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Les diogrammas suivants illustrent la mithoda. 1 2 3 4 5 6 MlOOCOrV MSOWTION TUT CHART (ANSI and ISO TEST CHART No. 2) ^ 1^ 1^ ■ 2.2 |3^ Hn US. ■ 2.0 >1PPLIEa IIVHGE Inc 16S3 £as( Main Street Roc^-ester, New York 14609 USA (716) 482 - 0300 - Phone (716) 288- 5969 - Fa< ^^J^^ h^^^^ Oy€^^ DOMINION OF CANADA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE ENTOMOLOGICAL BRANCH C. OOBDOM HlWTR, DoMimoM Emtouolooist NteOM* >J«i»«rtnv LIktwtM S too 417 7N 2 COMMON GARDEN INSECTS AND 'v^ X X THEIR CONTROL *t AKTHUR QTBSOS Chief A$iuUmt Enlonulogitl a. CIRCULAR No. i» Publiahad by diraction of ttw Hun. Martin Burrsll, Minister of Agriculturo Ottawn, Ont iaB»-l OTTAWA Printed by J. Di I . TikCHi Piinter to the Kiac's Xoat ExoeilaiK Hajeaty IttT .^ ' UTE shall BB PLBASBD to heai from any one wbote crops may be troubled with intecti not dcwfibcd in this circular and to advise them tpedaUy. No poatiwc ia required on lucfa letters of inquiry when addressed : DOMINION BNTOMOLOQIST. Dep artm ent of Agriculture, OTTAWA, ONT. Such enquiries should be accompanied in all cases where it is possible by specimens of the insects. Th -; insects should be sent packed with their food plant in a strong wooden or tin box to prevent loss in transit. Packages up to 12 ounces in weight may be mailed free and every package should bear or contain the sender's name and address and be accom- panied by a letter. ' Ottawa, April 10, 1917. To the Honourable, The Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa . Sir, — I have the honour to submit fur your approval Entomological Circular No. 9 entitled " Common Garden Insects and their Control," which has been prepared at my request by Mr. Arthur Gibson, Chief Assistant Entomologist, who has immediate charge of this branch of our work. This circular has been written specially for the use of the owners of small gardens and the cultivators of vacant lots who, in their endeavours to respond to the call for increased food production by maintaining gardens and raising their own vegetables and other garden produce, are certain to encounter difficulties resulting from the inevitable attacks of insect pests which are liable to cause an appreciable or even serious reduction in the amount of the crop produced unless reniedial measures are undertaken. No attempt has been made to describe fully the common peats; most of them are well known. Our idea has been to giv i' a few words the simplest remedial measures possible and those which we h& , «. ither devised ourselves or found to be satisfactory as a result of experiment. L controlling insect attack, preventive measures are the most important; secure a vigorous plant growth in the spring, keep down weeds and cultivate as frequently as possible. • I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, C. GORDON HEWITT, Dominion Entomologist. 18355—2 Common Garden Insects and Their Control By ARTHUR QIBSON, Cbirf AariitMit EBtomlogirt INTRODUCTORY. Oitfden plants are liable to attack by nuuy different kinda of destructive in>.«ctii. Some of theea destroy the foliage, others the flowers, whik others again bore into the stems and qven into the roots. The more the gardener knows about the insects which may attack his crops the better preparedwili he be to cope with them when injury is detected. Every gardener, for example, should obeerve how the insects feed, as such fact will help materially in (ucidini; upon the proper remedy to apply Injurious insects may be divided, roughly, into two ctsssea, by the nature tk their mouth parts, namely I (0 biting insects which bite and chew their food, such as cutwcwms and other cateipillara, y^rasshoppers, leaf-feeding beetles, etc., and (2) sucking insects which suck up their food by means of their beaks, such as the aphids, the true bugs, the scale insects, etc. If the insect is a biting one a stomach pois .n their larval and adult stages, feed almost exclusively upon plant lice and scale insects. The lace-wing flies, also, have similar habits. The Fiery Ground Beetle, Calo- aoma ealidtua Fab. and its grub, known as the Cutworm Lion, devour large numbers of cutworms. Of late yearb the Soldier Bug, PeriUtu bioculatua Fab. has been decidedly useful in assisting in the control of the Colorado Pctati-> Beetle in certain parts of Eastern Canada. Other well-known beneficial insects belong to the parv^itic Hymenoptera, (four-winged flies) and to the Diptera (two-winged flies.) The females of many of these latter parasites deposit their eggs upon or in the bodies of caterpillars and when the eggs hatch the young larvffi feed upon their living hosts. C^ LTUhAL PRACTICES FOR THE CONTROL OF INSECTS. Vigotcma plants more retistant to insect attack. — Garden soil, of course, should be well prepared and such fertilizer as is advisable applied. Good seed' only should be used so that vigorous plants will be produced. Cultivation of l»55-i) • the Mil. «tfUciiUriy In the wly jmti of the nwwon, will wrirt matcridly in reUininc moiftura. m neccMwy to prwlur« rtrong, bcdthy pwiU. fcven- thine poiribU •houM be done to induce vigoroui growth from the befinnlng in order th^tbe pUnU may be better able to with«t*nti in«ct attack. /need* expotml by odhwWoii.-When gardene are beiivi dug or ploughed in •pring. white grube, wirewoi..i-,etc.,are very often turned up. In emaU area* ItieidTieable to remove the eamn by hand when cultivating. 8uch would not be practicable in large garden.. Und near cities or town. to^"^„7'iSuSr?! in which white grul« are prewnt may be cleared of .uch inMct. by turning In ""ciS!'^tr?wSd.';f'Tkind. .houid be kept down throughout the entire growing WMon. The flea-l>ectlee in the larval Mate feed upon the root, of common werd. .uch a. the nightehade., Umb*. quMter., pigweed, ragweed, etc. Weeda attract cutworm moth, for the purpose of egg-laying. Remnanto of garden crop, and other refuse .houid be removwi regularly, otherwine .uch ref UM will nerve a* linMHling place, and hi»)er:;ating quarter, for many »n«sct^ All refuse .houid be ••ithcr buried deeply or carefully gathered up m pile, and burned. „ INSECTICIDI'M AND THEIR APPLICATION. Inwcticide. for controlling outbreak, of iniuriou. insect, are applied either in a dry form or in swlution. For the application of the former, duster., wld by wedsmen, »ro useful, or the iwwder. may lie duntcd over the plant, from bag. made of cheesecloth. For applying insecticide, in solution, a spraying pump Is desirable. There are many kinds c f hand sprnycrs on the market suitable for garden u.e. An important consideratiop is that the noi.le should distribute the liquid evenly and an a fine spray. FORMUL.*. FOR BITINO INSECXa. pARia Grbbn: Liquid applicali.n.—Vw in the strenRth of 4 ounces to 40 gallons of water, with about half a pound of fresh lime utided. Where only a few plants are being treated one teaspoonful, with the same quantity of lime, to a pail of water Dry "pplicalim.—l pound of Paris green mixed with 2(» pounds of land plaster, elaketl lime or other perfectly dry powder. Should be used early m the morning when the plants are wet with dew. , ,,• u Sticker— y/hcn .praying cabbages or other plants, the leaves of which are covered with a waxy secretion, with a Paris green mixture the same will adhere better if a "sticker" is mlded. Such can U; made by boiling together for about an hour, 2 pounds of rosin and 1 pound of sal soda (crystals) in a gallon of water. This is sufficient for 40 gallons. Arsenate of ) "^ »: PrefeTed . oiany growers owing to the fact that it does not bum the leaves and remain, much longer on the foliage than Piiris green, not Uing washed off to the same extent by rains. The powdered ar-senate of lead ?s used in the strength of two pounds to 40 gallons of water, the paste form in the strength of 4 pounds to 40 gallons. For use in small quantities one tablespoonful of the paste arsenate of lead is sufficient for one gallon of water. Poisoned Bordeaux Mixture: Bordeaux mixture is made as follows : Copper sulphate (bluestone) ■■ 4 lbs. Unslaked Ume 4 His. , Water (ll>arrel) 40 gallons. Diaaolve th« eopmr aulphftto (by nuapcmliug it \n n wiNKlrn ur mrthra vmmI containing 4 or 5 or more gallona of water). It wiil diaM)lv« more quickly in warm water titan in cold. Hlake the lime in another veMel. If the lime, when tiaked, ia lumpy or granular, it sbouUl be iitr!t>n<*i) through conne sacking or a fine sieve. Pour the copper sulphate soluti' n into a barrel, «>r it may be dissolved in this in ine first place; half fill tho )>am>l with watr* ; dilute th«- slaked lime to half a barrel of water, and pour into the diluted copper sulphp' j solution then stir thoroughly. It m then ready for use. (Never mix cot .• trated milk of lima and copp«-r solution.) A stock solution of copper Hulphut(< and milk of lime may be prepari>d and kept in separate covered barreis throughout tho spraying season. The cuan- tities of copper sulphatu, lime and wntnr should be carefully noted. Boroeaux mixture deteriorates with age ind should bo UKcd as soon as made. To text Bordeaux mixt -, lev a drop of ferrocyanide of potassium solution fall into the mixtiuw whci t.idy. If tho mixture tuma reddish-brown, add more milk of lime until no ango takes pbre! For poisoning the mixture when uxing it for the pc copper sulphate, 8 ounres or more of PariN green, or 4 letiii; or preferably 8 ounces of Paris green and lli pout, of lead to 40 gallons of water. F.)i ONED Bran Mixti'RR. (For Cutworms and Locusts.) Bran 20 lbs. Paris green. . y^lh. heetle use lbs. of paste arsenate of powdered arsenate MolasscN. 1 quart. Water 2 to 3 gallons Mix the bran and Paris green thoroughly in a waith tub, while dry. DiH- solve the molasses in the water and wet the bran and poison with the same, stirring well bo asto dampen the bran thoroughly. For cutworms a simple formula for small gardens is one quart of bran, one teaspoonful of Paris green and one tablespoonful of molassee, with sufficient water to moisten the bran. Bhorts or middlings in place of bran are also useful for cutworm control. For locusts excellent results htive been obtained with sawdust used as the carrier for the poison. FOR t. i INU INSECTS Kerosene Emulsion: Kerosene (coi I oil) 2 gallons. Rainwater. . . 1 galion. Soap ... ^2 pound. Heat the Mr, cut the soap into fine shavings anti add them to the water stirring till all is dissolved, then pour this into the kerosene and churn the whole violently with a syringe or force pump for about five minutes or until a thick creamy emulsion is produced. This makes the stock solution which as it cools thickens into a jelly-like mass. When required for use dilute with nine times its measure of Varm water. The stock solution when properly made will keep for months if kept from the air. When only a small quantity of kerosene emulsion is required for immediate use, the following mixture is recommended. Kerosene 1 quart. Flour 8 ounces. Water 2 gallons. Stir together the floiir and kerosene, then add tiie water and chum briskly for five minutes. Should be used at once. 8 Whale Oil or Fish Oil Soap: Has been uaed ettensively for apWds, etc. Its unpleasant «Jour is objec- tionabtetomany lovers of ornamental plants. For brown or black »phid« >* «l3d be used L the strength of one pound to 4 rto'^.ff J"^;?^***! '" peen aphids or thrips in the strength of one pound to 6 gallons of water. '^°" Trade^J^SSions of nicotine are sold by nearl, all aeedsmen^ Two of these which arewidely used for sucking insects are " Nickoteen and Black lST^O " Itis desirable to add soap to the diluted spray at^ the rate of about two pounds to 40 gallons of mixture. , ScLPHtTH-SoAP Mixture. (For Red Spider) : Flowers of sulphur \°Zl% • Laundry soap. 2 ounces. Water^ ^ K'^^"'^- Dissolve the soap in the water then add the sulphur and spray the mixture in such a way as to reach the undersides of the leaves where the mites are. A short rod with elbow at nosile end is advisable. INSECTS OF THE VEGETABLE GARDEN. GENERAL FEEDERS. ctrrwoRMs. These well-known smooth, cylindrical caterpillars feed, under normal conditions at night, hiding in the soU during the day. The surface-feedmg cSwoS^ cit off pLts^ the ground, or a little below it Some chmb up thHSof suScufent plants and feed upon the leaves, etc. Others feed ent^ly below the surface of the ground attacking the roots of corn and other plants. A female cutworm moth lays several hundreds of eggs, usually on the leaves of weeds, grasses, shrubs, etc. The moths of the chief i°J«'>o"»8P«"e8 appear in June, July and August. Cutworm injury, as a rule cewee before the end of June! The more regularly-occurring species are the Red-backed Cutworm, Euxoa ockrogwder Gn., the Dark-sided Cutworm, Euxoa "Jf«««u>/I.v>i> —Paris ereen or arsenate of lead as recommended for the potato beetleTsSe is) S?cTt?orbli8ter beetles, but in some outbreaks it maybe n^SaS to repeat, the application as the beetles which are Juljed are soon ?SS7by othere In gwdens many of the insects may be destroyed by ffigthem from the plfnts into a pan containing water with a httle cod oil S the sSa" As blister beetles are easily disturbed a remedy which has been succ^fX employed is for two or three boys, or more if necessary, to walk throS an inSed plot or field and wave from side^to side rtMZ'Zi or Ther branches. Such an operation will drive the beet es ahead of them and whei the SctT come to the W of the crop they will disperse and seldom return. BED SPIDKR. Several kinds of small mites, which, of course, are not insects known coUeSly as Red Spider, are commonly found on a great variety of garden ^a^te particiilariy during hot dry seasons. The presence of these small crSt^e^^ the plants is indicated by the leaves losing their colour, having a whiti8hrb?each^^appearance and becoming stunted, resulting from the juice having been sucked out. .» Remedies.— One of the best remedies for these mites is to spray the plants withVSSiu^ap mixture (page 8) As the rmtes feed «h'f / «^,.*i« "^^^'l ridea of the leaves the spray should be forced weU up among the foliage. The freTuS of wateralone as a spray is also useful. Remnants of crops or flowenng JkntsshoiSdti promptly removed and burned so as to prevent the spread of the mites. SNAILS AND SLUGS. Very often these soft-bodied molluscs are decide Ay destructive in vegetable and flower gardens attacking many different kinds of PJants. They are often complained of by tomato growers. They are nocturnal m habit, hidmg during the day beneath stones, clods of earth, etc. Remediea.-A^ they come out to feed in.the evening an «f ^J^^J '^'^^^y j" to broadcast lightly over the soil, before mghtfall, freshly slaked lune. Ihis adS toTheifbodies and soon kills them. Three applications on consec^^ evenings are advisable. Shingles placed here and there throughout an »^^ted gardened under low growing plants will attract many slug^, f o™'"g as th^ do suitable shelters for these creatures. If the shingles are turned over in the morning the slugs there hiding may be easily destroyed by scraping them off and crushing them with the foot. t 11 i ATTACKING CABBAGRS. GAULVLOWBRS, TURNIPS AND RADISHES. CUTWOBMS (see page 8). The Cabbaok Root Maggot, Phorbia brasncae BoucM. The Cabbage Maggot Fly, a serious pest of the above crops resembles the common house fly but is rather smaUer and more slender. About the time cabbaifes and cauliflowers are set out, or when radishes and turmpe appear above the ground, the flies may be seen flying close to the ground and depositing small, white, elongated, eggs on the stems of the plants or adjacent thereto. The eggs hatch in a few days and the small white maggots at once burrow mto and destroy the roots. Injury may continue from May until autumn. •f--. i (A) Tool used for cutting tarred felt J»per discs, one-third siic- (B) disc about one-haU sue; (C) showmg how the tool is used, the dotted line indttates the position of the edge of the tool. (Alter Gofl.) ficwt€(fte«.— Cabbages and cauliflowers may be protected from injury by placing around the stems at the time they are planted out, a disc made of one- Dlv tarred felt paper. The implement for making the discs is shown in the kccompanying figure at A. Some growers use a square di^c, such a tool as ^here illustrated can be made by any expert blacksmith. Th . bladeo are made of steel bent in the form of a half hexagon and then taking an acute angle reach neariy to the centre. The part making the star-shaped cut is formed from a sepaiite piece of steel so attached to the handle as to make a close joint with the blade The dotted lines shown at C indicate how the tool is used. The edge of the tarred felt paper should first he cut by using one edge of the tool. By thus placing the tool where the dotted hues are shown and striking the handle with a hammer, or wooden mallet, a complete hexagonal disc is cut out similar to that shown at B. One yard of tarred felt paper is sufficient to make 13 about 200 discs. In small gardens where only a few discs would be required, the grower by following the diagram closely, could cut with a sharp Imife a sufficient number of discs for his purpose. It is imi>ortant that the discs be placed around the stems of cabba^ and cauliflowers immediately they are set out. In placing the disc one side is raised sufficiently to allow the parts of the star at the end of the slit to point upwards and thus fit close to the stem. The whole disc is then pressed down firmly so that it will rest evenly on the ground. Radishes may be largely protected by watering them, uring an ordinary watering can with a small spout, once a week until they are ready for the table, with adecoction of fresh pyrethrum insect powder, or white hellebore, 2 ounces to each gallon of water. Frames covered with cheese cloth are useful for protecting plants from root maggots. At Ottawa we have used with success a frame 8 by 2 by 2 ft. covered wHh cheese cloth, placed oVer plants when they are set out, or under which to grow radishes and {^uden turnips. rLKA BEETLES (see page 0). THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLT, Picria rapOC L. The green caterpillar of the White Cabbage Butterfly generally called the cabbage worm, destroys large numbers of cabbages every year. The butterffies are very common in gardens where they may be seen depositing their eggs on the leaves of cauliflowers and turnips in addition to cabbages as well as, frequently, on the foliage of nasturtiimi and mignonette. Remedies. — Dusting the infested plants with fresh pjrrethrum insect powder, and cheap flour, one part of the former in four of the latter, is a xiseful remedy. The powder ii.nd flour after thoroughly mixing together should be kept in a tight veasei for 24 hours before using. The mixture may be am)lied from a duster, sold by seedsmen, or from a cheese cloth bag tied on the end of a short stick, the operator holding the bag over the plants and tapping the stick with a cane held in tLe other hand as he walks along the rows. Paris green } of a poimd to 40 gallons of water, or dry arsenate of lead 2 pounds to 40 gallons, may be safely used as a spray for cabbages until the heada are half formed. If eith3r is used add the " sticker " mentioned on page 6. THE RED TVRMiP BEETLE, EtUomocelia odonidii Fab. In the prairie provinces of western Canada, the Red 1 \mip Beetle, is every year, more or less destructive to cabbages, radishes and turnips, particularly the latter, as well as to other plants of the Cabbage or Mustard Family. The beetle is a handsome one, being of a bright reddish colour with three black stripes down its back. It is about two-thirds the size of the Potato Beetle. It feeds on the foliage of cruciferous plants both in the larval and adult stages. Remedy. — Spray with Paris green or arsenate of lead as recommended for the Cabbage Butterfly. THE DIAMOND-BACK MOTH, PluteUa maoilipennia Curt. The small green caterpillars of this moth are in some years decidedly destructive to the leaves of cabbages, turnips, etc. The caterpillars are very active and when disturbed wriggle backwards. When full grown, at which time they are about three-eighths of an inch in length, they spin open network cocoons on the lower sides of the leaves, and then change to the pupal state. Refnedies. — In gardens spraying the infested plants with kerosene emulsion (page 7) will destroy the caterpillars if applied, as an under spray, to come into contact with them. The remedies mentioned for the Cabbage Butterfly . are also useful if the mixtures are forced up among the leaves. 13 TH» CABBAGE APHIS, Aphtt irouicoe L. (see Plant Lice page 8). THE ZEBRA CATERPILLAR, Ctramiea ■pitta Harr. Occurs, intennittently, in eastern Canac'A in numbers sufficient to cause coukiderable anxiety to growers of turnips «jid cabbages. Fortunately, how- ever such outbreaks have generally occurred late in the season, consequently the injury has not been so important as would otherwise have been the case. The caterpillar i« about two inches long when full grown, of a velvety black colour with two conspicuous yellow stripes on each side of the body which are connected by narrow lines of the same colour. at u flemedtM.— Same as those recommended for Cabbage Butterfly. In smaU gardens their numbers may usually be kept down by hand picking. . ATTACKING POTATOES AND TOMATOES cuTWORiiB (see page 8). THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LepUfiolarHa decemlineata Say. Towards the end of M / and early in June the over-wintered femak potato beetles lay clusters of bright, orange coloured eggs on the undersides of the leaves which soon hatch into the well known dark-coloured gr».i)s. There are several generationr of the insect during the season, and ooth the grubs and the beetles continue to feed from spring to autumn. .... j Remedua.— It is important to destroy the beetles early in the season, and as >oon as they aro seen to be present the vines should be spraj^ed with either Paris green or arsenate of lead, (page 6). Some of the larger growers in Eastern C'vnada prefer to use paste arsenate of lead in the proportion of 4 pounds to 40 aions erf water. At the Experimental Farm, Ottawa, the followiM formma has kiven satisfaction: 8 ounces of Paris green and li pounds of powdered arsenate ?f lead to 40 gallons of water. Both Paris green and arsenate of lead may be used in Bordeaux mixture and if such is done the above proportions are suitable for 40 (gallons of the mfarture. Such a poisoned Bordeaux mixture ,ag^6) not only debtroye potato beetles and grubs but also protects the plants fi m blight and rot. AppUcations should be made in the beginning of June, when vne beetles are seen, then early in July and about AuKust 1, 15 and 31. BLISTER BEETI.CS (see page 10). WHITE GRUBS, Phyllopkoga spp. The well known White Grubs, the larvte of the common May beetles, or June bugs, a e responsible for much injury to the roots of -len plants particu- larly to the tubers of potatoes. They live naturally in le ad down to grass, feeding on the roots of the gr&sses, so when pasture, mee . land or a lawn is turned into a vegetable q;arden the grubs being deprived of their usual food, attack such plants as com and potatoes, or strawberries if these are pown on the land. The chief destructive spetiies require three years to complete their ' *^Re»^rftw.— When the garden is being prepared all white grubs detected should be removed by hand and destroyed. Unfortunately we knovr of no remedy which can be applied under acre conditions when the grubs are found to be destroying the tubers of potatoes. Early faU ploughing which bnn^i many grubs to the surface and exposes them to adverse weather conditions, is useful in years when the grubs are changing to beetles. Birds such as crows, 14 gulls and domefltic fowls feed readily on the upturned g -uba. If hogs are avail- able these should be turned into an infested area either iii spring before ploughing or in autumn when the crop has bet-n removed. They are fond of white grubs and will root them out and devour them. wiREWORMB, ElateridM. The slender tough yellowish, or reddish-brown grubs, iinown commonly aa wireworms are also very often destructive to the tubers of potatoes as well as to the roots of many other plants. The life4»istory of these insects is extended into several years like the white grubs aud their natural food plants are similar to those of the 1 -.tter insects. Remedies. — The removal of the gr;?.bs which are observed when digging or cultivating the garden, as mentioned und t White Grubs is, of course, idvis- able. In small gardens it is claimed they may be trapped by placing under bourds bunches of clover poisoned with Paris green. FLEA BEETLES (see page 9). THE POTATO APHIS (sec i lant Lice, p»5;e 8). THE TOMATO w^oRM, Protoporce quinquemactUata Haw. The Tomato Worm, in some seasons, is the cause ot conspicuous injury not only to the foliage of tomato but also occasionally to that of potato as well as toba'!co. It has been chiedy complained of in the province of Ontario particu- larly in the south-western portions. In colour the caterpillar is dark green with somewhat V-shaped white markings on the sides and when full grown is from three to four inches long; at the posterior end there is a conspicuous horn. Remedies. — In gardens in districts where the insect may occur in numbers to attract attention, hand picking will dotibtless prove the simplest remedy. In lurge plots or under acre conditions spraying with Paris green or arsenate of lead as recommended on page 6 would destroy the caterpillars. SNAILS AND SLUGS (sec page 10). ATTACKING ONIONS. THE iMPORTEu ONION MAOQOT, HyUmyxa antiqtia Mg. The Imported Onion Maggot is a regularly occurring pest in every province from Nova Scotia to British Columbia. The appearance of this insect in general is similar to the Cabbage Root Maggot. Under natural conditions so far as we know, it only attacks onion plants. The various varieties are liable to infestation at any time during the growing season, but in most years it is the young plants in June which are largely destroyed. . Remedies. — The fact that there is a period of 10 to 14 days from the time the female flies emerge imtil they lay their eggs upon the plants, has proved of value in demonstrating the use of a poisoned bait to kill them. The following has been successfully used under acre conditions : 5 grams of commercial sodium arsenite dissolved in a gallon of boiling water, with one pint of cheap molasses added. The mixture is applied as a coarse spray of large drops once a week in strips across the plot or field throughout the summer. In small gardens decoc- tions of fresh pyrethrum insect powder or white hellebore as recommended for the Cabbage Root Maggot (page 12) are useful. 16 CVTWORUB (see page 8). THS ONION THBiPB, Thrip$ taboci Lind. The Onion Thrips is a very small insect about one-twenty-fifth of an inch long and of a pale yellowish colour. In addition to the onion the insect feeds on the leaves of cabbage, cucumber, tomato, etc. ^ j „ Remedie».—kay of the contact insecticides mentioned on pages 7 and 8 are uBf^ul in controlling this insect. Tobacco preparations are preferred by many growers. ATTACKING CARROTS. PARSNIPS. F ARSLEY AND CELERY. '. HE CABROT BUST FLY, Putla Tosoe Fab. Tn Eastern Canada, the Carrot Rust Fly is an important enemy of carrots and parsnips, pari cularly the former. Occasionally celery is also attacked. The maggots which work in the roots in a somewhat similar way to the root mamtots. are of a yellowish-colour and when mature about one-quarter of an inchin length. Very often whole plantings of carrots are destroyed before the roots are two inches in length. , , »x u ■ Rewiedie*.— Spraying the plants with kerosene emui ion (page 7) has oe«in successfully used to control the insect. The first application should be male when the young cB-rots are large enough to thin out and further applications once a week throughout the latter part of June and into July. Late sowing has been found of advantage in escaping injury and m districts where the insect occurs regularly it is a good practice to make several sowings of carrots a week anart Verv often the maggots will be found in carrots stored in sand for winter use When uch happens the sa- d should be carefully removed m spring and buried in a deep hole or thrown into water as it will doubtless contain many of the insects which have entered it to pupate. THE CELERY CATEBPiLLAB, PapiUo polyxenes Fab. This insect is often found in sufficient numbers on the leaves of celery, carrots and parsnips to-attract attention. The caterpillar is a beautiful one, Kreen in colour, with conspicuous velvety black transverse bands, and when mature it is about two inches in length. If disturbed it has :he habit of extrudmg near the head a pair of soft retractile organs. , • „ r fiemedici.— Under garden conditions owing to the conspicuous colouring of the caterpillar, hand picking is a usual remedy, or they may oe knocked off the plants and crushed witli the foot. Should they become very abundant spraying with either Paris '^reen or arsenate of lead (page 6) would soon destroy them. ATTACKING PEAS ANO BEANS. THE PEA WEEVIL, Bruchus pisoTum L. The Pea Weevil, often called the pea bug, has caused enormous losses to held neas in the province of Ontario. In ycajs of abundance it is also present m E^en pe^; The grub feeds on the forming peas in the pod and when maturB there changes to the well-known small, brownish-gray beetle about one-fifth of anTnchpr The Pea Weevil has recently been found in garden peas m British Columbia. 16 « Remedi«$. — When garden peas are leen to be infested they should not be allowed to ripen but the vines should be carefully gathered and piled so that the unused pods containing the insects mav be burned. \t the seed is allowed to ripen it should be fumigated with bisulphide of carbon aiter harvesting. Fanners very often treat small quantities of seea in an ordinary coal oil barrel which holds about 6 bushels. For such a jquantity 3 ounces of bisulphide of carbon is sufficient and may be poured right onto the seed. The barrel should have a tight fitting cover, or sacks slightly dampened or blankets may be placed over the top and covered with boarcu. The seed should be exposed to the bisulphide for 48 hours. THE PEA APHIS (see Plant Lice, page 8). TBS BEAN WEEVIL, Brucktu obUctiu Say. This insect is about half the sise of the Pea Weevil but many of its habits are similar. Unlike the Pea Weevil, however, the Bean Weevil worlcs in the dry seeds as well as when the same are forming in the pods, and several may enter a single bean. Remedy. — Fumigate infested seed with bisulphide of carbon as recommended for the Pea Weevil. BUSTER BEETLES (see page 10). THE PEA UOTH, Lospeyretia nigricana Steph. In Eastern Canada the small, whitish caterpillars of the Pea Moth, which when mature ar^ about half an inch in length, are frequently responsible for considerable injury. The caterpillars feed upon the forming peas in the pod, eating into them and thus causing irregular cavities. Remedies. — When garden peas are gathered for tho table all pods containing caterpillars should be destroyed and in badly infested gardens it would be advisa- ble to remove all the vines and bum the same before the insects leave the p'xls. We have observed that the earliest maturing and the latest varieties of pea^. ore least subject to attack. THE SEED-CORN M AGOOT, Phorbia fusciceps Zctt . This insect has in some seastms caused considerable damage in eastern Canada to the seed of beans, peas and corn. The maggot is similar to the Cabbage Root Maggot but it is smaller in size. Remedy. — The eggs of this insect are no doubt laid on the soil where the seeds are planted and as it is not a regularly occurring pest, the gardener cannot anticipate its presence in his land. The important preventives we think would be to sow such seeds as the above not deeper than one or two inches, in good season and in well prepared soil. When seed is planted during a period of cc!d and damp weather, decay to the seeds, of course, is liable to set in and the condi- tions possibly rendered more attractive to the adult flies for egg-deposition. , ATTACKING CORN AND RHUBARB. THE CORN-EAR WORM, Heliothis (Asoleta Pab. Fortunately there are few insects wiiich attack the ears of garden or sweet corn. The Corn-car Worm, is the only one r. importance. Sor " years the caterpillars cause locally rather important injury by feeding on the kernels. The caterpillar varies in colour from a light green to dark brown with rather in- distinct stripes; when full grown it is about 1| inches long. 17 itmiM^.— Reeent exparimaiti wmduoted in oerUin pftrta of the United 8t«(w where the insect is » very aeriotu pest indie»te the importance of dusting the com silks several times at short intervals with powdered arsenate of lead and sulphur, 76 per cent of the former and 25 per cent of the latter. THC BEU>KX>ftN MAQOOT (see page 16). THD POTATo-eTEU BORER, Gortj/no mtoocea Esp. In the Maritime Provinces the insect known in England as the Potato«tem Borer has of recent years been complained of as a pest of com, rhubarb, garden peas and potatoes. The most complaints have probably referred to the cater- ftillar boring in the stalks of com and in the stem and crown of rhubarb. When ull grown the larva is about one and a quarter inches in length, and is of a creamy colour with a pinkish tinge. , 'Remedy.— AH weakened stems which indicate the presence of the msect should be cut out and burned. In Nova Scotia, Professor W. H. Brittain has found that the eggs of the insect are deposited on couch grass, and it is possible other weeds may also attract the moths for c«g-laying. This is one of many instances where it is advisable to keep down all weeds. ATFACXING LETTUCE, BEETS AND SPINACH. CUTWORMS (see page 8). THE BEET-LEAF MINER, Pegomyta tfieina Lint. The Beet Leaf-miner works in the leaves of beets and spmach, causing conspicuous discoloured blotches. The maggot which is responsible for the injury is white in colour and of rather small sise. The female flies lay their whitish eggs on the undersides of the leaves and on hatching the young maggots at once enter the foliage and begin their mining operations. Remedy.— la, gardens where the leaves are used for greens all blotched leaves, should be removed by hand and burned. This should be done before the maggot leaves the foliage to pupate in the soil. Spraying is of no avail m con- trolling this insect. THE BEET WEBWORH, LoxosUge atidicalis L. This insect which occurs intermittently in enormous numbers in the prairie provinces of Western Canada is an important enemy of sugar beets. When an outbreak occurs the caterpillars assume the marching habit and enter gardens destroying beets, lettuce, spinach and other vegetables. It is nearly an inch in length, greenish in colour with yellow stripes on the back and sides. Bemcdj/.— Garden plants used for greens could not of course be treated with a poisoned spray to kill the caterpillars. In years when the insect is abundant plants could undoubtedly be protected from the ravages of the caterpillars by digging a trench around the garden. The trench should be about 10 inches deep and the side nearest the garden made straight to rrevent the caterpillars climbing up. Post holes dug in the trench, 1 or 2 feet deep, would doubtless trap large numbers and they could easily be killed by crushing them with the blunt end of a post. The holes should be about 15 feet apart. ATTACKING MELONS, CUCUMBgRS, SQUASHES AND PUMPKINS. THE STRIPED CUCUMBER BEETLE, Diobrottca vtttata Fab. When young cucumber, melon and other cucurbits appear above the soil they are often destroyed by the over-Tsontered black and ycUow-striped beetles, about two-fifths of an inch in length, known commonly as the Striped Cucumber Beetle. The beetles are also present later in the season and some years much injury is elfected to the leaves and other portions of the plants. 18 RetnediM.— In f irdeiw durinK the eariy part of the aeMon the pluito BMor be protected if grown boncath cheem cloth acreens, the frame supporting whieh may be made of barrel hoops cut in two, crossed, and the ends stuck into the ground. Later when the vmes are too large to be thus protected the beetle may be largely controUe bugs may be removed from the plants by the hand. All egg clusters seen shou'd also be destroyed. When the insects are young they may be killed by spraying with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap (pages 7 and 8). The mature bugs may be trapped by placing shingles or pieces of boards in the garden under which th»»y will hide at night. Such traps, should be examined early in the morning and the bugs collected and destroyed. ATTACKING ASPARAGUS. THE ASPARAQUH BEETLES. The two kinds of asparagus beetles, namely, the Common Asparagus Beetle, Crioceria aapa.agi L. and the Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle, Crioceria 1^- pundata L. are well known peats in the province of Ontario. Both beetles are about one-quarter of an inch in length, the former being of a steel-blue colour marked with six pale yellow blotches on the back and having a red thorax and a margin of paler red to the wing-covenj, while the latter is yellow in colour with 12 black spots on the back, the headf and thorax being red. Remediea. — A useful remedy is to dust the plants with air-slaked lime in the morning when they are wet with dew. This adheres to the liodies of the grubs and destroys their. Spraying with powdered arsenate of lead two pounds to forty gallons of water is recommended. Such a spray may be applied as soon as cutting is over and repeated when necessary at intervals of a week or 10 days. INSECTS OF THE FLOWER GARDEN. ATTACKING THE ROSE. ROSE-SLUGS. . There are three different kinds of rose-slugs which destroy the foliage of the rose in eastern Canada, namely, the American Rose-slug, or Rose sawfly, Ende- lomyia aethiopa Fab., which is green in colour and feeds on the upper side of a leaf, hiding during the day on the under surface; the Bristly Rose-worm, Cladiua pictinicornia Fourc., which is of a dirty yellowish-green to a glaucous green colour with a darker green line down the back and with stiff hairs giving it a bristly appearance, and which works very much in the same way as the Rose- slug, skeletonizing the leaves and leaving whitish blotches, as well as eating out 19 irr«sul*r hoi ail over the foliag* '> *nd the Curled Roie»wonn, Empkytu$ dnetipu Nort, green tibove with the eidea and legs gra^sh-white but which may be eaaily distinguished from the other two kinds in having a yellowish-brown heiul marked with a broad brownish>blaek spot. The last species eats the entire substar.ce of the leaf, feeding along the edges, with the body curled up beneath it. The three ros»«lup, or fslse caterpillars, vary in sise from one-third of an inch to two-tUrds of an inch in length. ActMdtt.— These rose-tiTup are easily controlled by spraying with a weak solution of raris green, one ounce in fifteen gallons of water. APHID* on pr.»MT ucB (seepage 8). SCALE INSECTS. Two common scale insects are frequently found on the shoots of rose, namely the Rose Scale, Autaetupia rotae Bouch4 and the Ovster-shell Scale, Lepidoiaphea ulmi L. The former is roundish in outline and being white in colour is conspicuous on the greenish or reddish shoots. The latter, a well- known apple tree pest, is shapra like an oyster-shell. Remedy. — Both of these scale insects may be controlled by spraying with commercial lime-sulphur, one gallon diluted to 10 gallons with water. The mature should be applied before the buds burst. Heavily infested canes should be cut off. RED sriDER (see page 10). TBE ROSE LEAF-HOPPER, TypMocyba rosae t,. This common leaf-hopper occurs in most places where roses arc grown, feeding on the undersides of the leaves. Tutse insects, which are very small, are pale greenish-white, in colour. Throughout the summer they may be found on the leaves in various stages of development and are frequently extremely destructive. Their injury is particularly noticeable in the middle of Jime. Remedy. — Any of the contact insecticides for sucking insects are useful in controlling the leal-hopper (pages 7 and 8). Applications should be made early in the season before the insects attain their wings and whichever insecticide is used should be applied as an under spray. THE ROSE BEETLE, Mocrodoctylua aubapinoaue Fab. This well-known pest of the fruit grower is also, as its popular name would indicate, very destructive to the flowers of rose bushes as well as to the bloom of many other kinds of flowering plants. This insect occurs particularly in the Niagara district of the province of Ontario, The l)eetle is about one-third of an inch long, of a light brownish colour, with long spiny legs. Remedy. — In flower gardens the beetles may be beaten from the plants, early in the morning when they are sluggish, into an inverted umbrella after which they may be dropp^ into a vessel containing water with coal oil on the surface. ATTACKING DAHLIA, ZINNIA, CHRYSANTHEMUM, ASTER. ETC. CUTWORMS (see page 8). THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, Lygus proUnsia L This common plant bug is troublesome in flower gardens almost every season, destroying the buds of dahlia, zinnia, etc. It also sucks the juice from the leaves, causing the same to become distorted. The bug is about one-quarter of an inch long, of c '' i wn colour with black and yellowiah markings. It hilieniates in the adt under stones, rubbish, etc. JteuMi^.— Unfortunately there ia no uttafMtory remedy known for thb inaeet. In gardena particularlv early in the momiiuc when the bun are aluiRiah they may be beaten from the plants aa recommended for the Rote Beetle. Areaa which are kept riean of weeds, rubbish, etc., will not attract the i-"-<9cts as will plota ^d gardens which are allowed to become dirty. TMK rovR-4.iNCD ^EAr Buo, Poedloeapait hntahu Fab. Thin is another plant bug which is v destructive at times to dahlia, ■innia, weigelia, snap^lraj^on, etc. It is of t. >right creenish-vellow ook>ur, one- quarter of an inch long, with two black spots i.. i the thorax and four stripes of the sama colour down the back. Remediei. — A spray of strong keroitcne emulsion (1 to 6) will destrov the nymphs, but the perfect insects are more difficult to kill. Many of theae latter may be beaten from the plants as recommended for the Tarnished Plant Bug. ATTACKING THE VIRGINIA CRUKR. TBK ORAPB LEAP-HOPPBB, Typhloq/bo comea Say. Virginia Creepers are every year attacked and made unsightly by the destructive work of the Grape Leaf-hopper. The insects work on the under- sides of the leaves sucking out the juice and eausing then' to turn whitish nnd drop prematurely. These small active hopping insects which ur often called " thrips " are of s translucent white colour marked with red an^. dark brown lines. Remedy. — Spray the vines thoroughlv with a contact insecticide (pages 7 and 8). The spray should be forced well up from beneath as it must actually hit the insects to be effective. Around verandahs many prefer to use a tobacco preparation px^h as the proprietary mixtures " Mikoteen " or " Black Leaf 40," sold by all seedsmen. /