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Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la m6thode. 1 2 3 4 5 6 t s ''^ FOR 1 t S- ' 1 ■*>* >'M«I^WW«l«iW>' "! | W « | 'f l^ ! *. ' "' ''- l'^ '' • V ■ ; /. '•n t IllE4iy.:pOTLiN.isn; >*^,*/if OF TJ^jr< OF M - ■•',. 1 > FOE f lEBMlSE OF CANADIAN SCHOOLS. ,'K • A QUEBEC. rtf||lT«# VY W, epWAN ft 80N 1843. « ^' ' 'y * "!"" i. ii t ^ itm mm 'm .-f- Vri. BIBLIOTHEQUE DE LA VILLE DE MONTREAL COLLECTION GAGNON 2 7^6 \ nH^^29 l-'ornie irjSO— f-2U 2 (x 2087 3'0i94 SUMMARY OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF ROME, \ FROM ITS ORIGIN TO THE FALL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE. ORIGIN OF ROME. Q. What was the origin of the Romans ? A. Historians commonly trace the origin of that far famed people to iEneas, a Trojan prince^^who escaped with a small party of his countrymen from the flames of Troy,yand after a long and perilous navi- gation arrived in that part of Italy called Latium, where they founded Alba-Longa (B. C. 1200), which for ahove 400 years was the capital of the kingdom of the Latins. iEneas ascended the throne after the death of Latinus, whose daughter Lavinia h«3 had married, and was succeeded by fifteen kings, the last ofwiiom was Numiior (800) grandfather to Romulus, the founder of Rome. Q. Relate the circumstances of the birth of Ro- mulus ? A. Procas, the thirteenth king after j^Eneas, had two sons, Numitor and Amulius. To Numitor, the elder, he left the crown ; to the other, his treasures. Amulius, by means of liis riches, supplanted his brother, whose sons lie put to death, and whose only daughter, Rhea Sylvia he com.pelled to become a ORIGIN OF ROM£. m ^ Vestal virgin. She however secretly married an officer of the king's troops, and gave birth to male twins, Romulus and Remus. Q. How did Amidius act when he learnt that the princess Rhea had ( hiklren ? A. He ordered her to he imprisoned, and the chihlren to be tlirown into the river Tiber. Q. What became of Rliea's children after they were thrown into the Tiber ? A. Providently, the river overflowed its banks, so that, as the water subsided, the cradle in which they lay was left on dry -round ; they were immediately discovered by Faustuius, one of the king's sliepherds who took them home to his wife Laurentia to nurse. ' Q. What were the youthful exploits of Romulus and Remus ? A. They at first led a shepherd's life ; but, as soon as they discovered (heir origin, they formed huntin^r parties, attacked tlie robbers of Latium, stripped them of their plunder and divided it among the com- mon people. At length, they conspir^'ed against Amuhus, kdled him, and replaced JVumitor on the throne. Q. When, by whom and where was the citv of Rome founded ? A. It was built 753 years before the Christian ^era, by Romulus and Remus, on the verv spot where they had been exposed during their infancy. Q. Was it settled amicably which of the two bro- thers should name and govern Rome ? A. No; a dispute arose, Remus was slain by his brother's own hand, and Romulus remained sole master of the city, to which he gave the name of Romje:. i| KINGS OF ROME. married an 'th to male nt that the ^ and tlie after they s banks, so vhicli they Timediately s]]cpherds, i to nurse, f Romuhis •ut, as soon 'd hunting I, stripped i; the corn- ed asrainst tor on the be citv of istian sera, vhere they > two bro- lain by his lined sole I name of •v- KINGS OF ROME. Q. What did Romulus to procure inliabitants for '' Ihs new city ? A. Ho made it a sort of public sanctuary, where all fugitives slaves, debtors and malefactors found pro- tection. "^ ^. How (lid Romulus divide thc^inhabitants and territory of Rome. A. He divided the inhabitants into throe tribes^ and each tribe into ten Curioi, or parishes ; the chief of a tribe was called a tribune, and the chief of u Curia, Curio . . . Of tlie land he made three parts: one for the support of relii^ion, one to defray public expenses ; tlie third was distributed by lot to the thirty Curiae, so that, at first, each citizen had about two acres of land to cultivate. Q. What great political body did Romulus create ? A. He made choice of a hundred of the most distinguished inhabitants, to assist Iiim with their counsels, perform the sacred functions, and share with him the details of government. This assembly, so celebrated in after days for the courage and wisdom of its members, was called the Senate. Q. Who were the Patricians and Plebeians. A. The descendants of the first senators composed the Roman nobility, and were called Patricians. The rest of the people want by the general name of Plebeians. Q. Was any authority left to the Plebeians ? A. The people could create magistrates, make laws, decide on peace and war, but their delibera- tions were subject to the confirmation of llao senate. / KINGS OF ROME. Italy Q. Did Romulus iro to so to war with the nations of A. Yes ; he founrlitaml ined ^ , , - o ~ any hattles : the most dangerous war was that of the Sabincs whose ;. I Q. How long did Tullus Ilostilius reign and by ;fvvliom was ho succeeded ? f A. He reigned thirty two years. His successor |^vas Annus Martins, grandson to Numa, whose .justice and piety he seems to have inherited.*^ I Q. What were the principal events of Ancus I Martins' reign ? 1 A. Ancus Martins (CIO) increased the number of ■; Roman citizens, by compiering his enemies and afterwards making them free ; erected the wall of , Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber ; enclosed and I tbrtilled Rome, anil after a reign of 21 years, left two f sons under the tutelage of Tarciuinius P-'scus, who, ; by means of the credit he had with the people, took possession of the throne. Q. For what was the reign of Tarquinius Priscus distinguished ? A. Tar(jninius Priscus (G16) subjugated Tuscany and must of the Latin cities, and adorned Rome with aqueducts and otiior works of public utility, some of which still remain. He increased the number of senators and knights ; was the first who wore a crown with a sceptre and the other marks of royal dignity, and from him the custom of celebrating a triumph by being drawn in a cliariot took its origin. Q. By whom was Tarquinius Priscus killed ? A. By two peasants, who were bribed to do it by the children of Ancus Mariius. Q. How long did Tarquinius Priscus reign and who was his successor ? A. Taujuinius Priscus reigned 30 years, and was succeeded (578) by Servius Tullius, "who had mar- ried his daughter. 8 KINGS OF ROME. ded the peorle into 193 CentuHm 98 of wmU T" composed of^i,izen» dislinguiSrVorLfr nn-c i? fo ^li uy cfimurtai each havino- onp vnfn r>n?.. m :tvlve It' -^ rr "' --" ranV;'/ope«; everj n-e years wh.ch period was called a Lustf^m glcSc^lt^ir^^^^^^^^^^^^P-e^ and prpt- ^'''' ^^"'''''^^^' ^^^ ^'"^ «"ccess in war and hv erecting various monuments in the citv wW t^ enlarged so as to include seven hills in t^^J, f''^^ '' Q. How long did Servius Tullius reion Zd hv whom was he succeeded ? ^ "^ ^^ A. Servius Tullius reipned 44 venr. ni^h. ration or which his own lT41tTui i; wh? married Tivnnir, ^a '"-'o"^f' luiiia, who had cons htdT T ^r h Xnd to'Zr"' ']'' ''r^"^ andLdthewickedne^' t:rWr^o^ over his dead bodv. '''^'^^" Q. Wiio was tarquinfLe Proud? the 5,h Wng^rRome'""""" "^ '"^^1"'"'"'^ P"^^"^' theiLrS;,?"'' ^"'"'J"'" "^^ P™"'' <^°"''"'^t himself OB r-Wf ^^^ i^'"".P'ete'5 the building of the Circus and Capuol and gained Many brilliant victories o'" t°e irr tyi Q [ow A leJ no Q ;hns A jffec jxpe had , Q Ron A the s :greai lute; first A whoi Q Brut A long tyrar Q A. THE COMMONWEALTH. 9 nt was wrought! niticEj or assenj. es and the votes; ■ the plebeians' Wate this, divi- B of which he their rank and votes shouid be ^ote only. He s and property ed a Lustrum.. to pass )iiged e power and war and by ^y, which he ?ad of live, feign and by , at the expi- | ia, who had f the Proicd^ him (534), f to be driven 1 lius Priscus, ct himself on Circus and es over the irrounding nations, but behaved in other respects as tyrant rather than as a king. Q. What became the signal for liberty and the [ownfall of the Tarquins ? A. The infamous conduct of'Sextus, son of Tarquin le Proud, towards Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, noble Roman. Q. Who espoused the cause of the much injured and rhnste Lucretia ? A. Junius Brutus, who, in concert with Collatinus, ^tfected a complete revolution. The Tarquins were ixpelled, and with them ended the regal power, which bad subsisted under seven kings for 245 years. THE COMMONWEALTH. Q. After the expulsion of the Tarquins, how was [Rome governed ? A. As a republic, by two Consuls, in whose hands |the sovereign authority vvas lodged for a year only. In [great emergencies a Dictator vras named, with abso- jlute power, but of snort duration. The consuls were at [first only chosen from among the patricians. Who were tlie two first consuls ? A. Brutus and Collatinus (509), to the latter of whom the people substituted Valerius Publicola. Q. What vvas there remarkable in the conduct of Brutus ? A. During the reign of Tarquin the Proud, he for a long time feigned madness, to avoid the cruelty of that tyrant, who had put to death his father and his brother. Q. What else did Brutus worthy of remark } A. After the fall of the Tarquins, he caused his two 10 THE COMMONWEALTH. 'jk^' sons to be executed for conspiring against the common, wealth. Q. How did Brutus come by his death ? A. Brutus was shiin by Aruns, son of Tarquin,, who fell at the same time, in a battle against TarquinV party. Q. What were the principal wars of the Roman, republic ? ' A. Tiie principal wars sustained by the Roman republic were seventeen in number, viz : — 1. The warofEtruria. 2. The war of the Volscians. 3. Tk war of the Veians. 4. The war of the Gauls. 5. The war of the Latins. 6. The war of the Samnites. 7 ThewarofPyrrhus. 8. The first Punic war. 9. Th( second Punic war. 10. The war of Macedon. 11 ThewarofAntiochus. 12. The third Punic war. 13 The war of Corinth. 14. The war of Numantia. 15 The war of the Slaves. 16. The war of Jugurtha. 17 rhewarof Milhridates. There were besides two oreat civd wars, one between Marius and Sylla, the other between Cesar and Pompey, and many seditions which more than once threatened the existence of the commonwealth. Q- For what reason did tlie Romans undertake so many wars against other nations ? A. To defend their liberty and limits, to protect their allies and to enlarge their empire, which at lengtli embraced nearly the whole known world. Q. What occasioned the war against Porsenna, kin^ ot Etruria ? '6 A. The intrigues of the exiled Tarquins, whom Porsenna attempted to replace on the throne. To ac- i complish this design, he came and beseiged Rome with ' so powerful an army that all ranks of the people were ' nlled vvi)h dismay. #nemy see, H. THE COMMONWEALTH. 11 ist the common- uh? ►n of Tarquin, ainst Tarquin's of the Roman, ly the Roman viz :— 1. The icians. 3. Tk jauls. 5. The Samnites. 7. :'war. 9. Th( Maceclon. 11. 'unicwar. 13. fumantia. 15. JugLirtha. 17, ides two great Ha, the other iany seditions cistence of the undertake so ts, to protect re, which at I world, 'orsenna, king ][uins, whom one. To ac- id Rome with »"\ n /-* »-k I rf-v \-rr^y^r\ Q. Who saved the city from the arms of the Etru- .ns .'' A. Two heroes of undaunted courage, Horatius icles and Mutius Scsevola. Q. What was the exploit of Horatius Codes ? A. While the Romans, flying in great conster- tion, were pursued to the bridge over which th victors and vanquished were about to enter the ;y, Horatius Codes opposed himself to the torrent Jie enemy, and, assisted only by two more, sustained |he whole fury of the assault till the bridge could be Iroken down behind him ; then plunging with his arms into the Tiber, he swam back victorious to his fellow soldiers. Q. What resolution did Mutius Scaivola execute ? * A. This brave young man disguised himself in the labit of an Etrurian peasant, entered the cam]) of the 4nemy, and made up to the place where Porsenna Iras paying his troops, with a secretary by his side ; |)ut, mistaking the latter for tlie king, stabbed him to fee heart and was immediately apprehended. Upon Iporsenna's demanding the motive of this atrocious action, Mutius told him openly his design, and, at jhe same moment thrusting his arm into a lire : " you !* see," said he, " how little I regard any punishment ** your cruelty can inflict. A Roman knows not only ** how to act, but how to sufler : three hundred youths *' like me have conspired your destruction ; therefore *' prepare for their attempts. " Porsenna was so asto- nished at such intrepidity that he ordered him to be pafely conducted back to Rome, and proposed condi- tions of peace, which were accepted. Q. What internal troubles followed the Etrurian Vf' »ti r /■ .^J IB THE COMMONWEALTH. A. The quarrels between the senate and plebeians! on accj|pt of the cruel treatment inflicted on debtors ., — ii^^course cf the disputes a dictator was named Ml scarcely had h ) resigned, when the people deserted) the city and retired to a mountain hence called thej Mons Sacer. Q. Did the people return from the Mons Sacer and| on what conditions ? A. Menenius Agrippa, by the celebrated fable of! the belly and members, at last persuaded tbem to comei back into the city, tlie senate having consented to the nomination of annual magistrates, called Tribunes oj the people, whose authority livalled that of the con- suls (493). Q. What gave rise to the war of the Volscians ? A. The resentment of Coriolnn, a brave patrici-m whom the people exiled (480) for having upheld the senate in the difficulties concerning tlie abolition of debts. The Volcians chose him for their general, in- vaded the territory of the Romans, beat thorn in ever} encounter, and linally invested the city itself. Q. Who dissuaded Corit»lan from beseiging Rome ? A. The f:onate deputed towards himVeturia his mother and his wife Volumnia : overcome by their prayers and tears, Coriolan flew into his mother'.-^ arms and cried out, *' my mother, thou hast saved Rome, but thou hast lost thy son ! '■• He was soon after assassinated by the Volcians. Q. Wi.at cclobrated Roman do foated the Volcian.^. with their allies the JEqui and others ? A. Quintus Cincinnatus (458), v^ho was twice taken from the plough to govern liis country, and re- turned each time to his former occupations."^ Q. Who w^ere the Decemviri ? sen ;e pc s. ir cc due Q. ^ A. r is CI fecem Elected Q. 1 tion of A. ' mer ha 4istribi Hves, E worthy public ^ Q. ' A. ' itrong kiternc Insult •I Q. ■J. A." this sie 'engine f A. (396) lafterw Q. mans i ,.#■ /- THE COMMONWEALTH. IS and plebeiansp^^ ^j^^ Decemviri (449) were ten magistrates ..Z ^^T'^mysen from among the senators for a year, witb^bso- ieop?e dese^i:!i 1^ P^^!^ '^ ''^''' ^"^ ^^^^"^^ "" "'"^ '"^- "^^ ons Sacer and| )rated fable of them to come nsented to the )eople deserted ^^^^ At the expiration of the year they obtained ice called the ^i/^ontinuance in office, and scon after began to induct themselves as insupportable tyrants. Q, What became of the Decemviri ? A. The infamous behaviour of the Decemvir Ap- Ls Claudius brought about an insurrection. The Jecemviri were exiled, military tribunes were at first nsented to ttie y^^^^j^ but soon after the consuls were restored. I I nounes oj ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^.^.^.j^ej aft^r the extinc- it Ol the con- . ^ r.^ t\ • ' 5 tionofthe Decemviri? r^ . . p A. The Censors and Questors (445) : the for- o'scians . ^^^ ^^^^^ auihoritv to number the senators and people, l!Jnnri rif' distribute them into their proper classes, inspect their lo ui iieia iiic ^^^^^^ ^^^ degrade such as behaved in a rcp.nner un- l enerarin' Worthy of their rank ; the Questors bad charge of the g neia , in- ^^^^ revenue and expenditures. Q. Who were the Veians ? A. The Veians were the inhabitants of a very itrong city of Italy, who had taken advantage of the Internal troubles of Rome to ravage its territory an^ feisult its ambassadors. Q. How long did the siege of Veii continue ? A. It lasted ten years without discontinuance. At Ibis siege the Romans began to make use of battering engines, particularly the Cc/^ot/jm/^ and Balista. Q. Was the city of Veii taken at last ? ' A. Yes, under the celebrated dictator Carnillus 1(396), whom, the ingratitude of his fellow citizens Afterwards compelled to forsake his native country. Q. Wliat prompted the Gauls to attack the Ro- mans ^ thorn m ever\ tself. 'iging Rome ? I Veturia his ome by their his mother'.'^ Ki hast saved le was soon he Volcians lo was twic( itry, and re- ;is. ^ 14 THE COMMONWEALTH. A. The Gauls, umler Brrnnus tlieir king, had entj red Italy with an army oirrjoie than a humhed th.)i> sand men, i.nd Uud siege to Cliisiiim, a city ofEtrq ria(39l). The Romans, at the request ofthe Chisiad sent nmhassadors to oli'er tlieir mediation, but thp| ambasMidory, forgetful of ijieir (hity, took part wi the Clusians in an attack on ^Iic Gaulj>, wl, immediately hroke up the siege and marched awa^ for Rome. Q. Did tlic Romans oppose the Gauls on their : ill treated their ambassadors; the faientine-s unable to resist them, had recourse to yrrhus, kino of E[)irusin Greece (280). I Q. Did Pyrrhus prove an enemy worthy of the JRomaii name. A. He did ; the Roman legions m6t the Grecian halang€9, and after a severe and well fought tattle e former were routed with a loss of 15,000 slam |H:id many prisoners. .■.-.ip'' 16 THE COMMONWEALTH. ■ I, '^' '^" '!''^ cleplianfs, a sort of enemy which ihet had never be/bre cncounlcred. \ Q. Wliat was Pyrrhus' reply lo the Tarentines' when they com,.limente C"""'"" Sof1 ""^ ■''^•^'^''n^^ of the Romans against Hiero a wf'"'""''' '"'^ ''"■' ""''■* "'« Carthaginians. >,editinn'^f,"'V''"^ '''■""' «""«»' Appius' ex- pedition agamst the king of Syracuse ? na def2p/iT"'' ^P^'"' ^''"'''"^' ''«'''^'='«'l Messi- B Jt ff, ''•''° ""'' ^mP^'lerf l>im to sue for peace. Success. '"^'""" ^'"""'S" '='""'""^'' ^^'"^ ^""""^i Withhe^rta^r '^" ""'""' "'" '°"'^"'''°S by sea # igani ■( ■f ' H. ite their defeai ny which thej he Tarentines, ctory ? f shall be un- >attles between n the clay, but le, two years best soldiers, d to escape b) ir, and left the ;in, and what too, and was gainst the ri- 3 commence- and Cartha- Tt of Sicily, fainst HierOjj iaginians. || Appius' ex vered Messi-i iue for peace, i with various ding by seaj THE COMMONWEALTH. It 'a. Until the fiflh year of the first Punic war, the miinrs iuul paid little attention to (he importance of javal force. But in that year, the consul Duilius uippod a fleet of IGO sail, with Avhicli he gained a mplele victory over that of the Carthaginians. Q. What was the fate of the consul llcgulus ? A. The consul lleoulus, after gaining two great ttlos, one by sea, the > other by Innd, was [tally (li'fealed and made prisonner by Xantippus ,10 Lacedemonian, wiio conimanded tlie Cartha- 'inian ai my. At tiie end of four yon rs imprisonment, Je was sent, home with the Caithaginian ambassadors nogocialo a peace ; but wlien his fellow citizens mc to ask his opinion, ho advised them to continue ^ le w;ir, which so enraged (he Carthaginians thatthey !|iflicted a most i-ruel death on him alter his return. * Q. How did the first Punic war terminate ? A. Afte*sieveral victories and defeats by sea and nd, iliG consul Lutatius gained a decisive battle. |rhe Carduiginians lost 120 ships, whereby their jpower was so reduced that they sued for pence. Q. What were the conditions ofthe first peace with Carthage ? A. The principal conditions were, that the Cartha- ;inians should lay down a thousand talents of silver, nd pay two thousand two hundred more in ten years ; that ti.ey should surrender Sicily, Sardinia and all the Islands between Africa and Italy, and never make war igainstthe allies of Rome (211). Q WluU, chnnge took plnce in the habits and man- lers of the Romans after the first Punic war ? A. The Romans began tocultivate the arts of peace, in particular, poetry." To that period also may be Itraced their passion for public games, the theatre and Ithe bloody fights of gladiators. / I 18 THE COMMONWEALTlf. Q. When flid the second Punic war begin and wha; gave rise to it ? A. The second Punic ..„. after the close of the first, and war commenced 24 yenrt ' Wds occjisioned by tlif ambition oflLmnibal, who took and ruined S in Spain, a city allied to the R omans. The i^'untuiTi senate immediately dispatched ambassadors to Carlhaoc. to demand an explanation, but breath received an answ athinir only deiiance. Q What were Hannibars movements after lie Iku reduced Saguntum ? A. Thlsoreat general, wlio is considered as tli( most skillul commander ofan(i(pii(v,havino- conqueror Spain, collected an army of 50,0U() foot\nid 9 OOO horse, besides many elephanls, crossed the Pyrenees passed the Rhone, climbed the Alps, wIkmicc rushin.' on his enemies, he gained four pitched battles, anJ reduced Rome to the utmost consternation. Q. Name the four great battles won by JIanniba over the Rcmians ? A. The battles of the river Ticinus, of the river Trebia, oi lake Thrasimene, and of the villaooof Can- nffi ; at this last 50,000 Romans fell, and amon^ them so many knights that it is said Hannibal sent tS Carlhage three bushels of gold rings, which those ,/ the equestrian order wore on their fingers (216). Q. To what cause did Rome owe he? preservation after the battle ofCannai? r. t' '^^V'^ ^'^'""'' '^"'^ priKlence of Ihree great men. Fabiiis Maximus, Marcellus and the vounger Scipio and to the fault which Hannibal committed bv sutfe- ring his army to indulge in every kind of pleasure jnstead ot pushingonhis conquests. ^ Q. Did Fabius Maximus give battle to the Cartha-^ y •fv< ff. TTHE COMMONWEALTH. 19 begin and wha:^ A. No ; lie adopted the plan of harassing ra 'need 24 yenrilj nasioned by tjit ined SnguntuiT Tlio senate to Carlliagc. ed an answer its after lie h; IK side red as tli| ''ingconquereii'J )ot and 9,000 tlio Pyrenees,! hence rushinj:-^ ^d battles, anil | on. 1 by Hannibal Jj of the river 'illageof Can- , and amonj mibal sent to hieh those o :ers (216). preservation cc great men. | inger Scipi^ '.J I ted by sutFe- I of pleasure, the Cartha-.^ iher ;han fighting; always oneamped upon tje highest rrounds ; wa luarters and cut oil" his provisions Iched [iannibaPs motions, straitened his Q. What success a A. He for a long time oppose [caminu- to any decisive engauemen sen (tended the arms of Marcellus ? d Hannibal witiiout t, and then was tto'sicilv', wliere he took Syracuse, though defen- ded by the much ines and fire's of Archimedes (he ma- tl)ema(ician(212). Q. How long was Hannibal in Kaly and why did he retire to yVlVica ? A. Himnibiil was in Italy sixteen years, but at last was obliged to leave it for the defence of his own country, Scipio having tnken a hirgcarmy into Africa and driven every thing bel'ore him. Q. VViiiit hiippened upon Hannibars return to his native country ? A. A desperate battle ensued between him and Scipio, near the (own of Ziima (202). Hannibid was totally defeated, after having done all that a great and un- daunted general could perform. Carthage submitted to the terms of peace dictated by the Roman senate. Q. What was the result of the wars agidnst Philip, king of Macedon, and Antiochus, king of Syria ? A. Philip w;is forced to pny a thousand talents and grant liberty to the cities of Greece (200) ; Antio- chus, to quit his possessions in Europe, to retire be- yond mount Taurus, and to deliver up Hannibal to the Romans (192). Q. What was the fate of Hannibal ? . A. He died a voluntary death, by poison, rather than fi\ll into the hands of his implacable enemies, tho Romans. to THE COMMONWEALTH. Q. VViis tlio po.ico Willi Plnlip of lono- dnrntion ? A. At ihe ond of (w.Mify years, PInIi,, rcnowcMl"tho wnr, wl. It'll c<)t)tinti(.>(| li II his son jiikI successor Per- soiiswiis overlluowti uiul miulo prisoner by Paulus iEiniluis. Tioiu (hat tiino, iMacoflon bccamo a Roman province ( IGi)). Q. Ifow I..n;,^ (lid thi) third P.mic wnr conti- nue, and in what jriiuincr did it end ? A. It conlinued four years, when Carlhnoe 'in spite ol Ihe nohle and dcvperale nsislance of its'inha- bitanis wa. inken by Scipio iheyoun-er, burnt and levelled wilh the oroimd : thus an end wns put to the Punic wars, by iho total destruction of the Cartbao-i nian p()W(M-( 1 1(5). '° Q. Why did the Ron^.ans destroy the beautiful city of Corinlh in (Jrccn'o (I/!G) ? "^ A. because the Corinthians bad given some otFence to the Roniiin ainhas'sador. Q. Hy wiiom and wlien was Xumantia destroyed ? A. By Scipiotheyounoer, 13 years after the ruin of Carlhan'e ? Q. How lonp; did tlie war of Numantia continue ? ^ A. It lasted nine voarr^ ; when the wretched inba- bitnnls, to iivoid fallinnr jnto the bands of the Romans fired ihe citv over I heir own bends, and all, lo a man' expired in the lliitries. By the destruction of Numan- /'^oo^^ ^^''"'^' *'^ Spain became a Roman province (103). Q. Who commanded-tbe Sicilian slaves in tbeir revolt ? A, Eunus, a Syri./n by birth, wau counterfeited a divine revelation. Q. How many slaves diti Eunus assemble together ? A. About 70,000 thousand, witb wbom he crefcated m |.^r r. 'H' (liirntio!! ? i|> rcnowod the successor Per- ii^'r l>y Paulus -a me a Roman c War conti- • Carlliane, in CO of i(s inlia- ^•<-i', burnt and ^vfis put (o ihe ' tlie Carthagi- ■ beautiful city n some otrcnee ia destroyed ? afler tlie ruin tia continue ? I etched inha- rthe Romans, all, lo a man, n of Nu man- nan province aves in their ounterfeited a ible together? n he defeated THE COMMONWEALTH. 21 Ibur Roman protors. But after a war of six years ihcy wcroall slaugfitered or executed by the consul Rupi- Q. llow .lid the internal troubles excileil by the Ciacchi (< rminate ? i r.i • „.„ \ The iiracchi, with several thousands of then par- tisans, fell victims to their ambitious zeal for a retortn inthe laws and government of the commonwealtn (121). ' . • * Q. Why did the Romans declare war against Juo'urlha (112) ? , , • i ra,^;.. A. Because Jugurtha had injustly deprived of the r Irigluslheheirs of the throne of Numidia, and made himself king in their slead. Q. Wliat became oJJugurtlm ? 1 x\. Ju-urthawasatlast completely defeated, be- Itraved b/his (kther-in-law Boccbus, into the hands of his enemies, and carried prisoner to Rome, where the died in continoment ( 105). Q. Who was Milhridates ? I A. Kino- of Pontus in Asia, one of the ablest princes of his day ; who though frequently beaten vvas never discouraged, and was always rismg agam : but his character was all treaclu ry and cruelty. Q Bv whom was Mithridates overthrown ? A. The c(msul Sylla (88) conducted the first war against Mithridates, who was finally subdued, and his kingdom made a Roman province, by Pompey the Great feS). Q. What was the cause of the civil war between Marius and Sylla ? A. Ambition ; both parties endeavouring to grasp the supreme powder. , ^ n ^ Q. What was the fate of Marius and Sylla ? THE COMMONWEALTH. A. Marius, after havincr terminated the war with Jugurtha and destroyed the formidable armies of the Cimbr. and Teutones, was for a Ion- time forced to'" wander from place to place in search of a refuo-e At length h.s party revivino- at Rome in (he absence 01 ;5>lla, ho suddenly made himself master of the city deluged jt with blood, and died son afler(86). Sylla learmo-of (h,., left the war with Milhridatcs, hastened toRome,del.al.ng on his way the followers of Ma- > cu^t'on" s om ' n • '"^ "'^^^ ^"'^ ^" '^'''^' '' ' •^'^'^•'^ -xe. ^ m :r II ' "^ "^^n^^'^'es, banished hundrecfs of the most illustrious famdies, caused himself to be proclai- med perpetual dicfalor, and, after ruling with rnori- « Cious tjranny for Ihree years, voluntarily abdicated 1 the sup>reme power-he died at his couniry v lla a "' Victim to loathsome debauchery (77). WH?nn7'''^ "^l"- •^'- ^^^^:"^'^'^^J «'^«^"^N whilst Pompey ^^as pursumg his victories against Mithridatcs ? A. 1 he conspiracy of Catilina (63), wMch \vi*! ^PP^essed by the eloquence and (i.mnei/of th^cor^^I ' Q. What became of Catilina ? bevo;.wf ^'' a'! "^"^ ^'l'''^' '' '-' "^""'P^'^^o battle Wht aScs' '^'^^'' ^^^"^''^'' ^^' iHd retreated with his Q. Wiio composed tlie Hrst Triumvirate > A. lompey, Cesar and Crassus (60) beino- them- ^ i:i n 'T '''''7''' "^" '" tho\-e;d,iic,^^.r^ ague togetlier and so concerted matters that the mcuried Cesar-s daughter, iho celebrated Cornclii ' Q- How did (he first Triumviri share the empire between themselves ? '-mpire A. Cesar took the governmi^nt of Gaul P-.m-- -75- 5 THE COMMONWEALTH. 23 the war with armies of the me forced to' of a refuge, n the absence Rr of (he city, r(86).Sjlla, itcs, hastened awers oi Ma- a sirigle cxe- nch-eds of the to be proclai- ;■ with capri- ly abdicated ifry villa, a list Pompey latcs ? which w"as 3f the consul at Ho fouo-ht ed with his eing tliem- lie, made a 3rs that the — Pompey Cornch'a. the empire 'j ■*- oiiipey Vnat of Spain, and Crassus that of Syria ; but Pompey staid at Rome, and sent only his lieutennnts into Spain. § Q. Wliat was Crassus' first action m Syria ? m A. lie pillaoTd the (cmple of Jerusalem, and car- ffied away all its riches. About this lime, Judiea ■was made a tributary pi evince of the Roman em- fpi re. Q. What did Crassus undertake after he had pilla- red tlie Jewisii temple ? A. He collected a powerful army and marched ^o-aiiist the Parthians, but perished miserably with .nearly all his luen (oo). Q. After the death of Crassus, what became of his vcolleai>;ues in the Triumvirate ? A. T^om])ey not eudurino; an equal, nor Cesar a superior, they commenced iiostilities against each other. Cesar assembled his forces in Gaul, marched to R(ime, and plundered the public treasury ; Pompey ' and his party abandoned Italy and passed over into Greece. ^ ^ ^ Q. What took place between Pompey and Cesar in Greece ? A. They collected their armies and fought a terrible i battle on the plains of Pharsalia, where Pompey was * totally defeated. 4 Q." What became of Pompey after the battle of. i Pharsalia ? A. Pompev's couraijje f(>rsook him after the battle I of Pharsalia— he fled to Egypt, where he was assassi- nated (48). Q. What have you more to relate ot Cesar alter the battle of Pharsalia ? A. Cesar returned to Rome and was elected parpe- 24 THE COMr.50NWEALTH. tual dictator, with the title of Imperator or Emperor k, 0( which vvas now mc.de to signify that in him was vesteifl^ stati the whole authority ofthe commonwealth. He nexotfefr. subdued the brave sons of Pompey in Spain, adornecd, C. i Rome with magnitlcent edifices, rebuilt Carthage aii.wS van Corinth reformed the calendar, and distinguisho(tr#cher himseltbygieatacts of clemency towar^^s his forme; Wv tl opponenrs. But whilst he was thus pursuing the mos v|||s': 11 bri luHitcareer thateverperhaps man filled, a conspira-W^st, s- cy headed by Brutus and Cassius was formed again.tiltegatei his Ide. He was attacked and murd.red in the senate- Sves. - liouse, at the toot of Pompey's statue (44) Q. What was the state of Rome after'the death of| Julius Cesar ? «"i vi, A A state of anarchy and confusion, in the midst ofwhicuMark Antony attempted to seize the power which Cesar had died for usurping. Q Who were the members ofthe second Trium virate ? A. To Antony the senate opposed Octavius the with'tb younger, grand-nephew to Cesar; but these two To ( chiefs alterwards uniting, associated with themselves l^epidus, amanofgreat riches, and thus was formed the second friumvirate(43). Q. What followed the formation of the second Iriumvirate? A Dissensions arose in every corner and Rome was hlled with scenes of blood. Cicero fell one of the earliest victims. Brutus and Cassius, to whom the senate had given iho command ofthe armv, were defeated at [he bait e of Philippi in Thessaly, and liberty perished with them. ^ Q. What followed the defeat of Brutus and Cas- r. THE EMPIRE. 25 r or Emper lim was vested th. He nexj pain, adornel Carthage and distinguished rds his formel uing the mosl 3d, a conspirai )rmed againsj in the senate-! sr the death off in the midst| e the power I ond Trium- •ctavitis the It these two I themselves 3 was formed the second and Rome fell one of IS, to whom army, were lessaly, and IS and Cas- %, Octavius and Antony reduced Lepidus tt) a pri- istation, and then began to make war against eadi, r. A great naval battle, fought near Actium C. 31), decided the fate of the world. Antony vanquished, and lied to Egypt with his ally, the oherous queen Cleopatra. In the mean time, ry thing gave way to the good fortune of Ocla- ^: Rome, Italy, Greece, Africa, the East, the [st, submitted to his authority ; Alexandria opened [gates to him ; Antony and Cleopatra killed them- ^es. and Egypt became a Roman province. THE EMPIRE. At what date did XhQ Empire of Rome pro- Ay commence ? '^ lA. Immediately after the battle of Actium, the Ipublic having lasted 476 years. Octavius, four [ars later (B. C. 27), was saluted by the senate ith the title of Emperor Augustus, Q. Give a brief account of the reign of Augustus ^esar ? A. His previous conduct towards his political lemies had been marked with extreme cruelty ; but ice peaceably seated on the imperial throne, he he- aved v;ith such moderation, justice and wisdom, that ^ver prince was more sincerely loved and venerated, [y the advice of his chief minister, Mtecenas, he pa- ionized the arts and encouraged men of learning, tving them much of his time and friendship. Many onspiracies were however formed against his life — 18 last was that of Cinna, Pompey's grandson, who ^as not only pardoned, but even made a consul. Fn 2G THE EMPIRE. Ilis domestic airections too, Augustus was very unfor- tunate. He assumed into the empire with himself j Tiberius, his adopted son, and died at Nola in Cam- pania (A. D. M), in the forty-fifih year of his reign, Q. What was the most memorable event of Au- gustus' time ? A. The birth of 0\ir Lord and Saviour in Judea, as foretold bv the prophets, in the year of Rome 753 and of tlie world 4004, Q. Did Tiberius shew himself worthy of govern- ing the Roman empire ? A. He did at lirst ; but regarding with jealousv the successes of his nephew Germ.anicus over the ]iorthern Barbarians, he recalled him, appointed him to carry on an expedilion in the East, and finally, it is thought, procured his death by poison. From that moment, Tiberius appeared in his natural character, a merciless and suspicious tyrant. He took into his confidence Sejan. a Roman knight, who was the mi-| nister of all his atrocious deeds. Sejan was put to leath by order of the senate, and Tiberius died of | his debaucheries in the fsle of Caprea (A. D. 37). Q. What happened in Judea towards the close of | Tiberius' reign ? R. Whilst human nature was dishonoured in the I person of that emperor and his favorites at Rome, the great work of man's salvation was accomplished in] Judea, by the gospel, the miracles, the sufferings and | death of 'the Son of God (A. D. 33). Q. Who was Caligula, and how did he satisfy the people's expectations ? A. Caligula was the son of that Germanicus whose tragic end had cast a distressing gloom over ,1- THE EMPIRE. 27 /I the whole empire. For a few months he gave hopes of a happy governmeut, hut soon surrendered him- self up to every species of tyranny, folly and impiety. He exhausted the puhlic treasures, seized on the for- tunes of many opulent families, CMused himself to be worshipped as a god, built a palace for his horse, which he i^ed at his own table and had resolved to honour with the consular dignity. He was at lengtli massiicred with his wife and children, by Cherea, tri- .bune of the pretorian band (41). Q. What monstrous wish is attributed to Caligula i* A. One day when the citizens were offering ih- cence to him, he is said to have exclaimed : " iVould to the gods the Roman people had but one neck that Imightciit itotf! " Q. What caused the incapacity of the emperor Claudius I ? A. The diseases of his infancy had so alfected all the faculties of his mind as well as body, that he seemed incapable, both in public and private life, of conducting himself with propriety. The Britons were conquered by his generals, and their king, I Cataraetus, was brought in chains to Rome. Clau- dius had (ive wives — the last of them, Agrippina, his niece, the mother of Nero, poisoned him. - Q. Was the commencement of Nero*s reign aus- picious ? A. It was; he appeared just, liberiil and humane — when the warrant for the execution of a criminal was brought to hirn, he would cry out with compassion : '' that I had never learned to write !" .Burrhus and Seneca, celebrated, the former for his integrity, the latter fo;- his writings, were his tutors and advisers, 2d THE EMPIRE. Q. What was there peculiar in Nero's disposition > A. ihere was a sort of contrast in his disposition • tor while he practised cruelties sufficient to make the! mind shudder with horror, he was fond of chariot- ;invjng-, music, poetry, and not unfrequentlv per- tormed on the stage as a singer or actor. - Q. Mention some of Nero's crimes ? ^ A. He poisoned his brother ; ordered his mother a> be murdered in her palace, after nailing in an at-, tempt to drown lier ; put to death his tutors, the poetj J^ucan, his bravest generals, his wife, his favorites :>et hre to the city, and excited a dreadful persecution against the Christians, whom he accused of that I cnme^St. Peter and St. Paul were among the vie- tims. The world at length grew weary of bearino Nucli a monster ; the senate declared him an enemy tSl his country, and, to escape the vengeance of his re-' volted subjects, he killed himself. Q. What celebrated emperor ascended the throne! Mjon after the fall of Nero ? ' A. Three Roman generals, GalCa, Otho and Vi- telhus were proclaimed, and perished in less than two years after Nero's death. To these succeeded Ves- pasian (69), who filled the imperial dignitv for ten years with universal satisfaction. He founded the Coliseum, and built, in memory of his own andhisj son litus' triumph over the Jews, a splendid arch whicli remains almost entiio to the present day. Q. Relate a few circumstances of the sieo-e if Jeru- salem by the Romans ? A. No siege on record was ever attended with Nucli scenes of distress. Moi-e than a million of the inhabitants of Judea had flocked into the holy city i -. THE EMPIRE. Of) d the throne i where famine, pestilence and various sions from Heaven foreboded their approaching ruim Thev were besides involved in all the horrors of a civilAvaf headed by two Ihnalies, John and Simon; each party plundering and destroying Iho other, yet both reiect- ing the jH-omiso of pardon sent them by Titus, who [employed on this occasion their countryman, iIjp ce- lebrated Josephus. After a six months resistance t he walls were beaten down, tlie citadel was taken' [the temple reduced to ashes, the greatest part of the' populace put to the sword, the whole city razed and litssite ploughed up (70) : so that, accordino- to the Saviour's prophecy : " Not one stone was Mi upon '-uiother." . Q. What glorious appellation was given to the em- jeror Titus, and what disasters occulrred durino- his reign A._ Ills moderation, justice and humanity procu- ed him the appellation of The Delight of Mankind. nthe first year of his reign (79), an eruption of nount Vesuvius buried Herculaneum, Pompeii and Dther towns, which were discovered entire under -round in 1713. The next year (SO), a fire at lome consumed the Capitol, the Pantheon, the iiaatre of Pompey and a large part of the city.— rhese misfortunes were in some measure counterba- anced by the successes of Agricola in Britain. Q. What sentence is recorded of Titus, and how tlid he come by his death ? A. One night recollecting that he had done no act f beneficence since the morning: "I have lost a dav!" iaid he. This virtuous prince died after a reign of two 'ears and two months, not without suspicion of treach- ry from Domitian, his brother and successor. 30 THE EMPIRE. Q. What was the character of Domitian. A. It is difficult to say whetlier Domitian or Nero excelled most in cruelty and debaucheiy, whilst in impiety the former neaVly equalled Caliguhi. He, too, raised a furious persecution against the Christians' and presided their toitures witii malicious pleasure! By his order, St. John the Evangelist was thrown into a cauldron of boiling oil, but escaped unhurt, and was hanished to the Isle\)f Patmos, where iie wrote the Apocalypse. No emperor before Domitian entertained the peo})le with such numerous and ex- pensive shows. During his reign, the Sarmatians, Dacians and odier formidable Barbarians invaded the empire. He was poisoned by his wife Domitia (96). Q. Who was the last of the Twelve Cesars 1 A. Domitian was the last of those emperors com- monly called the Twelve Cesars, Julius Cesar beincr accounted the fust : but Nero was the last of the famf- ly of Augustus. Q. How are the five vSuccessors of Domitian cal- led? A. The five Good Emperors, Nerva, Trairm, Adrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius. Q. Give a hrief account of them ? A. Nerva (96) recalled the banished Chr.o ^ Trajan (98), a disciple of Plutarch, is renowneii his valour, wisdom and generosity—he subdued the I Jacians, repelledtheParthians, put down an insurrec- tion of the Jews, erected a stupendous bridge over thei Danube, and a column which goes by his name at Rome-— for a time he persecuted the Christians, but aiterwards spared them, finding that they were inno- THE EMPIRE. 31 omitiaii cal- cent and inoffensive. Adrian ( 1 17) visited tlie whole empn-c, bu.lt a wall between England and Scotland overcanie the Parthians, and sent an army into Judea' where nearly 600,000 Jews were slaughtered. An- toninus (136) had a peaceful reign, and was respect- ed by foreigners as much as by his own sul/ects. Marcus Aui-elius (161), a philosopher and an emi- nent writer, may perhaps be called the greatest of the Komau emperors—the only icproach that can be made against Inm is his having assumed as colleao-ue tiie vile and debauched Verus, and suflei-ed the Chns- tians to be persecuted («). Aurelius was engaoed in continual wars with the Barbarians— his army.brouo-ht back from the East an awful plague, which desolated llome and Italy. Q. Did Commodus resemble his lather Marcus Au- relius. A. Commodus (180) took for his model Domitian, whom he fully equalled in every vicious quality. His muscular strength was such that be is said to have killed in the amphitheatre a hundred hons, each at one blow, and to have conquered i3j times m single combat with gladiators. He was strangled, after an impious reign of nearly 13 years. Q. What was the first employment of Pertinax, and what became of the imperial throne at his death ^ A. Pertinax, the son of an enfranchised slave, at hrst earned his livelihood by making charcoal— he next kept a school in Rome ; but finding little en- couragennent, entered the army, where he rose to emine nce and was finally chosen to succeed Commo- hS"'] T^'E P^''^'6cutlon ceased on account of a miracle attri. ~.^.i ,« .„v i^ia-jrcio Oi a v^uribiian legion in his service. 32 THE EMPIRE. tins (193). Jle roi^Tietl only three months, nnd was massacred hy tlie pretorian soldiers, for attemptintr a reform in (lieir discipline. They then proclaimed that they would sell the empire to the highest hidder ! Didiiis, an irnnr:ensely rich man, pmchased it, but was shortly after slain hy order of Septimus Severus, who commanded in Illyria. Q. What was the chai'acter of Severus' I'clgn ? A. Cruelly, perfidy jind hatred to the Christian name. lie rendered the soldiers more completely ar- biters of the fftle of emperors, fought victoriously in the East, built a triumphal arch still to be seen in Rome, and a v>all between the Britons and Caledonians.' He died at York in England (211). Q. Name the thr-ee successoi-s of Septimus Se- ver us ? A. The monster Caracal la, who murdered his brother Geta, and then caused him to be worshipped as a god ; Macrinus (217), a Moor by birth, and the ferocious, [>rodigal and ( Ifeminate Heliogabalus(218). Q. For what virtues was Alexander Severus ad- mired ? A. For his mildness and justice ; he wais often heard to repeat the gt-eat Christian devise, " Do not to others what you would not they should do to you." In his palace was a sort of chapel, where he had col- lected the portraits of such as he considered to have deserved the gratitude of mankind — among them were Abraham, Orpheus, Alexander the Great and Our Lord Jesus Christ. This eiTiperor excelled in mathematics, poetry and the fine arts. A very re- markable event of his reign was the fall of the Par- thian empire, which gave place to the Persian dynastv 01 iiju .ZiuSSillliUce. THE EMPIHE. ss (r Q. What was the state of t)ie Roman empire tlurin-. the half century subsequent to thecJeatli of Alexunde! A. The empire was i\]mcf^i incessantly convulsed hy civil wars, the violence of militarv commaiulers and the incursions of Barbarous nation's, particuhnly lie Goths, Sarmathians and Scythians. More than titly Lesars appeared on the scene with the usurped or legitimate title of emperor (a). Q. What have you to say of Maximinus, Decius, > alerian, Gallienus, Claudius and Aurelian ? A. Maximinus (235) was a Goth of (rjcantic sta- ture and strength, and a monster of crueUyr Decius (249) raised a horriu persecution against* the Chris- tians, and perished with all his army in a marsh, whilst pursuing the Goths in Ma^sia. Valerian (254) was made prisoner by Sapt)r, king of the Persians, who usedlum as a footstool lor mounting on horseback, plucked out his eyes, and at last Hayed him alive. Gal lenus (260) gave himself up to ease and luxurv, whilst no less than thirty tyrants (b) were contend- mg lor the throne— he sent against the Persians an |irmy commanded by Odenatus, the husband of the tamed Zenobia- -Odenatus having been killed, his wite seized on Palmyi-a and assumed the title of Queen of the East. Claudius II (268), of oreat talents and virtues, deieaterl and destroyed 320:000 Goths and died of a pestilential fever in Pannonia. (a) The entire list of emperors from Alfixander to Con- stant.ne IS as follows : Maximinus, Gordian J, Maximum. Phil,p,DGCuis, Gains, Aemilianus, Valerian, Gallienus: pT'^V^^' ?.»"'?^''^"^' . ^»r^li«n, Tacitns,' Floriairis M ?? "^' Cannus, Diocletian, Severns If. ' {0) Usiirpeis went by the general name of Twanls, •f u THE EMPIRE. Atiroliiin (270), compared to Julias Cesar for liIs va- li)ur and expedition, gained several victories over tlie Gotlis and Germans, besieged and ruined Palmyra, took ZenoL."a prisoner and carTied Iier away in triumph to Rome (a). Q. Give a lew details concerning the emperors Pr(jhus, Cams, Carinus and Diocletian ? A, Probus (276), the son of a gardener, was a worthy emperor, a great captain, and a model of temperance and frugality. Carus (282) quelled a revolt of the Western Barbarians, took Ctesij)iion the Persian capital, and was killed by lightning. Carinus (28-1) was' a bravo but very corrupt prince. Diocletian (284) was the author of the longest and most bloody persecution against the Christians. To o[)pose his numerous enemies, he assumed three col- leagues, Maximian, the cruel Galerius and Constan- lius Chlorus, the father of Constantino the Great (6). Q. What cottisoling change followed the reign of Diocletian ? A. The conversion to Christianity of Constantino the Great (312). W^iilst he was in Gaul, preparing to march against the tyrant Maxentiu«:, one day, a little after noon, a pillar of light was seen in the heavens, in the form of a cross, on which were the words ; '^ Conquer bv this." Tlie following night, the Lord Jesus appeared to him jiolding in his hand the same venerated sign, and commainded him to use it as the imperialb in or. (a) The eelebrated Longinus, the queen's secretary, was put to death. Aurelian was assassinated (275). {.6) Proc]ai.Tied emperor at York in 306f THE EMPlTi:. 56 e emperors !onstan(ine Constnnline obeyed, nml soon publicly embraced the Cliristinn relioion. Q. What were the most important events of the reign of Constantino the Great ? A. lie defeated the tyrant Maxentius, who was drowned with a part of his army in Cic Tiber, and his colleague Licinius, whose abdication left Con- slantjne without a competitor ; exerted his onhrls t,. e.UabIish Chiistianity ; procured the meetino- of the General Council of Nice against the Arians, and transferred the jmperial seat from Rome to JU'zan- tium, thenceforth named Constantinople. On his ( cath-bod, ho divided the Roman world between his tiiree sons (337). Q. Wliat became of his three sons,? A. Constantino II had for his share Gaul, Spain and iiritam, but, not being satisfied with the division lie invaded I(aly,and was killed in an ambuscade (340)* Constans remained sole master of the West but his excessive passion for hunting and neglect' of state aliau-s occasioned the revolt ofMagnentius and his own M] ' he was put to death at the foot of the Pyrenees (350). Constantius II, a supporter of the Arians, caused great trouble and confusion in the Church, was defeated nine times by the Persians overcame Magnentius at the battle of Mursa (353) on |lheriverDraye(fl),anddiedon his march against i his cousin Julian, who had been proclaimed emperor 'at Pans (361). ' ^^Q^Why was Julian II surnamed the Apostate ? (a) From this battle the ruin of the empire may be dated • Pepair'ed. '^^^ "^ ''' ^''''''' ''^^'''' ^^"'^ "'^ be THi; EMPIRE. A. For his having relapsed into paganism, and persecuted ibe Christians. Q. Did he succeed in Ids attempt to rebuild the Jewish temple ? A. No sooner was the foundation cleared of the old stones, when voilies of flames sprang up from the earth, consumed the workmen and rendered vain the impious undertaking : for his object was to belie the Saviour's prediction {a). Julian was mortally wounded with an arrow by the Persians (363). ~ Q. How did the emperor Jovian comiC by his end ? A. This good prince had scarcely begun to restore peace to the Church, when he was found lifeless in his bed, stifled by the vapour of charcoal (364). Q. What was the fate of the two brothers Valen* tinian and Valens ? A. The former was emperor of the West, the latter of the East ; the former died of a fit of anger on seeing the ambassadors of the Germans meanly clothed (375) ; llie latter, a zealous Arian, was burnt alive in a cottage by the Goths, who nearly destroyed his whole army in the famous battle ot Andrinople (378). Q. What services did Gratian render to the empire r After a signal victory over the Germans, he conferred the provinces of the East on Theodosius (379), the bravest, ablest and most virtuous prince of his time. Gratian perished in consequence of his etforts to abolish the] remains of heathen idolatry. Q. What were the most distinguished actions of Theodosius the Great ? A. (o) See supra, page 29. 'i THE EMPIRE. S7 A. His victories over the Goths and the tyrant Maximus; his generous treatment of the revolted people of Antioch ; his reform of the civil code ; the public penance to which he humbly submitted at the voice of St. Ambrose, and the battle of Aquileia, where the miraculous aid of Heaven enabled him to defeat the tyrant Eugeiiius.. Q. How did Theodosius divide the Roman world ? A. By his last will, he made a permanent division of the Roman world into the Eastern and Western empires, which he gave to his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius (395). Q. What became of the Western empire after Theodosius' reign A. It lasted about 80 years, under 1 1 emperors («), none of whom were able to maintain the power and dignity of Rome, now threatened and invaded on every side by countless hordes of Barbarians. The Goths under Alaric, the Huns under Attila, sur- named the Scourge of God, the Vandals under Genseric, successively overran Gaul, Italy, Africa, and the city itself was repeatedly pillaged by them. The most celebrated of the Roman generals during that period were Stilico, Count Bonifacius and Aetius. The last emperor of the West, Romulus, called, out of derision, Augustulus, w^as de- throned by Odoacer, one of the Heruli, who founded the Kingdom of Italy (476). Odoacer reigned 17 years and was put to death by Theodoric, king of (a) Their names are : Honorius, Vivlentinian III, Maximus 11, Avitus, Majorian, Severus III, Anthemus, Olybrius, Glycerus, Julius-Nepos, Augustulus. 38 THE EMPIRE. the Goths. To these Barbarians, 75 years later succeeded the Lombards. ^ Q. How] long did the Eastern empire conti- nue ? A. More than a thousand years, or until the sie^e of Constantinople by tlie Turks in 1453 Seventy three princes (a), five of whom were French (durin- the urusades), filled the Byzantine throne. Mar- cian, Justmian I Tiberius, Heraclius J, the empress Theodora and John Comnenus, are among the best • Phocas, Justmian II, and Michael III ihe Drunkard may be accounted the worst ; the brave Constantine XII Paleologus was the last. The historv of this long period offers an interminable series ^of wars with the Goths, the Awari, the Bulgari, the Per- sians and Saracens, of domestic crimes, of conspiracies and of religious dissensions The reign of Justinian 1 (527) was celebrated for his code of laws and and Narses'.'''"' "^ ^" ''^' ^'""'''^'^ ^'^''''^'^^^ SnTr, TiLriusVsvT^ Anastasius I Justin I (518), Justinian I (610), Hcrac ius H h2,'.i "*'rf' ^^>"*^"' (^^-)' Heraclius I JustiniaVlI (085) LeJntIn, a"'"'' ^^^^^^^^ ". Constantine III, Thcodosius Iir I pn m V.^Pl"°^"''' Bardanes, Anastasius II ConSine V ru„der"h-^''"'*'?,"^'"% ^^ Ccpronymus, Leo IV, LogotTetTs" Stauratiuf MiclS f ^^'V^^^^'- ^icephoru. C976rrtwo brnthi?\ '"''•'*'^'? BasihusII and Constantine VIII iV, Michael V^^^^ 53 years), Romanus III, Michae THE EMPIRE. 30 mpire conti- ii^^S'?""^^^',^^^^'' "**" Courtenay, Robert dc Couiteiiav, Baldwm V^ Matel if lof^'i? ^r'^^'h A"dronicus II, Androx.ic7s'llI, John y, Manuel II, John VI, Constantine XII (1448). Their dominions, towards themnth century, gradually toolc the name of the GricA ivZ'tL .^,„\7„^f*tl°^ «f the patriarchal church of Constantinople Irom the Apostolical See was consummated in the year 8GG, and has contmued, with some feeble interruptions, to the present day.