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Sonie Noira Scotian Illustrations of Dynamical Geology. 
 
 BY PROF. L. W. BAILEY, P h.D., Ll. D., 
 
 UniTeraity of New Brunswick. 
 
 From the Transactions of the Nova Scotian Institute of Science, 
 
 Vol. IX, Session lS95-9(i. 
 
 '4BB 
 
I 
 
 ' 
 
 i 
 
 i^FDR REFERENCE 
 
 557.16 
 Bai 
 
 Arliilt. 
 
 NUT TU BE TAKEN FROM TH£ KOUM 
 
 C. 1 V 
 
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 I 
 
 ---.y 
 
VIII. — Some Nova Scotian Illustrations of Dynamical 
 Geology.— By Prof. L. W. Bailey, Ph. D., LL. D., 
 
 University of Neiv Brunswick 
 
 f/featl 9th March, 1S9C.J 
 
 The following notes and accompanying photogravure plates 
 are designed to present to students of the geology of Nova 
 Scotia a few phenomena and results which seem to the writer 
 sufficiently remarkable to deserve some special notice. The 
 notes and pictures were all taken in connection with the work 
 of the Geological Survey of Canada, and are reproduced here 
 by the kind permission of the Director. 
 
 L SAND HILLS OR DUNES OF THE SOUTHERN COAST. 
 
 At several points along the shores of Queen's and Shelburne 
 Counties the attention of the traveller is attracted, even in mid- 
 summer, by what appear, in the distance, to be great drifts of 
 snow. Especially is this the case in driving along the post-road 
 at the head of Port Mouton Harbor, whence, though at a 
 distance of a mile or more, such drifts, in reality of blown sand, 
 are readily seen, forming indeed a conspicuous feature of the 
 landscape. They here occur upon *' west side of the indenta- 
 tion named, stretching along the latter, though .somewhat 
 interruptedly, for nearly a mile, and attaining in places a height 
 of thirty or forty feet. They conceal for the most part from 
 view the underlying rocks, but these, as seen in several islands 
 near by, are undoubtedly granitic, and such as, by their decom- 
 position, might readily aftbrd the. pure white siliceous sand of 
 which the dunes consist. This sand is almost wholly incoher-ent, 
 and readily blown to ond fro by the winds, while, near the 
 water's edge, quicksands occasionally become a source of danger 
 to the incautious traveller ; but why so great an accumulation of 
 such material should take place at this particular spot is not 
 rectly obvious. 
 
 (180) 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY — BAILEY. 
 
 181 
 
 ) 
 
 t 
 
 The difficulty referred to, as to the location of the Port 
 Mouton sand-hills, ih enhanced when with thene we compare the 
 similar hills of blown sand which form portions of the shore of 
 Barrin^ton Bay. The accompanying Plates, vii and viii, will give 
 a good idea of the<<o, as rer;ards both the extent of the area they 
 cover, the height to which in places they have been heaped up 
 and the fact that they are still travelling inland, burying bushes 
 and even forests as they go. I am without any exact measure- 
 ments as to the area covered, but think that this cannot well be 
 less than fifteen or twenty acres, while the height of the hills, 
 which is greatest at the inner margin of the area, is probably 
 not less than forty feet. It is said that a portion of the area, 
 (which is on the lower part of Village- Dale,) was once occupied 
 by a French village. However this may be, it is certain that 
 the hills are gradually tiavelling inland, am that each year 
 adds appreciably to their height as well as to their distance 
 from the sea. In all these featuies they nearly resemble the 
 sand hills of Port Mouton, but in two other important respects 
 there is a noticeable <liHerence. In the first place, while the 
 dunes of the harbor last named are upon its ^vestern side, those 
 of Barrington Bay are upon the eastern aide oH that indentation ; 
 and, secondly, while in the former instance the rocks at hand 
 are granitic, and well adapte<l to yield the neces^^ary mateiinl for 
 these accunulations, the sand-drifts of Barrington Bay rest on 
 beds of Cambrian slate and quartzite. It is true that there is 
 abundance of granite at the head and upon the west side of this 
 latter Bay, but this is several miles distant. 
 
 It is therefore asfain difficult to see what have been and are 
 the special circumstances which have led to the production of 
 such large deposits of such material at this particular spot. It 
 is also difficult to see wherein either of these spots differs 
 materially, either as tegards exposure to the winds, nature of the 
 rocks, or in other respects, from innumerable other localities along 
 the shore, in which no trace of such deposits is to be found. 
 Possibly further and closer study may remove the difficulties of 
 explanation which now exist. 
 
182 
 
 SOME NOVA SCOTIAN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 IL GLACIAL TROUGHS. 
 
 It is probable that most observers are familiar with glacial 
 markings or stiiation.o, the scores left by the great ice-sheet of 
 the Qlaci'\l Period in the course of its movement southward, and 
 which are abundantly exhibited in the Park and elsewhere 
 about the City of Halifax. But probably few, if any, have seen 
 such a proof of the power of ice action to carve the surface over 
 which it moves as is aHbided in the photographic plate No. ix. 
 This remarkable view was taken on Lockeport Island, within 
 ten or fifteen minutes walk of the town of Lockeport. The 
 rocks at the place are Cambrian slates and quartzites, the latter 
 predominating, in beds 10 to 15 feet in thickness, and dipping 
 south-easterly at an angle of about 50^ The trough, which is 
 plainly sh.'^wn in the picture, runs in the direction of the beds, 
 and, no doubt, owes its origin in part to that fact, and to the 
 unequal hardness of the two kinds of rocks which the strata 
 contain ; but even with all allowance for such favoring circum- 
 stances, the magnitude of the result is not only unusual but 
 phenomenal. Not having any means of exact measurement at 
 hand, the writer is unable to give precise data as to the dimen- 
 sions of the trough, but is safe in saying that its length was at 
 least 30 feet, its depth at centre at least 4 feet, and its breadth 
 as much as 4 or 5 feet, the larger part being in massive quartzite. 
 The form of the trough, as seen in the view, was in section not 
 unlike that of a canoe, the sides curving gracefully down to the 
 middle line, while, along the same sides and parallel with the axis 
 of the trough, were numerous striations of the ordinary kind, also 
 clearly seen in the photograph, and leaving no doubt as to the 
 nature of the agent to which the trough itself is to be ascribed. 
 
 A trough of such magnitude, due to glacial eror,ion, is 
 certainly a very unusual occurrence, at least in this part of the 
 world ; but, remarkable as it is, it in turn sinks into insignifi- 
 cance in comparison with some other troughs, due to the same 
 agency, which were subsqnently seen. These occur about mid- 
 way between Port-la-Tour and Baccaro, on the coast of Shelburne 
 County, and upon a small point, which is almost an island, 
 
OF DYNAMICAL OKOLOOY — BAILEV. 183 
 
 locally known as Crow's Neck Point. The rocks here are mica- 
 schists, con^<picuously studded with staiirolitic crystals, as well as 
 with irregular knobs or blotches, (some 6 x 3 or 4 inches in 
 size,) which are in part at least half-formed crystals of andalusite. 
 The rocks are massive but distinctly bedded, with a S. W. dip of 
 20°; and at right angles to this dip runs a trough or gully, 
 similar in character and doubtless in origin also, to that of 
 Lockeport Island described above, but in this instance not less 
 than 20 feet broad and 20 feet deep ! The isides, as before, curve 
 regularly to the axis, and are everywhere smoothed and striated 
 along lines parallel to the latter. 
 
 It is to be regretted that the writer, at the time of his visit 
 to this locality, was unprovided with a camera. A view of this 
 trough would, however, be less satisfactory than that of Locke- 
 port Island, as in this instance the trough is in part occupied 
 by a large boulder (possibly concerned in its origination), 
 which somewhat obscures the prospect. Other troughs of less 
 magnitude, but yet of unusual size, are found in the same 
 neighbourhood. 
 
 III. ERRATICS, MORAINES, KAMES, ETC. 
 
 Nova IScotia presents, almost everywhere, abundant oppor- 
 tnnities for the study of surface geology, more particularly as 
 dependant upon the ice-movements and probable general glacia- 
 tion of the Pleistocene Era ; but nowhere are such opportunities 
 more forcibly pressed upon one's attention than in the south- 
 western countie-s. Some of the facts there exhibited have 
 already been made the subject of comment by the writer, as well 
 as by others, in the Proceedings of the Institute. It is not the 
 intention of this paper to discu.ss ihem further here, but only to 
 direct attention to a few localities in which they are especially 
 noticeable. 
 
 Boulders. — Of bonlder-strewn districts probably none is more 
 remarkable than that of the tract lying to the north-west of 
 Lake Rossignol in Queen's County, and along the county lines 
 separating Digby (Jountyfrom Shelburne and Yarmouth. Here, 
 over an extensive tract, including the so-called Blue Mountains, 
 
184 
 
 SOME NOVA SCOTIAN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 boulders of granite completely hide from view the under- 
 lying ledges, and attain immenHe size. One, north of PeHCowesH, 
 according to observations by Mr. W. H. Prest, was 35 feet in 
 height aliove the debris in which it wks imbed«led, while another 
 in the same vicinity, was 47 feet long, 22 feet wide, and 15 feet 
 high, or 15,000 cubic feet, and would weigh over 1000 tons. Only 
 those, who, like Mr. Prest, have traversed this district, can form 
 any idea of the extreme difficulty involved in so doing, or of the 
 wild, weird and indescribably desolate aspect which it every- 
 where presents. 
 
 A boulder of somewhat smaller dimensions, but still a giant, 
 and one which is ujore accessible, occurs upon the Liverpool 
 River, about four miles above Milton. It is compose*! of grey 
 micaceous sandstone, with slaty layers, and is 30 feet long, 15 
 feet wide, and 20 feet high. 
 
 In the vicinity of Shelburne *Vere are -also many largo 
 ♦)Oulders, particularly on the west side of the harbor, towards its 
 head, where they have, in many instances, been the basis of the 
 quanying and stone-cutting operations carried on here. 
 
 Finally, on the west side of Petite Passage, between Digby 
 Neck and Briar Islantl, and overlooking the village of Tiverton, 
 is a very remarkable assemblage of detached blocks of rock. 
 Like the beds on* which they rest they are composed of trap, but 
 in what way they acquired their present position and character 
 is by no means obvious. They are of immense size, and both 
 individually and in their grouping, exhibit features which border 
 upon the grotesque. Were they at the base of a cliff they might 
 well be the fragments detached from its brow and piled one 
 upon another, but here they are at the top, not the base, of the 
 clifi', and most numerous near its edge, where they stand like 
 sentinels, 100 feet or more above the swirling waters which they 
 overlook Are they the remains of a lateral moraine, formed in 
 connection with a glacier which once traversed and perhaps 
 made the Petite Passage ? The occurrence of glacial strioj along 
 this passage and at the waUr's edge, as seen at Israel Cove, lends 
 some countenance to this supposition. 
 
 •^"VJ 
 
OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY — BAILEY, 
 
 186 
 
 It is not probable, in any of the cases above cited, that the 
 distance of boulder travel has been great, the rocks being 
 similar in nature to those occurring in situ at points not widely 
 removed. Of true erratica, or lonjj distance boulders, the most 
 noticeable, perhaps, was one of dark grey felsite-conglornerate, 
 seen in Tiverton, near the middle of Petite Passage, and probably 
 not more than 20 or 30 feet above the level of the tide. No 
 rock of this character has yet been observed in south-western Nova 
 Scotia, but it is common in southern New Brunswick, whence 
 in all probability it was detived. Granite boulders w?realso 
 observed in this vicinity, as well as on Briar Island. wTiich may 
 also have come across the Bay, though possibly derived from the 
 granite of the Blue Mountains in Nova Scotia, some 40 miles 
 distant. Boulders of the traps of Digby Neck are occasionally 
 met with over all the south-western counties, even as far as the 
 Atlantic shore. 
 
 Of ordinary terminal Morainen. the interior of Queen's, Shel- 
 burne, and Yarmouth Counties affords many examples, and to 
 their presence and influence many features in the drainage of 
 the country are no doubt due. The headwaters of iU? Port 
 Medway, Liverpool, Jordan, and other rivers may be cited in 
 illustration. In a similar way some of the islands off the coast, 
 and particularly those which, in such large numbers, dot the 
 surface of Tusket Inlet, are, in all probability, of morainic origin. 
 
 In addition to moraines, the peculiar accumulations known 
 as Karnes or " Horse-backs," are abi'ndant in south-western Nova 
 Scotia, and are, in some instances, of remarkable character. A 
 ridge, which is probably of this nature, crosses the Liverpool and 
 Annapolis road in the northern part of Maitland Settlement, 
 whence it was followed by W. H. Prest in a direction E. or ENE., 
 across the Maitland River to Gull Lake, and then northerly, by 
 Gull Lake Stream, to the south of Perrot's Settlement, while in 
 the opposite, or westerly direction, it was similarly followed, 
 westerly or west by south, by way of Long Lake to Frozen 
 Ocean, finally crossing into Digby County, south of the Sissaboo. 
 A peculiarity in this case is that, while consisting, like other 
 
186 
 
 
 NOVA SCOTIAN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 kames, partly of sand and gravel, the main source of its 
 materials, blua slate, would seem to have been derived from the 
 south, not from the north, and from beds which are somewhat 
 remote. The course of the ridge, across the general slope of the 
 country and parallel with the coast, is also peculiar, suggesting a 
 possible beach origin. 
 
 Other good examples of kames or gravel ridges are to be 
 seen in Shelburne County, between Clyde Village and Port 
 Clyde, and at the head of a long, narrow promontory separating 
 Negro Harbor from Port la Tour. In each of these cases the 
 ridges are several miles in length, somewhat tortuous in their 
 course, but with a general southerly trend, aro from 20 to 40 
 feet high, and usually just broad enough at top to afford room 
 for a roadway, a use to which, in both of the instances given, 
 they hnve been applied. 
 
 But by far the most remarkable of such ridges is the so-called 
 " Boar's Back " of Digby County, the total length of which, 
 though somewhat interrupted, cannot well be less than twenty 
 miles. The best place for its examination (where also are the 
 " moving stones " referred to in Lord Dunraven's account of his 
 travels in Nova Scotia, regarded by him as inexplicable, but the 
 result, probably, of the expansion of lake ice), is on the " Hecta- 
 nooga Road " in Yarmouth County, a short distance north-west 
 of where this joins the Weymouth Road, near Wentworth Lake.* 
 As usual this kame consists of sand and gravel, with some 
 imbedded boulders, and also, as usual, it is bordered on either 
 side hj extensive low and flat tracts, occupied mainly by bogs 
 and barrens. In a few instances, as on the Jordan River, above 
 Jordan Falls, the kames are found to bifurcate, or to enclose 
 deep circular or oval depressions, forming " kettles." 
 
 IV. UPLIFTS AND DISLOCATIONS. 
 
 Marint id River Erosion. — No finer opportunity for the 
 study of disturbed strata could readily be found than that 
 afforded by the south coast of Nova Scotia. Almost every 
 
 Soc Church'8 Map of Digby County. 
 
 tmrntii 
 
 tttmiMgimmimimLiiti^ 
 
OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY— BAILEY. 
 
 187 
 
 jf\ 
 
 variety of folding, and through a scale equally various, is here 
 exhibited ; while the outline of the coast, distinguished by long 
 projecting tongues of land and intervening narrow valleys or 
 fiords, affording natural sections, make their examination 
 unusually easy and attractive. The erosive action of the sea, as 
 modified by the unequal hardness and the varying altitude of 
 the beds, together with the positions, equally various, of bedding 
 planes, cleavage, joints and fault planes, is also strikingly 
 exhibited. Upon the coasts of Queen's and Shelburne Counties 
 the rocks are either Cambrian quartzites and slates, or granite, 
 and the former are generally, though not always, titled at high 
 ang'es, the result of orogenic movements of which the date has 
 not as yet been definitely fixed. A characteristic example of such 
 tilted beds is to be seen on Lockcport Island, not far from the 
 point exhibiting the glacial furrows already described. The 
 ledges here exposed are composed of quartzite, dipping 40** or 
 50°, while the parallel troughs by which they are separated 
 correspond to the softer and more easily removed slaty beds, A 
 feature of additional interest in the case of this quartzite ledge, 
 is the fact that, notwithstanding the metamorphism of the 
 quartzite, which glistens with scales of mica, its surface shows a 
 number of unmistakeable impressions of what have elsewhere 
 been described as fossils under the name of Aeteropolithon. The 
 real nature of these impressions, however, (which may be well 
 studied in the quartize ledges on the summit of the hills over- 
 looking Bedford Basin,) whether really organic or only imitative 
 forms of concretionary origin, is still disputed. If of organic 
 derivation, (and seme of the markings seem inexplicable upon 
 any other view,) they probably represent the burrows and the 
 radiating trails of marine worms. 
 
 While the southern coasts owe their peculiarities largely to 
 the general presence of Cambrian quartzites or of granite, those 
 of Yarmouth and Digby illustrate, in an equally striking way, the 
 results of upheavnl and of marine erosion where the prevailing 
 rocks are slates. The most remarkable exhibitions of the eflfects 
 due to these two causes are to be found about Point Fourchu, 
 (Yarmouth Harbor), in the vicinity of Chegoggin Point, thence 
 
 ^MiiUHiiliiiliii 
 
 amlm 
 
 mttm 
 
 ^gn^ynull 
 
/ i 
 
 188 SOME NOVA SCOTIAN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 northward to Port Maitland, and again between Cape St. Mary 
 and Meteghan. All along this coast the strata are thrown into a 
 series of short folds, usually oblique to the coast line, and are 
 broken by numerous faults. To the north of Cape St. Mary Light, 
 the shore is especially high and bold, presenting an almost 
 endless variety of craggy precipices, overhanging bluffs, caves 
 and " stacks," the latter sometimes of grotesque outline. There 
 is seldom any beach, or any safe means of ascent or descent, so 
 that any examination of the section must be made by boat, and 
 even this method is possible only in the calmest weather, The 
 views afforded, however, and the instruction to be gained, are 
 well worth some little risk. 
 
 Among other incidents of marine erosion may be mentioned 
 here the occurrence of some noticeable " spouting horns " near 
 the extremity of Western Head, near Lockeport. 
 
 Besides the examples of folded rocks and of erosion to be 
 found along the coast are those afforded by the rivers and streams 
 of the interior. Of these in Queen's County one of the best is 
 that of the Port Medway ; in Yarmouth County, the Tusket ; 
 and in Digby County, the Sissaboo or Weymouth River. The 
 section afforded by the latter is especially interesting for its 
 variety and completeness, and as affording a key to the structure 
 of a large part of this county. So also are the sections afforded 
 by the Grand Joggins, Bear River, Moore River, and Deep Creek, 
 on the south side of Annapolis Basin, as well as by the 
 several smaller creeks emptying into the same sheet of water. 
 In a single railway cutting, near the mouth of Bear River, may 
 be counted not less than fourteen small folds, and as many as 
 .six faults. 
 
 At the head of St. Mary's Bay, and adjoining the so-called 
 " Sea Wall," is a fine example of a movodinal block, the red 
 .sandstones, of probable Triassic age, here forming a series of 
 very picturesque vertical bluff's, rising to a maximum of a 
 hundred feet, with a regular but low inclination northward, and 
 affording many curious instances of marine sculpture in com- 
 paratively soft beds. 
 
 \ 
 
OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY— BAILEY. 
 
 189 
 
 V, JOINTS, CLEAVAGE, ETC. 
 
 The divisional planes referred to above are of such common 
 occurrenoe in regions of metamorphic or partly inetamorphie 
 rocks, such as form so large a part of Nova Scotia, as hardly to 
 deserve notice here. And yet their recognition and distinction 
 from each other and from planes of bedding is one of the most 
 serious practical difficulties to be encountered by the field 
 geologist, especially in the study of the Cambrian rocks of the 
 .southern coast. The quartzites of this .system abound in joint 
 planes, often causing them to divide into prismatic blocks, while 
 the slates of the same system have in general a strongly pro- 
 nounced cleavage structure. Both may be, and often are, nic ch 
 more pronounced than the bedding planes, so that strata which 
 are really level-lying, or in low undulations, may present the 
 appearance of being highly inclined. Such a condition of things 
 is especially prominent over much of the country north of 
 Caledonia in Queen's County, where, were it not for the fact that 
 the rocks are strongly banded or ribbanded with somewhat 
 strongly contrasted colors, indicating the true planes of depo.si- 
 tion, mistakes might very readily be made as to their true posi- 
 tion. Portions of the coast south-east of Lunenburg, where 
 similar strongly ribbanded beds occur, afibrd other illus^trations 
 of the same fact. 
 
 Besides the joi?»ts which characteiize the massive quartzites 
 of the Cambrian, or the granite liy which the latter is invaded, 
 it is proper to notice here the similar divisional planes found in 
 the traps of Digby Neck, Briar Island, &c. Sonifi of the columns 
 thereby determined are illustrated in Plate v. (Part 1 of the 
 present volume of the Transactions,) as seen at Israel Cove on 
 the Petite Passage, and others much more remarkable occur 
 along the south side of Briar Island. 
 
 VI. METAMORPHISM. 
 
 Almost every stage of the metamorphic process ma'- be well 
 studied along the coasts of the south-western countie3. The 
 quartzites, as might be expected, show the least evidence of 
 
 ■MMHI 
 
 MM 
 
 mi 
 
190 
 
 SOME NOVA SCOTI AN ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 change, the efftct in their case being usually confined to greatly 
 increased hardness and compactness, or to the development in 
 the ma."" of mica scales and metallic sulphurets ; but among the 
 finer beds, now mica schists, {,he alteration is often much more 
 extreme, the mica being nol only far more conspicuous, but 
 accompanied, often over large areas, by multitudes of staurolites 
 and small garnets, as well as andalusites. The staurolites are 
 often quite perfect and readily separable from the matrix, but 
 the aialalusites are rarely well formed or differentiated, shading 
 into the associated rock, while they are themselves indefinitely 
 penetrated by mica, garnet, and staurolite crystals. The best 
 localities for the collection of staurolites are the vicinity of 
 Jordan Falls, and the west side of Shelburne Harbor, in the 
 village of Carleton, while both these and andalusites may be 
 found in large numbers about Baccaro, on St. Anne's Point, in 
 Pubnico, and about Brazil Lake and Lake Annis in Yarmouth 
 County. The garnets observed upon the coast, though numerous 
 and usually quite clear, were all small, while those of the interior, 
 along the borders of the granite, while considerably larger, were 
 generally dull. A somewhat remarkable example of this latter 
 class is to be seen in the fields half a mile east of Brazil Station 
 on the Dominion Atlantic R. R. in Yarmouth, the schistose rock 
 having its surface thickly covered with projecting crystals of this 
 mineral from the size of a pea up to a diameter of an inch or 
 more. Rocks of very similar character occur about the shores 
 of Lake George, and again upon the coast' at Chegoggin Point. 
 Near an old quartz mill in this vicinity is an 18 foot belt of 
 garnetiferous schist, having cross \eiris of pure garnets mingled 
 with hornblende and inenacoanite. Along the same belt of 
 metamorphic strata (between Yarmouth ^ arbor and Lake 
 Wentworth) the rocks frequently contain scattered sheafs of 
 hornblende, and in places become a nearly pure hornblende rock. 
 
 Quite a difiTerent type of metamorphisra is to be found along 
 the northern side of the great central granite trflct in Digby and 
 Annapolis Counties. Here the stratified rocks which adjoin the 
 granite are of much more recent origin than those described 
 
 t^T 
 
 ,A 
 
 1 
 
 ^ 
 
Lj 
 
 OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY — BAILEY. 
 
 101 
 
 above, being of Devonian age, and in places filled with the 
 characteristic fossils of that formation. The best oppjrtunities 
 for their study are to be found along the line of the Nova Scotm 
 Central R. R., between Alpina and Nictaux Stations, (this 
 interval being almost continuously occupied by rock cuttings, 
 usually fossiliferouM,) the east branch of Hear Uiver, (a mile and 
 a half above the head of the tide,) and in Mistake Settlement, 
 between North and South Range, in Digby County. The strata 
 include iron ores in addition to slates and sandstones, and the 
 former as well as the latter carry organic remains. Near the 
 granite the rocks assume more or less fully the character of 
 gneisses, while the iron ores, elsewhere hematites, have become, 
 in part at least, converted into magnetites. The fossils often 
 show also the distortions due to the pressure they have 
 undergone. 
 
 VIL VEINS, CONTACT PHENOMENA, ETC. 
 
 Space will not allow of any lengthy reference here to the 
 quartz veins of the Cambrian system. Nor is this necessary, as 
 their character and relations with the associated strata have been 
 so fully described by earlier writers in connection with the 
 development of the gold mines of which they form the basis. 
 It will be sufficient, in illustration of their occasional magnitude, 
 to refer to two instances only; the first, that of the "Jumbo 
 Mine," in Westfield, Queen's County, with a width, though not 
 wholly of pure quartz, of over sixty feet, while the second is that 
 on which was located the stamp mill, referred to above, at 
 Chegoggin Point, and which is about 2C paces across, of pure 
 milk-white quartz. At this latter locality may also be seen an 
 interesting example of alickenaidivg, the pure milk-white quartz 
 of which the vein consists being divided by a vertical fissure or 
 fault plane, of which one wall to an unknown depth has, by the 
 friction accompanying the fault, been polished to the smoothness 
 and brilliancy of a mirror. These large veins are, however, 
 less auriferous than those of smaller size. 
 
102 
 
 SOME NOVA SCOTIAN ILLUSTttATlOXS 
 
 OuARTZ Vein in Laminated Slates. 
 
 A singular instance of a very narrow but tortuous vein seten 
 upon the shore about Eagle Head Breakwater, east of Liverpool 
 Harbor, is here reproduced. The contortions are in exact corres- 
 pondence with the corrugations of the enclosing strata. 
 
 Another type of veins of much interest is where these latter 
 consist of granite, and, with other contact phenomena, finds 
 abundant illustration at many different points along the borders 
 of the principal granitic masses. A striking example of such a 
 granite vein or d\ ke of large proportions ma}* be seen on the 
 shore opposite Coffin's Island, near tl»e eastern head of Liverpool 
 Harbor. The beds exposed here are chiefly gneisses, quartzites, 
 and mica schists, of the Cambrian system, and have a verj'^ 
 regular northward dip of 40". Across these beds, however, and 
 almost at right angles, run heavy masses of coarse white 
 weathering granite, the dip and strike of the strata being 
 apparently wholly unaffected thereby. (See Fig.) In the same 
 
 ^ J- >■ * * 
 
 C net It ar>il 
 
 ^ 
 
 t><iy 
 
 /,c/» 
 
 Ora nU« 
 
 
 Granitic Intrusion in Cambrian Strata, Berlin, Queen's County. 
 
) 
 
 J»i- 
 
 OF DYNAMICAL QEOLOGY — BAILEV. 193 
 
 vicinity a mass of granite, 20 or 30 feet wide, may be seen 
 enclosed between tilted beds of quartzite and running for 100 
 yards or more in peifect conformity with the latter, then suddenly 
 terminating. On the other hand on the Shelburne River, where 
 crossed by the p:)st road, may be seen a good illustration of the 
 intricate blending o^ the granitic and schistose masses commonly 
 met with along their lines of contact. Regularly stratitied beds 
 are, as before, abruptly cut off across their line of strike, long 
 irregular tongues of granite invade the associated strata, and 
 what look like detached blocks of the latter are sometimes com- 
 pletely enclosed by granite. 
 
 In the section on the Nictau River, already referred to, and 
 just north of Alpina Station, is a good opportunity of studying 
 the intrusion of granitic masses among Devonian strata, showing 
 both the exotic origin of the granite and the period of its 
 extrusion. 
 
 In connection with the gianitic masses, both small and large, 
 occur numerous veins in which the constituent minerals of 
 granite, viz., quartz, felspar and mica, have been segregated out 
 on a larger scale, affording fair specimens of each. A good 
 illustration of such segregated veins may be seen at the western 
 head of Liverpool Harbor, at the Government Breakwater, where, 
 in addition to good specimens of felspar, may be found sheafs of 
 pale yellowish plumose mica. In some instances these veins 
 carry tourmaline and garnet as well as mica. 
 
 Still a third type of veins, abundantly illustiated in the 
 region under review, is found in connection with the traps of 
 Digby Neck., Like the veins in the Cambrian rocks, first 
 described, these are usually silicious, but whereas the former are 
 of pure milky quartz, with accompaniments of metallic sulphurets 
 and gold, the latter are as generally highly colored and banded, 
 including all varieties of agate, jasper, chalcedony, &c., as well 
 as amethyst, while the associated minerals are calcite, zeolites of 
 many varieties, together with oxides of iron (hematite, martite, 
 magnetite). Simple veins of agate and jasper, from one quarter 
 of an inch to a foot in diameter, may be seen almost anywhere 
 
194 
 
 ILLUSTIUTIONS OF DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY — BAILEY. 
 
 B,\onrr the Bay of Fundy shore of Digby Neck, but are especially 
 numerous and finely colored in the hills overlookin'r the Petite 
 Posspge, about Tiverton. Veins of iron ore occur three miles 
 from Digby on the road to Broad Cove, at Johnston's mine, in 
 Waterford, at Mink Cove, and elsewhere, while at Nichol's mine, 
 in Rossway, are to be seen particularly interesting combinations 
 or associations of all the minerals named above. A peculiar 
 brownish white unctuous or soapy clay is another abundant and 
 interes ing accompaniment of the veins at this locality, filling 
 thefisMires of the rock in all directions and causing it to be 
 locall}' I'nown as a soap mine. 
 
 Veins of pure zeolites occur in various parts of Digby Neck, 
 but less frequently than those of quartz or iron ore. Thompsonite 
 is the one of most frequent occurrence, and is especially abundant 
 on the Bay of Fundy shore at Broad Cove, seven miles from 
 Digby, and again near Gulliver's Cove. 
 
 Veins of native copper may be seen on the eastern side of 
 Digby Gut, near the entrance. 
 
 H 
 
 \ 
 
Trans. N. S Inst. Sci., Vol. IX. 
 
 Plate VII. 
 
 
 DRIFT SAND HILLS, BARRINGTON BAY, N. S 
 
 Illustrating Prof. Bailey's Paper : " On H/ttsfrations of Dynamical GcoloL^y." 
 
I 
 
Trans. N. S. Inst. Sci., Vol. IX. 
 
 I'LATF. VIII. 
 
 INNEP SLOPE OF DRIFT SAND HILLS, BARRTNGTON BAY. N. S. 
 Illustrating Prof. Bailey's Paper : " On Illustrations of Dynamical Geoloi^y." 
 
f 
 
 N 
 
 
Trans. N. S. Inst. Sci., Vol. l\ 
 
 Plate IX. 
 
 GLACIAL TROUGH IN TILTED CAMBRIAN QUARTZITES. LOCKEPORT 
 
 ISLAND, N. S. 
 
 Illustrating Prof. Bailey's Paper : "On Illustrations of Dynamical Geology"