worked, though it is better to begin at two years of a;,'(', especially if they are to be used on the wagon. They will not i)ull much, but they may thus l)e taught to walk fast, to do their share of the work, and to become thoroughly "way wise." The greatest difficulty in training oxen, as a single yoke, is teachiiij,' them to back promptly and well. To do this requires patience. Never overload them. Make them back promptly twelve to fifteen feet*at a time, and then come forward, stopping instantly at the word, with heads up ready to back again. In traveling along the road never allow them to flag, nor exert them so long at any one time as to seriously weary them. Patience alone will secure the end sought. When you have occa- sion to speak sharply to them, do not let it be in a very loud voice, but let it be accompanied by a touch of the '^wiO or a blow of the whip suf- ficiently sharp so the animals feel it. To touch both animals so near together that it seems almost simultaneous, ia a fine art. It is acciuired by always touching the slow ox first, for scarcely ever will two animals bo found so evenly matched as to bo exacitly alike. When you find them you have a prize. W^hen not so, we have always found it best to have the slower ox on the near side. Summing Up. In summing up the whole matter of training, the individual must keep the points aimed at steadily in view. First, the animal must be rendered entirely subservient to man, and this by showing it that man is its friend; that under no circumstances is it to bo injured. A well trained yoke or a team of oxen will command a fancy price as easily as a well trained span of horses. There will be, for man}' years to come, uses to which neither horses nor mules are so well adapted as are oxen. In lumbering, especially in breaking prairies, in much of the work of the farm, and for teaming in wild regions generally, where there is nothing but rank, wild grassy feed, they \\nll be indispensable. In these cases the trained team will do one-third more work than the untrained team, and do it easier for themselves, and much more satisfactory to the driver. Here again the driver should be himself trained. A brutal driver will soon ruin a good team, yet canuot entirely destroy their value. CATTLE, THAIXINO AN)> WOUKINO. 655 All intelligent driver will uccoiuplish what ho wants without undue severity ; his voice and signs are the polciit powers. In starting a lu-avy load each ox is called by name, however large tlie team be. They under- stttiid that they are to place tluMnsclves in position for action ; every chain is straightened, every muscle is brought into tension ; they get avoH into the yokes, and at the signal all start together. With such a team the load must come. So with cows. The training of the heifer is begun in calfhood : she learns to rely entirely upon the muster. Tliey kiK)w his voice either in the yard or field, and come clustei-ing about him, expecting some «'tid-l)it," 01' at least a kindly word or caress. "Wloii the llrst calf is droppeil there IS no fear of the master; he mav t; ke it and do with it what he will — oiilv f(Mi. We have never liad any trouble in teaching u luifer to stand to 1)0 niil'vod. If the udder is tender, as in nir.e cases out of ten it Avill be, they will gently submit to the means used f(n- relu I" and seem grateful for tho effort. If strange heifers are to be operated on, the lii'st thing to teach thcin is, that you are a friend; whatever t!i(^ time it takes, whelher half an hour or half a daj', do not intermit tlio effort until the animal is sub- dued. If refractory it is better that the heifer or cow be tied up at once and kept there until entirely quiet and Avithout fear. I'lien fully half tl;o work is done aud tho subsequent work is only a question of time and of iwticnec. Managing a Kicking Cow. We once subdued an unusually refractory and kicking cow, hy having her held firmly by tho head while wc seized the teats firmly one with each hand. There was no attempt to milk. The lesson to be given was that she could do no injury by kicking. It took three-quai-tcrs of an hour to accomplish the object. "When she kicked the grasp was tightened ; the wrist was brought back firmly against tho leg above the hock. When she ceased kicking the grasp was relaxed, and the motion of milking was jier- fornicd so far us pulling gently on the teals*\vhen she kicked, or rather attempted to do so by bringing her foot forward. She soon found it was invana))ly brought down again nearly in its proper position m the roar of it? mate. In the end she gave up and submitted to be milked. One new lesson she had to learn, to stand without holding. This was nceom- plished by following her about until she was content to .stand, which she (366 ILLDHTUATED STOCK DOUTOU. tUd after thr«o or four breaks. Within a wook, there was no more quiet cow in tiiu yard thua thla hurutofuro iiicurrigiblo vixou. A nappy Family. As showing the benefits of superior care and training, it ran he dem- onstrated how nicely all farm stock will get along together in peace, when owned by a small fann(;r who (tannot afford to separate into distinct licnK on account of scarcity of numbers. If raised togcithcr in the sanie yurj each will find its proper levc^l. They will agree kindly in a small pustiiiv, and if the pigs are ringed there will bo no dffRculty about rooting up the soil ; and of the different classes of animals each will eat grasses and jilanU not relished by the others. The fact well illustrates tho udage, "A mer- ciful njan is merciful to his boast." CHAPTER IV. HOW TO SHELTER. NeoesBity of Shelter. ireCESSITY OK SnELTBR ARTIFICIAI, I'UOTKCTION A FRAMKD HTAnLR A CHKAP STAlll.K ABOUT BARNS A COMMON 8KNSK BARN A SQtIAUR CnoSS llAUN 11ASKMKNT.S FOR CATTLH AUKANOINa TUB BASKMKNT ADAPriNQ MKANS lO TUB KM) WHAT TO PLANT. In all cliuiatcs whoro cattlo have to bo fed nearly half the yoar, the question of shelter boeomes of the first importance. In the inidtlle eorn ivfrloii of the West, cattlo must be fed from four to live months ; and fiirtluT north, from five to six months. If the pasture in Octobi'r bo oiilv siitlicu'nt to supply the animal waste, then such ft ready to iijjfuui increase in weight they will have had a season either longer or shorter when they will perhaps neither have gained or lost. The natural heat of the ainn»al must be kc[)t to a])out 100 degrees. In fact, the imtural heat is !)(> degrees whatever the temperature of the air. If it fill's below this the animal begins to chill, and the body is called on to fmiusli additional heat. So long as this can be supplied the animal lives. When it is exhausted the animal dies. The fooil given may be compared to the fuel used under the boiler of !i steam cngme. So long as the water stands at 200 degrees no steam is prodiued ; above 212 steam accunnilates, xmtil at length enough power is raised to start the Avheels in motion. Thus it is with stock. Food nmst be ffiven in proportion to the animal waste. With the thermometer at Mrn, and air slirring, whatever the feeding jnay be the animal cannot '::iiii ii' (>Ai)();;ed to the wind. Under slu'ilcr 'div U'ltural ho.iL of l!io m (i-)? 668 1LLU8TUATKI) S^OCK DOCTOK. animal is conserved, and it remains comfortable. If the teniporaturc of the stable can be kept at (50 deirrees, the niiiiimum of food only will lio required. Just hero two integers come in ; the cheaptiess of food as against shelter, and the cost of labor. It is possible for food to be so cheap and labor so dear, and the price of cattle so low, that the interest W: OLD STYLE FARM YARD. on the shelter and the cost of labor would eat off tlio profits. It has been so in every section of the "West first and last, and is so still in ?oiik' new sections ; but nowhere so low that cattle could be protitably fed without the protecting influence of gullies or timber to break the forcoof the wind. This is natural protection, and is the groundwork upon wliicli uU other is to be built. Artificial Protection. If the stock l)reedor liii- not timber, then the sooner he pia!it> wnid-brcaks to protect his y:ir(l> and farm buildings the soonor will ho reap profit therefrom. This is the crudest of artilKi:il protection and yet or" of great importance, both m AViiitor aiiJ Summer. In winter it breaks FAR.MBR THRIFTLESS MODE OF PnoTECTION. . , . i •„ the force of storms of wind, rmn, sleet, and snow, and in Summer furnishes shade. The next crudest means of shelter ia a shed of posts and poles, mid utuvc of ; will 1)0 food as to l)e so 3 interest ,tits. It 1^'^^^ still in some .rotitiil'ly fed k upon wliicli .dor bi»s not |,ner I'-e l'>'>«t^ H-t bis yi>nl> L the soouov Ihcrofroni. 1st of !»'t>''''"'^ or- <^1' ?'^''* U Winter ;»i'l Lev it i'rw^l'^ lof wind.wi"' Ld poles, lUKl CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER. 659 FAKMER THRIFTY'8 MODE OF PROTECTION. covered with slough hay or straw, and slabs, or poles, filled in betAveen with such litter as stock will not cat, tte whole tirnily pounded down to muke it wind proof. This, if well made and so low as just to adnnt a man to Avalk under, is both cheap and Avarnv. Another cheap form of shed or shelter from storms is made by setting posts firmly in the ground in two lines, sawing the tops level, fastening on plate pieces, laving on scantling for tlie peak, supported temporarily, and nailing on Ijoards, for a roof, at one-quarter pitch, up and down from the plates to the peak, covering the joints with wide battens and boarding up the side from whence the prevailing winds come. If twelve feet l)oards are used for the roof, a shed may thus be made over twenty feet wide, that will furnish good shelter for stock cattle where forage is cheap. A Framed Shed. A still better shed ma}'^ be made by running the posts up eighteen feet, framing in cross-ties to support a floor. In the upper twelve feet of this shod a good deal of fodder may be stored, to be fed from when the weather is too inclement to allow it to be handled on wagons. From this wo may go on to more and more elaborate structures until we come to the l)arn proper. On all well onlered farms the owner fully appreciates the importance of shelter. Hence we see the feeding yards with one or two sides pro- tected with more or less serviceal)le shed, until ui)on some farms we lind tho feeding yards entirely surrounded with this means of Winter pro- tection. Ill all this the owner nmst l)e guided In his pecuniary means. If he have not money enough to put up the bet- ter class of buildings, it by no means follows tli!it he is to leave his stock without shelter until he is able to build. So far !is the simplest sheds are con- cerned, it is almost entirely a ques- tion of labor. In the case of simple sheds of lumber, it is simply a ques- tion of the cost of boards and nails. Any intelligent farmer, assisted 42 ,^»^^ji^33S55fc5>, PRIMITIVE PROTKCTICK. 060 ILLLSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. by his hired help, can do tlie work. It is true, however, that few per- sons, the first time they build, do so ecououiically. Let us see how tliis may be fairly acooniplished. Suppose the structure i*i to be a simple roofed shed affair. Decide upon the length. The width should not be more than twelve feet for a single pitch roof. Allow that it is to Ije ninety-eight feet long. Set four heavy posts for the corners, three feet in the ground, and of the required height. The lower it is the warmer it will be, so it be high enough for the cattle to walk under the plates. Between the tvro end posts set, exactly in line, six posts each fourteen feet apart, and five and one-half feet high from the average ground line. Proceed in the same manner with the front, the posts to bo nine feet above ground. At the back, now set seven lighter i^osts in the fourteen feet spaces. Saw them all off to an equal height, spike on four inch scantlmg from post to post in front, and two by four for the back. It is now ready for the roof, v/hich is to be firmly nailed from front to reiir. Board the front down to within five and a half feet of the ground, and the ends and back entirely to the ground. Thus the shed is complete, except banknig up. This is important and aviU add fully one-half to its ivarmth. A good way to do this is to lay a line of sods one foot from the rear, and till in with earth or old litter, carrying the banking at least four feet high ; or, posts may bo sot two feet from the wall, with suf- ficient strips nadcd thereon to hold the litter, and the whole filled in and rammed tight. A Cheap Stable. rV'i.-m Do you prefer a stable, take the form given for a hip or doublo-roofed shed. Board the whole tight all around, leavmg space for door^ and windows ; battcMi the cracks, lay the floor, put m stanchions or upriirMi! for fastening the cattle, leaving a feeding place m front, and the whole is complete. ~*Ve prefer rings to slide iqi and down, upon standards three inches (hick, to stanchions. Now this style of stable will not be strong enouirli to allow their being fastened to the floor above. Set strong posts sevpii foot apart and four and a half foot high, sawed off square on top, and three feet out from the wjill. Prepare six-inch scantling to be ])iniicd firmly to the posts, twelve inches from the ground, and on the inside next the wall ; the scantling bored, each three feet, with two-inch holes. Tim Avill be wide enough for cows. Larger cattle must have three feet, three inches. Prepare other scantling bored in similar manner for the tops nf the posts. Take three-inch smooth saplings ; sharpen the lower end." jii^t so they will drive firmly into the holes in the lower scunthng when it is CATTLE, HOW TO 8HELTEK. 661 few per- \»ow this a simple Id not be is to be three feet 10 Avarniev the \)liites. \ fourteen L-ound line. a nine feet ,ic fourteen I four inch ;)ack. It is •ont to reuv. n-round, und is complete, c-hiilf to its lie foot from king at leiist ill, with !*uf- > tilled in and ouWo-roofed or door* ami or upri<:lil> lid the whole three inches strong euouiili ig posts seven •e on top, and to he pinned the in^'ide next ..holes. Thi^ irce feet, three 'or the tops nf lower endf> j"'t lling wbeniti* pounded in phice below. Shave the upper end.s so they will fit the holes in the scantling above. Drive them solidly into the holes below, pinning each one fast with a half-inch pin. Slip a four-inch iron ring over each stake. Lay the upper scantling on top, entering the standards as you 20. It is better that they have some plav. Lower the scantling on top of the posts, and pin and spike them firmly to the posts. Cut stout rope six feet, six inches long, splice a four-inch loop on one end, whip the other end with small cord so it will not unravel ; pass the rope through the rinir and back to the loop so the end of the loop will be eight inches from the ring ; pass the end of the rope through the loop, draw tight and make fast with two half hitches, or, better, whip the two portions of lone together as far as the loop. The cattle are then ready to be tied uj), In* passing the rope about the neck and through the loop, and draw- inji; just tight enough so the animal cannot slip it over the horns.. Iron chain l)ails that will last a life-time arc kept ready made by agricultural implement men, and are much the cheapest in the end. Tied thus, cat- tle ciin easily reach their food, can lick themselves, can rest perfectly, l)ut cannot reach to injure each other. A six-inch lioard nailed along the standard at a proper height, say about six inches below the tops of t!i" shoulders of the cows, will prevent their reaching too far into the fccd- mg passage. About Bams. The ^rst thing to do in the erection of any building is planning to a I'prtainty what accommodations are wanted and the probable cost. The faiiu l)arn, if there is to be only one, must bo made to answer a variety of purjjosos. It must contain stables for cattle and horses, calf pens, shelter for sheep, a threshing floor, bays or mows for hay and grain, room for vehicles and many tools, humess room, granary, and, if the barn is a large one, room for placing a horse-power. Years ago barns were seldom made higher than eighteen-feet posts. In these days of improved machinery it is as easy to fill a barn twenty-five or thirty feet high as one that is lower. The nearer square or octagonal a I'lrn is and the higher, the less its relative cost, so that now barns are 'milt of two or three stories when a slight declivity may be had for the >ite. If of two stories, the basement is cut up into stables for cattle and -heop, storage for heavy tools and machinery, calf pens, etc., etc. The main floor will contain bays for hay and grain, threshing floor, a harness room and granary. Practically there is no advantage in the third story. The ham may be as high as is needed, the bay continued to the roof ; the stable, harness room, granary, etc., may be floored over, and a M i' ■I J tlll'1 M "y " * ' ^a *Wm 'ijl" iSisfl m N ||i h- 1 (562 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. .^Z mow be had overhead ; so, a floor may be carried over the threshino' floor and this space utilized in the siime way. Practically you have the space at less expense. A Quarter Section Farm Barn. In the West and South, the farmer of 160 to 200 acres may get alonw very well with a side-hill barn fort3'-two by sixty feet. It will give iiuiple room for a bay 16 by 60 ; a floor 13 by 60 ; horse stable 13 by 60, con- tauiing 5 single and 1 double stall, or 2 single stalls and 3 double stalls; a room for implements 10 by 13 ; a granary 12 by 13, an(i a tool room half that size ; while the basement may be devoted entirelj' to the sttiblins; of cattle, with calf pens, a sheep pen, and, if nccessar}^ a shed enclosed on three sides. The granary will hold over 600 bushels of grain, and may be divided into bins for Winter and Spring wheat, oats, l)ai-ley, and ground feed for stock. The basement may contain two rows of cattle stalls, with passage way between, six feet wide, with shoots leading to the upper part of the barn for delivering hay, grain, and other feed. This will leave a space 12 by 60, which may contain calf-pens and a place for sheep, and it may be so arranged by means of sliding doors that it may be entirely closed in inclement weather. This basement will contain stalls for thirty-two cattle, and the maimre may be thrown directly into a cart or wagon and hauled directly where it is wanted. This barn may, of course, be enlarged by adding on, to accommodate any required amount of stock ; but, if a much larger barn than this is wanted, the square or octagonal form should be used. It will give largely increased room in proportion to the cost. A Common-senso Barn. NORTH HAY HOUSE MAIN BARN MAIN FLOOR OF HAIRY BARN. Above we give an outline of the basement of a barn forty feet wide and ^ixty feet long, with a lean-to overshot extending twenty feet in front. ig floor, le space ;et along ve ample (50, cou- ilc stalls ; ool room e stabling [ enclosed grain, and lavley, and s of cattle cling to the eed. This a place for tliat it may ontain stalls y into a cart ccommodate than this is (rive largely CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTEU. 663 Ifcet wide and Ifeet in front. This bam Avill contain about 100 tons of hay. The barn would be better facing the South if the lay of the land as to declivity will allow. The hay-lu)use may extond twenty feet in width and height in the form of an L and of such a length as may be wanted for storage, say forty feet- This barn, if the space below the hay-house is utilized, will stable six horses and forty cattle. The basement of the main barn may be divided into stabling as follows. A, liorse stables 12 feet deep, with mangers two and a half feet Nvide for hay, with suitable troughs for grain and manger for hay. B and C are cattle stalls. Those in B hung with swingmg gates, opening siQe ways, G the same, but each stall having a separate gate entering direct from the yard. E is the main entrance eight feet wide and may contain feed chests ; e is an entry five feet wide, with steps up to door D, and having an en- trance into the horse stables at each end, F is the overshot or shed. G is the portion under the hay-house to be utilized in stalls, if the hay is not desired to run clear to the ground ; and H is the yard connected there- with. If necessary tliis may be roofed over making additional shed room. Square and Octagonal Bams. In the square or octagonal barn the bay is in the centre, in which a vast coni))aet mass of hay can be kept, and this will run from the basement to the peak. The basement will be used as a stable, and if desired the main iloor may also be so used ; modern builders understand perfectly the art of making a floor proof against the leakage of liquids. One especial advantage in the octagonal shape for barns, when a large number of cattle are to be fed, is, the roof is easily supported and con- tains more economy of space for its size than any other form except the circular. In this the hay will be in the center, and the cattle next the wall, facing inwards. Above the cattle will also be a mow for hay, ex- cept such portions as are wanted for granaries, grinding machinery and other conveniences. At the peak may be a windmill of sufficient power to do the pumping of water for the stock, unless it be feasible to conduct water by its own gravity. In this case it may be used for grmding and cutting fodder. Let us see what an octagonal barn sixty feet in diameter will hold. The width of the stal)le will be twelve feet, and the feed next the bay six feet, making eighteen feet in all. This running clear around will have a central c re of twenty-four feet, besides the entire area, from the floor above the stock. The stable will be one hundred and eighty feet in cir- cumference, and, allowing three feet, six inches to each steer, will accom- modate fifty head of steers, or if cows, a still greater number. 664 ILX.UBTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Below we give the plan of the dairy barn which will explain itself. We have represented a cistern and also the meal room, protected by an earth embankment, so it may be used for roots and other feeding material that would be injured by freezing. "'mr.m'J PL4If OF STABLES IN BASEMENT. The following diagram will show a compact basement for a Bank Burn for feeding cattle and also accommodating a limited number of horses and milch cows, to be seventy by one hundred feet square. 'ill u iYtr •0X30 TXlOO •oxao 4XaT air U k a4xn CATTLK-FEKUINa BASEMENT. A is the horse stable with six stalls ; B, cow stable for six or eight oows; C C main entry ; D D two small entries, running on either side of the CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER. 660 cattle stables ; E E E E are the cattle stables, 80 by 30 feet each ; and if the cuttle arc placed 4 feet apart, will accommodate forty head of steer:: for fattening. MAIN FLOOKOtf DAIKY BARM. To bhow another plan we give a diagram of a ilair}' barn fifty by one hundred feet. In the plan of the main floor a is a ventilating shaft, and h feed shoots to basement through trap door which will be shown in the plan of the basement. A Square Cross Bam. For a large number of cattle we know of no better form than a square biuu for the center, with four wings running therefrom, each 30 feet wide by any desired length. In this arrangement the cattle might be placed with their heads to the wall, leaving a passage-way between each two rows, by Avhich the manure might be taken up and carried away in cults. In some parts of the West cattle-feeding is carried out on an im- mense scale. Feeders are already beginning to ask, how best they may build stables to save cost in feeding, and at the same time jjlacc the cattle in the best possible position for economical feeding. A writer in the Rational Live Stock Journal, under the signature of "Alimentation," gives data for a barn to feed 1,000 head of cattle. The principal ol)jection to the plan is the concrete wall advised for the base- ment. In a building of this size and weight, it will be found to be quite unreliable in the West. The basement should be built of good solid stone, or the best hard burned brick. In lieu of this, if concrete nmst be used, the weight of the building should be on stone piers. The details V 1.5 i I 44 I ^1V » ii n "!':«[(; ^ G6G ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOU. for building the barn are given as follows, the wings being 30 feet wide and 200 feet long : "This s(iuare cross barn will have all its pxtrcme parts equi-distant from the center. It will Ijo tiie same distance from the (]uadriui"-u]jir center to the extreme animal in either Aving as from the octagonal coiit(>r. By douI)ling the width of the wings, we dispense with eight loii" sides 200 feet each, or 1,000 feet ; and as the ends of the four Avings aro the same length ns the eight wings, the saving in outside ■wall is l.fiOO f(«et. And if these sides are 20 feet high, and boarded up and do^vn Avith a two- inch batten, it Avill take 3(),033 feet to cover these sides thus dispensed Avith. It will also save all the outside and interior posts of the four Avings dispensed Avith, as it Avill re(iuire no more posts in a Aving fJO feet Avide than in one 30 feet Avidc. Tliis Avill make a saving of about 22,000 feet ; and the outside sills and plates on these long sides Avill be saved, amount- ing to 24,000 feet, besides girths and braces — amounting in all to a saving of 100,000 feet. The roofs and floors will coA'cr tlic wiNTKBKD WITHOUT gamc Humbcr of square feet as in the eight wings, and cost the same. "It would also save 14,400 cubic feet of Avail, building the Avings GO feet Avidc could not be less than two-tifths of the Avhole cost of the barn ; and the convenience and economy of labor must be even greater than Avith the eight narrow Avings. This square cross barn has the capacity to feed conveniently and comfortal)ly one thousand head of cattle ; and it now remains to notice some of the details of construction. "The quadrangular center, GO feet in diameter, may bo built Avith large corner posts, say 14 by 14 inches square, 37 feet long, and the plates and girths of the Aving may be framed into these posts ; but it probably would be better that the Aving should have separate corner-posts, and they be bolted to the posts of the center. The quadrangular center should be high enough above the Avings to clear the ridge of its roof. This would require the posts of the center building to be 17 or IH feet longer than the Aving posts, as the ridge of the wing roof should rise at least 17 feet in GO feet, and come up under the cornice of the center building ; as these A\ings aa'III cost about the same money Avith posts 20 feet, and the latter height will hold about 40 per cent more, and as this storage room Avill be Avanted for so many animals, it Avill be better to provide room in abundance, and make the posts tAvonty feet long. Wl.NTKUED WITH GOOD t-MKUTKll. The Avholc savinir I'V cct wide li-distunt Iniuirnliir il cpiitcr. )ng sides ;s iiro tlie 000 feet, illi :i two- dispensed the four iig r.O feet 3ut 22,000 le saving I'V fif tlis of tlie l:il)or must IsfiUiire cross uc tliousaiid (C details of lit Avitli large the plates it prol)iil)ly kr-posts, !ind Lular center [of its roof, or 1« fci^t lould rise at the center |ith posts 20 and as this jlic better to lions;' CATTLE, now TO SUKLTEH. (5(57 "Tho floor in tlic wing above the basement Avill run lengtliwise of tho building, and it will bo IG feet wide, so that the posts on either side of the iloor, running up to the cross-l)cani over the floor, may stand on a sill running lengthwise over tho basement, and eight feet from tho center, supported by tho stanchion timbers. These two sills will be strongly supported the whole length by the stanchion posts, placed only 38 inches from center to center, and will consequently hold the Avhole interior structure above. The bays on each side of the floor will l)e 22 feet wide ; there will bo no loss in so Avide a floor, as the hay may bo mowed one or two feet upon each edge of the floor if more room is desired. There will 1)0 42 bents, the outside posts being about 18 feet 2 inches from center to center. The top of the cross-beams, running from side to side of the barn, will be 1.3 feet above tho sill, and will bo spliced at tho post, or between the posts, on either side of the floor. On three of tho l)eiits the cross-beams should be carried up nearly to tho plates, and tho posts at tho side of the floor must also bo carried up to sujiport tho litiun. The three bents (every third one) will tie tho barn together, mid being so far apart, will not obstruct pitching with a horse-fork. Tiicsc high beams, besides being pinned to the outside posts should have astiiTup around tho post coming back ten inches upon tho beam, with a lline-eiglith inch bolt through the stirrup and tho beam, turned up tight with a nut, and if the beams are well spliced in the middle, this will hold tho l);irn lirmly from spi'eading i;,t the plates. Now, to prevent this long wing from rocking or swaying by a strong broadside wind, these bents witii the hijih beams should have a lonsr stiff hraco running from the foot of the post on the side of the floor to the outside post just under the high beam. Such a long brace on each side will hold tho barn rigidly from rocking. And while speaking of braces, let it be remembered that a Imice is valuable just in proportion to its length. The i)races from the outside posts up to the plates show a four-foot run. They will assist very much in sustaining any weight upon the plates. "It is not intended to have any purlins in these wings to support the roof, oven though they be GO feet wide. The brace on top of the beam will have a run on beam from post of 8 or 9 feet, running up the post just umlcrtlio plates and fastened by a bolt. This will hold tho plates abso- lutely rigid, and the roof will not spread them. Tho rafters should not ho plueed more than two feet apart, and tho collar-beams should be 1 1-4 I'v 5 inches, anil placed six foot below the ridge, with every other pair of rafters double collar-beamed ; that is, with a collar-beam nailed upon each side of tho rafters. This will make a strong shingle roof. The collar- beums will be some 20 feet long, and will be about as good a support to The collar-beams should be as high as the " .iJ thereof as purlin-beams. 66d ILIiUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOU. burn would ho likoly to l)o lillcd, so that no room will bo lost, and tho barn will !)(• pnu'ticiilly froc from obstnution to ])it(liing with a horse-fork. '•In the bonts, whero the cross-lK'uniH ar(5 raised nearly to tlic plates there nmst be a beam framed into tho jjosls on (>ac'h side of tho floor, I?, feet above the sills, to correspond wiih tho other beams over tho iloor upon which scaffolding may be placed for using tho room over the floor. It remains only to be nicntioned th:it tho interior sills aro four cross-sill , 40 feet apart, to tic the barn together at the bottom, and two sills rumiiii'; lengthwise, one on each side of the Iloor — that is, the centro of eiicli of these long sills is placed 8 feet from tho centre of the barn. Tho joists for the bays will run from these long sills on each side of tho floor to the outside sill — about 21 feet. Each of these long sills come over a row of stanchion timljcrs in the basement below," ' !■;■« Hi 1.1 ■)'' U' • "' i';i| ■ li-* FARMEB TUKIFXY'S CArTLK. The reader will see that these wings above the basement are built in the simplest manner, using no surplus material, and as cheap as iimy le consistent with strength and durability. Basements for Cattle. ««"We will now examine the construction of the basements of these long wings. The wall under each of these wings, if built of concrete, 1^ inches thick at bottom, 12 inches at the top and eight feet high, Dcing 460 feet long, would contiiin 4,140 cubic feet, and could be built ia most CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER. 609 places for 10 cents jjcr cubic foot, or $414 per wing. Tlio muU under the cTiilcr would be 1,440 cubic feet, and co.st $114. The wall utider tlic eiilirc square cross barn would cost ♦IHOO. The long sides would icquiro something to stiffen the wall sidewise ; but a pier built against the wall oil the inside would be in the way, and on the outside would h)()k uiisi^rhtly ; so to avoid the necessity of such piers, let a X be made (if strong iron, say three-fourths by two ln<'hes. The long end of the T v.'ould be about 20 inches, and built into the Avail, and the cross lie across tlie top of the wall dirc( tly under the sill. The end of the J should piojoct heyoiul the sill on each side far enough to have a three-cjuarter inch liole ])unched, into which to insert a piece of the same flat iron, six liuhcs long, rounded at one end. Tliis will attach the wall to the sill. There should bo four of these T'« for each side — one near each ci'oss sill 40 fc( t ai)art. This will hold the whole wall to the beam, and picvcut iuiy swaying. These long sides will give room for hiserting FARMER SLACK'S SIIELTKR. plenty of Anndows for light, the frames being into the boxes, and the con- crete built over them. The sash may be hung on a pivot in the centre, so as to open easily to give ventilation at certain seasons ; but the fresh :iir should he introduced throuirh the wall near the bottom, through hard Imnicd earthen or pottery pipes, la-inch bore, just long enough to reach tliroujrh the -wall. These pipes may be laid in the boxes, bedded in the concrete, mid the concrete tamped down upon them. They may be placed ten feet apart, and will not weaken the wall. Close covers may be fitted to the iusidc, so as to shut theui out at will ; and with proper ventilators >f WMn m:^:m 670 ILLU8TUATEU STOCK UOCTOB. :| I '\ to disohiirf^o the heated and vitiated air throufjh the upper part of the harn there will he a eoiiHtuiit cireulatioii of fresii air throujrli thi^ ImHciiu'ut, One otlier point niU8t be mentioned ni refereiier to the wall. A concroto wall contains a hirge amount of mointure, and if the sills are to he placod on before the wall boeonjes quite dry, whieh is usually the case, tho .moisture will pass up into the jjreen timber of the sill, form a eoatiivof hme on itj and prevent tho sap from eseapinji;, and the result is a rapid deeay of the timber. To prevent this, take well-seasoned pim^ hoards 12 incihes wide, coat one side with <^as tar, and bed this tarred sido in tho mortar on top of tho wall. Tho sills aro laid on this leveled board, and no moisture can como through this board into tho sill to rot it. Arranging the Basement. These long stables must bo laid out so as to render the la1)or as coiivon- ient as possible. There must bo easy access to every animal intlid stable and this becomes more important when one thousand cattle are to bo pro- vided for. Cattle are most easily attended when placed in douhhi rows with their heads turned towards one feeding floor. In tho long basement, tho first row of stanchion posts will Ik; placed seven feet from tho first wall, on tho side of tho first feeding lloor, 14 feet wide. On the other side of the feeding floor is the second row of stanchion posts, coming up under one of the long sills, as dcscriht'd bc- fori^. Two and one-half feet being occupied by mangers on each side of this floor, will leave nine feet for a drive-way. Along this llo '11117 pass a cart or wagon, with green food in Summer, or fodder ii or. The third row of stanchion posts will be 10 feet from the last, uii^ tlio second long sill, on the side of tho second feeding floor ; and the fourth row will be fourteen feet from the third, on the other side of the second feeding floor, and seven feet from the other wall. Hero two rows of cattle stand, with their tails to the walls, and the two middle rows stand tiil to tail, facing upon opposite floors. The largest animals rliould he placed in middle rows, as there is the most room. These stanchion posts are placed 3 feet 2 inches from center to center, and the cattle are best fastened to the center of a chain stretching from staple to staple driven into each stanchion post. These chains slide up and doM-n 011 staples. The mangers may be placed 20 inches from the ground, and, with long staples, the cattle may lie down comfortably. One of the best wa^s to feed cattle, with plenty of bedding and muck for deodorizing, is to let them stand three or four months on tan manure, and, the mangers being placed high, the manure may accumulate two feet deep under them, and they may keep quiet clean, with the bedding and muck, aud the manure ■m CATTLE, HOW TO SUKLTEU. 671 will 1)0 trocKltMi HO hard as to fornjciit very littlo. When n lot of ciittlo lire sold, then wagons may be dnvon through to carry off nianun\ I Imvc soon catth^ fod in tins niani'cr, carded dady, and kept quite clean, stiiudiiig oil tlieir manure for four months. Tlicst' feeding floors, as described, stretch through the whole length of tho barn. A feeding car passes through two wings, and, having a turn- tal)l(', iiiiiy pass through any wmg. Fecid may bo drojjped through n chute on the side of the upper floor into the car ■wherev(>r placed on any feeding lloor. This form of J)arn gives every facility for cutting and eodkinglhe food — a hirger engine, placed in the center, cutting, grinding and cooking all the food ; and this also offers the best facility f«)r soiling tliiTc thousand head in Summer, if such should bo necessary. In tho West, li iwever, where only tho feeding of such largo numbei's of cattle would be prolitablc, soiling is out of tho question. Adapting Means to the End. Xo person can possibly know so well Avhat an individual wants as himself, if ho bo a rellecting man. Tho architect scarcely ever gives attention to tho planning of barns. Tho best barns in a country are thoso of intelligent farmers who have car(>fully observed the conveniences of various kinds in tho barns of tlu'ir friends in the localities visited, and who \vlien in building their own varied them to suit their own wants. F(ir this reason wo have simiily given outlines of thoso illustrated with discri|)tions of others adapted to various nmnliers of cattle. See i)23. 5WHj o(ill, 501. To give tho cost would bo a wastv- of spaco that may be bettor emploved. Tliis will vary with locality aii'' I ho price of material, and any master carpenter or mason will quickly intimate them. As a rule, the elaborate and well furnished structure is not tho most convenient one, Init those which have the greatest number of permanent convcn- icnees, and in which tho spaco is most thoroughly economized. Hence within tlie last few years, or since tho general introduction of improved iniulnnerv, farm barns have undergone a complete change in tho manner of eonsfvnetion. Fonnerl y barns were comparatively low structures where cveiTthing had < to l)e done by manual labor; it was not economy to pile up hay, grain, or other farm produce, story after story ; tho lal)or of lifting, or carrying did not pay. Since the invention of hoisting machines and hay carriers, the invention of modern windmills, grinding mills, horse powers and other labor-saving niachiner}', twenty-five feet posts are not unusual, and no barn slionUl be built of less than two stories. The gain thus secured is abimdantly worth what it costs. 672 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. :«r H .'r'"' flPhcre are few farms where the drainage ia so iioor or the hmd so level but that a declivity sufficient for a basement burn may be had, by throw- ing the excavated portion up to assist in forming the trackway or rise to the main floor. Windmills are now so nearly automatic in their Morkiii"' that they may very safely be trusted to jiretty much take care of them- selves. Therefore, in all the more pretentious farm barns, thev should be built with special reference to the erection of a windmill on top. This may be used for a variety of purposes, cutting fodder, griudinir grain, pumping water, being its principal work. If the water is collected in a reservoir in the center of the mow it will not freeze, tind tlie pressure will always be equal, and thus the water maybe carried in pipes an}' distance, to the house or the dairy, and become a most valuable economy. In the building of barns of superior size we have given descriptions of all but the circular barn, which can hardly be called a practical or economical structure, and the octagon barns will come under the same category ; for while economical in respect to space, they are more oosth' to build, if for no other reason than that they are unusual. We there- fore recommend the square bani in every case when the width is to lie forty or more feet, with not less than twenty feet posts. This, with tlie the basement, will give two or three stories as necessity may require. The basement of course Avill bo used for the stables, and if additional room be needed one or two wings may be added, and when farther space is needed two more. The diagrams showing the internal arrangements may easily be obtained to suit such a structure while pursuing the general features of economical and labor-saving utility. li' Summer Shelter. While the question of Winter shelter is of the first importance, it i? necessary that Summer shelter be provided, and also for protection against the inclement storms of Spring after stock has been put upon pasture. During the feeding season the sheds and barns will sufKcc; before pastures are flush the Winter shelter can be utilized, for some food must be given night and morning. During the lii-evalence of storms the stock will of course l)c kept up and fed. Later, however, it will not be found practicable. What i.s wanted is a range where stock may not only be secure from the winds of drning storms, but wliere they may retire for shelter durinir the extreme heat of Summer daA's. We do not believe in shaded i)astures. They arc poetic but not prac- tical. The object in keeping .stock is to make them eat as much as possi- ble. The pasture should be devoted to grass. If shaded by single trees here and there, stock will very often haunt these when they should be CATTLE, HOW TO SHELTER. 673 ug tlic general feeding. While in motion in the act of griizing they do not suffer from lieat. Thcrefoi'e it is better that they bo obliged to do some travel to reach the shade, and this shade if natural will generally have water near. If not, the artificial shade should be given at such places where water may be had fi'om mills or ponds most cheaply. ■ c?^^ ■-■'M*^ m} ::>m r^^'iiiiiiin''?! ;,,iT^-i'^lai u, h pt .1 t ! V ' ;!. A PASTORAL SCENE. The acconipanynig cut will sliow liow this artificial shelter is accom- plislied both by isolated trees in the pasture and by clumps and groves in iho distance. As previously stated, the single trees we condemn, and t'.uy have l)cen introduced to illustrate the ^loint, and at the f5ame time irive effect to a most pleasant pastoral scene, and which any farmer may (ilitaiu in a gently undulating country. Where to Plant Shelter. This sliclter should be planted along tho crest of ridges, about gullies iiiid ravines, and in fact wherever tho soil is not adapted to cultivation. These points Avill bo cspecialh' sought during tho heat of Sunnner, and ilio tinilter will eventually more than pay tho cost of planting in any piairie country. All high points are generally free to a gi-oat extent from I'iting insects. The ravines will afford shelter from winds and driving mf ♦I ■ f ii 674 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. stoims, and also will be valuable as places where permanent water may be had either naturally or artiHeially by drauiing. In lieu of this pluut shelter belts and groves near the low places where water may be had, or near natural water holes on the farm. f, ' M, What to Plant. For dry soil, anywhere south of 42 degrees, the Catalpa (Sped nsa) will be found hardy. The variety Big nonioides is not hardy in llio West north of about 38 degrees. Black walnut is valuable, so are nil the maples, the cotton-wood does well almost anywhere, and if care is taken to procure cuttings of the male variety, (this tree bears male and fomiile flowers on separate trees), you will have no trouble with the hiowin^r about of the cotton during seeding time. Evergreens may bo })liiiited almost anywhere if the soil be moderately dry. The Norway spruce is most valuable, and next to this the white pine. For low lands, pottoii- wood, the soft maples, and the white, the black and the golden willow- will be indicated. Thus the farmer will find that this question of shel- ter, while one of the most important of the many connected with fnrm economy — the pomts relating to Summer shelter — will in the end prove one of the best paying investments in a prairie country of any m the whole category. i : 1 CHAPTER V. HOW TO PASTURE, PEED AND WATBB. IBOUT PASTURAOE. CL0VKR8 TOAT DO WELL. UNDESIRARI.K CLOVERS. ALFALFA. TUB TRUE GUASaBS. TIMOTHY, OK CAT'S TAIL GHA8S. BLUE GRASS. RED TOP. ORCHARD GRASS. FOWL MEADOW GRASS. TIME KdU I'ASTURINO. WA- TKUINQ. FEEDING STOCK CATTLE. HOW TO FEED. FEEDING MILCH COWS. About Pasturage. Tlie sul)jcH't of pasture and meadow is ouo of tlic most important with whii'h the farmor ha.s to deal. It makes feed in Summcv and forage in Winter. Yet, in the United States, nearly all our meadows consist of (1110 clover and one gras.s ; in oth^r words, timothy and clover are our (rro;it nioadow plants, and the addition of blue grass to tliis forms the Imlk of our pasturage, always excepting, of course, the vast areas of wild grasses that still cover the great prairies and vast plains of the West, yet to be brought into cultivation by man. Until within the last few years, or until the dairy interest began to assume such gigantic projjortions, farniei's got along well enough with tlieso ; for, where stock raising for beef is the solo object, and wild enisscs are plenty and grain easily raised, and consequently cheap, a very few nrnisses will suffice ; but the imjietus given to dairA'ing within the last fpw years, has fairly shown that the best results, nay, that even fair suc- cess oaiiuot be had with a few grasses. This the dairymen in New York Sliito came to understand years ago, and yet so little was known of the lulaptubility of varieties to soils and climate, that our best fanners ttorkoil l)lin(lly in experimenting, and unfortunately, our botanists could do little more than furnish long strings of mere classical names of varie- ties US tlicy were known in books, and could give almost no information as to their adaptability. 43 675 * fife I 4 \^\ J It* I 676 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Clovers that Do Well. 1 i * Practically, the clovers are confined to three species. First, red clover natui'al to all soils that are adapted to the cereal crops, as wheat, rye barley, oats and corn, or such rich soils as do not heave under the frosts of Winter and Spring. If so, clover is apt to be thrown out, or at least to be so heaved as to be practically worthless, esi)ecially so from thefu't that it is really a biennial plant ; that is, dying out at the cud of the sec- ond year if allowed to seed. The next clover in general use is Dutch, or -white clover. This does well on soils somewhat moist, although it will not stand flooding. It is not especially relished by cattle, and at some seasons is apt- to give horses what is termed the slobbers ; tliat is, it causes them to form saliva to such a degree that it drops from the mouth freely. Cattle do not relish it, and it can hardly be called good feed fov horses. A small portion of it in a permanent pasture does not couie amiss, yet it is so natunil to iiiany soils tliat, like the plantain, which the Indians have termed the white man's foot, white clover they have called the white man's grass. The only other variety of clover that wo can recommend for cuUiva- tion, is Alsike, sometimes called Swedish clover. This does well on moist land, and even bears some flooding. We consider it the next in valug to red clover, and altogether better pasture than white clover. It also makes good hay on soils too wet for red clover. Undesirable Clovers. There are a number of other species of clover, some of them indigenous to the West, which we only mention as a caution against their being sown. These are ; two species of so called Buffalo clover; the upright and the running Buffalo clovers ; the upright or 3'ellow clover ; and tlie low hop clover, a half-creeping variety. Tliere is only one more variety worth mentioning, and this simply as a warning to farmers not to sow it, except for bee pasturage, and then only when it may not become a troublesome Aveed. We have reference to the tree clover or Bokhara clo- ver, specifically the white-flowered melilotus. It has been reconiniended as valuable for soiling ; that is, for cutting green for feeding to stock in stables. We give the same advice about sowing this clover that the crabbed lawj^er did to a young client who asked his advice about getting married — Don't. Alfalfa. The case is different with alfalfa, the Spanish name for a phint known botauically as medicagOy and, in English by its French name Luzerue CATTLE, HOW TO PASTURE, ETC. (577 This is valuable in soils adap^-d to it, deep diy soils not subject to hard fieeziu"' iu Winter. In Caluoruia it has become one of the standard fora"o crops. In some of the far west plains country it will undoubtedly be found to stand well, as it will iu Texas and New ^Mexico. In Soutii Aiiici'i«^''i> in the vast grazing region, it has become thoroughly naturalized, ami is well worthy of trial wherever the Winters will not be too cold for it, siiy south of forty degrees north latitude. The True Orasses. It is to these that we must really look for our pasture plants, outside the few clovers we have mentioned. It is a vast, as it is the most impor- tant of plants to man, comf)rising some 230 botanical genera, and not jesis than 3,000 species, and includes all our cereal grains, as wheat, rye, barley, outs, corn, etc. It would not be in place in this work to enter into a history of grass, anil the characteristics of the several species, valuable as they may be. Our readers nmst therefore be content M'ith a list of some of the more imiiortant varieties, as the}' have been tried, and their seasons, and some of their characteristics ; and this more for their value as pasture than hay, and foi- reasons previously given. ,.y Timpthy, or Cat's Tail Grass. The first in importance is timothy ; a better name, as more perfectly (lesrribing its characteristics, Wv)uld be catfs-tail grass, by which it is known in England. It does well in all clayey or day loam soils that are not too wet, and nnikes the best hay of any of our grasses. For pasture it \!i among the least valuable, if we except cattle, since one peculiarity is that just at the ground it forms a bulb, which if bitten in close li tlic Suninicr and Autunni, rattle and other stoek nuiy be wintered on it udinirablv, when deei) snow does not eover the ground. Both vnijoties are found in their best perfection in limestone soils, although tlicv do well aeeording to latitude on all strong, rieh, and even on some Tutlicr thin soils if well drained. Neither variety is adapted to wet soils. It cannot be called a hay grass, its great value being for pasturage. Red-Top. The next grass in importance, boeause found to do well on a in'CMt varit^ty of soils, is red-top. It nuikes good hay and is valuable for pasturage. It should be more generally cultivated than it is, bcinir adapted to a very considerable range of soils, neither veiy wet iior vory dry. As before stated, in Pennsj'lvania this is called herd's grass, luul we may add in Rhode Island it is known as Burden's grass. ^Vhile roci-toi) has a goodly range of soils to which it adapts itself fairl}-, it does best on a rather moist soil, ilowering rather late, or about the same time or later than timothy. It dries out considerably in curing into hay, niid is not very rieh in sugar, gum or starch, three important elements in feeding. It is a strictly perennial species, and foinns a pretty dense sod, when well established. Orchard Orass. il|!-i ::l ; ♦; i ' This is really one of the most valuiible grasses for extensive trial iis a first-class pasture grass in the whole list of cultivated grasses. The wonder is that a grass so generally regarded as excellent in Eui-ope, slioiikl have made its avu}' so tardily in this grass country. This is prohalily from its habit of growMig in tufts where sown thinly. It is one of tin' earliest of the gi'asses to start in the Spring, is strictly a perennial, starts freeh' after being grazed or mown, and if sown tliickly makes excellent hay. It thrives better than most of the grasses in a i)artial shade, and hence its common name, orchard grass. For pasture it .'■hould be sown at the rate of not less than two busliels of seed per acre, — three bushels is better. It is very light, weigiiingonly fourteen pounds per bushel. When sown for hay we have had excellent success by seeding at the rate of sixteen pounds of orchard grass, and ten pounds of clover i)er acre. It is excellently adapted to sowing with red clover, since it blossoms more nearly with clover than almost any other of the grasses. CATTLE, HOW TO PA8TUUE, ETC. Fowl Meadow Grass. 679 This Is another most valuublo grass, considered especially so for hay, and to our mind quite valuable for pasturage, particularly for dairy stoclt. Liiie prairie hay it is quite free from dust, and at the same time it possesses all tlic essential elements of nutrition in a high degree. In all new coun- tries tiie first dependence must be on the wild grasses. The real difficulty is, fanners do not undeitake the cultivated grasses until forced to. If a trial of the important varieties here noticed shall lead to the testing of still other sorts, the time will soon come when our farmers will wonder how they could have gone on so long without appreciating at their true value many varieties, that the aim and scope of this work precludes even tbp mention. Time for Pasturing. It is important that cattle be not only fully fed but that they have their feed at regular intervals. Where stock are driven to and from pasture thev should be turned on soon after daylight in the morning, and not taken out uutil sundown. It is especially necessary that they got the grass while yet it is covered with dew. So, where stock are kept and fed in stables, the lirst feed should be given early in the morning, just whattlio)' will eat dean. This should be supplied not less tiian three times a day ; and at night, to insure full stomachs, some extra feed as meal, shorts, etc., should l)e added. Salt should be kept where the animals can get it at will. They will thus get enough for their wants, and just as they want it, and will eat less than where supplied at the stables, or out-of-doors, at irregular times. Irregular feeding of salt is one of the worst possible practices. Salt is a cithartic when given in large doses, and this danger should be avoided. In Winter, whether the animals are kept in stables, in sheds, in feeding- yards or in the shelter of groves, the same regularity of feeding should he observed. Stock should also be graded, if possible, so there will be no very strong and very weak ones together. And those of a given age should be fed together. Where animals are fed in groves or in fields a much larger, and, in fact, more irregular drove, as to age and strength, may be kept together, than under open sheds or in clos<5 feeding-yards. Feed early always, as soon after daylight as the animals can see to feed, and let the last mess at night be given so as to be well finished just before dark. When fed in stables the same rule should be ol)served. Early and late feeding of good fodder, and in such quantities as they will eat tolerably clean, is what keeps growing animals going right along. This n , N . 1 ."' '^\ - i G80 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. is what tho Aviso feeder .seeks, for thus he seeures the l)est possible fain with the least loss in daily natural waste of the physical system. Watering. Whether it he Winter or Summer, it is absolutely necessary that cattle have un ubuuduuee of water. Without this, given at regular times, there can be no profit to the feeder. Cattle may l)c driven to it twice a day, if the conditions are such that they cannot be fed in the same i-aiige whcro the water lies. When cattle are kept in stables, it is altogether ix'tter that the water he conducted there in pipes so as to run directly into their drinking troughs. It will bo found cheapest in the end. If there is no living water, do not depend upon holes cut in the ice of ponds. It is not only dangerous to the cattle, but will cost more in the end than anv other plan of watering. If tho water is to be taken from wells, or ponds, erect a good windmill, with suitable tanks, with pipes so they '.'.'ill not freeze, leading to ample troughs. Let these be in the yards where the stock take their rest, or else in the feeding range. Then see that they have plenty of it, and ])lenty of salt where they can lick it at will. If the cattle are to be fed out-of-doors on ear corn and hay, see that proper (n)u;.'li^ are provided for corn and racks for hay ; let them be large and ample. Where this is done, close yards should be provided with warm shelter and water. M^i' ilf Feeding Stock Cattle. In wintering stock cattle the main dependence will I)e ha}' or com fodder. These, if good, are perfect food, that is fed together, or hay fed alone will keep cattle growing, if they do not suffer from the cold. In feeding the same rule should be iidopted as in fattening cattle. Sec that they are not given enough to waste, but do not force tiicm to eat rough, coarse, stalky or weedy hay clean. No animal ever did w(;ll on food it did not like. To make money in growing cattle they must not fro hungry Winter or Summer. If the fodder is prairie hay see that the best and softest is reserved for tho calves, and next best for the cows. The oxen and steers will do fairly well on hay somewhat coarser. How to Feed. Calves should have some grain daih' ; oats are best, one quart each, or the equivalent in other grain. Cows expected to calve the succeeding Spring, should have from four to six ears of corn daily, or its equivalent in some other gmin ; and oxen when not wosking, about the same. CATTLE, HOW TO PASTURE, ETC. 681 When working, give the same an to u fattening steer, or about a half bushel a day. Cattle intendcil for fattening the .succeeding year should have especial care the previous Winter. Tiiey sliouUl have feed enough to keep tiieni (rrowin"" right along, say about lialf the (juantity of grain given to falten- 'iiic steers, that is, allowing the feeders do not l>elieve in forcing liie animal from mifhond constantly, until ready for the butchei-. The best and most successful feeders do force, and none that we know who have ever tried it could ever be induced to go back to the old way of lotting stock make a g'dn in Sununer, to lose half or more of it in Winter. Feeding Milch Cows. Whatever the plan of feeding or sheltering cattle for the butcher — of course, fattening cattle will have more attention given them, so far as food, water, and shelter are con(!erned — milch cows must have soft food. No dairyman ever made any money by feeding cows in milk on dry hay, car corn, or dry grain ; for cows it nmst be ground. Ill feeding, the owner will, of course, bo guided by the relative value of food in (he market. If possible, a little ground oil-cake should form II (iuily portion, about half a pound per cow. In all the West, corn-moal is the eheiii)est food, except in the neighborhood of large merchant flour- in;: mills. One great difficulty Avith corn-meal is it is heating. It should be fed almost measure for measure with bran ; ten pounds of this with the addition of half a pound of ground oil-cake, with plenty of good hay, will l)e liberal feeding. If the cow will eat fifteen pounds of meal and bran, it will be wise economy to give it to her. She will not eat so mucfi hay, and in a corn country hay is dearer than corn, and as a rule an acre of coru is raised fully as cheap as an acre of hay. i^J'J'l mm »r 'A "•I i m Hf i;.. i IIP Iff: .1 Mi; CHAPTER VI. BENEFITS OF KIND AND CABEFUL TBEATMENT. PERDING FOR PROFIT. AS BETWEEN WELL AND ILL KEPT STOCK. HKAVY WKIOHTS PKOKIT IN EARLY MATUKITY, MAKE BEEF YOUNQ. BABY MEEK. FEKUINO ; COST IN ENGLAND. SUMMER FEEDING. ANIMAL WASTE. ANIMAL HEAT. ADVA.X- TAGES OF SUMMER AND WINTEK FEEDING. Feeding for Profit. It should require no argument to show the benefits of kind and consid- erate treatment in tlie rearing of live stock of any kind, and in the treat- ment after they become mature. One reason why so many persons fail to be successful in fattening stock is that they do not use due considera- tion in their treatment. The man who kicks and clubs his stock, or allows his hired help to do so, never yet produced a prize steer, and never will. Obesity and activity do not go together, neither will undue excita- bility allow of a steady increase in fat. Hence the feeder, for the sake of his pocket, should see that fattening cattle are. kept cntirel}' quiet. To insure this the sagacious breeder avoids not only cattle naturally irritable, but those raised by persons of known bad or brutal temper. We have known a stable of cattle thrown off their feed for days by a sudden frijjflit. Those frights are quite apt to occur from the slightest causes. Wiieie strange Cattle, raised half wild, are confined together — and this is not rare among stock that have been picked up indiscriminately, and what are known as woods or prairie cattle — the first effort of the sagacious feeder is to get the confidence of the stock. This is only accomplished by gentleness, not by any means inconsistent with firmness. The cattle must know and obey their master. Their knowledge of him mustbetiiat they receive food and kind treatment at his hands, and not stabs with the 682 CATTLE, KIND TREATMENT. 683 nd consid- the treat- crsons fail cousidera- ;tock, or and never ue (!Keita- )r the sake (luiet. To irritable, Wc have don f riflkt. Where his is not ,ivnd what susaoious loinp^i'*^^'''^ The cattle visthethat hs with the y fork, nor I)C!itiiif!;8 with the liandlo, or kicks, booauso they happen to .stand witliin rt'acli of some brutal feeder. The inference is that the hunnmo man is "I't to liave hunianu help ; the brutal stock man will have brutal help, and the stock will bo very apt to partake of the character of their master. Ab botnroen well and ill»kept Stock. Aside from some wealthy professional men, hnvinp' suburban farms, stock is kept solely for the protit it will bring. The stock of amateurs »rc not only carefully housed and fed, but they are kept at the height of perfection, so far as costly appointments and careful grooming is con- ceriK'tl. The j)ractical man arrives at the same I'csults in a different and tlu'ai)cr way, but none the less certainly. Ilis shelters may be of the most lionu'ly kind, even made with poles and slough hay, but are warm ami com fori able. lie cannot afford iron mangers and water pipes through his fitalilcs, l)ut his troughs arc light and solidly built, and his animals are ro^niiarly fed *nd watered. He will not have blankets in winter and sluTls in summer, but his animals will be well and carefully fed, and sln'lt( It'll from the earliest age until ready for sale. Tiic humane man will get ten dollars more for a cow because she will lie gentle and well trained to giv(i down her milk without resistance. His steers will bring from one to two cents per pound extra in maiket, for the reason that the constant care given them will have result(!d in extra wciiiht and condition. Let us see what two cents per pound amounts to. His steer of a given age, say three 3ears,'is fed from birth so that it has lU'ver fallen in condition, but has constantly gained, and will Aveigh from KlllO to KiOU |)ounds, according to the breed. The steer of the man who does not hclieve in feeding nor properly treating his aninuils, will weigh off of grass })00 or 1000 pounds. The good feeder will get tive-and-a- lialf cents per pound gross weight, or $71.50 forthe I.'jOO lb. steer, and |H8 for the hoiivier one. The poor feeder will get, say three cents per pound, or $27 to $.10. One may see this every day of the 3'ear at the stock-yards of our western cities. It does not cost $20 more to make the good steer tlwn the i)oor one ; so the enhanced jjrofits are nearly $25 in the one ease and $48 in the other ; in other words, the good and humane feeder gets tlie enhanced price on the poor feeder's 1000 pounds, and on what he Iuil; put on besides by his considerate care and constant good feeding. We Iwve partially showu'this in another part of the work, in alluding to the daily animal waste. That is an integer. This animal waste may be pro- duced excessively, whatever the system of feeding, if animals are sub- jected to frights and bruises, as well as by exposure to stoi'ms and lack of sufficient food. lh.^4 M '^^'■■■'■i I .' ■ . -'. 1'! g ; : • m ■'•■'!■, 'ii -■(,, /[: ;,!!v -4i;j '[ift^;vll| ,*|.i|;'i:^| i lH m /;;^i 1 Hk iiii ,.!:,. si*'* 684 1LLU8TKATKD STOCK DOCTOR. Heavy Weights. . Until tho inaufruration of tho Chii'ago Fat Stock Show, under the auspicoH of tho Hoard of Agriculturo of IlUiiois, very littlo rcHahK^ iliua could 1)0 had a.s to gain in feeding animals of various agcH. It was well understood, however, that (he joung animal gained faster in proiioitiou to tho amount of food consumed, than the nutturo animal, and that the older and fatter tho animal became, the loss the daily gain. As showhi" actual facts we append tho Htatomonts of exliihitors, sworn to in some of tho more important clussos shown there, and tho reports of coniniittt'o thereon : "Among tho heavy cattle were tho following, and credited to wcijrh.iis taken from the pasture and feeding yards, as follows : The steer (iov. Morton, 3,11)0 lbs; Burnsido, 2,H70 ; Hoosier Boy, 2,040; Nels. Morris, 2,840 pounds. The following arc tho actual, weights as given h\ the committee, on animals 1 year to 4 years old : Messrs. Graves & Co., one bieer 4 years old, 2,445 ; one steer '6 juars old, 2,0()0. A. F. Moore, ono steer 2 years old, 1,7S6. J. D. Gillett, one steer 3 years old, 2,13i). "Wing &• Thompson, one steer, 4 years old, 2,240; one steer 4 vpuis old, 2,l<)(i; one cow, 1,.')2.'); one cow, 1,(!10, John B. Shennan, one steer 3 years old, 2,019. J. N. Brown's Sons, ono steer 2 years old, 1,44(5 ; ono steer 2 vonrs old, 1,449; one steer 2 years old, 1,()3(;; one steer 2 years old, l,;ilil; one steer 2 years old, 1,24(>; ono steer 1 year old, 1,33H; aiw .stcor 1 year old, 1,249; ono steer 1 year old, 1,193, Do.xtor Curtis, one cow, 1,H33 ; ono cow, 2,042 ; ono cow, 1,9,3(5." In this, of the interesting facts shown, is the great weight attaiiifd by one, two and three-year-old steers, as well as tho great ultimate weights attained by mature oxen, viz, : Best one-year-old, weight 1,.'{;{.S pouiuls; best two-year-old, weight l,78fi pounds; best three-year-old, 2,l''f pounds; and the heaviest 3,190 pounds, Tho crucial test in evcrv examination being simply the value of tho animal for the butcher. Tlio ,rv'C(M'ds given below will repay the study, and tho reports of tho, com- mittees, as given, will show the points upon which the several decisiong liave been made : The connnittee on Sliort-IInrn steers, 4 years old and o*- <)iiK . followinir report on ages, weights, and gains per dav. ^wi v- which are appended : lor the lo (lilt a us well ij)()vti(m hilt the hhowlivi fiOUlC of (Uimilti'i; iv('i;rh, US Cl'V (iov. 1. Movvis, >n hy the e'r 3 years t^r -l V011V9 2 Yoiirs .1. i;U(l; w steer 1 iittaiiieil hy v.ite wei'.'hts 5:JS pounds '. .„hl, 2,i:''.' st in every teher. Tlic of the com- ifcisions liave laV CATTLE, KIND TUEATMKNT. 0LA88 A — CATTLK. HIIORT-nOnNH — TIIOKOUOHIIREDa. car) [TABLE 1]. EXHIBITOR wTvV. I'fiirteld W. W. IViiHeld J, 11. OriiveH Wiii>; A 'riioinpDOii Wlllg&TllOUipHOII Avvrnge Aj;<^ III Wflght N..V. 10, 1870. Averiige ' giilii |M>r(liiy ill |i(iuiiils sliicv blnh. a.oim 2.1.").') 1.048 i.m»8 J, 578 1.8(11 2, (MX) 1.22 2.4;w l.Ki 2.415 1.25 2,in« i.im 2,250 1.42 2,;tr),s 1,28 The (•(•iiniiittcc in their report on tliin rinfr sny : The rinjjf wiis niudc up of a renmrkiilily Hne bunch of well-developed eteeis ; all wt^ro uniformly fiit, with tlesli well distributed in the most valuiii)k' portions of the eareiLss. The iiiiinial.s reflected great credit upon the States in which they wore fed, namely : Ohio, Kentucky, and Illinois. The llrst-i)re!niun» steer was deep red in color, smooth and even throiio^h- out, with .straiirht top and bottom lines ; broad, deep loin, well filled out ; nmiul, smooth, compact barrel ; short in leg, with fine bono and small littid. This steer excelled the others in the ring in having ntoro good flesh on the l)aek and loin, with a small iiortion of cheap, unsalalile fat meat, with s(|uaic, deep, symmetrical ijuarters, well covered down to the kneo iiiid gaiubrel joint. Tiie sec()nd-i)ri'mium stocr was a deep red steer of superior quality, and iiiclioiee condition for the block, and, in the niain, as good ;is the first- liieniiiiin steer, but Avas not as free from bunches of fat, especially on the niiiii). The remaining steers in the ring, while Avorthy of special ronimendntion, w re coarser and older than the prize-winners, and not as well filled out ill the shoulder and thigh, and were patched. The lirsl-premium steca was th(> youngest in the ring, and showed the hirirest average! gain per day since l)irth. The seiiond-premium steer stood second in this respect. SnORT-llORSS— TnonOUOHBUEDS. cows TIIREK YKAR9 OR OVER. REPORT OP COMMITTEB. The ring consisted of eight cows of unusual excellence as a lot, showing Srreat ditferencc, however, iu the matter of age, type, form and mode of . kndlinw. The aged animals were uneven, and carried too large a portion of meat of inferior quality ; too gross ; some Avere very badly patched, ;> ";!i ^ W 1 1 ^*";!\ St" \n nt PI m 686 ILLII8TKATEI) STOCK DOCTOR. L'I'AULE a]. No. EXFUBITOri. l»i'Xt«?r(-iiiHn Di'XtcrUiirlls U. K.& A. 8. Urownllf Sitin. K. Prathwr Sum. K. I'nither W. F. Oonloii W. K. OariliHi Willi; •^ '('hoii;|).suii Average Ajie ill duyM. 2M) 3.0«7 3.0(13 2.7:n 1.180 3.(H(4 2.241 1,428 2,:»u Weight N..V. 10, 1870. 2.042 l.l).-iil l,7(a) l.KU 1.525 l.UOl 1,(H») 1.0 Ui 1,780 ■ (iiiVkcr Avf-rjfiif )f„lii ■ -olid .'III IXT ilav H )i ■ 'PI... O.SII ■ 1 lie ,s 0.(17 ■ lirsf iii-c ■ O.d'i ■ prt'iiiiuiii 74 i.l:) ,.si The cow-s avonif^cid over six years in age, and some were over ten years old. Some of tlie old hreedinj^ cows were very undesirable for the lilocit, and th(> meat would not be rated m even medium. Tile first-premium cow was a deep red and of the lot the (in<'8t in bone, head and neck, tiie smoothest and best proportioned tin'ou<;boiJt, wilh an extra well-filled fore and hind quarter. In the jjieat depth and even dis- tribution of 8«>lid, mellow Hesh, strai<.^ht top and bottom line, l)roud liaek, and thick loin, this cow excelled. The second-premium (row was somewhat <;oarHer in head and not u.s smooth or evenl}' fatted, and ratlmr deficient in back and loin ; otlKuwisc a.s good as the first-premium animal. 8UOKT-IIUKN8 — TUOKOUOHURKD. 8TKRKS TWO AND UNUKK TUKEK YBAltH iTABLK 3]. No. EXIIIBITOR. Asfo in diiys. Welt.it Nov. 10, 187J. Avcrajfo jfiiiii per (lay HliKMt Itlrtli. .1. V. Brown'H 8oiis. J. N. BrowirH Soiit). A. V. Moore Average 845 814 871 i.(i;m 1.440 1,7S0 1.024 l.ltt 1.7.S l,H7 l.HO The committee reported on this ring as follows : Thi^ ring was composed of three very superior .steers, showing iiiiiisu,;! development and ripeness for age. In size, symmetry, and disliilmtidii of meat in the best cuts, they would pay the bntch(!r the mo.st pioli(,aii(l furnish the consuntor with the best <|uality of first-class meaf. The first premium steer was red in color, had the best back and loin 'if the three steers, and showed the great(^st di^velopment for ag<'. Was the smoothest steer, with smaller head and lighter in horn ; small, iical, short neck, with the widest and deepest breast ; better in width of buck and \'o. '■ I .'ohil 2. 1 .;. /I. I Av( 'lie roini "Tin's rill I'IKlcllcd .s((. 'Ill' .SlijICl "((■■'(I ill !lic !<(('{'r,s. 'Hie /iiM I ficiii llllllcll,. '"" (''ili)pc(i((| li(';i\y-si.( .s(,l ""•"■•K- slun-tl '"■■'ivv |„i||, ,J "c IIICll J "■'"''•ll "-.'IS f,.|,] ■'""' ''iinii.sl, „ J "'(' >('<'()|),| IIK'l-lf ; \\:\s l;\ "'licr steer. ^" (lie f.iro.r] ^i«''' one ^•,.J '"■".vi"irolU,nl '^"s '■" sfecr thil CATTLK, IIKAVV WKKHITS. 687 tliii kcr in loin. This steer was sniootli find free from buiielies, with tirnr, solid iiiul ni('lh)W th'sh. The (|Uiirters were heavy and well pmpor'" )ne(l iiiid Htll lilled down to knee and frninhrel joint. The shortness in lej; mill tlic fineness of hone is worthy of Hpoeial mention. Till- second premium steer was a rich roan, not as tjvenly fatted as the lirst |)niniiim steer — more uneven top uiid hotton line than the lirst premium steer. 3TKKH8 TllltEK AND UNDEU FOUIl YEAK8. ITABI.E 4]. .No. EXniBITOR. 1. I .lohii Slicniiiin 2. I .1. II. (Jriivcs AVt'MJIt*! Avcrnjfo ^aiii pcrdiiy HJnueblrtli. "7.53 1.45 1.5111 2 Till' committee's report on this rin;^ is as follows : "This riiijr consisted of two very superior, well-developed and ovcnly- inatclicd steers in point of aire and weijrht. The superior ijualily of the llesh Jiiid the proper distrihulion of the iiiiul ill I lie best parts of the carcass was particularly noti(;eiihle in both steers. Tlie lii>l premium steer, a lijilit roan, was perfectly smooth and free from ImiK lies, and a l(l slwr lln TK) (5 42 Oneiif{lit<'«"ii-iiii(l-a-liiiH-inonths-«ld siitr 12!) 30 7 00 Twoeij;liteiii-an(I-a-half-iii()nths old sieers, aver.ige 122 10 (J 00 The weights of these, some of them were calves, is not given, but the imec is stated at from 1() to IM cents (our money) per pound, net wciglit —meaning, we suppose, the four (|uarters. The best Ki months old steer must have weighed something like 1,200 lbs. alive, allowing the i|uai'ters to have been 65 per cent, of the whole weight — a not very large allowance for such yoiuig cattle. In tiie last Chicago Fat Stock Sliow, the bi'st steer, 2H months old, weighed l,()H(i lbs. The best steer one year old and under two \,'i\'M ll)s., showing that our best feeders not only show fully as ear?y maturity as Englisii feeders, but likewise as wonder- fully good weights. Ill relation to the English animals mentioned above, Mr. Evershed writes : "The above figui'es show that tolerably-bred Short-Horns will return '".a week fronj birth on this system, at from 1.'5 to 18 months old. 1 hose .Short-Horns which afforded the least return were bought in the 1 iiiiii'kot, iind those which gave the highest were by Mr. Stanford's ])edigrw3 '"ill. out of his well bred, but not pedigree cows. The best feeders of .ri:r !^1» tjl ' 1 W 1 ili ■ ^ifoii ii iVI* Miff Kill InlSllifK it mm 11111 w u.m iMm , ! »' 1 f I ■ ;> 690 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. foil 111 ry-brcd cattle in Sussex and Surrey inform mo that tlioy coimmora fair avernge weij^lit for aiiimals, well fed from liirtli, 100 Smiihiicild siouo ut one hundred weeks, j-'iving u return of one stone (8 [Iw. diesseil M'eight) per week, or (!». ($I.H2) per week." Our autliority mentions a steer killed that dressed 1.12 stone ut one hundred weeks, equivalent to 1,700 Ihs. live weigiit. Some sixlceii months steers dressed, in the (juarters, 000 Ihs., having 120 lbs, of rouHi fat, and a very snudl proportion of offal. He states that Ihe host feeders arc able to reach un average of $1.43 per week at sixteen to twenty months, from a Short-Horn cross on common cows. Feeding— Cost in England. The English feeder is content with the miinnre resulting from (his manner of feeding sto<'k, if indeed he can get (his for his Iroulile. As to the cost of nudving what is termed a "hahy l)ull()ck" of seveiitv-oiic weeks, the following is given, reduced to our standard of dollars aiid cents : Purcliase of enlf. $ S Sv Four weeks' new milk, (i quarts diilly, at'iil piTcniurt li )u Eij^lit weeks' skimmed milk, qimri« iliiily, iit l-'iil per quart, a.ii(l 2 \\n. of meal at; 1 111 per It) na^ Seventeen weeks in . I une, July, August and September, on a daily diet <>t' 2 llis. ot' linseed e.ike, 2 ll)s bean meal, manjfel, hay, jfra".-". elover, ele..'. 17 57 Twenty-six w<*traw for fodder 30 27 Sixteen weeks f(» harvest — 8 lb«. of caku and meal daily, mandrel, j;raw<, elover— loinl, $1 no per week «ll At tendance, 71 wi eks at. 11 eents 7 M liisuranee, interest, and rent of shwi B SI Total $H)TX-> Our authority estimates the value of the niiinurc at 20 per cent, of the cost of the food, $!5r>.12, or value of manure $17.02. llis iiceouiil stands thus : DR. A biiJloek 71 weeks old $1»7 « I'rofll i:'9 Total ...$liJWi CR. A bullock sold at 71 wwks old J^llj Value o( manure '' "^ Total. ..$1!JW Let any feeder take n calf at five dollars at hirtii, figure the cost ofj everything fed in rtiising. new milk, skim milk, oil-cake, and ground Mj if raised by hand, or the interest on the cow if allowed to run, wrtt iiisura side ol feet Ion .steers < younger ycaiN Im ftaiiiil loiig(>r t of catth ^Tass ail' From ive arc a have givi pi't'taiscs. lilt' |)i-opo ■^fitsoii, w m fcedci the shofioi I'lider t ill (lie fact I'lat hrutcs 'las Ill's rew It is only "ll'llfed j);,s| ''it years, ''iir'ii'.st po.sJ I'liidiiet. full! I'l'iii'ticaldo (I |)astii|.,.s \vi| "'•',>■ '>i'gaii t\ ''"' "liiiiial.s \i ""'V will eat '•'"'^"f dm ,1 "'" jirass wlieii • tiihl "II sued '■I'vatsurh t\ """lifies tlip from seventy CATTLK, HEAVY WEKJIITS, ETC. 691 iiisiiniuco, etc., it will, if ourofuUy manujiod, show figures on the right side of the lodger. Unfortuniiti'ly thcro is no diitu to show, hut our hcst fi'cdors for oiirly maturity eceni pi-rfi-otly salisfiod with the outi-onio on steers of from two to three years of age, and jjrohahly might he so wirh voua^er ones if it wore not the fact that animals do so well until tiu'ee v(t growing during the cold sciison, when both feeding and shelter are necessary. The o1)ject with iiiiv feeder is to get the greatest net gain for the food consumed, and in the shortest time. Umler this system of feeding the profit was seen. The humanity lies iiitiu' fact that the animals had during their lives the greatest enjoyment that brutes are capable of — that of feeding and (juiet rest. The owner has his reward both in a pecuniary and conscientious sense. \ r ■4 ,. l\:\\\ .sui7;i.i 1 $i-]ji« ..$l!oM Ivound f««1 run, f»f^'l Summer Feeding. It is only within the last few years that our best feeders Imve supple- inciiti'il pasturage in Summer with grain. In England this has been done fdi' vwirs. Tlic nitional of the matter is this. To keep animals in the hiihost possible condition, the pastures must be fiush, that is, they must produce full feed at all times. Kvery master-feeder knows this is not in'a(titiil)io during some of the Summer months. The July and August piblmvs will not carry what the May and .lune pastures will. (Jradually thov lu'gaa to adopt the pra»'tice of fully stocking the pastures and givinn' the aiiiatals wiiat jjrain thev would eat in I'onncction with jjrass. At times thi'vwill eat very little, especially when pastures are in their full succulence of vouiig greenness : but a little meal will be eaten every day. The sys- tiMiH (if the cattle thus remain in belter average condition than when fed •m irnss only, in Siunmer, and on hay and grain in Winter. Animals when oil succulent pastures recpiire some dry food ; they M'ill often (>at liay lit such times. The meal or soaked corn, if animals arc used to it, iiindifios the succulence of the grass and clover, containing as they do from seventy to eighty per cent, of water. Full grain feeding, with hay 44 V •' 'i m ■k'Js^. m tijjt t 'i 692 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. in only small quantities, tends to the creation of unnatural heat and fcvcr. Food gro' .id, and fed moist Avith considerable buy, obviates this tendency somewhat, and the more the stomach is distended with fodder the k'Hs the tendency to fever. ; ;•(. ■. Natural per cent, of Water in Food. The proportion of water to flesh-forming and fat-forming substance In natural food, (herbage), will range from seventy to eighty per cent. The proportion of water necessary with dry feed may be stated at aljout sixt}' per cent, in Winter, and more in Summer, varying witii the heat and humidity of the atmosphere. Upon succulent herbage in Summer the animal tissues will contain more fluid than in Wintcir, on dry food ; h(!nce the necessity and economy in Winter-feeding to keep the animals fully supplied with water, so that certain portions of their systems will not be obliged to abstract the natural fluids from other parts of the Ijody. Upon turning cattle to pasture in Spring they often seem to fatten sud- denly. Much of this is due to increased assimilation of water in the tissues. The advantage of pasturage in Summer is that it tends to ameli- orate the condition of the animal by reducing the feverish state of the system, acquired during the Winter feeding on dry food. Hence the value of roots, where easily and cheaply raised — turnips in Eii CATTLE, KIND TREATJIEXT. 693 succumbs, the fat niinglod Avith the muscles and other heat-forming sub- stances, will have been consumed. Yet many persons who consider them- selves humane and Christian men, follow this plan year after year. It is true tlipy suffer in purse and in vexation. Is it possible to be supposed that their depleted pockets will compensate for the suffering of the poor l)rutes under their care ? It is hardly a supposuble case that it should be 80. Animal Heat. The natural temperature of the body is 100 degrees. If the tempera- ture go above that it indicates fever ; if below it is a chill ; either condi- tion, if not counteracted, will be fatal to life. The advantage and economy of full feeding in Summer, as well as in Winter, will bo under stood when we remember, that, whatever the temperature of the air, the iininiiil heat will be 100. When the temperature will average CO to 65 degree?; as it will during the season of pasturage, it will require only food enough to raise this temperature by 35 to 40 degrees to bring it to 100. All else the animal eats goes to make weight. If during the Winter tho average temperature bo 30 degrees, it will require food enough to be eaten to raise the temperature by 70 degrees to reach blood heat and koep up the animal integrity. Here again all food taken in excess of tho animal waste is gain. But another integer here steps in. It requires less proportionate food to keep the animal force intact with a high thermome- ter than with a low one ; that is, it requires more than doul)le to supply the waste with the thermometer at 20 than it docs with tho thermom- eter at CO. Tlieroi is a limit of cold beyond which neither animal nor plant can endure. In other words, when the cold becomes so intense that tho capacity of the stomach to digest is counteracted by the animal waste, death ensues. Thus we often hear of whole droves being destroyed, where exposed to the force of strong chilling winds, as the "Blizzards" of Minnesota, "Northwesters" of the plains, and "Northers" of Texas. In a still atmosphere tho animals would have withstood a much greater degree of cold, for the reason that they would have carried an atmosphere of heat about them. In the wind the heat was blown away, and in the attempt to supply heat as fast as destroyed the animal economy gave way and refused longer to exert itself. Advantages of Full Summer and Winter Feeding. From what we have written the reader will have learned that there is no economy in scant feeding of animals either in Summer or Winter. uii ■■mm mrt >MK^ ■^tm 694 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The facts are, those feeders make the most money who not only give the warmest shelter in Winter, with liberal feeding, but who carry their stock fully up to the feeding point in Summer. Where corn is us easily raised as it is in the West, many of our best farmers will tell you thev can produce an acre of corn for less than an acre of hay. We have cul- tivated G5 acres to the hand in a field of 1,500 acres, and at a tost of one and one-third days' work for team and man per acre, up to the time of, but not including, the husking. One advantage of feeding grain the year round is that you may stock your pastures so fully that the grass will bo kept evenly graz(' " 6 to 7 feet JXi " " 7 to 9 feet i 81 " Thus the steer as per above nicusuremcnts should weigh 4fi.50 by 31, or 1,441 lbs. gross. Under this rule it is usual to deduct one pound in twenty qn half-fatted cattle, from 15 to 20 lbs. on a co\7 having had ciilvesr, arid if not fat an equal amount. The, rule as above stated is of little or^-no value, except to those having no other means. In taking account of stock, this may come somewhat near the weight. For buy- ing or selling the scale is the only true standard. 4|? Buying to Feed. In buying cattle either to graze or to feed fat, choose cattle that arc young, that is, that will not have become ni'iture before ready for sale. If to be kept a year, three year old past to four year old for natives and Dcvons, and one year less for Short-Horns or Hereford grades. Buy no overgrown, leggy animals; they are hard feeders. Neither should they be undersized, as this indicates want of thrift. The cattle for money, whatever their breed, are compact, smooth, fine boned, meek-eyed, soft haired steers, with skin of medium thickness ; thick through the heart, round barreled, well ribbed, with broad rump, and the twist well down to the hock. Such cattle, whatever their breed, will fatten kindly and the meat will be of excellent quality. So far as age is concerned, the teeth must be the teht. In this no person can err who bus carefully studied the chart of the teeth in auother part of this work. How to Buy Breeders. « If the intention is to raise beef cattle the same rule will apply as in buying steers. In no case should the cow be more than three years old, and it is better that she never had a calf. In breeding for beef, milk is not the first essential. It is necessary, however, that the dam give a fair amount of milk, since the proper sustenance of the calf is what lays the foundation of the future value of the steer. No calf starved when young can make a valuable cow to breed from, and as is the dam so naturally will be the produce. Whatever is to be the outcome, avoid at \i ill M i 111 "■'■■* ♦ *- - ■" -■' m 098 ILLL'STIIATKI) HTOCli IKX.TOK. any price a viciouN cow, or one witli a wild oyc or Itaviiig a dislicd fuc^^ H»'r projrcny will hv Hurc to jjivo you tr(»ul)l(', and will not givo you ciitdc that will fatten to the standard of the picturu wc give you of Eurl o u N M K « s (J ID iJ M •< H Spencer's prize ox ; given not only as showing what Short-IIonis were fifty years ago hut as illustrating the terms to he used in deserihiiig tlio VHrioua beef points and other outward portions of the bullock. CATTLR, HOW TO UUV AND HELL. 099 Explanation. — .4— Forchcud. JJ—Vmo. C — Clieok. /> — Muzzlo. (J Nei'k. /' — Ncfk-vein. G — ShouldiT-poiiit. // — Ann. / — Giiinlirt'l Of hock. K — Kli)<)W. L — HriMket, l)osoni or broast. iV— (^Yops. C — Loin. P — Ilip. Q — Kunip. Jt — Pln-l>ono. iS — Round- lioiict hurl or whirl. 7' — Huttock. U — Thigh, or sjiisket. K— Flunk, ir— I'lutcs. A"^ — Buck, or chine. Y — Throat. Z — Chest. Where Good Beef Lies. The prime parts of tho ox lie, as Hhovvn in cut, from JV to /?,th(Mico to ,S', ;iii(l liack to iV". Between P, Q lunl Faro the prinicst parts. Tho siccdiitl Ix'st are between M, *S, T, V, W, and /f. Between aS" and 6^ are vahiiil)l(! pieces for smoked or dried meat. The ribs l)etvveen M, and /S'; the llimks V, W, anpearan(H' when thin, that in tho scrub stocr is partly concealed by the higher backbone and coarser hair. Wo iire now speaking of no })articular breed, but of all l)reeds and crosses that Imvo characteristic points enal)ling them to lay on flesh. The scale of points for Short-IIorns will make a good study. The illustrations of fat cattle show what they should be when fat. The picture of the Devon itx will show what a good feeder should look like off of good grass, and may bi; taken as tho tyi)o for our best native cattle. &.nalyzlng the Caroass. In all lirsc-tdass steers ovory part of tho animal, except tho bones, hide, talhiff, and offal, will be good eonsun»able (losh. The roasts, steaks, and corning pieces will bo of tho best, so that when tho four quarters are hung ■pnH'M I nil \ ' ■*tr, lii ' r ^ii i ;: J 1 , 'fi HMit ilHMII:lli'''i '.i' <^:MiPiJ ■:ii " m '.!! -^.^Vf*— .'-'>*^-" *—'■■•■ 700 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. up there will be no loss except bouo. Let us now see what such an ox us we have shown will give. In the first place, his quarters will dress sixty-five per cent, of his gross weight. The loin above P and fj-oiu thence to the top of the shoulder above N will give most superior steak and roasting-pieces. The shoulder-point or neck-vein back of T and the thigh at aS' make the best smoking-piecej. The plates Wwill uiuko the richest of corned beef, while It, iS, and L (the rump, round and hriisket) make the best pieces for packing — ^gcod thick, juicy meat, and in lan'e quantities. In fact such un animal will convert the food he cats into good beef, and plenty of it. Proper Shape of Well-bred Factening Stock. Cut off the head, neck, legs, and tail, and well-bred beef cattle will present the appearance of an oblong square. Thus there is ample room OUTLINB or f>KIZB /AT BULLOCKS. for the legs and viscera through the width of the bosom and spriiig of the ribs, and this carries corresponding breadth behind, giving a l^ioaJ loin and massive rum[). Such an animal will feed heartily and kindiv, satisfy the butcher when brought to the block, and bo profitable to the feeder. Above we give four outlines showing animals made very fat, auJ CArrLE, HOW TO BUTT AND SELL. 701 cut square to 9how the shape. There is no profit, however, to the feeder iu cattle fattened to obe^o or immense weights ; they are mere mountains of fat, and contain no more lean meat than animals fattened fairly ripe. There are few people who do not like well-futtened beef. Few, however, cure to eat any but the lean. An animal, therefore, that is fattened just ripe is the heaviest in muscle, well marbled with fat. This is what the consumer wants, and what the feeder shviul J seek to make. Smooth, fine- lioriicd, medium cattle, according to the breed selected, are what give profits in this respect. How to Buy. In buying ordinary (that is native) cattle for pasturing and feeding fat durin!,' the Summer and Fall, always buj' '" the Spring. If the grass is good at the time of purchase, us it should be, no matter how thin the stock, if healthy and hearty. The thin stock will weigh less, and you will have to pay less for it. The loss will be with the farmer who grudges his animals sufficient to eat in Winter, rather than with the bu^'cr. Gener- ally all this class will sell cheaper in the Spring than in the Fall, and as a rule yearlings may be bought for less money in the Si)ring than the same i alves would have brought in the Fall. If they have been fairly wintered they will be profitable to feed ; if badly -wiiitored, it will be questionable, unless the price paid is low enough to wariimt the purchase. Iu any event the feeder nmst usually depend upon buying steers off of common keep. Good feeders are not apt to sell half-jrrown steers, nor those that one more season's keep wll make rii)c. The best nionoy- nialting friends of the sagacious buyer are, after all,ttiose who never read, uiul will not l)clicvc that anything in print relating to agriculture in any of its various departments can be of value. Tin " do not know that as great adva'^ees have been made in agricultural art wiihjn the last thirty years as in any other industry, and that the best practical talent in Europe, and within the lust few years in America, have be<'n earnestly eagiiged in elucidating and applying practical science to agriculture. In selecting milking cows the following doggerel verses from an old Englisii magazine are as true now ms when written as to what constitutes a cow fur both milk and beef : 1 '.$m ■ % T141 P .. ,7 (■ ■r I'llll ' ; • Ml 1 '"i ,■ I Sim's long In \wr fncp, she's fine in her horn, She'll quickly get fitC without cake or corn ; She's clean in her Jaws, and full In her chine. She's heavy in flunk, and wide in I er loin. She's brosd in hor ribs, and long in her rnmp; A straight nitd ll:;t back, without e'er a hump ; She's widii ill iii-r lilps, and calm In Idt evc8; She's d;ie in her abouiders, and Ihiii in her thighs. !■! m .■ill iin:, .!'■ pi! \ 702 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. She's light in her neck, and auiall in hc-r tali ; She's wide in her breast, and good at the pail ; She's fine in her bone, and silky uf skin — Slie'a a grazier's without, and a butchitr's within. Buying Milch Cows. In selecting cows for milk, or heifers from which to breed milkinjif stock the breeder nmst be guided by the same general principles as in buying beef-making steers. That is to say, the animals must be fiiu', with nu'llow though rather thin skin, and mossy hair ; the head small, but face straight and rather long ; the horns should be tine, short, and if some- what curved it is a good indication. The eye must be bright and vet placid. Tlie barrel, pelvis, ramp and thighs should bo roomy; and, for obvious reasons, avoid a dish-faced, and especially a wild-eyed cow, or one with a dull, heavy eye. The Hrst shows viciousness, the last 8tu|)idity — both dangerous and both unprofitable. In buying for milk, the object being to breed your stock, select hcifors of three years old ready to come in, ))rovidcd the stock l)ulls were suitable ; if not, have nothing to do with them. In this case buy heifers of two years old that have never been bred. Then, by attcntiou to what we have said upon breeding, you cannot go amiss. Buying Dairy Milkers. When the buyer is selecting cows simply to wear out in the dairy, n ' without any reference to retaining or improving the bn^cd, all lie has to h)ok to is an animal that will give a good How of milk, and hold the How for a long periotl. Many cows will start out with large messes, and at the e,id of three monthn will hardly give enough to keep a calf ; others will ••ontinue in milk for six monthn ; others, again, will ((iiilinuc in milk well up to the time for again dropping a calf. These latter arc the rows to buv. Select them i-ccordiiig to th(^ rules heretofore given, and of from three to live years old, but not uidess they are well along in calf. A dairy cow will continue to improve in her milking (pialitics until she is six years old, Homctin-es until she i.s hcvcii or "ight ; thc^' will lontiniie to give ample retU'.UH until ten years old, and often until eleven or twelve. Milk Mirrors. BcKides the rulcn already laid down, there is nn infallible sign in (he miik mirror — or "escutcheon," an it in now called — in cows, heifers calves, and also snown distinctly in the hulls of milking breeds. Vi have studied and bmd by it since its first puldication in the United Stiitos. It is the result of yews of study by M. Francois Gueuon, a practical CATTLE, HOW TO BUY AND SELL. 703 farmer of Libournc, Fruncc, und first reduced to a system in 1822. In 182H, at a public test and careful examination by the Agricultural Society of Bordeaux, the committee made an absolute and exhaustive report, in wiiii'h tlioy used this strong language : " This si/nlein we do not fear to The society decreed Mr. Guenon a gold medal, made him a member of tlic soc'ietVj ordered fifty copies of his work, and distributed one thousand copies of their full report among all the agricultural societies of France. This systiMn was first made known in the United States, if we remem- ber ariirht, between 1838 and 1840, and has been studied, believed, and aeted on by many practical men ; yet, curiously enough, it has never attracted general attention until within the last few years, since which time dairying atid the breeding of dairy cows has come to be a regular profession. While we should not rely entirely upon the many classes and tiieir variations, including a bastard escutcheon to each class, the sif'iis as given by the author are most valuable in connection with other matters wliich are given. In the Guenon theory there are tw(Mitv-soven cuts or diagrams to illustrate his idea, vaiying from the fullest dcvclop- moiit ill the growth of hair turned upward, to as near nothing, as is ever sliowu in tlic cow, but all having more or less of this peculiar devch)p- uient of hair on the parts named ; this hair, to indicate a good milker, siiouid turn upward, be short, fine and close ; the skin easily raised, and with peculiar oval marks and scurf spots. 'I'm m m The True Value of Milk Mirrors. So far as x. e have studied these signs, wo have found them while not coiistaiit iiiariv < by which the quality and flow of milk could l)e accurately judut if tliat nrnaniciital feature has to be at the expense of the thigh escutcheon. Fig. 2 i:< best as it is. Whein vor an escutcheon is accompanied by a curl on each hind-tjuarter of the udder, it indicates a yield of the highest order. ffo far, we have noticed only the rear escutcheon, or that which repre- sents the two hind quarters of the udder. The two front (juarters are just as important, and should l)e capacious and run well forward under ihi' body. If tlie udder in front be concave, or cut up, indicating small lupacity, it represents reduced yield. This front or level escutcheon is distinctly mashed in the young heifer nr hull, and can be seen by laying the animal on its back. The udder hair under the body all I'uns backward, commencing at the forward line of the e.seutelieon. This dividing line is very perceptible, from the fact that the hair in front of it all runs for\^ard towards the head of the animal, while the escutcheon, or udder hair, all runs backward, over tlio fiiiward (i'.iarters of the udder, around and beyond the teats, and ceases at the markings of the rear escutcheon on and between the thighs. The hreadth and extent forward of this front escutcheon indicates the li'liacity, in the nuiture animal, of the front (]uarters of her udder. In snnie eases this front escutcheon will be found of twice the extent that it 1- in others, and is evidence of that much more yield. This examination enables one to see the size of the teats and their distance apart, and to test the looseness and softness of the uddor skin. It is marked precisely the same in l)ulls, and can be easily examined at iiiiy age between one and ten months • * lii, :'?'C t ^•■r'. ^■i^t^iiv' -'Ut, m'::§ HI 706 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Many think that tho escutcheon of the bull is of little moment, so thnt he has a good look. So far is this from being the case, that a hull with a mirror like Fig. 4, or worse, will stamp his escutcheon on, and to that extent damage, his daughters out of cows with escutcheons as choirp as Fig. 2. In this way the daughters of some of the best cows coriu' very ordinary, while, if you use a bull marked like Fig. 2, he will makp a poor escutcheon better, and will improve the best. His injury or licncfit will be doubled according to the escutcheon markings under the Itodv in front of his scrotum. Hence the importance of the dam of a bull hoincr unexceptionable in her udder and escutcheon. Her qualities inherited by her son will be transmitted to his daughters. GREAT MII.K M.RUUKS ON HiM.MTEIN COW, While careful as to cscutcheo.n<. we miKt not neffloct the other essential features of a good cow — the BaK-k. *kin, kide, the rich colored skin, and the fine bone. Let the hair Iw soft and thickly set, and let the skin he mellow. This latter (jualitv is easily determined by grasping Ixt ween the thumb and forefinger the skin at the rear of the ribs, or the doiilde thick- ness at the base of the flank that joins the stifle-joint to the body, or that on the inside of tho rump-l)one ut the setting on of the tJiil. Let the CATTIiH, HOW TO BUV AND SELL. 707 teats 'k' ^voU apart; let them yield a full and free stream, and bo large eiu)U"l» \vitl)!)ut the necessity, in milking, of pulling thorn between tho thuiiil) and forefingers. And let us over koep in mind that the large yielilcr must he well fed. Prof. Miigne, V. S., of tho Veterinary School, Alfort, some thirty vciirs !i<'o, as to tho relations below tho escutcheons and tho functions of the luilkv glands, and as differing from M. Guenon in some of the details, givt'« the following explicit information : "The (iiiTction of tho hair is subordinate to that of tho arteries ; when a liiriro plate of hatt" is directed from below, upwards, on tho posterior face of the udder, and on tho twist, it proves that tho arteries that sup- ply tho milky system are large, since they pass backwards beyond it, I'onvey much blood, and consequently give activity to its functions. Ui>- pcr tufts, placed on tho sides of tho vulva, prove that tho arteries of the- "I'liLTiitive organs are strongly developed, reach even to tho skin, and sive great activity to those organs. Tho consequence is, that after a cow is again with calf, it draws off tho blood which was flowing to tho milky glands, lessens, and even stops the secretions of milk. " In the bull, the arteries, corresponding to the mammary/ arteries of the cow, heiiKj intended only for coverings of the testicles, are very slightly developed; and there, accordingly, the escutcheons are of small extent." Value of Esoutcheon Marks. After the explanation, which accords very well with all that has been observed, it is easy to comprehend the value of the escutcheons. The iiKire the lower ones are developed, tho greater tho (quantity of milk ; but .nhtipe is of conseijuonce. Still, whatever be tho cause of the relations existing between the pro- duction of milk and the escutcheons, these marks cannot furnish data so certain as some have aflirmed them to be. In fact, the quantity of njilk, and its quality, do not depend solely on ttie form and size of tho escutcheon ; they depend on the food, the par- ticular miinagcmcnt, the climate, the season, tho temperament, tho size anilcnerjiy of the principal internal organs, tho capacity of the chest, the influence of tho gonerativo system, etc. All thoso circumstances cauo the (iiiiiiitity of milk to vary, without making any change on tho extent f'' the escutcheon ; consequently, it is impossible that tho same relation 'an always exist between the escutcheons and tho quantities of milk. We often see cows ocjually well shaped, having exactly the same escutcheon, and placed under the same hygienic conditions, yet not giving equal quan- 40 ! m '^m ^i I hi III •I. •^, ,!| 708 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. titles, or equal qualitie8 of milk. It could not bo otherwise. Assuniinit tliut u giveu tuft has the siune value ut birth, it cannot be the Munie iu adult ugo; since, during life, an intinite number of circumstan .oti occur to diversify the activity of the milky glands, without changing the ligurc or size of the tuft. Is it not sufficient to refer to the inequality of milk given by tlu 'ume cows, according us they have had one, two, or three calves, ju order to make clear that M. Guenou has assigned too much value to the mark which he has discovered? It often happens that two horses, having exactly the same coustructure, and the same external forms, have not the same energy, the suine titites^ for work. The difference is owing, evidently, to the temperament, and the activity of the principal external organs ; in other words, to conditions which it is often impossible to estimate by any direct method. Now, seeing that temperament has an influence on muscles and hunes, the action of which, however, is partly mechanical, resembling that of a lever, and exerts this influence so powerfully as to render their movtMiieiits unecjual in respect both of power and promptness, can wo suppose that it has no influence on the entirely vital, or, at least, the entirely niolcculur working of the mammary gland? It might, therefore, have been argued a priori that the mathcnjiitieul precision assigned to a classification of cows is contrary to tin- most jfeii- eral laws of physiology ; to propose a mark indicating that a cow will give so nmch milk daily, and for so many days, is to deceive ourselves, or to attempt to deceive others : the study of the phenomena of life proves that the action of the organs depends not merely on the size and iheir form, but on the general condition of each individual We are able not only to oppose argument to the assertion of M. (Juenon, but wo can appeal to the difficulties hitherto experienced in applying his classification to practice. M. Guenon has not yet found a sinrjk pupil worthy of him. And among the thousands of persons who occupy them- selves with his method, is there a single one who has acfjuired suflii'ii'iil skill to justify the claims which the author makes for it? It may be affirmed that, to form pupils as sklUful as himself in judgiiij.' of cows, ^^ Guenon would not only have to teach them that a certain fig- ure for the tuft corresponds to a certain number of pints of milk, but he would have, above all, to communicate to them his perspicuity, his tiilent for observation, and his groat experience ; he would, in fine, have to lit thom for estimating, in addition to the direction of the hair of the twist, the whole of the marks usually employed in making choice of milch cova. All the attempts made on the Guenou method, not excepting those of ling ) ill ccuv 'lime llT to which icture, tituess it, and editions bones, luit of a vemeuts le that it loiecular lii'iiuitical most }?ou- will irive vcrt, or to roves* tlml xv\r form, CATTLK, HOW TO BUY AND SELL. 709 the author himself, provo the souiKhicss of our opinion. The most skill- ful, when called to tleeiilo on the qualities of cows, whoso yield of milk was well known, erred seven times on eight oows, and fifteen times on twcnty-ono. And, lest these errorfc may bo attriliuted to chance, on ac- count of the small number of cows submitted for trial, wo should mention that other estimates proved erroneous ICrl times on 174 cows, and li'2l tinips on 352, and that the error amounted to 5>2l pints of milk on a total of 2,<)83 pints ; in other words, there was error in regard to almost all the cows ; and error amounting on an average, on each, to inoro than a third of the yield. On some individuals the estimates were wrong to the extent of from 17 1-2 to 21, and even from 2(5 to 28 pints a day. Sucli is the truth as to the perfect nicety claimed for the escutcheon system. The system cannot do more than furnish an approximate, csti- Miiitc of the quantity of milk, and that in regard not to all, but only to the nmjority of cows. What, then, has led so many persons to put confidence in M. Guenon's discovery? TIic great talents and knowledge of the author. The system has obtained tlic crcdii ^^v to the experience of him who applied it. Hv his discovery M. (iucnoii has rendered great service to agriculture; the escutcheon has the advantage of furnishing a mark which can bo ciisily discerned, and estimated even i)y persons of no great experience ill the selection of cows — a mark per<'pptil)le on very young animals, and iiu liiilln as well as heifers — a mark which, when disencumbered of the complicated system in which it has been wrapped up will bo in common use and facilitate tlie increase of good cows, by not allowing any but those of good promise to be reared. ''M.1 M.' "" (iuenon, Iplying hi* \nfjk ])«]"' ^upy thoiii- hufficit-'ni I in judgiii? Icertaiu tig- lilk,i>«tl>e [, his talent have to fit the twist, LiV'h <^**- |„g tliose of Milkers in all Broods. Professor Magnc also gives the following concise directions in relation to choosinji a jxood cow, where ho says : "We liiul good milkers in all breeds, but they arc rare in some and vi'-y eomnion in others. It <'()ul(l not be otherwise. Milk properties, depending on the conditions which determine the formation of breeds, arc due partly to the climate, the soil, the air, and the plants of tho oountrios where the breeds liave originated ; and must then^fore vary in our different breeds of horned cattlo, witli the hygienic conditions pcculiiir to each locality. "Milkers, and more especially animals intended for breeding, must bo selected iiinong breeds celebrated for abundance of milk. Not that wo c»n hope to import into our department, with a dry and warm climate, 'Mil m n 710 ILLU8TIIATED STOCK DOCTOH. nil the qualitios of the cxccllc'iit milking brcods possessed by countries in which the soil is fertile, the iilr moist, muJ the sky often cloudy; hut uh the influence of cliniiite, though very miirked, takes effect only in the long run, the properties of the uninuils imported are nniiutuined — thou' V 4^ o -^ V ■1? <^ 6^ rv '^^^ 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, NY. 14580 (716) 872-4503 7 Lj:-f.Tf*ny^^f!-;,-^^ 712 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. I ' 1 no dvjfinite direction. They jjresent themselves irregularly, with zigzaf lines, knotted, and more or less oblique. They are never of very lavcc size, except in cows that give large quantities of milk. • The veins of the twist directed from above downward, forming a wind- ing line, interspersed with knots, resemble those of the udder in not being visible either in heifers or in cows of only fair milking quality. We cannot ascertain their presence in any but very good cows. Of all the marks of abundant milk secretion, the best, and in fact the only infallible marks, are furnished by the veins of the twist and of the uddor. To estimate them correctly it is necessary to take into account the state of the cow in respect to flesh, the thickness of skin, food, ability to stand fatigue, heat ; all the circumstances, in fact, which cause vari- ations in the general state of the circulation, and in the dilation of the veins. It is necessary, moreover, to recollect that in both sexes all the veins are larger in the old than in the young ; that the veins which encir- cle the udder are those >vhich, if the cows are in milk, vary most accord- ing to the age of the animal. Small when the animal is young, they continue to increase in size until after the cow has had several calves, when they come to their full development. This proportion betw^een the size of the veins and the milk secreted, is observed in all females without excejition. The size of the veins and their varicose state being due to the blood attracted by the increased activity of the milk-glands, is not only the sign, but also the measure, of this activity — this connection. In fact, this connection is so close that, if the glands do not give an equal quantity of milk, the larger veins are on the side of the udder which gives the largest quantity. The length of time during which milk is given corresponds with the activity of the organs which supply it. Cows which give most milk a day, also give it the longest ; and hence, if no special mark is perceived, we can judge much of the duration of milk by the marks which determine its quantity. It may therefore be accepted that as a rule an abundant milker may be expected to give a long continued flow of milk. Judging Age by the Teeth. For the reason that the age of cattle can only be approximately judged by the horns, and in consequence of the liability to error, and especially the doctoring of the horns by the use of the tile, sand paper and oil, we give a chart, showing from the cuts presented, the ages of cattle, from birth until they are five years old, when the teeth are fully developed, and also the appearance of the teeth at ten years of age. Thus at birth, it will be seen, there will be but two central teeth, Jigure 1 ; at two weeks it will have four teeth, Jigure 2 ; at throe weeks it will have six teeth, CATTLE. HOW TO TELL THE AGE. 713 ^h zigzag jry large ig a wind- ev in not ality. We n fact the und of tlie to account ;)od, ability cause vari- ,tion of the exes all the ^'hich cncir- aost accord- young, they reral calves, c secreted, is lie veins and he increased measure, of close that, if veins are on nds with the I most milk a lis perceived, ich determine Ian abundant Ik. lately judged [nd especially and oil, we cattle, from hy developed, rhusatbirtli, Lt two weeks Ive six teeth, figure 3 ; at a month old the jaw will contain eight incisors, and present tlie appearance as in Jigure 4. The mouth is then called full, as contain- iiiff the ultimate number of incisors. These are not permanent, but temporary, or milk teeth, as they are called. At six to eight months old the central teeth begin to be worn, and show smaller than the others, see Jigure 5. At ten months absorption and the widening of the jaw will have carried the two central teeth still farther away from each other, and two other teeth, one on each side, will have begun to diminish, in fact will have distinct spaces between them, bqq figure 6. At twelve months absorption will have continued to two more teeth, leaving intact only the two outside teeth, figure 7. At fifteen months the whole of the teeth will present the appearance as seen in figure 8. At this time the true or permanent teeth will have been growing in the jaw, between and back of the milk teeth. Figure 9 shows the appearance at fifteen months of age, the two permanent central tectii appearing in the place of the two first milk teeth which have disappeared, and the other permanent teeth are shown in their several stages of growth. Figures 10, 11 and 12 show tlie teeth at two, three and four years past. At the age of five years tlie animal will have a full mouth, as shown in figure 13, and at ten years the incisors will present the appearance as in figure 14. Thus any person by the use of the chart, and by examination of the teeth of cows, of ages known to correspond therewith, may easily become an accurate and prompt judge of the age of cattle, up to the age of four years. It will be seen, however, that in the four year old mouth, the two central pairs of teeth are beginning to be worn down at the edges, and in a flat direction,' or inclining slightly to the inside ; yet the animal has not a full mouth — that is, the incisors are not all fully up until it is five years old. Qee figure 14. At five years old the teeth are all fully grown, and the peculiar mark on the teeth, called the cup, is shown in all. At the same time all will have become flattened, while on the two center ones there begin-* to be a distinct darker line in the middle, bounded by a line of harder bone. From this time on we may depend both on the incisors and the gritiders. At six years old the animal will have acquired the last grinding tooth. Tliis is the sixth molar and is, from the beginning, a permanent tooth. From tliis time until the eighth year, and indeed thereafter, in determining the age of the animal, the nature of the soil upon which it has been fed must be taken into account. Gritty, close fed pastures will wear them faster, and flush pastures slower. Thus in All the pasture regions of the West, and Southwest, the wear will be light. As a general rule, but admitting of many exceptions, at seven years old this line is becoming broader and more irregular in all of the teeth ; and a second and broader. li U) >-i ', 714 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. and more circular mark appears within the center of the former one, the most distinct in the central, or two central pairs — and which at tiwht years has spread over the six central incisors. At eight years, a change takes place which cannot be mistaken. Tlie process of absorption has again commenced in the central incisors ; it is slow in progress, and is never carried to the extent seen in the milk teeth, but is suflSciently plain, and the two central teeth are evidently smaller than their neighbors. A considerable change has also taken place on the surface of the teeth ; the two dark marks are worn into one in all but the corner teeth. At ten the four central incisors are diminished in size, and the mark is becoming smaller and fainter, as shown in figure 14. The six central incisors are smaller, and at twelve, all of them are very considerably diminished; but not to the same eAtent as in the young animal. The mark is now nearly obliterated, excej^t in the corner teeth, and the inside edge is worn down to the gum. From this time on they continue to diminish in size, and it is difficult to accurately determine the age. In fact except in the case of valuable blooded cows, bulls, or extra trained wosk oxen, and occasionally extra milkers in the dairy, few steers ai"e now kept in the West past six years old, and few cows over nine or ten years of age. ;-(i ;^!i:i; ' one, the I at eight ken. The sors ; it is milk teeth, tly smaller ilace on the I all but the the mark is I six central considerably nimal. The id the inside it is difficult > of valuable sionally extra last six years CHAPTER VIII. THE DAIRY. BDSHING INTO NEW INDUSTBIES. THE IMPORTANCE OF DAIRYING. ESTIMA- TED PKOUUCTION OF BUTTER AND CUEESB. CONDITIONS NECESSARY TO DAIRYING. HOW TO BUILD. SUU-EARTH VENTILATION. CARE OF MILK, TEMPERATURE. VARIOUS METHODS OF RAISING CREAM. MAKING DAIRY BUTTER. SALTING BUTTER. WASHING OR WORKING BUTTER. PACKING BUTTER. PREPARING PACKAGES KIND OF SALT TO USE. CHEESE MAKING. CHEDDAR CHEESE. CHESHIRE CHEESE. HOW TO SELL BUT- TER. UTILIZING WASTE PRODUCTS. 1 ;^•i I »•: ,. ),; 11 Bushing Into New Industries. The impetus given to dairy farming within the last ten years, caused by the increasing export demand, and tiic large price which superior pro- ducts both of butter and cheese brought in the markets at home and aliroad, caused many persons all over the West to rush into the business, supposing that flush pastures and cheap grain were the sole conditions of success. Unscrupulous persons also made cheese of skimmed milk adul- terated with oleo-margarine. Butter makers adulterated their j)roducts with oleo-inargarine, and extensive factories East and West, bucked by large capital, entered into the manufacture of oleo-margarine ; vast (quan- tities of which were sold as butter. In addition to this many persons supposed it was only necessary to stock their farms with cows, milk them, secure the cream, churn it, salt the butter and thus get rich. The result was, the markets were glutted with grease butter and skim or grind-stone cheese, as they were aptly termed, causing the degradation of really good cheese of American make in the English market, for the reason that the markets being flooded with dishonest cheese, and the industry being in its mfaiicy here, but few makers had established a reputation, considered 715 1 1 716 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. good beyond doubt in foreign markets. During 1878, especiallj', the price of cheese went so low as to cause much money to be h)st in it« man- ufacture. The consequence was, many, who went into the business hastily and witn few natural facilities for the manufacture, or knowledj^c of the business, us hastily went out of it. In 1879 a reaction took place, and both butter and cheese during the latter half of the year again paid the manufacturers large profits. These variations are not pecnli;ir to this hiisiness alone, but they belong to every branch. ..•!I"1>1 The Importance of Dairying. Within the last ten years, Ohio, Michigan, the northern half of Indiana and Illinois, southern and central Wisconsin, central Iowa, and later some portions of Missouri, Kansas, raid Nebraska have become great butter and cheese prodi cing States, and the premiums awarded to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois for dairy products at International and Inter-State fairs, show conclusively that there is plenty of territory in the West, where the con- ditions are of i\e highest order for the manufacture of first class butter and cheese. As showing the worth and importance of this industry in the West, we need only show the receipts and shipments, at two principal markets, Chicago and Milwaukee, the first for butter from 18G9 to 1878, inclusive, and Milwaukee for butter and cheese for the year 1878 was as follows : That of Chicago Receipts. Shipments- Ypbhi. lbs. Ibn. 1872 14.574,777 11.497.537 1873 22.283.7fio ]2.S51,303 1874 28,743.600 16.020.190 1875 21.868,991 J9.249,08I 1870 33 941.572 34,140.6(19 1877 42.236,366 3(i,r)14.983 1878, Aug. 24 31,714.318 29,263,586 For the regular butter season — May, June, July and to August 24, 1878, inclusive, the receipts have aggregated 21,414,520 pounds, against 16,- 493,031 jiounds for the same time 1877 — an increase of 4,921,489 pounds, , The shipments for the same period — May to August 24th inclusive, aggre- gated 19,821,660 pounds, agahist 14,49.5,864 pounds for the correspoudiiig time in 1877 — an increase of 5,325,796 pounds. In Milwaukee the receipts for 1878 were : Rpceipts of Burter« ., 6.111.2S6 lbs. Phiprnfititi* of Butter B.739.041 " Receipts of Cheese 13 2o6.80S ' BUipmentscf Cheese 12,866.110 " CATTLE, DAIRYING. 717 :ial\y, the u its man- less hastily d'jjc of the phice, and tin paid the this l)Visiiie88 The exports of butter and cheese from the United States, and value, for 1877 and 1878 are given by the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics at Washington as follows : 1878. 1877. Twelve months ending Dec. 31, butter, lbs 26,(550.198 23.014.268 " cheese, lbs Ib9 240,270 112,567,354 Estimated Production of Butter and Cheese. If of Indiana id hitev some at butter and consin, Iowa, te fairs, show ^bere the con- it class t)utter , the West, we cipal markets, L878, inclusive, bat of Chicago [)18. 1777 1765 l60« 1991 1572 1,366 1.318 Shipments- lb*. 11.497.537 12.851,303 16.020.190 ]9.2t9.081 34,14l>.fi09 3K,r)14.983 29,203,586 Lugust24,1878, i, against 16,- )21, 489 pounds. Lclu8ive,aggre- [e corresponding 6 111.286 Ite. 13256.80S 12,865.110 " The value of land and cows in the United States employed in furnishing raillc, butter, and cheese, is not less than $1,300,000,000, or the sum of nearly half the national debt at its highest point. Over three thousand factories are engaged in the manufacture of these articles. The production of cheese is estimated at 350,000,000 lbs. per annum, and of butter about 1,500,000,000 ; of the former, 130,000,000 lbs. will be exported this year, and 25,000,000 lbs. of the latter. The value of the two is about $350,000,000 or $50,000,000 more than the wheat crop of the country ; three times more than the oat crop ; four times more than the potato crop ; one-seventh more than the hay crop ; one-third more than the cotton crop, and but one-fifth less than the corn crop. The numl)er of cows in the United States is over 13,000,000, Avhicb is six times the number in Great Britain, over twice the number in France, two and a lialf times more than in Prussia, and more than in the countries of England, Ireland, Scotland, Wi. "^s, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Finland, Austria, Hungary and Sv/itzerland combined — although these countries together contain four times the population of the United States. The proportion of cows to the inhabitants here is twenty-three to each one huadred persons. The production of cheese and butter increased thirty-three per cent. in 1877 and the exports have been in like proportion. The cheese and butter exported in 1878 have paid freight to the amount of over $1,000,000 to the ocean commerce, or a sum almost sufficient to support a line of ocean steamers. These articles pay to the j uilroad companies over $5,000,000 annually for transportation, and the article of milk pays nearly as much more. Loaded on railway cars, ten tons to each car, the butter and cheese produced in the United States in one year would fill 22,000 cars, and make a compact line 135 miles long. It is estimated that Great Britain, with a population of 32,000,000, consumes about 2(50,000,000 pounds of cheese annually, while the United States, with 50,000,000 inhabitants, consumes about 200,000,000 pounds annually. It i.s claimed that when only a good quality is put into the home market Americans will become as great cheese eaters as Enfflishmen. ■* M 718 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Conditions Necessary for Dairying. > There are three natural conditions necessary for the successful prose- cution of dairying : abundance of pure water, plenty of grass and cheai) grain. There are also three essentials in its manufacture without wbioh no person can succeed. These arc, good cows, proper buildin^o between the tir^t salting, [the moisture in the more cusily llis,solve entivoly. L niore. Attir ]o mix it evenly ■rve. |,)f hutti-r : somo Hu ounce to tU Ito the pouiHl i- L of the awemit. L hv guess, but [ncean acquire ^a Iform article. It i ,uttcr you guc*> CATTLE, DAIRYING. 72o a it three pounds less than it is, and on the salt three ounces more than it is, you will make it far too salt. There should be a slight allowance of .salt made for the condition of the butter, for when it comes soft it usually contains more butter-milk than when it conies hard, and a greater percentage of the salt will be carried off in the extra whey. Washing vs. Working. Equally good results can be obtained by washing or working the milk from butter, when skillfully done under favorable circumstances. In either case the only object is to free the butter from the milk, with as little injury to the flavor or grain of the butter as possible. In washing butter, the daiiger is mostly in injuring the flavor by introducing foreign matter ill the water, Avhile in the other case, there is more danger in over-working and so injuring the grain. In localities where pure water cannot be ob- tained, washing siiould not be resorted to, for butter is always sure to take up the impurities contained, as it will the taint of any decaying veg- etable or animal matter that may be near. Many wells and springs which the owners of, or users from, believe to be pure and good, have in them (loeaying substances which render them entirely unfit for any use, much less to wash butter with. Decaying organic matter so introduced into butter acts very much like yeast in dough ; at least, it starts a fermenta- tion, so to speak, which soon destroys the butter. AUoav no surface water to got into spring or well, or any filth to remain in them, and if they are not highly charged with lime, mineral or salts of any kind, there is no better or easier method than to wash the milk out quickly and thoroughly before salting. Packing Butter. If for sale pack in good, strong, oak packages, whatever the size that nwyhe decided on, and let them be uniform, clean, and nice looking. A good package will not soil poor butter, but a slovenly package will often (oiulenni the best. Never use the round wooden boxes, with handles, tliey are an abomination, in packing have the butter still at 60 degrees, it is then firm and yet not hard. First rub the package, bottom and sides, ivith salt, just what will adhere. Put a quantity of l)utter in the niidUlc of tlie package, and press down firmly — do not rub. but pros.*, tlnis cnus- inj a perpendicular and lateral pressure ; thus you make all firm and exclude ^''' Then what brine remains in the butter will work to the sides and ^ith the salt ])revent it from sticking to the wood. Sn continue until the butter is within an inch of the top. Lay on a cloth cut half an inch larger 726 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. than the package, and wet with brine, working the edges down smooth cover with a quarter inch of salt, cut another cloth an inch larger than the package, lay this on the salt, working smooth, as before. Head tight bore a small hole through the head, fill full with brine, cork tight, and if kept level, and the butter has been properly made, it will come out all right when wanted. Preparing Packages. Use nothing but white oak ; scrub them thoroughly inside and out with hot water and a clean brush ; fill with clean, pure water ; let them stand forty-eight hours in a cool place ; turn out, scrub again with hot water, rinse thoroughly with cold water, and, while wet, sprinkle with salt, what will adhei-e. It is then ready for use. What Kind of Salt to Use. None but absolutely pure dairy salt should be used. So far as the manufacture is concerned there seems little to choose between the best American or English make. There is one thing about English goods, if warranted good they are so — laws against adulteration being very strict in Enj^land while they are very lax in the United States. At a butter test some years ago before a 'committee of experts to decide if it could be discovered whether the samples were salted with English or American salt, the committee were very much at sea, guessing sometimes one war and sometimes another. Price being equal, we should use the best English dairy salt. Yet in all the best dairy salt, whether English or American, the impurities are so slight that in the salting of either butter or cheese there could be no taste whatever. If the impurity be sulphate of lime it would amount to nothing. It requires 400 times its weight to dissolve it, and there is almost no moisture in good butter. Another impurity is sulphate of magnesia, (Epsom Salts) which if present in sufficient quantity would give butter a peculiar but not a bad taste. Chloride of calcium would give butter a sharp, pungent taste, and which would seriously depreciate the value both of the butter and cheese in which it was used. Cheese Making. The makitiff of butter is both chemical and mechanical. It has tl advantage, that any person can make butter as good as the best if abso- lute cleanliness is used ; if there are no foul odors about the premises ; if ¥ f L: n smooth, arger than lead tight, srbt, and if ome out all ide and out !r ; let them ain with hot sprinkle with 5o far as the ween the best lUsh goods, if jiiicr very strict At a butter ide if it could ih or American etimes one way use the best ;her English or llting of either .^le impurity be 400 times its [^ good butter. ,alts) which if but not a bad pungent taste. tbe butter and kl. It has this Ibe best if «^^«- 1 tbe premises; » CATTLE, DAIBYING. 727 the temperature of the dairy be kept equal, and if pure water be used. This is all that is required, besides attention .to a few simple rules. These we have given, and there leave the subject. The making of cheese depends almost entirely upon chemical action. Unless the conditions are right, good and uniform cheese cannot be made. These conditions can hardly be obtained in a farm house. Hence cheese so made is never uniform, except in rare instances now and then in the bauds of a perfect cheese maker. Such, if this strikes their view, should lose no time in building a factory, or engaging one already built. Hence it would be a waste of space to enter into the details of cheese making even in a general way. Yet many will want to make some cheese and we append an account of the process of some celebrated English brands from the pen of Mr. John Chalmers Morton, of England, who has written upon the subject in thu following concise yet comprehensive manner : Cheddar Cheese. " The Cheddar cheese shall be described as it was carried on upon the farm of the late .Mr. Harding, of Marksbury, Somersetshire, who was one of the best makers in England, and who did good work for cheese- making in Ayrshire and other counties and districts which he and Mrs. Harding visited on the invitation of agricultural societies and others for tbe purpose of giving instruction in the maimfacture of this kind of cheese. "The morning's and evening's milk are together brought to a temper- ature of 80 degrees Fahr. If the night has been warm, a temperature of 78 degrees will give as great effectiveness to a given quantity of rennet as one of 82 or 84 dcg. would give if the milk had been at a lower temperature for some hours of a cold night. The evening's milk having been placed in shallow vessels during the night to cool, and having been stirred at intervals during the evening is skimmed in the morning, and the cream, with a portion of the milk, is heated up to 100 deg. by floating it in tin vessels on the boiler. The whole of it is then poured through a proper sieve into the tub — into which the morning's milk is being also strained as it arrives — so as to raise the whole, as I have said, to from 78 to 82 deg. Fahr. This tub may be a large tin vessel, capable of holding 150 gallons, and provided with false bottom and sides, enabling hot or cold water to be passed under and around its contents. The renuet, made from two or three dozen veils, in as many quarts of saltwater, and allowed to stand three weeks, is added — half a pint to 100 gallons — and the curd sets in about half an hour. The small veils of #^' 728 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iM Irish calves, which are killed at about a week old, are preferred, and they should be eighteen months old before use. The curd is slowl}' cut with a single long blade to and fro throughout its depth, in lines forming a 4-iiK.h mesh upon the surface, and the whole mass is gently turned over from the bottom with a skimming dish and the hand. The whole is then ii<'iiiii worked throughout with a "shovel breaker," a four-iingered paddle with wires across the fingers — great care being taken to do it gently, so that the whey shall not become too white. The curd is thus broken up into pieces not much larger than peas, and at least half an hour is taken in the process. Hot water is then let into the space around and below the cheese tub, and the whole is raised to 100 deg. Fahr. ; and this, too, is done gradually, so as to raise the whole by degi'ees, not heating anv portion to excess. Thia also takes half an hour. The hot water is then drawn off, and the curd is stirred by the hand and a skimming dish for another half hour in the midst of its hot whey, being at last reduced to a mass of separate bits the size of small peas. The whey, after settling for half an hour, is then removed — ladled, syphoned, or drawn — to its vat, whei'c it stands about six inches deep, and is skimmed next day, yielding a butter, which should not exceed in quantity six to eight ounces per cow per week. The curd stands half an hour after the whey is drawn off, and it is theu cut in four or five pieces, turned over and left fen* half an hour, after which it is again cut and left for a quarter of an hour. After this, it should be in the slightest degree acid to the taste. If allowed to become too acid, it will not press into a solid, well-shaped cheese, but will be apt to sink broad misshapen. It is now torn into pieces by hand and left to cool: and thereafter it is packed in successive thin layers in the vat — a cylindrical or wooden vessel twelve inches or more wide and twelve inches dee)) — whence, after being pressed for half an hour, it is taken out (it is then probably midday,) and broken up by hand, and allowed again to cool. Then, when cool, and hard, and sour, and dry, and tough enough, (all this, of course, being left to the judgment of the maker), it is ground up in the curd mill ; two pounds of salt are added to the cwt. of curd, and the whole is allowed to cool, and as soon as cold, it is put in the vat, and taken to press. It is then probably 3 p. m. The pressure on the cheese may be 18 cwt. The cloth is changed next morning. A calico coating is laced ( to the weather, it is turned over and put, still in its vat, into the oven a warm chamber in or near the brickwork of the dairy chimney where it remains at a temperature of 90 deg. to 100 deg. during the night. Both when in the press and here the cheese is skewered, skewers beinc thrust into it through holes in the vat and every now and then withdrawn, so as to facilitate the drainage of the whey. The cheese is taken out of the vat in the morning and turned upside down in a fresh cloth. It is in the press three days, and it is turned in the press twice a day, being dvy- clothed each time. It is then taken out dry-clothed, bandaged, and re- moved to the cheese room, where it is turned daily, and at length only occasionally, until it is ready for sale. In some dairies all skewering is dispensed with, and no pressui'e is used at the time of making, nor for two days afterwards, but the whey is allowed to run out of its own accord. Cheese manufactured in this way requires from 5 to 7 days in drying, but afterwards matures more quickly for market. The cheese varies considerably in quality throughout the year, the earlier make of March and April being considerably less valuable than that of Summer and early Autumn. Some of this varying quality is owing to the quality of the milk, the cows being house-fed ; but more of it is, in all probability, owing to the necessity of holding a portion of curd over from day to day, when the quantity is insufficient to make even one, or it may be two, full-sized cheeses daily. In such cases it is com- mon to make one full-sized cheese, and hold the remainder of the curd over till the next day, keeping it wrapped up on the drainer or pan, and grinding it up in the curd-mill along with the curd of the next morning. How to Bell Butter. There is never any difficulty in selling good butter at a liberal price in any market, however low grease butter may be. The maker of prime butter need never be in a hurry to sell. The butter once made, will KEEP. But it will not be necessary to keep it. There are always partic- ular people in every town, however small, who are ready to take good butter at good prices. Thus it is usual for makers to contract ,to supply during the year at a stipulated price. During the flush season of grass, butter is packed down, to be drawn on when needed. Thus the manu- facturer always has a supply on hand, and the customer is more than satis- fied to have a good, sweet lump of butter on his table every day in the l\^' CATTLE, DAIRYING. 731 year, and does not grudge the extra five cents above what he would have to pay the grocer, for what those who do not know the difference might suppose was good. If a larger quantity is made than will supply the family trade of the villtt"'c, the large markets ai'e always open, and there goc>d butter will always bring a good price. All that is wanted to know is that the butter is made by one whose reputation is established and who would not sell a bad article, and all that can be made will be eagerly taken. It is simply a question of cleanliness, attractive package, careful attention to the de- tails in making, and as careful a determination never to ship when there is danger of the thermometer going below 60 degrees. The rest is all plain, clear sailing, with large profits accruing. To insure large profits from dairying, the master must be about early and late, night and day, and Sundays as well. Utilizing Waste Produots. The skim milk, buttermilk, and whey, must be fed either to calves or hogs. As far as whey is concerned, there is not much good in it for the nourishment of calves, unless it be supplemented largely with meal and oil-cake. A shoat will fatten on the waste products of the dairy, one to each, cow, by using a very little corn. Some dairymen prefer to feed the waste to the cows. This is probably not the best use to which it could be put. Skim milk and buttermilk is worth more to feed to calves, we believe, than disposed of in any other way. Here again we will give the experience of Mr. I. H. Wanzer, of Illinois, who believes with us that to make dairying permanently profitable, the raising of dairy cows must be apart of the business. To close the chapter we append his statement : I tried the experiment, last season (1875), of raising calves upon the skimmed milk from my creameiy ; and as the result of this experiment may interest some of you, I will give you a few figures kept in connec- tion with the experiment, from which you may draw conclusions as to whether it pays to raise calves in connection with a creamery or not. Number of ralvos put In. 130. at: $4.00 each $ 4.S0 00 Number of gallona of milk fwl, 67,200, atl l-2c. per gallon 1.008 00 Oals fed, 840 bushels, at 30c % 252 00 Cost of labor In feeding 25.5 00 Pasturage, stabling, etc KK) 00 Total $2,005 00 These calves gold at an average of $21.50 eaph, at an average of seven months old 2,580 00 Leaving a profit of. $486 00 f : m Uh t' '' 732 ILLnSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR. This amount passed to the credit of the milk would bring it up to two cents per gallon, which is equal to six cents per pound for cheese, and this kind of cheese would not have brought three cents per pound at the season I fed it, for it will be rememl)ered that this milk set thirty-six to forty-eight hours, and all the eream was taken out. I am so much encouraged in this way of raising calves that I oxppct to stock again the coming season. I have now fifty-five young calves and ten older ones. Many of my neighbors and patrons are bringing their best heifer calves to mo, and marking them, expecting to bid thetn in at my sale next Fall, I paying the market price for them when received i^m ir !• •'(■'"'B*' Si? PART IV. Diseases of Cattle; THEIR CAUSES AND PEEVENTION ; IIOW TO ICS"OW THEM; WHAT TO DO. :M M *.i -:r lip .' I iilii^t; u.m mh DISEASES OF CATTLE. THEm CAUSES; HOW TO KNOW THEM; WHAT TO DO. CHAPTER I. Diseases in General— Recognizing and Dintine^ishing lliem. KARMHRS SHOULD UNDERSTAND SYMPTOMS OF DISKA9E9 IN OENERAI.. USK COMMON 9EN8E. GRADUATION OF D09E9. FKEQUENCY OF ADMIN19TKK- INO- FORM9 OP DOSE9. HOW TO GIVE MHDICINE. INJECTIONS. VAP0R9, SPRAYING AND FUMIGATION. ANyE9T!!ETrC9. TO DEPniVE OH SENSATION. BLISTERING. FIRING. 9ETON9. ROWELS. SEWING UP WOUNDS. FOMENTATIONS. OPERATION OF BLEEDING. RECOGNIZ- ING AND DISTINGUISHING DISEASES. THE PULSE. THE BREATIIIN'^. THE ANIMAL HEAT. TUB SKIN AND HAIR. THE POSTURE. INDICA- TIONS Olf PAIN. SPECIAL SIGNS H« CATTLE. Introductory. The immense value of the stock interests of the United States and the frequent outbreak of introduced contagious plagues, and of enzootic, cpiznotio and various epidemic diseases, that at intervals have visited lonilitjps or swept over whole continents, would seem to call for special ti'iiiiiiii;^ in veterinary science and art in every agricultural college in the United States ; yet, until within the last few years, but little attention has been paid to this profession, and to-day the subject is not given that attention its importance demands, except in a few instances. Veterinary surgery has heretofore been flippantly termed "horse doctoring" by professors and heads of too many of the colleges, endowed with the people's money "to teach such branches as relate to agriculture and the mechanic arts." 735 f #■-1 u- r-.i 736 ILLITHTIIATEI) STOCK DOCTOR. Of latr, however, a more eiilijjhtciicd courHo Iuih been pursued. Manr of (he tigricultural eolleges are paving attention to tiiis important study eM|)e(iallv sinee the violent outbreak of wpU'nie fever over the West im,! Kant fnMU the introduetion of Texas cuttle, and still more lately fidm the outI)reak and wpiead of contajrious pleuro-i)iieumonia in a niniilicr of th(! Atlantie StalcH. Owing to the low state of veterinary Micucc (r,.„. crally, and the disdain with which the few highly educated and lli(ir(ni<:lilv selentitie Investigators in the United States — mostly French and (Icnimii graduates — have been lookcid down upon by those who should have hvvu too glad to welcome thiiiu to the profession of medicine, and the cstcciu in which mere (juacks and leeches have been regarded by the coinniunitv two notable facts arc made patent: First, the cxelusiveness of ccitaiu jjuffcd up ••college Dons," who suppose that ull knowledge must come from classic sources. Second, that the people at large, farmers and .stock raisers, ■who from their habits and training could not bo supposed to understand surgery or medicine, except in its simjjlest forms, have hecii thrown into the clutches of mere pretenders to anatomical kii()wl(dj.'i' and the treatment of diseases. Of late there have been many honoiiililf exceptions, until now nearly or quite all of these people's collegis, forced thus in many instances by public outcry, are taking strong nicinis to foster veterinary science, and malce it what it should be, and really loiiir has been in other enlightened countries, an important, as it is an houonihlc branch of human science. There arc many valuable works extant in various languages, upon veterinary science and practice. Thov Avill bo of little value to fiu'incrs and stockmen ; all that this class can deal with must necessarily be oiilv those symptoms that can readily be discerned, and remedies so simple in their nature that they can bo easily procured and applied. In fact great care and attention should be given to first symptoms, as also to jrood nursing. Discard all strong pln'sics, and heroic treatment by i)iirixiiifr. bleeding, and the surgery of main strength. Good care and iiursiiijr in the treatment of animals is now regarded (as it is in the troatiuent of human i)atients) as among the most important means of cure. Indee'l with animals it is of the greatest importance, since brutes are only iil'; to indicate the region of pain and disease b}' mute signs, entirely unin- telligible in the majoritv of cases to the ordinaiy observer. Of Diseases in General. In the description of symptoms, and the treatment of diseases, it would be out of place here to go into learned discussions on the nature und pathology of diseases ; so also it would be futile to dilate upon the CATTLK, THEIK DISEASES. 737 svniplciri.s and trcutinoiit of distnisPH. Only those most coinmon, or filial, will 1)0 H|U'ciiilly noted. Fortunately veterinary art is (.'on^eniul ;^itli ilio medical treatment of the human family, and the same paths that load to II knowledge' of human diseases will indieatc to any intelligent Idcil pliysieian the means to be used with l)rutes. Ilumune physiolr.n::, ii()»v-;i-dayrt, — to their credit he it said, — are not slow in coming to tlir relief of the farmer and stockman in prescrihiug and giving advice lU fh( iiliseiK'o of regular veterinary surgeons. Such are veritable benefactors, iimsiiiiich as they greatly alleviate distress and do much to discourage quiickery ; and when found, they should l)e freely consulted- This dcvi- iitioa from the regular medical i)ractice, owing to tlu; sparsely settled iiatuii' of many portions of the country, seems very necessary and even imi)erative. Ill the prescriptions for cattle, we shall use the most simple formulas possible, wherever found, and whatever simple medicines will avail, cspet'ially those compounded of herbs, as better ada[)ted to the treatnunt (if (lomesti<' animals. In comiection with these, other agents, both min- eral iiirl nieclianicul, must, 1)0 employed. In short, what we bav(( aimed at is to state symptoms and remedies for such diseases as may be treated without the advice of a regular veterinary surgeon, and in such language iisany intelligent person may understand. Ill this, whil we shall not attempt originalitv, except rt may be in the mattor of presentation in sonc instances, we shall use and (piote from the very hvtest authorities in veterinary science in the United States, Eng- land, France, Germany, Austri;;, Belgium, Holland, Sweden, Italy, and other minor countries, where veterinary science has been accorded that lespei'tability which should a(!Cruo to a labor having for its aims the sav- iiii.' of life, and the amelioration of suffering, in a direction second in iiuportauce only to that of the human family ; and in i)reventing loss, so far as it may be possi])le, of live stock, the raising of which is of greater iiiipiutanco to mankind than any other single human industiy. Thus, in ineseiiliiig symptoms, we shall use and (pjote freely froni the latest works ill ivformod practice. "What we present wiM not be as seeking so much til aid the veterinary practitioner, as the farmer himself; not a work to >iiperso(le other authorities, but a substitute, in a limited sense, as to the treatment of certain diseases, so that the intelligent reader may compre- lu'iul; advising, in every case, when the operator does not understand ilio symptoms clearly, to seek the advice of the professional veterinari:.n, ifsuehmay be had. Tf such 1)e not within reach, then ccnsult the best plusieian in tiie neighborhood. Diseases are substantially the same in '■Mses, symptoms and treatment, whether men or beasts be their subjects. Rwuembering tiiis may suggest a helpful course of treatment in many cases. 1' 'W'. ■ t'^' 738 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Use Common Sense. Why, in the sickness of animals, the owner should try random remedies and go from one to another, at the suggestion of each different adviser as the matter may seem to strike them, is inexplicable ^ In nine cases out of ten, with proper nursing and care the animal will recover, simply by keeping the bowels moderately open by mild physics and injections (which will be indicated) when costiveness and impaction is present; or by sedatives, stimulants- and astringents when the reverse condition is exhibited. Such conditions as are often fatal during the gravid state of female animals, and succeeding delivery, abortion, false presentation, etc., and the means of relief; contagions and epidemic diseases — tliese from their special importance will receive due prominence. Of the non-contagious and local diseases every farmer should seek to make himself familiar with the symptoms, so that ready means may be used for the relief of suffering animals. In all this detection and treatment the operator must I)e guided by intelligence and use the least possible exhibition offeree. It may '>» necessary to hamper an animal for the performance of some operation. When necessary, it is not merciful to use half-way measures. The luimunc man, however, will do so with as little pain to the animal as possible. If necessity should require killing as the best means of dealing with the ailment, the humane man will be actuated by no sentimentality about taking the life of an animal. He will kill promptly and surely, as the best means of alleviating the suffering of the animal, or of preventing the spread of infectious and contagious diseases. Prompt measures under the.se conditions will often save the loss of many lives. Graduation of Doses. A., a rule cattle require one and a half times as much as horses ; sheep and pigs require one-third as much. Professor James Law, of Cornell University, in his work, Veterinary Adviser, has presented the numnor of graduation, frequency, and form of administering doses, in the following concise language : The doses given may be held applicable to full-grown animals of medium size, therefore some allowance must be made in any cases in which the patient exceeds or comes short of the average of his kind. A similar modification must be made as regards young animals, not only on account of their smaller size but also of their greater susceptibility. The following table may serve as u guide : CATTLE, THEIU DISEASES. TABLE OP DOSES FOR DIFFERENT ANIMALS. .".0 Horses, etc I Cattle. I Sheep. I Swine. 3 years.. 114-3 years. 9-13 iiioiithd. 5-9 1-5 2 years. 1-2 " 6-12 months. 3-6 1-3 '• 1 -2 years. 0-18 months. 6-9 .. .3-5 t( 1-3 t( 15 inoiitlis. 1 part. 8-13 " 1-3 part. 6-8 '• 1-4 " 3-6 " 1-8 ' 1-3 " 1-16 * Allowance must also be made for a nervous temperament, which usually renders an animal m re impressible; for habit, or continued use, which tends to decrease the susceptibility for individual drugs ; for idiosyncrasy, which can only be discovered by observing the action -of the agent on the niirticvaiar subject, und for tlio influence of disease when thiit is likely to affect the action. Thus, in most diseases of the brain and spinal cord, and in some impactions of the stomach, double the usual quantities of purgative medicine will bo necessary : while in influenza, and other low fevers, half the usual doses may prove fatal. In acute c ngestion of the brain, stimulating narcotics (opium, belladonna, hyoscyanuus) would aggravate the symptoms, etc. Prequenoy of Administering. Anodynes, antispasmodics, narcotics, sedatives, and stimulants, may geiieniUy ho repeated once in four or six hours in order to maintain their effect. Alteratives, diaphoretics, fel)rifugos, refrigerants, and tonics, miiy be administered twice dail}'. Purgatives should only be given when necessary, and should never bo repeated until from the lapse of time we are assured that the first (los(! remains inoperative. Thus, unless in urgent need, a horse should not take a second dose of physic under thirty-six hours after the exhibition of the first ; and in all cases, until the medicine has worked off, he should 1)0 kept at rest and allowed only wai'm bran inashes uiul water with the chill taken off. In ruminants a second dose may be ventured on in twelve or sixteen hours, and in carnivora (dogs, etc.) and omnivora (swine, etc,) in from seven to ten hours. Emetics should be given in full doses, and repeated in five or ten minutes if they fail to take effect, their action being further provoked by copious draugl)^^; of tepid water and tickling the roof of the mouth with a feather. Forms of Doses. Drugs may often bo given as powder or solution in the food or water ; theymiiy l)e made into a soft solid Avith syrup and linseed meal, rolled into a short cylinder and covered with soft jiaper ; they maybe converted into an infusion with warm or cold water, or into a decoction by boiling ; 47 i i! ffl «.' 1, /f- 1- *» /;:jpp\;^''';v ■'■ -^."T" ,77*vt:^' '^T-;ii''T 740 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. or they may be powdered and suspended in thick gniel or niucilafe. They may be given, in a li(iuid form, from a horn or bottle; or, as a short cylinder or pill, whicli may be lodged over the middle of the root of the tongue ; or, as a sticky mass, they may be snieared on the liack of the tongue ; may be given as an injection into the rectum ; or, finally, in the case of certain powerful and non-irritating agents, they may be injected under the skin. No agent should be given until sufficiently diluted to prevent irritation, if retained a few minutes in the mouth, and irritants that will not niix with water (oil of turpentine, Croton oil, etc.,) should be given in a bland oil, iu milk, or in eggs after being thoroughly mixed. How to Give Medicine. i i mi'^ i I** !. . Few things are so awkwardly done, as a rule, as giving medicine to farm animals. In the hands of a careful and expert person, a strong glass bottle is good. A better instrument is a flattened buttle of block tin, which for cattle should hold two quarts. The most usual instrument, and on the whole the best for ordinary operations, is the horn. Select one of which the point turns down and the hii-ge end up ; form this of the proper size and fashion so the opening will hv oblique. Drenches should always be thoroughly mixed, and well shaken before they are given. If a fie of coughing ensues, free the animal at once and until it be ended. In operating with cattle do not irritate the animal un- duly. Always operate from the right or off side. Pass the left hand over the head, and in front of the horn, seize the upper jaw firmly in front of the grinders, turn the head firmly back, the operator standins well braced, the hack firm against, and as well forward of the shoulders as possible. Thus having the animal with one side against a M-all, or the side of the stall, it must be a very vicious cow or bull that a strong, expert man cannot handle. If, however, the operator does not stand well for- ward and Avell braced, ho may be severely kii'kcd, since an ox, like a deer, can reach well forward with their hind feet. The usual (|uantity for an ox is from one to two ouarts at a dose, if liquid, of ordinary de- coctions and solutions. InjectioDB, or Clysters. 4 large number of medicines, both liquid and solid, may iie as easily administered per rectum as by the mouth. In administering injections, it is not necessary that '-^uch pressure 1)o used. The intestinal canal of animals is lower than the opening. Thus fluid substances will fall by CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 741 their oravity. A good iu-strumeiit for use muy bo a pail, with a tube exteiitling from the bott )ni connecting with a half-inch rubber hose, of suitable length, so that the pail may hang just high enough above the aniiual to be out of their reach in moving about. Oil the end to be in- serted into tiie rectum, and the fluid may be passed into the gut, as much 01' as little as may be desired, and with much better effect than when stroll"' pressure is brought to bear on the fluid. When solid substances are administered per rectum, they are called suppositories. They fire often useful and simi)le, as in the case of a siiiuU (.yiinder of soap, for young calves, to encourage the action of the bowels and ducts : and in the case of cows, in the use of disinfectants, to purify the dischai'ges and lessen the danger of puerijeral fever; sup- positories are made into form by means of soap, starch, lard, etc. Vapors, Spraying and Fumigation. These are medicaments drawn in with the breath. Chloroform and other may he administered by means of a sponge tilled with the agent and APPLICATION OP STEAM TO THE NOSTRILS. h?lJ to the nose. Vapors arc easily produced from liquid substances l)y melius of an atomizer, sold by all drug£rists. Steaming ia often of great benefit. Hot water, cither plain or mcdi^ oated. inny be held under the animal's nose, and the steam strongly (I'ivou oi¥ by plunging a hot iron into it at intervals. A hot bran mash, in a nose bag, readily gives off steam. Abetter form for steaming the nostrils would be that given above. m If Hfc^i ■m- ^ 742 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. For the promotion of discharge of the nostrils, the nose-bag avIU be indicated ; its form and fastenings are shown in the annexed cut. Powders for easing the expulsion of the secretions of the nostrils, or -^^.^^ T'NX /Or ^r-a^ for local application to diseases of the !3*--^^ mH^^^T^ inner surface of the nose, may be a ♦ K 'id V'^^iSVf simple tube of tin in two pai-t^i, Avhich may be taken apart and put together like the joints of a stove-pipe, with u rubber tube on one end and a mouth- piece on the other. Charge Mith the powder, and blow with sufBcient forte to carry the agent where wanted. "When an anossthetic is used, it should not be held to the nose cc itin- uousl}', since, if undiluted w\li air, it is fatal. Watch carefully and sus- pend the use of the anaesthetic as soon as unconsciousness is pro- duced, to be renewed from time to time as may be necessary. They should not be used unless under the advice of a surgeon or physician, since the need can hardly be expected except for the performance of some intricate surgical operation veterinary authority : K08E BAG FOR BTF.AMIXG. The following is endorsed by high Nol. 1 Oz. ftlcohol, 2 Uz. chloroform, 3 Oz. ether. Shake the bottle well before using it ; pour a tcaspoonful or more at a time on a sponge ; hold it to the nostrils. Two or three moments should be enough to overpower the strongest ox. Blisterins:. Blistering is a valuable remedy, when it is required to case the absorp- tion of deposit, to stimulate the vessels to effect organic change, a* ha.stening the ripening of an abscess, or the reduction of an enlarged gland ; they should be entirely confined to cases where the acute inflammatory symptoms have ceased. Blisters do no good in deep-seated inflammations. Yet the quack, if ho suftpect internal inflammation, claps on a Mister, which only agonizes the dumb brute, and generally leaves a permanent blemish. When a blister is found necessary, before applying, always as CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 743 an ointment or fluid, and never as a plaster, cut or shave the hair from the part, wash and dry thoroughly, and apply with strong friction for several minutes. The following, if thoroughly applied, will raise a blister, and will not leave a blemish : No. 2. 1 Oz. Powdered Cantharidefl, 12 Oz. Lard heated to 212 deg. Fabr. Mix well together and stir uutll cooL A sweating blister of medium strength to be used to produce irritation and a watery discharge without raising a full blister, and which may be applied separately to the same spot and without removing the hair, is made as follows : No. 3. 1 Oz. Powdered Oantbarldes, 1 Ft. Alcohol. Add neither corrosive sublimate, arsenic, acids, nor turpentine to blis- tering agents. They are not useful, are often injurious, and always give unnecessary pain. As ii rule, sufficient irritation can be produced on cattle by mustard and hot water, well rubbed in, and this form should be used except in partic- ular cases. The following rules should be carefully remembered : 1. — Never blister more than one or two spots at the same time. 2. — Be careful about blistering in hot weather. 3.— Never blister an inflamed part when there are symptoms of mortification. 4. — There is always danger of producing strangury in horses from blistering. 5. — When a blister causes great nervous irritabilit}', loss of appetite, or ditficult urination, wash the blistered surface with strong soapsuds of soft soap, dress it with sweet oil, and give a full dose of opium. 6. — The second day after a blister has been applied, foment the part with warm water, and dress it with lard or oil. 7. — An animal that has been blistered should be prevented from biting, rubbing, or othermse irritating the blistered part. Firing. The actual cautery is most valuable in bone diseases, or chronic lameness. In certain diseases it cannot be successfully replaced by any other counter- irritant. The iron should be at a full red or white heat, and used with a light baud, so that a distinct impression is made. More than one leg S-: M? l' |:; mm H ^1 1 % 744 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. should not be operated on iit one time. It should never be perforaed l)v inexpert hands. The hair must be closely shaved, and the auiniul securely fastened. A better way for the novice is to cut a piece of bacon rind with some of the fat attached. The iron, which should be flat or slio-litly hollowed, is to bo heated to a dull red heat. Place the bacon rind on the sprain or tumor, and apply the iron firmly for two or three minutes, and afterwards more lightly, until the rind is dried or burned. This nnn- he repeated at intervals of two or three days. The influence will be potent, and will leave no scar. It should never be used on cattle, except in the case of a tumor, where the animal is valuable. Setons. Setons are used in cases of bone diseases, in the healing of old fistulas, by producing a new and healthy inflammation in its sides. They should be inserted the whole length of the canal. Setons are composed of tapes, threads, or fine wires, pushed just underneath the skin by means of a seton needle, entering at one point and coming out at another. Fasten the ends, to prevent droppino- out, smear with irritant salve and turn every day or two to keep up a constant irritation and discharge. The following will be found good ointments for smearing the setons : No, 4. 1 Part powdcml enntharides, 8 Parts oil of turpentine, 8 Parts Cuuadu Uulsum. Put the two first in a bottle and keep warm for two days and add the balsam A simple ointment Avould be : No. 6. 8 Parts citrine ointment, 1 Part oil of turpentine. Mix. Bowels. These are wounds made with rowel scissors or a bistoury, and kept open with a pledget of tow or other substance, smeared with ointment, as used for setons. They are rarely used now b}' good surgeons, and are not to be recommended, since their action is that of the seton. Sewing up Wounds. The bleeding of wounds having been checked and properly cleaned, the edges are brought together and held in position by means of stitehes ■i ■■'•■' vo days and add the CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 745 or sutures. The interrupted suture is made by carrying a suture needle iinned witli wliite silk or white linen thread, through the two edges of tho wound and cutting off, leaving about three-inch ends on each side of tlie cut : bring together and tie. So proceed until you have the wound nicely closed, the lips of the wound or sKin being carefully brought tosrether. TIic twisted suture is better in inexpert hands when it can be used. Bring the edges of the wound together, pass a strong pin through to iiold in place, and twist a tine wire or lace a strong thread across the protruding ends of the pin to hold the edges of the wound lirndy together. So proceed at intervals of three-eights of an inch until the wound is closed. The wound thus sewed, dress with a plaster or ointment and bandage to prevent threads or pins from being torn out. Remove them as soon as the surfaces have united, which should be in four or five days. Fomentations. These are applied by wrapping the part to be treated with flannel liaiuhigcs or woolen cloths, and keep the wrappings constantly wet with hot or cold water, or mixed with any appropriate addition as vinegar, liuidiiiiuni, etc. They are used to cleanse or soothe irritable wounds, to reduce internal inflannnation, or relieve external inflammation. Unless persistently used for hours and kept constantly wet, they had better not Ije attempted. After the operation is finished, rub dry and clothe warmly, to prevent chill, which will surely occur. As an additional precaution, a little nmstai-d rubbed in would be beneficial. When it can be applied, a sheepskin with the wool on, wrung out of hot water, makes a good agent for fomentation. The Operation of Bleeding. There is no operation in veterinary practice that has been more abused by (juaoks and other persons ignorant of the true necessity, than bleed- ing. It should never be performed except by those who have been instructed in the operation, and only in those cases where by connnon consent of the profession it is allowed. If a decided impression is to be iiuulo, lis in apoplexy, from five to seven quarts should be taken from an IX, according to the conditions. If the jugular vein is pressed upon just liolow M-here the incision is to be made, it will soon show prominently. Use a thumb lancet in preference to a fleam. When sufficient has been taken, raise the two lips of the wound, and bring them together between . nil 'ji^J^ i 2K 746 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. the thumb and finger, puss a coniuiou sniuU pin through the edges aud weave thread across and over to keep all in place. Beoognizing and Distinguishing Diseases. The following explicit and detailed rules for recognizing diseases in an- imals, should be carefully studied : Anyone who would become expert in recognizing diseases in animals, must study them carefully in the healthy state, and make himself thoroughly familiar with their habits, appearance and general physiology. He nmst ijractice feeling their pulse and the heart, listening to the sounds of their lungs in breathing, and taking their temperature, by feeling the skin and also by using a properly constructed thermometer. He should watch the appearances of the eye and tongue, and note the positions assumed when asleep and awake. He should ob- serve the character and frequency of their appetite. For it is in the variations from health in these particulars that the veterinarian discovers the guides which lead him to the recognition of the particular disease he has to treat. We will examine each of these items separately, and assure our readers that if they will verify our statements by practice on the liv- ing animals, they Avill soon be in a jjosition to take charge of them Avheu sick, quite as well and often a great deal better than the average farrier, as he is to be found in this country. The Pulse. The pulse differs very much in the domestic animals. In the full grown horse at rest, its beats are about forty per minute ; in the ox from fifty to fifty-five ; and in the sheep and pig, about as in man, that is, averaging seventy to eighty beats in the minute. In calves and colts, and in animals well advanced in years, the pulse increases, in health, to about twice these figures ; and it is also increased by hot, close stables, full feeding, and the condition of pregnancy. The pulse may be felt wherever a considerable artery passes over a bone. It is usually examined in the horse on the cord which runs over the bone of the lower Jaw, just in front of its curved portion ; or on the bony ridge extending upward from the e3'e, or inside the elbow. In cattle conveniently reached over the middle of the first rib, or beneath the tail. There is a marked diiference of force in the pulse of the two species; that of the horse being full and rather tense, while in the ox it is soft and rolling. When the pulse differs materially from these conditions' in any direc- tion, it is a sign of disease. If rapid, full and hard, there is high fever ges and es in an- expert in u licaltliy jpeavance i and tlie king their )n6tru(;ted id tongue, iliould ob- is in tlie discovers disease he and assure on the liv- Lheni when ajic farrier, In the full the ox from ^an, that is, and colts. In health, to lose stables, lisses over a runs over 1 or on the In cattle Lith the tail. Iwo species; \x it is soft b any direc- k high fevei CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 747 or acute inflammation ; if rapid, small and weak there is low fever, loss of blood, or weakness. If very slow we may suspeet brain disease; if irregular, now fast and in a few seconds slow, we should look for a diseased condition of the heart. In the sheep, the pulse if felt by placing the hand on the left side, where the beatings of the heart can be felt ; or at about the middle of the inside of the thigh, where the femoral artery passes obliquely across the boue. The Breathing. The breathing is next in importance. If the ear is applied to the throat of a licalthy horse or ox the air will be heard passing through the windpipe with a regular, steady, blowing sound ; if applied to the chest a soft rustling murmur will be heard, like a gentle breeze in the tree tops, caused by the air passing in and out of the tine tubes and vessels of tlie lungs. But where the lung or throat is diseased, these sounds are very nmdi changed and in many directions, which it is not necessary to dwell on here, but which will at once indicate the presence of something amis:j witli these important organs. If the forefinger of the the left hand is placed firmly on the chest and smartly tapped with the ends of the three first fingers of the right hand, the sound will be noticed to be more resonant and clear than when the same jjrocedure is practiced on the solid thigh. This is because the lungs are not solid, but are always in health well expanded with air. But in various diseases, as pneumonia and pleui'isy, they fill up with fluid and l)eiouic solid, then the sound given out, by thus percussing them, as it is called, is like that on any other solid part of the animal. Hence tliisis another very important indication of disease. By practice on healthy animals the character and boundaries of these sounds can be learned so closely that any variation from them will be at onte detected, and will sometimes reveal the presence of an unsound condition when nothing else will. The rapidity with which the act of breathing is performed can easily he counted by the heaving of the chest. In health in the adult horse at rest it is from eight to twelve times a minute, and in the ox a little faster. Any great increase without obvious cause, is a positive sign of diseased condition. The Animal Heat. The temperature of animals can be ascertained, to a slight extent, by mmu ^i 748 II-LUSTHATED fiTOCK DOCTOR. « ■■ the feci of tho skin, the cars, and the ]ojxh. A hot, dry skin in a liorse gi'Mcrally acroniijanies a feverish eondition. Cold ears and h-irs arc u sign of serious disease. But tlie only seientiHc, that is, aeciinile idiui, is to use what is ealled a "elinieal thernioinetcir ;" that is, one, the liulh of whicli ean be bared and inserted into the roetuni. After it has rciiiaiiu'il there two or three minutes, the nicreur}' will aeeurately iiulieate the tem- perature of tiie blood. This in healtii is i»8 degrees, and any (leviiition from this, even of a few degrees, is a eertain sign of disease. Those vet- erinarians who have pra<'tieed sufiiciently witli tliis iiistruni(>iit to I'ccoiiie skilled in its use, deelare it invalnal)le in their l)usines8, as affoi'diny the appearance of the eye. Distress and suffering are generally i)laiidy apparent in the face of sick lioi'ses and cattle. Special Signs in Cattle. Ill cattle, the horn at its root yields, by the sensation it imparts to the haml, a rough idea of the temperature of the blood, and the cow-leech generally feels it as the doctor does the pulse, as a part of the indispens- alilo programme of a professional visit. If the tem[)crature is natural, heeoiuludes there is no fever; if cold, and the tips of the ears also cold, itisii sign of some serious internal congestion ; the blood no longer cir- culating in natural force through the extremities. Tlie muzzle is another part ho takes note of. In health this is moist, covered with "dew," as the saying is ; but in disease, especially fever, it is dry, hotter or colder than natural, and sometimes changed in color, paler or injected with blood. By looking at the flanks, the regulaiity of t!io lespinition is noted, rapid and irregular heaving there betraying the . distuiliauce of the important function of Ijreathing. In ruminants also, the seeoiul mastication of the food is among the first of the vital pro- cesses to become disturbed in disease. Wiien a cow or an ox "loses the ™d,'' as it is called l)y herdsmen, that is, ceases to ruminate without apparent cause, there is sure to be a feeling of sickness about the animal tlmli is tlius interfering witli one of its processes of digestion. No animal ftin tliiivL' in this condition, it needs attention. .ii;j rii CHAPTER n. GESTATION, DISEASES AND ACCIDENTS THEREOF. FLURAL AND MULTIPLE GESTATION. TREATMENT DURINO GESTATION. BIRTH. PROLONGED LABOR. LARGE FKESENTATIuN. UNNATURAL POSITIONS OF TUB CALF. KLOOUINU. PRESENTATION OF AFTER-BIRTH. INVKH- SION OF TUB WOHII. -LANGUID LABOR. lUltlTABILITr AND STKAlMXi. — T£MPOKAKt PARALYSIS. ABORTION. ISOLATION. Plural and Multiple Gestation. Fleming, in his work on Veterinary Obstetrics, gives a lucid and accurate account of single, plural, and multiple gestation in animals. Among the domestic uniinals there are species which are naturally uni- parous — produce only one at a birth ; and othei's which, in a iionnal or physiological manner, bring forth two, three, or more, at a time, and are therefore designated gemelliparom or multiparous gestation, being known as double, triple, quadruple, &c. It is seldom that twins are produced by the larger domesticated animals, and particularly by the mare and ass, though instances are recorded of these ; while in the cow, sheep, and goat, the occurrence of twins, triplets, or even more young creatures at a birth, are not so scarce. The causes of multiparity are not well ascex*tained. It may be due to simultaneous ripening of two or more Graafian vesicles, which, rupturing : at the same time, allow the escape of the ovules they contain, and which i may become impregnated at a single coitus. Or a Graafian vesicle may contain two or more ovules, as Brischoff has witnessed in women; and! these arriving together in the uterus, may be fecundated at one time. Orj it may even happen that the vitelline membrane contains two yolks, as j sometimes occurs in the fowl's egg ; and as the vitelline mass is the essen-j 760 CATTLK, TIIRIR DISEASES. 761 IBEOr. ATUKAL Pl)snHiN9 IJIRTH. • '^^■''■"" If AND STUAlNlX^i. icid and accurate lis. re natuniUy uni- in a uonniil or a thue, and are Bou, being known ■sticated animals, arc recorded of ,f twins, triplets, je. ^It may be due to which, rupturing »ntain, and ^vticN ^fian vesicle may in women; wiil Ori atonetnne. ^M ^ins two yolks, a« jmassistheessen'l 750 tiiil part of tho pjrn', it is evident that when this ooiitalns two of those ,„nsHC.;, they ought, if FecuiKhitcd, to produco two embryos. hi the first ease, as 8aiiit Cyr points out, each fcetus has ordinarily all its mim'xcs distinct and completely indei)eiident ; or it nmy be that the twixliiirions are fused together, iu which eircunistanco the two f(i''i.e8 will then have a commou envelope. In the second hypotlutsis, this fusion of tlic charions appears to be the rule, althougli the envelopes may also he iiKJcpcndeiit ; and in the third case — that of the two vitelluses contained ill tlie same vitelline membrane — not only the envelopes but also the fn'tUHc.-t mav become united more or less closely and thus give rise to doiihle monsters. Finiiilv, it is also possible that two ovules may become detached from till' ovarian cluster, though not simultaneously, but successively, and bo fecuiidiiti'd, one after another, at two successive copulations within a brief period. Oci-urronces of this kind are by no moaua rare, yet have been wrongly adduced as instances of superfcetution. What to Do During Oestation. As a rule the cow should be dried about the sixth or s(!venth month wlicn stock breeding is the object. When milk and not calves is the object tlic flow may bo continued to within six weeks of calving. (ha/iiig should always be allowed as much as possible, the exercise iukI case the calf had to be dissected in the body. This no person unskillctl in surgery should attempt. Unnatural Positions of the Calf. These are various, and, except in the six cases we mention, and in the order of their ficquei.cy, resort should be had to a veterinary surgeon. The following manner of relief is endorsed by various reliable and well- known authorities : Uiuififuni! PosifinnH of the calf.— The natural position of the c:ill' ou iier, or otlicr smiiU grass lio fa>tuis, and d tlitM'e is no sscent of the wonil) ill Mip ;he vairiiiii and i cause rolax- liirrow-ldadod, ! mouth of the until it putcvs uiiike a slit. Gently push the calf back between the pains, and bring the head down between the legs. Fourth — Fore-feet first, with head under the brisket. Push the calf liaek, tind the head, and draw it down between the fore-feet. Fifth — Head alone, or only one fore-foot Avith it. Push the calf back and search for the fore-feet, or foot, under the belly ; when found, bring foiwaid one at a tinic, by placing the hand under the knee and using gentle pressure. Sixth — B(dly upwards, the fore-legs folded and against the mother's li;uk, the head, side or hind-leg appearing. If the hind-leg a[)pear, put it liack ; seek for the head, and if possible turn the calf, to bring the fiiie-feet and head to the mouth. When this fails, throw the cow, put lier on her back, and with a rope and pulley, or two or three stout assist- ants, raise hei- hind-quarters considerably higher than her shoulders. In tills position the calf can be easily pushed back in the uterus, so that it can lie tinned and brought to the natural position. Many surgeons make it a rule to fasten th<^ j)art presenting with a cord ami slip-knot before going in search of the \r,irt they desire to t)ring to till mouth. The cord is held by an assistant, and serves as a guid(>. The [)rineipal obstetric instrument in the cow is the hook. This is made of wrought iron, four inches long, with a loop for the; cord at the straight end. When by no other ni(>an.s the calf can be delivei'cd. or when removing a dead fo'tus, this hook is fastened in the socket of an w, under the jaw or in an ear, and by gentle and steady traction the I'c^i^tance is overcome. I'inally, the foetus may have to be taken out ])iece-meal, an operation 'vliieh n'r|nir?s considerable skill on the part of the operator, to avoid ^'oundinii the womb and vagina when he is dissectinj; the calf. fi H'i • - *i * L 754 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. In all such operations certain general rules should be observed as follows : First — Thoroughly anoint the hand with lard, or oil, before introduc- iug it into the vagina. Second — Make the examinations while the cow is standing, and between the pains. Third — In pulling at the feet, enclose the claws in the hollow of the palui, so that they will not tear the delicate coats of the womb. Flooding. Sometimes after a natural birth which has been rapid, and often after an abortion which has been brought on by violence, there is a severe at- tack of "flooding," or bleeding from the womb. It may escape from the vagina, or it may be indicated by paleness of the mouth and nose weak pulse, great weakness and coldness of the surface, and the womb be found to be filled with clotted blood. Treatment. — The hand should be introduced into the womb, the clots and any remaining portion of the after-birth seized and extracted, and a sponge dipped in hot vinegar and water, or very hot or very lold wattr alone, be wrung out in the uterus. A full dose of fresli ergot of xyc, one to two ounces, should be given without delay. If tliesc measures fail, a piece of ice the si/e of a walnut .should lie car- ried into the womb and left there ; or a tea-.sjKJonful of powdcictl alum should be stirred in a tea-cupful of milk, and a sponge of this 1)0 :-(iue(>zed out in the womb. Internally, Prof. Gangec recommends, for either the mare or cow, No. e 3 Oz. Compound tinctiirn of cinnamon, 6 Oz. Diluted sulplitiriu acid, Mix and give two table-spoonfuls for a dose every one or two hours, in a quart of water. Retention of After-birth. There are many causes leading to this. The most common of the'e are hurried deliveries, adherence of the after-birth to the walls of the womb, and poverty of the animal. Retention for two or even three days under ordiiuiry circumstances is not especially serious. If left to putrifv. fetid discharges will exhaust the animal. The blood is poisoned, and the animal either dies or remains unhealthy for life. After forty-eisht hours, if trouble still exists, the hand and arm well oiled should be introduced, id often after is a severe at- ■ escape from utb and nose, and the womb •two hours, in i CATTLE, THETU DISEASES. 75.5 ;uid the after-birth carefully separated from the walls of the womb by nickiu"' ^^ith the fingers and nails, and gradual but firm pulling. The whole having been completely removed, syringe the vagina thoroughly with the following : No. 7. 1 Oz. Chloride of lime, 1 Qt. Soft water. Give the following as a physic : No. 8. 8 Oz. Epsom salts, a Oz. Ginger pulverized, >4- Oz. Caraway seed pulverized, 2. Drachms Copavia. Give as a drench. If there is a tendency to bi'ieding, give tae following : No. 9. 2. Oz. Ergot of rye, powdered. Inversion of the Womb. This occurs from long-continued and excessive straining, and there haufs from the birtliplace a large red or violet colored bag. Clean the TO PREVENT INVERSION OF THE VAGINA. bag thoroughly by the free use of warm water. If it is much swnllon ami enlarged, puncture slightly Avith the lance in several places to let out engorged blood. When sufficiently reduced, stop the effusion with cold wnter. Stand the cow so that her head will be permanently lowest in the stall. Lot two assistants place a cloth nndcrnoath the bag and raise it to the level of the vagina. The operator with his right hand well oiled, 48 ^^Htsfji'lf! 750 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. iiliif PvS ' HSuB ^ BBInl i m af t^r oiling the surface of tiio bau;, places hia hand against the point ot bow of the bag farthest fn ni the vagina, presses it steadily but gently back and as far up the vagina as possible. With the left hand, also oiled he now presses in the dependent portions in and up in a similar manner. The assistants follow the retracting bag until it is restored. A Imll of tow is introduced to keep it in place, and a harness (ac shown in the foregoing cut), which includes a raised stall. In any event tlio l)<)\vels should be restrained for a day or two by doses of laudanum. After twenty-four hours, if the pains have ceased and the animal is (|uict, the bail of tow may be removed, and later the harness. A simplilitatiou of the harness will easily suggest itself to the operator. Languid Labor. If the presentation is all right and there is no obstruction, and the mouth of the womb is dilated but the labor pains are infr qucnt and weak, careful mechanical assistance shonLt be given with the hands as heretofore stated, or try first full doses of ergot ( ' ryo., one to two ounces. It is often inefficient in cows and must be given in large doses. Irritability aud Straining. If this is seen after birth, unless it subsides promptly, or if it sliow itself l»y repeated spasms and convulsions, give the following in a ([uail of warm milk: Chloroform and laudanum, each half an ounce. If the muzzle is dr}* and the horns hot, showing tendency to fever, the following will be better : Ko. 10. 2 Oz. swppt spirits of nitre, 2 Oz. laudaiiuin, 4 Oz. Kulutiuii ot uuctatu uf ummonia. This dose to be given in a quart of tepid milk eveiy hour until relieved. Temporary Paralysis. Cows are frequently paralyzed in their limbs before parturition. If they tloes not regain the use of their limbs soon, or if tlioy improve slowly, give the following: No, 11. 2 Drai'.lims powdered mix vomica, 2 DrucbuiH Milpliute ol irun. Give in a pint or two of gruel twice a day. Avoid all so-called cleans- ing drinks ; they are generally injurious. When there is unusual debility the following will be indicated : point 01 t gently so oiled, manner. ^. ball of wu in llie le l)o\vels 11. After (luiet, the tication of )n, and the ijucnt and lO liiuiels as one to two [;ir<::;c doses. Ij. if it show r in a (juart m-c. If the he following bitil relieved. Uurition. If Ithov inipi'ovo usual debility 767 CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. No. 12. 1 Oz. powdered anise seed, 1 Oz. '* myrrh, 1 Oz. " ttllspice, 1 Oz. " cuiiimin seed. To be stin-ed in a quart of warm gruel as a drench. If constipation is strong and persistent give : No. 13. ii Lb. sulphate of magnesia, 1 Oz. ground anise seed, Oz. olive oil. Give in a pint of gruel, and repeat daily if needed. If tliere is strong relaxation with continued diarrhea, the following will be indicated No. 14. 2 Drachms powdered catechu, 1 Oz. " ginger, 30 Drops sulphuric acid, 1 Oz. luudanuni. Give- in a quart of gruol, ale or weak whisky and water. Or, No. 15. 1 Oz. powdered ginger, 1 Oz. blciirbonate of soda, 1 Oz. hiuUitnum, 1 Oz. decoction of oak bark. Give several times n day in gniel or alo. Half this dose suffices for six moiitlis' calves, in similar conditions of the bowels. Antiseptic washes for cleansing the vagina when the discharge is foul : No. 16. 1 Quart clean wood tar, 2 Quarts boiling rainwater. Stir, settle and pour off. Another, No. 17. 1 Lb. chloride of lime, 2 Gallons cool soft water. Let it settle and pour off clear. A pint or two of either may be injec- ted twice a day. Abortion. Abortion may be said to take place in cows when the fnetus is expelled tliirty-fivc days before the normal period. It may occur from a variety 1 WT, •r' M T"rf iiifii :^%.J^M '^^■■C', 758 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. of reasons, and is nmoh more conimou during the first half of the noniml period tlian in the latter. It may be sporadic, that is, induced by iuci- dental or local causes, as atmospherical iulluences, such as bad weather and irregular seasons — severe suddenly sueceec^ing mild weather. Cold storms, etc., arc especially to be guarded against. As extcriiai causes access by the male, explorations in vagina, surgical operations, throwincr the animal down, bleeding, and bad or improper food, are among the most common of external causes. Excitement, fear, surprise, certjiin odors, contagion, arc credited with playing an active i)art in this dis- ability. Various diseases arc also active parties in this direction. \)'li(ii cases occur simultaneously over wide extents of country and without known causation, it may be enzootic or epizootic. Ravajjos of this kind are not uncommon^ and have attracted the attention of veterinarians. Milk Fever. This fever occurs from the first to ti)e third day after calving; rarely later than this time. Select breeds and good milkers seem specially liable to aUaeks from this disorder. The primary trouble in this disease is inflammation of the lining membranes of the womb, extending sometimes to its substance and adjacent parts; and in some cases involving the bowels themselves. Among its more remote etJects are aft'eetions of the brain, congestion of the spinal cord, apoplexy, blood- poisoning and death. Causes. — Injury to the womb in calving; the retention of the aftcr-hirtli ; exposure to chill and cold by sudden changes of temperature, poor nuinage- ment, etc., may cause milk fever. At times a contagious character seems to at- tach to the disease, and many cows of the same herd suffer. It is also regank'd as quite certain that a cow having once imd the fever, will have it with her next calf. Over-feeding as the time of calving approaches is also prominent among the the supposed causes of tiie disease. Antliorities dilfor somewhat as to whctiier " milk fever" is identical with infianimation o!" the womb. Some think it is not identical ; others, that it is the same disease in dilferent stigcs, or different degrees of violence. Si/riiptoins, — The suspension of the milk secretions is one of the earliest in- dications of this troid)Ie. The cow iiangs her head, neglects to feed, ceases to chew the cud, moves her hind feet restlessly, staggers if she attempts to walk, looks wild, falls and cannot rise, sways her head from side to side. In this stage of disease the head is intensely hot. Power to see and to swallow is lost early in the disease; paralysis of the hind-quarters sometimes occurs; if not relieved, the breathing becomes hard and rapid; the pulse becomes faint and quick ; and sometimes the animal dies in convulsions, or sinks slowly away in stupor. CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 769 ble to atUifks Usually the bowels do not move, and the bladder ceases to act. The turn of the disease for the better usually comes in thirty or forty hours, when the animal becomes rational, is able to arise, and the secretions all begin to resume their functions. TrealineiU, — When trouble of this character is anticipated, preliminary treat- ment is strougly recommended for about a WP'i' before calving. Tliis may consist iu a purgative of 1 Lb. Epmnn Balta, i Lb. table nalt, J Oz. ground ginger, Mixed with suitable quantity of cold water, and sweetened wjth molasses. At this time the cow's food should be of the lightest kind also, avoiding meal and grain. The cow should be carefully sheltered also. After calving, if fever be anticipated, give twenty-five drops of tincture of aconite in water, repeating the dose every six hours, till four doses have been given. This has a very direct effect upon the heart and circulation generally. If the disease has set in clearly, but exhaustion is not apparent, free-bleed- ing is recommended by good authorities. When the pulse is weak and thready, however, and when exhaustion is appan^it, bleeding is not called for, hut a stimulant is required. Whisky may meet this case, or 1 Oz. cirbonate of aiuraonia, 1 Pint of water. If the cow be unable to swallow, a ball may answer better. It should be well oiled and pushed far back into the gullet. Active purges are always an advantage, and injections of soap and warm water may be used frequently wiien swallowing is impossible. To relieve a heated head, cold water may be used. Carbonate of ammonia given as a ball may relieve swelling of the bowels. When the attack comes on, the following formula may be used as a laxative and sedative. } Drachm calomel, 2 Oz. latulaniim, 1 Lb. castor oil. Mix with hot water and molasses, and give in four doses at intervals of four hours. For the exhaustion following the more acute stages of the disease, the fol- lowing is highly commended : 1 Oz. RpiritA of turpentine, i Oz. carbonate of ammonia. To be given in a quart of cold gruel. P lUi ■60 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. .? Mammitis. This disease Is known as caked -bag, or garget, and is sometimes erroneoiisly called milk lever. It is a disease ot" rare oecurrenee in t!ie mare, but in com- nionly met with in cattle and sheep. Definition. — It consists in aente inflammation of the whole or part of tlio mammary gland (udder). Oiuscs. — These are numerous; sometimes it is the result of external injiirv' such as blows of any description. Another common .source of this di(«easu is the cruel practice of "over .stocking," which consists in the preparation of the cow for show or market, by allowing her to go unmilked until the iiddor becomes enormously distended with milk. This is done to give the gland a fine appearance. Cows giving no milk, when being fattened for the butclior, sometimes undergo a modified form of tiiis disease; this is caused by some of tlie milk remaining in the gland and acting as an irritant. Symptoms. — This disease seldom attacks the whole gland, but is usually con- fined to one or two quarters. The affected parts become hot, hard, swollen, tender, and red ; the milk is curdled and whey-like, and usually mi.xcd wi'li blood. The constitutional symptoms depend upon the severity of the attack, the disease being often ushered in with rigors (trembling), followed by iiicroascd heat of the skin ; the bowels are usually costive, but are sometimes nmiatiivallv loose. The muzzle more or less dry, appetite slightly impaired, pulse quickened, together with general fever. Tri'dtment, — The first thing is to determine the cause, which must be at once removed. If the bowels are costive, a brisk purgative must be given — such as one pound common salt mixed with one pound Epsom .salts and half an ounce of ginger — the whole stirred in a quart of boiling water and given as a drench when cool — for sheep, about one-third of the above will suHice — for marcs, about eight drachms of aloes with a drachm of ginger must be substituted for the .salt, etc. After the purgative has done o|)erating, diuretics in the sha|)e of salt-petre, may be given night and morning, for about three days — do.se, cattle, two drachms ; mare, one drachm ; sheep, half a drachm, in say a pint of water. The local treatment, which is of great importance, consists in fomenting the part thoroughly with warm water, for half an hour at a time, three times a day, drying and hand-rubbing ; after which, the parts may be smeared with olive oil, or goose grea.se. Poultices of various descriptions are also advanta- geously applied to the part, and may be made of spent hops, marsli-n)allows, or some such substance, bearing in mind that the heat and moisture must be kept u|), for the poultice to be effectual. The animal must be fed upon food which is not calculated to produce milk, such as bran-mash, and the like. The milk must be frequently removed for a week or ten days. In serious cases, the nearest veterinarian should at ouce be consulted, as individual cases differ so much. «». •onconsly it 16 corn- art of tl>e liil iiijuryi disease is ,ioii of the tl)c lulder lie gliunl a ic butelu'i', l)y some of isiially poii- rJ, swollen, niixcd wi'h ; the attack, by increased uniialiivally iC quichciu'd, ist be at once ven — such as udf an ounce \\ as a drench for marcs, ,d)stituted for the shape of •dose, cattle, [)int of water, [oiuenlint; llie hree times a nieared with lalso advanta- li-mallows, or must be kept iiroducc niilk, |-enioved for a kid at ouee be CHAPTER III. INFECTIOUS, CONTAGIOUS AND EPIDEMIC DISEASES. PNEUMONIA —HISTORY ITS MvVLIONANT CONTAGIOUSNESS. DEFINITION now THE INFECTION ENTEItS THE SYSTEM. HOW I.ONO IS A DISEASBD AN- IMAL INFECTIOUS. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO PO. TEXAS FEVER. -now TO KNOW IT. BLOODY MURRAIN. -I'ltKVENTIVES. WHAT TO DO." -ITS MALIGNANT CHARACTER. FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASB. CON- TAGIOUS PLEURA - -MILK FEVER. Infectioua, Contagious and Epidemic Diseases. Among the most terrible of the diseases ever imported into the United States is ph'uro pneumonia conf(t(/iosa known .scit'iitifieally by u large miml)er of names, but now generally designated as Bovine Pneumonia Plairuc, and the Lung Plague in cattle ; 'J'exas Fever, known also as Spanish Fever and 'J'exas Cattle Disease, and scientifically as Splenic Fever; Bloody Murrain, also known as "Black Quarter" (Quatran) and "Quarter Ail," is known among veterinarians by its French name (7/(?/7w?(, and ahso as Contagious Anthrax. Thus these will be all that it will be necessary to treat at considerable length as among contagious diseases. Contagious Pleuro-pneumonia. This disease which has lately excited so mu^h attention in the United States from its violent outbreak in the Atlantic States, and the well jrounded fear that for the lack of national legislation it might overrun the whole country, is the most malignant with which the farmers of the country have had to deal. Once fairly established in the West there 761 I :ll \if If HI % lltl ^^i 762 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. will bo no possible mcuiis of emdicating it. It will remain a fixture forever. History. This disease has been known in Europe and Asia from the remotest civilization, and has been treated since the first gathering togotlier of cattle in large herds. Aristotle, evidently writing of this disease tlut'c hundred years before Christ, describes the symptoms accuratelv, iims- nmch as ho says: "The cattle which live in herds are subject to a malady during which the l)reathing becomes hot and frequent ; the ears droop and they cannot eat. They die rapidly, and the lungs are found spoiled." Greek and Itoman writers also describe what appears to ho the same disease, and Valentine particularizes a fatal lung plague Avhich evidently corresponds to this malignant and terrible scourge. Its Malignant Contagiousness. Unfortunately veterinary science has never yet discovered a remedy. Its attack is so insidious, and often occupies so long a time in the stajfe of incubation, that a whole herd may be infected almost before it is known. As in the case of all (jerman plagues, nothing is known of its origin ; but just as soon as it is apparent that a case is being well devel- oped, the only safe plan is prompt killing, deep burying of the carcass, skin and all, and the free use of quick-lime (a barrel to the carcass) before being covered up. Definition. This disease is defined as follows : A specific contagious disease peculiar to cattle, and manifested by a long period of incubation (ten days to three months) b}^ a slow insidious onset, by a low type of fever, and by the occurrence of infiamniation in the air-passages, lungs and their coverings, with an extensive exudation into the lungs and pleural. That the infection is carried by the animals wherever they go is certain. That it is carried in the air to a very considerably extent seems altogether probable. That it is carried by inoculation is well demonstrated ; and also by contact of diseased portions of an animal with the membranes of a well one, is as certain as that the contagion is carried by attendants on sick animals and is proved almost beyond controversy. That the conta- gion will hold in stables for months even after being thoroughly cleaned and washed with disinfectant liquids, is proved just as clearly as that it 'fill. CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 7G.T may be carried by tbo inmiy. That it uuiy bo taken in pastures antl with fodder is toa well authenticated to leave room for doubt. Vitality of the ViPUB. Thoro is much difference of opinion with rep^ard to the power of the virus to resist ordinary destructive inilucnces. In many cases the free expofiure of an infected place for three or four months to the action of the iiir lias puriticd it so tliut fresh stock have been introduced with impunity. On the other hand, instances can bo adduced in which cattle have boon infected by being placed in stables in which cattle had not been kept at least four montlis previously\ Other things being ocpial, it will he preserved longest where it has been dried up and covered from the free access of the air. Thus in very dry and close buildings, in those having rotten wood-work, or deep dust-tilled cracks in the masonry, and ill those with a dosed space beneath a wooden floor, it clings with the greatest tenacity. Again, when the buildings contain piles of luml)er, litter, hay, fodder, or clothing, the virus is covered up, secn^ted and preserved for a much longer time than if left quite empty. In these hist it is preserved just as it is in woolen or other textile fai)rics, and carried from place to place by human beings. As carried through the air, the distance at which the virus retains its infecting properties vai'ics nmch Avith varying conditions. The author has seen a sick herd separated from a healthy one by not more than tiftecn vards and a moderately close board fenc^e of seven feet high, and ill the absence of all inter-communication of attendants, the ox[)ospd hold kept perfectly sound for six months in succession. On the other hiuul, infection will sometimes take place at a nmch greater distance without any known means of conveyance on solid olijects. Roll (piotos 50 to 100 fi'ot, while others claim to have seen infection at a disiaiice of 200 and 300 feet. But it may well be questioned whether in such cases the virus hud not been dried up on light objects, like feathers, ])aper, straw, or hay, which could be borne on the wind. This, from being in thicker layers, would escape the destruction that would have befallen it had it been carried in the air only as invisible particles. How the Infection Enters the System. . The seat of the disease, its progress, and the result of all attempts at inoculation, favor the presumption that the virus is usually taken in with the air breathed. Not only are the lesions concentrated in the lungs, but they begin with cloudiness and swelling of the smaller air-tubes and •urroundiug connective tissues. 704 ILLl'STRATKl) HTOCK IJOCTOR. The exudation into the intcrloltiiliir tinsiu', the congestion of tlic lun(r ti:iHU(.' it8clf, and the imijlication of tho hnig covering, are Hct'ondMiy pho. nonieiiH. In other words, the disease begins wliero tlie inspiicd air must lodge (lie germs. Tlnis the inoculation of tlie virident lung luodiicts on distaiit parts of tlie body of a sound beast rarely determines the ,u.-. ingress and egress of air tliroii'fh the diseased organ renders it immeasurably more infe(^tiiig. How Long a Diseased Animal is Infectious. Proof is wanting as to the infectious nature of the disease duriii<' the incubative stage. If negative evidence were of any value! in a case like this, it would be easy tt) adduce cases in which the removal of un animal as soon as it showed s^'inptonis of the jdague had appnrciitly saved the rest of Ili(! herd. In other cas(>s, the malady has been eradicated fnmi a lierd by careful "watching, and the i)romi)t removal of every aiiiiniil as soon as sickness appeared. Tho period of greatest virulence is that iit which Hie fever runs highest and when the lung is being loaded with the morbid exudation. Hut it must not 1)0 inferred t' ith tho subsidence of tho fevcv tlic danger is removed.. It is a mat' every day observation that animals which have passed through the fever, that arc now thriving well, or fiiviii;' a free supiily of milk, and to ordinary ol)servers would appear in pcifirt health, retain the jjower of transmitting the disease to others. This may continue for three, six, nine, twelve, or, according to some, even tiftocn months after all signs of acute illness have disappeared. This is eiisily explained. Tho tendency of the disease is to interrupt the ciirulation in tho most severely affected parts of tho lungs ; tho exudation around this becomes developed into a tough fibrous envelope, which closes off the , dead mass from tho adjacent lung and from all communication whh tlie external air. Tho dead and imjirisoned mass now undergoes a process of breaking down, litiuefiiction, and absorption, commencing at tlio surfiuc. and slowly advancing towards the centre. The encysted jiortion of tlie dead lung is one mass of infecting material, and as it undergoes no rliiiMe , except that of liquefaction, and exhales at no time any putrid odor, itroj mains infectious so long as it retains tho solid form. At the outset more] than half a lung may be thus encysted, and five or six months after alleged ■ t I rm 'Hftf CATTLK, TilEIU DIlSKAHKfl. 7G5 rocovcrv wc still find massoiJ of from one to two pounds woiry load ; tlu'ii hauled by horses lo fields to which no cattle have access, and at (imr pktwed under by horses. ll. The pits, where the uianure has been, must be cleansed and washed viththc disinfectant fluid ordered for the bmldinj;. i. The survix MLi' herd should be shut ui) in a close buildinj; for half iiiihoiir, once (. iwico a (Liy, and made to breathe the fumes of burning Mil|iliiii'. Close iloors and windows, place a piece of paper on a ch^an sliiivi'l, liiy a few pinches of flowci-s of sulphur upon it, and set it on fire ; luliliiig more sulphur, pinch by pinch, as long as the cattle can stand it witlimit couirhing. Continue for a nioiith. H. (iivc two drachms powdered cop[)eras (green vitriol) daily to each 'will meal or grains; or, divide 1 lb. copperas into 50 powders, and i;ivi' Olio daily to each adult animal. ■'. l)i) not use for the surviving cattle any feed, fodder or litter that lias liicn ill the same stables with the sick. They may safely be used for j liiiiM ^ uud sheep. Wliat to Do. ft There is only one remedy — entire isolation of the herd infected. The [pi'ompt killing and slashing of the hides of diseased animals, deep burial, >. ■ H 766 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. and covering the bodies with quick-lime. It may be stamped out only by the free use of the poll-uxc, and the thorough disinfection bv the most severe means of the premises, utensils and attendants. It is one of those cases where heroic treatment is of supreme value. How to Know It. I') The symptom most easily known in the early stage is an increased tem- perature of the body. If a clinical thermometer be introduced into the rectum of a beast in an infected district, and an abnormal heat is ascer- tained, it is safe to suspect the disease ; therefore send for a veterinarian at once. Next a slight cough will show itself ; the hair will bo erected along the back ; there may be shivering and always teudcnioss of tlie back when pinched ; the breathing and pulse is accelerated ; the bowels are costive, rumination is irregular. The urine is scanty and high ccl- ered, the appetite fails, the milk-flow is diminished, the nose will I)e alter- nately moist and dry. The horns and other extremities Avill be altcrnatelv hot and cold. In the field, the sick animals will sepai'ate from the herd. All the symptoms become more and more apparent until the animal remains in a fixed posture, the head rigidly extended, the mouth open, at every inspiration a moan, until at length the animal succumbs, a loath- some and noxious mass of contagion. What to Do. A resort to remedies should not be had unless the animals are taken earh' in hand, and can be isolated in a building far from any herd. It will not pay except in the case of thorough-bred or otherwise valuable stock. This is especially the case in the West, if that section should lie unfortunate enough to import the disease. Prof, Gamgcc, who made an elaborate report for the Government in 1871, strongly and wisely coii- dennis purgatives and bleeding, but believes the disease may be checkKl, if taken in time, by isolating the whole herd, and depending on active interiud astringents. He advises daily doses of sulphate of iron, one-lwlf to one drachm to the bullock, mixed with an equal weight of linseed and coriander seeds, given in bran to disguise it ; this he has found to miti- gate the cough, followed hy the disappearance of the disease. In the second stage of the disease, he advises light but nutritious food, copious warm water injections, and the following stimulant: No. 20. K Oz carbonate of ammonin, 1 Qt. linseed oil. ed out only :tiou by the s. It is one ncveascd tem- iuced into the heut is aseer- a veterinarian vill be erected derncss of tlic id ; tlie howeU ,and high col- se will be alt ev- il be alternately from the herd. ntil the aniuv.il nu)\ith open, at ^cuiubs, aloath- nimals arc taken in liny herd. It Iherwisc valualile [eetioa should bo ;eo, who made an and wisely eon- may be checked, len«iin^ on active of iron, one-lwW ht of linseed and [vs found to miti- .-iease. [t nutritious food, lant : CATTLE, THEin DISEASES. 767 Mix, and give this dose two or three times a day. When only one lull" is involved, recovery occasionally takes place ; when both ai'c in- v(jlved, there is little or no hope. For cough and debility during con- valescence, he advises the following tonic : No. 21. }i Oz. oxide of magneRia, « Oz. iron filings, fine, }.H Oz. tincture of gentian, 1 Pt. water. To be given daily. Another prescription is recommended- No. "-3. 1 Drachm carbolic acid, 1 Pint water To bo given as a dose three times a day. The reader will see, upon a careful study of the foregoing, that but nne i)rescription — killing — is the only safe plan. Texas Fever. This disease, now called Splenic Fever, resembles in some of its phases the tcrrilile Rinderpest of Asiatic Russia, but it is far less malignant and bs contagious. It also disappears with tlic tirst frost, being effectually stiiniped out during the Winter, not to be again seen until again reintro- diKcd by the passage of Texas cattle. So again it is not given by our NiMthern cattle to other beasts. The disease has its home on the coast iif Texas, but how it originated is not clearly known. After death the spleen is found greatly enlarged and softened, the kidneys broken, dung and the blood fluid. How to Enow It. The period of incubation extends over four or five weeks after the poi- snii has been introduced. The fever will at fii'st be moderate, the tcm- lUTature as shown by a clinical thermometer, introduced into the rectum, nill l)e 1(13 to 107 degrees. Then follows dullness, cough, trembling, j 'iking of the muscles, drooping of the head, arching of the back. The Uiisare hot, rumination ceases, 'uid the appetite not good. The eyes lireonie ghissy and watery, the urine deep red or black from the blood inntained ; the dung is hard and coated with blood ; the mouth and rec- tum will be a dark red or copper color ; and the animal dies in a stupor or convulsions. fianigee always found present in the examination of nearly 5,000 aiiinials that the fourth stomach was distinctly inflaniod and the spleen 'li WfflHIi 768 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. always enlarged and of a purplish color — on cutting the pulp ooziiiff out soft like currant jelly. Hence the name, "Splenic Fever." What to Do. Put the animal in a roomy stable with good ventilation, and give soft food. As an internal remedy give No. 23. Ji Oz. chlorate of potash, 1 Uz. tincture of chloride of iron, 1 Quart wuter. Mix und glvo us a dose to to be followed two or three times a day. The most dangerous s^'mptoms being passed, give plentiful food and the following tonic. •,-¥ No. 24. H Oz. sulphate of iron, 1 Oz. tincture of ginger, 1 Qt. wuter. This amount twice dally. Professor Gamgee does not regard medical treatment as being liopoful. In addition he advises that tlie limbs be well rubbed, and the bowels moved by injections. During the fir.st two or thi'ee days he reconiinciids ounce doses of laudanum, and later as a stimulant the following: No. 24. >i Oz. cHlphuric ether, 4 Oz. of acetate of ammonia. Give in a quart of linseed tea three times a day. 11 Bloody Murrain. Contagious Anthrax, known also as charbon, black leg, l;laik quarter, black tongue — is so called because the parts attacked turn lilack, owing to decomposition of the blood. It arises undoubtedly from (.'oii- tagion, eating bad food, pasturing on swamp lands in summer, drinking stagnant water, etc. Whatever the poison, certain it is it has wondorfiil tenacity of life ; evevy part of the animal will carry it, even the excre- ment. Flics will carry it, a yoke worn by a di.scased ox retains it. Even alcohf)l is said not be able to kill the poison. Fortunately it raroly occurs in its truly malignant form. There are many types of the di.xoase attacking particular parts. In ihe tongue it is known as black tongue, or blain ; in the throat as putrid sore throat. When it attacks the bowels it is called bloody nmrraiu. CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. Its Malignant Character. 769 In this disease it must be rcnicnibered that in its malignant form it attacks not only cuttle and horses, but all the herbivora, swine and birds. It is coniniunieable to other and different animals by inoculation, showing itsolf in different fo;'nis, but all characterized by the breaking down of the blood globules, rupture of tissues and letting out lilood and albuniin- niis fluids, with gangrene, ycUov. or brown mucous membrane, enlargement mid sonictiines rupture of the sp'een, and a very high death rate. Immense numbers of human beings have died first and last from eating the flesh of diseased animals. This is especially the case among the Tartars, who do not refrain from eating even the flesh of anthrax horses. As many as a thousand persons are recorded as having died in six weeks in San Domingo from eating the flesh of such diseased animals. Mosquitoes, and other biting insects are su])posed to cause breaking out of the malig- nant pustule in man, from the fact of its always arising on exposed portions of the body. In relation to the various manifestations of the maliiriuuit anthrax Professor Law says : "Malignant anthrax may be manifested by external disease, or swelling or without such appearances. To the first class belong the carbuncular, ervsipehis, of sheep and swiiic, malignant sore throat of hogs, gloss- antliiax or black tongue, black <]uarter or bloody nmrrain, the boiled plajruo of Siberia, apd the malignant pustule of man. To the second liplonsr all those forms of disease in which there are the specific changes in blood, with engorgement of the si)leen, blood-staining, and exudations into internal organs only. Preventives. Upon the first intimation of the disease the well animals of the herd sliould ho removed to clean, new pasture, where there is pure water. Avoid all bleeding, purging, and lowering medicines. The animals must lie kopt up. So all local applications to the swellings seem useless. A scton, composed of a yard of broad coarse tape, inserted in the dewlap liirmd every day and smeared with irritating ointment might prove ben-* otirial, This should remain in from four to six weeks. iouatt and others advise the followinjj: No. 23. 2 to 4 llrui'liras clilorido of liiue, 1 Oz. prcpnre,'ivo ill tt pint of wiinn gruel every two or three hours. Keccnt French authors, in treating the malignant form of the disease, •«i ' .» „.!l iH ^ih, 770 ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. h; rccoiunicnd quinine, one or two draohnis, repeated everv two or three hours in severe cases. Also liypodcrnuc injections of a solution of iodine as follows : No. 26. 2 Grains iodine, 5 Grains iuiiidu of potassiuoi, 1 Oz. water. Use a syringeful ever}' hour in severe cases. In extreme ones, it is ad- vised that this be throwi . directly into the veins ; also that the streiifrth be kept up by stimulants , among those recommended most strongly is car- bonate of ammonia. Blain. When bloody murrain attacks the tongue it is called blain. In the ease of blain it is recommended to open the pustule freely from end to end, with a sharp lancet, before the poison has been absorbed. Treat the same surface freely with the following : No. 27. 20 Grains chloride of lime, 1 Oz. water. Mop the parts frecl}'. Sulphuric or nitric acid, nitrate of mercnrv, lunar caustic, and other strong caustics, arc equally good. When it may be accomplished, 1)urn- hig with a hot iron is advised. Foot and Mouth Disease. One other contagious disease '.vill be necessary to be treated of iicre, as beginning to be of common occurrence, having prevailed more or less since its introduction into the United States in 1r margin of tlie ing in the system symptoms. lowed by an crup- .. the tongue, the the udder. The CATTLE, THEin DISEASES. 771" hiisters in the cleft of the lioofs and around the coronet and heels, are identical with the others, but smaller. \yUci\ the disease is mild, it is easily cured by daily applications of a portion (if the following, applying by means of a swab or sponge : 2 Oz. powdered golden se.il, 1 Oz. tincture of niatico, 4 Oz. honey. When the disease is violent and of long standing, it is apt to extend through the whole coarse of the alimentary canal. The method of cure, in this event, is by tonics and astringents. The remedies are tincture of matico, golden seal, and sulphur, in the following proportions : 4 drachms tincture of matico, 2 drachms sidpiiur, 2 drachms powdered golden seal. 1 pint water. Tiie patient's diet should consist of oatmeal gruel, slightly alkalized with hyposulphite of soda. Malignant Catarrh. Caused by feeding in damp, cold situa- tions, and feeding on marshes in peculiar seasons. Low, wet river bottoms are most suliject to give it to stock. The dis- ease somewhat resembles the Russian cat- tle plague, but is not usually contagious. Professor James Law gives symptoms and ■ treatment as follows : A slisiht (liarrhciea may be followed by co«tive:.css, the dung being black, firm ami scanty. The hair is rough and erect ; shivering ensues ; the head is depressed ; the roots of the horns and forehead hot ; eyes sunken, red, watery, with turbidity Ml the interior and intolerance of light ; muzzle dry and hot; mouth hot with much saliva ; the membranes, month, nose and vagina bluish-red; pulse rapid; impulse of the heart weak ; breathing hurried ; cough ; urine scanty and high I iloreil, ami surface of the body alternately hot and cold. In twenty-four hours ;illthe synitoins are aggravated ; the nose discharges a slimy fluid ; forehead is warmer and duller on percussion ; the mouth covered with dark red Idotches, iroin whifh the cuticle soon peels off, leaving raw sores; appetite is completely l'Bt;dnng and urine passed with much pain and straining, and there is gener- ally stiffness and indisposition to move. From the fourth to the sixth day "leers appear on the nose and muzzle, swellings take place l)onoath the J3«'8, chest and abdomen, and on the legs the skin may even slough off 49 MALIGNANT CATARRH— SLOUOniNO l.^ii i .W|i 772 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. in patches ; a foetid saliva drivels from the mouth and a stinking Uiarrhoea succeeds the costiveness. Death usually ensues from the eighth to the tenth day, preceded perhaps by convulsions or signs of suffocation. The treatment is to clean the bowels with the following : No. 28. 1 Pint olive oil, 1 Oz. Iiiudauum. Mix. In eight or ten hours, if it do not operate, give another. Follow this with diuretics, sweet spirits of nitre in half-ounce doses, and also with antiseptics, potassa chlorate, in doses of one-quarter drachm. Wet cloths should be kept on the head ; the mouth and nose sponged with quite a weak solution of carbolic acid. Give as food only soft mashes. Isolation of Infected Cattle. When abortion is about to occur in a stable, at the very first symptom the animal should be entirely separated from the others, and tlic stall thoroughly disinfected with carbolic acid. In relation to measures pre- ventive and remedial, these will be found in the list of properly labeled drugs to be kept for that purpose ; they may be referred to at will. Iso- lation, however, is of absolute importance, lest the cause extend to other or perhaps all the cows in the stable. Ergot or other fungus spores in the food may be the cause. All possible causes should be carefully ex- amined and remedied. A thorough cleansing of the stables should be made, and disinfectants and fumigants used. The following in the foim of powder is good as a disinfectant in any case. No. 18. 1 Bushel air-slacked Ume, 1 Pound copperas, }i Pound carbolic acid. Mix. A liquid form ; No. 10. 1 H Pounds chloride of aluminum, 1 Oallon water. Disaolve. This is not poisonous. CHAPTER IV. MEDICINES AND INSTBUMENTS-WHAT TO KEEP. :8t symptom ana the stall ;icasurcs \m- ,ncrly labeled at will- Iso- xteud to other rtgus spores in j^caref uUy ex- Ij^es should be (ig in the fovm I. DI88BCTION. II. ACTION OF MRDICINE8. III. MEDU'IVES TO BE KEPT, AND DOSES. IV. SIMPLE AND VALUABLE HKCIPES. V. FOKMS OP CLYSTERa VI. INFUSIONS. VII. ANTI-SPASMODIC4. VUI. FOMENTATIONS. IX. MUCILAGES. X. WASHES. XI. POULTICES. XII. FUMIGATIONS. XIII. TINCTURE FOR WOUNDS. I. Dissection. In the dissection of cattle the axe and meat saw, and butcher's knife must be largely depended on, in the hands of farmers, since all that is necessary is to get at the diseased parts to note their appearance and the ■soiitof the disease, the symptoms having been previously carefully noted. This matter has been treated of in diseases of the horse, chapter XIX., article Dissection, to which the reader is referred. n. Action of Medicines. The action of medicines, doses for horse, ox, sheep and swine is also treiited of in chapter XIX., of the horse, together with much other val- Uiilile mutter applicable to animals generally. III. Medicines to be Kept, and Doses. It will not be necessary to keep more than a small stock of the medi- cines in niost common use, or such as may be required in an cmernfency. Tho-^o adapted to the horse, will, as a rule be also adapted to other stock. In chapter XIX. a pretty full list will be found, with the appropriate tloses for cattle, sheep and swine, as well as the horse ; also the proper proportionate dose for animals of various ages up to the adult. It will not be necessary to repeat them here. 773 i[ «?■' ; ■?, "1 1 1 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. For tlic purpose of enivl)ling our readers to become familiar with the hony structure of cattle we give an illustration of the skeleton of the ox with the correct names of the various parts as known in veterinary sci- ence. It will be found valuable for reference, not only to the student in veterinary art, but also to every oue who proposes to keep and breed cattle. SKELETON OP THE OX. m- Explanation of Cut. — A — Cervical Vertebrae. B B — Dorsal Vcrtcl)i;io. C — Lumbar Vertebrae. D — Sacrum. E E — Coney gcal Bones. FF — Ribs. G — Costal Cartilagcr,. // — Scapula. / — Humerus. K A— Radius. L — Ulna. M — Carpus or Knee. 1 — Scaphoid. 2 — Seniihniar. 3 — Cuneiform. 4 — Trapezium. 5 — Trapezoid. G — Os ^lagnuin. '— Unccifonn. 8 — Pisiform. XX — Large Met^icarpcl or Cannon. 0— SniJiU Metecarpel. PP — Sesamoid Bones. Q Q — Phalanges. 1— 0> Suffraginis or Pastern Bone. 2 — Os Coronae. 3 — Os Pedis. 7?— Pchis. 1— Illium. 2— Pubis. 3— Ischium. /S— Femur. T— Pntolla. U- Tibia. r— Fibula. IF— Hocks. 1— Os Calcis. 2— Ostrngulus. 3- Cuneifonn Magnum. 4 — Cuneiform Median. 5 — Cuneiform Parvuin. (!— Cuboid. A'— Large Metatarsal. 1, 2, 3— Phalanges. T— Small Metatarsal. Z — Head. 1 — Inferior Maxilla. 2 — Superior Maxillii. 3- Anterior Maxilla. 4 — Nasal Bone. 5— Molar. 6— Frontal. 7— Parietal. 8 — Occipital. 9 — Lachrymal. 10 — Squamous. 11 — Petrous. 7W\ CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 776 Iij conipai'iiig the skeleton of the ox M'itli that of the horse, we can readily pcrcieive the difference in the length of the limb and neck pos- bossed by the latter. Speed seems to have been an object at the creation, mid as the body was elevated the neck needed proportionate length in order to feed. The body of the horse corresponds to u square, while that of the ox to a long rectangle. The limbs of the ox are straighter than those of the horse, much less speed being demanded. The ribs of the former are both longer and larger than those of the latter, greater pro- tection with sluggardness of movement being required. In the head of tiie ox we find the two plates or tables noticed in the horse ; in the latter, however, they lie close together, while in the former, as in all horned aiiiHials, there is considerable space between them. This diversity creates a number of cells, having bonj-^ ridges passing from the inner to the outer plate, which secures the firmness of the parts. These cells form roomy and strong sockets for the horns. The cavity containing the brain of the ox Is about one-fourth the size of the other parts of the skull ; the organs of mastication and those of smell taking up the remaining portions. In oattle the frontal bones extend from the nose to the superior ridge of the -kull, presenting a flat, irregular surface, totally bare of any muscular or tleshy covering. The weapon of defense and offense employed by cattle is the horn and nature has securely based it and rendered it effective by this expanse of the frontal bone. There is the same division in the center of the frontal sinuses as in the horse, but the perfection of divis- ion between the nostrils is wanting. Conuncncing about half wa}' up the nose, tlie septum is wanting at the lower part, and the two nostrils are, as it were, thrown into one ; the frontal sinuses connect with the nasal, thus forming a continuous cavity from the muzzle to the horn, and from one muzzle to the other. In polled cattle the frontal bone holds the same situation — reaching from the nasal bones to the parietal ridge — l)ut as they were not designed for the base of horns, they narrow off towards the poll. The temporal bones in cattle are small, deep in the temporal foN^a and destitute of the squamous structure. The occipital bone is, ill the ox, deprived of almost all the importance attached to it in the coi.formation of the horse. The sphemoid and ithmoid bones are in tho same relative position. IV. Simple and Valuable Medical Recipes for Cattle. Dr. G. H, Dadd, M.D., VS., a medical practitioner of repute, and celebrated as a veterinary surgeon, up to the time of his death, some fifteen years ago, attributed much of his success to not being bound by any riw uiuniiiigs, befoi'e feeding. Another for worms : No. 87. 1 Ounce powdered lobelia, 1 Ilundful wood ix»\>e», 3 Quarts boiling water. When cool, it is fit for use. VI. Inflisions. These are made by steeping herbs, roots^ and other medical substances in boiling water. No particular rules can be laid down as to the quantity of each article required. It w'ill, however, serve as some sort of a guide, that we generally use from one to two ounces of the aromatic herbs and roots to every quart of fluid. A bitter infusion such us wormwood or camomile requires less of the herb. All kinds of infusions can be ren- " l^n" uantity of honey or molasses. i^i .)od criterion ; for if an infu- u 1, it is unfit for cattle or .sheep. iwi) irticles is valuable in colic, both .isses of animals: caraway, pe2)permiut, dered palatable by the addition As a general rule, the hu»nnn sion be too strong oi An infusion of eit. 't' tin flatulent and spasmodi . in all < CATTLE, TUEIU DISEASES. 779 speurniiiit, fonnel seod, angelicu, borgutuot, ttuuke rout, uuido acud, ginseng, etc. Vn. Anti-spasmodios. Bv anti-spasmodics are meant those articles that assist, tlirough their physiolog'i^'il action in rehixing the nervous and uiuscuiur systems. vni. Fomentations. Tliif chiss of remedies is usually composed of relaxants, etc., of sevc- riil kiuds, combined with tonics, stinmlants, and anodynes. They are very useful to relieve pain, to remove rigidity, to restore tone, and to stimulale the parts to which they are applied. Coiumou fomentation : m. 38. 1 Fart wormwood, 1 Part tiinBy, 1 Purt hops. Moisten them with equal parts of boiling water and vinegar, and apply fflicn blood warm. Use. — For uU kinds of bruises and sprains. They should be confined to the injured parts, and kept moist with the superabundant fluid. Where it is not practicable to confine a fomentation to the injured parts, as in shoulder or hii) lameness, constant bathing with the decoction will answer the same purpose. Anodyne fomentation : No. 80. 1 nandftil of hops, 1 Ounce white poppy beads, Equal purts water and viuegar. Simmer a few minutes. Use. — In all painful bruises. Relaxing fomentation : d\\\ iE\ iVfi] Ho. 40. 2 Ounces powdered lobelia, 2 Quarts boiling water. Simmer for a few minutes, and when sufficiently cool, bathe the parts with a soft sponge. Use. — In all cases of stiff joints, .and rigidity of the muscles. Cedar buds, or boughs, iiny quantity, to which add a small quantity of 1^ pepper and ginger, with boiling water sufficient. ^^ i' 780 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Use. — Efficacious in chronic lamenoas and paralysis, for putrid sore throat, and when the glands are enlarged from cold and catarrh. IZ. Mucilages. f Murhcnts are composed of materials paHaking of an alkaline charac- ter, and are used for tho purj)osc of neutralizing acid matter. Tho form- Mtinii of an acid in the stomach arises from some derangement of the (lii'ostive organs, sometimes I)i-onght on by tho improper quantity or Hiiility of the food. It is useless, therefore, to give absorbents, with a vinw of neutralizing acid, unless the former are combined with tonics, or ;ii;i'i\ts that are capable of restoring the stomach to a healthy state. A mixture of chalk, salaratus. and soda is often given by farmers; yet tlioy do not afford perniinient I'clief. They do some good In' correcting til' !i!'idity of the stomach, but the animals are often affected with iliiniica or costivenoss, loss of appetite, colic, and convulsions. Atten- tion to tho diet M'ould prol)Mbly do more good than all the medicine in the world. Yet. if they do get sick, something must be done. The best '■Min^ of absorbents are tho foUowing which have been very carefully selected. riiiy restore healthy action to tiic lost function, at the same time that they ""iitnlize the gas : Forms of absorbents : f t^i'i w 784 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. f No, 00. 1 Table-spoonful powdered charcoal, H Table-8poonful powdered snakeroot, 1 Tea-gpoonftil powdered caraways, 1 Quart hot water. Mix. To be given at one dose for a cow ; half the quantity, or indeed one-third, is sufficient for a calf, sheep or pig. Another : No. 67. 1 Table-8poonful powdered charcoal. To be given in thoroughwort tea, to which may be added a very small portion of vinegar. Another, adapted to city use : No. 58. 1 Tea-spoonflil Bub-carbonate of soda, 1 Ounce tincture o( gentian, 1 Pint infusion of spearmint. Mix. Give a cow the whole at a dose, and repeat dailj', for a short time, if necessary. One-half the quantity will suffice for a smaller animal. Drink for coughs : No. 6e. H Ounce balm of Gilead buds, 2 Table-spoonfuls honey, 1 Wine-glassful vinegar, 1 Pint water. Set the mixture on the fire, in an earthen vessel ; let it simmer a few minutes. When cool, strain, and it is fit for use. Dose, a wine-glu»$ful twice a day. Another : No. 60. 1 Ounce bnis?m copaiba, 1 Ounce powdered licorice, 2 Table-spoonfuls honey, 1 Quart boiling water. Rub the copaiba, licorice and honey together in a mortar ; after they are well mixed, add the water. Dose, half a pint, night and morning. ' Another : No. 61. M Ounce balsam of Tolu, 1 Ounce powdered marshmalloW roOU, H OPI honey, a (^arts boiling Water. Mix. Dose, half a pint, night and morning. CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 785 Drink for a cow after calving : No. oa. 1 Ounce bethwort, 1 Ounce murshmallowi. First make an infusion of bethwort by simmering it in a quart of < water. When cool, strain, and stir in the mallows. Dose, half a pint, every two hours. Diuretic : Bearberry (uva ursi), is a popular diuretic, and is useful when com- bined with marshmallows. When the urine is thick and deficient in quantity, or voided with diflSculty, it raay be given in the following form : No. 63. 1 Ounce powdered bearberry, 2 Ounces powdered marshmaUowt, 2 Pounds Indian meal. Mix. Dose, half a pound daily, in the cow's feed. Eruption wash : Borax is a valuable remedy for eruptive diseases of the tongue and mouth. Powdered and dissolved in water, it forms an astringent, anti- septic wash. The usual form is : Mo. 64. H Ounce powdered borax, 2 Ounces honey. Mix. XII. FumigationB. For foul barns and stables, take, No. 65. 4 Ounces coininon salt, IH Ounce manganese. Let these be well mixed, and placed in shallow earthern vessel ; then pour on the mixture, gradually, sulphuric acid, four ounces. The inha- lation of the gas which arises from this mixture is highly injurious ; therefore, as soon as the acid is poured on, all persons should leave the Ituildiiijr, which should immediately be shut, and not opened again for* several hours. Dr. White, V.S., says, "When glanderous or infectious mutter is exposed to it a short time, it is rendered perfectly harmless." Ulceration of the mouth : A .strong infusion of goldthread (coptts trifolia), makes a valuable application for eruptions and ulcerations of the mouth. We use it in the following form : ■«■ 'in s. . 786 No. G6. ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. 1 Onnc« jroldthrond, 1 1'ini boiJing water. Set the mixture aside to cool ; then strain, and add a table-spoonful of honey, and bathe the parts twice a day. Astringent : Kino is a powerful astringent, and may be used in diarrhea, dysentery, and red water, after the inflammatory symptoms have subsided. We occa- sionally use it in the following form for red water and chronic dysentery : No. 67. 20 Grnlno powdorrd kino, 1 Quart thill flour grud. To be given at a dose, and repeated night and morning, as ocnasion requires. Simple cough remedy : The following makes an excellent cough remedy : No. 68. 1 Ounce powdered licurice, 1 'IVa-spoonfiil balonin ol Tolu, 1 Quart boiling; water. To be given at a dose. Antacid for hoven : Lime water is used in diavrhcra, and when the discharge of urine is excessive. Being an antacid, it is very usefully employed when cattle are hoven or blown. It is unsafe to administer alone, as it often de- ranges the digestive organs ; it is therefore very properly combined 'vith tonics. The following will serve as an example : No. GO. 2 Onncps lime water, 2 Quarts iuAisIon ot'snakehead (balmonj*). Dose, a quart, jiight and morning. XIII. Tincture for Wounds. Myrrh makes an excellent tincture for wouuds, prepared as follows : No. 70. 2 Onncca powdered myrrh, 1 Pint proof spirits. Set in a dose covered vessel for two weeks, then strain through a fine seivc, and bottle for use. It should be always kept on hand. Opodeldoc : Used for strains and bruises, after the inflammatory action has some- what subsided. CATTLE, THEIR DISEASES. 787 Liquid opodeldoc: Ku. 71. 6 Ounces soft soap, 1 a Pints New £uglttnd rum, ^ Pint vinegar, 2 Ounces oil of lavender. The oil of lavender should first be dissolved in an equal quantity of alcohol, and then added to the mixture. Mucilages for catarrh, etc. : We have given pleurisy root, (^andepias tuberosa), a fair trial in cattle practice, and find it to be invaluable in the treatment of catarrh, bron- chitis pleurisy, pneumonia and consumption. Take: No. 72. Ji Table-spoonful powdered pleurisy root, 1 Ounce powdered marshmullow roots. Boiling water sufficient to make a thin mucilage. The addition of a small quantity of honey increases its diaphoretic properties. For eruptive diseases : The bark of sassafras root is stimulant, and possesses alterative prop- erties. Used in connection with sulphur, for eruptive diseases, and for measles in swine, in the following proportions, it will be found valuable : vBlf. Ml M i r.! m iUhl m'm, No. 73. 1 Ounce powdered sassafras, 1-2 Table-spoonAil powdered sulphur. Mix, and divide into four parts, one of which may be given night and moroiug, in a hot mash. LICE ON CATTLE. All cattle, and especially those in poor condition, are liable to attacks of lice of various species, whicli will propagate vt-ry rapidly, soon infesting other Jtiick and even the stables and barns tliem.selve.«. Treatment must, therefore, 1)6 directed promptly at the animals, and tiieir surroundings also. Stables shmld be cleaned and whitewashed. Their scratching places should be coated will petroleum or coal tar. For treatnicDt of the cattle, poisonous substances must be shunned carefully, as their habit of licking themselves would result in their injury. One of the simplest preparations is a strong solution of tobacco leaves saturated with rwk 8alt. This may be applied thoroughly on several occasions at intervals of three or four days. Repetition is necessary to the extirpation of the young, which may be hatched after the first application. If alcohol be used in the (kcoctir 'i of tobacco leaves it will destroy the nits as well as the lice, and prove the ([uickest relief from the pests. 50 r 1' l.g i .ita 788 ILLUSTRATED STOCK POCTOR. A good preparation which will remain well npon the hide is this: Linnceil oil, 4 parU. Com moil cruosole, 1 part. Mix well, and rub thoroughly. An ointment of cayenne pepper, orSeotijh snuff mixed with Iiol^'s Itirfl, well rubbed in, will be found very effective, Especiully look out lor venmii iu young stock, or stock in poor condition. FOUI^ IN CATTLE. Foul claw, or foul in the foot, is a disease characterized by inflaiiiination and suppuration of the substance in the cleft of the hoof. Somctinios it extends to the entire foot, and even includes the whole leg, causing (Vver, failure, and death in some oases. Usually it affects the hind feet. Foreign substances between the claws, excessive weight and strain upon the foot, era scrofulous condition of the system may cause this trouble. Its best trcatniont consists of careful cleansing of the sore; poulticing, if much inflamed, ami astringent applications. In cleansing, a syringe may be needed, using a solution of carbolic acid. Cloths saturated with the solution should be pressed into the opening and bound there. A clean stable, or a dry pasture ground are essential. In extreme cases amputation of the loot has been tried, anti the animal afterwards prepared for the butcher. This, however, is scarcely a paying operation. For a wash, use carbolic acid 1 drachm, water ounces. Fur an ointment, use : Oil of turpt'iitine, 4 oz. Lard, 4 oz. Powdered >ulplmte of copper, lot MR- 'r ■m PART V. Sheep and Sheep Husbandry. origin. breeds, characteristics and management. ^^ f ' III rr* SHE ORIG CiiSBOPOIJTAN II. noKDKl — COTSWd ■'•IIKKP. ■ WIIITEFAC XI, H DOWNS. — H.KKCE.- IJIVIsio^s lii-t of tho an ^I'l'ply the tv i^iii'v are fomi Aivtic to (he To show th( '" quote the el Rliid--f!i(-pd, S ""npod. Biiohj ^*y be added SHEEP AND SHEEP HUSBANDRY, CHAPTER I. OBIQIN, FBINCIFAIi BREEDS AND CHABACTERISTICB. COSMOPOLITAN NATURE OP SHEEP. LONO-WOOLED SHEEP. I. I.E1CE9TEB. II. noKUEU LEICESTER. III. COTSWOLD. — GOOD QUALITIES OP COTSWOLD9. — CDTSWOLDS IN THE WEST. IV. LINCOLN ."HEEP. V. NEW OXKOKDSHIRB SIIKKP. VI. MIDDLE WOOLED SHEEP. VU. CHEVIOT SHEEP. VIII. WHITE-FACED HIGHLAND SHEEP. IX DORSET SHEEP. X. 80UTHDOWN9. XI. HAMrSIttRE DOWNS. XII. SHROPSHIRE DOWNS. XIII. OXrf)RD DOWNS. FINE WOOLED SHEEP. — - XIV. AMERICAN MF.HINOS. — — THB H-KECE. THE HEAD. THB BODT. THE MOST FROFITABLB SHEEP. DIVISIONS OP WOOL. Cosmopolitan Nature of Sheep. Whore sheep originated is a question difficult to answer. They are the lii-'t of the animals domesticated by man, and reasonably so, since thoy upply the two principal wants of the barbarian, food and clothing. I !:■ V are found in every inhabited country, not entirely savage, from the .livtie to the Torrid zone. To show the great diversity in character of sheep, it is only necessary '» quote the classification of Linnreus, which is : The Hornless, Horned, Bliik-facod. Spanish, Many-horned, African, Guinea, Broad-tailed, Fat- nmipod. Bucharian, Long-tailed, Cap-bearded, and Bovant. To these nay be added the Siberian sheep of Asia, found also in Corsica and 791 .\.l !)£ iJ'l ih^^ m .%^' \'A 7U2 ILLLSTUATKl) HTOCK DOCTOR. Harhiiry and the ('retail islifci) of tbo (Jreriaii Ihlaiids, Ilmipuy, and Boiiii! portions of Au.striu, und we have about all the ijrineipal species. POINTS OV HHBKP. Explanation— ^1— Face, i?— Muzzle. C— Neck. D— Shoulder. E—Vu\nt of 1 111! Shoulder. F— IJrcast. (/ —Girth pluec. //—Back. /—Loin. A— Ruuip. X— Thigh. 3/— Hip. JV— Root of tail. ii! Notwithstanding the fact that sheep are anioniii;li it is crimped, resembles the hair of the elk — is coiirse, but soft to tin toui'h, and'sjiirlitly crimped throughout its length ; about two \w\w^ loiiir on its back, and on the sides one and a half inches. "We believe tiuv have never been bred in eontinement. Tn passing it maybe interesting tn our readers to know that at the Paris Exhibition of 18(55 there were exhibited the wild sheep of IJarbary, Ovis Tragelapus, more reseinblii-g my. and ecics. PUF.r.f. OirKKI.'KNT miikkds. ro3 n.roiil llmu our wild s|>i'iics. Tlicii! wi-ro aUn ahnwu ihoro the Puiijaub ttilil slicf|>. Or/,-* l.'ifvhncntH, a native of Xortlicni Imiia, :iiul tlic Kuro- nciiii iiK.iitllon, (h'lH Mminuj.i, !iv.!t (.Jor.siia ami Sai-iliuia, hut ^. r. E— Point -Loin. K— \\ snvii'iM's of lit tll''V llilVC \in, KrMiMi'. Mtcs Hill} ''«' (I tlif nioM protliictinn i n»»\v ki!ii\v!\ the Spuiiisli ..; lu'foiv we slKH'p. 'Ill'' ^j)t llio O'^'i as iiiiHix jifi- )Uiiti>iiisfroin ol, ivUliou;;li soft to iIk' „ inclic* loivi l„>lirve tlu'V intorostiiig to b there were e resoniblii.g Mb 1)1-0(1 ill conliuomont. As illustratiiK' somothiiiir of tlic cIiiiractcM-istics nf tl IC \V!lt 1 slioon, as well as to illustrate points the out wo give on ln'C'ci'diiiix page may serve as an example. I ; 794 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. I ' Long-wooled Sheep. There are but a few kinds of long-Avooled sheep that have hold their own in the iinprovenicnt of the nice for tlie hi.st 100 years, sufficieiitiv to he widely disseminated in the United States. These arc the Leicester Cots- wold, Lincoln and Romney Marsh. Of these, Leicester, as inipiovoj i,,, Bakewell ann succeeding bleeders, has perhaps exercised a more potuiit effect in crossing than any other of the long-wooled varieties. 'J'hov fut- ten very kindly, and the best wethers will weigh at twelve to tiftppn months old from 20 to 25 pounds per cpiarter, and at two year.-; old fro,,, 30 to 38 pounds per quarter. The fleeces are valuable as long couil,ii,r.swi>Li> ka\i. The Cnt>*wolds have been extensively crossed with Leicester sheep ii l.ii::Liiid. by which their size has been somewhat diininished, but tlieii i:iniiss ii(»tal)ly improved, and in addition, earlier maturity has been iiltaiiK'd. The wool is strong, mellow and of good color, though rather warsc, (J to 8 inches in length, and from 7 to S pcmnds per fleece. Good Qualities of Cotswolds. Tl.j superior hardihood of tho improved Cotswold over the Leicester, ^U 798 ILLU8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR. and their adaptation to common treatment, together with the prolific nature of tlie ewes, and their abundance of milk, have rendered tlieiii in many phiocs rivals of the now Leicester, and has obtained for thein of late years, more attention to their selection and general treatment, uiulcr which management still further improvement appears very proJjuhlc. Tlic • luality of the mutton is superior to that of the Leicester, the tallow l)ciii<' less abundant, with a larger development of muscle or flesh. The ewes are prolific, and good mothers and nurses. :; (1!0T8W0LP SlIKEP. Cotawolds in the West. Throughout the entire West, the Cotswold has become a most fsivoiitr breed, and this not only on account, of their long, iiaiidsonic tlei'ccs, sppoinlly adapted to the purpose of combing wool, but from tljo kiiulli- noss with which they take to our kcci) and climate. For this reason \vc have given this breed special prominence in our illustrations. It i.*< not our pvovince to go into long dis.scrtations or detailed description, it would take too tnuch sjiiice, and be productive of no good end. Tlic illustra- tions we give will furnish a better index of value and characteristic". The cut on ut-xt page will sliow the appcaraitic at one year old. In i-elaCH« to the adaptability of this breed South, c. prominent Clark cotznty, YirgBai.i, farmer says : It is far more profitnhlc to keep the dif- ferent varietie-» of nmtton broe«ls. than the fine wools, or Merino breed in this portion of Virginia. I say this from my own experience, and that of manv intelligent gentlem^'n with whom I have conversed. The (\it>- •rold «heep, uud its cro8:»es, with the Southdown are le»» liable to disetut!: I BHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. 79y )^'t of all kinds ; they are more prolific, better nurses, and less liable to Io-jO their lumbs than the Merino. The lumbs are more vigorous unU hardy ; YEAKLINU CUT6\VOLU. th(Mi !uld their early maturity, their fitness for market at 18 months old, and llifir almost double value when in imirket, and you have advantages! CUT8WOLD KWK8. ffhirh far outwei«;h the additional amount of food which the mutton '^hcc]) may consume in proportion to his size. There is (»no thing in ooii- m I m t^'iti 800 ILLU8TRATKI) STOCK DOCTOH. iiection with nil tho loiig-woolcd iind large breeds of sheep thut nmy be appropriiitt'Iy mentioned hero : tiiey euiiuot bo kept in largo llockt*, lijte tile sinaller and fine-wooled iireeds. Merinoes are often kept in flcicks of 1,000 or more iii the far West. 7'lie long-wooled, the middle-wouls and tlie mutton breeds are especially adapted for farmers, when botli imitton and wool arc the considerations, and aru seldom herded togetlier in lields exceeding one hundred. Thus in all the better settled jjortions of the West and South, wlicro |)Hsturo and grain are abundant, imd where the nearness to market nffonls sale for the mutton, tho long wools are increasing in numliers from vpur to year, and with profit to tho breeders and feeders, us well us in the just apprcuiution of ^hose who consume tho flosh. IV. Lincoln Sheep. The Lincoln shoop are both larger and heavier than either tiio Leiorstor or Cotswold, and are l)red to u limited extent in the United Stales. The first importation was made in 1835. They are hardy, large fccdt-rs. [)rolific, yield fl(!eces of from (J to 10 pounds each, and the curcuss(!,-s Imvi' been known to dress 12.') pounds. V. New Oxfbrdabire Sheep. KKVr OXrORDSHIRR KWK. This breed should not be confounded with (he Oxford Downs, ti cros^ breed between Cotswold and Hampshire Downs, and wliicli liavf (lark faces. Tluy are less hardy than the Cotswolds, and have not made umili SIIERP, DIKFKKKNT IIUEKDS. 801 nrosiross in llio UniU'd States. Tlicy are t\w result of ii cross hetwciMi till' Ni'^v Lt'ii'«'>f improved lonj^ wools in the I'nited Stiitos us em- liniciii^' the more [ironiinont lu'eeds. VI. Middlo-Wooled Sheep. Tlic lilack-faced Seotch IIi pounds, and will .lii'iir almut ;i pounds of clean wool. Their mutton is of most excellent (|ii!ility. and crossed on larjrer hreeils (heir Heeees will jro to G or H pounds anil their live weight to 128 pounds for w(!tliers. ULACK-rACBD IlIUIILANU &11EKP. Vn. Cheviot Sheep. i I t^ 1! ^^■il 1 i ! I 14 Mi Illii. This is another mountain V»rped that has been introdiieod, to a small •■xtont in the United States. Their fleeces however, are too coarse for oiirding wool. They arc less hardy than the blaek-faeed highlands, but 802 ILLIMTUATKU HTUCK UUCTUlt. nro «|ui('! iiiul tlocilo, ciiMily iiiaimgcMl, pflvinf? flr«M avornj^in}; iilxiiit l\ I-;' I)oiiiul.s, fiiiiiisliiii^ g(»(n| imiltoii, \vi'ij^liiii(l only as ii<-<-«>ssarv to illiistiiitc n hivvd a(lapli;«l to sluriiu ri't^ioiiH, where better linnMls would not Hurvivc. Many siicli rc^ioiiH are found in our own land, eH|HM>ially in tliu UimIv MmiiiLiin uections, wliuru the trial of tliia raoo might well be made. IX. Dorset Bhocp. I)orsetshiro hti8 a IuhmmI peculiar to itself. Stroii}?, active, and will able to takt care of itself: heavier iu every respect than the hi;.'lil:iiiil>. and lik(> this breed, a stron*; horned race. On tbiH account, licit lur of tin'se breeds would be considered viilua!>l", «'Xc<'pt in rej/ions wlityc lln' better ticeccti itn'cds would not liv«'. The cut is jriven like tli.it oflln' hi^rlil ind loiijir horned family, as affordinj; possilde vnUw in Alpine icirimi . Kortiiimtely there is but little eoimlry of this nature on this W<'sterii (•(iiitiiiiiil. And yet there are ri(j;(ir»>us climates, where this bree«l wouhl iiiidoiihliiily thrive and make a go <\^ \ Q> 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 '\P w L* Q- ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. care in both England and America, Their faces and legs are dark brown the fore quarters wide and deep, the back and loin broad, with round bodies, and square and full hind quarters. The ewes are prolific, producing from 120 to 140 lambs, to the flock of 100 ewes. The staple of the wool is fine and curled, with spiral ends Avell adapted to carding, and will shear on yearling rams and wethers, from 6 to 9 pound?. In the neighborhood of large cities, where there is a demand for mutton, they are most valuable as a distinct breed, or for crossiiur with the cmmon sheep of the country. HAMPSHIRE DOW^. XI. Hampshire Downs. This breed had its rise in Hampshire, through an infusion of Southdown blood, followed later with Cotswold, and of course, since the Cotswold have an infusion of Leicester, they have this blood also. It has given them increased size, more wool, and at the same time they have preserved their great hardiness of constitution. For many years they heve been bred pure, and so far as introduced into the United States, they have given satisfaction, especially in the South, where, before the warj they were in good repute. Those who have used them, claim that they are more hardy than Southdowns. It is also claimed that they have been crossed upon Cotswold and Leicester grades, with benefit to both, and this we do not doubt, where mutton was to be the object. Xn. Shropshire Downs. Of late years this breed has grown into repute in the West, and in Canada. They are heavy sheep, nearly as large as the Cotswold, yield for crossing SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. nearly as much wool, with thick compact fleeces, are hardy and healtliy, have even, compact, uniformly symmetrical bodies, with dark brown faces and limbs, and are about one third heavier than Southdowns. xm. Oxford Downs. This comparatively new family, which has come into prominence in the United States within the last twenty years, was originally made by cross- ing the Hampshire or Southdown ewe with a Cotswold rain. Tliey are easy- fattening sheep, producing mutton of superior quality, witli fleeces of 8 to 10 pounds for ewes and 12 to 13 pounds for rains, and in length from seven to eifht inches; a wool of good luster; neither hairy nor harsh. Br Ff^ >■<■•■ Elf ■ , . f t ' u OXFORDDOWNSHIBE RaM. -,!">•. In reality the only reason why these sheep should be called Downs, is, from their dark legs and faces. They really are not a short-wooled breed, in fact, as we have shown, they are a long-wooled race, and the characteristic has been carefully cultivated by breeders of this variety of sheep. In color, they are much lighter than the Southdown, their faces and legs being gray, instead of brown. The ewos are prolific, producing with good care, 150 lambs to the 100 ewes. They herd close together, £»- 806 ILLUSTRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. w are not particular about their feed ; tlioy mature early, and upon hil] pastures produce mutton of high qualitj'. XIV. Fine-Wooled Sheep.— American Merinos. In treating of fine-wooled sheep, it will not be necessary to go into their history. It is enough to say that Spain and France have contributed from time to time their best specimens, which, under such management as that given by Mr. Jarvis, — selecting from five families of Spanish sheep, the Paulars predominating, — produced what was known as tlie mixed Leonese or Jarvis Merinos. In 1813 Mr. Atwood commenced the breeding of pure Merinos, from what was then known as the Humphrey stock. About 1844, Edwin Hammond, of Middlebury, Vermont, com- menced breeding, taking for his stock selections from the Atwood family. To the judgment and skill of !Mr. Atwood, end later followed by Mr. Hammond and other American breeders, we have seen produced what have been known distinctly as American Merinos ; jierfect in all that •■"'4 k' ououp of amkkican merinos. goes to constitute length and thickness of wool, evenness and fineness of staple, that looseness of skin which, while it lies in low, rounded, soft ridges over the body, offers no obstruction to the shears. These were the points sought, and for the last twenty years well met and sustained by the best breeders, East and West ; so that we now have as tlioroughly established, the descendants of the Infantadft — large and of good length, and the descendants of the Paulars, a smaller breed, originally established in the United States bv Mr. Silas Rich and his son, of Shoreham, Vei- mont. Thus making two well marked families, which it is altogether probable would be injured by the infusion of foreign blood. SHEEP, DIFFEKENT BUEEU8. The Fleece. 807 The fleece is the important point in Merinos ; they are not mutton sheep, and their carcass is of secondary importance. Dr. Randall, nearly twenty years ago, in his work entitled "The Practical Shepherd," in writing of American Merinos, as they then were, says: "The greatest iittiiinablc combination of length and thickness of wool, of given quality, it: the lirst to be regarded in a market where all lengths are in equal demand. And the more evenly this length and thickness extend over every covered part, unless below the knees and hocks, the higher the excellence of the animals." It is in this point especially that the modern breeder has improved on his predecessors ; and it is this, in a very considerable degree, which gives '.he improved American Merino its vast superioi'ity in weight of fleece, over all other fine sheep, of the same size, in the world. Wool of full length below the knees and hocks would hardly be desirable, on account of its liability to become filthy ; but a thick shoil- ish coat, particularly on the hind legs — making them appear as large "as a man's arm" — is i-egarded !)y many as a fine, showy point, thouuh it does not add much to tlie value of the fleece. link- I'ihiJl The Head. The wool should extend in an unbroken and undivided mass from the back of the neck over the top of the head and down the face for an inch or two below the eyes, and there abruptly terminate in a square or rounded shape ; it should cover the lower side of the jaws nearly to tlio mouth, !uid rise on the cheeks so as to leave only the front face bare, terminating abruptly like the forehead wool. The cheek and forehead wool should meet unbroken, immediately over the eye, l)etween it and the ear. But it must l>y no moans unite under the eye — though its outside ends may touch there for a little way. The eye should have just naked space enough about it to leave the sight unimpeded, without any resort to the scissors. The nose should be covered with short, soft, thick, perfectly white liah". Pale, tan-colored spots or "freckles" about the mouth, and the same color on the outer half of the ear are not objected to by the breed- ers of the Paulars — but Infantando breeders usually prefer i)ui'e white. Wool on the lower part of the face, as is often seen on the French Moruios, whether short or long, is regarded as decidedly objectionable, !ind any wool which obstructs the sight in any degree, is a fault. Those who grow such fleeces now need not be ashamed to exhibit to-day in the best show rings of the country. 808 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The Body. The frame upon which the wool is to gi-ow is important, for upon form and constitutional vigor depends the value of the animal. Below wo fpve an illustration of a ram that would leave little to be desired, so far as ability to produce the best wool is concerned. MERINO RAM. Medium size, for the family, will hold in sheep as well as in other animals. An ovei'grown animal is not profitable in any breed. The body should be round, deep, of moderate length, the head and ncek short and thick, back straight and broad, the legs short, straight, but well apart and strong, giving a deep full bosom and buttock. The fore- arm ample, and the junction of the thighs well down the hocks. The skin should be rather thin ; mellow, elastic, and loose. If it be thick and rigid, it will evidence a bad feeder, and consequently inferior wool. The Most Profitable Sheep. Of all the breeds of .sheep ever introduced into the United States, the Merino has more than held its own in the estimation of breeders every- SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. 809* where. Even in the neighborhood of our largo cities, to-day, there are more grade Merinos sold for mutton, than of all the mutton breeds, dis- tinctively. It is only near our great cities tluit the breeding and feeding of Cotswold, Leicester, and the Downs, could be made prolitable, and thi3 bus mainly come about through the change in wearing apparel. Since the fashion came about among both ladies and gentlemen, of wearing garments of medium wool, a strong impetus has been given to the breed- ^n. ir of the Downs, and long wooled breeds. They are more tender and ill MEKINO BWE. delicate in their constitution, cannot stand extremes of cold and heat, as the Merinos ; cannot shift for themselves as well, and for the reason that they cannot be kept in large flocks, are only suitable to small farms, in thickly settled districts, where good shelter and succulent food may be obtained. Thus the Merinos, and their grades and crosses will always be found the most profitable in all that great region West and Southwest, and in much of the country South, where the flocks to be profitable must number from one thousand to many thousands. Ud Stsites, the Dreeders every- Division of Wools. Most persons suppose that the wool of a sheep is uniform in quality. Such, however, is not the fact. As showing divisions and quality of wool, we give a cut of sheep with divisions accurately numbered, which shows poiats in the pure Merino and Saxou, and whore the different qualities of A'' m ' I );"■" "i IvV'- SI .'tiSi if 810 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. the wool are found. Some gi-adcs of sheep will often exhibit seven or eight qualities iu the same fleece, whereas unalloyed breeds show but four qualities. The rejina, or pick wool, (1) begins at the withers, and extends along the back, to the setting on of the tail. It reaches onh- a little way down on the quarters, but dipping down at the flanks, takes in all the superior part of the chest, and the middle of the side of the neck to the angle of the lower jaw. The finn, (2) a valuable wool, but ■safe^' DIVISION OF WOOL. not CO deeply secreted, or possessing so many curves as the rejina, occu- pies the belly, and the quarters and thighs, down to the stifle joint; (3) is found on the head, the throat, the lower part of the neck, and the shoulders, terminating at the elbow , forelegs, and reaching from the •stifle to a little below the hock; (4) is procured from the tuft that grows on the forehead and cheeks, from the tail, and from the legs below the hock. . > '» :to.'ii ni'. .^(i'f/V-lV ii fi1V.-' jj^ •f'/ CHAPTER 17 BBEEDINQ AND MANAGEMENT OF SHEEP. WATCHFULNESS NECES8ART. HOW TO BREED. TIME FOB BREEDING. — COIPLINO. —KEEPING TUE KECOKD THE MANAGEMENT OK UAMS. TKAINING RAMS. PASTURING SHEEP. SHADE IN PASTUIIEJ. WATER. DOSING SHEEP. FALL PASTURAGE AND FEEDING. SHEEP BARNS. SPECIAL WINTER FOOD. MANAGEMENT OF LAMBS. DOCKING LAMBS. CASTRATION. WEANING. THE NUKSKRY. Watohfliluess Necessary. The fecundity of sheep soon enables the breeder to gather a flock. To keep them healthy is one of the most difficult problems of the breeder, since they arc generally kept in large flocks, and herding closely together as they do, if an epidemic or contagious disease gets among them, it surely goes through the whole flock unless the shepherd is ever vigilant. The lack of care and vigilance causes more than half the losses in sheep, and hence, no person should undertake sheep breeding unless he make ap his mind that they are to have not only gentle treatment but daily care and watchfulness, even in the Summer. ■^ How to Breed. The ewe may be bred to the buck at the age of eighteen months, and the buck will be fit for service at the same age. If the object be to breed grades, it will be found to "be money squandered to buy an inferior buck, 811 .™ -'il 812 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Avhiitever his blooil may bo. So, if to save a few dollars, the breeder se- lect a grade l)UC'k for breeding purposes, the money is as good as thrown away. One buck if properly kept A/ill serve one hundred ewes, .so tlmt the cost per lamb is really light. Thus in breeding grades, pursue tlie same course as advised for cattle. Select a good staunch ram, of wt-H known purity of blood, avoiding the excessively high priced animals that are simply the best breeders of pure bloods. Such an one may l)o bred to the common stock of the country, and to his own progeny, to the third generation. As a rule the sire will give the leading characteristics of form, size, length and density of fleece and its yolkiness, he will do this eminently in pr<)i)ortion to the purity of his blood. The tinciiess and principal characteristics will bo probably controlled by the dam. Ilcutt' the importance of none but the best sires. In crossing, the Merino may be bred upon the common ewes of the country, always with benefit to the fleece, and never at the expense of tlio carcass. So the Southdown will improve them in mutton and wool. The Cotswold and Leicester will give increased size, early maturity and k'nt'tli of stai)le. To breed Merinos on any of the long wooled vaiictics wduhi be useless. It would detract from the valuable (jualities of the wool of either, reduce the value of the mutton, the size, propensity to fatten, and prolific qualities of the long wool. In the West the sheep for nionov arc either pure Merinos, or pure Merino rams bred unto the connnon sheep of the country, with the exception before stated, whore farms arc small and near markets where prime mutton is in demand. Time for Breeding. The average period of gestation in the sheep does not vary much from one hundred and fifty-two days. They usually carry a male longer than a female, the period of gestation varying a week and sometimes two weeks. Therefore the shepherd can easily calculate when to have hk ewes served by knowing when he wants his lambs in the Spring. Tills ;\i a rule should be at the time of. new grass in the Spring. Allowing that this occurs the first of March the ewes should begin to bo served about i the middle of September, and the season will then proba])ly continue to the middle of October. If lambs for slaughter be the object then tlie ewes should be served fully a month earlier than usual, and extra shelter, warmed with fire heat provided for lambing time. This always pays. Tliey are the early lambs that command the high prices in the important mar- kets of the country, and he who furnishes these must use proper means to| anticipate his neighbors. SHEEP, BKEEDINO AND MANAGEMENT. Coupling. •» Wo do not advise the use of tensers — that is, common rams aproned to show till' rutting ewes. The better way is to drive tlie Hoi-lt up to tiio Viirii twice a day and let tlie ram out witli tlie Hoek. Innnediately lie lias served a ewo eatcli and separate her from the flock. Keep all served ewes t(i''('tlu'r, and under no consideration allow but one service. If they iimio airain in heat it will be from the fourteenth to the seventeenth day. Tlius tliov may be again returned to the ram after the thirteenth day, ;iiul if not in heat it may bo set down that they have been properly a'lveil. Keeping the Record. lu l)rccding grades it is only necessary to keep a correct record of the time of coupling, to correspond to the murk on the ewe. Where pui'o gliocp arc bred it will also be necessiiry to keep a record of the ram us(^d. In tlic lirst case it is necessary to know when each ewe will drop lu-r liunl). In the case of pure bred sheep it is imperative that a full iuid iiwiirati' record be kept, else confusion will ensue and the breeder Avill hiivi' lost all that was gained before him, and no breeder of pure sheep will buy from his flock. In order to bring the ewes into season at a spoiitio time in seasons of drouth, or scant jjasture, the ewes should have extra feed for three weeks before they are required to take the rum. The Management of Rams. The rams should never be allowed to inin with the ewes at any season o( the year. They are brutal always in their teasing, and if allowed so to run they not only exhaust themselves, but the ewes drop their lambs out of season. His separate enclosure should be dry and comfortable, ami kej)! strictly clean, and be entireh' away from the sight and hearing of the owes, except when admitted to them. His feed must be the best of hav, or fresh grass, with what oats lie will eat clean dailv, beiiiiminj; six weeks before the season with half a jiound daily, and increasing the ft'oil jrradually to two pounds daily, if he will eat so much. Sonic flock ni;isters sow oats and peas together, two bushels of the former to three Feks of the latter. This when threshed and ground together and fed, gradually increasing to a quart a da3% makes most excellent feed for a hard-worked ram. On such feed, with pure water within reach at all times, a ram may be exiieoted to properly serve one hundred to one .11 • : i I, ^ m m 4« i h. ill i. ( n !g^>i^«3l m'^%.1 814 1LLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. hundred and fifty ewes, and hut few of them should come buck the second time. Never keep two rums in the sumo enclosure. They are essentirtlly nu"- nacious, and very often a valuable ram is thus sacriticed, throu"li tlu' mistaken economy of the owner. In the beginning of the .season, a ram should not be allowed to serve more than two or at most three ewes a day. This may bo gradually increased to five, and again towards tlic close of the season, he may bo again only allowed two or three. To do justice and retain full power of fecundation, he must have a good amount of exercise. To insure this, if inclined to be inactive, he should bi« driven about the yard for an hour every day. As a last word of caution we add : Keep the rams away from the ewes in Winter. They often seriously in- jure them, and by their teasing are a cause of abortion, to say nothing of other serious injuries they may iufiict. The best experience of sheep-raising confirms this rule. Training Bams. It is quite necessary that rams should be made to understand that any vice will be severely punished. They should be eai'ly trained to stand quietly when tied, to lead at the end of the halter. They should nevoi' bo tied with a rope about the roots of the horns. It is apt to gall, and make lodgment for maggots. Fasten polled sheep by a strap about the nock, and horned breeds in the same manner while they are young. When their horns are largo enough, drill a hole through the left horn, near the tip and put in a bolt with eye and two inch ring, the whole fas- tened with a mit. Never tease, or allow a ram to be teased. It is suro to make them vicious. Handle kindly and gently, yet with a firm hand. If inclined to be vicious, punish them severely and until they are thoroughly cowed. A vicious old ram is dangerous at all times. Some- times tliey become incorrigible ; when this is tiie case geld them at once. It is useless to waste time and patience on them. Pasturing Sheep. The flock should go in the pasture as early in Summer as possible, but should be housed nights, and during cold storms. They should be rejru- larly salted, at least every other day, and when salted should be counted and examined for any ailment that may occur. The best shepherds count every day, and salt every day, graduating the doses so the sheep will eat it entirely clean ; and once or twi(!e a week, giving a larger quantity. Care m salting, as in feeding, pays abundantly. • ,>: 8IIEEI', UnERDINO AND MANAOEMENT. 815 Sheep are eager for sliade in warm weather. Wo do not helicvo in shading puBturos with trees. It ia hotter and cheaper to have j^hedM, nnon on all sides, and of ample size to .shelter the Hock. The covering iiiav 1)0 of houghs, or anything that is cheap. Wo have used con)nion factory muslin, stretched on a light frame, double pitched roof, with a two foot space at the peak, for the escape of wind ; the shed twelve feet wide and running north and south. This gives free ventilation, and is the coolest shade wc know. Water. Water is not generally considered an absolute necessity to sheep when on pasture. Where they are allowed to graze when the dew is on the CT11S9, or the grass is succulent, they seem to get along pretty well. Wo like them, however, to have a chance at water once a day. In the case of ewes suckling lambs it is necessary that they have water in plenty. Absolute purity of water however is always indispensable. Sheep object tn drinking foul water, and their instinct ought to satisfy any person that it ii< not fit for them. Many serious disorders to stock of all kinds are occasioned by drinking impure water. Dosing Sheep. Wet, low, or mucky pastures are not fit for sheep. It is an entirely true adage that the sheep's foot must be kept dry ; nevertheless there are many sheep kept other than among firm, dry, hill pastures. Some sliephcrds are continually dosing with salt and alum, salt and sulphur, ami various other compounds under the supposition that it tends to health. Give them what salt they need, always, and examine them often for disease. When they are well, however, let well enough alone. Fall Pasturage and Feeding. In the Autumn, as the season advances, sheep should have some fodder.. It is the time of year when, if allowed to fail in flesh a mis- thief is done that cannot bo remedied. There is a peculiarity about wool that one shepherd in twenty knows nothing about. To have a uniform giwrth, and of equal strength, the wool must gi'ow steadily, as the season advances. If the sheep are allowed to fall suddenly away, the ?fowth of wool ceases. When growth again commences, the wool, in- stead of coiitinuing even in texture will have what is termed a joint. IMs is often so weak that very slight force will break it. The microscope j "fill reveal every period of starvation and subsequent good feeding that I weep may have exi.erienced in the course of tbe year's gi'owth of wool. h I 816 ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. Thus the shepherd who would do well for himself must do well for his flock. lie must not only feed and water well, and attend to the "•eneriil health of the sheep, but ho must house well. ^^ i:v''' ■:''■' ■. ' •:;■ ' ' ' ' Sheep Bams. ---';, ,..,.!,,■-;, , These need not be expensive .structures, but they must protect thor- oughly against wind and drifting snow, and at the same time he well ventilated. The barn is to bi^ entirely enclosed with doors and windows which, if made to slide, will serve for ventilation. Along the peak CONVK.NIKNT rKEDIMO TROUQH FOR 8HBKP. should be slatted chimneys of wood to assist ventilation. The stable should be divided into suitable pens to contain from twenty to fifty shoci) each, according to the size of the flock, with doors from one to the other, racks for feeding hay, and troughs for grain, and for water also, if the sheep are to be wuilered in the bam. There should also be 8uitul)le pas- sage ways for feeding, etc. The arrangement of these racks, troughs I and other conveniences, Avill readily suggest themselves, by referring to] the plan for feeding cattle iu barns. There is to be no tying up, off well for his SHEEP, DIFFERENT BREEDS. 817 course, but the same general arrangement may be followed, and when the basoinont of a barn is to be used, the hay, grain, etc., may be handled in the siinie manner as there given. There is one thing, however, indispen- sable : As an attachment to every sheep barn, each pen should have a yard in which the sheep may be turned out in pleasant weather, for air and exercise. They may also be fed here in pleasant weather. The annexed cut will show a good and substantial rack for outside feeding. 1, w Special Winter'Food. While it is the fact that sheep may be fairly wintered on hay, it is not the most economical food in all the regions of the West and South, where corn and cereal grains are cheaply raised. Many shepherds object to corn as being too heating. We have never found any difficulty when it was fed with hay, and with a small feed of roots daily. It seems almost necessary to the health of shncp, that they have succulent food. In all the West, turnips ai'c out of the question. Our hot Sunnners, and dry Autunnis are not suited to this crop. Swedish turnips do better, since they may be sown late in May, or early in Juno and get root, so they ffriS AILOWKI) TO SHIFT FOR ITSELF. WINTKllKD WITH OOOD 8HEI.TEK ANP FEED. will stand and produce good crops lato in Autumn. They are also easily saved by keeping them nearly down to the freezing point in the winter pits. Sugar beets or mangel wurzel may also be raised at a cost — placed in the pits or cellar — that need not exceed two dollars a ton. Carrots and piirsnips may be raised at a cost not exceeding three dollars per ton. Witii carrots, beets and parsnips so that each sheep may have even half » pound weight of root food once a day, they may bo kept in admirable liealth, corn and hay being the only other food. Not only this, but "we liave winten d lambs in this way, and had them come out Spring after Spring, in the most admirable condition. Kept in this manner, they will J 818 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. look like the young buck, shown at the right hand side of the pawe. Al- lowed to shift for themselves as best they may, they will resemble the sheep shown on the left side of the page. Which would you choose? There is one thing that should be observed in feeding roots. Carrots may be fed at all times. In feeding other roots, feed the Swedish tur- nips first, and after they arc gone, the beets. Beets fed early in the Winter I have not found profitable. They have an acrid quality, that after the new year seems to be lost. Parsnips may be kept in the ground until Spring, and will be found, in. connection with grain, most excellent for ewes, after lambing. Until lambing time we prefer to feed carrotti, and corn, with enough bran mixed to keep the bowels fairly open. Thus fed, the fleeces will be heavy and even in texture. The sheep will not shed their wool when put on to grass, and the shepherd, if he has attended to the general health of the flock, will find that sheep really pay twice ; once in the fleece, and once in the carcass. , ,.^, , . , ,. Management of Lambs. It is absolutely necessary, when early lambs are expected, that a warm place be provided for the ewe at lambing time. The room need not be large, and may be divided into pens suitable for each ewe when there are a number to lamb at one time. Heat the room by means of a stove, and if the ewes are healthy and hearty they will take care of themselves as u rule. But the shepherd should be present in case the young lambs want assistance, and here will be found the advantage in having made the sheep perfectly familiar with and relying on the keeper, for thus there will be no fear displayed. If the lamb appear weak and disinclined to suck, handle it carefully and hold it to the dam. A young lamb is at first the weakest and most foolish animal imaginable. Once it has got on its feet and sucked it is all right. Docking Lambs. This should be performed as soon as the lamb is fairly strong and gi'ow- ing ; say when a week old. Let an attendant pick up thelamb, and holding his rump pretty firm against a post of suitable height, the shepherd seizes the tail, and pressing the skin back toward the body, places a two inch chisel at the point of separation, holding it firmly enough so that it will not slip, when with a light blow of a mallet it is severed. Throw the tails of rams in one pile and those of ewes in another, and enter in the shepherd's book the sexes and numbers. It is well at the same time to place a paint mark on the rump for future reoognition. A pinch of SHEEP, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 819 powdered copperas on the end of the tail will stop bleeding. Occasionally a lamb will bleed severely. If so, tie a ligature tightly around the stump, to be removed in about ten hours, or a touch of red hot iron will be more effective. .#'^ ■ -■" '■■ ;■'•■''■ Castration. ■■ .-"i-^: ^•■■•- ^^■ '^,, ,, ' -: . . Many perform this operation immediately before docking. It has always been practiced by myself and I have never found any reason to discontinue the plan. In any event the sooner it is done the better for 'the lamb. I have docked and gelded at three days old, and with the best success. An attendant holds the lamb, rump down, and with the back pressed against his own body ; drawing the hind legs up, the body is pressed strong enough to cause the belly to be forced between the thighs, and the scrotum is thus well exposed. Seizing the scrotum the operator cuts away one-third of it ; take each testicle in turn and sliding back and off the enveloping membrane, with a quick jerk the whole cord and connecting tissues snap and come away. The object in cutting away a part of the scrotum is that it makes a better surface in shearing. This pulling away of the cord may seem cruel. It is not so ; there is almost no bleeding, and the violence of the rupture deadens the pain. It is sometimes necessary to geld an old ram . The best way is to tie a waxed linen cord as tightly as possible about the bag, being careful that it is tied entirely above the testicles, and that there shall be no possibility of slipping of the knot. Thus circulation is stopped and in a few days the strangulated part will drop away ; or the operation may be performed precisely as in the case of the horse. We have however never used any other means either with bulls or rams than that indicated above, and with success. m^n l'''\:- ^^m Weaning. Spring lambs should be weaned early enough in the Fall so they may become fully accustomed to grass and to grain before Winter sets in. If acorn-field has at the last cultivating been sown with rye, it will afford nice feed for lambs in the Fall, and in the following Spring it will be found most valuable for breeding ewes. If there is stubble ground, in which green oats or wheat have started, it makes excellent pasture for liiinbs, since they will also pick up some grain. In any event, tliey should ^ learned to eat grain by having their salt sprinkled on grain in a trough under cover, so they may learn to eat it. So far as Winter management i concerned, the same rule will apply as to other animals. Give them 63 # T 820 ILLUSTBATEi) STOCK DOCTOE. the best of the hay and a liberal quantity of grain, to keep them growin right along. The Nursery- In all large flocks there will always be some lambs that do not do well. These should always be separated from the others and have extra care. So in the older sheep — the flock should be graded as to age, size and sex. It is better that the wethers and the ewes be kept apart, and that in the sexes that very strong animals be not put with weak ones. If they do iiu other mischief, they rob the weak ones of their food, the Aery thini' they most need. In fact, every farm should have a nursery, however small the flock, where weak ones and wethers may receive special atten- tion and care. Sheep upon farms suited to them are very profitable, but however suitable the farm, the profits will be in direct proportion to the intelligent care and atteutioa the aoimals receive. <.;i!: >-r' t.: ;ti'fH«f>'i \'. r. '^ UHif\i, il ..f-TC'i'i ..- '.■■1', ^;; "m'.' "* •••:'■!-,'{•.;» 'kI 'U:'ik !^^..;h Uidi i-'>' ,.';i -M :-vl. JiU '- ■; f:\ 'iff '<:.j: n.Mit, t *ti:. -,_'{ n;- ; Jfr.-. ^fi-', t ,'7? *;.; ■ ..■it'-vt'^'W '^ -i: ,,-;Vt i^Hv/ ..'V'-.^ ir:'>/' .,;. Itiu; '! ,•(!-'.■ ■' " ■'■: tt'i i/rr. J' ' ./ ^ ^ PART VI. Diseases of Sheep. CAUSE, PRETENTIOi!^ AKD REMEDIES. :i tm im ' ^ \\ 1 ift!3! r c. Explanafion. '^\>. \r ,;;( •;, -j CHAPTER. I. . ANATOMY AND DISEASES OF SHEEP. / 1 laE HBAD. ^THE TRUNK. THE PORE-LEO. THE HINDLEO. IMPORTANCE OF THE HEAD TO BREEDERS. DISEASES OP THE HEAD AND BItAIN. THE TEHTH. SWELLED HEAD. VEGETABLE POISONING. INFLAMMA- TION OF THE EYE. SHEEP DISTEMPER. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. GRUBS IN THE HEAD. HOW TO SAVE THE SHEEP. APOPLEXT. PREVENTION. INFLAMMATION OP THE BRAtN. TETANUS, OR LOCK- JAW. PALSY. RABIES. HYDATIOS ON THE BRAIN. PARASITES OF THE BODY AND SKIN. THE SCAB. HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. DISEASES OP THE GENERATIVE AND URINARY ORGANS. DISEASES OF THE LIMBS AND HOOPS, FOOT BOT. HOW TO CURE IT. TOULS, AND TBAVEL-SORE FEET. GRAVEL. THE BIFLEX CANAL. MAGGOTY SHEEP. LUNG WORMS. INTESTINAL WOUJUS. ROTTEN LIVER. COLIC. SKELETON OF LGICBSTBR SHBBP. The Head. Explanation.— 1— The intermaxillary bone. 2— The nasal bones. 8— The 823 ■ ■ .f H mfii. ii s 824 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. upper jaw. 4 — The union of the nasal and upper jaw bone, the molar and lachrymal bones. 6 — The orbits of the eye. bune. 9 — The lower jaw. 10 — The incisor teeth or nippery. or grinders. The Trunk. 5— The union of 7— The frontal 11 — The molars 1, 1 — The ligament of the neck,' supporting the head, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7— The seven vertebrse, or bones of the neck. 1 — 13 — The thirteen verlebru', or bones of the back. 1 — 6 — Tto six vertebrne of tlio loins. 7— The sacral lione. 8— The bones of the tail, varying in different breeds from twelve to twenty -one. 9 — The haunch and pelvis. 1 — 8 — The eight true ribs with their cartilages. 9 — 13 — The five false ribs, or thoss that are uot attached to the breast bone. 14 — Th« breast bone. -- .t:^:.,i,i ■■!:.• <.^/--, :■'■: ipj^g Pore-leg. '' ' ''■ ' '" 1 — The scapula or shiulder-blade. 2 — The humerus, bone of the arm, or fower part of the shoulder. — The radius, or bone of tlio forearm. 4 — The ulna, or elbow. 6 — Tlie knee, with its different bones. 6 — The metacarpal, or shank- bones ; the larger bones of the leg. 7 — A rudiment of the smaller metacarpal. 8 — One of the sessamoid bones. 9— The two first bones of the foot; the pas- terns. 10 — The proper bones of the foot. The Hind-leg 1 — The thigh bone. 2 — The stifle joint and its bone, the patella. 8— The tibia, or bone of the upper part of the leg. 4 — The point of the hock. 6— Tlie other bones of the hock. 6 — The metatarsal bone, or bono of the hind-leg. 7 — Rudiment of the small metatarsal. 8 — A sessamoid bono. 9 — The two first bones of the foot, the pasterns. 10 — The proper bone of the foot. The bones of the loins bear a strong resemblance to those in the back, but instead of springing from the sides, as do the ribs, they are fixed, bony processes, several inches in length, and their peculiar duty is to af- ford protection to the abdomen. They are the timbers that support the roof, or covering of this part of the system. Next in position to the loin comes the sacrum, which is formed in young animals of separate bones, but at maturity is consolidated into one. At this point the passage for the spinal cord becomes very much diminished, and, at the end of the bone, terminates in several nerves, which continue their course into the tail. The bones of the latter are numerous, but not perforated. Wfi_ pass now to the limbs, and find that the number of joints are the same in j the horse, ox, and sheep, but in the latter animals, at the fetlock, these j become divided and the four bones beneath it are thus doubled. 8HEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 825 BKULL OF A POLLED aRKXP. The bone which forms the elbow-uhia does not support much of the ffei<^ht of the animal, but serves to attach the powerful muscles, so notic- al)le iu bones, with good fore-arms. The attachment of the ulna to tho radius forms a lever. The carpas or knee is composed of seven distinct boucs, placed in two rows. The upper row articulates with the radius ; < 'the metacarpus. .* .= . . '■: If ■'' '. .r Explanation — 1 — Occipital bone, depressed out of danger. 2 — The parietal bones, the suture having disappeared, and also out of danirer. 3 — Tho squamous portions of the temporal bone — the buttress of the arch of the skull. 4 — The meatus auditorius, or bony opening into the ear. 5 — The frontal bones. G — The openings through which blood-vessels pass, to sup- ply the forehead. 7 — The bony orbits of the eye. 8 — The zygo- matic or molar bones, very much developed. 9, 10 — The bones of the nose. 11 — The upper jaw bone. 12 — T!io foramen, through which the nerve and blood-vessels pass, to supply the lower part of the face. 13 — The nasal processes of the intermaxillary bones. 14 — The pahitiue processes. 15 — The intermaxillary bone, supporting the cartila- ginous pad, instead of containing teeth. ' - .. i.i- Explanation— 1—Nasall bone. 2— Upper jiuv bone. 3 — Intermaxillary hone sui)porting the pad, supplies the place of upper front teeth. 4, 4 — The frontal sinus. 5 — Cavity or sinus of the horn, co;nmunicating with the frontal sinus. It is here shown by re- moval of a section of the base of the horn. 7 — The frontal bone. 8 — Verti- cal section of the brain. 9 — Vertical The cineritious portion of the brain. brain. 10 — The'ethmoid bone, li- ef the ethmoid bone HEAD OF SHEEP— VEHTICVT, SECTION. section of the cerebollum. a — • h — The medullary portion of the The cribiform or perforated plate 12 — The lower cell of the ethmoid bone. 13 — Ti\e superior turbinated bone. —The sphenoid bone. 14 — The inferior turbinated bone. 17 Importance of the Head to Breeders. The head of the sheep is one of the important points by Avhich to esti- mate the quality and profitableness of the animal. The frontal bone (1) projects both forwai'd and laterally, and gives to the sheep a peculiar 826 ILLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR. appearunce as regards breadth of foi*ehcad and prominence of the oyp. This design of nature is intended for the base of the bonis. thou<'h in breeds known as hornless, or polled, the same formation is observu))lo. The room from eye to eye is occasioned by the frontal bones (5, 5, of polled sheep) reaching as far below the range of vision as above it, and very materially shortening the nasal (10, 10,) bones. These reach up- ward to the parietal bones (2) which latter constitute an important portion of the posterior, slanting portion of the skull, just below the junction of the frontal and parietal bones ; the head falls off in fullness — a l)ackwiu'd sloping, so to speak, and the part of the frontal bone most important be- cause covering the brain, is removed from the danger resulting from concussion of the head in fighting. The form of the brain in the sheep, is similar to that of the horse and ox, but is longer in proportion to size, and )>roader in the back than in the front. The brain of the sheep so closely resembles, in its conformation and structure, that of a man, though smaller in proportion, that it furnislics the medical student with a good substitute for the human subject. The membrane covering the bnuu is technically called the ^ia mater. The dura ?nater lines the skull, and be- tween the latter and the former is a delicate membrane called ternica arachmides. The nerves, of which ten pairs are connected with the brain, and thirty with the s^jinal cord, supply the sense of feeling, seeing, hear- ing, tasting, smelling, «S;c., and a portion conveying the volition of the brain to all parts of the body, are termed nerves of motion. Diseases of the Head and Brain. In Europe, and especially in Great Britain, sheep are subject to a long category of diseases. Fortunately, in this country sheep thus far have been subject to comparatively few diseases, and especially so in the West ; owing probably to the fact that, except in the Spring, and sometimes for a short period in the Autumn, the climate and the soil are dry. Mr. Spooner, the able English veterinary writer, remarks upon the rarity of inflammatory diseases in American sheep. This he attributes to the muscular and vascular structure of the sheep, comparing the indifferently kept sheep of his day with highly fed British sheep. The real cause, however, of exemption from disease lies more in the climate than anything else. Another special reason probably is that our flock masters are, as a rule, men of intelligence, who trust but little to ignorant shepherds, as is not the case in Great Britain and on the continent. We shall therefore touch lightly upon many diseases specially treated of in foreign works, and pay more particular attention to that class of diseases most prevalent with us. sffellinjr wound, wi the insect hour until The faces noxious plai fith the f ol No. i(rn works, , prevalent SHEEP, THKIR DISEASES. y ,; . . The Teoth. ,> ', The shocp has eight incisora in tho lower jaw, and twelve grinders — six oil a side in each jaw, — making in all thirty-two teeth. At birth tho liimb should have the two central incisors just pushing through. At a montli old all the incisors should bo up. At one year, sometimes not until fifteen months old, the two first milk incisors will be shod, and two new or permanent ones will appear. At two years old past, it will have two more permanent teeth, or four in all. At three years old past it will have six i)crmancnt incisors, and at four years old past the eight permanent teeth, or a full mouth, as it is called, will be shown. This will be an accurate test as to the age of sheep, up to four years, varied of course by care and keep ; highly fed sheep developing faster than illy kept ones. At six the incisors begin to decrease in breadth, and lose their fan shape, as seen at four years old. At seven they become longer and narrower, and each year this shrinkage continues, until at last they become quite slender, tho middle ones long, and at ten years they loosen and begin to drop out. In the West few sheep are kept to the age of ten years, except in the case of valuable ewes and bucks. The principal care necessary with the teeth is, if decay is suspected, to examine, and extract the decayed ones, or pierce the nerve with a hot ii'on. Swelled Head. Sheep sometimes are bitten by venomous snakes, but this seldom occurs, and when so the animal is usually beyond help before being found. The bites of insects however, sometimes give trouble. Whoii swelling from this cause is discovered, cut the wool from around the wound, Avash with warm water dry, rub thoroughly with lard oil, and if the insect may have been a venoinous one, give the foUowng dose each hour until relief is obtained : No. 1. a Scniple hartshorn, 1 Ounce rainwater. Vegetable FoiBoning. The faces of the sheep sometimes become poisoned from feeding near noxious plants. Bathe the sore place with warm water, and then moisten with the following : No. 2. 10 Grains acetate of lead, 1 Ounce water. DisHolve. 4 t'i I * 828 ILLUSTUATED STOCK DOCTOR. This is uIho excellent for burns, bruises, Irritable and moist ulcers in. flamed tendons, moist skin diseases, and cruuked and itching Hurfiiccin and also for sore lips. Inflammation of the Byei. Simple ophthalmy sometimes occurs in sheep. If there is serious in- flammation, bleed slif^htly from the facial V(!in — the vein running down obliquely from the eye, and bathe with the following : Ko. 8. ' 8 Omlns dulplmte of tlDC, _.,.j 1 Ounno water, '■,■' ',' ■ '■ IS Drops lauUiiiiiiin. '■ I. Uix, au(l bathe llglilly twice a day. . "" •■•' i' . , . i' '' ■•' -'. ' , ■' I .„ v' •• yr,.f/.; . .' N .( Sheep Distemper. Malijrnant epizootic catarrh is an epidemic accompanied liy severe con- gestion and inflammation of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities and sometimes extending into the stomach and bowels, is as to its cause un- known, but has occasionally been very fatal, both East and West. SImi xtniiii, caso, 11' feeding pousihk !,,■, i, , III Jul the li(!ud with thoi to (leposi like the c hatches, ji it grows ^'I'ound, h transfoi'ni How to Know It. There is depression, a slight watery discharge from the nostrils, and tlie eyes, which are partly closed and paler than natural. There is more or less loss of appetite. The pulse is normal as to fre<|ucncy, but is wealior than UHunl. There is no cougli, niid the breathing is not chnnged unless the bronchial tubes are nffeetcd. The symptoms increase, until llie end of a week the discharge from the nose is thick and glutinous, some- times tinged with blood ; eyes half closed, the lids gummed with a yellow secretion. The respiration is difficult, emaciation and prostration great; the [julse very low, the appetite is gone, and in from ten to fifteen days the animal dies. What to Do. , At the firf^t symptoms, remove the sheep to a dry, well ventilated place, where they may be kept comfortably warm. Give them concen- trated and nourishinsr food and stimulants. If the bowels are costive, give them, say : V! v - No. 4. 8 (ii'iiius corrosive sublimate, 1 Oz. rhiibnrb, 2 Oz. frinvTRr, 3 Oz. gentian. Prevent into fiirroM tarring one n light hag cents for ei The niag, dislodged, snuff may ill a dosG ""'"ihriine secure tlio s ^iil of equal '•ireful, hoM "le lun-rs. nice operatic This is a «''<'«P of a pj '^'^P leaps fcinedyisearll SIIRBP, TirEIU DISRAHRH. 829 Siinnier tho la.st throo in a quart of water for ton or fifteen minutes ; stmiii, and add the (irst. (jlivu two tublo-HpoonfulH twi. Look-jaw. This is produced from a variety of causes, among the more common, being inflammation of the membranes from improper gelding, injuring the hoofs, horns, etc. The animal is unable to walk, or only so with dif- ticulty ; the jaws are set, and death ensues in a short time. Warmth, quiet, and bleeding from the jugular vein, is recommended. We should omit the bleeding and give one-h.ilf to three-quarters of an ounce of castor oil, according to the age of the sheep, the disease being confined mostly to lambs, and sheep after gelding. Follow the dose of castor oil, in half an hour, with ten grains of opium, and at the end of an hour, give another ti i grains of opium if a decided sedative effect is not pro- duced. EpiV p^y is a kindred disease, in fact tetanus is considered to be an aggravated state of epilepsy. The remedial means will be the same. • Palsy. This is the opposite of epilepsy. The sheep is unable to move its limbs. It is supposed to be produced by cold and improjier treatment. Ifc is rare in this country. Take the lamb to a warm place, give it warm gruel, with a little ginger mixed in it. If a purgative is indicatedgive: No. B. 2 Oz. epsom salt*, H Drachm ginger. Mix in half pint of ale oi' water ; t( be followed by two drachms of Laudanum in an hour. SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. Babies. 831 Sheep are apt to be bitten by rabid dogs. The only preventive is to kill all strange or suspioiously acting dogs. The remedy is to kill the sheep as soon as attacked. The perils attending treatment, and the hopelessness of the case, dictate this course. ..m-i v> Hydatids on the Brain. This is a disease of rare occurrence in America, probably from the fact that range is greater and dogs fewer to the square mile. The disease once fixed, nothing, practically, can be done, at least except a thorough veterinary surgeon be called, since it involves a delicate surgical operation. The bladder worm or hydatid is a form of the tape worm of the dog, in an earlier stage of existance. The mature tape worm lives in the bowels of the dog, its eggs are voided with the excrement, and iu close pasturage the sheep take the eggs while grazing ; hatching, they make their way to the brain, where they grow, and must remain until eaten by some other animal. Thus the dog eats the sheep's head, acquires the tape worm, and the insect again go*es its round of life. Allow no sheep's heads to be eaten without thorough cooking, kill all strange dogs, and give your shep- herd dogs a good vermifuge occasionally. One of the plans adopted to get rid of the hydatid when it can be loca- ted is to pierce the cyst with the needle of a strong h}'podermic syringe, aud inject into it half a tea-spoonful of the following : Ho. 6. 1 Grain iodine, 5 Grains iodide or potash, 1 Ounce water. Mix. Parasii:es of the Body and Skin. Sheep are infested with lice, three different forms of parasites which produce scab, also with ticks, intestinal worms, parasites of the liver, lungs, etc. '^ The Scab. This is produced by a minute, almost microscopic insect, which bur- rows under the cuticle, producing intense irritation, the escape of serum, and which drying, brings off with it wool and all, and, spreading with great rapidity, soon infests the whole flock. The tenacity of life of these 'nsects is so great that a scabby pasture has been said to spread the con- tagion after three years. The prevention of infection should be impera- tive with every flock master. » I 4 U|j. Pki-.iV 832 B 1LLU8TKATED STOCK DOCTOR. How to Know It. The sheep is restless and constantly rubbing itself against posts and other objects it can get near. It bites itself with its teeth, and scratches itself with its hoofs. Soon the fleece becomes ragged and begins to fall out, and the animal appears wretched and unsightly, and at length dies. A BAD CASE OF SCAB. What to Do. nu'^il- ■'.,■ The remedies are both liquid and oily. A good dip, and one re- garded in England as most effective, is the following : _, 3 Pounds arsenic, , i 3 Pouiuls jjearl ash, , '; :K 3 Pounds sulphur, 3 Pounds soft soap. ■1 !«»il .'tjj>«j,(i ' No. 7. Mix in ten gallons of boiling water, stir, but avoid the fumes, and add ninety gallons of cold water. Prepare a tank that will easily allow a sheep to be dipped, having a slanted, slatted drain at the side, tight bot- tom underneath to allow the drip to run back. Dip the sheep, back down, being careful not to allow the head to enter the poisonous mixture, letting the animal remain one minute. Lift on to the slats and rub and squeeze the wool, until pretty well drained, and place in a yard until dry. When dry, go over the flock again, as to the heads, with the fol- lowing : No. 8. f H'f^Uh 1 Pound mercurial oiatment. ,6 Pounds 1; , -r*.^- HM iw.-x- . -f {. 1 Pound rosin, •';*h •:,,., V ,' '. 3j Pint oil of turpentine. »t-iiij ^ftt-*** ,?;.vsi»i'fA>, ring. Mix thi Di lard is col head, aJoij In the I ' used, subs( fonnula as A forjui lowiliof ; No, . rSiiHiiti The sheep four or five as not to eii dried as befo ] Use the ren ia the li This is an in '"? the inflam ''7 Dr. Randal] The first syn pale condition '•ecomes somen, •'^'Wt, the nioistl attends down t ;^. . . . " ■-■■"■'■'■ ' Oravel. Sheep often become graveled. If lame in the least examine them, and cut the horn of the hoof to expose the gravel ; extract it and cover the wound with tar. Thei the hoo: advice ( enibcdd( perhaps eonipoui Often eggs, eitl about the tugged, 1 diagonallj must be t And aft This dis which soin tbe windp: •iysentery, the mouth fough and if it lose its No Pour on warm add No. Mix well ^hen the into twelve No. This i IS enc SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 83ft The Biflex Canal. The issue as it is called (biflox canal) in the front and upper part of the hoof, sometimes becomes irritated and swollen. Do not follow the advice of ignorant persons and "cut out the worm." If any thing is embedded therein, extract it. If simply swollen and inflamed, and perhaps ulcerated, lance it in two or three places slightly and dress with compound tincture of myrrh. ' ;■• . * Maggoty Sheep. Often in hot weather, from one cause or another, flies will lay theii efffs, either in a wound, or, if the sheep is dirty, in the aecumulateci dung about the thighs. The prevention is cleanliness. Keep the sheep well tnffi,'ed, that is shear the wool from under the sides of the tail, and diajronally thence some ways down the thighs. If maggots exist they must be taken out, and the wounds touched with No. 12. 1 Part creosote, 4 Parts aluoliol. And afterwards bathed daily, until relieved, with tincture of myrrh. Other Diseases.— Lung-Worms. This disease is caused by the presence of worms, the strongulus filn.riu ^ which sometimes make their way into the lungs, but are usually found in the windpipe and bronchial tubes and bowels of sheep. If there is dysentery, with fetid stools, examine the evacuations and the mucus of the mouth and throat for indications of the worms. If there is a husky cough and quickened breathing ; if the sheep rubs its nose on the ground ; if it lose its appetite and flesh prepare the following : No. 13. 6 Oz. Bulphate of magnesia, 4 Oz. nitrate of potash. Pour on these three pints boiling water, and when the solufton is milk warm add : No. 14. 4 Oz. oil of turpentine, H Oz. bole armeniac. Mix well and give two or three tablespoonfuls every other day. When the worms are supposed to prevail, the following may be made ittto twelve doses, one to be given once in two weeks, as a preventive ; No. IS. 8 Oz. oil of turpentine, ■ .u :• 2 Oz. powdered gentian, 2 Oz. laudanum. Dissolve in a quart of lime water. This is enough for twelve sheep. . :; ' .' r;i;?s; 53 836 ILLUS'ijRATEJD STOCK DOCTOR. Intestinal Worms. The presence of intestinal worms and other parasite affections may be often found if shepherds would take the trouble to dissect a dead sheep. When found in one, the presumption is good that many are affected, for these parasites seldom appear in individual cases only. As a preventive when feared, plenty of salt should be allowed, and the following prepared to be given once iu two weeks. No. 16. 2 Lbs. common salt, 1 Lb. sulphate of mngneala, .: X Lb. sulphate of iron, H Lb. powdered geutian, Mix: .'■->'■ *vft- This 18 sufficient for 80 to 100 sheep to be given in ground feed. Dr. Tellor says : Ordinary wood soot, as it can be collected from the chimney is a very efficient vermifuge, often used, both in children and the lower animals. It may be mixed with salt, or sprinkled on the fodder. Another cheap and useful ^'erniifuge, in the form of a drink, is — No. 17. 1 Lb. quick lime, . ■• i',.};r '''.•,:.": b Oz. sulphate of iron. Mix with five gallons of water, and give a. pint twice a week. As a vermifuge in rouud^and thread-worms, the shepherd may use — ■ No. 18. - For a drench. 2 Oz. linseed oil, )i Oz. oil of turpentine. For tape worm, the foUomng: — ;, . No. 19. K to 1 Drachm, powdered areca nut, 10 to 20 Drops, oil of Hmull fern. Give in molasses and water, and follow next day with a purge. "' 'V > ' The Bot, or Liver-Fluke. This is a disease caused by flat worms, (Fasciola hepatica,) in the liver. If by rubbing the skin of a sheep backward and forward at the small of the back as taken between the thumb and fingers, it is soft and flabby and there is a crackling feeling in the fingers, as if there were water underneath : if there is weakness and tenderness about the loins ; if the belly swells, and the eye becomes jaundiced ■, if there is a diarrhea, a weak heart and general stupor, and no veterinarian is near, isolate the animal in a high dry pasture, give abundant and nutritious food and prepare the following : SHEEP, THEIR DISEASES. 837 No. 20. )i Lb. Bulphate of magnesib, S Drachms oil of turpentine. Mix for a drench, and give every two days, one-third of the quantity at a dose. The following is an English remedy and said to be very effective : No. 21. IK Drach.ns yellow resin, j 1 Oz. oil of turpentine, > 10 Grains calomel, 30 Drops tincture of iodine. For three doses, one to be given every morning for three days, in gruel. Oolio. The best preventive is to keep sheep off of pastures liable to inundation, since the worm passes one stage of its existance in shell fish and water insects, which are carried into such pastures by floods, and the sheep get the germs with the grass. Lush pasture to hungry sheep, ergot in fodder, musty or blighted grain, will produce colic or hoven in sheep as in cattle. The presence of giis is sometimes so strong as to rupture the walls of the rumen or third stomach. If the case is not serious, press and knead the stomach, and give the following : No. 22. 2 Drachms sulphate of potash, 1 Oz. common suit, 1 Oz. sweet oil. Mix in a wine glass full of water. If the inflation is great, get a rubber tube, of half inch calibre, fasten a pledget of wool over the end to prevent clogging, oil thoroughly and introduce gently down the throat to the stomach. If this means fail and tlie swelling continues, remove the wool from the most prominent part and plunge a trocar into the stomach. If a trocar is not to be had use a common sharp pointed pen knife, and keep the orifice open by inserting a goose quill. i ii ; ■|P« ^..im- KISTOR .p; /' ^ PART VII. SWINE. HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. ^I '^'41 '' \ \ -JRi '■Ait H] m OWOIN OP THE J 1. IMPB ESTABl TICS OP BEK YOUKSmUK I MIDDLE-BREI CHINA.— X). 1 TKKI8TICS. — V- The great an the fact that r( teitiarv und dilu Willi hogs, froir native of Europ is mild enough t wherever civiliza domestic hog is i continue entirely remotest general ".fl .p. SWINE. ; 1 History, Breeds and Characteristics. CHAPTER I. HISTORY L.ND BREEDS. OIIOIN OP THE HOG. TEETH OF THE HOO. IMPORTANCE OF SWINE TO MAN. 1. IMPROVKD BREEDS OF SWINE. — ENQLISU BREEDS. — IF. THE BKIiKSUIRF.} . ESTABLISHING TUB IMPROVKD BERKSHIRE. STANDARD CHARACTERIS- TICS OP BEKK3UIRE8. III. NEAPOLITAN HOGS. IV. ESSEX BREED. V. yoUKSHIRR HOG. — VI. SCFFOLKS. — VII. LANCASHIRE HOGS. — VIII. LANCASHIRE MIDDLE-BREED. — IX. LARGE LANCASHIRE. — AMERICAN BREEDS. X. POLAND CHINA. — XI. CHESTER WHITES — XII. JERSEYREDS. — CHE9HIRE3. XIII. CHARAC- TKIU3TICS. RECAPITULATION OF BREEDS. Origin of the Hog. The great antiquity of the hog, siis scrqfa of Linnseua, is fixed from (he fact that remains of several fossil species have been found in the tcitiarv and diluvial deposits of Europe, and allied species in India. The^ Willi hogs, from \V'hich the domestic breeds have taken their rise, are native of Europe, Asia and Africa, and are found wherever the climate is mild enough to afford sustenance in Winter, and in a domestic state wherever civilization has been extended. The fact of the origin of the domestic hojr is well established from the fact that it will interbreed and continue entirely fertile, the succeeding fertility of the offspring, to the remotest generations, proving the homogeneity of the species. K 41 n ■4 ! M t ij 842 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. In America, in Austruliu sind in tho Polynesiim group, hogs were un- kno»vn until introduced. In Englund tl»o wild ypc-oicij has long hecii extinct. In France they are nearly so, hut in some [jarts of CJcrniuiiv, Denmark, Italy, (Jreece, and in A.sia Minor they are still Uict wifli. In America swino are said to have heon introduced into Ilispuniohi hv Columhus iit 141)3 ; into Florida hy De Soto in 1538 ; into Nova S( otiu and Newfoundland in 1553, into Canada in 1G08, and into Virginiu in ll509. So groat was the fecundity of swine in Virginian forests, that in eighteen years after their introduction the inhabitants of Jamestown juij to paliaade the towu to keep them out. Teeth of the Hog. The domestic hog has, when full grown, forty-four permanent tocth, twenty-eight of which are preceded by temporary, or milk tcotli. The teeth are classified as follows : Twelve incisors or front teeth, six in tlie upper and six in the lower jaw. Tho incisors in each jaw are divided equally, three on each side of the median line, of which tho fore- most are called tho nippers ; tho next outside of these, intenncdiiiry incisors, and tho remainder, outside of these are called corner inci.sors. Next in order are the four tusks, one on each upper and one in oiich under jaw on each side. The true grinders oi molars are six in ni]nil)er, not including the so-called '*wolf teeth," four in number, but which are now classed Avith tho molars, making really seven on a side in each jaw. Each of the three hindmost molars in the four rows are permanent teeth, or not preceded by milk teeth. The throe next in front of these appear soon after birth, one after another, and are called milk teeth (or premolars) and in the course of time are shed one after another, in the order in which they appeared, to give place for tho permanent molars. These six molars are counted from the hindmost one forward. The seventh molar tooth, or tho fourth premolar, appears later, in the space betAvecn the third premolar and the tusk. This small, apparently supernumerary tooth is sometimes called a wolf's tooth, and was once considered as an independent tooth, not belonging to the molars. It is now classed with the molars, to which it undoubtedly belongs. It is a permanent tooth, and is sometimes very small and imperfect, which is accounted for by the near proximity of the large and strong tusk. The teeth of the hog may therefore bo represented by the following formula : Incisors, six upper six lower ; canines, one upper one lower on each side ; wolf teeth, so-called, now determined to be molars, one upper one lower on each side ; molars, six upper six lower on each side ; in all 44 teeth. Flint 8uniniai The I (UHks. On th molar. At foi in the Jo At the the uj)pc: At the ahove the At the ut (ho sun At the 1 tlic pcrina ])i;niniiiciit At the t \Vi(h tli( "ill have months of tlie punis. ^Vitii the tlie hindnic «illi the t\^ Voxt to food. I„ f j either harrj (ntlng and As show tte followinl 187]-_l 1872— I 1873—1 1874—1 In the yed 8WINE, III8TORY AND BREEDS. To Tell the Age of Swine. 843 Fiirstcnburjj, a woll known German nuthority, has given the following guummry for doterniiiiiiig the age of swine ; The uuinial ia born with eight teeth — four corner incisors and four tusks. ' . ..■■ '! . '• :.. ..' .: * Oil the eighth or tenth day appears the second or third temporary molar. At four weeks old the four nippers appear — two in the upper and two in till! lower jaw. At the fifth or sixth week the foremost temporary molars appear iu tlie upper and lower jaw. At tlic age of three months the intermediary incisors have appeared above tlie gums. At the sixth month the so-called wolf's teeth will have appeared ; ami lit the wame age appear the third permanent molars. At the ninth month the following teeth will liavo appeared : namely tk peniianeiit corner incisors, the permanent tusks, and also the second piinimnent molars. At the twelfth month the permanent nippers will be in view. With the twelfth and thirteenth months the three temporary molars will have been shed, and their permanent substitutes, which, at fifteen months of age, will have fully appeared, are now just cutting through the gunis. With tlie eighteenth month the permanent intermediary incisors and the hiiulinost permanent molar will have made their appearance ; and, with the twenty-first month, they will be fully developed. Importance of Swine to Man. Next to cattle, swine are the most important to man as an article of food. In the adaptability of pork for successfull}' standing long voyages, either barreled or smoked, in the value of lard for various culinary, lubri- cuting and burning purposes, its place could not easily be supplied now. As showing the importance of swine breeding in the United States, tlie following table is given, extending from 1871 to 1878 inclusive: 1871—29,457,500, 1872—31,796,300, 1873—32,682,050, 1874—39,860,900, 1875—28,062,200, 1876—25,726,800, 1877—28,077,100, 1878—32,362,500. In the year 1878 the three greatest hog producing States were Iowa, 844 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Ohio'and Illinois ; of these Iowa contained 2,244,800 ; Ohio, 2,341,411 • and Illinois, 3,;555,500 hogs. In 1878 there were packed in Chicafro alone over 5,000,000 swine, or one-sixth the whole number raised in the United States. I. Improved Breeds of Swine. To the India hog, the Chinese and the Neapolitan is due more than to any other, the improvement in English breeds, and from those introduced into the United States are due our own American breeds, that have now become unexcelled in any quarter of the globe for the purpose for which they are intended ; early maturitjs aptitude to fr.tten at any asje, and ultimate weight of the mature animal. Of ti)ese the Chinese hof has given great fattening propensities. OLD CHINA BOAR. The illustration we give will show first, the appearance of the boar as known 3'ears ago, and on the next page the sow. Tliis breed lias had 11 very marked influence as one of the bases of the Poland-China l)reed of the present da}', and is said to have been introduced in the West, in Ohio, in 181(>. Civil i?:ation in China antedates that of all other nations. Hence it is quite prol)ablc that tlie systematic breeding of swine anioiig that people antedates that of other aiTcient nations. This again is proved by the prepotency of the blood of this hog. It has formed the basis of ini- SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 845 ,341,411 •, VI Chicago ised iu the provement in all our modern breeds, both in England and America. In Eii"huid its prepotency has been strongly felt iu all the breeds and has tran^jferred the long-legged, coarse-boued, elephant-eared, and big-headed swine of Old England into the deep-br -i.ied, broad-necked, short-nosed, compact, and early-maturing Berkshire Essex, Suffolk, Small Yorkshire and other representative breeds, which have been further improved by the lore than to ; introduced at have now ,se for which my age, and icse hog has CHINA SOW. infusion of Neapolitan blood, reducing the hair, hide and bone until now Init little more is to be desired. And in our own country it has given us tiie Poland-China, Chester whites, improved Cheshires and New Jersey reds,' — breeds Avhich may compete most favorably with any others in the United States. 2 of tbc boar as, I breed has Ir.ul ii leWcs^"^ Ohio, Inutions. Hence Iwine among tlvat 2a\n is proved by [ the basis of iw English Breeds— The Berkshlres. This now magnificent breed has been bred in Berkshire, England and in adjacent countries from a very early day. Their origin is thus report- ed: The family of hogs in Berkshire, England, which was the foundation of the present improved breed, was of a sandy or buff color, ab.iut equaily spotted with black ; was of a large size, a slow feeder, and did not fully 'nature till two and a half or three years old. But as such it was very tiighly esteemed for the proportion of lean to fat in its meat, and for the superior weight of its hams and shoulders, thus rendering the whole carcass peculiarly fitted for smoking, for which purpose it was said to 84fi ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. excel all other English breeds. The improvement is reported to have commenced sometime during the lust century, through the impoitation and crossing on the females of a Siamese boar. This breed was, in color from a jet black to a dark slate, or rich plum color ; of medium size, quick to mature ; very fine in all points, with short, small legs and head; thin jowls ; a dished face ; slender, erect ears ; broad, deep, compact body, well ribbed up ; extra heavy hams and shoulders ; a slender tail ; thin skin, and firm, elastic flesh. ^■ yt^; .t ) ^: ,f . I . . /^it, SWINE, HISTOnV AND BREEDS. 847 of body ; short ribs of good length, giving breadth and levehiess of lom ; hips good lengt-h from joint of hips to rump ; hams thick, round and deep, holding their thickness well back and down to the hocks ; tail fine aud small, set on high up ; legs short and fine, but straight and very strong, with hoofs erect and legs set wide apart ; size medium ; length medium, since extremes are to be avoided ; l)one fine and compact ; offal very light ; hair fine and soft ; no bristles ; skin pliable. 848 :;1^/^' ILLU8TRATKD STOCK DOCTOR. V \'- ni. Neapolitan Hogs. Sidney, in writing of the Neapolitan pig, saya : "The Neapolitan pijr ig black, or rather brown, without bristles, consequently delicate when first introduced into our northern climate. The flesh is of fine grain, and the fat is said to be free from the rankness of the coarser tribes." Kefoninff to the supposed descent of the breed from the wild boar of Eutope, he adds : " It is more probable that the Neapolitans are the desoondaiits of the dark Eastern swine imported by early Italian voyagers and cultivated to perfection by the favorable climate and welcome food." Neapolitiiu pigs have been for many years frequently taken to England. Martin credits the great improvement in English swine, Avhich has taken place within thirty years, chiefly to the agency of the Neapolitan and Chinese breeds, conjointly, or to either alone. He names especially the Essex, Hampshire, Berkshire and Yorkshire, and to these Youatt adds the Wiltshire, and enforces Martin's statement as to the Berkshire and Essex. Their earliest introduction into the United States was in 1840-41. Tiiey seem, however, not to have been well bred specimens. About 1850 a Mr. Chamberlain of Red Hook, New York, made an importation direct from kjorrento. They were all of a dark slate color, and their pigs were ;■!>; themselves and none with whito, ash or drab color on them. The ' " >'ng may be accepted as a perfect description of this breed and their points : Head small ; forehead bony and flat ; face slightl}' dishing ; snout rather long and very slender ; ears small, thin, standing forward nearly horizon- tally, and quite lively ; jowls very full ; neck short, broad and heavy above ; trunk lojig, cylindrical and well ribbed back ; back flat, and ribs arching, even in low flesh ; belly horizontal on the lower line ; hind-quar- ters higher than the fore, but not very much so ; legs very fine, the bones and joints being smaller than those of any other breed ; hams and shoul- ders well developed and meaty ; tail fine, curled, flat at the extremity, and fringed with hair on each side ; general color slaty, or bluish plum color, with a cast of coppery red ; skin soft and fine, nearly free from hair, which, when found upon the sides of the head and behind the fore- legs, is black and soft, and rather long ; flesh firm and elastic to the touch IV. The Essex Breed. It is well known that the Neapolitan was a prime integer in the improve- ment of the Essex breed of swine. In comparing specimens of the two breeds one can see plainl}' the cross of a broad, deep, gross feeder mtir au animal of great delicacy and refinement — the cross proving, when e* SWINE, HISTORY AND BHEEDS. 849 itan pig is when first 11, ami the liefeniiig Kuiope, he ;endants of I cultivated Neapolitau id. Martin taken place ind Chinese J the Essex, itt adds the 6 and Essex. [)_41. They bout 1»50 a •tation direct leir pigs were I thera. The is breed and ; snout rather early horizon- id and heavy flat, and ribs e; hind-quar- ,ne, the hones ms and shoul- ;he extremity, ir bluish plum ii-ly free from shind the fore- to the touch In the improve, [ens of the tffo Iss feeder wtli lying, when e* tablished, to combine those qualities which iire of greatest value in the parent breeds, and being capable of imparting them to crosses with breeds less finely organized. ESSEX BOAK. The Essex originated in the south of England and are entirely lilack. They are small to medium in size, and are extensively used in England as crosses on the large coarse swine, with a view to improving their fattening qimlities. The best specimens may be known 1)}'^ being black in color ; face short and dishing ; ears small and soft, standing erect while young, coming down somewhat with age ; carcass long, broad, straight and deep ; hams heavy, and well let down ; bone fine, and carcass Avhen fattened, mainly composed of lard ; hair generally rather thin ; fattening qualities superior. The black color of the Essex, as is the case with all the im- proved black swine, is only confined to the epidermis or scarf skin ; when dressed the skin is beautifully white and clean. The cut we have given of the Essex boar, will very well represent the Neapolitan with the excep- tion that the Essex is a comparatively well haired breed. v. The Yorkshire Hog. The Yorkshires are among the best of the pure bred swine of England, and liave stamped their impress upon nearly all the modern white breeds. Their good qualities are : They are of a size, shape and flesh that are desirable for the family or the packer's use. They are hardy and vigorous in constitution, have a good coat of hair, protecting the skin so well either in extreme cold or heat that it rarely chills or blisters. They are very prolific and good mothers ; the young do not vary in color, and so little in shape that their form when matured may be determined in advance by an inspection of the sire and dam. The Yorkshire, medium or middle breed, says Mr. Sydney, is a modern I Hi »H; S ^Ir ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. invention of Yorkshire pig breeders, and perhaps the most useful and popular of the vhite breeds, as it unites, in a striking degree, the good qualities of the large and small. It has been produced by a cross of the large and the small York and Cumberland, which is larger than the small York Like the large whites, they often have a few pale blue spote on the skin, the hair on these spots benig white. All white breeds have these spots more or less, and they often increase in number as the animal grows older. It was not until 1851 that the merits of this breed were fully recos- nized, when at a meeting of the Keighley Agricultural Society, the judges having called the attention of the stewards to the fact that several supe- rior sows, which were evidently closely allied to the small breed, had been exhibited in the large breed class, the aspiring intruders were, by official authority, withdrawn. The middle Yorkshire breed are about the same size as the Berkshire breed, but have smaller heads, and are much lighter in the bone. Thev are better feeders than the small whites, but not so good as tlic large whites ; in fact, they occupy a position in every respect between these two breeds. The Cumberland, a middle breed Yorkshire, are not distributed throughout the West, but when thoroughbred specimens have been introduced they are held in great esteem, as well for an animal for exhil)ition purposes as for family use. They are especial favorites with packers who buy their stock on foot for the reason that they }icld larger proportionate net weights than any other hogs which grow large enough for their use. They are small in bone but large in flesh, of the very best quality, evenly and proportionately distributed over the whole frame. VI. The SuSblkB. The Suffolks owe nearly all their good qualities probably to the infu- sion of Yorkshire blood. Mr. Sidney says that Yorkshire stands in the first rank as a pig feeding county, possessing the largest white breeds in England, as well as excel- lent medium and small breeds, all white, the latter of which, transplanted into the south has figured and won prizes under the name of divers noblemen and gentlemen, and under the name of more than one county. The Yorkshires are closely allied to the Cumberland breeds, and have been i 80 much intermixed, that, with the exception of the very largest breeds it is difficult to determine precisely where the Cumberland begins and the Yorkshire ends. The Manchester boar, the improved Suffolk, the im- proved Middlesex, the Caleshill and the Prince Alberts or Windsors were BWINE, HISTORY AND UREED9. 851 all formed on York8hire-Cuml)erland stock,, and some of them are nearly pure Yorkshires, transplanted and re-christcned Speaking of the pigs kept in the dairy district of Cheshire, ho says that white pigs have not found favor with the dairymen of Cheshire, and the white ones most used are the Manchester boars, another name for the Yorkshire-Cumberland breed. All the writers who have followed him down to the latest work published on the subject, occupy space in describing various county pigs which have long ceased to possess, if they ever did possess any merit worthy of the attention of the breeder. Thus the Norfolk, the Suffolk, tlie Bedford and the Cheshire have each separate notice, of which the Suffolk alone is worthy of cultivation, and the Suffolk is only another name for a small Yorkshire pig. We submit also a brief description of the Suffolk's "points :" Head sniiill, vtay short ; cheeks prominent und full ; face dished ; snout small ami very short ; jowl line ; ears small, thin, upright, soft und silky ; neck very short and thick, the head appearing almost as if set on front of shoulders ; no arching of crest ; crest wide and deep ; elbows standing out; brisket wide, but not deep; shoulders and crop-shoulders thick, nitlier upright, rounding outward from top to elbows ; crops wide and full. Sides and flanks — ribs well arched out from back, good length between shoulder and ham ; flank well tilled out and coming well down at ham. Back broad, level and straight from crest to tail, not falling off or down lit tail ; hams wide and full, well rounded out ; twist very wide and full all the way down. Legs and feet — legs small and very short, standuig wide apart, in sows just keeping the belly from the ground ; hone tine ; feet small, hoofs rather spreading; tail small, long and tiipcring. Skin, hair and color — skin thin, of a pinkish shade, free from Mm; hair fine and silky, not too thick; color of hair pale yellowish «hite, perfectly free from any spots or other color. Size small to medium. VII. Lancashire Hogs. There are throe breeds in Lancashire, England, that have attained celeb- rity, namely, the short-face, the middle breed, and the large Lancashire '^Mte. On next page we give an illustration of the short-faced breed. This breed of swine may be knoAvn by the following characteristics: j The shortness of the face from the eyes to the end of the snout ; prick I ears; small bones ; a good coat of white hair ; cubic in form, with broad [liack and broad hams, well let down. The skin, as well as the hair, is I »'liite, although an occasional one may be found with a fevr dark blue tpots in the skin, but never dark or black haira. The smaU: breeds hogs 64 \ 862 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. must have small bones ; a short face ; silky hair ; fine, small, upright ears ; a comparatively square form ; must have good square hams, the most valuable part of the hog ; must carry the meat near the ground ; flat on the back ; straight and cubic in form. Vin. Lancashire Middle Breed. This breed is one which partakes of the quality of the small breed and the size of the large breed. Middle bred hogs are got by crossing large bred sows with small bred boars, but all attempts to attain the same results by reversing the operation, and putting large bred boars to small bred sows, have proved failures. The largest of the middle bred sows are used I SWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. 853 to improve the largo breed. A middle bred hog must have a short face, and all other good qualities of the small breed, except that they may be longer in proportion to their width ; must have (liicker legs and longer bones to carry the greater size ; should be well haired (fattening to full form often causes the hair to fall off, which must be allowed for. ) As good a short rule as can be adopted to judge them by is as follows : The best middle bred hog should have the greatest possible share of all the quiilities of the small breed, with the length, and, in a measure, the larger bones of the large breed. IX. Large Lancashire. This variety of swine have large bones, of gi'eat height and length, and are the largest breed of swine known. They are a true breed, their qual- ities have descended from generation to generation — tlio quality being improved by judicious selection. They must be of large size ; great length ; flat back, with large square hams, and when fattened, must carry their width of back along over the hams ; must have deep and tolerably straight sides ; large feet and leg bones ; hair short ; may have a long face, but it liad better be short, as they fatten better ; may have a large, droop- ing ear, but other quality and size being equal, an upright, smaller ear is preferred. They usually have a long, thick, strong tail. They must be of great weight when fattened. American Breeds. Sagacious breeders in the United States nearly fifty years ago, saAv the necessity of establishing breeds of swine that should be eminently adapted to the especial requirements where Indian corn and grass must necessarily form the principal food of the swine from weaning time until slaughtered. Tlien and until the last twenty years, mere fat was the impoi'tant product in swine, as it was in a degree in cattle. Since that time the universal introduction of petroleum has reduced the value of lard and tallow to a minimum. Impi'ovemerits in the art of preserving food fresh has made barreled pork, a less necessary product even for long voyages, and the attention of the breeders was again turned to the production of as mucli lean meat in their hogs as possible. This naturally led to a reduction in the weight of the hog, or at least, if the animal should be capable of reacliing a heavy weight at maturity, it must also possess the important quality of fattening at any age. This has now been fairly met in the best English and American breeds. If we were asked to choose the breeds from each which would produce the most lean meat for the carcass, we should say the Berkshire of English breeds, and the Poland of American breeds. ' ' ^m IP HI P'lll 1 .;'jti£ 1 ' if 1 i I|J F ■ ills' Viii 854 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR X. Polftnd China. Over the history and charucteristics of this breed there hua boeu much controversy. Individual breeders have sought to take undue credit to themselves in the establishnacnt of the breed, and have sought undue SWINE, UISTOUY AND BKEKUS. 8fi6 proniinonco by attadiiiig tlioir own uiinics to the swiiio of tlu'ir ln'ooding. Tin- facts aro, tlio iiaiuo I'olaiul-C'liiiia is a miHiioiuor so far as I'olaiid is coiiienifcl, for thoro is not a particlo of ovidenre tliat a distiiutly roli.-li breed of iiogs over gave an infu^ion of blood. Tlio nearest evidence — iind tliis traditionary — to tliis effect, is, that long ago u sow wms bought (if a Polaiulcr, which, proving an excellent breeder, it went by the n;iine of tlio Polander sow. The breed is now largely indebted to the Chinas iiml J?crlvshires for their good qnalities. Althongh they certainly have ail infusion of so-cjilled Irish grazier in theni. Why this breed sjionld have been called grazier, one can only surmise. They ctTtninly were any- tliiiig but grass eaters, but the name made them popular for a time in the then far West where grain at that time waa scarce. The facta are, the Chinese hogs, importeH down on the leg, very broad, full, s(|uarc hams ami shoidders, drooping oars, short heads, wide between the eyes, of spotted or dark color are hardy, vigorous and prolilic, and when fat are models, combining the excellences of both largo and small breeds. XI. Chester Whites. The Chester Whites originated in Chester county, Pennsylvania, about ll<18, through the importation of a pair of fine pigs from Bedfordshire, England, by Captain James Jeffries. These were inter-bred with the k'st stock then existing in that county, and by careful selections a per- manent strain of large, easily fattened, (luiet hogs were produced, which continued to breed with great uniformity. Something like thirty years ago some attempts were made to cross the Suffolk and Berkshire ui)on them, but it was discontinued iis not being considered an improvement, and the best specimens to-day should be pure white, with no black about them whatever. 866 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. In the West this breed becamo very popular some years ago, and still is m many parts of the Northwest. Farther south, however, in the true corn zone, pure white hogs of any breed are not favored. They are thought not to stand out-door usage so well as black or nearly black swine. Where great weights are required the Chesters will always be liked. ■^■^' The following may bo given as the characteristics of these hogs : Head short and broad between the eyes ; ears thin, projecting forward and lopping at the point ; neck short and thick ; jowl large ; body leiigthv and deep ; back broad ; hams full and deep ; legs short and well set under tho body ; coat thin, white and straight ; (if a little wavy it is nn objectJou). The tail should be small and with no bristles. -fy. SWINE, HISTORY AKD BREEDS. Xn. Jersey Beds. 867 This large and rather coarse breed of hogs have been somewhat disseminated in the West. Tliey are certainly a hardy breed, and well adapted to new countries where there is good range and mast. Their history seems to be as follows : The positive origin of this family of swine is unknown. They have l)ecn bred in portions of the State of New Jersey for up>vards of tifty years, and with many farnjsrs are considered to be a most valuable family. They are of large size and capable of making heavy growth, 500 and (!00 [lounds' weight being common. They arc now extensively bred in the middle and southern portions of New Jersey. In some neighborhoods they are bred quite uniform, being of dark red color; while in other sections they are more sandy and often patched with white. They are probably descended from the old importations of Berkshires, as there is no record of the Tamworth, the red hog of England, ever having been brought into this country, nor is this likely, as the Tamworth was not coiisidei-ed a valuable breed, and was confined to a limited area. The Reds resemble the old Berkshires in many respects, but are now much courser than the improved swine of this breed. A good specimen of Jersey Red should be red in color, with a snout of moderate length, large top ears, small head in proportion to the size and lengtli of the l)ody, standing high and rangy on their legs ; bone coarse, liaving tail and brush and hair coarse, inclining to bristles ou the back. fH i.i. H ]-,- Xin. Cheshires. This IS a comparatively modern breed, if indeed it is yet fully enough established to be called a breed. It has been somewhat disseminated in various parts of the United States, and for villagers and small fariaers, possesses about all the good qualities of the Suffolk, without some of their disabilities. They are said to have originated in Jeiferson county, New York, from a pair of pigs sent from Albany under the name of Cheshire. It was probably a pet name for an exceptionally good pair of pigs. Since then they have l>cen crossed with Yorkshires and other pure white breeds, until of late years by selection tlioy have become uniform in their make up. The so-called Cheshires are pure white in color, with little hair. They are not uniform in this respect, as pigs in the same litter differ widely in the amount of hair. The snout is often long, but very slender and fine. T'he jowls are jilump, and the ear erect, fine and thin. The shoulders are wide and the hams full. The flesh of these hogs is fine-grained, and ^^M • ^ ■fi 858 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. they are commended on account of the extra amount of mess pork hi proportion to the amount of offal The tails of the pigs frequently droi) off when young IMPROVED CHE8BIIUI. Beoapitulation of Breeds. The principal English breeds are as they were known twenty years ago, the Berkshire, the Essex and the Yorkshire. The Berkshire is a medium breed Aveighing at full maturity up to 500 pounds. There arc large and small Berkshire, but the medium family is the most valuable. They are now bred entirely black except a dash of white in the face and white feet. The Essex is all black, or rather a blue black, and will weigh up to 450 pounds at maturity. They are one of tht most stylish of the small English breeds, as they are the largest of the small breeds, and to our mind the best of the small breeds for the "West — quite good feeders, hand- some and making good pork. The Yorkshires are divided into three classes, small Yorkshires, medium Yorkshires, and large Yorkshires. The so called Prince Albert Suffolks are small Yorkshires, and the best of the small white breeds. All the Yorkshires have occasional dark spots on the skin. The hair, however, is white, and these dark spots are not indications of impurity of blood but rather the reverse. The American breeds, in the best repute, are first, the Poland-Chiua, BWINE, HISTORY AND BREEDS. Bometimes called, in Ohio, Magie. Twenty years ago they were coarse black and white hogs, with occasional sandy markings. Of late j^ears they have been, through careful breeding and selection, rciined, and are now bred in the West, nearly black, the white, in the most approved strains, being distributed jirctty equally over the head and body in flecks and irregular patches. They are the most widely distributed of any American breed in the West, and fully deserve all that is claimed for tliem, as large, quiet, early matured , and kindly feeding hogs. The Jefferson county, New York, bo called Cheshires, are, as before stated, but modified Yorkshires, but in every respect stylish hogs, feeding well and making good pork, and are well adapted for small farms and for feeding in pens. The so called Hospital breed, or Morgan county hog of Illinois, which some years ago gained considerable repute, are un- doubtedly, modified Yorkshires, and in no respect superior to that well knc\vn breed. They were produced by crossing the Suffolk on the best white hogs of that county. Within the last five years they have ceased to attract attention. I i|:1l IV v/kiJi'I^^Vv, ', .f <: i'-'T:/ CHAPTER n. BBEBDma AND MANAGEMENT. IMPORTANCE OF SWINE. A BACK WOODS HOG. FfXING AND nOLDING THE CHARACTERISTICS. —SELECTION ALWAYS IMPORTANT. BREEDING AGE OF SWINE. CARE OP BKHEUING SOWS. WEANING.' MANAGEMENT Of SWINE. ABSOLUTE CLEANLINESS NECESSARY. SUMMARY. Importance of Swine. The breeding and management of swine constitutes one of the most I important agricultural interests in the West, and should do so in the] South. To be successful none but the best breeds should be allowed on I the farm. The fecundity of swine leaves no excuse for holding on toj laud pikes and the descendants of semi-wild breeds that must be run down by dog and rifle, in order, when they are killed to get a small! (juantity of inferior meat. A boar of any of the improved lireeds will} be sufficient for six or eight sows, and the increase is so astonishing when there is no epidemic disease, that it would from a single pair take bulj three years to stock the largest farm. 'It should be unnecessary to pursutj this matter further. There is no class of farm stock that pays better, ii4 l)ot\veen indifferent and good breeds, than hogs, and the wonder is that i^ .some sections of the country farmers still cling to a breed of gruntefl that will always greet you with a snort and a l)oh-o-o, and which feeding can fill — hi fact animals like those shown on the following page fully a match for the average dog, always hungry, ready to eat anythiq that falls in their way, even to half grown children occasionally, bij which when wanted for meat are nowhere within shooting diatauce. 860 HOIDING THE EDIKG AGE OF .NAGEMENT Ot SWINE, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT. 861 The very first requisite, however, in keeping any improved breeds, or in fact any I. ed from which money is to be made, is the best of feeding, and that daily, from the time they are born until they are slaughtered. A BACK WOODS HOG. The hog is simply a machine for making what is to be converted into lard, bacon, salt pork and hams. The average daily gain is a gradually ^"creasing quantity from month to month, until after a certain time nothing more can be gained in weight. This ought to be sufficient to be said upon this point. You can neither breed, nor keep a breed profitably by starving or allowing tliem to shift for themselves. As elsewhere, so in stock- raisiug, it iiolds true that what costs little to acquire, brings little at sale. Care and labor to secure the best will always pay the most. Fising and Holding the Characteristics. In breeding swine, however good or perfect the breed, they will surely dogonenite unless the greatest care in selection is pursued. Many persons wonder why it is that from the prolific nature of swine, the country is not soon stocked with none but the most superior animals. The simple reason is, the want of accurate judgment and care in selection ; the error ^ill be plainly seen by noting what we say farther on. Indccm of fl: dry, fii'ni .iiiil Jijipan Hogs, a water. Nc "liter Avitliii add much t( fiiieinent, si 3'lies withii llie remedy Oil cake assists the ''ff ill to eat *h the Bran is p'l'eii it is M-( ' f^ii falve it \\ Jf ordiiijiri I "li"; and llo: s^oh-ed in [■^"fi;'lit houn I *id stomach, Pi'ovide a s I* to aeconl (''•""pi-ojoot ^■'strate pi l^foroweanin 55 so IM'WI .■■•■•P.if HV i»U ' ■« TW . fish, flesh, hy hunger elephant. |m and cool wild men ■ I of biting I lurnishes to| Ig postfur-^ lomesticity.' 8WINE, BREEDINO AND MANAGEMENT. 867 If kopt from the ntliicks of flies, thoy will not wallow in the mud but in the clciincHt water they can find, and stairnant water they will not drink at nil, unless foreed to do so, hy dire necessity. The sagacious breeder and feeder will understands this ; they also understand the dan<:er of malinjnant diseases attacking their swine when forced to wallow and drink impure water. Hence they strive by every means in their power that swino aro kept away from these cjiuses of disease and death, and thus such wruld be almost entirely exempt, excejjt that there are always men enough of the shiftless type in a neighborhood whoso stock take and spread contagion to their neighbors. We do not know how we can illustrate more forcibly the two types of breeders than liv the cut given of a sow of an improved breed properly kept, and of a M)\v of the "hazel splitting" variety, improperly kept. The one in a drv, tirni pasture, with plenty of pure water, the other on a half marsh, and apparently made to succumb from miasmatic influences. Summary. Hogs, and especially pigs in confinement often suffer for want of w;iter. No matter how sloppy the food they should always have pure water within reach. If they can have a bathing place in Summer it will add much to their health, and assist much in fattening. Swine, in con- finement, should always have charcoal, bituminous coal, salt and wood ijlies Avithin reach. They often suffer from acidity of the stomach and the remedy being near the swine will always use it. Oil cake mixed with the feed of swine when suckling pigs, a gill a day, assists the milk secretion. It should not be given to pigs. As they liejrin to eat they should have a trough w"here they can go and feed but which the sow cannot get at. Bran is not valuable for swine. Where highly concentrated food is jven it is well to have a little dry bran in a separate trough, so the hogs can take it when tlu-y want it. If ordinary diarrhoea attacks pigs give a porridge of sweet skimmed [milk and ilour. For constipation give two or three drachms of soap fesoUed in an ordinary sized tumbler of water, and repeat if necessary I eight hours, or give as an injection. It is also a good diuretic and for I iml stomach. Provide a sti'ong scratching post. Bore inch and a half holes at inter- hals to accommodate hogs of different sizes, and drive in pins letting jikem project an inch and a half. Ciistrate pigs before they are weaned, say not later than two weeks jWorc weaning time. 55 ,y^ /M " ■K, 'i* i'^ "■' ■ ■' ' .1 '>' > 1 i ■ ,■.•>■■ CHAPTER m. PEEDINO AND SHELTER. .'i/ui on gl'll.s.s (I h'cs !|.S t .111(1 tlio tllR lllo.sl ;i,s iTivcri iiiidnloiir list of pill tlie whole GOOD VS. HAD FOOD. "-8UMMKU KEEDINQ. THE OltAINS. KKKDISIt HitUTII. MKNT. lino BARNS. A CROSS BAKN. LIUHT VS. UEAVy HOGS. ■OTIIEH 8UMMEB FOODS. R00T8. —MAST. KEEIMNO IN roNKINE- A SIMPLE PEN. .SLMMAKV. Good vs. Bad Food. VerretaMcs and grain are the I)asi8 of success in the makinj; of pork whatever tiie breed may be. Hogs kept about huge .stal)les or distillery yards, where they get only offal, or fed in butcher's yard.s, on the refu.se offal of the slaughter house, arc unfit for human food. They arc liable to become infested with trichina, and, therefore, no breeder and es- pecially no feeder should buy animals from such localities. In fact there is only one redeeming feature among the disgusting lilth and nastincss in which they are fed — they are generally provided with pure water, and warm shelter. Summer Feeding. % Pasturage is of the first importance. This should be ample. In ]1a^i- turing swine, l)ut few varicti(>s of gr" ed. Clover, both white i and red, will be the main relwinc nl .it region where red iinilj white clover are not natir .lUi. .>re alfalfa (lucerne) aiidj other members of the pti, .aniii}' vveP ncse may be sulKstitutiil Swine take kindly to blue gni.s.'it, when it is young, and to orchard grassJ They do not refuse timothy, but ti lothy has a bulbous root just at tli^ surface of the earth. This swine eut, and thus destroy the grass. E}'^ 868 fiosi(|o.s cuiiiein (lu '«' sown t( ''iTt', as ear ^''<' ■Mvine I liiifd fo giv( «'' clean. "'IkT SOilkc "I- to 1)0 foj "fflieso fa, "re tile (.|ie.., '*W)|lC(.|-„t.(jl profit. Ifeiil Kllt;il)jifr>|sj TOll (Of,, . (}| fi'Miips I,,-,. '.^""(1 Wmtt] '''"■''• ('abb,.| 'hh K-cpt «fJ.i "luarv. % huiiiff •^^'^ after I 'S Seville. SWINE, FKBDINU AND SHELTER. 869 __nooT9. of povk (listillcvy ^\io refuse lave Vwble ir AwA 09- ifiu't tlievo i\stiiu!ss ill valcr, and botU wliH»-'| ivo !•<<'■ !""M locnio) rtudj lubstituted.j Iv.ivcl gvassj just ut tlj und ontfl make good |)ii8tuni<;e for l)();;s. Rjo {j^ass and fotd incadow irniss iiro also woll rulinhod. In this rL'snect tlu! ferdiT should fxiu'riini'iit with ;:nia8e8, to bo cut. und givon in the pen, und then fiu'd to such viuif- ties as do best, and are most cugorly eaten. Of weeds, purslaiii, (pdi'i't- kca okrdcen), hiinbs (juurter, also railed pigweed, (c/icuapoflinm (ilhvtii ) ;iiul the green uniuranth, also called pigweed, [(tt/inrniifKs /tt/hridiis) are the most common of our native und introduced weeds that are vuluablo ;is frrccn food for swine. There is also u native weed growing in Illinois amliilong the alluvial bunks of the Mississippi and northwurd ; the winged pigweed, (cydoma phi lyph if Ilium) that is much liked by uwine. Yet the list of plants cuten by theiu is not large, about eighty species comprising the wliolo. Other Summer Foods. Bosiilcfl clover, the grasses, and weeds, there are other plants that may (1)1110 ill during the Summer, and be used with profit. Oats and peas may lie nowii together, two bushels of oats and one of peas, together, per MR', us early in the Spring as the ground is in fair condition for working. TIk' !>\vinc may be turned into the Held when the crop is ripe, being con- timtl to given space, by a hurdle fence, Avhich is to be removed as they I'lilcleaii. A better way, however, is to harvest and thresh, and feed cither soakc^d or dry. Later, Summer sijuashcs and pumpkins will come ill, to be followed by artichokes in the Autunm. We do not advise any of those foods except grass on the sc )re of economy. Corn and grass are tiie cheapest food in all the West, so far as mere cost of production in'oiu'crned. But unless the health of swine is retained, there is no prutit. Ileiice the necessity of these additional foods. Boots. Rutiiliagas make an excellent Winter food for swine in connection with torn ; they are easily and cheaply raised, as we have already stated. Parsnips arc also generalh' liked, either raw or cooked. Beets are also |S!.'ood Winter feed boiled with meal. The tops are also occasionally rel- [I'liwl. Cal)bage is a cheap and wholesome food ; they are not, however, 'bplv ke[)t over Winter. They may be used with i^roHt up to the firs^ I'jfJimutiry. The Orains. Those, after all, must be the main dependence, both in raising and fat- Itaiiig swine. The kind of grain fed will, of course, depend upon the i'f?l 370 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. climate and region where raised. Where corn is a sure crop, it must T)e relied on almost entirely. The assertions of theorists, that it is unlit for feeding, except during the short fattening season, although the merest twaddle, in the sense they intended it, will, from another point of view- he correct. The fattening season of swine should be from the time they are weaned until they are slaughtered. Swine for ,pork should never lose in condition from the time they were bora until turned off for the butcher. The feeding of all the corn they will eat in connection with grass aad other food, to keep them healthy, and which will apply with equal force, whatever the grain fed, will be found not only the most economical throughout the West and Southwest, but in all that rciou of country Avhere corn is natural to the soil and climate, or where it may be cheaply bought. f'eeding South. In nearly all the country South, corn may be cheaply raised as n part of the rotation. Here corn must be the main stay, supplemented hv such grasses and plants as are natural to the region. The artichoke will do well much fui+her south than is generally supposed, and some of the tuberous varieties may undoubtedly be found well down to the tropics. When it an be profitably cultivated, the Jerusalem artichoke should be used. The n -me Jerusalem is a corruption of the Italian name Giraaolo, meaning sunflower, the botanical name being Helianthus tuheromx, or the tuberous rooted sunflower. Chafas, a, tuberous rooted grass, (Cyperus), has become widely nat- uralized in the South, and is highly spoken of for feeding swine, siiico like artichokes, the hogs are left to gather them for themselves, iiiid un- like the artichokes, tiiey are most nutritious and fattening. They are exceedingly easy to cultivate, but are sometimes said to l)c difficult to extirpate South. This, however, is probably incorrect, since from their very nature, a thorougli Summer fallow will kill. North of thirty-nino degrees they do not survive the Winter. In fact, 'if frozen anywliere, they are killed. Mast. In all the great timbered region South, tree seeds, acorns, iH'echiiiit.s.j chestnuts, the softer shelled hickorynuts, and hazelnuts, form a most \iil- uable food for swine. They should be utilized to their fullest oxtent.J So papaws, persimmons, a. I the other wild fruits of the forests SmitliJ may be made available in the making of pork. Where hoga cuu hav^ plenty of ] entirely he fices, if on South, we J native sows of American the South. In all the ^ iundrcd hogi 'i^e of the an llie breeding « fouc^nied this of \k\v. xijg from what thej vear, who land '" Summer and «» the skim mil for feeding; 8e< material about t •"■raw. It is I,; '" "« to combi aiiiuials. The hog housft ■"»>■ ''c in the fol ""'e feet wide, w( ^liould be provid] , ^'^^i'lg out and i] '«arii to do. ThJ P^Pt clean, win aJ M^''^"" each side! l^l"'>eal,uiiji„J ^'''feedtwenty.ff , '•'•VmaybetJ "»r. allowing fop f '•'•"^«ve by rorty SWINB, FEEDING AND SHELTER. 871 plenty of range, they will do very well with a little f«>eding, are generally entirely healthy, and upon being put up to fatten, a very little grain suf- fices, if only attention has been paid to get the proper breed. For the Soutii, we believe the Berkshire, or crosses of the Berkshire on the best native sows to be one of the most profitable breeds. The Poland-China of American breeds will be found most valuable for breeders and raisers at the South. Feeding in Oonflnemont. In all the great awine growing regions, where from twenty-five to iive hundred hogs are annually fattened and sold from single farms, the life of the animals must necessarily be passed out-of-doors. So far as the breeding stock, and the first few months of the life of the pigs are conc^jnied this is always best, both from an economical and sanitary point of view. Thero are, however, many small farmers, who annually fatten, from what they require for family use, up to fifteen or twenty head a year, who find it most convenient and economical to feed and fatten both ill Sunnner and Winter in pens. All this large class must depend, first, nil the skim milk, buttermilk and whey, and upon the slop of the kitchen for feeding ; second, upon clover, cut and fed, weeds and other refuse material about the farm, and lastly and principally on corn either ground nr raw. It is bettor for all this class that the pens when built be planned $0 as to combine ease of handling with security and comfort of the auiumls. Hog Bams. • The hog house need not be an expensive building. For a few bogs it may he in the form of a parallelogram, with a passage way in the middle five feet wide, with pens opening into roomy yards outside. Each pen should be provided with a swing door, hinged at the top, so the hogs in piissing out and in may raise and 1( wer it themselves. This they soon learii to do. The pens may be about eight feet by ten feet, which, if kept clean, will accommodate three or four hogs each. Thus, a lange of 1 pens on each side ten feet deep and a five feet passage way between will Ujuire a building twenty-five feet wide. A square building of this size »ill feed twenty-four hogs. If a less number is required to be fed the Wilding may be twenty-five feet one way, and, say sixteen feet the other Way, allowing for pens. If fifty hogs are to be kept it will require six iFn* on a sideband the building, to secure proper accommodation, must be iwwity-five by forty-eight feet. ^ I M-'. um ■f \>-^ ^'^iW^ <■ 872 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB.>ie, or rum next pajre shows, «'"H''s kind may '" the market. SWINE, FEEDING AND SHELTER. 873 sun another plan is to select a yard, in a dry, well drained place, allowing twenty feet square for each ten hogs ; thus a lot forty feet square would accomodate twenty hogs. Along the middle of the pen, a ■, k I.. I' BKKKDKK IN GUOU FLESH. bedding place is built, sixteen feet wide, with a partition in the middle, and divided the other way every twenty feet by partitions. The feeding pliice yhould be floored, eight feet wide, and have a low trough two feet wide, along the side for holding ear corn. Unless the season is very wet and nmddy, hogs do very well thus kept. If wet, they must be kept out of the mud by means of hay and litter thrown into the yards from time to time, and the sleeping places must be kept well bedded. Kept in eitlipr of the ways we have designated, your hogs will go to the butcher fat, and showing a profit on the right side of the ledger, and your breed- ing sows will look like the illustration of a well-bred animal, which we give in ordinarily good breeding flesh, on this page. If on the other hand, you let your hogs shift for themselves, running wild over the pniirio, or running about in the woods, they will, as the illustration on next page shows, come out pretty much like "Arkansas tooth-picks." Stock of tiiis kind may be able to care for itself, but it will yield only a jtaitry return ID the market. !; >m 4m m ''M i mm '- ■': la 174 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. Summary. In what we have said in relation to feeding in close pens, we are not to be understood as advising the practice on the farm. Tlicre should be plenty of pasture in Summer, and plenty of pure water always. With- out this no one can succeed. There must be protection from insects and heat in Summer. The first may be perfectly secured by providing a dark place to which the hogs can retire at will. In Winter there must be warm, dry and otherwise comfortable shelter provided, and there must also be plenty of good food, at all times. Of all animals the hog, at least, must not be allowed to lose flesh from the time it is born until it is killed. When fat, kill at once, unless the market happens so that it will pay to hold for a short time for a turn. As a hog becoiues fat, it eats " ARKANSAS TOOTH-PICKS." less and less, and it also fattens more and more slowly. Nevertheless, the same daily animal waste goes on. Many good feeders are so partic- ular that they weigh their hogs every two weeks, and note the gain. Then they are able to determine just how much their stock is imi)roving, and also as to the proper time for turning them off. If not ready, or the season and prices arc not right, they increase the condition of the food given, so that the small quantity taken shall make up in richness what it 1.' 'ks in quantity. This class seldom sell stock over twelve months old, ai many of our best feeders sell their hogs at ten nionths old, which will turn the scales at from three hundred to four hundred pounds each. Such feeders never keep hogs two Summers and one Winter, in order to get an average of two hundred pounds each. SWINE, FEEDINQ AND SHELTER. Light VS. Heavy Hogs. 876 Years ago, when lard and side pork were the principal hog products looked for, the heavier the hog, the better the price. We once sold a hog weighing G50 pounds for fifteen cents a pound. That was in war- times, and it brought one cent per pound over the price paid for liglit and well fattened hogs. The same animal to-day, would not bring within a cent a pound, of what nice young nine and ten months, well fattened pigs would, in any of our principal markets. To get the weight named, the iiog was fed two years and a Indf . Take three pigs against this one. Tlie difference in the first cost of the three sucklings as against the one, would not exceed three dollars. The three pigs will be fed nine months, and weigh GOO pounds, — (we have made pigs farrowed in March and killed the next January, weigh dressed, up to 380 pounds, and have more than once turned off such pigs at ten months old weighing aliVe over 300 pounds average) the other must be fed almost three years, and j'ou must he a good feeder if you make him weigh 600 pounds. In the first case, vou have fed nine months each, or twenty-seven months on the three pigs for GOO pounds, and in the other case, you have fed thirty-six months for the same weight. The one big hog has eaten more corn than the three pig8, and 3'et the three pigs weighing the same as the one will bring about six dollars more, giving you three dollars on the original purchase, as be- tween the three and one, and a very considerable amount of corn on the credit side of your account book. You don't believe it? Examine the tables we ha^e given on feeding and turning off cattle young, as against feeding until they were mature. We could show many instances fully as convincing as this, in the case of hogs ; but why pile up testimony after the argument is conclusively established beyond controversy. til: li ,->■ •, »t CJ / » PART VIII. Diseases of Swine. CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AXD CURE, •<^, ■■■»■ 'i'^ ^ Rv ■ IB 1 i Ti' i! EXPLANATION OF NURSING TH LIONANT EPI INTESTINAL MKNT. f THB EB WHAT TO D( CONTAGl SKV, OR STBJ IN THE HEAl THE LAI CURE. LI( Explanation—^ verlebrai. B—Sa cartilages. H—8 pus, or knee. 1. | rrapezoid. 6. Os '■'' ' '' ) '. , - '' ■' \- CHAPTER I. DISEASES OF SWINE. KPLANATION OF CUT. DIFPICULTT IN ADH1NISTERINO BraDICINE. GOOD NCRSINO THE ESSENTIAL. MALIGNANT AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. UA LIGNANT EPIZOOTIC CATARRH HOW TO KNOW IT. WHAT TO DO. INTESTINAL "HOG CHOLERA." HOW TO KNOW IT. CAUSES. TREAT- MKNT. PREVENTION. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMO-ENTKRITIS. ITS ORIGIN. TUB ERYSIPELATOUS FORM. THE FORM MALIGNANT SORE THROAT. WHAT TO DO. MALIGNANT ANTHRAX, SPLENIC FEVER. TRUE CHARBON. CONTAGIOUS PNEUMOENTERITIS. INFLAMMATORY DISEASES. QUIN- SKY, OR STRANGLES UISINO OP THE LIGHTS. PNEUMONIA. CATARRH IN THE HEAD. DISEASE OF THE SKIN HRASLRS. HOW TO KNOW IT. THE LARD WORM. WHAT TO DO. TRICHINA SPIRALIS. HOW TO CUBE. LICE DIARRHEA. SUMMARY. rg SKELETON OF THE HOG. Explanation — A — Cervical vertebrse. J5, B — Dorsal vertebrre. C— Lumbar vertebra;. J5~Sacrum. E, .B— Coccyge.il bones. F, F— Ribs. C— Costal cartilages. H— Scapula. /—Humerus. K, iC— Radius. L — Ulna. Jtf— Car- pus, or knee. 1. Scaphoid. 2. Semilunar. 3. Cuneiform. 4. Trapezium. 5. Trapezoid. 6. Os magnum. 7. Unciform. 8. Pisiform. N, iV— Large meta- . - 879 It: 880 ILLU8TKATKU STOCK DOCTOR. carpal, or cannon. O — Small naetacarpal. P, P — Seaamoid bones. (^. r^_ Phalanges. 1. Oa sutfiaglnia, or puMtern bono. 2. Od corunul. 3. Os \m[\s, /J— Pelvis. (Foreleg of pig. PiiulAiigcs 1, 2,3). 1. Ileum. 2. I'ulii^, 3. Ischium. 5— Femur. T— Patella. {/—Tibia. T— Fibula. W—lhnk. i. Oscalois. 2. Astragalus. 8. CuneiTorm magnum. 4. Cuneiform iniduin. 5. Cuneiform parvum. 6. Cuboid. 8,6. Cubo cuneiform. X — Large moiiitarssil (Hind-leg of pig. Phalanges 1,2, 8). Y — Small metatarsal. Z — Head, 1. Inferior maxilln. 2. Superior maxilla. 8. Anterior maxilla. 4. N .sul bone. T) Molar. 6. Frontal. 7. Parietal. 8. Occipital. 9. L.-ichr3mal. 10. Squa- mous-lempoid. 11. Petrous-tumpoid. Difficulty in Administeriag Medicine. No class of farm aninnils are so difScult to treat in sickness as swine. The horse, the cow, and the sheep, uuiy have medicine adniinisterod to them by an intelligent operator with comparatively little ditBculty. Not so swine. They resist every effort with their utmost strength, and iiuhI- icine can only be forced down by nuiin strength, the resistance itself, being, in nine cases out of ten more injurious, than the good the Micdiciiii; may do. When it must be administered by the mouth, the best nuiiiis we have ever found, is to place the hog in a narrow pen in whicli lie niu not tuii? round, put a slip noose around the upper jaw, turn the im-dicino — in the case of a drench — down from a horn, or when it may Ik* adiiiis- sible give it in the form of an injection. Tn the case of boluses tlicv niiiv be laid on the back of the tongue, next tlie palate, and the animal thus made to swallow. Oood Nursing the Essential. For the reason that medicine ia so difficult to administer, it is Jilways best, when the hog will cat or drink to disguise the dose in some food or drink it likes. In fact our practice has always been, if medicine could not be so administered, to let good nursing and care be the chief dupeiid- ence in bringing the animal .safely through. In the case of those nialignant forms of epidemic and contagious dis- eases which, under the common name of hog cholera, have so frc(]«('iitly scourged the West within the last few years, unless the affected aniinals are treated during the first or .symptomatic stage, the only course to pur- sue is to isolate every diseased animal from the herd as soon ns found. and remove the well aninuils to a separate place where they are not in danger, and above all where they cannot come in contact with otiieriiofis: then with such medicine as they will eat in food or drink trust to nature and good cure to bring them safely through. liere is at first c 8WINE, THEIR DISEASES. 881 So fur there Ims been but little success atteiuliug the trontmeiit of these diaeiisos, prolcilUy from the fact that the incubative stage of the disease WHS passed and the animals bejoud the reach of remedial means before the owners were aware that the animals were attacked. In the treatment of the diseases of swine, we shall tirst describe fully the three principal' forms of those malignant diseases termed hog cholera, and for which there are so many specifics advertised — some of them by men so ignorant ;is to call all distempers hog cholera, and prescribe identical treatment for diseases that require entirely different remedies. Malignant and Contagious Diseases. Tliorc arc throe principal forms of malignant diseason, onllcd hog iholeni. The lirst is malignant epizootic catarrh, which in 1875 and IH'li swci)t over Illinois, Missouri, and neighboring States, destroying viist iiuinl)crs of swine ; next the disease noticed by Professor Kline, of Kii;,'liiiid, and described as contagious pnoumo-entoritis ; the third, anthrax ami splenic fever and a form of intestinal fever closely allicil to the last if not identical, and which Dr. Law designates as intestinal fever or hog iholera. Malignant Epizootio Catarrh. This disease, if it does not originate in fdthy yards and putrid pens, is iimiiziimly developed there. The poison germs find a congenial home in the mucous meinl)rano of such hogs, and in those whose skins are so iliity that the natural perspiratory acts cannot take place, so if perspira- tiim be checked during the prevalence of this epidemic, or the swine be eximsed to sudden changes or the chilly night air, it will surely predispose theiu to attacks. How to Know It. There is a short, hoarse cough, ditficulty of breathing, with panting of the lliiuks. The head is held in a stretched and drooping position ; there i> fever, a stiff, tottering gait, sometimes running at the nose, often fffoits to vomit, generally constipation, but at times diiu-rha'a. In this form the disease is shown in the dead animal by iiif1:imni;ition of the lininir membrane of the nose and upper i)art of the throat, tlienco to the ^iiulpipc and lungs, which are more or loss solidified. A second form of this disease has a short cough, not so pronotmced as i:i the first form, and there is less oppression in breathing; l)ut there is wore decided paralysis in the hind quarters and the gait is more tottering. I Tliere is at tirst constipation, followed by a profuse and fetid diarrhea. m ^g 'I Kt 1^ f' ), 4-h« 882 ILLUHTIIATED STOCK UOC^TOR. Tho disease is spending itself in the stoiniich nnd bowels. The auinml arching its Imrk Jiiul es[)ecially the loins from tho intensity of the miu. Tho brain is often uffccted so there is partial or total blindness and aindess movements. So also the glands Mill be enlarged and soinctiiiion 8croful(»us ulcers will show in different parts of the body. Tl>c dead ani- mal shows the lining membrane of the intestines inflanied and d( generated The spleen enlarged, dark, and soft ; tho liver diseased, and often water exudations iu the chest and belly. Tho duration in either form is from five to tifteeu days. -j - . »i What to Do. If tho disease has progressed so as to show the latter symptoms wp have described, kill, and bury the animal at once, and deeply. In any event separate tlie animals showing tho slightest SA'inptoms from tlic rest of the herd, and remove the well ones to comfortable and dry and well ventilated quarters, and give pure water and good, easily digested food. As soon as tho first symptoms are discovered give an emetic as follows: No. 1. 15 to 20 Oi-iiin.') powdered wUite hellebore, H Pint milk. Mix for a full-grown hog, and let it drink ; if it will not, tuni it down with a horn as previously descril)ed. This having vomited the hog, in a couple of hours after give two or three grains of tartar emetic, if the trouble is in the lungs ; if in the bowels, two or three grains of calomel ; either medicine to be given in the half of a roasted potato or apple if the animal will eat, or to bo enveloped in tallow or lard nnd laid on the root of the tongue and the animal made to swallow. Repeat the dose twice ii day until relief is obtained. According as the lungs or bowels are af- fected apply to the sore place the following blistering ointment, heating over a moderate fire, for half an hour and stirring to mix : No. 2. 1 Oz. powdered cantharides, 4 Oz. olive oil. Rub in well and repeat the application if no blister is drawn, aulmul improves, give every day for a few days the following : If the No. 3. 20 Grains Rulphatn of Iron, 80 Gr.iiDi« carbonate of potash. This, when the lungs have been the sent of disease ; if in the boweU. omit the carbonate of potash. Professor Townsend thinks that in niauy cases the liver is torpid, and thus blood poisoning takes place. When HWINK, THKIK OlSKAHKH. 883 the uttack commenceB with copious und dark discharges from the bowels, he recommends to give at once : No. 4. ao Oralna podopbyllln. 'i Draobms bicarbonate ofiod*. Or, if constipation be present : Nc i. I Ounce cMtor oil, 1 Draobm oil of turpentine. Both to be given in • pint of milk or gmel. Intestinal "Hog Oholera." In relation to this disease, undoubtedly analogous to the one last de- scribed, Dr. James Law thinks it is a specific contagious fever of swine, attended by congestion, exudation, blood extravasation, and ulceration of the membrane of the stomach and bowels. That is, fetid diarrhoea, gen- eral heat and redness of the surface, and on the skin and mucous mem- brane spots and patches of a scarlet, purple or bliuk color. It is fatal in from one to six days, or ends in a tedious, uncertain recovery. How to Know It. Incubation ranges from a week to a fortnight in cold weather, to three days in warm. It is followed by shivering, dullnes.s, prostration, hiding under the litt©'', unwillingness to rise, hot, dry snout, sunken eyes, un- steady gait behind, impaired or lost appetite, ardent thirst, increased temperature (103 degrees to 105 degrees F.), and pulse. With the oc- currence of heat and soreness of the skin, it is suffused with red patches and black spots, the former disappearing on pressure, the latter not. The tongue is thickly furred, the pulse small, weak and rapid, the breath- ing accelerated and a hard, dry cough is frequent. Sickness and vomiting miiy he present, the animal grunts or screams if the belly is handled, the bnwels may be costive throughout, but more commonly they become relaxed about the third day and an exhausting foetid diarrhgement serve to develop it. The infection is virulent, and may, it 56 884 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. is supposed, be communicated by the wind, and is with di£Sculty de- stroyed in hog-peus, fodder, bedding and other articles of contact. What to Do. Treatment should not br permissible, unless in a constantly disinfected atmosphere. Fted barley or rye, or iu case these raise the fever, corn starch made with boiling water ; give to drink fresh cool water, slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid. For the early constipation give a uiild laxative (castor oil, rhubarb), and injections of warm water, to be fol- lowed up with nitrate of potassa and bisulphate of soda, of each 20 grains at a dose. If the patient survives the first few days and shows signs of ulceration of the bowels, by bloody dung, or tenderness of the belly, give oil of turpentine fifteen to twenty drops night and morning. Follow up "mth tonics and>careful, soft feeding. Prevention. E[ill and bury the diseased ; thoroughly disinfect all they have come in contact with ; watch the survivors for the first sign of illness, test all sus- picious subjects by moans of a clinical thermonieter introduced in the rectum, and separate from the herd if it shows 103 or mor degrees Far- anhcit. And »s soon as distinct signs of the disease are t>uown kill and bury deep. Feed vegetable or arimal charcoal, bisulphate of sodu, car- bolic acid or sulphate of iron to the healthy swine, and avoid all suspected food or places, or even water which has run near a diseased herd. All newly purchased pigs should be placed at a safe distance in (luaruntine, under separate attendants, until their health has been surely established ua sound. Contagious Fneumo-enteritis. This disease known commonly also as "hog cholera," "purple," "blue disease, "etc., is a contagious inflammation of the lungs and bowels, accom- panied with red and puqile blotchet of the skin, the last described beinjr one of relative forms of this disease. Its Origin. It is supposed to be caused by extremes of temperature and »vet seasons, feeding on low or swampy soils, impure water, filthy feeding i)eiis. Whether these causes originate the disease or not they incline the systeii to infections from the subtle poison which Dr. Kloin, an eminent finglishj * .w 8 WINE, THEIK UI8EA8EH. 886 Teterinarian, has proved to be due to a minute vegetable organism, {hadllua) found in the serous fluids, and tissues of animals infected. M. Roche Lubin, a French veterinary authority says the disease will dis* appear if proper sanitary means are used, protection from the sun and rain, well ventilated quarters, and clean bedding, often renewed, with pure water and wholesome food. We have been thus particular in (^uut- Ing, to intensify what we hav« repeatedly said, cleanliness and care. How to Know It. There are two principal symptomatic forms which ure important to be Qoticed, as follows : The Brysipelatous S'orm. The animal at fii'st is dull, loses his appetite, lies down and moves unwillingly. He hangs his head, and sometimes makes efforts to vomit. The bowels at this time are generally constipated, the excrement being hard and dark colored ; cough and difficult urination. The next day or in a few hours, even, the characteristic symptom of the disease shows itself. This consists in the appearance of dark red or purple blotches, passing into a bluish-black color. Once seen, they cannot be mistaken. Their most frequent seats are the ears, throat, neck, breast and inside the fore legs. If he is a white hog the discolora- tioubi ure very visible. With these there is often a discharge from the nose of a dark purple fluid. Soon his breathing becomes punting and labored ; he is palsied in his hind quarters, and if he is driven up runs reeling with his hind legs and his head dropped to the ground. At this stage a fetid diarrhoea sometimes setu \ i. The fatal termination is reached in one or three days. The Form with Malignant Sore Throat. The general symptoms at the commencement are the same ; and the appearance of the throat has that same deep red, passing into dark purple hue, which we have just noticed in the erysipelatous variety. But the obstruotioiis to the functions of breathing and swallowing naturally pro- duce tt train of characteristic symptoms not seen in the former case. TheM ure attempts to vomit, difficulty in swallowing, and labored bn^ith- iiig from the first, ^he sensation of choking being so distressing that ttte animal will sit on its haunches, like a dog, gasping for breath, opening its mouth wido, and protruding a livid a »d swollen tongue. Sometimes the swelling about the larynx is so sudden and considerable that the aui- 886 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. mal is choked to death in less than un hour, and before hardly any uther symptom has had time to manifest itself (oedema of the larynx). What to Do. The cheapest remedy with animals distinctly attacked, is to kill at once, and bury deeply out of sight, to prevent contagion. If the animals arc valuable, isolate them from all danger of spreading the contagion ; give two to three ounces of castor oil, and as soon as it operates, give twenty grains of nitrate of potash, and twenty grains nitrate of soda,-. mixed for a dose — ^two or three times a day. Give also powdered char- coal in the drink, and if the bowels are swollen and tender give twenty drops of turpentine in a little gruel, as may be needed. The prescription of M. Lubin, and one of the most valuable known is : No. 6. 10 Qreins powdered camphor, 1 Drachm nitrate of potash, B Grainw calomel. Mix and give in a little gruel three times a day, omitting the calomel after the third dose. The local treatment should be attended to. Fr>ni.;nt the swollen part with hot water saturated with copperas (sulphal.?- > ' -, -n). If there is gangrene, saturate the surrounding tissues with i *., ae and sweet oil. and attend strictly to the general sanitary conditions of the hospital or place where the animals, both sick and well are kept. Professor Wil- liams advises the use of chlorate of potash as superior to all other ntedi- oines. His prescription is : No. 7. i Drachms chlorate of potash, X Pint water. Professor Turner, the well known Illinois sci«nti8t and exteiisivp farrnor, iidvisoH the following as having been successful with him us ;i pr«rventiv<\ and if taken in he early wtages of the diarrbwa, as u cure: No. & 9 Lb«. flowers of sulphur, 'i Lbs. sulphate of iron, '2 Lbs. madder, H Lb. black antimony, y. Lb. nitrate of potash, 'i Os. arsenic. Mix with twelve gallons of slop, and give a pint to each hog ; thi.-* quan- tity lieing for !00 bogH. Our lM»i*t word of advi(!e is, if the affected hogs cannot he made to t*ke the remedies in their food or drink, since it is a question of profit and loss aimpj means of i we had sin h'ed. Thu; repeating: is cheapest We have ne foiin. Uni who will noi Ohi It has beei poison knowi to man, thert country there the names of cholera. The pneuiijo-euteri TRUE fiTiod of i, from a few hoi ^mly tran> cies of animal Spleen alwa '"•oken «Jowii.' Hlood after ( L""^'>* and be ""Pli<'atcd. C(; 1'he disfoloral 'fup " -n-hunculal T*"" »n».st COI] r"'t'''" TherJ **"*'"/.' the feafu^ I ""■" "'bitf arjd l] HI SWINE, THEIR DISEASES. 887 loss simply, then kill, bury at once, and disinfect promptly. For the means of disinfecting, see chapters on contagious diseases in cuttl(\ If we had simply said kill and bury, our readers would not have been sutis- lied. Thus we have given much point to remedies ; yet it will again bear repeating: In all contagious diseases of animals, of a malignani type, it is cheapest and most humane to kill and bury quickly and deeply. We have never found any remedy effective once it assumes a malignant form. Unfortunately, there are too many careless or pennywise persons who will not kill, and who constantly spread contagious diseases. Oharbon, Malignant Anthrax. In Swine, Splenic Fever. Ml It has been denied that this disease attacks swine. Since it is a blood poison known to attack various animals, and which may be communicated to man, there seems to be no good foundation for the assertion. In this country there has not been sufBcient Hystematic investigation to separate the names of the true Anthrax from what is popularly known us hog cholci'ii. The distinction between Anthrax (Charbon) and cont^igious piwuuio-enteritis is stated explicitly by Dr. Kleisi as f .>llows : TRUE CHARBON. Period of incubation, or latency, from a few hours to three days. Easily transmissible to other spe- cies of animals. Spleen always enlarged, and often liroken down. Kluod after death dark and fluid. Ha rill UK arfthracis in the blood. Luiifjs and bowels frequently not implicated. Cough nmv bo present. The discoloration local, and of a true iiirbuncular appearancu. CONTAGIOITS I'NEl'MO-KNTKIilTIS. Period of incubation from two to five days and more. Rarely and with difficulty transmit- ted to other species. Spleen rarely enlarged or otherwise changed. Blood after death of ordinary ap- pearance. No banlliui ant/ima's in the blood, but numberless bai I'iiit « >ap auda. Mix. With n foHther fii8t«ned to a snn'11 rod, the hog's mouth being hcldoiHii, swab the tonsils and inside of tlie thrt)at as fur as can be reaidu'd, wiili equal parts of lard oil and tur|)ontin(', or if <'lio hog will eat, give doses of iwo tea-spoonfuls each in a pint oi I'ruel. SWINIS, THEIR DI8EA8K8. Bising of the Lights. 889 This is the name applied to an ordinary cold. To cure this, keep the animal warm, feed well, and rub mustard, moistened with vinegar, on the throat and chest. If it does not yield, give an ounce of tar daily, by putting a slip noose over the snout, opening the mouth, and placing the tar well back on the tongue with a narrow wooden paddle. Pneumonia. The symptoms of inflammation of the lungs are, quick and laborious breathing, loss of appetite, shivering of body and limbs, more or less severe cough ; and the animal will not eat. The remedy is to keep the animal thoroughly warm and quiet. Rub the preparation of mustard and vinegar on the chest, and give internally. No. 10. 2 DrachiDH nitrate of potash, 2 Drachms bixulpbutu of soda Mix in a pint of gruel if the animal will eat. If not turn down from a horn. Catarrh in the Head, Commonly called snuffles. Give the animal ii clean, dry, warm pen, and feed and water well ; soft food l)eing preferable. Disease of the Skin. Swine are essentially liable to disetises of the skin, when kept in oon- tiiieineiit, unless jjains be taken to do for them what they cannot do for themselves, except where they have their liberty. Measles. Measles in swine have nothing in common with the disease of the same iianie in the human subject. The name is given to a parasitic affection, oc- ciisinned by the hog taking the eggs of the tapeworm, either in grazing, wluMv they have been dropped with the excrement of the dog, or from ft't'iiitig on pastures manured with human excrement. These eggs hatch and work their way into the tissues and become ency.sted, and if the pnik "f such animals is eaten, insuffloiently cooked to destroy them, by nian, they transfer the tapeworm. In fact, it is not certain thai ordinary cook- ing does destroy all, therefore it is never safe to eat measly pork. The appeiinmce of the pork is owing to the presence of minute cysts, the siae of gruins of barley, distributed through the umscular and othei tissues. 890 ILLUSTRATED STpCK DOCTOR. How to Know It. There may or may not be, but generally is, a discharge from the nose running of the eyes, weakness of the hind parts, and general ill health. By examining the skin, small watery pimples will be found of a pink or red color. The remedy is undoubtedly beyond the reach of nHidiciiie, though a so-called specific is small doses of sulphur and saltpetre, <>-iv(>|, daily for weeks. The prevention is, to put no l)uman excrement on <»-iaz- ing fields, to keep dogs dear of tapeworm hy an o(;casiona1 vermifuge, to bury all excrement of dogs found in the pastures, and to kill all stray und worthless curs. The Lard Worm- There is another parasite of the hog, the lard worm (Stephanmiui Den- talus), from one to one and three-quarters of an inch Icuig, \\V\d\ Ih occasionally found in all parts of the body ;of swine is freijueiit in the liver, kidneys and fat around the ribs, and in various organs of the body, including the heart. When present in large numbers, especially in flie kidneys, its eggs may sometimes })e (li^^^overed in the urine, by means of the microscope. Another worm, Enntronriyhm Gujas, nlso iiihiihits the kidneys ; both may produce weakness of the l)ack, but it would not be safe to treat for these parasites, unless tluj was surely determined liy the microscope. What to Do. Do nothing. Various remedies have been prescribed, suih as small do'-es of sulphur and salt, given daily for several weeks, or siniill doses oi .;;ilt and turpentine. Neither have ceitaiuly been known to do any good. Minute doses of arsenic, one-eighth of a (jrain, given daily for two or three weeks, so it may be taken up by the system, would ho llip prf»j)er (bourse indicated. The better way is to prevent their getting measly, by keeping the diseased ones entirely from the well ones, and the young away from the old. Trichina SpirrJlB. This minute parasite is capable of infesting all domett'" animals, includ- ing man. The mature and fertile w(»r'n lives in the intestines of the animals, and the immature worm in oysts in the muscle. The eating of rats, and other vermin, and slaughter house offal is the prolific sourci' from when<-t they come. The prevention is obvious. They an' ran-lv found in westx'rn fann-raised. coni-fed hogs. There is no danger fmiu eating pork infected with trichina, if it he thorouif/i/i/ uoft'od. Their i* SWINE, THEIR DISEASES. fi^ no moans of discovering them in flesh, except by the microscope. Eat none but corn-fed pork, and that cooked done. Rare cooked pork in any form whatever, is an abomination, and pork fed in slaughter house yards and distilleries should warrant their owners being sent to the penitentiary. Mange, or Scab. This is caused by the presence of a minute insect, sarcoptpx miin, truus« luissible to man, and should not be allowed in any herd of swine. What to Do. As soon as discovered, rub the infested animals thoroughly with soft soaj), let it remain an hour, and wash ofl' with warm water using a good brush, let the animals dry, and apply the following ointment : No 11. 1 Pint train oil, 2 Draclimx oil of tar, 1 Drachm petroleum. Mix with sufficient flower of sulphur to make a thick paste. This should be well rubbed in, and rciuain on three day.'*. Tiieii wash thor- DUjrhly with strong soap suds, dry, and change to (juarters perfectly clean, burn all bedding, and (cleanse the (juarters thorougiily with carbolic acid and water. The carbolic liquor of gas works is good, of which there 4iould always be a barrel on the farm. It is cheap. Thin down slaked lime with it, and thoroughly paint all infected places. Lice. If lice are found on swine, it is a sign that something is wrong. We have never seen them on well conditioned swine. When they occur from ;inv cause, sponge the animal freely with crude peti-olouin, or kerosene, ;iiui ad food, or othei- causes. If so, change the food. In any case, 'be remedial means niu.st be used with the sow. Place charcoal and salt where how and pigs may get it, and prepare thr^ following powder: ' f V 1. 1 ■• M J?" 892 ILLU8THATED STOCK DOCTOR. No. 13. 2 Pounds fenugreek, powdered, i round* Bni«e teed, powdered, 1 Pound KontiBn, powdered, 2 Ouncei carbonate of roda, 2 PoundH chalk, powdered. Give a table-spoonful of this in the food, every time the sow is fed. Summary. From what we have said the reader will easily perceive that we Imve not much faith in remedial means in contagious diseases of swine. The same holds good with any animal when once the disease is pronounced, and of a malignant type — unless the animal bo so valuable that it will pay to call a veterinary surgeon. Even then in the malignant forms of the diseases described, and which are known under the popular misnomer of ''Hog Cholera," killing and burying is the cheapest and altogether the most humane. The danger of spreading; the difficulty of isolation; and the next to impossibility of treating a hog too sick to cat, but never too sick to be contrary, or resist to the full extent of their power, and the ordinarily small cost of swine per head should be well considered in the treatment of swine. Use proper discretion in treating tiieni, hut do not hesitate a moment in killing, when the disease is malignant, and in ordinary cases remember that if the hog will not take his physic kindly in his gruel, better let nature and good nursing perfect the cure than to violently force medicine down. Please remember the value of good nursing in human i)aticnts. To reinforce this we may state the fact that in France, long continued experiments in ho.spitals, with niuiiy patients, treated under the various systems of medicine, a greater pro- portion recovered with no medicine and good, care and nursing^ than did under medication with ohdinaky hospital (;akk and NrnsiNO. This may not have been complimentary to the hospital management, yet in no country in the world are they better or more conscientiously managed. The necessity of good nursing in the case of swine is no less imperative than in that of human beings, and its good results are as nanifest. r»' PART IX. POULTRY. HISTORY, BREEDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND MANAGEMENT. i IP m "Ty tile 'Hie (ir.st d(„ POULTKY. CHAPTKK I. HISTORY Ain> WILD TTPB8. ORKVB GOKUR COCK AND HIN. Orietin of Domestic Fowls. Hie liist doiuHMtii-ation of the farm ymd fowl i.s lost in the obscurity of tliepast. Wo have not even tradition to guide us. There is a legend 896 IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) 1.0 l.i 1.25 m 11^ - IM " 1116 M 22 M mm U III 1.6 Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 4. ,-\ :\ iV \ 4^ "Sv 6^ ^ ^/j 896 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. lUtXICAM WILD TUBIUY, POULTRY, HISTORY, ETC. 897 that Gomel", the son of Japhet, took his name from the cock, and hence it has been inferred that he was the first to domesticate the species. As well might some future historian attribute the domestication of various iill'^i wild and domestic animals of our time to the savage Indian, whose fancy leads him to accept the name of various wild beasts and birds as his own. 898 ILI.irSTKATED STOCK DOCTOR. The fact is, the domestication of wild fowls is exceedingly easy, as has been proved within the last three hundred years by the domestication of the wild turkey of Ameri(ia, {meleagris) of which there are but two spe- cies known, M. Occellata, a native of Mexico and Honduras, and M. Gallopavo, fi'om which our common domestic varieties have descended. Later the American wild goose, (anser canadensis) , a distinct species from ^he gray legged goose of the North of Europe, and the supposed ancestor of the common white or gray goose, and the Embden or Bremen goose. Besides Europe and America, Asia and Africa have furnished us with four sub- varieties of geese, three of which are called China geese, the fourth being the African or Hong Kong variety. Africa has also furnished us with the Guinea fovf\,(Numidia meleagris) called Pintado by the Spanish. It is a native of Northern Africa, where it is still found wild in large numbers, in some parts. The Pea fowl, {Pavo cristatus) has also been known from the remotest antiquity and is often used by ancient writers as an emblem of pride and arrogance, aud it may be added, what is also true of the arrogant and strutting turkey, it is as cowardly as it is arrogant and cruel. The pheasant may here be noticed as a breed long half domesticated, and yet never brought perfectly under the domestication of man. The probable reason for this is that like the Peacock, they have always been considered more ornamental than useful. There are four or five distinct and beautiful species, that as ornamental breeds in parks should be more extensively bred than they are. The Swan is another breed long known in history and yet which cannot be considered of special value, except as ornaments in artificial lakes in the parks and grounds of the wealthy. Their dying song is often quoted from classic literature ; so far no one has yet been charmed with its song in modern times, which may prove one of two conclusions, either the ancients were satisfied with a rery low order of vocality, or else the mod- ern taste for musical sounds has become too refined to appreciate the notes of the swan either in health or sickness. The duck seems to have be'cu one of thy most easily domesticated of foAvls, and if the varieties are not excessively multiplied, it is because they are not considered a delicacy, and comparatively little used as food. Nevertheless, we think them underestimated. Some varieties are verv beautiful" in plumage ; they are handsome in the water, and their flesh is by no means to be despised. Among the most valuable varieties are the Ayleobury ducks, a prominent English breed, aa illustratiou of which we give. « !)U0 iM-i.sTHATKi) sto<;k uocn'oK. Sumatra and SoutlK>ni Asia — the juiii^le fowl of the continent of India may also lay claim to Iteing the progenitors of our don)estic fowls, as well as the species named after the egotistic Sonnerat. In India our farm fowls are believed to iiave sprung from the juniiU' cock and wild species of Malay and Chittagoney, GALI.tJS SOXXERATII. Our Bantams are undoubtedly spruuii' from the Bankiva jungle fowl. Our large Asiatic from the great Malay and Chittagong races through long generations of lireeding and selection in China. Whatever tlic races from whence they sprung, the wild types are now very scarce and diffi- cult to find, while domestic fowls, in their almost infinite varieties, are found not only in every farm-yard and village lot, but are bred exten- sively and successfully in our largest cities. But wild fowls, of the genus Gallus, are nlso natives of the Brazillian forests of America. Oliver de Serres writes of them as follows : "In traveling over the gloomy and inextricable forests of Guiana, when the dawn of day began to appear, amidst the immense forests of loftv trees which fall under the stroke of time only, I often heard a croT^^ng I'OULTKV, HISTOKV, KTC. 901 of India, fowls, as India our c and wild liva jungle fowl- I races through Ltevcr the races scarce and d*- ^He varieties, me are bred exten- lof thoBrazillia" follows : of Guiana, when f,,vests of lofty heard a cro^nng Bimilar to that of our cocks, but only weaker. The considerable distance which separated me from every inhabited place, could not allow one to think this crowijig produ(;ed by domesticated birds ; and the natives of thos(! parts, who^vere in coniijuny with me, assured me it was the noise of wild cocks. Every one of the colony of Cayenne, who has gone very far up the country, gives the same account of these wild fowl. I have geen one myself. They have the same forms, the fleshy comb on the head, the gait of our fowls, only that they are smaller, being hardly liir"-er than the common pigeon : their plumage is brown or rufous. HEAI> OF SINGLE-WATTLED BRAHAIA FOWL. IIKAI> OK UKEDA, OK GUELDRE. Before this the wild fowls of America had been mentioned. The Spaniard, Acosta, provincial of the Jesuits of Peru, has positively said tiiat fowls existed there before the arrival of his countrymen, and that they were called in the language of the country, talpa, and their eggs ponto. We are not aAvare that this species has ever been brought into a U0 bow a oleiir, pure, Hilvery white, ami uciohh tlie winjj;H ii well tletined black bar, in striking contrast with tiie wliito outside web of the quill foathors and the white hacklo of the neck and saddle. The neek of the heu is GRAY KNGLISII D0UKING8. silvery white, the breast salmon-red, changuig to gray near the thighs; the wings silvery or slate gray, and without any tinge of red whatever. The tail should be dark gray, the inside nearly black. m. Black Dorkings. This sub-family are jet black in color, the neck feathers of some of the cooks tinged with gold, and of the hens tinged silvery'. The comb may be either rose or single but usually double, short and sometimes cupped ; wattles quite small and very red near the head. The tail feathers shorter and broader than those of the white variety ; the legs black, short, and with the two under toes (juite diftinct and separate, sometimes showing a rudimentary toe. They are hardy, the hens are good layers, good setters and careful nurses, and the eggs are of a large size. IV. Fawn-colored Dorkings. These ai'e handsome birds of high carriage, said to have been produced by a cross between the White Doi'king and fawn-colored Turkish fowl. '■\ ', M TTf.; Q06 ILLUtiTUArKI) -liXK DiM'I'Ott. t I Si Their tails aro Hhortor thnii any other v!>ri«'ty of I)orkiiilit to www [xxiikIs uikI tlu; hcim from six to hovom. Thov havo r(Mniirk!il)ly fiiu^ thwh and lay larj;»i PJ?gH. In rolation to tho I)orkiii;^« as a class, wo hav« found them not well adapted to stand wet, voUl wciatluir. Yet with proper caro tliey are tho best of tho dititinct Enf^lish hrecds. V. Bolton Gray. This breed, somotimoH callod Creole, used to bo in t^ood repute in England, and woro bred with Huch nicety that individuals could acarcei)' bo distinguished apart. Thoy are great layers, but poor setters, and when carefully bred aro ono of tho best breeds for tho farm yard. Thov are a medium sized, plump, short-logged fowl ; neck and Imdy pun> white thickly spotted with black, black bars at tho extremity of tho tail. DOMINllJCK. I'V.W'I.. The hens are constant layers, l)ut the eggs, aUliough of good quality, are rather small, weighing about one and a half ounces each. They me oomparatively x-aro in the United States. VI. Dominique Fowls. The Dominique, u distinetlj' Annu-iean !)rood, and for the ordiuar/ farmer, where hardiness, fecundity, good laying propensity, and excel- i )uUl Hoiireely setters, iiiul yard. They id body pur-' ,y of the tiiil. o^t in exifltonco. Tliey brcod constant in color, niarkin.^'rt, oonstitution and vigor, and are iilways well able to take ciiic of tlieinst'lvcH, The trno color of tlio Doininiiine is a li^ht gronnd nndulatcd and penciled in tiio softest inaiMicr with slaty bliio — almost black — forming bands all ovir tbu body. The hons imd cocks arc HJiadcd alike ox- fi'pt that the pUnnagoof the c^-'k is more* di.stinct, ofti-n with golden !i ickles, and bronzrd wings. The condj of the cock may be either •inglo or double, but wc prefer the single comb, as most indicative f tho true type. The iris of the eye is a bright orange, and the bill ;uk1 legs a bright yellow or bufl'ccjlor. They are square biult, broad breasted, rather short legged fowls, with little olVal, and with liigh ilavored and profitable llosh ; elegant in [)lumage, and a hardy, healthy, profitable and j)rolilic race of birds. \'l.V.MUUrU 150CKS. VII. Plymouth Rocka. This is a modern American breed originated by Dr. Y. C. Bennett, and first shown at Boston in 184C Said to have boon produced by a cross of a Couhin-China cock, with a hen, herself a cross bctwoeu the fawu-colored 908 ILLl STi;Ai'j:L> SlOCK UOCTOU. Dorking, the large Malay, and the Wild Indian fowl. Fanciers becoiujns interested in this breed, it was very considerably disseminated, but failed to give satisfa< lion on account of the want of uniformity in the chickens either in marking or form. Much bitter controversy has ensued, which shows that there were several different origins, in which the Java, Cochin, Gray Chattagongs, Dominique, Gray Dorking, and even the com- mon dunghill fowl figured. Of late years fowls have been produced under the name of Improved Plymouth Rocks, the modern style .show- ing excellent and uniform breeding. A fowl that grows rapidly, fledges early, making flesh fast, and which in the hands of expert fanciers, com- bines many of the most excellent qualities to be desired, either as layers or as table birds. Vin. The Ostrich Fowls. This excellent breed originated in Bucks county. Pa., and were called Bucks county fowls. The cocks of this variety will average nine pounds. They are good layers, sometimes pro- ducing forty or fifty eggs before be- coming broody. The eggs are large and of good flavor ; the flesh white, linn, and of excellent quality. The color of the cock is a dark blue- black ; the ends of the feathers tipped BUCKS couNTv, (I'A.) FOWLS. with whitc ; wings a yellow or gold- en tinge ; hackle dark, glossy blue. A double rose comb surmounts the head with large wattles beneath. The carriage is bold and alert. The hen is similarly colored, but more sober in shade, with a plump, thick body, a high serrate single comb, wattles large, and legs short and of a dark color. IX. Hamburg Fowls. The Hamburg fowls all have these characteristics : They have hright double combs, firmly fixed, and ending in a long point turned up behind. They are of medium size, of sprightly carriage ; tails large and held upright with long plume feathers ; of robust constitutions, great layois, seldom broody ; in fact, almost never, when kept in confinement. The eggs are small but of excellent flavor. X. Black Hamburgs. This is probably the best variety of the family for farmers, and in fact one of the very best of the black fowls. Possessing the two-fold value d originated in ud were called The cocks of re nine pounds. sometimes pro- ecrors before be- eggs are large the flesh white, tt quality. The I a dark blue- e feathers tipped , yellow or gold- comb surmounts bold and alert. , with a plump, lid legs short and Ihey have bright turned up behind. Is large and held ions, great layers, confinement. The armers, and in fact the two-fold value roLl.lUV, Uiri-KUEM' VAKIKTIh>. 90f> of l)eing alert, noble looking, handsome fowls , color deep black with a uK'lalic luster; hardy, robust, and the hens constant hiyers. Penciled Hamburge. These are of two varieties, the Silver and Golden. In the Silvered ^ub-fumily, the ground color is silvor-white, sometimes vith a slight yel- low tinge, but every feather margined with the most glossy black. The nmm p^^lHUff^H'/^w'^J '-■ ' '"■ ;•'■*»'»;" •w.iiiTH'.fPf' 910 ll-LUei'l'HATKU STOCK KOCTOU. cocks of either variety exhibit the pciicilings, as ilo the hens, but are white or brown in the Silvered or Golden breeds reKpcetivelv. There are few, if any, more striking fowls than thcsi- in the hands of expert and careful breeders, with their symnictrieal, gay and upright carriage, their well-defined deaf ears, elegant combs and wattles, their ample, well-feathered tails, and fine-boned, taper, blue legs. aOLDKM PKNCII.KI) HAMUURGS. The hens of both varieties nnist have thv; body clearly and dctiiiitely penciled, and the hackles of both cocks and hens must be entirely I'reo from dark marks. The engraving which we give fully illustrates ihc characteristics of tbo several varieties. As fancier fowls they are su))im1) ; as farm fowls delicate. XI. Leghorns. riiis atlmirable breed of European fowls has beconu; widely dissem- inated in the United States, being valued for their many good qualitii's among which are beauty and constant laying propensities. They mo bred by fanciers of all colors from white to black. XII. Whito Leghorns. "White Leghorns are, we think, l!ic most valuable to the farmer as tbey I'Kl I.IUV. liliKKUK.NT VAKIETIES. 911 bens, but are y- , the hands of r and upright wattles, their are the handsomest. Tlie dt'scription of this variety will suffice for all^ excepting color. The Whites arc in size about that of the Spanish, and like the Spanish the combs of the best hens lop over on one side. The plumage is white with hackle feathers slightly golden tinged, the rest of the featliers pure white. They are comparatively a hardy bi-ced, standing extremes of Iv and dotinitcly be entirely free ly illustrates iho d'thev arc supofl) ; lie widely dissoui- ny good qualities isities. They me the farmer us they r < tr t- C r. C cold and sudden changes i'i.irly, except that their immense single combe are liable to freeze in Winter. The hens are persistent layers, and especially good Winter layers, wlien they are kept comfortably housed, and seldom incline to set. The legs and skin are yellow. The cocks have large single perfectly erect serrate combs, the divisions being ill *, 912 ILLUSTRATKI) STOCK OOCTOH. fact spiked. The wattles arc full iiiul large, witli wliitf or cream colored ear lobes, extending .sometimes up on the face. The chicks are hardy good foragers, feather early, and at the age of six to eight weeks are miniature fowls, showing inu(!h of the stature and grace of the mature fowl. The cut will show what would be considered prize fowls in any show nng. XIII. Spanish Fowls. The Spanish fowls in their several varieties have long been kuown and justly esteemed in the United States for their great laying and non-setting propensities. The whole race, however^ are rather tender as far as coM #: # ream colored LS are hardy, ht weeks are f the mature m M .'■.iiiiiiiii Ifowls in any show L been known and lin.nvndnon.settin? Ler as far as cold POUI/rRY, DIFFERENT VARIETIES. 913 wet weather is concerned. But for the amateur who will give good care and attention, the}' will amply repay their cost in the production of plenty of large, meat}^ eggs. In the South the}"^ are an udmirabje breed. In any locality' they must be allowed plenty of liberty since they soon suffer from close con- iincment. There are many vari- eties described besides the pure Tvhite and the pure black, as the rod-faced black, or Minorca, the Ancona, Graj', or mottled breed, iind the Blue or Andalusian. The cut which we ffive on the next page 6^' of the Black Spanish and of same, will suffice BTANDARD WIIITK LEGII0»'N8, description for all. The cock should carry himself erect and stately, the breast pro- jecting and the tail erect, and with siiklc feathers fully developed. Tiie plumage should be jet black, and without the least approach to white or any other colored spots, but with glossy i-eflec- tions in the sunlight. The fowl plump and comi)act ; the legs blue or dark lead color ; the coipb large in both sexes, bright vermilion in color, deeply serrate or rathe" notched like a saw ; that of the cock entirely upright and without twist '"hatever, and extending well back of the head. The comb of the hen should fall ronipletely over on one side ; the face must be quite white ant? without lot] specks, wide and deep and extending high over the eye, Jirched in shape, iipproaching the bottom of the comb, extending sideways to the ear lobes, meeting under the throat, and in texture entirely fine and smooth. The ears must be large and pendulous, and as white as the face. XIV. French Fowls. There are three i)rincipal breeds of Frcncii fowls tl at have within the lust ten years acquired an excellent reputation wherever known. They ate the Houdan, Crcve-Coeur — both of which are (juite well disseminated — imd the La Fleche. The first two breeds take their names from vil- lages of these names, and the latter from the arrondisseraent of La 914 i:.i.i>ii!Arfc;iJ (STot;K uo(.;ruij. Fleche, in France, where they are most eoinmoiily raised. Besides these there are several other varieties of useful and ornamental breeds known in France as, first, the de Breda, de Breose, Court Paltas, and du Mans and among the ornamental varieties theCliamois, liolhmdais, Hermines and Padoue. The Bredas have already been descriljud. r ^ff/iowriiii ''ii'iri i|B|i!i XV. The Houdans. Thsse fowls are held in France in fully as high estimation as are the Dorkings in England. They are hardy, easily I'aised, fatten kindly, Iny good sized eggs, and are of a most oxoellont quiility of flesh. They are a five-toed race, and are reported to have originated between a cross of IVULTUY, DirKKUKNT VAKIETIK8. yio isides these cds known d du Mans, !, Her mines the Dorking and th« Silver Padoue. They should be of u white and black color, evenly distributed, making them distinctly speckled. Red feathers are not admissible, but an occasional stained feather is some- times seen in the best fowls. They are very French-like, sprightly, vivacious, loving to wander, but bearing confinement well. The comb is double leafed, and they have whiskers and beard growing well up on their face, which, with the crest or top-knot, gives them a curious and yet striking appearance. The crest of the hen . especially being thick and full. In shape they resemble the Dorking, but are less in size. In every respect they are brilliant and striking in appearance. I a o a ■n 01 u HOUDAN URN. XVI. La Pleche Fowls. L.ition as are the Vitteu kindly, I'^y flesh. They are etween a cross of These handsome fowls are very tall but compact ; in size equaling the Dorking ; yet black, firmly knit, with strong, long limbs ; the body rather iinguliir, the plumage firm and dense. The head is handsome, with spikes of feathers behind the comb, looking like a double horn. They tavo small protuberances between the nostrils, which latter are full and expanded. They have large, opaque ear lobes, cravat like, very long 58 916 ILLUHTKATEU STOCK DOCTOR. pendant wattles, a moderately curved beak, neck hackles long and fine, reflecting violet and green-black colors, as do the breast, wings and upper tail feathers. The legs are long, slate-blue in young fowls, and u lead- gi'ay when old. The hen is colored like the cock. The cocks arrive at their full growth at eighteen months old ; the hen at twelve. The flesh is considered the finest and the most valuable for table uses of any French breed. Those familiar with them are pleased witii no other. LA KLKCHE FOWI.B. XVII. The Crave Coeurs. iliis is the most striking of the French breeds, their black crested heads being curiously relieved with deep crimson, forked or antlered-like comb. Their aspect is bold and stately, the plumage black, shaded with green, thick and shining. The comb must be conspicuous and full, wattles long and deep, breast large, full and deep, the back straight not drooping. The legs should be strong, firm, leaden blue, in color, and short, -with strong claws. The hen should have a soft, thick, round crest, and very little comb and wattles. The color must be entirely black, no other color being admissible in pure bred fowls. Old birds, however, will sometimes show an occasional white feather in the crest; a sort of turning gray. r and fine, and upper and a lead- rive at their is considered ■eed. Tliose black crested [or antlercd-like Ick, shaded with tuous and full, Lck straight not L, in color, aud kt, thick, round ^ entirely black, , birds, however, a Hort of turning POULTRy, DIKtHHRNT VAUIETIE8. 917 XVIII. Large Asiatic Breeds. Of the numerous brced.s aud sub-divisions of these gigantic fowls, the Cochin-China and the Brahmus stand confessedly at the head. The ShanghBBS, and the Chittagougs have, of hitc, fallen hito disrepute, and confessedly so, from llic superiority of the Cochins and the Brahmas. lu the SUanghoe family Ihcro are various colors. Gray, buff, ciuuamou, partridge-colored and black. 'rv'cntv-li\(> years ago they were regarded \nth especial favor, froTn the fact that they were of the then largest size known. It must be confessed that Avheu bred pure they are qtiiet, good f iffi M I ffi-j »1» Il,l.U8TuArKr> ST<»OK DOCTOB. sitters and nurses, little incliiuid to riimblc, imd among the best foster mothers to other chickens that cmi lie fouud. llLPi!' COCHIN COCK. XIX. The Chittagong. This is a giant among fowls, the cock often standing twenty-six inches in height, and notwithstanding tlieir long logs and necks, they ai'e majestic looking. There are two in-inci2)al breeds, the gray being the larger breed. In the dark red variety the breast and thighs are black. The hens yellow or brown; legs iu both sexes being yellow, heavily covered with black jest foRtar I'OIJLTHV, niKKKRKNT VAIUKTIK8, 919 feathers, and the cai'riapfe in all the varieties graceful, majestic, prompt and easy. XX. BufiT Cochins. There are weveral viiricties, in color huff, lemon, and cinnamon, the re- sult of peculiar croRsew und breeding. The buff is the true type of the colored sorts, and for utility we think the best. The cock should bo up- right and strong in his carriage ; breast broad, not full, but forming a nearly straight line between the crop and thighs ; back short and wide ; lull only slightly raised; legs strong and with great thighs and saddles. Itwenty-six mchee ItUeytvi-ewaiest^" ] the larger breed. J The bens yellow Ivorod with black BUFK COCHIN HKN. The head is small, for so long a bird ; the beak yellow, stout, short, •urved, and strong at the base ; comb single, not large, and with rather small wattles, florid, thin and fine ; the ear lobes well developed, long, thin, fine, and entirely without white. The eye of the cock should be of »n ochre-yellow color, and in the hen a darker hue. The hackle of the •ock should be full, spreading over the thighs, and of a light bay color, m ■ N 9".n ILLllHTIiATKIi MOCK DOCTOK. and free from tnarkingH of tiny kind. Tin' liucklo of tlu; Ihmi in u doun, diHtinct huff. A Hliglit ixtnciling is lulniinililn, ii dark (colored one not. The saddle of both cock and lien should ho free from inarking.s. A hlmk tail in the cock la admirahh?, and if the i>rinci[)al feathers are hronzcd, ho much the hettor. The hreast of holh <;ock and hen should he clear liuff, becoming lighter toward the tip, with a wavy ai)pearjince in the sun, and both primary and secondary quill feathers should he buff, without other color. The legs should be heavily feathered, covering the outside toe, and partly the one behind. Vulture hocks, us shown in the Black Breda POULTKY, UIKKKIIKNT VAKIKTIK8. 921 '\H a clean, d one not. A black )ronzcd, so cleuv buff, i a HI III 1 JP ll ||i 1 11 i f J 1 ■( AH mI •jii H in the sun, and fff , without other the outside toe, the Black Bred8 variety in not tidmiasiblo, an they not only tiliovv mixed blood, but are unsightly. XXI. Partridge Coohini. These are admirable fowls. Among the heavie.st of the Asiatic breeds , attract attention wherever sliown, from their round, full, plump forms, el('f!;unt featiiering and majestic carriaj^o. Merely as «pocin»cn birds they are objects of bounty. The head of the Partridge Cochin is a rich orange red. The hackle iind .saddle feathers the same, but each distinctly marked down the middle with a black stripe. The buck, slioulder-covcrts and wing are self colored, red and darker than the hackle ; the lower wing-coverts black, with greenish or blue reflections forming a "bar" across the wing ; the pri- mary wing feathers bhick, edged brown or bay on the lower edges ; eecondaries bay on the outer edges nnd black on the inner, each feather black on the end, forming a black edge on upper- side of the butts of the wings ; the breast, thighs, tail and leg feathers black and without other color ; the leg dusky yellow. The hen should have her hackle golden yellow, each feather striped black along the center, the rest of the plumage light brown, penciled with dark brown, the penciliiigs over the body should be dense, and the purer the brown the better. On the breast the pencilings should be crescent shaped. Legs dusky yellow, penciled brown as in the body. XXII. White Coohini. White Cochins should be white, pure white all over. This purity in color is essential, since a yellow or other tinge detracts from the beauty of the bird. The cock should have a medium sized, straight, smooth, freely serrate comb, large, red, deaf ears, large wattles, red eye, strong, yellow beak and legs, and Avith plenty of feathers on the feet. This featliering should be characteristic of all Cochin.s, avoiding as far as possible any tendency to vulture hocks. Breed also to hirge i.tock, of good carriage, and you will have in the progeny as pretty a siglit for fowls as could well appear, either in the farm-yard or on the grass. You will also have real value, for such fowls as these will always command a market. Tiieir eggs are large and of good quality, and tlu'ir flesh is sweet. The hen should be large ; the head, beak, eye, deaf ears and wattles colored as in the cock. Avoid especially a grayish eye. It is supposed to show a tendency to blindness and a generally weak constitution. The body must be broad, the tail small, almost covered with the soft feathers about it, and with well feathered rumps and plenty of fluff. I I'l m IL.1AJWTRATED STOCK DOCTOK. XXIII. Brahma Fowls. These uiajestic fowls, .said to hiive been originally brought from the banks of the Brahnia-pootra river, whirh waters the fertile territory of wiirm; cochin fowls. Assam, are divided into two classes, tho light and dark, each having their special admirers, and cither good enough for any farm yard. As a rule however, the dark are more highly esteemed, and the fowls sell for higher prices than the light. The head of the dark Brahma cock should have a jjea comb, that is, three combs running parallel to each other, and with the length of tlio head, the middle one the highest ; the beak strong and curved, ear lobes red, and falling below the wattles, which should be full, and like the ear lobes, deep red ; the neck short, well curved, with the hackle ful. silver white, striped with black, and flowing over the back, and sides of the breast ; the back strong, very short, wide, flat, the feathers almost white, the saddle feathers long and white, striped with black ; the tail small, soft, upright, the feathers on the rise from the saddle to the tail, and the roULTKV, DIKFEUENT VARIETIES. 023 ;ht froju the 3 territory of side feathers of the tail a pure lustrous black ; the breast full, broad, rather prominent, the feathers pure black tipped with white, and the feathers at the head white ; the saddle feathers and thigh fluffs ample ; the wings small, with a good black bar across them ; the wings well tucked under the saddle fcatliors and thigh fluffs ; the fluif on the hindei ich having their lird. As a rule fowls sell ioT comb, that is. length of tlie Jirved, ear lobes Ind like the cur Ixcklefui: silver Id sides of the [rs almost white, the tail small, Ithe tail, and the part, of the thighs l)lii(:k or dark gi'ay, the feathers on the lower part of the thighs soft and nearly black ; legs short, yellow and profusely cov- ered with feathers on the outside. The marking of the hen is almost identical with that of the cook, txcept that it is more uniform all over except the head and tail, each !•■ «24 ILLU8TKATEI) STOCK DOCTOR. feather closely penciled, with dark steel gray on a dingy white ground, and extending nearly up to the throat, on the breast. In carriu'^e, the hen is not so upright in carriage as the cock, and the legs are very considerably shorter. XXIV. Light Brahmaa. Pure bred fowls are mostly white in color, on the outside, but if the feathers are psirted, the under plumage is bluish-gray. This distinction is strongly marked as between the Light Brahmas and White Cochins which hitter are white to the roots. The head is of the same general shape as in the dark variety, and with pea combs ; the ear lobes and wat- tles are pure red ; the neck hackles are distinctly marked with a black stripe down to the center of each feather, on a white ground ; the quill feathers of the wings are black, but when folded the wings should show only white ; the tail should be black, tolerably upright, but opening out like a fan, and the within tail coverts reflecting a peculiar green hue in the sunlight ; the legs are yellow and well covered with white feathers, sometimes slightly mottled with black. The hen is colored like the cock, except that the plume may bo somewhat darker, and the general appear- ance more sober in color. The tail should be black and smaller than that of the cock. XXV. Frizzled Fowls. One of the most curious of the Oriental breeds, and occasionally seen in the yards of amateurs and fanciers, are the frizzled fowls originally brought from Java. Linnseus named them GalliLs pennis revolutis, or fowls with feathers rolled back. The color should be white, though they are also bred black and brown. They are certainly curious and interest- ing as showing freaks in breeding. So far as value, in comparison with other breeds is concerned, it is nil. XXVI. Silkies. Far more ornamental in appearance, and really of some value, are what are known as Silkies. The best specimens are pure white, and have this peculiarity, the webs of the feathers lack cohesion and are fila- mentous, hence giving the silky appearance to the plumage. They are sometimes called negro fowls, from the fact that the skin is of a dai'k violet color, almost black, and the comb and wattles often dark purple, low and flat and cohered with small warts. The bones are also covered with a dark membrane, which altogether mckes this breed the most singular and interesting of the gallinaceous 'ibe. I'OULTUV, DlFl'KUK.NT VAU1ET1K8. XXVII. Breda or Quelder Fowls. 926 The Breda or Guelder fowl is peculiar in some repects, and shows that there is an infusion of Asiatic blood, altliough they are Polish iu shape and closely related to this breed. They are of various colors, but PAIR OF SILKY FO\VI>. the only true families that are bred in the United States are the Cuckoo or Dominique marked, called Guelders, and those pure black, denom- iniited Breda, though we believe the true Breda is applied to all the Guelilers, not Cuckoo marked. They have a crest, only just perceptible, and of the same color as the body. Wiuitever the color, they are lightly feathered on the legs, which are slaty-blue, and the thighs are vulture hocked. They have no comb, but ii depression where the comb should be; the nostrils are cavernous, andi |):ii'ti('ularly conspicuous. The cut given will show their general appear- :iiKie, iuid the likeness of a Breda head given on a previous page will show the chief peculiarity of the head. In size they are medium chicks. ear lobes and wattles red and peculiar in shape, being extremely pendu- lous ill the cock. The plumage is close and compact like that of game fowls, with large and flowing tails. The eggs are large, smooth and of good flavor, and the chickens are hardy and feather quickly. •30 ILLUSTUATEU STOCK DOCl'OK. XXVIII, Gamo Fowls. The several varieties of game fowls arc the most elegant and noble of the gallinaceous tribe. The cocks are watchful, courageous, always ready to attack an enemy whatever it may be, and fighting t-o the death. And of most elegant carriage and coloring. The hens arc good mothers, lay the finest meated eggs of anv lireod, arc hardy, and excellent foragers. There is hardly a breed of "dung-hill" fowls, but what owe their good qualities to the infusion of this i)repotent blood. This general descrip- tion will sufiice for all the varieties, which are innumerable, and belong POULTUY, UIFFEUENT VAKIKTIES 5)27 to every country, England, Ireland, Spain, Cuba, Mexico, Malay and China being the most celebrated for their strains of blood In all these varieties of games the cocks are noted for the brilliancy of their markings and the hens for their soberness of color. ^ 1 m "^ m ill , i \W 1 1 l^lfc ;| W ,v\\ //,'/<'' '-^ ■* li'' 1 ! ■ '■'■• '.1 r ii LI >i 1 i' i [1 , 1 ■1, 1 1 , : 1 ' !!, The Brown-breasted Beds. This variety is considered us one of the best of the games, an illustr»> tion of a group of which we give. In this breed the breast of the cock t) i[ai,| 928 ILLII8TRATRD STOCK DOCTOR. should be red-brown, shoulder sometimes oriinge-red. The comb and face must be dark purple, the beak dark ; wing butts dark red or brown with dark talons ; hackle with dark stripes ; thighs like the breast ; tail a dark greenish black ; the wing crossed with a glossy, green-hued bar. The plumage of the hen should be very dark brown penciled with light brown ; neck hackle dark, golden, copper-red, thickly striped with dark feathers ; comb and face much darker than that of the cock. When the tail feathers are spuiTed and show a slight curve, it is considered iiulicr tive of strong blood. ICAItl. DERBY GAMK, I Earl Derby Oame. This magnificent strain which has been bred in great purity in England for over a century, are Daw-eyed, that is the eye is gray like that of tin Jackdaw. They have a round, Avell knit body, on long, strong legs, with white feet and claws ; the head is long, the bill lance-shapcd and elegant; the face bright red, with small comb and wattles red ; back intense brown-red ; lesser wing coverts maroon colored ; greater wing coverts marked at the extremity %\ ith steel-blue forming a bar across the wings ; primary wing feathers bay ; tail irridescent black ; hackle well feathered, touching the shoulders ; wings large and well quilled ; back short : breast round and black ; tail long and sickled, being well tufted at the root— KJULTKY, I>1FKK1{KNT VAHIKTIKS. f)2& thick, short and stiff. The hen is tlius succinctly and perfectly described by Beeton in his English work on poultry : "Head iine and tapering; face, wattles and comb bright red ; extremities of upper mandible and the greater portion of the lower one white, but dusky at its base and around its nostrils ; chestnut-brown around the eyes, continued beneath the throat ; shaft of neck hackles light buff ; web pale brown edged with black ; breast shaded with roan and fawn color ; belly and vent of an ash tint; primary wing feathers and tail black, the latter carried vertically and widely expanded ; legs, feet and nails perfectly white." The carriage of both cock and hen of this breed is upright and dignified. The pugnacious disposition of the cock equals that of any other game bird ; and its endurance cannot be surpassed. Years ago they were numbered among the best breed of birds for the cock-pit ; and for the tiible they are not surpassed by the sweet and nutritious flesh of th© Dorking fowl. u DUCK-WING liAME ruwi.s. Duck-winged Game Powls. There are several varieties, inciudiiiu' the I)u(k-\\iiiL''od game bantam?- To our mind tlie l)cst are the silver-gray, a pure-lilooded, hardy and high couraged bird. The cock must be silver-gray in color ; the head, comb, face, wattles and bill of the true game type ; the lirst four of them bright red, the bill light colored ; eyes red, skin white, and the legs white : the hackle is striped black underneath, but clean above ; the breast a clean, nearly silver-gray; the back a bright silver-gray; the 930 Il-LUKTltATKI) STOCK UOCTOK. lower part of the wings creamy white, crossed above witli a bar steel-blue in color. In the hen, the plumage should be a silvery bluish-gray, frosted with white ; neck hackle silvery-white, striped with black, and the breast a pale fawn color, more subdued than in the took. The other character- istics, as to iace eyes and feet, etc.. should be identical with that of the male bird. niiirgiii. tliat the The Ice doul)Ie and Witt tliey be Wrds eon POULTRY, DIFFEUENT VAUIETIE8. 931 White Qeorgia Game. This variety, originally bred in Europe, but brought into Georgia many years ago, and since carefully bred in various parts of the South, are game in the pit, and most excellent farm fowls, being hardy, courageous, and tlic flesh most excellent in quality. For beauty of plumage, elegant shape and lofty carriage, they have few if any superiors. In the color they should be pure white all over, with no shade whatever on ncolc, breast, hock or tail. The legs may be white or yellow. Wo prefer the yellow, since it is an indication of a stronger constitution. The beak should hArmonize with the legs, and the comb, ear lobes and wattles must be of the deepest vermilion color. Such a breed on the lawn makes one of the prettiest sights we have ever seen, and in quality of the flesh they have no superiors. Oame Bantams. These are small varieties of the more common large breeds. Alert, courageous little fellows, some of them not larger than good sized pigeons, but fully capable of driving any ordinary barn-yard fowl, how- ever largo it may be. The more prominent of these are the Black Breasted red game bantams. As pets they are most attractive and may be kept with any of the large breeds without danger of intermixing as to the hen bantams. Other Bantams. The most highly prized of the fancy bantams are the golden and silver spangled Sebright bantams. There are also bantams of the white and hhick races of smooth-legged fowls, as there also are of the Asiatics. Sebright Bantams. Tliere are two varieties of these, the golden penciled and the silver ^lenciled, identical in shape and markings except the color. Both varictiea are remarkably beautiful : pert, lively, ' igorous, and when small and Avell bred, among the nicest pets of the farm-yard. The plumage of the Silver bantam is of a silver-white color with a jet black margin. The Golden variety is identical except that the ground color of the plumage is golden. The legs are smooth, the heads are clean, the comb double and pointed at the back, and the tail straight and without the long sickle feathers. Whether they be golden or silver spangled, the value of the birds consists in the delicacy and pencilings of the markings 59 SKBItlOUT BANTAM. The cocks 932 ILLITSTHATED STOCK DOCTOR. should not weigh over twenty ounces at most ; the liuii not more than sixteen. liens have l)een shown weighing not more than twelve ounces. A peculiarity of this* variety is, that occasioually an old or a barren BARREN, FL'LL FEATIIKRED. female will assume the plumage of the cock. When w^o remomhcr that the males of this breed are what are called hen-tailed, the remarkable re- version, as shown in the cut, of a hen, will be interesting to the scientist and cxirious to all. Japanese Bantams. Among the most curious of the bantam tribe are the Japanese bantams. In thi*) rare breed, the body must be as pure white as possible, the tail Mack, the sickles very long, upright, little curved, but carried over the back as shown in the cut. The shafts of the sickle feathers white ; the comb large, upright, not too strongly serrated ; wattles long and red ; legs very short and yellow. The body of the wings should bo white, with black flight feathers. The hen should be fan tailed, and the comb crinkled. They are quiet, easily domesticated. The hens are good lay- ers and good nurses. " The chickens are tender, and for this reason should not be hatched before the weather is warm. In fact as small size in ban- POULTRY, DIFFEUiiNT VAUIET1E8. 933 iiims is nn essential point, the befit chickens are fall-hatched and kept tliroufijh the Winter with only feed sufficient to continue them growing fuirly uud to keep them in good health. lAFAMXSiC UXNTAJI COOK. iAeASSaS BANTAM PVLUn. Wm i! «•• I ■n (6 bantams, le, the tail sd over the white ; the g and red; (j be white, d the comb _ good lay- ;sv8on should size in ban- lii -i -it CHAPTER in. BBEEDINa. THE PLCM AOB. -IDEAL 8HAPB.- MAi'IMO. -BREEDINO TO TTPE.- — BKEEUINa GRADES. -DISPARITY IK SEXES. In the breeding of poultry it is absolutely necessary that the breeder have a good and clear idea of the points of fowls. For this reason we give a series of illustrations showinj; the entire fowl, and also otliers accurately figured and explained, so no reader can err. It is absolutely necessary to a correct understanding of any business or profession that a correct knowledge of the technicalities connected therewith be had. The poultry breeder must not only understand how to feed and rear chickens but he must have a nice discrimination as to plumage, the chief characteristics of the several breeds of fowls, and their peculiarities of constitutional vigor, style, carriage, etc., but he must also understand something of the anatomy of the fowl, their points, and also those relating to outward parts, and the technikull. 938 ILLi;STRATED STOCK DOCTOR. B — The underneath feathern of the head are almost like bristles. They cover the cheeka In the space which separates on the wattles. G— The upper feathers of those at tlie back of the neck are short, an J lengthening lower down, forming wliat i=i culled the hiiekle. They become longer between the shotiklerg when they cover (he beginning of those on the back and the commencement of the wings. /)_The feathers of the back, formir)g a layer about 10. These leathers are of tlie same nnf lire n<' those of the neck, butalifMe hireer, and form the saddle. f—Tlie feathers of the breast cover the entire length of the two breast muscles, extend- ing beyond the breast-bone at each side and uniting at Its end. The whole forms what is termed the bi'^ast. These feathers, with the feathers of the loins, overlap those of the Bides. SHOWING POINTS. G— The feathers on the sides cover the loins, taking In the back as far as the rump, which they go beyond and cover the lower part of the feathers of the tall. They also cover the commencement of the leathers of tlie flanks, thighs and abdomen. H— The feathers of the flanks are light and flufly. They cover the upper part of the thigh feathers and slip under those of the breast. /—The feathers of the abdomen cover and envelope all this part from the end of the breast to the rump. These feathers are geneniliy flufly, of a silky nature and spread out la a tuft. J— The outside feathers of the thigh cover those of the abdomen and leg. POULTRY, BREEDING. 939 rer the cheeks ;thenlng lower the shouUlers ; of the winga. •e of the same luscles, extend- 1 forms what Is erlap those ot U far as the rnmp, They also cover upper part of the am the end of the and spread out Z(— The outside and inside feathers of the leg atop at the heel, 9t in some varieties they proceed lower and lurm what are culled rulfies or vultured hocks. Af— The feathers of the feet or sole are long, short, or entirely absent, in the diflferent varieties. Tliese leathers are along the shank in either one or several rows. Tiiey are always on the outside part. ^V— Tlio leathers ot the toes appear on the outsldes. 0— The middle tail feathers envelope the rump and cover the base* of the large feathers ot the tail. i»— The larger tall feathers are In a regular line of seven on each side of the rump, and form the tall. Q— The outside feathers of the shoulders cover a part of the other feathers of the wing. TlR-y form the shoulder. ii— The inside feathers of the shoulders are small, thin, and slender. S— The larger feathers of the pinion form, where the wing is iipened,a large, arched sur- face, and are ot dlSerent sizes. These feathers grow out of the under side of the pinion. T— The small outside feathers of the pinion are of different sizes. They come on ail the outside surfaces from the shoulder to the pinion. They begin quite small on the outsiuj alge, and finish a medium size on the inside edge. {/—The Inside feathers of the pinion are close, middle-sized, and small, covering the basics of the large feathers of the pinion. F— The large flight feathers, or feathers of the hand, are large and strong, and are of most use to the bird in locomotion. They begin at the under edge of that which is called thetopof the wing. A'— The outside flight-feathers cover the large ones ; they are stiff and well flattened on the others. }'— The inside flight-leathers are, some small and others medium-sized; cover the bases oftliollight-leathers. Z— An api>endix called the pommel of the wing, which represents the fingered part. It hut tlie joint of the pinion and has some middle-i^ize'l feathers of the same (iescrii)tiiin lia the large pinion feathers, and have some small one? to cover them. These feathers assist m the flight. "When the whole wing is folded, almost iiU the feathers are hidden by the linger feathers of the pinion and middle external feathers. Classiti- oiitioii of the feathers of the cock arc the same as those of the hen, but the forms of some of them are different. Ideal Shape. The cut on next page M'ill serve to show the contour of the fowl, the Dorking being the one selected on account of its compact body ; and the iioiuor the fowl comes to tlie ideal the more profitable it will be. Neverthe- less it must be remembered that etu'li 1)reed has its peculiar characteristics ;ind that some one point must often be sacrificed in favor of another. Breeding to Type. Ill tlio breeding of poultry, as well as farm animals, there should be no violent crosses made. In fact, none but the thoroughly scientific breeder, who has given his life study to the task, should undertake w I If 940 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. crossing with a vie\# to forming a new breed. It will not pay. Tlio general breeder should get the best representatives of the breed he pro- BREEDIKG TO TYPE. poses to use and confine himself to it. No more than one breed should be allowed on the farm. If so it Avill end in intermixing and confusion. No more should be attempted than by careful breeding and selection to perpetuate the strain in its purity, and if jjossible to improve it. A careful study of the foregoing will render this possible, and thus any farmer may breed a given strain equal to the best. The cock should be large, broad breasted, strong winged, muscular, easy on his logs, and of strong points in his plumage ; the hen from good laying stock or a good mother as the case may be. Disparity in Sexes. As to the number of hens to the cock it will vary with the breeds. With Games, Dorkings, iijudans and Creve Coeurs they may be eight or ten to one ; Spanish, Cochins and Brahmas, ten or twelve to one ; Hamburgs twelve or fourteen to one. If the flock is large enough so two or more cocks are kept all but one had better be confined, giving them in succes- sion to the flock, and it is better in large flocks to have a reserve to use when necessary. By this plan much fighting over and unnecessary worry of the hens will be saved. If too many males are allowed to run there will be a loss in eggs, and if too few they will be deficient in fertility, this being one of the greatest drawbacks to this system. So, as between the two, always buy eggs for setting from breeders who give their flocks POULTRY, BREEDING. 941 a good range, aud are careful that the heus have neither too few nor too many males. Mating. Always mate a short, compact, deep-bodied male, with long-bacKed hens, but not the reverse, and as a rule, for the best results the lien should be over one year old when she sets. From that to four yours she will do the best. Do not be afraid of breeding in-und-iu. Unless carried too far it will result in better success than out crosses. So in breeding to color let all self colors be as solid as possible, and in parti-colored breeds study their characteristics, and breed as near to a feather as possible. Avoid vulture hocks in all poultry, and especially so in the Asiatic breeds. In breeding Brahmas and colored Cochins have plenty of color in the males, as the tendency is to get lighter. Yet in this dis- crimination must be used. If the saddle is very heavily striped, or the neck hackle very dark, the chicks will be apt to run to spots. Yet as a rule heavily-penciled males must be used to get heavily-penciled cock chickens. So very dark hackled cocks and hens with the hackles lightly penciled will produce chickens with delicately penciled hackles. Breeding Grades. If you cannot get fowls pure get a well bred cock and keep Avith a few of your select hens. Breed him again to his chicks, so long as he lasts ; thus by the exercise of judgment you may have very superior poultry in a short time. A better way, however, is to get a setting of pure eggs and commence right at once. They cost comparatively little, are easily sent by express, and will soon repay their cost. I CHAPTER IV. MANAGEMENT OP FOWLS. Gi? •^ . INTO BUSINESS. t >i 1 For. FOWLK HO>. : /.XXEN. • VILLAGE YARDS. •THE PODLTRY HOUSE. -PROPER - BEST BREEDS FOR MARKET. EGG PRODUCERS. •now TO KILL AND DRESS FOWLS. PACKING FOR Going Into Business. Before going into the business of raising poultry be sure and have com- fortable quartei's for the fowls. These need not be expensive structures, poles and hay will make a warm, comfortable roosting and nesting place, until something better can be provided. Be sure that plenty of dry dust for bathing is supplied at all times. It is the great remedy against lice, to which fowls are especially liable. This with plenty of sun, plenty of pure water, and liberal feeding, will insure success both in eggs and chickens. Do not over crowd the house. See that everything is kept scrupulously neat and clean. If you build a permanent house, know that there is to be plenty of ventilation ; all birds require a large amount of fresh air. Plenty of heat, plenty of food and water, and plenty of fri>h air are what give plenty of fresh eggs in Winter, M-hen they are scarce and high. In the Summer let the fowls range over the farm as nuuh as they will, they will thus be paying for their keep in destroying insects, and keeping themselves healthy ; we are writing for farmers, and not fanciers. In villages the case Avill be different ; there, fowls must be kept shut up a great part of the time. 942 '«jyf 1 POULTRT, MANAGEMENT. 943 rSE. PROPER •RODL'CKKS. — PACKISG FOR md have corn- live structures, nesting plnce, ;y of dry dust V ause. The poultry house should face the South on one of its broad sides, and the more glass you have in this, the better. One portion should be half dark for the nests, and, for setting hens, this should be large enough so a dust bath may be supplied also. The roosting place may be in one end, and should not be more than two feet from the floor, especially if the breed be heavy. The perches should be all on a level, and pretty large. A two by four scantling nicely rounded and set on edge, is not too hirge for the heavy birds. Keep everything about the house scrupulously clean. Whitewash at least once a month with lime and if lice make their appearance, fumigate the house, and sprinkle Scotch snuff among the feathers of the fowls. Follow this up until the lice are exterminated. Proper Food for Fowls. Never give fowls sloppy food. When mixed feed is given, it should l)c made as stiff as possible. Never feed in a trough, it cannot be kept clean. Have the dough so stiff that, as it falls from the hand it will lireak, and so, feed on clean ground. Indian meal and small potatoes cooked together and fed pretty hot in Winter, with a little chopped onion intermixed, makes a good food. Have broken bones, lime rubbish und gravel alwiiys where fowls can get it, and in Winter a sheep's pluck hung «here the hens can just reach it, by jumping up to pick it piecemeal, will keep the fowls in good laying trim. Chandler's cake is good, if other meat cannot l)e had. This may be broken fine and mixed with one of their daily feeds. Be careful, however, that j'ou do not overfeed with meat. If so, it will show in loss of feathers and general ill health. Best Breeds for Market. We do not believe there are any better market fowls, all things con- sidered, than the Brahmas and Cochins. The Dorkings are undoubtedly the most superior table fowls ; the^ are also tender aud harder to rear. .':*'■ 944 ILLUSTKATED STOCK DOCTOH. on As a cross for early plump table l)rcods, a Dorkinjr cook crossed * Brahma or Cochin hens will give fast growing, plump chickens of early maturity. In this, however, fancy has much to do. The Asiatics are not great layers, but by using judgment, fully as many eggs can be got from either Brahmas or Cochins in Winter as from any other breed, and Winter eggs are what bring money. Give tliom warm and roomy quarters, with plenty of range for exercise, with liberal feeding, including green vegetables, and they will bring you money in eggs. Egg Producers. The Poland, the Leghorn and the Iloudan are inveterate layers, and their eggs are good. The Haml)urgs are good layers, but like the black Spanish, tender, and more tit for tlio amateur than the practical man. For eggs, there is little doubt that the Polands should carry the palm. For young chickens for market, Brahmas and Cochins, and for home table use, the Dorkings are best. Why, then, asks the reader, have vou described so many fowls? The answer is, so that the table being well filled, you may take your choice of breeds. How to Patten. When ready to fatten, poultry should be always confined in a small si)a(e ; the smaller tlie better. T\vo weeks should make them fat. If kept after thej'^ ai-e fat, or when they cease to increase, they again innno- diately lose flesh. The best food in the West is corn-meal, boiled into a very tliii'k mush, and then made as thick as possible, while scalding hot, by mixing in all the meal that can be worked. The fowls may be kept in well-ventilated coops, feeding them three times a day with the feed warm, and allowing them plenty of water and gravel all the time, except for the last week, when the gravel may be omitted. The coops mui-t of course be kept clean, and should be small enough so the fowls cannot turn around ; should be littered with clean straw, and never allowed to get foul. If, instead of water, their drink is skimmed milk, they will become extra fat. How to Kill and Dress Fowls. Never kill your fowls until they have fasted twenty-four hours. No man ever made any monej by selling his fowls with their crops stuffed to make them weigh. The petty fraud is too apparent. To kill and dress, tie their legs together, hang the fowl up, open the beak and pass a sharp pointed, narrow bladed knife into the mouth and up into the roof, dind- ing the membrane. Death will be instant. Immediately cut the throat by dividing the arteries of the neck and the bird will bleed thoroughly. POULTRY, MANAGEMENT. 945 "We never scald ; the nicest way is to pick tlic fowl dry and while yet w.irm. A little care will prevent tearini^ the flesh, and the bird will liriiig enough extra in the market to make it pay. Most persons, how- ever, Avill prefer to scald, and for home consumption, or tlio viUage market this will do. Have the water just scalding hot — not hoUiiuj — IflO degrees is just riglit. Immerse the fowl, holding it by the legs, taking it out and in, until the feathers slip easily. Persona become very expert at this, tlie feathers coming away by brushing them with the hand, apparently. At all events, they must bo picked clean. Hang turkeys and chickens by the feet, and ducks and geese by the head, to cool. It should be uiuiec- essary to say that under no circumstances whatever, sliould ducks and (Tcese be scalded ; they must invariably be picked dry. Take off tlio liends of chickens as soon as picked, tie tlie skin neatly over the stump, draw out the insides carefully, and hang up to cool. Never sell fowls undrawn. They will bring enough more drawn and nicely packed, with the lieart, gizzard and liver placed inside each fowl, to pay for the trouble. Let them get thoroughly cool — as cold as possible — l)ut never, under any circumstances, frozen. There is always money in properly prepared poultry ; the money is lost in half fitting them for market, the fowls often beina; forwarded in a most dissrustinir state. There is inoncv ill the production of eggs ; there is money in raising poultry for the luiukct. The money is lost in improper packing and in a foolish attempt orciisionally made to make the buyer pay for a crop full of musty corn, at the price of first-class meat. It is that class of men, however, who are too smart ever to make money at anjMhiiig. Packing for Market. The poultry, having been killed as directed, carefully picked, the heads eut off, and the skin drawn over the stump and neatly tied — or if preferred, leave the head on, the fowl will not bring less for it — and the birds chilled down to as near the freezing point as possible, provide clean boxes and place a layer of clean hay or straw quite free from dust, in the bottom. Pick up a fowl, bend the head under and to one side of the breast bone, and lay it down flat on its breast, back up, the legs extend- i)ig straight out behind. The first fowl to be laid in the left hand corner. So placed, lay a row across the box to the right, and j^ack close row by row, until only one row is left, then I'everse the heads, laying them next the other end of the box, the feet under the previous row of heads. If there is a space left between the two last rows, put in what birds will fit sideways. If not, pack in clean long straw, and also pack in straw at the sides and between the birds, so they cannot move. Pack straw enough 916 ILLUSTIIATEU STOCK DOCTOR. over one layc; of fowls, so that the others cannot touch, and so proreod until the box is full. Fill the box full. There must never be any .shiiit- ing, or else the birds will become bruised, and loss will ensue. Miinv packers of extra poultry place paper over and under eacl' layer before tilling in the straw. There is no doubt but that it pays. Nail the box tight ; mark the initials of the packer, the number of fowls and variety, and mark i)lainly the full name of the person or firm to whom it is con- signed, with street and number on the box. Thus the receiver will know at a glance what the box contains, and does not have to unpack to find out. These directions, if carefully carried out, might save a person many times the cost of this book, every year. FOUNTAIN iOK POULTRY. Turkeys, Other Fo-wls, Breeds and ManagemeAt. CHAPTER V. THE HOME OF THE TUBKBY. VAUIETIE3 OF THE DOMESTIC TUKKKY. 1. TUE COMMON TUUKHT. 11. EllO- LISH TURKEY. III. THE HONDURAS TURKEY. IV. BRONZED-BLACK TUB- KEY. V. GUINEA FOWL. VI. THE PEACOCK. Although it ia only about three hundred years since the turkey — from any well authenticated accounts — was brought under domestication, we already see them broken up into several distinct breeds, although there arc l)ut two wild varieties, the brown turkey of North America, and the Honduras turkey of Central America ; a cut of the lat -er being shown oil following page, and of the former the introduction to poultry in general, illustmte these varieties. There is, however, one fact peculiar to the turkey as with pheasants. It still retains and persistently holds many of its wild traits. It is shy, intraetable, does not care for home, and like the pea fowl and guinea fowl, is much inclined to wander. When full grown, and indeed after becoming full fledged, they are the hardiest of domestic fowls ; in fact, as hardy as any of our Winter species of wild breeds ; yet when young, they are the most delicate, tender and easily chilled. For this reason they should never be hatched until the weather, both nights and days, is warm ; and for the reason that the hen turkey is so careless of her 60 947 948 ILIil'HTKATKI) STOCK DOCTOR. young, ami ho poor a pi'ovider, wo havo always raiaod thorn under care- ful hoHH, giving a largo hon seven oggs and aiming to have two broods como off at once, giving l>oth broodH to onu nurHO The cggH rcijuire from thirty to thir- ty-two days to hatch, and for tho first four weeks the young cliicks should 1)0 carefully watched. Tlu^y will noitho. stand tho hot sun, Iw.nvy rains, nor much dew, -' they imist )(! kept warm. Ila jilod c-nrs rul)l)od up with oatmeal or cornnical is a good food for tho first two weeks. After which, light wheat and cracked corn may form tho staple. About the time they acquire tho red heiid, which is at about six weeks of aire, which next to the third day is tho most critical period of their life, they ■^ should have nutritious food, aiul, if n little bruised hemp seed is added, so much tho better. In feeding give but a littlo at a time and often, and that out of tho reach of ' hen or other fowls. Young onion tops, chopped very fine and wo) ed with the food is excellent. Curds of sour milk are eagerly eaten, . ,.fc should not be given as a constant food. Pure cold wat(!r must always bo at hand as a drink, but occasionally, say once a day, skim milk may be given. Wliero eornmeal is the basis of tho food, it should always be cooked into a hard mush before being fed. Varieties of the Domestio Turkey. These are the bronze, the English (so-called) turkey, the white, the buff, and the crested turkey. The latter is extremely rare, having been sup[)()sed to have originated in Europe, in the early part of the last cen- tury, then entirely lost, and again said to have been recovered, curiously enough, from Africa. Teniminck, in a work relating to pigeons and fowls, printed in Amster- dam in 1813, mentions them as follows : The crested turkey is only ii variety or sport of nature in this species, differing only in the possession of a feathered crest, which is sometimes white, sometimes black. These crested turkeys are very rare. Mademoiselle Backer, in her magnificent menagerie near the Hague, had a breed of crested turkeys of a beautiful Isabelle yellow, inclining to chestnut ; all had full crests of pure white. WILD rUUKF.Y. under care- I two broods thirty to thir- iind for till) puiig chicks tchcd. They ot 8un, hiiiivy '' they must jik'd ojr^'rt . or conmu'iil rst two weolis. it and cracked tuple. Ahout the red hciid, weeks of a<^e, rd day is the their life, they food, iiiul, if ii >d is lidded, so ceding givi l>ut often, and that hen or other ed with the ..t should not ■ays bo at hand may be given. be cooked into the white, the Ire, having been lof the last ceu- Ivered, curiously Inted m Amster- lurkey is only » |n the possession black. These her magnificent rs of a beautiful of pure white. WHir/ritv, TntKKYH. !M9 Lieutenant Ryaui demiribed crented wild turkeyw uh having been hcen by him in Mexico, but it is hu|)|>ohc<1 ht> must have miHtaken (MirasHowH for wild turkeyH, Hince no otlicrs hav«' b<'«'n abU* to Hnd them, and the (urasHow \h thoroughly domcNticiited there. 'I"he wiiite and Ituff turkeyn iue simply varieties in color from the conmion forms, which have in some instances been perpetuated by careful breeding and selection. So also there are co[)per- ._ ±J21 950 ILLUHTKATKO STOCK DOCrOK. III. The Honduras Turkey. The Honduras or Ocellated turkej is one of the most elegant of the tribe, and is found all over Central America. It breeds freely with our domestic variety and the progeny is quite fertile. The ground color of the plumage is a beautiful bronzed-green, banded with gold-bronze and shiny black, and lower down the back with deep blue and red. Upon r^^' OCRLATKU TtTRKKY HKN. the tail these bands are so well defined and shai'p, that they btMrome ocellated or eyed, and hence the name. Unfortunately their southern origin makes them too tender for the North, but in the South there should be little difficulty in breeding them. The Mexican turkey differs POI'LTKV, TllKKF,Y8 951 ivnt of the with our d color of »rouze and Bd. Upon they bi'come their soutbevu South there Iturkey diffe" hut little from the foregoing. There is more white in the tiiil feathere and tail coverts, and like the Honduras turkey, it breeds freely with our wild or domestic turkey. » o v. N H H <3 IV. Bronzed-black Turkey. This is the largest as it is the best of the domestic turkeys, and was undoubtedly produced by a cross of the wild male upon our common turkey, impressed and fixed by careful breeding and selection, until they will weigh with the host specimens of the wild breed, sometimes attaining a weight of ov■ AA^ater Fo-wl. CHAPTER VI. DUCKS. 1. BOCEN DDCK8. BLACK DUCKS. SUMHART -n. ATLBSBURY DUCKS. V. GRAY DDCK8 III. CALL DUCKS. IV. CAYUGA VI. BLACK EAST INDIA DUCKS. Ducks and geese are becoming more and more fancied from year to jear on the farm, as they should properly be. The reason why they have not been more extensively raised than they have, is from the erro- neous opinion that a pond or lake is essential to them. They should have a pool of water to wash in ; this produced, it is all that is necessary so far as water is concerned ; in fact, without water they are more domes- ticated and less inclined to ramble. All the principal farm breeds of ducks are probably descended from the Anas boschas, or wild Mallard. Like the wild goose, it is not difficult to domesticate wild ducks. All that is necessary is to get the eggs and rear them under a hen, the eggs hatching in twenty-eight days. There is no farm bird that is a more inveterate insect hunter or more agile than a young duck, one specimen tsiking fully double per day what chickens will. Hence their value to the farmer, and especially the gardener, is very considerable in addition to their egg and flesh producing qualities. They should be raised more extensively than they are, and on every farm. I. Bouen Ducks- Whatever may have been the origin of the name, Rouen, from a town in France, celebrated for its ducks, or roan, from its color, this variety Is simply a wild Mallard, improved and enlarged by selection and care in 954 POULTRY, WATKK FOWL. 95A — IV. CAYUOA \. DUCKS. from year to on why tliey ■om the erro- They should is necessary more domes- •m breeds of ild Mallard. ducks. All ,en, the eggs lat is a more bne specimen ;heir value to le in addition raised more from a town [, this variety |n and care in breeding. The mark! s us found in tho wild variety will very perfectly describe the tame. Good specimens will dress six pounds each, and over ; occasionally specimens will weigh nearly cIovimi pounds, alive. Their flesh is abundant and of the very best llavor. Tlioy scarcely wander a| ill. In fact, they are so la/y and disinclined to exercise, that if abund> i 956 ILLUSTRAPKO STtXIK DOCTOR. antly fed they soon become so fat t'lat their abdomens trail on the ground. From their inactivity they aic the most (easily stolen of any variety. The eggs are laid in great numbers, of a blue-green color, with thick shells, and should average in weight about tlirco and a half ounces. II. Aylesbury Ducks. The Aylesbury duck is without doubt the most valuable of the Englisii breeds, and fully as well appreciated in this country as in England. Thej hardly reach so great weight as the last mentioned variety, eighteen a » ■< O u oo M I H D O K ^ n 0) the English rland. They eighteen POULTUV, WATER FOWL. 957 pounds the pair being about the outside figure. They are prolific layers, the eggs of a pure white color, thinner in the shell than those of the Rouen. The ducks arc excellent mothers because less unwieldy than the llouens. In buying ducks for breeding purposes, and especially the Aylesbury, avoid those that arc down behind, from undue stretching of the abdom- inal muscles ; such birds are always sterile, both as to the ducks and drakes. Sii'i (SKAY CAI.I. DUCKS. III. Call Dunks. There are two varieties of small ducks that have the same relation to the large variety, us Bantams have to Barn-yard fowls. One is the Gray Call, the other the White Call duck. The first is an exact counterpart of the Rouen in every respect, even to the legs, feet and bill ; the other be- ing in color like the Aylesbury, but differing in the bill, which is a clear yellow, while the Aylesbury is flesh- colored. As fanciful things on a piece of water, they are very i)rettv, as to cither variety. Tiie colored variety is much used as decoy ducks for the wild species, being remarkable for their lon P ie u a <: g < They have long, straight necks, long, straight head and beak, and m size they are fully equal to the Rouen, often weighing ten pounds ciich. The flesh is gamy in flavor, and to our taste fully equal to any of the wild species, except the Canvas-back, Widgeon and Teal. They are pro- lific in eggs, are quiet, mature at an early age, and excepting possibly the Rouen, are the most valuable of all domesticated ducks. I'OULTUV, WATEIt KOWL. 969 V. Fancy Ducks. Among the most ornumcntul of the duck tribes are the Mandarin and the Carolina ducks, both uivsurpassod for brilliance of plumage and variety of coloring. Tlin Mandarins are a Chinese vnric^tj, and the Car- olinas the wild wood duck of the United States, domesticated and improved by careful breeding. The Muscovy duck is a large breed, and thought to be valuable on this account by some. They are only mentioned here on this account, since their strong flavor of musk should keep them from the tables of all who appreciate fine flavor. iHr BLACK EAST INDIA DUCK. VI. Black East India Duck. The Black East India duck which has appeared from time to time un~ der various foreign names, as Labrador, Buenos Ayrean, and later as Black Brazilians, have little if anything to recommend them in comparison with better and larger breeds. They are undoubtedl}' a sport of the Mallard, and certainly are among the most beautiful of the small breeds, and arc so hardy, and give so little trouble that it accounts probably foi their many admirers. Summary. Ducks are valuable both for their feathers and flesh, for their aptitude in foraging for themselves, and especially for the great insect eating pro- pensities of the young, they should be raised on every farm. Wild ducks i> 1* I) iW 960 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. are so numerous in the West that this is probably a reason why they are not more extensively bred there. But wild ducks are in the market for only a comparatively short time in the Spring and Fall, and at all other cool seasons ducks may be sold, and are not to be despised on the tables of the farmers. When flesh is the principal object, and handsome ornamental qualities desired, the Rouen and especially the Black Cayuga will give satisfaction. If white feathers are desired the Aylesbury will be the best variety. As f they are larket for ; all other POm.TUY, WATKK KOWL. 961 to the rearing it is extremely simple, they are little liable to disease, and Y/cll able to take care of themselves ; they must, however, have plenty of water to drink, and a pool to wash and swim in. These being furnished^ if hatched under hens, they will give little trouble and fully repay the labor bestowed on them. Their period of incubation is thirty days. AYLUSUUKY UUAKK. If • ■ itl •> I I Ion the tables [iital qualities satisfaction. I variety. As Water Fowrl. CHAPTER Vn. OEESE. L BMBDBN OR BRBMKN OKEHK. IV. WUITB CIIINK9K QBKSK. - MANAGKMKNT OF GSBBB. — II. TOUI.OUSB ORBaB.— ■V. TRR AKKICAN GBKSB. -III. IIONO KONQ aBB8R. VI. CANADA WILD ORKBB. Geese, like the guinea fowl are noisy creatures, and these two birds are nine times out of ton better "watcli dogs" than tl)e average cur. The former on the ground, and the hitter perched high in u tree, hlm the smallest object and hear the slightest sound, and giving the aluriii the noble watch dog wakes up, barks and gets the credit. There are only a few varieties which we shall notice, but these constitute about all that are valuable of those fowls that "saved Rome." I. Exnbden, or Bremen Qeese. These, the most valuable to our mind of the whole tribe, taken for large size, pure white feathers, and aptitude to fatten, are worthy a place on any farm. They are spotless white in color thrnnfrl^ "'* b' ■ male and female, full, and erect in carriage, the leg.s dnep ii .»r rntl the bill dark flesh color, the eyes bright blue '''• y» large, and with rough thick shells. This breed att; uoii.. weij, . often go- ing over thirty pounds, when mature, ;, il the fj -ose o\er thirty-five pounds. For breeding purposes twenty pounds w 11 be a full weight for the .pndors- 962 POULTRY, WATER FOWL. 96S KONG GKK8B. JADA WIU) 0BB8H. two l)irtl8 .ire fa«'e cur. The a tree, sei- the tlic alarm the here are only a ,out all that are ;ribe, taken for , worthy a placi' le and ncl the Ilia ,)r u large and hi ()\ or , often go- thirty-live for full weight n. Toulouso Oeese. Next in order of practical merit, to our mind, is the Toulouse ; these are called aftor the city of that naino in Franco. They are most compact in body, not so tall as the IJromon, but will often outweigh them. In color they are light gray us to their bodies and breasts, the neck dark ^ay, getting gradually darker until it approaches the buck, the wings are of the color of the neck, shaded off lighter as it approaches the belly and at length becoming white ; the legs and feet are a deep reddish orange, 61 I > 964 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. the bill the same, toned somewhat with brown. Both the Embden and Toulouse may be easily raised under hens, by regularly sprinkling the TOULOUSE GKESE. eggs with blood-warm water, to keep t.ie shells from becoming hard rnd thus imprisoning the young. This, with even a tub of water set in the ground, and good feeding, will insure success in geese raising. m. Hong Kong Geese. The China Hong Kong, or Knobbed goose, so named from the protu- berances at the base of the bill, really possesses some of the characteristics of the swan as it does of giese. It is also in size, between a iiu'diuiii sized goose and swan, is highly ornamental in the water, hardy, the iiiost prolific of any in eggs, and the quality of the flesh is superior. It lias a harsh, discordant cry, and if allowed full liberty will steal away at night, if water for swikiuniug in bo near, or it can (ind it. This nocturnal habit, however, can be prevented by shutting up at night in a place safe from l>OULTUY, WATER FOWL. 965 foxes or owls, which should be practiced with all geese and ducks. Hong Kong geese vary much in color ; they all have the same characteristic pro- tuberances at the bill, and also a distinct stripe down the back of the neck. They should have a dewlap, or feathered wattle under the throat, the bills and legs should be of an orange color, and the protuberances at the base of the upper bill, dark, in fact almost black, the moat usual ccl:: i\!riayish brown on the back and upper parts, changing to white or wliitisii gray under the abdomen, the neck and ])rcast ycllowisii gray, with a distinguishing stripe of dark brown running down the entire back of the neck, from the head to the body. II M 11 •';^f ■-1 ..J 1 .'■r»fp^<«WJ»niBi«"i."^f» I 966 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. IV. White Ohinese Oeese. The White Chinese geese are of immense size, pure spotless white throughout; the legs bright orange colored, bill the same color and with a large orange colored knob at its base. It is more swan-like than the Hong Kong, of which it is perhaps a variety, and either in or out of the water is a most pleasing object. When swimming, its long, slender neck is gracefully arched, and whether for ornament or use, it is certainly a val- uable breed. It is certainly as prolific as its colored relation, laying a large number of rather small eggs iu a season, breeding three or four times, POULTRY, WATER FOWL. 967 the period of incubation being five weeks. The goslings are easily raised, and are of due eating ({uality. A peculiarity of the breed is the disparity ill the relative size of the sexes, the males being often one-third heavier than the females. V. The African Gtoose. This immense goose, among the largest of the tribe, is of fine carriage and bulk, carrying its neck upright, and head high, when walking. The head and top of ,the neck are brown, deep on the upper side and some- what lighter on the under side ; the bill is armed with small indentations m AFRICAN OOOaB. along the sides, and at the base, on top rises a round, fleshy tubeivlc, of a bright vermilion color, and under the throat is a hard, firm, flcHhy membrane. These birds have also been called Siberian geese, but the name African is undoubtedly the proper one. VI. Canada Wild Oceae. This excellent goose may be easily hatched from wild ogjrs, and which upon being domesticated, take kindly to the farm. It is too well known :. Sf'l 11 il M 1 :«^ 968 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. to need description ; when farm-bred it retains much of the game nature of the flesh of the wild birti. Their sagacity is superior to tlmt of any other goose. It has u wide range of flight in its wild state, beiu" found at proper seasons from the Arctic circle to the Torrid zone, and in Europe as well as in America ; specimens having been shot in England. It is certainly one of the most beautiful of water fowls. It breeds kindly with any of the common varieties, and is reputed in France to have inter- bred with swans. » , , Management. There is but little care necessary in breeding geese. They require a dry place for passing the night ; arc subject to but few diseases, and these only when young. For diarrhoea, give a drop or two of laudanum in a little water, to be repeated if the first dose does not cure. For gid- diness, bleed them in the prominent vein which separates the claw. In- sects sometimes annoy them by getting into the nostrils and ears. It may be known by their hanging wings, and the shaking of their heads. Feed them corn at the bottom of a vessel of water. For fattening, there is nothing better than corn-meal, steamed potatoes and skimmed milk, alternated with ground buckwheat, oat-meal or barley-meal. During the fattening process they should be kept closely confined. When fattening, the French pluck the feathers from the belly. They should be fed three times a day, and supplied with plenty of pure water, and when fat, which should be in two or three weeks from the commencement of feeding, they should be sold immediately, since they at once begin to lose flesh aghin. PART X. Diseases of Poultry, AND THEIR REMEDIES. I t d'\ n 's! fitj AKATOMY O — — INFl TO OUK There a as apopleji dies. Otl and thus i are difficul of disease fancier are of easy tre visions — d considered weakness, H ^or a bettc the skeletc make a goc ■I" ' V •> '.] li ' I •. I CHAPTER I. DISEASES AND BEMBDISS. UfATOHT OP THK HBN. APOPLBXT. ITS OADSV. ROUP. INFLAMMATION OP THB «00 FASSAOa. CHOLERA.- TO ODBX.— -CROP BOUND. DIPHTHBRU, OB CROrP,— —TO CURB. — GAPES.— -UCB. »^ROO BOUND. QAD8B. HOW Diseases of Fowls. There are but few diseases to which fowls are subject. Some of these, as apoplexy, are so sudden and fatal that there is scarcely time for reme- dies. Others, as so called chicken cholera, are malignant and infectious, and thus require watching. Others again, inflammatory in their nature, are difficult to understand and hence difficult to treat. The general run of diseases, however, to which the fowls of the farmer and suburban fancier are liable to in his flock are, as a rule, simple in their nature and of easy treatment. We shall, therefore, divide diseases into but two di- visions — dangerous and simple ailments. In the first class will be considered those more fatal, and in the second class mere ailments, as leg weakness, bumble foot, catarrh, diarrhea, pip, lice, and other parasites. For a better understanding of the subjects, we introduce figures showing the skeleton of a fowl, their true positions and proper names. It will make a good study in connection with those on plumage, etc. 971 ?: - . I 972 IliLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Anatomy of the Hen. Explanation.— -4— The head, length 2 3-4 inches. JB— The neck, length 5 1-2 inches. C — The back or spine. A D- \ ANATOMY or TUB IIBN. (Fig 1) The hips or hip bones, (the back uud hips comprise from the shoulder to the tail,) length 5 9 10 inches. E — Rump or coccygis, length 1 1-2 inches. F— Shoul- der-blade or shoulder. G — Collar bone or merry thought. H — Chest or thorax, composed of the sides and breast bone (bone of the throat), it contains the heart, liver, etc. J— The breast bone, length a little over 3 1-2 inches. J"— The wing bones, as will be seen, are composed of the humerus or shoulder-bone of the wing, length 3 1-7 inches ; also the radius and the cubitus, the forearm or pinion, length 2 3-4 inches ; the tip of the wing, or that which takes the place of the hand and fingers, length 2 1-3 inches. K— The leg, composed of d — (Fig. 2.) the thigh bone, 3 1-7 inches ; e — the shin bone, length 4 1-3 inches ; /—the bone of the foot, the tarsus, length 3 1-7 inches ; g — the claws, that of the middle, length 2 1-3 in- ches : the two to the right and left, length 1 6-10 inches ; that of the back, length 8-10 inches ; h — the patella or knee ; i — the os calcis or heel. The engraving (Fig. 1.) represents the skeleton of an ordinary hen of an average size, and in the pro- portions to be generally met with. The only impor- tant muscles are those which compose the flesh, from which are formed the breast, the thigh, tne leg and the wings. All the others are slender and only fui-njsh a little for table use. People often confound the thigh, the leg, the foot and toes of the hen, and so it is with nearly all animals. One expects to see her walk on the foot, though she walks like them on the toes. It is evident that the tarsus of the hen is the foot she would use on the ground if she walked like man ; the end opposite the toes is the heel. Some fowls have five or six toes but they do not all rest on the ground always. ' '" Ajraplexy— Its Cause. Over-feeding and over-stimulating of fowls — seldom occurring on th« farm — and generally known by finding the subject dead, often in Utf (rig. s ) ton of pro- nipor- frora g and 'uniisb e hen, on the at the walked five or ion th« intfat POULTRY, ITS DISEASES. 973 nest. Prevention is the proper means to use. Give plenty of exercise and good wholesome food, but not that of an over-stiumluting nature. Tlivi cure is by opening a blood vessel and bleeding freely, selecting the Ittigest of the veins on the underside of the wing. Hold the vein be- tween the opening and the body, and release it when blood enough is taken. Keep the bird quiet and on light diet until recovered. Boup. The symptoms are at first those of severe catarrh. The discharge loses its thin, watery, transparent character, gets opaque, with a peculiar and offensive smell. The inner corner of the eye contains froth, the lids swell, stick together and at last close. The nostrils close from the same accumulation ; the sides of the face swell and the bird dies. It is a disease of the lining membrane of the nasal cavities. To Cure. Provide warm, dry, well-ventilated quarters, stinfiulating and nutritious food. Give internally a tea or a table-spoonful of castor oil, according to the size of the fowl, syringe the nostrils with chloride of soda, two parts water to one part of chloride. Inject by inserting the syringe in the slit at the roof of the mouth. Three or four hours after the oil give the following : No. 1. a Ounce balsam copaiba, H Ounce liquorice powder, H Drachm piperine. Divide into thirty doses, enclose each in a little gelatine, and give a dose twice a day. Isolate the sick fowls from all others, and kill promptly if they do not yield to treatment. Egg Bound. In this disability the eggs cannot pass down the passage. Strip a tail feather to within an inch of the end ; saturate it thoroughly in lard oil or sweet oil, and pass it carefully up the passage to the egg, lubricating the whole. If relief is not given, repeat the process. Inflammation of the Egg Passage. Sijmptoms. — There will be general feverishness, dullness, and the feathers, especially those over the back, will be raised and ruffled. Give the following ! Ko.2. 1 Grain calomel, 1-13 Qrsin tartar emetic. Mix ; envelop in gelatine and place well back on the root of the tongue until swallowed. If relief do not ensue in two days, give another dose. il <> H 1 1 974 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Oholerk. Symptoms. — ^There is sudden and great thirst with diarrhoea ; the evac- uations are greenish, but soon change to a whitish character ; crump en- sues and the bird totters, falls, and often dies suddenly. Administer every three hours, until relief is obtained, the following: No. 8. 5 Onini rhubarb, S Oraini cayenne pepper, 10 drop* laudanum. Give this at a dose for large fowls, and half this quantity to chiekens two months old. Between each dose keep up the strength by giving a tea-spoonful of brandy and water, half and half. This is also good for common diarrhoea, omitting the brandy. Oapes. Parasitic worms (sderostoma ayngamtis') in the windpipe, occurring in chickens up to two or three months of age. How to Cure. Separate the chickens affected ; strip a small quill feather to within half an inch of the end. Dip in spirits of turpentine ; pass it down the small opening of the windpipe, at the base of the tongue ; turn it once or twice around and draw it out. If it does not relieve operate again next day. Give a warm, dry place, plenty of good food, and for drink, milk well sprinkled with black pepper. It is supposed that the gape worm is produced by a small parasite insect resembling a tick found on the Iieads of young chickens. Examine the heads with a pocket lens and if found use the following, lightly rubbed on. No. 4. 1 Ounce mercurial ointment, 1 Ounce lard oil, K Ounce flowera of sulphur, H Ounce crude petroleum. Mix, and apply just warm enough to be melted. It is said that a case of gapes has never been found in which the young chickens were not tirst infected with the tick paraisite. Black Bot. Swelling of the legs and feet, the comb black, resembling mortification. Give a tea-spoonful of castor oil| and then daily, until relieved, half a POULTRY, ITS DISEASES. 975 tea-spoonful of flowers of sulphur. This is also good in scaly leg, and eruptions of various kinds, using also, after washing clean, the following : No. A. 4 Ouncei lard oil, 1 Ounce turmerio powder. Anoint the affected parts. Catarrh — Symptoms like the first in Roup. Cleanliness is the best prevention. To cure, feed black pepper in mashed potatoes. If this fails, take : No. 8. 8 Parts pulverized charcoal, 3 Parts new yeast, 2 Parts flowers of sulphur, 1 Part flour. Mix into pills the size of a hazelnut and give one, three times n day ; bathe the nostrils and eyes frequently with tepid milk and water, and keep the fowls otherwise clean. Crop Bound. The food sometimes becomes bound and impacted in the crop. The remedy is to make an incision into the crop sufficiently large so the con- tents may be carefully extracted with a blunt instrumt-nt. Close with a stitch, and feed with soft food for two or three days, in which a little gentian and cayenne pepper is mixed. Diphtheria, or Croup. It may bo known by the cough, raising of the head to breathe, and the offensive smell. Wliat to do — Strip a feather to within half an inch of the end ; wet it and dip in powdered borax, and swab the throat well. Nitrate of silver would be more effective. Give to drink, chloride of potassium one-fourth of nn ounce dissolved in a half gallon of water. Preventive — Cleanliness, good ventilation and care. The rule will ap- ply to roup, catarrh, gapes, pip, and other acute and chronic diseases. 'Pip — This is a result of other diseases rather than u disease of itself. Remove the crust at the tip of the tongue and wash with chloride of soda, examine the nostrils for any stoppage, and give a tea-spoonful of castor oil if the fowl be very sick. Rheumatism — Cause — Exposure to damp hnd cold winds, and bad roosting places ; remove the fowls to comfortable quarters, and feed warm, rather soft, stimulating food. Laying soft eggs — Give plenty of lime rubbish, burned and broken oyster shells, or bone meal. i !' y ■ 976 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Lloe. There should bo no excuse for iufestinent by these parasites. They will soinctiines make thi'ir appearance on new fowls, and setting hens will 8omotinies contract tiiem. They arc of two kiiidM • the coiuinon lien louse, and minute ''hen spider," so-called. The latter very minute aud infesting every part of the house, and often the horse stables, if the hens are allowed to run there. To rid the house, take out every movable art. icle and wash thoroughly with (tarbolic acid and water, or with the anniio- niacal water of gas factories, which is cheap. Wash also every portion of the house with the same. Or, fumigate by closing every crevice, and burning in an iron pot containing a burning hot stone, half the size of u man'f head, a pound of roll brimstone, keeping the house closed two or three hours. Then wash every part of the house with lime-wash in which u pound of potash has been dissolved to each quart of water used in thin- ning the wash. Wash also the furniture, nests, perches and all else with the potash solution, one pound to a (ptart of water. Put back the furni- ture, place fresh hay in the boxes, plenty of dust baths near, and the lice will leave the fowls and die. In case the stable becomes infested, or other places that may not be fumigated, wash with the potash solution, or the lime-wash, containing one part in twenty of carbolic acid. BACK OF THE DARM. PART XL B EES; THEIR HISTOUY, CIIARACTEKISTICS AND MAKAGEMEXT. {©77) r^i Bees !; Imecla. Greek wr and saw is a larj^c it l)ears oi That \vli'( lioripy-l)c(! Bible. Si previousl) Testament which sho of rocky c part of i\ familiar S< writinj of them in h Pliny the worthy (»f rovival of published i of Jices." HihkI of lig Ht-'ainner o ami Spona America, a Qiiinby, Co 80 that the 1 B JB E S, 8THAW IIIVK. Bees belong to that class in the animal kingdom known by naturalists as Imecta. The division in which they range is called Hyvienoplera, from two Greek words denoting membrane and wings. Was|)8, ants, ichneumon flies, and saw flies, are members of the same family. The natural history of bees is a large sHidy in itself, and am only be dealt with in thi^se pages, in so far as it bears on the management of an apiary. There are several varieties of bees. That wh'ch has been domesticated by man is known as Ap'ui Mrllijica, or the honey-bee. The earliest historical references to this insect are found in the Bible. Samson ate honey that had been stored in the carcass of a lion previously slain by him. Honey is mentioned several times in the Old Testament. It is spoken of as dripping from the flinty nn^k, an allusion which shows that in ancient times, as now, the bees of Palest iiie took possession of rocky cavities as hives and stored honey in them. Wild honey formed part of the diet of John the Baptist. Honey, and the honeycomb, are familiar Scripture emblems. Coming now to pro'', ne history, we find Aristotle writing of bees upwards of three hundred years B. c. Virgil immortalized thoni in his fourth Georgic, some thre» hundre r 'I 980 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Queen, Drones, and Workers. There are three kinds of Ijees in every stock or colony, a queen, a niimbei of (Ironeb, and a far greater number of workers. The acconjpanying cuts will give some idea of their diflercnces in si^tc, ssiiape, and general appearance: DUONK. QUEEN. WOUKER. The qupcn is the most important momhor of the colony, being the mother bee, and laying all the eggs from whidi an increase of population is derived. Her wings are short, her Ixnly long and tapering, and her movements peculiar. The drones are portly-looking, aldermanic insects, each with a jolly corpor- ation of his own. They are "the lazy fathers of the industrious hive." They perlorni no work, but live a life of lu.xurious idleness. The workers are undeveloped females ; on them all the labors of the hive depend. THE STAGES OP REE-LIFE. As in the case of other in.sects, there are four separate stages in the develop- ment of bees, the egg state, the larvn, the pupa and the imago. Three of these terms need explaining. Larva uuans grub or maggot. The pupa is sometimes called a chry.salis. At this stage of its life, the insect is like a hahe wrapped in swaddling clothes, a thin membrane being Ixiuiid around its bmly. The term imago, or image, refers to the fact that the form of the insect is now complete, real and apparent. Two kinds of eggs are laid by the queen-l)Po. drones and workers. There are two sizes of cells in every hive, the larger called drone-cond), to contain dnme eggs; and the smaller cjiIKhI woikcr- (!oenb, to ri>ceive worker eggs. The instinct of the qu«'en guides lier in making the eggs <'orres|Kiiid with the cells in which they are laid. When it is necessary to rear a quei'ii, one ot the worker wlls, (H)ntainihg a newly laid egg, is enlarged until it resemblts a pea-nut in shape and size. The following cut will make all this plainer: r' ']^ ^^v COMB Fui'Nt>ArioN, SHOWING uuone and WORKER CELLH. REGS. 981 EOa AND BKOOI). fe, and e, eggs, t, pupa of queen in queen cell, d, e,f, g, various sizes of larvae. /;, k, k, caps, h, pupa. The worker egg wlien first laid is a mere speck. In tliree days it liatclies into a small white grub or worm. It is fed by the worker bees and grows rapied over by the worker bees ; then the larva spins a thin silken cocoon, and in three lay worker eggs. It is a curious fact in bee-lifi' that a queen can iay fertile (Iroiie eggs, without impregnation, another wise provision of nature for the preservation of the species. Before laying an egir the queen generally looks into a cell, to see if it be empty. Finding all right, she turns about, inserts Ikt abdomen in the cell, and drops the tiny egg, which by virtue of a Bticky fluid which encases it, is immediately glued to the bottom of the cell. Ml ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. The one duty of tlie queen is to lay eggs, and the number she will produce, if a good layer, is truly astonishing. Two or three thousand eggs per day will l>e laid by such a queen, and an extra fertile one will lay three thousand or more in a single day. Hence a hive will increase in population verv rapidly during the working seobon. At such a time many bcos arc lost while out foraging, moreover they are short-lived insects, so that the hive needs constant and quick replenishment. A worker usually lives but a few weeks or at "most months, while the average life-time of a queen is about three years. Drones are usually found in the hive from May to November, though it is the custom of the workers to kill them off early in the summer. PRODUCTS OP BEES. Bees gather honey, an article too well known to require description. They also manufacture wax out of which the cells are made, and which forms the bees-wax of commerce. They ct)llect pollen or bee-bread, which forms the staple food o.' young bees. A substance called propolis or bee-glue is gathered by the bees. It is the product of various resinous buds, is soft and plastic when warm, hut hard and very adhesive when cold. It is used by the bees to fasten the ooiuhs to their supports, to fill up all crevices and rough jjlaecs inside the hive, or to cover foreign .substances which cannot be removed. The atxive is only a meagre sketch of the natural history, characteristics, and fimctions of l>ces, but it must suffice by way of introduction to some brief remarks and directions about BEE MANAGEMENT. Bco-keeping tn'rea rank among trie lesser economies of the farm. In Great Britain a liirni would not be thought properly stocked unless it had a feu- hives of bees upon it. This is doubtless the (lorrect view ; but kpeping l)ee.s is engaged i:i by many persons as an inee- keeper i BEE8. •85 had no acceas, consequently the beos wore left almost wholly to their own (Ifvices (luring tlio working 8'.u.son, at tlie dost; of wiiich they were brimstonetl, anil iuI)I)chI of their stores. It wa.s a great step of progress when movable frame hives were invented. By the use of these, artificial swarming takes the place of natural swarming, and instead of the l>ee-master having to await the convenience and caprice of the bees, with the risk of losing swarms if watch of the apiary be intermitted, he consults his own convenience, divides ov«r- popiilated colonies, and avoids loss of swarms. Moreover, when stocks hccoiiu' queenlcss and are in danger of extinction, a new queen, or brood from which to rear one, can readily Iw supplied ; moths can be exterminated ; comb, bees and honey can be given to weak colonics, and surplus honey readily taken. The bees, instead of managing themficlves under the guidance of mere instinct, are managed by the superior intelligence of their human lords. THE HONEY EXTRACTOB. It was a still further step in improved apiaculture, when the honey extractor was devised. This machine, by the simple appli(sition of centrifugal f'urcc, empti'js the well-tilled combs ulmust to the lust drop of houey, uud on their *^ m HONEY KXTRACroU. COMn BASKET FOR KXTHACTINO HONn KKOM BROKEN (OMU. Iiiiiig replaced in the hive, the Wcs at once proccetl to refill them. By the use uf this machine, the yield of honey is doubled, trebled, and even qu;Mi- riipled, in good seaiions. THE WAX EXTUACroU. Wax, to l)c put in sha|H,' as the Wcs-wax of commerce, requires to Ik' melted :CULTURE. Apiarians arc sanguine in the Ixjlief that bett-keeping is but in its infancy as yet. (Ireat improvements have been made in the art. of late years, iuul tliere can be little doubt that further advances in it will be witnessed ere long. The march of progress has not reached its limit ; science and skill are busily engagpil in exjMjrimenting, and it is reasonable to expect that, in a few years, upiuculture will take a much higher place thuu it now does among rural industries. STARTING AN APIARY. Boe-keeping is an art requiring Iwth study and practice. No one should attempt it who is not resolved, in the first placw, to master the principles on which it is based. To do this, a good manual on the subject should Im» obtained, and thoroughly studied. Next, it will be well to visit some skilled a|)iarist, and watch his methods. Indeed, a short apprenticeship would be a wise course on the part of any and all who think of going into bees extensively. Tliosi" who only n»e«litate keeping l)ees on a small scale, may venture, after jitiiilying a manual, and visiting a good l)e(!-keoper, to start with a hive or two. More are not desirable, at the outset, as in ease of failure and mishap, the loss iiiiglit be serious. \\\ buying stocks, care should be taken to have them strong, and from the start, the motto will be fouud to be a wise one, " keep all colonies strong." IIIVE8. It is to be presumed that no intelligent person will go into bee-keeping now-a-days with any intention of using the old-fashioned box-hive, still less tlic time-honored and picturesque-looking straw "skep." The movable frame principle is essential to any success worthy the name. A great many styli's of hive have been put on the market, many of them too complicated and costly for practical bee-keeping. A simple, cheap hive is as g(H)d as the Ixst ; in fact, « the best. Mr. D. A. Jones, of Bceton, Ontario, the most renownetl and successful l)ee-keeper in the world, at the present time, after a trial of all th(! hives of any note in America, and an inspection of the leading nitiiiric^ ^\\' Europe, has settled down on a liivo, which is the simplest, cheapest, and most easily managed of any hive now in use; while it is as efleetive as any. It is maile in two styles, singic-lMtanied and donblo-l)oardev (ii inches. The frames are of the most approved shape, so construuted that tlie projectiou at thu bottom prevents the killing or injuring of any bectr, DOUBLE WALLED HIVE. while lifting out the combs, or manipulating them. It also contains a movable division-board, which la indispensable to success, it being adjusted to suit the size of the colony of bees. No hive is complete without one. The inside dimensions of my hive are 12J by 18 by 16 inches. My double- walled hive is the same .si/.c interiorly, taking the same franio as the single- walled hive. It is very neat in appenr- uiicc, und looks well on u luwn. It is C(iually well adapted for both extracted and cond) honey. From its peculiar con- struction, it rctpiires no extra protection either summer or winter. In it, ccdonics may be safely wintered on their summer stands. The boards used are thin, yet the hive is strongly constructed. It has a hollow four-inch wall on all sides of it, and a double bottom, also enclosing a four-inch space. The four-inch spacis thus made are closely packed with straw, cut fine in a cuttinglM)x, which forms uii excellent non-c(mductor. A chaff ciisliion, eight or ten inches thick, is laid on top of the frames, on the approach of cold KR. D. A. J0NE8 THE CELEBRATED BEE- wcatlicr. Til US the bccs are kept at once KINO OF BEETON, oMTARio. Warm aud dry." TltANSFKUKINU liKh:S. The beginner in apiaculture will very likely have to buy bees housed in box- BEES. 087 hivis, which will render it necessary to transfer them into raovublu frame liiviM. A brief oxplunutiun of tiie truusferring process is therefore dusiriible. Tliu best titne to tninsfer is early in the season, when tlicre is but little lioney ur brooil in the liive. It nmy, liowever, be done at any time, with proper cure. The wcutlier must 1x3 warm, and the bees busily at work. li\o\v a little smoke in at the entrance to the hive ; pause e |K>rformed out-of-doors, but if there is any annoyance of this kind, remove the old hive into a room, shed, or barn, pry it apart carefully ; cut the combs from the sides, and get them loose with as littlo damage as possible. There should be a barrel set on end, and o board of f venient size placetl on top of it. Lay several thicknesses of cloth on the boani, as a soft bed for the comb. Now take a sheet of comb, lay it flat on the cloth, place a frame on the conib, and carefully cut out the w)mb, the exact size of the frame inside. Press the frame over the comb, being particular to have it " right side up" as it was in the old hive, then fasten the comb in the frame by winding around it either twine or fine wire. To raise tlie frame perpendicular before fastening the comb, tilt the board beneath it. Sot the frame, fixed as described in the new hive, and procee*! with the rest in the same way, until all the worker-comb, i. e., that containing the small sizetl cells, is secured. It is a good o|)portunity to get rid of drone-coml). The |)icces of worker aimb left at the end of the process may be fitted into a IVainu, and secured there by thin flat strips of wood, tiee, and can be directed to any place desired. The smoker can lx> worked with one hand, leaving the other free to do wliatever the bec-keejKT may wish, UK-ATION OF THE APIAUY. ' The apiary should be near at hand, where it can be cloholy watched with but little trouble. An easterly aspect is prcfferrwl by most bcH'-UeepLTs, in order that the curly morning sun may strike the hives, and arouse the iiiinutes to work betimes. Shade during the hottest part of the day is desiralile. A grove, if somewhat oj)en, is a nice place for hives of bees. In many cases thcv can be set to good advantage in an orchard. A lawn and shrul)bcry often atlonl eligible places for bee-hives, under the partial shelter of a shadc-trcc, jin evergreen, or a grape-vine. IJee-honses are generally dis- carded by the best lH'e-ke<'pers. It is better to have each hive by itself. In exposed situations, wind-screens are nwessary. A oUxse board fence is, in many cases, very suitable. The use of a double-walled hive renders several of the precautions just mentioned unnecessary. BEE VEII^. Beginners in l)ee-keeping and those wlio are cbjccis of dislike to bees, as some peoj)le are, find it ncctessary to wear a veil. A simple piece of black net fastened arouml tliu hat with an elastic string, and long enough to tuck iindei' BEK VEIL. the collar of the coat, will answer the ))urposc. Tlir an- nexed engraving will show a bee-keeper thus uttind, iratly for business. Some also wear gloves, but these are very awkward in handling bees. The best for the purpose are the sheep-skin gauntlets known as " thistle-mits." BEE8. 080 AN KXAMl'I.E OF HIOHI.V Hi;C(F>4SKUL REK-KKF.IMNU. • Mr. D. A. Jones, of lk'fU)n, Ontario, liciuls the list »)f siure^srul n|>iiirians aiiil ranks n8 the (■liuiii|iii>i) bfe-lxi>c|i«'r of tlio World, lie iniH Ui-pt Ix'oh tVoin lH>yli(H)(l, beginning witii the old-fuHhiunetl method, but, ut length getting hold of the bent nxMlern booku on InHi-keeping, rapidly made hia wuy to the front, and bceamc wIklt than his teaelicnt. He attained hia highest siiaK.>8.s in 1879, when from three hnndred eoloniea of bees he obtaininl tlie marvellous average of two hundreer, so that his profits fr<»m stocks and honey were in the neighborhoiHl of six thousand dollars. He lias now one thousand colonies, which, at the low average, for him, of ten dollars profit per hive, will yield next season ten thousand dollars. The likelihotMl is that he will double that amount of gain. Mr. Jones has visited various parts of Eur(»pe, including the island of (Vprus, and lias also Ikhmi to the Holy LiUid in search of the best races of Ix-es (or honey storing. He has an agent, who is u skillful dpiarian, travelling through Asia on the same errand, ancimens of a large be(! called «y>w ditrstttd. The races of bees thus collected are being bred with great care on isolatctl islands in the Georgian Hay, various crosses uias\ termed the rhey likewise le inhabitants ging the wild bed. nV\ dog of the )ingo provinu; ^ much resembles ox and the wolf, e eye of the dog I direction of the »king towards his brmidable enemy, m as a friend ; he and is not huiH>.v d word is all tlvat. e, intelligence, and verfnl ally of ma" oUowed the human ,an he is invaluable m of the chase, a" hose breeds that are not readily procured and ordinarily possessed by the farmer, or to relate of other than the leading varieties. We begin therefore with THK EXOLISU HKITKU. Authors di.sagree on the subject of the origin of the setter dog, but it is now very generally conceded he is either descended from the spaniel, or that both sprung from the same stock. Beibre the invention of gunpowder, at least prior to its use in fowling and shooting on the wing, the spaniel was taught to stop or set with his nose pointing in the direction of the bird, his acute sense of smell indicating the presence of the partridge. His attitude was one lying flat on his belly that he nught not impede thi drawing or throwing of a net over the covey or flock before him by the fowler. This act of setting has given the name to the dog supposed to be the improved spaniel. Since the im- provement of firearms, and since shooting on the wing is followed by sportsmen, setters almost universally stand erect in their points at game which admits of their close proximity as it lies endeavoring to avoid danger. The most famous strain of English setters is the Lavarack, wi)ich takes its name from itij celebrated breeder, Mr. E. Lavarack, of Shropshire, England. The pedigree of this family of setters dates back to 1825, when Mr. Lavarack purchased old Ponto and Moll from the Rev. A. Harrison, of Carlisle, England, who had kept the strain ])nrc for twenty-five years. From the fact that all Mr. Lavarack's dogs descended from Ponto and Moll, it would strike the reader that unless fresh blood was .sought, his animals would be so inbred as to be worthless. But such is not tlie case. Mr. Lavarack declares all his dogs came directly from Ponto and Moll without an outside cross, and so famous have they become that even at the jjresent day they are eagerly sought for, and fabulous prices are paid for them by breeders who are anxious to improve their own stock. Their sense of smell is wonderful, their speed in the field tremendous, and their natural desire for the chase so remarkable, that an introduction of this blood in other families is at once noticeable in the offspring. The Lavarack setter in color may be black, white and tan ; white mottled or flecked with black so as to produce a blue-gray appearance (from whence the term blue belton), orange and white, lemon and white, or orange or lemon ticked, termed orange or lemon belton. Mr. Lavarack's system of breeding has decreased the size of his dogs, and when purely bred are most difficult to raise. In the north of England there are very many strains of setters claiming to be fully as fine as the Lavarack ; this we doubt, but that of Mr. Purcell Llewellyn we must mention in particular as being «]uite as noted, if not superior in some respects to the Shropshire strain. Mr. Llewellyn having conceived the idea that Mr. Lavarack was breeding in and in to an excessive degree, crossed his noted Dan with a pure Lavarack bitch, and a sister to Dan with a pure Lavarack dog, and produced sctd'rs which have become famous in England and this .? :-Si i'r i 1000 rf,i,UHTi(Ari;i» hi'ock ixxrrtm. country, at Hrst terrae field trial breed, l)iit now taking the narno of the Llewellyn setter. The setters known an the (irahani mid Corbet breeds; those of the h^arl of Tankville. ^^pw<^^s. Waterpark, Bishop, Buy Icy, Lort, Jones, S » Ilackett and Macdona, are noted in England lor their superiority, many of these gentlemen using the Lavarack blood in order to obtain that which tbej liesired in a good field-dog. The English setter may be thus described : iiiirno of the )recdrt ; those Lort, Jones, ki;: ■B^ the: 000. 1001 1. The skull cliilbrs from tliut of the pointer in not having the squarenem •f the latter named, docs not possess the oeoipitul bone to so large an extent, w narrower between the eyes and has n smaller brow. 2. The nose is long and brond, and has an average measurement of four inches from the inner corner of the eye to the end. Midway between the end and the root of nose there should be a dip or depression ; a straight one is admissible, but there must be no hump or rise. The nostrils should be well open, and in health moist, the color black or liver-colored, but there exists many a pink or flesh-colored nose, carried by a setter of fine scenting powers ; using a well-known saying in this connection, " a good horse may be of any color," the most preferable shades, however, are the first mentioned. .3. The ears are shorter than those of the pointer, well set back and droop- ing towards the neck, and of finer texture, or " leather," as it is called ; the eyes full and rounded, and the best color brown or dark hazel. 4. The neck of the setter is more slender than the pointer's, and set into the head without any prominence at the base of the skull. 6. The shoulders sloping and elbows well down ; chest deep and roomy. 6. Back-quarters and stifles. A curved loin is desirable, but not to such a degree as to present a sway back appearance, stifles bent well so that the after legs may be thrown well forward in running. 7. Legs and elbows should be straight, with no inclination to turn in. The arms well boned and muscled with strong broad knees and short pasterns. 8. The feet well clothed with hair between the toes, yet not too long so as to accumulate matter in wet and snowy weather. 9. The tail should be slightly curved Irom root to tip, tapering to a fine point at the end and furnished with long silky hair, without a vestige of curl. 10. The quality or texture of coat in the English setter is soft, silky and sliining, without any tendency to curl, fringed on the hind legs as well as the fore. 11. The English setter may be of any color. The following shades are iu order the most fashionable: White with black mottles so as to appear blue ; first with tan marking on the cheeks and over the eyes, and second without it; black, white and tan, black and white, orange and white, lemon and white, orange and lemon mottled, and lastly liver and white, and liver flecked. I: V i THE IRISH SE'rrEK. eriority, many of tluit which they describetl : 1 This breed of setter is one of the oldest in Great Britain, deriving its name from the island where it originated. Yet it is now extensively bred in Eng- land, and has many admirers on account of its bold, dashing and untiring dis- position in the field. It is rather more difficult to break than the English 10()2 IliLUSTUATED STOC^K JKXrrOR. setter, and requires constant use to keep in itunting trim. It differs from the English dog as follows : 1. The head is longer and more narrow, and the occipital l)one almost as prominent as that oif the i>ointer. 2. The nose is longer and square at the end, of a deep mahogany or flesh color. 3. Eyes and ears. The eyes should be dark brown ; ears long enough to almost reach the end of the nose, and more tapering than the English dog's, yet never pointed, and well set back. 5, 6. The Irish setter stands higher than the English ; his elbows, notwitii- standing, well let down ; his shoulders long, brisket deep and narrow, find his ribs not so long as those of his cousin. Loin slightly curved, strongly fastened to his hips, but not wide, sloping quarters, and tail set on low but straight, finely tapered and carried with boldness. 7. Legs straight as an arrow ; hocks good ; bent stifles, and strong but not too heavy haunches. 8. Feet harelike, not as hairy as the English setter between the toes. 9. The tail ornamented with a long comb of hair, not bushy or heavy ; no curl. The coat of the Irish setter is coarser than that of the English dog, wavy, but! not curly, and by no means long ; hind legs and fore legs well fri!igcd, but not heavily, the ears covered with feather, with a tendency to wave but not curl. 12. The color is a rich, dark red, without the least trace or tinge of black either on the head or back. A speck of white on the neck, breast or toes is admissible ; not too much, however, is seen in good strains. In the field the Irish setter is most energetic, never tiring. His nose by some is considered not quite so delicate as the English dug's. He is fast and stylish in his movements, and has many admirers who prefer him for sin^^le work. The Ija Touche, Hutchinson's, and the Knight of Kerry's strains are most noted in England. Plunket, a celebrated Irish setter dog, combining the La Touche, Hutchin- son and Hon. D. Plunket's breeds, is now owned in this country. THE BLACK-TAN OR GORDON SETTER. The black-tan or Gordon setter derives its name from the fact that tiie Dukes of Gordon, in Scotland, bred and for a long time owned setters of tliis color. The breed has never attained great notoriety in the field, being without doubt deficient in nose when compared with the English and Irish setters, and not having the intelligence of either. The Gordon is apt to be gun-shy, stub- born or mulish. Many writers suspect a dash of the colly or sheep dog blood present in the breed, and charge his color to this cause. Others declare it to THE IKXl. 1003 rers from th« ►ne almobt as >gany or flesli ,ng enough to English dog's, bows, notwith- arrow, und his fongly fastened w but straight, strong but not the toes. ,y or heavy ; no ylish dog, wavy, 'gswell fringed, ucy to wave but r tinge of black breast or toes is ig. His nose by He is fast and him for single lerry's strains are houohe, Hutchiu- jtry. Ithe fact that the Ted setters of this fid, being without [irish setters, aiul be gun-shy, stub- j' sheep dog blood [thers declare it to have been brought about by u cross of the hound at some remote period. Cer- tain it is, the Gordon setter is fond of hunting the rabbit ; in fact, always shows a liking for hair. With all his beauty he is nut u liivorite with the experieuced sportsman in England or the United States. The points of tlie Gordon setter are very nearly the same as those of the English dog, excepting the following numl)ers : 1 . The head is heavier. 2. Tlie nose is wider. 9. The " flag " is shorter. 11. The coat is harsher than either the Englisli or Irish setter, and some- times curled. 12. The color is important; the black should be deep with a plum shade in some lights and without tan hairs; the tan of a red shade, and not fawn-like in color. Gordon setters were originally very often black, tan and white, but of late years only a little white is allowed, and this must he on the neck, chest, or on the toes, in this class at dog shows. The tan should show on the lips, cheeks, throat, over the eyes, on the fore legs to the elbows, on the liind legs to the stifles, and under the tail, stopping short when coming to the black, tiie line of color being well defined. The most noted strains of Gordon setters are those bred by Messrs. Coaths aud Barclay Field in England. THE NATIVE SETTER. Very little need be said of the native setter, as he is a direct descendant of both the English aud Irish dog, or in other words a cross or admixture of many families of both. So great has been this admixture and we are sorry to say pointer blood is many times a part, that our own dog, speaking in general terms, has few characteristics to particularize him. No system has been followed until late years in the breeding of the setter in America, but lovers of this dog are now endeavoring to reach the English standard of excellence iu using the blood of the Lavarack, Llewellyn and Macdona, for this purpose. It is astonishing when we observe the carelessness with which breeders of the United States have made their choice of sire and dam, that we are able to find so many good fleld-dogs of American breeding. In Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, setters of good quality and fine field performance are often come across, but in comparison with the English dog, they are coarse and lunibcrsume. No description is reeded for the native setter ; that of the first described will answer every purpose. THE DUOPl'EK. The dropper is a cross between the setter aud the poimer, sometimes pos- ^ i KlUI rLLUSTUATKD STOCK DOCTOR. sessing the long silky hair and feather of the former, and not unfrequently the short satin-like coat of the latter, but often times having a texture between the two. It is an error to suppose by breeding the setter and pointer togetlier one can obtain the good qualities of either or both. By unions of this nature it is seldom a good animal is obtained, yet it is true the offspring may sometimes turn out fair field-dogs, but their dispositions are never such as are desired, they are cross and sullen, and if good workers on game, headstrong, self-willed and unable to transmit such good traits as they may possibly have to their progeny, whether bred to either a pure setter or pointer. The majority of native setters owe their poor quality to introduction of pointer blood ; but of late years we are glad to be able to say our sportsmen and breeders are opposed to the cross, and the dropper is not looked upon with favor. We cannot see why it is when such fine specimens of each race can be so readily obtained in all purity, that the abominable admixture is ever indulged in. A description •f the dropper is not needed. THE POINTER. The modern pointer is descended from the Spanish dog of this name, intro- duced into England nearly three centuries ago, and is so improved by judicious crosses, that the heavy, slow and awkward appearance of the latter is now •ntirely lost, and we have instead a quick, active and invaluable dog for field work. The pointer finds and points his game similar to the setter, erect and rigid, his short hair enabling him to hunt on the prairies where water is scaice and to continue without this necessity for a much longer time. In New Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, and in countries where tlie quail invariably takes to briery thickets when flushed, the pointer is at a disadvantage, and in cold and rainy weather he suffers greatly on account of his short coat. Never- theless we have seen them so highly strung and ambitious as to work wiier- ever desired at a risk of injury to themselves. The modern pointer has been brought to its present state of perfection by crosses of the fox hound to give him additional speed and nose. He differs greatly from the setter in being- furnished with a close, compact, short and fine coat of hair lying close to \m ekin ; the better he is bred the more satin-like it becomes. The pointer also differs from the setter as follows : Head moderately large ; wide in proportion to its length, with high fore- head. Eye of medium size, muzzle broad with square outline not receding as in the hound ; " flews " not very pendent ; ears not set back so far as tlie Better's, also more rounded and less drooping. The head should be set well on the neck with that peculiar rise at the base where it is joined, only seen in the pointer. The neck should not be too wrinkled or have too much loose skin visible under it, which gives the dog a •throaty " appearance as it is called. The body of gootl length, strong loius, m rui; ijou. 1006 anfreqaently the turo between thf liter together one of this nature it g may sometimes ;h as are desired, strong, self-willed bly have to their The majority of ter blood ; but of •eeders are opposed r. We cannot see readily obtained in in. A description )f this name, intro- proved by judicious f the latter is now duable dog for field the setter, erect and vhere water is scarce ne. In New Jerr^ey, invariably takes to ige, and in cold and lort coat. Nevev- us as to work wher- ern pointer has been e fox hound to give a the setter in bein^- lir lying «lo^® *^ '"** ^th, with high foie- outline not receding t back so far as the •uliar rise at the base k should not be too vhich gives the dog a length, strong loius, c o 2 4:1 ' ■ Lt\ # 1006 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOU. and hips, and arched ribs, chest low and not sharp as in the greyhound ; the tail is strong at the root and quickly diminishing becomes fine, and then tapers to a sharp point at the end ; a thick and chubby tail shows want of breeding. The shoulders are i>oints of importance, and must be muscular and united to a large upper arm. The elbow siiould be well let down, and the fore arm short. The leg of the pi)inter must have good bone muscle and tendon, a strong knee, a round foot weU protected with a thick sole. Stifles well bent, large hocks, and the hind feet of the same character as the fore feet. The color always mainly white, the more the better if liver or lemon markings are present. White with black, liver, yellow, or lemon-colored heads are most j)rized, although solid shades are quite common, especially the liver. Some pointers have tan markings on the cheek and over the eye, but this is considered as indicating too much fox bound blood. The pointers of Germany and France are inferior, being coarser than the modern English setter ; a few reach this country. THE SPANIELS. Under this heading we shall only place and describe the Clumber, Sussex, Cocker and water spaniels as counterdistinguished from the toy spaniels. The Clumber and Sussex are seldom met with in this country; tiie former is even rare in his own. The cocker being of so many varieties, and differing so in appearance, it will be difficult to give a minute description of him. He is the most common of the four, however, in the United States, and the best known. He is used to find and flush his game to the gun, never pointing at, but indicating its near presence by low whimpering at first and by short quick barks when it is on the wing ; for this reason it is trained to work withiu twenty-five yards of the shooter that the bird may not be put up out of gun- shot. In general he is a light, active dog, of 14 to 20 pounds, of a very lively and spirited nature. He hunts rapidly and carries his tail down, M'orking it vigorously all the time. The cyt is medium in size, body fairly long, and his shape much resembling the setter. He is clothed with a soft, wavy coat of {lair, not curly, as it would then indicate water spaniel blood; the cocker is well feathered. The colors are solid liver, black, black and tan, white and black, white and liver, white and red, white and lemon. He is higher on the leg than the Clumber or Sussex in proportion to his size, and very much more Active. It has been the custom for a long time to cut off nearly one-half of THE HUKTING SPANIEL. THE DOG. It. 07 yhound ; the d then tapers ; of breeding, ir and united I the fore arm md tendon, a ftes well bent, )re feet. The non markings heads are most liver. Some lis is considered •arser than the hall only place Sussex, Cocker terdistinguished e Clumber and in this country ; his own. The varieties, and will be difficult 11 of him. He I four, however, pointing at, but by short quick to work withiu up out of gun- of a very lively own, working it rly long, and his oft, wavy coat of )d; the cocker is d tan, white and is higher on the very much more early one-half of the tail of the cocker spaniel that it might not he worn sore by constant motion in the thickets while hunting. THE OT^UMBER SPANIEL Is a long, low, and heavy dog for his size, weighing 30 to 40 pounds. The head is heavy, much resembling the setter, but more angular. Body very long and strong, clothed with wavy hair not too thick. Tail bushy, but not woolly. Shoulders wide apart, arms short but strong, elbows not well let down, plenty of bone. Colors always yellow and white, or lemon and white. In motion the Clumber spaniel is slow and deliberate; he has the most exquisite scenting powers, trailing and flushing his game with unerring certainty, working mute, and gives no notice that the bird is on the wing. THE SUSSEX SPANIEL Diifers from the Clumber in shape and color. In height and weight they are much alike, and also in general character of head. In length, however, ho is not as remarkable, yet he may be called a long dog also. He stands higlier in the legs than the Clumber, but not so high as the cocker. The coat is nearly the same in texture, beinj^ soft and silky and free from curl. The head is not quite so heavy. The color liver. Legs and feet strong and well feathered. Tail cropped as with the Clumber and cocker. The Sussex spaniel indicates by voice the rise of the game ho has been trailing. THE WATER SPANIEL. Head long and narrow, eyes small, ears of medium length covered with crimpy, curly hair. Body stout, loins strong, and round chest, broad across the shoulders. Feet large and spreading. His body is clothed with very curly hair. Tail curved. The water spaniel, as his name would indicate, is much used as a retriever for duck-shooting, especially that of marsh, upland, or fresh water fowl. He is often crossed with the larger variety of cocker. THE NEWFOUNDLAND DOG. There are two varieties of the Newfoundland dog met with in this country. 1st, The large long-haired variety, called the largo Labrador. 2d, The small compact, compai'atively short-haired dog known as the St. John. Both were originally natives of Newfoundland, and are alike good water dogs, and can remain immersed a long time; but the largo variety possessing a more woolly coat is hardier. The characteristic points of the large Newfoundland are great size, say from 25 to 30 inches high, form s'trong and stoi t. The head not large in comparison to its size ; wide across the eyes. Muzzle of moderate length, wide, and without " flews," as in the hound. Eye and ear small, neck i M /. 1008 hl-USTItAlKI) STOCK JMMJTOK. short, clothed with a rnft" of hair: tail nirled. Coat long, shaggy, and shining, without very much admixture of \\t)ol. The color should be black though sometimes it is black and white, or white with a little black or liver color or reddish dun. e The St. Johns, or smaller Newfoundland, is seldom more than 26 inches high. The head is lar^or in ])roporti()U to his size, and the ear fuller, neck longer, body far more compact and clothed with shorter hair. In color he is , shaggy, and ould be black, black or liver W lore than 25 inches the ear fuller, neck lair. In color he is THE DOG. 1009 always jet black. As a watch dog the Newfoundland is valuable, becoming much attached to his owner and home, but as frequent bathing is indispensable to his health he is not a desirable animal for the farmer unless a good stream or pond is in close proximity. THE MASTIFF. The mastiff is a command- ing and powerful animal in every respect, and although ])0S8essed of high courage, his temper can be more relied upon than any of the large dogs. He makes an admirable yard dog, and will protect his mas- ter's property with zealous vigilance. In England he has been known for many years, and old works give cuts of this breed scarcely changed in characteristics from the mod- ern animal. He is doubtless indigenous to Great Britain. The Cuban mastiff is much like the English dog, but shows that he lias been crossed with the bloodhound. TJio • points of the mastiff arc: A large head, partaking of the shape of the blood- hound and bull-dog, with great mupcle, and having, to a great extent, the hanging upper lips of the hound ; ear small, drooping somewhat ; eye small. In shape he resembles the hound, but is much more compact and with more bone. Loin well knit and strong, limbs powerful, tail rough and carried over the back. Tone of voice loud and deep, coat smooth, color red or fawn, M'ith dark, or what is preferred black, muzzle, or brindled or black, or black, red, or fawn and white ; height, 30 to 34 inches. The Mount St. Bernard dog is closely allied to the mastiff, but has the aj)- pearance of having Newfoundland blood in his veins, with the nature and desire to fetch and carry of the latter. This dog is used by the monks on the Alps to rescue snow-bound travelers. THE BUIJ. DOG. The bull dog is one of the oldest known breeds native to Great Britain, and has always been described as idiotic in his ferocity. This is a mistaken idea^ THE MASTIFF. Ill ■ -; ■) '; f '1 ■'i'i f k^ ■' 1. I 'I 1010 II.I.USTRATEIJ STOCK DOCTOR. MOUNT ST. BKRNAKIJ DOOS. for he iV not at all quarrelsome when puroly hnnl. The bull mastiff, however, a cross of this dog, and also the bull terrier, are pugnacious in the extreme, and excel in this respect owing to their training. The bull dog undoubtedly THE mil.T. DOG. THE l)()(i. 1011 ffin mastitV, however, ,s in the cxtvoine, 1 (lop; undoubtedly has been used as a cross merely to obtain his very muscular and compact frame, and not for a disposition to combat. The points of a well-bred bull dog are as follows: Head round, skull high, eye of moderate size and forehead deeply sunk between them, ears partly erect and diminutive, growing from the to|) of the head and close together ; nose short, and having good chops ; back short> somewhat arched towards the tail, which in well-bred specimens is fine and of medium length. The coat is always fine, the chest deep and broad, legs mus- cular with good bone, and the foot hare like. The bull terrier, as his name would indicate, is a cross of the English terrier and bull dog, and has the muscular frame of the last combined with the activity of the former. Having been almost exclusively used and trained for fighting purposes, this breed of dog by such cultivation has become irascible to a high degree, and is now most noted for his pugnacity. THE BLOODHOUND Derives his name from the power he possesses of following the scent of wounded animals, and to single out from a number of deer one that has been crippled and hurt, and to stick to his trail until run down. The true blood- hound, as he was bred years ago, does not now exist in Great Britain. The breed is doubtless extinct; but in Cuba and in the Southern States a dog less pure is used for hunting the deer and following runaway negroes, much resem- bling the old English bloodhound, and is still plentiful. The following are the points of this dog. Height 24 to 26 inches, long and narrow head, ears 7 to 10 inches, lips low hanging, throat pendulous with plenty of skin. Deep brisket, body round, broad loins, stout legs, straight feet and powerful thighs, tail fine and tapering. Color black and tan, red or fawn. No white should be seen except on the tip of the tail. The texture of the bloodhound's coat should be coarser than that of the pointer's, yet smooth and glossy. His voice low and deep, with much melody. Disposition very courageous, yet kind and gentle. THE POX HOUND Differs from the bloodhound in being not quite so tall. Height should be 20 to 24 inches. Head smaller and fuller in comparison, lips low, hanging, but with not quite so much " flew," less loose skin about the neck, or less " throaty " an appearance. Legs more curved, and shoulders more oblique and better formed for speed. The ears of the fox hound in England are always cropped or rounded off at the ends ; if allowed to grow, as they are in this country, they would be low and hanging. The fox hound, otherwise than the above differ- ences, resembles the bloodhound. Those met with in the United States seem to have been crossed with the bloodhound of the Southern States, and show 64 i.^il 1012 Jl.LUHTUAI'Kl) HTOCK UOCTOU. many of his characteri»tip«. In fact, ho diverse are the different strains in America that the dor r . ght be called another breed than the English. The uoat of the fox hound in close, and likewitw' not so short as that of the pointer's ; K » CD a o n o he carries his tail high as he rnns, and it is oftener fringed with longer haiw approaching a feather. Colors: 1st. Black, white and tan; 2d. Picfl, as red THK DOO. iui;j t strains in ^glish. The lie pointer's ; pie, blue pie or yellow pie, gray pie, lemon pie; 3d. Blaok ; 4th. White; 5th. Red; 6th. Blue. He trails quickly, and is Hpceily and of great bottom, and in this (x>nntry frequently used for rabbit hunting. THE BEAGLE. The beagle .hound of a century back has been almost entirely diHplaced by the dwarf fox hoimd, or a cross of the small beagle with the fox hound and harrier. In this country they are found of many sizes, and may be styled the dwarf medium, and the large beagle. He can be appropriately termed a pocket edition of the fox hound, and resembles him very nnicli in appearance. He is used almost exclusively for rabbit hunting, trailing at a moderate pace with a true nose and musical voice. The dwarf beagle is how scarce even in England, and should measure not higher than 9 to 16 inches. The medium beagle measures 12 to 20 inches high, and the description given can be taken as a type of all. Head wide and round, short nose, drooping and full ears, body that of a diminutive fox hound, and color of the same shades. I, , THE SHEEP DOG. The English sheep dog is found of many varieties, and so different are they, that we can only dwell upon the main charaotcristics of the leading ono. He has a sharp nose, medium size head, small eyes, and well-shaped body covered with thick and almost woolly hair, growing full and strong about the neck and breast. Tail long and bushy ; legs strong, and feet protected with hair for work on stony roads and hills. Sheep dogs are always found with dew- claws. Color grey, or black, or brown, with more or less white. Weight about 50 to 60 pounds. The colly, or Scotch sheep dog, has a broader head, which gives his nozzle a sharper appearance than the English dog. H;-' eye is likewise small, but his ear is slightly more pricked as a rule. His tail is long and bushy, and his form a little stouter than the English shepherd dog's. Color always black and tan with little white. mi ■I. ■.■^ iif- rl" , with longer haiw \ . 2d. Pied, as red THE GREYHOUND. i i. j. This dog has also been known in Great Britain for many generations, and has always been used for coursing the hare, or in other words to run down his game by sight. His head is very long and narrow, neck slender and duck- like, as it is called, back strong, tail long and ratlike, gradually tunn'ng u|)- ward as it begins to taper, hind quarters greatly curved, and shoulders oblique, showing great fleetness. A good measurement for the greyhound would be £8 follows: circumference of head between the eyes 14 to 15 inches, length of ueck 10 inches, circumference of chest 28 to 30 inches, length of arm 9 inches. U i'y 1014 ILIiUHTKATKI) HT()CK IMXri'OR. length of knee to the ground 4J inchefl, circumference of loin 18 to 19 inchcH, length of upper thigh lOJ inchcH, lower thigh 11 indies, leg from hock to ground 5J to 6 inches. Color black, blue, red, fawn, brindled and white. Coat Hhort, fine and glossy. The Albanian greyhound resembles the Pjnglish in form, and like him ia every particular excepting that he has long and Hilky hair. Tlie Persian greyhound is coated like the setter, and the rough Scotch grey- hound, or deer hound, is also in every way formed like his English brother, but clothed with rough shaggy hair, and uses his nose to trail his game, while almost all the other greyhounds hunt entirely by sight. THE DALMATIAN OR COACH DOG Stands about 24 to 25 inches, and very much resem- bles the pointer in form and texture of coat, but is diiferent in color, being beautifully marked with numerous small black spots on a white ground. He is fond of horses, makes his home in the stable, and is never tired of following the carriage. DAIiMATIAN DOO. THE ENGLISH TERRIER Is a smoothly-coated animal weighing 6 to 10 pounds. We are now speak- ing of the useful dog 'of this breed, and not the diminutive toys that weigh as little as 3 to 4 pounds. His nose is long and tapering, eye bright and liquid, ears well set on, and when not trimmed are slightly raised, turning over at the tips. High forehead, flat skull, and strong jaw ; neck strong, body well shaped, loins powerful for his size, chest deep and not too wide ; shoulders free and very powerful to enable him to dig well ; fore legs strong and straight, bone light ; tail fine and tapering ; color black and tan. THE SCOTCH TERRIER Closely resembles the English in all but his coat, which is rough and wire- like. His habits are the same, being a great vermin dog. He is found in color black and tan and sometimes gray. The skye terrier in some respects is like the Scotch, but differs from him in having a long, weasel-like body, short legs, long wide head, long neck, bandy forelegs, and long straight hair parted down the back and falling over his sides, coarse in texture, but on the legs silky. There are two varieties of the skye terrier, one smaller than the other, with the coat entirely soft, and the one we have first described. A very favorite cross is made between the large skye terrier and the Dandie Dinmont, whicli partakes of the nature and form of both. THK no ground. He is e stable, and is iTc are now spcak- toyB that weigh as bright and liquid, urningovcratthe strong, body well ide; shoulders free roiig and straight, is rough and wire- L He is found in in some respects is ^el-like body, short [straight hair parKnl pre, but on the leg- than the other, with L A very fevonte [die Dinraont, whuh The Dandie Dinmont terrier is suppoHod to be a crows between the Scotch terrier and the otter hound. 1I<^ Huh two Hhu(h'ti of liair, one brown mlled mustard, the other blue-gray ciillep.ff^;>-^vhr;v"i,M.ir^H^l,f ,^ STOCK DOCi'OR. ■water may be given the motlier. Nothing cold should be placed before her. After tiie first thirty-six hours the bitch will of herself leave the whelps to empty herself; from this time stronger and more nutritious food can be given, O H o abundant milk allowed, and the most nutritious diet provided to aid her rais- ing her ravenous family. Exercise must be now continued, which the mother .,[11 Ik; glad to accept THK DOG. 1019 before her. ^ whelps to n be given, in about two weeks after the birth of her puppies, that she may have an liour or two of rest daily from their growing demands aud sprouting teeth. She may be allowed to go free. CARE OF WHELPS. The puppies should be carefully examined for lice and other parasites as soon as the bitch will allow you to handle them. If any are discovered the whelps should be washed with a lukewarm decoction of Quassia chips or •Persian insect powder carefully rubbed into their coat. The bed or nest must now be changed, new hay or straw being furnished and sprinkled with the insect powder. Nothing troubles and takes away from the growth of puppies more than lice and fleas. Their quarters must be roomy that they may be able to run about and romp with one another, and thus develop healthy bone and muscle. At about three to four weeks they may be taught to lap one- third water and two-thirds cow's railk preparatory to weaning. WEANING AND FEEDING. At five or six weeks the puppies may be safely weaned. They have already learned to lap. Stronger food can now be furnished, the milk given pure, mixed with crumbled bread, or we^-boiled oatmeal. Feeding time should be regular and at stated hours three times a day, and the dish, trough or vessel containing the food taken away as soon as the youngsters have filled them- selves. After a time food twice a day will be sufficient; say morning and night As the puppies become larger a bone containing some meat may be given them ; too much flesh is injurious. A sheep's head thoroughly boiled is capital now and then for them to pick at. It is of the greatest importance that the whole litter should be allowed abundance of exercise, and liberty he given them at stated times during the day. Pups deprived of exercise are apt to have the rickets or enlarged joints, or be out at the elbows. Id to aid her rais- L glad to accept TRAINING OF POINTERS AND SETTERS. In choasing a puppy from a litter of well-bred setters or pointers it becomes a difficult ta^k which to determine upon. If possible wait until they have attained the age of four or five months, by which time they have become somewhat developed. Sit down where you can see them all together, and notice which is the most active and intelligent. The overgrown mother's pet, generally the strongest of all, is frequently lazy, and sleepy, and shows but half the spryness of his smaller brother or sister. Select a puppy with a good bpj'in development, such a characteristic holds good with the canine as well as the human race. We have never seen a bad dog with a good head and face. 1020 ILI.UHTHATKD HTtMK IXK'I'Olf. Having decided upon a young settei' take him to yourst^lt', and when he is o H n six or seven months old, eight will do, begin his primary tuition. Allow no THK DCKi. 1021 ivhen he is \nn\ mikm Ion. Allow no one to feed him, attend to this yourself, accustom him to your voice and manner, let him follow you on all your walks, and it will soon be noticeable how devoted he will become to you. Tiio dog has a mission to fulfil on earth, that of serving his master, and as soon as he fully understands what is wanted of him it becomes his happiness to serve his owner ; therefore study his dis- position and assist him in learning his duty. Never flog cruelly and only when you are positive your dog lias committed a wilful fault ; then be merciful, for many are ruined in spirit by harsh treatment. Most well-bred puppies will point from natural instinct and take to hunting without tuition, but it is absolutely necessary to impress on your young dog, before taking him into the field, the necessity of prompt and strict obedience, and for this reason begin at home with the check cord at an early age. Provide yourself with some morsels of food, and take your scholar into a room or yard where there will be no one to interfere with the lessons. Fasten a cord four or five yards in length to his collar, and throw a piece of food where he can see it tall ; he will naturally rush for it ; allow him to do so, but as he nears it, je k the cord and hold him, saying, " Ho," or " Toho " in a com- manding tone. Practise him in this manner for an hour each day until he will stop over the morsel at the command "Toho," without the jerking of the cord. All this will be found a little difficult, but by patience it can be accomplished. Never let your temper got the better of yon, but be cool, determined and persistent. Care should be taken not to alarm your scholar in these lessons, especially if he be of a timid nature ; an intelligent dog though will learn very soon, and retain all you impart as he understands what is required of him. He should be taught that an uplifted hand is equivalent to an order to droj) or charge. After thoroughly schooling your young dog indoors or in a yard, and wiien you are satisfied he is well practised in his lessons, take him into a field with a long cord attached to his collar, say fifteen or eighteen yards, and have one end of it fastened to a stake, which drive firmly into the ground. Begin again as you did indoors, making him hunt out the morsel of food and checking him with the cord and " Toho." You can now begin with snapping a cap on your gun at the moment you jerk him, then using a little powder and increasing the charge until he finally accepts the report as a command to drop. While he is down walk away from him, make him stay there until allowed to rise, then run from him; he may start after yon, but the stake will stop him when he comes to the end of the cord, at which time cry " Toho," the moment he is checked. Now walk around iiim, now from him, again insisting on his being obedient. All this will tend to make your dog steady at the " charge." To teach your dog to return is not an easy task. This idea of fetching should be imparted when the puppy is quite young, giving him a taste for it by throwing an old glove from you and having him run after it, until as we have said before he brings it back for ,,A,; 1022 ILLUSTKATED STOCK IXXTfOK. THE shepherd's DOO. another play. From the start in these lessons always repeat the word " fetch," which although not understood at first is eventually associated with the act and its meaning remembered. We will now suppose your dog is perfectly under command, and that by patience, iierseverance and kindness you have yard-broken him. It may be three or four months before you have broken your young dog perfectly in- doors, and practised him like- wise in some open field. It is now time to prepare him for I real work. If it can be done, ' select a country where game is plentiful, and have a friend ffccompany you with an old tried pointer or setter. When you have reached yourshooting grounds, attach a strong cord to your dog's collar, such as is called a loom cord well twisted about the diameter of a pencil, and iifleen or sixteen yards long; allow him to range with it trailing after him ; the cord will not tangle or foul as would be supposed. Naturally the old dog will find the first covey of quail, and your pupil will notice the point, and if he is well bred will back ; if he does not and is anxious to move forward to the old dog, step on the end of the cord and hold him, saying " Toho " or " Ho," which he should be familiar with by this time. Your companion must now start the covey and kill a bird, and his dog should charge or drop at once, while you must check your own dog to drop also: Allow the old dog to retrieve, and let the young dog see him bring it, which when he has several times observed he may be allowed to do also, having been taught indoors to fetch as described. Continue thus throughout the day for .several days. Too much hunting cannot be given your youngster the first season. It would be a good plan to take your puppy out alone during your trip and urge him to find birds on his own account, for fear he may be satisfied to play second fiddle ; very frequently young dogs when worked too much with more experienced animals, learn to be satisfied to back the other pointer only. Do not remove the check cord until he thoroughly knows his busineas and 16 entirely under your control. The cord is far better than the whip. TRAINING OF SPANIELS. Spaniels do not point their game; all that is required of them in train- rt « % THE DOa. 1023 ing is steadiness, obedieuce, to drop or down charge, to work close to the shooter, and to retrieve. Therefore, in breaking, the same rules may be observed as those in the education of the pointer and setter, excepting that portion which relates to pointing. Spaniels learn retrieving very read- ily, more so than any dog, save the poodle. Their training may be begun at an earlier age than that of the pointer or setter. I f -I: II- ENOLISH BLOODHOUND. them in train- TRAINING OP HOUNDS. All that is necessary in training hounds is to accustom them to the sound of the horn, to break up any riot in behavior, and to have them obey their master. Young hounds will take to trailing naturally when in company with older dogs. Experience is their best teacher. Beagles are taught that the report of the gun is n call for them to come in. TRAINING OF VERMIN DOGS. Care should be observed not to allow tejrriers to attack vermin when they are very young, which they will do if allowed, unless they are protected from injury. A good plan to follow ig to remove the teeth of a rat and allow the puppy to worry it, or, what is better, give him a mouse for his first victim to kill. A full-grown rat will sometimes so punish a puppy as to render him fearful ever afterwards. Terriers hunt vermin at an early age, and no training is needed. When wanted for rabbit-hunting, and they are useful for this sport, they soon learn from the beagle, with which they may be allowed to run. TO PREVENT AND TO BREAK FROM GUN-SHYNESS. It is discouraging to the sportsman to find his dog, notwithstanding he may be purely bred, to be gun-shy, or afraid of the report of firearms. To avoid all such danger, especially if the animal shows himself to be of a nervous nature, he should never be fed unless a pistol was first fired oflF, beginning with light charges and increasing the loads when he began to associate the report with the pleasure of satisfying his hunger. Then when we are ready to begin to train, the sight of a gun, and the noise made thereby, can be borne. A grown dog can be in the same manner corrected of shyness by keeping him with a keen appetite for his meals, and striving to show him that the gun will not injure him, and to associate its report with a pleasure at fee eyes watery, re legs stretched er tea for a umall dog ; animal not being r in warm water. !d by bigh fever, ugh, eyes bloo" li™^ X/'^'U I RHEUMATIC FEVER. Dogs frequently have rheumati.sin, espooinlly huntintr dogs, .and it is alway.s accompanied with more or less fever; damp kennels often cause it. Its signs 65 1028 ILLU8T11ATKD BTiKK D(KTOR. arc a.s fullows: there is coiisidiTublc fever, hut of not very high charneter; the pulse JH ({tiiek witli nhiveriiig except when tonclu'tl, when tliesii^hteHt approach will cause a shriek apparently from puin. A good treutniunt in Hrst a thme of physic of Calomel 3 to 5 grainii. Juliip 10 tu 20 grniiiH. Mixud with Kyriip and made iiitu a bolui*. Ami follow, after it has operatei Hi'iiliic 'J (Iriicliiim. WutlT 7 OIlllfUH, i Two tuliIc'Hpooiil'iilM ovury time bowels nru reliixoil. ' For 11 diet, hoof ton thiol tiuit^ a tiny to a largo dog, .slioidd ho administ(M'((d ; ospoeially at the time ol' (;;^;uislion slioiiM good strong hoof tea with tlio wliilo of an egg hroken into.ll while it i.i liik( warm, bo given hy npoon every two or three hours. And if tlwr animal will not swallow it, his head should ho held tip and ho shoidd Ik; forced to. 1 1' this troiihle- some plan of foediipg i,* attended to, many a vahiahh! dog.oan he saved (o his owner. As strength grndniilly returns the that are iniKih in and in hred, when the malady many times altaoks the hrain, which is the most e. Dogshows are a groat moans for spreading the disease, and it is advisahio not to enter an animal until he lias had the disease. Distemper can Im! had twit^e, hut it is seldom a (h»g is attacked more thin once. TmCATMKNT OK INI'I,AMMATU)N Ol' TIIK STOMACH. Inthimmatioy of the stomaiili or gastritis is hrought ahoiit hy improper food, foreign snhstance in the Htomach or poison. When a dog is snlloring from thin complaint he makes frequent and violent eH'orts to vomit, and has grout thirst, dry and hot nose and (piick respiration, and will ofttimos lie on the floor, or pav(!ment, or ground with his holly in contact with it as if to all;iy the puiu. Give ('aloincl 1 Krnin. ()|iiiMii I >;i'itiii. Ill pill fViTy llirce lioiini. ' And feinl if he will take it with ITght Houpaiid gruel. Gastritis and dyspepsiii are much alike and may he treated the same. Continue easily digested food in dyspepsia; the peculiar posture described in not noticed in the latter coin- phiiiil. Ii R! TIIK IKKl. 1031 il*; clf chock U a time when |>li 2 OUUCl'H, liiy It' a hu'i;*' 1 shnl\l'l H'lOil i.* luk( warm, ;,„„1 will iiol irUiirtlnuihl'-- u« Havctl to his n«'X1«>soiI .specially those titcUH the hniin, takes jilaee ami appearH to he Ireely a ^W "'" ^i]t^ea^^m^!; ''"' liu.l the tlisease. Aii'd more tlrm Icil. imiiroper fooil, lis siilTerin^ iVo"' ,it,aiul has|i;reat imes lie on the I, it M if U> iil'''> Itis ami (lyspepsiH (litres ted f<»«>d i" the latter eoni- TRKATMKNT OK INKLAMMATION Of-' THE MVKU. Sporting dogs (Vo(iiient!y have this afllietion, cspeoially wliou tlioy huvo been exposed to cohl nnd wet. Animals iiaving little exui T) gi'itiiiM. Oil of c-lovori ^^ lH. tur|tuiiliia> 1 uiiiiuo. At Kutno time give a pill, Op And keep bowels op(>n with castor oil. Opiiiin 1 Ki°'iin> ('iiloiiu'l I Kriiin, TUKATMKNT OK IN ri.AMMATION OK TIIK IJOWKLS Is giMierally caused by eoiislipation or a gn-at amount of indigestible food, and may be known by great thirst and loss ol" appetite, and the peculiar attitude the animal takes; his back becoiues arched and his legs drawn together. It may be relieved by bleeding, ami calomel and opium in doses of 1 grain each every IJ or 4 hours. 11" severe, bathe the dog in warm water, and alter he is well dried, rub his belly with a iiniuu^nt of ^ ounce eiu^h of spirits of turpentine, liipior atuuiouiu and laudanum. Feed with very light and eiusily digestwl KhhI. MAN(a:. Mange is a skin disease in dogs arising from filth, damp kennels, housing in cellars, and parasites; tlu; disease is of (lin'erent varieties, {''irst th(> blotch, which appears in scaly lum|)s of Imir <'hieHy on the ba(*k, sides, head and quarters, and in a few days the scab drops oti', leaving a moist roil spot. ^ (Jive TUK KNOI.Ilin TKHIUKR. ('iiloiiK'l H to 5 KrninH. Jalap 10 to 20 ki°'>>»h. 1032 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Keep on low diet and give exercise. Secondly the foul mange, which is brought about by impure blood, and cannot be cured until it is changed. It is considered hereditajy though not contagious. In foul mange the skin becomes thick and discharges an offensive matter, and finally runs into ulcers, with great itching all the time, the hair becomes dead and falls out, and the animal is nervous and irritable. To cure requires patience and ofttimes long treatment. Change the diet at once, give no meat, starve the dog until he will accept oatmeal mush with boiled vegetables freely mixed with it, then administer liquor arsenicales with the food, one drop to each four pounds in weight of the dog three times daily, dividing the food into three portions for morning, noon and night. This must be kept up until itching ceases, and very often continued for months. Cosmoline may then be rubbed on the mangy skin thrice daily. Red mange is a disease of the hair, and may be known by the red appearance always at the roots in spots, at the elbows under the arms and inside of them, also inside the thighs. An ointment for red mange, of tlic following, well rubbed into the spots, is good : Green iodide of mercury li drachma. Spts. of turpentine 2 drachma. Lard IJ ounces. A wash of carbolic acid 1 2)art to water 30 parts, and plain cosmoline is efficacious also. CANKER OP THE EAR. Whenever a dog is seen to shake his head continually, and frequently scratch his ear, endeavoring to relieve an apparent inward itching of that organ, it is generally safe to conclude he has tlic canker. Sometimes tlie tips or edges are first affected, and the inflammation will, if not then arrested, gradually extend to the interior, which when attacked discharges offensive matter. Hunting dogs, especially water dogs, are subject to canker. To cure, place on low diet, and syringe the ear, first having washed it out with luke- warm water, with a weak solution of Nitrate of Rilver 2 to 6 graiDR. Water 1 ounce. According to size of dog, the first day; and on the second drop into the ear . ,•, Green iodide of mercury 1 drachm. V ... ; * Melted iard 8 drachms. Alternate these until relief is had. the ear, touch them with blue stone. If there are any sores on the edges of THE DOG. 1033 re, which is hanged. It ge the skin 3 into ulcers, out, and the ofttimes long dog until he with it, then nr pounds in ! portions for ases, and very on the mangy 1 by the red the arms and mange, of the in cosraoline is and frequently itching of that rtietimes the tips ,t then arrested, Iharges offensive nicer. To cure, It out with hike- on the edges of FLEAS AND LICE. Make a stiff lather that will stand alone of strong rosin soap ; rub it thor- oughly into the hair and all over the body, being careful of tlieeyes, and let it dry on the dog, and remain an hour. Then wash off, and the water will carry the dead fleas and lice with it. This is safe and most certain. Persian insect powder is best for young puppies. CHOREA OB JERKS. This disease, often also called St. Vitus' dance, cannot be mistaken in a dog when he is afllicted. He will have either a continual jerking movement of the paws, head, shoulders or foreleg, intensified when asleep. It often follows distemper and cannot be cured. The animal's general licalth does not seem to be alfected by it, but it renders him unfit for very hard work. It evidently affects Ills power of scenting to a degree. Keep from exposure to wt*^^ ni'd cold, and give a touic when very nervous of Sulph. of zinc 2 to 5 grains. £zt. of gentian 2 grains. 3 times a day. FITS are of three kinds. 1st. Those arising from irritation (frequently worms), and the majority of times in puppies. 2d. Those caused by brain troubles. 3d. Epilepsy. Fits resulting from irritation come on at the age when puppies begin to cut their teeth. A hot bath will check them. Apoplectic fits are generally fatal. The dog does not foam at the mouth in thcsC; but lies quite still on his side and breathes heavily. Epileptic fits are known by the frothing at the mouth and a champing of the jaws. These can be cut short by an injection of five drops lether to an ounce of warm water. Give also two grains bromide of potassium twice a day for three or four weeks. WORMS. There are three kinds of worms that infest the stomach of a dog, 1st. The maw worm, of a white color, about an inch long. 2d. The round worm, 4 to 7 incites long, pointetl at both ends. 3d. The tape-worm, often growing a number of feet in length, and composed of many small links or joints. When a dog is troubled with worms his coat becomes harsh and dead in appearance. He is costive and loose at times, and his stool is generally mixed with a white slimy mucus. His appetite is ravenous, yet sometimes poor. He seems to derive no benefit from his food, and n)ay l)e seen to swallow small pieces of dirt, ashes, rags or sticks, in order, as it were^ to force the worms from the stomach. ^ 'Mr I f 1034 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. An infallible cure for the maw and round worm is a dose each dayof Fahne- stitck's vermirngo on an en)j)ty stoiuacli, followed in two hoius with castor oil. This vermifuge is composed of male fern and sa4itonine. Another good remeAB()U. A licaltliy bitch very seldom lias troiiblo in giving birtli to a litter. The time may be prolonged in some and .short in otiiers, but, as a rule, it is best to allow nature to have its course. If, however, assistiJU'a is absolutely needed, a gentle manipulation nii'y be made, and u few drops of ergot a Iniin- ist(.'ied. Hub the injured part with SPRAINS. Malt vinegar 1 ounce. Spirits vini et camp 2 ounces. Aqua 7 ounces. mte of lime lose, dessert TO HARDEN TENDER FEET. Bathe the feet daily in solution white oak bark and alum. Every other day rub into the soles cosmoline. times a day exereise. A Iby a skillful les, and about liuerperal fits. Ill except the RABIES OR HYDROPHOBIA. The term rabies signifies madness, and hydrophobia fear of water. The first is the appropriate name for this dread disease in dogs; the liitttr conveys the wrong idea, as a rabid animal docs not in any manner fear water, nor does the sight of it bring on spasms. The inability to swallow water and the agony experienced in attempting it, results entirely on account of the inflamed condition of the throat and the closing of its passaj:c. The cause of rabies is not known. Some writers charge it to the absence or deprivation of natural sexual intercourse on the part of the dog. It is notable that the nund)er of males outnumbers that of females in very great j)roportion, and in rin-al districts bitch puppies are invariably destroyed owing to the fact of their trouble when in season, and the double tax imposed on their owners in the counties where they are kept, so tliat the argument is a reasonable one to say the least. Again, wild animals of the canine species, the wolf, fox, etc., are never known to be affected with it unless innoculated. It may occur in a dog in colli as well as a hot climate, but hot weather seems to generate brain troubles. Symptoms: The dog becomes sullen, has a desire to be alone, hides himself, and when called sneaks ofl' to his retreat again. As the disease advances he begins to gnaw and pull at the woodwork of his keiniel or sleeping- place. His eyes have a vacant expression, and will seem at times to be looking into the distance at souic imaginary object. Small insects will be attentively observed by the sufferer, and will be intently followed in their move- ments; as they near him he will suddenly jump forward and make an angry snap at the supposed offender, and then sneak off as if ashamed of himself. Thick saliva will now come from his lips, and he will champ his jaws. As the % ' ' IS 1036 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. tlisease intensifies the saliva Incomes more copious, and he will attempt to paw it from his month. His voice becomes a hoarse howl. The poor animal will at this period start on his tramps to attain as it were relief from agony he is in. His gait is now neither a walk nor a trot, hut an indescrilnible jog, once seen never to be forgotten. Anything crossing his path appears to irritate him, and he will savagely snap at it; very often he will go out of the apparent straight course he has taken, wander into the fields and attack cattle, sheep and swine. We can say nothing in reference to the cure of a rabid dog: the best remedy is the shot gun ; but as prevention is better than cure, a remedy is given for warding off hydrophobia when a subject has been bitten by a rabid animal. :\\\ dog-bites should be treated as if they were inflicted by a rabid dog, by • nmediate suction, followed by cauterizing or by application of nitric acid. If rabies is known to be present, suction should be followed by complete excision of the wound. The following communication in regard to what is known as the Goodman cure, was written by a leading and highly respected citi'/ n of Philadelphia, a prominent wholesale druggist of long standing, and ;•■ .11. ' i \rell prepared to judge whereof he writes. It is proper to state that I,u ' . "irely from a desire to save others from the terrible sufferings of hydro- us, ntod without the slightest compensation to our use of this valuable \: '; fj volum , he has preferred to withhold his name lest he might esiron •ringing himself rather than the remedy into publicity. He has, i (..vov :• :;. '.: consent for the |»ul)li.shers of this volume io refer any honest inqinrer, u.ic; luil juisurauce of the iueslimabie value of this first discovered ,,*>obi.. C' 'iscovcry PREVENTIVE OF HYDROPHOBIA directly to him, but at the same time hopes that as the remedy is simple ami the material abundant and cheap (obtainable tor a mere trifle of any druggist), no one will neglect to use it should occasion arise. The Goodman cure has been tested numerous times since the instances referred to and fuuud invariably efficacious. THE GOODMAN CURE. "My attention was drawn to Elecampane many years since as a preventive of hydrophobia. The active medical principle of this plant is found in the root, and is called inuline. From my experience, I believe this inuline neutralizes the virus or poison of hydrophobia. Allow me to give a few instances where this simple remedy has been used. My oim nephew, then a small boy, was bitten badly in the face by a dog unmistakably mad. This occurred within a few miles of this city. The father of the lad came immediately to town to obtain medical advice. We called on an eminent physician (now de(!cased) who at once prescril)ed the plant named. The root was obtained and administered as THE DOG. 1037 jmpt to paw animal will I agony he is l)le jog, <'"<'° , irritate him, the apparent tie, sheep and dog: the best medy is given rabid animal, rabid dog, by of nitric acid. 1 by complete ard to what is ighly respected g standing, and per to state that wrings of hydro- of this valnable ne lest he might ) publicity. He nme '^o rofer any lue of this tirst ■dy is simple and [re trifle of any The Goodman •red to and found las a preventive of Ifound in the root, line neutralizes the [stances where this 111 boy, was bitten [vred within a few to town to obtain , deceased) who at Ld administered as hereinafter directed. No symptom of hydrophobia api)eared, and the lad, now a halo, hearty farmer in Montgomery county, lives to show the scar of the wound in the face. "The physician above referred to related to me, a number of instances in which the remedy had been used, and always with success. He in fact remarked, '/ never knew it to fail when prope)'ly administered.' I will give but two cases. A STRIKING PROOF. "First: Two men living near this city were bitten in the hand by the same dog, and within fifteen mimitcs of each other. The dog, a stranger to them, was secured and imprisoned to await an owner. The next day he showed unmistakable signs of madness, and finally died with hydrophobia. Alarmed for their safety, both men came to the city and waited on the physician quoted above. He prescribed Elecampane Root. One of the men remarked, 'that is an old woman's remedy,' and refused to take it. This man, returning to his home, placed himself under the care of his own doctor, who cauterized the wound, and administered medicine to salivate him. On the ninth day he was seized ivith spasms and died in agony. The other and more fortunate man took the Elcoampane as prescribed, and never suffered in the least degree from the dreaded disease. "Second: A numlwr of cows feeding in a pasture were all bitten by a mad dog. The circumstances coming to the knowledge of those who had heard of this Elecampane remedy, thought it a good opportunity to give it a trial. The cows were accordingly separated — to one-half the number, the root was administered (in form of decoction), and not one of the cows suffered from hydrophobia ; whilst all of those not so treated took the malady and died from its effects or were shot. In quite a number of cases coming under my own observation of persons bitten by dogs supposed to be mad, I have recom- mended the use of the Elecampane, and have yet to learn of the first case of hydrophobia resulting from such bite where the root was used. I think, there- fore, I have good reason to have confidence in the remedy as a preventive. "Whether, after a manifestation of the disease, it would have a good effect or any effect at all, I am unable to say. I doubt whether it would. But the antidote is so simple, and so readily obtained, that it would be almost criminal not to employ it. Having said this much, allow me to give the MODE OB' USING THE REMEDY. "To one and a half ounces of good, sound Elecampane Root, bruised in a mortar, add one pint of new milk, boil to half pint, strain off, and when cold, take at a dose in the morning, fasting. No food should be taken for from three to five hours afterwards. Repeat the dose on the third morning, allowing one iti'l 1038 IM.U8TUATED STOCK DOCTOR. morning to intervene, and again on the fifth morning. The above quantity ia for an adult ; for children given in proportionate doses, say to one of twelve years, half the quantity." FACTS MORE POTENT THAN THEORII'-S. "A correspondent, impelled by the narration of the death from hydro])hohia of John Kiiippel, writes that for thirty years past a farmer named Fry, resid- ing near Allentown, Pennsylvania, has treated hydrophobia with unvarying suc- cess by the following simple method : "The patient is to be kept free from excitement of every sort, especially from that caused by tiie visits of sympathizing friends. The medicine is to be prepared by talcing one ounce of Elecampane Root, powdered ; one table- spoonful of madder and one quart of new milk, and boiling them all together slowly (in a water bath if possible), until reduced to a pint. The dose is one wineglassful once a day for three days, then intermit three days, then repeat and intermit again, and again repeat. That is, nine wineglassfuls are taken in all, and there are three intermissions. "In supimrtof the efficacy of this treatment it is stated that thirty years ago Mr. Roed and Daniel Mershon were bitten at Gerrnantown by a rabid dog, tiiat Mr. Reed was treated by an eminent physician, and died of hydrophohin, while Mershon, under Fry's treatment, never suffered at all. A young mnn named Jacoby and a daughter-in-law of John Boyer, at the corner of Mill street and Chelten avenue, under similar treatment, recovered from the dreadful ilisease about twenty years since, and in 1858 a policeman so far gone with hydrophobia as to have to be held in the carriage in which he was driven thn)Ugh Gerrnantown to Mr. Fry's residence, was also treated with entire success. A number of additional cases are quoted, in all of which the remedy described is claimed to have effected complete cures." The writer t»f this article believes that the Elecampane loill cure the disease after violent symptoms have been manifested. I would say that I have never known a case where it was used after a fidl manifestation of the disease, but should most certainly strongly urge its use, particularly so, as no physician has any knowledge of a cure for the awful malady. When the person is bitten by a dog, mad or otherwise, great care should be taken to avoid talking about it, or doing anything calculated to excite the imagination. The Madder added in the second recipe is of no use whatever, and was, I imagine, put in simply to disguise the medicine, at a time when "Fry" charged an exorbitant price for his secret remedy. iitity w twelve •opbobia ■y, ves'ul- png suc- illy from is to be ne table- l together ose is one leii repeat are taken years ago rabid (log, idfophohm, ■onug niiin ler of Mill [hedreatUul • gone with I'as driven I'ith entire le remedy the disease lave never isease, but physician person is void talking and was, I hen "Fry" GLOSSARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER TERMS USED IN THIS BOOK. Abdomen — The portion of tlie body containing the stomach and intes- tines ; the belly. Abnormal — That which is not natural or regular. Abortion — The casting of the young in an unnatural manner, and be- fore the proper time. Abrade, Abrasion — To rub off, to wear away by contact, as rubliing off the surface of the skin, producing galls. Abnqd — Quick, sudden ; an abrujjt turn or twist in the intestine may produce strangulation of the parts. Abscess — A swelling and its cavity containing pus or matter. A cavity containing pus. Abscission — The cutting away or removal of a part. Absorb — Swallowing up, drinking in. Absorbent — In anatomy, those vessels which imbibe or snck np, as the lacteals or lymphatics. In medicine, any substaace, as chalk, mag- nesia, etc., used to absorb acidity in the stomach. Absorption — The taking up by the vessels of the bod\' of any substance either natural or unnatural, as the serum of dropsical swellings. Accelerate — Growing quicker or faster, as an accelerated pulse. Acid — Sour. The last fermentation before the putrid. Acidulate — To make slightly sour, as with lemon, vinegar, or the mineral acids. Accretion — Increase, or growing as an exostosis or unnatural growth of bone. Aceni — Stony growths of the liver, resembling berries. Acrid — Sharp, pungent, biting, irritating, as the strong acids. Acute — Severe, sharp. In diseases, those which soon come to an end in contradistinction to chronic. Adhesion — A joining together, as the union of parts in healing. Adhesive — That which adheres, as certain plasters. 1039 1040 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOB. Adipose — Fatty matter ; belonging to fat. Aerate — Tl.xing with air, as the bh)od in the lungs, by which it ab- sorbs oxygen. Affection — Disease, or disease of some particular part. Affinity — The attraction which causes particles of bodies to adhere* and form compounds. That which causes substances to cohere. Albumen — Substances, animal and. vegetable, resembling the white of an egg. Aliment — Solid or liquid substance taken as food. Alimentary Canal — The bowels. Alkali — Any substance which will neutralize an acid, as magnesia, soda, potash, etc. Alterative — A medicine changing the functions and condition of the organs of the body. Analysis — To separate into parts, resolving into the original elements. Anatomy — The ail of dissecting, or separating the different parts of the body. The science of the structure of the body, as learned by dissection. Anchylosis — The stiffening or rendering rigid a joint. Anceslhetic — Agents which deprive of sensation and suffering, as chlo- riform, ether, etc. Anodyne — A medicine to allay or diminish pain. Anomalous — Deviating from the general character or rule. Antacid — Opposed to or an antidote to acids. Antagonism — Opposed in action ; one contradicting another. Anterior — Before ; in front of another part. Anthelmintic — Medicine to kill or expel worms. Antidote — That which counteracts hurtful or noxious substances. A remedy to counteract the effects of poison. Antiperiodic — Medicine to arrest or retard the return of a paroxysm in periodic disease. Antiseptic — Agents for preventing, arresting or retarding putrefaction. Anus — The fundament, or lower portion of the bowel at the tail. Aperient — Laxative Medicine ; that which gently operates on the bowels. Approximate — Coming near to. An approximate cure is by inocula- ting for another disease. Aqueous — ^Watery ; having the property of water, as watery matter, aqueous pus. Aromatic — Strong smelling stimulants, given to dispel wind and re- lieve pain. Artery — Blood vessels which carry the red blood from the heart. Articulate — Joining, working together or upon one another, as the bones. as magnesia, ubstances. A a paroxysm in GLOSSARY. 1041 Asphyxia — Death from straugula+ioFi of the lungs, from want of air. Asthenopia — Weakness of the sight or vision. Assimilate — To make like another ; assimilation of food in the nutri- tion of the body. Astralgalus — The largest bono of the hock-joint, lying below the OS calcis. Astringent — That Avhich causes contraction of the bowels or vital structures. Astringents are medicines which suppress discharges, as from the bowels, blood, mucus. Attenuate — To draw out, to make thin, reduce in size. Atrophy — Wasting of a part, as the muscles. Augment — To increase. Auricle — The external part of the ear ; also parts of the heart, one on each side resembling ears. Balk — To refuse to pull, or to refuse to go forward at commmid. Base — The lower part, as the base of the bruin ; the foundation. Beneath — Under a certain part. Biliary — Belonging to or pertaining to bile. Biliary duct, a canal containing bile. Boot — Buffer, a leather band, worn to prevent one foot cutting the other in traveling. Bougie — An instrument for opening the urethra, or urinary, or other passages. Bounded — Parts lying about another : surrounded by. Breeding-in-and-in — Breeding to close relations, in the same sub- family, as the produce of the same sire but of different dams, or of the same sire and dam. Calcareous — Containing lime, lime like. Calculus — Any hard, solid concretion found in any. part of the body, as stone in the bladder, gall stones, etc. Calefacienf — Anything producing warmth. Callous — Induration ; a hard deposit ; excess of bony matter. Cancer — A hard, unequal, ulcerating tumor, which usually proves fatal. Canker — Eroding ulcers of the mouth ; virulent, corroding ulcers. Any sore which eats or corrodes. Cannon-bone — The shank, or bone below the knee or hock. The met- acarpal or metsitafsal bone of the horse. Capillary — Hair-like ; applied to the minute ramifications of the blood vessels. Capsicum — Cayenne pepper. The small, long red pepper. Capsular Ligaments — Ligaments surrounding the joints. -» Capsule — A membranous bag or sac. i,. i fyy "» >JJ*M^l,H.W">H) "fl'l 1042 ILLUSTRATED STOCK DOCTOR. Carbon — Woody nmtter. Cliarcoiil is inipuro carbon ; tlio diiimoml is pure carbon. Carbonic lu-id is expelled from the lunjjs in (Ik* act of breathin*^. Carbonic oxydo in tho Idood or lungs i.s fatal to life. Caries — Ulceration of the substance of the bones. Carminitivea — Wanning, stimulant, aromatic medicines, used in colic and wind. Cartikiije — Gristle ; the substance covering tho ends of bones, moving and working upon each other, Castrate — To geld, emasculate, deprive of tho I'sticles. Catarrh — A cold attended with running of the nose. CatJiartir — Purgative medicine, used for freely opening the bowels. Catheter — An instrument used for drawing the water from the bladder and for other purposes. Caustic — Any burning agent, us potash, nitrate of silver. To cauter- ize is to biu'n, generally ai)plicd to tho use of the hot iron in diseases. Cavitij — A depression, as the cavity of a wound. Celhdar tissue — The membrane or tissue which invests every fiber of tho body, composed of minutu cells conununicating with each other, and which serve us reservoirs of fat. Cephalic — Pertaining to the head. Cerefjral — Pertaining to the brain. Cervical — The neck ; l)clonging to the neck. Characteristic — A symptom of character. Characterize, to ('' guish. Chemical — Kelating to chemistry. Chirurcfical — Belonging to surgical art. Chohif/of/iie — Medicines to increase the secretion of the liile. Chronic — A lingering, long-standing disease, succeeding the acute stage. A seated, permanent disease. Chyle — The milky liquid, as taken from tlie food during digestion, :iii 1 prepared from the chyme, and ready to be absorbed by the hictciil vessels before being poured forth into the blood. Chyme — The food modified and prepared by the action of tho stomach. Cicatrice — The scar left after the healing of a wound or ulcer. Circumscribed — Limited. . Cleft — A mark ; division ; furrow. Clyster — Liquid medicine injected into the lower intestine. Coagulate — To clot, as the blood when drawn. Cohesion — Connected ; adhering together ; sticking together. Coition — The act of copulation ; union of the sexes. Conception — Fecundation by action of the male. Condition — A healthy, serviceable state of the system. A firm state of the muscular tissue. W ai,<)H8AllY. 10-13 iii<' the acute A firm state Colic — A griping disonso of i\ui iiitestinea. Collapse- A liilliii;; tojji'thor. A rloHiiij; of tho vessels. Colon — The larfjeHt of tlioiiitcstiiies, or more i)roi)erly, tho largest divis- ion of the liiteHtiiiiil cuiiul. Congenita — I'.oni witli another; of the same birth, belonging to the individual from birtii. Congrstion — An accumulation of clogged blood in the vessels, or in thd parts, as tho lungs, brain, etc. 0'r>»«^nV^— Drawing or binding together, as constriction of tho ninsclcH of a part. Contagi'iUH — A disease that may be eomnniiiicated by contact, or tho matter communicated, or proceeding from the breath or emanations of the body. Contoytt'd — Twisted, twisting, writhing, as the body in pain, or from th^ result of disease. ConiuHon — A bruise ; a wound made by a blow or bruise. Oonrcx — Having a rounded surface. The ojjposito of concave. CopiouH — Plentiful, abundant, as a copious discharge. Ci>roiic'f — Tiie upper part of tho hoof, just where it joins the skin. Cranium — The skull. Cranial : pertaining to the skull. Cre^t — Tlie back or upper part of the neck of tho horse. Crupper — The buttocks of a horse. Crural — Pertaining to tho legs, as the crural arteries and tho crural veins. CVms^ — The hoof, so-called. Tho outside laminas of tho hoof. Cul-Dc-Sfic—\ passage closed at one end. Cutaneous — Of the skin, as a